XX .0^ HON. W. W. MORROW, AFTON, lA. Ex-President State Board of Agriculture. Present State Treasurer. Served as Director of Iowa Slate Agricultural Society year of 1899, member of Iowa State Board of Agriculture years of 1900 and 1901, as Vice-President of the Board year of 1902, and President of the Board years of 1903, 1904, 1905 and 1906. SEVENTH ANNUAL Iowa Year Book of Agriculture Issued by the Iowa Department of Agriculture 1906 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL QAItDBN. DES MOINES EMORY H. ENGLISH, STATE PRINTER 1907 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL QAROBN. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. OFFICE OF IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Des Moines, Iowa, March 26, 1907. To His Excellency, Albert B. Cummins, Governor of Iowa: Sill:— I have the honor to transmit herewith the Seventh Annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, for the year 1906. Respectfully submitted, JOHN C. SIMPSON, Secretary State Board of Agriculture. CD CO Q_ PREFACE. The Iowa Year Book of Agriculture is published by the State Department of Agriculture, and is for free distribution. It is issued during the spring, owing to a large part of the matter provided by statute to be published therein, not being avail- able until close of the calendar year. In this volume will be found the statistics of farm crops, weather conditions and rainfall for the year 1906, papers and discussions before the State Farmers' Institute, held in Decem- ber, 1906; papers read before a number of County Farmers' Institutes; timely and instructive articles from the press; valu- able information on various subjects of interest to the farmer compiled from literature sent out by the Department of Agri- culture at Washington; results of experiments conducted by the various agricultural experiment stations; live stock awards of the Iowa State Fair; secretary's report for the year, giving a comprehensive and complete statement of all financial trans- actions of the Department during the fiscal year ending November 30, 1906; extracts from the Iowa Swine Breeders' meeting. State Dairy Association meeting; State Dairy and Food Commissioner's Report; report of the committee from the State Board of Agriculture on adulteration of commercial feeding stuffs, stock foods and seeds, with bill passed by the Thirty-second General Assembly to remedy same; synopsis of State Board and Committee meetings during the year; reports of County and District Fair Associations; County Farmers' Institutes, together with a directory of societies, associations and other organizations representing agricultural interests in Iowa and other states. J. C. Simpson, Secretary State Board of Agriculture and Editor Iowa Year Book of Agriculture. Des Moines, Iowa, April 1, 1907. COMMITTEES. YKAR OF 1907. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: C. E. CAMEHON.. W. C. BROWN. J. C. SIMPSON. -AUDITING COMMITTEE: C. W. PHILLIPS T. C. LEGOE. R. S. JOHNSTON. COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS: R. T. St. JOHN M. MCDONALD. JOHN LEDGERWOOD. POWERS AND DUTIES OF BOARD: GOVERNOR ALBERT B. CUMMINS C. E. CAMERON. \V. C. BROWN. THE ADULTERATION OF FOOD, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS: S. B. PACKARD C. F. CURTISS. H. R. WRIGHT. DAIRY INDUSTRY AND PRODUCTS, INCLUDING FRAUDULENT IMITATIONS THEREOF: H. R. WRIGHT O. A. OLSON. L. M. REEVES. CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AMONG DOMESTIC .\NIMALS: P. O. KOTO R. S. JOHNSTON. H. L. PIKE. IOWA WE.VTHFR AND CROP SERVICE: J. R. SAGE, DIRECTOR DES MOINES. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Statistical Tables of Iowa's Principal Farm Crops Forepart. PART I. PAGE. Report of Secretary 7 PART II. Iowa Weather and Crop Report for 1906 27 PART III. State Farmers' Institute, 1906 59 PART IV. State Agricultural Convention, 1906 117 Synopsis of State Board and Committee Meetings, 1906 143 PART V. Report of Committee on Adulteration of Foods, Seeds and Other Products, AND Laws Recommended and Enacted by the Thirty-second General Assembly Regulating Same 165 PART VI. Proceedings of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association 205 PART Vll. Proceedings of the Iowa State Dairy Association 257 PART VIII. Extracts from the State Dairy Commissioners' Report of 1906 349 PART IX. Official Report of Awards in Live Stock Departments, Scorings of Boys in Judging Contest, and Press Reports of Iowa State Fair of 1906, Together WITH Report of Awards at 1906 Mature Corn Show 361 PART X. Papers on Live Stock, Agriculture and Miscellaneous Topics, From Bulle- tins, AGRICULTURAL PRESS, AND PAPERS READ BEFORE COUNTY FARMERS' IN- STITUTES 477 PART XI. Horse Breeding Industry in Iowa. Law Governing State Enrollment of Stallions Standing in Public Service, with List of Certificates Issued TO May 1, 1907 665 PART XII. Financial Statement and Report of Agricultural Conditions by County and District Agricultural Societies in Iowa for the Year of 1906 739 PART XIII. Directory of Associations and Organizations Representing agricultural Interests in Iowa and Other States 829 STATISTICAL TABLES OF Iowa's Principal Farm Crops. CORN CROPS— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. a;,_; ^ . s ^ -a Year. 2 "3 ^ i •i^« 6 0) t) a s OJ baa ta:£! 6c Zv a ss; a £ o >a c < H < H a Total yield. Average farm value per bushel Dec. l. Total value. Acreage. 1896 39 29 34.5 86.3 40.3 26.2 34 31 36 37.2 41 312,692,210 239,452,150 289,214,850 .306,852,710 345,055,040 227,908,850 296,950,2.30 230,511,310 323,853,330 345,871,840 388,836,252 $.14 iS 43 Qifi ono 8,043,390 8, 25;?, 522 8,396,286 8,460,521 8,018,660 8,687,480 8,700,000 7,398,320 9,000,000 9,285,150 9,443,960 1897 „- .17 .23 .23 .27 .50 .28 .36 .35 .35 .33 40,706,860 66,519,400 70,429,410 93,164,860 113,954,000 83,432,700 82,984,071 113,348,665 121,055,144 128,155,143 1898 1899 1900 .. 1901 1902 - 1903 .. 1904 . 1905 1906 Average 35 300,654,452 $.29' $ 87,060,686 8,571,571 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OATS— 1830, 1835, 18J0. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. O-r-J P "cJCJ _ :° b "^ 4) Year. >i o 1 tfies 'Si 01 s CS &11 cS . « . es ^ il 03 > n o > C4 0 t < H <; H < 1830 35 42,288,800 $.23 $ 9,496,424 1,179,680 188) -- 32.5 29 71,737,900 80,002,735 .21 .38 15,064,959 30,401,039 2,207,320 ISJO 2,758,715 OATS— 1896-1906. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. =;- ,- 5S 0) b ^ 4) Year. >.'i> 0) 0 Sues >, a) s !«X5 e3 > 0 bo ts . a '" fr; a ei 0) >.a 0 >a 0 V -<< Cw «d H < 1896 23 73,4)0,000 $.12 $ 8,814,000 2,825,000 1897 30 132,517,150 .16 21,211,380 4,405,782 1898 32 13.3,915,340 .-21 29,383,220 4,299,243 1899 34.5 140,647,300 .19 26,722,980 4,039,557 1900 35 138,8 3,300 .20 27,763,460 3,991,690 n90i - - 1,2 114,833,000 .35 40,209,230 3,793,220 1902 -— 31 92,907,900 .24 22,297,000 3,770,624 **1903 25.9 99,012,660 .30 29,703,798 3,822,822 1904 29.4 118, 435, 5 ro .26 30,793,284 4,018,983 1905 - 33.8 146,439,240 .25 36,609,810 4,177,545 1906 34 31.2 142,036,530 .27 38,349,878 4,166,800 Average 121,734,272 $.23.3 3 24,834,651 3,940,430 'Short corn crop. **Esces.sive moisture. WHEAT— 1833, 1885, 1390. Statistics Compiled from Reports, of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. 1 c. 0 n • Year. 1 .11 .1 old. vlieal old. whea "^ K r ^ c c.; '' i S . T^ '^ •p a; S c s t' ~ u if = s '''tc "•— tyS "^ S a >^c •- -'C ~ '~ ~z-~ ^C cQ 0 < vi< -^ ^Si r^S^ E^< ^ H < 1830 10.5 36,099,760 31,776,108 25,114,552 $.82 .61 $29,501,893 19,383,426 19,583,350 3,437,948 1885 12. 2,618,009 2,092,893 1890 ' 11.7 ! - .78 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I. WHEAT— 1896-1906. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. 0) o 0) r^ 3 Year. ge yield acre, g wheat, ge yield acre. ^r wheat yield, g wheat. . a, >.2 a* .29 61 Avera per Sprin Avera per Wint 31 C3 '" oO e3 Hoj H^ << H 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 13. 17 13.4 13 14.8 16.5 12.7 11 14.3 13.3 15.3 17.6 13. 18. 12.6 16.9 9.1 14.3 14.4 20.2 15. 23. 13.4 16.4 7,047,235 12,941,600 19,152,352 19,574,792 20,280,280 17,429,230 12,680,800 9,481,350 7,080,430 5,155,760 5,603,880 12,402,519 3,351 1,671 3,168 226 1,018 865 825 1,435 1,017 1,253 1,566 550 454 ,916 ,040 ,070 ,770 ,045 380 000 020 050 1,490,754 398,785 613,054 321,268 900,830 288,350 295,000 532,845 916,730 097,430 408,780 169,930 13,903,909 $ 6,020,000 10,813,650 11,602,000 10,701,490 12,799,370 10,965,000 7,062,640 7,167,64S 7,044.809 4,614,321 4,579,697 $.64 if 8,488,238 739,245 1,222,974 1,484,682 1,559,931 1,492,630 1,188,239 1,021,28] 837,422 846,070 420,068 443,810 1,023,304 BARLEY— 1880, 1885, 1830. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. £r-I C O ^ Zo Year. 'Z6 2 2 * o 60 C3 >> tCJS > 5> So) C3 c o a ft o ^ y < y < 1880 23 4,600,000 $.42 .33 $ 1,932,000 1,893,241 1,722,254 200,000 212,485 152,682 1885 27 5,737,095 3,664,368 1890 24 .47 BARLEY— 1896-1906. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. i'ear. 0) 3 61 rt £^ < 5 0) s tt.Q o o > ft Total value. 4) 60 cS o < 1896 1897 1898 29 25 27.5 25.6 25.3 24.2 25 24.7 25 ■ 27.5 26.5 15,881,618 14,076,850 14,138,000 14,719,310 12,695,200 14,654,410 15,380,910 12,179,790 12,317,710 15,566,770 14,858,830 $.20 .23 .30 .30 .33 .44 .33 .37 .34 .33 .36 $ 3,176,320 3,237,670 4,209,740 4,415,570 4,189,410 6,447,940 5,075,710 4,506,522 4,183,021 5,137,034 5,349,178 547,642 551,8'37 18)9 _ . 557,598 501,740 604,610 594,070 493,108 1900 . _ . . 1901 ... 1902 1903 1904 .. .. 1905 565,700 553,870 1903 Average 26 14,224,472 $.32 $ 4,539,374 • 543,469 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. RYE— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. 2'-' « 9 "q -a U d) q; Year. o rt oj bi>a bt.Q 6C « . Hi ■- !r! « 0) t.ft o o t) ■< H < H «< 1880 14 15 574,000 1,710,000 $.38 .42 $ 218,120 718,200 41,000 1885 114,000 1890 16 1,608,960 .51 820,570 100,560 RYE— 1896-1906. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. 2-h' 11 Year. >. 0) "3 a 3 ticj tt£i 60 « . =s , ei a 9i > p. o > n o o < H < H < 1896 16 1,891,716 $.25 $ 483,680 121,670 1897 15 3,490,344 .34 1,186,710 226,198 1898 16 3,370,550 .38 1,280,800 210,309 1899 16.3 2,061,160 .40 824,460 126,236 1900 15.6 1,621,130 .43 697,300 103,680 1901 15.8 859,630 .48 859,630 54,. 390 1902 17 882,830 .40 353,132 55,150 1903 15.6 1,923,060 .44 846,146 123,273 1904 15 1,517,090 .54 819,228 99,590 1905 18 1,283,500 .52 667,420 71,305 1906 17.5 1,093,160 .48 520,719 62,530 Average 16.2 1,817,652 .42 % 776,384 114,030 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. HAY— 1880, 1885, 1830. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year. r^ « r3 « T*^ 7;ia •g r3 r^ f^ ^^ v; ''■_2 M 0) o -i- O > O crH ■^ H < E-i c-l 1.5 4,991,3.35 6.84 34,140,731 3,327,557 *No authentic data obtainable. > HAY— 1836-1905. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year. Tame Hay « "1 ■1- o Wild Hay -^ CO c: S -w o — a o kH $33 5 - 18)6 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.3 Average . 1.58 4,299,064 3,376,440 3,362,287 3,852,561 3,852,941 3,609,010 3,711,680 4,439,040 5,216,404 4,499,090 6,477,300 4,892,950 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1. 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2i 2,325,000 1,939,117 1,645,419 1,458,195 1,530,050 1,268,700 1,202,860 1,191,345 1,091,590 1,313,310 1,110,690 1.23 1,461,479 5,701,440 5,301,320 5,498,080 5,311,130 5,139,060 4,980,380 5,641,900 6,407,749 5,590,680 7,790,610 6,003,640 $4.50 4.50 4.30 5.75 6.50 8.25 6.80 5.75 5.62 5.50 7.50 $3.30 3.70 3.50 4.90 5.00 6.30 5.50 4.95 4.50 4.50 5.50 5,760,544 $5.90 $4.70 $32,160,528 $22,782,000 22,304,000 22,281,000 29,350,000 .31,120,000 38,712,000 36,787,322 35,891,480 30,197,040 41,535,045 42,805,920 3,800,960 3,315,972 4,104,967 3,742,655 4,078,960 3,608,450 3,391,408 3,651,894 3,707,298 4,692,925 4,418,600 3,834,917 FLAX— 18S0, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society Year. 2 0) o > & c . a-T-4 Is c: . ?- £ „ a; be 1880 .. .. 10 1,0.34,200 $1.00 .34 1.10 $1,034,200 2,503,293 3,276,989 103,420 *1885 1830 ! 10.5 2,929,081 283.722 'No other data. 6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FLAX— 1896-1906. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year. 0) S tecs i; '■-> o o > ft Total yield. a_ ^-' m O 3 SCO Total value. Acreage. 1896 9.5 10 10.5 11.2 11.7 18.8 8. 8.7 11 9.8 10.7 1,946,720 2,498,600 2,376,600 1,597,790 1,222,980 916,890 755,350 355,160 591,140 173,770 205,280 $ .95 .87 .80 1.04 1.50 1.29 1.00 .78 1.15 .90 .97 $1,135,000 2,173,782 1,901,280 1,661,898 1,834,470 916,890 725,350 277,024 679,811 156,393 200,091 199,128 1897 1898 249,882 225,014 1839 142,175 1900 108,850 1901 104,140 1903 94,767 1903 40,823 1904 51,370 1905 . 17,732 1906 19,160 Average — 10. 1,149,116 1.02 $1,041,998 113,912 POTATOES— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. a^rd' « u > * r- Z(^ Year. 2 aj tecs btX! '^ fea rt . ei a c 01 t> a ^ o ZJ ^ f< .^ H ^ 18S0 1885 1830 95 82. 491 10,165,000 12,874,000 8,332,352 $.35 .40 .81 3,557,750 5,149,600 6,749,205 107,000 157,000 170,048 POTATOES— 1836-1906. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. 1896 _ 87. 60. 76. 98. 78. 37.4 91. 53.8 125. 84. 101. 14,814,795 10,051,910 12,538,410 15,252,934 10,850,900 5,098,460 12,051,670 6,082,694 14,255,680 9,352,190 . 11,697,500 $.21 .45 .31 .24 .40 .90 .34 .75 .28 .50 .48 $2,962,950 4,523,360 3,826,900 3,660,714 4,340,360 4,588,610 4,095,650 4,562,020 3,991,590 4,676,045 5,614,800 170,285 1897 1898 163,248 164,456 1899 - . 154,243 1900 149,680 *1901 _- 136,300 1902 138,484 **1903 113,433 1904 . - 113 250 1905 111,335 1906 115,310 Average 81. 11,095,194 .44 $ 4,276,636 139,033 *Very dry. »«Very wet. PART I. REPORT OF SECRETARY John C. Simpson FOR YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1906 TO STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION ASSEMBLED IN ROOMS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATE HOUSE, DECEMBER 12, 1906. Mr. President, Gentlemen of the Convention: In compliance with the wishes of the State Board of Agriculture I desire to make a brief report of the work of the Department for the past season. No funds having been provided for carrying on the work as outlined in Section 1657, Chapter 3, Code Supplement of Iowa, the Department can onlj' make such investigations, etc., as can be made with little or no expense. Seeing the great need of some legislation in regard to pure foods, the Board a few years ago set aside a small amount from the state fair fund to meet the expense of an investigation along this line. The report of the pure food committee through the Board of Agriculture was presented to the Thirtieth General Assembly, together with a draft of a pure food bill. This Assembly did not see fit to enact any legisla- tion for purer foods. Further investigations were made by the Board, and again the report of their findings and a draft of the pure food bill was presented to the Thirty-first General Assembly during the winter of 1906. The bill as presented, with a few alterations, was passed and became effective July 4th of this year. The provisions of the bill com- bined the offices of the State Dairy and Food Commissioner, whose duty it is to see that the law is enforced. The full report of the committee from the State Board, together with an exact copy of the bill as finally passed by the Thirty-first General Assembly, is published in the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture for 1905, pages 135-153 inclusive. No provision being made for the publication of any bulletins containing a report of (7) 8 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the investigations made by the Beard, the expense of the bulletin con- taining the report, as presented to the General Assembly, had also to be met out of the State Fair fund. The statute provides only for the pub- lication of the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, but leaves it to the State Executive Council to say how many copies shall be printed. For the past three or four years three thousand copies of the Year Book have been printed annually. This year the book was from four to five months late, owing to the great amount of work in the hands of the State Printer and his inability to get it in type earlier. I believe that provision should be made to meet the expenses of the department in the investigations which it makes, printing of bulletins, etc., without using the State Fair funds for this purpose. Until the State Fair grounds are fully equipped the surplus State Fair fund is needed for that purpose. The department, through its committee on adulteration of foods, com- mercial food stuffs, seeds and other products, has been carrying on some investigations relative to the adulterations of commercial stock foods the past year. Their report will be submitted to the Board at its first meeting, and their findings will be presented to the Thirty- second General Assembly in January. A great many complaints are received from parties against the adultera- tion of grass and other seeds, claiming they are mixed with all kinds of seeds from obnoxious weeds. This matter will probably be given at- tention by the Department during the next year. THE STALLION SERVICE LAW. The stallion service law was enacted by the Thirty-first General As- sembly and made it the duty of the department to carry out its pro- visions. It provides that every owner or keeper of pure bred and reg- istered stallions standing for public service, or kept for sale or ex- change, who represents said stallion or stallions to be pure bred or reg- istered, must cause the same to be registered in some stud book recog- nized by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C, and obtain a certificate of registration of such animal. This certificate is then to be forwarded to the secretary of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture, whose duty it is to pass upon the correctness and genuineness of such certificate. If found to be correct the secretary is then to issue a cer- tificate under the seal of the department. This law became effective on the 4th of July, 1906. Hundreds of bogus certificates issued by fake reg- istration associations have been sent in for examination, showing that the people have been greatly imposed upon by unscrupulous parties who make it a practice to issue these fake certificates for no other purpose than to misrepresent and defraud. As the law now stands, any party who owns or keeps a stallion for public service, or cale, and represents him to be a pure bred and registered horse, must show a certificate issued under the seal of the Iowa Department of Agriculture or be sub- jected to the penalty. There is nothing in the provisions of this law which prohibits the standing for public service of a grade or cross bred SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 9 horse, but he must not be represented to be other than a grade or cross bred. The last reports in the State Auditor's office showed six thousand and seventy-nine stallions in the State. At the close of the fiscal year, De- cember 1st, but eighteen hundred and thirty-seven certificates had been issued. As the service season for 1906 was practically over before the law went into effect, the number to be enrolled will probably be increased to a large extent before the next season opens and will probably run up to three thousand. Should the enrollment reach this number it would still leave more than fiftj' per cent of the stallions standing for public service in the State as grades or cross bred. This law as enacted, while not perfect, will inform those having mares to breed of the true situa- tion in Icwa, and this should eventually eliminate from use the grade and scrub stallion; the grade stallion has no place or use as a sire. "While the grading up process may be secured by breeding a grade mare to a pure bred horse, and again breeding her foal to a pure bred horse, further progress will instantly stop if the mare is mated to a grade or scrub stallion. We believe the present law should be amended so that the abuses now practiced in issuing stallion bills may be corrected. Many of the hills as printed, while not actually violating the law, violate the spirit of it at least. I would recommend that authority be given the department of agri- culture to publish a bulletin at least once or twice a year, giving a list of the stallions and owners to whom State certificates have been issued. The owners of stallions all over the State are demanding that some legislation be enacted which will protect them for the service fee. Many of the states have upon their statute books a law giving the stallion owner a lien upon the colt and mare until the fee is paid. The fee generally is not due until after the colt is foaled; this being the case, many times the mare has changed hands and the stallion owner has often great difficulty in collecting his fee. I would recommend that a committee be appointed at this meeting, or at the meeting of the board, to draft a bill along these lines and see that the same is presented to the next session of the Legislature. farmers' institutes. The interest in the county farmers' institutes is constantly growing.. Eighty cf tha ninety-nine counties of the State held institutes and re- ceived State aid to the amount of $5,614.53 during the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1906. This was an average of $72.69 to the county, the maximum amount appropriated for each county being $75.00. I believe that the manner of reporting should be changed so that all reports shall be filed through the office of the department of agriculture. If this change was adopted a great deal of useful information could be secured. The reports should then be compiled and published in bulletin form for free distribution, as the law now stands, the itemized expense account is filed with the county auditor, and by him with the State Auditor. The State Auditor issues a warrant and sends it to the county 10 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. treasurer, who in turn delivers it to the proper institute officer. Addi- tional reports are sent in to this office, but as the law is not mandatory in this respect, they are often not sent in at all or come in too late to be of any special benefit. The law, if changed, should read so that the reports must be filed at some date, say late in the spring, after the in- stitutes have been held. They could then be compiled, published in bul- letin form, and ready for distribution before the institute season again opened in the fall. This change would not add much, if any, work to the duties of the reporting officer, and, if anything, would facilitate his work by having the blanks all prepared and sent out by the department, the same as is now done with the county and district fair associations. The institutes are no small factor in the agricultural education of the people, and a vast amount of useful information hag been imparted through them. I believe the $75.00 now allotted to each county is too small and should be increased by the next general assembly to at least $100.00. COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIR REPORT FOR 1906. The county and district fair associations throughout the State were generally more successful than for a number of seasons past. Greater interest was taken in the exhibits and a larger attendance was reported. While the exact data was not received as to the attendance, the financial reports would indicate that it was over one half million. Eighty-four fairs reported and received the State aid. One more society reported, but owing to some discrepancy in the papers the State Auditor has not yet paid the State aid. The financial report of one other society had to be sent back for correcting and has not been returned, so that only eighty-three reports are shown on the financial statement to date. The total receipts from all sources amount to $316,565 — an increase of about $60,000 over the receipts of the eighty societies reporting in 1905. The average receipts were about $3,800; $16,393 was received from the State, or an average of $197.50 for each fair. The total value of the fair grounds and improvements is shown to be $489,702, or an aver- age of $5,950 for the eighty-three societies. The eighty-three county and district fairs paid out in premiums $58,397, or an average of $700 each; this shows only a small increase over 1905. The largest amount paid out in premiums by any one society was $1,616.50; the smallest being $281. Ten of the fairs reporting report receipts of $6,000 or over; fifty- five societies report an indebtedness of $99,707, or an average of $1,817. Sixty-three societies report money on hand to the amount of $18,017, or an average of $2G6. There appears to be a greater interest manifested in the county and district fairs of the State, and we predict that with ordinary circumstances the fairs will be even more successful in the next few years. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I. 11 THE IOWA STATE FAIR. I desire to again call attention to the erroneous impression held by some in regard to the Iowa State Fair. There are yet a few people who do not understand under whose auspices the State Fair is held; others deliberately wish to convey the wrong impression. The Iowa State Fair was first held in 1854 under the auspices of the Iowa State Agricultural Society. The Iowa State Agricultural Society was afterwards organized under the statutes of Iowa and became a part of the State; the State fair continued to be held under the auspices of this society until the year 1900. By an act passed by the Twenty-eighth General Assembly there was created a new department of the State, known as the Department of Agriculture, and by this same act the Iowa State Agricultural Society was legislated out of existence. The Department of Agriculture is managed by a board which is styled the State Board of Agriculture. The personnel of the Board is as follows: Four ex-officio members, being the Governor of the State, the State Dairy and Food Commissioner, the president of the Iowa State College of Agri- culture and Mechanic Arts, and the State veterinary; a president, vice president, secretary, treasurer and one member from each of the eleven congressional districts. Section 1657-d, Chapter 3, of the Code Supple- ment of Iowa, sets forth how and by whom the members shall be elected. Section 1657-i places the ■ control of the State Fair grounds with the board of agriculture with requisite powers to hold annual State Fairs and exhibits of the productive resources and industries of the State. Section 1657-g makes it the duty of the executive council of the State to annually appoint a committee, consisting of three members, whose duty it is to examine and audit the books of the department and report to the Governor. In addition to an examination of the books by this committee they are annually gone over by an expert accountant regu- larly employed by the executive council, who examines all the various departments of the State. A full and complete statement of the re- ceipts and disbursements is also made to the annual State agricultural convention and published in the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture as a matter of public record. An examination of these sections above re- ferred to will bear out the statements I have made, and should set at rest all thought that the State Fair is not held under the auspices of the State. The Iowa State Fair is a creation of the State, and as such is as justly entitled to receive State aid as any other State institution. We believe we can say without fear of contradiction that a larger per- centage of the taxpayers come in more direct contact with the State Fair than with any other State institution. There are thousands upon thou- sands of taxpayers of the State who are just as anxious to secure a broader education and knowledge as the young man ready to enter col- lege. He can send his children to school and to the colleges (I am speaking now of the farmer), but his only opportunity for broadening and further educating himself is through the agricultural press, the farmers' institutes and the county and district fairs, or other meetings 12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of a similar nature, sucti as stock shows, horticultural meetings, etc., and by attending the Iowa State Fair, which is the university for them all. Some of you, I have no doubt, have heard or seen criticisms upon the legislature for apropriating funds for further improving the State Fair grounds, no more, I should say, than you see or hear about any appropriation measure. I ask you, in all seriousness, if you believe this to be a just criticism. How can you expect to build up a great State institution if funds are not forthcoming for improvements? It has been said by some that it is a Des Moines institution. It is no more a Des Moines institution than the university at Iowa City is an Iowa City institution, or the Normal School at Cedar Falls in a Cedar Falls institu- tion, or the School for the Deaf and Dumb at Council Bluffs is a Council Bluffs institution. It is true that the fair is permanently located at Des Moines, but to be successful it must of necessity be located near some city or town. It cannot be moved from town to town with any more degree of success or judgment than you would move the university from place to place each year. In the work of improving the State Fair grounds the State has been saved thousands of dollars by the fact that the surplus or profit derived from holding the annual State Fairs has been expended for further improvements. The amount expended from this fund in the past six years has exceeded $120,000. No fund is now needed for the actual maintenance of the State Fair, the receipts for many years exceeding the disbursements by many thousand dollars but there is still great need of immediate improvements to provide proper equip- ment. In addition to the $120,000 which has been expended in improve- ments upon the grounds within the past few years, the department has been able to establish a sinking or emergency fund of $15,000. That the State has no better asset in a State institution than the Iowa State Fair is attested by the immense exhibits which are made and the great crowds of her people who annually attend. I have visited many State Fair grounds and' expositions of other states, and while I can honestly say that the Iowa people have nothing to be ashamed of in their State Fair, I cannot say as much for the equipment upon the grounds. The improvements upon all the State Fair grounds I have ever visited are far superior to our own. Large sums of money have been expended the past few years in equipping the State Fair grounds in Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Toronto, Canada, Missouri and many other states. The Missouri State Fair was permanently located at Se- dalia only five years ago, and several hundred thousand dollars have been expended in improvements since that time; the buildings are all of brick and steel construction. The equipment on the State Fair grounds of Illinois, Ohio and Toronto, Canada, are all models of excellence and are in keeping with their other State institutions. There is no use fighting the Iowa State Fair; you cannot drive it out of existence. It is as permanently established as the rock of Gibraltar and will be held annually long after the present generation nas passed away. You may SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 13 retard its progress to a certain extent, but it will continue to go on the future just as it has in the past, commanding greater respect as it grows older. The Iowa State Fair is essentially a farmers' fair. A larger per- centage of the attendance comes from the farmers than at any similar institution, therefore measuring up to the highest degree in its educa- tional advantages. While the fair is not held for the benefit of the farmers alone, they appreciate it to its fullest extent. The lessons of the judging arena are studied closely by them, as are the exhibits in the farm implement and other departments. They seek every opportunity for gaining knowledge which will be of benefit in improving existing conditions; they can see the word education written in large letters all over the grounds. The State Fair has arrived at that point where it is fulfilling to a large degree the purposes for which it was established, and its effectiveness as an educational agency can be further strengthened by adding equipment which is now lacking. STATE FAIR OF 1906. The fifty-second annual State Fair was in keeping with the times and will go down in history as being the most successful, from every point of view, of any of its predecessors. The exhibits in nearly all depart- ments increased amazingly, and in those departments where no increase was made the improvement in quality was noticeable. A very conserva- tive estimate would place the number of cars of exhibits upon the fair grounds this year at between five and six hundred. To prepare for and install an exhibit of this immense proportion necessitated a vast amount of labor, and incidentally caused the expenditure of a large sum of money. The only regretable and unpleasant feature in connection with the installation oi this mammoth exhibit was the lack of proper buildings for its display. The building in which an exhibit is shown and the manner of its arrangement add very materially to its attractiveness and its educational value. Elsewhere in this report, when published in the Year Book, will be found a statement showing the number of entries and exhibitors in various departments. It is enough here to say that the exhibitors were far more numerous than ever before, there being in the neighborhood of eleven hundred of them represented at this year's fair. The attendance at the State Fair this year was, in round numbers, 188,000. This was an increase of twenty-two per cent over 1905, sixty per cent over 1904, and about one hundred and ten per cent over 1901. This annual increased attendance shows conclusively the stability of the institution, and will undoubtedly continue to grow. There is no reason why the attendance for the week should not reach 300,000, and we be- lieve this number will be reached within a very few years, with favor- able conditions. The receipts of this year's fair were $110,929.85. This is an increase of twenty-six per cent over the receipts of 1905. While the receipts in nearly every department showed a small increase, it is most noticeable in the sale of tickets and the amount received from the sale of privileges. The increased percentage from the sale of privileges is about the same proportion as the percentage of increased attendance. 14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The total expense of the fair this year, including all premiums paid, etc., was $72,459,39, showing a net profit of $38,470.46. There were other expenses incidental to the work of the department amounting to $2,946.02, and improvements made at the fair grounds to the amount of $30,035.33. This makes a total of $105,4 « a a"" H 03 a. 2 o ai fa 1 fa . Eh 3 o a 2 $ 116.79 28,616.55 34,244.93 30,372.25 28,963.11 29,657.23 39,976.34 $ 36,622.10 50,712.91 63,084.71 59,838.56 66,100.36 84,786.25 110,929.85 $ 7,000.00 1,000.00 38,000.00 1,000.00 48,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 % 6,710.22 2,753.82 3,037.06 3,140.79 2,622.03 2,840.92 3,717.16 $ 50,332.32 54,466.73 104,121.77 63,979.35 116,722.39 88,627.17 115,647.01 $i2,666!66 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 138,366.70 94,351.60 145,685.50 118,284.40 153,623.35 for past six years $ 435,452.64 $ 90.000.00 $ 18,111.78 % 543,564.42 _ •••••• SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I. F AGRICULTURE FOR YEARS OF 1896, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905 ANI xpenditures, together with Amount Expended for Improvements, Repairs, etc., and r the years named. Disbursements Profits of F£ m a 3 ■d 1 0 © =« tn sa£ U b 1 •^ * « o ^ m " O III Total for year Cash on hand Previous year's busi- ness or outstanding warrants o a 2 o -. 0 6,404.29 9,203.83 ;l,736.31 ;3,813.13 14,691.68 ;8,730.89 ;l,703.94 $ 15,351.06 13,925.87 20,073.34 21,989.56 28,485.42 34,408.62 40,315.60 $ 7,471.95 13,378.73 63,457.12 17,855.77 59,641.11 11,;^63.09 30,035.33 $*14,019.88 2,313.44 2,608.69 1,704.83 3,195.43 3,345.27 3,385.87 $ 53,247.28 48,821.87 107,875.46 65,363.29 116,013.64 78,447.87 105,440.74 S 152.84 34,244.93 30,372.25 28,963.11 29,657.23 39,976.34 50,294.87 $ 16.48 118.99 25.20 14.63 139.81 112.26 $ 53,400.12 83,083.28 138,366.70 94,351.60 145,685.50 118,284.40 155,623.35 $ 36,622.10 50,712.91 63,084.71 59,838,56 66,100.36 84,786.25 110,929.85 $ 31,807.3 33,129.7 41,809.6 45,802.6 53,177.1 63,139.5 72,459.3 9,879.78 $159,198.41 $196,331.15 $ 16,503.53 $521,962.87 $435,452.64 $ 309,518.0 ♦Overdraft of 1895 for $2,798.17. 26 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PASTURE SCENE— MAKSil ALL COl'NTY Courtesy Hon. W. P. Arney PART 11. Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Ser- vice for 1906. John R. Sage, Director. CLIMATOLOGY OF THE YEAR 1906. Barometek. — The mean pressure of the atmosphere for the year 1906 was 30.05 inches. The highest observed pressure was 30.79 inches on February 5th at Dubuque. The lowest pressure was 28.71 inches on January 3d at Dubuque. The range for the State was 2.08 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the State was 48.7°, which is 1° above the normal. The highest temperature reported was 102° on July 21st, at Atlantic. The lowest temperature reported was 32° below zero on February 10th, at Inwood, Lyon county. The range for the year was 134°. Peecipitation. — The average amount of rain and. melted snow for the year, as shown by complete records of 107 stations, was 31.23 inches, which is .49 of an inch below the normal, and 5.28 inches below the average amount in 1905. The greatest amount recorded at any station for the year was 44.34 inches at Ridgeway, Winneshiek county. The least amount recorded was 20.63 inches at Elliott, Montgomery county. The greatest monthly rainfall was 11.10 inches at Thurman in Septem- ber. The least monthly precipitation was 0.20 of an inch at Baxter and Sibley in February. The greatest amount in any twenty-four con- secutive hours was 7.60 inches at Thurman on September 16th and 17th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more of rain fell was ninety-two. Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of wind was northwest. The highest velocity reported was fifty-eight miles per hour in Sioux City, from the northwest on March 21st. The average daily movement of wind was 205 miles. There were 163 clear days; 97 partly cloudy, and 105 cloudy days; as against 164 clear days, 98 partly cloudy and 103 cloudy days in 1905. (27) 28 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MONTHLY SUMMARIES. January. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 125 stations,, was 24.6°, which is 4.8° above the nor- mal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: North- ern section, 22.7°, which is 5.1° above normal; Central section, 25.2°, which is 6.0° above normal; Southern section, 25.9°, which is 3.4° above normal. The highest monthly mean temperature reported was 31.8° at Red Oak. The lowest mean reported was 19.4° at Charles City. The highest temperature reported for the month was 69° at Keokuk, on the 20th. The lowest temperature reported was 19° below zero, at Charles City, on the 8th. The average of monthly maximum temperatures for all reporting stations was 53.2°. The average of the minimum tempera- ture was — 9.3°. The greatest daily range of temperature was 49° at Sibley. The average of greatest daily ranges was 36.8°. The average precipitation (rain and melted snow) for the State, as shown by records of 132 stations, was 1.52 inches, which is 0.57 of an inch above the nor- mal for January in Iowa. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.20 inches, which is 0.44 of an inch above normal; Central section, 1.79 inches, which is 0.75 of an inch above normal; Southern section, 1.57 inches, which is 0.52 of an inch above normal. The largest amount reported was 4.71 inches at Ridgeway. The least amount reported was 0.28 of an inch at Inwood. The greatest daily precipitation reported was 3.87 inches at Ridgeway on the 3d. The aver- age number of days on which .01 of an inch, or more, precipitation was recorded was 5. The prevailing direction of the wind for the month was northwest. The highest velocity reported was 50 miles per hour, from the southwest, at Keokuk, on the 3d. The average number of clear days was 14; the average of partly cloudy days was 6, and of cloudy days 11. February. — This has been the warmest February since 1898. The mean temperature for the State as shown by the records of 125 stations, was 23.6°, which is 4.2° above normal. By sections the mean tempera- tures were as follows: Northern section, 20.2°; Central section, 23.5°; Southern section, 27.2°. The highest monthly mean was 31.6° at Red Oak, and the lowest was 17.3° at Charles City. The highest temperature reported was 66° at Red Oak on the 22d, and the lowest was 32° at Inwood, on the 10th. The average of monthly maximum temperatures was 56.4°, and the average of minimum temperatures was — 13.1°. The greatest daily range was 59° at Sibley, and the average of greatest daily ranges was 38°. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by records of 132 stations, was 1.29 inches, which is 0.28 of an inch above the normal for February. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.01 inches; Central section, 1.23 inches; Southern section, 1.62 inches. The largest amount reported was 2.91 inches at Mount Pleasant, and the least reported was 0.20 of an inch at Baxter and Sibley. The greatest daily percipitation was 1.48 inches at Webster City, on the 13th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more precipita- tion was reported was 5. The prevailing direction of wind was south. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. 29 The highest velocity reported was 50 miles per hour, from the north- west, at Sioux City, on the 3d. The average number of clear days was 14; partly cloudy, 7; and cloudy, 7 days. March. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 123 stations, was 27.1°, which is 5.7° below normal. The mean temperatures by sections were as follows: Northern section, 25.3°; Central section, 27.6°; Southern section, 28.4°. The highest monthly mean was 30.7°, at Red Oak, and the lowest monthly mean was 22.8°, at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 65° at Pacific Junction on the 1st, and the lowest reported was 14° below zero at Thurman on the 17th. The greatest daily range was 42° at Bedford and Thurman. The average of greatest daily ranges was 32.1°. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 129 stations, was 2.34 inches, which is 0.46 of an inch above normal. The averages by sections were as fol- lows. Northern section, 2.56 inches; Central section, 2.14 inches; South- ern section, 2.31 inches. The largest amount reported was 4.55 inches at Burlington; and the least amount reported was 0.58 of an inch at Ames. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 2.55 inches at Denison on the 3d. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 10. The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The highest wind velocity reported was 58 miles an hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 21st. The average number of clear days was 7; partly cloudy 7; cloudy days, 16. April. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 121 stations, was 52.5°, which is 3.1° above normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 50.5°; Central section, 52.5°: Southern section, 54.4°. The highest temperature reported was 94° at Ida Grove and Onawa on the 24th. The lowest temperature reported was 22° at Clinton and Webster City on the 1st and at Odebolt on the 6th. The average monthly maximum temperature was 85.4°, and the average monthly minimum was 26.3°. The greatest daily range was 51* at Denison and the average of greatest daily ranges was 42.4°. The aver- age precipitation for the State, as shown by records of 128 stations, was 2.42 inches, which is 0.46 of an inch below the April normal. The aver- ages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 2.06 inches; Central section, 2.43 inches; Southern section, 2.76 inches. The lai'gest amount reported was 5.55 inches at Glenwood, and the least amount reported was .53 of an inch at Independence. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 2.75 inches at Sheldon on the 13th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 8. The prevailing direction of the wind was southeast. The highest velocity reported was 42 miles an hour from the west at Sioux City, on the 25th. The average number of clear days was 14; partly cloudy, 9; cloudy days, 7. May. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 122 stations, was 60.8°, which is u.l° above the normal for May. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 58.8°, which is 0.5° below the normal; Central section, 61.1°, which is 0.6° above the normal; Southern section, 62.6, which is 0.6° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 65.5°, at Keokuk. The lowest monthly 30 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. mean was 57.4°, at Hanlontown. The highest temperature reported was 95°, at Odebolt, on the 11th. The lowest temperature reported was 24°, at Estherville, Britt and Iowa Falls, on the 7th. The average monthly maximum temperature was 87°, and the average monthly minimum was 28.9°. The greatest daily range was 52° at Preston, and the average of greatest daily ranges was 39.8°. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by records of 129 statinos, was 3.54 inches, which is 0.70 of an inch below the normal for May. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 5.38 inches, which is 1.40 above normal; Cen- tral section, 3.15 inches, which is 1.09 below the normal; Southern section, 2.09 inches, which is 2.42 inches below the normal. The largest amount reported was 10.72 inches at Hanlontown. The least amount reported was 0.89 of an inch at Elliott. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 4.24 inches at Northwood on the 14th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 11. The prevailing direction of wind was southwest, and the highest velocity reported was 48 miles an hour, from the west, at Sioux City, on the 17th. The average number of clear days was 13, partly cloudy 10, and cloudy 8. June. — June was slightly cooler than the average, the mean tempera- ture for the State as shown by the records of 125 stations being 67.9°, which is 1.7° below the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 66.2°, which is 2.0° below the normal; Cen- tral section, 68.1°, which is 1.4° below the normal; Southern section, 69.4°, which is 1.8° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 71.7° at Bella, and the lowest was 64° at Sibley. The highest temperature re- ported was 99° at Greenfield and Odebolt on the 16th and at Clarinda on the 16th and 17th. The lowest temperature reported was 37° at Atlantic and Earlham on the 13th. The average monthly maximum was 93.1° and the average monthly minimum was 43.4°. The greatest daily range of temperature was 48° at Audubon, Bedford and Ida Grove. The average of greatest daily ranges was 36.4°. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by records at 132 stations, was 3.92 inches, which is 0.63 of an inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: North- ern section, 3.81 inches, which is 0.63 of an inch below normal; Central section, 3.44 inches, which is 1.16 inches below normal; Southern section, 4.50 inches, which is 0.12 of an inch above the normal. The largest amount reported was 8.27 inches at Albia, and the least amount reported was 1.48 inches at Keokuk. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 5.20 inches at Thurman, on the 18th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 8. The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The highest velocity reported was 49 miles an hour, from the west, at Sioux City, on the 6th. The average number of clear days was 15; partly cloudy 10, and cloudy 5. July. — The monthly mean temperature of July for the State as shown by the records of 122 stations, was 70.9°, which is 3.5° below the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 69.7°, which is 3.5° below the normal; Central section, 71.0°, which is 3.3° below the normal; Southern section, 71.9°, which is 3.8° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 75.8°, at Tipton; and the lowest monthly SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAET II. 31 mean was 67.1°, at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 102° at Atlantic, on the 21st; and the lowest reported was 42° at Washta, on the 7th and 8th. The greatest daily range of temperature was 46° at Washta, and the average of greatest daily ranges was 34.6°. The average of monthly maximums was 93.6°, and the average of monthly fiiinimums was 48.8°. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 131 stations, was 3.04 inches, which is 1.31 inches below the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 3.04 inches, which is 1.17 inches below the normal ; Central section, 3.09 inches, which is 1.14 inches below the normal; Southern section, 3.00 inches, which is 1.62 inches below the normal. The largest aittount reported was 7.05 inches at Independence, the least amount reported was 0.28 of an inch at Tipten. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 2.82 inches at Little Sioux, on the 25th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 8. The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The highest velocity reported was 36 miles an hour from the northwest, at Keoknk, on the 22d. The average number of clear days was 18; partly cloudy days, 10; and cloudy days, 3. August. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 116 stations, was 74.1°, which is 2.1° above the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 72.6°, which is 1.9° above the normal; Central section, 74.2°, which is 2.6° above the normal; Southern section, 75.4°, which is 1.8° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 77.4°, at Ottumwa; and the lowest monthly mean was 70.9° at Estherville. The highest temperature reported was 101° at Odebolt, on the 16th. The lowest temperature reported was 33° at Washta, on the 27th. The average monthly maximum was 95°, and the average monthly minimum was 43.6°. The greatest daily range was .47° at Washta. The average of greatest daily range was 34.2°. The average amount of precipitation for the State, as shown by records of 125 stations, was 3.95 inches, which is .38 of an inch above the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 5.14 inches, which is 2.04 inches above the narmal; Central section, 3.98 inches, which is 0.26 of an inch above the normal; Southern section, 2.74 inches, which is 1.16 inches below the normal. The largest amount reported was 10.51 inches at Sib- ley, Osceola county, and the lowest amount reported was 0.92 of an inch at Allerton, Wayne county. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 4.00 inches at 01 in on the 6th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more of rainfall was reported was 9. The prevailing direction of the wind for the State was southwest. The highest velocity of wind reported was 32 miles per hour, at Sioux City, on the 1st. The average number of clear days observed at all stations was 17; of partly cloudy days there was an average of 9, and cloudy days 5. September. — The monthly mean temperature for the State as shown by the records of 111 stations was 67.2°, which is 3.4° above the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 65.3°, which is 3.0° above the normal; Central section, 67.3°, which is 4.0° above the normal; Southern section, 68.9°, which is 3.1° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 71.9° at Ottumwa, and the lowest monthly 32 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. mean was 62.8° at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 100° at Clarinda, on the 9th; and the lowest reported was 27° at Washta, on the 30th. The average monthly maximum was 93.2°, and the average monthly minimum was 37.4°. The greatest daily range was 50° at Washta, and the average of greatest daily ranges was 34.2°. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by records of 121 stations, was 4.16 inches, which is 0.85 of an inch above the normal.* By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 5.40 inches, which -is 2.01 inches above the normal; Central section, 3.47, inches, which is 0.22 of an inch above the normal; Sonthern section, 3.61 inches, which is 0.31 of an inch above the normal. The largest amount reported was 11.10 inches at Thurman, and the least amount reported was 0.64 of an inch at Mount Vernon. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 7.60 inches at Thurman, on the 16th and 17th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more fell was 8. The prevailing direction of the wind was southeast, south and southwest. The highest velocity reported was 48 miles an hour from the west, at Sioux City, on the 15th. The average number of clear days was 16; partly cloudy, 8; and cloudy, 6 days. October. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 117 stations, was 50.5°, which is 2° below the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 48.4°, which is 2.5° below the normal; Central section, 50.8°, which is 1° below the normal; Southern section, 52.4°, which is 2.3° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 54.4°, at St. Charles. The lowest monthly mean was 43° at Rock Rapids. The highest temperature reported was 87° at Ames and Bedford on the 13th and 20th; the lowest was 7°, at Elkader, on the 31st. The average monthly maximum was 78.9°, and the average monthly minimum was 20.4°. The greatest daily range was 56° at Wood- burn, and the average of greatest ranges was 36.3°. The average pre- cipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 126 stations, was 1.96 inches, which is .45 of an inch below the normal. The averages by sec- tions were as follows: Northern section, 2.82 inches, which is .63 of an inch above the normal; Central section, 1.85 inches, .which is .60 of an inch below the normal; Southern section, 1.20 inches, which is 1.41 inches below the normal. The largest amount reported was 4.25 inches, at Lar- rabee, and the lowest amount reported was .50 of an inch at Allerton. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 2.60 inches, at Pocahontas on the 22d and 23d. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 6. The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The highest velocity reported was 50 miles per hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 8th. The average number of clear days was 14; partly cloudy 7, and cloudy days 10. November. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 115 stations, was 35.4°, which is 0.2° above the normal for November. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: North- ern section, 33.6°, which is 1.0° above the normal; Central section, 35.5*. which is 0.5° above the normal; Southern section, 37.1°, which is 0.9° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 38.8° at Keokuk. The lowest SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II. 33 monthly mean was 31.2 at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 76° at Corydon, Oskaloosa and St. Charles, on the 6th. The lowest tem- perature reported was 5° below zero, at Woodburn, on the 22d. The aver- age monthly maximum was 69.6°, and the average monthly minimum was 8.7°. The greatest daily range was 47° at "Woodburn, and the average of greatest daily ranges was 32.4°. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by records of 123 stations, was 2.03 inches, which is 0.72 of an inch above the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: North- ern section, 1.80 inches, which is 0.55 of an inch above the normal; Central section, 2.17 inches, which is 0.76 of an inch above the normal; Southern section, 2.11 inches, which is 0.82 of an inch above the normal. The larg- est amount reported was 3.86 inches at Preston; the least amount reported was 0.35 of an»inch at Washta. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 2.00 inches at Preston, on the 25th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported, was 8. The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The highest velocity reported was 48 miles per hour, at Sioux City, on the 1st. The average number of clear days was 9; partly cloudy, 7; and cloudy days, 14. December. — The monthy mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 116 stations, was 25.7°, which is 2.7° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 23.5°, which is 3.5° above the normal; Central section, 24.2°, which is 1.1* above the normal; Southern section, 29.5°, which is 3.9° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 31.6°, at Keokuk, and the lowest monthly mean was 19.9° at Elkader. The highest temperature reported was 65° at Allerton, Chariton, Corydon and Clarinda on the 5th and 12th. The low- est temperature reported was ^9° at Washta on the ISth. The average monthly maximum was 50.3°, and the average monthly minimum was — 2.7°. The greatest daily range was 43° at Iowa City, Keosauqua, Mount Pleasant and Stockport. The average of greatest daily ranges was 32.6°. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 113 stations, was 1.43 inches, which is .18 of an inch above the normal. By sec- tions the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.12 inches, which is .07 of an inch above the normal; Central secticn, 1.47 inches, which is .13 of an inch above the normal; Southern section, 1.71 inches, which is .34 of an inch above the normal. The largest amount reported was 2.81 inches, at Independence. The least amount reported was .37 of an inch at Esther- ville. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 2.15 inches, at Bloomfield, on the 30th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 6. The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The highest velocity of wind reported was 47 miles per hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 13th. The average number of clear days was 11; partly cloudy 7, cloudy days 13. 34 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. 35 i4 i-H OJO CO O CD O OCi O C! f-( 0> OO O O O C3 «0 0CntDS5000< I CO O OO «! C! U t-: l^ U i^ u 22525£'S,2-25°°°'^'®°°°°° ooooooooco O O O O O O (D O O O O O O O O O O CJ o o o o otj O OO tj oo OOOOOOwOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOCO o) a> 0) CD o o o o )CDi-tOit^t*OC5ClCOC5C5t^aiOiC5CSCaC*COC50 OOC^CiCiClClCiC^b-Ot^Clt- gs<>. « ? — ^4- J;" oj oa73c3«iOS„S>"SZlxJO 3 a; i4Ki-ji-)iJ(-]pJhJ»=3SS<5SZ^^OOOOOOO(iiP-ift<0H C3^ '^ », ° a '-' tj o »— O cj J O Cl O CD O CO CD i •|^OCOOOOCOOOiHTHCDrHOiOOSOrH< ' Ol O OOOOiH lllll g| S a a s S S S S ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ S ^ ^ S S 53 g Sg s s OOOeOMOOoswOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOwOO tDOSt-OJO)a>Osai00050CnC310J-^0105CJt-05ClC5t-OC5t-000>t~OOOOOi-lt- gssa^si^-^sg^sssg§gssmiss§§§mi^| MC3»M?5ooaaaaoooucoQaQQQO 36 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. en frn cd O. ►J 03 05 CD (O O IH O O OS O O fH O O t^ O <0 O O C5 rH O C5 W rH OOOOO-mOOOOO OO-i^OOOOOCOOOO OOOOOwOOOOO OOwOOOOOOOOOO )C>CiOOC005t*Clt-Cst-E>C5COC;C>t^0001Cil:~005C35 eao3cjoJeScSe3c3c!cjcicSrtcieJcSo3cirtc3cj«cSc3« '« fl ft*j a i3 .21 i-ior-ii-icnoasmto iDa) .D £i ,Q .D .a J2 J2 o o o o o o o < o to o o o o CO ^ CO iH O O ©*J o o o Jb OOOw 0) 3 '-s|flfl5o£go«c QQHSHHfefeUOOOOOOWKKKKRSSSMw SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 37 CLIMATE AND CROP REVIEW, 1906. The year 1906 was exceptionally favorable for agriculture and other Industries in Iowa. The tabulated records of all stations show that the mean temperature of the State was 48.7°, which is 1° above the normal. The winter was mild and favorable for the protection of fall seeded crops, and for the care of farm animals. The average amount of precipitation for the year was 31.23 inches, which is about half an inch below the normal for Iowa. The distribution of rainfall was variable, the heaviest amounts being reported in the eastern half of the northern section, and the least amounts were in the southern section. But in all these parts there was sufficient moisture to produce more than an average yield of the great staples on which the prosperity of the State depends. January was 4.8° warmer than the average, and February also brought an excess of 4.2°. Both months had a small excess of precipitation. March was relatively much colder, the mean temperature being 5.7° below the normal. The snow fall was heavier and the weather was more stormy and inclement than during the preceding winter months. Condi- tions were not favorable for field work, and farm stock required more care and forage than usual at that period. The last five days of the month were springlike. The mean temperature of April, 52.5°, was about 3.1° above the normal; and the rainfall, 2.42 inches, was .46 of an inch below the normal for the State. The first half of the month was showery and cloudy; but the latter half was generally fair and warm, affording good conditions for spring plowing, which progressed rapidly, with the soil in good tilth and warm enough to insure germination of grain and grass. At the close of April the season was about normal in respect to the growth of grasses and foliage. Farm work, however, was somewhat belated by wet weather in March and the early part of April. May was about normal in temperature, the mean being 60.8° for the State. There were sharp fluctuations in temperature, with frosts in all districts about the 6th to the 9th, and on the 28th, though not materially harmful to vegetation and fruit. The average rainfall was 3.54 inches, which is 0.70 of an inch below the normal for the State. The distribution was unequal, the northern section having an excess of 1.40 inches, while the central section was deficient 1.09 inches, and the southern section was deficient 2.42 inches. In portions of the southern section the dry weather was somewhat unfavorable for pastures, meadows and spring seeded crops. The conditions, however, were favorable for planting corn, and the mois- ture was sufficient to secure a good stand. June was slightly cooler than normal, the mean temperature being 67.9°, which is 1.7° below the normal. The average rainfall was 3.92 inches, which is 0.63 of an inch below the normal. In the southern section, where there was greatest need of moisture, the average was 4.50 inches. The greater part of the rainfall came in the latter half of the month, affording timely relief from drouthy conditions prevalent in nearly all districts. The dry weather in early June was favorable for corn, which made a fine growth and had been thoroughly cultivated. There was suf- 38 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ficient moisture in the soil to maintain a healthy growth of the corn plant, and at the close of the month nearly all fields gave promise of a heavy yield. Oats, barley and wheat made fairly good stands, but headed out shorter than usual. The hay crop was lighter than usual, but the Quality was excellent. As a whole, June was an ideal month for farming operations, and the staple crops were above the ten-year average on July 1st. The average daily temperature in July was 3.5° below the normal for the State, the mean being 70.9°. The nights were cool, but the day temper- atures were sufficiently high to maintain the normal growth of com and other immature crops. The average rainfall was 3.04 inches, which is 1.31 Inches below the normal. The cool nights brought on heavy dews, and the humidity of the air was about normal, serving to mitigate the drouthy conditions in districts where the rainfall was lightest. The dis- tribution of rainfall was quite unequal, ranging from less than two inches in about one-fourth of the State to more than 5.00 inches in a large area. The driest areas were in the southeast and the northwest quarters of the State. Except in a very small area there was sufficient moisture to main- tain a healthy growth of corn, which was generally well advanced and promising at the close of the month. Hay and small grain were harvested in good season, under favorable conditions to maintain a good quality of these crops. There was less than usual damage by windstorms and hail in July. August was the warmest month of the season, the average temperature for the State being 74.1°, which is 2.1° above the normal. It was 3.2° warmer than July, which is usually the warmest month of the summer in this latitude. The average rainfall was 3.95 inches, which is 0.38 of an inch above the normal. The distribution was unequal, the northern sec- tion having nearly twice as much moisture as the average of the southern section. The larger portion of the rainfall came in the first decade, and the balance of the month was favorable for harvesting, threshing and other field work. At the close of the month the corn crop was in a very satisfactory condition, and much of it well advanced toward maturity, giving promise of more than an average yield. The summer months were favorble for apples, peaches, cherries and most of the small fruit crops, and garden truck. September was warmer than usual, with more than the normal amount of rainfall, and excess of sunshine in the larger part of the State. The mean temperature was 67.2°, which was 3.4° above the normal. The aver- age rainfall was 4.16 inches, or 0.85 of an inch in excess of the September normal. The northern and western districts received much more than the other parts of the State. The bulk of the rainfall came in the second decade, and the balance of the month afforded ideal conditions for farm operations, and the normal ripening of corn and other late maturing crops. The month was wholly exempt from damaging frosts. Conditions were favorable for fall plowing, and seeding fall wheat and rye. .All crops were well matured at the close of the month. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. 39 October was exceptionally fine, having more than the average number of clear days, and less than the average amount of rainfall. The average temperature for the State was 50.5°, which is 2° below the normal. The average rainfall was 1.96 inches, which is 0.45 of an inch below the normal. Nearly all the rainfall occurred in the ten days from the 18th to the 27th. In the first half of the month conditions were unusually favorable lor drying out the bulky corn crop, and husking was begun somewhat later than usual. There were but few days too wet for work in the fields. All late maturing crops were harvested under favorable conditions. November was slightly above the normal in temperature and precipita- tion. The monthly mean temperature was 35.4°, and the average precipi- tation was 2.03 inches, which is about 0.72 of an inch above the normal. During the first half Of the month conditions were fairly good for husking corn and other field work, and at the close of the month the bulk of the largest corn crop ever produced in Iowa was well secured, in the latter half of the month snow flurries, and alternate freezing and thawing, hin- dered work to some extent. December was about 2.7° warmer than usual, the average temperatuie being 25.7°. The average precipitation, which was mostly in the form of rain, was 1.43 inches, or 0.18 of an inch above the normal. As a whole, it was unusually mild and favorable for outdoor work and the care of stock. The year 1906 closed as it began, with moderate temperature and favor- able weather conditions, typical of the most productive year known in Iowa during the last quarter of a century. 40 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. <='Q?2<='<=5'=*<^'=>OOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOO (MTHCOOC*OOr-li-HOiC*OTHiHi-(r]HmcJr-ICOr-(OiOCOf-(?HCOO©*Oi— IWW t- N U^ « ooooooooooooooooc •*rHl>C0CirHOTH00-*fHOM*'X)6iaj- J iC O O O CO rH C vn(0'*O(^00iCi0i-lO»f^cpoj0i'*^Z>OC5t>Q0«0(N'^(NOOCDb-C0C000I--m )'*iO(M-*co(Mc^'^(N«6««^:-*ticoG>4eQ ICO-^COurj-^-^CNirHinrHkn H p o o H o o H pq to o 05 o o < o 'S80JBJ0J ooooC)e>ooc>oooooooo_ (?i t-- T-t ( ■S8JDB 'XatiBa r-(rH05iH(MOOOIM»OOOOiH«001WCfio6'*OOiH'*COCOCO:OiO C^ in rH C5 OOOOOOOpOOcDOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO I> CO CD lO rH I )COOOO--DOOTmc*COC ■S3J0B '8:CH T-('^-*rH'*OiOiOCO Oii-H i-HCDtH gs CO CQ i> 00 'sajDB 'saeo OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOO i-ICiCiMrHr-ti-l-*G0lO0053lOCCif^C000i>W-<*QOOOOOQOOO<: >iOt-CiCDmcOWi-(Q000L 3COC0i-lvn00i-ooooooooooooooooooooopooooooooo . .- .. . - . . - -, "5 0« W .-H i to rH Cco-^"«*> 3 = rt SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II. 41 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOQOQOOOOOOOC>000000000000«3©0000 C«^>=5cOO-*r-(-t'rHi-H05MOC*^C^U^Oi-HSi-HOOO>-IC'iT--(«OiN«.-HrHt--,-HC'*Cnt-^ (N C5 C-i r-< r-l i-H tH r-l t- i-l 0» r-t CO (^i CO i-H i-H C'OOOOOOOOOOOOOC)OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOpOOOOOOOO<^OOOOpO »H-^C00100?OrHinT-Ht-~^Ot--lOrHOJCOOOi-HOOi-HiWi-H.-HO;Oi(^i--T--t-CC»M5^C'iC-COU5C5cOC^C--01C^rH OSlAOTffrHCQrHOC^. >-H'^t-r-HOaiCi'^OC4'^OOi-Hi-Hin'^00X"^rH':D'^OOMOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC;OOOOOOOQOOOO© O(M00'<*iL'--3''O: THWrHur^OlOCDrHi-Hr-li-IOiOi-li-lCDi-lOi-l^ ■ CO CO -f i--" O :d t- :-cOc ^OOOOOOOO [iricoooswi-ico o o o o o o Nt>rHcoir'oooO(i>ir:iQOOQOCOC; ;c*<:iOO««t-t-(3at-oco i >cQirioo'r)«coiS'<*}co«ojioo>iHir364c>iOiir5t I> rH i-H f-t CD -* tH i-l o^c^L'-'vOfH.-li:•-OGCQv^ Tt*"^fH"^oWi— to^rH,— cooic^coot-^otcocour'-1•OlHCOOcoc:r-lC^:OlOTHOcoo(^^o^c^■^c■^vr^fH<:o^I— 1^ o: o w 1-1 o OS r • ir:it>C5Cib--t-cooc 'CDr-OlAi-400t-Oi-tr-tOI>< o o o o o o ,-. ^ ^ ,-1 O CO 00 O I- CO CO C-i^ Co'oo" rH ^ tCOCQ.-it-ir>00T-ii-(COC5rH H O rH rH O* rH C* 42 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICrLTURE. oooooooooooooooooo i-HC0i-00COT-lrHi— ICOOin>COir2i-HC^U^i-IOOOt>- ^'(^^c^c^lo'u:^'oo o w o o ^^^^^^fH -^lo . _. .. .. _.. . „ . - -J 5!j ^ i-^rtOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOO >i-li-(COC:COCOC^rHCOC0CC00C^c5rHC* 'S9JDB *A9IJBa i-H ^- e» Tji 1-1 oooooooooooooooooo '^Ci'^ot^cocot — ri 1-1 i ; CO C-- -^ CO 'S9JDB '9itH rn' i-HOOiCOrHrH C4CO i-l •s9aDB 'saBo )OOOOOOQOO COCOW'-'OC'SOC'JC^OOi-iCii^COCOtHiSrH OO-^iOCOt-QOOOCDi-lOSCOOcOON* !eOtOiOir5i-li-lr-liH«COi-ll>-rH'*rH(?Ji-l.— rHCOCO o oi o o c^ cr5 ci cf oj oi 1-H o of ir »r" .-T o cT s o t-- i-H in i> CO ■ 00000 C^ CJ r-t b- »-t GO I-l CO c; o fh'ic in w ci O) w do CI w 00 Oi C; m o rH « -^ w 0 « « *S9J0B •jB9ll^ J9;UIAi ^ 00 Q O O _ - , >• CO CT M G*J CO T-( i"^i-Hino"^Oi-H t-. -w O -i2 .— -*!- c3 ^ ^ cs ^;- ^ ' /- /' .- .~ " ^ ^ ^ SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II. 43 CROP REPORT, JUNE 1, 1906. Reports received June 1st from county and township correspondents of tne Iowa Weather and Crop Service made a very favorable showing as to the area planted and the average condition of the staple crops of this State as compared with preceding years. Corn. — The aggregate area of corn planted this season appears to be 9,443,960 acres. These figures indicate an increase of 145,000 acres as compared with the area harvested last year, and a decrease of about 99,000 acres compared with the acreage shown by the State census covering the year 1904. The average condition of the corn crop on June 1st was placed at 99 per cent for the State, as against 90 per cent in 1905 and 1904 on the corresponding date. Wheat. — The area of spring wheat is estimated to be 357,250 acres; and winter wheat 65,560, making a total wheat acreage of 442,810 acres. This indicates a loss of 74,464 acres since 1904, as shown by the last State census. The estimated condition of the crop is 98 per cent, which is about the same as last year. Oats. — Total acreage sown, 4,166,800 acres, a decrease of 148,830 acres as shown by the last census. Condition of the crop 96 per cent, a gain of one point above last year. Barley. — Acreage sown, 558,870 acres; condition of the crop 96 per cent, the same as last year. Rye. — Acreage of rye sown, 62,535 acres, a slight decrease compared with the census year. Condition of the crop, 97 per cent, or one point below last year. Flax. — The acerage of flax is reduced to about 19,160 acres, showing a reduction of 5,837 acres since 1904, according to the census figures; con- dition of the crop, 94 per cent, same as last year. Potatoes. — The acreage of the potato crop is estimated to be 115,310 acres, which is about the average of recent years. Condition of crop, 101 per cent. Meadows. — Acreage of meadows, including all cultivated hay crops, 3,518,750 acres. Condition of hay crop, 92 per cent. Wild Hay. — Acreage, 899,850; condition, 90 percent. CROP CONDITIONS, JULY 1, 1906. Following is a summary of reports received from correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, giving estimates of the condition of the staple farm crops on July 1, 1906: 44 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Corn, 99 per cent; wheat, 94; oats, 84; rye, 93; barley, 91; flax, 92; potatoes, 94; hay (tame), 75; pastures, 88; apples, 70; grapes, 85. On July 1, 1905, the estimates were as follows: Corn, 92 per cent, wheat, 94; oats, 96; rye, 96; barley, 98; flax, 95; hay, 101; pastures, 105; apples, 65; grapes, 88. CROP CONDITIONS, AUGUST 1, 1906. Following is a summary of reports received from correspondents of the Iowa "Weather and Crop Service giving estimates of the condition of staple farm crops August 1, 1906: Corn, 99 per cent; spring wheat, 93; oats, 90; flax, 95; hay, 79; pas- tures, 83; potatoes, 91; apples, 70; grapes, 94. Last year, at corresponding date, the estimates were: Corn, 94 per cent; wheat, 93; oats, 97; flax, 78; potatoes, 92; pastures, L03; apples, 40; grapes, 91. FINAL CROP REPORT, 1906. TOTAL YIELD OF SOIL PRODUCTS— VALUE AT FARM PRICES DECEMBER 1. Tabulated reports by counties afford ample evidence that the season of 1906 brought bountiful crops on the well tilled farms oi Iowa. In respect to the aggregate of yield and values of staple products, a new record has been scored for this foremost agricultural State. Corn. — The estimated acreage of the corn crop, based upon the returns of the State census of 1905, is about 9,443,960 acres. Carefully revised estimates of the yield by counties show an average for the State of 41 bushels per acre, and the total output for the State appears to be 388,348,920 bushels. This is about 42,000,000 bushels above the highest total credited to the State by the State bureau in any previous year. At the average farm price, 33 cents per bushel, the corn crop is now worth $128,155,143. As the greater portion of this crop will be consumed in the State, and marketed in form of live stock and dairy products, the potential value of this great cereal is 10 to 15 cents per bushel above the present selling price. The quality of corn that has been harvested in good season is above the average. It is a good crop to keep, so far as may be practicable, for the lean years that may come in the near future. Winter Wheat. — The average yield of winter wheat was 23 bushels per acre. Total yield, 1,566,050 bushels. Average farm price is about 67 cents per bushel; value of crop, $1,049,253. Spring Wheat. — Average yield per acre, 15 bushels; total yield, 5,603,880 bushels. Farm value, 63 cents per bushel; value of crop, $3,530,444. Oats. — Average yield, 34 bushels per acre; total crop, 142,036,580 bush- els; farm price, 27 cents; total value, $38,349,876. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. 45 Rye. — Average yield, 11\^ bushels per acre; total crop, 1,093,160 bushels. Farm price, 48 cents; total value, $520,716. Barley. — Average per acre, 261/2 bushels; total yield, 14,858,830 bush- els; farm price, 36 cents; total value, $5,349,178. Flax Seed. — Average per acre, 10.7 bushels; total product, 205,280 bush- els; farm price, 97 cents; total value, $200,091. Potatoes. — Average yield per acre, 101 bushels; total product, 11,697,500 bushels; average price, 48 cents; total value, $5,614,800. Hay (Tame). — Average per acre, 1.3 tons; total yield, 4,892,950 tons; farm value December 1, $7.50 per ton; total value, $36,697,125. Hay (Wild). — Average per acre, 1.2 tons; total yield, 1,110,690 tons; farm price, $5.50; total value, $6,108,795. Pasturage and Grazing. — This includes pastures, grazing in meadows and grain fields after harvest and in cornfields in fall and winter. Having given this matter much study, making it a subject of interview with many of our best informed farmers, I am willing to stand committed to the proposition that the value of pasturage and grazing is above, rather than below, the total value of $90,000,000, with which it has been cred- ited in the following table: TABULATED CROP SUMMARY Crops Corn Winter wheat Spring wheat Oats Rye Barley Flax seed Potatoes Hay (tame) Hay (wild) Pasturage and grazing Buckwheat Sweet potatoes Sorghum and broomcorn. Timothy and clever seed . Alfalfa and millet Sweet corn Fruit crops Garden truck Total Products Total . 388,348,920 hus. 1,566,060 bus. 5,603,880 bus. 142,036,580 bus. 1,093,160 bus. 14,858,830 bus. 205,280 bus. 1,697,500 bus. 4,892,950 tons 1,110,690 tons Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Farm Value Dec. 1 $ 128,155,143 1,049,253 3,530,444 38,349,976 520,716 5,439,178 200,091 5,614,800 36,697,125 6,108,795 90,000,000 85,000 150,000 195,000 1,800,000 550,000 750,000 6,300,000 5,000,000 $ 330,495,421 The above figures take no account of the increment of value derived from the consumption of the soil products in the live stock industry of this state. 46 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. g H '^ P O O CD eq ■^ I T-H O ^■^ S 2^ o < 2 S g Ph o < P5 f> <1 a " (-.£3 snoj 8J0B aad sno x snoj iBlOX jad snox siaqsnq IBiox ; 8J0B J8d : eiaiisna siaqsnq IBIOX 8J0B J9Cl siaqsng siaqsnq IBIOX ajDB jad siaqsna siaqsnq IBIOX ajOB jad siaqsng eiaqenq IBIOX ajOB jad siaqsng siansnq IBIOX ajOB jad siaqsng siaqsnq IBjox ajDB jad siaqsng eiaqsnq IBJOX aJDB jad siaqsna C O O Q O O C in '^ 00 in 05 CO c ^lH■*O^-r-^OOCDCO00Ci Q o CD CO 00 ( CO rH CC i-H r-l i-t i-( r^ r-l CO ^P O O ^ CN C < m ■'1' in in ' [ CO Cvi O m CO O V ■ in o o o o © ift OOOQOOOOOOQOOC 05co-I^Q'*"r^c^JOQ(^^ooco^>c -*t>r-HlO0^COrHCO0000CO00CDl M^OSl^t'COCOCOt^C^ )COCO£~CO'*COrlHlCCOlOlCC - in t~ oi 00 <3 "~ in CO O CO rH CO ■*" ■ noE-coin-^cococ^ i«inoocoinincomooioiniccooooo-*r-(ooin^OTojo©co( • mincoc;coi't-oo(Mini-^T ^^>t*ooalcoOlnm-.t^r^co' ^ocjoincoQO coiHWinosCicoci o oo o o< i Q O O O Q X 1 o o o o ■C^C^COOOOt^QCOCOrHin-^iHCONinCOC c3 ^ jt^coOicDoincocscrs Oic5i-oiH ■ ■ r-l CO C'i C* com"0(>ioc>oooooorHmcQc*coooinin^moQinin iwino « 0» -M « CO CO CO CO CO « C4 CO Oi C5 CO Oi C>i CO O* 04 « « CO CO Ci C* I CO (M C4 Soi;ooooooooooooooooQO<5^2Q'52°'=>S ■^-^incOOmCOCOOOOOOrf'^COCOOOCOOCO'-OQinOQCOOO -*C07^-*C:OC^OiC0C000C^(MM'OT-(rHOC»0000»rr'^C0'^l-t>O^^C:> t-lC4CC05iHCDr-ICOWC* t-COrHCO»-HC^rHt-C^i-H(Mr-COOOiC^Oil>r-t OOCDTHOOOt-OOC^OCOOOOQOOSQOC^Oinc^OC i-l— -CQr-IOJrHi-IWNi-HrHWi-fi-ii-HrHWT-IC^MT ooin 00 o 00 00 > O O O Q C > f-i o OT in c J o o o o c? ^ o o CO o in tH iH rH rH iH f-H (N rH Cvi Ci iH c* rH t-h COWCOTOCO'^COCOCOCO^C^CO M e«M^co«cococo g in t* ic o CO CO CO « CO CO g o ,162,620 ,380,400 ,578,300 ,905,700 ,207,720 .1!) 1,610 ,623,300 ,986,900 ,826,900 ,991,260 ,703,850 ,408,800 ,607,820 i 5 ,102,350 ,194,080 ,690,800 ,639,620 ,393,160 ,955,880 ,378,960 .402.900 1 o o oo II \ CO "^COCirH-tJi — •-*'*l>iOir5iOCOlAOOlC«lftCOQF-lt-COQOlftm'00000<5000QOQt; oo-*cviCDocoiniftf^<>j(0®l>c5<: > t- '^ ci o i>i i 3 Ol T-4 i-H CO CO CO lo 1 1- CO CO CO Q CD m lO b- CO lo CO 00 (D c» I in CO ■<* oo t-o ,B CS>- ^■eo.^ -DSiScs O 0) 5 OS2 'J^ cj < > o o o oo o < t— £> o ^J' r^ c rH M 1 O rH C^ CO CO 0DC0OOQ0cHC4O ~ST3 I II fl Soil l^a j: S-S !: %^ ^ ^^-.2 '.— > 'tj c: c: a. c; .14 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. 47 SOOOOOOOQOOOOQQOOOOOQOOOQOOOOQOOOOOOOOQOOOQOOOOO iH-^C^CD"CCO!OOiO-^rH:DOOCD^-+**HCCO®r-HCOi-HW^'-HCOr-tQC'JWi-'i-HCii-<©CJW rHNe*0QrH«r-lt-O0'Xi^'^i-H CiC-OiiOCOi-- Ol-^-^CO O'*'C0in00O--r:000i-(rH(M0*'H«'-<'*iCCC00CD'^ THiHC40«C0rHr-IDlr-lrH S r-t CO rHCOCOiH OOOOC>JirOO^>^OOi0OC^'C>CiiOmcstOOOOC4OC»>^Ol-^Qf-Hcoco «OCOOO■^■^C^COCOCO■^CCCOCOCOlf5^2CO-<*OOln■^COOlCl?5"^00(^JCTCOtovO»n•^CO'^rHC^ cooo'io"iSr55'irrM"TH"^"S"co~^*"QOo^ OOOO^OOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOQQOOQOOOOOOOOOQ222'^222SS OQOO5oOOQO>'^5i-OOu0C0ift-t'Oo3oOOiSO>?^OQ--+'WQOOO00OOOO0JO »HCooocoSr:^-•^r:aD05lr^ocZ}coco^-c^ooo-*c■*ooclOot"-'*'*ooocoiC1Hoococ^o^c^ OOOLr^OOClTC■^U7-1HC^Cl^-Q'^tD!^iO'MCOCOCOOil^^rSrt4Ci(^W^-^0<^0(X)COCO^O^H^- 00CDiO<:DO< 'Ot>OlCi>l-^CO'^mot-Cli--IO<'— l-*rHOXl^00i-iiniOCDC:rC; t--C:t--THC^t>Ci0D«lOC-'-HOC000lA i-Hr-*rHr-l Ci r-i tH r-t .rHrHCOi-lrHi-tOT W iHrHr-i r-(»-( i-Hi-lrHOi 1 O O C:' O O : iiOiO rOQOlOf-»i>-OiO'f>f . -?; CO O ^ r: c > C5 O rH i> CO O 0'T-Qicio»roc^cpcooin>r-QcpQooo<5<::50QQ< SooOr-'COOcociCioo>J^oot^OOo5oi-'Sooccc;oo5ic S CD o CO o o in CD CO '^ T-H lO , C Q O O O c t CO Ci t- QO c^ c- r; OOOOOOOOQOOOOO ocoooooQOOooc^icocoovrs c^oaiO>o?oooo5ot^cooow i-H CO »C Ci O CO O " < CO »f^ Ci O > CO m rH ) Oi ■* CO CO ( 1 CO in i^ o ^^ < ■ c^-^c^cir-COCOi-HSoOCO?iO-H^ ' OJ GO N t- -^^ I— I -^ ^^ X> CO : OOi-tOCrii-<;Oi-lOrH JOOOQOOQOOc • ^ o I CJ O* -H CO ^ iH m CO i-H -* CO )C0C0t^C0QC^CDW-1*C0O00OC0C5Or-»^-^C0iC00O»^»C lrHlMr^IHe5oJ1-^I-HC«i^H(^irHC^trH««C^<^i5*rH.-^I--^^HrHr^l-^c5^-^'--'^'-^'-H«C^i^^W >0020000000': > OJ f-1 O CO t-l ■ < 00 w c O C- - |> ITS rH :0 i> CO t tHiH'^Oi0Dt— C0e4t-O5C^"*00i>C0O0:OiOSC0- ^cooOO'^4lr^ocooo J-^lOCOOOCMi-lG^CO 1 CO Ci ^^ CO o c COrHCOiOOOOCO-^Clt-OO'WOOif^OiCOOOOcomi-HiCOi^OCOirrif^ ScOCOCOCOCOCOCOcOCOCOCOCOWCO^COCOOiCOCiCOCOCOCO'^iCOCOC'iCOCO CCOCO(M(MC0-5'C0COC0C0CO< )OOOQOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOO^OOQOQOOO:z:OOOOOOOOOQoOO S■^■^OWQOt-n■^lOOOOCO^f^■^OQ-t^lnc^i^f^OiO':^CO>^~'?^Q■-r'■-^ ■•iHOOiCiCOC^CO— 'i— IC0-^'rt^-^O'^'^C^OC>*r-(C--G0O00'ZJ"^C0-^C0Q0C0in--t' :r. t'CO'^-^OOOOiC^COi— 1^0500 c:it-^-lc^^cooc:^lf^'^*co(^iI-H- >0'^t^C100rHt'COCOO> ^ ^- o o CO CO ■ OOCOOOiOOO-flOCOinc^COC — i-ooot-cooooocoocoiniixMooaoococcov^oociio fOQ-t^t--cOoopir'Com-5'* tCOOOOCOO'^JCOCOiOrHOlOC* :OC0C0OlW00OC5OC0t-'^J> eaoiCOCO-*-^-^ — CO-^CC-^lCWi-nCO-^COOTCOOi'^COCOlOC^vOtMC^COCO-^'^m'^CJlftT-fCOCOCOC^'^COb-COlOOO OC0C<>'^C^QOC0*^C^i0WOOC0»n(NQiCC0l0CDL0C:OCC0lAt-O-^CiC0C0'«OrHc0O0>t^C0Cib-C0OOO ■^co"*:0'^-^-^'^coMHcO'^"^'^co'^>*'^cO'^co"*"*co-^-r'-jfcoco"^'^"*"^'^'-t'co':j^ 000=!QOQ0 :i:0000 CDC3^-^iftir-icoc;5 — o-*«co ooo5e>^coiocif-a)coi>c;ci 28S§ CO {> c:i to 11 O O Q O O M •* o OO iH CO CC 320 570 800 680 140 580 150 600 G40 510 50O 680 700 420 440 150 380 400 360 670 740 epc^Cic^oicoci'<*'Oi>co(>cj 05rHiH i-HOi rH;OWC^COCO M- t^ I-H G* r-1 «> lO 00 00 g lnco^:co(^*-woo^-L-tHC:-^ (Om'«*'c^immcomcoio-*coco -S^ CO -* 00 2»; -* o ■* c* in e«t>ioccooooirsin;o««oOD>co^«io-»>cDi>r-T)i CO Ci CD rH do CO CO CO C4 CO 5hS! t~ ^ rH = a ^£ 2 £ s s _|illJlW-lM-l|il«l-Lll-HI— (l-jl-sl-,!-:!-. is ^5 ^ 3 --* c3 oj o +j a ow., S3oo'C43t^t^^i^aai3»5;:9, gV),2 48 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. K^ Eh (^OD snoj OOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOO f-^COW-^00eD(MT-tl>l-i-HQ0i-(^(NiH^iH^t'^ - -.CO-^fHrHCOlrtaseitHtNiHTHtMTHCSSOOSOi ) CO 00 < ci n ( 8J0B J8(J SOOX ooiAcoei-^oirtirtoooe^ooinoomoim SUOJ IBIOX ooOOoQoooogOQOOog; o5 ^OCO(?5o*rHt--^"*(MC^COrHC:CJC dad suox i-HC-ilft'^0»00C0CDlftO(M'*'*C0O00lCC0O00Q0 staqsnq IBIOX > c o o o o o t < — o o 3; O O ! [ •?( O t- OD r^ O t C-. & 00r-tO000COCDt-Ci^00£>'*00;DiHU^i OOSoOC«i-lS~. 000^. lStt>c3sro0J06OrHOOiH siaqsnq iBaox siaiisna o o siaqsnq IBJOX : 00 -f -* CO 10 i-i « < 3J3B jad eiaqsng > •* -^ r-l X O to IN I Oi rH CO W CO W r- < ;ajW^oOOl'^"■^OC^c/:col^O■^cDOO ) O O O O O Q < sioqsnq siaqsna ITS i-( 00 r-l T '^ W O 00 O O -ti < CO in t- n-i'coSStococD5SSS^ ffic5oOiHO)io(NOOoovcini-ii-iotoO'^>Aio>Bco • OCiir^OO-f-fCOt'O'^'-HCOCOCO-n'-n'COCOCi jCiO^Cli-HCOCiOOOOOCOf^if^rHr-tOi^^'^'^SS )CO(M**00Ol"^COT-ICOCOCO0000o:it'OJC0rHU^CO ■^C^-^CO-^CDlCilCC ) O CO f^ » T C ((?«(MCOCOCSi' C^J 00 -* CD C ) CO -* "* O I iH « N 00 t-H rM CO CO 00 C4 ■* C* CO ■* ( ;s§ w Q -n^ o K c» rH 55 00 CO CO Oi Ift -iT-^ CO r-t CO ■rJ4 CO CO O CO CO co,cd O 5W OJ S^ O m H a'O^-a gdooa»oo9 b'S 2eScjoicsa).l::.Sooi^ SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II, 49 50 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II. 51 52 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II. 53 54 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. '^^j^zy^ SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II. 55 56 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II. 57 5.S IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PART III. Proceedings of the State Farmers' Institute and Agricultural Convention Held in the Kooms of the Department of Agriculture Des Moines, Iowa, Tuesday and Wednesday, Dec. 11-12, 1906. December 11, 1906, 9.30 a. m. The President : The meeting will please come to order. The first upon our program will be the address of welcome, by Hon. Henry Wallace, of Des Moines. Mr. Wallace: Members of the State Farmers' Institute: It is cer- tainly a great pleasure to me to have the opportunity of welcoming you to Des Moines. We are building a city here. They say we have 100,000 population now. I don't believe it. They say we will have 200,000. We may, and we may not. We have been taking stock of our resources. We have an abundance of coal all around us; but the unfortunate thing is, that for every ton of coal we take out, there is that much less; there is no more made. We have shale; but when we dig a ton of shale, there is that much less. We have stone, to enable us to manufacture cement out of the shale, which we hope to do by and by; but that is liable to the same objection. We have the capitol here, and that is something, a good thing to have the representatives of the State come around and watch the officers and see that they do right. We have schools and colleges; a good many elements of growth and greatness. But as we come to look into the matter closely, these, after all, are not much, except as backed up and sustained by the farmers of Iowa. We think we have in the farms of Iowa an asset of permanent value, provided they are properly handled. You know, I don't believe the Almighty has spent millions of ages, per- haps, in fitting Iowa as a home for man, and then expected it to be worn (59) 60 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. out in a generation or two generations. I believe he had an eye to the babies that are coming hundreds of years from now, to be fed and sus- tained by the soil of Iowa. Therefore, we look to the soil of Iowa for our great permanent asset. Des Moines without Iowa is nothing. Iowa could have another Des Moines, if it was out of existence. The difference between the soil and the mine is this: When you take something out of the mine, there is that much less. The farmer is the creator, a creator, not in making something out of nothing, but in making values out of pre- existing material, the abundant, superabundant, moisture, sunshine and heat. Every blade of grass, every pig and calf, is a new creation, fresh from the hand of God. It is our business and your business to create out of the sunshine and heat, and the electrical currents, food for the hungry nations. And how much food you will create, how well you will dischai-ge that duty, how well the farmer shall prosper, depends altogether upon the education which this association furnishes, comprising, as it does, the professors of the Iowa colleges, the editors of agricultural papers, manufacturers, mem- bers of farmers' associations, and of the great breeding associations; upon these, I say, the future prosperity of this State depends for all time. Therefore, friends, it is a great pleasure for me to welcome the rep- resentative men who stand for this future developmnt of the State. I do not know of any other men, or any other class of men, whether kings or potentates, or presidents, or members of congress, who are so worthy of a welcome to the city of Des Moines as the members of this association. Therefore we meet you with glad hands. We are glad to see you, as we are glad to see other representatives of the great business interests of the State of Iowa. We have had an astonishing period of prosperity. We know it is here, and we hope it is here to stay. I am sure that to a great extent depends upon the people you represent, who till the fair lands of the State of Iowa. Gentlemen, I give you a hearty and cordial welcome. The President: The response to the address of welcome will be made bv Senator B. "W. Newberry. ADDRESS. SEX.\TOK B. W. XEWBERRV. STRAWBEKRY POINT, lA. Mr. President: On behalf of the members of this institute, represent- ing the great agricultural interests of our State, I have the pleasure to voice their great appreciation for the generous welcome to this Capital City — the mecca for all great gatherings of lowans, so fittingly and elo- quently extended by one of Iowa's favorite speakers and leading agricul- tural journalist. Agriculture has always been the greatest of our established industries, but agriculture is more than an industry; it is a progressive science. Our government is lending its powerful aid in promoting and extending all lines of this great industry, with the purpose "to make two blades of grass grow where one grew before" or where none grew at all. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 61 The investigations in the laboratory and the experiment stations of the agricultural department have been of incalculable benefit to our coun- try, and the good work has but commenced. The irrigations of the desert and waste places, the cultivation of many of the food products of other lands and adapting them to our own soils, the encouragement of tree planting and the preservation of our forests, the rescue and protection of animal and plant from scourges and diseases, the discovery and produc- tion of new food products, the prevention of the adulteration of foods and drugs and the precluding of the use of diseased unwholesome or uncleanly meats and other foods, and the ascertaining and imparting the best meth- ods to be pursued in all branches of agriculture, are some of the efforts put forth by the agricultural department of our government. Iowa is acknowledged to be the foremost agricultural State in the Union, and the agricultural interests should ever be given that just and full recognition that their magnitude and importance demand. We do not have to remind the people of Iowa that they inhabit a goodly land and filled with milk and bread and butter. They have known that for a long time. And this year we have some corn. In fact, it is only occasionally that we have to go down into Egypt or Missouri for corn. Last year, accoixling to the Year Book, we raised more than 346,000,000 bushels of corn, and this year the government and state experts agree that we will have at least 40,000,000 bushels more than last year. The efforts of Holden, Cownie, Wallace, Atkinson and other apostles of corn selection and corn cultivation have apparently been effective in the larger acreage and the larger yield. And if their instructions are followed by all our farmers Iowa's production of corn will soon be doubled. But corn is not Iowa's only crop. We raise annually nearly 7,000,000 hogs, which aggregates more than Illinois and Missouri combined. We nave a million and a quarter of hcrses and nearly 5,000,000 of cattle. We raised last year 184,000,000 bushels of oats and a large amount of other cereals; 5,000,000 tons of timothy hay, besides a vast acreage of clover, wild hay, millet and other forage. The hens of Iowa laid nearly 80,000,000 dozen of eggs, worth ten and three-fourths million dollars, besides the value of fowls was over eight millions. We made over 82,000,000 pounds of butter. Figures where they reach the millions are bewildering. This is somewhat of the present measure of Iowa as an agricultural State. With all harvest productions Iowa is capable of greatly increasing them. The methods of farming are continu- ally improving and land values are constantly increasing. With farm lands at $100 and upwards per acre the methods of the Iowa farmer must necessarily be more exact and his efforts more intense. Seven years ago the Twenty-eighth General Assembly very wisely passed a law reorganizing the State Agricultural Society and establishing the State Agricultural Department for the specified object of "the promo- tion of agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal industry, manufactures and the domestic arts," which department is placed under the manage- ment of a body known as the State Board of Agriculture. And it is made the duty of such board "to look after and promote the interests of 62 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. agriculture, of agricultural education and animal and other industries throughout the State; to investigate all subjects relating to the improve- ments of methods, appliances and machinery and the diversification of crops and products; also to investigate reports of contagious diseases among domestic animals or destructive insects, or fungus diseases in grains, grasses and other plants; the adulteration of foods, seeds and other products, and to report the result of investigations together with recom- mendations of remedial measures for prevention of damages resulting therefrom. And it is made the duty of the Iowa Experiment Station to co-operate with the department of agriculture in carrying out these investigations." So it is apparent that the State Board of Agriculture has a vastly wider field of operation than the holding of a State fair annually, even as great and successful as these fairs have been under the present manage- ment. Since the establishment of a State Department of Agriculture, the State board has rendered commendable and efficient service. In the realm of legislation numerous remedial measures have been proposed and advocated by the board. Among those that have received legal enactment may be suggested the State Highway Commission, the property tax in lieu of the labor tax in the working of highways, the use of the King drag on public roads, the pure food law, measures beneficial to the dairy interests, laws pertaining to drainage, the encouragement of tree planting, inspection of registered cattle brought into the State, State registration of pure bred stallions, the protection of birds and their nests, the inspection of nur- series and nursery stocks, and others. The usefulness and importance of the State Department of Agriculture will become steadily more and more apparent in the passing years. The law further provides that "in connection with the annual State agricultural convention the board may hold a State farmers' institute for the discussion of practical and scientific topics relating to the various branches of agriculture, the substance of which shall be pubished in the annual report of the board." And such institute is now in convocation. These institutes are primarily educational. Great advancement has been made among farmers the past few years. Farming is no longer looked upon as a mere occupation. In no line of endeavor does education and skill count for more. In no vocation is there such a varied field of action and sure reward. The rural population is a great safeguard in the maintenance of law and order and justice in a republic. Iowa is fortunate that she has no city exceeding 100,000 in population. Neither has she very many million- aires. With her population and wealth so evenly distributed, graft and vice, want and penury are reduced to the minimum. President Roosevelt in his recent message says: "It is a mere truism to say that no growth of wealth, no industrial development, can atone for any falling off in the character and standing of the farming population. During the past decade this fact has been recognized with ever increasing clearness." The standing of the Iowa farmer in character, wealth and intelligence was never higher than the present. The Iowa farm and the occupant SEVENTH ANNI^AL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 63 thereof must always be counted as the most potent factor in our com- monwealth. In closing, permit me to read a choice poem on Iowa written many years ago by Rev. H. M. Powers, then residing at Davenport, and w-hich was recently rescued from oblivion by our worthy friend, Henry Wallace: "Midst land where mighty torrents run, With placid brow and modest mien. With besom glowing to the sun Sits the majestic prairie queen. Imperial rivers kiss her feet. And free winds through her tresses blow% Her breath with unsown flowers is sweet. Her cheeks are flushed with morning's glow. "Strong is her beauty, what cares she For jeweled cliffs or rills of gold; For seats along the sounding sea, Or storied monuments of old. Her bends are strong, her frame secure, Her praise on lips whose praise is dear. Her hands, her heart, her purpose pure, And God in all her landscape near. "Ah, splendid in her ample lap Are annual harvests heaped sublime, Earth bears not on her proudest map A fatter soil, a fairer clime. How sing her billowy seas of grain. Hew laughs her fruit on vine and tree, How glad her homes in plenty's reign, Where love is Lord and worship free. "Land of the generous heart and brave, Thy hosts leaped in the fiercest fray. When bled our noblest sons to save Our mighty realm to freedom's sway. Thy children, known where honor lies, The deeds that greatness consecrates. And en their stalwart virtues rise The pillars of a peerless state." The President : The next will be a paper by :\Ir. C. G. ]\Ie.ser- ole, secretary of the Iowa Farmer.?' Co-operative Association. 64 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FARMERS' CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS, Vv'HY THEY ARE OR- GANIZED AND WHAT THEY ACCOMPLISH. C. G. MESEROLE, COWRIE, IOWA. In discussing co-operative practice on the part of farmers in handling grain, it at once becomes necessary to consider transportation and ware- housing. Between the producer and consumer there is, and always will be, the barriers of distance, and the facilities of warehousing and conditioning of grain; and we are ready to admit that these items of necessity have a legitimate place in the determination of values, and I shall leave it for my hearers to determine whether or not these items have been justly fixed or fairly maintained. One instance of such justice will suffice to show the power and dispo- sition of these masters of Iowa's agricultural destiny; twice within the past three years has the bulk of Iowa's crop paid a transportation tax on the basis of 12 cents per hundred pounds to the Mississippi river, while the grain of the Nebraska farmer was transported to the seaboard, a dis- tance six times as great, on the basis of 11 V2 cents per hundred pounds, and yet the relations of the railroads and the elevator interests were such that only a fraction of the difference was given to the Nebraska farmer. Some might ask, what has all this to do with farmers' co-operative associations? My answer is this: The line house elevator system, which absolutely controls the terminal elevators at the market centers, through their connection with the transportation companies, were able, and as a matter of fact did, for some time, dominate and control the local markets not only of Iowa but of all the grain belt states. Toiling in the shadow of these great evils, the farmer has prospered in a measure; but this small measure of prosperity has been forced from the bosom of the soil by perseverence and self-denial; but the greater pos- sibilities for profit to himself were often made apparent to him by the rapid and sure advance in prices after he had disposed of his holdings. We must not suppose that the average farmer did not realize what the effect of these conditions were upon his chances for financial development, the problem with him then was a remedy, as an individual he could do nothing, railroads refused to furnish cars, commission men refused to sell his grain, he was told if he wanted to ship grain he must provide him- self with an elevator. What more natural result could be expected than the establishment of cooperative grain companies? But the farmers of Iowa, ever cautious, ever conservative, but ever practical as well, have not made as much haste in this work as the results of the earlier experiences would warrant. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 65 For twenty years it was being demonstrated that such institutions coukl be made profitable, and the testimony of all farmers connected with the co-operative plan of handling grain is that it has been the means of increasing the price of grain to the producer from 2 to 5 cents per bushel and still allow a margin of profit sufficient to pay the running expenses of the business. Let us be conservative and place the figure at the lowest estimate, and then see what the result will be. Place Iowa's corn crop at 350,000,000 for this year, allow one-half of this for feeding, place a farm value of 30 cents on this 175, COO, 000 of corn, and the elevator tax at the country end would reach the proportions of $3,500,000; add to this the tax on other grains of an equal amount, and you have the enormous sum of $7,000,000 which might be saved to develop Iowa's resources by co-operative handling. And yet, with each succeeding year of co-operative practice, new and greater possibilities appear. In order to call to your attention some oi the evils of the warehousing system, which comes as a result of the alliance between the railroads and the elevator interests, I shall trespass on your time long enough to read you some extracts from an address made by William T. Baker, who was president of the Chicago Board of Trade for five years, a man too honest to be useful to the elevator interests, and fearless in his denunciation of their methods: EXTRACTS FROM PRESIDENT BAKER'S ADDRESS, JANUARY, 1895. "Next to the incubus of the bucket shops is the tyranny of the elevator monopoly, which, from a fair and legitimate beginning, has grown to such proportions within your association as to threaten its very existence. And it is a broader question than the survival of the fittest among groups of business men and interests in this exchange. It concerns every merchant and every common carrier engaged in the great commerce of this city, and every farmer who contributes to make that commerce possible. The ware- housing of grain is only an incident in its transit from producer to con- sumer. Its natural and healthy function is in accepting on storage the overflow of the season of freest movement that the channels of commerce may not be clogged or obstructed, and safely caring for the same while waiting a demand. But in Chicago the accumulation and storage of grain has come to be the chief end and aim of potential and dominating forces. The alliance between railroads and elevators has resulted in reaching out after millions of bushels not naturally tributary to us, and when gath- ered here preventing it by such tricks of trade as you are familiar with from ever getting away again as long as storage can be collected on it. This policy has resulted in such congestion of grain here as to depress prices to the lowest point in history. For it is not the Chicago stock alone that this market has to carry. Its very volume invites dealers in every market in the world to make sales here against holdings elsewhere, which they would not dare to do but for abnormal accumulations brought and held here by unnatural means. Cargoes of wheat bought on European account in Austxalia, India, Russia and Argentina, as well as stocks at all 5 66 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. other points of accumulation, are sold against here, so that our market feels the weight of the entire world's surplus. This condition is 'only- made possible by the enormous and unnatural hoard brought and retained here to satisfy the avarice of half a dozen corporations, the largest of which is owned in London. A system that permits the proprietors of pub- lic elevators, directly or indirectly, to deal in the property of which they are custodians, is essentially immoral. The temptation to reserve for themselves the best of a grade is one to which the law never contemplated that they should be subjected. Indeed, the principal motive of the ware- house law was to prevent their ownership or control of grain in public warehouses. Yet it is notorious that during the past year the proprietors of elevators have had for sale and have sold millions of bushels df grain at a large premium, net one cent of which in equity belonged to them. The grain bought elsewhere by elevator proprietors is promptly sold here to you for some future delivery, so they become the custodians of your property, which, however, you can only get on payment of such premiums as the urgency of the demand may enable them to exact. It is an unwel- come task for me to criticise the methods of any class of our members, but this is an occasion for plain speech and honest, earnest effort to restore to this association its vanishing glory and traditions. The elevator mo- nopoly is the same blight on legitimate business that anti-option legislation would have been if enacted. The old-time open competition of thousands has been superseded by new conditions under which each railroad terminating in Chicago is practically controlled by a single buyer. Special rates are made to favored individuals who have the further advantage of elevator control, so that rates charged to the public are rebated to themselves, thus enabling them to outbid or undersell all competitors. This charge of three-quarters of a cent per bushel for the first term of storage is retained only as a protection to elevator managers against the competition of legi- timate dealers in grain. It is a charge that you cannot avoid, but which is ignored by them in their own transactions, thus forcing every one to sell or to buy of them. The fact that this charge is not bona fide, but only a foil to competition, proves that it is unjust and should be abolished. While elevator proprietors are willing to pay one cent per bushel more for grain "to go to store" in their own warehouses than the market price of the same grain in store (and subject to the charge of three-quarters of a cent per bushel), is conclusive that the first storage charge is not legitimate, and also that the subsequent terms of storage are unduly profit- able. The charge for the transfer of grain from cars to vessels, a dis- tance of perhaps 100 feet, is greater than the average rate of freight, during the past season, from Chicago to Buffalo. The same grain is trans- ferred on track by the railroads themselves from western to eastern cars for nothing. A proper solution of our difficulties must include facilities by railroads entering here for free warehousing of grain on arrival, and fair rates for storage on naturally acquired accumulations. The device of collecting storage in advance of delivery of grain has supplied largely increased cap- ital to elevator proprietors to be used against you in the unequal compe- tition for business. There is no legal or moral right in this practice, and SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 67 it should be terminated altogether. Warehouse receipts for grain are made current by your rules. These rules are absolutely binding on every buyer in your market whether he is a member of your Board or not. It there- fore behooves you to protect the innocent purchaser by every safeguard within your power. It is not only your right but your imperative duty to have such an oversight of elevator management as will assure to holders of warehouse receipts made regular by your rules that their re- ceipts represent not only property, but uncontaminated grades and condi- tion. In providing the requisites for regular receipts, it may be possible to correct some of the abuses complained of, as well as give adequate security to holders of warehouse receipts. But the legislature must be appealed to to so amend the warehouse law as to make it impossible for public warehousemen to be also dealers in grain; and railroad companies having terminals here should be required to warehouse their grain on arrival as they do every other species of merchandise. With this pur- pose in view, I recommend the appointment of a committee on legisla- tion outside the Board of Directors, to promote the necessary legislation at Springfield." Many members of that great exchange, honest in the conduct of their own business, yet lacking in moral courage, are just now coming to real- ize that the fight for a square deal should have been made long ago, and are now circulating among members of the exchange copies of this article which I quote from, in the hope that it may have its effect for good in the approaching election of officers of that exchange. This spasm of righteousness, though long delayed, will be welcomed by all honest men interested in the growing and shipping of grain. And co-oiierative companies claim the credit of bringing it about, for it comes as a direct result of the fight of the factions on the Chicago Board of Trade over the handling of co-operative business. The purpose of farmers co-operative associations was therefore to secure to the individual, through organization, that which was impossible for them to obtain by individual effort. The same intelligence that has placed Iowa's agriculture on so high a plane, has impelled the agriculturist to reach out for the just reward denied him under the commercial system which has been framed for the purpose of loot, without regard to the interests of the men who are the real captains of industry. Couple this motive with the spirit of independence which has ever characterized our citizenship, and we have the reasons for the establish- ment of co-operative grain companies, which have not only proven profit- able but give promise of being effective in the much needed cleansing of the streams of our commercial life. Like the co-operative creamery, and all farmers organizations of the past, the co-operative elevator company has passed through the various stages of development, has met and overcome many of the difficulties which caused the failure of former efforts; notwithstanding the warfare that was waged and is still being waged. The lessons learned by co-operatives during this struggle were varied and useful, and that we have profited by them is evidenced by the thrifty 68 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. condition of 125 companies now doing business in Iowa, 100 of them having been organized within the past two years. Among otlier things they learned that if they were to succeed they must be loyal to their organizations as individuals; that they must con- duct their business on business principles, that in order to preserve their organization, and, the consequent benefits, there were certain meas- ures they must adopt, such as limiting the number of shares held by one person, confining the ownership of stock as far as possible to prac- tical farmers, voting as members and not as owner^ of stock, and the pro- tection clause commonly called the penalty clause by the enemies of co-op- eration. This clause provides that a member, in consideration of having an open market, unhampered by pools or price arrangements, where his grain may be handled at the minimum of cost, shall guarantee the maintenance of tne institution by paj'^ing into its treasury a fraction of a cent for each bushel sold to a competitor. In the organization of a co-operative company the probable amount of grain to be sold by the members is the first thing considered, and is the only basis on which they may figure for the maintenance of the eleva- tor which is proposed to do the work and the inevitable expense con- nected with doing the proposed work; it would then appear that the mem- bers who took part in the organization should be held responsible for its success on the same basis that they are figured as members. So far removed is this plan from being in restraint of trade, that it is exactly the opposite in effect, it guarantees to the member a free and open market where his grain shall be handled at the minimum of cost and performs the same service for the man, who like a sponge, is ready to soak up everything good, but who is always unwilling to become responsible. It would seem, in the light of recent investigations, and knowledge gained from them, unnecessary to attempt to explain the necessity of thi3 clause. It must be patent to all that there was railway discrimination, special privileges enjoyed by certain interests, calculated to drive all independent shippers out of business, or into the ranks of the combine. In speaking of the independent shippers, I speak from actual experi- ence. That I refused to surrender, or that I was driven out of busi- ness is of little consequence in dealing with the present as affecting the vast interests of Iowa agricultlre. In taking up the fight that the few independent dealers had waged and lost in the interests of fair play to the producer, the co-operatives found that they were as greatly handicapped as the independent; that branch of the combine extending into the local markets, masquerading under the cloak of a trade organization, attempted a system of boycotting which at one time threatened the co-operative companies with destruction. Failing in this they did not hesitate to increase their margins at points where it was possible and use it to fight the co-operative companies. To meet this kind of opposition the protection clause came into gen- eral use. That it has been effective need not be asserted by me; ask the representatives of the grain trust what its effect is. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 69 That it has been effective in its general purport may be assumed, when taking into consideration the healthy condition of the 125 co-oper- ative companies now doing business in Iowa, and that the percentage of failures of co-operative companies in Iowa for the past three years is less than that of any other occupation. I do not pose as a reformer, nor am I one of those who advocate a great overgrown organization of farmers for the purpose of holding and hoarding wheat for a dollar a bushel, or corn for fifty cents, regardless of the laws of supply and demand; this is the middle ground on which the producer and the consumer should be able to meet and adjust prices unhampered by the power of monopolies. I believe in co-operation because I believe it to be the most effective means of breaking dowa those barriers of trade which are always tread- ing close to the line of criminal practice, under the law, but always able to escape the penalties of the law. I believe the streams of our commercial life need cleansing, and the man who will deny the farmer his part in this work is an enemy to good government and a traitor to his country. The President: This paper is now open for discussion. Mr. Henry Wallace : I am very glad to hear this paper of Mr. Meserole. He has done good work in pushing forward this cause. It seems to me it is the duty of every man, whether he has grain to sell or not, to stand by this co-operative movement. It means a very great deal to the farmers of the State, even those who buy corn and grain, ought to stand by the purpose of this move- ment, for the purpose of cleansing the channels of trade. There is a great deal said against this penalty clause spoken of in the paper. I believe it is absolutely essential to the existence of co- operative elevators, absolutely essential to the farmers and ele- vators who make their living in this manner. The President: Next we will listen to an address by Mr. H. W. Collingwood, editor Rural New Yorker, New York. DEVELOPMENT OF EASTERN AGRICULTURE. H. W. COLLINGWOOD, NEW YORK, N. Y. Memiers of the State Farmers' Institute, and Ladies and Gentlemen: Over twenty-five years ago I went through Iowa as an emigrant, going from New England to Colorado. I have not been here since and I am glad I had a chance to look around a little before I talked to you. I should feel more at home if I felt that there were those here that came from east of the Alleghenys, either as a pioneer or with their father. Let me see if there are any such here. (Several hands went up). In the East, at a meeting of this kind, when a man tells a story or makes a 70 IOWA DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. statement which is not believed or understood, he has to prove it. He must do one of two things, that is, take it back or prove it. (Laughter). I believe that is a good habit, and I hope you will come at me today with your broadaxes if I ever get off the track of your understanding or belief. One thing, however, must be understood, and that is, that I might not hear your questions, so I will ask you to write them out and give them to me. Perhaps your chairman here will consent to act as middleman be- tween us. My first idea of the middleman was obtained when I was a boy, living on a small Cape Cod farm. An old Yankee in our town ran a cider mill. He told three of us, all little boys, that if we would pick up two barrels of apples under the seedling trees along the road and put them into the hopper, he would give us all the cider we could suck through a straw. Now, I have had ambitions in my day and many of them are now dead; but looking back over a good many years, I don't think any of them quite equal to the hope of getting my mouth at one end of a rye straw with the other end dipping in a cider tank. So we worked like little slaves and picked up those apples and poured them into the hopper. Then came the owner with a regular Yankee trick. He told us we could have the cider, if we could get it, but we could not come inside of the mill. You might possibly scare off an Iowa boy by such a trick, but Cape Cod boys are not built that way. "We went around the side of the mill and there we found a knot-hole close by the cider tank. We went to my uncle's rye field and picked up the longest straw we could find, and just as we were running it through the knot-hole, out came the Yankee and caught us at it. "I will fix you," he said, and he took two old rails and some boards and built a fence around the knot-hole. Then he went back satisfied that he had us going, but he didn't. We got the smallest boy to crawl, like a wood-chuck, down under that fence. He took two straws. One he ran through the knot-hole until it dipped into the cider, and he put that in one side of his mouth; then he put the other straw into the other side of his mouth and ran it out between a couple of boards in that fence, and it was pull the cider out of the tank on one side and push it out through the other straw, while we, on the outside, got a somewhat warm liquid, which once was cold cider. Now, that was my first experience with the middleman. I have run up against a good many of them since, and I have learned that they are all the same. Their first ambition is to fill themselves up with cider, then they lose interest in the job and forget to pass it along. We had to take that little boy down to the spring and make him drink water until you could see it in his eyes before he would pass any of that cider on. Other forms of large middlemen that I have run up against swallow large quantities of so-called water, and then turn about and ask us to actually pay dividends on it, so that the middleman has come to be one of the important factors in the development of farming. We must, in part, at least, get away from him before we can hope to come to our own. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 71 In Missouri, last week, a man came to me witti the following pro- position: "I get the idea, from what you say, that in the East the plan is to get must out of little, while in the West we are so strong and rich in crude material, that it is more like making little out of much." I don't know how true that is of you, but we, in the East, have certainly been forced to utilize waste and make as much as we can out of small resources. This man went on to say that a fool could make little out of much, but that it required hard brains and close planning to make much out of little, and I agree with him in both propositions. Standing at the stock yards in South Omaha last Saturday, a farmer from southewestern Iowa said, as one of those great steers rolled off into the cooling room, "that is the end of our farming." I was obliged to say to him, "it may end your farming, but it is the beginning of ours." We are willing to pay nearly $50 a ton for the dried blood which comes from that steer and we can pay $30 or $40 for the ground bone. We can add potash to these two and with this mixture raise more corn to feed to another animal at a profit; therefore, I was right in saying that where one system of farm- ing ends, another begins, and the margin between the two is wide enough to afford the Eastern farmer a good living. It may seem strange to you that we can utilize the refuse from your animals or buy your grains at exorbitant prices, and yet we get our money back by doing so. You could hardly expect a Yankee to pay out a dollar unless he saw a chance of getting $1.10 back; so with these wide differences, it is impossible for a man to come here from the East and tell you how to conduct your farming. I can only tell you how our farms are developing and leave you to make the true application, for it is my conviction that sooner or later, you will be obliged to follow us in some directions, at least. Let me give you, by way of illustration, two instances to show you how life in the East has changed. I talk in this off-hand way just as these things come into my head. Old men have told me how, on the old-fashioned Vermont farms, they used to bring the year's products to the Boston market. There were no railroads at that time and goods were hauled on wagons or sleds. They generally waited until January or February when the snow was deep and sleighing was good, then they hitched up their oxen. You men cannot conceive the idea of working a steer, because he does enough for you in the production of beef; yet, even now, in some parts of New England, the farm work is done by oxen, who work for several years at a profit and are then sold at a good price. But, when the load was ready, they hitched the oxen to the sled, sev- eral yoke at a time, and started off to Boston with their bee's-wax, honey, cheese, hides, or whatever they had to sell. It was a week's trip or more to get there and back. The day before they started the good wife would take a brass kettle and boil a thick bean soup in it. When it was fully boiled, she would put it outside and let it freeze over night into a hard mass. In the morning she turned the kettle over and poured hot water on the bottom, so that the cheese of bean soup dropped out. Then she would bore a hole through the middle and put a little chain through it, put a cloth over it and tie it behind the sled. When dinner time came, instead of going to the inn and paying a quarter for their 72 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. dinner, they took a hatchet and chopped off a small chunk of this frozen bean soup. This they put in a little kettle over the fire and warmed it up, so that all the way to Boston they had bean porridge hot and bean porridge cold. You smile at these poor little economies, be- cause you do not have to practice them, yet it was these little savings, the quarter, the dime or the penny, which helped develop this coun- try. But what was done with the money thus saved? As many of your men know, it was sent out to your country, to the West, to be loaned to western farmers, on farm mortgages, and thus it helped de- velop your country. You paid the mortgages promptly and well, and now, I am told, your money, or at least part of it, is actually going back to help build the great sky scrapers in the Eastern cities and help pro- vide spending money for the descendants of those old farmers. I say that you may smile, if you like, at the economy of the Yankee. Y'ou have a great country, you are rich beyond your own conception of it, and yet, if you will go back to the germ of it, back to the unit from which it started, you will find that you are quite likely to run up against the beans, the fish-balls, the doughnuts and the cheese that were eaten in the New England kitchen a century ago. The development of eastern farming has been forced upon us by other industries. Your development has largely followed the development of the methods of handling the soil and growing stock. With us, how- ever, farming has been changed by the growth of other industries. It has followed the developing of railroading, manufacturing and commerce. We have been obliged to change our methods of work with the change in our markets. Your towns and cities take a back seat and are dom- inated by the farms. With us it is just the reverse and we change our crop as the markets force us to change it. For example, I can tell you some surprising things about the development of markets in New York City. It may surprise you to know that tens of thousands of people in New York will not drink city water. The sanitary people have talked so much about the dangers of this water, that there has sprung up a de- mand for the natural spring water out of the brooks and springs of country hills in New England and New Jersey. This water is bottled at the spring and sent to the great cities, and it is an actual fact that in some cases the men who sell this water obtain more for it than their neighbors do for milk. It costs over $90 a year for the drinking water in cur office. In the whole building where I work this cost is probably over $2,500 a year. In the city of Cortland, N. Y''., a few years ago, there was a consumption per capita of three-eighths of a quart of milk. A doctor started to educate the people on the theory that milk is not a luxury, but a necessity, and that good milk is better than bad. As a result of that education, in one year, the consumption of milk was increased from three-eighths to five-eighths of a quart per capita. I speak of these things to show you how, as large cities develop and as men acquire large quantities of money, the tastes and demands for such goods will always increase, and naturally this changes the crops which a farmer will produce. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 73 Then in some other cases, demands will come from the city, which probably you have never heard of. Where I live there is considerable more money made in boarding horses than in keeping cows and sheep. For example, there are in New York City thousands of truck horses kept at high expense. During the dull season the owners are glad to send the horses into the country, where farmers feed and care for them and charge $12 or more per month for doing it. The same is true of driving horses. "When people go away from home, they like to have their animals go to the country for board. Yesterday I saw "Defender" the steer which won the prize at the International Stock Show. You think there is money to be made in feeding your hay and grain to such cattle, and yet I presume I will shock you when I say that some of our people in the East will make considerable more money in proportion to the cgLpital invested, in boarding dogs and cats. There are women in New York City who think more of a cat than they do of a child. When these people go to Europe or away for the summer, they cannot carry these pets with them and do not care to leave them in their houses. They are willing and glad to pay such prices as $1.50 for a cat or $3.00 for a dog in payment for a week's board and care. There is a woman in Connecticut who, I am told, makes an excellent living by boarding cats. Left alone by her father with nothing but an old broken down farm, and without tne health and strength needed to run it, she has gone into this business of taking care of these pet animals and receives a larger income than the majority of farmers in her town. I merely speak of these things and I might mention many others to show you how our markets have developed and how they have forced us into new lines of work. You will understand, of course, that I am not advising your young men to go East and board cats and dogs. I simply show you these things that you may think about them. In a similar way many of these things will develop in the West as your cities grow richer and larger and your people acquire these expensive tastes and desires. I said not long ago that some of your money goes East. I shall show you, before i am done, that far more of it goes East than stays at home, and I have no doubt you will be interested to know how some of it, at least, is spent. Perhaps, I can give you an illustration which will point this out. An old man has told me, how seventy years ago the first railroad ran through the northern part of Vermont, and there were two small boys, who had never dreamed of seeing a railroad train. Mother told them that if they were good boys and performed their work, they could walk ten miles and stand on a certain hill and see the train go by. These two boys started out early in the morning, so excited that they forgot to eat their breakfast. Mother gave them two cents to spend on the way and told them they must be careful how they, spent it. Oh! these thrifty Vermont mothers. You gentlemen, in your wealth and strength, smile at them today, and yet do you realize how much they did to develop your country? These boys, on their way, went by a store and invested one cent in two old fashioned crackers. Pretty soon they got hungry and they sat down and split one of the crackers and ate it up. After a mile or so more they were hungry again. 74 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGHICULTURE. and then they realized that one-half of their capital, one cent, had actually been spent. Still they were hungry and they split the other cracker, realising what a dreadful thing it was, and just as they were to take a bite, one said to the other: "George, what in the world would mother say, if she knew how we were carrying on?" Now, I tell that story to show you how strangely things develop in this country. In Europe and in all old countries developments are slow, but things go at lightning speed on our side of the water. These boys were troubled because they had spent one cent. I am told that one of their grand- sons, now a rich man in New York City, went with five others into a leading hotel and had an ordinary dinner. What do you think they paid for it? The bill amounted to over $65 for that one meal for six people. The old man on the "Vermont hill was horrified to think of spending the one cent, and yet so quickly does society change in this country that in two generations paid over $10 apiece for a dinner and considered it an ordinary thing. That is the way, at least one way, in which your money and the interest on your money is being spent. Some day you will wake up to the fact that most of your money is going into the hands of middlemen and handlers and is being consumed, as a result, in this way, and then you will keep more of it at home. I can give you an idea of what you are doing by saying that your men out here on these rich prairies are helping to support three families besides your own. In this respect ycu are the mos'c benevolent people I ever heard of. I can demon- strate that in part by a bit of my own experience. Last year I needed one ton of baled hay to finish out my stock last spring. I bought the hay in New York and by the time I got it into my barn, twenty-five miles away from New York, it cost me just $19.75. Curious to find out what the hay cost on the farm, I traced it back as well as I could and the best price that I could get was $5.80 to the western farmers for a ton of mixed clover and timothy. Since coming here and talking with your farmers I have been told that probably that man received 80 cents more than any of his neighbors could. Just realize what that means. There was $13.95 of the price which I paid for the hay, which was handed out to the railroads, the truck men and the commission men and all the other fellows who stood in a long string between your farm and mine. You talk about my little middleman behind the fence sucking that cider through a straw; he was not a circumstance to the way these gen- tlemen were sucking the dollars out of your pockets. I have told you how our markets have changed. Of course these special things which I speak of are not common with all sections. They are generally confined to the farms close by the large cities. As a rule the soils near the towns are poor, but by taking advantage of these re- markable opportunities farmers are able to obtain fair returns from small pieces of ground. To take up a kind of farming which is in your line I can give you two illustrations of what is done on soils further away from the towns. First, I speak of a farm in Middlesex county. New Jersey, some fifty miles south of New York. This farm is naturally good soil, well located and contains about ninety acres. When Washington SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 75 made his campaign up and down through New Jersey his soldiers fre- quently passed through this section and it was from this farm and others near by like it that his soldiers were fed; so that you will see this farm was producing grain and wheat at a time when all you had here were large herds of buffalo, with nothing but Indians for proprietors and hired men, and yet with nearly two centuries of crop production, I may say that this farm today is producing more than it ever did before — more in potatoes, wheat, corn and grass. It will grow 300 bushels of potatoes to the acre, over thirty bushels of wheat, and from two and a half to three tons of hay. One year with another these fields will pro- duce nearly as large a yield in corn as you do here in Iowa, while, of course, the stalks are worth much more than they would be with you. You naturally ask, how has this been done? How can this be done after 200 years of production? The use of chemical fertilizers in connection with clover sod and such manure as the farm produces, is responsible for this condition. Every year there will be produced $500 worth or more of chemical fertilizers, particularly upon the potatoes, and one year with another this ninety-acre farm will yield over $3,500 worth or more of farm products. I don't believe there is an average farm in Iowa within reasonable distance of a market that can beat or even touch it; yet this is only a fair sample of what we, in the East, can do with com- mercial fertilizers. You will understand that I don t give this as an argument that your men should begin to use fertilizers, for it seems evident from your crops and the appearance of your soil that you do not yet need them. I merely show you how, after two centuries of hard cropping, these fertilizers enable us to keep up our farm crops. Another illustration is that taken from Maryland. On the peninsula between the Atlantic and the Chesapeake Bay there is a stretch of dry, sandy land. To your eyes it would be worth little, except as material for mak- ing concrete; and yet, before the Revolution, that land and others like it produced vast crops of wheat, which were sent to Europe to help feed the people. During the French Revolution we sent ship load after ship load to people in France and probably saved the French republic. This kind of farming in Maryland developed a class of gentlemen farmers. They had their 500 acres or more of land and slaves did the work. Go through that country today and you will find the ruins of a lot of old- time mansions, scattered up and down through the State, which were built on the proceeds of this wheat growing. Your country ruined this business. The cheaper grain and the wheat from the West came into the East at such prices that these gentlemen farmers could not compete, with their use of fertilizers and expensive methods of labor. They abandoned the business and in many cases the land started back to the wilderness. Now, strange to say, wheat growing is again coming up as a profitable enterprise in this section. The western land is largely used up, since the population has grown and the price of wheat has risen, and many of the modern methods enable the Maryland farmer to produce a bushel of wheat cheaper than he ever did before. So strange is the de- velopment of society in this country that I may say only the other day a great Maryland farm that has gone down through generation after gen- 76 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. eration of Americans was sold into the hands of a band of Russian Chris- tians, who came to this country seeking freedom and opportunity. You will ask me how this thin and barren land can compete with the West in growing wheat. It is simply because these farmers have learned how to economize on the price of their plant food. Wheat is usually sown in that country in October and cut in the middle of June. As soon as the wheat is off they go in with their disc harrows and tear up the stubble thoroughly, then they sow a bushel or five pecks of southern cow- peas to the acre, cover them thoroughly and add for each acre about 100 pounds of muriate of potash and 300 pounds of acid phosphate. In a favorable season the cowpeas make a heavy growth and early in Sep- tember they are plowed under or else hogs are turned in to eat them down. As soon as they are plowed the wheat is again seeded and so on, year after year, with one crop of cow peas growing between each two crops of wheat, and it is a fact that with this treatment the yields of wheat keep on increasing, while the soil seems to become even more productive with each year. The cowpeas furnish the nitrogen and the chemicals provide the potash and the phosphoric acid. This is the way in which the eastern people are studying out new methods of farming, and it may be said that they are succeeding well in doing so. From this follow other questions. I speak of what these men are doing on that cheap, abandoned land. They are not truck growers, but raising much the same crops that western farmers do. They are suc- ceeding and doing well, on land which costs them only $30 or so, in com- petition with your $100 land. How then could I go to a young man in the East and tell him to go to Iowa and raise corn and fatten stock, a way off at arm's length from the market. His first question would be, what must I pay for the land? I imagine if -you go out into this State and find land well located you will probably have to pay $100 per acre, while this man could go to some of the waste land in the East and buy it for $30 or a little more. He will also ask what will the outfit cost. On your black, heavy soil you must have big horses and strong tools, and you cannot work the land all through the year, whereas, on the lighter land of the East, my man can do the greater .part of his work with a disc har- row and a light team of horses or mules; not only so, but he can work through a large part of the winter, preparing the soil. As a matter of fact, you men will realize the fact that in one respect you are too rich and that your land is too strong. If you only had a streak of our dry sand and gravel running through your country once in every twenty miles or so you would be better off, for that would give you good road ma- terial. I would hardly be justified in telling a man with limited capital to come to Iowa and buy the expensive land and the outfit which would be necessary, when he would go to the Delaware peninsula, for example, buy land at one-third the cost of yours, have more working days through the year and produce practically as large a yield of grain as you can. Not only so, but you will raise 100 bushels of corn and sell them at 30 cents, while he ckn at least raise eighty bushels and sell for 65 cents or more. You will see from this that the time has come when by reason of the cheap lands and high prices the East has really become a com- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 77 petitor with the West in attracting emigrants. The average man who goes to a farm in the East comes from towns and cities. He has worked at a deslv probably for a number of years and sees that he cannot hope for advancement there. With a capital, usually not more than $2,500, he will go into a strange business and attempt to provide a home for his family. You will probably agree with me, from what I have said, that such a man has really a better chance to take up one of the neg- lected eastern farms than he would have to come here and attempt your larger farming; and here is another thing that will seem strange to you: In the town of Willington, Connecticut, there are a little over 200 voters, which will give you an idea of the population. Yet at the railroad sta- tion alone there was sold from the feed store last year over $30,000 worth of western grain. In the town of Rockville, a larger town, these sales amounted to $125,000, and in Putnam, still larger, $200,000 worth of your grain was handled. The very life-blood of your soil is thus going to the East, and what I want you to remember is that many of our eastern farmers can actually pay these enormous prices for your grain and make more out of the feeding of it than you do. I doubt if you ever saw a Yankee pay out a dollar for grain unless he was pretty sure of getting more than that out of it. For instance, take a section that I know in Connecticut. They will take a dollar's worth of your grain and feed it largely to poultry. The proceeds from the poultry will amount to at least $10, and the manure from the hens mixed with murite of potash and acid phosphate will help produce another crop of peaches, which will bring nearly a dollar more. Perhaps these things are new to you, but I state them as facts to show you how in the East we are forced to take advantage of opportunities, and it has been said that if you corner a Yankee he will proceed to corner the corner and make it available for sale with those who formerly thought it had no value. Y^ou will see things which elderly men in the East have done when deprived of their places in the city which would astonish you were I to tell you. I know a man now close on to 70 who, in the panic thirteen years ago, was thrown out of his position with a mere handful of money, which he had saved. He went to one of the hill towns in New England and bought a neglected farm. He has improved the place so that it could be sold for twice what he paid for it. He has a flock of Wyandotte hens, which yielded him a steady income of over $700 a year. He has a peach or- chard in addition. The New England farmers have studied out one great truth and that is that a man never does his best until he is up against hard and fierce opposition. That is one of the troubles with your people; you have never been really "up against it" in your business as farmers. When you do really come face to face with hard opposition my judgment is that you will solve many of the troublesome problems which are now facing us in this country. I had this idea of burden bearing forced upon me when I was a boy. One day the old gentleman took me out to the woods to haul home a log. He had an old horse, spavined, wind-broken and thin as a rail and otherwise out of shape. He hitched this horse to the log, but the poor old fellow could not pull it. The old man sat down on a stump, took out his handkerchief and rubbed his head. If you gen- 78 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tlemen ever see a bald-headed Yankee rubbing his head with a red bandana you can make up your minds that great things are to happen. He finally got up and said he had figured it out right. As he put it, the horse did not have weight according to his strength, so he put me on the horse's back and he said this extra weight would hold the horse's feet on the ground for a better purchase. I give you my word that it acted just as he said it would, for when I got on old Hero's back he pulled the log. I have found since then that men are at their best when at some time in their life they run up against hard propositions and pov- erty. You show me the young man, brougnt up under hard conditions, to realize the necessity of toil and the glory of labor and the power to overcome natural forces, and I will show you the making of a man. Show me, on the other hand, the boy brought up as though comfort and luxury were his natural heritage; the parents sending him to college, just simply because it is a part of a gentleman's training, gratify his every wish and will not make him work, and as a rule I will show you a weak, nervous, good for nothing creature, who is more likely to be a disgrace to his country. Under the shadow of these great cities in the East there are boys and girls who are ashamed of honest poverty. We have some of them near where I live. When they get to be 19 or 20 years old they leave the farm, boarding at home with mother, but going to and from the city every day. They obtain a job at small pay; they dress as well as they can and are ashamed of the evidences of honest economy. Sometimes you will see the boy coming and going, carrying a dress suit case on which you will see labels of Rome, Naples and other European cities. Some friend brought these across to him and he has pasted them on his case. What do you suppose we would find in that case if we opened it? Very likely two sandwiches, a boiled egg and a piece of pie. These people are ashamed to be seen carrying their lunch in their hands, ashamed of the lunch mother gave them and which father pro- vided. Poor, foolish, ignorant fellows they think they can carry their dress suit case in their hand so that people will really think they are wealthy young men going out for an evening party. I regret to say that some of this also applies to the girls. You will see some of them com- ing and going with a music roll. As a matter of fact they couldn't play the tune that the old cow died of, and yet they would like to have people think that they are great musicians or that they are going to take a music lesson, when all they have in the roll is their lunch. You will see young men in New York who will eat 10 cents worth of pork and beans for their lunch and go and stand on the steps in front of the Astor house and pick their teeth. I sincerely hope that these false ideas of a man's real condition have not yet come to life seriously out here. Some of these people outgrow this foolishness. It is kicked out of some by the hard boot of adversity, or lashed out by the sting of poverty or self-respect. With others it remains and ruins the man or woman who starts that way. I have spoken of the results which come to us through our highly de- veloped markets. I fear that some of you men in the West have really made up your minds that the eastern farmers are on the verge of ruin; SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 79 that they are starving to death, and that the only relief for them is to go West. Men are not on the verge of ruin when they have the opportunity to sell spring water at 2 cents a quart, or when the opportunity is offered them to sell certified milk at all the way from 8 to 15 'cents, or where fruit, eggs, meat and vegetables of a special character can be handled at enormous prices. Not all have these opportunities, and yet the skillful and the strong go after them. I do not know whether certified milk is a product of your country yet or not. In the Easl it is a business. A dairyman fits up his stable, cares for his cows under the supervision of a local board of health. The doctor comes and looks around to see that he lives up to his contract. The milk is tested from time to time and when assured that it is perfect the doctor and others recommend it to their patients and their customers and immense quantities of it are sold in that way. there are many of us who are able to sell every apple that is fit at $2.00 or more per bushel box. You can imagine what this means per barrel. In my own case I have found road advertising most effective and we have a blackboard nailed to the fence and whenever we have any- thing to sell the name is chalked on this board and you would be aston- ished to see how much is sold in this way, for one traveler, if he does not want what is offered, will carry the news of it on his way. It often passes from man to man until a customer is reached. There was one case in New England where a man was asked to try this plan. He said he had nothing to sell but a dog and no one wanted such a thing as that. Still he tried it and put up a sign. People who went by all laughed at him, calling it a ridiculous thing to offer a dog for sale. Finally one man went by, laughed with the rest, and told his brother-in-law about it. This man thought it was a bigger joke than the other and he went about telling what a fool a man was to offer such a thing for sale. In this way the news was spread until it actually reached a woman in a town some miles away who wanted just such a dog for her children, and she came and bought it. I bought a road cart in just that way. A man miles away put up a sign that he had a road cart for sale and the news came to me through a dozen different people. I should not have known anything about it had he not put up that sign. We have learned in the East that it is a necessary part of our business to toot the horn or blow the bugle whenever we have anything to sell, for I am safe in saying that if it were not for our high prices our local markets and op- portunities to get lots in our country you would drive us out of business, even at a long range. It is our salvation, this local market, and if you de- velop local markets in your own State, as they might be developer!, you will help both yourselves and us. And yet, speaking as I have about the material prosperity and possibilities of the eastern farmers, I must say that there is a shadow — and a black one — behind the picture. If you were to have located in your State a city like New York or Philadelphia, with their millions of people, with all the sins and crimes of a great city, and all the depressing influences which they send out, it would be one of the greatest calamities that could fall upon your State. Many would say, "We would welcome such a city, for it would give us a great local market where we could sell our corn and our cattle." It would increase prices 80 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. for many of our products by 50 per cent. I grant that, yet I repeat that it would be a great calamity. The depressing effect of city life upon the farm boys and girls is something which must be seen to be realized. The worst thing we have among our country homes is the shoddy millionaire, who goes to the country and builds a house upon a farm. It is not home for him, but simply a place for advertising his wealth. He places a palace among our farm homes. We sell him our products and get our money for them. Pretty soon we will find our boys and girls trying to imitate the rich. They are beginning to despise the simple, plain, humble life of their father and mother, anxious to get away and carry on the little deceptions of the dress suit case and the music roll. That is often the beginning of a most unfortunate end. As for me, I would rather live on cowpeas and bread and cheese all my life and bring up my children in the fear of God and in the belief of a country home than to take Rockefeller's money and be responsible for what it stands for. You men out here do not yet understand the awful blights with which the eastern farmer comes in contact. There are ten million of people in this country in poverty, that is, they are obliged to depend upon some kind of charity, and seven million of them are children. Do you ever stop to think what that means and what it will mean to your children and their children who follow them? The State of Massachusetts is do- ing one noble thing. They found that by crowding these poverty-stricken children into reform schools that they were making criminals faster than in any other way, so they offered a small price, say $2.50 a week to farm families who would take these little ones and bring them up. Many a farmer's wife was starving for the love of a little child and they took two or more of these little ones into their homes and saved them for society and helped themselves. I know of a man in West Virginia who during his life has taken thirty-seven of these little homeless orphans into his home and made men and women out of every one of them. I know of a man in Indiana who at one time had in his home nine of these little things. You don't feel the necessity for doing these things yet, but the time will surely come with the development of your towns and cities when the overflow of the misfortunes and sins of humanity will roll out upon your farms. If a blight should fall upon the Iowa corn crop and wipe it out from one corner of the State to the other, or upon your tree crop, so that it might stand blackened as with fire, or if a disease should strike your cattle, so that I might travel from one end of the State to the other without the sight of a steer or a cow, it would be a calamity, but it would not ruin Iowa. In ten years, profiting by the mistakes of the past and by the hope for the future, you would regain what you have lost. But let a blight fall upon your child crop, a moral blight, or the blighting of false ideas, and God help the nation or the state which must pay the penalty for it. So I say, do not be in too much of a hurry to develop these great cities in your State. Keep your prairies free, if you can, and hold your farm homes together as long as possible. Learn your lesson from the East, that while the great cities and towns will help your market, yet they send also a blight, which is creeping out to our farms and homes and getting into the best crop that we can raise. I thank you. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 81 The President : We will now listen to a paper by Mr. Don L. Berrj' of Warren county. WHAT THE FARMERS' INSTITUTE IS DOING FOR THE FARMER. DON L. BERRY, IXDIANOLA, lA. While it would be impossible to get information that could be set down in figures as to what the institutes are doing for the farmer, we can at least saj' of them, as Mr. Wallace says of feeding soft coal to hogs: "They seem to want it, therefore they must need it and it must do them some good." If the farmers' institutes are of no advantage it is difficult to explain their rapid growth within the last few years. Today no less than eighty-four .county institutes out of the ninety -nine counties in the State are reporting to this board of agriculture. The organization of farmers' institutes has become so widespread that the national department of agri- culture has established a division for the special purpose of overseeing them. It is, therefore, plain that the spread of institute work is not confined to Iowa. In fact, it is a question as to whether Iowa is not a little behind, at least in the management of her institutes. As I said in the oeginning, it is almost impossible to get tabulated or collected information on what the institutes are doing in this State, while many of the other States require quite full reports to be submitted to the State board. For information as to the work done in their sections of the State and for suggestions in the preparation of this paper I must acknowledge my indebtedness to Secretary Oberdorf of the Bremer County Institute, and to Secretary Miller of Washington county. A very fine line shows where the work of the State experiment station leaves off and that of the institute begins. The agricultural press also comes in for a share of the credit for the advancement in agriculture, which is self-evident on every hand. Many of our best publishers have farms, which are nothing less than private experiment stations. We might sum up all these influences and their results under the head of the spirit of agricultural education. The results of this need not be set forth in detail. Scarcely a farmer in the State has failed to come under the influence, at least to some extent, of this spirit of scientific or more intelligent farming. The seed corn trains and the wide dis- semination of literature by the periodical press and the State and na- tional bulletins are credited with adding several millions of bushels to the Iowa corn crop of this year. This campaign for better farming has put a check on the wasteful methods which formerly prevailed on too many of our farms. The dem- onstration of the need of conserving the powers of our soil has led to a more general and systematic rotation of crops, to the careful saving and hauling of manure and to the feeding of the crop on the farm. The well- prepared tables of the cost of producing crops and live stock, put out by the experiment station, have led many farmers to see the wisdom of keeping books with fields and herds; that is, to a better business man- 6 82 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. agement. This campaign has tended to Improve our live stock and to cause men to demand that class of animals which will produce the maximum of l:eef, pork cr butter fat from a bushel of corn and a ton of hay. In view of the fact that information is so widely and cheaply dis- seminated through the press and by the railroads with such good results, the question naturally arises: What is the use of the State appropriating over $12,000 annually to promote institute work? If I understand the purpose of the institute it is, briefly, this: To make the principles established by the State and national experiment stations and other agencies applicable to the conditions of the county in which the institute is held. The principles established by the experiment station in Story county will hold good in Lyon and Lee counties, but there is more than likely to be need of some change in tlie application. Practices, the usefulness of which are well established in Lincoln, Urbana or Madison, may be only partially practical or absolutely worthless in central Iowa. So, I say, if I understand the place of the institute, it is primarily, to bring to us in the counties the men familiar with the work of the ex- periment stations and with the practices of the most successful farmers, and familiar with the conditions on these farms, and to give us the opportunity to discuss with them the application of their knowledge to our own neighborhoods and counties. One of the strongest features of the institute is that it is, or should be, an absolutely non-partisan organization for mutual self-help. In the in- stitutes farmers come together each year for the consideration of matters of general interest, free from the restraints of partisan prejudice. An organization of this kind, acting within the field which it would naturally cover, may forward many public movements or stop abuses, which if taken up first by some party or faction would be ineffectual. I am told that the rural delivery system was first agitated by the farmers' national congress. It was put into operation quietly and without any fuss or feathers and now reaches almost every community in the Nation. Had this matter been first brought forth and pushed by some party or demagogue it is scarcely possible that it could have been so quickly brought to its present high state of efficiency. In many counties the success of local public enterprises is due primarily to the institutes. They have an influence entirely out of proportion to the numerical sti'ength of their members. Being non-partisan in their makeup, comprised as they are of those men of the community who are abreast of the times, those who are in the collar and not in the breeching, of the men who do things, they are in a position to influence county legislation. In nothing is the influence of the institute felt more than in the good roads movement. By general agitation among members, by employing experts for instruction in the use of road tools, by offering liberal prizes and obtaining help from boards of supervisors, the institute has given improved roads to more than one community in Iowa. Not alone in the use of the road drag have the institutes been effectual. Substantial im- provements in the way of concrete and steel bridges and culverts and the SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 83 cutting down of hills and filling of hollows will be done when the in- stitutes convince the supervisors that the hustling element of the county wants money expended that way. It takes a public sentiment such as can be best expressed through the institute to get appropriations for improve- ments of this kind. In nothing is there greater hope of keeping the boys of today on the farms of tomorrow than in the movement for the study of agriculture in the public schools. In this enterprise the institutes are in the lead, as they should be. Such a department of study is advantageous to the scholar in school and after he leaves. The school hours are irksome to many boys. They do not see how school is going to do them any good. They want to do what men do. Men don't have to spell and study gram- mar. The boy thinks grammar won't help a fellow to break a colt. Give the boy something in school that he can see is going to help him to do what his father does, and to do it better than his father has done it, and the school takes on a new attractiveness. On the other hand, tt|,ere is the boy who delights to go to school and would like to do nothing else. To him study, the learning of things out- side the life he has always known, is an end in itself. To him the drudgery of farm life is a sad outlook for a life work. Perhaps he pre- fers science. Teach him that in farming he is every day dealing with the very fundamentals of science. He may have a taste for business. Teach him that the farmer's success is dependent on good business man- agement as much as any other. Perhaps he wants to be a manufacturer. Show him that the farmer is, of all men, a producer. Then, when he is sent to haul the litter from the barn, he ceases to look on himself as a scavenger, but as a producer of fertility, in turn to be manufactured Into corn and hay and beef and pork. Has he a taste for art? On the farm his daily rounds bring him at almost every turn upon such pictures as no painter can trace, if he will only look around and see them. Does he love literature? When is a better time and where a better place than the winter evenings on the farm, away from the rushing diversions of the city, to really make the acquaintance of the masters of writing? All the life of the farm, the harvest, the threshing time, teem with char- acters, which, if he could depict them, would make a classic literature. The teaching of agriculture in the public schools is making the boys and girls the masters and mistresses of the farm and not its slaves. No agency is doing more to promote this branch of education than the farmers' institutes. They are securing the tidying up of the schoohouses and yards, inculcating in the youngsters that little something known as taste, which costs little, yet makes life a thousand times more worth the living. I am informed that a farmers' institute in this State inaugurated the custom of having butter contests, now so common, and which has resulted in improving the quality of butter produced by our Iowa creameries. This same institute has built up the creameries in its county and introduced improved methods of handling milk and cream, so that the cream is de- livered in better condition than formerly. 84 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. In the conduct of the county experiment station the institute is reach- ing its highest state of perfection as an organization. Iowa is now dotted with these county stations under the general supervision of the State station at Ames. May the day soon come when every county will have one, where the results from different varieties of grains and grasses and from different methods of cultivation may be seen. In no other way can the benefits of agricultural experiments be brought so close to the business of the average farmer as through the county station. The results achieved by the stations now in operation have been eye openers to many people. Tom Jones has been brought face to face with the fact that what he considered the best corn on earth, the kind he has been raising all his life, and his father before him, stands a poor show for a crop when planted alongside Dick Smith's corn. And maybe Dick Smith has found that an acre of his hundred bushel corn will not make as much fat as an acre of Sam Brown's eighty-bushel corn. The institute session, with its many lessons and measures, tends to keep up a year long agitation of agricultural problems among its mem- bers. Show me a man who is full of small gossip and I will show you a man who is not in the institute. If he were he would have some- thing better to talk about. The benefits of the institute session are being felt throughout the county every day. Experiments are being tried, new practices adopted and the results compared daily. The increased Interest in really good farming is cleaning up our county fairs. The fake show is not needed to draw a crowd. The crowds gravitate to the stock barns and agricultural halls. This educational spirit is relieving us of the two-headed pig, the three-legged rooster and the man-headed bull, and by removing old prejudices and riding down cranky notions is assisting materially in relieving us of the bull- headed man. The institutes are not idle in the matter of home surroundings. There are none of us who cannot think of men working apparently with the notion that the house is only a sleeping place, a coaling station, if you please, where they get supplies to run them from one meal to the next, and may "lay to" for repairs at night. The institutes, through the women's sections, and through the influence of the men who are addressing them, are calling attention to the fact that the whole business of the farm is subsidiary to that little enclosure inside the yard fence, where home is. They are teaching that the keynote of the home is companionship, and that no woman, however gifted by nature, can be a cheerful com- panion if her outlook is over a yard shorn of its verdure by the poultry, and her horizon a brush patch; nor can her company be uplifting to its fullest capacity if, after running chickens and carrying wood and water all day she has to work butter till 11 o'clock at night. The corn shows and other exhibitions held in connection with most institutes are of an educational value not to be overlooked. I have not time to touch on this matter farther than to say that the corn show puts men in touch with good seed corn in their own county, which is thoroughly acclimated. They buy that instead of sending to a seed house for corn from no-one-knows-where. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 85 The institute is bringing the farmer and the business man into closer touch. It makes "something doing" in a town. It increases production, therefore business. The institutes are helping markets, although slowly. A high grade of corn in any locality will draw buyers there to get that corn. A general high grade of horses in a county draws more buyers, makes keener com- petition and higher prices. This brings to me that which is last but not least, the community of interest encouraged by the institute among its members. Each helps the other in helping himself. The spirit is unselfish. Men are made better friends, better neighbors and better citizens by connecting themselves with a public-spirited movement of the nature of a farmer's institute. The President : We will now stand adjonrned until two o'clock this afternoon, at which time the prog'ram will be resumed. AFTERNOON SESSION. 2 o'clock P. M. The President: The first on the program this afternoon is an address by Professor W. J. Kennedy, of the State College at Ames. THE DRAFT HORSE— WILL IT PAY THE AVERAGE FARMER TO KEEP PURE BRED DRAFT MARES. PROF. W. J. KENNEDY, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AlIES, lA. It affords me much pleasure to have the opportunity of presenting the topic of the draft horse to you. There is a peculiar pleasure always in helping some industry at a time when you feel sure that there is a bright future before the same. Some of you may be thinking that the business of producing draft horses has seen its best days and that a re- action is close at hand. You may be right in your convictions. Time alone will tell the tale. There does not appear to be any sane reason for believing that the horse industry "has not a bright future. To all appearances about the only thing that can Injure the demand for good horses in the near future would be a depression in all lines of business. For several years the demand for good draft horses has been unusually good. Each succeeding year has been a trifle better than its predecessor, until at the present time high class draft horses are selling for higher prices than ever before realized for this class of animals. Are these high prices to continue? Someone will say that such a thing would be im- possible because of the large number of horses now being produced each 86 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. year. To all appearances cur farmers are heavily engaged in the pro- duction of horses. What are the real facts concerning the number of horses in Iowa today compared with that of six years ago. According to the most recent statistics published by our Department of Agricul- ture we had in the State of Iowa in the year 190.5 horses of all ages to the number of 1,238,159, while on .Tune 1, 1900, we had 1,392,573, or 154,414 more horses than in 1905. If these figures mean anything it will be some time yet before there will be an over-supply of good horses in this State, it is doubtful if there was ever a time in the last decade when good, high class draft horses were as scarce in this State as they are at the present time. Horse buyers will tell you that it is next to impossible to find a carload of good draft horses of a salable age In any one locality in low-a. Even the men who make it a business to feed out young horses are experiencing no end of difficulty in finding suitable animals for their feed lots. Good people, the time is not near at hand when good draft horses will have to go begging on the market. In the production of draft horses, like all ether classes of live stock, the man who fir;:t makes a study of the market demands and then sets out to produce exactly what the market wants will reap the greatest degree of success. There are many things in this world which are difficult to fathom. If a man has decided to go to Chicago, New York or some ether point, about the first thing he does is to consult the local ticket agent or use a railroad guide so that he may ascertain the cheap- est and shortest way of reaching his destination. If he did not do so you would not deem him a good business man. Why, then, are not the same tactics worthy of consideration in the production of good draft horses. In the breeding of draft horses the line of breeding that will produce the desired result in the cheapest and quickest way is the one which should commend itself to any man interested in the business. A study of the market demands as they pertain to the draft horse reveals the fact that weight is still as desirable as in past years, so that a draft horse, to sell well, must weigh from 1,C00 pounds upwards and be of the desired draft type. That is, he should be massively built, deep-bodied, short-coupled, heavily muscled, short-legged, a good actor, and possess feet which are properly constructed and out of durable material. Such a horse can be economically raised on any Iowa farm, and owing to the strong demand for him, he finds a ready sale at a price much nearer his real market value than any other class of horse that can be produced. Time will not permit of a detailed description of a typical present day draft horse. There are some points which are very essential, and these will be treated in detail. The conformation of the fore and hind limbs of a horse have a very marked influence on his value in the market because his utility is very largely determined by the construction of these. The first point to which I wish to draw your attention is the differences that exist in the nature of the material that enters into the structure of these parts. We are accustomed to the use of the terms flat bone and clean limbed, and these are quite expressive in themselves if we understand what they SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 87 mean. A horse that is flat limbed and also clean in limb is much more durable in those parts than one that is round, coarse and "gummy." When we refer to a horse being flat-limbed or flat-boned we do net mean that the bone is flat from a side view, but we do mean that the tendon stands back so far from the bone as to make it in the region cf the cannon appear flat. The chief advantage of having this conformation is due to the better attachment it gives to the tendons and also to the freer play which they have as a result of this conformation. Cleanness of bone is desirable largley because it indicates a dense, strong texture of bone, with joints that are free from puffiness and not subject to coarseness. The slope of the different parts is another important point to be ob- served. For instance, in the case of the fore limb, the shoulders should have a strong slope and the slope of the pastern should be correspond- ingly as great. Some good authorities claim that the slope of the pastern should' be at least 45 degrees. A proper slope of shoulder gives a horse freer limb movement. It also shortens his back above, giving him greater strength in that part, and also increases the length of the underline, thus giving him mere room for action. Slope of shoulder, when associated with slope of pastern, and the two always go hand in hand, does awaj'' with severe concussion, a most vital point. An exami- nation of the skeleton of a horse reveals the fact that in the con- struction of the fore limb there are a series of bones which act more or less directly upon each other. The presence of the great number of small bones below the pastern and their relation to each other in slope would indicate that ihis part below the pastern would be subject to considerable concussion, and en that account it would be necessary to arrange the slopes and the position of the bones so as to eliminate or distribute this concussion so far as possible. It is not difficult to understand that if the shoulder blade is straight and the pastern straight this series of bones comprising the fore limb will hit each other in a very severe man- ner and will eventually produce a great number of bone diseases which these parts are subject to, such as side bones, ring bones, and other troubles. The set of the limbs is another very important point. Viewed from in front the legs should te well placed under the quarters. If they are set too far apart the horse will have a rolling motion when in action. The feet should be in a straight line, neither turned in nor out, as both conformations interfere with the action. Viewed from the side the legs should be straight, neither bulging forward, called knee sprung, nor backward, called calf-kneed. The proportion of the bones to one another in this region is in a large measure responsible for these defects. When the leg formation is exceptionally long from where it joins the body to the knee it is likely to throw too much weight on the knee and pro- duce what we call calf-knees. If, on the other hand, the length of the cannon, that portion between the pastern joint and the knee is unduly long, it is likely to cause the horse to be over on his knees. Too much attention cannot be given to the importance of the slope of the pastern because it has so much to do with the protection of the feet. Extreme 88 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. length of pastern may cause a weakness, but it should be of sufBcient length and slope to insure springiness. The construction and set of the hind legs is of vital importance. A great many of the diseases to be found in these regions are largely due to a wrong set of the limbs. In a correctly constructed hind limb, view- ing it from the side, a line dropped from the hindermost point of the slope should strike the top of the hock and continue parallel with it until the pastern joint is reached. If the conformation of the leg be such that the lower part of the leg is thrown more under the body, thus making it more subject to a strain of a tendon or ligament just below the hock, it is termed sickled hocked, and is very likely to be- come curby. If the opposite conformation be present where the leg ex- tends backwards of a line dropped as previously described, fullness of the hock or bog spavin is likely to be the result. Spavins and ringbones are very often found on legs of this kind because of the fact that the bones do not have the proper slope in relation to each other. Viewed from behind, the legs should be set in a straight line, and if there be any deviation from a straight line the hocks should be inclined to- gether, but never outwards, as a wide hocked horse is a drug on almost any good horse market. The feet should be large, round, wide at the hoof head, not too shal- low nor too high in the heels, and above all, constructed of a good dense horn, which indicates ability to wear well. The action of a draft horse is a point which is receiving more atten- tion than it formerly did. A horse, to command the very highest price, must move well. He must be good at the walk, and also do the trotting act fairly well. Length of stride and straightness of stride are the two most important points to be considered at the walk. Snappiness is also an essential. Height of action and flashiness are attractive, but not necessarily utility points. Winging, paddling or rolling action in front, and wobbling hocks are all features which every good horseman con- demns, thus are discriminated against at all of the leading horse markets. In breeding draft horses, too much attention cannot be given to the question of weight. At all of the leading draft horse markets, horse flesh sells at the rate of 25 cents per pound for each additional pound from 1,600 to 1,800 pounds; for 50 cents per pound from 1,800 pounds to 2,000 pounds; for $1.00 a pound from 2,000 to 2,200 pounds; and from $2.00 to $2.50 per pound from 2,200 pounds upwards, providing, of course, that the horse is sound, well made and desirable in every other respect. Thus the heavy ones are the kind we should all aim to produce because at best we will get plenty of the lighter weights to meet the demands for the same. While a good horse can never be of bad color, still some colors such as the nicely dappled gray or blue roan are more in demand than others, thus commanding fancy prices. In discussing the advisability of the average farmer keeping pure bred draft mares, a somewhat new, but very timely topic is opened up for consideration. Just why the average farmer has not been keeping pure bred draft mares for a decade or more is one of the questions which amazes almost every man who has had any ex- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 89 perience in the i)rodiiction of pure bred draft horses in this country, or has any acquaintance with the methods pursued in the production of horses in practically all of the European countries. Is there any more reason why uhe average farmer should keep pure bred cows, pure bred ewes, or pure bred sows than in the case of pure bred draft mares? Draft horses are needed on the farm to perform the necessary farming operations. Is there any good reason why a considerable amount of this work should not be done with good, pure bred brood mares? If the English farmer, the Scotch farmer, the French farmer and the Belgian farmer on their small farms find it profitable to keep a pair or two pair of pure bred draft brood mares to do their farm work, why should not the same policy be a wise one to pursue in this country. When this policy becomes more general on the rich farm lands of the central west, two things, both of which are very much in evidence at the present time, will gradually disappear: First, the importation of such a large number of stallions, many of which are a detriment to the industry, and, second, the presence of the glib-tongued chap whose business it is to organize companies of farmers to purchase these stallions at from two to five times what they cost on the other side of the Atlantic. In practically every one of the European countries in which draft horses are produced more than 75 per cent of the same are produced on the small farms and by the tenant farmers. These farmers not only require their pure bred draft brood mares to do the major portion of the farm work, but they also require them to rear a colt each year, which in turn is sold to pay the rent of the ground used. In this way these people have been able to pay high rents and in addition comfortably support their families. It will pay the average farmer in this country to keep pure bred draft mares. It does not cost any more to feed a pure bred draft mare than it does to feed a grade mare of the same size. The pure bred mare will do just as much work as the grade mare. One good pure bred stallion colt at one year old will readily command as much money as will a pair of high class five-year-old grade geldings. The speaker has in mind at the present time a dozen or more farmers in Iowa, Illinois and Kansas who are using pure bred draft mares to perform their farm work, and in addition raising good colts from the mares each year. The stallion colts find ready sale when from one to two years, at from $400 to $700 each. These men have settled the question as to whether or not it will pay to keep pure bred draft mares. One farmer in northern Illinois at- tended a neighbor's sale in March, 1903, and in order to help matters along bid on a few things which he thought he did not need. He es- caped trouble until a pure bred five-year-old Percheron mare in foal was led into the ring. He bid on her and she was knocked down to him at $300. He thought he did not need her, thus offered her to another neigh- bor for $290, but did not succeed in making the deal. He kept the mare and she has raised him a good colt each year. He has had the mare a little more than three and one-half years, she has done her share of the farm work, he has sold three of her colts for $1,250 and has one left for which he has refused the small sum of $500 before it was eight 90 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. months old. Has this mare paid her way? The owner is a most en- thusiastic breeder of pure bred swine, but ho informed me last week that pure bred mares were even better property than pure bred sows. I could cite you many other instances of a simila;- nature. Someone will say, but it is very easy to overdo this pure bred mare business. Has it ever occurred to you that in Iowa, the leading draft horse State in the Union, we have but one horse registered or eligible to registration for every 150 that are not registered? It will take some time to overdo this business. There is no good reason why our farmers should not keep pure bred mares of the very highest rank, and then by the judicious selection of sires produce home bred draft horses the equal, if not the superior, to that produced in any other part of the world. We have made good in cattle, in sheep, and in swine, so why net make good in horses? This is a line of work which should receive more encouragement from our fair associations. While liberal premiums should be awarded for all classes of animals, more attention should te given to the home bred animals, and more especially those produced on the farm of the man with comparatively small means. It is the so-called average farmer that makes a county, a state or a nation, thus his interests are worthy of the most careful consideration of those entrusted with the management of the various county, state and national live stock shows. The President : This paper is before you for discussion. A i\lEMBER: What could the average farmer pay for a pair of good mares? Mr. Kennedy : I think from >r800 to $1.C00. A real good mare, three or four years old will sell perhaps for $500. You will have to pay $400 to get anything worth while. Question : I would like to ask what family of a draft horse you would prefer? ]\Ir. Kennedy: That is a question which largely depends upon preference. I think it is a pretty good business policy, in any line of work, to produce what is demanded in the community. If you are in a locality where they are breeding Percherons, breed them ; if on the other hand yoii are in a neighborhood where there is no demand for them, breed something else for which there is a de- mand. I would say that another breed of horses that is gaining in popularity in the United States and in this State, is the Bel- giums. The principal objection to the Shire horse is, that it is a very heavy boned horse, and you all know that a straight bone aids in selling a horse. I may say that I had a letter two or three weeks ago from Mr. Robinson, in central Kansas, probably one of the largest breeders in the central west. i\Ir. Robinson started with ten mares, Percherons, ten years ago, and a year ago he sold $70,000 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 91 worth. In our locality for a good pair of Pereheron mares, you will have trouble to get them for less than $600. We should pay more attention to the breeding industry. There is no need of going across the water. ' I hope there will always be some horses im- ported. The great trouble at the present time is, that 50 per cent of the horses that come from foreign countries should never come in. We want all the good horses w^e can get, and we should en- courage our home industries. Our people seem to be satisfied to buy a home-bred bull, but when they buy a horse the inquiry is whether he is imported. I might say in our locality we have a home-bred horse, owned by jMr. Frye. I think he has done a world of good. I think he is one of the best types of horses I know of. Mr. Frye stands that horse at $25 ; he is a good individual, and he breeds well. Some people think that horse would be better if it was imported. Now, if we are going to make progress, we have got to get away from the idea that because a thing comes from the distance it is better. We have got to pay more attention to individ- uality and good breeding. A ]\Iember : I would like to .substantiate what i\Ir. Kennedy said. I attended a farm sale where there was a pure bred mare offered for sale in 1897. I was not a man of much means, but I made up my mind, if it didn't go over $200 I would buy it. She was a black mare. She was knocked off for $210. The auctioneer could not find the buyer. He turned to me and asked me if I still made my bid good at $200. I told him I would. It was sold to me. Now, she has produced me five mare colts ; one mare from her has got two colts and one has got one colt. I sold two stallions from her, one for $600 and one for $650, without any guarantee. I am not in the selling line and am not advertising, but I believe it would pay a man to buy good individuals, thorovigh-bred mares. ]\Ir. Reeves : I would like to ask Mr. Kennedy if there is any extra dift'erence in the texture of the hoofs. He spoke several times of the hoof being brittle but tough. I Avondered if that was a charactertistic of the Percherons. Mr. Kennedy: I don't think it is. You will find poor feet in pure bred horses and you will find them in those that are not pure bred. I know g:rade horses at the present time that have exception- ally good feet, and I know pure bred horses that have not. The President : The next paper is by Mrs. Harriet Wallace Ashbv. 92 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. POULTRY ON THE FARM. MRS. IIAKKIET WALLACE ASIIBY, R. F. D. XO. 1, DES MOINES, lA. I wish to suggest that it would be well for us to look where we are going with farm poultry, the character of our flocks, the care we are giving them and the results obtained, and that we should also look at the financial success won by large plants where poultry keeping is carried on by business men under business methods, and at the work done by our experiment stations. When we realize how important a place on the farm can be filled by poultry we will turn our steps to the paths blazed by successful poultry- men, and make as much for our farm poultry as can be made anywhere; in ether words, we will go along the line we are looking. There are in America today hundreds of poultry plants where thou- sands of stock birds are annually raised, and where eggs for hatching are produced by tens of thousands. But the aggregate output of these places is as nothing compared to the aggregate output of the farms. Four-fifths of the poultry of the United States comes from the farms. Secretary Wilson estimated last year that we marketed twenty billions of eggs. He is satisfied, however, that we can increase this number by a billion, and as this seems to be an object worth working for he has added a poultry expert to the Department of Animal Husbandry at Washington to con- sider the problems of the hen and how to coax her to lay that extra billion of eggs. If farmers want this extra billion of eggs, they can get them, and with- out the aid of a poultry expert. The hen does not require a scientifically compounded ration; we can grow all she needs on the farm; we need only convince the farmer that it is worth while, that the hen will pay a good dividend on her feed and care, and the increased egg yield is assured. The reason the hen is not properly appreciated as a money maker is because the income which she brings in is usually an unknown quantity, as few accounts are kept with the hen. On the average farm the income from the poultry is credited either to sundries or other things. Where it is credited to the hens you will find a flock of well cared for poultry, for their owner has found that a flock of fifty hens will bring him in more money than two cows, and at less cost for food and care. If Secretary Wilson could persuade the farmers of the United States to keep accounts with their hens, charging them with food and capital invested and crediting them with eggs and poultry marketed; if he could persuade them to feed their hens for one year as they should be fed, and SEVEKTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 93 credit them with tlie income received, he would furnish them with an object lesson more conducive to increased egg yield than half a dozen experts analyzing and compounding rations, and the increased egg yield would be assured. I need not plead the cause of pure-breds against scrubs; more farmers than is generally believed keep pure-bred poultry. The quality of poultry at Farmers' Institutes is surprising. Where the farmer makes his mistake is not so much in the quality of poultry he keeps as In his lack of method. Too often he has no object in view but to keep hens. Whether we breed for eggs, flesh or fancy feathers, we must have an object, and work toward that for best results. If we want flesh we will feed for it, as will we also for eggs and fancy feathers, but feeding poultry is not merely filling their crops. We can fill them up on corn, but that is about as bad a thing as we can do. Corn is a good feed, but the hens fill their crops too quickly with the whole grains, and for best results It should be coarsely cracked, and fed as other grains, in deep litter, first sifting it to save the fine meal. Economy demands that we feed our farm grains as far as possible. Hens need a variety of grains, the farmer can grow them; they need exercise, if made to scratch for a living they will get it even in cold weather; they need green food, the clover hay mow, roots and cabbage is good enough for that; they need animal food, and they will not do their best unless sup- plied with it, this the farmer may have to buy, but the hens will pay the bills in the increased egg yield. One load of gravel will furnish grit for the winter on the average farm, and fifty cents' worth of time will prepare a good "supply of charcoal. Hens will live through the winter on a grain diet, but diet restricted to grains is the most expensive which can be fed in its first cost, and is invariably followed in the spring by sudden deaths in the flock. Hens should have animal food in the shape of milk, green cut bone, or meat scraps, frequently, and a feed of green food each day for best results. The bulk which green food gives is as necessary for poultry as for stock. But feed alone will not produce eggs; the hens must work. The same ration which with exercise would be a good laying ration, without exercise will fatten the hens beyond the laying point. For good, strong, hatchable eggs, feed all grain in deep litter, give grain, green and animal food, grit, charcoal and pure water. The A B C of successful egg production is, abundance of food of the right kind, and work on the part of the hens to get it. When you have a good system, make no change in it. I have placed the feed before the housing because the feed is always under the control of the owner, while the house often is not. There is no need of dwelling on the perfect house, the only essentials are freedom from draughts, plenty of light, and good ventilation. The best floor is an earth one, with from six to eight inches of sand, and on top of this from six to eight inches of litter, making a warm scratching place. I think one of the greatest mistakes made by farmers is over-crowding. Roosting room only is all some people give their hens. Tell some farmers that for best results hens in flocks of from ten to twenty should have ten square feet of floor space, and in larger flocks six, and they laugh at 94 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. you. The Maine experiment station has made some very interesting experi- ments along this line. Taking houses of the same size, and pullets of the same breed and hatch, they have repeatedly demonstrated that a house built for twenty-five Vv^ith twenty-five in it will give more eggs than a house built for twenty-five hens with fifty in it, and at half the cost for food. However skillful we may be in the mating, rearing of fowls and the production of eggs, we can not call ourselves successful poultrymen unless we are good salesmen. All eggs look alike to the grocer, unless he arranges differently. As matters now stand, the farmer who takes in a basket of new laid eggs to market in winter receives the lowest wholesale price of stored eggs. Farmers can and do pack their summer eggs for winter sales, but if the eggs are fresh, a farmer should no more expect to receive the price of stored eggs for fresh ones than he should expect to receive hot house fruit at the price of canned fruit. The way to change this is for the farmer to grade, and pack his eggs for the fancy trade. If he will pack his eggs in cartons, holding a dozen eggs, stamp them with his trade-mark, and stand behind it with his personal guarantee of the freshness and flavor of the eggs, he will get an advance over market price on every dozen sold. Grocers say they are willing and glad to pay a premium for new laid eggs, but that farmers are not regular enough with their deliveries to be relied on. They claim, and justly, that they can not afford to make a demand for an article and not be able to supply it. We have sold eggs so packed for several years, and have received from two to ten cents premium from the grocers. A thousand cartons costs but $5 printed with name and address. In what way can $5 be invested where it will bring larger returns? If we make special efforts to get fresh eggs, and to have them reach the consumer while still of good flavor, we will create an increased demand at increased prices. The hen is the originator of the sealed package. Unfortunately the fact that the package is unbroken is not a guarantee of the flavor of the goods. There are city families who do not know the flavor of a fresh egg. You know, it was a city boy who refused to eat his fresh egg because it had no taste nor smell to it. I have confined myself to the egg side because when farmers solve the problem of successful egg production they have solved the problem of better poultry and more of it, and the egg question appeals more to the farmer because, as the Scotch say, "The eggs will pay for the horse before the chickens pay for the saddle." I might bewilder you with statistics of what the hen has done, of how her eggs annually equal the wheat crop in value, and of the length of time it would take her to pay the national debt; the national debt does not trouble you, it is your debt that hurts. Your hens properly managed will pay your debts, wipe out your mortgage and educate your children. The President : The paper is now open for disciission. A Member: I would like to ask the lady what her source of grain and green food is? yKVEXTfl ANNUAL YEAll BOOK-PART III. 95 Mrs. AsiiBV .- Clover hay, small potatoes, cabbage, beets, any of the root crops. If you don't have that, yon can buy alfalfa meal. Mr. Brennan : I would ask if you would cook the potatoes or use them raw ? Mrs. AsiiBV: It is not necessary to cook them at all. You can take a board and drive some nails into it and stick them on the nails. A Member: What is your experience with condimental foods? Mrs. Asiibv: I don't like them. I wouldn't feed hens condi- mental foods. A Member : How about sulphur and Venetian red ? Mrs. Ashby : Venetian red is all right. Sulphur is fairly good if you don't feed it in wet weather. A Member : Which is the best variety ? Mrs. Ashby : That depends upon the man. Every man has his own choice, just like every man likes his own wife the best. A Member : How about the scours ? Mrs. Ashby : I think it is because they are not kept warm enough ; sometimes because they are not hatched right. You take an egg which has not a strong life germ, and the chickens are not strong. A Member: Is there any external application of fluid or pow- der that you can apply to your chickens or hens that will make them immune from mites? ]\Lrs. Ashby : Only so long as the powder remains strong enough. A jMember: Do you have any trouble with young chickens sprawling when they first hatch? ]\Irs. Ashby: I think under those circumstances the germs are not strong enough. If you have an incubator in which the tem- perature varies from 95 to 108, the chicken is weakened before it is hatched. A Member: What is the reason for so many cripples from an incubator, when the same eggs are hatched by the hens with no cripples at all? 96 IOWA D3CPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ]\Irs. Ashby : Some people claim those are the last hatched, and sometimes I think the eggs are not turned properly. Question: Don't you believe that those crippled chickens you find in the incubator might not be from the eggs the hen would kill when they first hatch? Mrs. Ashby : That is possibly true. A ]\Iember : In a hatch of 260 eggs in the incubator and the same number of hens, we would have as high as thirty cripples in the incubator, when there wouldn't be one from the hens, when the same eggs were divided properly between the hens and the incubator. Mrs. Ashby : Have you noticed when the young chickens come out that they are perhaps damp, and that the temperature is really lower than it should be. I think when the chicks knock over the thermometer we do not always see it. The jMember: In the last hatch of our incubator last spring, the thermometer didn't vary one degree, and there were a little over thirty chickens that were cripples. Mrs. Ashby : Perhaps I can answer that better by telling a lit- tle story. There was an Irishman who was traveling on a railway train. He got very hungry, and when the train stopped at a cer- tain station he got otf to get himself a little lunch. Before he had his lunch, the bell began to ring and the train began to pull out. He came running along and j'elled at the top of his voice, "Hold on that steam engine of yours, ye have a man on board that has been left behind." (Laughter.) I think, possibly while you have told me all you know about that, there is something behind. Per- haps there was something the matter you didn't just know. The President : The next paper is by Professor Curtiss, who will address you on the following subject : WHAT THE IOWA STATE COLLEGE IS DOING FOR THE BOYS AND GIRLS OF IOWA. PROF. C. F. CURTISS, AMES, lA. The function of the Iowa State College is manifestly to serve as the educational center of the agricultural and industrial interests of the State. A detailed description of the curriculum and lines of work and investiga- tions will not be attempted here. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 97 Collegiate training has come to be regarded quite as essential for suc- cessful industrial work as for the professional callings. Cases of success- fully self-educated men, in the common acceptance of the term, are becom- ing more rare each year. In a broader sense, the young man who by his own industry and efforts earns money to obtain a college education is self-educated in the best manner. Professor Crane of Northwestern Univer- sity estimates from carefully compiled records, covering over 10,000 cases, that the boy with a common school eduaction has but one chance in 9,000 of achieving eminent success in his chosen calling; with a high school education, he has one chance in 404, while the boy with a college educa- tion has one chance in 42. It appears then that a college education increases a boy's chances of success, according to these records, over 200 per cent. The need of higher training for industrial work was uppermost in the mind of the far-sighted statesman, Senator Morrill, the author of the bill creating the land grant colleges. He pleaded for the education of the artisan, the farmer and the mechanic, and the land grant colleges came into existence primarily for that purpose. For many years these colleges made slow progress. Their methods were crude, and their equipment meager and inadequate. Agricultural and industrial education, to be of the greatest service, must be made practical as well as technical. The cultural value of educa- tion is undiminished; but the economic value is greater. We educate pri- marily because it pays. Industrial efficiency has become the watchword of technical training for the farm and the shop. State colleges are appreciated, patronized and supported in proportion as they are serviceable to the interests which they represent. * So well have the colleges met this standard of late that they have been over- whelmed with the local demands and students are coming from foreign countries. The college takes up the work where the high school leaves off. The foundation is laid well in the sciences, in mathematics, history and the languages. The sciences are studied with I'eference to their application to practical problems. The inherent reasons, the principles, the why, are sought and emphasized in training students for agriculture. Whatever may have been the condition in the past, it can no longer be said that the agricultural colleges are not training boys for the farm. The majority of all the boys taking courses in agricultural colleges are today returning to the farm, and fully 90 per cent are taking up agricul- tural work in some form. Each year we have among our agricultural graduates at Ames some of the strongest young men who return to their home farms in preference to considering a salaried position at any com- pensation. These men are fortunately situated. Others prefer to accept salaried positions for a time until they can acquire farm property. The salaried positions in agricultural work are constantly widening, and presenting better opportunities. On every hand there is a recognition of the value of higher technical and practical training for agriculture. Not every college trained man will be successful in agriculture or in any other field; but other things being equal, the college trained man has tremendous advantage. 7 98 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. President Van Hise of the Wisconsin University said in substance recently in addressing a national association of educators: "The college authorities should go into every high school of their States and present to the pupils in the most forcible way the opportunities open to the graduates of agricultural colleges. No kind of education today offers to its graduates such sure and safe returns at such good compensation as are open to young men who take a thorough course in agriculture." The Iowa State College has an annual enrollment of about 350 students taking the four-year course in agriculture; and about 700 in the short courses, making a total of over 1,000 agricultural students each year. We have in addition over 100 veterinary students taking agricultural instruc- tion. This surpasses the fondest dreams of those connected with the work a few years ago. But the conditions of Iowa demand, and we should not be satisfied until we have at least 1,000 students taking a collegiate course in agriculture, and 10,000 taking short courses, ranging from one to three years in agricultural high schools or academies. I confidently expect to see this result attained in the near future. No investment that the State could make would pay better dividends. The Iowa State College is doing much aside from the instruction of its resident students. Through an extension staff, organized in accordance with an act passed by the last Legislature,' it is conducting demonstration experiments on ten county farms of the State, and giving instruction in stock and grain judging, in growing crops, farm management, orcharding, dairying, domestic science, soil fertility, good roads and other phases of agriculture, in two regularly organied local short course schools; and in farmers' institutes, in two-thirds of the counties of the State. It has covered over 3,000 miles of railroad and reached 140,000 people by special trains. For this work the railroads deserve the credit of furnishing free train service and bearing all incidental expenses. The county farm experimental work and boys' and girls' club work has been highly popular and produced good results. Sioux and Keokuk counties have been particularly successful in the boys' and girls' club work. Three years ago the Sioux County Farmers' Institute passed a resolu- tion asking the Board of Supervisors to set aside a plot of land upon the County Farm and to also appropriate a sufficient sum of money to allow Sioux county to establish a series of experiments, co-operating with the Iowa Experiment Station at Ames. The Board of Supervisors took favora- ble action and H. H. McKee, steward of the County Farm, was instructed to take the work in hand. This was the beginning of the present move- ment of County Experiment Stations. A prominent feature of the work has been the annual County Farm picnic. People from all sections of the county come in to study the various experiments and to visit, meet friends from distant parts of the county and take part in the program that occurs during the day. The Board of Supervisors, consisting of B. F. Hawkins, H. J. Van de Wan and J. C. Emery, co-operating with the Farmers' Institute and assisted by the steward of the county farm, H. H. McKee, conceived the plan of encouraging the farm boys and girls to take greater interest in the Farmers' Institute work and to also determine the possibilities of Sioux county corn soil. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART III. 99 The plans were not widely known until the past year. Former years failed to bring out many responses. In the spring of 1905 the County Experiment Station distributed a small amount of Reid's Yellow Dent seed corn. The county superintendent and school teachers throughout the county took an active interest, and fifty-eiglit boys and three girls applied for corn and instructions as to the manner of planting, etc. Each contestant was to grow one-quarter of an acre (measured by an appointed member of the Farmers' Institute committee). A blank form with space for notes was distributed. Each was asked to keep a record of the manner of fitting the land; what fertilizer, if any, applied; when planted; how and what method (checked, drilled or planted by hand); how many times and when harrowed and cultivated; date of first killing frost; when harvested. The following table shows the result of the experiment of the sixteen highest yields: Name and Address. Bu. per Acre. Price. Mart McCabe, Boyden 137.5 $40 . 00 R. M. Emery, Carnes 130 30 . 00 Arthur Weir, Boyden 128 .5 20 . 00 Evert Edes, Boyden 128 15 . 00 Matthew Weir, Boyden 127 .5 10 . 00 Peter Mouw, Orange City 122 .5 5 . 00 Earl Farringer, Ireton 100 3 . 00 Lynn Folger, Alton 99 3.00 Anglo Quinn, Hull 96 3 . 00 Theo. Hemstra, Orange City 86 3.00 Minnie De Boer, Alton 82 3.00 Willie Vander Kool, Hull 82 1 . 00 Floyd Helder, Inwood 78.5 1.00 Bert Vander Schaaf, Hull 77.5 1.00 Clarence Hawkins, Hull 77 1 . 00 Samuel Kimmel, Sheldon 74 1 . 00 Earl Farringer of Eagle township, ten best cars, received the suit case as a special prize. Misses Minnie and Rosena De Boer of Alton each received $3.40 spe- cial premiums. The Board of Trustees of the Iowa State College at their last meeting voted to give a free short course scholarship to each regularly organized Farmers' Institute in the State. The college has furnished stock and grain judges for over half the county fairs of the State. This demand, which is greater than can be met, has grown without solicitation and as a result of recognition of the practical value of the college work along these lines. The young men who do this work are not infallible in their judgment, nor are older men; but the system has grown on its merits, and the same fairs are sending for judges year after year. The Experiment Station bulletins reach practically 100,000 readers. The Experiment Station staff is constantly employed in investigating every disease, pest or problem threatening to in any way menace the 100 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. success of Iowa agriculture. In response to special inquiries, the college and station officers write over 60,000 personal letters annually pertaining to agricultural conditions and problems. The college entertains not less than 2.5,000 visitors annually, who come on excursions or otherwise, because of interest in the work of the insti- tution. The follege students and products have come in competition and won notable victories. The college is training young men to higher ideals and higher achievements in successful farming and good citizen- ship. Notwithstanding all that is being done, however, the field is only par- tially covered. There is a demand for much more. A recent investigation reveals the rather startling fact that correspondence schools located in other States have over 30,000 pupils enrolled in Iowa. There is a demand for correspondence instruction conducted by Iowa institutions. There is a demand for a sympathetic, well organized farmers' reading course. The great mass of the farm boys and girls of Iowa are barred from entering college by the deficiencies of the rural school. The city high school does not satisfactorily connect the rural school with the college. There is a constantly growing demand for a better system. The agri- cultural high school may partially meet this requirement, though its chief function will doubtless be to give agricultural instruction of practical character, on a less extensive scale than the colleges. Agricultural high schools have been organized in eight or ten States, and they are growing in favor. The Georgia legislature has just passed an act providing for an agricultural high school in each congressional district of the State. The rural and city school-teachers of the State, to do their work most eflBciently, should have help from the college in introducing agriculture in their classes. A summer school should be held for this purpose. To meet the demands of the farmers' institutes, short courses, fairs, county farms and other organizations looking to the college for help, the agricultural extension force should be fully twice its present size. The rural schools are in need of bulletins and literature that will interest the boys and girls in nature study and in plants and animals and the things about them on the farm. A modern college of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts must do more than give instruction to resident students. It must identify itself with all phases of educational work pertaining to the industries it represents. To be in position to render the greatest service to the industrial interests of the State it must be identified with the activities of the people from the rural schools up through the colleges and to the practical affairs of their daily work. It is this larger service in its broadest sense that the people of Iowa expect of their State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and this is the service which the institution is endeavoring to render. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 101 The President: This paper is open foi^ discussion. A Member: How are you going to award those scholarships? Prof. Curtiss : No plan has been devised by the college author- ities. The action is something like this: The scholarships are of- fered to each farmers ' institute upon such conditions as the officers may deem best, with the suggestion, however, that they be of- fered for some form of competition, such as stock or grain judg- ing. Quite a number of county institutes have suggested plans of this kind; others didn't know whether it would be practical or advisable. So that the college authorities in awarding these schol- arships do not fix any conditions under which they would be granted, but leave it to the officers of the institute as far as prac- ticable, to be placed upon some form of competition. The Vice-President : Owing to the fact that Mr. Stickney will deliver his address this evening, our program for this afternoon is cut somewhat short. JMr. Collingwood, who spoke to us this morn- ing, has kindly consented to give us another talk this afternoon. We will be glad to hear from him now. Mr. Collingw^ood : I would like to speak for a few moments about this matter of educating our farm boys. I think that our system of education in the East, as I understand it, is at least partly w^rong. When we tried to get an appropriation to build our Agricultural College in New York, a strange thing happened, and that was, that the hardest opposition we had came from the classi- cal colleges. Wlienever we had a hearing at the state house, be- fore the Governor or the Ways and Means Committee, there were from seven to eight college presidents ranged up against us in every move we made for a uniform agricultural education. These men said, that the old classical ideas of teaching the boy the dead languages and the higher mathematics, was the only thing that would make a man out of them. Now, just think of it. Chan- cellor Day of the Syracuse University, who was the hardest fighter, made this point: When a farmer takes his scythe to a grindstone and sharpens it, he sharpens the blade, and then does not take a piece of the grindstone with him, and the same thing was true when he sharpened his mind on Greek and mathematics. I told him any farmer I ever saw sharpen his scythe on the grindstone, always put a whetstone in his pocket when he went out in the field, and that was, that the hardest opposition we had came from the clas- an agricultural education ; that the latter gives the farmer his grindstone and his whetstone. 102 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. We now have the appropriation, and we are doing the best we can to work it out. The spirit of the old universities — Yale, Harv- ard, Princeton, Amherst, in my judgment, is dead. I will tell you why I think so. A large number of students are simply there spending the money which their fathers and grandfathers, and their ancestors earned. Out here, it seems to me, that just exactly the reverse is true. We have a class of producers, the farmers' boys, who are producing something; and the producer is always a more hopeful, energetic citizen than the mere spender. Let me just say a word to some of the old men who have boys. It may be that you in your youth did not have the opportunity to go to col- lege to get an education, which you may now see would have been of great benefit and help to you^ and some of you no doubt would say, that if you had your life to live over again, you would do the best you could, you would deny yourselves many things and fight for an education. Now, gentlemen, if you have boys at home grow- ing up, who at some time in the future will take your place, try and give them a useful and practical education; try and do it; try and put them somewhere where you are sure of them, and where their character is kept clean, pure and true. I believe you have a school right up here at Ames, where I would like to send my boys. The only trouble is, if I send them out here, in this rich country, when they came back to the stony hills, I couldn't keep them there. But there is that one thing, — sentiment. If it hadn't been for that sentiment, ' ' There is no place like home, " if it hadn 't been for that, the people would have pulled up stakes and come here. That love of home, which holds a man away up in Canada among the snows, and away down in the south — no place like home. The trouble with the Yankee was, he wanted to hang on to that dollar too tight. He couldn't realize that half a dollar invested in a boy was a good proposition. Booker T. Washington told me a story of a boy who was caught stealing chickens — to save his life, the boy couldn't help stealing. Finally his master said to him: "If you steal another chicken I am going to take you up in front of the big house, tie you to a tree, and I am going to ring the bell and get all to see you, and the overseer is going to lash you, if you steal another chicken." He went along for three weeks. One Sunday night he heard a rooster crow; the temptation was too strong, and he went in and got the bird. He took it home, and dressed it and was in the act of eating it when the master came in upon him, and there was John eating it. The master started to carry out his threats, so he rang the bell, they built a great SEVENTH ANNIJAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 103 fire, tied him to the post, but the master's heart failed him. So he went up to him and said: "John, tell me now, why did you steal that chicken?" He said: "Massy, I will tell you; you owns this nigger and you owns this here chicken; we both your property; when I steal that chicken, you ain't losing nothing; you may lost the chicken, but you got Mr. Nigger." (Laughter.) The trouble with the Yankees was, they wanted to hav^e a few more dollars before they had more man. If it is possible for you to plan it. send your boys up to Ames and try to keep them there, and they will come back a credit to you. One trouble with this scientific education is, they are trying to make it too scientific. The chemist and botanist puts too much de- pendence or importance on the science of it ; looking through a microscope he thinks is more important than working it out by hand. I can make my point clear by another story. There was a time in Maine when they passed an inspection law, prohibiting the sale of game. They passed a law making it a crime to take quail out of the State, and they had under it a system of inspec- tion, and they put a scientific man in charge of that work. That man was a pure scientist; he had studied the habit of the quail, how they flew, when they were ready to shoot, all about them, found out what kind of worms they consumed; he had that matter down to a very fine point. He went around hunting up his inspectors, and at one place he found an old man, a farmer, and the scientist and this farmer got into a discussion. He told the farmer he hated to have such a man at this place and he was going back to have him removed. That made the farmer mad. He said to the pro- fessor, * ' Looky' here ; I have got a dog that knows more about this business than you do." Now, this dog was one of the most ornery looking curs you ever saw. The old farmer says, "I will prove it to you; there are a lot of people coming, one has a violin case, five men with trunks, five men with sachels, and there is a boy with a grip-sack; you find out whether there is quails there." The scientific man says, "How can I tell?" "Well," said the old farmer, ' ' we will try the dog. ' ' He says, ' ' Shep, sick 'em ! ' ' He ran over and put his nose to the trunks and valises, and when he got to that woman with the violin case, he stuck. The violin ease was opened and there were thirteen quail in that violin case. He says: "Pro- fessor, you may have the science, but you ain't got the smell." (Laughter.) Now, I suppose you have the point I am trv'ing to make. That man could analyze paris green, fertilizers and milk, but he could not analyze smell. That instinct, that power the dog 104 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. had is a practical illustration of the practical man instinct. The two have got to work together ; one cannot say he has no use for the other; they must work together in order to do this thing right. They tell me, up in New Hampshire there was once a boy who wanted to go to the agricultural college. The father said no. The boy says, why not ? Why, the father says, they teach book learnin ' up there, and that is no good. The boy wanted to go and after studying the matter over, he said to his father: "Father, you are a good farmer, ain't you?" "Oh, yes, I am a good farmer." "Uncle John down below here is a good farmer?" "Yes, one of the best in town." "Uncle Bill here in town is a good farmer?" "Yes, one of the best." "Aunt Mary's husband, how is he?" "One of the best in his town." "Now," said the boy, "suppose you and Uncle Bill, John and Aunt Mary's husband all got together and sat dow^n and had it printed in a book, would that be book learnin'?" He had the old man; he demonstrated to the old man that knowledge lost nothing by being put into print. The old man examined the college and the boy went. When a thing goes into a printed page it is not spoiled for usefulness. Since my talk this morning, several questions have been asked me. In the first place, a man asked me, if it is true, that in the East it is likely they will raise more beef cattle in the future. In answer to that, I will say, yes ; my estimate will be that in ten years from now, there will be two or three times the number of beef cat- tle there. The labor ciuestion in the East is a hard one. Some of you men may think you have a hard time with hired help. I do not think you are having the trouble we are. In the great cities of the East, I could show you thousands of men, big, stout, broad-shouldered men, capable of doing a good day's work, sitting do^ai in the park, or lying down on the grass, or loafing in front of a store, doing nothing. If you go to. one of these men and ask them whether they_ want a job, they will look at you and may ask you what kind of a job it is. You tell them farming, and the response will be, "What do you take me for; for a dead one?" How do these men live? Through the aid of the charity organizations, they get their break- fast and supper. Now, these men will never leave the city until driven out. Now, whenever we get hold of a good man, who turns out to be a first class manager, some wealthy man takes him away from us, offers him twice what we can afford to pay. Now we are obliged to care for our stock ourselves. I have a great respect SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 105 the hog, myself; my hogs pay me well. I can turn a hog into an orchard, and they pay me more for my seconds and thirds than the commission men. ]\Iy judgment is, that within ten years, all over New England and through the east they are going to produce a large amount of beef. I don't believe it is going to compete seri- ously with you people, because the demand at the same time is increasing. I went into a butcher shop at Omaha and I found I could buy a first class steak (sirloin) for 121/2 cents. What do you suppose I pay for that kind of beef at home ? Twen- ty-six cents a pound. That is what I pay there for the same quality of beef. Just one thing more. I never get a chance to talk to such peo- ple as you without closing with some reference to the better side of farming. It is all right, friends, to pile one dollar up on top of the other. What in the world are our old farms good for, if not for the saving and rearing of good men and women. You men are here, you left your women folks behind. I am here; back in New Jersey is my little home ; I would fight for it ; better than that, I live for it. IMen go away from home, they put on their black clothes, they throw out their chests and say, I did this. But go back to the kitchen stove, inside of the house ; there is the daughter, the women folks, where you will find the foundation of unity. A man is a show piece: in nine cases out of ten he is like the hands that go around the clock ; the patient, willing, uncomplaining silent workers at home are doing the work. Just after I bought my farm, in May, the most beautiful season of the year, I took my children walking over the hill, and we got into the woods, and there was a little glade, and in the center there were two lilacs growing. You never see a lilac growing wild up in these abandoned farms. The house was destroyed, yet the lilacs were there. I didn't know where it came from, the chil- dren knew nothing about it, and in their great happiness they never thought of it. I knew there was a home there once. I went back and asked my old neighbor. He told me that sixty years before that time a man went into the forest with his wife and chil- dren to cut out a home. All that he had in the world was his honor and love for his family. He took the ax and built the house, cleared the forest, planted his garden and orchard, and he worked as man will work ; only will work to make a home. And the wife did her share ; that woman was patient in time of trouble ; she held her peace, though her heart was breaking. She raised her children in the fear of God, and she planted the lilacs in front of the door. 106 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Well, my friends, the story goes, the man died ; the woman followed him ; the children were scattered ; a tramp set the house on fire and it burned down to the ground ; what was once a home was only the dwelling place of wild beasts. I want to know why it is that the only spot which was left to show there was a home there, were the lilacs ; I want to ask you why the man 's work was blotted out — we know not what he did with the labor of his hands — and the only thing that is left is the work of the weak, hopeful woman who planted the lilacs at the front door. I will tell you why they are left. It is because they stood for the spiritual side of the home ; they stand as those things always do, for the hunger and thirst of the human heart, the hunger and thirst of the human soul, which will not be satisfied, and I say, thank God, can not be satisfied with the mere labor of the hands, but goes on striving, it may be hopelessly, for these things, eternal in Heaven. Think of that my friend and brother, that the silent work of women folks in the home will live, and live through all history, after your proud work of the soil may be done. Gentlemen, again I thank you. The President: We will now stand adjourned until 8 o'clock this evening, at which hour a joint meeting with the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association will be held at the Y. M. C. A. Hall, where Hon. A. B. Stickney will deliver an address on the subject of "Railway Freight Rates." JOINT SESSION OF STATE FARMERS' INSTITUTE AND Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association Y. M. C. A. AUDITORIUM 8 O'CLOCK, Tuesday Evening, Dj^cember 11, 1906 The joint meeting was called to order by President Morrow of the State Board of Agriculture, who introduced Vice-President Maher of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association as chairman of the evening. In introducing Hon. A. B. Stickney, president of the Chicago Great Western Railway, as the speaker of the evening, Mr. ]\laher said: "I am now introducing to you President Stickney of the Great Western Railway. He has been the farmer's friend as long as I can remember, so far as a railroad president can be the farmer's friend. Mr. Stickney 's road is never represented at the legislature here by lobbyists. He was our friend when we made the fight to get back the return pass. He is a man of wide experience, and I am sure that we will all be benefited by what he has to say to us this evening." RAILWAY FREIGHT RATES. A. B. STICKXEY, PRESIDENT CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN EATLWAY COMPANY. The subject which I am to discuss this evening is the importance of a simplified schedule of rates under the interstate commerce law. (107) 108 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP^ AGRICULTURE. The fundamental fact of railroad rates, which cannot be too often repeated, is that a railway is a public highway, performing service under the license and control of the state. By "state" I do not use it in the limited sense, as the State of Iowa, but by "state" I mean by the sover- eign power — that indefinable something that is the ultimate sovereign of all civil governments. A public highway is a thing on which one man has as good a right as another man. The man who owns a building that costs a million dollars, fronting on a street of Des Moines, has no more rights on the streets of Des Moines than the man who owns nothing. So, one man has the same rights, and should be treated exactly the same as another man on the great steel highways on which the commerce of this country is carried and must be carried. This has always been the theory of railways. You know that the history of rail- ways only 'extends over a little more than half a century. When I was a boy there was hardly a railway in the United States; and I may mention as a matter of curiosity here,, that the first steam railways that were built in the United States were built for the purpose of carrying passen- gers, just the same as our electric lines are built today. There was no more idea or conception of moving freight across tlie continent by rail- ways than there is of moving freight across the continent by electric lines today. You read the early prospectuses of the railroads of Massa- chusetts, and they all build up on the question of passenger business — how many passengers they carried, and how much they could get for carrying them; and it was eight or ten years, if I recollect right, after the Balti- more & Ohio road was started before they ever carried as much as 5,000 pounds of freight in a single year. The railroads were then new. When they began to build in this country we were all in favor of railroads. We would go to the legislature and we would vote them anything they asked. "Only build us a railroad. We don't care what you ask. That's all we want." Most of the early charters in this western country — in these so-called granger states — give in terms to the directors of the corporation the absolute power to make such rates as they saw fit. The people — the people in all new countries — are improvident. They want something, and they want it awfully bad, and they don't stop to criticise very carefully what kind of a contract they make. Now, these railroads came into existence under these conditions. The philosophy of it, which has since been reasoned out and argued out and decided by the courts, wasn't thought of, wasn't understood. Everybody thought that the railroad was like any other owner of property — that they owned the railroads. It was their property; they could carry freight for one man at one price and for another man at another price. This wasn't doubted for a great many years, and so it grew up — the railroads came into existence and grew up without any legislative power for the control of rates. As long as there was no objection — as long as there were no competitive lines — there was no discrimination, as a rule, between individuals. If there was any discrimination, it was a discrimination in favor of some relative or some friend, which, of course, is a most unjustifiable discrimination; but I am simply repeating history. But as soon as there came two railroads com- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 109 peting for the same business, then this discrimination began to grow. The larger shipper— the man that could control the largest amount of freight— he was given better terms. It was a case of bargain and sale now. The railroad says, "If you will ship all your stuff over our line, we will give you such and such a rate." It was a question of bargain. And then, in a little while that man's business began to grow and grow and grow, and his neighbors in the same business began to fail and fail and fail, and in a little while this man that had received the discrim- ination in the first place got to be bigger than the railroad, and he would tell them what freight he would give them, and they had to accept it. That is the way this discrimination grew up. Now, gentlemen, the interstate commerce law was a law passed for the purpose of preventing all kinds of discrimination as between individ- uals, as between places, as between commodities. The method that the commerce law has adopted to prevent this discrimination is found in the sixth section of the law, which provides that railways must make a schedule of rates between all places on its own line, and the new law says on its own line and on other lines. In other words, the law requires that a schedule of rates shall be made between every railroad station in the United States; that when these rates were made— when these sched- ules were made— they should be filed in every railway station for the inspection of the public, and the new law requires that they shall be kept filed in railway stations for the inspection of the public in such way that they can be reasonably and easily inspected. Now, that is a big contract, a*s I will show you later. After these schedules have been made, the law' says that the railway shall receive neither more nor less than those rates from any shipper, under a penalty of twenty thousand dollars for each offense against the law. The law says that if any officer of a railroad company, or any agent of a railroad company shall by any device whatever accept or receive a greater or less compensation, that oflicer shall be subject— that agent— it may be an agent that receives only three or four hundred dollars a month— shall be subject to a penalty of twenty thousand dollars, of not less than one thousand nor more than twenty thousand dollars for each offense, and in addition to be imprisoned in the penitentiary for a period of not less than one year nor more than five years. Nov,', those are the enormous penalties that are imposed upon the railroad corporation and the railroad officers and agents. This same law says that if you, gentlemen, as shippers, shall solicit, accept or receive any rebate, or by any device get your freight passed over the railroad at less than these schedule rates, you, individually, shall be subject to a fine of not less than one thousand dollars nor more than twenty thousand dollars for each offense, in addition to which you shall be subject to imprisonment in the penitentiary for a period of not less than one year nor more than five years, and in addition you shall be liable to forfeit to the United States three times the amount of the discrimination, or the value of the discrimination which you shall receive. Now, gentlemen, these are the conditions that the railway companies and the railway officers and shippers are up against under this law; and you will notice the shippers will get the worst of it. no IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Now, I say, gentlemen, that under the enormous penalties that are imposed by this law (and they are being enforced, as you will see every day in the newspapers — that is, the penalties of the old law, which did not include imprisonment), I say it is unfair to the shippers of this coun- try to hold their fortunes and their liberties subject to the accepting and receiving of rates on freight which are published in such a way that you nor any other living man on earth can tell by an investigation of six or seven weeks what the real legal rate is. Now, gentlemen, it has been a doctrine that I have been preaching ever since the interstate commerce law was passed that it was the duty of the railways to devise some means by which they could publish their schedules in such way that a person of ordinary understanding by inspection of the schedules could determine for himself the legal rates in all cases. My first attempt at this was shortly after the law was passed in 1887, when old Judge Cooley, who was a very able jurist, was chairman of the Commission, and when the Commission was composed of probably abler men than have ever sat on the Commission since, unless we except the present Commission, who are largely new men and I do not linow what their capacity may be. I induced the railroad commissioners of Minne- sota to file a petition with the Interstate Commerce Commisisoners to compel the railroads to publish their tariffs in proper form. The Com- mission, pursuing their usual practice, subpoenaed the twenty railroads that center in Chicago, to bring with them their tariffs, and to prove or show whether they were published according to law. I well remember that meeting. It was in a room about the size of this, and there were two tables down on each side, and the commissioners were ranged on the platform like this. Judge Cooley looked over and on this table; in front of each traffic man was a pile of tariffs. Judge Cooley looked over and he saw the traffic manager of the Chicago & Northwestern road — his head just appeared above an enormous pile of tariffs in front of him. Said he, "Mr. Wicker, you may be sworn." Mr. Wicker stood up and was sworn. "Have you got your tariffs with you?" "Yes, sir." "Where are they?" "Here they are." (A pile of tariffs as big as that table down there.) Says he: "How many tariffs are there in that pile, Mr. Wicker?" He says: "Oh, I don't know; there's somewhere from three to five thousand, I suppose." "Are they published in such a way that a man of ordinary under- standing can determine the rates for himself?" "No, sir." "Are they published in such a way that you, Mr. Wicker, by inspecting those tariffs can tell the legal rate?" "No, sir," he says; "but I would modify that. Yes, I could tell if I spent the time to go through them and sift them out and examine them — I could probably tell," he says, "but it would take me three or four weeks to determine with certainty as to the actual legal rate on any com- modity." SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. Ill "How do you determine what the rates are?" "Well," says he, "I have a clerk that has these tariffs in charge. He has them sorted out and filed, and," says he, "when I want to know a rate, why, I ask the clerk, and he tells me, and I suppose that is the legal rate, and so it goes." He says, "I don't mean to say by that I don't know the most common rates — the rates on wheat, on grain to Chicago, and the rates on live stock — those common commodities that are ship- ping all the time. Of course, I know where to find those." But with the great multitude of commodities that are shipped on railroads he didn't know what to do. Well, Judge Cooley looked at the other commissioners, and he looked at the commissioners on this side of him, and he motioned to one of them, and they got their heads together, and the judge turned around, and, says he: "Gentlemen, the Commission has got an appointment tomorrow, and I see this is going to be rather a long job," and, says he, "we will adjourn until some day to be fixed hereafter. We will notify you." He never fixed the date thereafter. Well, the second public attempt — you might say public attempt — which I made was just before the taking effect of this present law. I attended a meeting of traffic officials and railroad officials in Chicago, to advise together and see if we could come to an understanding of what the law meant. Of course, all laws have to be construed. No law is so absolutely plain that there are no diificulties about it; and the meeting was called to order, and three or four traffic officials cracked some conundrums about whether a rate that was made in Shanghai ought to be published In Shanghai or San Francisco, or somewhere else, and it didn't seem to me to be getting along very fast, and I said: "It seems to me, gentle- men, the more important question is to know whether we can publish our rates in such a way that a person of ordinary understanding can tell by an inspection of the schedules what they are." Well, they didn't do a thing to me but practically kick me out of the room. They immediately got up — somebody got up and moved that the meeting adjourn and a committee be appointed to consider all these things. Then I went to Washington to the Interstate Commerce Commission, and I appealed to them. I says: "Now, here; this law says that you shall make a schedule; you shall print it; you shall publish it. If you want to change it, you shall either reprint it with the changes in it, or you shall get at the schedules that are already printed and make it appear on that. Now," says I, "instead of doing that, whenever they want to change, they file another tariff which they call an amendment, and change one or two rates here and one or two rates there, and in a few days 'more they will file another amendment and another amendment and another amendment, so that in the course of time if you got hold of any schedule and you wanted to know what the rate was, you get at the original schedule, you will find one rate, and then if you hunted through 7,000 or 8,000 tariffs you would find that there had been amendment No. 1; you might find No. 2; you might find No. 3; you might find No. 4; and I have known as many as one hundred amendments to a single tariff. 112 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Now," I said, "Gentlemen, you have no right as commissioners to file these amendments or allow them to be filed. They are purely illegal docu- ments, and you have no right to file or receive an illegal document." Well, they says, "what can we do? Nobody knows how to make such a tariff, such as you desire, and we don't know how to make it." "Well," says I, "just refuse to receive these amendments." "Well, but it will stop the business of the company." "Well," says I, "great goodness! You have just got filed in your archives here over three million tariffs (that is true — just think of it — over three million tariffs) ; don't you suppose the business of this country could run for a few months if there wasn't any more tariffs made?" "And," says I, "if you will refuse to receive any more tariffs, why, the railroads will have to get to work in some way and get this thing in shape." Well, the Commission didn't feel quite equal to that. I want to tell you that every man on that Commission is not a Theodore Roosevelt by any means. I think if Mr. Roosevelt was on that Commission he would have accepted my proposition, and said we will refuse to receive any more. Well, now, it is pretty hard work to talk about these subjects without casting a great deal of blame on to the railroad companies. They are by no means blameless, but they are by no means the miscreants that they are sometimes represented to be. They are creatures of circumstances. Now, it don't matter what my opinions are, I believe that a tariff could be made that could be understood, over the Chicago Great Western road; that is, their local tariffs. Of course, I could not make joint tariffs with other roads without their consent, but if I put in a tariff of that kind on the Great Western road, and left the others to flop around as they pleased, why, they would skin me to death. I wouldn't have any rail- road; I wouldn't have any business in a little while. So, one man can't do this alone. All of the railroads have got to do it, or else the railroads that stay out will have such an advantage over the others that it would be unfair. Well, now, when you undertake to get the unanimous consent of three or four hundred railroads you can easily see what a tremendous job it would be. Say there are 500. Say that 480 of them wanted to 'do what was right; wanted to obey this law; wanted to do just what was right, and that twenty others would not — why, the 480 could not, without sus- taining tremendous loss. So, gentlemen, I despair of ever getting sim- plified or understandable tariffs, as a whole, unless the power of the law is invoked — unless the right arm of the government will compel the few that want to get an advantage over any other to give in and obey the law. Now, I don't want to leave the impression on your minds that the Interstate Commerce Commission is indifferent to this. They were not prepared to take the stand that I suggested, but they have taken the matter up in earnest and they are going to bring It out before they get through — they are going to the extent of their legal authority, in bring- ing this out, and if they lack some little authority I think they will be able to get it from the legislature.. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 113 But now, gentlemen, it isn't a simple thing to do. It isn't an easy thing to do to publish a schedule of that kind. Now, I will give you a few figures. There are 25,000 railroad stations in the United States — a little more, but we will call it 25,000. Now, to make one rate — say the first-class rate — between these 25,000 stations would require 312,500,000 rates. Just think of that— 312,500,000 rates! Now, there are 8,000 articles, in round numbers, that are shipped by railroads. Now, if they were going to make a rate for each one of those 8,000 articles it would require 2,000,500,000,000 of rates, which if printed in ordinary style would make 6G6,666 volumes the size of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, which would fill to the roof more than 100 of the largest sized box cars. To post two sets in each station house, in the manner required by the law, would require a library building attached to each station larger than the Congressional Library building at Washington. Now then, to accomplish this enormous problem we have got to resort to method and system. Well, of course, we don't publish a rate for every article that is shipped. We have a classification by which we group these articles that are shipped, and those articles that we think ought to bear first-class we mark first-class, and so on. The roads in the West some fifty years ago grouped all these articles Into ten classes, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and letters A, B, C, D and E. Well now, that tremendously simplified it. It reduced the number of volumes, if I think right, and I figured it out somewhere, to about 800. Well, that classification did very well in the moderate commerce and the com- paratively few articles that were shipped by rail fifty years ago when that was made, but in more modern commerce, the extension of trade and different articles coming in, they had to have a finer classification than that, so, instead of changing the classification, we got to issuing commodity tariffs. That is, we would issue separate tariffs for brick, and a separate tariff for hay, and a separate tariff for commodities, until we have got up to 800 of these, and that gets us back to a library of 64,800 books the size of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Well, that would not be any use, you know. No man could look through 64,800 volumes to find his rate. We have to get more system than that. Well now, I have been studying this thing. We had a meeting down at Washington before the Interstate Commerce Commission, and a lot of fifty-thousand-dollar salary fellows there that represented big rail- roads. They said, "We would like to do this if we could;" and I, like an idiot or enthusiast, as I am, I said, "I believe it can be done; I believe it is possible to systematize these things and adopt methods by which we can publish practically all of the rates — all of the joint rates between different railroads, which carries very much the largest volume of business — I think we can get that into a book — one book, the size of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary." Well, everybody said it was impos- sible. It was a sort of a random shot. I hadn't made much calculation about it, but said I thought I could. Well, the Commission says: "If you think you can do it, we wish you would do it, and show us how it can be done." So I have been at work on that problem for several months, and 114 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUKE. I am going down next week to report to the Interstate Commerce Com- mission the way I think it can be done. In studying this problem I picked up a tariff of rates called the Trans- Continental Tariff — that is, the rates on the classified articles from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific seaboard, not including any intermediate rates — and it was a book as thick as those two (indicating), and larger, and there were 800 different commodities, each one having rates opposite it. Well, I sat one day looking at that. That was a sort of a "stumper," you know. Eight hundred different commodities filled 250 quarto pages of figures, and I commenced to look at the rates, and I found they were continually repeating themselves, and I called in my clerk, and I says: "Here; here's a dollar rate, here's a 65-cent rate, here's a so-much rate. Find out how many there are in this — find out how many different rates there are, really different rates." And to my astonishment, in that full schedule of 800 and odd rates there were only thirty different rates. The others were all repetitions. All you had to do was to group these com- modities with reference to the rates that they bore, and that is the classification, and instead of having to publish 230 pages of figures, why, you could publish all the rates on the size of one page. Thirty rates. Thirty different rates. That is all there were. Well now, I haven't got time, and I don't suppose it would interest you — it would be rather abstruse to go through the whole thing of this— but that set me to thinking, and I said to myself, "I wonder what the highest rate on the highest class is," and I went to hunting. I thought I knew about where the highest line of rates were, and I found that the highest rate was about four dollars. Well, I said, the lowest rate on first class is about 12 cents. Now, the difference between 400 cents and 12 cents Is 388 cents, and if we don't make the rates more than one cent apart, why there can be only 480 rates — actual rates — in the whole United States on first-class goods. Well, to make that rate between all stations, unless you can classify and arrange the stations somewhat or some way, you have got to make — how many millions was it? — two or three hundred million rates. But if you can reduce the actual rates to 480, why, you have got a large step. Well, then I said, "Here's this tariff with 800 commodities; there are only thirty classifications. Well now, you keep these a cent apart at a given point, and add them on to the ten classes we have now, it will make forty classes. Well then, the problem is, there would be 480 rates and forty classes; that would be forty times 480. That would be the number of rates. Now then, I says, here is first-class $4.00; second is something less; third, fourth and fifth, and so on. If that ratio— the ratio or relation between the classes and the rates — is maintained at all stations and every- Tvhere— that is right; that is the law— if the rate on first-class is twice the rate on second class at Marshalltown, it ought to be twice the rate on second-class at Des Moines, and at all other stations. Now, if we can maintain these ratios — that relation of rates — why, we can print a universal schedule of rates — a table of rates like an inter- est table. Why, I can print this on ten pages, and if I number each one of these rates, considering them as one rate — I don't know as I make SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 115 myself plain — put down here first-class, so much, sc-cond, third, fourth- class, right along in a string; those are the rates on those different classes; then put a number in front here, and you quote that rate by number, and all you have to do is to see in your classification what class it belongs to, and there you have your rate. Well, it just seemed to me that you could publish a universal rate sheet. There are all the rates there. But, if the rate on second-class is going to be made 50 per cent of the first-class at Marshalltown, and 60 per cent at Waterloo, and 45 per cent at Des Moines, why, there would be so many combina- tions that j^ou have broken up the system, and you have to get back to your 666,000 volumes to publish it in; but these two methods of classl- fiction, which are as old as railroads, have to be enlarged and made uniform, and then the adopting of a relation between the classes at a fixed relation between the classes, why, you have it down to a point where you can publish a tariff between all towns with only 300 and odd million rates; but the places could be consolidated and system- atized in the same way, so that -I am satisfied, without going further into it — I am satisfied I shall be able to demonstrate to the Commission, and to every fair-minded man, that the joint rates can be made upon that principle between all the railroads in the United States in a book about the size of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. If it is arranged with the names alphabetically, why, any man of ordinary understanding can tell what the rate is. It goes without saying, gentlemen, that this method or system will be unpopular with the old-fashioned freight agent who has been in the habit of making one rate for one man and another rate for another man. He will see that it will make it impossible to encourage "infant industries." They are all great believers in the republican principle of encouraging infant industries — suckling them at their breast, you know — such infant industries as the Standard Oil Company and United States Steel Company and the International Harvester Company. Why, I honestly believe that nine-tenths of the freight agents of the country, who work for $300 or $400 a month, believe if they could not give these infant industries nurture from time to time that they would be wiped off of the face of the earth. I mean the infant industries would. If the rates were systematized the way I speak of, the only practicable way to reduce rates would be to change the classification. Now, what would that do? If they wanted to reduce a rate at the Mis- souri river, and they did it by changing the classification, it would reduce that rate at Des Moines, and at every other town just the same. Now, is that right, or is it wrong? Is it right that when the railroad company reduces the rate at one place it shall reduce the rate at all places to the same extent and in the same proportion? Now, that, I think, would be true competition. I don't think that giving one man a reduced rate and advantage over another man is true competition. That is discrimination. Well, gentlemen, I am afraid this is rather an abstruse question, and I don't care to speak longer on the subject. As I say, I am satisfied that the members of the present Interstate Commerce Commission are con- vinced that the rates — the schedules — should be made in this simplified 116 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. form. It would add stability to the rates, so that a man could calculate his business a few months in advance and not have to figure whether a rate would be there then or not. It would do a great deal to relieve the car stringency that occurs every fall, because men could get out their stuff in advance. There are people that will freeze to death this winter because the railroads cannot get them coal; and why can't the railroads get them coal? Because they don't order their coal until the tempera- ture is 40 degrees below zero, and it takes longer for the coal to get there than it does for them to freeze to death. That is all there is about it. Now, why don't they order their coal earlier? Because for years the rate on coal from the Lakes through this country and to the Missouri river during the summer have been so high that no merchant, no coal dealer, would ship. Because why? He knew that when the time came and the stress came, the railroads would reduce the rates, and if he shipped in at a high price, why, he would be left. Now, then, if we can get this system adopted, we will have the same rates in the spring that we have in the fall, and the same in the fall that we have in the winter, and get it in shape so that when the coal merchants know that, why, they will buy in the spring, when it is cheap. Take the anthracite coal — it advances 10 cents every month. Well, 10 cents a month on the cost of a ton of coal is 2 per cent a month. Well, there is not any coal merchant here, or at the Missouri river, but would like to earn 2 per cent on his money instead of keeping it in the bank until fall, if he knows that when fall comes the rate won't be cut down out from under him, so that his competitor will really get his stuff cheaper than he does. The Chairman : The joint session will now be dissolved. PART IV PROCEEDINGS OF 1906 State Agriculture Convention AND Conclusion of State Farmers' Institute Meeting Wednesday morning, December 12, 1906. The State Agricultural Convention convened in the rooms of the Department of Agriculture at 9:30 o'clock a.m., with Presi- dent W. W. Morrow in the chair. The meeting was called to order and the President appointed the following committees : Credentials— h. H. Pickard of Shelby county,' M. L. Flinn of Woodbury county, and Frank Sheldon of Ringgold county. Eesolutions — C. W. Hoffman of Decatur county, E. A. Larson of Montgomery county, and S. B. Packard of Marshall county. Vice-President Cameron was called to the chair and the Presi- dent made the folowing address: PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. HON. W. W. ^lORROW, AFTON, lA. The statement has been made at each annual meeting for the past feAv years that the fair just closed was the most successful of any In Its history: and while this was true in the past, it is especially true of the fair of 1906. The report of the weather and crop service will show that Iowa has produced this year a total of 385,000,000 bushels of corn, valued at $128,- 000,000; also 142,000,000 bushels of oats, valued at $38,000,000. The entire (117) 118 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. product of the farms will show that this has been the most prosperous year in the history of the State, and I am pleased to say that the great Iowa State Fair has kept pace with the agricultural interests which it represents. The farmers of Iowa are especially interested in the success of this fair, and believe that it ranks with the other State educational Institutions and should receive liberal financial support for the construc- tion of permanent buildings on the grounds. The Iowa State Fair is yet in its infancy and more land is needed for the growth of same. The land lying between the south entrance and the Rock Island depot should be secured and the legislature asked to make an appropriation to build a hog pavilion suitable to care for the swine exhibit, which is the largest exhibit of its kind in the world and which represents one of the greatest interests to be found in the State. If the above suggestions should be carried out, the space now occupied by the swine pens could be used for the horse exhibit and would avoid any congestion which now exists in that part of the grounds. The twenty- acre tract north of the race track, on which we have an option, should be purchased, and the race track moved farther north. This would give more space for the machinery and other exhibits, which is now, and will be in the future, much needed. This will require the building of a new steel amphitheater of sufficient size to accommodate the people and which for years has been needed, and if built, would not only secure the safety of the people that patronize the same, but would be a source of revenue to the society which we do not have under the present conditions. Many other improvements are needed, a part of which can be provided for by the society, but all permanent buildings, such as a swine pavilion, a steel amphitheater, a manufacturers' building, and other buildings, should be provided for by the General Assembly. Other improvements are under consideration, such as a water supply from the city, a new system of lighting, improvements on the streets, etc., all of which the future Board are amply able to provide for without any recommendations on my part. The total receipts for the year 1906 were $110,229.85; expenses amounted to $72,459.39, and the net profit of the same amounted to $37,- 470.46, detailed statement of which will be found in the Secretary's report. Today my connection with the State Board of Agriculture as an officer will cease. The years that I have been associated with the members of this Board have been the most pleasant years of my life, and for the many acts of kindness which I have received at their hands and for the support which I have received from the delegates to the annual meetings, many of whom are delegates here today, I wish to extend my heartfelt thanks. President IMorrov^^ again took the chair. Following the reports of Secretary and Treasurer (Part 1), Mr. J. E. Sage. Director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, gave a review of the weather and crops for the season of 1906, which report will be found published in Part Two of this volume. The President: "We will now listen to a paper by Mr. E. A. Larson of Montgomery county. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 119 THE UP-TO-DATE COUNTY FAIR, AND HOW IT CAN BE MADE USEFUL TO THE COMMUNITY. E. A. LARSON, SECKETAKY MOXTGOMEKY COUNTY FAIE ASSOCIATION, KED OAK, lA. In order that the county fair may be maintained, and that it may best serve the purpose for which it is held, and the community may be inter- ested sufficiently to insure its success, it should be conducted, not by a society composed of a few enterprising and public-spirited men, but by an agricultural society of which every taxpayer and every citizen would be a stockholder. The county should own the grounds and conduct the fair. The interest of the community in the county fair would then be identical with our common interest in our great State Fair. Laws should be enacted which would give to the board of supervisors of the county power to levy a tax upon all the taxable property in the ccunty, or to appropriate out of the county funds an amount of money with which to purchase grounds, erect the necessary buildings and other- wise support the fair. The affairs and the management of the fair should be in the hands of a board of directors made up of representative men, men of energy, ability and iudgment. The directors should be appointed by the supervisors of the county, and the appointment should be made irrespective of any political affiliations, and their duties should be prescribed by statute. Something must be done to revolutionize the county fair business if the county fair is to be maintained or conducted with such success that its usefulness and its influence will be manifest in the community. The Interest in the success of these annual county fairs in many counties of the State has almost entirely disappeared, and may never be sufficiently aroused unless something is done along the line which has been men- tioned whereby the interest of a few will be the interest of all. There are many reasons why the interest of a community in the county fair has, so to speak, disappeared. Perhaps the fair is not held at the most advantageous time of the year; perhaps the variety of exhibits is not sufficient to all purposes and intents; perhaps the premiums offered are not interesting; perhaps more attention is given towards securing entries for the speed ring than in securing exhibits of agricultural prod- ucts, horses, cattle, hogs or display of farm machinery, etc., and for various other reasons. That the county fair may be of value to its patrons, and that it may accomplish results that will be beneficial to the community, the exhibits 120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in every department must be complete, and In order to encourage exhibit- ors large and attractive premiums should be offered, sufficient to enthuse competition and justly compensate for the preparation. Premiums that are offered to exhibitors by the ordinary agricultural societies are comparatively small, at least too small to encourage many exhibitors. This is undoubtedly one of the many reasons why the interest of the community has slackened in the success of the fair. In localities where the success of the fair is of little concern it is a difficult matter for the management, in preparing the premium list, to offer large and attractive premiums because of their inability to estimate what the income of the society will be and what money there will be on hand with which to pay premiums and other expenses that are necessary. It cannot be expected that a few enterprising and public-spirited men in the community, who have invested their money and devoted their ener- gies towards the upbuilding of an institution like the county fair purely for the benefit of the public, and who under the most favorable conditions are unable to realize any profit upon their investment, should be com- pelled, year after year, to offer larger premiums than they are, or that the income of the society will permit, in order that the fair may be main- tained. If the fair was one of the permanent institutions maintained by the county, through a tax or appropriation, if such was necessary, better and more attractive premiums could be offered, which no doubt would stimu- late the interest and energy of the people to such an extent that exhib- itors would be more numerous, more exhibits would be displayed, and flnall the interests, energy and enterprise would be concentrated to such an extent that there would be but one object in view, and that to broaden its scope of usefulness. And with but one effort in view there would also be a tendency to eliminate much of exclusiveness and self- ishness, and with this out of the way the fair could be raised to a high level as an institution of learning and its usefulness would be well observed. By the county fair the progress of the community is measured. It records the advancement. It stimulates the energy, enterprise and intel- lect of the people; it goes into the home; it broadens and brightens the daily life of the people; it opens iiiore storehouses of information. Every county fair, great or small, has helped to some onward step. Comparison of ideas is beneficial and educational and as such instructs the brain and hand of man. Friendly rivalry follows, which is the spur to industrial improvement, the inspiration to high endeavor in all departments of activity. It exacts a study of the wants and comforts of the people, and recognizes the efficacy of high quality to win their favor. The county fair has done its work thoroughly in presenting in its exhibits evidence of the highest endeavor and illustration of the progress of the community. In our day there has been much change, much progress. Agricultural societies and similar organizations, such as the Farmers' Institute, etc., and all agencies which promote intelligent co-operation and give opportunity for social and intellectual intercourse, have played a large part in raising the level of life and work among the people. For the farmer and stock SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 121 grower the national and state governments through the departments of agriculture have accomplished striking results, by scientific study of all the matters connected with farm life, by experimental stations, by the use of trained agents, by the application of everything which in theory has been demonstrated to be efficient. In these ways, and many others, great good has been accomplished in raising the standard of productiveness in farm work throughout the country. We live in an era when the best results can only be achieved if to individual self-respect we add the mutual self-help which comes by com- bination, both of the citizen in individual capacity and the citizen working through the State. If the county fair could be conducted as a public institution, instead of as a semi-public affair, as it now is, and with it would be consolidated under the same management the farmers' institute, the short course in grain and stock judging, the agricultural experiment work and the Chau- tauqua, the count}^ would have an institution by and through which it could and would receive the benefits and results of these kindred institu- tions as well as the benefits and the results of the work of the national and State departments of agriculture. The agricultural experiment work that is now done by the county, with the assistance of the trained agents of the State Agricultural College, could be done en the fair grounds, and the results of experimental work could be part of the agricultural exhibits at the fair. The corn school short course, which has proven so beneficial to those who are constantly in search for information which tends to raise the standard of productiveness of farm work, should be conducted under the auspices of the county, and should be one of the branches of the county fair. Let us unite our efforts and secure a public institution of this kind in every county in the State. See discussion on this subject, page 127. The President : Onr Governor, Honorable A. B. Cummins, will now address us. ADDRESS. GOV. A. B. CUMMINS. Mr. President, Gentlemen of the State Farmers' Institute, and Conven- tion: In some way I had received the impression that my performance was to occur this afternoon, and I had rather expected to spend the noon hour in pulling myself together and in determining just what should be the subject of the discussion which I intended to put forth. However, although I come entirely unprepared so far as phraseology is concerned, I know very well what I desire to say and perhaps I can make myself understood. I congratulate you all very heartily, very sincerely, upon the general prosperity that has attended, and now attends, the interests in which you 122 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. are most vitally concerned. I believe it to be true that there never was a time in our commonv/ealth when cur farmers were so universally pros- perous, so universally happy and contented as they are at the present moment, and therefore you are peculiarly fitted to consider the things which concern your welfare. I have observed that a man in adversity, or in discontent, or in unhappiness, can never propose changes and remedies that are wise; he necessarily is affected by his condition. I congratulate you upon the great success that has heretofore attended your efforts. I refer now especially to your State Fair. I am in the habit of thinking that everytliing that Iowa has is a little better than anything than anybody else has. I am conscious, however, that my judgment sometimes may be perverted by the pride I feel in the magnificent development of our com- monwealth. But, I think I speali not only the opinion of our own people, but I think I speak the accepted judgment of the whole western country when I say that the State Fair of our commonwealth stands conspicuously above the State fairs of any other commonwealth in the Union. I ought to congratulate you, and I do congratulate you, upon the high fidelity, the wonderful intelligence, manifested by the men to whom you have com- mitted this annual exhibition of the fruits and vintage of agriculture. I look upon the State Fair solely as an educational influence. It seems to me that we are rearing in this State a wonderful educational structure. I do not know whether to begin at the top of it or at the bottom of it to describe it. I look upon it as though the Agricultural College stands at the apex of this edifice. Then comes our State Fair, our agricultural societies, horticultural societies, our State and County Farmers' Institutes; and altogether they form one of the most admirable and effective systems of instruction in agricultural science than can be found in any State in the Union, or in any country in the world. I recognize that this fair and these institutes have other objects than purely instruction in the science of agriculture They are made pleasant and beautiful and entertaining, but, after all, the highest and noblest purpose of all is to look up, to ennoble the basis of humanity, the tilling of the soil. We have fortunately in this State a high percentage of such as no other State has, and again I am drifting away into expressions of pride. But I believe it to be true that while all other states have some good land — and I am glad of it — there is no other State that has proportion- ately the same quantity of good, splendid, fertile soil that we find in the State of Iowa. I am told that in our commonwealth 971,2 per cent of the area of the State is capable of successful and profitable use in agriculture; and there is no other State in the Union that approaches this percent- age by 10 or 15 per cent. Now that you have committed to you one of the greatest agencies that was ever reposed in human hands, and the splendor, the magnificence of the thing committed to you, measures your responsibility in dealing with it. There are two things, as it seems to me, that all agriculturists and all followers of agriculture, horticulture and allied occupations ought to remember. First, it is our business — and I use the word our — for while I am not a farmer, I, together with all others who live in this State, are just as much interested in farming as you are, because it is the coming SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 123 Interest of the State of Iowa. It is the thing that most of all makes Iowa conspicuous and notable throughout the Union, and unless we do well with the natural gifts that God has given us nothing will come of it. There- fore, I say our. There are two things, as it seems to me, that we ought to very carefully consider. First, it is our duty to make the acres of Iowa soil produce all that they are capable of producing. Second, we must transmit to our posterity these acres of Iowa soil just as fertile and as productive as we received them from those who went before us. These two things I think constitute the natural maxim in the interests of agri- culture in this State. That leads me now to the next suggestion — the wonderful, the mag- nificent, and I sometimes think the mysterious, awakening in agriculture, the science of agriculture, that we have witnessed within the past few years. I believe ycu may read the high growth of human race. You may become familiar with every step that humanity has taken in order to improve itself and acquire further information, and you will find nothing parallel with the growth of the people of this State in the senti- ment in regard to the science of agriculture. I have been amazed as I have gone about this State from institute to institute to observe the deep and pervading interest which the people have displayed in probing into the mysteries of nature; the interest they have manifested in acquiring all the knowledge of the earth. This awakening is most gratifying, must be gratifying to you and to everybody. For in the first place to pass to the material benefits which have come from it, it makes uetter men and better women of you; it lifts you up and you see beauties that you never saw before. You find an interest in merely turning over the ground that you never found before. The veil which nature has let down before your eyes in regard to many of its operations has been lifted and you see wonderful operations, the effect of which you knew before but the progress of which you never dreamed of until the book of the science of agriculture was opened before your eyes. And, therefore, the very first and probably the very highest benefit which we have received from this revolution in our conception in regard to agriculture which has really occurred in the last ten years, is to give us all a higher and better conception of our relations, not only to the rules of the universe but to our fellow men. But I shall not dwell upon that particularly, but pass to the material ben- efits in this intense study, this intense absorption which you find the men of agriculture and horticulture in this State growing out of the new and awakened interest in the science of agriculture. We all desire to make our calling successful. While I hope that it is not the principal motive of any life to make money, it is one of the things which we most always have in view, and therefore if this increased opportunity, this increased interest in the science of agriculture related only to the moral and spir- itual development you would probably find somebody vastly better qualified than I to speak of that phase of it. I am now going to speak of its material advantages. I do not pretend to know of my own knowledge the things I am going to relate; I am simply taking them from men who are qualified to speak. I try to learn something every day, and when I get hold of a man who knows anything about farming, if he has the 124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. time to give me the information, I squeeze liim just as dry as I can. I believe it to be true from this information that the present year is con- clusive evidence of the value of the scientific knowledge of agriculture, and I am told that of the four hundred million bushels of corn — I speak in round numbers — which the farmers of Iowa have produced this year, that you owe fifty million of these bushels, at the most conservative esti- mate, to the knowledge that you have gained in the study of the science of agriculture within the past few years. That is to say, if we had not known anything more about raising corn than we did twenty years ago and exactly the same conditions had prevailed in this State as have pre- vailed this year, instead of raising four hundred million bushels of corn we would not have raised more than three hundred and fifty million bushels on the same acres. I recognize, of course, that there are a great many elements entering into this gradual and insensible advantage, but I have given you what I believe to be a conservative estimate; therefore, in ccrn alone you have fifty million bushels more than you would have had. It happens to be worth this year thirty-three cents per bushel. I am not new speaking of the additional profit you will acquire if you feed it to hogs. 1 am assuming now that you sell it, and the advantage there- fore that the people of Iowa have this year in ccrn alone returns them an investment of not less than fifteen million dollars. Fifteen million dollars is the sum that I have in mind for corn alone. If you will add to this the idditional advantage of your forage crops, and of your cattle, your hogs, and everything that you have produced derived solely from this general interest that the farmers have taken in this science of agricul- ture, I have no doubt that when I name twenty-five million dollars as your profit upon that investment I will be well within the limits. Twenty- five million dollars in a single year. That is more, a good deal more, than the State of Iowa has spent on its educational institutions for both the support and the construction of all our educational institutions. That is, I mean our three educational institutions, the College at Ames, the University at Iowa City and the Normal School at Cedar Falls. You have taken in in one- year more than you have ever spent for their support. Including all that you have ever expended in the construction of the splen- did buildings that are now to be found at these various institutions. Twenty-five million dollars will pay all the expenses of the State of Iowa for a single year. That is to say, I am not speaking of the State govern- ment, but the county government, the city government and the township government. These expenses will be a little less than twenty-five million dollars. It means that you have earned this year enough to maintain all the public schools of the State of Iowa, including the three institu- tions conducted by the State devoted to higher learning. It means that you have won enough to pay for two years all the expenses connected with the maintenance of our public school system. Now, I believe, if I have correctly stated the facts, you must agree with me that you have made a wonderfully good investment. No investment in the State has ever returned so high and so rich a reward as that invest- ment which originated and which carries forward this work of education. And now I am coming to my point, because I have this in my heart to say. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 125 I have looked upon the work which has been going on in this State with Intense interest. I believe that in it lies the leadership of Iowa in the Union, and therefore I am going to suggest it to you for your considera- tion. Not simply to lay aside, not simply as a valueless thing, but because I want you to think upon it, and act upon it. I believe that a large part of this credit for this awakening and this interest in agriculture, the lessons which you have seen in the last few years, the close interest you have seen everywhere throughout the state. I believe the real credit which has been given for this should be given to the Agricultural College at Ames. We have there now, and have had, a band of as faithful and devoted public servants as I have ever known, and without stint so far as their strength was concerned and without measure so far as their enthu- siasm is concerned. They have gone about this commonwealth preaching the gospel of corn. There are very many men in this State who cannot go to Ames; they are too old to enroll as students at Ames. There are a great many men and women in this State who have passed from this period of preparation, but they would like the opportunity to study the fundamental principles of the science of agriculture. There are a good many boys in this State who, however ambitious they may be, however deserving they may be, cannot go, cannot leave home to take the course which is prescribed for students at the agricultural colleges, either at Ames or anywhere else. We are all bound by conditions and sometimes we cannot get away from them, and the number of men and women who can attend the agricultural school at Ames is now and always must be very small; and I believe the time has come in this State when we ought to extend the opportunity to our men and women to study agriculture. I would like to see some plan devised by which gray headed men can, if they have an hour on a rainy day, or after supper at night, whenever they can get it, have an opportunity to sit down with their wives and their children around them, and study the thing which is to make Iowa great and prosperous, if we are to be great and prosperous. Now I come to another step. I do not know whether all of you are aware of it or not, but there has been in this country the last few years a system of educa- tion devised which is new in our age. It began in the Chautauqua. Years ago some good men and women conceived the plan of instituting a Chau- tauqua. Now I don't mean these Chautauquas which we see generally throughout the State, where any man, and some who can't, get up and talk for two hundred dollars per day. I mean the Chautauqua which planned a system of instruction for those who could not go to school. Out of that Chautauqua experiment there has been organized in this country a system of correspondence schools that are simply wonderful. They do not make the highest scholars; there is no opportunity for complete, and therefore no thorough education, but I have had an opportunity to investigate it myself. There is one school down at Scranton, Pennsylvania, that has ten thousand pupils in the State of Iowa. Ten thousand of our boys and girls and men and women are now taking instruction in the various branches of learning from the Scranton Correspondence School. There is another at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and there is another at Sioux City, and they are scattered all over the land. Now these, while I have no doubt there is 126 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. some philanthropy in the hearts of the men who are carrj'ing them on, are money making enterprises. But in talking this over with a good many people who are interested in educational work going on in this State, this thought has risen, could we not add to the Agricultural College at Ames, not a distinct department, because the work in a small degree is now being done, but could we not add to the Agricultural College a school of correspondence instruction, where the man who cannot go to it, even for the short course, can enter into communication with the teachers at Ames through the medium of the mail and secure the fundamental benefits of scientific training in agriculture with the very minimum of expense. I believe that if we had such a thing it would not be more than six months until we had twenty-five thousand men and women in this State passing through a course of agriculture. It would cost very little. Now I think myself that a part of the expense should be borne by the pupils; I think that is right. But I think the State should equip our institution there to take care of its end of it. Now I do not want you to think for a moment that this is an appeal made by the Agricultural College. It would come from a very worthy source if it did; but this suggestion comes from me. I am no more interested in the Agricultural College at Ames than in the University at Iowa City or the Normal School at Cedar Falls. I would have each institution carry forward the work that is assigned to it with success and honor; and the education of the State so far as agriculture is concerned is committed to the college at Ames. I think we could double its usefulness if it were so arranged that every farmer, every farmer's boy and every farmer's girl in this State could take up a course running over two or three years. I know nothing of the details of such a course of instruction, and when their progress was satisfactory to those who exam- ined their papers from time to time and there was evidence that they had faithfully acquired the information that was necessary, they ought to have a diploma, they ought to have a certificate that they had passed through this course. I believe it would do more than any other one thing to continue this splendid awakening on the part of this State in the study of agriculture. I see no limits to this enterprise. Last night I was talking with a member of the Horticultural Society, our friend Asa Turner, who lives in this county, and, notwithstanding his years, has been a student at Ames; and I heard him telling of the additional interest which his study had given him in life, of additional willingness to remain on the farm. And there is another thing — if there is one tendency I would like to see arrested in this State, it is the tendency to leave the farm, either in the young men or the old men. I do not believe the old men should leave the farm and go to town; they are not as much use to their fellow men as if they stayed on the farm. Anything that you do of the kind that I have suggested to you adds new interest to life, it fastens men more firmly to their farm, to their homes, and I would like this convention or this society to consider this subject. It would not cost much. I know that I have the reputation of being a little extravagant, but I never advised the State of Iowa to expend a dollar that I did not think would be returned to it tenfold over, and the recommendation which I have made for the maintenance of this institution would seem to me has been justi- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 127 fieri by the process of time, and the small yearly appropriation that would be necessary to establish a school such as I have outlined would come back to you, I think, every year, not interes„ only, but in principal as well. We are a part of a great moving, rushing throng. This is an age of rest- lessness, and I am glad it is so. It is an age of improvement and growth, and the patriotic men and women of Iowa are always in the very fore- front of the procession of civilization. I thank you. i\lR. Packard: I move that thi.s convention tender Governor Cummins its thanks for his very interesting address, and that this convention may vote upon the recommendation of the Gover- nor for some plan upon the question of a correspondence school at Ames, in case it meets with the approval of the convention the committee on resolutions, when appointed, may think out some scheme in this direction and make some recommendation in their resolution. I suggest that the first part of the motion be made this; that the thanks of the convention be tendered Governor Cummins. ^Motion seconded and carried unanimously. For the second part; that the convention approves, for the time being at least, of the recommendation made in the Governor's address relating to a school of correspondence at Ames. Seconded and carried. ]\Ir. Packard moved that the subject of taxation for the purpose of establishing county fairs be discussed. ]\Ir. Larson: The idea I had in view when I thought of this was that I believed that there are too many of these organizations in every county which are closely allied and closely connected. Here is the farmers' institute; here is the short course school; here is the experiment work ; and here is the fair ; and I might include the Chautauqua. You have five or six organizations in a county, and in order that you might draw the interest of all the people in some or most of them, you have got to get together. Now I have thought of this, as long as these institutions are carrying out the purpose for which they are held and are of interest, and the county could be assured of the interest that they are intended for, then the county as a government ought to control the grounds and conduct the fair, and in connection with the fair, conduct the experimental school, etc. When you put all the branches there under one head you have them in such shape that each branch then answers the purpose for which they are intended. Mr. Packard : I agree with that part of the proposition of the county standing the expense of the fair and then the county voting 128 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a tax for the purpose of erecting buildings, etc. I agree with this, that you may expect the gate receipts and receipts from all sources just about sufficient to pay the expenses of the fair and give liberal premiums for exhibits. When you go beyond that and expect from your gates to tax yourselves to buy the grounds, build build- ings, etc., you cannot make two ends meet. If the receipts are large, as in our county they were, and we have twelve hundred dollars to fourteen hundred dollars now, that much money ought to be put into added premiums next year, and I would make the premiums bigger year after year because that will make the exhibits better year after year and of more interest. If you have to take your money for new buildings, etc, you cannot do this thing; you have to skimp yourself. Now as to the point of letting the county supervisors run the fair I can- not agree. I think the best results with the county fair will be to let that thing go as they are. If you attempt to run it in that form you will get more politics than under the present system But to allow the people of the county to tax themselves when the wish for the purpose of raising money to buy grounds and erect buildings, I am willing to let that stand. I make a motion that the convention instruct the committee on resolutions to bring in a reso- lution on the subject of allowing the county to tax themselves for the purchase of grounds and the erection of buildings. Seconded by Mr. McDonald. Mr, Van Houten: I have no objection to the resolution, but I can hardly see that this resolution would have any force except in the way of bringing it before the people for discussion. The members of legislature are now elected and will soon meet in regular session. No instructions from this body would have any weight with them as compared with the sentiment of their own county. And it looks to me as this resolution conveys no force, no effect and no influence except to bring the matter before the people to have an expression in the county. I assure you for my own part, and others would feel the same way, that it would have no influence whatever in getting members to vote on this question. Mr. St. John-. I heartily agree with the suggestions of the gentleman from Montgomery, and also with Governor Packard. I do believe you ought to keep it out of politics. Let me give you the condition in Howard county, to the east of my own county ; their fair has become a thing of the past ; and in Cerro Gordo county on the west, the county fair which once flourished has be- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 129 come a thing- of the past. In Mitchell county we have struggled along to keep the fair together. AVhen we asked the board of supervisors to aid us in rebuilding our burned buildings there went up a cry that there was a political lobby. The suggestion in that paper struck me as the thing to make the fair a success. Mr. Seaman : I have had some experience in county fairs, and I wish to briefly state that after due deliberation and some sad experience in these county organizations I have come to the con- clusion that the days of the county fair in the State of Iowa are numbered ; in fact, they are past. I do not believe if you will examine the history of any agricultural society in the State of Iowa, and examine it thoroughly, that you will be convinced they will be interested in maintaining in anything like a majority of the counties in the State of Iowa an agricultural society for any number of years. The State of Iowa has outgrown the county agricultural society ; in other words, you cannot get enough people together in one county or ad.jacent counties to receive enough instruction from it to warrant the expense of maintaining it. IMr. IMcTavish : I have had a little experience in conducting a county fair. I have listened to this discussion with much in- terest. I heartily agree with Governor Packard when he says that the funds obtained at the gates will not more than pay run- ning expenses ; I heartily agree with the gentleman who says that the State of Iowa has outgrown the county fair ; but I disagree with the idea that the State of Iowa has outgrown a county agri- cidUiral fair. The county fairs of Iowa the last few years have degenerated so that in many cases it has not been safe for a man to take his family, his daughters, if you please, blooming into womanhood, load the family up in the surrey and go to .the fair as in days gone by. Therefore the people of Iowa have outgrown what is commonh^ called the county fair, and what, in reality, is nothing but a low grade vaudeville. If the element that wants to see what is vaudeville, put on out-doors, what is called now the carnival, the element that wants to see that can see a far better vaudeville by going to central places for this where a better program is put on; a. county fair cannot put on any at- traction that will be worth the money at the gate. We have in my county, Linn county, three fairs. The one of which I have been director for several years is located at Central City. That fair degenerated ; got into the hands of the attraction element ; but it was reorganized on democratic principles, so that every one . 9 130 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. that bought a season ticket became a member of the fair associa- tion, and the property is consequently public property and every- one is interested. Had it not been so organized I presume it would have gone the way of other county fairs ; but the people got to- gether and took it upon themselves to make it an agricultural fair. They had their annual meeting and elected men that they knew would be for building up a clean fair. It has been three years since that step was taken. Prof. Kennedy judged our stock last year, and he made the statement that it was the best stock show that he had ever judged outside of the State Fair, or the World's Fair. Our admissions increased so that we have been able to increase our premiums. We have been able to draw stock from the surrounding counties. We have had stock in different depart- ments that has been shown at the State Fair, and the people are interested in the fair and they load up their families and come in and support it because it is an agricultural fair. The attractions are a secondary element; the main feature is to educate the people along agriculture and stock improving lines. ]Mr. Burk : I have also had some experience in county fairs. I live in ^Marshall county, and the southwest part of Marshall county maintained a county fair for many years and always paid money in full. We are so situated that it is impossible to get receipts to exceed twelve thousand dollars. We let our race track go, and for two years had no fair, but to show you whether or not the people of the neighborhood are in favor of the county fair, we got together and reorganized. Last year we had a very successful fair; put on about three thousand two hundred dollars in improvements, and we feel encouraged at the exhibits we had, and we are all interested in the county fair and want to help it along. I believe county fairs can only be run by people who are interested in them. In soliciting stock for the county fair, a repre- sentative came to ask my assistance. I told him that on account of our local fair that it would not be worth the trouble to go around. Motion of Governor Packard moved and carried. On motion, the convention adjourned until 1 :30 p.m. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 131 WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION. Convention convened at 2 o'clock p.m. The President: ]\Ir. W. Z. Swallow of Waukee is scheduled on our program for a paper on the subject of "Does It Pay to Show Hogs at the Iowa State Fair," but as he is unable to be with us, Mr. G. H. Van Houten will read the paper to you as prepared by Mr. Swallow. DOES IT PAY TO SHOW HOGS AT THE IO\VA STATE FAIR? W. Z. SWALLOW, WAUKEE, lA. After an experience of many years as an exhibitor at the Iowa State Fair, as well as at many other State, district and county fairs, I am con- vinced that it does pay to show hogs at the Iowa State Fair. And I believe that the same arguments in favor of such showing are equally as strong in their application to the exhibition of other breeds of live stock. Showing at the Iowa State Fair has paid me in many ways. It has been a means by which I could from year to year compare the hogs of my own herd with those from other herds, and with those which I had every reason to believe were their best. This provided me with a high standard of excellence toward which I might work. It paid me in another way because it brought the best breeding ani- mals in the land right to me, so that I could examine and compare them without paying out large sums of money for railway fares and other expenses that would have to be incurred had I visited each of the herds represented at their homes. From these herds I generally selected such breeding animals as it seemed necessary for me to buy in order to keep my herd improving. It will readily be seen that at this point it paid me well in the amount of money saved. It paid me, too, because it gave me a chance to form the acquaintance of the best breeders of swine in the United States, to learn their opinions, their methods of care and feeding, and to glean from them a great deal of information most useful in the business of raising and selling pure bred hogs. It also enabled me to keep informed as to the kind of hog demanded in different sections, the range of prices obtained, and many other things of interest as well as profit. 132 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. It paid me because it brouglit me in personal contact with thousands of farmers who were in search of male hogs to use in their pork-producing herds, and to establish a trade at private sale that has become a source of pride as well as of profit to me. This trade, during the forty years in which I have been an exhibitor, has in the aggregate taken more than a thousand hogs from my herd, and at prices that ranged from fifteen dol- lars up to one thousand dollars each. The Iowa State Fair has for many years been recognized as a great meeting place for buyers and sellers of pure bred hogs. More animals of that character can be seen in its pens during the week of the fair than at any two of the other greatest State fairs in our country. The live stock show at the Iowa State Fair is really an educational feature, a means of setting before the farmer and stock raiser (and every farmer should be in some measure a stock raiser) the better forms of cattle, horses, hogs, sheep and poultry. By better forms we mean those which bring the highest prices in the markets. A hog, for instance, is better than another hog only when he brings a greater number of cents per pound, and when he makes a greater number of those pounds in the same length of time and on the same quantity of feed. There is no disputing the fact that the packing houses, by reason of the demands made upon them for the various forms of meat products, have called for a form or type of hog for which a higher price will be paid than for any other. When the call for this particular type of hog became a settled fact, the foremost breeders set about to make their hogs conform to it, to establish it as a breed characteristic. In this way they have been remarkably successful. The ideal pure bred hog of today fulfills the requirements of the very best markets, and there is no herd in the hands of a really intelligent breeder that does not contain a large per- centage of animals which, if prepared for market, would bring the top price. The efforts of breeders to perfect the type of their hogs so that ft might conform to the standard established by the markets have been greatly aided through the competitions of the State fairs, and of the Iowa State Fair in particular. There they saw the best that their com- petitors were able to produce, and if it excelled their own they had the opportunity to make comparisons and learn at what points they might be lacking. But comparisons were but a small part of the advantages of the show. Certain animals, or certain strains of animals, showed a ten- dency to reproduce themselves with more certainty than others. The verdict of the show ring set the seal of approval on such hogs, and the wise breeder was he who kept well enough posted to know just what commingling of blood produced them. The best methods of growing and fitting, or bringing them to their highest state of perfection, were also disseminated through personal conversation at the State Fair in such a way as to be a benefit to every man who was bright enough to take advantage of his opportunities. I must say right here that live stock exhibitors are as a rule quite unselfish, being willing that the whole craft might have the benefit of any personal experience. For myself I confess that many bits of information that led to the betterment of my herd SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 133 were learned at the lantern light discussions that took place in the old dormitory or at the pen side after the day's business was closed and none but the exhibitors remained. It was the State Fair that made plain the need of a uniform setting forth of the proper proportions of an ideal hog. The scale of points as given by the score card perfected and used by the National Association of Expert Swine Judges was the outgrowth of this demand, and today the decisions of all competitive shows are based upon its provisions. Perhaps I should have said that they should be based upon them, as occasionally a fair is judged' by a man whose knowledge is limited, and whose decisions do not represent the true type. But the general trend of the judging is in the right direction and may be depended upon as a guide. If I may be pardoned from the digression from my subject, I will say that the occasional inefficient or dishonest judge is a most aggra- vating fellow, whose power to harm the industry is a matter for serious consideration. Its misleading influence is far reaching and may be a means of damage and disappointment to innocent men who depend upon it. An instance of this came under my observation at the International Live Stock Exposition at Chicago last week. In one class a prize was awarded purely^ because of a personal opinion of a judge who absolutely ignored breed characteristics, and failed to give consideration to the objects of the show, or to comparisons that should have entered into the cornpetition. As a result of that decision breeders who did not attend the show will be misled in the idea as to what is the popular and profitable type. In another class a decision was said to have been influenced by the breed preferences of an official high in the management of the exposition. I am glad to say that the Iowa State Fair has had very few instances of this kind, and I believe this is one of the reasons why it has so justly gained its enviable position as the greatest hog show on earth. The excellent standard established in the leading breeding herds has only been reached after a long and troublesome siege at the State fairs, and was only possible because of the lessons the owners learned there. I say to the young man who wishes to take up the work of swine breeding, go to the State Fair, take along a few pigs, keep your eyes and ears open, and do not hesitate to ask a question when there is a chance to learn something by doing so. Learn to see every point. Learn to compare hogs and to note what differences there are between them. Learn to look at an animal of your own breeding just as critically as at that of your competitor. There is no royal road to success, nor one that does not call for hard work and close observation seven days in the week. I am inclined to think that the young man who begins now, without experience, has a much more difficult work ahead of him than did the beginner of forty years ago. Of course he today has the advantage of being able to start with stock having quality as good as the breed affords. But he must be a most excellent judge of the individual merit of the animal, and after that the matter of proper strains and correct matings follow with a bearing on his future success that demands the exercise of more wisdom than he has probably ev«r thought of in con- nection with the business. He must know that success depends upon 134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. maintaining the type with which he starts, that is if his start has been rightly made. He must know that a failure to do this leads to a rever- sion to original types, lack of uniformity, and an ever increasing ten- dency away from the correct form. It is in fact the same in effect, with perhaps a less rapid result, as cross-breeding, and unfailingly harmful. At the State fairs there has been a gradual improvement in quality from the very first up to the present day. The quality of the stock on the farms has followed closely after, and as a direct result. Showing at the Iowa State Fair has been a benefit to the entire pork producing industry, to farmers who have never attended the fair as well as those who have. It has shown them just what a good hog should look like. It has, through the ever increasing sale system, given him an opportunity to buy breeding animals at fair prices and nas in many instances cultivated a pride in the matter of improvement in the farm stock. I have customers who have bought stock from me year after year, and continued so long that their herds show the very highest quality. Through this means animals are produced that make a rapid growth, mature quickly, and may be ready for the market at about eight months, and in such form as to bring the highest price. Since I began showing, the age for profitably marketing hogs has been more than cut in two. Committee on Credentials reported as follows, and on motion of Mr. Van Houten the report was adopted and the committee continued, so that any question in regard to credentials could be taken up and not occupy the time of the convention. Motion seconded by Mr. T. W. Purcell, and carried. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS. Gentlemen: The Committee on Credentials report the following per- sons duly qualified and entitled to seats in the Agricultural Convention for the State of Iowa, assembled December 12, 1906: DELEGATES FROM COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. Adair County Agricultural Society — C. A. Gibbs, Greenfield. Adams County Agricultural Society — George E. Bliss, Corning. La Porte District Fair Association — B. L. Manwell, La Porte City. Buchanan County Agricultural Society — A. K. Cole, Independence. Beuna Vista County Agricultural Society — A. L. Denio, Alta. Cass County Agricultural Society — E. F. Berg, Atlantic. Massena District Fair Association — W. C. Williams, Atlantic. Big Four District Fair Association — G. C. Hoyer, Nashua. Elkader Fair and Track Association — John G. Hemphill, Elkader, SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 135 Davis County Agricultural Society — O. W. Wisdom, Bloomfield. Floyd County Agricultural Society — John R. Waller, Rockford. Franklin County Agricultural Society — Ralph H. Clock, Hampton. Guthrie County Agricultural Society — A. H. Grissell, Guthrie Center. Hardin County Agricultural Society — H. S. Martin, Eldora. Harrison County Agricultural Society — C. H. Deur, Missouri Valley. Humboldt County Agricultural Society — Levi Goodell, Humboldt. Iowa County Agricultural Society — D. M. Rowland, Marengo. Williamsburg Pavilion and Fair Association — Millard Harrington, Williamsburg. Jackson County Agricultural Society — Ed Phillips, Maquoketa. Jasper County Agricultural Society — C. O. McLain, Newton. Jefferson County Agricultural Society — J. P. Manatrey, Fairfield. Johnson County Agricultural Society — George A. Hitchcock, Iowa City. What Cheer District Agricultural Society — U. S. Chasey, Nugent. Kossuth County Agricultural Society — A. R. Corey, Wesley. Columbus Junction District Fair Association — R. J. Reaney, Columbus Junction. Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Association — W. G. Smith, Rock Rapids. Madison County Agricultural Society — A. L. Foster, Winterset. New Sharon District Agricultural Society — M. Bainbridge, New Sharon. Lake Prairie District Agricultural Society — T. D. Tice, Pella. Eden District Agricultural Society — H. G. Buck, Rhodes. Marshall County Fair Association — J. B. Classen, Vienna. Mitchell County Agricultural Society — R. Dorsey, Osage. Monona County Fair Association — A. W. Burgess, Onawa. Montgomery Country Fair Association — Henry Peterson, Red Oak. Union District Agricultural Society — W. P. Nichols, West Liberty. Wilton Fair Association — Harry Ayres, Wilton Junction. O'Brien County Agricultural Society — R. C. Jordan, Sutherland. Sheldon District Fair Association — S. M. Ladd, Sheldon. Clarinda Fair Association — D. Stitt, Clarinda. Big Four District Fair Association (Fonda) — Jonn Forbes, Fonda. Poweshiek County Agricultural Society — James Nowak, Malcom. Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society — I. S. Bailey, Grinnell. Ringgold County Fair Association — F. E. Sheldon, Mount Ayr. Sac County Agricultural Society — Philip Schaller, Sac City. Shelby County Agricultural Society — Mrs. M. F. Pickard, Harlan. Rock Valley District Fair Association — F. E. Watkins, Hawarden. Story County Agricultural Society — H. B. Craddick, Nevada. Tama County Fair Association — E. Mericle, Toledo. Taylor County Agricultural Society — George H. Van Houten, Lenox. Warren County Fair Association — Lee Talbott, Indianola. Forest City Park and Fair Association — J. A. Peters, i' crest City. Buffalo Center District Fair and Driving Park Association — J. P. Boyd, Buffalo Center. Winneshiek County Agricultural Society — Thomas Graham, Decorah. Worth County Agricultural Society^Nels Thorson, Northwcod. Wright County Agricultural Society — S. W. Nelson, Clarion. 136 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DELEGATES FROM COUNTIES IN WHICH NO FAIRS WERE REPORTED FOR THE YEAR 1906. Bremer County — E. M. Reeves, Waverly. Crawford County — H. C. Schroeder. Dallas County — Oscar Gray. Decatur County — C. W. Hoffman, Leon. Dubuque County^H. C. Bumgartner, Dubuque. Emmet County — J. C. Lovell, Estherville." Greene County — A. P. Fuhrmeister. Hamilton County — Carl Sparboe, Webster City. Howard County — Walter C. Fox, Riceville. Ida County — William C. Pritchard, Ida Grove. Lucas County — C. J. Johnston, Chariton. Polk County — Lew Burnett, Des Moines. Scott County — B. F. Seaman, Davenport. Wapello County — W. O. Bagley, Eldon. Washington County — -D. J. Palmer, Washington. Woodbury County — M. L. Flinn, Sioux City. DELEGATES FROM COUNTY FARMERS' INSTITUTED. Adair County — A. C. Savage, Adair. Black Hawk County— W. D. Stayer, Waterloo, Route No. 1. Buchanan County — W. H. Warburton, Independence. Buena Vista County — S. R. Haines, Storm Lake. Calhoun County — Henry 'Parsons, Rockwell City. Cedar County — J. S. Fawcett, Springdale. Clay County — R. E. Brownell, Spencer, Route No. 1. Dallas County— Ed. Vial, Adel. Emmet County — H. W. Woods, Estherville. Franklin County — T. W. Purcell, Hampton. Guthrie County — S. J. Reed, Guthrie Center. Hancock County — F. J. Oxley, Corwith. Howard County — R. M. Thomson, Cresco. Ida County — E. J. Preston, Battle Creek. Keokuk County — C. L. Beal. Kossuth County — J. B. Hofins, Algcna. Lyon County — A. A. Rogers. Madison County — T. J. Hudson, Winterset. Marion County — George Simpson, Knoxville. Mitchell County— D. F. Sheehan, Osage. Monona County — John Sundberg. Muscatine County — C. W. Norton, Wiltcn Junction. O'Brien County— H. O. Smith. Polk County — R. H. Gormley, Bondurant. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 137 Poweshiek County — J. R. Morris. Sac County — Z. Fuller, Sac City. Stieloy County — L. H. Pickard, Harlan. Story County — W. P. George, Ames. Tama County — Welcome Mowry, Traer. Union County — L. J. Day. Van Buren County — W. A. Duckworth, Keosauqua. "Warren County — E. B. Igo, Indianola. Winneshiek County — W. A. Van Vliet. Winnebago County — Eugene Secor, Forest City. Worth County — E. H. Miller, Northwood. Wright County — A. C. Fuller, Dows. DELEGATES' FROM OTHER SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATTONS. Iowa 'State Horticultural Society*— Wesley Greene, Des Moines. Iowa Improved Stock Breeders' Association — E. M. Wentworth, State Center. Iowa Swine Breeders' Association — W. D. McTavish, Coggon. IOWA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. EX-OFFICIO. State Dairy and Food Commissioner — H. R. Wright, Des Moines. State Veterinarian — Dr. P. O. Koto, Forest City. President — W. W. Morrow, Afton. Vice President — C. E. Cameron, Alta. Secretary — J. C. Simpson, Des Moines. Treasurer — G. D. Ellyson, Des Moines. DISTRICT MEMBERS. First District — R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction. Second District — C. W. Phillips, Maquoketa. Third District — W. C. Brown, Clarion. Fourth District— R. T. St. John, Riceville. Fifth District — S. B. Packard, Marshalltown. Sixth District— T. C. Legoe, What Cheer. Seventh District — C. F. Curtiss, Ames. Eighth District — John Ledgerwood, Leon. 138 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Ninth District — M. McDonald, Bayard. Tenth District — A. O. Olson, Forest City. Eleventh District— H. L. Pike, Whiting. L. H. Packard, M. L. Flinn, F. E. Sheldon, Committee. The President : The convention will now proceed to the elec- tion of the following officers of the State Board of Agriculture for the terms of one year each, and for district members for the terms of two years each : President, Vice-President, Member from the Second District, Member from the Fourth District, Member from the Sixth District, Member from the Eighth District, Member from the Tenth District. Mr. R. T. St. John, of ]\Iitchell county, placed in nomination for President of the State Board of Agriculture, j\rr. C. E. Cameron, of Buena Vista county ; seconded l\v Mr. 3IcDonald. ]\Ir. Waller moved that the nomination be made unanimous and the Secretary be instructed to cast the vote of the convention for Mr. Cameron. Motion prevailed. The Secretary so cast the vote and Mr. C. E. Cameron was declared duly elected President of the State Board' of Agriculture for the ensuing year. Mr. E. M. Wentworth placed in nomination for Vice-President, ;Mr. W. C. Brown, of Wright county; seconded by ]\Ir. St. John. Mr. Purcell moved that the Secretary be instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Brown as Vice-President. JMotion prevailed. The Secretary so cast the vote and Mr. W. C. Brown was declared duly elected Vice-President of the State Board of Agriculture for the ensuing year. Mr. E. A. Phillips, of Jackson county, placed in nomination for member of the State Board of Agriculture from the Second Dis- trict, Mr. C. W. Phillips, of Jackson county, to succeed himself. Seconded by Mr. ]\I. L. Flinn, of Woodbury county. Mr. John A. Evans placed in nomination for member of the State Board of Agriculture from the Second District, Mr. W. H. Shipman, of Muscatine county. Seconded by Mr. Geo. A. Hitch- cock. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 139 Mr. T. W. Pureell, of Franklin county, moved that the nomi- nations be closed and the convention proceed with the election. The President named as tellers Mr. J. S. Claussen, of ^Marshall county; Mr. H. S. ]\rartin, of Hardin county, and Mr. T. W. Pureell, of Franklin county. The roll was called by the Secretary and the vote cast, and the tellers reported the result of the ballot as follows : Total number of votes cast, one hundred and twenty-one (121), of which Mr. Phillips received ninety-eight (98) and Mr. Shipman received twenty-three (23). Mr. C. W. Phillips having received the majority of the votes cast was declared by the Presi- dent to be duly elected as member of the State Board of Agricul- ture from the Second District, for the term of two years. Mr. R. Dorsey, of IMitchell county, placed in nomination for member of the Board from the Fourth District, Mr. R. T. St. John, of Mitchell county, to succeed himself. Mr. IMcDonald seconded the nomination and moved that if there were no other nominations the Secretary be instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. St. John. IMotion prevailed. The Secretary so cast the vote and Mr. St. John was declared duly elected member of the Board from the Fourth District for a term of two years. Mr. Bray, of Poweshiek county, placed in nomination for mem- ber of the Board from the Sixth District, Mr. T. C. Legoe, of Keokuk county, to succeed himself. Mr. St. John seconded the motion and moved that the Secretary be instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Legoe. Motion prevailed. The Secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Legoe was declared duly elected member of the Board from the Sixth District for a term of two years. Mr. Geo. H. Van Houten, of Taylor county, placed in nomina- tion for member of the Board from the Eighth District, Mr. John Ledgerwood, of Decatur county, to succeed himself. Mr. Sheldon of Ringgold county seconded the nomination and moved that if there were no further nominations that the Secretaiy be instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Ledgerwood. The Seeretai*^' so cast the vote and Mr. Ledgerwood was declared duly elected member of the Board from the Eighth District for a term of two years. Mr. Eugene Secor, of Winnebago county, placed in nomination for member of the Board from the Tenth District, ]\Ir. 0. A. Olson, of Winnebago county, to succeed himself, and moved that if there were no further nominations that the Secretary be in- 140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. structed to cast the entire vote of the convention for ^h\ Olson, which motion prevailed. The Secretary so east the vote and ]\Ir. Olson was declared duly elected member of the Board from the Tenth District for a term of two years. jMr. Ralph Clock, of Franklin county, placed in nomination for member of the Board from the Third District, made vacant by the election of Mr. W. C. Brown to the Vice-Presidency, Mr. Elmer M. Reeves of Bremer county. Seconded by Mr. Van Houten. Mr. McDonald moved that the Secretary be instructed to cast the en- tire vote of the convention for Mr. Reeves. Motion prevailed. The Secretary so cast the vote and ^Ir. Reeves was declared duly elected member of the Board from the Third District to complete the unexpired term of ]\Ir. Brown. The Committee on Resolution reported as follows, and on motion of Mr. Fred ^McCulloeh, of Poweshiek county, the report of the committe was adopted : REPORT OP COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. Your Committee on Resolutions mcst respectfully report the fol- lowing: We rejoice at the large attendance at this meeting and the manifest interest in agriculture and its allied interests. We are proud of the large exhibits of corn, as well as the fine and extensive exhibits of fruit; and the thanks of this convention are extended to the officers and di- rectors of the State Board of Agriculture for this meeting, the best ever before held in Iowa. We especially congratulate the officers and directors of the State Board of Agriculture for the successful manner in which they handled the State Fair. We believe that the welfare and prosperity of the Iowa Department of Agriculture demands that every delegate to the annual meeting vote upon the election of each and every member of the State Board of Ag- riculture, therefore, be it resolved, that we are unalterably opposed to any change in the law in regard to the manner of electing its members. That it is the sense of this meeting, and we hereby recommend that the legislature enact a law and make sufficient appropriatign to en- able the State Agricultural College at Ames to maintain a suitable school of correspondence so as to enable citizens of Iowa to take a two or three years' course cf instruction at their homes, as recom- mended by your esteemed Governor, A. B. Cummins, in his address be- fore this Convention. Whereas, The State Board of Agriculture was active in securing the passage of the present pure fcod law, and. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 141 Whereas, The report of the committee appointed by the Board of Agriculture in 1905 stiows that the mill stuffs, concentrated feeding stuffs and condimental stock foods now on the markets are largely adulterated and are not believed to contain either nutritive or medicinal properties comensurate with their cost, Be It Resolved. That the State. Board of Agriculture be instructed to urge legislation at the coming session of the General Assembly to regulate the sale of these foods, so that the State may not be made a dumping ground for adulterated, misbranded and worthless products. We recommend to the ensuing session of the legislature, for their consideration, the passage of such laws as will authorize the Board of Supervisors of any county in the State to purchase, to become the pro- perty of the county, grounds and to erect suitable buildings to be used for holding the annual meeting of the county agricultural fair. We feel grateful to the Meat Producers' Association and the Grain Dealers' Association for their efforts in behalf of the people of this State to push for an open market, domestic and foreign, for the farm products cf Iowa. Respectfully submitted, C. W. Hoffman, S. B. Packard, E. A. Larsox, Committee. ]\rr. B. F. Seaman, of Scott county, presented the following resolution and moved that the same be adopted and that the Secretary engross the resolution and forward a copy to each of the Iowa Senators and Representatives in Congress. Resolved, That we are in favor of increasing the postal facilities of the people of this country, and to this end we demand the passage of the bill now pending in Congress, known as House Resolution No. 4549. Mr. H. R. Wright moved that the term "parcel post" be in- cluded in the resolution so that the meaning might be clear. i\Ir. C. W. Hoffman moved that the resolution be laid on the table. ]\Ir. Seaman demanded a rising vote. The vote was so taken and the motion to lay on the table prevailed. There being no further business, on motion, the convention adjourned sine die. SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS OF State Board of Agriculture AND COMMITTEE MEETINGS 1906 Executive Committee Meetixg. January 10, 11. 12. 1906. Committee met on call of President with all members present. On motion, duly made and carried, the Secretary was authorized as follows: To expend a sum not to exceed $250.00 for .planting flowers, shrubs and trees, and to do such landscaping as would come within the amount appropriated, on the State Fair Grounds. To have erected a seven-foot wire fence on Grounds as follows: From northeast corner of grounds east to the point even with the east line of ^Machinery building, and from the corner of the old Dairy building east 625 feet : also a woven wire fence around pasture lot south and east of barn. To make proposition to Signor A. Liberati of $400 per day for six days of the State Fair of 1906, for his band of forty-five pieces. To issue warrants covering pay-rolls of the Superintendent of Grounds when properly presented and 0. K'd. by Jas. H. Deemer. To issue warrants in payment of freight and other bills, re- quiring immediate attention. To purchase such hay. straw and other feed, as necessary for the Forage Department (143) 144 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Executive Committee Meeting. January 23, 24, 25, 1906. Committee .met on call of President with all members present ; also. Board member, S. B. Packard, of the Fifth District. The Secretary was authorized in the following matters : To call for plans, specifications and prices for exhibit display cases for Exposition building. To notify parties owning frame structures on the north side of Grand Avenue, east from street running north from point opposite "W. C. T. U. building, that they would probably be requested to remove same before the first of June, and to be prepared to do so. To execute contract with Signor A. Liberati for engagement of his band of not less than forty-five pieces, for six days of the State Fair of 1906, at full compensation of $2,400.00. To have all cinders procurable within a reasonable distance of the Fair Grounds, hauled for improvement of streets and side- walks. Executive Committee Meeting. February 21, 22, 23, 1906. Committee met on call of President with all members present. The matter of vaudeville attractions for the State Fair of 1906 was taken up and considered, and contract entered into with the Barnes' Western Theatrical Exchange of Chicago, for supplying acts- as selected. The Secretary was instructed to make an effort to secure options on seventy-eight lots in Eedhead Addition, lying between the south line of Fair Grounds and Rock Island Railway switch, ing proposition to purchase ten to twenty acres of the land com- prising notheast corner of Fair Grounds at price of $150 per acre. The Superintendent of Grounds was instructed to have a King road drag made for use on Fair Grounds. Executive Committee INIeeting. March 27, 28, 1906. Committee met on call of President with all members present. Bonds of the Secretary and Treasurer were presented, and on motion approved. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. l-lo. Secretary was instructed to make contract for the 56th Reg'iment Band of Fort Dodge, Iowa, through their manager, Geo. W. Tre- main, for an engagement of five days and four nights at State Fair of 1906, for $750.00 in full compensation. On motion, it was decided to erect a new cattle barn, im- mediately west of cattle barn No. 12, and the Superintendent of Grounds was instructed to move barns No. 10 and 11, occupying site ; one to north of barn No. 1 and the other to east of barn No. 13. Executive Committee jNIeeting. April 3, 4, 1906. Committee met on call of President with all members present. The matter of night show for the State Fair of 1906 was taken up and continued. The Committee, on behalf of the State Board, extended to Colonel Thomas of the Eleventh Cavalry, stationed at Fort Des Moines, an invitation to participate in the programme on Soldier's Day, Tuesday, August 28th, w^ith full regiment of troops. The Secretary was instructed to ask for bids on proposed new cattle barn. Executive Committee ^Meeting. April 25, 26, 27, 28, 1906. Committee met on call of President with all members present. Bids for construction of the cattle barn were received and opened, and after a comparison of amount of bids on frame and brick construction, on motion it was the unanimous opinion of the Committee that it should be of brick construction, and Messrs. Small & Winder being the lowest bidders thereon, contract was duly awarded. Bids for construction of display cases for Exposition building and ice box and cooling room for Dairy building were received and opened, and all bids^ in the opinion of the Committee, being too high, bidders were reciuested to revise plans and submit bids at later date. 10 146 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Comunicatioii from the American Cotswold Association by their secretary, Mr. Frank Harding, Waukesha, Wisconsin, asking that an additional $25 be offered as premiums for Cotswold sheep, pro- viding their association would duplicate the amount, was taken up and considered by the Committee and declined as being a deviation from the policy of the Board. The Secretary was instructed and authorized as follows: To purchase two turnstiles and chopper boxes for use at street car gate. To purchase eighty-five street lights for camp grounds. To secure sketch and estimate of cost of erecting four dining halls on State Fair Grounds. To notify Messrs. S. Clark, Stephen Handy, Wm. H. Gordon and J. L. Belts to remove their buildings occupying site of pro- posed new dining hall. To purchase from five to ten thousand advertising hangers, using cuts of views of Fair Grounds thereon. To call a meeting;^ of the Board for the lOtli of May, for con- sideration of matters requiring their attention. Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, May 10, 1906. Met on call of Executive Committee and on roll-call the follow- ing members were found to be present : Morrow, Cameron, Simpson, Johnston, Brown, St. John, Legoe, Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson, Pike, Packard and Phillips. President IMorrow stated the purpose of the meeting was to consider financial matters connected with permanent improvements upon the State Fair Grounds. Secretary reported $24,780.00 available for improvements and repairs, and gave an outline of work under way and other im- provements recommended by the Executive Committee, including the exhibit display cases for Exposition Building, reserve seats for Ampitheatre, new dining halls, etc., also reported the contract awarded for the building of a brick cattle barn 60x120 feet. Proposition was received from Mr. Geo. S. Redhead for exchange of lots lying south of State Fair Grounds for acreage comprising that part of Fair Grounds lying east of section six (6), and on motion its consideration was deferred until the Board had looked over lots in question. Board adjourned to meet at Fair Grounds at 2:00 o'clock p.m. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 147 AFTERNOON SESSION. Pursuant to adjournment Board met at Fair Grounds at 2.00 o'clock P.M. After carefully considering the proposition offered by Mr. Geo. Redhead for an exchange of land, Mr. St. John offered the follow- ing motion : That the State Board of Agriculture, through its Executive Committee, recommend to the Executive Council, of the State of Iowa, an exchange of that portion of the land belonging to the State and known as the State Fair Grounds, lying east of the east line of section six (6) for the following described lots in Red- head's addition to Grant Park in the City of Des Moines, Iowa, viz: Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, in Block K, Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, in Block G, Lots 1 to 42 inclusive in Block L, Lots 1 to 14 inclusive in Block J, Lots 1 to 14 inclusive in Block I, Motion was duly seconded by S. B. Packard. On roll-call members voted as follows: Yeas, Morrow, Cameron, Simpson, Johnston, Brown, St. John, Legoe, Ledgedwood, McDonald, Olson, Pike, Packard and Phillips (13). Nays, none. Absent, Cummins, Koto, Wright, Storm, Curtiss and Ellyson (6). President declared the motion carried, it having received the unanimous vote of the members present. The matter of installing a telephone system on the grounds was taken up and on motion referred to Executive Committee with power to act. I\Ir. Johnston moved that the Committee on Per Diem and Mile- age be appointed. The President appointed as such committee Messrs. Johnston, Pike and McDonald. Mr. Ledgerwood moved that on and after July 1, 1906, the salary of the Secretary be fixed at $1,800 per year, payable monthly. Motion was seconded and carried by unanimous vote. Committee on Per Diem and Mileage submitted the following report and on motion of Mr. Ledgerwood was adopted : 148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. NAME DAYS W. W. Morrow 3 C. E. Cameron 3 R. S. Johnston 3 C. W. Phillips 3 W. C. Brown 3 R. T. St John 3 S. B. Packard 3 T. C. Legoe 3 C. F. Curtiss Jno. Ledgerwood 3 M. McDonald 3 O. A. Olson 3 H. L. Pike 3 Total May 10, 1906. Mr. Morrow recommended to the Board the payment of per diem expenses to any member of the Board who had been called in to do special committee work duriner the winter, which recom- mendation on motion was dnly approved by the Board. On motion of ]\Ir. I\IcDonald Board adjourned to meet at call of President. RATE AMT. MILES AMT. TOTAL $4.00 $12.00 82 $ 8.20 $20.20 4.00 12.00 140 14.00 26.00 4.00 12.00 158 15.80 27.80 4.00 12.00 12.00 4.00 12.00 102 10.20 22.20 4.00 12.00 195 19.50 31.50 4.00 12.00 58 5.80 17.80 4.00 12.00 100 10.00 22.10 4.00 12.00 87 8.70 20.70 4.00 12.00 65 6.50 18.50 4.00 12.00 155 15.50 27.50 4.00 12.00 20C 20.00 32.00 .$278.30 (Signed) R. S. Johnston, H. L. Pike. W. M . McDoN ALD. Executive Committee Meeting. May 11, 1906. Committee met at call of President with all members present. Bids for furnishing- exhibit display cases for Exposition Build- ing were received and opened, and contract duly awarded to the Fort Dodge Manufacturing Company of Fort Dodge, Iowa, at price of $2,500.00. Special Committee Meeting. Chicago, 111., June 10, 11, 1906. Vice-President Cameron and Secretary Simpson were at Chicago for the purpose of meeting with the agents of the Western Theat- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 149 rical Exchange and Gregory Fireworks Co., to further discuss plans for the night entertainment. An effort was made to secure the release of the spectacular show "Moscow" that same could be put on at the Iowa State Fair, but withowt success. Arrangements were completed for additional acts subject to the approval of the Executive Committee at their meeting of the 14th. Secretary spent IMonday looking into the seat proposition for the reserve seats to be placed in the grand stand. Executive Committee Meeting. June 14, 1906. Committee met as per arrangement, for consideration of matters coming before them on this date. Bids for erecting proposed new Dining Hall Building on State Fair Grounds were received and opened, and i\Iessrs. Callen Bros., of Des Moines, Iowa, being the lowest bidders thereon were duly awarded contract. The Secretary was instructed to order roll tickets for general admissions, grand stand, and such other places as they could be used to advantage, for Fair of 1906 ; also to have tickets for re- served seats, in amphitheatre printed, with section and row printed thereon. The office formerly occupied by the Superintendent of Grounds was assigned to the Superintendent of Police Regulations, and Mr. Deemer was instructed to build a small office for the use of his department. It was decided to use only one orchestra during the Fair, and that in the Stock Pavilion. As per resolution of the Board, the committee met with i\Ir. Red- head and discussed the matter of recommending exchange of a portion of the land known as the State Fair Grounds for lots lying south of the grounds. It was agreed that if the following propo- sition was made in writing by I\Ir. Redhead the committee would recommend to the Executive Council of the State of Iowa that such exchange be made, to-wit : To exchange the . eighty-two (82) lots lying south of the Fair Grounds between that and Dean Avenue on the south, as marked on the plat of the Redhead Addition to Des IMoines, for all of that 150 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. part of the State Fair Grounds on the east side lying east of the section line; and further, the State Board of Agriculture, through its Executive Committee, would agree to pay $50.00 each for twelve (12) additional lots adjoining above lots on the west, or $600.00 cash for the twelve lots. The Secretary was instructed to engage Mrs. L. L. Babcock for Matron of the Woman's Building; also to arrange with Dr. G. N Ryan for medical service at the hospital in the "Woman's Building during the Fair. _ The Superintendent of Grounds was instructed to elevate the office of the Superintendent of Agriculture and place it just north of the music balcony. The Superintendent of Grounds was instructed to construct an additional room to the office of Superintendent of Sheep. Executive Committee Meeting. June 13, 14, 1906. Committee met at call of President with all members present. On motion the Superintendent of Grounds was instructed to erect a Fire Station on Grounds, as per plans, on site immediately west of Feed Barn. The matter of display advertising for Fair of 1906, was con- sidered, assignments duly made, and Secretary instructed to con- tract for same. Bids for orchestral music in Stock Pavilion during Fair of 1906 were received and opened, and the bid of Mr. O'Connell being the lowest, contract was duly made at price of $80 for week. Sketches of background for the night entertainment from the Scenic Company at Chicago, for a garden scene upon 6-ounce duck, 275 feet long and 24 feet high at 8 cents per square foot were re- ceived and considered. On motion, the Secretary Avas instructed to purchase said background and also to make arrangements for the necessary light in connection with the night show. Executive Committee Meeting. ' August 6, 7, 1906. Committee met at call of President with all members present, also Board member, Mr. Curtiss, Superintendent of Horse Depart- ment. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 151 The entries in Horse Department being far in excess of stall room in same, additional room was provided to properly accommo'» date the exhibit. All pens in the Swine Department have been assigned, and there being a further demand, the Superintendent of Grounds was in- structed to build additional ones surrounding the Swine Show Pavilion, and the Secretary was instructed to notify ]\Ir. -Johnston, Superintendent of the Swine Department, that seventy-five addi- tional pens would be furnished. The Secretary was instructed to consult with Mr. Green, Super- intendent of the Floricultural Department, and ascertain if a large tent would be satisfactory to take care of the overflow exhibit in his department, and if so to secure such tent and tables to be placed therein for the proper arangement of exhibits. The Secretary was duly authorized and instructed in the issu- ing of complimentary tickets for Fair of 1906.. Meeting of State Board of Agriculture. August -23, 1906. Board met at the President's office on the State Fair Grounds at 8 o'clock P.M. with the following members present: Messrs. Morrow, Simpson, Johnston, Phillips, Brown, St. John, Packard Legoe, Ledgerwood and Olson. blatters pertaining to the departments and management of the Fair were discussed Mr. Legoe moved that the opening and closing of sale of tickets be left entirely in charge of the Superintendent of Gates, and that the Treasurer instruct his ticket sellers to obey the orders of the Superintendent of Gates. Seconded by Mr. St. John. Motion carried. On motion the Board adjourned. MeetIxNtg of State Board of Agriculture. August 31, 1906. Board met at the President's office on the State Fair Grounds at 10 :30 a. m. with the following members present : ^Messrs. iMor- row, Cameron, Simpson, Johnston, Brown, Packard, Legoe, Ledger- wood, McDonald, Pike and Wright. 152 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The following pay-rolls were presented and allowed : Privilege Department, $134.00. Presented by W. C. Brown. Police Department, $1,658.25. Presented by M. C. McDonald. Cattle Department, $216.11. Presented by S. B. Packard. Tj-edsury Department, $795 30. Presented by G. D. Ellyson. Art Department, $433.10. Presented by T. C. Legoe. Ticket Department, $218.55. Presented by J. C. Simpson. Machinery Department, $171.95. Presented by Mr. Ledgerwood. Sheep and Poultry Departments, $94.05. Presented by H. L. Pike Speed Department, $259.10. Presented by C. E. Cameron. Press Bureau, $165.00. Presented by Secretary. Forage Department, $240.75. Presented by J. C. Simpson. Secretary's Department, $508.63. Presented by J. C. Simpson. Ticket Department, $102.00. Presented by J. C. Simpson. Swine Department, $202.42. Presented by R. S. Johnston. Horticultural Department, $95.65. Presented by J. C. Simpson. Floricultural Department, $107.00. Presented by J. C. Simpson. Dairy Department, $244.10. Presented by J. C. Simpson. Grounds, $116.45. Presented by J. C. Simpson. Board adjourned to meet at 7 o'clock Friday evening, August 31. ^Ieeting of State Board of Agriculture:. Friday Evening, August 31, 1906. Board met at President's office pursuant to adjournment, with the following members present: JMorrow, Cameron, Simpson, El- lyson, Johnston, Phillips, Brown, St. John, Packard, Legoe, Curtiss, Ledgerwood, ^McDonald, Pike and Olson. The President presented the matter of the exchange of real estate lying on the east side of the Fair Grounds for lots lying on the south side, known as the Redhead Addition. >\Ir. Curtiss moved to amend the resolution of the Board passed at a meeting held May 10, 1906, recommending the sale and purchase, as fol- lows : That three additional members be appointed to act with the Executive Committee of the Board to secure an extension of the option of the tract of land south of the Fair Grounds, and that the East Side Commercial League be notified, and that the transaction be postponed for a period of ten days with a view to the money for the purchase of said land being raised and donated by said Com- mercial League. Motion was duly seconded and passed. The President appointed the following members to act on this committee : Curtiss, Packard and Olson. The President stated that Senator Newberry asked that a com- mittee be appointed to confer with him in regard to amending the SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 153 pure food law. Mr. Packard moved that the standing committee on the adulteration of foods, seeds and other products be author- ized and instructed to immediately prepare by investigation the necessary facts Avith respect to the adulteration of foods and value of commercial feeds now on the market, for the purpose of ascer- taining what legislation is needed, and that a sum not to exceed $250.00 be appropriated for the use of such committee. Motion seconded by Mr. Legoe and carried. Mr. Curtiss moved that Mr. Frank lams, of St. Paul, Nebraska, be barred from exhibiting at the Iowa State Fair for an indefinite period on account of noncompliance with rules and regulations of the Fair. Seconded by Mr. Packard. Motion carried. The following pay-rolls were presented and allowed: Gate Department, $1,322.93. Presented by Mr. Olson. Agricultural Department, $341.75. Presented by Mr. St. John. Itemized bill, $6G.55. Presented by Mr. St. John. Horse Department, $450.60. Presented by Mr. Curtiss. On motion the President appointed as committee on Per Diem and Mileage, Messrs. Olson, i\IcDonald and Pike. On motion of Mr. St. John, the Secretarj^ was authorized to is- sue premium warrant to Mr. George Monlux, of Rock Rapids, Iowa, for $50.00 to cover expense of making L\^on County Agricultural exhibit. On motion all unfinished business was delegated to the Executive Committee with power to act. The Committee on Per Diem and ^Mileage reported as follows. NAME DAYS KATE AMT. MILES AMT. TOTAL W. W. Morrow 20 $4.00 $80.00 82 $8.20 $88.20 C. E. Cameron 18 4.00 72.00 140 14.00 86.00 R. S. Johnston 19 4.00 76.00 158 15.80 91.80 C. W. Philips 19 4.00 76.00 76.00 W. C. Brown 40 4.00 160.00 102 10.20 170.20 R. T. St. John 19 4.00 76.00 195 19.50 95.50 S. B. Packard 19 4.00 76.00 58 5.80 81.80 T. C. Legoe 19 4.00 76.00 100 10.00 86.00 C. F. Curtiss 19 4.00 76.00 37 3.70 79.70 John Ledgerwood 22 4.00 e>8.00 87 8.70 96.70 M. McDonald 19 4.00 76.00 65 6.50 82.50 0. A. Olson 19 4.00 76.00 155 15.50 91.50 H. L. Pike 19 4.00 76.00 200 20.00 96.00 (Signed) O. A. Olson, H. L. Pike. M. McDonald. Committee. 154 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr: Johnston moved the report of the committee be adopted Seconded by ]\Ir. Brown. Carried. On motion of Mr. Johnston, duly seconded by Mr. Packard, and carried, the Secretary was authorized to draw warrants on the Treasurer of the State Board, covering deficiency of State appro- priation for Assistant Secretary's salary. On motion of Mv. Legoe, duly seconded and carried, the Secre- tary was authorized to employ a stenographer and clerk at a salary of $75 per month. On motion the Board adjourned. Joint Meeting of Executive Committee and Special Committee ON Land. September 18, 1906. A joint meeting of the Executive Committee and the Special Committee appointed by the President, as per resolution of the Board on August 31st, for the purpose of making an effort to se- cure a tract of land lying between the south line of the Fair Grounds and Dean Avenue, met at the Secretary's office, wath the following members present : IMorrow, Cameron, Simpson, Curtiss, Packard and Olson. Owing to the fact that some objection had been made by mem- bers of the East Des Moines Commercial League to the sale of land belonging to the State, which land was- useless so far as the State Fair was concerned, and with the proceeds purchasing the land needed south of the grounds, the Secretary had invited a committee from the Commercial League to meet with the committee from the Department of Agriculture. The committee accepted the invita- tion and there was present J. A. IMcKinney, A. B. Elliott, J. K. Stuart and Isaac Brandt. The objections oft'ered by the members of the committee from the East Des Moines Commercial League could be summed up as fol- lows: First. — That the thirty-nine acres which it was proposed to sell should not be sold, but should be kept by the State for the purpose of establishing a Botanical Garden. Second. — That the amount for which the State proposed to sell the land was too low ($150.00 per acre), it being their opinion that the land was worth much more than that. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 155 Third. — That the amount to be paid for the land south of the Fair Grounds was greatly in excess of its value. These objections were met by the members of the committee in the following statement : First. — That as managers of the Iowa State Fair it was their duty to first look after the interests of the Iowa State Fair. Look- ing at it from this point of view the thirty-nine acres were abso- lutely Avorthless so far as being of any use for fair purposes, and that the land which it was proposed the State should buy was an absolute necessity to give sufficient room for the greatly increasetl live stock show and to in any way relieve the congested condition of that part of the grounds. Further that the Department of Ag- riculture, or the Executive Council of the State of Iowa, have no funds available for the purchase of the tract without the sale of a part of that already owned by the State, as per authority granted by the Twenty-sixth General Assembly. Therefore, under the con- ditions the State Board of Agriculture felt that in justice to the future welfare and continued success of the Iowa State Fair the sale and transfer should be made. Second. — The objection to the selling price is easily met and those w^ho think the price offered is too low w^ere given an oppor- tunity to place a larger offer or find some one who would, the Ex- ecutive Council deciding to advertise for and receive bids on the thirty-nine acres up to and including September 29, 1906. Third. — While the amount asked for the adjoining land might seem a little high the Board maintained that the value of a piece of land depended largelyl upon the purposes for which it is needed. Further, that the Department was compelled to expend large sums annually in providing temporary quarters for the overflow stock exhibits, and that sufficient room upon which to erect permanent buildings was not available without this additional land. Also that the amount expended annually for temporary quarters was greatly in excess of the amount demanded for the land over what might be its legitimate value for other purposes. It was further argued by the members of the State Board of Agriculture that now was the time to secure the land before any improvements were put upon it in which case the State would be compelled to pay in addition to the value of the land, if it was secured, an amount equal to if not greatly in excess of improvements. Also that it was the unani- mous opinion of the Board that the receipts of the fair could be greatly increased with adequate facilities to properly exhibit the stock. 156 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Following the meeting with the committee from the East Des Moines Commercial League the committee addressed a^ communica- tion to the Executive Council, and appeared in person before said Council to present their views as to the very urgent necessity for immediate action. To The Executive Council, State of Iowa. Gentlemen: Chapter 19, Acts of the Twenty-sixth General Assembly, gives to the Executive Council authority to sell a certain portion of the land belonging to the State known as the State Fair Grounds and with the proceeds derived from such sale to purchase for the State of Iowa additional lands to be used for State Fair purposes. In accordance with this act we herewith present for your considera- tion a resolution passed by the State Board of Agriculture in session as- sembled May 10, 1906, with an amendment presented and accepted at a meeting of the Board held in the President's office at the State Fair Grounds August 31, 1906, and most emphatically recommend that j'our honorable body take such action as will secure for the State of Iowa as an addition to the State Fair Grounds the land embraced in blocks and lots set forth in the resolution. After carefully considering the proposition offered by Mr. Redhead for an exchange of land, Mr. St. John offered the following motion: That the State Board of Agriculture, through its executive committee, recom- mend to the Executive Council of the State of Iowa an exchange of that portion of the land belonging to the State and known as the State Fair Grounds, lying east of the east line of section six (6) for the following described lots in Redhead's Addition to Grant Park in the city of Des Jloines, Iowa, viz: Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in Block K. Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 in Block G. Lots 1 to 42, inclusive, in Block L. Lots 1 to 14, inclusive, in Block J. Lots 1 to 14, inclusive, in Block I. Motion was duly seconded by Mr. S. B. Packard, and, on roll-call, members voted as follows: Yea: Morrow, Cameron, Simpson, Johnston, Brown, St. John, Legoe, Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson, Pike, Packard and Phillips — 13. Nay: None. Absent: Cummins, Koto, Wright, Storms, Curtiss and Ellyson — 6. Mr. Curtiss moved to amend the resolution of the Board passed at the meeting held May 10, 1906, recommending the sale and purchase of land as follows: '"That three additional members be appointed to act with the Execu- tive Committee of the Board to secure an extension of the option of the tract of land South of the Fair Grounds, and that the East Des Moines Commercial League be notified, and that the transaction be postponed for a period of ten days with a view to the money for the purchase of said land being raised and donated by said Commercial League." SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 157 This recommendation is made after a careful consideration of the objections presented by a committee representing the East Des Moines Commercial League and the recommendation of the Commercial League that the forty-acre tract be retained and used for other purposes. It is the unanimous judgment of the Board of Directors of the State Board of Agriculture that the purchase of the lots described in the above reso- lution is an urgent necessity and vital to the successful conduct of the Fair in providing for the greatly increased exhibits of the swine, horse, sheep and cattle departments, and that such purchase should be made immediately in order that plans for permanent improvements of the grounds may be settled now and presented to the legislature. Respectfully submitted, J. C. SiMPSOX, September 18, 1906. Secretary. On motion the committee adjourned. Auditing Committee Meeting. September 17, 18, 19, 1906. Committee met on days above mentioned with all members pres- ent, as follows : W. C. Brown, C. W. Phillips, John Ledgerwood. All claims on tile were duly passed upon and the Secretary- authorized to issue warrants in payment thereof. Executive Committee Meeting. September 19, 1906. Committee met at call of President with all members present. Petition of Mr. D. B. Gunn, Red Oak, Iowa, for return of en- trance fee paid on County De Kaj^ille, in 2 :18 pacing stake, which horse died August 25, 1906, was considered and on motion the Sec- retary instructed to draw warrant in I\Ir. Gunn's favor for $15.00. being fifty per cent of amount paid in. Petition of Mr. A. M. Utterback, Hedrick, Iowa, for return of entrance fee on his horse Radium, was considered, and on motion the Secretary authorized to make settlement with Mr. Utterback on basis of fifty per cent of amount paid in. Additional facilities for water and light supply on State Fair Grounds was taken up and considered, and on motion the Secretary, was instructed to confer with Prof. G. W. Bissell of the State Col- lege at Ames, and have him prepare plans and specifications cover- ing projects as outlined by committee. 158 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The matter of providing much needed additional closets on the grounds was taken up and considered, and on motion the Secretary was instructed to confer with Prof. A. Marston of the State College at Ames, and have him investigate and report on advisability of septic tank sj^stem. Executive Committee ]Meeting. October 25, 1906. Committee met at call of President with all members present, also Board members Messrs. Ledgerwood, Brown and Phillips. The purpose of the meeting was to consider an improved water- works system for the State Fair Grounds, and to receive Engineer Bissell's report and recommendations for same. Mr. Bissell presented an extensive and comprehensible report and recommendations, which were duly considered and discussed and on motion the Secretarj^ was authorized to advertise for bids for installation of system as recommended by ]\Ir. Bissell, bids to close November 26, 1906. Executive Committee jMeeting. November 26, 1906. As per previous arrangement the committee met for the purpose of receiving and opening bids for proposed improved water-works system on State Fair Grounds. All members of the committee were present, as was also Prof. G. W. Bissell, engineer for the project. Bids were duly received and opened, and as same were asked for and received on unit basis, they were turned over to Prof. Bissell with instructions to go over them carefully and make report on same to the State Board at December meeting, for their considera- tion and action. Meeting of State Board op Agriculture. Thursday, December 13, 1906. Board met at the office of the Secretary at 9.30 o'clock a. m Meeting called to order with President Cameron in the chair, and SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 159 on roll-call the following members were found to be present : Cam- eron, Brown, Simpson, Ellyson, Johnston, St. John, Reeves, Pack- ard, Legoe, McDonald, Olson, Pike, Curtiss and Wright. Hon. John C. Crockett, Clerk of the Supreme Court, admmis- tered the oath of office to the follow^ing newly elected members: Cameron, Brown, Reeves, St. John, Legoe, Olson, Phillips and Led- gerwood. The Secretary, on behalf of the Executive Committee, presented a report reviewing in detail the improvements and work of the past year by said committee. The committee also discussed at length in said report contemplated improvements at the State Fair Grounds for the coming season. The report of the Executive Committee in full is filed in the office in the record books of the Department. On motion of Mr. Legoe the Board proceeded to the election of Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. Packard moved that J. C. Simpson be elected Secretary to succeed himself, and that the salary be fixed at eighteen hun- dred dollars ($1,800) per annum. ^Motion was duly seconded by Mr. Legoe. He moved that the President be instructed to cast the entire vote of the Board for ]Mr. Simpson. The vote was so cast and i\Ir. Simpson was declared Secretary for the ensuing year. Mr. McDonald moved that ^Mr. G. D. Ellyson be elected Treas- urer to succeed himself, and that the salary be fixed at one hun- dred dollars ($100) per annum. Seconded by ^Nlr. Packard. ]Mr. McDonald moved that the President be instructed to cast the entire vote of the Board for ]\Ir. Ellyson. The vote was so cast and the President declared G. D. Ellyson Treasurer for the ensuing year The minutes of the Executive Committee meeting for September 10, 1906, and October 25, 1906, were read and approved. The Boar authorized the Secretary to appoint an assistant secretary at a salary not to exceed $100 a month and a second as- sistant secretary and stenographer at a salary of $75.00 per month and such other help as was needed in the office during the year. On motion IMr. Jas. H. Deemer was elected Superintendent of Grounds to succeed himself at a salary of $900 per year. On motion of Mr. Packard the Board adjourned until 2 o'clock p. m. AFTERNOON SESSION. Board met at 2 o'clock p.m. with the following members pres- ent: Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston, Phillips, St. John, Packard, Legoe, Curtiss, Olson and Pike. 160 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Prof. G. W. Bissell of Ames, engineer employed by the Execu- tive Committee to prepare plans and specifications for the water distribution system at the State Fair Grounds, appeared before the Board at invitation of the Secretary and submitted a report of the classification of bids opened by the Executive Committee on No- vember 26 for the proposed water system. A detailed list of the bids properly classified by ^Ir. Bissell were put on file in the office of the Department of Agriculture and were made a part of their records. Mr. Curtiss moved that the contract for the water distribution system as per bids submitted November 26th to the Executive Com- mittee be awarded to the Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works of Des Moines, they being the lowest bidder on the cpiantities specified, all service pipe included. Motion was seconded by ]\Ir. Brown and on roll-call the members voted as follows : Ayes : Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston, Packard, Legoe, Curtiss, McDonald, Pike, Ol- son. Nays : None. President declared the motion to have carried and the contract was awarded to the Des ^Moines Bridge & Iron Works. Mr. Bissell informed the Board that he was unable at this time to present a detailed report and recommendation for increased light- ing facilities at the State Fair Grounds. He further stated that he hoped to have the matter in shape sometime early in February so that some action could be taken. After listening to the state- ment made by Mr. Bissell, ^Ir. Curtiss moved that the matter of lighting be referred to the Executive Committee with power to act. Motion was seconded by ^Ir. Olson and prevailed. The Board elected the following gentlemen to act as marshals at the Iowa State Fair of 1907, and fLx^ed their compensation at $35.00 each, each marshal to furnish his OAvn horse and feed. Mar- shals elected w^ere as follows: C. ^I. Akes of Leon, T. D. Doke of Bloomfield, T. J. Hudson of Winterset, and Carl Shields of Afton. Mr. Donald Hill of Storm Lake was elected to the position of Chief of Police. The following list of assistants and heads of departments for the Fair of 1907 was presented by the Executive Committee and on motion of Mr. Curtiss report was adopted. List of assignments can be found in the premium list of 1907 and in the proceedings of the Board meeting to be found in the Secretary's office. The matter of location for the erection of headquarters and rest pavilion for the State Fair Grounds was referred to the Executive SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. ItJl Committee with power to act. On motion of Mr. Packard compen- sation for all help and assistants for the Fair of 1907 was fixed the same as that of the Fair of 1906. Considerable time was consumed in discussing- what permanent improvements and repairs were needed at the State Fair Grounds and what recommendations, if any, should be presented to the Thirty-second General Assembly asking for appropriations for such work. It was agreed by the Board to recommend that an appro- priation be made by the Thirty-second General Assembly to cover the expense of a swune barn and show pavilion and steel con- structed amphitheatre, and for the purchase of twenty acres of land lying north of the present race track. The exact amount for each of the several items to be determined after plans had been prepared and estimates made by the architects. The Executive Committee was instructed to have plans and estimates made at once and when plans and estimates had been completed by the architect to have bills drawn and presented to the General Assembly for said appro- priation. On motion Board adjourned until 9 o'clock a. m. the following day. i\lEETiNG OF State Board of Agriculture. Friday, December 14, 1906. Board met at 9 o'clock a. m. with following members present: Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston, St. John, Phillips, Packard. Curtiss, ^IcDonald, Olson, Pike, Wright and Storms. Minutes of the Board meeting of Thursday read and approved. Mr. J. R. Sage, Director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, was before the Board and discussed proposed changes in his de- partment, which, if adopted, would necessitate a discontinuation of the present manner of co-operation with the Government Weather Service. On motion of Mr. Packard the matter was referred to the Exe- cutive Committee. The revision of the premium list w^as then taken up. ]\Ir. Cur- tiss presented revised classification for the Horse Department rec- ommending an increase in premiums amounting to approximately !f;2,500, and on motion same was adopted. A detailed statement of the classification as adopted will be found in the premium list for 1907. 11 162 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Packard moved that the advisability of adding a class for the Suffolk Punch Breed of horses be referred to the Superintend- ent of the Horse Department and the Executive Committee. Mr. Packard presented recommendation for changes in the class- ification and added premiums in the Cattle Department, and on motion of I\Ir. St. John same was adopted. ]\Ir. St. John moved that $300 be added to the Iowa State College Scholarship Contest — prizes to be divided as follows : $325 for the boys and $175 for the girls. The rules and regulations governing said contests to be prepared by the Secretary. Motion was sec- onded by Mr. Johnston and prevailed. On motion the revision of the premium list in the Poultry De- partment was referred to the assistant superintendent of the de- partment, ^Ir. Shivvers, and the Secretary'-. Mr. Pike presented recommendations for changes in the Sheep Department and moved their adoption. Motion prevailed. On motion of Mr. St. John a revised classification for bees and honey was adopted with increase in premiums amounting to $2,400. Revision of the classification in the Floriculture and Fine Arts Departments was referred to the respective superintendents and Secretary. On motion Board adjourned. Afternoon Session. Board met at one o'clock p. m. with members present as at morning session. Minutes of morning session were read and ap- proved. President announced as the auditing committee for the ensuing year Messrs. Phillips, Legoe and Johnston. On motion of Mr. McDonald the reserve fund of $15,000 was continued for the ensuing year. On motion of Mr. Reeves $200 was added to the classification in the Fruit Department. ■]\Ir. Curtiss moved that the Executive Committee be authorized to obtain plans and estimates for the buildings for which it is proposed to ask appropriations from the legislature, and the archi- tectural fees for the work for any buildings which may be erected be three (3) per cent, this to include such personal visits and con- sultation.s with the architects as may be deemed necessary by the Executive Committee. ]\Iotion was seconded by Mr. Olson and prevailed. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 163 On motion of ^Ir. Packard the $200 addition to the premiums in the Floricnltural Department recommended by Mr. Greene, were not allowed, for the reason that no funds would be available the present year for adding any additional floor space for such exhibit. The following resolution was offered by ]\Ir. Packard : "Whereas. The alarming increase of noxious weeds in the State make it proper for the State Board of Agriculture to make an investigation with the view of ascertaining the best way to remedy these evils, and to suggest the necessary legislation and to impose upon the county su- pervisor or township trustee, or both, the authority of the law to eradi- cate these pests, therefore be it Resolved, That the Committee on Adulteration of Foods, Seeds and Other Products are instructed to investigate the subject and report from time to time, and that the sum of five hundred dollars ($500) or as much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated for expenses for the year 1907." On motion of ^Mr. Simpson resolution was adopted. Mr. Packard presented the report of the committee on the adulteration of foods, seeds and other products and offered the fol- lowing resolution in connection therewith :* "Resolved, That the State Board of Agriculture adopt the report of the Committee on the Adulteration of Foods, Seeds and Other Products, and approve the bill, which is a part of their report, and directs that a copy of the report and bill be sent to the Governor of the State and that he be requested to consider the matter in connection with his forth- coming message to the Legislature, and that five hundred copies of the report and bill be printed for distribution." On motion of ^Ir. St. John the report and resolution as offered by jMr. Packard was adopted. Mr. Packard presented the bill of Prof. L. G. ^Michael for ex- penses incurred in collecting samples of seeds, etc., and making analysis of same in connection with the report of the pure food committee, amounting to $118.96, also bill covering expenses of Mr. Packard in the same work amounting to $12.52. On motion of Mr McDonald the bills were allowed and the Secretary instructed to issue warrants in payment thereof. On motion of Mr. St. John all unfinished business was referred to the Executive Committee with power to act. • Report of committee published in part five of Tear Book. 164 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The Committee on Per Diem and ^Mileage reported as follows : DAYS. RATE. AMT. MILES. W.W.Morrow.... 3 $4.00 $12.00 82 C.E.Cameron 6 4.00 24.00 140 W.C.Brown 6 4.00 24.00 102 R. S. .Johnston. . .. 6 4.00 24.00 158 C. W. Phillips 6 4.0u 24.00 E. M. Reeves...... 3 4.00 12.00 123 R. T. St. John 6 4.00 24.00 195 S. B. Packard 6 4.00 24.00 58 T C. Legoe 6 4.00 24.00 100 C. ¥. Curtiss 4 4.00 16.00 39 John Ledgerwcod 4.00 87 M. McDonald 6 4.00 24.00 65 O. A. Olson 6 4.00 24.00 155 H. L. Pike 6 4.00 24.00 200 AMT. f 8.20 14.00 10.20 15.80 TOTAL. $20.20 38.00 34.20 39.80 24.00 12.00 19.50 43.50 5.80 29.80 10.00 34.00 3.90 19.90 8.70 not present 6.50 30.50 15.50 39.50 20.00 44.00 Total $409.40 R. S. Johnston, O. A. Olson, H. L,. PncE. Committee. On motion of Mr. Johnston the report was adopted. On motion of ]\Ir. Johnston the dates of the Iowa State Fair were fixed August 23-30th, inclusive. On motion of ^Ir. Johnstor the Board adjourned sine die. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. PART V. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON Adulterations of Foods, Seeds and Other Products, and Legislation Recommended AND Enacted by the Thirty- Second General Assembly, Regulating Same. COMMITTEE S. B. Packard H. R. Wright C. F. Curtiss Submitted to the State Board of Agriculture at a meeting on December 14, 1906, and was unanimously accepted. Mr. President, Officers and Members of Board. — Your committee, in- structed at the last meeting to investigate the subject of adulterated agricultural seeds, concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, and condi- mental stock foods, beg leave to submit the following report: The following states have laws on the subject of concentrated commer- cial feeding stuffs: North Carolina, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Massa- chusetts, New Hampshire, Texas, Illinois, Ohio, Rhode Island, New York, Wisconsin, Maine, Michigan, Virginia, and Georgia. Maine and Ken- tucky have laws regulating the sale of seeds. The brief time given the committee to investigate the extent of adul- teration of these products made it proper to pursue the inquiry through experts on the subject. Professor Michael was, therefore, employed by your committee to visit the leading centers of the State, and to take sam- (165j 166 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. pies of commercial feeding-stuffs on sale at the various points, and to make analyses. The detailed reports of the investigations are herewith submitted, and the earnest attention of the Board is called to them. From the results of these investigations, your committee is certain that various commercial feeding-stuffs sold in our markets are generally adulterated, sometimes very grossly adulterated; that agricultural seeds sold for seeding purposes in this State are found to contain to an alarming degree the seeds of noxious plants, such as Canada thistle and quack grass; and that numerous condimental stock foods for which extraordi- nary claims are made are sold at a price out of all proportion to the cost of their ingredients, or to their nutritive or medicinal value. Your com- mittee has, therefore, prepared a bill for an act designed to regulate the sale of these articles. Following the laws of other states, the bill proposes a tag tax upon feeding-stuffs and stock foods, and a label specifying the ingredients in mixed feeds and condimental stock foods, and a statement of the percent- ages of crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber, so that the purchaser may know the relative feeding value of the feeding-stuffs he purchases, and the ingredients in the condimental stock foods for which he pays a high price. The bill seeks to prohibit the sale of seeds for seeding purposes if certain noxious weed seeds are present, and requires labeling of seeds when harmless weed seeds are present as an adulterant. Your committee, therefore, recommends that the matter be brought to the attention of the Legislature with the approval of the Board of Agri- culture for the bill herewith submitted.* Respectfully, S. B. Packabd, C. F. CURTISS, H. R. Wright, Committee on the Adulteration of Foods, Seeds, and Other Products. RESULT OF ANALYSES AND INVESTIGATIONS MADE B\^ PROF. L. G. MICHAEL, CHEMIST AT THE IOWA EXPERIMENT STATION, FOR THE COMMITTEE. CONDITIONS OF FEEDING-STUFFS AS SOLD IN lOVt^A. The keynote of the attitude of not a few feed producers to the feed buyers, was recently given by a miller in Burlington. This miller was running corn hulls into his wheat bran. To the objection that this was an adulteration, and that corn hulls did not contain as much protein as wheat bran, he replied, "What in does a farmer know about protein." We buy a concentrated feed for its protein. It is protein that feed producers guarantee their feeds to contain. Bran, shorts and middlings, by-products of all kinds, are quoted at market prices governing pure, stan- dard feeding-stuffs, containing a standard percentage of protein. We pay the price, but almost nowhere in Iowa are we able to get a standard com- modity in return. • Bill as passed by the Thirty-second General Assembly published in lieu thereof on page 196. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 167 Analysis of the samples of blood meal received during the last year show this feed to run 1.25 to 2.58 per cent below the guarantees of the producers. Tankage guaranteed to contain 60 per cent protein, has dropped as low as 47.25 per cent; and thirteen analyses give an average of 6 per cent below the standard set by the company placing this feed-stuff on the market. This is equivalent to a cash shortage of $3.30 to the ton. Meat meal, also guaranteed to contain 60 per cent protein, has averaged 2.13 per cent below that standard, one sample dropping as low as 52.47 per cent. Both products, stated to be free from stomach contents, have been found to contain undigested oat hulls and hair. Even as high as 4.4 per cent of silica (the basic constituent of sand) has been found in some samples. Of thirteen samples of cotton-seed meal examined, only one was found to be "prime," or up to the standard of 41.2 per cent protein, set by the Cotton-seed Crushers' Association. The samples below grade are heavily loaded with cotton-seed hulls, which brings the protein content from 1 to 3.5 per cent below guarantee. The by-products of the wheat flour industry vary greatly, according to the process of milling. The quality of the output, from a number of mills also fluctuates according to the other grains that are being ground, whose inferior offal is run into the wheat by-products; or fluctuations may be due to other adulterating material at hand. The averages of our analyses of the mill feeds sold in Iowa show that most of these products are below the standards of those manufacturers that stamp their guarantee on the sacks containing their feeds. Low grade flour is standardized at 21 per cent protein. The average of ten analyses of flours sold in Iowa is 14.71 per cent, or 6.29 per cent low. Middlings should contain 18 to 20 per cent protein. We have found an average of eighteen analyses to give 17.12 per cent, or 0.88 to 2.88 per cent low. Mixed feed should contain 18 to 19 per cent protein. Averaging the six analyses we have made, gives 16.19 per cent, or 2.81 per cent low. Wheat shorts should run 17 to 19 per cent protein. Our average of thirty analyses of shorts sold in Iowa is 15.59 per cent, or from 1.41 to 3.41 per cent low. Wheat bran should contain from 15 to 17 per cent protein. We found an average of twenty-six analyses to give 14.92 per cent, or 0.08 to 2.08 per cent low. It is a common practice to run scowerings, corn hulls and offal oat hulls, and the hulls of weed seeds into the bran, the ground weed seeds and screenings having been run into the shorts. The effect that this prac- tice has on the quality of the bran and shorts depends upon the extent of the adulteration. At a few mills where such admixtures were made, it was possible to get samples of pure shorts and bran direct from the dus- ter; and other samples from the packer at which the sacking of these by- products for shipment was made. 168 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The analyses, reduced to the same moisture content, are given below: BRAN. • (Amounts stated in pounds per hundred weight.) Name of Mill Co. Water Protein Protein (from duster) (from packer) Pure Mixed Shannon & Mott, Des Moines 8.75 15.63 15.26 SIIOKTS. (Amounts stated in pounds per hundred weight) Manufacturer Water Protein (from duster) Pure Protein (from packer) Mixed Shannon & Mott, Des Moines. 9.48 18.40 At some mills a system of "padding" is carried on. That is, a sack is partially filled with shorts and the balance of the sack filled with bran. The whole is then sold at shorts prices. Sweepings from the floor are also used as padding. Corn and oat chops is one of the most widey used feeds in the State, and one that shows the greatest variety of composition. Many local mill- ers complain that they cannot buy corn and oats and grind them at a profit in competition with the brands of this product that are shipped in from outside their vicinity. These "shipped-in" chops invariably con- tain oat hulls, light oats, ground cob, and milling offal that render it pos- sible for them to be offered at a figure the local grinder cannot touch. The cereal mills are offering oat hulls at about $7.00 per ton. Corn and oat chop is selling at from $15.50 to $25.00 per ton. From a number of samples in our collection it is evident that the temptation to mix oat hulls with this feed has proven too great for many millers to resist. We have found this feed lo be composed of: Pure ground oats and pure corn meal (free from hulls). Pure ground oats and pure ground corn. Ground 'oats, corn and corn cob. Whole oats and cracked corn. Light oats, corn and corn bran. Ground oats, oat hulls and ground corn. Shredded oat hulls and cracked corn. The mixed feed industry presents a problem of unusual interest. Such feeds are made to sell and too often but little regard is paid to the in- trinsic value of the mixture. A number of manufacturers use shredded oat hulls as the base of each of the feeds they place on the market — com- bining this offal with corn, barley, and other grains. Such feeds are mar- keted under fanciful or standard names, at fanciful or standard prices. It is the common practice to work oat and corn hulls, and other milling offal into the mixed feeds Iowa farmers are buying. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART Y. 169 One such mixed feed was found to contain: Ground alfalfa and molasses 600 pounds Crushed grains, not corn 750 pounds Crushed corn 250 pounds Oat and cereal hulls 400 pounds This feed, selling at $20.00 a ton, contained 14.04 per cent protein. Another feed contained: Ground alfalfa 731 pounds Corn hulls 357 pounds Linseed meal 476 pounds Blood meal ' 289 pounds Ground corn 147 pounds This feed contained 23.95 per cent protein, and sold at $2.50 per hun- dred pounds; when oil meal containing 32.90 per cent protein was selling at $1.60 per hundred pounds. The oil meal containing 9 per cent more protein was selling at 90 cents per hundred less than this mixed feed. Our markets are surfeited with condimental and tonic foods, more or less valueless. The preposterous claims under which many of these stock foods and tonics are sold are absurd. Home of them are fraudulently misrepresenta- tive; the virtues claimed for them being contradictory or impossible. The following, taken from the printed matter on the outside of the same box, illustrates the gullery practiced by these manufacturers: "One measure full is mixed with their regular feed every night for a week or ten days; then you can feed morning and night for a few days; . after that you can reduce the amount of grains you were feeding. Three quarts of corn, oats or meal, well mixed with one ounce of Food, is better for an animal than four quarts without it. "For Horses: "To prevent colic or disease — one tablespoonful, three times a day. "For cows: "To prevent abortion, garet, milk fever, and dairy diseases — one table- spoonful daily. "For Poultry: "To prevent roup and all other diseases — one tablespoonful to each "For Hogs: "To cure cholera and hog diseases — one tablespoonful scalded and mixed with milk and fed daily." This marvelous cure-all and do-all was "scientifically" (?) com- pounded of: Anise seed Carroway seed Foenugreek seed Flax seed 1 These are not recognized in veterinary Tumeric ( practice as medicines. Sassafras bark Poplar bark Slippery elm bark 170 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Gentian. Blood root. Powdered charcoal. Common salt. Pepper. The beneficial drugs it did contain were in such small amounts, that when given in tablespoonful doses there was not enough medicine present to affect the animal in any way. The experiments* conducted by the Iowa and other State Experiment Stations have not demonstrated that the benefits derived from the use of such foods warrants the exorbitant outlay of money necessary for their purchase. Many of the drugs of which these foods and tonics are com- pounded are excellent remedies, when used in proper strength. Common salt is a wonderful digestive and profitable lo use at 50 cents per hun- dred pounds. The farmer is accustomed to feeding a little sulphur now and then. Red pepper is not a bad remedy, nor is gentian, nor is char- coal. But it is folly to buy these simple drugs heavily adulterated with bran, shorts, pine bark or oil meal at $4.00 to $14.00 per hundred pounds, simply because they contain a little foenugreek, anise, fennel or sassafras to make them smell pleasant, and because the manufacturer says their use will double the flow of milk of your cows, or will give your horses those Dan Patch qualities that smash records. Opposed to the claims of manufacturers, we have the evidence from experiments performed by the various stations: The Iowa Experiment Station found that the use of International Stock Food increased the cost of beef production twenty-four per cent; that Standard Stock Food, when fed to cattle, reduced the value of each bushel of corn consumed twenty-four per cent, and increased the cost of beef production eleven per cent. In another experiment, Standard Stock Food, when fed to swine increased the value of each bushel of corn only one and two-tenths per cent; that Iowa Stock Food decreased the value of each bushel of corn fed one-half per cent. Pratt's Stock Food, fed at the Massachusetts Station, increased the cost of milk and butter production ten per cent. Acme Stock Food, fed at Kansas Station, increased the cost of butter fat production 18.7 per cent. Globe Stock Food, fed at the same station, increased the cost of butter fat production 6.3 per cent. At the Indiana Station, American Stock Food was found to increase the cost of pork production 15.3 per cent. At the same station, Rauh's Stock Food, fed in conjunction with Standard Stock Food, decreased the cost of pork production nine-tenths of one per cent. These condiments and tonics can be compounded by a local druggist at a fraction of their present cost. Iowa is not only disregarding the maintenance of even an average quality of the feetffe produced within her borders, but has become the dumping-ground for those feed-stuffs that are of too inferior a quality to meet the requirements of adjoining states, protected by a consistent feed- ing-stuff inspection law. • We have not space at this point to po into the details of condimental foods and tonics. Those interested will find the subject discussed fully at the close of this report. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART Y. 171 .2 a> OQ .^ O CQ S ^ o o) « J3 Ma cSOQ -^ 0) -oqjBO apnjo niajojj ve^ jajBAi -BJoqBT CO rH to ^.u^ o o o o o ;ss?s W W « ?2 CQ < y^ r^ t>i H u'^ coo CO M< CD »0 t- !s??; O il -HO r-t O CI W X t- = = = = ;z; ij li o 9 •= ~ •- o . . . . o odd d 0000,:g S3! 8)Bjpi(q -oqjBO qev apnjo ntajojj IBJ JaiBM. 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Bicki lulienl: ins Br ey Bu 1 1 o «5 o 3 10 a a s m 0) grt-i- > H 3 ^ ^ ti u "m o a O ^ i B a a ai a cS c3 a ^ H^S" J J o ^. «* ^ 0) a 03 c 1— 1 >>;''" 1 •> 1 . r ' tjC 1 (-t ^ a j5o wO id 1 1 e 1 =s a d 2 d a Eye Mills Co., Slee Minn ilienburg, Perkins, la s Bros., Sioux City, urn & Crosby C oiiDolis. Minn . .. _^u jo o" i j 1 i > o a rt 0) a a S^ i 1 §o- a M a W i 1 a < o d O O .O .2 o a aO o =3 a 05 w. m O U a a § i d 5! ^ >i '"' CS ^ & S 1 a S a IK ■a a o S -3 a t.1 o o =3 ^ .= =.a = T" — ;n iTj ^ 2 S a tea 3 a a Sleep; Bye D. M Marti Wash Mill Irl U ■2 -3 3 C ll ^ dt: Oo 1 J K S i a a If. 1 i a CS o a i n r"s,,- CC O I- M u2 00 r^ o t^ ^^ 1 lo ci ol" o o n CO -♦ l.•^ "^ "" CO ^ :c to t^ t- r^ 1 180 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. aptiJO niajoJd J9JBA1 ■5i^ -Bjoq aa a2 s o ^ CO -^ g 00 m s LO lO g t^ " - cS t^ s -* g -ti ■* ■* ■* OJ to So ^?; Ol CO ■fe to b-«0 . o => d .2 ^ a Eo.9 ft << 5^„- faSS « a o-g.2 ajEjpXii -oqauo >ODt^OCOCDiOr^incD gtOin-^QiO-^CDGOCO jaqij apnjQ niajojd 1 -* 0-* iiH iH in in '«i* t«- to o iHCvtOJi-tCQCOiHOin-* OM jSjoj -BJOqBl coir:^<>iQ(MoiOQin^ corHOiinooi-iootoinoo C^COOiOSOOoirHOod-* ^«Dir^oo-*OopQ<©in CO^CQCOOii-l-^«COO COCOincOCO-^C^COCOCD a5i-HCOin^QOi-ioo-*co Sit^COrJicO^inOOOin OOii-HOoici?Ot^C-Oi M Cj Om .2 n cs cs >jj Q -=sa£ ci" •Sea C3/^ ^Z2 >* ] T £^ _ !S •« cj ra >- HH^.a • -go 2g.2 •6 a ci'l-^ ?, i-2.es S3 , aj . C3 o SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 181 £=^g CO 3 Is o u Ma (u a h3 s « > § -1< « CO § s OT s g g 8 s O g CO 00 t- C: l> ^ " t- CO t- t^ o o o 3 g M 00 8 S s? & rH Sg ^ CO 8 t~ §5 O w s o CC CO s § s (N t~ s tn. f=-i case C30 a-" :k" ■g^.2« jj.-^ ^S ."s a_ a — rH - 0) o a ,^ a> a mS •-: o £ o) K^Uaa a o " a _'S >.— a a a '' a a2"^".r^- ~> a - sfc! 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S 50 KH O Sr- -«2 M P3 <5 c g -^ a;M a; "^ ^ 0)0 a a cri-H s ao; . '' r. ^ •" '3 « 1_1 § s i1 Jfa CJ 5 I— 1^ "^ ^ S 6-5 •7= rr S !» i ° . «2 K Eh ^ Si S Ksc as 02 mS ^ 184 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. t3 .. a> - O 03 S ft ft _aj "5 "o rQ bjo H ft o o o "•J o u o V o * C o o o ot o Ss? ;^ ^ ^ o # c o C *"• o 5^'^ ■5 c 3 ■^ o ■-1 CJ o c o*- 43 d 2 5J c s o t; V oo ^ of^ «£ c» O , ;^ "T~ , , a. ^ r^ o SB I u a; Ci K c; o o .a 0 1 c X 1 a. 0} ^ il^ 5 x 1 -J S' 1 . rH .- .. -3 a 1 ■; C N ^ tJ ^ X 1 o 1 o ■" c: "3 c a c T 1 .. ^ OJ p -i- m O P « ^ : o 'it-i o y ^ 5 'z ^ 1-^ o j; C ^ ;^ > .^ 0 ,^ .• t2 +J ':^ ^ ^ 1 -M c ^ 0/ % s ®« 1° .a o O 5 a X c ^1 ■= ij ^ w^ a X ci o g 0) X a s c a 0) X u — ^ a 0 PI a * X rH a o X c o x5 fci li; >-iH liS ::3 K C a '-' -a ^ =: >, ~r "V a a I !«' S .2 O 1 O rt 3 a c a i X o S X i 1 c, l'3 5 0) a a 1 !>l g S t, ■S a I ■d S 1 o X 2 ii- s ;.. 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X X u '"3 X ^ s Cli 3 c: 'x c: ^ 5 X CM C ^ CM o a c: o o 3 Ci 3 o o 3 o 3 CJ ! *^ o o a. a C3 XlH o £i cj o o >. 0) c ^ ^ a X c; p — .a " -*-' ^ 43 .a < < -< < < H K O O u ^ ^ a "3 Z SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART V. 185 V V V O O O a a o o o ■ - 5'5 K-l 1 O x O X ;=« S & r>} t^ t^ ;-i O O O -ftaa !.§.§.= o '5 "3 s o o C3 g •-0 c; O c-* a o o o KB Ci »o rH ci : - *o t-GO i^ •* ci e • < «? rH t-^ CO 1-4 C C\iOCi>-HOCO^i-HCNiOOir:)OCO(NO»rirH -* CO lO Ci O »i^ E o CM in in o CO 5WOC0i-Hr>rH'*C>JO rH 00 in 00 Oi 00 Ci lO 1— t «— I c: c . „ GO C vn -f -f ^ CO '-0 t^ r- in CD c: i^ r-i CO 05 O Cl C^ coinoGomioo^D ioc<( ^^^J.^^^ ^^^_^^^^^^_^^^;s_^^^s_^^^^^^^?i_^^^ O;3;i-IG000C0CiG0CsO-t< GO g^ ?0 i-H rH J Cl O est t-- O i-H Cl C jgqij apnjo 0-* Q 18 I N t^ CO i-H i-H I I rH 050 « <© I < CO •-< CO CO C« I t-OOGOOCOi-linrHi-HOO t-inr-^Ocoin-fcoooo 00 CO GO CO CO* go' 00 X OO I> I 3^S-2i2'*^^22!2 ^t^Oco^^'*co«?^-r^lnrH(^>:0 1-'Oil-tlnc>^^^,lr^-f^'-^lr^r^>,^-*^ fe^?SE3'^£??5^ lOCiOCOrHCDOJt^ODCOOJt-CO^C i-H t^j r-l C^ Of rH 1— I rH r i GO ■'i^ 1— ( 05 O c: -+ I 5OC0t-HOr?it--(-t< COi— IQWOO l-HQWOOl-^(7^t-(5^i■-*db(^ rH O-^ in ^00 Oi-hOO in CO in WCO'^COOONt-OOOO-rOl^inrH 'ijoinc^i^rHt^coc^oinoiDOin'HH(ooJci— rciOii-H aaqrariM : i-( Ci C5 CO r-t r-J OOI>^-^^>COt>^-OOOOOO^^I-l^-^CS>r^r-^r-^<:doDC>icCr i-*<-^^i;^Cii-Hr-^G0t^'*'O IP 'l°l Oo?» 5--; « S^-jj Q >- 1^ o r^ 'rSf^ p -a Ji P • ~% ci J KiS'"' cs : I « « CD - >■. cj t: >> I j^^-.">5Ua>^-^ cScicJjj .^" .a .h-l>--c3_, I I « o o^ C O CJ 1 •O o o - C --a -a -a o ° ° o §000 O 'i) o o : - -£ ^ ® aggg o ^ a — rt a a -tJ • - -^ a tc C„- --1; cr :: = SB " - a W S p- 1» t; " f? rr o^ qj c; ar^-" a >'~'^m ^a w '-' « § o afe o CS+J 50^^.^, ■r>o>-- a; o o o fU ' 00000 ooooSoooo ooooSoooo OOOOoOOOO opooooooo m m VL yi m Tfi xfi m m TTi 'Ji TJX Tti m xfi rj: Til m ■-i^T— 'COlOir^OCJCOOOSrHCO 10 CO CO O CI c~-^ffOt-^eo':OCi-*b^c m i-H O -»> 04 rH t 5 m O (N •-( r-l (?4 « W CO kft CO 190 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. uoiuuioo ^•^■ -oqjB3 CO O 1" OJ rH OS 00 00 C^ ci O « CO W CO -^ CO « O C in CO t^ i-H -* CO o ■*m iH C7i ^^oo - ggs »n CO (M in 00 rH ■* w ■* C2 00 CO rM CO CO COr^C:5^-00 Oit^CiC^lftMC *COt^t*CO^I>t^COt^ ■-H .-I rH e< Jaqjd apnjo 3;^ CC> O CD O in CO OS in *M in (N (?i ^ o CO i-H cs 00 c — J o ■* t- -^ vn (M iM (>* t-t N CO ^ CO o oo'-T i-< SCO 00 i-H CO O ^ OS CO 1 ilOr-t-^COOOO^lCO CSCOCS * in CS CO CO i> CO OS t^ t^osco ooco-^csinosoDt^-^inco-* ^ CO a f>i 1-i Oi r-t rH T-l T-H w -f Ml -ti O JOBJaxa aaqia O "* CO -ti- cs 04 -*' co' 5 0in rH s o in t- csi— iQO-^cscocsosoinco i-i-hw co coc:scoi-h Ni-I^CSrHt I"00C4i— lOQO Wine- — cococooot^-rcococociicoM' coc^ir cs X CO cs ocomcoco -t^ooocoirinco'^-ocsooo -^oco oo oocsoooo MCONCO-Ji t-t^OCOCSCOOC^tCSf^min OOCOCS t* r-l-*M'CO t^oc--*co Oi-'-t't-ininooocs-i'^Ht^ inoi-H rn oot^cso g O O <~^ a - _-c: B P-i 'C^iS S13 £a a; o S S!>2<: 03 0) « 2 5" x:;/^::: 3- -=:^>^' a Sii ^ ^ a ^ = ' 0)1-1 .5 a a 0) M *-> 0) OJ 0) vJ 0; — J - 3 '? cS .- cj ■'■' o)^-'.-; a ^ ;5£:j"£>£:4d^ o o o o V o o o 0000 opp o 23 ^ , , ci cs rt'H O a o o - O w -0) >i Sgp§ . 0 ^ s c3 a _ cSciO OOfe -T^^a -f >.i-l fj O) 0) o •■ ^ao o a o) 0; v,5^ a=« 30 43 0) a «" S i-i^^iSSc .^^3 cj-oZi a : » OM c3 a>>r 5 « a o S^ O > CM 7ma O O o ©_o§ mmtp, ft" O Op, a, .u a a O 0) O ; a a 3 i KTIllKtZlOPQJOJXitlii o'oi'oi'ai ij.i;.^ c3 c: : o o 4) 0) -— .— I I- « ; "oj 'm ^ 02 M 02 _Sp 0) OJ O C3 jaquinM SSSS OSCOt'-^COt^ rHOOWCOt^t^C rH C* CO CO rH c CO CO i-l i-l SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART Y 191 »o ir- r- -1" < !gS?g ) CO »M CO r-l O 'O Q "^ *© ■»?• 00 O "^ t><^ t-I O l> CO CO O I OJ (M 0< C^*t|j^|__|^ (O M* CD t- 5fi CO -I- M rn' ,-; co" P o in :i; CO CO t^^^^c:ctc5cowcD il'iSSESSS coococDi-coo5-^t^--i ci-fOi'^'Coir Ji;pi;jf,>fS}cQww^'— 1-1 ,-1 Oi r-- W l-H l-H oococooOi^Q^^'^o-*' (M OJ CO 05 «^ P OD ir CD c: lO t> •TJ^l-HO:^^^-G0^-C0C^«0 t^CO rH "-in coci-*«30tr^^J rj r- -*• lO CO «0 I « e- o c5 ri Jo -* t-^ 55 •* ^. ■*. '^. "i "*. "^ ti - I 1 . I ■ P ci a* O I , a t. t- :: : — . a ^t; gp ^-_2 ■•'■ . s '''2_ ' ' ' o ' ^"^ '^1 g o o cfa cair- <^ Q CI ^ r-H 192 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. INVESTIGATIONS BY PROF. L. H. PAMMEL, BOTANIST, IOWA EXPERIMENT STATION, AMES, lA. rilE SALE OF AGRICULTURAL SEEDS SHOULD BE REGULATED BY THE ENACTMENT OF A LAW. We present to you herewith a statement concerning our investiga- tions concerning the quality of clover, timothy and other seeds sold upon the Iowa market. The facts determined by us are sufficiently important to merit the consideration of the coming session of the Legislature. We present these facts on the invitation of a committee of the Board of Agriculture, consisting of Governor Packard, Professor Curtiss, and the State Dairy Commissioner, Mr. Wright. Our forage crops are so impor- tant in the agriculture of Iowa that this question of pure seed merits serious consideration. AREA DEVOTED TO TIJIOTHY AND CLOVER IN IOWA. In the census of Iowa for the year 1905 we find that the area devoted to the growing of clover was 237,309 acres, and to timothy 3,642,424 acres. In addition to this, large, areas are devoated to the growing of blue-grass and some minor leguminous crops, such as white clover, alsike and alfalfa. A law regulating the sale of agricultural seeds, in regard to their purity, prohibiting adulteration and misbranding, is imperative. Such laws are in force in Canada, Kentucky, Maine and Florida. THE INTRODUCTION OF BAD WEEDS WITH AGRICULTURAL SEEDS. Since the areas devoted to the growing of red clover and timothy are frequently renewed, large amounts of seed are annually required for seed- ing purposes. The farmer pays a large amount of money for this seed, often paying high prices for poor seed. In this seeding there is always a chance that some bad weed may be introduced. In this way new weeds are constantly brought into the State. Recently there was brought into the State with alfalfa, a weed native to Europe and common in the West, known as the knapweed, a very objectionable, spiny weed. In addition to this, burr clover, or alfilaria, a troublesome weed in the West and Europe, has been widely disseminated by means of alfalfa. Throughout the State ribplantain, plantain or buckhorn has been scattered by means of clover seed from the East and from Europe. The Canada thistle has been intro- duced in a similar way. The clover dodder and common field dodder are reported as menacing the clover crop in different parts of the State. Quack grass, which promises to be one of the most troublesome weeds in northern Iowa, has been introduced with grass seed. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART V. 193 COST OF EXTERMINATING WEEDS INTRODUCED IN BAD SEEDS. It will cost the farmers of the State a good many thousand dollars to exterminate the Canada thistle, quack grass and rib-plantain introduced carelessly with impure seeds. It has been estimated that it will cost from ten to fifteen dollars per acre to remove these weeds from the farms of Iowa. The financial loss, therefore, to the farmers of the State will be enormous. Can we afford to introduce these weeds with impure seeds? It has been estimated that samples of clover seed containing 1 per cent of weed seeds as impurities contain about one thousand weed seeds per pound. That in another case where the per cent was 2%, the number was 27,600 weed seeds per pound. Mr. Pieters says: "If fifteen pounds were sown per acre, the farmer plants about 414,000 seeds of weeds, which have an equal chance with the crops in which they grow." From our investigation, we may cite what was found in one sample of red clover. The percentage of impurities was as follows: Canada thistle, .707; bull thistle, 1.04; timothy, 1.267; field sorrel, .75; curled dock, 2.05; yellow foxtail, 3.704; green foxtail, 1.25; other weeds, 2.02. The farmer who sent this sample of clover seed would have thoroughly sown his field of ten acres with Canada thistle at the rate of 10,000 plants per acre, 15,000 bull thistle, and 30,000 common curled dock; in addition, foxtail and other weed seeds to the amount of 2,000,000 per acre. It would have kept the farmer busy for three years exterminating these bad weeds. We advised the farmer not to sow this seed. The farmers of the county in which this seed was offered for sale refused to buy the same. In some Iowa grown clover seed, some years ago, Mr. Stewart, in the writer's laboratory, found impurities to the amount of 3 to 67 per cent weed seed. Fortunately, most of these impurities were weeds which were common to Iowa. IMPURITIES IN CLOVER SEED. Rib-grass was found seven times. The Canada thistle and common dodder did not occur in the Iowa grass seed. In our own recent investiga- tion, out of 238 samples of red clover seed examined, 155 samples con- tained timothy, 137 contained dirt and sand, 128 yellow foxtail, 125 con- tained green foxtail. 111 Rugel's plaintain, 105 crab or quack grass, 61 rough pig-weed, 44 lamb's quarter, 35 bracted plantain, 27 old witch grass, 27 dooryard plantain, 21 Canada thistle, 20 barnyard grass, 20 cockle, 20 smooth crab-grass, 15 bull thistle, 10 dodder, 7 wild carrot, 7 starry com- pion, 4 blue vervain, 4 hoary vervain, 4 spurge, 3 English charlock, 3 pep- pergrass, 3 ragweed, 2 cowherd, 2 black bindweed, 1 chickory, 1 couch grass, 1 water hemp, 1 yellow trefoil. PER CENT OF IMPURITIES. The percentage of impurities of these 238 samples varied greatly. In a. few cases there were no impurities, but in other cases the impurities amounted to 18.606 per cent. The average for red clover was 1.93 per cent. The sample of alfalfa showed a better state of affairs. The highest was 2.417 per cent, with an average impurity of .838 per cent. Alsike 13 194 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. varied from .152 to 7.568 per cent, with an average of 3.437 per cent; timothy varied from .073 to 6.97 per cent. This shows that the farmer pays 26 cents for impurities in 100 pounds of red clover, 12 cents for impurities in alfalfa, 51 cents for impurities in alsike, .and 23 cents for impurities in timothy. The farmer does not want to pay a high price for weed seeds, of which he has enough. ADULTERATIONS. When the farmer asks for alfalfa seed, he does not want the substi- tute, burr clover or sweet clover, which are frequently mixed with low- grade alfalfa seed, as indicated by the extensive investigations of the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. These weeds have most objec- tionable qualities, and the farmer cannot afford to introduce these plants. Canadian blue-grass is substituted for blue-grass and other green substi- tutes are frequent; mustard is sold for rape, etc. VIABILITY OF SEEDS. The farmer is interested not only in obtaining pure seeds, but he also wants seeds that are capable of germination. The following table, taken from Mr. Pieter's report, shows the condition of a few different samples: Five of the samples of red clover in the following table were fairly good seed, but the price was not always proportionate to the real value. Samples 2 and 7, though inferior seed, were really the most expensive. while for sample 6 less was paid per pound of good seed than for any of the others. Most of these samples were purchased in the same place, and two of them, numbers 1 and 3, from the same dealer. They illustrate how little local dealers regulate prices according to the real value of the seed. Table 1. — Comparison of market price of clover seed with price actu- ally paid for the good seed: Market Price Per Cent No. Lbs. of Price Paid Per Sample No. Per Bu. Good Seed. Good Seed. Bu. Good Seed. 1 $5.50 93 55.8 $5.58 2 5.25 76.2 45.72 6.90 3 5.00 92 55.2 5.40 4 4.75 93 55.8 5.10 5 4.75 80.1 48 5.94 6 4.00 87.3 52.38 4.59 7 3.50 46.2 27.72 7.56 In this table the cost of the seed has been reduced to cost per bushel of good seed. A consideration of the table shows that neither the highest nor the lowest priced sample was the cheapest. The lowest priced lot. No. 7, cost more per bushel of good seed than any other, while lot No. 6 was the best one to buy because it was sold for the lowest price per bushel of good seed. If this lot had contained the seeds of injurious weeds, that fact would have to be taken into consideration when judging of its value. The presence of dodder, even in small amounts, should con- demn any sample of clover or alfalfa, no matter how good it may other- wise be, and the presence of more than 1 per cent of weed seeds will SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 195 take far more than 1 per cent from the value of the sample. The impor- tant point is that the value of clover seed should be judged, not by the price per bushel, but by its price per pound or bushel of pure and ger- minable seed. We have found in our own investigation that seeds sent to us last spring from various parts of the State showed a very low degree of vitality. COMPARATIVE VALUE OF PLUMP SEEDS IN SPRING AND FALL. March, 1906. November, 1906. Alfalfa 56.91 15 Alsike clover 66.34 35.6 Red clover 79.8 48.2 COMPARATIVE VITALITY OF PLUMP AND SHRUNKEN SEEDS. March, 1906— Plump. Shrunken. Alfalfa 56.91 24.16 Alsike 66.34 28.92 Red clover 79.8 30.9 November, 1906 — . Plump. Shrunken. Alfalfa 20 10 Alsike 35.6 10.8 Red clover 48.6 25.2 This table, made up from the germination studies of thirty-five sam- ples of red clover seed, shows that 20.2 per cent of the seed would not germinate under the best of conditions — alfalfa, still greater; and the same was true of alsike. The farmer paid $1.30 too much for every bushel of clover seed purchased where it had such a low vitality. Good clover seed should germinate from 93 to 95 per cent, and the average test shows only 79.8 per cent. The shrunken seed was immature, and also showed a low vitality. Much of the clover seed tested by us was un- doubtedly adulterated. The shrunken seed is frequently mixed with old seed. An honest dealer would not mix his old seed with the new, but there are unscrupulous men in this line of business, as in others. I have known of seed merchants buying old millet and old clover seed. The farmers of Iowa are, however, paying for poor seed. We may ask, should not the farmers have some legislation to remedy this state of affairs? We need better seed. The farmer does no want to introduce the Canada thistle, dodder, quack grass, ribplantain, in clover seed, and he wants his seed to germinate. ' Prof. L. H. Pamjiel. 196 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. LAWS. Concentrated Gommerdial Feeding-Stuffs, Gondimen- tal Stock Foods, and Agricultural Seeds. EFFECTIVE JULY 4, 1907. Section 1. Every lot in bulk, barrel, bag, pail, parcel or package of concentrated commercial feeding^stuffs as defined in section tbree (3) of this act; and every parcel, package or lot of agricultural seeds as defined in section nine ( 9 ) of this act, and containing one pound or more, offered or exposed for sale in the State of Iowa, for use within this State, shall have affixed thereto, in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof, distinctly printed in the English language, in legible type not smaller than eight-point heavy gothic caps, or plainly written, a statement certi- fying: 1. In case of concentrated commercial feeding-stuffs: First — The number of net pounds of feeding-stuffs in the package. Second — The name, brand, or trademark under which the article is sold. Third — The name and address of the manufacturer, importer, dealer or agent. Fourth — The place of manufacture. Fifth — Except in the case of condimental stock food; patented, pro- prietary or trademarked stock and poultry foods, claimed to possess medicinal or nutritive properties, or both, the chemical analysis of the feeding-stuffs, stating the percentages of crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber, allowing one per cent of nitrogen to equal six and twenty-five one hundredths per cent of protein, all three constituents to be deter- mined by the latest methods adopted by the Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists of the United States. 2. In the case of agricultural seeds: First — The name of the seed. Second — Full name and address of the seedsman, importer, dealer or agent. *In lieu of bill as originally drawn by Commiteee we publish the law as passed by the Thirty-second General Assembly. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 197 Third— A statement of the purity of the seed contained, specifying the kind and percentage of the impurities as defined in sections eleven (11) and twelve (12) hereof, provided that said seeds are below the standards fixed in this act. Fourth— Locality were said seed was grown, when known. Sec. 2. Every barrel, bag, pail, parcel or package of concentrated com- mercial feeding-stuffs, as defined in section three (3) of this act, and every feed intended for domestic animals that is compounded from two or more substances, in addition to the requirements of section one (1), shall have affixed thereto, in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof, a statement in the manner and form prescribed in section one (1), giving the true and correct names of all the ingredients of which it is com- posed. Except condimental stock food; patented, proprietary or trade- marked stock or poultry foods, claimed to possess medicinal or nutritive properties, or both; and these shall be labeled or branded so as not to deceive or mislead the purchaser in any way, and the contents of any such package shall not be substituted in whole or in part for any other contents. "Any statement, design or device upon the label or package regarding the substances contained therein, shall be true and correct, and any claim made for the feeding, condimental, tonic or medicinal value shall not be false or misleading in any particular. "The name and percentage of any deleterious or poisonous ingredient or ingredients shall be plainly stated upon the outside of the package or container." "The name and percentage of the diluent or diluents, or bases, shall be plainly stated on the outside of the package or container." Sec. 3. The term, concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, as used in this act. shall include alfalfa meals and feeds; dried beet refuse; ground beef or 'fish scraps; bean meals; dried blood; brewers' grains, both wet and dry; cerealine feeds; cocoanut meals; corn feeds; corn and oat feeds; corn, oat and barley feeds; compounds under the name of corn and cob meals; corn bran; clover meal; cotton-seed meal and feeds; germ feeds; distillers' grains; gluten meals; gluten feeds; hominy feeds; linseed meals; malt refuse; malt sprouts; meat meals; meat and bone meals; mixed feeds of all kinds; oil meals of all kinds; oat feeds; oat bran; oat flour; oat middlings; oat shorts; pea meals; poultry foods; rice bran; rice meal; rice polish; rye bran, rye middlings; rye shorts; starch feeds and starch factory by-products; tankage and packing house by-products; wheat bran; wheat middlings; wheat shorts; and all low grade wheat flour; and all materials of similar nature used for domestic animals; also condimental stock food; patented proprietary or trad'emarked stock or poultry feeds, claimed to possess medicinal or nutritive properties or both; and all other materials intended for feeding to domestic animals. But it shall not include: Hay; straw; whole seeds; unmixed meals made from the entire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat, and broom- corn; nor wheat flours nor other flours fit for human consumption. Sec. 4. Before any concentrated commercial feeding-stuffs, as defined in section three (3) of this act, is offered or exposed for sale, the im- 198 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. porter, manufacturer, person or party who causes it to be sold or offered for sale within the State of Iowa, for use within this State, for each and every feeding-stuff bearing a distinguishing name or trademark, shall file with the State Food and Dairy Commissioner a certified copy of the state- ment named in section one (1) of this act, and shall also deposit with the said State Food and Dairy Commissioner a sealed glass jar or bottle containing not less than one pound of the feeding-stuff to be sold or offered for sale, accompanied by an affidavit that it is a fair average sample thereof and corresponds within reasonable limits to the feeding-stuft which it represents. Sec. 5. Before any manufacturer, importer, dealer or agent shall offer or expose for sale in this State any of the concentrated commercial feed- ing-stuffs defined in section three (3) of this act, he shall pay to the State Food and Dairy Commissioner an inspection fee of ten cents per ton for each ton of such concentrated feeding-stuffs sold or offered for sale in the State of Iowa, for use within this State; (except that every manufacturer, importer, dealer or agent for any condimental, patented, proprietary or trademarked stock or poultry foods, or both, shall pay to the State Food and Dairy Commissioner, on or before the fifteenth day of July of each year, a license fee of one hundred dollars ($100.00) in lieu of such inspection fee. Whenever the manufacturer or importer of such foods shall have paid the fee herein required, no other person or agent of such manufacturer or importer shall be required to pay such license fee) ; and shall affix to each lot shipped in bulk, and to each bag, barrel or package of such concentrated commercial feeding-stuffs, a tag, to be fur- nished by the said State Food and Dairy Commissioner, stating that all charges specified in this section have been paid; provided that the inspec- tion fee herein required shall not apply to unadulterated wheat, rye and buckwheat bran, nor wheat, rye and buckwheat middlings, nor to wheat, rye and buckwheat shorts manufactured in this State. The said State Food and Dairy Commissioner is hereby empowered to prescribe the form of such tag and adopt such regulations as may be necessary for the en- forcement of this act. Tags for use upon concentrated commercial feed- ing-stuffs shall be issued in denominations suitable for use with twenty- five, fifty and one hundred pounds net, except as hereinafter provided. Provided, that any dealer who sells at one time to any other person one ton or more of concentrated commercial feeding-stuffs shall be held to have complied with the provisions of this section if he delivers to the purchaser the tax tags herein required, even though the may not be attached to the various packages. Sec. 6. The State Food and Dairy Commissioner shall cause to be made analyses of all concentra'ted commercial feeding-stuffs and agri- cultural seeds sold or offered for sale in this State. Said State Food and Dairy Commissioner is hereby authorized, in person or by deputy, to take for analysis a sample from any lot or package of concentrated commercial feeding-stuffs in this State, not exceeding two pounds in weight; and in case of agricultural seeds, a sample not exceeding four ounces in weight; but said sample shall be drawn or taken in the pres- ence of the party or parties in interest, or their representative, and shall SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 199 be taken from a parcel, lot or number of parcels which shall not be less than five per cent of the whole lot inspected and shall be thoroughly mixed and divided into two samples and placed in glass or metal vessels carefully sealed and a label placed on each, stating the name or brand of the feeding-stuff, agricultural seeds or material sampled, the name of the party from whose stock the sample is drawn, and the date and place of taking such sample, and said label shall be signed by the said State Food and Dairy Commissioner, or his authorized agent; or said sample may be taken in the presence of two disinterested witnesses. One of said duplicate samples shall be left on the premises of the party whose stock was sampled and the other retained by the State Food and Dairy Com- missioner, for analysis and comparison with the certified statements re- quired by sections one (1) and four (4) of this act. The result of the analysis of the sample, together with additional information, shall be published from time to time in bulletins issued by the State Food and Dairy Commissioner upon approval of the Executive Council. Sec. 7. Any person purchasing any concentrated commercial feeding- stuffs or agricultural seeds in this State, for his own use, may submit fair samples of said feeding-stuffs or seeds to the State Food and Dairy Com- misioner, who, upon receipt of an analysis fee of fifty cents (50c) for each sample of agricultural seeds and one dollar for each sample of con- centrated commercial feeding-stuff, shall cause an analysis of the same to be made. Sec. 8. No person shall sell in ground form, wheat or rye screenings containing cockle or other poisonous or deleterious substances. Sec. 9. The term, agricultural seeds, as used in this act, shall include the seeds of the red clover, white clover, alsike clover, alfalfa, Kentucky blue-grass, timothy, brcme grass, orchard grass, red top, meadow fescue, oat grass, rye grass, and other grasses and forage plants, flax, rape and cereals. Sec. 10. No person shall sell, offer, or expose for sale, or distribution, in this State, for the purpose of seeding, any of the -agricultural seeds as defined in section nine (9) of this act, unless the said seeds are free from the seeds of the following weeds: Wild mustard or charlock (Bras- sica sinapistrum), quacli grass (Agropyron repens), Canada thistle (Cni- cus arvensis), wild oats (Avena fatua), clover and alfalfa dodder (Cus- cuta epithymum), field dodder (Cuscuta arvensis), and corn cockle (Lychnic githago). Sec. 11. The seeds of the following weeds shall be considered as im- purities in the agricultural seeds, as defined in section nine (9) of this act, sold, offered, or exposed for sale, within the State for the purpose of seeding: White cockle (Lychnis vespertina), nightflowering catchfly (Silene noctifiora), curled dock (Rumex crispus), smooth dock (Rumex altissimus), sheep-sorrel (Rumex acetosella), yellow trefoil (Medicago lupulina), burr clover (Medicago denticulata), sweet clover (Melilotus alba and officinalis), black mustard (Brassica nigra), plantain, buck- horn (Plantago lanceolata), bracted plantain (Plantago aristata), bind- weed (Convolvulus sepium), smooth crab-grass (Panicum glabrum), com- mon chickweed (Stellaria media). When such impurities or any of them 200 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. are present in quantity exceeding a total of two per cent of the weight of said agricultoral seeds, the aproximate percentage of each shall be plainly indicated in statement specified in section one (1) of this act. Sec. 12. Sand, dirt, chaff and foreign substances and seeds other than those specified in sections thirteen (13) and fourteen (14), or broken seed and seed not capable of germinating, shall be considered impurities when present in agricultural seeds sold, offered, or exposed for sale, in this State, for the purpose of seeding, and when such impurities, or any of them, are present in quantity exceeding the standards of purity and viability authorized in section sixteen (16) of this act, the name and approximate percentage of each shall be plainly indicated in the statement specified in section one (1) of this act. Sec. 13. For the purposes of this act, seeds shall be deemed to be mixed or adulterated: First. When orchard-grass (Dactylis glomerata) seed contain ten per cent or more by weight of meadow fescue (Festuca elatior pratensis) seed, or Italian rye-glass (Lolium italicum) seed, or English rye-grass (Lolium perenne) seed. Second. When blue-grass or Kentucky blue-grass (poa pratensis) seed contains five per cent or more by weight of Canadian blue grass (Poa compressa) seed, redtop chaff, redtop (Agrostis albo) seed or any other seed or foreign substance. Third. When red clover (Trifolium pratense), mammoth red clover (Trifolium pratense var.), or alfalfa (Medicago sativa), contains five per cent or more by weight of yellow trefoil (Medicago lupulina), or sweet clover (Melilotus alba and M. officinalis) seed or burr clover (Medicago denticulata) seed. Fourth, \vhen rape (Brassica rapa) contains five per cent or more of common mustard (Brassica sinapistrum) or black mustard (B. nigra;. Sec. 14. For the purposes of this act, seed shall be deemed to be mis- branded: First. When meadow fescue (Festuca elatior pratensis), English rye- grass (Lolium perenne) or Italian rye-grass (Lolium italicum) is labeled or sold under the name of orchard-grass (Dactylis glomerata) seed. Second. When Canadian blue-grass (Poa compressa; seed, redtop (Agrostis alba) seed, or any other seed not blue-grass seed, is sold under the name of Kentucky blue-grass or blue-grass (Poa pratensis) seed. Third. When yellow trefoil (Medicago lupulina), burr clover (Medi- cago denticulata), or sweet clover (Melilotus alba) is sold under the name of clover, June clover, red clover (Trifolium pratense), medium red clover, small red clover, mammoth red clover, sappling clover, peavine clover (T. pratense var.), or alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seed. Fourth. When the seeds are not true to the name under which they are sold. Sec. 15. The provisions concerning agricultural seeds contained in this act shall not apply to: First. Any person or persons growing or selling seeds for food pur- poses only, or having such seeds in possession for sale for such purposes. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART V. 201 Second. Any person selling seeds direct to merchants, to be cleaned or graded before being offered for sale for the purpose of seeding. This shall not, however, exempt the seller from the restrictions of Section Ten (10) of this act. Third. Seed that is held in storage for the purpose of being re-cleaned, and which has not been offered, exposed or held in possession of or for sale for the purpose of seeding. Fourth. Seed marked "not absolutely clean," and held or sold for ex- port outside the State only. Fifth. The sale of seed that is grown, sold and delivered by any farmer on his own premises for seeding by the purchaser himself, unless the purchaser of said seeds obtains from the seller at the time of the sale thereof a certificate that the said seed is supplied to the purchaser subject to the provisions of this act. Sixth. Mixtures of seeds for lawn or pasture purposes. This shall not, however, exempt the seller of such mixtures of seeds from the restric- tions of sections ten (10) and eleven (11) of this act. Sec. 16. The following standards of purity (meaning freedom from weed seeds or other seeds) and viability are hereby fixed: STANDARD OF PURITY AND VIABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL SEEDS ivTiATTT r>ip oc-I;.T^ Per ccnt ol Per cent of ger- NAME OF SEED Purity minable seeds Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) 96 80 Barley 98 90 Blue-grass, Canadian (Poa compressa) 90 45 Blue-grass, Kentucky (Poa pratensis) 80 45 Brome, awnless (Bromus inermis) 90 75 Clover, alsike (Trifolium hybridum) 90 75 Buckwheat 96 90. Clover, crimson (Trifolium incarnatum) 98 85 Clover red (Trifoium pratense) 92 80 Clover, white (Trifolium repens) 90 75 Corn, field ( Zea mays) 99 94 Corn, sweet 99 75 Fescue, meadow (Fescuta pratensis) 95 85 Flax (Linum usitassimum) 96 ' 89 Millet, common ( Setaria italica) 90 85 Millet, hog ( Panicum miliaceum ) 90 85 Millet, pearl (Penisetum typhoideum) 99 65 Oats ( Avena sativa) 98 90 Oat grass, tall (Arrhena therum avenaceum) 72 70 Orchard-grass (Dactylis glomerata) 70 70 Rape ( Brassica rapa ) 99 90 Redtop (Agrostis albo) .-90 70 Rye ( Secala cereale) 98 90 Rye-grass, perennial (Lolium perenne) 96 90 202 IOWA DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. NiMF OF ^FFF. Per Cent Of Per cent of ger- i>AiVir, yjr r>i^r.u Purity minable seeds Rye-grass, Italian (Loliuru italicum) 95 80 Sorghum (Andropogon sorghum) S6 80 Sorghum, for fodder 90 60 Timothy (Phleum pratense) 96 85 Wheat (Triticum) 98 90 Sec. 17. It is hereby made the duty of the State Food and Dairy Commissioner to enforce the provisions of this act. The inspectors, assistants and chemists appointed by the State Food and Dairy Commis- sioner shall perform the same duties and have the same authority under this act as are prescribed by chapter one hundred and sixty-six (166), laws of the Thirty-first General Assembly, and the said State Food and Dairy Commissioner may appoint, with the approval of the Executive Council, such analysts and chemists as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this act. Sec. 18. Whoever sells, offers or exposes for sale any of the seeds specified in sections thirteen (13) and fourteen (14) of this act which are mixed, adulterated or misbranded, or any agricultural seeds which do not comply with sections ten (10), eleven (11) and twelve (12) of this act, or who shall counterfeit or use a counterfeit of any of the tags prescribed by this act; or who shall prevent or attempt to prevent any inspector in the discharge of his duty from collecting samples or who shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars ($100) and costs of prosecution; provided, that no one shall be convicted for violation of the provisions of section ten (10) of this act if he is able to show that the weed seeds named in section ten (10) are present in quantities not more than one in' ten thousand, and that due diligence has been used to find and remove said seeds. Sec. 19. There is hereby appropriated, for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this act, a sum not exceeding three thousand dollars ($3,000) annually. Such expense shall be paid by warrant of the State Auditor upon bills filed by the State Food and Dairy Commissioner with the Exe- cutive Council and approved by them. All fees collected under the pro- visions of this act shall be paid into the State treasury. EXPLANATORY NOTES. BY H. R. WRIGHT. STATE DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSIONER. STOCK FOODS. (1) Section 3 of the act defines "concentrated commercial feeding stuffs" and includes in the definition "also condimental stock food; pat- ented proprietary or trademarked stock or poultry feeds, claimed to pos- sess medicinal or nutritive properties or both," but the feeds embraced in this part of the definition are treated differently throughout the law. (2) Labels required on feeding stuffs. Sections 1 and 2. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 203 (a) Number of net pounds in the Example — package. 100 POUNDS. (b) Name or brand of the article. MIXED BARLEY FEED. (c) Name and address of manu- facturer importer or dealer. SMITH &. CO. (d) Place of manufacture. ST. LOUIS. (e) Statement of percentages of PROTEIN 14'/-^, FAT 2.5 ^o, crude protein, crude fiber, FIBER 10 9^. crude fat. (f) Names of all ingredients. BARLEY, ALFALFA, OAT HULLS, CORN. (3) Statements required upon condimental stock foods comprise the items (a), ("b), (c) and (d) above; also a statement of the name and percentage of the diluents used; for example such a statement might be: DILUENTS USED, 40^^ OIL MEAL, 20^^ BRAN. (4) Section 1 provides that the statements required shall be "dis- tinctly printed or written," "in legible type not smaller than eight-point heavy gothic caps," and that it be "a statement" attached "in a conspicu- ous place." This department will hold that the first two phrases mean that the statement is to be so printed that it may be easily and plainly read; and that the last two phrases mean that the various items required may not be scattered over the package or otherwise disassociated from one another to the extent that the buyer will with difBculty find the information required to be given. (5) Section 4 requires that each manufacturer shall file with the Food and Dairy Commissioner a certified copy of the statement required to be attached to his feeding stuff, and also a sample of each brand of his concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, together with the proper affidavit. (6) Upon feeding-stuffs other than condimental stock foods a tax of ten cents a ton must be paid and a tag stating that the tax has been paid must be attadied to the bags or packages. These tags are to be furnished by the Food and Dairy Commissioner, in accordance with the provisions of section 5. Blank form for such statements and affidavits will be fur- nished on request. (7) Local dealers are liable for the sale of feeding-stuffs not bearing the statements and tax tag required by the law and should insist that feeding-stuffs sent them for sale be properly labeled and tagged. (8) This department can not undertake analyses for manufacturers or dealers, but is required to make analyses for those who purchase for their own use, and samples and applications for such analyses should be accompanied by a copy of the statement attached to the feeding-stuff. Section 7 requires payment of a fee of one dollar for such analyses. (9) Tags will be issued in two forms: (a) Regular shipping tag form. lb) Gummed back paper form, suitable for attachment to such shipping tags as the manufacturer may be using. The above forms of tags will be issued in denominations suitable for use with 25, 50 and 100 pounds net. A tag suitable for use with ton lots 204 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. will also be issued, to be used with sales made direct to the consumer under the proviso fund in the last sentence of section 5. CONDIMENTAL STOCK FOODS. The definition of these foods is found in section 3. A license of $100 a year is required from each manufacturer or importer of such foods, but if this license is not paid by the manufacturer or importer it may be collected from the dealer or agent for such food. Dealers and agents should therefore make sure that the license has been paid by the manu- facturer before attempting to sell the same inside this State. (10) The statement set forth in paragraph 3 is required upon pack- ages of articles of tnis character. See also paragraphs 4 and 5 preceding. AGRICTJLTUBAL SEEDS. The definition of agricultural seeds is found in section 9 and a list of the seeds affected by this act is found, with percentages of purity and viability, in section 16. (11) The sale of agricultural seeds containing any of the weed seeds mentioned in section 10 is absolutely prohibited, and seedsmen will be held responsible for sale of seeds for seeding purposes which contain any of the mentioned weed seeds. (12) The sale of agricultural seeds which may contain an aggregate of not more than two per cent by weight of the weed seeds mentioned in section 11 is not interfered with; but if more than two per cent of such impurities is present, the apprdximate percentage of each of such seeds must be given in the statement required in section 1 of the act. (13) Section 12 defines impurities in seeds. Agricultural seeds sold without statement of impurities are thereby guaranteed to be up to the standards of purity and viability established in section 16. Seeds not up to these standards may be sold only when the statement required in section 1 includes the name and percentages of impurities mentioned in section 12. (14) The statement required upon seeds by section 1 is as follows: Example — (a) Name of seed. CLOVER, RED. (b) Name and address of seeds- man. SMITH & CO., DES MOINES. (c) Statement of purity, etc., in IMPURITI ES — 3'^^ YELLOW accordance with sections 11 TREFOIL, 7^^ UNNAMED and 12. SEEDS, la'"^ CLOVER NON-GERMINABLE. (d) Place where grown. IOWA GROWN. (15) This department cannot undertake analysis or investigations of seeds for dealers, but is required to make analysis for those who pur- chase for their own use, and samples and applications for such investi- gations must be accompanied by a copy of the statement of the seedsman attached to the packages. Section 7 requires payment of a fee of fifty cents. PART VI PROCEEDINGS OF THE Annual Meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association 1906 BY C. C. CARLIN, SECRETARY. OFFICERS.* WM. D. McTavish, President Coggon JOHN M. COX, Jr., Vice-Presidext Harlan J. A. BENSON, Vice-President Primghar C. C. CARLIN, Secretary and Treasurer Des Moines The annual summer meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' As- sociation took place at Des Moines on Tuesday, June 5th, the pro- gram taking up the entire afternoon and evening. President McTavish opened the afternoon session with the following address: PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. WM. D. M'TAVISH, coggon, IOWA. "I want to say to you that the importance of this Association to the State of Iowa is increasing year by year. The United States, I under- stand, produces one-fifth of the agricultural products of the world. In the pork products of the world she has no second. In the pork products of the United States, Iowa produces practicaly twice the number of hogs of any other State in the Union. Illinois follows us and after Illinois the number drops off very rapidly so that Iowa is the greatest swine producing State in the world. She produces more hogs to the square * Election of officers occur.s during State Fair -week. See directory in last part of Year Book for latest elected officers. (205) 206 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. mile than any other State in the world. There is more wealth produced from the rearing of swine in the State of Iowa than from any other prod- uct she produces. Therefore, gentlemen, as exponents of this great industry, you as an organization are here to protect not only your busi- ness, but the business of a great State and one of the greatest wealth producing industries she has. "The object of this Association has been to preserve the interest of this great industry and endeavor to make its conditions better and for- ward its interests in every line. This Association has, from the time of my earliest connection with it, kept that steadily in view and adhered to those principles and it will always do so and it is becoming recognized by the farmers of Iowa as a great help to them and they are realizing more each year the benefits accruing from the efforts of this Swine Breeders' Association. "We have on our program many topics that are intended to shed further light on our industry and to be an aid to beginners and a help to the older ones in the business." At the completion of President McTavish's address Secretary Carlin read the paper of W. Z. Swallow, of Waukee, Iowa, on the subject of "Forty Years a Swine Breeder." FORTY YEARS A SWINE BREEDER. W. Z. SWALLOW, WAtJKEE, lA. When I was in the army in Arkansas we had to catch the razor-back hogs, were not allowed to shoot them, and I said to the boys that if I ever raised a hog 1 would raise a good one. There were more Berkshires than Poland Chinas in our part of the country at that time, in 1864 and 1865. We were raising at that time a coarse hog, heavy eared and spotted. I got my first lesson on medium type hogs from old Mr. Sam Clark. He said you want a pig that you can cut his head off and cut his legs off and put him into a box he will fit in. Then I began to study it up and take to the more medium type. They were a whole lot different from what they are now. They were coarse animals, with heavy ears that came right down to the end of the nose sometimes. Once in awhile one had a sandy spot, but these sandy spots when they would shed would shed white. I bought my first Poland China hogs from Magie, of Oxford, Ohio, and the second bunch from A. C. Moore, of Canton, Illinios, in 1864. The hogs were called by the names of Magie hog and Moore hog. There was quite a difference between the type of the Magie hog and the Moore hog. The Moore hog was more flat, with coarse, rough hair and spotted. Sometimes called it the pumpkin seed hog. The next ones I got of W. W. Ellsworth, of Wood- stock, 111., and they were a more finely finished hog. I paid from $25 to $35 and even as high as $50. Our trade run from $10 to $12 and $15. I think it was somewhere along irt the seventies that I sold a pig at a district fair for $50, the first pig I ever sold for $50. One fellow said he was going to beat me. I had the best pig, but he beat me and bought my SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 207 pig and took it to St. Louis, where he won a ribbon on it. I was put on as judge at the Iowa State Fair at Keolvuk, about 1877, and then I began to learn more about the pigs. Then I think another place where I made as much improvement as anywhere was watching the papers, and when Tom Corwin II. came out I watched that type of hog. He had good style and finish, was not so coarse. And then I let the coarse, rough fellows go and took more to the medium sized hog. There was more improvement between the time of Tom Corwin II. and Ideal Black U. S. than in any other period. After Tom Corwin II. came in old U. S. and so on down to King Corwin. I don't know why they don't advertise families of sows, but I think that comes in because as a rule we aim to get our sows as near all of one type whether they belong to the same family or not. "We do not want one sow with a fine bone and then a big coarse one. I watched that pretty closely and no one that followed that course got along very well. They used to bring them to the fair with the ears away over the eyes so you could not drive them anywhere. Old Dr. Grimmel brought them down. I watched that style of hog of Tom Corwin II. and old U. S. and then listened to the Ohio breeders when they came to our fairs in the early day, and that is where I kept getting my information. The most important point is to watch and pick your good male pig. A few dollars on a good male pig is nothing. A good male pig is half your herd and you want to see to that. The type of hog the public demands is the kind of hog you want. If you watch that and tend to it you will climb up the ladder all the time. Western judges go too much by the coarseness which the pork packers don't demand. We have to come down just the same as in cattle. Nice, blocky, compact steers bring the most money in the market, and I think it is the same with a hog. You take the early maturing animal and you can feed them up most any time and it is always ready for mar- ket. When cholera comes along, put them on the market and they will sell. If you have the coarse, lean sort you can't sell them. A good foot means a good hard bone. If you get a pig that stands straight on his toes and with the legs, as we say, on the corners, you will have a wide body and a good hog. There has been a big improvement in feet since 1886. That was when Iowa Champion came out. T. H. Reveal taught me that lesson. We were looking around over the pigs an(3 I asked him to show me the best hog. He got into the pen and pressed the dew claws close to the leg to see if the pastern was short, saying if the pastern was short it would be a good foot. When you have a good foot you always have strong bone and good shape. I picked up all these little things at the State Fairs. I always made it a point whenever there was a new family of hogs coming out that looked like it was reasonable that it would get to the front, to buy some of that stock before it got clear out of reason. Black U. S. was popular because he was more of the medium type and not so big and coarse, and the Black U. S. family had better feet and legs as a rule. I bought him and brought him here just to make that change and it did a lot of good to get him. It put better feet and legs on the pigs, gave a little more finish than the other big, coarse animals I had, and it made a great improvement. The people were looking after that kind and that was the kind to get. I could sell a Black U. S. for $50 easier than an ordinary 208 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. pig for $15 because breeders were looking for tliat type. The size was plenty and the quality was good, and all my females now trace back to him. Take a hog that has ears set wide apart and he will have a wide forehead and as a rule a short nose and if his legs are set wide apart you will always have a great back, which means a well sprung rib and a great loin. That has been my experience, and that is where Iowa Champion came in ahead of all of them. He was of that makeup. I had the first prize male here at the Iowa State Fair in 1879. That was the first Iowa fair held in Des Moines. It was Young Sampson, bred by Ellsworth, of Illinois. In 1884 I won first and sweepstakes on Dandy Jim, a hog that Shepherd & Alexander bred. He was one of that blocky type. In 1886 I bought Iowa Champion. He was bred and raised by McClung. I showed him as a yearling and he won first and sweepstakes at the lo\/a State Fair, and the same year first at the Nebraska Fair. In 1888 I showed him again at the Iowa State Fair as a two-year-old, and he won first and sweep- stakes; and was killed shortly afterward. In 1889 I showed Iowa Champion II. and won first and sweepstakes on him. Then I got King Tecumseh II. and Ideal Black U. S. I got King Tecumseh II. in 1890 and in 1892 old Black U. S. and in 1895 Ideal Black U. S. I got old King Corwin in 1894, and Pioneer Chief followed. I don't know as feeding amounts to as much as keeping your lots in shape, using lots of lime around the pens and sleeping pens. Whitewash the fences and raise a green crop every year on the lots. I think oats and rape are the best things to raise. It is a quick growth, and when your oats are gone your rape is coming on. I think that is one thing that has kept us from having cholera any oftener. We always haul sand and gravel for the pigs the same as for chickens. They will leave corn to come and eat the sand if they have not had it for a while. It is something they need and relish, and in the summer time it makes the nicest, coolest bed for them of anything you can find. Throw lime around in your sleep- ing departments. It is good for them and the dust will not hurt the pigs. It helps appearances as well as helping the hogs. In the early days we fed heavier with corn. At first we ground corn and oats and fed quite a bit of that. We did not buy feed so much as we do now. Later on we shut down on corn and oats some. We changed mostly because we thought it was a little easier feeding. It was not so much trouble to feed shorts as to grind feed. When I was feeding shorts I aways thought it better to feed dry corn in place of soaked corn. You get better bone and muscle with shorts. The main thing is exercise. Pigs should have plenty of exercise and a good dry place to sleep. They will always take exercise if they have a chance and plent of room. Don't feed them so heavy but what they would like to have just a little bit more. I never have had much trouble with rooting and never ring my pigs. If you keep a hog healthy and in good shape it will not root. I think rings hurt them and make them cross. If you starve them down and don't feed them properly they will root more or less. We always raise two sets of pigs each year from every sow. Lots of people object to that. If we ever kept an old brood sow she always raised two litters every year. Do not breed sows until they are a year old. We get our best brood sows from fall gilts coming near a year old before breeding. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 209 I sold Ideal Black U. S. for a thousand dollars cash, the biggest price I ever got for a hog and the biggest price ever paid in Iowa up to that time. The sale was a thousand dollars' worth of advertising right there. Every pig that we had at the State Fair after we sold this hog for $1,000 we sold for $50 just as easy as we had sold them before for $25. I think that on price is where lots of people fall down. If you are offered a good price for a good hog, sell him. A thousand dollars was the highest I ever got. I sold old Black U. S. for $500, a half interest in King Tecumseh II. for $200, and several others for $200. I always sold pretty low at the fairs to get them out before the chance of cholera. I believe in letting the other man make some money, too. That is the way to build up your trade. If I sell a man a male pig and he is not good I send him another in place of it, and the same way with a young sow. It is the only guar- antee I give on low priced hogs. It is just like any other business. You have to do it on a good straight business principle or else you are left. If you have a nice bunch of pigs, say forty or fifty, you are glad to sell them at home for $15 or $20 and make a good profit on them. But you can take them to the Fair and sell them for $20 or $25. Some other fellow will say he won't take less than $40 or $50. He can't sell them for that, so he takes them home, and after he feeds them for three or four months he sells them for $20 or $30. I think it is better to sell at a little lower price and let the other fellow make some money. And i have always found it the best way to look at the prospect of the corn crop, the hog crop, and cholera, and then make up your mind where to start in, and if you are below the other fellow it don't make any difference. Poverty makes a good sale sometimes. We used to have about a hundred pigs every fall. Then we would hitch up to a wagon and attend about four district fairs and peddle the pigs out frcm $10 to $15, and once in a while we got up to $25. That made our sales average about $10 a head clear at five months old, and a hundred pigs made us $1,000. Lots of times I have slept out under the wagon in the rain, but that didn't make any difference — we got there. I have always found it paid to make friends, and to lend a helping hand to anyone In need. My first and best advertising was by showing at the fairs, and it has always been good advertising. In 1S65 I did my first newspaper advertising in what was then the Western Farm Journal (now the Homestead), and have never missed a year in it since. I am a believer in newspaper advertising. I do not favor using large space, but rather a smaller space in the principal farm and live stock papers. When I began there was a good deal of cholera and we had it every year around us. Whenever it came in close we used lots of lime and every- thing that way and would not allow anybody to come into the hog lots from the cholera districts. I think putting hogs on the market and keep- ing the number down keeps cholera off the best way. Let the buyer come, and if he takes all the hogs, all right. Put them all on the market at any price whenever- thew show cholera, if you only get fify cents apiece for them. That is one reason why I like the medium hog that will fatten at any age. You can sell them easier than the big, coarse hog. I started working for $25 a month and aid $125 for my first five pigs. It nearly took my breath away, but I paid it out. I thought it was too much money 14 210 IOWA DlilPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and too hard work, but the man I bought the pigs of said if I had not done well by the end of the season he would make me a present of a pair of nice pigs. Next season I had sold my pigs for $10 apiece and had enough money to pay out. There was a good deal of difference in the pigs then. Some of them were nice little fellows and some big, coarse fellows. Look back at the records and you find Berkshires, Chinas, Polands and the big white Irish Grazers. It was these crosses that made up the Poland China. The little chubby fellow came from the Chinas and the sandy spots and the black came from the Berkshires and the white from the other. At the fairs they aimed to have breeders for judges. The breeder was much more of a success than the college professor. I see it every time at the State Fair. The Expert Judge Association and its standard brings up the nice type that we have been talking about. A judge well posted in the score card will probably give the size a little more weight than the score card does. The score card is much better now than when it first came out. The size is all right, if you can get the quality. I like to have my litters average about eight or ten pigs, and from six to seven well raised is worth more than eight or ten; and eight, I think, is of more benefit to the majority of farmers than ten and twelve. Not many sows can raise more than eight pigs. The majority of farmers and breeders can not put every sow by herself and take care of her as she should be to raise large litters. There is not much difference between the size of the litters now and when I began. There has been a great improvement made from weeding out the cross sows and those not inclined to be good mothers. And I think the line breeding has been a great help, too. You get more of the same type of an animal in line breeding. I think it makes a more uniform type of animal and that is what makes them look nice — all the same build, color and type, and brings the best price on the market. The change of color has not as much to do as other conditions. Some of the hogs with spots are nearly as good as the black hog. The black hogs have a- better and nicer coat than five or ten years ago because they are breeding them up to that. Old Tom Corwin II. had a nice black, soft coat. He grew to be a good, long, smooth-coated fellow, and that is where they got the start. Tom Corwin II. was the first to get nice ears and nice finish. I bought old Black U. S. on order. I had never seen him but had read a good bit, and I thought I could see that the people that raised the Tecumseh hog had to have a good cross, and I thought it was the time to start in. When I went to Ohio I did not find hogs that looked as good as those at home. The herds looked inferior to me and were away back of ours out here. Those Ohio breeders let all their best stuff go at that time. One Price, King Corwin, Black U. S. and Ideal Black U. S., and they began to see where they had missed it. I went back to Ohio and bought a One Price pig. It seemed like I was pay- ing a good price, but I figured it out that if I could bring him back and win at tlie Fair it would be worth a hundred dollars right there. Indiana and Ohio are nothing to compare with Iowa in the hog business, and it is the same way with Illinois. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 211 A young man with little money can make more money than a man with a good deal who will pay large prices, because he will not pay over $15 or $20 or $25, and if the cholera strikes them he doesn't lose so much. But if he pays $100 or $150 he is gone. He can soon sell out the pigs for $15, $20 and $25, and there is money in it. They don't buy pigs as early as they used to. They wait for the fairs and fall sales. In a way it is a good plan and in another it is not. They don't take the chances of cholera. They pay more money, but the pig is more developed and you can seew hat is is going to be. I never found a hired man that was all right to take care of hogs. In the first place, may be I have not hired good ones, and in the next place they don't take the interest in it that I do. It is hard to get your own boys to take the interest in it that you do. A person pretty nearly has to have an interest and watch the crop if he is going to take much interest and see if everything is right all the time. If you don't like to work then you have no business to try to raise fine hogs. A lazy man can't raise fine hogs. They have to be watched closely to see that every- thing is gotten that they need. There is quite a differnce in the feeding qualities and growthlness, and you must be watchful about it. Some sows feed heavily and suckle their pigs to death. You have to watch closely and net feed heavy, and keep their beds dry. A sow that doesn't suckle well and has a big litter must be fed more. I have had lots of experience with pigs in little houses and big houses and with stoves. Now I use no stoves and no big houses. I did not find any advantage in farrowing houses. They always get too cold. It is hard to keep artificial heat even. Where you keep five or six sows and litters together it is hard to keep them all warm and not get them stirred up. One in a place is a good deal better than the other way. With a small house covered with straw, except a door on the south side, with wings on each side of it so that when the door is open the breeze can not get in, you will have better luck and the heat of the sow will be warmth enough in the house. They will get plenty of air and sunshine from the door. With houses like this I have had sows farrow seven and eight pigs in the cold weather and be all right. They are cheaper than the big houses. A nice house will cost about $7 or $8 now. In 1895 we had our first expert judge, Coburn, of Kansas. He had them all get their hogs out in front of the pens. He walked right around through and out (some said he went on a trot), and that was all there was to it. Every class was the same way. They called that judging horseback. It was not at all satisfactory. The next judge after that took quite a bit of time. He scored them all, and it took three days to score them. The scoring gave better satisfaction, but it took too long. We wanted every pig scored just to see what he scored, no difference if it took the man a week. We kept that up for two or three years and then did away with the score card and did more like we do now. Judges have been of varying merit, but most of them have expressed honest opin- ions. A single instance in which a judge of unquestioned ability placed ribbons in particular classes without reference to the quality of the hog, 212 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. had a great deal to do with clearing up the atmosphere in the hog rings at the Iowa State Fair. That judge was plainly talked to and he has never judged again. Mostly we had good men to judge, but once in awhile they were not up to the times in judging with the standard of the hog at the present time. I don't know one Poland China breeder outside of Mr. Blackford that came to the Fair in the early days that comes out now with Poland Chinas. B. R. Vale attended most of the time with his Chester Whites. They pretty nearly all dropped out. Got rich and quit, all but me. I would like to see the three-judge system working — two judges and a referee. I have seen it worked where it was hard to tell which was the best one, and it worked satisfactorily. There being no discussion following Mr. Swallow's paper, Mr. Hakes read his paper on the "Outlook for Hog Raising from a Breeder's Standpoint." HOG RAISING FROM A BREEDER'S STANDPOINT. W. R. HAKES, WILLIAMSBUI^G, lA. Our Secretary has assigned me to the work of a prophet, but all I can do is to judge the future by the past, which most of us know has many ups and downs, such as cholera, sore mouth, bad March weather, such as we had last March, and losses in many ways to try our hearts and pocketbooks. Yet with all of these we, as hog breeders, have done as well as the breeders of any other stock. But to me the future looks bright to the breeder of pure bred stock, and especially the hog breeder of the present and future who uses good judgment and good food, as a successful breeder must always have a supply of both. This is a large world and the American hog finds its way to the most remote parts of civilization, and it is to us of the Central West, and will be for all time to come, to furnish fat back or lard hogs for the world. The breeder of the corn belt will always have an advantage, for the corn belt is very small compared with the vast country now being opened up in the United States by irrigation, and the vast and fertile plains of Can- ada, the extreme North, South and West, that will produce an abundance of grass for horses, cattle and sheep. But as we all know, the final end of the hog is the pork barrel. He must have a fat producing food, and there is nothing so cheap as corn, with a little mill feed to balance the ration. The commercial corn of the world comes from eight States, and the outer rim of many of these eight States produce but little more than enough for home consumption, so we must count on those eight States furnishing the commercial world with pork and lard. Then with the won- derful increase of population by natural increase and immigration of mil- lions from the old world to the United States, it surely means dollars to the hog raiser and breeder. In the first place, the demand for the hog produce on the market is the best that has prevailed for several years. The demand is a broad one and reaches across the water. There seems to SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 213 be a shortage on the other side that is calling for about all our spare meats, and the farmer and breeder of the United States are getting the benefit of it. There is a smaller amount of surplus meat on hand than there has been for several years past. The high prices that have pre- vailed this year do not seem to curtail the demand. There has been quite a general report of loss of pigs of early farrow on account of the severe weather of March and early April preventing the pigs from getting the sunshine and exercise that give them health and life. This all means something to the breeder, as it stands to reason that when the farmer is getting a good price for his hogs that he will want to improve his herd by getting a good boar and a few good sows, and I know by experience that when a farmer is getting around six cents for his hogs he is willing to pay us breeders a good price for his breeding stock, if we have what he wants, and it works the same way all the way up. The farmer buys of the small breeder, the small breeder of the breeder that has better blood, and so on, and we are all willing to pay in proportion to the market. Then when we look up the figures and find the first of January the United States shows up with 52,102,847 head of hogs, then just think of old Iowa with 7,946,781, or 6Y2 per cent of the fifty-two million. Illinois comes next, with 4,683,900, or about one-half the number Iowa has. Now, boys, as Iowa breeders, I think we can look the future in the face and see gold dollars in her eyes. There was no discussion after the reading of this paper and Mr. Simpson, of Des Moines, read a paper on "The World's Greatest Swine Show — The Iowa State Fair — and the Value of the Swine Industry in the Upbuilding of Iowa." THE WORLD'S GREATEST SWINE SHOW— THE IOWA STATE FAIR— AND THE VALUE OF THE SWINE INDUSTRY IN THE UPBUILDING OF IOWA. J. C. SIMPSON, SECRETARY IOWA STATE FAIR. Ihe average swine breeder, and, in fact, to almost all the breeders within our own State, the world's greatest swine show is known to be the annual exhibition of this mortgage-lifter and home-builder at the Iowa State Fair. The great show of hogs at this exhibition is the talk of the whole country, and all others look small in comparison with it. The number shown annually is about 2,500, and only a person with a very vivid imagination can comprehend to what a gigantic exhibition this show would grow to be if space for an unlimited number of pens was provided. I did not undertake to keep account of the number of hogs that were turned away last year for the lack of room, but a conservative estimate would not be less than five hundred. As great as the show now is, think what it would be with 3,500 or 4,000 hogs on exhibition. In discussing Iowa's great resources with our friends from other States, we at least can always feel that any statement we may make in 214 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. regard to our great swine industry and the big swine show at the Iowa State Fair will not be disputed. If the Iowa State Fair has been of no greater benefit, or accomplished no other purpose than in building up the World's Greatest Swine Show, it is worth annually many times more than it has cost the State. To the exhibitor it is a ready market for his surplus stock, besides being one of the best advertising mediums he can use. To the public, and especially the breeder or farmer in need of more hogs, it is the best opportunity in the world to make his selection and purchases; for here he has the oppor- tunity to look over the herds of the best breeders, not only from our own State but from several of the surrounding States. If he would go direct to the farms and breeding establishments to see only one-fourth or one- fifth as many herds, the expense would be many times greater, to say noth- ing of the loss of time, neither of which he can in many cases afford. Of course, he can buy by mail or by proxy, but at the State Fair he has the advantage of making a personal inspection of all the herds, thus giving him a great number to select from. If I were going into the pure bred hog business I would wait until the State Fair to make my selections, and lay the foundation for my herd from among those exhibited there. I would then have the satisfaction of knowing that I had secured the best possi- ble start in the business. Still further, I have enough confidence in the swine exhibitors to feel that I could with safety ask and take their advice, and that it would be honestly given. The hog has done more toward placing Iowa in the proud position she occupies — the greatest agricultural State in the Union — than any other industry. While the total valuation of hogs is only about one-half that of cattle and horses, in this value is represented many a farm and happy home. There is many an Iowa farmer who has spent his time feeding a bunch of steers, and after they had consumed his entire crop, found that the selling price would hardly pay the first cost, to say nothing of any profit. Here is where the hog comes in; and, as a general thing, he is always on hand to tide you over and perhaps leave a nice balance on the right side. This same dirty hog is responsible for countless numbers of the finely improved farms in our State, and many is the time when the money received for the sale of the spring pigs is sufficient to pay off the mortgage. So it is with the big red barns that adorn almost every farm in the State of Iowa — the hog put them there; and then, you know, the average family of the American farmer is a lover of music — the hog has furnished the means with which to install a piano or other musical instru- ment in the home; then comes the carriage — and all Iowa farmers now ride in carriages, though it is likely to be put aside for the automobile some day — the hog money usually buys the carriage. And last but fore- most of all these is Iowa's pride; I do not refer to the hog this time, but to the pride of all lowans — the ladles. Next to the ladies we take off our hat to the Iowa mortgage-lifter, for he usually furnishes the means with which to buy the fine cambrics, shoes and the picturesque hats of which the ladies are so fond. To the average farmer's daughter the thought is not repul- sive that to the dirty hog in the back pasture she owes the- credit for a grealt many of the fine clothes she possesses; but from the city bred girl SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 215 I can imagine a little turning up of the nose. However, the city depends as much on the hog as the farmer; if the farmer is not prosperous, with money to spend with the city merchant, the latter's business must neces- sarily suffer. So it is an endless chain, always starting with the hog, and the prosperity of the country can, in a great measure, always be traced back to him. So I say, God bless the hog and the prosperity he brings. I do net believe an assertion that every farmer in Iowa would become bankrupt without the hog would be much out of the way. If I had any advice to give a young man about to embark in the swine business (if I may be pardoned for assuming to advise), it would be: Don't do it if you do not love the hog, or are not willing to suffer any inconvenience and make any sacrifice that will better the condition of your hogs. You should be perfectly willing to get up out of your warm bed in the middle of the cold, raw, early spring nights to look after the welfare of your young pigs that have just come into the world. And more than that, stay up all night if necessary to save your pigs. If you are not willing to make all these sacrifices it would be unwise for you to attempt to raise hogs, for you surely would fail. I very much regret that upon the State Fair grounds there is not a sufficient number of pens to accommodate all the breeders who desire to show hogs. This will probably not always be so. In this connection I wish to recall a letter I saw recently in the Breeder's Gazette, from the Secretary of the Nebraska State Fair, in which he stated that all their pens were already assigned, and in this assignment not more than nine pens were given to any one exhibitor. If a similar policy was adopted by the Iowa State Board of Agriculture, would it not be more satisfactory to the exhibitors? It would not increase the show, but would certainly give an opportunity for a greater number of breeders to become exhibitors. At the conclusion of Mr. Simpson's paper Mr. McTavish said: "In my estimation that was a very able paper. ]\Ir. Simpson says he is sorry not to have had time to do more, but I don't know what he would have given us had he had more time. ' ' The next paper on the program was by Mr. Cox, Jr., on "The Duties and Obligations of the Breeder to His Patrons: Guar- antees. ' ' THE DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE BREEDER TO HIS PA- TRONS: GUARANTEES. .JOIIX M. cox, JR., HARLAX, lA. The duties and obligations of the breeder to his patrons are so numer- ous and varied that I fear I will net enumerate all of them in this short paper. First, let us see, what is a breeder? and, why is he a breeder? Have we not gotten into the habit of calling every man a breeder who buys a sow with a pedigree and raises a litter of pigs? And have we not also 216 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. gotten into the habit of calling a man a breeder who goes out and buys the culls of his neighbor breeder and peddles the pigs out at $10 and $15 each? What is his aim? To make the most money from the least expendi- ture. He has no regard to blood lines, and pedigree is only valuable because it enables him to sell to better advantage. I think there are none of this class of breeders present, as they do not attend swine meetings. What is a breeder, in the true sense? He is the man who throws all his energies, his life as it were, into his work. Nothing is too good. He is constantly on the alert to learn better methods and to pick up the best specimens of the breed he has selected. And why does he breed? It is because he loves the work. He loves his hogs; he watches them grow; he corrects the evils as they occur; and in the fall he makes the crack sale of the season because he has the goods. And now comes his duty to his patrons. I did not say obligations, for the duties of this man are obligations to nim. The duties and obligations of a breeder are so nearly a part of each individual breeder that it is hard to say what would be applicable to all. What I might call a duty to you, brother breeder, you may not think an obligation en ycu; and what you feel an obligation I may not feel it a duty to do. The larger and more common duties are all known. It is the small ones that we are apt to overlook. And it is the small things in the hog business which tend to success. I have sometimes in mind placed myself in my patron's place and asked myself this question, what would you have him do? And if you will follow out what your mind dictates you will be doing nearly right. Treat your patron as you would have him treat you. Treat him so that when he leaves you he will feel it was a pleasure to buy of you. You can not treat all alike. Study human nature as well as hogs. You can not go into your yards and handle your brood sows just alike. It takes more diplo- macy for some than for others; and it is just so with men. If any dissatisfaction occurs, I would be willing to meet them more than half way. We can not afford to have dissatisfied customers. When a man writes me for a description of a pig, it is my duty to give it as I see it. It is my duty to tell the defects as well as the good qualities. We are in the habit of telling the good qualities and letting them guess at the defects; or else making them so small that they are overlooked, and yet large enough so that when there is a question on some point we refer to our letter of description and say, there it is. Remember, he is trusting to your honesty as a breeder to give him a correct description. And it is your duty as a breeder to give the correct breeding of the animal and not guess at it; and when you have sold the pig, then, and go to make out the pedigree, find that you were mistaken in the breeding and have to send breeding different than in your letter of description. Then you are very liable to have a dissatisfied customer, and I do not blame the customer, for I have been treated that way and I did not like it very well. I once bought a pig on a mail order from one of our most noted breeders (he does not live in Iowa), and he stated in his letter of descrip- tion that the only objection in the world to him was that he had a black SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 217 face, and when I received him he had white a third of the way up the nose. I called his attention to this, and he said that he did not think that I would object to the white on his face, and that I was the only man who had questioned his integrity. Now, if he had been careful in his description there would have been no question. As I said before, it is the little things which must be looked after. That spot of white was a small thing, but it was large enough to me to make me think I did not get the pig described to me. It is my duty to my patrons, as a breeder, to attend to the breeding of my sows, so that I may know to a certainty what they are bred to and when due to farrow. It is my duty to oversee the feeding operation and not trust them to a hired man, who has no interest outside his mcnthly salary. The guaranteeing of animals is so closely related to the duties and obligations of a breeder that I would make it a part of them. The ques- tion arises, shall we sell our hogs with or without guarantee? Taking the latter up first, I will treat it about this way. For instance, I have a cus- tomer for a pig, and I say: "Here is this pig; I will take so much for him, but will place no guarantee on him; while I believe he is all right in every way, you must take your own chances." While they were not worded exactly that way, I have seen guarantees in public sale catalogues that amounted to about that. There is only one thing that I can see in favor of this method, and that is, when the sale is over the breeder knows where he is at. He knows that he is not obliged to take any of the animals back if they do prove to be non-breeders. But he must be content to sell at lower values. Taking up the other side, and I think the most popular side, I believe that the guarantee should be absolute — no breeder, no sale. But in selling males or open sows I believe a breeder should have one recourse. And that is, he should have a chance to try them himself, and if they then fail to breed he should pay back the purchase price. And if shipped away from home he should pay the transportation charges. And if he proved a breeder in his hands, to return him to the purchaser and let the pur- chaser pay transportation charges. If the animal was of only ordinary merit, I would let purchaser return pedigree to me and sell the animal on the market, and I would remit the balance of purchase price. In selling bred sows is where I think the guarantee should be the strongest. In buying a bred sow I am paying one-half to two-thirds the purchase price for the litter. That is what I am buying the sow for. And I think it the seller's duty to make good if the sow prove not to be in pig. I believe we would save ourselves lots of trouble and expense if we would adopt the plan of selling nothing but what had passed over and was safe. If we sell anything that is not safe, we had better keep it until it has passed over, with the understanding that if it proved not safe to that service that there is to be no sale. I believe the buyer has some duties and obligations resting on him in his manner of care and feeding, especially when he is buying untried pigs early in the fall. I once sold a pig in September, and about two months later get a letter from the party stating that the pig was bleeding and 218 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. wasn't any good, and wanted me to send him another pig in exchange. I shipped him a pig on Friday and told him to ship the other back to me on Monday. Two weelis from that time I received the last pig sent him, in a sadly run down condition, and he wrote me that the first pig had gotten all right, and he would keep him. He got two weeks use of two boars with the expense of one, and I had to pay the expense back on my own pig. There is one matter I wish we could arrange, and that is the matter of guaranteeing pedigrees. There is a case that came under my notice. A party went to a public sale and bought a boar. Then he went ahead and bred his sows and put twenty head in a sale. Then it came out that the record company refused to record the pedigree of the boar. This placed him in a very awkward position. What should be done in such a case? After the reading of the paper by ]\Ir. Cox, remarks were made by C. L. Funck, of Osceola, Iowa; K. J. Harding', of Macedonia; L. C. Reese, of Prescott ; G. W. Ilockett, of ]\Ianilla ; W. B. Turner, of Farrar; Robt. Evans, of Peoria, Illinois; C. C. Kiel, of Ladora, Iowa; W. R. Hakes, of Williamsburg; James Atkinson, of Des Moines; Secretary Carlin ; E. Z. Russell, of Blair, Nebraska; J. A. Benson, of Primghar, Iowa ; W. ]\I. Lambing, of Cedar Rapids ; H. M. Yoder, of Des ]Moines; and H. F. Hoffman, of Washta. Mr. Funck said: "This is one of the subjects that I think every person here is interested in and every swine breeder in Iowa is interested in it. If there is one subject more important than another it is this one. I had a little experience Avith a mail order myself. I purchased a sow from a man at Le Mars. I sent him the money and the order. The sow was due to farrow three weeks later. I did not hear from the man after I sent the order and the money so I wrote again. Still I did not hear from him and I wrote the postmaster and found that the letter was still lying in the postoffiee. The man had a rural route and I had written the letter addressed just to the town. Then I told him if the sow was not too far gone to ship her and if she was, to send the money back. He wrote that she would be all right as she was not due for two weeks. The day she arrived at "Woodburn, my station, was the day she was due to farrow ; that was on Friday. On Mon- day she had nine pigs. Thej^ were dead. That was my experi- ence with mail order, and I think the buyer and seller both have duties and obligations." Mr. Harding said: "I would like to say a Avord in regard to the pedigree business. I don 't think any breeder ought to put sows in a sale bred to a hog not already recorded. I believe it is an im- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 219 portaut question, and a good deal of trouble could be avoided if the boars were recorded first. If he is rejected, then all the trou- ble will be saved both the buyer and the seller." Mr. Reese said: "About eleven years ago I bought a couple of sows from G. R. Sheets, of Cromwell, Iowa, and he said to me 'Let me give you a little piece of advice. Don't guarantee a sow.' And he pulled a letter out of his pocket that cost him $125 besides attorney's fees, and he got $30 from the sow. He said he thought the sow to be in pig and guaranteed her to be. He sent the sow by express and later the buyer in some way proved that she was not in pig. The lawyer said all he could do was to settle or stand a lawsuit and probably get beat. I claim that we should not sell any stuff unless we keep it until we are absolutely positive that they are all right and make it definite in writing. But we should not guarantee, because how do we know? We are dealing some- times with men hundreds of miles away and we think they are hon- est, but we have all found men that have not proved just what they should be and for that reason I think we should not guarantee, and should keep copies of letters written describing sows to another breeder. ' ' Mr. Hockett made the following remarks: "I agree with Mr. Reese to some extent and to some extent I do not. I look at it in this wa}'. If I buy a sow in pig I am buying her for the good that she is going to do to me, and I want to know if she is in pig. I don't want to keep her for six months. I want recourse. If a man makes a guarantee that the sow is in pig there shoiild be some condition to the guarantee, either to take her back and refund the money, to be re-bred, or to refund a certain percentage of the money. In that way there could be no misunderstanding and no lawsuits. I would not buy a sow from anybody without a guarantee of some sort and I don't believe there are one-half of the men here today that would do that if you expected her to be in pig. If you get her for show you don't care so much." Mr. Turner said. "Men that are holding a public sale want to get all the money they can out of their hogs and if you buy at a sale you expect to pay more than the market price, and if you are going to pay double the market price you want to be sure you are going to get something. I had a little experience of my own. I went to a public sale and in the catalogue in the foot notes of a certain animal read 'We hardly know how to describe this brood sow.' I bought the sow and paid $67 for her. When I got her home she proved to be barren and I found out afterwards that she 220 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. had never raised a pig and they could not give me a pedigree. I had to keep her for ten months before he would take her back. The record of another hog I bought said that she was bred at a certain date to a certain hog and when her pedigree came she was bred at a later date to her own sire. What should a man do ? He ought to guarantee and ought to make it good. In my experience, I was advertising hogs, and as a matter of course I priced hogs to different parties. I had priced to two parties and when the orders came, they came the same day and I sent to the man I priced to first and to the other man I sent a gilt I had selected for myself and wrote him that if she did not suit him he could send her back at my expense. He fussed all the time but he did not send her back and I did not lose anything, but we have all these little things to contend with. I think it would be the best way to con- form to the golden rule, do as we would be done by. The man I bought those two sows of had not done right by me. I was dis- satisfied and I did not want any more of his stock. "We should do as we would be done by." Mr. Evans said: "Along the line of IMr. Harding's remarks, I think that idea of putting hogs in a sale bred to boars unrecorded causes much trouble. A man wants a good hog and wants to know if it is good. If the sire is unrecorded there is trouble for the seller and trouble for the buyer. Nothing should be put into a sale until the sire is recorded. "We hear a good deal about the guarantees in the secretary's office and I don't think any breeder loses by doing more than he thinks is right. It is a pretty hard matter some times ; pretty hard for a judge to decide, but a breeder can afford to do a little more than he thinks is right." Mr. Kiel asked the question if it was not a fact that some record associations would not record stock of some other companies and a good deal of trouble caused in this way. To which Mr. Hakes replied: "I do not think it is so with regard to any doing busi- ness in this part of the country. Possibly there is one in the south that they don't recommend, but I do not know that I have ever come across a pedigree but what could be recorded in any asso- ciation." Mr. Atkinson said: "As editor of the Homestead, I might be said to be in the firing line. You all know about the volume of hog business that the Homestead does in a year. If a reader buys from an advertiser and gets taken in you may depend upon it that the papers hear of it, and they have a happy faculty in their plan of putting the kicks onto me, so I can give you good information as SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 221 to what goes on between the average hog breeder and the buyer. I am not at all in a complimentary frame of mind, but, in my opinion, ninety-nine per cent of the kicks that come in are due to the shortcomings not of the seller but of the buyer. I don't say that to flatter the swine breeders, but of course there are vari- ous ways in which a man can give a breeder trouble. Here is one. A man writes to three or four different breeders. He gets in due time their prices. Possibly on the arrival of the first letter the description of the hog and the price suit him. He sends for that hog. The next day or so he receives other letters with descrip- tions that are ecjually as good and the price less. What does he do? On the arrival of the first hog he sets up a howl that it is not up to description. I inform him in the first place that after look- ing into a good many cases of this kind nearly every time the fault is with him. The man who sends the hog knows a good hog better than he does. So in carrying out the golden rule, the fellow at the other end of the line is not always playing your game. Never- theless, I strongly endorse the principle of carrying out the golden rule. My experience is that swine breeders as a rule are always square. Now there is another source of trouble, and I call it to your attention. It is due to the fact that in some instances hogs are not up to weight. You describe your hogs and possibly guess at the weight and all he has to do in that case is to put the animal on the scales. There may be many different opinions as to feet, or head, or back, but there are no two opinions as to weight. I never overstate the weight, but generally if a hog is in good shape, twenty-five pounds under, and the man will be pleased if he gets twenty-five pounds extra weight. The next thing is his foot. I think I am a stickler on that subject because I find that there is a good deal of complaint about it. To my mind there is no excuse for sending to any man a hog with a poor foot. I know 3'ou are not doing it, but a man does not need to be a judge of a hog to know a poor foot. He sets up a howl when he gets a poor foot. Then he writes the paper in which he saw the advertisement and we get the abuse. I want to say again that I am not backAvard in telling the buyer who wants a male hog to use on a grade herd that the buyer in a great majority of eases is wrong. The seller knows a good hog better than the buyer." Mr. Hakes said: "I would like to refer to a few cases that came under my observation. I am strongly in favor of a strong guarantee. We held a sale on the 18th of January guaranteeing everything or money refunded, for six weeks. About ten o'clock 222 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the night our guarantee was up I got two rings. One man who had bought a hog was very much excited. He said the hog was no good and he was quite sure I would have to refund the money. I just eased him off and told him I would refund the money if the hog was not all right. It was simply a case of being scared. I heard nothing more from him nor have not yet. The other man when I heard from him again said everything turned out all right. The third man a while after still declared that the hog was not all right and I told him to bring her back. I never heard any- thing more from him until week before last when I met him in town and asked him where he had been, and he said he was just raising a litter of six pigs out home. I think if we would give everybody a fair deal that it would be easy to get along with them as a rule." Mr. Russell said: "I believe a breeder can protect himself very easily by not using a male on his herd until he is sure it has been recorded." Mr. Carlin brought up the question of records again by saying. "Someone asked if all Poland Chinas were eligible to record in all records. They are iwt. There was one little record associa- tion in the southwest that is not counted good for anything. All Poland China pedigrees are not accepted by all the records. I think that the produce or descendants of two or three sows that are recorded by one association are not accepted by another." Mr. Benson said: "I believe that Mr. Carlin is correct and still not quite correct. The Standard Record Association at its late meeting decided to accept no pedigrees that were not accepted by the other legitimate records, thus barring out from any record the few families referred to by Mr. Carlin. I think the proper thing for anybody to do when he buys a male pig is to have him recorded before he uses him. There is no question in my mind but the gentleman can get his remedy. If the pig has not been re- corded he has been pretty careless. When it comes to guarantee it seems to me there can be no middle ground. It has been close to me for more than thirty years. My father once traded for a cow that raised no calves and he had an expensive lawsuit over it. There are a few little things that are easy to do and one of them is to require return of pedigree. I think that is a very easy way to do with the guarantee and I don 't believe any man will find it to his advantage to sell without a guarantee. You should keep anything six to ten weeks to find out if it is all right and if it is not refund his money." SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 223 Mr. Lambing said: "I would like to say a word in regard to Mr. Benson's remarks relative to satisfying your customers. Un- less you make a contract to the contrary when you sell an animal you have to make good if the animal fails to be all right whether you have a guarantee or not. The average breeder, I believe, in- tends to do what is right ; the average buyer the same, but we find men doing wrong on both sides. I have been in the business a great many years and I have had considerable experience in that line. I had one experience with a dissatisfied customer to whom, before a final settlement to his satisfaction, I sent three boars, paying express charges on one, only to learn afterwards that all of them were all right and that he had simply worked me very suc- cessfully. We have unreasonable men on both sides and the golden rule is the only rule we can go by. If you sell for more than fat stock prices, whether we have a guarantee or not, you can't get away from it unless you make a contract that you do not guar- antee. A man must treat his customers as nearly right as possi- ble. There are more men disposed to take advantage among buy- ers than among sellers." Mr. Yoder said: "I would like to ask a question and make a suggestion. If an animal is sent back as a non-breeder, can't you ask the secretary of the association to make a record of that animal as a non-breeder and let him stand as such until you want him taken off?" Mr. Cox said: "A red hog man bought a pig from one of my neighbors and after he had him a while he said he would not breed. He brought the pig back and the pedigree, but he copied the pedi- gree and signed the breeder's name to it before he brought it back." Mr. Evans said. "In reply to the suggestion of Mr. Yoder I would say that we do follow the practice. We had a notice in the red hog case referred to by ]\Ir. Cox, but he brought the record in too late and it is being held up now until it is settled in court. ' ' Mr. Hockett said: "I would like to relate my experience. I have done considerable mail order business and have generally had good satisfaction on both sides. One trouble I had was a mail order that I got from near Sioux City a year ago last fall. He was a very poor scribe and a poor scholar and he asked for a descrip- tion of pigs. I gave it to him and by return mail I got an order for a pig and he wrote me that he would like to have the pig weigh "too a hundred pounds." I described the pig as weighing from 175 to 225 pounds. I sent him a pig weighing 150 pounds. I 224 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. think, ho-\vever, that he wanted a pig to weigh two hundred pounds, but it was hard to tell from his letter. In another in- stance a neighbor of mine whom I considered a straight man bought a male pig of me for $18 and took him home. He was a good individual but in the course of time he came back to me and said he M'as no good and I would have to take him back. I told him to bring him back and take a litter brother to him. He was in fine shape and the one he had had gone the other way. He took the second pig home. He had about thirty sows in his heard but he sold the pig. I made inciuiry from the man who bought him and he said he bought him right away and he was to have him as soon as he got him. He had used the first hog and then brought him back as he could get the second one and sell him. There are very few who will do such things but we do have them and we have to guard against it." Mr. Keese said: "The reason I spoke of this in the way I did was because very nearly every person in this room knows that the law says if you sell any animal of any kind as a sound ani- mal it must be a sound animal. If you sell a sow in pig, what is my guarantee ? If I sell a sow for $50 and another for $50 and the first may raise ten pigs but the second prove she had no pigs. Then it goes into court. I don't think it is right to guar- antee when every one knows that the law guarantees." Following Mr. Cox's paper and its discussion a paper on "The Grass Grown Hog and His Value as a Breeder" was read by ^Ir. Hockett. THE GRASS GROWN HOG AND HIS VALUE AS A BREEDER. G. W. HOCKETT, MANNING, lA. This subject is one of vast importance to the swine breeders of the corn belt. Nowhere in the world is the tendency to refinement so great as here in Iowa and her adjacent states. It goes without saying that there must be some reason for this. The hog as our forefathers found him was a wild animal with free range, rambling at will, rooting for herbs and eating what he could find that in his wild nature seemed good, exercising from morn till night. Grain of any kind was unknown to him. But since his captivity, man has forced him to change his habits, to change his diet, and has changed him from the wild, angular rail splitter to the docile beautiful animal of today. This change has been effected in two ways. First, by care in selection of breeding stock, and second, by care in feeding. It has been said "Show pigs, like poets, are born, not made." But in my estimation there is fully SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 225 as much in the care and feeding. It is true we must have the individu- ality to build on. But it is equally true that that individual must have proper feed and care to develop it. The term develop is very often mis- used and I think in many instances misunderstood. The word develop is often used synonymously for fatten. This is a mistaken idea. A hog may be fat, yet not developed. In order to develop a pig he must have suitable food to give him growth of bone and muscle and regular exercise to give him strength and vigor. We in the corn belt usually make corn a part of the pig's ration, which is all right if judiciously used. But in too many instances corn is made the exclusive diet, which is very injurious to the pig. This may be done in two ways. First, by keeping the hogs confined in pens where there is no opportunity for them to obtain grass or other green food and not sup- plying it, but feeding wholly a corn ration. Second, by allowing range of pasture but feeding too large quantities of corn. The hog will not gorge himself on corn; his appetite being satisfied, he has no inclination to exercise, hunting over the pasture for more feed, but will lay down in the shade. In a short time he becomes sluggish. He becomes more and more corpulent. His bone and muscle become weak and exercise becomes more painful to him. He can hardly walk from the shed to his feed. He may be gaining in weight. He may look nice, but he is not developing. He is fattening. The hog does not differ greatly in his anatomy from the ether domestic animals. For an illustration, take a colt at weaning time. Put it in a small pen and feed an exclusive corn diet for- a year, If it withstood the treatment, how many would select that colt for a breed- ing animal? In order to develop a pig, he must have a balanced ration and plenty of exercise. For convenience and economy it is best to furnish a pasture sufficiently large to furnish plenty of green feed and afford an opportunity to ramble at will, gathering food fresh from the bosom of Mother Nature, growing. Then a hog should be allowed to rustle some to develop stamina and trait of character and learn to make the best of his opportunities. By this I do not mean to starve. There are two extremes, stuff and starve. One is almost as injurious as the other. There are very few pigs highly fitted to be shown in the under six months class that ever make a hog fit to be shown again, and very few there are that ever begot or bore pigs that were able to win in any class. There are reasons for this. They have not been developed, but weakened, and in most instances the highly fitted pig under six months of age is at a yearling a physical wreck. We might liken them to the pompous sons of millionaires, reared from infancy with a golden spoon in their mouth; reared in luxury and ease, when thrown on their own resources they are wholly unable to grapple with the problems of life. None of them have ever become great financiers nor great statesmen, but all our truly great men have come frcm the middle classes. Of course there is an incentive for us to produce big weights at young ages. AVe do not want Mr. Jones' pigs to be larger than ours. And there is always a demand for the fat pig at good figures, which is a great 15 226 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. temptation. But the sooner we wake up to the fact that the grass grown hcg is the breeder that will bring the show pigs that will win, the sooner we will be on our road to success. The farmer's boy does not look so attractive following the plow with his overalls on, but let him become physicallj' developed, having grasped such opportunities as usually come to the average boy, then send him to college to finish his education and put on the veneering. We will find him able to appear to advantage in any society, able to successfully grap- ple with the great problems of the age and to successfully fill a place of trust in any branch of commerce. So it is with the grass grown hog. He does not appear so attractive in the pasture with his every day clothes on, but let him grow up, become fully developed, and then he is ready to be fitted. When fitted, he is ready to appear in the best society; ready to be a credit alike to both breeder and owner. After the reading of Mr. Hockett's paper remarks were made by L. H. Roberts, of Paton, Iowa; J. A. Benson; 0. E. Osborn, of Weston, Iowa; G. W. Hockett; W. M. Lambing; Wilson Rowe, of Ames; and President McTavish. Mr. Roberts said: "I don't want to say anything on the ques- tion but I would like to hear from some one that can say something about the overfeeding and the development of the pig. One of the greatest mistakes that breeders have made in the past is the overfeeding of the young animal before it has developed. As I have said here before, I would rather see a pig in a good clover field without any feed, with a sow and plenty of water, than to have it overfed, and I think am right.'' Mr. Benson spoke as follows : "I think that was a most excel- lent paper. He did not mean that he would raise his pigs on grass alone, and while I agree with ^Ir. Roberts, he puts it rather strong. I believe there are more pigs spoiled from nothing but grass than there are from nothing bitt corn. There are many hogs turned out in the pasture in the spring that are not any fatter in the fall. But I like the gentleman's paper. We are a good deal oftener not feeding enough along with the corn than the other way, and I think the grass lot is the salvation of the hog.'' Mr. Osborn said : "I think it depends considerably on the kind -of pasture. I think' alfalfa is the best kind of pasture. You ■can use less grain with it than with anything else." Mr. Hockett. "I want to say a word in explanation. I do not advocate that the young hog should be forced to exist entirely on grass, but I think I can prove that a pig turned out on grass until fall will be better than one fed on corn and left to lie in the shade." SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 227 Mr. Roberts made a few more remarks as follows: "I do not think a hog should be grown on grass alone but I think the feed should not interfere with the development. Nine-tenths of the hogs in the pasture are killed before they are eight weeks old by feed- ing them corn." Mr. Lambing said : ' ' The question of alfalfa has come up and as it is a comparatively new feed I would like to have Mr. Rowe, who is having experience with alfalfa, tell us about it." Mr. Rowe refused to say anything about it except that "It was all right." Mr. Lambing replied: "I have observed that such fellows as Rowe and Swallow who know more than the whole bunch of us won't tell anything and we fellows that don't know anything are always talking." i\Ir. IMcTavish said : "I think this is a very important question and I think that the woven wire fence is revolutionizing the hog industry in the corn belt, and when the farmers and breeders learn to use everj^ bit of pasture on their places and use every bit of waste in all the feeds, then we will be freer from cholera, and we will have better and more profitable hogs. It is coming about very rapidly with the advent of the w'oven wire fence. It won't do to let the pigs lie behind the crib with nothing but corn nor it won't do to let them have only grass. I believe in feeding a lit- tle corn all the time to balance up." Following these remarks and closing the afternoon session, Dr. J. H. ^leXeill, of Ames, Iowa, gave the following interesting talk. TUBERCULOSIS IN SWINE. DR. J. H. M'NEILL, I. S. C, AMES, lA. I assure you it is a pleasure to me to be with you this afternoon and attempt to discuss a subject that is of very vital importance to all of us. I like to meet with the live stock men of Iowa, the swine breeders and the cattle breeders; and I do not believe that we find anywhere a more enthu- siastic and interested band of men than we do among those engaged in that work in Iowa. There is a story that is told of the swine breeders and their interest in their work, and it runs something like this: A man drove up to a farm and inquired of the boy for the owner of the place. The boy said his father was at home, that "he was down in the lane feeding the hogs. You can tell pa. He has a hat on." They are interested in their work and interested in producing something good. The subject of tuberculosis is one of worldwide importance. It is one that we are all interested in. We are interested in the subject from the standpoint of human tuberculosis, and probably from that cause we take 228 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a deeper interest. Tuberculosis in man, tuberculosis in animals, no matter whether swine, cattle or fish or birds, is practically the same. It is sim- ply a modification of the tubercular germ or adapting itself to a different animal or individual just like the seeds that you take from one section of Iowa to another. They get acclimated, grow and develop and get so they will grow in that part of the State; and so it is with the tubercular germ. The different classes of tubercular germs simply depend for their exist- ence and change in shape upon the environment in which they grow. Whether they are more deadly or less deadly depends upon the tissue in which they grow. The different germs as they grow and develop affect ani- mal tissue. In taking up the subject of tuberculosis in swine it will be necessary to consider tuberculosis in general as it concerns cattle. Tuber- culosis by the ingestment of food, sputum, excreta — the common cause of tuberculosis in swine — the different conditions or situations or general influences have all to do with the production of tuberculosis, no matter whether in the human family or in the animal kingdom, and in order to take it up and discuss it I simply follow notes that I have made. Now, as to tuberculosis in cattle. We know that we have a great deal of tuberculosis in cattle. We have a lot of tuberculosis in cattle in Iowa because we have a lot of cattle, and we have a lot of well bred cattle, and cattle that are well bred are usually well cared for. They are kept inside, kept tied up possibly a good part of the time, and animals that are kept under these influences develop tuberculosis to a greater extent than a herd of animals turned out in pasture or in open lots. There are many reasons why animals kept together will become infected, or where one animal in a stall will infect animals around. One reason is that where we have tuber- culosis of the glands of the throat the cattle cough, the matter drops in the feeding box, then it is pushed along the trough and the different cattle along the trough become infected as a result. Animals kept in single stalls with high partitions will affect animals on either side, but not those in the stanchions kept away. There is a difference in susceptibility. Some individuals will contract tuberculosis while others of the same family under the same conditions will not. It is not hereditary. Recent experi- ments extending back for ten years have demonstrated this. We some- times find tuberculosis in the offspring where we did not find it in the parent. The inherited tendency to become affected is the reason why one herd of cattle will get it or one strain of cattle and transmit the same tendency. The same quality that existed in the tissue affect the general conformation of an individual as the polled condition in the Angus or in the Galloway. There is a certain property that the tissue has of taking up germ life and giving it life and existence. You will find the tendency in certain individuals of a family. That individual probably is more sus- ceptible to scarlet fever or some other disease. That is simply the ten- dency that exists on the part of the animal body to take on these germs and become infected. There is a large percentage of human existence that become infected with turbercular germs. It has been estimated that probably 50 per cent of the individuals that reach manhood and woman- hood that die from other causes have at some time been Infected with tubercular germs. It is the same in cattle, and we have it so in all of the warm blooded animals. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 229 In passing on from this introduction into what we are to discuss, we find that the conditions or environment surrounding swine disease are a little different from those of cattle. The swine are shipped to market usually within a year. The disease develops with rapidity in swine. If they do not have the influences surrounding them for infection, they go to market without tuberculosis. This is proven from statistics from Iowa and Wisconsin cf tuberculosis in swine from dairy districts. About a year ago I was at an abattoir and for seven days' killing we had from 230 ninety-five condemned in one day, and from an aggregate of 4,777 animals 101 condemned, which makes 2i/j per cent. One day from 528 killed there were nineteen condemned, from 617 killed twenty-five condemned. I talked with the inspector, and he said that for that time of year that would be a good fair average. The infection was brought about by the use of separator milk from creameries or separator milk from the man's own farm. It seems like an easy matter to get at in order to stop infec- tion or what will prove a loss to the farmer. In regard to tuberculosis in Iowa I have talked with commission men in Chicago, and they tell me that there are certain dairy districts in the State of Iowa that they would not buy hogs from; that if they did they would buy them at a reduced price, so that if you live in a dairy district and ship your hogs to Chicago and they know where your hogs come from, they buy hogs that they think are all right. They come around to you after they have bought what they want and they will pay you at a low enough price that they will have assurance that they will get their money back, or enough out of it to pay for loss of animals condemned. It will react in the end. It has reacted in Iowa. I know of three districts. I have talked with inspectors and with firms that say they will not accept hogs from certain buyers because they have lots of tuberculosis in that district and they will not run the risk of losing hogs from inspection. The packing house people In Iowa are not going to deal in hogs that are tubercular. For instance. we have an infested district here in Des Moines. You telegraph for mar- kets to Marshalltown and they telegraph back they don't want your hogs. You ship them to Chicago. If they do not know about the tuberculosis they will accept them and of course you are paid accordingly. It can not be detected before they are killed. They may be and probably are just as fat as the other hogs. If they are not tagged before they go to the abat- toir, the packer will lose. If 214 per cent of the animals shipped in there are tubercular it means a loss to somebody. What will the packer do if he keeps it up? They will do what is best for themselves, and that is, instead of making the prices lower and taking it from you, they will go back and say, I will buy your pigs, and if they pass inspection I will pay you. If ycu send hogs and they pass inspection you will get your money. If another man sends hogs fed on creamery milk they will take his hogs. If he sends sixty or seventy head and twenty are condemned they will figure it on the bill the same as feed and yard and everything else. There is some conjecture today as to the way in which the packers will get around the subject of tuberculosis. Infection comes from the creamery. You get it in butter, in cream, in cheese. It comes from the cow and from the udder of the cow. If you 230 IOWA departme>:t of agriculture. have tuberculosis in your cattle you will have it in your hogs. You can test it by tuberculin test. There is a chance for a mistake, but the per- centage of mistakes is very small, so that for all practical purposes it is the best one we have. It is not infallible, but it is a good test. In this infection of tuberculosis we find that there are practically three kinds, pulmonary, intestinal and mammary; pulmonary, of the lungs; intestinal, of the intestines; and mammary, of the mammary glancis. We know that in cattle the infection is brought by the air or the food. It can be car- ried, and we know that infection is by the animal having tuberculosis of the lungs and expectorating this matter, but instead of spitting it out they swallow it and it passes through the digestive tract, and by this method you get an intestinal infection. You might have the lung infection; sec- ond, the abdominal or intestinal infection, and lastly the mammary infec- tion. You do not have to have tuberculosis of the mammary glands in order to get tubercular germs in the milk. This is one of the most pro- lific sources of its being transmitted to calves and pigs. Y'ou can have what we call generalized tuberculosis or local tuberculosis. Local tuber- culosis does not enter the blood serum, but as soon as it enters the blood serum it is generalized; from the heart to the lungs and the different organs of the body, in the spleen, heart, and so on. Tuberculosis is not what we call blood poisoning, meaning a condition in which we have septic material in the blood not longer than six days after inoculation. Tuberculosis, first, last and all the time, unless it becomes generalized, is local. The kernels that come in the neck are distinctive. You find that they enlarge. You get them in the armpit, in the limphatic gland, and as the gland becomes broken down, like the outpost of the army, the enemy advances and marches on and on until they are in the fort. So the infec- tion follows from one gland to another until it becomes generalized. From that you get mammary tuberculosis. During the time the tubular germs are circulated in the blood they may be excreted through the cells into the milk and then fed to hogs and calves or to human beings. Of course they do not always react or become affected. In this mammary form of tuberculosis there are some symptoms by which you can tell between mammary tuberculosis and what you know as garget. In the one the swelling may take place in one quarter or in several quarters, but usually only in one quarter. The swelling is very hard, painless and without heat. In garget you usually find the swelling painful, very hard and rapid in its formation. The one is chronic and the other is not. In using animals for dairy purposes you should exclude the individuals that have anything wrong with the mammary glands from milking and have them shipped or sent to the butcher or something done besides using them for dairy pur- poses. Now as to the amount of this mammary tuberculosis. In the tests that have been made, and especially in Germany, where they have a rigid inspection and where they carry it on in a good manner, they find the number of animals that react about 6 per cent; in this country 2 per cent, so that two cows out of a hundred have mammary tuberculosis. Suppose you have a dairy where there are probably three hundred cows. You would have in the three hundred, six cows that are discharging bacilli in the milk at every milking. What do you do with it? Send it to the cream- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 231 ery, stir it up together. You take in your milk cans and get a portion of the milk back. You feed it to your calves and pigs and you get tubercu- losis, or if you did not have it in your own cows you would get it through the kindness of your neighbors in getting their milk at the creamery. You get it started in the calves, breed the calves and keep the new herd and you have it in your herd, and it is just as hard to get rid of in that form as in any other. Then during the development of tuberculosis or in its infection of the individual you can get tuberculosis of the lungs devel- oped as a result. In an experiment in Washington under the direction of the Department of Agriculture, in one herd they had 112 cows. They used fifty-six cow3 that reacted and saved from each milking a pint of milk. From this milk a preparation was made from which tests were made on the cows that showed no evidence of having mammary tubercu- losis. Tests were made with a microscope to determine whether tubercu- losis germs were in this milk. The experiment was carried on for several months and shewed that of the fifty-six cows, nine of that number, or practirally about IG per cent, threw off tubercular germs into the milk ct some time during the milking period and did not have mammary tuber- culosis either. It dees net follow that they have tuberculosis because it is in the milk. It is not enough to affect them. There is one thing about the development of the tuberculosis in swine and that is that it is ve^y rapid. In practically a few months you will find that there will be a total infection of all the internal organism and all of the glands. About the milk. I remember in Buffalo of getting what we call skips. They bought all of the cripples in the yard, and in this bunch we had four skips. They would weigh from fifty to sixty pounds. They were run through the ordinary routine of slaughtering and they were all found to be tuberculosis. We traced to where thej' came from in Ohio and found that they were fed on skim milk from a dairy. That was the history. You find a lot of it. You find it in Ohio and Pennsylvania and in other States where they feed on separator milk without boiling it and as a result they have tuberculosis. We have a law in the State of Iowa, which is to go into effect in July, that all separator milk must be heated to 185 degrees Fahrenheit. There is no provision in that law stating how long that heat is to be maintained or how. In the experiments in dealing with tubercular milk they have net arrived at any conclusion as to the degree of heat required to kill the germ aside from 212, but the tubercular germ is the most inceptive of all germs detrimental to health. Thus must tubercular milk be heated to a higher temperature in order to destroy the germs. It has been advised by Bank, who is an authority, that if 185 degrees of heat is used, the milk should be subjected to that temperature' for five minutes at least, and should be stirred, as if it is in an open vessel there will always be foam on the top. The germ will stay in the foam and the top dees not get as hot as the bottom. In some of the creameries the milk would net stay in more than a minute, so that the ordinary methods employed in sterilizing milk are not what they should be, and I think that for feeding hogs and calves that milk brought to a temperature of 212 would be a safer temperature. If you have not all the appliances necessary to sterilize the milk then it would be better for the milk and for 232 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the good of the individual you feed the milk to, to heat it to 185 and let It stay at that temperature for five minutes. Now I would like to take up this matter of inspection. I will simply say that I do not have any other reason but for your information. I have been in the government inspection in the eastern cities and in the West, and I know something of it, and I know that the inspection as carried on has been as efficient as it could be made with the laws existing and the money at the command of the Secretary of Agriculture. It has not been complete simply because they could not get inspectors; they could not pay enough. And as to the ante-mortem inspection. That is done, of course, but it could be omitted without a very serious loss because animals do not always show outward evidence of the disease. It is done in some of the eastern inspection bureaus, but I believe it is not done in Chicago. There is no law compelling packing house people to kill animals that have been condemned; that is, compelling them to kill them at their abat- toir. In the inspection of calves, if you have an anti-mortem inspection, there is no law if they do not pass to compel them to be killed. If they are rejected I don't suppose they will dump them in the sea. Instead, they are taken to some abattoir where they do not have government inspection and then put along beside government inspected calves and sold. It is dene in lots of the markets. It is not a question of the inspec- tion not being efficient enough, but because the inspection does not go far enough. It stops short and it can never be done, no matter whether inspec- tion of cattle, hcgs or what. In the inspection as carried out in the inspec- tion of hogs, they have two and sometimes three inspectors. One of the symptoms of the tuberculosis in hogs is in the glands of the neck. It is impossible, where they are killing large numbers of hogs every hour, for the inspector to examine each one. But an inspector with training will be able to find any hog that is diseased. He knows it when he sees it. He knows just as much about that as you do about judging good hogs, simply by looking at it. If there is something wrong there is a halt. It is dismembered and they cut off a certain part and the inspector can tell ■what is wrong. Then it is tagged, pushed into a cooler and left there until inspection time after the day's killing is over. The cooler is under government lock and key. The packing house people have no more right in there than I would at a bank to step in at the private office without having business there. The microscopic examination is a thing that has always seemed superfluous to me. If you live in Sioux City or Cedar Rapids and go to a store in the outskirts of the city and buy meat, you get meat that is not government inspected. You have government inspec- tion, but you don't have to have government inspected meat. Just as soon as you go over into Illinois you have to have it inspected. The govern- ment makes ycu inspect it. I don't know why it is not so in this State, unless it is because we do not have laws good enough to make State in- spection. Any meat that goes to Germany has to be microscopically examined. Why not have it for ourselves? If it is dangerous for the German it is dangerous for the American. But the first reason is that there are not laws. It must be taken up and considered. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 233 A few words about hog cholera and swine plague. There are fifty mil- lion dollars' worth of swine in Iowa, one-eighth of the total value of live Block in the United States within the State of Iowa. I have the informa- tion from the live stock journals. Fifty million dollars is the valuation of hogs. Now, if you figure the loss of 6 per cent, that means three mil- lion dollars less to the hog raisers of Iowa every year. That is due prac- tically to swine plague or hog cholera. There is not much difference be- tween the two diseases. The swine plague in England is hog cholera in this country. If it is in the intestines we call it cholera. They are nearly always a mixed infection. We thought we had at one time discovered what caused hog cholera. In the last two years it has been found out that it is an invisible germ. We have to deal with it from a practical standpoint. Suppose we have a loss of three million dollars from the hog raisers of Iowa. The loss from tuberculosis is not a direct loss as far as the loss of the life of the animal, but it is a loss inasmuch as an animal with tuberculosis will consume more corn than an animal in a healthy condi- tion. There are certain factors that will tend to produce hog cholera. It has been argued that corn will do it. Corn will not produce tuberculosis. It will produce a condition of the digestive tract by which the germ will not be destroyed because of a lack of acidity in the stomach. The germ slips by and passes into the intestines and causes what we know as hog cholera. The toxine generated by the germ floats in the system and affects the animal. How is it to be dealt with? In Canada they have a plan of quarantining and slaughtering every herd in which there is swine plague or hog cholera. They have that way of dealing with it in order to suppress it, and that is the only way that they will ever be able to extinguish swine plague and hog cholera. It is the only preventive. Just like the foot and mouth disease that they had to stamp out by buying up and slaughtering everything that was affected. If it breaks out again that is the only practical way of getting rid of it. The loss of a few indi- viduals does not mean much. It is the loss of the individuals that they ■would gain in the time that they are affected. In order to suppress the disease you must destroy it. It is the same thing with hog cholera and swine plague in Canada. They have government inspectors that patrol the State. When they find an outbreak they quarantine the herd, slaugh- ter them, bury the animals and disinfect the pens. When they do this they pay the owner two-thirds the valuation of the live stock both for diseased and non-diseased animals. For a time they paid the owner for only the diseased animals, but it did not work, and now they pay for everything. In order to keep out swine plague and hog cholera from Canada they have inaugurated a very stringent quarantine. Whether it is the right plan or not is for you to decide, but it seems to me the best plan to destroy the animals and reimburse the man. There is not one of you that would take hog cholera home just for the fun of it. You are not responsible and why should you suffer? It seems to me that the State should pay it. I would be willing if I was a hog man to pay a little extra tax in order to reimburse the man who may lose. Then after a while there would be no hog cholera and there would be no extra expense. How much of that three million dollars of loss would it take to have government inspection? Take it out of politics entirely. If an inspector is in his position because 234 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cf civil service appointment then he takes care of his position, because when he ceases to enforce the law he is down and out. Think what the expense would be, but after a while you would have less disease. You could not do it in Iowa unless all States would agree to help you do this. It should be a National law with the assistance of the States. It should be taken up in a practical way. If we don't get laws this will be a dumping ground for the other States. We should have efficient laws wherein we say, you shall not bring into this State animals that are tubercular. Dealers will bring their stock to Iowa because we have no law and they can sell them. And I know of instances of that kind. If I was a hog raiser I would, if I bought an animal, quarantine the animal for thirty days before I put it in the herd, and it would be the last one to feed and tend to after I had tended to the other hogs. I would put up a small- pox sign, if necessary, to keep people away from it. And if there was hog cholera in the neighborhood I would advise my neighbors to keep their dogs tied up. Just those things carry tuberculosis and hog cholera. A man may come along to a neighbor's, get into the hog lot and not know there is any hog cholera or swine plague. He gets dirt on his shoes. Then he comes over to your place, climbs up in the pen, whittles a stick and cleans his shoes. He stands around the pen, the trough or the corn crib, and the next thing you know you have hog cholera. You think you got it from crows or buzzards or from a passing wagon. I know a place near Perry where a breeder went to help a neighbor thresh. The neighbor had hog cholera and left the carcasses lying in the stubble field. In two or three weeks, just about time enough to get the hog cholera, the breeder lost pretty nearly all he had. It can be carried in all sorts of ways. There is another thing that is important to me. That is the hog cholera cures. I think they are an abomination. A man is just throwing his money away. If the Department of Agriculture at Washington, working for a good many years with scores of assistants who have not been able to discover a serum or a vaccine, I do not believe that Tom, Dick or Harry that starts up a store and fixes up a drug mixture has found a cure for hog cholera. Nothing ever came by chance in such a way as that; you are foolish to take up with such things. Of course they tell you they will treat you honorably and you need not pay them a cent until they can get the hogs under the effect of the remedy. The agent says it will take some time, and I presume he will lock around and find out how many are lost. If a man has a lot of pigs it will take a little longer for the drug to get in its work. He takes the contract, and says he will pay you so much for all the hogs that die. When the drug commences to work all the pigs are dead. He does the same thing to the neighbor and does it right along. Now, there are some who say you can get an immunity from vaccination, but you must use an anti-toxine first. Ncrw what we mean by anti-toxine is simply an anti-body or a body that acts against. You take it for zetanus or lockjaw. Sometimes it lasts a long time and other times it lasts for but a few months. In certain individuals it lasts longer than in others. When you inoculate an animal that animal has a mild form of the disease, lives through it, and after that is immune. I have heard it said it was a good thing to have hog cholera around all the time. A hog that has been vaccinated has a mild form of the disease and then it is an immune, has SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 235 practically had hog cholera. These germs that enter are weakened germs and they produce a gradual immunity, but they carry these germs with them and have what we call chronic hog cholera. When you vaccinate it is all right for the bunch you vaccinate, but it is not all right for the hogs you bring in. They may stay around the hog lot, and as soon as you get the vaccination it is all right for you, but if you have a neighbor that wants a brood sow and you ship it out to him, his hogs will get hog cholera and he will wonder where he got it. He got it from that vaccinated hog. Another thing, ycu have a lot of hogs left from an attack of hog cholera. You have perhaps ten, fifteen or twenty from a bunch of a hundred. They are immune. They will never have it again, but they will have ulcers in the intestines that range in size from the size of a dime to fifty cents, and sometimes as large as a dollar. These take a long time to heal, and while they are going through the healing process there is more or less dead tissue, and you have hog cholera as long as you have any hogs from that old bunch. It exposes the hogs that you buy to infection. The best thing to do with that kind of hogs is to get rid of them. Send them to market. Break up your ground, disinfect, and get in a new trough for the hogs. Some of the hogs will get well. I have known hogs to be shipped across three or four States. The older hogs will resist this infection for a long time, and they may have it in a mild form, but that does not hinder them from having chronic lesions. The other hogs, being exposed, have hog cholera from the infection within two days — from two to thirty. We usually say from seven to fourteen days we get hog cholera or swine plague. The only way to combat those thing is go get some laws, and the way for you to get laws is to get legislation. Get interested in politics when you want to get laws, and have the legislator not only promise but see that he does it. If he don't, turn him out and get some other fellow. And then have the laws enforced. The man that owns the creamery won't do it. It will take time. If it is not brought to his mind he will forget about it, or he may not know about it, though the law does not excuse him for his ignorance. There is a law regarding the Importation and inspection of breeding cattle, but of course there is a weak spot in that. I presume the reason it was not made stronger was because they thought it might interfere with the entrance of cattle from other States. I am told that there are men in certain cities that permit the hauling of dead carcasses along the roads. If you do not prevent that and your hogs die no one is to blame but j'ourself. Then there are hogs lying around the farm. It is net an easy thing to do to tell a neighbor to do that, or this, or another thing. He may tell you to do something. But is a thing that should be done to protect yourself against hog cholera ad tuberculosis. If you will get State laws as good as some states have them, then we can build up and add to. For Iowa to be as great a live stock State as she is and be as far backward as she is in these laws, I am sorry to see it. If you want these things get after the newspaper men and have them help you. In the discussion of Dr. McNeill's paper, remarks were made by H. M. Yoder, C. G. Kiel, L. H. Roberts and Robert Evans. 236 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Yoder said. "Don't you think more often men lose hogs from pneumonia and call it hog cholera? I knew "a man that let his hogs sleep out on the ground. They died and I think it was pneumonia." Mr. McNeill said: "I think it was pneumonia, too. ]\Iy broth- ers raise hogs and they were letting the hogs sleep out. They had something like a hundred head and they noticed that the pigs kept getting sick and they examined them and the lungs were affected. They lost forty or fifty head. Then they took the farrowing pens and every night put them in and after that thej" never lost a pig. The loss was due to the fact that they were exposed. They huddle together and in the center they get warm and steamy and in the morning they get out in the cold air and get cold and pneu- monia." Mr. Kiel said: "That has been the most interesting subject that I have heard for many a day. I would like to ask some infor- mation. In pasteurizing the milk is that sufficient to destroy the germs of tuberculosis?" Mr. McNeill replied : "If the temperature is raised to 185. In these pasteurizing machines they run the milk through in a thin stream. In pasteurizing the milk you kill the germs. Using pasteurized milk in two or three days is more dangerous because it developes a toxine as the germs of lactic acid. But in the pasteurization of milk it seems to me the safest plan to follow would be raise the temperature of the milk to 185 and keep it at that temperature for five minutes. I was talking with ^Ir. Gray last night and he said from what he could find that milk should be stirred and that it should be raised to 185 and kept there for five minutes." Mr. Kiel said: "In regard to inspection of cattle in Chicago. We ship cattle there sometimes. Sometimes they have a lump in their neck and that is cut out. The steer is all right — fine and sleek. They will tag the steer and perhaps in about three weeks we get word from them that it has been passed as satisfactory for food. The lump is just in the skin. It is only a scar of the lump that was cut out. The tag means that it is to be examined. Then we get a bill of sale — so much for the hide and so much for the carcass. I sold a car of cattle for export. They said three of them were held up. They said they had been bought by an ex- porter. They had scars where these lumps had been taken out. They said they were examined and after that they were held up. I would take my chances on having them held up in Chicago." SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 237 Mr. McNeill said: "I never inspected export cattle that closely. ' ' Mr. Kiel asked: "Do you mean to say we could stamp out tuberculosis the same as cholera?" Mr. IM'cNeill said: "No I am not offering any solution of the cholera question. I don't want you to get that impression. I don't know how to get rid of it. It has been tried by a good many men, but it seems to me there are ways that we can suppress a good deal of it. Some say there should not be compensation for slaughtered hogs that were affected. If a man has a cow that is tubercular she is not useless ; she can raise a calf and produce milk that is good if it is sterilized. Mr. Edwards, of Canada, maintains three herds, a quarantine herd, a tubercular herd and a tuberculosis free herd. Everything they get he puts in the quarantine herd. If they are not all right they put them in the tubercular herd and he says it is the best herd he has. In the discussions that have come up in the National Veterinary Asso- ciation it has been stated that there is no plan at the present time that will do away with tuberculosis, but the plan adopted in Pennsylvania will do a great deal towards that end. They make application to the State for a test. The State does the work for nothing and pays for the animal that is killed. There is another thing. If a State like Iowa attempts to do anything lik^ this she should have some provision that the animals that react will not be thrown away, but that they should be sent to an abattoir and inspected and if they pass that they should be paid for, and if they have to go to the offal the owner should get an offal price. ' ' Mr. Kiel said. "Don't you take it that eventually people and cattle and hogs will become immune from tuberculosis? We don't have small-pox as we once had. People have it only in mild form. ' ' Mr. McNeill said: "Yes, if we live that long." Mr. Yoder said: "Is hog cholera more prevalent in a corn country ? I think the question is largely solved by Mr. McTavish 's suggestion about the woven wire fence." Mr. McNeill said: "Of course the pasture helps, but woven wire fence won't keep out tuberculosis." Mr. Roberts said: "Don't you think there is some benefit in putting a small percentage of solution in the tanks?" Mr. IMcNeill said : "I think there would be some advantage in doing so and I think the liberal use of coal tar solution is a good 238 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. thing. Then the swill barrels should be cleaned out and scalded to keep it clean. The hogs do not get enough of the solution in drinking to hurt them. When you have hog cholera in the neigh- borhood all of these things help to keep it down." The question of the tuberculin test coming up, the doctor gave a description of the test, with which, of course, the majority of our readers are familiar. EVENING SESSION. The evening session opened with the following paper: CARE OF THE BROOD SOW AND HER LITTER, AND SELECTION AND CARE OF THE HERD BOAR. E. E. IIENDERSOX, CENTRAL CITY, lA. When we received notice from your secretary that we had been assigned the above subject and requested that we prepare a paper for this meeting, it seemed to us that we had been given a very large subject. While this is a very old subject, and one upon which volumes have been written, it is always an interesting subject to the swine breeder. Most certainly the key to success in swine breeding lies in your ability to properly care for the brood sow and her litter, and in the selection and care of the herd boar. Down at Ames, Iowa, people boast of having a man who by teaching us the proper method in the selection and care of the seed and by his tire- less energy and boundless enthusiasm has increased the corn crop of Iowa by millions of bushels. What we need now is a man who will teach us that uncounted thousands of bushels of this corn is worse than wasted by improper feeding methods, and it is safe to say that the brood sow gets a good share of this wasted food. After observing the method of feeding the brood sow on many farms we have come to the conclusion that corn is the principal, ad in far too many instances, the sole ration of the brood sow during the winter months, which are the very months that she needs proper food and care for the development of the young pigs. And another very common mistake is the starvation method, more commonly practiced than most of us are aware. The feeder (not breeder), finding his sows getting too fat on his corn ration cuts down the ration, thus starving the sow. This is a sure method of creating the "chicken eater" and the "cannibal sow." This manner of feeding invariably produces "poor luck" with pigs. We have always advocated liberal feeding of the brood sow. There is too much written advice given to the hog breeder about the danger of getting the brood sow too fat, and a very common and erroneous belief is that the brood sow must be kept in thin flesh. Our observation and advice is to feed liberally. Why starve the brood sow? Did you ever observe that all creatures that are about to produce young will lay on flesh rapidly if given the opportunity. We must not only feed the brood sow to save her litter but must also aim to have her in good flesh in order that SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 239 she may be able to stand the excessive drain that the young litter calls for the first six weeks of their existence. In advising liberal feeding we wish to impress the feeder with the importance of corn, which should be fed in limited quantities. The main ration should consist of those foods rich in protein, such as oats and wheat middlings. Avoid a concentrated feed, but always use in connection other feeds to produce bulk to the ration, which is very essential to healthy digestive action. While many breeders depend upon the commercial feeds, such as shorts, middlings, tankage and others to produce a proper ration, we wish to state that it is not entirely a necessity to use these feeds to produce a balanced ration. Any Iowa farm will produce grass, oats, barley, clover, roots, etc., and while we think that perhaps in most instances it will pay the breeder to use these commercial feeds, we would advise against getting too much of a habit of using them. "We wish to emphasize the importance of exercise for the brood sow, and unless exercise is obtained results at best will be unsatisfactory. As a means of furnishing exercise a large pasture is one of the best as well as the most profitable adjuncts to successful swine raising. We say large pasture because we notice that on a good many farms the "hog pasture' consists of a two or three-acre lot, with perhaps thirty to sixty head of swine in same, and as a matter of course contains not a single square foot of grass. A very large per cent of swine raisers have yet to learn that grass is one of the best as well as most profitable feeds that we can grow for swine. In selecting a brood sow select one with length and depth, with a docile disposition and the proper markings of the breed represented. Much care and attention given to the brood sow before farrowing as well as afterwards is essential to success. The sow having had proper feed and care up to farrowing will have pigs like corn well planted — half raised. After farrowing do not get in too much of a hurry to feed the sow heavily, and if you have fed the sow with proper feed and have her in good flesh before farrowing, it will not be necessary to feed heavily at first, but bring up gradually to full feed about ten days after farrowing. In the care of the litter each sow should have an individual pen. Always provide a dry, fresh bed, and the pens should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected at least twice each week. The pigs when two to three weeks old should be provided with a separate feeding pen. Feed only in amounts that will be cleaned up in a short time. Fresh skim milk if to be obtained is an ideal feed for young pigs; also middlings, ground oats and soaked corn should comprise the young pig's chief rations. Ground oats should be sieved to remove the hulls. Young pigs ilp to ten weeks old can be fed a liberal amount of corn to advantage in connection with other feeds. After this age we would advise feeding corn in a lim- ited quantity, but give a good grass range, provide an abundance of fresh water, also charcoal and ashes should be constantly accessible. Pigs should be dipped or sprayed frequently to keep them free from parasites and skin diseases. 240 lOAVA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The main object of the first five to seven months of the pig's age should be to promote bone and muscle growth. Whether the pigs be intended for market or for breeding stock, this will be found the most profitable method. In the selection of the herd boar we wish to impress the buyer of the importance of early selection. Go to the breeder and make personal selec- tion if possible. The boar should be obtained at least two months before he will be needed. Select a vigorous, healthy, well developed pig with every evidence of a good feeder and with the proper markings of the breed represented. Don't buy a boar just because he has a fine heart girth or perhaps has a fine ear, good bone and a good back or fine hams, but bear in mind that it is a combination of these good points that produce the pig that we want. We note the tendency of breeders to suddenly discover some weak point in their breed, and in their zeal to remedy this, neglect or lose sight of other just as essential points. Thus we have noted buyers in ob- taining a sire that is extra strong in heart girth, and as he is aware that the breed at that time is deficient in this point he will buy the pig, whether he be good in other points or not. Thus the first thing we know we have a breed shaped like a wedge, this defect apparently being as suddenly discov- ered, and we all go after the other end of the pig. The point we wish to convey is: "Don't go to too great extremes in correcting deficient points in your pigs; thus, if your sows be too fine boned and you would have an extra large boned coarse sire, the chances are good that you would have as a result of this cross a very un-uniform lot of pigs. Select a sire with good breeding, but require that he show evidence of this good breeding in his makeup. While we advise against placing too much dependence upon ancestry or the price that the sire or dam is sold for in your selection of the worth of a pig, we in nowise advise against the buyer considering the value of good breeding in ancestry; we must remember that the best of breeding does not always produce pigs suitable for breeding purposes. In the care of the sire place him by himself, away from your other pigs, if possible. If in doing this you find him inclined to be lazy and not take enough exercise, and with insufficient appetite, we would place a couple of small barrows in the lot with him. Feed liberally with an abundance of protein feeds, inducing growth, vigor and muscle building. Never turn him in with your sows. Don't abuse him; keep him gentle. When you get a good one don't sell him on the market and buy a new one every year. This we consider a great mistake and one that is very commonly practiced by the farmers in this State. In buying your herd boar remember that the sire is half of your herd, and don't let fifteen or twenty dollars prevent you from obtaining a good one. No discussion followed the reading of Mr. Henderson's paper, Mr. Atkinson read the following paper: SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 241 SHOWING BARROWS AT THE INTERNATIONAL. JAMES ATIvIXSON, EDITOR THE HOMESTEAD, DES MOINES, lA. In looking into this subject I thought I could not do better than to make some inquiry among those who have had actual experience in exhib- iting at the International Barrow Show. A Poland breeder who showed nine head last year states that although he won practically everything he competed for, yet the advertising value of his winnings was not, in his opinion, worth 10 per cent of what it would have been on breeding stock. He states that he is fitting nine head this year for the show, and also adds that he would not bother with them if he were not handy to Chicago, anti if he did not feel reasonably sure that he would win enough to pay expenses. This exhibitor desires the reinstatement of the breeding classes,, and states that no reputable breeder will ever come out with anything but second grade barrows at best, as nothing but seconds will ever be unsexed. This breeder is not sanguine over the possibilities of the barrow show, but believes that the number of entries will decrease and finally dwindle out altogether. Another breeder expresses the diametrically opposite view to the one just quoted. Among other things he says: "The International comes at a time when it would be a heavy damage to a herd of breeding hogs to put them in show condition, and, therefore, I think that those whose business it is to sell the breeding stock can well afford to take part in this show, because it brings out the hog in his finished state. The pork barrel is the thing that breeders should keep in view all the time, and a good barrow show held in connection with the International should demonstrate to the breeder what he should aim for. In my opinion breeders will not hesitate to unsex their best hogs for this show. I have found that the advertising I received at the International on account of showing barrows has done me more good as a breeder than showing at ten State fairs. In spite of the clamor for the breeding classes, I do not believe they will ever again be found at the International, as the danger of spreading disease is go great that our best breeders will never again be exhibitors. We must therefore settle down to the idea of having a barrow show or cut the hogs out altogether." These men express the views of the two classes of swine breeders, and I take it for granted that this audience would take sides on the question much in the same way. The record associations up to date have not expressed a very strong desire to support the barrow show, and not until each breed is backed up by its association will this show ever become a pronounced success. The secretary of one of the large record associations 16 242 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. has been earnestly at work to induce the board of directors to appropriate for this show, but up to date nothing has been done. The American Berkshire Association has given the barrow shows strong support from tlie start, and this year is oiSering the sum of $235 in special premiums, while the secretary of the Yorkshire Association was authorized by the board of directors to appropriate the sum of $190. The Hampshire Association also appropriates annually to this show. These, I believe, are all the associations that so far have shown a disposition to encourage the barrow show. Athough there were thirty-four more barrows entered in 1905 than in 1904, yet I do not look for any substantial increase in the number of entries until all the large associations indorse this feature of the show by offering liberal premiums. It may reasonably be expected that the directors of the International Exposition will not increase their appropriations unless the associations make a showing. Unless all the breeds are strongly represented it cannot be expected that the barrow show will ever create much interest among breeders generally, or really do much for the benefit of the swine industry. When one considers the magnitude of the swine industry in the corn "belt it would seem as though there should be a great national show for the finished hcg. At the same time, the swine breeder who undertakes to fit barrows for the International is handicapped materially compared with cattlemen. Usually those who exhibit steei-s also have entries in the pure- bred classes. This in the first place cuts the expense of putting the steer on exhibition as compared with the hog. In the second place, the man "who is in attendance with some breeding cattle, and who also shows steers, gets much more effective advertising out of his venture. He has not only a double chance to win premium money, but has, in addition, an opportunity to make sales of pure-bred animals. If competition were keen in the various classes no man could expect his premium money to cover the bill of expense when barrows alone are shown, so that this really calls for sacrifice from the men who enter the contest. Whether it can be built up on this basis or not I hesitate to say. Much might be accomplished by the holding of a barrow show to fix a desirable type within the breeds. With the right kind of judges to tie the ribbons it appears that a show of this kind might prove highly educa- tional and go a long way towards settling the kind of finished hog de- manded by the market. We are constantly battling over the makeup of the corn belt hog. Some are for the growthy, somewhat heavy boned, long Tbodied animal, while others through thick and thin stand for the early maturing, low down, somewhat fine boned individual. Of course the matter fOf prolificacy and constitutional vigor cannot be accurately determined by a judge who is passing on the finished animal, at the same time when it has been demonstrated what is the most desirable type on the market sve believe that breeders can get togther in producing that type. As stated before, I do not believe that the barrow show held in con- ■nection with the International will materially improve unless all the associations co-operate in putting up premium money. If this were done and then breeders failed to find it to their advantage to unsex some of their best breeding animals, the matter could be permanently dropped; but were it to die out of its own accord as it is run at present there would no SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 243 doubt be intermittent revivals and much useless effort expended. Accord- ing to present classifications the contests are largely within breeds, though of course for championship, individual or pen, the breeds come together. In this respect it is patterned after the steer classification. The object of the barrow show is not, as some believe, to demonstrate the superiority of one breed over another and thus annihilate all but one. There is no "superior" breed, nor there never can be one. It takes them all to gratify the tastes of all our people. At the same time the results of the Inter- national contests from year to year will prove a lamp to the feet of those who are starting up in business. I doubt if any feature of the International would be more popular with visitors than an extensive barrow show, this for the reason that prac- tically every visitor to the Fair is interested in one way or another in pure-bred hogs, inasmuch as nearly all stockmen use pure-bred males. This cannot be said of any other class of stock. The hog plays such an important part in paying the bills on practically every farm in the corn belt that few will fail not only to visit this department but to spend considerable time in making comparisons. A good barrow show in my opinion would have an educational value that would be second to no other feature of the great International. Following the reading of ]\Ir. Atkinson's paper, the discussion was participated in by Robt. Evans, W. B. Turner, R. J. Harding, and H. M. Yoder. Mr. Yoder said: "Do you think that the ideal type of the barrow is the type for the breeder to breed from?" Mr. Atkinson said: "Well, I think if the judge knows his business he can shed a good deal of light on the breeder's prob- lem. I got a number of letters from exhibitors and one or two of them expressed the idea that you could take a second class hog and cover him with fat and cover up the defects. A thor- oughly practical judge could throw a good deal of light upon the subject. It might go in the direction of the early maturing tj'-pe and I am not sure but what that is possibly the right di- rection. ' ' Mr. Evans said: "In regard to the classification, they have already sent out notices to the secretary of the association that unless their breed assists in the matter their association will be cut out." Mr. Harding said: "I don't believe that any man would judge a breeding type of hog by a barrow because I have seen hogs that were really not first class hogs that when they were finished for market you could not tell it at all." At the close of the discussion of this paper Mr. Benson read the following interesting paper: 244 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DOES THE FARMER OR FEEDER DEMAND A STRONGER BONE AND BACK THAN IS PRODUCED BY THE BREEDER OF TODAY? J. A. BENSON, PRIMGHAR, lA. That no business men are more alive to the demands of their custom- ers, or more skillful in supplying them, than the breeders of registered swine of today, is attested by the magnitude of the industry, its rapid increase and the appreciative prices he receives from the progressive farmer and feeder. A few years ago the common or modest breeder feared to offer his product at auction to farmers and feeders only, and many high-class pigs were sold to head good herds at $20 to $25, even when pork was as high in the open market as now. When he paid $50 for a brood sow, farmers thought he needed a guardian. Now farmers and breeders who do not record any hogs carry sales along at averages of $40 each for good offerings, and pay up to $80 and $90 for brood sows, and the breeder who thinks to get the good ones at low prices because only farmers are likely to be at the sale "reckons without his host." Why is it often we hear no more of the prize winners? Farmers who do not advertise or record their stock often buy them and consign them to less conspicuous but not less useful lives. What do farmers and feeders demand? Consult the advertisements of representative live stock journals and let us see what the breeder of today offers, and you will know. Of twenty-one advertisements of swine in a leading weekly, only three mention bone or backs specifically. Of forty-three in another weekly, well known among you, only five say anything of back or bone specifically. In a leading monthly swine journal, one hundred twenty-five ad- vertisements in one issue have only twenty-five calling attention to these very necessary and common points. Is this because the breeder is afraid or unwilling to draw attention on account of weakness of bone or back? By no means. These points are today the strongest points in many herds, and I speak advisedly from actual observation of herds in their homes in eight States, besides exhibits at the greatest swine shows of the world and the Iowa State Fair every year since 1892, when I say to you that few breeders bring out mature animals weak in bone or back, and few such are retained in the herds. Breeders have for years given to back and loin fourteen points out of one hundred, and to feet and legs ten points. Probably the back and loin SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 245 approximate 14 per cent of the market value of the hog. The feet and legs if broken down mean much more than 10 per cent when the animal is thrown out as a cripple, but it is not the production of the breeder of today that supplies the cripples, chubs, fatties, rough packing or "skips and culls." It is the product cf immature parents, dry yards and im- proper feeding. The result of parsimony in using good blood and good care. I grant you the man who has swine weak in backs or bone decries the breeder's herd for lack, principally because he is too parsimonious to buy the better ones, too shiftless to take care of his own and too poor to enjoy another's success. We will probably never all agree as to the best kind of hog to raise to suit our eye until all of us shall have the same preference in colors, shapes and size. Among roses some of us prefer red, some white, some pink, and others yellow. Some will always wish for black or blue roses. Convinced against his will, man is of the same opinion still. Markets have changed in the three-quarters of a century of the American swine industry. We no longer need to drive our hogs to Cincinnati to market and slaughter them only in cold weather. From demanding a strong, mature hog to get to market with a two years' crop of the wood lot and corn field, we now profit most by furnish- ing the quick growing, juicy pig, whose flesh has not been hardened by successive fasts, not increased in cost by a long maintenance ration, the risk of disease, the use of house room and capital invested. The top lots of the market vary some in size, according to the good feeder and his preference, for the most successful feeders are not plently enough to be on the market every day, and one man's culls if well fed out and offered fat when most others are too thin, may top the market cne day when much better ones sell lower on another day, but this sam- ple day's market is fairly representative of what the market now demands. The highest priced class is "Shipping and Select" — reaching the top price of $6.42 per hundred weight — was a lot of seventy-two head aver- aging 255 pounds, while the lowest in this class were a 200-pound lot and sold at $6.20 per hundred weight. The average weight of this highest class of hogs being 225 pounds each, with an average price of $6.30 per hundred weight. In the "heavy packing" class, determined not so much by their weight as by the age and quality, the top lot averaged 349 pounds and brought $6.10, which was 32 cents per hundred weight, or about 80 cents per head less than the top in shipping and select class. A lot of sixty-five head that averaged 525 pounds in this heavy packing class sold at $5.80 per hundred weight, and a lot averaging 453 pounds brought only $5.50 per hundred weight, 92 cents per hundred weight, or $4.07 per head below top shipping and select. In the light grade class $6.15 per hundred weight was the highest for a lot weighing 195 pounds. Pigs and roughs, which are the lowest class, because of the imma- turity and leanness of the one and the overmaturity and overproportion 246 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of waste, bone, etc., of the other, brought $2 to $5.75 per hundred weight, according to condition. Years ago the Poland China was too large and coarse. I well remember my father's first Poland China, "Prince Bismarck," whose pedigree was written on a sheet of letter paper and signed by A. C. Moore before there was any record association or printed form. When he come to be slaughtered no hogshead could be found big enough in which to scald him, and he was wrapped in blankets saturated with scalding water till the hair would slip. Then came the "ivory bones" Poland China, with very little bone, until the extreme fine bone was worse than the extremely coarse bone had been, especially on the prairies, with no wood lots for the hogs, and pastures inadequate by reason of high-priced fencing. Now why the demand for a stronger bone and back if our breeders are producing hogs of 600 to 800 pounds each at maturity, with very few. weighing less than 400 when mature and put in marketable flesh, when the market likes best a young hog of less than half the weight? Is it because coarser bone or bigger joints indicate more vigor, activ- ity, or response to good care? Does better bone mean more of it and a consequent lowering in price on foot? Does it promise better milking qualities in the sows or more sagacity and carefulness with their young? Does it indicate greater prolificriess? If you were looking for a milk cow, a vigorous horse or easy feeder in any animal line, would you select the heaviest bone? I prefer the medium bone, held tightly in place by strong muscles produced by a balanced ration, plenty of exercise and good breeding. If by stronger back is meant a back more arched to sustain weight like the span of a steel bridge, I think the farmer and feeder are not demanding it. Any ordinary farm or feed lot will disclose too many backs whose one dimension is length and predominant quality is strength. Many of these can be made "stronger" on the market by laying on flesh with feed, but I note farmers at over five hundred breeders' sales I have attended and studied have a decided preference for wide, level backs over "fishbacks." Breeders and their customers are now on the right track mostly. Take each your preferences, do your best with it, keep the best, for none are too good. Consign to the block every one weak in bone which may result in improper conditions. Don't let any narrow backed stock get away from your herd for breeding purposes. Attempt to supply the successful man, and don't change your herd and your plans because some unsuccessful one has time and energy to demand black or blue roses. What kind of back should the beginning breeder produce? The wide, even back, as wide as shoulders and hams, full to a straight edge in loin and behind shoulders. The harmonious judgment of leading breeders and exhibitors as expressed in the score and detailed descriptions of the National Association of Expert Judges of Swine, and exemplified at lead- ing shows, favors the level or slightly arched back. Note that the level back comes before the slightly arched back, and the "hoop" back is not commended. It is almost always a narrow one. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 247 It is out of harmony with nature to have a short, strong foot and broad, short head on an extra long body. Choose which you will, remem- bering that it is not natural for the most rapid flesh formers at the same time with same feeds to be the heaviest milkers and most satisfactory mothers. It is not necessary that we replace the present self-binder with the old, simple and stronger reaper to withstand the shocks of nigger heads in the grain. We can better remove the stones from the field. We do not need stronger bone than the breeder of today produces^ but rather a better chance to develop the great strength inherent in the pure bred swine cf today. Farmers and feeders net only demand stronger bone and backs than they themselves have, but are each year buying more and at better prices because they see breeders producing what they want. Pillowing the reading of Mr. Benson's paper remarks were made by L. H. Roberts and R. J. Harding. Mr. Roberts said: "I think there has been a wrong impression for years in regard to this type of hog. The breeder ought to produce the type of hog that the farmer wants. We ought to produce the type of hog that fills the requirements of the packer. I understand it does not take a little short hog to do that. If he is long and even he fills that requirement just as well as the lit- tle short one. The reason is that nine-tenths of the farmers today, and a few breeders, will buy a type of hog and they can not hold that type because of vicious management and unwise feeding. That is why the farmer keeps the long Ij^e of hog — -because he will eventually run to that. In order to develope the hog, I don't care how large so you keep the evenness of type. Not the great hog we had one time, but there is no one producing too large a type of hog, in my judgment. We want the bone that is hard, and care and management in feeding combined with breeding and blood." Mr. Harding said. "I would like to say just a word on the subject and give my idea. I don't believe any breeder will cater to the demand of the market because the market changes just about as often as the moon. One week they want one kind and the next week another kind. Sometimes they will favor the coarse, lean things and other times they want the fat kind; sometimes they want them to weigh two hundred pounds and sometimes four. It is not the business of the breeder to cater to the notions of the packer, but to produce hogs there is the most profit in. I want size but there is a difference. There is a coarse ungainly kind of hog that gets immense size but he is out of shape. They are not 248 IOWA DEPARTME^^T OF AGRICULTURE. even feeders and do not give as great returns for what we give. For myself I don't like extreme bone. I like the medium size. The extreme kind do not stand up as well, do not have as good feet and are not as serviceable, and I believe the part of the breeder is to notice these things and make their herds produce the best results. That is a breeder's business. There are lots of hog raisers that are not breeders and do not take any thought of these facts. We want to learn and that is. what we are here for." At the close of this discussion the secretary read the following paper by N. H. Gentry, of Sedalia, Mo.: IS OUR PRESENT SYSTEM OF JUDGING, AS PRACTICED AT LEAD- ING SHOWS, FOR THE BEST INTERESTS OF BREEDERS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF USEFULNESS? N. H. GEXTRY, SEDALIA, MO. Whether to answer the subject assigned me in the negative or affirma- tive depends upon the judge. There are good judges and there are poor judges. Some make their work practical, because they are practical men; others less practical, given more to theory, grasping after the impossible, worshiping a "fad" or riding a "hobby," arrive at wrong conclusions. The latter is oftener the most confident he is right, self-satisfied in fact, sanctified almost in his opinion of self. The object of all shows is edu- cation, and the most important duty devolved upon the management of any show is to see that the awards are intelligently and faithfully and honestly made, because if not the main object of the undertaking mis- carries and false ideals prevail. Even the taking of the money at the entrance gate is not of more importance than the selection of the right kind of men for judges. In the main I think all intelligently managed shows have good judges. I have never been one of those quickly to accuse a judge of dishonesty of purpose when in my opinion he made a mistake. I think such action on the part of an exhibitor a direct reflec- tion upon his own character; because there was never a truer saying than that we judge others by ourselves. It is a common weakness. Any exhib- itor can be a gentleman when he is winning. How very easy it is then, but the test as to whether he in person is as well bred as he claims for the stock he is exhibiting, namely, "thoroughbred," comes when he is suffering defeat. This is wandering from my subject, but I offer it as advice. The average beginner in the show ring needs such advice badly. I never look upon a new beginner in the show ring without experiencing a feeling of sympathy for him because, I know, sooner cr later the severe test of how well bred he, himself — not the stock he is exhibiting — is, will try him sufBciently that his fellow competitors will soon place him to the level he really deserves. But back more to my subject. In the main I would answer my subject in the affirmative. Some think too much encouragement is given to high SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 249 fitting of breeding animals. I do not believe this. The well fitted animals show the possibilities of the breed as well as the skill of fitting, both of which are very instructive and do not necessarily mean barren animals. A well known and, in fact, the most successful firm of Shorthorn breed- ers in America, judged by the success of recent years — I refer to Robbins & Sons, of Indiana — have for a motto, "We breed our show cattle and show cur breeding cattle." They have proven this to be true. I have never believed that intelligent fitting produced barren animals. I believe I have never fitted a Berkshire sow or boar that proved barren. We must net discourage the exhibiting of the best specimens possible of live stock. It is only by comparison that we judge an animal, good or bad. What is to one man a very fine specimen may be to another one of only ordinary quality because the latter has been taught In a higher school — that is, he has seen better individuals than has the other. If we are to reap the highest rewards and obtain the highest education possible, throw not a stone in the way of the exhibitor who can bring out the best possible exhibit, or especially in the way of the breeder who can breed and fit such. The undertaking is costly enough at best, and the man who can go to the top deserves every possible legitimate encouragement. Anything less savors of old fogyism and only encourages the hundreds who are either incompetent or haven't enough grit to try for the top to continually find fault with the efforts of the more aggressive and more progressive competitor. In many cases where the aw^ards of judges has not been for the inter- est of breeders, such decisions have been confined to the Poland Chinas. I say this in all honesty and free from any prejudice. Why the breeders of this widely disseminated and very popular breed of swine should have been troubled more by "fads" and "fancies" than others is hard to under- stand, but I believe few, if any, will dispute the fact. In some cases I have seen judges led away by this "fad," making his awards in the line of its dictations and to my mind overlooking the more important charac- teristics of a more profitable type of hog. I refer to the pretty, little, dumpling type, some of them apparently having a middle not longer than one's hand after the shoulder and ham comes off and lacking not only in length of body but in size, bone and vigor as well. No matter what the environments may be, I am a firm believer that the most practical, money-making hog must possess good size, ample bone, though not coarse, good length, retaining, of course, finish and quality. In fact, I am a firm believer in the long, even hog. Again I repeat that I believe the middle of the hog — from bottom to top — the ham not excepted, is the most valu- able part cf the hog. I would not make you believe that I think all breeders and judges of Poland Chinas have yielded to this "fad" idea, but I believe enough have done so to lower the average quality of the breed in many instances at leading shows as well as over the country in general. I believe that the breeders of Poland Chinas, too, have oftener than those of other breeds sacrificed individual merit and run after certain lines of breeding made popular many times in the too distant past by certain noted animals to be worth much at the present time. This is a dangerous policy, to make individual merit second in consideration to anything else. A good indi- 250 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. vidual first and then a good pedigree. The Berkshire of today is very much improved over the Berkshire of twenty or thirty years ago. "We have increased his length, shortened his nose and added quality as well. We have had little of the "fad" idea to contend with. There has been some threatening of a "fad" for pug noses, but it has not gained much footing. While we like a short, broad, well dished face, few have gone to the extreme of advocating the really pug nose. There are, however, always those who would go to the extreme in any direction. The American peo- ple, I believe, are given to it in many cases, but luckily they, the extrem- ists, are always in the minority. Even the Tamworth hog, lauded by some, notably the teachers at some of our agricultural colleges, as the ideal bacon hog, possessing, I might say, a monopoly in length of nose and leg and slimness of body to a degree that leaves him without a rival even in the person of the "razor-back," has his admirers. No matter how extremely false the idea, there seems to be those who embrace it with all the zeal known to human. If this type, so contradictory to all universally accepted ideals of profitable meat producing animals, is to be accepted as sound teaching, I do not see how we are to'escape the undoing of all we have accomplished in the past hundreds of years in the building up of the most profitable type of meat producing animals. The thick fleshed, short legged bullock that ha s so long been our ideal, and which has furnished the choicest cuts of juicy, lean beef, as well as the well bred wether of like quality, will have to give way to the one of longer legs, longer head, thinner in flesh, if this idea is to prevail. There being' no discus.sion on this paper, ]Mr. Thompson pre- sented the following : MENDEL'S LAW AND ITS BEARING UPON PRACTICAL BREEDING OPERATIONS. .70II.\ THOMPSON. SIOUX CITY, lA. What is known as Mendel's law was discovered some forty-three years ago by an Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel, in the garden of his cloister. While Mendel gave his discovery to the scientific world through one of its organiationa, he apparently failed to impress upon his listeners and the world in general the great scientific as well as the far reaching, practical value of his discovery. It was not until after the rediscovery of this law in 1900 by De Vries, Correns and Tachermak that scientific men began to realize its significance. In 1902 Batescn pointed out its wide application, and since that time it has received considerable study at the hands of both plant and animal breeders. So far as the law has been tested it has not been found wanting in any material sense of the word. Plant breeders have done so much more to test its validity than have breeders of animals, for the obvious reason that the difficulties in the way of attacking problems of that kind are much more easily overcome by the former than by the latter. So far practical breeders of live stock have taken very little notice of Mendel's law; in fact, I have heard men promi- nent in the breeding world, men who have made a success of their busi- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 251 ness, openly declare at meetings of this kind that they did not care to hear it discussed. While we all have the deepest respect for our fellow- men who have made a success of their life's tasks, and while I would be the last person to unjustly criticize another for his opinion, it would not be out of place to remind those who take such radical views with refer- ence to new ideas that in spite of all success they may have attained, it is still possible that they may not know all about the laws of breeding. We should not be led astray by new theories; we should not accept facts of vital importance to our business and our personal welfare without thorough investigation, but on the other hand we should never close our ears or our eyes to things that are going on about us. With these introductory remarks, let us inquire as to the nature of Mendel's law. What does it teach? In brief, it teaches that there is a principle underlying sexual reproduction in the organic world by means of which the breeder can with a degree of certainty foretell results at least to an extent never known before in its discovery. It includes at least three important principles: First, the principle of dominance; sec- ond, the purity of germ cells; and third, the principle or law of proba- bility, which explains what we may expect from certain lines of breeding. All these factors must be fully understood before the law as a whole can be comprehended. With regard to the principle of dominance the law teaches that the different characteristics or characters of individuals, or of breeds, such as polled heads in certain cattle, special color markings, feeding qualities, early maturity, milk giving qualities, etc., are present as entities in the original germ cells from which all organic individuals spring; that these characters have different degrees of intensity, or in other words, that their powers of reproducing themselves vary. In the past we have designated the power of an individual to impress its characters upon its offspring by the term "prepotency," which term, however, has stood for something that no one could clearly explain. Mendel's law explains prepotency so that it becomes intelligible to any- body. It has been called the law of dominance, and it teaches that when two animals of the same or of different breeds, with characters of differ- ent degrees of potentiality, are crossed, only one character of each char- acter pair (the corresponding characters of male and female) asserts itself. The character that asserts itself is said to be dominant and the other recessive. In the first cross of two plants or of two animals, both the dominant and recessive characters are found side by side in the same germ cell of the hybrid or the offspring; but, as will be seen later, upon reaching maturity, this character pair separates, breaks up and the breeder may retain either the dominant or the recessive character, in accordance with his own wishes. In other words, the law assumes the purity of germ cells, which is its great underlying principle. The significance of the purity of germ cells is this: Any hybrid, whatever its nature, produces mature germ cells which contain only one of the characters of its parents. In case the characters under considera- tion of the male and the female are of equal potency, which in practice would practically never be the case, the offspring would sometimes resem- ble one and sometimes the other parent, so far as the character pair under consideration is concerned. If, on the other hand, the character of 252 IOWA DEPART]MENT OF AGRICULTURE. one parent is dominant, it will manifest itself in the first cross, while the corresponding character of the other becomes recessive. For example: When a horned animal is crossed with a polled individual of the same or of a different breed the offspring will be uniformly polled, because the polled character is stronger than the horned character — in other words, it is dominant. It is customary to represent the dominant character by a capital and the recessive character by a small letter. From this it will be seen, if we let "p" represent the polled and "h" the horned character, that the offspring will be represented by ph. The germ cells ph of the hybrid are not able to maintain themselves as such; they do not seem to be stable, but segregate into individual germ cells or into their component parts — in this case, polled and horned. This segregation occurs in the egg and sperm cells alike, and in the pollen grains in the case of plants. So instead of having the character pair ph represented in the mature germ cell of the hybrid, we have the two separate charac- ters, p and h (polled and horned), in separate germ cells; hence when the hybrids are interbred, we have two kinds of germ cells, of both the male and the female to deal with and to form possible combinations with each other. The egg cells contain either the p or the h characters and the sperm cells either of the same two characters. Suppose twenty egg cells containing both these characters are fertilized with twenty sperm cells containing the same characters, it is evident that we would have ten egg cells with p characters and ten with h characters; the same would be true of the sperm cells — there would be ten with p and ten with h characters. A sperm cell with a p character fused with an egg cell with the same character would produce offspring whose germ cells would con- tain only p characters, which offspring would, therefore, be a pure poll. It would also be possible for a sperm cell with an h character to unite with an egg cell of the same character, and the resulting offspring would produce germ cells with pure h characters and hence would be horned. But opportunity would also be afforded for the combinations of ph and hp to form, both of which would be alike and identical with the original hybrid. From the above it will be seen that the polled hybrid is not capable of reproducing polled offspring in every instance, but a second generation cross between two like hybrids will produce three classes of animals, pure polls, hybrids like the parents, and pure horned individuals. Further- more, the pure polls will constitute 25 per cent, the hybrids 50 per cent and the pure horned individuals 25 per cent of the total offspring. The pure polls, so far as the polled character is concerned, will remain pure forever afterwards. When bred to other pure polls the offspring will always be polled, or if they are bred to horned animals the offspring will be polled hybrids, the same as in the first instance. The horned individ- uals, on the other hand, of which 25 per cent were produced, will transmit the horned character to their offspring and never polled characters. The 50 per cent of hybrids will be further broken up if crossing is continued, as in the first instance and in the same proportion, namely, into one- fourth pure polls, one-half hybrids and one-fourth pure horned individuals. In this way it will be seen that from 100 crosses of polled hybrids the breeder may expect 25 pure polls, 50 hybrids and 25 with horns. It is SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 253 to be understood that this is not mere theory, but has been proved to hold true in so many instances, both in the animal and the plant world, that there can be no doubt about its correctness as a general principle. Dr. E. W. Gammon, of Sioux City, who is breeding polled Herefords at St. Charles, Iowa, told me a few days ago that both he and his uncle, Warren Gammon, the founder of the double standard polled Hereford breed, have observed that their results in breeding coincide very closely, indeed, with Mendel's law, and that they have found the law a great help to them in determining whether or not certain polled animals were pure polls or hybrids. I shall not recite more instances of this kind. Many might be cited from the experience of both plant and animal breeders in this country and abroad. Hays, Webber, Spillman and others in this country have found the law useful and have repeatedly urged breeders to become acquainted with it. Those familiar with the laws of breeding as they are understood today know that there are exceptions to all of them. We say like produces like, but we all know that this is only true within certain bounds and that it is modified by laws of variation, atavism and correlation. Just as there are deviations in the first law of breeding, like produces like, so are there also deviations from Mendel's law of dominance, a fact that Mendel has always recognized. For example, in some cases the crossbred offspring acquires a character intermediate between those of either of its parents. Examples of that kind were observed by Mendel in crossing peas of dif- ferent height. Again a certain character of the offspring may be intensi- fied, as for instance, according to Mendel's observations, when a brown seeded variety of beans is crossed with a white seeded variety, the offspring produced seeds of a darker brown than those of the brown seeded parent. And still further, the offspring may acquire a character entirely different from that of either parent. For example, a cross be- tween black and white spotted and albino mice produces offspring gray in color. Whether cases of that kind occur where a given character of one parent is distinctly dominant remains, so far as I know, to be proved. While, as indicated, the law of dominance does apparently not always assert itself, and while no one can tell beforehand what the result of a certain cross will be, if such a cross has never before been made, it should be borne in mind that the law is, nevertheless, positive and uniform in its action. If it has once been demonstrated what the result of a certain cross is, we may reasonably expect the same results in succeeding similar crosses. It has been said that an Augus bull is the greatest dehorner of a herd of cattle ever known. This is equivalent to saying that the polled character in Angus cattle, when they are crossed with horned cattle, is dominant and that we may always, to give a concrete example, expect a polled calf from a cross between a pure Angus poll and a Shorthorn cow. Mendel's law, while it has given us much valuable information, will in no way change our methods of breeding. It does not change the laws that have heretofore been our guides — it simply adds to them; it is explanatory, so to speak, and enables us to understand and explain many things that heretofore were inexplicable and often served to discourage the breeder. It enables us to work with a definite idea in view and gives us assurance that a certain result can be reached if the plan is well laid 254 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and the work executed in accordance with the Mendelian principles. It has been said that Mendel's law will prove to be fundamental and that it will be of the same value in explaining heredity as the law of definite proportions is in explaining chemical changes. Mr. Thompson's paper closed the program prepared for the meeting. JMr. J. J. Ferguson, representing Swift & Company, made the following general remarks : I did not come out here to be heard so much as to hear, and before saying anything I want to tell you why I am here. Mr. L. F. Swift asked me to come and extend to the members of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association an invitation to come next year to Sioux City for their meet- ing. We have fine stock yards and a well equipped packing house, and Mr. Swift thought we could make it very interesting to the members of the Association. It would do us good to get together, and we could arrange some practical demonstrations of standsHjl types of the market hog, and I think our men could clear up some of the points about which you seem to be in doubt in regard to market types. I have been in the packing business now for four years. Down at St. Louis I was fortunate enough, or unfortunate enough, to be appointed judge of the market hog on all different breeds and classes, and I have to say that I don't think there is any more important subject in connection with swine breeding than the question of the market type and what the packer wants. The value of the hog depends upon current prices of the lard. The medium weight hog is selling from seven to seven and a quarter — just the rela- tive position between a lard type hog and the bacon hog, which can be cut up and sold for eighteen to twenty-two cents per pound. Last Sun- day I stayed with A. J. Lovejoy. We had bacon and eggs for breakfast. He paid twenty-five cents a pound for the bacon. What is the use of trying to stem the tide of popular opinion toward desirable ham and bacon when they are commanding such a price? We don't want lard today In the markets. We are getting all kinds of lard. We have all kinds of substitutes. People are being educated away from heavy fat. What is the kind of hog we want in the markets? Taking a fair average of the year right through, it is a trim, tidy, compact animal, not with light bone nor yet with the large heavy bone and the same conformation as you select for the head of your herd. We want the same as the breeder. Those things go together. We want a trim form with compactness and without patches of fat. A hundred and seventy-five pounds is a very desirable weight for the bacon type. Taking the average of the hogs at the Chicago yards last year, it was only 122 pounds; five years ago it was 245. That means a substantial reduction in the weight of hogs going to market. The kind of hog which will sell for the most money is a dupli- cate of the kind the packer will buy. The invitation extended to the association by Mr. Ferguson to meet at Sioux City was not accepted, as the constitution provides that Des Moines shall be the meeting place. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 255 This being a meeting devoted solely to the program there was no business transacted. A committee on resolutions consisting of J. A. Ben.son, L. C. Reese, and H. F. Hottman, reported the following : RESOLUTIONS. Whereas, We are permitted to assemble in prosperity and healtli, with a larger number of the pioneer members of this Association than usual, and Whereas, We have been honored and instructed by the able gentlemen who have without exception filled their assignments on the program; therefore be it Resolved, That we appreciate the benefit of thus mingling together; and be it further Resolved, That we tender cur thanks first to the untiring efforts of our officers, especially the Secretary, and to each one who has given of his labor and wealth of knowledge for our instruction and entertainment; and Resolved, That we express our hearty approval of the interest and labor of Secretary J. C. Simpson in acquiring additional grounds for the State Fair in the interest of the swine department; that we have been loyal to the whole State Fair as any of its supporters, and we take pride in the magnificent permanent buildings secured for other departments of the Fair and renew our allegiance to the State Board of Agriculture and promise our hearty co-operation in securing for our department the com- mensurate sanitary and permanent quarters which our magnificent sup- port through all the past forty years deserves at their hand. That we feel that we merit from the State Fair management more generous appropria- tions for the swine department for buildings for swine and exhibitors. Resolved, That we heartily appreciate the activities of our committees in securing for our State Fair the most generous classification and liberal premiums offered at any State Fair. And further, be it Resolved, That we commend the study and practice of the score card as an invaluable aid to prompt and accurate judgment and to its uniform terms of description in correspondence. Resolved, That we also favor at the Iowa State Fair the two-judge sys- tem with a referee, to be called in only when the judges can not agree, the referee to decide without knowledge of said judges, opinion or instruc- tions from them. The resolutions were adopted. The officers of the organization are. President, Wm. D. Mc- Tavish, Coggon, Iowa; Vice-Presidents, John M. Cox, Jr., Harlan, Iowa; J. A. Benson, Primghar, Iowa; Secretary and Treasurer, C. C. Carlin, Des Moines, Iowa; Executive Committee, B. R. Vale, Bonaparte, Iowa; W. E. Swallow, Waukee, Iowa; Harvey John- son, Logan, Iowa. The annual election of officers takes place at the Iowa State Fair Grounds on Wednesday of fair week. SCENE IN SWINE DEPAETMENT, IOWA STATE FAIR, 1906. PART VII PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE Iowa State Dairy Association HELD AT CEDAR RA.PIDS, IOWA November 7-8-9, 1906. OFFICERS. President — S. B. Shilling Mason City Vice President — W. B. Barney Hampton Secretary — W. B. Johnson Des Moines Treasurer — F. M. Brown Cedar Rapids The Iowa State Dairy Association met in annual session in the Auditorium at Cedar Rapids, November 7, 1906, at 8 o'clock P. M. President S. B. Shilling in the chair. Convention opened by invocation by Rev. Dr. Huggett. ADDRESS OF WELCOME. J. W. GOOD, CEDAB RAPIDS, lA. Mr. President, Members of the Iowa State Dairy Association. Ladies and Gentlemen: It gives me pleasure to welcome you to our city. It is always a pleasure to our people to welcome in their midst organizations of men and women, but that pleasure is increased tonight by reason that we are welcoming here to our city representatives of one of the chief industries of our State. 17 (257) 258 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Is it not too often a fact that we think our business and political life is, made up of capitalists, of the trusts of big combinations of capital, of the captains of industry on the one side and of labor unions on the other? We forget that these are but the extremes of our business life, and be- tween these two extremes is a great mass of business men of our coun- try; we forget that between these two extremes stands the farmer, the business man, the professional man and the banker. We are welcoming in our midst tonight one of the organizations that represent this class of our business life, a class of men that are the very bone and sinew of our Nation's life. * I was surprised to read in the report of our State Dairy Commissioner that this State produces over one hundred and forty million pounds of butter annually, and if sold at 25 cents a pound would yield an income of thirty-five million dollars a year; that the dairies and creameries of Iowa produce of that amount over eighty-two million pounds of butter, yielding to them an income of over twenty million of dollars, and of that amount over seventeen million dollars' worth is annually shipped out of the State of Iowa. The high objects of your organization command not only our respect but our admiration. You have conducted this business so quietly, so skillfully, that we scarcely knew what you were doing. I bring with me to you tonight not only the welcome of our people but I bring to you the well wishes of all our citizens. May your meeting be both pleasant and profitable; may you learn not only how you may increase the moisture of your butter but may you learn to increase your overrun. While this may not be profitable to the farmer, it may not be profitable to the consumer, yet we recognize the fact that you have taken hold of this proposition in a scientific way; you have lessened the labors of the farm and at the same time you have given a better product to the consumer, and we welcome you most heartily, most cordially, to our city. This building and two of the finest fireproof hotels in the West are at your service. The city is yours. We have come to look upon your coming here as almost an annual occurrence, and we trust that you will continue to come to Cedar Rapids. It shall be our duty — it shall be the duty of our citizens to see that your stay is both pleasant and profitable. Again I extend to you a most cordial and sincere welcome on behalf of all our people. I thank you. W. E. Smith, Deputy Dairy and Food Commissioner, Des Moines, Iowa, responded to the address of welcome. Piano solo by Miss Agnes Kouba, of Cedar Rapids, was encored. The President: The next on the program is the report of the secretary, Mr. W. B. Johnson. A little explanation is neces- sary because we cannot have that report this evening. The secre- tary shipped those documents from Des Moines on October 29th ty express, and they have not arrived here as yet. The express company has sent a tracer after them and we hope to have this SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 259 report to present to you at a later date, but it is a mistake for which nobody is really to blame and we are hoping to give you the report later. We will now have the treasurer's report. TREASURER'S REPORT. IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. F. M. BROWN, TREASUBEB. RECEIPTS, 1905. Cash on hand „ _ $1,090.48 Hunter, Walton Company 500 N. E. Westcott, Empire Cream Separator Company 2.5.00 J. B. Ford Company 10.00 Wells, Richardson Company 25.00 P. D. Moulton Company ___ ^5 qq Colonial Salt Company 15.00 Memberships 225 00 Davenport Ice Company 5 oo City of Cedar Rapids 300.00 P. H. Kieffer, balance on hand as former secretary 24.07 James Rowland & Co., sale of butter 958.90 Creamery Package Manufacturing Company 60.00 Waterloo Cream Separator Company _ 25.00 Gallagher Brothers 5O0 National Creamery Supply Company 35. 00 J. G. Cherry Company 60.00 Monarch Refrigerator Company 10.00 E. Decker & Co. 5 00 Mower-Harwood Company 60.00 Elov Ericson _ _ 5_00 Lisbon Mutual Insurance Company 10.00 Sharpeles Separator Company 20.00 Fitch, Cornell & Co ._ 5.O0 C. H. Weaver Company 5. 00 Spurbeck, Lambert Company 5.00 Wells, Richardson & Co. 10. 00 Pitt, Barnum & Co. 5. 00 Edson Brothers 10.00 Pettit & Read .- 10.00 M. H. Fairchild & Bro 5. 00 Gude Brothers 10.00 Chris Hansen 6.00 Worcester Salt Company _ 15. Oo O. Douglas 5.00 W. B. Barney & Co. 5.OO Crawford & Lehman 5.00 Diamond Crystal Salt Company _. 15.00 Wagner Glass Works 6. 00 DeLaval Separator Company 40.00 Vermont Farm Machine Company 30.00 D. H. Barren Company 10.00 Heller & Mers Co 35.00 Northey Manufacturing Company 10. 00 J. B. Ford Company 10.00 Iowa Dairy Separator Company 35.00 Interest on money on deposit 20.24 Interest on money on deposit 20.64 Total ..$3,324.33 260 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DISBURSEMENTS, 1905. International Silver Company $ 22.94 Geraghty & Co. 67.00 F. M. Brown, expense 3.85 S. B. Shilling, expense 14.50 "W. B. Barney, expense 8.20 IT. S. Express Company 65.79 American Express Company 26.30 Machinery Hall, expense 10.65 Freight on 1 tub butter .25 Express on cups .85 Boxing' cups .50 C. A. Calder, cartage 3.00 Passenger Agent 42.00 Prof. G. L. McKay, hotel 10.75 C. D. Smith, expense 47.50 W. E. Smith, hotel 10.75 W. J. Gillett — 41.60 W. B. Barney, expense 6.70 Mary G. McGoorty — 55.00 S. B. Shilling 5.68 C. D. Smith 4.50 Engrossing cups 1.50 P. H. Kieffer, expense 76.14 Republican Printing Company 14.50 H. D. Young, printing 22.00 F. L. Kimball estate 135.25 Jorgenson & Anderson Co 25.00 Prof. C. F. Curtiss - - 10.00 F. M. Brown — 2.00 P. H. Kieffer, pro rata fund 1,016.00 Prof. G. L. McKay 15.00 W. S. Smarzo, hotel — 27.50 Exchange on check .20 Miss Mary G. McGoorty .— 32.00 P. H. Kieffer, salary and postage 316.70 Exchange .40 H. D. Young, printing 2.00 Cash on hand 1,179.83 Total $3,324.33 On motion, duly seconded, the report of the treasurer was adopted as read. The President: A year ago at our meeting in this place you will remember that I had to stand here and make an excuse for a man, a man who has probably appeared before you oftener in the history of our organization than any person that has ever attended our meetings; I assured you at that time that the man was not to blame. I do not have to make an excuse for him tonight because he is here and I do not have to introduce him to you because j^ou already know him. I have the pleasure of calling on Mr. Jules Lumbard for some music. Mr. Lumbard sang "I Fear no Foe," ''Rosebush," and, by re* quest, the old Scotch serenade "Maggie," after which followed the president's address. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 261 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. S. B. SHILLING, MASON CITY, lA. Ladies and Gentlemen: For the fourth time I have the pleasure of standing before you for the purpose of giving my annual address, and I find myself considerably at a loss to know just what to say to you. I have endeavored, upon former occasions, to fully cover the ground, and anything that I might say to you at this time must necessarily be more or less of a repetition of what I have already said to you before; I will promise you, therefore, that I will be very brief. I trust that I will not be considered egotistical if I again, as upon former occasions, refer to our splendid financial condition as shown by the report of our Treasurer, to which you have just listened. If I were to bestow honor and praise where it properly belongs for this splendid show- ing, it would be on the butter makers of the State, and the generosity of the supply, and the commission firms throughout the country. They, appreciating our helpless condition in the fact that we have to rely wholly upon our own resources for the maintaining of our organization, have been indeed generous to us, for which we feel duly grateful. It is with feelings of regret, I can assure you, that I am again forced to stand before you and acknowledge that, although there has been a session of our Legislature, our organization is still without the aid it so much stands in need of. It has been the one desire and ambition of my life to see our organization placed upon an equal footing with our sister States. We tried hard to accomplish this, but our appeals, as upon former occasions, fell upon deaf ears. They made the excuse to us that the session was to be a short one, in the nature of aspecial session, made necessary by the change in the laws passed by the previous Legislature, and that no appropriations would be made other than what was absolutely necessary to pay the running expenses of the State government. I will leave it to your intel- ligence, without comment, as to whether they did this or not. Defeat in this matter should only stimulate our determination to secure this in the end. With the opening of the next session of our Legislature, the dairymen should again be on hand with their bill. They must keep on agitating the question until the legislators, through the people, are made to understand that the dairy industry, the greatest wealth producing industry in this great State of ours, is entitled to con- sideration at their hands. That we will not be ignored; that our claim is a just one; that we are not asking for money to increase the salary of any one, but to pay the legitimate expenses of disseminating the knowl- edge of how to still further increase the profits from this industry. 262 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The time to commence this fight is right now — now, when the Legisla- ture is about to go into session. Pass a resolution at this meeting asking for this in a body — a body the largest of its kind of any like body in the State. Then, when you go home from here, make it a point to go and see your members of the Legislature and tell them what we want — what we are going to insist on; and, if possible, get him on record before he comes in contact with the influences that are opposing us. But let us examine for a short time the claims the dairy industry has upon these legislators and the people; let us see if it is worthy of recog- nition. Let us see if its magnitude is great enough to entitle it to any special attention at the hands of our lawmaking body. According to the report of the Secretary of Agriculture, the greatest wealth producing crop we raise is corn, being valued at over $121,000,000 last year. The thanks and the eternal gratitude of the farmers of the State are due to the liberality of past Legislatures, whereby the Ames Agricultural College was made possible; and a Professor Holden was brought into the State, and furnished the funds to enable him to spread the doctrine of corn breeding and corn culture broadcast throughout the State. It would seem that the success attending the expenditure of money in this direction would be an incentive to the carrying on of like experiments in other lines, and that dairying, which promises so much, might be the recipient of this attention. The next greatest crop we raise, in point of value, is our hay crop, valued at $41,500,000; then comes the oat crop, worth over $36,500,000; and then our dairy products, at over $30,000,000. The combined crops of wheat, barley, rye, flax and potatoes only equals in value about half the value of our dairy product. The egg values produced in the State is about $10,000,000; poultry, $8,000,000. The total value of the fruit and vegetable crops are over $9,000,000. It can be seen by these figures how great, in comparison, is the dairy industry to other farm products, and what an important factor it is in the wealth production in our State. But the $30,000,000 does not represent the total income of the dairy industry by any means. We have over 1,315,000 cows in the State which annually give us over 1,315,000 calves, worth at least another $3,000,000. Then we have the by-products in the shape of skim milk and buttermilk, and at the price pork has been selling for during the past year, is easily worth one-sixth of the butter value, or $5,000,000, bringing the value of our dairy products up to over $38,000,000, exceeded in value by only two products — corn and hay. Then, if it were possible for us to estimate the manurial value of the dairy cow to the fertility of our soil, and subtract from the corn crop the amount it owes to this fertility furnished by the dairy cow, we would find, without any juggling of figures, that dairying is the greatest wealth producing industry in the State; and it is this great wealth producing industry that has gone time and again to our Legislature and asked for the support to make it still greater, and have been refused. I am pleased to inform you that there has been a gain in the quantity of butter made during the past year in the State; but whether there has been any gain in that so much desired direction of quality is another ques- tion. I believe, though, that progress is also being made in this as well SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 263 as in quantity, but all who are familiar with the situation will agree with me that it is not to the extent that it should be. The introduction of any new system, or the departure from any estab- lished custom, is bound to be attended by more or less confusion. The introduction of the hand separator and the centralizing creamery is caus- ing a revolution in the manner of handling the raw material from the dairymen, and' so far has resulted in materially lowering the quality of our butter. But while we may view this with regret, and even alarm, we must not fail to remember that the greatest good is always accomplished when the greatest number are benefited; and that the coming of these two factors, or institutions, has opened up a large area of our State to the possibilities of dairying that has heretofore been deprived of it, and that they are now adding materially to the wealth of the people and the State. While we may deprecate, and with good reason, some of their methods, we might also criticize some of the methods of the old and established individual and co-operative creameries. There is one thing, in this relation, that I wish particularly to speak of at this time, and that is the practice of certain railroads making a rate to the centralizing creamery that encourages the shipping of the raw material cut of the State, or, in other words, discriminating against cer- tain cities in the State in favor of cities at a much greater distance in other States. I believe the practice to be wrong and pernicious in that it takes away — and gives credit to other States — that which properly belongs to Iowa. It is discriminating against a home manufacturer in favor of a foreign one, and is not in keeping with the principles of justice and right which should govern railroads or any other corporations; and I believe if the laws of the State will not reach and do away with this practice, the creameries would be justified, so far as possible, in refusing to do business with railroads engaging in this business. We have just passed through a year of unprecedented prosperity in the dairy industry. Prices of dairy products have ruled higher than for many years past, and this in the face of the large losses made by dealers the year previous. A year ago we went into the winter season with a surplus of 76,000,000 pounds of butter in our storage warehouses. The quality of this, and the heavy production of fresh goods, proved ruinous to the holders of this butter, and it was freely predicted that as a result of these losses the price of butter for the coming year would rule low; but, in spite of all this, prices have ruled from three to five cents higher than for many years. We are going into the winter season again with a surplus in our storage warehouses of about 65,000,000 pounds, and an unprecedented demand, being nearly 15 per cent in excess of what it was a year ago. These high prices of butter will undoubtedly attract more attention to this industry. Already we can see evidences of this in this large out- put; more and better cows are being kept, more attention is being paid to feeding, more silos are being built, and, upon the whole, the outlook gives every promise of continued prosperity in the industry. I again trust I may not be considered egotistical if I refer, as I did a year ago, to the worK of the National Dairy Union in suppressing the illegal sale of oleomargarine. We had never considered that our organ- 264 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ization was formed for the purpose of enforcing any law; it was formed for the purpose of securing a law that would protect the dairymen in the right to sell his product for what it was. The law was secured, and you know the rest. You know of the benefits it has been to you. The beginning of the last fiscal year of the law saw a big increase in the out- put of oleomargarine, amounting to as much as 100 per cent increase over the same month of the preceding year. Complaints began to flow into our office of the illegal sale of the products; merchants in the outlying districts of Chicago came in, bringing samples of the product that their customers had been induced to buy for butter; their trade in butter was beihg ruined. The complaints became so urgent and frequent that we took the matter of the enforcement of the law up with the proper authori- ties, and in a way that the last six months of the year shows a 46 per cent decrease over the same months of the previous year, instead of the 100 per cent increase, as in the first six months. It also resulted in the sending of some of the worst and most persistent violators of the law to the penitentiary, and of making others refugees from the State; and the collection of thousands and thousands of dollars in fines; it has also resulted in driving the illegal sale of oleomargarine pretty well out of the city. Chicago is not the only city that has done this. Today State Dairy Commissioner Washburn, of Missouri, backed by our organization, is making a fight to bring about the same condition of affairs in St. Louis. For six months he has been trying to bring some cases to trial, but so far without success. We must continue to assist him in this fight, and we must also continue to maintain our vigilant watch over the dairy industry for some time yet to come, for it has been the history of oleomargarine from its introduction up to the present time that, if left to itself, it has invariably found its way surreptiously into the channels of the butter trade. There is one thing in this connection that I desire to call to your attention. You are all aware of the passage of our pure food laws and the provisions it contains; you are also aware that a committee was appointed, by our Secretary of Agriculture, to pass upon and establish food standards. This committee met a few weeks ago, and while they conceded the right of dairymen to use a harmless coloring matter, they failed to say what the nature and kind of the coloring matter might be, and referred the matter back to the Secretary of Agriculture, who depends for his information upon the chairman of this committee. This man is Dr. Wiley, Chief Chemist of the Agricultural Department at Washington, and his attitude during the past toward the dairymen has been very antagonistic. Now, whether there is anything in this or not we do not know, but so far we can see no good reason why the move was made, but just so long as this man is in a position where he has influence to make a ruling of any kind affecting the dairy interests, just so long will it be necessary for the dairymen to be on their guard and be ready to carry their case to a higher authority to obtain justice. The greatest and most important question for us to consider today i3 how to improve the quality of our butter product. If every dairyman and buttermaker in the country thoroughly understood and appreciated just what it means to the future of their industry by the making and SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 265 placing of poor butter upon the market, there would be a concerted move- ment from all sides to improve our present methods. I believe I have said to you before — I know I have made the statement many times over, and I want to make it again because I believe I am right — it is not now, nor never has been, a question of the quantity of butter we made, but a 78 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION. Meeting called to order at 2 p.m. by the President, and after a piano solo by Miss Agnes Kouba, the regular program was taken up. DIFFERENCE IN EFFICIENCY OF DAIRY COWS— STRIKING COM- PARISONS WITHIN ILLINOIS HERDS— 250,000 WORTHLESS COWS REDUCE THE PROFITS— HOW TO STOP THIS TREMEN- DOUS LOSS. PKOF. W. J. FRASER, U>'IVERSITr OF ILLINOIS, URBANA. James J. Hill, president of the Great Northern Railroad, recently said: "Agriculture, in the most intelligent meaning of the term, is almost un- known in the United States." The real relation of the cows and herd to the actual profits derived from dairy farming is little understood by the people depending upon this occupation for a living. ROSE AND QLTIEN. Rose is an Illinois Experiment Station cow with a record that has made her famous. For ten years she has produced an average of 384 pounds butter fat — 448 pounds butter — per year. This is 1.23 pounds butter for each and every day of the 365 — yes, of the 3,650 days. Her largest record for one year was the enormous yield of 580.6 pounds butter fat— 677.3 pounds, or more than one-third of a ton of butter. This was worth at 23 cents per pound for butter fat, $133.53. In the ten years she produced more than thirty-six tons of milk. In the same herd Queen has become conspicuous for a very different reason. She has a six years' record of 152 pounds butter fat per-year. And in exact comparison for one year. Rose made more than three times as much butter fat as Queen from exactly the same feed, both in kinds and amount, and with the same care. Rose is a grade cow bought when four years old for $50. Her average milking period for the ten years was one year five and a third months. ROSE, $48.32 PROFIT,' QVEEX, NO PROFIT. At 23 cents per pound for butter fat, the annual income from Rose is $88.32, and that from Queen $34.96. At $35 per year for feed Queen would only pay her board, while Rose would return a profit or $53.32. If Queen could be kept for $32 her profit would be only $2.96 per year. If the market price of feed is such that it costs $38 per year to feed a SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 279 cow, Queen would lack $3 of paying for her board, while Rose would return a profit of $50.32. At $40 for feed Rose would make a clear profit of $48.32. Queen ' is entirely out of the list of cows worth keeping. There is absolutely no business in keeping her a single day. SEVENTY-FOUR AS POOR AS QUEE.V. Among the 333 cows of the eighteen Illinois herds were found seventy- four — or 22 per cent — that were as poor as Queen, or poorer, in produc- tion of butter fat. More than every fifth cow of the 333 failed to earn her keep. The average production of these seventy-four was only 126 pounds of butter fat — far below that of Queen. But in the same general class of excellent producers with Rose were found thirty in this 333 — or 10 per cent — that produced 300 pounds or more butter fat in one year, and the average production of the thirty was 342 pounds, meaning an income of $78.76. THE MINIMrjt SHOULD BE 225 POUNDS FAT. A cow must give two and a half gallons of 4 per cent milk per day for nine months a year to be really worth keeping. This means a total of 225 pounds butter fat, an income of about $51.75 per year, and a profit of $15 or more in some cases) above the market value of feed. And yet there are a multitude of cows in Illinois dairy herds below this standard. Of the 333 cows in eighteen herds carefully tested by this station, 226 — or over two-thirds — fell below this standard, and the 226 averaged but 164 pounds butter fat for the year — only twelve pounds above Queen. In three of these herds, numbering forty-seven cows, not a single animal came up to this standard. DISCOVERED OXLY BY SCALES AND TEST. Quite unsuspected these Queens have everywhere honeycombed dairy society. All of them are dead-beats; they will never pay for their board. The more of them a dairyman keeps, the poorer he is. The way to find out — the only sure way — is to weigh and test the milk of each cow. cow PATHS THAT LEAD FAR APART. Here at the Experiment Station are two other cows, the story of the work of which is worth telling wherever cows are kept. They were brought up alike on the farm and obtained their early education in the same herd of one hundred cows in the Elgin region. Here at the Univer- sity, with the same identical surroundings and equal opportunities, they are drifted far apart in character. THREE YEARS' RECORD OF MILK, FAT AND FEED. The record is complete for three years, and includes every pound of feed each cow ate, both summer and winter, as well as the weight and test of the milk. 280 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 405 POUNDS FAT VS. 138 POU>'DS FAT. Cow No. 1. — Three years, 34,171 pounds milk, 1,214 pounds butter fat; one year, 11,390 pounds milk, 405 pounds fat. Cow No. 3. — Three years, 11,491 pounds milk, 414 pounds fat; one year, 3,830 pounds milk, 138 pounds fat. NO. 1 PRODUCES TWICE AS MUCH FROM SAME FEED. These cows were both cared for in the same way and given the same ki.nds of feed and encouraged to eat all they could make good use of. Cow No. 1 ate 1.56 times as much as cow No. 3, but produced 2.97 times as much milk and 2.93 times as much butter fat. Or, reduced to a like feed basis. No. 1 produced 1.88 times as much as No. 3. No. 3 got only 138 pounds butter fat from the same quantity of feed that No. 1 changad into 259 pounds fat. The one cow is nearly twice as good a producer as the other, on exactly the same feed. PROFIT OF $34.51 vs. LOSS OF $5.62. Counting butter fat at 23 cents per pound, and taking out the exact cost of feed, the one cow returns a clear profit of $34.51 — and the other lacks $5.62 of paying for her feed. FORTY cows, $1,380 PROFIT OR $500 LOSS. Forty such cows as No. ± would return a clear profit of $1,380.40 per year, and a herd of eighty, $2,760.80. But eighty No. 3's would lose a dairyman $500. THOUSANDS OF PROFITLESS COWS IX ILLINOIS. No. 3 is not alone in this losing business. The speaker knows from actual testing of 800 cows in forty different herds that there must be thousands of individual contrasts as great or greater than this in the dairy herd of Illinois. The profitless cow is a real and living issue and a large one in dairy- ing for bread and butter. One of the greatest and easiest steps of improvement in the dairy business today is to discover and weed out these poor cows. Isn't it time to stop guessing at these vital elements in the profit of the dairy business and to find out for sure — by weighing and testing the milk — what each individual cow is earning for the owner? WIDE DIFFERENCE IN DAIRY HERDS. We all know there is a difference in dairy herds as well as in indi- vidual cows. But do we clearly understand that some Illinois herds do not pay for the feed given them? That other herds pay too small a margin of profit to justify the investment in money and labor? And that still other herds are making their owners big money? Do dairymen in general know that these differences rest on plain causes that may be readily understood, and that a change from the poor herd to the highly profitable herd is a comparatively easy matter, within the reach of any farmer who is able to keep cows at all? SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 281 2.5 cows PER can; 6.4 cows per can. In one locality of Illinois the speaker found a remarkable contrast between two dairy herds. In one, forty-five cows produced eighteen cans (eight gallons each) of milk per day — two and one-half cows per can. In the other, thirty-four cows yielded five and one-third cans — 6.4 cows per can. DIFFERENCE IN PROFIT OF $46 PER COW. At 51.15 per 100 pounds for milk the cows in one herd would average an income of $88.50 and a profit of $48.50 per year, after paying $40 for feed. While the poorer hei'd averaged an income of $34.50 and a pi'ofit of $2.50, after paying $32 for feed. Here is a difference in profit of $46 per cow. $1,000 FROM 400 cows; $1,000 from 21 cows. A man must have 400 of these poor producers to clear $1,000 per year, but he could make the same money with twenty-one cows like those of the best herd. DIFFERENCE OF $16.59 PER COW I>f TWELVE WHOLE HERDS. Eighteen dairy herds in another part of the State were tested by this station. For one year the average production of the best six herds was 280. 5 pounds of butter fat per cow, and of the poorest six herds, 172.7 pounds. At 23 cents per pound for butter fat the best six herds made an income of $64.51 and a profit of $24.51 per cow, after deducting $40 for feed. The poorest six herds. made an income of $39.72 and a profit of $7.92 per cow after paying $32 for feed. Here is an average difference of $16.59. In a herd of fifty this would amount to $829.50. Every cow in the best six herds averaged more profit than three cows of the poorest six herds. THE ECONOMICAL COURSE. A study of these herds shows that the economical thing to do is to sell the poor cows to the butcher as fast as they can be replaced with better producers. The greatest practical difficulty is in discovering which cows are poor and how poor they are. This is quite easily done — • in just one way — by weighing and testing the milk of each cow often enough throughout the milking period to get a fair estimate of her worth. WHEN THE cows COME HOME. The actual relation of the cow and the herd to the clear money that the dai/ynT'an gets out of the business, is as a rule, neither known or suspected by the man depending on this occupation for a living. Very few dairymen even set down the payments received for milk and the items of money paid out for the whole herd, to say nothing of the individual cow's record or estimating the cost of feed. 282 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. LOWEST FOURTH AND HIGHEST FOURTH OF 554 COWS. There were 554 cows in thirty-six herds tested a full year by this station. Of these the lowest one-fourth, 139 cows, yielded an average of 1331,4 pounds of butter fat, and the highest 139 cows, averaged 301 pounds butter fat. 77 CENTS PROFIT PER COW PER YEAR VS. $31.32. The 139 poor cows made an average return of $30.77 (23 cents per pound for fat). At the low estimate of $30 per year for feed, this would leave 77 cents per year profit per cow for the whole year's work and investment. Allowing these better cows $38 for feed ($8 better than the poor producers) the clear profit is $31.32 per cow. 130 cows. $107; 139 cows, $4,000. The profit for the whole 139 poor cows is only $107, but the clear -Honey from the best 139 cows amounts to more than $4,000. Every one of these good cows averages as much clear profit as forty-one cows of the poorer kind. The drawings on the chart (Exhibited) show the exact relative size of the two herds that would make the same amount of profit for the owner. In four and one-half days each one of these (pointing to chart) cows earns 1 per cent profit! It is only necessary to have enough of these earners to make a large amount of profit. Thirty of them will produce the value of one acre of corn. All of these to equal twenty-five really good cows and get $783 profit! To equal a herd of eighty cows averaging 301 pounds of butter fat would require 3,266 cows of the above kind. THIS CONDITION EXTENDS TO WHOLE HERDS. All the cows of the poorest producing herd of these thirty-six herds averaged a profit of but $1.74 per cow. The average cow of the best herd is worth more than twenty-four cows of the kind that forms the poorest three herds. The speaker knows three ether dairy herds in which the milk returns show a profit of but 62 cents per cow. While in the same neighborhood are three herds in which the milk averaged a profit of $60.94 per cow. The average cow in the three good herds equals ninety- six cows of the kind that makes up the poorest three herds. And in another dairy locality the same kind of a contrast came to the speaker's attention. WHY TEST DAIRY COWS. Ten years' observation of Illinois dairy herds and the individual test- ing of more than 800 cows in over forty herds, has given the speaker positive evidence of the practical worthlessness of about one-fourth of the cows in these herds. Such cows are common in every community. As a rule there are some such in every herd. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 283 NO ACCOUNTS KEPT. It is equally surprising that these poor cows are not known to the owner; their demand on his charity is not suspected. It is very hard to find a dairyman who employs any means whatever of knowing -the exact returns from each cow in his herd. The ordinary dairyman has no idea of how such milk, butter fat or butter each animal produces in a year, or how much it costs to feed her. The natural result with the majority of our dairy farmers is large investment of money and labor for too small returns. EVEN IF MILK IS SOLD BY WEIGHT ALOXE. If a man has a cow giving 5 per cent milk, that milk is worth more pound for pound than milk testing 3 per cent, and costs more to produce it. The dairyman can take advantage of the extra value in the milk of such a cow by adding to his cow giving a large flow, but testing much lower in fat. This would economically increase the amount of milk with- out reducing the test of all the milk below a fair standard. In this way his high-testing cows are made worth more to him and he can afford to keep them; otherwise they would be less economical than the low or medium testing cows. Every dairyman should know the test of every cow's milk even if he sells milk by weight alone. If the millf is sold by test, then of course it is of direct importance to test as well as weigh the milk of each cow in order to know what income is returning. The yield of milk may vary greatly at different times in the milking period Or under different feed and care. A cow that gives a large flow of milk for a short time may not yield as much for the year as a cow that gives a smaller amount for a longer time. It is the total of the year's production that counts. THE ONLY WAY. There is no other or easier way to find out the accurate production of each cow than to weigh and test the milk of each separately. This method is found simple and practical by these who have tried it, and their common verdict is that they receive much better pay for this than any other labor done on the farm. The measure of milk will indicate its weight fairly well, but to be of value the measure must be exact, and it is much easier to weigh the milk than to measure it. Some may think they can estimate what a cow gives by noting how high the milk comes in the pail, but this is nothing more than guessing and is far more liable to be wrong than even approxi- mately right. The froth usually prevents seeing where the milk comes to on the side of the pail, and as the froth varies in thickness at different times and with different cows, it is very apt to deceive the guesser. THE VOICE OF EXPERIENCE. Experienced dairymen who have begun weighing the milk have told the writer without exception that a close guess at the amount of milk in the pail is practically impossible, and they have every one been surprised at the revelation of the scales. 284 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. It is still harder, impossible, to estimate the per cent of butter fat. All milk of the same richness does not show the same color, and even the amount of cream that raises on it is not a sure indication. A small quantity of high-testing milk may be worth more money than a large quantity of low-testing. The people who know, who have practical experience on both sides of this question, have come to see that guessing won't do, and that weighing and testing the milk is absolutely the only way to know what a cow is worth 10 the owner. SACRIFICE OF DAIBT HEIFEBS. A large proportion of Illinois dairymen are not raising their heifer calves, but buying their cows. This means there is no provision for per- petuating the dairy herd or the best cows in it; in a few years all the good blood of the present herd will be gone. The dairyman's skill or good fortune in picking out fine cows goes for nothing except as to the individ- uals so selected. If the owner has paid a high price for a high-producing cow he makes no provision for keeping that extra value in the herd any longer than the life of the animal. There is no promising heifer coming on to honor memory and emulate the record of an unusually good mother. It is a sad and unnatural and very expensive custom, this disregard of family connections, this race suicide of good dairy qualities. It may do away with supporting poor relations, but it by no means gets rid of poor and poorer cows. Think of selling for $2.50 the heifer calf of a cow with a record of 405 pounds of butter fat per year! But that was the practice with cow No. 1 (previously referred to) when bought by this Station. The owner was simply following common custom. The tendency of this custom is bound to be towards poor cows. Is the buyer able to picl^ out or even to find enough really good cows for his purchasers? He is naturally more interested in selling cows — and in selling all of them — than in supplying high-producing cows. And the cows sold do not always live up to this kind of dual purpose. The dairy- man wants cows for milk; the dealer wants cows to make dollars in selling them again tomorrow. And the cows sold do not always live up to this kind of a dual purpose. The cow buyer has no such natural advantages for getting good cows as the dairyman has. The latter has the mother cows and knows some- thing of their milk record; he has cheap feed and the necessary equip- ment; calf raising ;s a part of his business. It is absurd to suppose that the dairyman can buy as good cows as he can raise. A prominent dairy- man of the State says of his grade herd: "The heifers we raise from our best cows are better milk producers with their first calves than are the average mature cows we can buy." Several of our most progressive dairymen have said practically the same thing. When asked why they sell their heifer calves the dairymen almost invariably reply that it takes too much to raise them. This question was carefully investigated with forty-eight calves by the Illinois Experiment Station. Twelve calves at a time were tested at four different times. It was found that they could be successfully raised on 150 pounds of whole milk (worth $1.50) and 400 pounds skim milk (worth $1.20); total cost, SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 285 $2.70. This milk was fed at tlie rate of ten pounds per day until the calves were fifty days old, when it was gradually lessened one pound per day for ten days and then no more was fed. No substitutes for milk were used. Only the ordinary grains which the farmer produces, and a good quality of legume hay, were fed, showing that the dairyman can raise a calf in this way with almost no extra trouble. The calves got rather thin for a time but they made good growth, and several of them are now cows in milk and good producers, indicating that they were not Injured by this method of raising. The other cost of raising a heifer to the age of 28 months has been estimated according to some prices, at $9.60 for the pasture and $8.10 for the feed. This with $2.70 for the milk and $3 for the value of the calf at birth makes a total of $23.40. But even allowing that it costs $30, there is still a large profit in the operation, for the dairyman cannot as a rule buy cows for $45 that are equal to these heifers. Fifty per cent on the investment! Isn't that a good business proposition? If breeding means anything anywhere it means that the cow's quality of large milk production is likely to be transmitted to her daughter. There is no other animal from which such an absolute and complete record of performance can be secured as from the dairy cow. Shall the value of these records to her progeny be thrown away by not saving the good heifer calves? Nobody else has so many natural advantages as the dairyman for raising good heifers, and nobody else has the dairyman's interest in it, or is likely to succeed so well at it. Any other principal method of replen- ishing the herd is sheer wastefulness of great natural advantages. PECULIAR VALUE OF A GOOD DAIRY SIRE. Calves will take their qualities from both parents, and it is equally important that the calves have good parentage on the male side. But dairymen pay comparatively little attention to the quality of the sire. In a recent visit to the dairy region of northern Illinois the speaker saw six herds in which the heifer calves were raised for future use, but which the bulls used were miserable little scrubs, veritable runts and weaklings, obtained by simply saving a grade calf from the herd. And of many other sires fairly good as individuals, nothing is known of the actual milk production of their female ancestors. SIUE MORE THAN HALF THE HERD IX THREE WAYS. It is literally true that the sire is "half the herd." Of the qualities bequeathed to the calves the male parent furnishes half. In a herd of forty ccws his influence is as great as that of the whole number of cows together. If he is of stronger prepotency than most of the cows, that is, able to transmit his qualities more surely and strongly to the progeny, which is usually the case with a well bred sire, then the bull represents more than half the herd. In that case more than half the characteristics of the calf, or the stronger and predominating half, comes from the sire. 286 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Now if the sire, as an individual and in his pedigree is superior to the cows — and this will be true where a pure bred sire is used on a grade herd — characteristics he transmits to the calf will be of more value than those that come from the mother, and in this sense also the bull will be more than half the herd The sire is half the herd each year. Each year he starts out a gen- eration of calves, more than half the qualities and strength of which were transmitted by him. His successor, of similar type and breeding, mated to those improved heifers, carries the improvement forward an- other step, fixing the qualities and power to transmit them more surely and strongly. From generation to generation the succession of well selected sires goes on increasing and intensifying the improvement of the herd. In this way the sire becomes three-fourths, seven-eighths, fifteen- sixteenths, etc., of the herd. So the sire may be much more than half the herd whether judged by the quantity, strength, quality or accumulated effect cf the characteristics he transmits. It is literally true that the sire may thus within a few years at slight expense completely transform a dairy herd and more than double its profits. In fact in a few years the sire practically is "the whole thing." A GOOD BUSINESS PROPOSITION. Say the sire cost $150, and a dairy sire of the highest quality can be obtained for that. The forty grade cows at $45 each will cost $1,800. A good bull costs only one-thirteenth the cost of the herd. Then one- thirteenth of the investment is so placed as to exert more influence in the improvement of the future herd than the other twelve-thirteenths of the investment. Isn't that a good business proposition? Won't the extra $100 put into a good sire be better spent than any other $100 invested in the herd? Forty-one animals are purchased. The purchase of one animal will influence the succeeding herd more than the purchase of the other forty animals. Isn't it worth while then to give some extra time and study to the selection of that one, the sire? THE SIRE AND THE MILK RECORD. The good dairy sire, the pure bred, is almost certain to have a line of dams with a superior milk record; they have been bred for that very thing. One of the very greatest things to secure for the heifer calf is the inheritance of a large capacity for milk production, and this comes from the mothers in both lines of ancestry. The calf will be much more cer- tain of getting a high degree of this quality through an improved sire than from a grade mother. A high milk record in the sire's female an- cestry affects all his female progeny — all the next generation in a com- mon sized herd ABSOLUTELY PROVED. Every man who has had extended experience or observation in this matter will agree that the pure bred dairy sire from high-producing dams, and which is also a good individual, is of peculiar value and great economy in building up the herd. The records of dairy breeding have SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 287 proved it conclusively a thousand times over. No man who studies the facts can doubt it. The evidence is to be seen in the heifers of every such sire, and in their contrast with heifers lacking such parentage. ADDRESS. PEOF. E. H. WEBSTER, CHIEF DAIRY DIVISION, W^ASIIINGTON, D. C. 3Ir. Chairman, Members of the Convention: I am certainly very glad to be with you and be able to talk over some of the things that are of interest to buttermakers, because the interests of the buttermakers here are similar to those in other States, and we are trying to study your con- ditions and needs, to find some way to meet the demand that you make upon those that are trying to serve you in that way. I feel this afternoon that my position is simply a servant of the dairymen and buttermakers of this country, and as long as I occupy the position I now have, and as long as I can be of assistance in helping the dairy interests of the country, I am certainly glad of the opportunity to be of such use. I wish, if we could get nothing more out of this convention than the talk given here by Professor Fi'aser a few minutes ago, that that would sink into your souls and you could take it home with you, and those who are milking cows would remember what he said, and those who have interest in the farmers that come to your creameries, take that home with you and tell your patrons what you have learned here in regard to these facts so well illustrated by Professor Eraser. I think it would be well to spend an hour now in absolute silence meditating on what he said. I believe it would be an hour of profitable experience to us if we would think over the address we have just heard, if we would think of the opportunities and possibilities before us in our own immediate circle for the betterment of dairy conditions; and an hour spent thinking along those lines would be profitable to all of us, and yet we cannot take the hour that way, but we will have weeks and months and years from now on when we can dwell on these things, and I hope it will grow into action, and that we will all prove by our actions that we have been benefited by this excellent talk along the line of production of milk, be- cause that is the foundation of all of our work, and all the effort we put on the manufacturing or marketing of butter is simply in continuance of what we ought to do in the line of production, in encouraging profitable production among our farmers. We have a great many complaints coming to us as buttermakers; a great many farmers saying it is not profitable to dairy. We have seen why it is not profitable, but take that home with you and show the farmers why it is not profitable. I wish I could spend an hour on this subject, but it is out of my line. Think of a cow test association at your creamery with you as the tester. I believe there are possibilities along that line, and if the buttermaker will form in his own community a test association whereby he can test his farmers' cows and point out to the farmer the things we have had shown here this afternoon, and when you do that you are going to have a lot of farmers that are dissatisfied with 288 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. their conditions and many who are willing to do as you tell them because you have helped them to do something more and better in dairying. In the State of Iowa I believe you have a man appointed by the authorities at Ames to travel over the State and encourage these things. Give them your support; give Professor McKay and those men your hearty support; see that you help them. Help them in their work, you that are inter- ested in dairying, and you will help to send out more men in this State right along that line. It takes money to do these things, but money will come when you once convince the people that there is something to do and something in it, when they feel that for every visit a man can make them it will put dollars in their pockets they will try to have those visits very frequently. The thing I want to talk about is to you buttermakers as artisans or skilled workmen in your line of work. A few months ago at Chicago I proposed a scheme for doing a little work in the markets, trying to help the buttermakers, who seemed, from bad surroundings, bad environment or lack of proper information, unable to make as good butter as they ought for good butter markets, for the markets to which they shipped. The suggestion took very kindly and I put it up to our department and they sanctioned it; we got a couple of men, tried to get the best we could — got one here, got- one in Minnesota — and put them to work on this line. I want to explain that line of work because many buttermakers have misunderstood our intention in tliis and some of you have had criticisms and have not understood just how to act. The only purpose on earth in putting these men in New York or Chicago was to help you, and if we cannot help you we are going to quit it. Mr. Runyan can tell you the commission men in New York city can take care of themselves, and yet he will tell you this is helping them because it has helped them to get a better grade of butter, and that is the sum and substance of the work to improve the quality of our butter. There has always been, and is yet to a great measure, a gap between the work the States are doing through State dairy and food commis- sioners and inspectors they employ in the field and the marketing end of our great industry. The fellow who makes the butter and the fellows who are producing the milk that gees to make the butter do not know anything about the other end of the line, and very often when you get a letter Back from the market that has not made you feel good you are apt to accuse the men of doing so in order to catch you a little. There is a feeling that the fellow at the other end of the line is not pei'haps as honest as he might be, and if he can find a way in any way, shape or manner to cut you on test, weight or price, he will do it. I am not saying that this is the case, but yet that feeling has sometimes gone out and the fellow at the other end of the line has been unable to express accurately to his patron just what the trouble is with the butter. He is in the same position to you as you are to your fellow farmers in the country. Much the same relation exists between the two sides of the work, in his failure to tell you that your butter was off in certain points and not being able to tell you where it was off, to put his finger on the spot be- cause he was net a practical buttermaker, and this led to all this feeling which I suggest. SF^VENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 289 It occurred to me that if we could place an independent, capable fellow in these markets for the use of the creamery men and your use, we could overcome a great deal of this misunderstanding that has grown up between the buttermaker and the butter buyer, and that is the reason Mr. Smarzo and Mr. Credicott are on the markets today. They are there for your use; we want them to make you examine your butter; if you have fearful doubts in regard to a shipment going from your creamery, if you are shipping to New York or Chicago, write to our men and get them to examine your butter, have them report the trouble with your butter on the market. There is a great deal of misunderstanding be- cause butter sometimes at the creamery is not the same kind ef butter it is 1,500 miles from the creamery at the market in ten days' time. Butter changes in transportation; what we have thought to be a good piece of butter at the other end of the line is a bad piece of butter when it reaches the market, and you have not been able to follow that up. These men on the market can do that for you, can report to you directly and definitely just how that butter arrived, and I believe if you buttermakers will take advantage of that opportunity to find just how your butter ia going on the market it will do you a whole lot of good. Now the work that we have done since the first of July has been an eye-opener to us and perhaps to some of you. We have found, to say the least, a bad state of affairs in many creameries over this country. I be- lieve the creamery men themselves, the buttermakers, are at fault very largely in this. You are at fault because you have not been able to find out just how your butter appeared on the market end of the line; you are at fault, perhaps, because you have not had the proper training to understand the difficulties occurring every day in your creamery. There are a lot of things coming up every day, some new to us and some old things threshed out over and over, and yet conditions are a little differ- ent and we fail to meet them. If we can help you to meet these foreign conditions that is what we want to do, and we solicit your help in doing that. I think last night Mr. Shilling spoke a little of the extent of oleomar- garine sales in this country. In the last two months it has increased very materially. Of course there are two reasons for this, one the high price of butter; but one of the things that help the oleomargarine dealers sell oleomargarine is because the buttermakers are making poor butter. If you will place on the market butter scoring 93 to 95 you will have little trouble with oleomargarine, because people want good butter and will buy it, and when they get butter that will only score 85 to 90, butter that is not good, they will not buy any more of that butter and will not use much of it if they have it. There is no better argument for the sale of oleomargarine than poor butter, and I believe in the last five years our butter product has been getting poorer all the time. Perhaps there are a number of reasons for this; one, I think, is the tendency among a great many 'buttermakers to get a little higher profit by working too much moisture in the butter. A good many buttermakers over the country have found to their sorrow there was too much water in their butter and have had to pay 10 cents a pound for the water in their butter, which 19 290 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. was expensive to them. The revenue department says butter containing 16 per cent or more moisture shall be called adulterated butter, on which you must pay 10 cents tax, $500i a year license for making, and the revenue officers wherever they can find a big enough bunch have been collecting that tax, and every here and there we find some fellow that has to pay the penalty. When this butter goes in storage and then on the market all of us pay the tax, because we get poor butter for it, and if we find anything better than butter we will buy it in the end whether oleomar- garine or not. Another thing that helped reduce the quality of butter, for which the buttermaker is responsible partly, and a great many others are also responsible in a way, and that is the method by which we have been taking in hand separator cream. I have always maintained that cream can be produced just as fine from farm separators as from any other sep- arator. The separator does not do the bad work, but it is the way the separator is handled on the farms, the way we have allowed the farmers to handle the separator, that has caused the trouble. We have been watching this thing closely, have had a number of men in the field, have watched the introduction of the separator in the whole milk creamery, and have found almost invariably when the separator went in the quality went lower. It is not the fault of the separator but the fault of the men who operated the separator and the fault of the buttermaker in taking bad cream from that separator. Now I know these things are easy to talk about and hard to do. I think in the cream separator question that has been true because there is not a fellow that has had anything to do with it but wished he could eliminate the poor cream, and sometimes if he did that he would eliminate all the cream he had and would go out of busi- ness, and we have to meet that in some way. We have to find some way to provide a more profitable business for the farmer to produce milk with- out the separator or else show him how to use the separator and make good cream, or else the quality of our butter will continue to go down. There is a demand for good butter. We do not make enough butter in this country, and yet we make too much of the poor kind. There is a demand always for fresh, good butter. It will always sell at a premium, and those of you who are making good butter know that, and those of you who are making poor butter have found the difference in that, and yet I do not believe today we are selling our butter just as we ought. I think commission men in our cities would like to pay for our butter according to worth if they could, but they have the same thing to con- tend with as you have in the creameries, and you act just as bullheaded about it as the farmers do, and there is where your trouble is. Now there is a place where you could practice a few of the things you are going to preach. I wish something could be done that would overcome this difficulty without so much hard work and worry on your part, but it seems we have to go through the ordeal and come out purified in the end, I hope. I believe we will. Now one of the things I want to speak of briefly, and yet perhaps it will be the most interesting thing I have touched on, is in regard to the moisture in butter. We all know how hard it has been to find out what our butter contained in moisture. It has been almost impossible to tell SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 291 just what moisture the butter contained, simply because the methods ot procedure in determining moisture were so complicated that outside of a chemical laboratory is was not possible to give any accurate estimate as to the full amount of moisture that butter .contained. One of the things we have been working on is along that line, so you can, before removing your butter from the churn, know what moisture it contains in the churn, and can do it quickly, cheaply and without any more skill than you now employ in the use of the Babcock test. We have been told by buttermakers and merchants all over the country that something of that kind would be of great assistance to the butter trade. Mr. Gray, chemist for the department, who has had a great deal of experience in the manufacture of butter, and has had perhaps a wider experience in controlling the moisture in butter than any of us, has been working for several years along this line. The last four or five months he stumbled onto a number of things that have simplified the problem a great deal, and I believe he has made a test which any of you can use in your work, or any commission man can use and know what the moisture content of his butter is to. a certainty, just as close to the actual chem- ical test as the Babcock test will give you the fat in your milk. The apparatus you have to have is very simple; it will have to be made, there is no glassware manufacturer making it today. The first requisite is a pair of scales, and most of you have them in your creamery, and they will be close enough for accurate work. With that scale comes a nine and eighteen gram weight, but we have to have a ten gram weight because bottles are easier read with ten gram samples, but you can get a ten gram weight for a few cents. Order them from any supply house. You need ordinary scales, a small alcohol lamp, which can be bought from 25 to 50 cents; some little flasks like this for a few cents apiece — they are found in every chemical laboratory in the land and will be put out with the apparatus, undoubtedly — and then the part which is new to the work is an instrument like this. Professor Webster then showed the apparatus and explained the method by which the test was made. This will be fully explained in a bulletin soon to be issued by the government. Altogether it does not take over twelve to fifteen minutes to make the test, and that is within one-tenth of 1 per cent of what it would be if you took the ordinary method of trying, which takes several hours to do, and we believe in this little sample test that you have something that will help you make a uniform quality of butter, such as you have not been able to do. You know how hard it is to regulate the moisture con- tent. When you know exactly where you are there will be a lot of other things you will begin to study, that is, temperature at which you churn, temperature of your wash water, number of revolutions you give your churn, and a lot of those things you will find will influence the water in your butter. If we can place in your hands something like this that you can measure what you are doing, you will quickly learn there is a method in making butter that must be adhered to as rigidly as any other line of manufacture. It is not guesswork, and what is true today is true tomor- 292 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. row, and if you learn some definite rule and stick to that you will have the same result every day. The lack of that knowledge on the part of most of our buttermakers and a good many teachers in the dairy school has shown us that butter varies wonderfully in water content, and con- sequently in fat content and in salt content. The study of moisture and its control in butter is going to enable you to grasp the principles of making butter such as I believe you never have before, and this little test will help you to do that. I cannot say just what this will cost you. The glassware manufact- urers ought to make this. This is the only part that is new at all. They ought to be sold at from one to two dollars. The United States gov- ernment has taken out a patent on the apparatus that is new, and by so doing they have protected its use in this country, so that any manufact- urer of glassware can make these tubes for you. No one will have a monopoly on it. As I said, in a few days we will have out a descriptive circular which will be placed in the manufacturers' hands, as well as yours, and will spread this broadcast so that anyone interested in it can use it. This I have described as a test for butter. You can use it for anything on your table at all. You can test the amount of moisture in any food product that you can get into this glass. You can test cheese or any other food product, or any of the feeds that are consumed by the animals in your herd for moisture content. Are there any questions that you would like to ask? The President : If there are any questions you want to fire them at Prof. Webster now. It strilces me that this is important for the buttermakers of Iowa, and I believe if they could by that little machine incorporate the moisture in butter all the time up to the limit we will not have so much trouble with competition. Another thing I want to say, this little machine has been invented by a man, who, like Dr. Babcock, instead of manufacturing it and making a fortune out of it has given it to the world. Prof. Webster: I think there is no question whatever if Mr. Gray wanted to leave the department and patent this invention of his he could make a fortune out of it, because it is going to be used very widely. Mr. Gray is an Iowa boy, was educated at Ames, so it is a home grown product I am trying to introduce. Member: Where should the sample be taken from? Prop. Webster: If you have your churn standing level so the water will not run up to one end, you will find it uniform throughout the churn. This has been tested a number of times. In taking a sample from the churn do not take just one sample and put it in the bottle, but dig out a little here and a little there all through the churn, and in that way you will have a representa- tive sample Put those samples in an ordinary pint milk bottle SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 293 or jar. In order to mix that so when you take the butter from it you will not take butter with a big drop of moisture, or butter with absolutely no moisture in it, set the bottle in water at about 100 degrees temperature and let it melt so it will be soft and slushy, then shake that all up and thoroughly mix it in that way. You will then have the water mixed all through the butter and can have an accurate sample of the amount in your bottle. If you take it from a tub there is a question that perhaps needs more light than we have, but ordinarily I think one or two triers run through the tub and then taken out the length of the trier will give you an accurate sample. Care must be used in getting a proper sample as in getting a proper sample of cream when testing for your patrons. If you get a sample too rich in fat by taking it off the top of your can, the test is worthless. Just the same here, if the sample is not representative of your butter it is worthless. Member: What assurance will we have that those bottles will be manufactured accurately. Prof. Webster: The same assurance that we have that our Babcoek tests are accurate. Mr. Wilcox : Should a sample stand long before it is tested. Prof. Webster : If it stands long have it covered so the mois- ture will not evaporate. If you put your milk sample in a test bottle and allow it to stand, when you test it the fat is all there. If you put a sample of your butter in a little flask and go back in two or three days most of your moisture is gone. You must make the test at once or have tight, rubber stopper on your bottle or something to close it up. Most of the samples we take in the department are of renovated butter and of course these are not comparable with creamery butter. We have taken few samples of creamery butter for analysis. Mr. Newman : I believe that most creameries are not getting enough water in their butter. Prop. Webster : If they are doing that they are robbing them- selves and their patrons, just the same as if they were doing any- thing else. A man wants to keep low enough so as not to be be- yond the limit of the law ; up to 15 per cent or 16 per cent of moisture does not affect the quality of the butter, but when you get it 20, 25 and 30 per cent, and I have tested as high as 35 per cent you are going pretty high. 294 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Newman: The last test in October the average test was only 12 per cent. Prop. Webster: The average for the countrj^ a few years ago was only 12 per cent. Mr. Newman: I believe you should give the boys the water content of their sarnple of butter here today. Let the boys know what they are doing. Member: I Avould like to know if a man would handle his butter as he would to make butter for conventions, if there would be any great danger of getting too much moisture ? Prof. Webster : • No, and I Avould hesitate to say that the butter at this convention represents the average butter made by the boys. Mr. Smarzo : I do not agree with Mr. Webster on the question of 15 per cent or 16 per cent of moisture in butter. I find on the market that from 14 1-2 to 15 per cent has better keeping quality. I tell you boys the butter with from 15 per cent to 16 per cent moisture deteriorates very fast. It may be due to poor wash water. It may be if you wash the butter with absolutely pure water it will not affect it, but the average water used in the cream- eries injures the keeping quality of butter. That is my experience in the market, and I do not advocate over 14 1-2 per cent moisture because I think it is dangerous to go above that. You are entitled to 16 per cent moisture, but when you get there you are working along the danger line. Prof. Webster: The fact is a few years ago our butter did not average over 12 per cent moisture, and now we ate getting poorer and poorer butter and are getting more water content. Mr. Barnum : I have had butter tested in Minnesota and Iowa and all have gone under 13 per cent. Prof. Webster: I wish all the creameries would do that, but Mr. Smarzo ' has found sample after sample that has run away above 16 per cent, but that is not the average. He picked those out because they were suspicious. Mr. Smarzo: All the good butter that comes to the market that has a score of 93 runs below 14 per cent, but the poor grade of butter gets a pretty high moisture. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 295 Member: Would it not naturally follow that if they get some accurate way of measuring water content in butter, that this butter with low water content will sell at a higher price than that with a higher moisture content? Prof. Webster: If what Mr. Smarzo says is correct that will be true. Mr. Bouske : I have worked at the experiment station and published a bulletin a year ago in which we gave the analysis on several hundred samples of butter, and along w4th this we gave the keeping qualities of the butter. The butter was scored at various times and the analysis of it does not show that the butter having the highest percentage of moisture scored the least nor that they do not keep the best, and it seems to me that I would wait a little before I would come to any very radical conclusion about this thing. If several hundred analyses are not enough I would wait for more. Moreover in regard to having discovered what percentage of water the Iowa butter contains today, the experiment station is making analysis of butter right now for the purpose of showing how much water the butter contains, and the man who has charge of this work is coming here this afternoon. He may be in town now and one of the men who is helping him is here and I think can give some figures on moisture content of Iowa butter today. I think we would like to hear from Mr. Larsen. ]Mr. Larsen : I have no figures here today to show analysis, but we are receiving samples every day and find that the water content of butter averages about 2 per cent higher than it did two or three years ago, running about 14 per cent now. We are analyzing them completely and sending the report to the creamer- ies and the buttermakers. I think Professor McKay will speak on this subject and he has more figures to give on this. He will also speak about the keeping quality. As far as the water content is concerned, we believe that butter that contains 16 per cent can still be extra butter. Prof. AVebster : Would you not make some modification of that as to how the 16 per cent was put in there ? One of the difficulties I think we are finding is that most of this 16 per cent moisture butter has been made by overworking and has destroyed the body of the butter, and then you have an awfully poor piece of butter. 296 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Smarzo : I do not think the contest butter is a fair aver- age of the butter. When a man makes a tub for the contest he is making a drier piece of butter on an average than he does when he sends it to the market. I know I used to. I tell you, gentlemen, when you get to 16 per cent you are on the danger line. It depends a great deal on the scorers of butter. There is a great deal of variation in the judging of butter today, in a commercial judge and an expert judge, and they vary a whole lot. When you have contest butter you may carry that on for some time and think it all right to incorporate that much moisture, but you will find it quite different with commercial butter. The President : I am sorry that we can not give further time to this, but there is a subject I want Professor Webster to address you on for a few minutes more, and it is something important. ADDRESS. PROF. E. H. WEBSTER, CHIEF OF DAIRY DIVISION, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I hate to spring so many things on you, perhaps you will think I am trying to get you into trouble. The work of the dairy and food commis- sioners in our States has been splendid. They have sent inspectors to your creamery to show you as nearly as they could how to overcome some of your difficulties. We have tried to supplement them in their work, and this has been done very well, and the inspectors in the States have been glad to get these inspectors in the market, but we have not gone far enough in that work to round up the thing as it ought to be. Our object is to get the good buttermakers in the country listed so we will all know who they are, and when we do that a good many will go out of the busi- ness or else take low wages. If what I say hits that class I do not care, because we have to have better buttermakers in this country; they have to be better educated and trained before taking charge of creameries. The proposition I have to give you is one I have evolved in scoring dairies for the production of milk for our cities. I found it was impossi- ble to get any basis of comparison in inspection. An inspector would look at a dairy, find some fault, pass on to the next place, perhaps make report of it and file it away. There was no way to get any comparative basis. He did not know whether he was going backward or forward, did not know whether the men were improving as they should. We evolved a score card and have had that in practical operation in Cleveland for some months, and it has taken remarkably well. The inspectors of the food department and the Board of Health in Cleveland have taken this score card. It is almost as elaborate as the score card we score poultry by, but it gets down to the very things we are after. They have scored several hundred dairies and have been surprised themselves at the find- ings they have got, although some men have inspected those same dairies SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 297 for months and years and did not know where they were; but by means of grading those dairies on the basis of 100 per cent I believe they found the average dairy at Cleveland scored 33. We know the milk condition of our country is not anywhere near where it should be, but it is in better condition than the butter question, and I would hit the milk people harder if I were talking to them than I have you. It is there we took up the idea of the grading score card, and it struck me that if it is good for scoring dairies and milk why is it not good for scoring butter and cheese? Another problem that confronted me was that perhaps it was not the buttermaker's fault perhaps it was the creamery management; or per- haps the creamery management did all they could and failed to get a good buttermaker. So we have made two score cards, one that covers the buttermaker and what he is responsible for and the other that covers the management of the creamery and what it is responsible for. So when an inspector goes to a creamery he will score you, and perhaps some of you pretty hard, and the creamery in its condition of responsi- bility, which lays upon the ownership or management of that creamery, and thereby we hope to fix responsibility for some of those bad conditions that exist. We will say butter comes to New York or Chicago scored away down. We hold the buttermaker responsible for it, and half the time he is not to blame, simply because the party who owned the cream- ery has failed to do his part or the patrons have failed in their part, and we want to fix the responsibility on the right party. More than that, we want the inspectors at the end of the year to say definitely that the creameries in Iowa on an average score so much, the buttermakers score so much on their ability to do the work they are paid for doing. With that point in view we have tried to get up this card, which is open to change and criticism. It has been submitted to the Minnesota Dairy and Food Commission, and will be submitted next week to Wisconsin and Illinois, and has already in Michigan, where I think they are going to take it up. ]\Iember: I would like to ask if the buttermaker will know what he scores when the inspector is there? Prof. Webster: A card, signed by the inspector will be left with the buttermaker, giving his score, so he will know what the inspector did at his place. Mr. Wentworth: Will you have those score cards published? Prop. Webster : That will be up to your dairy and food com- missioners. We will not irifluence anyone one way or the other on that. The Chairman : This is a very nteresting subject and I am soriy we have not more time to spend on it, but it is getting late and we will pass on to the next number, which is the handling of hand separator cream by Mr. J. J. Brunner of Charles City. 298 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. HOW 1 HANDLE HAND SEPARATOR CREAM. J. J. BKUNEE, CHARLES CITY. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen and Members of the Iowa State Dairy Association: "How I Handle Hand Separated Cream" is not a very long story In itself. If that is all I would tell you it would not tai5;e me any more than about two minutes and a half, but by putting in £1 few other remarks I may be able to make it last five minutes. I do not handle very much cream myself any more, but I tell the rest of the boys how to do it and, of course, get part of the credit. My work, especially in the last three months, has been among the patrons on the farm, which I think is the bottom of the trouble that so many buttermakers are having. They do not get after the patrons as they should, or not at all, but just take the cream regardless of quality. We skim out of the cream about one-half of the milk which is left by the hand separator. This gives us about a 50 per cent cream which is pasteurized to a temperature of 160 degrees Fahrenheit and cooled to 65 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter and 62 to 65 degrees in the sum- mer, according to the conditions of the weather and starter. The starter we use is generally of a high acidity, quite thick, and is put into the vat when the separator is started. We generally use 20 per cent or more. In about six to eight hours the cream contains from 28 to 35 C. C. of Mann's acid test, when it is cooled to 52 degrees Fahrenheit and kept at that temperature until churning, and the butter is made in the usual way. A few words along the line of reseparating cream at this time may not come amiss. I find that it is quite a difiicult matter to skim clean, that is to three or five one-hundredths, as we do in skimming milk. We run our separator at a speed of about 7,000 revolutions instead of 6,000 revolutions, and feed them at about three-fourths capacity. This under ordinary conditions gives a good skimming and leaves less fat in the skim milk than there is left in the buttermilk when cream is churned in a condition only 'containing from 20 to 25 per cent butter fat before the starter is added. I am going to tell you how I handle the sour or poor grade of cream that we get at our factories. In the first place, if we get such cream at our farm more than twice in succession we do not take it at all, and I believe that I have gained more points by doing this with our patrons than I have lost. In other words, I have the confidence of the good patrons who always sell good cream. As I have told you before that we do not get very much of this i)oor cream at our factories, but what we do get we handle just as carefully as SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 299 we can. We pasteurize this at a temperature of about 180 degrees Fah- renheit. It is then cooled to churning temperature, and a starter is added, the starter being of the same grade as that used in the sweet cream. Sometimes when we have a very poor batch of cream we use a small amount of viscogin. This will do away with any very bad odor that a poor batch of cream might contain. There is one thing about reskimming cream, and that is the tempera- ture we separate at. It is generally 70 degrees in the summer and 80 in the winter. We find that by heating to about 85 or 90 degrees we do not get quite as smooth a cream as we do when skimming at a lower tem- perature. This I believe is caused by skimming the cream the second time. A few words to the buttermakers here along the lines of working together and pushing the good work of our able Dairy Commissioner and this organization: You all remember that last winter a law was passed by our Legisla- ture which does not allow anyone to buy poor cream and make it into butter, but do you know that they forgot to appropriate enough money to enforce these laws. Just think for a minute and you will see that Commissioner Wright, with only two assistants, can do very little in this great State of Iowa towards keeping an eye on about 48,000 creamery patrons. I think that Mr. Wright will agree with me when I say that with these two men he can not do as much in proportion as he could with two more, still better with eight more, because they would not have to be on the road just chasing after the most important places. Now, brother buttermakers, let us get together this winter and go after our Legislature hard for at least eight more inspectors and enough more money to work with, say $20,000 will do, I think. We are going to have a new lot of fellows at Des Moines and it may be that we can get what we ask for. I tell you, brothers, that the Minnesota fellows up there are doing so much more because they have all these things the way they want them. They have so many inspectors that each one can stay at a cream- ery all day and tell the patrons how to handle his milk or cream, then tell and even help the buttermaker, if necessary, to make the butter. The question is, are we buttermakers in Iowa going to lie down and let Minnesota, Wisconsin, and all the rest of them go ahead of us, and tell us we are only from Iowa, where they are no good. Or are we going to push and wake up in this matter, get some help from our poor State and make the patrons furnish us good cream and milk so we can make good butter? The Chmrman : We have about ten minutes to discuss this question. Mr. Goodrich : Can you reseparate sour cream successfully ? Mr. Brunner : I think you will reseparate cream until it con- tains over 28 per cent or 30 per cent. 300 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Member: How would you work cream with a test of 50 per cent? We have lots of cream at 50 and 60 per cent, the average would be about 40 per cent. Mr. Brunner : I do not think you can reskim it at all. There would be no use trying it. Member: Would there be any object? Mr. Brunner: Yes, reseparating cream removes the flavors of the poor stuff 5 per cent if not more. ^Iember: I have experimented by adding an equal amount of hot water with cream that was very bad. The President : There is a Minnesota man here and if I am not mistaken he is not a friend of the hand separator. I would like to have him talk the way he did in Minnesota. He is president of the National Creamery Buttermakers ' Association of the United States, Mr. J. J. Farreil. REMARKS. MR. J. J. FARREIX, CARVER, MINN. Mr. President, Fellow Buttermakers of Iowa: I do not want to make any preliminary remarks here because it would take too long, and I did not come to Iowa to talk hand separators, because I know you have a lot here and if I got started on the hand separator system I do not know where I would end, and before I got out of Iowa I might be locked up; but seeing you are on the subject I would like to say a few words. Your able chief here from Washington has just told you in a few remarks that the quality of butter for the last five years is deteriorat- ing— is going down hill. Now there is a reason for that — there is a cause, ycu know, for everything. Some of our great politicians down East tell us that there is a good trust and a bad trust, they always tell us that. Now, gentlemen, the principle underlying all these things — you have a principle — and if you fellows do not have it you have nothing; it is true that there are some good fellows forming a little trust, but the principle is just as bad as the principle of the fellows that are bigger in the bigger trust. We have a principle confronting us today, it is really here; it is a condition we have today in the quality of dairy products. How shall we remedy the quality and make a better quality of butter, and in doing that how are we going to improve the dairy indsutry and make it profitable? I see you have quality here; there is no question but you have a good type of buttermakers, and the professor showed you the type of dairy cow you ought to have; but, my friends, you cannot make butter out of the poor quality of the material you are getting. You do make what the SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 301 German calls 'Tjuther;" you make that, but it is not butter. Where is there a man here in this audience that can say if he makes 93 or 94, or a very nice grade of butter, that he cannot make it 105, my friends, if he had nice, sweet cream and milk to make it of? Could he not do it? Certainly he could. You are all on the wrong track in advocating or upholding — I do not care if the principle is here — I do not want you buttermakers to fall in line and tumble all over yourselves and advocate this pri-nciple of hand separation, because just as long as you have hand separators if you have ninety thousand farmers, as some gentleman has said here, you will have ninety tuousand kinds of cream, ninety thousand kinds of flavor, and you would have ninety thousand kinds of butter if you made it separately. Now when you get all that together see what a mess you are getting. This cream is shipped in. They are not centralizing plants, gentlemen, they are embalming plants. They dish their stuff out to the people throughout the cities and it passes; it is put on a warm biscuit and it does not really stink, but it goes because they do not smell this embalming liquid that kills it, and it goes. It does not hurt anybody after it has gone through that process. The idea is to get good raw material all the time. This you have to contend with yourselves. You must get together yourselves, you must come to these meetings, and when you have assembled here do not run home or you will not get the good out of it. You want to get acquainted with yourself, then go home and get acquainted with your patron, and as long as this hand sfeparator system is here educate your patron to bring good cream to you and the poor stuff to the other fellow; then when you have them well educated do not allow anyone to come there and steal your can of cream, be he centralizer, co-operative creamery or individual. It matters not. You have to have laws to protect yourselves. You are not here as beggars at the hands of the centralizers or your Legislature. What you want and what you have to have is justice; you must have that or you will not succeed. You are not having justice today, and you all know that. When a man out in the country is following the advice of some fellow who says "Cut it out," he is cutting himself out of the business, and in a few years he will be so totally cut up that there will not be enough of him left to talk about. Then what will you do, are you going back to the centralizer and tell them to cut it out? No, you will not be here to tell them that at all. What I want to bring before you is the objection to advocating a system. If it is the hand separator system and it is here, you want to teach your people the principle is wrong. You all know that if you can make good butter out of hand separator cream you can make better butter out of whole milk. Above all, keep your country creameries going by keeping your cream at the home creamery, and if those people write to you and tell you to cut it out, tell them that you will cut it out when you receive justice at the hands of your lawmakers and the centralizers, and not before. 302 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The President: I am sorry that we have not time to con- tinue this discussion. I want to make an announcement at this time. Professor Webster has kindly consented to make an experi- mental test right after w^e adjourn and that is the reason I am hurrying this up so as to give him time to make this test, and you are all invited to see him make it. I believe this moisture question is the big question before the people of Iowa today and this will be something that is interesting. Mr. Wentworth: JMr. President I have been asked to present the following resolution : RESOLUTION. Whereas, The Iowa State Dairy Association lias learned with pro- found regret of the recent deaths of Orin Douglass of Boston, and William A. Gude of New York; be it Resolved. That the President and Secretary be instructed, in behalf of the Association to express to their families and associates the deep sense of loss that we have met as an organization and our individual grief as members. As we meet, Mr. President, on our annual convention from year to year, it seems that some bright and shining light has been taken from our midst, some man whom we could illy get along without, and I have no doubt that we often think what can we do with- out the aid, the encouragement and the comfort that their presence and their example has been to us. For a score of years, for two generations or more of butter- makers, Orin Douglass was with us in our State and in our national conventions as a butter judge; a man. who was there regularly to reach out his hand to help the buttermaker, ever ready to do every- thing and anything that was possible to advance the interests of the business in which you are most deeply interested. A few years ago he met with a very serious business reverse. The laws and courts permitted him to escape had he so desired from the indebtedness that hung over him at about thirty cents on the dol- lar, but, to the credit of his ancestry, to the credit of his manhood, to the credit of the trade that he represented, be it said that he paid every dollar with interest dollar for dollar and died honored and loved and respected by every business associate in the city of Boston and in the butter trade. It is hard for me to speak of either Orin Douglass, born back in the hills of Maine in an adjoining township, a man who was SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII.. 308 almost a father to me when I came west, but here in this audi- ence are men, Will Collyer, who served with him many times as a judge, Keiffer, Lumbard, Nietert and others who have been with him for years, who can fittingly testify to his worth as a man, a friend and a co-laborer. But a few weeks have passed away since the wires flashed the news of Will Gude's death. His interest in and activities for this association are well known. Every heart echoed the words of eulogy that sprung from the lips of his associates. To me, he was more than brother. In my home is a boy wearing his name (God grant that he may prove worthy) and in that home, where he lav- ished the wealth of his affection, is a son bearing mine. Would that heart and brain could give expression to the association's loss, but mine are too full. I can not say more. Motion seconded and resolution unanimously adopted. THURSDAY EVENING SESSION. Meeting called to order at 8 o'clock by the president and the- program was opened by music by Mr. Jules Lumbard, who sang "Ocean Blue," "Child of the King," and by request repeated the "Rose Bush." The President : We are favored this evening by the presence of a man who is already known to you. He needs no introduction at my hands. He has had the welfare of the State of Iowa at heart for many years, and we will now listen to Professor McKay, of Ames. ADDRESS. PROF. G. L. M'KAY, AMES, lA. Mr. Chairman, Ladies arid Gentlemen: It is always gratifying to me to meet the dairymen of the State of Iowa. Last winter a prominent agricultural editor wrote an editorial criticising the Iowa Dairy Associa- tion. His complaint was that we met merely to have a good time. Now, I cannot see anything obnoxious or objectionable in having a good time as long as we are disseminating knowledge to dairymen of the country. Who deserves a good time any more than we do? We are the cream of the earth — at least, we are very much interested in cream. Therefore, If we get a little over-enthused, we should be excused. It was said last summer that two prominent lowans were traveling on the train, and that one was telling his fellow passengers about the great productiveness of Iowa, as a dairy State. I do not know if this 304 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. was Mr. Wright or Mr. Shilling. He might have been a little over- enthused when he said: "Last year one of our dairymen made a million pounds of butter and a million pounds of cheese." Then notic- ing a skeptical look on the faces of his hearers he said to Mr. Smith, another lowan, "Isn't that so? I refer to Farmer Brown." Mr. Smith replied: "I do not know precisely just how much butter and cheese Deacon Brown made, but I do know that he run twelve sawmills with the buttermilk from his plants." Speaking from a serious standpoint, I believe that while the dairy business is increasing in this great State, we are not making the advance- ment that we should. It was my privilege, during the past summer, to spend some time in the coast states lecturing on dairying. I was sur- prised and astonished to find the progress that these people were making. In the State of Oregon dairying had increased five hundred per cent dur- ing the last five years, while the output of butter had almost doubled In the same time in California. Possibly the principal reason that dairying is making such progress in the coast states is that these people have been growing what for years, thus robbing their soil of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and lime until the land became so impoverished that it would not produce wheat. I saw land out there that they told me would not produce over eight or nine bushels of wheat per acre a few years ago, and it is now producing from twenty to forty bushels per acre. This change has been brought about by farmers adopting dairying. A ton of wheat will remove $7.50 worth of fertilizing material from the soil, while a ton of butter will remove less than fifty cents worth. Today a ton of wheat has a market value of $22, while a ton of butter sells for $500, therefore, it is only reasonable that the intelligent farmer should dairj'. J. J. Hill, the sage of the Great Northern Railroad, and possibly one of the brainiest men on the continent, made a special plea, in a recent speech, on the necessity of conserving the fertility of the soil. He pre- dicted that by the middle of the present century our population would reach 200,000,000. The salvation of this country depends on its agri- cultural resources. The future prosperity and happiness of the people depends upon the intelligent cultivation of the soil. We have seen land in this great State almost double itself in value, in the last ten years, and indications are that' the next ten years may see land worth $150 per acre in this great corn belt of ours. This means that dairying must increase. The cow is a more econo- mical producer than the ox, and as the land advances in value, the question of economy must be the dominating factor governing our likes and dislikes. As Professor Robertson has said: "Wealth may be defined as anything that administers to the wants or happiness of man, and the ownership and possession of which may be transferred from one person to another. Its original sources are the sun, soil, air, water, plants, animals and labor. It is the task of the agriculturist to so manage these agents and agen- cies as to obtain the largest and best service for himself and fellows from them. The outcome of true culture is the exercise of intelligent purpose in the activities of life; and that, in his occupation stamps the SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 305 farmer as a man of real culture. It is a false idea that culture is found only in idleness and amid luxurious surroundings." Our natural agricultural resources are equal, if not superior, to any other State in the Union. It is our boasted pride that we make more butter than any other State. I heard one of our leading congressmen make the statement, recently, that the value of our dairy and poultry business was greater annually than all the gold and silver produced in the United States and Alaska, and this statement is true. I think, how- ever, that we get accustomed to hearing these big statements and rest on our laurels, imagining that we have reached the highest pinnacle possible in our line. Why, do you know that in some of the European countries they are dairying successfully on land worth from $400 to $1,000 per acre? The same markets are open to our people that are open to these people and no duty bars the way. The difference is right here; they are dairying intelligently with good cows. Their average is nearly 300 pounds of butter per cow, while ours is about 140 pounds per cow. We need a great awakening among producers of this State along intelligent lines of dairying; just such an awakening as has taken place among the corn producers. About five years ago, in this State, you never heard much stir about corn, but today you hear of corn contests all over our State. Even in some of our banks a bunch of yellow corn hangs on the wall. This great awakening has set farmers to thinking and the result is better crops everywhere. Not so much that any new discovery has been made, but that the people have begun to think and act for themselves, and to apply more intelligent methods. The Iowa Dairy School is placing one man in the field to do extension work, thus aiding farmers to weed out undesirable cows. Work of this kind, or the "Test Association," was started in Denmark some ten years ago and has spread over European countries. In Germany they have sixty-seven "Test Associations," and their annual milk production is 7,600 pounds per cow, or a gain of 1,380 pounds of milk per cow in five years; or a difference in profit of about $14 per cow annually. This Is the result of intelligence. If we had ten or twelve such instructors in the field for a few years, I am satisfied that we would increase the output of dairy products, in this State, at least one-fourth, without costing the producer practically anything. It is not so much the question today of keeping more cows as it is of keeping better cows and caring for them intelligently. What is needed today, more than anything else, is a better organization or more co-oper- ation among the dairymen of the State. Take up any of our leading agri- cultural papers and it is seldom, if ever, that you see the picture of a good dairy cow, while invariably on the first page will be the cut of a fine beef animal. This is due to the fact that the beef men are beter organized and advertise their business more extensively. If you ex- amine those papers carefully you may find toward the back a space of a few inches or possibly a column devoted to dairying. The influence of the press cannot be estimated. This was pretty thoroughly demon- strated, to my satisfaction, when I was at the coast states. I found 20 306 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. that the leading dairymen were practically all readers of that magnifi- cent paper called "Hoard's Dairyman." One night, after addressing a meeting on building up a herd, a rugged farmer came up to thank me for the short talk I had given and he asked me to guess how much butter- fat per cow, his herd of twenty-one grade cows, had given. Of course, I failed in my guess, then he told me that they had produced 352 pounds of butterfat per cow. This statement was verified by the creamerymen who were there. I expressed some astonishment at this nice record, when Mr. Frohman said: "We read dairy literature out here, and en- deavor to profit by its teachings, and furthermore, I am not satisfied even with this record." We have in this State and adjoining states some excellent dairy and agricultural papers that are doing good work for both the producer and the manufacturer, but when we see a paper that is supposed, to represent the great dairy cause, having a special editorial at the commencement of the storage season, maintaining that the price of butter is too high, that instead of going into storage at 20c per pound it should go in at 18c, we naturally come to the conclu- sion that such a paper represents the cause of the buyer and not the pro- ducer, as such editorials have an influence in holding down the market price. The price paid for butter during the past season has been high, but not any higher, and possibly not as high, as it should be. To satisfy myself thoroughly on this point, and to show to you that butter was not any higher than it should be, I took the make of a large gathered cream plant in Ontario, Canada,, and compared it with the make of one of the highest selling as well as one of the best creameries in this State. This comparison was made from the middle of May up to September the first. The Iowa creamery I referred to sold their butter at a premium of two cents per pound. Now the prices I am quoting are the net prices paid for butter at the creamery in both cases. The gathered cream plant shipped their butter to the English market and no duty prevents us from doing the same. Both creameries received 20c net, during the last half of May. During the month of June the Iowa creamery received 20c net, and the Canadian creamery 21c. During the first half of July the Canadian creamery received 21 %c and the Iowa creamery received an average of 21c for the month, while the Canadian got 21%c for the last half. During the month of -August the Canadian ceramery received 23c at home, and 22c for that sent abroad, while the Iowa creamery received 23c for the entire month's make. Here we find that a gathered cream plant has actually out-sold one of the best whole milk creameries in the West. The creameries I have referred to are at Strawberry Point, Iowa, and at Owen Sound, Ontario. Now if a gathered cream plant in Ontario can out-sell a creamery that is actually getting two cents premium above New York quotations, how much will they out-sell the average Iowa creamery? When butter is quoted at 23c in Montreal and 24c in New York, the natural inference would be that the New York market was a cent higher than the Mon- treal market, when in reality the Montreal market is about one cent to a cent and a half higher than the New York market. The quotation SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 307 at Montreal is usually f. o. b. cars nearest station, while the New York quotation includes freight, commission and cartage. The quality of our Iowa butter should be so uniform that it could be shipped abroad at any time when their markets were higher than ours. We are making in Iowa today poorer butter than we made ten years ago. The quality of cream furnished to many of our creameries today is a disgrace to any civilized people. There has not been a week during the past season but what I have had from one to six letters lying on my desk, asking for first-class buttermakers at wages ranging from $60 to $125 per month. What is the reason for this clamor? It is the poor quality of cream that these buttermakers are compelled to accept, from which it is impossible for any maker, no matter how skilled he is, to turn out a first-class article. I tell you my heart ached for some of these buttermakers who have had to resign their positions through no fault of their own, but from conditions imposed upon them. There is no workman, no matter how skilled he is, that can produce flrst-class goods from inferior, low grade material. Then why should we expect buttermakers to make good butter from over-ripe or rotten cream? The Department of Agriculture, as many of you know, has taken up the system formerly used by the National Convention, that of scoring butter and sending the criticisms to the makers. They have placed an expert buttermaker in New York and one in Chicago whose duty it is to score butter when desired, and offer suggestions to the makers as to improving the quality. This method has no doubt accomplished some good, but it does not go far enough. You cannot purify a stream by working at the lower end when its source of contamination is at the head. There is no one who understands the faults of the butter better than the maker who is battling with the adverse conditions. The dairy schools have been for years training men to the best of their ability, but these men are unable to cope with conditions as they exist at the present time. I think I am safe in saying that from seventy- five to ninety per cent of the buttermakers of this country can produce good butter if the raw material is right. They may not be able to pro- duce 97 or 98 butter, but they can produce 93 or 94 butter and the maker who can manufacture a uniform quality of this kind has no trouble in holding his position. Our centralized plants have endeavored, during the past year, to meet these conditions by grading their cream 1, 2 and 3, and paying according to quality, but the avaricious greed of man, and the keen competition that exists, have rendered this grading almost useless. The result is that intelligence and sanitary methods are practically discarded by many of our producers. Why they have made a third-class grade I cannot understand, as butter made from such cream should have no place in our markets. Many blame the centralized plants for present conditions. The central- izers are like many of the rest of us; they have endeavored to set too swift a pace. "Nature is filled with tendencies and obstructions. Ex- tremes beget limitations, even as a river by its own swiftness creates obstructions for itself." So the centralizer is baffled just as much as the 308 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. private or co-operative creamery. It is needless for me to say that hand separators are responsible for the deterioration in quality that ex- ists at the present time. I have given this mater of quality a great deal of attention during the past year and I have come to the conclu- sion that the only thing that will improve the quality of our cream is eompulsory education. Now the first thing we need is an amendment to our dairy laws. I would have the laws so arranged that it would be a misdemeanor for anyone to skim cream from an unwashed separator and offer it for sale. I would also make it an offense to place a separator near a pig pen. It is just as necessary to have a law regarding cleanliness in milk and cream as it is to have a law regulating the cleanliness of our packing houses. We have a law now which condemns unwholesome cream, and holds the purchaser and seller liable. That word unwholesome is mean- ingless to me. I would not want to go on record as saying that butter made from any cream would be injurious to the health. Having a law to remedy these defects, the next thing needed would be about ten or twelve good dairy inspectors. Now, I do not mean factory inspectors. I would rather call these men cream and milk in- Bpectors. I would have them go to the cream stations and creameries; examine the milk and cream as it came in. I would then have them visit the formers who are sending poor cream. I would not have these men work as detectives, but rather as educators; but if it became neces- sary to make an example of a man, who persisted in sending dirty cream, I think one or two prosecutions would go a long way to eliminate the troubles that now exist. The producer is not the only party at fault in this matter of cleanliness. It would be well to throw a search- light occasionally on some of our creameries. We have arrived at the period in our dairy education when the slovenly buttermaker and the dirty creamery should not be tolerated. Now I believe it is as possible to make good butter under the hand separator system as under the whole milk system, providing the separa- tors are cleansed and scalded every time they are used and each lot of cream cooled before adding to it the previous lot. It should be unnec- essary for me to say that the cream should be kept in clean vessels. It would only be a small piece of work to take the parts of the hand separator, that come in direct contact with the milk and cream, to the house, and there thoroughly wash and scald them. If these precautions are taken, cream can be delivered twice a week during the winter and three times a week during the summer, and be in a sweet condition. When a maker receives such cream he can pasteurize it and by the use of a good starter have it entirely under his control. Old cream, espe- cially when it has been kept at a high temperature, frequently comes to the factory contaminated with molds and yeasts which render it unfit for the making of first-class butter. The mold and yeast flavors are quite characteristic of gathered cream butter. Particularly is this true where the cream is produced under the Gravity method. This is one of the reasons why an expert butter judge can invariably detect, or classify, butter made from gathered cream. It has been thought by many that this peculiar flavor was the product of bacteria. Investiga- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 309 tions conducted at Ames indicates that molds and yeasts are mainly responsible for this stale, old flavor so commonly found in gathered cream butter. Pasteurization does not seem to remove or eliminate flavors of this kind. An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of remedies for curing. Therefore, low temperatures, frequent delivery, and sanitary methods in handling cream, will prevent the flavors referred to. The question natually arises, how are we going to get these inspect- ors? We, who have been before the Legislature, know that it is utterly impossible to get appropriations . for ten or twelve inspectors. Our legislators compare favorably with the legislators of any State, but these men are usually confronted with the problem of making one dollar cover the place that two should, as the askings are always greatly in excess of available funds. Unfortunately, we have a few representatives, who represent good agriculture and dairy districts, but vote against every- thing asked by those whose cause they represent, or rather misrepresent. To raise the funds sufficient to cover expenses of inspectors, I would advocate that every creamery in the State should pay license according to the make, and that this license fund should be placed in the hands of the State Dairy and Food Commissioner. This would enable him to hire the necessary inspectors. Two mills on each pound of butter made in our creameries would about meet the required amount. Now I have talked this over with many of the central plant owners, co-operative and individual creameries, and I have yet to find the first man who did not favor this method. Such inspectors should be well posted on the underlying principles of dairying, including feeding and care of mik and cream. Now, this is a very serious question to the welfare of the dairy industry of this country, and I would like to see action taken at this convention on the advisability of adopting this method, then this winter we could meet the legislators and ask for the necessary protection to enable us to raise our quality of butter so that the brand "Iowa" would be sufficient guarantee to gain an entrance into any market. During the past year, two European experts have visited our school; one from Germany and one from Denmark, and they both commented on the poor quality of butter manufactured in the United States. In fact, one of them had the impression that we could not make good butter in this country. From what I have seen in European countries, I am satisfied that our best butter equals their best butter, and our makers are the equal, if not the superior, of theirs in Intelligence and knowledge. The future of the dairy business never looked brighter, and there never has been a time in our history when there was as great a demand for purity in food products as now. The consumption of milk is in- creasing very rapidly in all parts of the civilized world. Milk in its natural state is one of the most perfect foods known to man; a balanced ration in itself. I recently heard of a firm in Ohio that is putting up sanitary milk in small bottles and selling it at the rate of 20c a quart. This is simply a premium on cleanliness and intelligence. Just think of the great increase we would have if everyone going into a hotel or restaurant could be sure of getting a glass of good, clean, wholesome milk, without preservatives having been used. 310 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The consumption of milk, in our large cities, is constantly increas- ing. This means better prices and more prosperous 'times for all who are engaged in dairying. Today the cow is queen of the animal kingdom, the milch cow I mean, and with the advancement of land she will be sure to hold her high position. THE SECRET OF HARMONY IN A CO-OPERATIVE CREAMERY. F. W. STEPHEXSOX, LAMOXT, lA. Mr. President, Brother Buttermakers and Ladies: I assure you that I am glad that I have been able to attend this convention at Cedar Rapids. I have never attended a convention in my life without gain- ing some information, some knowledge, that I have been able to go home and apply to better myself and make money for the corporation for which I have worked, whether a State convention, an annual conven- tion or a convention of the Eastern Iowa Buttermakers' Association. After I have been to a meeting of this kind, after I have been to a place where they have been scoring butter, it seems to me that I can hardly keep out of it. I have never yet exhibited a tub of butter but I have been satisfied in my own mind that I have received benefit from doing it. It has been truthfully said that the student never rises above his teacher. So you and I as buttermakers of the State of Iowa can never influence our patrons to rise higher than we are ourselves along the line of cleanliness. The subject on which I am to read a paper tonight is "How to Maintain Harmony in a Co-operative Creamery," and I would suggest that we, as buttermakers, put forth every effort to clean things up at the factory, because a buttermaker has no right in the world to preach cleanliness to his patrons when he has a dirty creamery himself. I would say, therefore, let us take these things home to ourselves-; these things all go to maintain harmony in a co-operative creamery, every one of them. Now I have a paper here that I wish to read if you will bear with me for a few minutes. HOW TO MAIXTAIX HARJIOXY IX THE CREAMERY Is a subject upon which very little has been written or said. It covers so broad a field that the time allotted will not allow for a full and de- tailed paper. I will, therefore, touch on only a few of the more impor- tant conditions, and confine myself to harmony in the farmers' co-opera- tive creameries, leaving the discussion which should follow to bring out further information. Harmony is one of the great essentials in the creamery, if not the greatest. In fact, this is not only true of the creamery, but in every field of work. Without it, failure is the inevitable result, and I believe more creameries have been unsuccessful and actually failed or closed on account of a lack of this pulling together or harmony, than from any other one cause. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 311 Let us for a minute take up the cause or causes, and I think the remedy will be morg self-evident. If we familiarize ourselves with all of the various causes for this discord, it will become more simple to remedy them and, according to my experience, there are almost as many different remedies as you find different creameries, hardly any two of which present exactly the same conditions. Almost all of the unharmonious conditions of a creamery may be classed under the following headings: Ignorance, prejudice, dishonesty, petty jealousies and incompetence. These are directly or indirectly re- sponsible for most of the discord and jangle. Ignorance. — How many times for lack of knowledge as how to understand a test or to realize the importance of an improvement ex- pense have patrons and directors started a strife — many. In paying for butter or by the churn yield, when a competitor is paying for fat or the reverse, will very often lose you patronage and cause complaint. Too, a farmers' creamery for fear of adding a small expense, which. If pro-rated, would not be known or felt, will allow their plant to run down until it will require several hundred dollars to fix up what a few dollars spent at the proper time would do. Such a condition always finds its kickers, and the buttermaker Is to blame for it all. PREJt'DicE. — I class this as no small factor, and a farmer with a notion is surely pulling the wrong way. The result of this usually is a neighborhood quarrel, which inevitably ends in demoralization, loss of patronage, change of officers and many times the buttermaker himself. From experience we all know, that to promote harmony, we should get away from all of these things. I have known of dishonest methods causing friction and trouble, as, for instance, the manipulation of the tests or weights on the part of the buttermaker, or the watering of milk, the stealing of cream or Ekimmed milk on the part of the farmer, but of all the trouble a farm- ers' co-operative creamery is heir to. to my notion, a large per cent, comes through petty jealousies, neighborhood strife and clannishness. You have all seen the results — a community of several nationalities fighting for the control of a creamery. The jealousy of an individual of the success of a secretary, buttermaker or board of directors — or that getting-even feeling, sometimes the retaliation f-or having returned poor milk and cream, or because the buttermaker discovered you watering your milk and taking the top of the cream for the coifee, or perhaps making the weekly butter at the expense of the creamery. These will do more than all the rest to break up harmony and success, and you cannot have a good healthy creamery without everybody with their shoulder to the wheel, working for the good of the business unselfishly. I have told you something of cause, and to a large extent blamed the farmers or officers. I now have a word to brother buttermakers, for we too are many times to blame for unsuccessful conditions. Do not take a creamery at a cut in wages and afterwards neglect or com- plain of more work than you can do, for you alone are to blame. Do not go fishing or take the afternoon nap and neglect to clean up or stir the cream. Don't be late in the morning, and make the early farmer wait for his milk. And it is also to be borne in mind, that we have 312 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. many things to do not written in our contract. Your work covers many fields outside of mere buttermaking, and if you aye not familiar with handling or repairing machinery, or with any of the other numerous details of your work, post yourself at once, for it is very easy this day and age to find out almost anything right at your own creamery door, and there is absolutely no excuse for you. As matters stand in many of the local creameries at the present time, a buttermaker is apt to lose his position by being too particular about the very matters that he should be strongest in, but the butter- maker must have a free hand and full charge of the creamery and its details. This should be coupled with a harmonious working head, a few competent men who dictate the financial policy of the creamery. The smaller the number composing this head, the quicker will be the continued success. It naturally follows that the governing body of a creamery should be honest men with unselfish motives. To be sure, these men are many times poorly paid, but it seems to me that the value of a creamery as a home market for the farmers' product alone, Is incentive enough for a manager or secretary, even if underpaid and though he may have to hear everybody's troubles, I say he should be public-spirited enough to bend every effort toward this success, and should be untiring in working out the many problems that are before him. The success then of the farmers' creamery is that it has one head, competent, diligent and honest, an untiring up-to-date buttermaker who is absolutely fearless in maintaining right and insisting on all con- nected with him in doing their work promptly. Not forgetting that he should be consulted in selling the butter and in all changes or improve- ments in his plant. With this condition existing you will find very few mistakes made, and too, you will see from year to year the same buttermaker and officers laboring together in an unrewarded channel. In speaking of this I wish to refer to something I read in one of the Minnesota papers last year. One of the instructors was writing to the buttermakers of the State and said something like this: "Boys, the annual meeting is drawing near; keep out of it." Well now I cannot agree with that man. If I have a board of directors that are a body of sensible men, if I have a secretary and manager that are sensible men, with good business ability, I believe it is my place as a but- termaker to do all I can to get that board of directors and that secretary and manager re-elected for the ensuing year, because you know at an annual meeting a name may be mentioned for some responsible position on the board, and in nine times out of ten, whether the man is competent to fill that place or not, he is elected. So I insist that it is my duty as a buttermaker to do all that lays in my power to see that we have a com- petent board. Furthermore, I believe if the buttermaker is a competent man, if he is willing to do what is right and has the confidence of the people, is what you might say the manager of the creamery. I do not believe that my board of directors at the Lamont Creamery would buy a thing without consulting me in regard to it, because who knows better what the creamery needs than the buttermaker? Who understands the needs of the creamery better than the buttermaker? SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 313 I just mention this to let you know that the buttermaker should feel that he has a perfect right to have a word in this matter in which he is interested. I know a short time ago I spoke to my board of directors. I said, "Boys, we need some improvements in the factory, our cream vats are getting in bad shape." They asked what I needed and I told them I needed a new cream ripener. They called a meeting, notified some of the supply houses, who had their representatives there to show their vats, and the Board said "There is nothing loo good," so they bought a "Wizard." Another thing, boys. There are a good many buttermakers here today; you have brought butter to the convention, it has been scored by Mr. Keiffer and I believe he has done us all justice. I would offer this sug- gestion-— you know oftentimes the buttermakers make a mistake, I believe we often make a mistake by taking the praise and glory of a high score to ourselves — and I would suggest that we go home and put a short article in our local papers thanking the patrons of our creamery for the hearty co-operation they have given us in sending good milk, be- cause you know we cannot make good butter without good milk, we cannot do it. So if you received a good score, made a good piece of butter, thank the patrons for helping you and it will tend to increase their interest in the creamery. It will help you and me as butter- makers; so the next time we will be able to make a better piece of butter. I sometimes think as buttermakers we work hard at the time of conventions to make a good piece of butter, and I believe this is the way we ought to work to make as good a tub of butter as we can today, strive as hard as we can to make a better tub tomorrow and make our creamery successful. I thank you. The President: It looks to me as though we have been hav- ing a good deal of talent in our midst and are just finding it out. Member: I just want to add one word. I don't know as I have ever made this statement before, but I want to say that I per- sonally know that this man has been getting two cents premium at his creamery right along. I visited that creamery before Mr. Stephenson was there and they were not getting any premium whatever. I say this in justice to ^Ir. Stephenson. The President : The next on the program is a song by Mrs. Moorehouse. Solo by Mrs. Moorehouse, of Cedar Rapids. The President: We are especially favored again this even- ing in that we have wdth us another man who needs no introduction at my hands. I am going to put him right up here before you, you will have time to use him and I want you to use him. That man is Mr. Keiffer, who used to be one of us and we claim him yet, although he is temporarily stopping in New York. ?U IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. THE DEMANDS OF THE NEW YORK BUTTER MARKET. p. H. KEIFFEK, NEW YORK. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlevien; Members of the Iowa State Dairy Association: I am indeed pleased to be with you during this convention. I could have said that a good deal stronger before the scoring, but since the report came out on the scoring I feel a little shaky. I am net going to malie any preliminary talk because it is getting late and I will try and get onto the subject at once. The subject I am to speak on is the requirements of the New York butter market. The requirements of the New York butter market, I take it that I am to speak of in the sense of good butter. New Y'ork has been educated, not by people that have been brought up in the study of milk and have gone into the creamery, passed through the different stages of the creamery from firing of the boiler to taking in milk and making the butter, watching the ripening of the cream, etc.; the standard that is supported in New York and the quality about which I am to speak were not introduced by those people; it was not introduced by the students in our dairy schools. The flavor that I am to speak about is a flavor that has come to the pfeople there; it has come to them by long experience in handling this product from year to year. After the father died in the business the sons took it up. They knew nothing about these different flavors in butter that will exist if cream is churned at a certain stage; they only know the one flavor, and that is the flavor that they find keeps well, that has a snap to it, and that the consumer likes. Now I have changed my ideas somewhat in scoring butter, and I have scored this butter here as nearly as I possibly could do in rela- tion to the New Y'ork butter market. I have scored it just as near as though I was going into one of the commission houses to buy butter. I would ask for fancy butter and would be shown different lots, and when you bore into a tub of butter it comes to your mind that this is only a 90 butter, and in this case I spoke it out loud and said "Ninety." I said so because it would only pass as 90 in the trade. The New Y'ork people have almost too high a standard for quality. I do not think that is the case in New York only, but in other cities also, their standard for quality is too high for the butter that is being made now, for the bulk of the butter that is being made now. You take a piece of butter that is mild in flavor, rich and creamy, which a stu- dent in dairying would give a 97 or 98 score, because it tickles his SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 315 palate and he thinks it perfect, that class of butter when found In New York would not score extras. It has got to have something about It that when you bring the trier up and smell of the butter you will think of good butter, and not as one of the speakers said today "buther." If I could only tell you the kind of flavor they want there. They want a lactic acid flavor. That is the flavor they want, and I want to tell you it is a hard matter to produce that in creameries from now until spring. In the months of May, June, July and August the lactic acid flavor is quite pronounced in our butter down East, but after that season has gone by the lactic acid flavor fairly disappears, and one buyer goes to another and says, "there is no good butter on the market," just because it lacks that rich, high aroma. Now I do not want to say, and do not want to go on record as saying, that this rich, mild creamy flavor is not a good keeping qual- ity, but I want to go on record that it is a good keeping quality, pro- viding there is enough lactic acid bacteria in there. There the trade has been educated to a higher grade of butter, that is, to a higher fla- vored butter, and we must meet the demand for it. When you sample butter it should be free from any foreign flavor, an oily flavor, or vegetable flavor, or fishy flavor, or any flavor that would detract your attention from a good piece of butter, or a flavor that is obnoxious to the buyer. He does not want it. He just wants a flavor that makes him think of butter and not "buther." If you go to New York restaurants and New York hotels you will be surprised at the quality of butter they give you to eat. I have not yet been in a single restaurant or hotel but I got extra butter, butter that would Bcore extra, 93, 94 and 95 points. That is the kind of butter they want you to produce in order to satisfy the best trade of New York City. Leaving the flavor, we get down to body. The body of butter must be a stiff butter; it should be waxy; at the same time it should be close in grain, but not too close and smooth, so when you bore your trier it should be clean on the back of it. If a few "tears," as we call it, are present on the trier that is all right. That is no indication there is too much moisture or anything of that kind. That is acceptable to the trade and in fact it is better than to have it too dry. The body should be in such shape so that the merchant, when he sells it and puts his ladle in, he can cut it out clean. It shoujd have enough moisture in it so as to do that. It should not be sticky; butter should not be over- worked. Overworking has done more damage, I think, to the flavor of butter than any other thing I can think of. I have watched the body of the butter in particular, and I want to tell the buttermakers here that the body is responsible for almost one-half of the butter that is good to drop out of extras, just because it has been overworked. We used to have a lot of mottled butter and we preached against mottled butter, criticised the mottled butter and said "a trifle more working will overcome the mottles," which was true, but it seems to me this has been followed too far; in order to make sure they have allowed the rollers to whirl in the churns too long and have made the butter salvy and got it in such stage that it was greasy and flshy. I believe 316 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. that would solve the problem of the fishy question — overworking the butter. I believe there is more fishy butter produced in the working of it than any other thing, and I believe if you had a hand worker here and worked your butter as you used to do it, carefully, work the salt in just a trifle, let the salt dissolve, then re-work the butter until the streaks disappear, you would then have a nice, stiff, waxy butter; I do not believe you would have any fishiness in that butter. I am speaking from my own experience, and also from the knowledge I gained last winter when I had the honor and privilege of scoring butter with Professor McKay for the Agricultural Department at Washington. There were a great many tests made last winter by the Agricultural Department, that is different lots of butter, and in every instance where the butter was worked more, in fact overworked by the addition of more salt, there was fishy butter. That was impressed on my mind because one package after the other showed fishiness. In the first place, the way I understand that butter was made was in the regular way, then salted, and part of that churning taken out; the balance was salted again and then worked again, and the last half of that churning was fishy. I have tried butter on the market and have found in one tub nice sweet butter on top and on the bottom it was fishy, from the asme creamery, but mind you out of a different churning. I believe that a man can take the same cream, divide it into two lots, churn at the same temperature with the same acidity, and after he has added his salt and worked one properly and right and the other one over- worked, that in the latter he can cause fishiness in the one churning of butter. There is no other way I can account for this one tub having a fishy flavor in the bottom and be all right on the top; and further there were two pieces of butter in there that were a trifle different in shade of the butter. This creamery has been sending us butter and some weeks it would be fishy, while again there would be no trace of fishiness, and by examining the body of the fishy butter closely, you would see it had no grain, it had been overworked. I believe it being such an easy matter to work butter nowadays, an easier matter than when I first learned the trade, when we used to work the butter with our muscle, that this easy way of working butter by simply pushing a lever on a churn and go about our work in the creamery and let it work itself, is responsible for this overworked, salvy, fishy butter. Another thing, I have never yet seen a piece of butter that was mottled that was fishy. That is another thing that proves to me that there is something in the working of the butter, and I think there is more in it than in anything else. The New York market does not want any butter that is overworked for the best trade, in fact they cannot sell it to the best trade, and if they do it will come back to them. The next thing in order is the color. The color must be uniform; the color should be light for the New York market. There is not a single package of butter on exhibition at this convention that is light enough for the majority of buyers in New York. You will find that even if there are some defects in flavor or something of that kind, if you have the right color it will catch the buyer's eye and will pass; but if you bring up a red tub of butter, I do not care what flavor you SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 317 have, he will not touch It. He will say, "I cannot use it;" so the color is the most important thing with every buyer on the New York market. For other markets it is different. Then the New York market requires a medium salt. They want enough salt in the butter so it brings out the flavor, and not enough so it is in the least way gritty, or so it will be a very strong, briney flavor, and of course the salting shculd be regulated to suit the wishes of the man handling your butter. Those things, the color and salt, can be regulated by the man to whom you are shipping, but the body and the flavor you will have to regulate yourself The next in order is the package. The package should be a clean package, should be a well made package. It means a good deal, a great deal. I think the fellow that we call "the man on the street" in New York, who usually writes a column or two in the New York Produce Review, has taken up this package question a great many times. He took it up when I was here in the West and I used to think he was talk- ing too much package, that it depended more on the material in the package than it did on the package; if we could only get the butter in the package that the package did not cut so much figure even if there were a few hoops off of it. But the contrary is true; he was right when he said: "Look out for your package." You sell butter to a man, or say a single tub with broken hoops or a bad cover, and the chances are you have lost a customer if he does not send the butter back. If you sell it in a wholesale way, if you show a bunch of fine butter with hoops off the package, if the cover is in bad shape, the chances are the customer will net allow you to open the' package to look at the butter. He will say, "I cannot use it." The package should be treated in such a way that when the butter is taken out it will come out smooth and clean; it should be treated so the package can be tipped over, the top taken off and the butter left standing, and the only way to do this that I have ever found in my buttermaking experience is to soak that package thoroughly. Put your package to soak at 12 o'clock noon and use it for packing the next morning. I mean by that, fill it full of water and see that it is kept full. If you get packages that are leaky, get a box made, a long box on the order of a trough, put your whole row of tubs into the box, weight them down and keep them in the water from 12 o'clock noon until next morning when you go to pack your butter. Soak the package well. Be sure to put clean water into this trough every other day at least, so the water will not become stale. Line the package with parchment paper. Do not send the butter to the market without lining the tubs because the trade has got so the demand is for tne tubs to be lined, the appearance is so much better, and they want to see the lining come over the top of the tub a trifle. A great many people will not buy butter if the packages are not lined, so we have to line a great many tubs there because the butter maker has not lined tnem. If anyone does not want to go to the work of soaking his tubs, the next thing is to parafiine them, and if that is done properly I think there will be no trouble; but if you paraffine you want the paper lining just the same as though you had soaked them. 318 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. There is one other thing that I want to talk about and that is this — It is impossible for a buttermaker, I do not care where he is located, to send a shipment of butter in which there is one tub of poor butter without its being found out in New York. The butter is shipped there to be consumed and in order to consume the butter the cover must be taken off; the butter must be dug out so as to see what is in the pack- age. The commission man may not be able to find that. He does not go through every package he receives from you, but he goes through a number of them and he may not strike this poor lot, and by the time his customers strike it the commission man has already made his return to the creamery. The way the returns are being handled nowadays the creamery man is protected from • all the mistakes that the buttermaker makes; the creamery man is protected because the commission man immediately sends a check for the lot of butter after he has gone through five or six tubs out of a forty tub shipment, and in that way pays for the mistakes the buttermakers make. If the buttermaker has a lot of mottled butter which is returned to the commission man, it is his loss. If the milk was not properly strained, screens kept in the windows of the creamery, and flies got in some of this butter, after it gets to the grocer and he digs it out and finds those flies, back it goes to the commission man. The commission man knows who made the butter, he knows the creamery, he keeps a record. Every tub of butter that comes to New York receives a lot number, and if any complaint comes line a great many tubs there because the buttermaker has not lined about that butter it is "lot so and so had flies in it;" "lot so and so we could not strip; we had to take the hoops off, the staves off to get at the butter." Those are all losses the commission man pays for that the creamery never knows about. Of course it is their own fault, it Is the way their business is conducted. It is probably conducted on the other end just the same as the business is conducted on this end in the way of being so anxious to get cream that they will take cream that they know will make poor butter, but they are anxious to get it away from the other fellow, so they take it; and I think the same spirit is shown in New York. Now Professor McKay gave you one of the best speeches tonight that I think I ever heard. You will all agree with me that he struck the keynote, and he made me think of what I was going to speak about, and that is getting the raw material in good condition. We have got to do one thing and our whole aim should be to unite in bringing together, you might say, the producer and the consumer. They are too far apart. The consumer and producer are too far apart as far as knowing what one wants of the other. The consumer wants good butter; the producer does not know anything about that because he can sell his cream if, as the expression was made tonight, it is rotten, he can sell it just the same, and he thinks the consumer is eating it, so he does not know that the consumer does not want it. It is forced on the consumer because he cannot get anything else. The amount of fine butter that is going, to the city of New York is not enough to feed the New York people, not by a long ways. Butter that will score 93 will not by ten per cent, yes I can say seventy-five per cent, feed the people of New York. The greatest SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 319 part of the butter, the whole make of butter you might say, that gees in there, is butter that is forced on the people; they have got to eat it because they cannot get the quality they want. If the prices were differ- ent— I will agree with what has been said in regard to that, with what the State dairy commissioner of Minnesota said last night — if the prices were different, if there was an incentive for this high quality of butter, if the demand came from the East that we would have to have this high quality of butter, we would get more of it. The demand must come from the East. We want good butter. We will not take anything else and will pay a good price for good butter. Do not keep down the market for good butter by throwing a lot of poor butter on the market. Let the market for good butter soar; the market for good butter should be so high that the people that have got the money and want that class of butter should get it, and if the market is so high on good butter that it will be five, six, seven, eight and ten cents above this poor butter, you will find the men here in the West getting busy right away to see how they can add onto their cream checks five, six or ten cents; but, as a man told me who visited New York and called at our store, the secretary of. a co-operative creamery in this State, he said, "Keiffer, it does not pay me to make whole milk butter, because it costs me three cents a pound to haul whole milk to the creamery. I only have to take my cream twice a week now and at a trifling expense. I can stand a cut of three cents and make just as much money as I would make if I hauled my milk to the creamery." He was a good, "straight, honest man, and I believed him and know it is is so because I have been here among you. The price of good butter certainly ought to be more than that difference if you are going to induce anybody to make good butter. There ought to be some incentive to make good butter, and the demand must come from the markets for good butter. I thank you. The President: Now, boys, you have Mr. Keiffer here and fire the questions at him. We can give ten or fifteen minutes to the discussion of this subject. Member : How about mold on butter ? Mr. Keiffer: The mold proposition is quite serious during the summer season, also during the fall and spring, quite serious, more serious than anyone here realizes. When a tub of butter is moldy that throws it out of the grading. No matter how fancy it was if it shows moldy and the buyer buys it of course he finds it out, for as I told you butter was made to be consumed and when the grocer cuts it out if he finds it moldy he returns it to the com- mission man and the latter must take it back. Moldy butter is a butter that you can not sell; it is a butter from which you have to take the tub, have to take the liner off, have to scrape it, reline it and then sell it and get it into consumption immediately, for if you do not let it stay in your warehouse or cold room ten 320 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. days longer the germ that was on the butter begins eating right back into the butter and pretty soon it will be as bad as before. It is a plant that will grow and after the seed is planted there, unless you dig far enough into the butter (and the man scrap- ing butter worth 261/2 or 27 cents is pretty careful about scraping in too far and scrapes only far enough to get out the mold, be- cause it is his loss as he has made returns to the shipper) the chances gire if it is not immediately consumed it will commence io eat again and he has the same thing to go over. It is a big loss but can be prevented if you have a good cooling room, but that is one thing that the West does not have as a rule in all her creameries. There should be a good refrigerator in every creamery, a refrigera- tor that will bring the temperature down to 40 degrees ; then from there it should go into refrigerator cars that have a temperature down to 40 degrees, and if taken to New York in these cars there will be no bother about mold. It is impossible to have mold if you treat tubs as I spoke to you about and keep the butter at a cold temperature until it is consumed, otherwise there will be a big loss. Mr. Neitert : It seems you people have your troubles in New York. It appears that about 75 per cent of this butter is poor and the trade does not want it. Mr. Keiffer: That is my opinion. Mr. Neitert : Still it seems, if my memory serves me right, we have been unable in the last six, seven or eight years to find a creamery anywhere that did not get from one-half to one and one- half and one and three-quarters and two cents over the New York market for butter in New York, Now, if that is true I do not see how your friends down there can hold their purses on that kind of business. Again, it appears that a great deal of butter goes to the New York market. Now, then, if that be true, and it also be true that the gentlemen you spoke of could afford to lose three cents a pound and still make more money than he could to have his but- ter made in a cleanly and wholesome condition, there is no in- centive for that man to make a better quality of butter is there? Then he must be the one man I have not found yet that does not get a cent above New York quotations. I have inquired of a good many; I have visited most of the conventions we have held for a number of years, National and State, and I have yet to find a party that did not get a premium on his butter. Now the point SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 321 I am driving out in regard to this matter, gentlemen of the con- vention, is that the old adage is true today as it was since it was spoken first, that it is the survival of the fittest. I have heard Professor McKay make his splendid talk this evening and the point which he made and which I have tried to emphasize is that we should improve the quality of the raw product and, as has been suggested on the rostrum this afternoon by one of the na- tional experts, the creamery should be subjected to inspection also. Now then this is a hard problem, it is a long one. It would take a long time to bring about all that is desired, but we must not be discouraged. "We should try by every means that are fair, that are honorable and that are possible to accomplish to better the condition of the raw product. Here is another point, — so long as you can find men that will buy the product and pay about the same price for it, will take that which they know is not right, which they know is deterio- rating the quality of the butter and which in time, if insisted upon, will result in the disaster of the entire butter production, they will not get a better product. There is no question about it. You can not impose on the public all the time. As Lincoln wisely said "You can fool all the people some of the time and part of the people all of the time, but you can not fool all of them all of the time." That is true in this as in any other enterprise. If you are going to regulate the patron, you want to regulate the fellow that is a party to buying this poor cream; but it is true, and has been true for years, until we all work in harmony to produce a good article, and the people that handle this product in whatever market it is, I care not because they are all in the same boat, work in harmony to encourage the production of a good article we can not arrive at a satisfactory result. The President : Any more questions. Member : I want to ask if the tubs that are paraffined sell at their actual weight or must there be tare of 11 lbs., the custom in New York? Mr. Keiffer: There is no regular standard of tare on tubs in New York now that I know of. I have only been in New York about seven months and I do not know that it is the custom for anyone to take off 11 lbs. tare on a tub, regardless of the weight of the tub. The lot of butter is weighed and the tare figured on the shipment. 21 322 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Haugdahl: I would like to ask Mr. Keiffer if it is a fact that the consumers of New York know what good butter is. Mr. Keiffer has made good butter, inspected creameries, and undoubt- edly knows what good butter is. so I want to repeat the question, — do the consumers of New York know and appreciate good butter? Mr. Keiffer : Well, I will have to answer in the affirmative, they do know it. Mr. Haugdahl: Why then can it be possible for commission men in New York to pay V/2 cents premium for butter where here scores a first, when three-quarters of the butter is scored a first? You know they are being paid one cent and more over New York quotations. How can that be possible? Mr. Keiffer: I think you will have to go down to the New York market and get into the game to find out how it is possible. ]\Iember: That is a point I want to bring out. You ask nine out of ten buttermakers and they will all tell you they get one to two cents above the New York quotations for butter. That is a point I have wanted explained for several years. Mr. Keiffer : I think I stated in my remarks that the consume ing people in the East were forced to eat butter that was poor be- cause there was not enough good butter to go around. Prof. Bouske: I presume there is a certain amount of butter that scores higher than the minimum score for extras, say one or two points higher. Now will the New York consumers of butter buy this butter, eat it and be willing to pay more and more for this butter as it becomes better in quality above the minimum for extras. Will they pay more for it, the people who buy that but- ter and eat it? Mr. Keiffer: So far the highest quotation is on extras and there is no other quotation that I know of. Prof. Bouske : How do you prove the New Yorkers know good butter if they are not willing to pay for it? They pay the same for all that scores extra. Mr. Keiffer: My friend does not seem to grasp the idea of extra. The scoring in New York on extra is the best butter that is made. Extra is butter that scores 93 and is the best butter that is made. You may, by taking your butter out of the churn just at the right time and churning it in the right time have a little more flashy flavor or something of that kind, but by the time it gets SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 323 to New York and gets on the consumer's table he has a 93 butter when he eats it. There is nothing less than 93 butter spoken of as best butter, and that is what they call extras in New York. Member : The point I cannot understand is this. We have had a number of addresses on the better quality of Iowa butter, still nine out of ten get one to two cents above the market on their butter. Mr. Keiffer : I will answer that by telling you a story. Here in the far West there are several institutions that are gathering raw material from the farmers or dairymen, are bringing it to a central place and making it into butter. They go to one man and get from him cream that is in value two and three cents less than the next man's cream, and yet both are paid the same price. It is the same story. It is right among you; you are paying the same price for cream that is not fit to make butter as j^ou are for cream that will score 100. The President : Any one else ? Mr. Gay Miller : In regard to the mold, have you received any butter with the tubs lined and rubbed with dry saltl What effect does that have on the mold? I received a letter from my house a short time ago asking me to do this and afterwards they wrote me that it proved all right. I want to ask if you have had any butter shipped you in that shape? Mr. Keiffer: I have never given any instructions and could not state by the looks of the package whether it had been treated that way. I do not know anything about it. Mr.. Saveraid op Huxley: I think I can very nearly answer that question. At my place I have a poor refrigerator and I have made a practice for the last three years of soaking the tubs, then rub with dry salt and put my liner on there. This summer my refrigerator has been getting poorer right along. It is a home made refrigerator, has been in use for eleven years and is all shrunk up so the wind blows through it. I can only ship butter twice a week. I shipped my butter to a commission house and they wrote and told me my tubs were fearfully moldy outside and they had to cut severely on them but they were free from mold on the inside, and that is the way I treated my tubs, so I think that is a pretty good proposition for keeping the mold out. If I had a good refrigerator I would certainly have a good looking tub outside. 324 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Member : Mr. Keiffer made a remark in regard to fishy flavor. He said that he found almost invariably overworking was the cause of fishy flavor. Butter should not be overworked in any case but he has left out one other conside;-ation from which to draw his conclusions, and that is in that case he mentioned there was extra salt in it. I do not pretend to say that salt has a tend- ency to give a fishy flavor, but if ]\Ir. Keiffer has solved that problem of fishy flavor by simply putting it to a case of over- working he has done something the investigators of every State have failed to do, and I would like the statement substantiated or in some way repeated that we may all be assured that this is the cause and the only cause for fishy flavor. Mr. Keiffer : I only referred to the result in the instance of the experiment that was conducted by Chief Webster of the agricultural department at Washington. He conducted an ex- periment with overworked butter, took some of the butter out of the churn, put more salt in and worked it, and in every instance the second lot of butter in the churn was fishy flavor. Now butter on the market we are receiving has fishy flavor but not excessive salt. I have seen flshy flavor where the salt was very mild. It seems to get into an oily flavor and becomes fishy. I think and I am quite positive that overworking will produce fishy flavor but I do not say that it is wholly responsible for it, but I believe it is responsible for 90 per cent of it. Ninety per cent of the fishy flavor butter I think is brought about by overworking. That has been my experience. Prof. Webster : I am after any information that will help out on this problem of fishy flavor. The explanation that Mr. Keiffer has given is correct in regard to the condition of the butter experimented in by the Government. Here is another question I would like to ask ]\Ir. Keiffer, or anybody else who has had any experience with country butter or packing stock, which is worked to the consistency of lard and I have never had a case yet where it was fishy. There seems to be something too on the other side. Then on the salt question, I have had a case reported to me today of unsalted butter being fishy. Mr. Keiffer: I saw a party in New York that I thought handled considerable packing stock ; I asked if they found fishy flavor and they said they found a lot of it. That is where I drew my conclusions that they found it in packing stock and I believe SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 325 where they found it was in butter that was over-worked. I am not ready to tell the cause for this. I think Chief "Webster will be able to find out; they are after it and I think they will locate it, but I think we have got to the point where we know where to look for it, and I believe it is in the working of the butter. Mk. Smarzo : Referring to the shipment of unsalted butter which Mr. Webster says had the fishy flavor, I inspected that myself and found it overworked. Nearly all the overworked butter has a very strong fishy flavor and this unsalted butter had it. It was overworked very badly, so sticky you could hardly draw your trier. Mr. Wentworth : "We cannot understand how for good Iowa Dutter they would not give one to two cents premium when we consider that those epicurean New Yorkers down there eat a cheese which makes self-respecting people hold their noses and the average Iowa yellow dog would not have. There is a lot about these things we cannot explain; we know they exist, bu\ I dare say and believe that everything Mr. Keiffer has said is absolutely true; but we are still in a maze, and I think in the course of another twelve months, with the advantages he will acquire and the absolutely accurate knowledge he has of Iowa conditions from the cow to the refrigerator car, that he will be. able to tell us next year a whole lot more about it, and we can go ahead and do business in the old-fashioned way and get ten cents premium for this nice butter when Professor Webster and everybody else gets things going right. The President: If there is anything the buttermakers of Iowa, and I may say the boys of Iowa, can be charged up with it is with loyalty to and appreciation of their friends. Since I have been your president it has fallen to my lot to perform a number of pleasant duties, many of them more pleasant than others, and if I were to tell you the truth of the matter I would say that I have never in my life been called upon to perform an unpleasant duty since I have been honored with the presidency of your organization. It has been a pleasure to serve you, but I have a duty to perform tonight, the pleasure of which is much greater than anything I have ever been called upon before, for I fail to find words to express it. A few years ago we had a man come into the State, I think he came from up in Minnesota. Somebody said last night, I believe it was Mr. Wright, that all that was best Iowa contained, Iowa 326 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. has always been reaching out for the best and we reached out and got a man from Minnesota. He came to our State, and by his perseverance and continually striving he became a light here, a leader, he became one of the highest prize winners, I will except no State when I say he became one of the greatest prize winners in the State of Iowa or of any State. His services were sought by the State of Iowa; he became an instructor; he traveled among your State creameries all over the State, and by his manner of working among you he gained the confidence of all of you to an extent probably greater than was ever gained by any other person; but his services became too great and valuable for Iowa even to hold. He was called to the city of New York, they had more money to pay for his services there than we had in the State of Iowa. I don't know how the most of you felt, but I want to say that I can only express my own feelings by saying that, when I learned that we were to lose i\Ir. Keiffer from the State of Iowa I felt that a calamity had occurred to the State. The duty I have to perform this evening is that the boys of the State of Iowa want to express their appreciation and their friendship and the kindly feelings they have for Mr. Keiffer in a little remembrance that I now hold in my hand, and I want to say that there was never anything undertaken in the State that was more spontaneous than this has been, and the regret has been expressed to me time and time again that all the boys could not have been in on it, but we bought the best that we could. And I have the honor of presenting to Mr. Keiffer a fine gold mounted trier, an emblem of his business, of his industry and of his calling, as a token of appreciation and esteem he is held in by the people of the State of Iowa. Mr. Keiffer: Mr. President, I am glad I made my speech before. Probably if I say nothing now it is the best speech I can make. I thank you. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 327 BUTTER SCORE Cedar Rapids, November 7, 8, 9, 1906 p. H. KEIFPER, Judge. In the whole milk class E. E. Mittlestadt of Ryan, Iowa, won first and gold medal; score, 96. E. H. Homan of Waverly, Iowa, won second and silver cup; score, 95i/4. In the gathered cream class A. Christensen, of Royal, Iowa, won first and gold medal; score, 9314. H. R. Bullis, of Dubuque, won second and silver cup; score 93. 6 z; NAME O > •a o m o o O 03 at) o 8 WHOLE MILK 38 36 38 36 37J 37 37 38 38 37 37 37 37 38 38 374 36 39 37 40 38 37 374 37 38 38 374 38 38 38 374 39 36 38 38 35 38 38 38 37 37 25 25 25 244 25 24 244 25 25 244 25 244 25 25 25 244 25 234 25 24 25 244 25 25 25 25 244 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 244 25 24 24 25 25 25 144 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 144 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 144 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 9^i 4 C K Brant, Fairbank, Iowa 91 7 John S. Smith, Preston, Iowa 93 8 90i q 9?* 10 A. E. Robertson, Center Junction, Iowa 91 1' 9U 14 Robt Wagner, Kandalia, Iowa 93 ifi W. D. Wenthe, Sumner, Iowa 93 17 91 i IS J. J. Ross, Clarksville, Iowa 92 19 J. D. Main, Greenfield, Iowa 91 ?,ii G. W. Wardel, Benson, Iowa 92 ?i Cecil L. Mills, Sumner, Iowa 93 ?7 Wm. D. Kucker, Fairville, Iowa 93 ?8 92 W H. C. Hemenway, Waubeek, Iowa 91 30 A. J. Spohu, Miles, Iowa 924 31 J. B. Whelan, Elma, Iowa 92 33 F. W. Stephenson, Lamont, Iowa 94 34 C. B Bracy, Maynard, Iowa 93 35 C. H. Capper, Westgate, Iowa 91* 37 J. P. Cooper, North Buena Vista, Iowa 9^i 38 F. M. Zell, Sumner, Iowa 92 41 93 46 A.M. Whitney, Whittemore, Iowa 93 47 Wm. C. Dubles, Fayette, Iowa 92 49 C. C. Bomberger, Dunbar, Iowa 93 •iO A. H Bentz, Delhi, Iowa 93 f>? R. D. Sweet, Plymouth, Iowa 93 53 Joe P. Bogh, Rutland, Iowa 9?.h 55 W. A. Thayer, Langdon, Iowa 94 5fi Chris. C. Nelson, Exira, Iowa. 91 fi? E. F. Lowe, Marcus, Iowa 93 63 Lauritz Larson, Rockwell City, Iowa 92i 65 A. J. Widdel, Dewar, Iowa 90 69 C. W. Davis, Ashton, Iowa 92 70 A. E. Banta, Wheatland, Iowa 92 71 Soren Kristensen, Scarville, Iowa 93 76 Marinus Anderson , Curlew , Iowa 92 T9 Geo. E. Jensen, Parkersburg, Iowa 914 328 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. . BUTTER SCORE— Continued. d z Name o > >> o PQ o o "3 OQ DC PL| "cd O sn John G. Elllnger, Applington, Iowa 87 36 39 36 88 85 39 37i 88 40 88 37 88 86 41 37i 37 39 384 38 mi 38 38i 25 25 25 24 25 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 244 25 25 244 25 25 24 244 25 25 244 25 25 244 25 25 25 244 25 25 25 25 244 25 25 244 25 25 25 244 25 25 244 25 244 25 24 244 244 25 24 244 244 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 25 25 25 15 15 15 15 15 15 144 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 144 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 144 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5« 5 5 9? 81 H. H. Colbert, Menlo, Iowa 91 8fi O. H. Buehrer, Alta Vista, Iowa 94 87 Ed. Capper, Alpha, Iowa 90 88 9S 8° O. W. Hicks, Gtiernsey, Iowa 89 91 C. S. Payne, Coggon, Iowa 98* 9? Wm. Kallenback, Bremer, Iowa 934 98 W. A. Stone, Central City, Iowa 98 94 T. A. Storwick, Lake Mills, Iowa 95 9fi H. A. Griese, Readlyn, Iowa 98 98 E. A. Guwangen, Scarville, Iowa. 9? 99 J. B. Feldman, Dyerwville, Iowa. 98 inn J. F. Burrets, RadclifSe, Iowa 91 in^ Earl E. Mittlestadt. Ryan, Iowa 96 ins John Baumger, Ladora, Iowa 9?4 iin J. E. Lauridsen, Pomeroy, Iowa 9? 111 R. J. Saveried, Story City, Iowa 93* 113 L. C. Peterson, Story City, Iowa 93* 115 Johanes Johansen, Exira, Iowa 98 11R J. T. Hanna, Lone Rock, Iowa 98 117 G. A. Palmer, Aplington, Iowa 93 118 J. P. Nielson, Brayton, Iowa 93* 138 N. H. Knudsen, Emmetsburg, Iowa 99 134 S. W. Laird, Walker, Iowa 36 38 35 36 37 36 37 86 38 37 384 86 38 38 88 36 884 36 37 36 384 404 39 87 364 384 37 38 36 37 .374 38 36 874 86 35 86 35 35 34 34 35 384 874 384 34 35 8fi ' 90* 13fi T. A. Clark, West Bend, Iowa 93 127 Wm. Meier, Denver, Iowa 90 isn J. 0. Miller, Milford, Iowa 9n* 132 Jas. Romine, Urbana, Iowa 93 188 0. F. Green, Des Moines, Iowa. 91 134 B. C. Iliff, Manly, Iowa 91* 13fi P. Christensen, Oliva, Minn 91 187 R. S. Bergsatuer, Northwood, Iowa 98 189 0. F. Courbat, New Hartford, Iowa 9? 141 D. H. Mohler, Ellsworth, Iowa 93 143 N. H. Trumble, Alden, Iowa 91 144 C. A. Newell, Irvington, Iowa 98 145 J. R. Jones, Iowa Falls, Iowa . . 93 146 A. Kindberg, Fredsville, Iowa 98 L49 Anton Smith, Luxenburg, Iowa 90* 150 M. J. Mansager, Steamboat Rock, Iowa 98* [52 T. M. Borglum, Nemeha, Iowa 91 [54 L. M. Tysver, Goldfleld, Iowa 914 [55 K. T. Naa, Slater, Iowa 91 156 T. E. Dilger, Stout, Iowa 93* 157 E. H. Homan, Waverly, Iowa .... 95* [58 Chas. T. Elliott, Cascade, Iowa 98* 159 Julius Bruner, Charles City, Iowa 93 161 C. M. Ross, Oelwein, Iowa 91* 165 Frank Bruner, Charles City, Iowa 93 167 C.A.Day, Sumner, Iowa 91* 169 W. C. Frank, Forest City Iowa 93* no H. C. Ladage, Waverly, Iowa 91 174 C. N. Hart, Zearing, Iowa 91 182 Geo. W. Campbell, New Hartford. Iowa . . . 99* 188 Peter Larson, New Hartford, Iowa 93* 184 J. P. Johnston, Bristow, Iowa ... . 91 2 GATHERED CREAM J. T. Chapman, Dike, Iowa 91* 6 Oscar Harvey, La Porte City, Iowa 90* 6 J. C. Jensen, Wallingford, Iowa 89* 11 C. B. Berst, Welton, Iowa 90* 15 IraO'Neil, Clarion, Iowa 90 25 R. N. Morrell, Ottumwa, Iowa . . 90 26 E. Rice, New Albin, Iowa.. 89 86 42 48 Iver Barlow, Calmar, Iowa 0. W. Dubbs, Little Rock, Iowa A. Christensen, Royal, Iowa 89 90 98* 44 45 48 T. Smorenburg, Bella, Iowa Hartley Creamery, Hartley, Iowa J. A. Barker, Luana, Iowa. 924 924 89 51 54 John Leotscher, Waupheton, Iowa V. V. Johnson, Burr Oak, Iowa. 90 91 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 329 BUTTER score-Continued. 6 z Name o > >> •a o n o o o M s 58 61 64 66 67 68 74 77 Guy Thomas , Clear Lake , Iowa H. R. BuUis, Dubuque, Iowa T. Herbert Lund, George, Iowa G. A. Bristol, Primghar, Iowa G. T. Shanun, State Center, Iowa T. D. Shlfflett, Bradgate, Iowa Bert McGriff, Kedfleld, Iowa C. E. Mclntire, Adair, Iowa 35i 38 m 37 38 374 35 38 34 36 37 36 36 36 35 36 36 36 34 37 34 35 33 33 36 37 36 384 33 25 25 25 25 244 244 24 244 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 244 25 244 25 25 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 904 93 924 92 924 92 89 9:^J 78 82 8S Sig Kluvesend, Osage, Iowa ' H. C. Nelson, Inwood, Iowa John McLain, Fairfield, Iowa 88 91 9? 10 C. R. Wilder Monticello, Iowa 5 91 97 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 91 105 J. F. Sharp, Newell, Iowa 91 lOfi H. M. Crocker, Sioux City, Iowa 90 ina Geo. H. Dushane, Osage, Iowa 90i 114 F. R. Palmer, Hartwick, Iowa 89 1?0 Jay Broderlck, Rock Valley, Iowa 90i n?. R. M. Pressey, McGregor, Iowa 89 LSI T. L. Case, Reinbeck, Iowa 92 I.^S John Beck, Goldfleld, Iowa 88 143 F.J. Mabie, Terrill, Iowa 90 147 P. O. Knutson, Thor, Iowa 88 151 Ben Frank, Spencer, Iowa 88 15S J. C. Hall, Creston, Iowa. 91 Ififi B . T . Soles , Fern , Iowa 92 17? F. X. Saucer, Fillmore, Iowa ... 91 178 A. M. P'randsen, Linn Grove, Iowa 92i 180 Frank Sherman, Littleport, Iowa 88 The President: We will now stand adjourned until 10 o'clock tomorrow morning. FRIDAY SESSION. November 9, 1906. Meeting called to order at 10 o'clock by President Shilling. Piano solo — Miss Agnes Kouba, encored. The President : In addition to the subscribers to the fund of the association, we have received several since our program was issued and they have not received proper credit in the printed programs. Therefore I will read you the contributions we have received since then. Wells-Richardson Butter Color Co $25.00 Heller & Merz Company 10.00 A. H. Barber Company 5.00 Chicago Co-operative Coal Company 5.00 Miller-Tyson Company 15.00 S. B. Friday Company 5.00 Exhaust Steam Purifier Company 5.00 G. W. Kennedy 5.00 $75.00 330 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I said last night that I had never yet to perform an unpleasant duty since I have been president of your association, and I have the first little unpleasant duty to perform this morning by reading the following letter. I promised you last night that Prof. Curtiss would be here and we supposed he would as he was on the pro- gram and had accepted the invitation to speak, but this morning we received the following letter by special delivery: Ames, la., Nov. 6, 1906. Mr. Johnson. Secretary, Iowa Dairy Association, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Dear Sir: — I regret very much that I shall not be able to attend the meeting of the Iowa Dairy Association at Cedar Rapids this v^^eek. I am obliged to leave tonight for Baton Rouge, Louisiana, to attend the annual meeting of the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. The Iowa State College joins Des Moines in extending a cordial invita- tion to the Dairy Association to hold its next meeting there, with one day's session at the college. It is now ten or twelve years since the association held its last meeting at Ames. Through the general interest and splendid co-operation of the Iowa Dairy Association we now have a modern, well equipped dairy building that is a credit to the important interests which it represents and it will be gratifying to us to have the dairymen of Iowa visit the institution again and inspect the improve- ments and new facilities for dairy work. The dairy farm will be equipped and in running order at that time. With kind regards and cordial greetings to the buttermakers and dairymen of Iowa, I am, Very sincerely yours, C. F. Curtiss. The President : You remember there was one committee that I failed to appoint, the legislative committee. As I have said on former occasions, we have invariably tried to pick for that committee men who would work and go up to Des Moines at the time we need anything, regardless of whether those men were buttermakers, dairymen or anyone else. I have appointed that committee as follows: H. J. Neitert, F. A. Leighton, W. E. Smith, Prof. McKay, E. M. Went- worth. Mr. Johnson: I would suggest to the members of the associa- tion that S. B. Shilling be added to this committee, and make that as a motion. Seconded and carried. The President : I want to say now that we must not allow the work we have undertaken of securing an appropriation lag. There was a suggestion made by Prof. McKay yesterday, while it SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 331 may be up hill work, even if we do not accomplish anything now we must not quit, since we got the matter started. We have to agitate and agitate that question and after a while we will get it. They cannot keep us out of it forever. We need it; it is a just demand on our legislature. We will return it to the people of Iowa ten thousand times over and I want to say to that com- mittee that we must not lay down; I want to say to the butter- makers to go home and agitate the question. Although we do not know the class of people we will have to deal with this winter at the coming legislature, I believe we will be able to do some good. The fact is we had been before some of the memljers of the last legislature so often that they were sick of seeing us and gave us any kind of promise in order to get rid of us. The first on the program this morning will be a paper by Mr. F. L. Odell on suggestions for the improvement of Iowa butter, and I hope it will bring out a good discussion. SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF IOWA BUTTER. F. L. ODELL, DES MOINES. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is with some reluctance that I stand before you today and in my weak way attempt to make a few remarks. I feel somewhat like a Yale student did at one time when asked to make a speech. The hall was crowded with learned men, far his superior, and beginning he said, "Washington is dead, Lincoln is dead and," hesitating a few minutes, "I begin to feel rather sick myself." The doctor says to his patient, "Take this prescription, it will either kill or cure you." "But supposing it kills me?" says the patient. — "Nothing ventured, nothing gained; my motto is: 'No cure, no pay,' so you see I am taking as many chances as you," so with my few remarks if I kill you I will get no pay. The subject assigned me is suggestions for the improvement of Iowa butter. Suggestions on what? Improvements of Iowa butter. A broad subject; yes; and a mighty hard one to handle. Perhaps my suggestions may not be in order. But if I tell you some cold facts, do not blame me for it. I shall speak from observation; of the conditions I have met with since I have been on the road. When I was thinking over this matter I considered that the every-day methods used in a number of creameries would be the most practical. Because they are practical methods used every day in butter making. I have found a great number of creameries that are up to date, so to speak. The buttermaker trying his best with head and hands to further 332 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the progress of the plant; using starters; has the confidence of his patrons, the creamery is neat and clean, everything in order, making good butter; creamery paying good prices; the business grows; the patrons speak a good word for their creamery and buttermaker. To such as these I make no suggestions; and did you know such a buttermaker is a jewel? I shall allude my remarks to those that are neglectful with their duties, letting opportunities pass by that they could improve; and to the cream producers of the State. In a great many places the buttermaker is handicapped, and places where the buttermaker handicaps the conditions. I find there are creameries where all whole milk is received. The buttermaker does not use any starters; perhaps a starter can setting to one side, rusting out; has everything to do with if he wants to. Thinks starters are not much benefit, too much extra work, and where whole milk and hand separator cream are taken in, following the same rule. No starters, no pasteurization. Natural conditions ripens cream. Noth- ing done to improve the quality; cools down the cream and chums it. If conditions are favorable he may have a very good piece of butter; If not, who is too blame. SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPROVEME>'T OF IOWA BUTTEB. Why does not this buttermaker take advantage of his conditions and make starters, control his cream the best he can; get his head in the game and he will have a chance to win. These are actual facts existing in a great many creameries today, where better butter could be made if they would only improve the opportunities they have, but instead they are setting in the back pew, following the same old rut day after day. These are the places where the buttermaker handicaps the conditions. Then again, we all know there are places where the buttermaker is up against it. If he wants to improve his butter he can not; has nothing to do with. The creamery board do not believe in letting loose of any money, only to go into their own pockets. This kind of a creamery is where a buttermaker is handicapped. This kind of a creamery is where the buttermaker has to take in all kinds of cream, good, bad and indif- ferent, hand separator, water separator and gravity; dumps it all into the same vat, cools it down and churns it. When he is through, what has he got? Butter, of course; good or bad. Again, suggestions for the im- provement of Iowa butter. When these creameries found it necessary to change from whole milk to hand separator cream they took out their factory separators and practically all the machinery they had left was a vat and churn. It would then have been in order to put in a pasteur- izer and pasteurize their cream, and use a good heavy starter. It would then have been in order for the buttermaker to suggest these things; good suggestions for the improvement of their butter. The farmers as a rule know nothing about these methods, believing that cream is cream and butter is butter. Suggestions are good, but practical methods are better. Too many creameries seem to go through the form of butter making; use no practical methods. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 333 I will give you a few illustrations: This creamery takes in all kinds of cream, do not grade it, hand sep- arator, water separator and gravity, dump it all into the same vat; every- thing goes; pay the same price for bad cream as they do for good; do not pasteurize or use a starter. The buttermaker told me he did not think it would pay to use a starter; too much work. Churned the cream at 58 degrees, butter came soft; flavor bad. I asked them what price they received for their butter. They told me any price they could get. Some- times a premium, sometimes market quotations, but more often below. Another creamery of the same kind received all kinds of cream, re- gardless of quality; dumped it all into the same vat; did not pasteurize or use a starter. This buttermaker did not know anything about starters. Creamery in a dirty, unsanitary condition. Drain bad; gave back that ill-begotten smell, and the butter! Shall I tell you it was a nice, creamy piece of butter? It was the very conirary. These are facts as they actually exist. It seems to me a fit place to make these remarks. If we are going to have imnrovements in Iowa butter we have got to have improvements in some of our creameries. If we are going to have improvements in Iowa butter we have to have improvements in some of our buttermakers. If we are going to have improvements in Iowa butter* we have to have seme improvements in the quality of cream delivered. If we are going to have improvements in Iowa butter we will have to have more assist- ant dairy commissioners to work the State. It is an established fact that two assistant dairy commissioners can not right the evils of delivering bal cream all over the State. We are a mere drop in the bucket, as it were. It is necessary that the State should have men to work in the coun- try among the farmers; examine their separators, look after the cleanli- ness and where they keep their milk and cream; teach them what they must do to deliver better milk and cream. Then if they will not heed the law, show them where they are. We all know good from bad; right from wrong. If a patron is told how to care for his milk and cream and that he must deliver it in good condition, and does not, then he should be compelled to face the law, and not until we get matters in this condition are we going to see any great improvement in Iowa butter. Another creamery, which I visited, was quite the reverse from the two I just mentioned. They received whole milk and hand separator cream; everything was neat and clean. The process of buttermaking was from a standpoint of "cleanliness and skill;" taking advantage of every little detail. Improving every opportunity as it presented itself; making good butter; paying good prices; patrons satisfied. I offered a man a dollar if he could put his hand on a grease spot in this creamery, and he could not find one. I want to give another creamery for comparison. Receives whole milk and hand separator cream. This man used a starter. Creamery dirty beyond description; bacteria grew there in countless numbers. The engine room looked more like a cesspool than anything else; a ladder stood in there and leaned against the wall. Believe me or not, this lad- der was submerged to the first round in filth. There was a plank laid 334 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. on brick so one could walk around and not "mire" down. Improvements for Iowa butter. In the name of demons below, what would you do? Another place where all cream was received, emptied into a vat, cooled down and churned; creamery frightfully dirty; did not pasteurize or use a starter. Within ten feet from creamery a hog lot, containing from 50 to 100 hogs were kept. The aroma from this place was something terrific. Flies in countless numbers. It seemed that every fly had a duty to perform; flying from creamery to hog lot and back again; wade around in the hog wallow and then to the cream vat; washed the mud off their feet in the cream. Regular feet washers. Inoculation was a part of their business. Improvements for Iowa butter! Here is a creamery I am proud to make a statement from. Receives all hand separator cream; pasteurize and use a starter; creamery neat and clean; had a place for everything, and everything in its place. But- termaker could go into his creamery any dark night and pick up any tool he wanted. Making good butter; paying good prices. In the past two years this creamery has had a remarkable growth; business increas- ing every year. Here is a man helping improve Iowa butter. What a contrast between this creamery from the one before it. Improve the opportunities that you have. You may think that you are not doing very much, but you have tried. It is the man that takes advantage of the situations as they present themselves that wins. If you cannot have a "starter can" use a "shotgun can." If you cannot have everything you want, take advantage of what you have. I was in a hand separator creamery where the buttermaker could not get any whole milk to make a starter. Instead he made arrangements with some of his patrons to bring him some "sweet, thin cream." With this he made his starter, and a very good starter he made from it. This is an example of what you can do if you want to. This man took ad- vantage of the conditions. At a convention of this kind the hand separator gets its share of abuse. There is no use going into any argument about the hand separator. We all know the standing of the machine. It is the people that are abusing them. Some are washed every time they are used; some once a day, and some whenever the spirit moves them. Some keep them in a nice clean place; some in barns, and some close to a hog pen where it will be handy to feed the hogs the skim milk; they want things handy. Where the latter conditions exist we will not have any improvement in Iowa butter. As I before stated, we should have more commissioners in the field. Line up this hand separator proposition and get a better grade of cream. You will then commence to see improvements in our butter. If the peo- ple' are aware that a dairy commissioner is working in their vicinity they will be mighty careful what kind of cream they deliver, and mighty careful where their separator is kept. It is impossible for two men to make a thorough canvass of the State and keep things lined up as they should be. I am willing for my part to do anything I can; go anywhere, if I can help improve Iowa butter. My interest is in this grand old State of Iowa. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEARlBOOK— PART VII. 335 I want to make one more remark in regard to starters. It is a fact that not one-half of the buttermakers are using starters. At cream- eries where they have every advantage in the world; plenty of milk; plenty of water; plenty of room, perhaps a starter can setting to one side. Too much work; do not believe a starter does any good; think they can make as good butter without as with. I also find some butter-makers who do not read any dairy papers, going along in the same old rut; the same old grind day after day; do not want to make any change in their way of making butter; regular "standpatters." They will wake up some morning and find the band wagon has passed on before. The procession has formed and the rank and file is full of men who are experts in their profession. In conclusion, let me say that my suggestions for the improvement of Iowa butter are, more parctical methods, taking advantage of the con- ditions as they present themselves. More buttermakers using starters; a better grade of cream, and more assistant dairy commissioners to work in the State. I thank you. The President : Now, gentlemen, we have a few minutes to ask Mr. Odell some questions. Member: ]\Ir. Odell stated that 50 per cent in the State did not use starters. I think there are not 50 per cent in the house that do not. Mr. Odell : That may be true in this audience, but the sta- tistics show that 50 per cent in the State do not. Mr. Hathaway : At what temperature do vou consider it best to pasteurize gathered cream? Mr. Odell : That varies according to the quality of the cream. If the cream was not very sour I would not pasteurize above 160 to 165; if quite sour or old cream 180 to 185. Gay ]\[iller : Lots of the boys say they want a fifty-gallon starter can. others say a thirty-gallon can. I would like to ask Mr. Odell how much starter he would consider advisable for a creamery receiving 18,000 lbs. of milk? The ciuestion sometimes comes up that we are using too much starter. ^In. Odell : Twenty or thirty per cent. I do not believe you can use too much starter. Even 35 per cent of good starter will do great deal more good than 10 or 15 per cent, but if you have a poor starter I would not use that much. I find the .average size of a starter can is fiftv gallons. 336 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. ]\Iiller: My reason for asking was that I had heard so many say, one ought to have a fifty-gallon can. If a man is making good butter with a thirty-gallon starter can he is doing all right. I believe a number of buttermakers are making a mistake in buying a fifty-gallon can to make twenty-five or thirty tubs of butter. I think we have too much poor starter used. Mr. Keiffer: I would suggest from my past experience that each buttermaker would use his head in the game and use it on the starter that he thinks he ought to use. For instance in a whole milk plant 12 or 15 per cent starter used in good milk or cream will be sufficient to hasten the ripening of that cream in due time so the man can get through with his work and cool it down in the evening. If he is getting poor milk or cream and is an able man who understands the use of starters, understands the nature of bacteria, that man can use a good deal more starter; he can use 25 per cent starter in order to ovei'come those bad bacteria that are in the cream; but if he has good milk and good cream it takes less to ripen that and put it in the right condition than where he has poor material. So I think each buttermaker should use his head in the game and study that question. There is no particular gain that I can see for a butter- maker to use 30 per cent starter in good cream or good cream that is pasteurized. I do not see where his gain w'ould be. After he inoculated that with good bacteria they will predominate and grow. The only thing that could be gained by using 30 or 40 per cent starter, which I have often used, is to hasten the ripening of the cream, ripen it in three hours because I wanted to keep other bacteria from getting into the fat. That was the object in that case, but for every-day work I do not think the buttermakers will find it practical to carry along pretty near as much starter in his creamery as he has cream. I think he would find it too burdensome and it is not necessary in a good milk plant to do that. Eighteen thousand pounds of milk, as was suggested by ]\Ir. ]\Iiller, "would not need over a twenty-gallon can of starter to ripen that cream properly. Of course I was speaking to the butter- maker that has not got his head in the game. If he has his head in the game he will not only have it on the starter, but will have it on the quality of the cream he is getting. His head will be in the game and he \W11 see that he gets good cream. When you get cream that has gone beyond that stage, I do not think SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 337 there is a creamery in Iowa large enough to hold starter enough to make it good again. The President : Professor Van Pelt, of Ames, .will now address you. CARE, FEED AND MANAGEMENT OF THE DAIRY HERD. PROF. HUGH G. VAN PELT. SUPT. DAIRY FARM, IOWA STATE COLLEGE, AMES. In the not distant past the subject, "Care, Feed and Management of the Dairy Herd," would have been interesting to only a few. Land was cheap, farms large and in their virgin state of fertility. Agricultural operations were performed on an extravagant, if not a wasteful basis, and yet returned the farmer a large margin of profit. Grain farming predominated, with a few extensive feeders in each community buying and utilizing the grain for feeding purposes. All operations were con- ducted on an extensive basis. Steer feeding fit into the proposition admirably because grazing land and feed were cheap and plentiful. The labor required for the care, feed and management of a dozen dairy cows was sufficient to care for a hundred fattening cattle. These conditions still exist over a large portion of Iowa, but history is repeating itself and even now the importance of dairy questions is evident to the Iowa farmer. The price of land has increased greatly in the past few years, rents are high, and as a result, profits are less cer- tain. To meet with these changing conditions diversified and intensive farming must ensue. Large farms are being divided into smaller ones; every foot of ground must be utilized, causing more labor to be expended on a smaller acreage. What was heretofore waste must now measure the profits. Here the dairy cow fits in with the same grace that the steer did in the more extensive operations. She returns a regular in- come to her owner and is the most economical producer of food for man. Iowa has for some time ranked at the top as a b utter producing state, but much of this butter his been produced at a small margin of profit and much of it at a loss. One reason for this is due to the class of cows that have been milked, but a much greater reason is that their care, feed and management has been at fault. It is an easy matter at the present time by the use of the Babcock test and scales to determine whether a cow is a source of profit or loss to her owner; but it is a large question in my mind whether the cow or her owner is at fault; whether it is the cow's lack of capacity and ability or her lack of op- portunity that causes her to be a losing proposition. In 50 per cent of the cases I dare say it is her lack of opportunity. Coming to realize the important place the dairy cow has to fill on the Iowa dairy farm, and that her production is in direct proportion to the opportunity afforded her, the importance of the subject, "Care, Feed and Management of the Dairy Cow," is quite evident. 22 338 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The first necessity coming under the head of care is a clean, warm, well lighted and well ventilated barn. It should be clean because pure, wholesome milk cannot be produced in a dirty barn. In fact, cleanliness must be recognized as one of the first essentials in milk production. The temperature of the barn should be kept at from 40 degrees to 60 degrees Fahrenheit, for the dairy cow cannot withstand the effect of cold and in- clement weather and at the same time be an economical producer of milk and butter. The fattening animal converts much of its food into fat and thus covering its body can withstand cold weather without difficulty and thrives well under mild exposure. If compelled to, the milk cow will do the same, but her purpose is not to produce beef. If kept in a warm, dry barn she will convert most of her food into milk and butter, retaining only enough to supply the needs of her body. Faithful and deserving of sympathy is the cow that converts a great portion of her food into milk for her master and is then compelled to seek shelter behind a straw stack for protection from the cold, stormy blasts of winter. Experiments performed along this line at the Indiana station show that three cows kept in a warm barn at night and turned out in a lot in the day time produced in 48 days 161 pounds less milk than a like number of cows kept under the same conditions except that they remained out only an hour each day. The better sheltered cows ate much less feed and gained 231 pounds, while the exposed cows lost 33 pounds in live weight. Calling to mind the fact that these exposed cows were sheltered from the winds by an open shed in day time and had a comfortable barn at night, it is easy to conceive one reason why many cows are not econom- ical producers. Thorough ventilation and an abundance of light in the cow barn are quite as essential, owing to the fact that the dairy cow is confined such a large portion of the year. In a dark, stuffy barn, germs multiply in great rapidity, the cow becomes lacking in vigor, and, even though disease does not result, her opportunities, to produce largely and economically, are handicapped. Seldom do we find a beast whose nervous system is so highly organized as that of the dairy cow, and invariably the greatest producing cows ate those whose nervous systems are most highly organized. Owing to this fact she responds readily to kindness, regularity in feeding, watering and milking. Never can great yields be expected from cows that are cared for by noisy, rough and irregular at- tendants. Grooming does much to quiet the cow and gain her confidence, and experiments that have been conducted show that from 2^2 to 8 per cent may be gained in milk and fat production by regular grooming. An all important factor to be considered in caring for the dairy cow is the process of milking. Upon the regularity, gentleness and stick-to- itiveness of the milker greatly depends the quantity and quality of the milk given and the persistency of the cow's work. On one occasion, after failing in every other method to impress upon a milker the importance of extracting every possible drop of milk from the cow's udder at each milking, I induced him to milk the first few strips of one cow's milk in one sample bottle and the last few strips in another, and test them with the Babcock test. The result was the fore milk tested 2 per cent and the strippings 15.2 per cent. After that he could always be SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 339 found working his hardest after the point where he had been accus- tomed to think he had finished milking. Another result followed closely: He found his cows were milking much more evenly and keeping up their milk flow much more persistently. During the St. Louis cow demonstration, the milkers of the winning herd were induced to milk each cow perfectly dry, and then manipulate and rub the udder vigorously, but gently, for a few minutes before leaving her. This method had much to do with the fact that at the end of a six months' milking period the cows invariably were producing more but- ter per day than at any other time since freshening. With such care bestowed upon her, the dairy cow is surrounded by environment conducive to making the most of the feed given her. She is then, and not till then, in a condition to make profitable use of her food. Proper care and feeding go hand in hand, and it matters little how efficiently one is supplied, if the other is lacking, in a large degree, the results will be discouraging. To properly feed the dairy herd requires continued study on the part of the feeder. Like human beings, ccws differ one from another widely; in other words, each cow has her individuality. The food which one cow eats with avidity, another cow dislikes and eats with reluctance. The ration that is perfectly bafanced for one member of the herd, and by the use of which she produces greatly and economically, is entirely out of proportion for another and she produces far below her ability in amount of milk, butter fat, and profit. Furthermore, the ration that is balanced properly for a cow at one period of lactation does not contain the feeding nutrients in proper ratio for another period of lactation. There is a wide difference in the capacity of cows to consume food, and even a wider difference in the ability to convert food into milk. Upon the feeder rests the burden of determining and supplying the amount and proportion of the different feeding nutrients necessary for each member of the herd in order that she can at all times produce the greatest amount of milk and butter fat from the least amount of food without injury to her future usefulness. To accomplish these results is no little task, so that on farms where the herd is large enough, — containing fifty cows or more, — one man should have entire charge of the feeding. If he is endowed with the qualifications of an expert feeder he can easily stimulate the herd to return handsome profits after deducting his own salary. He should be a man who is capable of studying and learning the peculi- arities of each animal in the herd. He should know that foods rich in protein and ash are conducive to the proper development of bone and muscle in the younger mem- bers of the herds, and stimulating to the milking proclivities of the cows in milk. He should know that foods, like corn, that are rich in carbohydrates are largely heat and fat producers, and tend toward fattening an animal rather than growing their muscle and bone and stimulating milk production. Summing up, he should know the character of the ration demanded by each beast in the herd and be 340 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. able to balance up the ration accordingly. If this is done properly, all the animals will be growing or producing to the limit of their capacity. The feeder is an artist who can take a calf and grow it into a cow that is capable of producing 400 pounds or more of butter in a year, yet he should be able to do this with 90 per cent of the female calves in his care, in face of the fact that the average butter produced by the milch cows of Iowa is a meager 15 0 pounds. To accomplish this result, his efforts must be untiring from the day the calf is born. After the calf has received the colostrum from the cow for the first two or three days of its life, or until the inflammation is out of the dam's udder, and after the point is past where milk fever is liable to occur, the youngster should be taken away and taught to drink about ten pounds of new milk a day for two weeks. Skim milk should then be gradually substituted for a proportion of the new milk until at the end of a month the calf is drinking about twelve pounds of skim milk. It is not advisable to feed a larger quantity up to this time, and never should a calf receive more than twenty pounds of milk in one day, else indigestion and scours will result, giving the calf a set back in its growth. A tablespoonful of blood flour given regularly in each feed of milk will positively eliminate all danger from calf scours, where a reasonable amount of milk is fed. When two weeks old, the calf begins to want for food of a more solid nature, at which time a mixture of one-third each of corn, oats and bran should be given it, together with a bunch of good clover hay. If blood flour is fed in the milk, there will be a sufficient amount of protein and ash in the ration to warrant lively growth of bone and muscle. Otherwise, one-fourth of the grain ration should be composed of oil meal to insure proper development. The calf should never suffer from hunger. The fact that a dairy calf should never become fat has led many to think that it should be half starved. Neither the half starved poor weakling nor the plump fat youngster will ever become a profitable dairy cow. By feeding all the feed of the right character that the calf will readily clean up from its feed- box, a happy medium will be struck that will insure the most excel- lent dairy cows. Access to a grass lot is essential in the summer time, but every day for the first year the calf should have a feed of corn, bran and oats suitable to its needs. As a yearling, the heifer is little trouble; the only care necessary being to see that she re- ceives sufficient food rich in bone and muscle producing elements to insure unchecked growth until maturity is reached. Two weeks prior to the first freshening period, which should come when the heifer is about two years old, she should be placed in a roomy, quiet, well-bedded box stall at nights, where all is quiet. Here she should be fed warm bran mashes containing a handful of oil meal and when calving time, the most critical period of her life comes, all condi- tions will be harmonious and no trouble is liable to ensue. The same care should continue for two weeks, during which time her calf has been taken from her, she has become quiet, gained regularly in her SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 341 milk flow, and is ready to go on feed. The feeder must now deter- mine what character her ration shall be. If fat, as is usually the case, the ration must be quite narrow in order to stimulate the milk producing proclivities in order that she will transfer this fat from her body to the milk pail. Upon the manner in which the cow is fed and handled the first thirty days after freshening, greatly depends the volume of her work for that period of lactation. During this time the feeder, taking advantage of the maternal instincts of the cow, can easily stimulate her to the limit of her ability This is a very important point for the feeder to bear in mind for it is a difH cult task to greatly increase the milk flow after this time until another period of lactation begins. Close watchfulness is now necessary, so that if the heifer shows signs of working too hard by becoming poor, the ration must be widened, or she will become too weak and emaciated to do her best work. By thus changing the width of the ration back and forth always supplying a wide variety and abundance of feed, the heifer can be kept in the best of working condition. If at the same time she IS cared. for properly and milked regularly with persistence she will most invariably produce profitably, even the first year, if her breeding IS along dairy lines. She should be re-bred so she will milk per- sistently for a year and then have time to rest for six weeks before sne freshens again. Profiting by her first year's education, she should and no doubt will, be a great and profitable producing cow the re- mainder of her life, if good feed and care continue. Although the point of management has been left till last It is perhaps the most important point in successful dairying. Good man- agement makes proper care and feed ■ possible. Upon the manage- ment depends the supplying of good feed, pastures, soiling crops etc that go to make the conditions of the cows and their attendants favorable. A good manager is one who knows how to do every item of labor that is to be done about the herd, from cleaning the stable to keeping the accounts, testing the milk, etc. He is one who is willing to do any one of these bits of labor, for on most dairy farms occasion often demands that the manager do his share of the work In smaller herds, the manager should take upon his shoulders the work of the feeder, dispose of the milk products, attend to the breed- ing, keep the records, and attend to the hundred of details that would be overlooked by a man in a less responsible position. In fact he is a busy man from morning till night. Member: I would like to ask if you find many dairjinen reeding this blood 'flour to calves ? Prof. Van Pelt: Yes, a great number, especially in the East. Member: I have been feeding blood meal to milk cows. Is there any benefit derived from that? 342 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Prof. Van Pelt: Possibly if you could get cows to eat it. I have never been able to get cows to eat blood meal. It has an odor which does not seem to be objectionable to the calf because it is mixed with the milk. I prefer blood flour. Mr. Wentw^orth: I would like to ask Prof. Van Pelt if he applies that rule on feeding to the calf that is typically dairy or to the calves that we are producing on our farms that have a strong infusion of beef blood? That is the keeping of the calf poor or in a reasonable growing condition. Prof. Van Pelt: My idea in bringing out that point was this. I found in going over different states and being connected with different dairy herds that the impression that the calf should never be allowed to become fat has led many to believe that they should not feed the calf any great amount for fear it would be- come fat. The idea in feeding any young animal is to grow it. Once we get a framework it is no trouble to put on fat. Corn will do that, anything that contains carbohydrates will put fat on an animal body. . I advise this in raising a beef calf or a dairy calf, more especially however, the dairy calf, but I consider jt an important point to stimulate bone and muscle growth in the youngster, whether it is pig, calf, colt, and then from week to week, you can shape the animal up to suit yourself. Mr. Wentworth : The tendency of the average grower of calves or pigs is not to get them too fat, in fact the tendency is entirely the other way. They are stealing all the time from the younger and growing animals. There is a tendency along these lines, but it is so seldom found through the general run of prac- tice that it is hardly worth Avhile to emphasize it too much, and the point I want to call attention to is that there are more calves spoiled on our Iowa farms by stealing from them. That is the point I have tried to bring out. If you ask a man why he treats a calf that way he will say, "If I feed that calf too much it will be too fat and never amount to anything." My idea is to give it sufficient milk, oats and bran so as to supply the appetite of that calf so he always has plenty to eat, but at the same time is not fat, just growing nicely. When you see it one week and then see it the next you will see so much gain. One fault in raising a calf is starving it ; another mistake in feeding a young animal, and just as great a mistake, is giving him feeds that will fatten him. You take a young pig and as soon as you commence throwing corn to that pig when he is six months old he will not get any bigger. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 343 A calf will do the same, a colt will do the same. When the animal is young you must get in your work towards growing; it will want all the feed it can eat, but be careful to give it feed of a growing nature rather than a fattening character. Professor, would you take the calf away from the young heifer the same as with the mature cow? Prop. Van Pelt : Yes, I think as a matter of fact it is probably more essential at this time than any other, because when a cow freshens her first time she has to be trained. On what you do the first freshening period will greatly depend what you will do after that, because a cow is probably one of the greatest animals of habit, and she will stick the rest of her life to the habits formed when young. If you let the calf run with her the first period of lactation she will fret for it. Mr. Wentworth: I thought the young cow's maternal in- stinct was more fully developed and that it was well to let the calf stay with her a couple of weeks. I believe in adhering just a little to that motherly instinct and I believe that helps to improve the milking instinct. I let the calf stay with the cow the first two weeks. The first offspring is just a little nearer to the old cow than anything else. Prof. Van Pelt : You are perfectly right in that respect, but at the same time, in allowing a calf to stay there the first two weeks you are doing a thing that is good in one direction, but probably losing some effect you might gain. The course that I have found to be a good thing was to keep the calf in sight of the cow so she sees it and knows it is there the same as though she was with her. One of the most important factors, I consider, is the first thirty days in getting the cow where you want her. When the thirty days have passed if you have not got the cow up to her limit of production it is hard to get her there, and if you allow the calf to work on the cow two weeks you have only two weeks to get in your work. I think that the hardest work a man should put in is the first thirty days. If you get a cow to forty pounds in the first thirty days it is not hard to get down to thirty-five pounds, but if you get her up to fifty pounds she has three times as far to go down you see. Another thing, it is hard to feed a cow the first thirty days because she is in a weakened condition. A man has to be very careful in feeding her. There is a certain limit a man comes to in the capacity of a cow. By that I mean the amount of feed 344 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. she is capable of consuming. There is another line, as I think of it, that is the line of ability, that is the amount of milk a cow is capable of producing at certain times. Take a cow and increase her feed gradually thirty days, then increase it a half pound every other day ; do not increase heavier than that ; increase this feed and if you find that cow giving a little more milk, paying you for the consumed feed, keep increasing that feed gradually, and she goes up gradually, you are caring for her nicely, and she keeps going up until she stops. You give her more feed, she eats it but does not go any higher in her milk flow, then she is at the limit of her ability, and if you give her more feed you waste this feed and worse, because it is going through the cow and taxing her digestive system and causing her to work on that feed. The first thirty days a man has plenty of time to know what the cow is doing. If a calf takes the milk the first two weeks you can feed her that way, but don't know whether she is paying for her feed or not. The President: Gentlemen, Professor Holden is with us and has consented to give us a ten minutes' talk on the extension work at the college. Prof. McKay: Mr. Chairman, I believe Professor Holden is absent at present from the room. In regard to the extension work I might make a few remarks. Our part, as I stated last night, is to try and help the farmers or dairymen of this State to improve their herds and, judging from the talk we have had here from the different speakers, it is quite necessary for the farmers that somebody at least should do some work along that line. "We have with us here I\Ir. Guthrie, a graduate of our school, a man th-at has spent some time with some of the best feeders and best dairymen in this country, both in the State of Illinois, this State and the State of Wisconsin. His work will be to go among the farmers and induce them to keep a record of their cows, weigh and sample their milk and send the samples to some central point where they can be tested, probably at the college. It is impossible for Mr. Guthrie to cover this entire State, but it is possible to make a beginning, and if he can make a beginning and show a man by demonstrations that the work is profitable and desirable, I believe in the near future that we will have a number of men in the field and I believe that we will increase our production per cow from 140 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 345 pounds to at least 200 pounds within the next two or three years. We should average that; dairymen should aim to get at least 300 pounds of butter as a standard. Thank you. The President : "We will now listen to the reading of the resolutions, by Mr. Neitert, chairman of that committee. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. Whereas, The thirtieth annual convention of the Iowa State Dairy Association has been one of the most successful meetings held in the history of the association, we desire to extend our most heartfelt thanks to those who so liberally contributed to make this a most beneficial and enjoyable meeting. We especially desire to express our thanks to the ladies of Cedar Rapids who so kindly favored us with many choice selections of vocal and instrumental music, this being a special and pleasing feature of the convention. We also desire to express our appreciation of the long trip taken by Mr. Jules Lombard to sing before the convention. His songs have charmed our members for the past thirty years, and it is our earnest desire that he may continue to meet with us for many years to come. W"e wish to express our thanks to the press and citizens of Cedar Rapids for their liberal support and entertainment. And it is with much regret that since Cedar Rapids was selected as the meeting place of this annual convention, death has deprived us of the presence of Hon. A. H. Connor, mayor of Cedar Rapids. We hereby express our appreciation of the obligations to Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture; also to the dairy bureau of this department for the efforts they are putting forth to advance the dairy interests, not only in our State, but also in all the states of the Union. We at this time earnestly desire to express our hearty endorse- ment of the efficient and high class of educational work being done by the State Agricultural College at Ames, Iowa, in all its various branches, especially in the dairy department, by and through the teach- ings of its many able and untiring instructors. We also heartily approve the good work being done in the interest of all the people by the State Dairy and Food Commissioner and his assistants. Whekeas. The dairy industry being one of the principal branches of agriculture of our State; be it Resolved. That we most urgently solicit all the honorable members of the Legislature of the State of Iowa to materially assist the growth and needs of the dairy industry of our State in enacting sound and just laws and making suitable appropriation for the purpose of aiding in the enlargement and betterment of our great dairy interests. 346 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. We again pledge our allegiance to, and most earnestly recommend, a continued and liberal support of the National Dairy Union in its efforts to suppress fraud and protect honest dairy products. We desire to express our many thanks to our old friend and neighbor, Mr. P. H. Keiffer, for his valuable and impartial services in scoring the butter exhibit at this convention. We also desire to express our thanks and appreciation to Messrs. Gude Bros, of New York City for their kindness and liberality in paying the expenses of and furnishing the time of Mr. P. H. Keiffer while attending this convention. Dated at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, this 9th day of November, 1906. H. J. NiETERT, Fred Leighton, J. J. Brunner, Committee. On motion, duly seconded, the resolutions were adopted as read. Mr. Neitert : "Would anyone like to offer any further reso- lutions ? ]\Ir. Wentworth : As an apology for getting up here, I have been asked to call the attention of this convention to a little over- sight. We have been feasting on such good things that we have forgotten the misfortune of others. I move before we adjourn, sir, that the president and secretary be instructed to send a telegram of sympathy to our old friend and president, Mr. W. K. Boardman, who would be with us in person were his health such that he could, but w^ho will always be with us in spirit on all occasions. Motion seconded, and unanimously adopted. Mr. Neitert : I do not want to heap bouquets on anyone, I have no special favors to ask of anyone, but I believe it is a proper time now for us, as members of this association, in lieu of the services that have been given us by our honorable president, that is about to retire, for the past four years, for his untiring efforts and the great success he has made of the association during that time by his work, I desire and make a motion that this con- vention express their feelings by a vote of thanks to Mr. S. B. Shilling for his good work and efforts in behalf of this association for the last four years. Motion seconded and carried unanimously by rising vote. Mr. Shilling: I thank you, ladies and gentlemen, more than I can express for this hearty endorsement of what I have tried SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 347 to do for you and my only regret is that I have not been able to do more. The only thing I want to say to yon now is that be- cause I am a "has-been" and out of this, I don't want you to think I am out of the dairy game in the State of Iowa, and I want you buttermakers to feel as free to call on me in the future as you have in the past, and I promise you I will do everything I can. Gentlemen, I thank you. The Chairman: The butter will be sold at the hall this afternoon at 1 :30. Is there any other business to come before the meeting? If not we will stand adjourned. South Entrance Agriculture-Horticulture-Dairy Building. IOWA STATE FAIR, 1906. PART VIII EXTRACTS FROM STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER'S REPORT OF 1906. TWENTIETH ANNUAL H. R. WRIGHT, Commissioner The condition of tlie dairy interest in this State has never been better than it is at present, and tlie prospects for further improvement and increases are very bright. The disturbing factors of competition with creameries of the new kind and the uncertainty of the effects of new methods of doing business seem to have become quite well understood, and there is a feeling of certainty and stability on the part of managers of both the small creameries and the larger ones. The number of creameries that have closed this year is very small. This fact is significant, when it is remembered that more than 350 creameries have been closed up in the last four years. The same feeling of permanence of the industry is found among the producers of milk and cream in every section of the State and the outlook is good for continued increases in number of dairymen, in the size of their herds, in their per capita production, as well as for continued prosperity on the part of the manufacturer of the butter.* For a good many years the farmers of this State have almost unanimously used the Shorthorn cow in their dairy herds, and they have nothing to regret for having done so under the existing condi- tions. There has, however, lately been a considerable demand for dairy breeds of cattle, particularly of the larger breeds. This office has had a good many inquiries as to where grade dairy cows might be purchased in carload lots. The same kind of inquiries come in large numbers to the professors at Ames, and, of course, it is impossible for one to secure Holsteins, Jerseys, Guernseys, or other dairy cattle In large quantities in any one place in this State. A very large number of our dairymen are purchasing Holstein sires and starting dairy herds. (349) 350 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. NEW DAIRY LAWS. Be it Enacted by the Thirty-first General Assembly of the State of Iowa: Section 1. That every owner, manager or operator of a creamery shall, before delivering to any person any skim milk, cause the same to be pasteurized at a temperature of at least one hundred and eighty- five (185) degrees Fahrenheit. Sec. 2. Whoever violates the provisions of this act shall, upon conviction, be liable to a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars. III. Be it Enacted by the Thirty-first General Assembly of the State of Iowa: Section 1. It shall be unlawful for the owner, manager, agent or em- ploye of a cheese factory, creamery or condensed milk factory to falsely manipulate or under-read or over-read the Babcock test or any other con- trivance used for determining the quality of milk or cream, or to make any false determination of the said Babcock test or otherwise. Sec. 2. Whosoever shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars. III. Be it Enacted by the Thirty-first General Assembly of the State of Iowa: Section 1. The State Food and Dairy Commissioner and his deputy . and assistants shall have full access to all places of business, factories, buildings, wagons and cars used in the manufacture, sale or transpor- tation within the State of any dairy products or any imitation thereof. Sec. 2. They may examine and open any package, can or vessel containing, or believed to contain, any article or product which may be manufactured, sold or exposed for sale in violation of the laws of this State relative to the dairy products and imitation thereof, and may inspect the contents therein and take therefrom samples for testing or analysis. Sec. 3. Whosoever shall refuse to allow the inspection herein provided for or shall in any way hinder or obstruct the proper officers performing their duties hereunder shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred (100) dollars or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding thirty (30) days. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 351 Purchase or Sale of Unwholesome Milk or Cream. From Chapter 10, Title 24, Code. Section 4 9S9. Sale of impure or skimmed milk — skimmed milk cheese — labeling — purchase of unwholesome milk or cream. — If any person shall sell, exchange, or expose for sale or exchange or deliver or bring to another, for domestic or potable use, or to be converted into any product of human food, any unclean, impure, unhealthy, adulter- ated, unwholesome or skimmed milk or milk from which has been held back what is commonly known as strippings, or milk taken from an animal having disease, sickness, ulcers, abscess or running sore, or which has been taken from the animal within fifteen days before or five days after parturition; or if any person shall purchase, to be converted into any product of human food, any unclean, unhealthful, adulterated or unwholesome milk or cream, or shall manufacture any such milk or cream into any product of human food. * * * he shall he fined not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars, and be liable for double damages to the person or persons upon whom such frauds shall be committed. * * * This section of the Iowa dairy law has been changed by the intro- duction of the words italicized and the effect is to make the buyer of bad cream equally responsible with the seller of it, to provide a penalty for the purchase to be made into product of human food of any unclean, unwholesome, unhealthy or adulterated cream or milk. Since the advent of the central creamery competition among the creameries has been very sharp and while every creamery operator desires to have the best of the product, yet the necessity of getting volume of business has tempted not a few to receive and pay for cream from which no pi'oduct of human food ought ever to be made. As previously pointed out, this bad practice was a practical inducement to the producer to bring to the market cream that was bad or worse. The former law provided a penalty for the seller of bad cream or milk, but the law was scarcely ever enforced for the reason that the buyer of it was the real guilty person. A few prosecutions have been made under this amended law and fines have been inflicted, both upon purchasers and sellers of both unwholesome milk and cream, but the experience of last summer has led to the belief that the quality of milk and cream delivered to the creameries and shipping agents in this State will not attain that high quality that it ought to have until a much more complete inspection can be made of it than is now made with the small force at the command of this office. The hand separator has thoroughly proved its usefulness in this State, but it came into use accompanied by theories inimical to good dairying. The salesmen claimed too much for the machine. Too often the producer was assured that washing once a week was all that was necessary, and that cream delivered once a w^eek was plenty good enough. These theories are absurd, of course, but they have been followed by enough people so that hand separator butter is at a 352 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. discount everywhere, and too many commission men have an idea that it is an impossibility to make the highest class of butter out of cream separated at the farm. The fact that poor qualities of cream make poor grades of butter and lose money for the manufacturer, and especially for the producer, that the reputation of the State suffers by reason of second-class products, has not seemed to impress either the producer or the manufacturer. So the statute was amended and prosecutions followed. It remains to be seen whether this practice will result in much good. The law is more or less unpopular. It is diflRcult to secure con- viction unless the case is an extreme one. Hence it will be impossible to eliminate by prosecutions any but the extreme cases of sale or purchase of unclean milk or cream. There will still be plenty of milk and cream sold that will not come up to the highest standard and yet will not be such as is condemned by the statute. In the report of a year ago this department urged the grading of cream for butter-making purposes, the purchase of it on grade and the payment therefor in strict proportion to its real value. Early last spring the centralizers agreed on a basis for grading cream and pay- ment for the same substantially as follows: No. 1 grade consists of hand separator cream delivered at least twice a week in cold weather and three times a week in warm weather, free from all bad flavors and testing not less than 30 per cent. No. 2 grade consists of hand separator cream testing less than 30 per cent and delivered less frequently than required for first grade. Gravity and water separator cream not desired at all. This basis of frequency of delivery and percentage of test is not the proper basis for grading of cream for quality but was a practical working basis for the creamery buying through agents and shipping to the central plant by rail. The proper basis for grading is, of course, the quality, the cleanliness and general state of excellence of the ;;roduct, yet for butter-making purposes a high-testing cream is of more value than the same amount of fat in lower testing cream, and the man who delivers his cream every other day is a good deal more likely to take good care of it than he is if he may bring it once a week or less often. Hence this attempt has resulted in bettering the grade of cream received at central plants. But the competition was too strenuous for some of them and they have gone back to that system of paying a uniform price for any and all kinds of cream, a system that practically pays a premium on poor cream, and pays the man who produces good cream less than it is worth, the system that resulted in the present undesirable conditions and which will still further accentuate them. If the creamery operators could actu- ally pay for cream upon its real value and continue to do so for a year, they would have solved the problem of how to get better raw material. But, of course, the experience of the last few years con- vinces that they will not practice real grading of cream in any large number of cases so long as present conditions exist. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VIII. 353 AVERAGE WAGES OP BUTTERMAKERS. Reports of monthly wages paid 64 0 buttermakers of the State' show an average salary of $69 per month. Nearly all of our cream- eries are operated the full twelve months and the average annual wages of the buttermakers is somewhere from $800 to $850, an in- crease of about $75 to $90 a year over the increase shown in the last annual report, and an increase of $22 5 annual average wages over the wages paid five years ago. The increased size of the creameries, the greater value of their product, as well as the greater demands for ability and skill on the part of the buttermaker, have brought about this increase in wages paid. While $69 is the average wages, $100 a month is a common figure for first-class buttermakers in first- class creameries, and the State has lost several buttermakers at much higher salaries. The facts indicate that the buttermaker of skill and experience and good record is easily able to demand wages much in excess of the average. PASTEURIZATION OF SKIMMED MILK. The following law was enacted by the Thirty-first General Assembly, and became effective July 4, 1906: Be it Enacted by the Thirty-first General Assembly of the State of Iowa: Sectiox 1.- That every owner, manager or operator of a creamery shall before delivering to any person any skimmed milk cause the same to be pasteurized at a temperature of at least one hundred and eighty- five (185) degrees Fahrenheit. Sec. 2. Whoever violates the provisions of this act shall, upon conviction, be liable to a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars. Under this law the managers or operators of five creameries have paid .fines of $2 5 and costs each for violating same. This depart- ment did not attempt- to inflict fines upon creamery operators who were merely dilatory about arranging to pasteurize skimmed milk until about the 1st of September. The notifications sent out were in a few cases absolutely ignored, apparently on the theory that the forced, hence prosecutions were absolutely necessary to make it ap- pear that the law was intended for the proper purposes and that the department was expected to enforce it. The Commissioner very much regrets this necessity. 23 354 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The necessity for legislation for the suppression of tuberculosis in farm animals has been apparent for several years to a large number of interested persons. One of the most frequent allegations was that the skimmed milk from the creamery was the cause of increased tuberculosis in hogs. For a number of years packers whose hogs are killed under the eye of a competent Government inspector have found their losses by reason of tuberculosis hogs increasing in pro- portion. They uniformly assert at the present time that their regular loss by reason of tubercular hogs, for which they have paid full price, runs, from one to two per cent; that from dairy localities the per- centage is higher than elsewhere; that skimmed milk and buttermilk fed hogs show the highest percentages of tuberculosis. Of course the farmer receives nothing less for his hogs to cover this loss to the packer, but even so small a percentage as two per cent is a very great item figured on the aggregate value of Iowa hogs, and the fact that the disease increases among hogs is alarming. Dairymen should be interested in movements for suppression of animal diseases. Their product depends largely upon its reputation for wholesomeness, and we can not afford to omit any act which tends to keep up the general reputation of our product. For this reason passage of the law requiring pasteurizing of skimmed milk was secured from the Legislature. Most Iowa hogs are marketed before they are a year old. Tuber- culosis in hogs does not show its effects so far as the general ap- pearance of the live animal is concerned. It can only be detected by the tuberculin test, or by inspection after slaughter. Because the discovery of this disease in the live animal is almost impossible, farmers are inclined to doubt the prevalence of the disease, but a visit to one of the Iowa packing houses will show too large a num- ber of slaughtered animals hung up in the room for tuberculous hogs. Farmers of this State now lose more than a million dollars annually by reason of this disease in swine. It has been proven ex- perimentally over and over again that hogs fed on milk from tuber- culous cows readily contract the disease. It follows, then, that the distribution of skimmed milk at a creamery results in the spreading of the infection to every farm which patronizes the creamery, and other means of checking tuberculosis in hogs must be found when the hogs are fed upon the infected milk from the neighborhood creamery. The Dairy Commsisioner's report of a year ago showed that more than half the milk creameries of the State were voluntarily pasteurizing their skimmed milk before returning to the patron, yet the passage of the present law and attempt at enforcement raised very great opposition. Various objections were raised to the prac- tice. The creameries pasteurizing skimmed milk complained that it made the milk stringy and ropy; that pasteurized skimmed milk sours quicker than unpasteurized; that it makes the calves sick; that the heating destroys the feeding value, and lastly, that it is absurd to care for the health of hogs when no effort is made to prevent the SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 355 spread of tuberculosis by the use of the butter made from tuber- culous milk. None of these objections are well founded. If heating skimmed milk makes it stringy and ropy it is because the milk was nearly or quite sour before being pasteurized, a condition in which it ought not to come to the creamery. The heated milk does not sour quicker than the unheated. More than half the creameries of the State practice the heating of skimmed milk for the very pur- pose of lengthening the time that it would keep sweet. If heating milk makes calves sick, it is fed to them hot and they are scalded. The heating of skimmed milk does not lower the feeding value of the milk whatever. Lastly, the germs of tuberculosis do not thrive in butter, and are seldom found even in the fresh butter immediately from the churn. The law requiring the pasteurization of skimmed milk is a proper law, and while it does not, by any means cover the whole of a diflBcult problem, it is a considerable step in the right direction, and the creameries of this State should render cheerful obedience to the same The Dairy Commissioner is required to enforce this statute, and expects to do so. TABLE No. 1. Showing average monthly price of fancy Western Creamery Butter in New York Market. Month oj'-' c be o c do d 60 dS5 1^ d o d 60 O ~ ^ dS Twelve months ending Nov. 1, 1901 Twelve months ending Nov. 1, 1902 05-^ ^> do d SO dao November .. December -. January February „ March April .- May June July August September — October $ .2112 .2250 .1900 .2050 .1900 .1880 .1.530 .1500 .1500 .1675 .1930 .2290 $ 2325 2290 2040 2042 1937 1980 1580 1687 1687 1860 2025 2235 $ .2337 .2160 .1975 .2100 .2075 .1962 .1790 .1881 .1835 .2000 .2262 .2400 $ .2600 .2720 .2650 .2500 .2550 .1960 .2012 .19.50 .1960 .2100 .2150 .2190 ? .2487 .2.540 .2262 .22.50 .2212 .2099 .1900 .1925 .1960 .20.50 .2110 .2200 $ .2412 .2510 .2425 .2862 .2840 .2825 .2275 .2195 .2131 .1990 .2170 .2362 $ .2650 .2920 .2762 .2600 .2860 .2725 .2200 .2160 .2012 .1940 .2075 .2100 $ .2317 .2423 .2270 .2.517 .2452 .22&4 .2012 .1803 .1767 .1793 .1947 .2095 $ .2481 .2688 .2910 .3218 .2807 .3008 .2371 .2049 .2056 .2111 .2063 .2184 $ .2350 .2480 .2650 .2709 .2700 .2183 .2017 .2022 .2062 .22.57 .2462 .2611 Average val. per lb. for each year. $ .1885 $ .1971 $ .2065 $ .2278 $ .2165 $ .2416 f .2417 $ .2140 $ .2487 $ .8375 356 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. RAILROAD BUTTER SHIPMENTS. The following table shows the number of pounds of butter, net, shipped from each county in the State to points outside the State, which is found by subtracting sixteen per cent of the gross weight as reported by the railroads of the State. This department is under obligations to the freight officials of the different railroads for furnishing us these figures. Table showing net pounds of butter shipped out of the state, as reported by the railroads, for the year ending September 30, 1906. Counties Increase Decrease Adair Adams Allamakee --. Appanoose _. Audubon Benton Black Hawk Boone Bremer Buchanan --. Buena Vista Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass --• Cedar Cerro Gordo Cherokee Chickasaw -. Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware Des Moines . Dickinson --. Dubuque Emmet Fayette Floyd Franklin Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton .— Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt -- Ida Iowa Jackson ,331,358 34,231 ,293,537 357 ,327,357 457,983 ,338,071 49,078 ,795,237 ,823,524 ,006,203 ,954,725 ,070,783 ,926,932 201,247 264,171 ,3')3,355 270,083 ,146,074 20,756 676,754 ,149,763 656,448 ,004,439 561,107 1,024 84,048 ,474,109 324,177 483,315 ,569,853 507,037 ,365, est 723,058 783,309 1,079,890 85,444 1,468,626 32,797 1,183,008 793,839 1,480,132 53,466 2,473,678 3,098,132 1,321,824 2,233,228 1,531,484 2,020,441 286,452 290,940 884,721 612,881 2,468,370 10,967 1,218,797 2,373,250 1,137,963 1,093,109 647,464 14,496 2,740,122 250,585 729,938 2,271,330 644,165 2,766,049 777,425 122,854 68,571 ,008,833 97,488 ,470,030 772,070 ,631,311 39,600 13.009 ,049,955 663,453 213,124 494,717 ,543,515 137,579 884,965 896,143 1,400,683 888,937 1,784,853 36,345 12,458 806,384 657,326 431,692 653,054 1,594,125 51,210 175,029 32,440 335,856 142,061 4,388 1,274,608 315,621 278,503 460,701 93,. 509 85,205 26,769 342,792 322,296 542,043 481,515 88,670 86,357 266,013 246,623 47,128 400,365 54,367 251i,463 141,^9 321,559 508,634 9,789 "776,513 1,024 69,552 73,612 298^523 660,455 798,655 116,867 153,542 163,928 "69^347 218,568 158,337 50,610 3,255 551 243,571 6,127 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VIII. RAILROAD BUTTER SHIPMENTS-CONTINUED. 357 Counties j 1905 1906 Increase Decrease Jasper 131,523 155,454 37,044 2,283,316 103,278 1,929,405 2, 404, ,326 1,695,8)2 17,163 101,323 348,060 3,318 79,723 212,729 465,. 589 4,801 1,784,298 45,567 47,653 37,591 32,328 633,893 526,754 2,399,885 1,084,465 460,097 300,666 5,827,811 541,130 357,813 635^397" 2:35,652 87,169 146,734 43,250 3,752,833 194,030 2,423,05:} 3,993,365 1,734,959 14,009 ' 1,016 532,720 Jefferson 44,354 Johnson 6',2m 1,466,-517 90,752 493,648 1,589,039 39,067 Jones Keokuk .../..... Ko.ssuth ... .. Lee Linn ..[If Louisa Lucas Lyon ~2u',m' 3,154 100,307 Mahaska '.IV. Marion Marshall Mitchell '.'.'.'.'..'. 61^775' 165,-526 387,083 13,440 1,582,822 121,-596 35,884 3,318 17,947 47,203 78,503 8',m' Monroe 76,029 111769 37,591 Muscatine 39,382 702,789 207,138 645,633 2,303,831 968,641 622,391 5,117,540 284,3.51 85,262 160,625 936,510 367,482 574,071 1,762,771 850,053 383,111 l,2a9,519 1,38-3,386 27,626 408,224 2,966 41,595 996,758 643,096 1,436,005 1,957,822 6,342,346 . ■ 768,180 . 7,054 68,896 . Osceola 319,618 Palo Alto "l',2i%396' 508,544 331,725 Pocahontas Pottawattamie .. Ringgold ly.l. Scott ieo^eir 301,113 710,271 2-56,779 272,550 Sioux -. Tama Union . 443,672 1,569,-576 875.894 486,372 978,588 1,301,753 46,099 253,105 1,108 36,821 933,923 592,117 969,207 1,919,209 8,073,201 792,345 582,230 130,399 193,195 3iol93i' 81,633 155^119' 1,858 4,774 62,8-35 50,979 456,798 251841 100,161 Wapello 18,473 Washington .. Webster ... . Worth .'..'. 38,613 . 'i'jsb'M's 24,165 1,185,815 603,58-5 . 91,007,054 98,184,607 16,544,115 358 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Counties shipping more than 1,000,000 pounds, net, of butter in the year ending September 30, 1906. 1906 Woodbury .. Polk Lee Jones Buchanan _. Fayette Delaware — - Bremer Chickasaw _ Kossuth Clayton Palo Alto - Dubuque Butler Carroll Winneshiek Hardin Sioux Linn Jackson Mitchell — - Calhoun Black Hawk Allamakee — Winnebago - Hamilton -— Union Buena Vista Taylor Clay Audubon -— Wright Clinton Crawford _— Adair Totals — 8,073,201 5,827,811 2,404,326 2,286,316 1,823,524 2,365,684 2,474,109 2,795,237 2,146,074 1,929,405 3,149,763 1,084,465 2,569,853 1,954,735 1,926,932 1,919,209 1,631,311 1,569,576 1,6^5,892 1,543,515 1,784,298 1,070,783 1,338,071 1,293,597 969,207 1,470,030 1,301,753 1,006,203 978,588 676,754 1,327,357 582,230 656,448 1,004,439 1,331,358 6,342,346 5,117,540 3,993,365 3,752,833 3,098,132 2,766,049 2,740,122 2,473,678 2,468,370 2,423,053 2,373,250 2,303,861 2,271,330 2,233,228 2,020,441 1,957,822 1,784,853 1,762,771 1,734,959 1,594,125 1,582,822 1,531,484 1,480,132 1,468,626 1,426,005 1,400,683 1,383,386 1,321,824 1,289,519 1,218,797 1,186,008 1,185,815 1,137,963 1,093,109 1,079,890 67,962,044 74,998,191 These thirty-five counties ship 76 per cent of the shipped from the state. ,184,607 net pounds of butter SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK-PAKT VIII. 359 Table showing total net butter shipments of the State for the years 189". to 1906, inclusive, from Iowa to points outside the State; also increase or decrease as compared with the year preceding. Year Ending October 1st 1890 I 71,255,796 1891 68,690,716 1892 i 60,112,931 1893 -■ I 54,572,902 1894 54,509,417 1895 66,497,108 1896 80,032,916 1897 83,620,081 1898 75,364,337 1899 ' 76,620,326 1900 71,719,329 1901 74,863,995 1902 72,714,584 1903 77,079,794 1904 75,889,260 1905 91,051,S51 1906 98,184,607 ..__ .- 2,565,080 8,577,785 5,540,029 63,485 11,987,691 13,535,808 3,587,165 6,255,744 1,255,989 [ 4,910,997 3,144,666 I I 2,149,411 4,365,210 1,190,534 15,162,291 7,133,056 Q o I— I H <1 H CO O o I— I o < H CO PS PART IX OFFICIAL REPORT OF AWARDS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS, SCOR- INGS OF BOYS IN JUDGING CONTEST AND Press Reports of the Iowa State Fair of 1906, together with report of awards at 1906 Mature Corn Show AWARDS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS IOWA STATE FAIR, 1906 HORSE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent C. F. Curtiss, Ames, Iowa STANDARD BRED. EXHIBITORS. C. E. Alexander, Des Moines, Iowa; C. L. Baxter, Des Moines, Iowa; John W. Bruere, Tracy, Iowa; D. J. Cowden, Adair, Iowa; Fred Crawford, Des Moines, Iowa; W. H. Davis, Des Moines, Iowa; J. B. Elliott, Knox- ville, Iowa; E. J. Hadley, Grinnell, Iowa; Frank lams, Lorimor, Iowa; Tom James, Des Moines, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; J. A. Minteer, Van Meter, Iowa; J. W. Moorehead, Montieth, Iowa; O. J. Moores, Colum- bia, Missouri; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; L. C. Noe, Hartford, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois. Ed Person, Carlisle, Iowa; August Post, Moulton, Iowa; C. C. Prouty, Des Moines, Iowa; T. J. Shaw, Mitchellville, Iowa; P. F. Smith, Montezuma, Iowa; Jas. Watt, Des Moines, Iowa. (361) 362 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa Stallion Four Tears Old and Over — First, McNaught, 37375, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Hail Cloud, 23606, James Watt; third, Don A. 17754, C. E. Alexander. Stallion Over Three and Under Four — First, Major Consul, 40342, T. J. Shaw; second, Rastus Jim, 39708, J. R. Peak & Son. Stallion Over Two and Under Three — First, Prince I. X. L., 43530, J. A. Minteer; second. Red Frances, 39781, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Blue Peak, 39782, J. R. Peak & Son. Stallion Over One and Under Two — Bishop White Stockings, 43519, D. J. Cowden; second, Malta Vita, J. R. Peak & Son. Horse Foal — First, J. A. Mason; second. Brown Rex, J. A. Mason; third. Count Royal, C. L. Baxter. Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Noretta, Vol. 17, J. R. Peak & Son; second. Peak's Baby, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Anna Rietta, Jno. W. Bruere. Filly Over Three and Under Four Years — First, Grace Darling, J. R. Peak & Son. Filley Over Tivo and Under Three Years — First, Madam Peak, Vol. 17, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Topsy Royal, Vol. 17, C. L. Baxter. Filly Over One and Under Two Years — First, Lady Hail, Fred Craw- ford; second, Lindy Girl, J. R. Peak & Son. Mare Foal — First, Lady Cloud, Fred Crawford; second Beautiful Queen, J. A. Minteer. Get of Stallion — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, C. C. Prouty. Produce of Mare — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, J. A. Minteer. CARRIAGE OR COACH HORSES. EXHIBITORS. John W. Bruere, Tracy, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; August Post, Moulton, Iowa; Mark Shaw, Monroe, Iowa; M. 0. Trailer, Marne, Iowa. Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa Carriage Team, Shown to Carriage or Other Yehicle — First, Milton and Haness, J. R. Peak & Son; second. Champ. M. O. Trailer. Family Mare or Gelding, Driven to Surrey or Other Suitable Vehicle — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second. Black Bess, C. E. Monahan; third, Milton, J. R. Peak & Son. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 363 GENTLEMEN'S DRIVING HORSES. EXHIBITORS. John W. Bruere, Tracy, Iowa; T. D. Doke, Bloomfield, Iowa; Albert Harlan, Stockport, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; 0. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son, Win- chester, Illinois; August Post, Moulton, Iowa; C. C. Prouty, Des Moines, Iowa; T. J. Shaw, Mitchellville, Iowa; Mark Shaw, Monroe, Iowa; S. S. Spansler, Milan, Missouri; Mark H. Whitcomb, Gilmore City, Iowa; J. P. Wilson, Indianola, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa Driving Team (Pair) to Pole — First, Peak's Baby and Lovely Lady, J. R. Peak it Son; second, Black Bess and Melrose, C. E. Monahan; third. Golden Rod and Golden Glow, C. C. Prouty. Single Driver to Harness — First, Gem, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Anna Rietta, John W. Bruere; third, Marian, J. R. Peak & Son. MATCHED TEAM AND APPOINTMENT CLASS. EXHIBITORS. Loren Dunbar, Earlham, Iowa; Albert Harlan, Stockport, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; C. C. Prouty, Des Moines, Iowa; T. J. Shaw, Mitchelville, Iowa; S. S. Spangler, Milan, Hissouri; Chas. Stock- dale, Des Moines, Iowa. Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa Pair of inares or Geldings, Any Age (15.1 Hands or Over,) Driven to Vehicle — First, Milton and Hanks, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Golden Rod and Golden Glow, C. C. Prouty. SADDLE HORSES. EXHIBITORS. Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Ed Clapper, Unionville, Missouri; T. D. Doke, Bloomfield, Iowa; Harris & Richardson, Mystic, Iowa; Tom H. Jones, Lucerne, Missouri; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Chas. Stock- dale, Des Moines, Iowa; J. H. Tapp, Dearborn, Missouri; D. Weeks, Dea Moines, Iowa; Mark H. Whitcomb, Gilmore City, Iowa. 364 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Judge R. E. Jones, Webster City, Iowa Gelding Four Years or Over — First, Jaclv 0' Diamonds, Thos. Bass. Gelding Three Tears Old and Under — Thos. Bass, Mexico, Mo. Stallion Four Years Old or Over — First, Reckless Squirrel, 1357, Tom H. Jones; second, McDonald, Thos. Bass; third, Harold Denmark, Ed Clapper. Stallion Three Years Old and Under — First, Jewell McDonald, Thos. Bass; second, McLeod, Mark H. Whitcomb. Mare Four Years Old or Over — First, Twilight, Thos. Bass; second, Ruby Rice, 2031, Tom H. Jones; third. Miss Edith C, T. D. Doke. Mare Three Years Old and Under — First, Thos. Bass, Mexico, Mo. Champion Stallion. Mare or Gelding — First, Jack O' Diamonds, Thos. Bass. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Thos. Bass; second, Thos. Bass; third. McLeod, Mark H. Whitcomb. HIGH SCHOOL HORSES. Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Luie A., Thos. Bass; second, Ed Clapper. SHETLAND PONIES. EXHIBITOES. Horace L. Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; J. B. Brown, Guthrie Center; Iowa; Cassidy & Thompson, Jamaica, Iowa; John Donhowe, Story City, Iowa; W. W. Garner, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; W. T. Roberts, Luther, Iowa; F. C. Ruegnitz, Stratford, Iowa; Chas. H. Stone, Muscatine, Iowa. Judge J. I. Gibson, Des Moines, Iowa Stallion Three Years Old or Over — First, Peter the Great, W. W. Gar- ner; second, Anton, John Donhowe; third. Black Bantam, John Donhowe. Stallion Foal — First, Fox, John Donhowe; second. Tommy Britton, W. T. Roberts; third, Lucille, Cassidy & Thompson. Mare Three Years Old or Over — First, Lady Soux, Chas. H. Stone; sec- ond, Nellie Grey, John Donhowe; third, Mattie, Cassidy & Thompson. Mare Foal — First, Gladys, Cassidy & Thompson; second. Sprite, W. T. Roberts; third, Lucille, Cassidy & Thompson. Shetland Pony in Harness — First, Peter the Great, W. W. Garner; sec- ond, Nellie Grey, John Donhowe; third, Mattie, 4754, Cassidy & Thomp- son; fourth. Charm, John Donhowe; fifth, Nellie Pope, 3914, W. T. Roberts. SEVENTH ANNQAL YEAE BOOK— PART IX. 365 Pair Shetland Ponies in Harness — First, Peter the Great and Trixy, W. W. Garner; second, Black Bantam and Dot, John Donhowe; third, Topsy and Pearl, W. T. Roberts; fourth, Billie and Dolly, Cassidy & Thompson; fifth, Charm and Beauty, John Donhowe. Tandem Team of tilietlauds — First, W. W. Garner; second. Black Ban- tam and Dot, John Donhowe; third, Bessie R. and Pet L., W. T. Roberts; fourth. Charm and Beauty, John Donhowe; fifth. Novelty and Ditto, Cassidy & Thompson. Shetland Pony Under Saddle — First, Folly, Horace L. Anderson; sec- ond. Beauty, John Donhowe; third, W. W. Garner; fourth, Teddis, John Donhowe; fifth, Helen, Chas. H. Stone. Shetland Stallion and Four of His Get — First, Cassidy & Thompson; second, John Donhowe. ENGLISH COACH BREEDS, CLEVELAND BAY AND HACKNEY. EXHIBITOUS. Finch Bros., Jcliet and Verona, Illinois; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois. % AW.VRDS. Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa StaUion Four Years and Over — First, Vv^cod Baronet, 906G, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Bradney Ambition, S754, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. StaUion Over Three and Under Four — First, Blaisdon Clifton, 8743, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Copalder Firefly, 17887, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. Filley Over Two and Under Three — First, Bushnell Duchess, 17890, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. MORGAN. EXHIBITORS. Cassidy & Thompson, Jamaica, Iowa; P. F. Smith, Montezuma, Iowa. AW.\RDS. Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa Stallion Three Years Old and Over — First, Morgan Panic, 5003, P. F. Smith; second, Helmet, Cassidy & Thompson. 366 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FRENCH AND GERMAN COACH. EXHIBITORS. Alexander Calder, Fremont, Nebraska; Peter Frohling, Webster City, Iowa; Frank lams, St. Paul, Nebraska; McLaughlin Bros., Columbus, Ohio. ' AWARDS. Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa Stallion Four Tears Old and Over — First, Crassville, 4055, McLaughlin Bros.; second, Casse Tete, 4101, McLaughlin Bros.; third, Lubbins Chief, (336), Prank lams, St. Paul, Nebraska; fourth, Lubbins Captain (335), Frank lams; fifth, Rets, 2097, Alexander Calder. Stallion Over Three and Under Four — First, Dactyle, 4125, McLaugh- lin Bros.; second, Diamant, 4121, McLaughlin Bros. CLYDESDALE. EXHIBITORS. t J. B. Brown, Guthrie Center, Iowa; James J. Burrier, Eddyville, Iowa; Alexander Calder, Fremont, Nebraska; W. W. Gamer, Des Moines, Iowa; W. O. Hixson, Marengo, Iowa; McLay Bros., Janesville, Wisconsin; James Pedley, Algona, Iowa; August Post, Moulton, Iowa; Frank P. Shekleton, Lawler, Iowa; A. G. Soderburg, Osco, Illinois; T. D. Tice, Pella, Iowa. Judge Robt. Graham, Claremont, Ont. Stallion Four Tears Old and Over — First, Clan Stewart, 11658, A. G. Soderburg; second, Prince Punctual, 9644, McLay Bros.; third. Captor, 12027, W. W. Garner. Stallion Over Three Tears Old and Under Four — First, Ethelbert, 12025, A. G. Soderburg; second. Tartan, 12024, A. G. Soderburg; third, St. Co- lumbia, 11427, McLay Bros. Stallion Over Two and Under Three — First, Black Douglas (Vol. XXIX), A. G. Soderburg; second. Black Acme, 12855, A. G. Soderburg; third. Gold Anchor, 12564, McLay Bros. ...Stallion Over One and Under Tuio— First, Cavalier, 12561, McLay Bros.; second, Golden Prince, 12346, McLay Bros.; third, Osco Fortune, A. G. Soderburg. Horse Foal — First, Reciprocity, T. D. Tice. Stallion Over Three Tears Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Prince Punc- tual, 9644, McLay Bros.; second, Rosemack, 10406, W. V. Hixson; third. Wayside Dunglass, 9395, August Post. Stallion Under Three Tears Old. Bred by Exhibitor — First, James Ped- ley; second. Golden Prince, 12346, McLay Bros.; third, Byron's Prince, 12057, A. G. Soderburg. Sj:VENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 367 Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Princess Goodwin, 9849, McLay Bros.; second, Queen of the Clydes, 10934, James Pedley; third, Osco Queen, 10649, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Wayside Cordelia, 10900, August Post; fifth, Laura Mac, 10769, Frank P. Shekleton. Filly Over Three and Under Four — First, Lady Graceful, 1118, Mc- Lay Bros.; second, Osco Sweetness, 11117, A. G. Soderberg; third, Osco Kerney, 11209, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Pella Girl, 11221, T. D. Tice. Filly Over Two and Under Three — First, Point Lace, 11586, McLay Bros.; second, Osco Bloss, 12056, A. G. Soderberg; third, Thorncliffe Queen, 12456, McLay Bros.; fourth, Mandy, 12132, Alexander Calder; fifth, Nellie, 12141, Alexander Calder. Filly Over One and Under Two — First, Palmerston's Darling, 12332, W. V. Hixson; second, Florentia, 12574, McLay Bros.; third, Maggie Mc- Kinley, 12373, Frank P. Shekleton. Mare Foal — First, Peach Blossom, W. V. Hixson; second, McLay Bros.; third, Wayside Princess, 1253S, August Post. Mare Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Princess Good- win, 9849, McLay Bros.; second. Queen of the Clydes, 10934, James Ped- ley, third, Lady Graceful, 11118, McLay Bros.; fourth, Osco Sweetness, 11117, A. G. Soderberg; fifth. Orange Blossom, 10341, Frank P. Shekleton. Mare Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Point Lace, 11586, McLay Bros.; second, Palmerston's Darling, 12332, W. V. Hixson; third. Peach Blossom, W. V. Hixson; fourth, Osco Bloss, 12056. A. G. Soderberg. Get of Stallion — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, W. V. Hixson. Produce of Mare — First, McLay Bros.; second, W. V. Hixson; third, A. G. Soderberg. Grand Display — Four animals bred by exhibitor: First, McLay Bros.; second, W. V. Hixson; third, A. G. Soderberg. SPECIAL CHAMPIONSHIPS— (SILVER CUP.) Offered by the American Clydesdale Association. Best American Bred Stallion, Any Age — McLay Bros. Best American Bred Mare. Any Age — McLay Bros. Best Group of Five Animals, Any Age, Bred and Owned by Exhibitor- McLay Bros. ENGLISH SHIRES. EXHIBITORS. Jas. J. Burrier, Eddyville, Iowa; Lew Cochrane, Crawfordsville, In- diana; Finch Bros., .Joliet and Verona, Illinois: A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Illinois; M. O. Trailer, Marne, Iowa; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bush- nell, Illinois. 368 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUKE. Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa Stallion Four Tears Old and Over — First, Highland Laddie, 22976, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Ethelred III, 21407, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Duke Albert, 20439, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Umbrislade Victor, 20131, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; fifth, Kendle Tom, 7097, Finch Bros. Stallion Over Three and Under Four — First, Norman Emperor, 23554, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Northolme Gipsy King, 22639, M. O. Trailer; third, Barnfield All Fours, 7609, Finch Bros.; fourth, Wryde- lands Champion II, 22944, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; fifth, Peakirk Prince, 4942 (22670), Jas. J. Burrier. Stallion Over Two and Under Three — First, Gaiety Banker, 7714, Tru- mans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, John D., 8421, Lew W. Cochrane; third, Verona Bounder, 7897, Finch Bros.; fourth, Finch's Justice, Finch Bros. Stallion Over One and Under Two — First, Noble King, A. G. Soderberg, second. Finch's Buster Brown, Finch Bros.; third, Finch's Bounder, Finch Bros. Stallion Foal — First, Algonice Champion, Finch Bros.; second. Zero, Lew W. Cochrane. Stallion Over Three Years Old. Bred by Exhibitor — First, Finch Bros. Stallion Under Three Years Old. Bred by Exhibitor — First, Gaiety Ban- ker, 7714, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second. Noble King, A. G. Soder- berg; third. Finch Bros. Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Trumans' Ponders Bridge Daisy, 45964, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Osco Rose, A. G. Soderberg; third, Trumans' Oakham Lydia, 48938, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm. Filly Over Three and Under Four — First, Trumans' Oakham Madge, 48939, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Bay Girl, 8304, Finch Bros. Filly Over Two and Under Three — First, Truman's Deeping Juliet, 47668, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Favorita, 8419, Lew W. Cochrane; third, Osco Sylvia, 8206, A. G. Soderberg. Filly Over One and Under Two — First, Minnehaha, Lew W. Cochrane; second. Verona Bell, II., Finch Bros. Mare Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Osco Rose, A. G. Soderberg. Mare Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Minnehaha, 8422, Lew W. Cochrane; second, Osco Sylvia, 8206, A. G. Soderberg; third. Favorite, 8419, Lew W. Cochrane. Get of Stallion — First, Lew W. Cochrane; second. Finch Bros. Prooduce of Mare — First, Lew W. Cochrane; second, A. G. Soderberg; third. Finch Bros. Grand Display, Four Animals Bred by Exhibitor — First, Lew W. Coch- rane; second. Finch Bros. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 369 PERCHERONS AND FRENCH DRAFT. EXHIBITORS. Lew Cochrane, Crawfordsville, Indiana; W. L. DeClow, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Loren Dunbar, Earlham, Iowa; F. F. Failor, Newton, Iowa; Finch Bros., .Joliet and Verona, Illinois; S. B. Frey, Ames, Iowa; W. W. Garner, Des Moines, Iowa; Albert Harlan, Stoclcport, Iowa; J. P. Huff, Stockport, Iowa; Frank lams, St. Paul, Nebraska; Maasdam & Wheeler, Fairfield, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; McLaughlin Bros., Columbus, Ohio; H. G. McMillan, Rock Rapids, Iowa; F. 0. Nutting & Son, Indianola, Iowa; John Ogle, Ames, Iowa; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; F. A. Smith, Nevada, Iowa; Adam Stamm, Letts, Iowa; J. P. Wilson, Indianola, Iowa. Judge W. J. Kennedj', Ames, Iowa Stallion Four Years Old and Over — First. Extradegant, 405.53, Mc- Laughlin Bros.; second, Olbert, 42815, H. G. McMillan; third, Montelle, 25223, S. B. Frey; fourth, Trallalla, 5106), Frank lams; fifth, Bibi. 4128, McLaughlin Bros. Stallion Over Three and Under Four — First, Dimitri, 41289, McLaugh- lin Bros.; second, Coco, 35856, F. O. Nutting & Son; third, Harrison, 59602, Frank lams; fourth, Daniel, 57922, W. W. Garner. Stallion Over Two and Under Three — First, Lerida 2d, C. A. Saunders; second. Dragon, 41341, McLaughlin Bros.; third, Renvier, 45552, H. G. McMillan; fourth, Dewey's Image, 43150, F. O. Nutting & Son; fifth, Tom Watson, 41264, Lew W. Cochran. Stallion Over One and Under Tico — First, Macduff, 41257. Lew W. Cochran; second, Vaporeux, 41343, McLaughlin Bros.; third, Diaz, 45550, H. G. McMillan; fourth, Vidoc, Loren Dunbar; fifth. King Edward, 44873, Finch Bros. Horse Foal — First, Monto Mister, S. B. Frey; second, Sampson, J. P. Huff; third, Maasdam & Wheeler. Stallion Over Three Years Old. Bred by Exhibitor — First, Montelle, 25223, S. B. Frey; second, H. G. McMillan; third, Agricole, 41318, Maas- dam & Wheeler; fourth, Calmont, 40925, Lew W. Cochrane; fifth. Gladi- ator II. 32148, F. O. Nutting & Son. Stallion Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, C. A. Saun- ders; second, Macduff, 41257, Lew W. Cochran; third, Renvier, 45552, H. G. McMillan; fourth, Belvidere, 45554, H. G. McMillan; fifth, Balzac, 41256, Lew W. Cochran. Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Lady Montrose, 40084, Lew W. Cochran; second, Kate Dewey, 568, F. O. Nutting & Son; third, Fan- chette, 44029, Maasdam & Wheeler; fourth, Eloise, 20985, H. G. McMillan; fifth. Gressette, 21876, Loren Dunbar. Filly Over Three and Under Foxir — First, lolanthe, 40925, H. G. Mc- Millan; second. Lady of Quality, 41255, Lew W. Cochran; third, Antoi- nette, 40922, H. G. McMillan; fourth, Her Majesty, 41265, Lew W. Coch- ran; fifth. Marguerite, 45347, Maasdam & Wheeler. 24 370 IOWA D]CPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Filly Over Tioo and Under Three — First, Adrienne, 45555, H. G. Mc- Millan; second, Arabella, 41260, Lew W. Cochran; third, Rosamond, 45547; H. G McMillan; fourth, Petite, 45341, Maasdam & Wheeler. Filly Over One and Under Two — First, Merchants' Princess, W. W. Garner; second, Lucia, 45551, H. G. McMillan; third, Lady Gallant, J. A. Mason; fourth, Sweet Violet, 41263, Lew W. Cochran. Mare Foal — First, Charlotte, S. B. Frey; second. Mishap, 41258, Lew W. Cochran; third. May Queen, F. F. Failor; fourth, Mabell, 45601, S. B. Frey. Mare Over Three Tears Old, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, lolanthe, 40925; H. G. McMillan; second. Lady of Quality, 41255, Lew W. Cochran; third, Lady Montrose, 40084, Lew W. Cochran. Mare Under Three Years Old. Bred hy Exhibitor — First, Adrienne, 45555, H. G. McMillan; second, Arabella, 41260, Lew W. Cochran; third, Rosamond, 45547, H. G. McMillan. Get of Stallion — First, H. G. McMillan; second, Lew W. Cochrane; third, S. B. Frey. Produce of Mare — First, S. B. Frey; second, Lew W. Cochrane; third, H. G. McMillan; fourth, H. G. McMillan. Grand Display — Four Animals Bred hy Exhibitor — First, H. G. Mc- Millan; second. Lew W. Cochran; third, S. B. Frey. SPECIAL CHAMPIONSHIPS— (GOLD MEDAL.) Offered by the Percheron Society of America. Champion Stallion, Any Age — H. G. McMillan. Champion Stallion, Any Age, American Bred — S. B. Frey. Champion Mare, Any Age, American Bred — H. G. McMillan. Champion Group of Five Animals, American Bred — H. G. McMillan. SPECIAL CHAMPIONSHIPS— GOLD MEDAL— RESERVE RIBBON. Offered by the Percheron Registry Company. Champion Stallion, Any Age — First, McLaughlin; reserve, Cochran. Champion Mare, Any Age — First, Cochran; reserve, Cochran. Champion Group of Five or More Animals Belonging to One Exhibitor -First, McLaughlin; reserve, Cochran. BELGIAN. EXHIBITORS. W. L. De Clow, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Finch Bros., .loliet and Verona, Illinois; W. W. Garner, Des Moines, Iowa; Frank lams, St. Paul, Ne- braska; Henry Lefebure, Fairfax, Iowa; McLaughlin Bros., Columbus, Ohio. Judge R. B. Ogelvie, Chicago, Illinois SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 371 Stallion Four Years Old or Over — First, Forton de Smeerhebbe, 2212, McLaughlin Bros.; second, Marmot de Pursoulx, 2187, McLaughlin Bros.; third, Ravachol, 1987, Henry Lefebure; fourth, Pequavine I., 28432, Finch Bros.; fifth, Fraseur, 2142, Finch Bros. Stallion Over Three and Under Four — First, Yann Isaac, 2216, Mc- Laughlin Bros.; second, Signor, 33806, W. W. Garner; third, Boulevard, 33706, W. L. De Clow. Stallion Over Tivo and Under Three — First, Luron De Orbais, Vol. 12, W. W. Garner; second, Artaban, W. L. De Clow; third, Minos, W. L. De Clow; fourth, Mirliton, W. L. De Clow. Stallion Over One and Under Two — First and second, Henry Lefebure. Stallion Foal — First, Pompee IL, Henry Lefebure. Stallion Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, second and third, Henry Lefebure. Mare Over Four Years Old — First and second, Henry Lefebure. Filly Over Three and Under Four — First and second, Henry Lefebure. Filly Over Two and Under Three — First, Pratache D' Alvaux, 277, Finch Bros.; second and third, Henry Lefebure. Mare Foal — First and second, Henry Lefebure. Mare Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First and second, Henry Lefebure. Mare Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, second and third, Henry Lefebure. Produce of Mare — First, Henry Lefebure. Get of Stallion — First, Henry Lefebure. Grand Display — Four Animals Bred by Exhibitor — First and second, Henry Lefebure. DRAFT GELDINGS OR MARES. EXHIBITORS. Armour & Company, Chicago, Illinois; Lew Cochran, Crawfordsville, Indiana; Loren Dunbar, Earlham, Iowa; Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois; A. L. Foster, Winterset, Iowa; Henry Lefebure, Fairfax, Iowa; Maasdam & Wheeler, Fairfield, Iowa; J. M. Moore, Indianola, Iowa; J. F. McKee, Indianola, Iowa; b'. O. Nutting & Son, Indianola, Iowa; August Post, Moulton, Iowa; H. G. McMillan, Rock Rapids, Iowa; Frank P. Shekleton, Lawler, Iowa; Adam Stamm, Letts, Iowa; J. P. Wilson, In- dianola, Iowa; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois. Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa Single Mare or Gelding Under 1,750 Pounds — First, Armour & Co.; second, Antoinette, 40922, H. G. McMillan; third. Lew W. Cochran. Single Mare or Gelding Over 1,750 Pounds — First, Armour & Co.; sec- ond. Lew W. Cochran; third, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm. Pair of Mares or Geldings Under 3,500 Pounds — First, Trumans' Pio- neer Stud Farm; second. Lew W. Cochran; third, August Post; fourth. Lew W. Cochran; fifth, W. W. Garner. 372 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Pair of Mares or Geldings Over 3,500 Pounds — First, Armour & Co.; second, Lew W. Cochran. Four Horse Team — First, Lew W. Cochran. Six Horse Team — First, Armour & Co. CATTLE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, Iowa SHORTHORNS. EXHIBITORS. F. "W. Akers, Laurel, Iowa; Ardmore Stock Company, Holstein, Iowa; L. W. Barnhart, South English, Iowa; C. S. Barclay, West Liberty, Iowa; Bellows Bros., Maryville, Mo.; J. B. Brown, Solon, Iowa; G. H. Burge, Mount Vernon, Iowa; C. W. Dews & Son, Harlan, Iowa; C. L. Drake, Kelley, Iowa; F. A. Edwards, Webster City, Iowa; John Gedney & Son, Numa, Iowa; A. F. Graves, King City, Missouri; W. E. Graham, Prairie City, Iowa; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wisconsin; J. S. Hardin, Indian ola, Iowa; J. F. Judge, Carroll, Iowa; W. A. Lind, Rolfe, Iowa; H. C. Living- ston, Monroe, Iowa; Michael A. Wagner, Fremont, Ohio; J. H. Moyer, Newton, Iowa; H. D. Parsons, Newton, Iowa; D. P. Rickabaugh, Sheri- dan, Missouri; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; E. R. Silliman, Colo, Iowa; T. K. Tomson & Sons, Dover, Kansas; C. R. Warren, Hillsdale, Iowa; G. W. Westfall, Toledo, Iowa. Judge J. H. Miller, Peru, Indiana Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Whitehall Marshall, 209776, F. W. Harding; second. Money Musk, 196542, G. H. Burge; third, Secret Viscount, 212705, F. A. Edwards; fourth, King Cumberland, 110620, C. A. Saunders; fifth. Silvery Knight, 206653, T. K. Tomson & Son; sixth, Royal Victor, 243018, J. B. Brown. Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Good Choice, 227852, Bel- lows Bros.; second, Superbus, 224710, Ardmore Stock Company; third. Clear the Way, 231482, J. T. Judge; fourth. The Conqueror, 215051, T. J. Wornall & Sons; fifth, Scottish Champion, 224435, H. D. Parsons; sixth. Baron Fox Glove, 231479, E. R. Silliman. Brill One Year and Under Two — First, Champion of Lyndale, Vol. 68, A. F. Graves; second. Careless Conqueror, 241515, T. J. Wornall & Son; third, Cloverburn's Ideal, 247812, E. R. Silliman; fourth. Banner's Vic- tor, 242584, C. R. Warren; fifth. Hopeful Knight, 244229, T. K. Tomson & Sons; sixth. Contractor's Banner Bearer, 250894, G. H. White. Senior Bull Calf (dropped between September 1, 1905, and January 1, 1906) — First, Anokak Sultan, F. W. Harding; second, King, 262929, C. W. Dows & Son; third, Gloster Marshall, F. W. Harding; fourth. Nonpa- reil Abbotsburn, Vol. 68, Bellows Bros.; fifth. Suitor, F. W. Harding; sixth, American Leader, F. W. Akers. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 373 Junior Bull Calf (dropped since January 1, 1906) — First, The Goods, F. W. Harding; second, Golden Crown, 263863, L. W. Barnhart. Coiv Three Years or Over — First, Princess Flora 2nd, F. W. Harding; second, 3rd Elder Lawn Victoria, Vol. 57, T. K. Tomson & Sons; third, Glosterina, T. J. Wornall & Sons; fourth. Money Fuffle Maid, F. W. Har- ding; fifth, Fenimore Princess, Vol. 60, F. A. Edwards; sixth, Golden Duchess of Gloster, Vol. 52, F. A. Edwards. Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Anoka Broadhooks, F. W. Harding; second, Cherry Lass, Vol. 60, T. K. Tomson & Sons; third. Vel- vet Eyes, Vol. 61, C. A. Saunders; fourth. Choice Violet 2nd, T. J. Wornall & Son; fifth. Thorny Bud, Vol. 63, T. K. Tomson & Sons; sixth, Heather Bell, Vol. 64, F. A. Edwards. Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Missie of Browndale, F. W. ' Harding; second, Clara Belle, F. W. Harding; third. Independence Lady 3rd, Vol. 67, C. A. Saunders; fourth. Manor Lady of Ardmore, Vol. 64, Ardmore Stock Co.; fifth. Fancy Lovell, F. W. Harding; sixth, Hampton's Lady Cupbearer, C. R. Warren. Senior Heifer Calf (dropped between September 1, 1905, and January 1, 1906) — First, Anoka Gloster 2nd, F. W. Harding; second, Hampton's Tea Rose, Vol. 68, Bellows Bros.; third, Victoria Countess, N. A. Lind; fourth, Duchess of Lancaster 16th, Ardmore Stock Co.; fifth, Broadhooks Sultan, F. W. Harding; sixth. Claret, F. W. Harding. Junior Heifer Calf (dropped since January 1, 1906) — First, Parkdale Queen of Beauty 2nd, Vol. 68, Bellows Bros.; second, Cumberland's Coun- tess, Vol 67, C. A. Saunders; third. Model Rose, Vol. 68, Bellows Bros.; fourth, Dora 5th, H. D. Parsons; fifth. Rose Archer, T. K. Tomson & Sons; sixth, Ramsden Flower, F. W. Harding. Exhibitor's Herd — First, F. W. Harding; second, T. K. Tomson & Sons; third, T. J. Wornall & Son; fourth, C. A. Saunders; fifth, G. H. Burge. Breeder's Young Herd — First, F. W. Harding; second, N. A. Lind; third, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fourth, T. J. Wornall & Son; fifth, J. B. Brown. Calf Herd — First, F. W. Harding; second. Bellows Bros.; third, H. D. Parsons; fourth, L. W. Barnhart; fifth, G. H. Burge. Get of Sire — First, T. K. Tomson & Sons; second. F. W. Harding; third. Bellows Bros.; fourth, N. A. Lind; fifth, Ardmore Stock Company. Produce of Cow — First, F. W. Harding; second, F. W. Harding; third, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fourth, G. H. Burge; fifth, H. D. Parsons. Sweepstakes. Bull. Any Age — Whitehall Marshall, 209776, F. W. Hard- ing. Stveepstakes, Cow, Any Age — Princess Flora, 2nd, F. W. Harding. IOWA SPECIALS. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Secret Viscount, 212705, F. A. Ed- wards; second, King Cumberland, 110620, C. A. Saunders; third. Royal Victor, 243018, J. B. Brown; fourth, Acomb Duke of Riverside, 154232, J. S. Hardin; fifth, Victor of Evergreen Park 4th, 184631, John Gedney & Son. Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Clear the Way, 231482, J. T. Judge; second, Scottish Champion, 224435, H. D. Parsons; third, 374 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Baron Fox Glove, 231479, E. R. Silliman; fourth, Scottish Fame, 239277, L. W. Barnhart; fifth. Nonpareil Courtier, Jr., J. H. Moyer. Bull One Year and Under Tivo — First, Cloverburn's Ideal, 247812, E. R. Silliman; second. Banner's Victor, 242584, C. R. Warren; third, Con- tractor's Banner Bearer, 250894, G. H. White; fourth. Pride of Fashion, N. A. Lind; fifth, English Champion 2nd, C. S. Barclay. Bvll Calf Under Otie Year — First, American Leader, F. W. Akers; second, Nonpareil Prince, 262931, C. W. Dows & Son; third. Red Cloud, J. B. Brown; fourth, Malaka's Best, H. D. Parsons; fifth. Red Champion, H. D. Parsons. Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Fenimore Princess, Vol. 60, F. A. Edwards; second. Golden Princess of Gloster, Vol. 52, F. A. Edwards; third, Annabell, Vol. 55, G. H. Purge; fourth, Flora Dell, Vol. 50, G. H. Burge; fifth, Mineola 4th, J. H. Moyer. Heifer Tico Years Old and Under Three — First, Velvet Eyes, Vol. 61, C. A. Saunders; second. Heather Bell, Vol. 64, F. A. Edwards; third, Floradora, Vol. 60, G. H. Burge; fourth, Scotch Duchess, Vol. 48, G. H. White; fifth. Lavender Rose, Vol. 64, F. A. Edwards. Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Independence Lady 3rd, Vol. 67, C. A. Saunders; second, Manor Landy of Ardmore, Vol. 64, Ardmore Stock Company; third, Hampton's Lady Cupbearer, C. R. Warren; fourth, Beaver Creek Arabella, Vol. 64, N. A. Lind; fifth, Lovely Belle, Vol. 64, N. A. Lind. Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Victoria Countess, N! A. Lind; second, Duchess of Lancaster 16th, Ardmore Stock Company; third, Florella, G. H. Burge; fourth, Dora 5th, H. D. Parsons; fifth, May Queen, L. W. Barnhart. Exhil>itor's Herd — First, C. A. Saunders; second, G. H. Burge; third, F. A. Edwards. Breeder's Young Herd — First, J. B. Brown; second, L. W. Barnhart; third, G. H. Burge. Get of Sire — First, N. A. Lind; second, Ardmore Stock Company; third, H. D. Parsons. Produce of Coxo — First, G. H. Burge; second, H. D. Parsons; third, L. W. Barnhart. Sweepstakes. Bnll, Any Age — ^Clear the Way, 231482, .J. T. Judge. Sweepstakes. Core, Any Age — Independence Lady 3rd, Vol. 67, C. A. Saunders. HEREFORDS. EXHIBITOBS. S. L. Brock, Macon, Missouri; Cargill & McMillan, La Crosse, Wis- consin; Carrothers Bros., Ryan, Iowa; Edmonds, Shade & Co., Kingsley, Iowa; Sheridan Henry, Ridgeway, Missouri; David W. Ohl, Iowa City, Iowa; Studebaker Stock Farm, Van Buren, Indiana; W. S. Van Natta & Son, Fowler, Indiana; G. W. Way & Son, New Sharon, Iowa; Hugh Whiteford, Guilford, Missouri. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 375 Judge Claude H. Makin, Grandview, Mo. Bull Three Years Old or Over — ^First, Princepts 4th, 143349, Cargill & McMillan; second, Kenswick (Imp.), 111886, Hugh Whiteford; third, Emancipator, 156682, Carrothers Bros.; fourth. King Edward, 165604, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; fifth. Rustler's 7th, 161631, David W. Ohl. Bull Tico Tears and Under Three — First, Prime Lad 3rd, 197984, W. S. Van Natta & Son; second. Privateer 2nd, 182133, Cargill & Mc- Millan;. third. Beau Brummel 4th, 194318, G. W. Way & Son; fourth. Sir Albany 9th, 180123, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; fifth, Field Marshal, 208813, Carrothers Bros.; sixth. Admiral Togo, 208503, Carrothers Bros. Bull One Year and Under Two — First, Bonnie Brae 3rd, 203317, Car- gill & McMillan; second. Prime Lad 9th, 213963, W. S. Van Natta & Son; third. Discoverer, 212281, S. L. Brock; fourth. Prime Lad 16th, 213369, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fifth. Passport Prize, 216944, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; sixth, Missouri Boy, 234568, Sheridan Henry. Senior Bull Calf (dropped between September 1, 1905, and January 1, 1906)— First, Fulfiller 5th, 230510, Cargill & McMillan; second, Fulfiller 3rd, 230508, Cargill & McMillan; third. Prime Lad 25th, 234343, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, Woodland Chief, 223394, David W. Ohl; fifth. Sir Edward, 232986, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; sixth, Berlia, 235973, David W. Ohl. Junior Bull Calf (dropped since January 1, 1906) — First, Fulfiller 7th, 230512, Cargill & McMillan; second. Prime Lad 30th, 234348, W. S. Van Natta & Son; third, Shadeland King, 232982, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; fourth. Beau Brummel 10th, 238386, G. W. Way & Son; fifth. Beau Brum- mel 7th, 238383, G. W. Way & Son. Cow Three Years or Over — First, Heliotrope, 159451, Cargill & Mc- Millan; second, Twilignt, 167464, Cargill & McMillan; third. Rosebud, 169015, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, Dora Thorne, 118061, David W. Ohl; fifth, Kiowa, 163892, G. W. Way & Son; sixth, Kappie, 163891, G. W. Way & Son. Heifer Tuo Years and Under Three — First, Miss Donald 17th, 184573, Cargill & McMillan; second. Golden Lassie, 182126, Cargill & McMillan; third, Princess, 197988, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, Columbus Lassie, 2nd, 183986, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; fifth. Delight 3rd, 183991, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; sixth, Gwendoline 4th, 179900, G. W. Way & Son. Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Ethel 2nd, 203170, Cargill & McMillan: second, Lady Ann, 204805, S. L. Brock; third, Prairie Queen, 213961, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth. Lady Lucy, 212289, S. L. Brock; fifth. Lady Albany, 207790, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; sixth, Lady Ruth, 217109, S. L. Brock. Senior Heifer Calf (dropped between September 1, 1905, and January 1, 1906]— First, Miss Filler, 230513, Cargill & McMillan; second. Dis- turber's Lassie, 233124, S. L. Brock; third, Margaret, 234336, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth. Lady Elfin, 233127, S. L. Brock; fifth, Lady Wel- mora, 233131, S. L. Brock; sixth, Miss Filler 4th, 230516, Cargill & Mc- Millan. 376 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Junior Heifer Calf (dropped since January 1, 1906) — First, Miss Filler Gth, 239659, Cargill & McMillan; second. Lady Belinda, 238028, S. L. Brock; third. Lassie, 234333, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, Miss Filler 5th, 230517, Cargill & McMillan; fifth, Edward's Lassie, 232978, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; sixth. Beau Anna, 238380, G. W. Way & Son. Exhibitor's Herd — First and second, Cargill & McMillan; third, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; fifth, David W. Ohl. Breeder's Young Herd — First, Cargill & McMillan; second, S. L. Brock; third, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, Edmonds, Shade & Co. Calf Herd — First, S. L. Brock; second, Cargill & McMillan; third, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, G. W. Way & Son. Get of Sire — First, S. L. Brock; second, W. S. Van Natta & Son; third, Cargill & McMillan; fourth, Cargill & McMillan; fifth, Edmonds, Shade & Co. Produce of Coiv — First, second and third, Cargill & McMillan; fourth, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fifth, Carrothers Bros. Sweepstakes. Bull. Any A(/e— Princepts 4th, 143394, Cargill & McMillan. Siveepstakes. Cow. Any Af^e^Heliotrope, 159451, Cargill & McMillan. IOWA SPECIALS. Bull Three Tears Old or Over — First, Emancipator, 156682, Carrothers Bros.; second. King Edward, 165604, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; third. Rust- ler's 7th, 161631, David W. Ohl. Bull Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Beau Brummel, 4th, 194318, G. W. Way & Son; second. Sir Albany 9th, 180123, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; third. Field Marshal, 208813, Carrothers Bros.; fourth, Admiral Togo, 208503, Carrothers Bros. Bull One Tear Old and Under Two — First, Passport Prize, 216944, Edmonds, Shade cS: Co. Bull Calf Under One Tecr— First, Woodland Chief, 223394, David W. Ohl; second. Sir Edward, 232986, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; third, Berlia. 235973, David W. Ohl; fourth, Shadeland King, 232982, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; fifth, Beau Brummel 10th, 238386, G. W. Way & Son. Cow Three Tears Old or Over — First, Dora Thorne, 118061, David W. Ohl; second, Kiowa, 163892, G. W. Way & Son; third, Kappie, 163891, G. W. Way & Son; fourth, Francis, 165603, Edmunds, Shade & Co. Heifer Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Columbus Lassie 2nd, 183986, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; second. Delight 3rd, 183991, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; third, Gwendoline 4th, 179900, G. W. Way & Son; fourth, Stella May, 176762, David W. Ohl; fifth, Amelia, 176744, David W. Ohl. Heifer One Tear Old and Under Tioo— First, Lady Albany, 207790, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; second, Columbus Ruth, 207787, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; third, Nellie, 208512, Carrothers Bros.; fourth, Lady Passport, 216933, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; fifth. Lady Hawthorne, 203900, David W. Ohl. Heifer Calf Under One Tear Old— F'lvst, Shadeland Queen, 232983, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; second, Bonnie Wilton, 223390, David W. Ohl; third, Lady Emancipator, Carrothers Bros.; fourth, Edward's Lassie, SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 377 232978, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; fifth, Beau Anna, 238380, G. W. Way & Son. Exhibitor's Herd — First, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; second, David W. Ohl; third, G. W. Way & Son. Breeder's Young Herd — First, Edmonds, Shade & Co. Get of Sire — First, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; second, David W. Ohl; third, G. W. Way & Son. Produce of Cow — First, Carrothers Bros.; second, Edmonds, Shade & Co. Sweepstakes. Bull. Any Agre— Woodland Chief, 223986, David W. Ohl. Siceepstakes. Cow. Any Age — Lady Albany, 207790, Edmonds, Shade & Co. ABERDEEN-ANGUS. EXHIBITORS. Louie Aillaud, Newton, Iowa; A. C. Binnie, Alta, Iowa; P. J. Donohoe, Holbrook, Iowa; B. F. Fantz, Nevada, Iowa; H. J. Hess, Waterloo, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa; Chas. J. Off, Peoria, Illinois; A. B. Puterbaugh, Milledgeville, Illinois; Rosenfeld & Siverly, Keeley, Iowa; F. L. Sullivan, Afton, Iowa. Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Jim Delaney, 62767, A. C. Bin- nie; second, Baden Lad, 61883, W. A. McHenry; third, Broadus Rex, 46067, A. B. Puterbaugh. Bull Two Years atid Under Three — Morning Star 2nd, 75716, P. J. Donohoe; second, McDonald's Lad, 66952, W. J. Miller; third. Captain King, 80039, B. F. Fantz; fourth, Birtley of Quietdale, 71646, H. J. Hess; fifth, Lucile's Prince, 72328, A. B. Puterbaugh. Bull One Year and Under Two— First, Glenfoil Thickset 2nd, 88142, P. J. Donohoe; second, Newton King Dodo, 81603, Louie Aillaud; third, Star of Denison, 82426, W. A. McHenry; fourth, Elmar Lad, 84122, A. C Binnie; fifth. King Donald, 80599, W. J. Miller; sixth, Inland Dandy, 79664, Rosenfeld & Siverly. Senior Bull Calf (dropped between September 1, 1905, and January 1, 1906)— First, Prince Pico, 93306, W. A. McHenry; second. Quaint Fellow, 94277, Chas. J. Off; third. Beau Ito, 9417, F. L. Sullivan; fourth. Buttress of Quietdale, 94107, H. J. Hess; fifth, Lucile's Prince 3rd, A. B. Puter- baugh. Junior Bull Calf (dropped since January 1, 1906) — First, Erica Prince N., W. J. Miller; second. Even Lad, A. C. Binnie; third, Quinrod of the Oaks, 93236, B. F. Fantz. Cow Three Years or Over — First, Snowflake 2nd of Kirkbridge, 46016, W. J. Miller; second, Gussie of Kirkbridge, 64008, A. C. Binnie; third, Glenfoil Rose, 63489, W. A. McHenry; fourth, Blackbird Favorite 2nd, 59234, P. J. Donohoe; fifth. Erica of Oaklawn, 46848, A. B. Puterbaugh; sixth, Metz Ogarita, 60992, W. J. Miller. 378 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Eileen Lass, 73102, P. J. Donohoe; second, Mina of Alta 5th, 73111, A. C. Binnie; third, Barbara McHenry 18th, 71677, W. A. McHenry. Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Abbess McHenry 6th, 82418, W. A. McHenry; second, Coquette Lass of Alta, 83367, A. C. Binnie; third, Blackbird Lassie of Alta, 83368, A. C. Binnie. Senior Heifer Calf (dropped between September 1, 1905, and January 1, 1906)— First, Brookside Rose 2nd, 93255, P. J. Donohoe; second, Ab- bess McHenry 7th, 93307; W. A. McHenry; third, Brookside Price 5th, 93253, P. J. Donohoe. Junior Heifer Calf (dropped since January 1, 1906) — First, Blackbird McHenry 66th, 93314, W. A. McHenry; second Queen Lassie of Alta 3rd, A. C. Binnie; third, Heatherbloom 5th, of Quietdale, 94112, H. J. Hess. Exhibitor's Herd — First, A. C. Binnie; second, P. J. Donohoe; third, W. A. McHenry. Breeder's Young Herd — First, P. J. Donohoe; second, W. A. McHenry; third, A. C. Binnie. Calf Herd — First, A. C. Binnie; second, W. A. McHenry; third, W. J. Miller. Get of Sire — First, A. C. Binnie; second, P. J. Eonohce; third, W. J. Miller. Produce of Cott;— First, W. A. McHenry; second, W. J. Miller; third, W. A. McHenry. Sweepstakes, Bull any age — Jim Delaney, 62767, A. C. Binnie. Sweepstakes, Cow any age — Eileen Lass, 73102, P. J. Donohoe. IOWA SPECIALS. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Jim Delaney, 62767, A. C. Bin- nie; second, Baden Lad, 61883, W. A. McHenry. Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Captain King, 80039, B. F. Fantz; second, Birtley of Quietdale, 71646, H. J. Hess. Bull One Tear Old and Under Two— First, Star of Denison, 82426, W. A. McHenry; second, Elmar Lad, 84122, A. C. Binnie; third, King Donald, 80599, W. J. Miller. Bull Calf Under One Year OZfZ— First, Beau Ito, 9417, F. L. Sullivan; second. Erica Prince M., W. J. Miller; third. Even Lad, A. C. Binnie. Cows Three Years Old or Over — First, Glenfoil Rose, 63489, W. A. McHenry; second. Blackbird Favorite 2nd, 59234, P. J. Donohoe; third, Metz Ogarita, 60992, W. J. Miller. Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Barabra McHenry 18th, 71677, W. A. McHenry; second. Pride of Cloverleaf, 73969, P. J. Donohoe; third, Metz Ogarita 2nd, 72550, W. J. Miller. Heifer One Year Old and Under Ttoo — First, Blackbird Lassie of Alta, 83368, A. C. Binnie; second, Brookside Pride 4th, 93254, P. J. Dono- hoe; third. Pride McHenry 45th, 82421, W. A. McHenry. Heifer Calf Under One Year Old — Queen Lassie of Alta 3rd, A. C. Bin- nie; second Abbess McHenry 7th, 93307, W. A. McHenry; third, Brookside Pride 5th, 93258, P. J. Donohoe. Exhibitor's Herd — First, W. A. McHenry; second, W. J. Miller; third, H. J. Hess. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 379 Breeder's Young Herd — First, A. C. Binnie; second, W. J. Miller; third, H. J. Hess. Get of Sire — First, W. J. Miller; second, H. J. Hess. Produce of Cow — First, W. A. McHenry. Sweepstakes. Bull any age — Beau Ito, 9417, F. L. Sullivan. Sweepstakes. Coiv any age — Glenfoil Rose, 63489, W. A. McHenry. GALLOWAY. EXHIBITORS. J. E. Bales, Stockport, Iowa; Brookside Farm Company, Fort Wayne, Indiana; A. F. Craymei-, Morris, Illinois; C. S. Hechtner, Princeton, Illi- nois; G. W. Lindsay, Red Cloud, Nebraska. Judge A. H. Thompson, Nashua, Mo. Bull Three Years Old or Over— First, Pat Ryan of Red Cloud, 20038, G. W. Lindsay; second, Scottish Sanson, 23542, A. F. Craymer. Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Canty Lad, J. E. Bales & Son; second, Ned of Red Cloud, 26253, G. W. Lindsay. Bull One Year Old and Under Two — First, Protector of Rivers, 27193, A. F. Craymer; second. Starlight of Maples, 26224, C. S. Hechtner; third, Standard Favorite, 26550, C. S. Hechtner. Seyiior Bull Calf (dropped between September 1, 1905, and January 1, 1906) — First, Dorothea's Prince, 28813, J. E. Bales & Son; second, Care- full's Druid, C. S. Hechtner; third, Bonnie McDougal, 28812, J. E. Bales & Son. Junior Bull Calf (dropped since January 1, 1906) — ^First, Grandee, of Rivers, 28774, A. F. Craymer; second, Irish Lad of Rivers, 28772, A. F. Craymer; third, Milverton of Rivers, 28773, A. F. Craymer. Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Favorite 16th of Lochenkit, Imp., 21205, G. W. Lindsay; second, Graceful 3rd of Garliestown, 19297, J. E. Bales & Son; third. Princess Mable, 23484, A. F. Craymer. Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Lady Charloote, 24814, G. W. Lindsay; second, Annie David's 5th, 26977, J. E. Bales k Son; third, Prudie of Rivers, 25413, A. F. Craymer. Heifer One Year Old and Under Two — First, Hawkeye Lady, 27121, J. E. Bales & Son; second, Louisa of Maples, 26218, C. S. Hechtner; third, Druid's Lora, 26219, C. S. Hechtner. Senior Heifer Calf (dropped between September 1, 1905, and January 1, 1906)— First, Nora D. of Red Cloud, 27580, G. W. Lindsay; second, An- nie David's 6th, 28780, J. E. Bales & Son; third, Darletta of Rivers, 28762, A. F. Craymer. Junior Heifer Calf (dropped since January 1, 1906) — First, Lady El- gin, G. W. Lindsay; second. Princess Graceful, 28781, J. E. Bales & Son; third. Lady Graceful, 28783, J. E. Bales & Son. Exhibitor's Herd — First, G. W. Lindsay; second, J. E. Bales & Son; third, A. F. Craymer. 380 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICLTLTURE. Breeder's Young Herd- — First, J. E. Bales & Son; second, A. F. Cray- mer; third, G. W. Lindsay. Calf Herd— First, J. E. Bales & Son. Oct of Sire — First, J. E. Bales & Son; second, C. S. Hechtner; third, A. F. Craymer. Produce of Cow — First, J. E. Bales & Son; second, C. S. Hechtner; third, G. W. Lindsay. iSiceepstakcs. Bull any age — G. W. Lindsay. Sweepstakes. Coiv any age — G. W. Lindsay. RED POLLED. EXHIBITORS. Adolph p. Arp, Eldridge, Iowa; Geo. B. Buck & Co., Orion, Illinois; G. W. Coleman, Webster City, Iowa; W. S. Hill, Alexandria, South Dakota; B. A. Samuelson, Kiron, Iowa. Judge ■. . . .Wayne Dinsmore, Ames, Iowa Bull Three Tears Old or Over — First, Irwin, 8253, G. W. Coleman; second. Nailer, 7396, Adolph P. Arp; third. Money maker, 11944, Geo. B. Buck & Co. Bull Two Tears and Under Three— First, Protection, 12095, W. S. Hill. Bull One Tear and Under Two — First, Logan, 13500, G. W. Coleman; second. Pleasant Hill Advance, 14565, B. A. Samuelson; third, Durock, 14573, G. W. Coleman. Bull Calf Under One Yeor— First, Ivanhoe, 14372, W. S. Hill; second. Nailer Again, 15337, Adolph P. Arp; third. Dale, 14882, W. S. Hill. Cow Three Tears Old or Over — First, Saucy, 14232, G. W. Coleman; second, Daisy Princess, 13369, W. S. Hill; third, Nanny, 20180, Adolph P. Arp. Heifer Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Nellie, 21746, W. S. Hill; second, Dewdrop 4th, 22496, Geo. B. Buck & Co.; third, Gustie, 23514, G. W. Coleman. Heifer One Tear and Under Two— First, Wild Rose 2nd, 23519, G. W. Coleman; second, Inex, 23477, W. S. Hill; third, Dortha, 23517, G. W. Cole- man. Heifer Calf Under One Tear — First, Bedelia, 25848, Adolph P. Arp; second, Doly, vol. 19, G. W. Coleman; third, Rosabelle, 24680, W. S. Hill. Exhibitor's Herd — First, G. W. Coleman; second, W. S. Hill; third, Adolph P. Arp. Breeder's Young Herd — First, G. W. Coleman; second, B. A. Samuelson; third, W. S. Hill. Get of Sire — First, G. W. Coleman; second, Adolph P. Arp; third, B. A. Samuelson. Produce of Coiv — First, Adolph P. Arp; second, W. S. Hill; third, Adolph P. Arp. Siceepstakes. Bull any age — Irwin, 8253, G. W. Coleman. Sweepstakes. Cow any age — Saucy, 14234, G. W. Coleman. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 381 POLLED DURHAM EXHIBITORS. Ardmore Stock Company, Holstein, Iowa; F. F. Failor, Newton, Iowa; Shaver & Deuker, Kalona, Iowa; A. C. Wood & Sons, Pendleton, Indiana. AWARDS. Judge E. T. Davis, Iowa City, Iowa Bull Three Years Old or Orer— First, Golden Victor, 251100, F. F. Failor. Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Roan Hero, 3613, Shaver & Deuker; second, Goldsmith, 250852, F. F. Failor. Bull One Year Old and Under Two — First, Lancaster Hero, 4655, A. C. Wood & Sons; second. Orange Knight, A. C. V.'ood & Sons; third, Colonel Perry, Vol. 3, Shaver & Deuker. Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Arcadia Duke, 3rd, 5026, Shaver & Deuker; second. Golden Gem, A. C. Wood & Sons; third, Hallie's Hero, A. C. Wood & Sons. Cow Three Years Old or Over — First. Royal Flor^i, Shaver & Deuker. Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Scottish Belle 3rd, Shaver & Deuker; second. Polled Lady Jane, Shaver & Deuker. Heifer One Year Old and Under Two — First, Victoria Lady, A. C. Wood & Sons; second, Scottish Belle 4th, Shaver & Deuker; third. Hero Maid 2nd, A. C. Wood & Sons. Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Christine, A. C. Wood & Sons; second Hero Maid 3rd, A. C. Wood & Sons; third, Rosalie, Ardmore Stock Company. Exhibitor's Herd — Shaver & Deuker. Breeder's Young Herd — A. C. Wood & Sons. Get of Sir-e— First, A. C. Wood & Sons. Produce of Cow — First, A. C. Wood & Sons; second, Shaver & Deuker. Sweepstakes. Bull any age — Roan Hero, 3613, Shaver il^- Deuker. Sweepstakes. Cote any age — Rcyal Flora, Shaver & Deuker. HOLSTEIN. EXHIBITORS. W. B. Barney & Company, Hampton, Iowa; McKay Bros., Buckingham, Iowa; C. F. Stone, Peabody, Kansas. Judge F. H. Scribner, Rosendale, Wis. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Jewell of Home Farm, 24340, W. B. Barney & Co.; second, Ethel Alexander 2nd's Sir Netherland, 26423, C. F. Stone; third, Alcarta Polkadot Corrector, 30624, McKay Bros. 382 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Josephine Mechthilde's Sir De Kol, 35086, C. F. Stone. Bull One Year Old and Under Tivo — First Captain "Wayne, 40453, W. B. Barney & Co.; second, Geneseo Abbekerk Sir Alcarta, 41217, McKay Bros. Bull Calf Under One Fear— First, Lady Truth's Sir Netherland, C. F. Stone; second, Alcarta Sir De Kol, McKay Bros.; third, Josephine Lad De Kol, W. B. Barney & Co. Coio Three Years Old or Over — First, Maryke 3rd Gerben 4th, 54935, C. F. Stone; second, Parthenea Hengerveld, 46004, W. B. Barney & Co.; third, Wayne's Parthenea, 46358, C. F. Stone. Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Princess Pel De Kol, 71141. C. F. Stone; second Dubarry De Kol, 71462, McKay Bros.; third, Owanda Gerben 2nd, 71975, W. B. Barney & Co. Heifer One Year Old and Under Two — First, Queen Josephine Gerben De Kol, 78621, C. F. Stone; second. Empress Gerben of Home Farm, 79243, W. B. Barney & Co.; third, Leda Inka Alcarta, 79305, McKay Bros. Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Josephine Gerben Alexander, C. F. Stone; second. Myrtle De Kol, W. B. Barney & Co.; third Sissy Baker Alexander, C. F. Stone. Exhihitor's Herd — First, C. F. Stone; second W. B. Barney & Co.; third, McKay Bros. Breeder's Young Herd — First, W. B. Barney & Co.; second, C. F. Stone; third, McKay Bros. Get of Sire— First, C. F. Stone; second, W. B. Barney & Co.; third, C. F. Stone. Produce of Cow — First, C. F. Stone; second, C. F. Stone. Sweepstakes, Bull any age — Jewel of Home Farm, 24340, W. B. Barney & Co. Sweepstakes. Coiv any age — Maryke 3d Gerben 4th, 54935, C. F. Stone. JERSEYS. EXHIBITORS. Dixon & Deaner, Brandon, Wisconsin; Hunter & Smith, Beatrice, Nebraska; Geo. S. Redhead, Des Moines, Iowa; Mrs. S. B. Thomas, St. Joseph, Missouri. Judge F. H. Scribner, Rosendale, Wisconsin Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Belmont's Champion Lad, 68479, Hunter & Smith; second, Zelaya's Fancy Lad, 65883, Dixon & Deaner; third, Guenon's Golden Lad, 62168, Geo. S. Redhead. Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Victoria's Champion Lad 2nd, 71849, Hunter & Smith. Bull One Year and Under Two — First, Catillion's Bachelor, 73605, Hunter & Smith; second. Bugler's Golden Lad, Dixon & Deaner; third, Lanseer's Lad, Geo. S. Redhead. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 383 Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Guenon's Champion Lad, 73619, Hunter & Smith; second, Sphinxetta's Golden Lad, Dixon & Deaner; third, Trustee Le Roy, Geo. S. Redhead. Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Jersey Dairymaid, Imp., 140946, Hunter & Smith; second, Morey's Golden Lass, 168471, Dixon & Deaner; thfrd, Guenon's Lad Lost Time, 165613, Mrs. S. B. Thomas. Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Silver Stella, 182973; second, Beachfield's Francie, 192138, Dixon & Deaner; third, Trustee's Lizette 2nd, 190158, Geo. S. Redhead. Heifer One Year Old and Under Two — First, Bessie's Golden Lady, 190S74, Dixon & Deaner; second, Guenon's Ara Arawanna, 195286, Hunter & Smith; third, Victoria's Golden Fairy, 194605, Hunter & Smith. Heifer Calf Under One Year Old — First, Guenon's Victoria, Hunter & Smith; second, Silver's Golden Lady, Dixon & Deaner; third, Victoria's Fairy, Hunter & Smith. Exhibitor's Herd — First, Hunter & Smith; second, Dixon & Deaner. Breeder's Young Herd — First, Hunter & Smith; second, Dixon & Deaner. Get of Sire — First, Dixon & Deaner; second, Hunter & Smith. Produce of Cow — First, Dixon & Deaner; second, Hunter & Smith. Sweei)stakes. Bull. Any Age — Belmont's Champion Lad, 68479, Hunter & Smith. Stveepstakes. Coto. Any Age — Jersey Dairymaid, Imp., 140946, Hunter & Smith. TEST OF MILCH COWS. ' EXHIBITORS. Adolph p. Arp, Eldridge, Iowa; W. B. Barney & Company, Hampton, Iowa; Dixon & Deaner, Brandon, Wisconsin; Hunter & Smith, Beatrice^ Nebraska; McKay Bros., Buckingham, Iowa; Geo. S. Redhead, Des Moines, Iowa; C. F. Stone, Peabody, Kansas; Mrs. S. B. Thomas, St Joseph, Missouri. Judge H. G. Van Pelt, Ames, Iowa Test of Milch Cows — First, C. F. Stone; second. Trustee's Lizzette, 161562, Geo. S. Redhead; third, W. B. Barney & Co.; fourth, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fifth, Morey's Golden Lass, 168471, Dixon & Deaner; sixth, McKay Bros. FAT CATTLE— SHORT-HORNS. EXHIBITORS. C. S. Barclay, West Liberty, Iowa; N. A. Lind, Rplfe, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois. 384 IOWA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. Judge J. H. Miller, Peru, Indiana Steer or Spayed Heifer Ttvo Years and Under Three — First, Gauntlet, C. S. Barclay; second, Sunray, J. R. Peak & Son. Steer or Spayed Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Brampton Choice, N. A. Lind; second, Charley Gray, J. R. Peak & Son; third, White Star, N. A. Lind. Steer or Spayed Heifer Under One Year — First, Tom, N. A. Lind; second, John Gun, J. R. Peak & Son. Sweepstakes — Champion Steer or Spayed Heifer — First, Brampton Choice, N. A. Lind. Sweepstakes — Champion Group — First, J. R. Peak &. Son. FAT CATTLE— HEREFORDS. EXHIBITORS. Carglll & McMillan, La Crosse, Wisconsin; Edmonds, Shade & Co., Kingsley, Iowa; Chas. J. Off, Peoria, Illinois. AWARDS. Judge J. H. Miller, Peru, Ind. Steer or Spayed Heifer, Tivo Years and Under Three — First, Roundup, 186699, Cargill & McMillan. Steer or Spayed Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First, Fair Lad, 1st, 203171, Cargill & McMillan; second, Columbus Duke, 207784, Ed- monds, Shade & Co. Steer or Spayed Heifer Under One Year — First, Fulfiller Cth, 230511, Cargill & McMillan. Sweepstakes. Champion Steer, or Spayed Heifer — Fair Lad 1st, 203171, Cargill & McMillan. Sweepstakes. Champion Group — Cargill & McMillan. FAT CATTLE— ABERDEEN ANGUS. EXHIBITORS. A. C. Binnie, Alta, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; Chas. J. Off, Peoria, Illinois. AWARDS. Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa Steer or Spayed Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Dutch Lad, 1329, W. J. Miller; second, Exilio, 66568, Chas. J. Off; third. Gold Dust, 1351, Chas. J. Off. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PAET IX. 385 Steer or Spayed Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Proud Fel- low, 13S0, Chas. J. Off; second, Metz Prince, 1386, W. J. Miller; third. Hisfhbail, 1426, \V. J. Miller. Steer or Spayed Heifer Under One Year — First, Edison, 1446, Chas. J. Off; second, Proud Lad, W. J. Miller. Siceepstakes. Champion Steer or Spayed Heifer — Dutch Lad, 1329, W. J. Miller. Sweepstakes, Champion Group — First, Chas. J. Off; second, W. J. Mil- ler. FAT CATTLE— GALLOWAYS. EXHIBITORS. C. S. rfechtner, Princeton, Illinois; C. D. McPherson, Fairfield, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge A. H. Thompson, Nashua, Mo. Steer or Spayed Heifer Tico Years and Under Three — First, C. S. Hechtner. Steer or Spayed Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, C. S. Hechtner. Sweepstakes. Champion Steer or Spayed Heifer — First, C. S. Hechtner. Sweepstakes, Champion Group — First, C. S. Hechtner. FAT CATTLE— GRADE AND CROSS BRED. EXHIBITORS. A. C. Binnie, Alta, Iowa; Cargill & McMillan, La Crosse, Wisconsin; Edmonds, Shade & Co., Kingsley, Iowa; B. F. Fantz, Nevada, Iowa; G. W. Lindsey, Red Cloud, Nebraska; N. A. Lind, Rolfe, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; J. W. Moorhead, Monteith, Iowa; Chas. J. Off, Peoria, Illinois; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; S. S. Spangler, Milan, Missouri. Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa Steer or Spayed Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Wild Tom. W. J. Miller; second. Buster Brown, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Wabash, W. J. Miller. Steer or Spayed Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, W. J. Miller; second. Red Prince, N. A. Lind; third, Hy Roler, J. R. Peak & Son; Steer or Spayed Heifer Under One Year — First, Penrose, W. J. Miller; second Roan Vidtor, W. J. Miller; third. Red Lad, J. R. Peak & Son. Sweepstakes. Champion Steer or Spayed Heifer — First, Black Prince, W. J. Miller. Sweepstakes. Champion Group — First, W. J. Miller, second, J. R. Peak & Son; third, W. J. Miller. _ _^ 25 386 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. GRAND CHAMPION. Steer or spayed heifer, any age or breed, limited to the sweepstakes or champion steers or spayed heifers winning in the pure-bred Short- Horn, Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Galloways and the grade and cross-bred sections. Awarded to W. J. Miller, on Dutch Lad, 1329. GRAND CHAMPION GROUP. Three steers or spayed heifers, consisting of one steer or spayed heifer, two years and under three, one one year and under two, and one under one year, owned by one exhibitor, competition limited to the champion group of the Short-Horn, Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Galloway and grade or cross-bred sections. Awarded to Cargill & McMillan. SWINE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction, Iowa POLAND CHINA. EXHIBITORS. S. Alphonso, Slgourney, Iowa; Arbuckle & Wellington, Hope, Indiana; Chas. Ash, Union, Iowa; W. S. Babcock, Rockwell City, Iowa; M. W. Bateman, Monroe, Iowa; A. M. Bellows, Newell, Iowa; E. N. Bergren, Stan- ton, Iowa; F. P. Bishop, Whitewater, Wisconsin; J. W. Blackford, Hills- boro, Iowa; H. G. Boyer, Lovilia, Iowa; Buck Bros., Guthrie, Oklahoma; F. L. Bunton, West Union, Iowa; C. S. and E. O. Buck, Oxford, Iowa; James J. Burrier, Eddyville, Iowa; F. L. Brumback, Cissna Park, Illinois; S. P. Chiles, Fairfield, Iowa; Wm. Crownover, Hudson. Iowa; D. B. Daven- port, Avon, Iowa; J. I. Davis. Mount Hammill, Iowa; Fred L. Downs, Webster City, Iowa; M. A. Dowling, Newton, Iowa; Frank Douglass, Rock- well City, Iowa; A. W. DeWitt, Russell, Iowa; J. H. Fawcett, Woodstock, Illinois; J. S. Fawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa; R. H. Fichtenmueller, Farmington, Iowa; John Francis & Son, New Lennox, Illinois; J. M. Frey & Son, Wadena, Iowa; Gates & Hunt, Ravenwood, Missouri; Jno. H. Gib- bens North English, Iowa; J. A. Goltry, Russell, Iowa; B. L. Gosick, Fairfield, Iowa; G. R. Hall, Iowa City, Iowa; Hanson, Black & Gaffey, Holbrcok, Iowa; H. J. Hemmerling, Dike, Iowa; J. C. Hoag, Manson, Iowa; A. W. Holland, New London, Iowa; M. Hummel, Monroe, Iowa; L. Huns- berger, Elgin, Illinois; B. F. Ishmael, Laredo, Wisconsin; James Janson. Newell, Iowa; Harvey Johnson, Logan, Iowa; Ellis Jones, Remington, Iowa; H. B. Jones, Wapello, Iowa; W. A. Jones, Van Meter, Iowa; C. L. Karr, Webster City, Iowa; C. F. Keeling, Avon, Iowa; F. D. Kenworthy, Avon, Iowa; O. S. Kinmouth, Russell, Iowa; Wm. Kirk, Logan, Iowa; James F. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 387 Leahy, Parnell, Iowa; Wm. Lentz, Ankeny, Iowa; Locks & Well- ington, Remington, Indiana; F. H. Long, Manning, Iowa; W. C. Lookingbill, Sac City, Iowa; A. J. Lytle & Sons, Oskaloosa,- Iowa; G. F. Marshall, Monroe, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; Brown, Cromwell, Iowa; S. H. Moore, Monroe, Iowa; J. J. Moore, Manson, Iowa; D. S. Needham, Woodward, Iowa; F. N. Orr, Albia, Iowa; John M. Pease, Colfax, Iowa; Wm. Pedrick & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; G. A. Perry, Knoxville, Iowa; A. J. Podendorf, Logan, Iowa; Preston, Fawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa; John S. Price, Muscatine, Iowa; Probert Bros., Wadena, Iowa; C. L. Prouty, Council Bluffs, Iowa; O. H. Reed, Bouton, Iowa; Geo. M. Reynolds, Utica, Illinois; Richard, Rill & Cooper, Ferris, Illinois; Schneider Bros., Dana, Iowa; Al Schwaller, Burlington, Iowa; E. A. Seaba, Sigourney, Iowa; Segris.t & Stout, Humboldt, Nebraska; L. D. Shaffer & Son, Fayette, Iowa; B. F. Shannon & Book Bros., Storm Lake, Iowa; Mark I. Shaw, Monroe, Iowa; G. A. Singleton, West Liberty, Iowa; Harry Steven- son, Knoxville, Iowa; Chas. H. Stone, Muscatine, Iowa; Strater Bros., Mon- roe, Iowa; Chas. Stuart, Altoona, Iowa; W. Z. Swallow & Son, Waukee, Iowa; Dr. R. W. Thomas, St. Joseph, Missouri; R. G. Tweed, Le Grande, Iowa; M. M. Unterkircher, Wever, Iowa; J. H. Watson, Madrid, Iowa; West & Lingenfelter, Altoona, Iowa; G. H. White, Emerson, Iowa; Wm. Wingate, Trenton, Missouri; Frank Wolgamuth, Elgin, Illinois; Wm. Wyan, Knoxville, Iowa; Young & Duncan, Madison, Nebraska. Judge E. Klever, Bloomingsburg, Ohio Boar Two Tears Old or Over — First, Dr. R. W. Thomas; second, W. A. Jones; third, Harvey Johnson, fourth, F. L. Bunton; fifth, Locke & Wellington; sixth, F. D. Kenworthy; seventh, H. J. Hemmerling. Boar Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, F. L. Brumback; second, Wm. Wingate; third, B. F. Ishmael; fourth, G. H. White; fifth, F. P. Bishop; sixth. Gates & Hunt; seventh. Moon 6k Brown. Boar One Tear and Under Eighteen Months — First, Frank Wolgamuth; second, Locke & Wellington; third, G. H. White; fourth, A. W. Holland; fifth, Harvey Johnson; sixth, W. C. Lookingbill; seventh, G. A. Single- ton. Boar Six Months and Under One Tear — First, S. P. Chiles; second, Al Schwaller; third, Hanson, Black & Gafley; fourth, Geo. M. Reynolds; fifth, Locke & Wellington; sixth, Al Schwaller; seventh, S. P. Chiles. Boar Under Six Months — First, Arbuckle & Wellington; second, A. J. Podendorf; third, Al Schwaller; fourth, G. H. White; fifth, Chas. H. Stone; sixth, J. J. Moore; seventh, B. F. Ishmael. Sow Two Tears or Over — First, John Francis & Son; second, W. C. Lookingbill; third, W. Z. Swallow & Son; fourth, W. A. Jones; fifth, Wm. Kirk; sixth, H. J. Hemmerling; seventh, Harvey Johnson. Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Tears — First, H. G. Boyer; sec- ond, John Francis & Son; third, W. Z. Swallow & Son; fourth, Locke & Wellington; fifth, G. H. White; sixth, A. J. Podendorf; seventh. Young & Duncan. 388 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, W. Z. Swallow & Son; second, Frank "Wolgamuth; third and fourth, John Francis & Son; fifth, Frank Wolgamuth; sixth, Harvey Johnson; seventh, H. J. Hem- merling. Sow Six Months and Under One Tear — First, Locke & Wellington; sec- ond, Frank Wolgamuth: third and fourth, S. P. Chiles; fifth, Gates & Hunt; sixth, G. H. White; seventh, Frank Wolgamuth. Sow Under Six Months — First, Arbuckle & Wellington; second and third, Locke & Wellington; fourth, Al Schwaller; fifth, Locke & Welling- ton; sixth, Al Schwaller; seventh, Arbuckle & Wellington. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, Locke & Wellington; sec- ond, John Francis & Son; third, Frank Wolgamuth; fourth, Harvey John- son; fifth, W. Z. Swallow & Son; sixth, B. F. Shannon & Book Bros.; sec- enth, H. J. Hemmerling. Boar and, Three Soivs Under One Year — First, S. P. Chiles; second, Locke & Wellington; third, Al Schwaller; fourth, John Francis & Son; fifth, W. A. Jones; sixth, S. P. Chiles; seventh, Hanson, Black & Gaffey. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, John Francis & Son; second, Frank Wolgamuth; third, Locke & Wellington; fourth, Harvey Johnson; fifth, B. F. Shannon & Book Bros.; sixth. Gates & Hunt; seventh, A. J. Podendorf. Boar and Three Sates Under One Year. Bred by Exhibitor — First, S. P. Chiles; second, Locke & Wellington; third, Al Schwaller; fourth, John Francis & Son; fifth, W. A. Jones; sixth, S. P. Chiles; seventh, Hanson, Black & Gaffey. Get of Sire — First, S. P. Chiles; second, John Francis & Son; third, Arbuckle & Wellington; fourth, Locke & Wellington; fifth, Al Schwaller; sixth, Frank Wolgamuth; seventh, S. P. Chiles. Produce of Sow — First, Locke & Wellington; second,- A. Schwaller; third, W. Z. Swallow & Son; fourth, J. C. Hoag; fifth, W. Z. Swallow & Son; sixth, H. G. Boyer; seventh. Dr. R. W. Thomas. Sweepstakes. Boar Any Age — S. P. Chiles. Sweepstakes. Sgic Any Age — John Francis & Son. Sweepstakes. Bear Any Age. Bred by Exhibitor — S. P. Chiles. Sweepstakes, Soic Any Age. Bred by Exhibitor — John Francis & Son. BERKSHIRE. EXHIBITORS. W. D. Becker, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; Etzler & Moses, Decatur, Indi- ana; R. H. Fichtenmueller, Farmington, Iowa; S. P. Freed, Ames, Iowa; J. M. Frey & Son, Wadena, Iowa; B. L. Gosick, Fairfield, Iowa; Harris & McMahan, Lamine, Missouri; Houghton & Braman, Marshalltown, Iowa; C. D. Johnson, Nashua, Iowa; W. O. Kapp, Guthrie Center, Iowa; Miller &. Dietrich, Menlo, Iowa; J. M. McPherson & Son, Stuart, Iowa. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 389 Judge W. E. Spicer, Bushnell, 111. Boar Two Years or Over — First, W. D. Becker; second and third, Houghton & Braman. Boar Eighteen Months and Under Tico Tears — First, Harris & Mc- Mahan; second, W. D. Becker. Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, Harris & McMahan; second, C. D. Johnson; third, J. M. McPherson & Sou; fourth. Miller & Dietrich; fifth, Houghton & Braman. Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, Harris & McMahan; sec- ond, C. D. Johnson; third, Etzler & Moses; fourth, Harris & McMahan; fifth, C. D. Johnson. Boar Under Six Months — First, Etzler & Moses; second. Miller & Dietrich; third, Etzler & Moses; fourth, Etzler & Moses; fifth, Miller & Dietrich. Sow Two Years or Over — First, Etzler & Moses; second, C. D. John- son; third, Houghton & Braman; fourth, W. D. Becker; fifth, Harris & McMahan. Soiv Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, C. D. Johnson; second, Etzler & Moses; third, W. D. Becker. Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, Harris & McMahan; second, C. D. Johnson; third, C. D. Johnson; fourth, Etzler & Moses; fifth, Harris & McMahan. Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First, Harris & McMahan; sec- ond, J. M. McPherson & Son; third, C. D. Johnson; fourth and fifth, Harris & McMahan. Sow Under Six Months — First and second, Etzler & Moses; third. Miller & Dietrich; fourth and fifth, Etzler & Moses. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Harris & McMahan; second, C. D. Johnson; third, Etzler & Moses; fourth, W. D. Becker. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Hari-is & McMahan; sec- ond, Etzler & Moses; third, C. D. Johnson; fourth, Etzler & Moses; fifth. Miller & Dietrich. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred 'by Exhibitor — First, Harris & McMahan; second, Etzler & Moses; third, W. D. Becker. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Harris & McMahan; second, Etzler & Moses; third,. C. D. Johnson; fourth, Etzler & Moses; fifth, Miller & Dietrich. Get of Sire — First and second, Harris & McMahan; third, Etzler & Moses; fourth, C. D. Johnson; fifth. Miller & Dietrich. Produce of Sow — First and second, Etzler & Moses; third, Miller & Dietrich; fourth, Houghton & Braman. Sweepstakes, Boar Any Age — Harris & McMahan. Sweepstakes, Soio Any Age — Harris & McMahan. Sweepstakes, Boar Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Harris & McMahan. Siveepstakes, Soiv Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Harris & McMahan. 390 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CHESTER WHITE. EXHIBITOBS. Allen Bros., Russell, Iowa; J. L. Barber, Harlan, Iowa; C. C. Beeler & Son, Liberty, Indiana; B. M. Boyer, Farmington, Iowa; E. J. Brouhard, Colo, Iowa; G. T. Clark, Bella, Iowa; A. D. Crossley, .Jewell Junction, Iowa; B. M. Eastburn & Son, Hillsborough, Iowa; E. W. Har- mon, Rhodes, Iowa; W. F. Hemmerling, Dike, Iowa; J. W. Hollowell, Fairfield, Iowa; Humbert & White, Nashua, Iowa; A. J. Johnson, Brighton, Iowa; P. D. Lake, Moscow, Iowa; Geo. H. Lawshe, Harlan, Iowa; E. L. Leavens, Shell Rock, Iowa; J. H. Mahannah, North English, Iowa; Will Michael, Salem, Iowa; E. L. Nagle & Son, Deep River, Iowa; N. A. Ranck, Niota, Illinois; L. C. Reese, Prescott, Iowa; Wm. Whitted, Monroe, Iowa. Judge W. Z. Swallow, Waukee, Iowa Boar Two Years or Over — First, L. C. Reese; second and third, C. C. Beeler & Son; fourth, E. L. Leavens; fifth, Geo. H. Lawshe; sixth, Hum- bert & White; seventh, Will Michael. Boar Eighteen Months and Under Tico Years — First, Humbert & White; second, W. F. 'Hemmerling; third, P. B. Lake. Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, Humbert & White; second, J. W. Hollowell; third, E. J. Brouhard; fourth, C. C. Beeler & Son; fifth, L. C. Reese; sixth, E. L. Nagle & Son; seventh. Will Michael. Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, Humbert & White; sec- ond, L. C. Reese; third, E. L. Nagle & Son; fourth, Geo. H. Lawshe; fifth, P. B. Lake; sixth, Humbert & White; seventh, E. L. Nagle & Son. Boar Under Six Months — First, J. H. Mahannah; second, Humbert & White; third, E. L. Leavens; fourth, A. J. Johnson; fifth, Humbert & White; sixth, P. B. Lake; seventh, E. J. Brouhard. Sow Two Years or Over — First, Humbert & White; second, J. L. Barber; third, E. J. Brouhard; fourth, Humbert & White; fifth, L. C. Reese; sixth, C. C. Beeler & Son; seventh, Geo. H. Lawshe. Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, Humbert & White; second, C. C. Beeler & Son; third, E. J. Brouhard; fourth, C. C. Beeler & Son; fifth, L. C. Reese; sixth, C. C. Beeler & Son. Soiv One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, L. C. Reese; second and third, Humbert & White; fourth, E. J. Brouhard; fifth, W. F. Hem- merling; sixth, J. H. Mahannah; seventh, J. L. Barber. Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First, Humbert & White; sec- ond, J. L. Barber; third, P. B. Lake; fourth, L. C. Reese; fifth, E. J Brouhard; sixth, C. C. Beeler & Son; seventh, Geo. H. Lawshe. Sow Under Six Months — First, J. H. Mahannah; second and third, Humbert & White; fourth, N. A. Ranck; fifth, Wm. Whitted; sixth, E. J. Brouhard; seventh, E. J. Brouhard. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, L. C. Reese; second, Hum- bert & White; third, C. C. Beeler & Son; fourth, Humbert & White; fifth, J. H. Mahannah; sixth, E. J. Brouhard; seventh, Geo. H. Lawshe. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 391 Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, J. H. Mahannah; sec- ond, Humbert & White; third, L. C. Reese; fourth, P. B. Lake; fifth, E. L. Nagle & Son; sixth, E. L. Leavens; seventh, A. J. Johnson. Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First and second, Humbert & White; third, E. J. Brouhard; fourth, J. H. Mahannah; fifth, L. C. Reese. Boar and Three Soivs Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Hum- bert & White; second, J. H. Mahannah; third, L. C. Reese; fourth, P. B. Lake; fifth, E. L. Nagle; sixth, E. L. Leavens; seventh, A. J. Johnson. Get of Sire — First, Humbert & White; second, J. H. Mahannah; third, L. C. Reese; fourth, Humbert & White; fifth, E. J. Brouhard; sixth. Will Michael; seventh, E. L. Nagle & Son. Produce of Soic — First, J. H. Mahannah; second, Humbert & White; third, E. J. Brouhard; fourth, Wm. Whitted; fifth, A. J. Johnson; sixth, Allen Bros.; seventh, E. L. Leavens. Siceepstakes, Boar Any Age — L. C. Reese. Sweepstakes, Sow Any Age — Humbert & White. Siceepstakes, Boar Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Humbert & White. Sweepstakes, Soiv Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Humbert & White. DUROC JERSEY. EXHIBITORS. H. S. Allen, Russell, Iowa; A. P. Alsin, Boone, Iowa; E. and C. V. Beaver, Anita, Iowa; W. R. Bennethun, Madrid, Iowa; W. A. Bennethun, Madrid, Iowa; A. L. Bergsten, Mount Union, Iowa; E. J. Brown, Osceola, Iowa; E; J. Campton, Newell, Iowa; M. C. Cramer, Monroe, Iowa; D. B. Davenport, Avon, Iowa; M. D. Davidson, Manson, Iowa; H. W. David- son, Brooklyn, Iowa; Easton Bros., Galva, Iowa; Edmonds, Shade & Com- pany, Kingsley, Iowa; Sherman Edwards, Bondurant, Iowa; M. M. Elmen- dorf. Lacona, Iowa; W. S. Elliott, West Liberty, Iowa; F. Fowler & Son, Menlo, Iowa; S. P. Freed, Ames, Iowa; F. E. Garrett, Lohrville, Iowa; Z. I. Grout, Tingley, Iowa; Hanson Bros., Dean, Iowa; R. J. Harding, Macedonia, Iowa; John Henderson, Panora, Iowa; E. E. Henderson, Cen- tral City, low^a; F. H. Herring, Iowa City, Iowa; Dwight Hills, Cedar Falls, Iowa; G. W^. Hoffman, Sigourney, Iowa; Ira Jackson, West Milton, Ohio; Johnston Bros. & Newkirk, Brooklyn, Iowa; John Justice, Ankeny, Iowa; W. D. Kail, Carlisle, Iowa; W. A. Kirkpatrick, Lincoln, Nebraska; Geo. Kopf, Farrar, Iowa; Frank Lister, Creston, Iowa; A. L. Lynch, Mount Ayr, Iowa; Geo. Manifold, Shannon City, Iowa; Manley & Company, Lyons, Nebraska; May & Porter, Remington, Indiana; C. A. McCune, Menlo, Iowa; E. D. Michael, Selma, Iowa; O. E. Mickey, Osceola, Nebraska; Geo. H. Miller, Chariton, Iowa; C. R. Mills, Central City, Iowa; S. H. Moore, Monroe, Iowa; John M. Morrison & Son, College View, Nebraska; Nash, Kimmons & McMurray, Pickering, Missouri; D. Nauman, W^est Liberty, Iowa; H. C. Nichols, West Liberty, Iowa; O. E. Osborn, Weston, Iowa; Otis & Clayton, Orient, Iowa; A. J. Pinck and J. M. Pease, Colfax, Iowa; D. J. Pollock, Thayer, Iowa; A. E. Poush, Chariton, Iowa; W. J. Prather, Russell, Iowa; W. A. Rankin, Carson, Iowa; J. O. Reece, Eldora, Iowa; J. W. 392 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Reynolds & Son, Defiance, Iowa; Richard, Rill & Cooper, Ferris, Illinois; W. H. Rodenbaugh, Macedonia, Iowa; E. Z. Russell, Blair, Nebraska; H. A. Sexsmith, Greenfield, Iowa; H. A. Sherwood, Hartwick, Iowa; F. M. Smith, Panama, Iowa; G. W. Stout, Rose Hill, Iowa; W. F. Stout, Delta, Iowa; F. A. Strong, Orient, Iowa; A. T. Sundell, Paton, Iowa; Watson Bros., Creston, Iowa; J. E. Wehr, Portsmouth, Iowa; Roy West, Bondurant, Iowa; W. L. Willey, Menlo, Iowa; C. A. Wright, Rosendale, Missouri; Jno. Wrighton, Audubon, Iowa; Chas. Van Patten, Sutton, Ne- braska; Gilbert Van Patten, Sutton, Nebraska; August N. Voge, Ports- mouth, Iowa. Judge L. H. Roberts, Paton, . Iowa Boar Tioo Years or Over — First, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; second, Manley & Co.; third, E. Z. Russell; fourth, Ira Jackson; fifth, J. 0. Reece; sixth, S. P. Freed; seventh, C. A. McCune. Boar Eighteen Months and Under Tioo Years — First, Easton Bros.; second, H. A. Sexsmith; third, A. P. Alsin; fourth, Manley & Co.; fifth, Edmonds, Shade & Co.; sixth. May & Porter; seventh, H. S. Allen. Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, H. S. Allen; sec- ond, W. J. Prather; third, August N. Voge; fourth. E. Z. Russell; fifth, E. E. Henderson; sixth, Ira Jackson; seventh, O. E. Osborn. Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, Ira Jackson; second and third, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; fourth, J. O. Wehr; fifth, John- ston Bros. & Newkirk; sixth, Chas. Van Patten; seventh, F. H. Her- ring. Boar Under Six Months — First, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; second, Gilbert Van Patten; third, G. W. Stout; fourth, Johnston Bros. & New- kirk; fifth, W. L. Willey; sixth, F. A. Strong; seventh, C. A. Wright. Soio Tioo Years or Over — First, Edmonds, Shade & Company; second, E. J. Compton; third, Geo. Manifold; fourth, Ira Jackson; fifth, Manly & Company; sixth, O. E. Osborn; seventh, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk. Soic Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, Ira Jackson; second, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; third, Ira Jackson; fourth, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; sixth, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; seventh, Easton Bros. Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, F. E. Garrett; sec- ond, Edmonds, Shade & Company; third, Ira Jackson; fourth, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; fifth, Gilbert Van Patten; sixth, Gilbert Van Patten; seventh, Easton Bros. Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First, Ira Jackson; second, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; third, F. H. Herring; fourth, Edmonds, Shade & Company; fifth, Johnston Bros & Newkirk; sixth, E. Z. Russell; seventh, J. M. Morrison & Son. Soio Under Six Months — First, Jno. Wrighton; second, Gilbert Van Patten; third, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; fourth, W. L. Willey; fifth, Chas. Van Patten; sixth, Manley & Company; seventh, O. E. Osborn. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, Johnston Bros. & New- kirk; second, Manley & Company; third, Ira Jackson; fourth, E. Z. Rus- sell; fifth, Easton Bros.; sixth, Gilbert Van Patten. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 393 Boar and Three Soivs, Under One Year — First, Ira Jackson; second, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; third, W. S. Elliott; fourth, Gilbert Van Pat- ten; fifth, D. J. Pollock; sixth, Manley & Company; seventh, Chas. Van Patten. Boar and Three Sows. Over One Year. Bred by Exhibitor — First, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; second, Ira Jackson; third, E. Z. Russell; fourth, Manley & Company; fifth, Gilbert Van Patten. Boar and Three Sows. Under One Year. Bred by Exhibitor — First, Ira Jackson; second, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; third, W. S. Elliott; fourth, Gilbert Van Patten; fifth, D. J. Pollock; sixth, Manley & Com- pany; seventh, C. A. Wright. Get of Sire — First and second, Ira Jackson; third, Gilbert Van Patten; fourth, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; fifth, Edmonds, Shade & Company; sixth, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; seventh, Chas. Van Patten. Produce of Sow — First, Johnston Bros. & Newkirk; second, John Wrighton; third, G. W. Stout; fourth, Geo. Manifold; fifth, 0. E. Os- born; sixth, M. M. Elmdorf; seventh, C. A. Wright. Sweepstakes. Boar any age — H. S. Allen. SweepstaTces, Sow any age — Edmonds, Shade & Company. Su-eepstakes. Boar any age. Bred by Exhibitor — Johnston Bros. & New- kirk. Siceepstakes. Sow any age. Bred by Exhibitor — Edmonds, Shade & Company. LARGE YORKSHIRES. EXHIBITORS. Thos. H. Canfield, Lake Park, Minnesota; B. F. Davidson, Menlo, Iowa. Judge Thos. Shaw, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Boar Two Years Old or Over — First, Thos. H. Canfield; second, B. F. Davidson. Boar One Year Old and Under Eighteen Months — First, Thos. H. Canfield; second, B. F. Davidson. Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, Thos. H. Canfield, sec- ond, B. F. Davidson. Boar Under Six Months — First, Thos. H. Canfield; second, B. F. David- son; third, B. F. Davidson; fourth and fifth, Thos. H. Canfield. Sow Ttoo Years Old and Over — ^First and second, Thos. H. Canfield. Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, B. F. Davidson. Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First and second, Thos. H. Canfield; third and fourth, B. F. Davidson. Soiv Six Months and Under One Year — First and second, Thos. H. Can- field; third and fourth, B. F. Davidson; fifth, Thos. H. Canfield. So'W Under Six Months — First, B. F. Davidson; second, third, fourth and fifth, Thos. H. Canfield. 394 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Boar and Three Sows Over One Tear — First, Thos. H. Canfield; sec- ond, B. F. Davidson. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Thos. H. Canfield; sec- ond, B. F. Davidson;, third and fourth, Thos. H. Canfield. Boar and Three Sows Over One Tear, Bred by Exliibitor — First, Thos. H. Canfield; second, B. F. Davidson. Boar and Three Soics Under One Tear, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Thos. H. Canfield; second, B. F. Davidson; third and fourth, Thos. H. Canfield. Get of Sire — First and second, Thos. H. Canfield; third and fourth, B. F. Davidson; fifth, Thos. H. Canfield. Produce of Sow — First, B. F. Davidson; second and third, Thos. H. Canfield. Sweepstakes, Boar any age — Thos. H. Canfield. Siceepstakes, Sow any age — Thos. H. Canfield. Sweepstakes, Boar any age, Bred by Exhibitor — Thos. H. Canfield. Siceepstakes, Soio any age. Bred by Exhibitor — Thos. H. Canfield. TAMWORTHS. EXHIBITORS. J. W. Blackford, Hillsboro, Iowa; C. C. Roup, Iowa City, Iowa; Frafik Thornber, Carthage, Illinois. AWARDS. Judge Thos. Shaw, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Boar Two Tears Old or Over — First, Frank Thornber; second, C. C. Roup. Boar Eighteen Months and Under Tico Tears — First, Frank Thornber. Boar Six Months and Under One Tear — First, second and third, Frank Thornber; fourth, C. C. Roup. Boar Under Six Months — First and second, C. C. Roup; third and fourth, Frank Thornber. Sow Two Tears Old or Over — First, C. C. Roup; second and third, Frank Thornber. Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Tears — First, Frank Thornber. Sow One Tear and Under Eighteen Months — First, C. C. Roup; second, Frank Thornber. Sow Six Months and Under One Tear — First and second, Frank Thorn- ber. Soiv Under Six Months — First and second, C. C. Roup; third, Frank Thornber. Boar and Three Sows Over One Tear — First, Frank Thornber. Boar and Three Sows Under One Tear — First, Frank Thornber. Boar and Three Soios Over One Tear, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Frank Thornber. Boar and Three Soxes Under One Tear, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Frank Thornber; second, C. C. Roup. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 395 Get of Sire — First, C. C. Roup; second, Frank Thornber. Produce of Soic — First, Franlt Thornber. Siceepstakes, Boar Any Age — Frank Thornber. Siveepstakes, Soio Any Age — C. C. Roup. Siceepstakes, Boar Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — C. C. Roup. Siveepstakes, Boar Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — C. C. Roup. SHEEP DEPARTMENT. Superintendent H. L. Pike, Whiting, Iowa MERINOS, AMERICAN, SPANISH OR DELAINE. EXHIBITORS. W. S. Dixon, Brandon, "Wisconsin; A. E. Green, Orchard Lake, Michi- gan; E. M. Moore, Orchard Lake, Michigan. AWARDS. Judge M. L. Wheeler Ram Two Tears Old or Over — First, E. M. Moore; second, W. S. Dixon; third, E. M. Moore. Ram One Year Old and Under Tioo — First, W. S. Dixon; second, A. E. Green; third, W. S. Dixon. Ram Lamb — First, E. M. Moore; second, A. E. Green; third, E. M. Moore. Eice Two Years or Over — First, A. E. Green; second and tliird, W. D. Dixon. Ewe Two Years or Over — First, A. E. Green; second and third, W. D. Dixon; third, A. E. Green. Ewe Lamb — First, A. E. Green; second, E. M. Moore; third, A. E. Green. Get of Sire — First, A. E. Green; second, E. M. Moore. Siveepstakes, Pure Bred Ram of Any Age — E. M. Moore. Siveepstakes, Pure Bred Ewe of Any Age — A. E. Green. RAMBOUILLET. EXHIBITORS. vV. S. Dixon, Brandon, Wisconsin; F. W. Harding, Waultesha, Wis- consin; E. M. Moore, Orchard Lake, Michigan. AWARDS. Judge M. L. Wheeler Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, F. W. Harding; second, E. M. Moore; third, W. S. Dixon. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. W. Harding; second, E. M. Moore; third, F. W. Harding. 396 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Ram Lamb — First, W. S. Dixon; second and third, E. M. Moore. Eive Two Tears or Over — First, W. S. Dixon; second, E. M. Moore; third, F. W. Harding. Eive One Year Old and Under Two — First, E. M. Moore: second and third, F. W. Harding. Eioe Lamb — First, W. S. Dixon; second, E. M. Moore; third, W. S. Dixon. Get of Sire — First, W. S. Dixon; second, E. M. Moore. Sweepstakes, Pure Bred Eice of Any Age — F. W. Harding. Siveepstakes. Pure Bred Eire of any Age — W. S. Dixon. - COTSWOLDS. EXHIBITORS. F. W. Harding, Waulvesha, Wisconsin; Lewis Bros., Camp Point, Illinois. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, 111. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Lewis Bros.; second and third, F. W. Harding. Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, F. W. Harding; second, Lewis Bros.; third, F. W. Harding. Ram Lamb — First, F. W. Harding; second and third, Lewis Broa. Eive Tioo Years Old or Over — First, Frank W. Harding; second and third, Lewis Bros. Erve One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. W. Harding; second, Lewis Bros.; third, F. W. Harding. Eioe Lamb — First, second and third, F. W. Harding. Get of Sire — First, F. W. Harding; second, Lewis Bros. sweepstakes. Pure jired Ram of Any Age — Lewis Bros. Sweepstakes, Pure Bred Ewe of Any Age — F. W. Harding. LINCOLNS. EXHIBITORS. Alexander A. Arnold & Sons, Galesville, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, 111. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, A. A. Arnold & Sons. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, A. A. Arnold & Sons. Ram Lamb — First and second. A. A. Arnold & Sons. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First and second, A. A. Arnold & Sons. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, A. A. Arnold t Sons. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 397 Ewe Lamb — First and second, A. A. Arnold & Sons. Get of Sire — First and second, A. A. Arnold & Sons. Sweepstakes, Pure Bred Ram of Any Age — A. A. Arnold & Sons. Sweepstakes, Pure Bred Ewe of Any Age — A. A. Arnold & Sons. HAMPSHIRE DOWNS. EXHIBITORS. Renk Bros., Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. AW.\r.DS. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, 111. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Renk Bros. .Ram Lamb — First and second, Renk Bros. Ewe Tico Years Old or Over — First, Renk Bros. Eice One Year Old and Under Tioc — First and second, Renk Bros. Ewe Lamb — First and second, Renk Bros. Siceepstakes, Pure Bred Ram of Any Age — Renk Bros Siceepstakes, Pure Bred Eice of Any Age — Renk Bros. SHROPSHIRES. EXniBITORS. Chandler Bros., Kellerton, Iowa; W. S. Dixon, Brandon, Wisconsin; J. S. Fawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wis- consin; Kaufman Bros., Moscow, Iowa; F. P. McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa; Geo. C. McKerrow, Pewaukee, Wisconsin; O. H. Peasley, Indianola, Iowa; Plumly Bros., Springville, Iowa; Renk Bros., Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, Illinois Ram Tiro Years Old or Over — First, Geo. C. McKerrow; second and third. Chandler Bros. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. W. Harding; second, Geo. C. McKerrow; third. Chandler Bros. 'Ram. Lamb — First, F. W. Harding; second, Geo. C. McKerrow; third, Renk Bros. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Geo. C. McKerrow; third, W. S. Dixon. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. W. Harding; second and third, Geo. C. McKerrow. Eice Lamb — First, Geo. C. McKerrow; second, F. W. Harding; third, Geo. C. McKerrow. Get of Sire — First, F. P. McAdoo; second, Plumly Bros. Sweepstakes, Pure Bred Ram of Any Age — F. W. Harding. Siceepstakes, Pure Bred Ewe of Any Age — F. W. Harding. 398 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. IOWA SHROPSHIRES. EXHIBITORS. Chandler Bros., Kellerton, Iowa; W. L. Farmer, Indianola, Iowa; J. S. Fawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa; W. 0. Fritchman, Muscatine, Iowa; Kaufman Bros., Moscow, Iowa; F. P. McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa; 0. H. Peasley, Indianola, Iowa; Plumly Bros., Springville, Iowa. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, Illinois Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second and third, F. P. McAdoo; fourth, Plumly Bros.; fifth, F. P. McAdoo. Ram One Tear Old and Under Two — First, Plumly Bros.; second, O. H. Peasley; third and fourth, F. P. McAdoo; fifth, W. L. Farmer; sixth, Kaufman Bros.; seventh, J. S. Fawcett & Son. Ram Lam'b — First, O. H. Peasley; second and third, F. P. McAdoo; fourth, Plumly Bros.; fifth, F. P. McAdoo; sixth, Plumly Bros.; seventh, J. S. Fawcett & Son. Eioe Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Plumly Bros.; third, F. P. McAdoo; fourth, 0. H. Peasley; fifth, W. L. Farmer. Eive One Tear Old and Under Tivo — First, Plumly Bros.; second, F. P. McAdoo; third, Plumly Bros.; fourth, J. S. Fawcett & Son; fifth, J. S. Fawcett & Son; sixth, 0. H. Peasley. Ewe Lamb — First, F. P. McAdoo; second and third, Plumly Bros.; fourth and fifth, O. H. Peasley; sixth, Plumly Bros.; seventh, J. S. Faw- cett & Son. Get of Sire — First, Plumly Bros.; second, O. H. Peasley. Flock — First, Plumly Bros.; second, F. P. McAdoo; third, J. S. Faw- cett & Son. Sweepstakes. Ram Any Age — J. S. Fawcett & Son. Stveepstakes, Ewe Any Age — Plumly Bros. SPECIAL PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SHROPSHIRE REGISTRY ASSOCIATION. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. C. McKerrow; second, Renk Bros.; third, J. S. Fawcett & Son. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Geo. C. Mc- Kerrow; third, Plumly Bros. Ram Lamb — First, O. H. Peasley; second and third, F. P. McAdoo. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, W. S. Dixon; second, Kaufman Bros.; third, Renk Bros. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Plumly Bros.; second, F. P. McAdoo; third, Plumly Bros. Ewe Lamb — First, F. P. McAdoo; second and third, Plumly Bros. Sweepstakes, Best Ram Any Age — Geo. C. McKerrow. Sweepstakes, Best Ewe Any Age — W. S. Dixon. Get of Sire — First, F. P. McAdoo; second, Plumly Bros. Flock — First, Plumly Bros.; second, J. S. Fawcett & Son. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 399 OXFORD DOWNS. EXHIBITORS. Jno. Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa; Geo. C. McKerrow, Pewaukee, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, Illinois Ravi Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Geo. C. McKerrow; third, John Graham & Son. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, second and third, Geo. C. McKerrow. Ram Lamb — First and second, Geo. C. McKerrow; third, John Gra- ham & Son. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Geo. C. McKerrow. Ewe One Year Old arid Under Two — First and second, Geo. C. Mc- Kerrow. Ewe Lamb — First and second, Geo. C. McKerrow; third, John Graham & Son. Get of Sire — First, John Graham & Son. Sweepstakes, Pure Bred Ram of Any Age — Geo. C. McKerrow. Siveepstakes, Pure Bred Eive of Any Age — Geo. C. McKerrow. IOWA OXFORD DOWNS. EXHIBITORS. John Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, Illinois Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, John Graham & Son. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, John Graham & Son. Ram Lamb — First and second, John Graham & Son. Ewe Lamb — First and second, John Graham & Son. Get of Sire — First, John Graham & Son. Siveepstakes. Ram of Any Age — John Graham & Son. SOUTHDOWNS. EXHIBITORS. Geo. C. McKerrow, Pewaukee, Wisconsin; W. S. Dixon, Brandon, Wis- consin. 400 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AWARDS. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, Illinois Ra7n Tioo Tears Old or Over — First and second, Geo. C. McKerrow. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Geo. C. Mc- Kerrow. Ram Lamh — First and second, Geo. C. McKerrow. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Geo. C. McKerrow; third, W. S. Dixon. Ewe One Year Old and Under Tivo — First and second, Geo. C. Mc- Kerrow. Eice Lamb — First and second, Geo. C. McKerrow. Siceepstakes, Pure Bred Ram of Any Age — Geo. C. McKerrow. Sweepstakes. Pure Bred Ewe of Any Age — Geo. C. McKerrow. DORSETS. First premium in each division except "get of sire" awarded to Lewis Bros., Camp Point, Illinois, on Cheviot sheep. SWEEPSTAKE FLOCKS. MERINO FLOCKS. EXHIBITORS. W. S. Dixon, Brandon, Wisconsin; F. W. Harding, Waukesha. Wis- consin; A. E. Green, Orchard Lake, Michigan; E. M. Moore, Orchard Lake, Michigan. AWARDS. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, Illinois Flock of Pure Bred Merinos. Any Age — (Not less than one ram and five ewes) — First, E. M. Moore; second, F. W. Harding; third, W. S. Dixon. LONG WOOL FLOCKS. EXHIBITORS. F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wisconsin; Alex A. Arnold & Sons, Gales- ville, Wisconsin; Lewis Bros., Camp Point, Illinois. AWARDS. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, Illinois Flock of Pure Bred Long Wool. Any Age — (Not less than one ram and five ewes)— ^First, F. W. Harding; second, Lewis Bros.; third, A. A. Arnold & Sons. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 401 MIDDLE \vOOL FLOCKS. SHROPSHIRES AND SOUTHDOWNS. EXHIBITORS. Chandler Bros., Kellerton, Iowa; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wiscon- sin; Geo. C. McKerrow, Pewaukee, Wisconsin; Plumly Bros., Springville, Iowa; Rank Bros., Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, Illinois Flock of Pure Bred Middle Wool, Any Age — (Not less than one ram and five ewes) — First, Geo. C. McKerrow; second, F. W. Harding; third, Geo. C. McKerrow. MIDDLE WOOL FLOCKS. OXFORDS, HAMPSHIRE DOWNS AND DORSETS. EXHIBITORS. Geo. C. McKerrow, Pewaukee, Wisconsin; Renk Bros., Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge W. R. Weaver, Canton, Illinois Flock of Pure Bred Middle Wool, Any Age — (Not less than one ram and five ewes) — First and second, Geo. McKerrow; third, Renk Bros. POULTRY DEPARTMENT. Superintendent H. L. Pike, Whiting, Iowa Assistant Superintendent H. Shivvers, Knoxville, Iowa CLASS 55 AMERICANS. B. p. Rock Cock — First, S. H. Page, Waverly, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. B. P. Rock Hen — First, S. H. Page, Waverly, Iowa; second, J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa. B. P. Rock Cockerel — First, S. H. Page, Waverly, Iowa; second, J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa. B. P. Rock Pullet — First, Buck Bros., Guthrie, Oklahoma; second, J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa. Buff P. Rock Cock — First, E. G. Rofcerts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; second, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. Buff P. Rock Hen — ^First, H. H. Rich, Des Moines, Iowa; second, J. E. Hime, Indianola, Iowa. Buff P. Rock Cockerel — First, H. H. Rich, Des Moines, Iowa; second, N. A. Lind, Rolfe, Iowa. Buff P. Rock Pullet— First, N. A. Lind, Rolfe, Iowa; second, H. H. Rich, Des Moines, Iowa. 26 402 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. W. P. Rock Cock — First, Mrs. O. L. Reitveld, Pella, Iowa; second, Buck Bros., Guthrie, Oklahoma. W. P. Rock Hen — First, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, "Wisconsin; sec- ond, Mrs. O. L. Reitveld, Pella, Iowa. W. P. Rock Cockerel — First, H. H. Rich, Des Moines, Iowa; second, Mrs. O. L. Reitveld, Pella, Iowa. W. P. Rock Pullet — First, H. H. Rich, Des Moines, Iowa; second, H. H. Rich, Des Moines, Iowa. Partridge Wyandotte Cock — First, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis- consin; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. Partridge Wyandotte Hen — First, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; second. Rev. A. B. Adams, Altoona, Iowa. Partridge Wyandotte Cockerel — First, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloom- field, Iowa; second, Rev. A. B. Adams, Altoona, Iowa. Partridge Wyandotte Ptillet — First, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloom- field, Iowa; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. 8. L. Wyandotte Cock — First, Buck Bros., Guthrie, Oklahoma; second, Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa. S. L. Wyandotte Hen — First, Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. (S. L. Wyandotte Cockerel — First, P. M. Cretzmeyer, Waverly, Iowa; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. S. L. Wyandotte Pullet — First, Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. 8. P. Wyandotte Cock — First, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. 8. P. Wyandotte Hen — First, E. G. Roberts. 8. P: Wyandotte Cockerel — First, B. G. Roberts., /Sf. P. Wyandotte Pullet— First, B. G. Roberts. Golden Wyandotte Cock — First, John Peterson, Indianola, Iowa; sec- ond, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. Golden Wyandotte Hen — First, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wiscon- sin; second, John Peterson, Indianola, Iowa. Golden Wyandotte Cockerel— First, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloom- field, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. Golden Wyandotte Pullet— First, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; second, B. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. White Wyandotte Cock — ^First, Geo. L. Marsh, Fort Dodge, Iowa; sec- ond, Mrs. N. B. Ashby, Des Moines, Iowa. White Wyandotte Hen — First, Geo. L. Marsh, Fort Dodge, Iowa; second, Geo. L. Marsh, Fort Dodge, Iowa. WJiite Wyandotte Cockerel — First, J. H. Boston, McCallsburg, Iowa; second, Buck Bros., Guthrie, Oklahoma. White Wyandotte Pullet — First, J. H. Boston, McCallsburg, Iowa; sec- ond, Mrs. N. B. Ashby, Des Moines, Iowa. Biift Wyayidotte Cock — First, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. Buff Wyandotte Hen — First, Dr. L. D. Carpenter, Indianola, Iowa; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. Buff Wyandotte Cockerel — First, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 403 Buff Wyandotte Pullet — First, Buck Bros., Guthrie, Oklahoma; seconji, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. Black Java Cock — First, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. Black Java Hen — First, E. G. Roberts. Black Java Cockerel — ^First, Buck Bros., Guthrie, Oklahoma; second, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. Black Java Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. Orpington Cock — First, Buck Bros., Guthrie, Oklahoma; second, J. R. Hoover & Son, Oskaloosa, Iowa. Orpington Hen — First, Buck Bros.; second, J. R. Hoover & Sons. Orpington Cockerel — First, J. R. Hoover & Sons; second, J. R. Hoover & Sons. Orpington Pullet — First, J. R. Hoover & Sons; second, J. R. Hoover £ Sons. Rose Comb R. I. Red Cock — First, J. G. Lembke, Griswold, Iowa; sec- ond, J. G. Lembke, Griswold, Iowa. Rose Comb R. R. Red Hen — First, J. G. Lembke; second, J. R. Lembke. Rose Comb R. I. Red Cockerel — First, J. G. Lembke, Griswold, Iowa; second, J. G. Lembke, Griswold, Iowa. Rose Comb R. I. Red Pullet — ^First, J. G. Lembke; second, J. G. Lembke. Single Comb R. I. Red Cock — First, Bixby & Bixby, Council Bluffs, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. Single Comb R. I. Red Cockerel — First, Bixby & Bixby; second, B. G. Roberts. Single Comb R. I. Red Hen — First, Bixby & Bixby; second, E. G. Roberts. Single Comb R. I. Red Pullet — First, L. Sheldahl, Waverly, Iowa; sec- ond, E. G. Roberts. Silver Grey Dorking Cock — First, Buck Bros., Guthrie, Oklahoma. Silver Grey Dorking Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. Silver Grey Dorking Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts. , Silver Grey Dorking Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts. CLASS 56 — ASIATICS. Light Brahma Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. Light Brahma Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. Light Brahma Cockerel — First, Buck Bros; second, Buck Bros, Light Brahma Pullet — First, Buck Bros; second, E. G. Roberts. Dark Brahma Cock — First, Buck Bros. Dark Brahma Hen — First, Buck Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts. Dark Brahma Cockerel — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Dark Brahma Pullet — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Buff Cochin Cock — First, Dr. L. D. Carpenter, Indianola, Iowa; sec- ond. Dr. L. D. Carpenter, Indianola, Iowa. Buff Cochin Hen — First, Dr. L. D. Carpenter; second. Buck Bros. Buff Cochin Cockerel — First, Dr. L. D. Carpenter; second. Buck Bros. Buff Cochin Pullet — First, Dr. L. D. Carpenter; second, Dr. L. D. Carpenter. 404 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Partridge Cochin Cock — First, Miss E. M. Brinckler, Stuart, Iowa; second, Buck Bros. Partridge Cochin Hen — First, J. E. Hime, Indianola, Iowa; second, Miss E. M. Brinckler. Partridge Cochin Cockerel — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Partridge Cochin Pullet — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Black Langshan Cock — First, R. E. "West, Altoona, Iowa; second, J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa. Black Langshan Hen — First, W. L. Williams, Williamsburg Iowa; sec- ond, Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa. Black Langshan Vockerel — First, J. R. Hoover & Sons; second, Buck Bros. Black Langshan Pullet — First, W. L. Williams, Williamsburg, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. CLASS 57 — MEDITERRANEANS. S. C. Brown Leghorn Cock — First, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis- consin; second, Frank Lester, Creston, Iowa. S. C. Brown Leghorn Hen — First, J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts. 8. C. Brown Leghorn Cockerel — First, A. E. Banta, Wheatland, Iowa; second, F. H. Hunter, Ankeny, Iowa. 8. C. Brown Leghorn Pullet — First, A. E. Banta; second, F. W. John- son, Luther, Iowa. R. C. Brown Leghorn Cock — First, J. R. Hoover & Sons; second, B. G. . Roberts. R. C. Brown Leghorn Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. R. C. Brown Leghorn Cockerel — First, F. H. Hunter, Ankeny, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts. R. C. Brown Leghorn Pullet — First, F. H. Hunter, Ankeny, Iowa; second, Wm. O. Coon, Des Moines, Iowa. 8. C. White Leghorn Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. 8. C. White Leghorn Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Walter Per- kins, Ames, Iowa. 8. C. White Leghorn Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Barker Bros., Indianola, Iowa. 8. C. White Leghorn Pullet — First, Barker Bros.; second. Barker Bros. R. C. White Leghorn Cock — First, Mrs. S. P. Rogers, Pleasanton, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts. R. C. White Leghorn Hen — First, Mrs. S. P. Rogers; second, Mrs. S. P. Rogers. R. C. White Leghorn Cockerel — First, Mrs. S. P. Rogers; second, E. G. Roberts. R. C. White Leghorn Pullet — First, Mrs. S. P. Rogers; second, Mrs. S. P. Rogers. Buff Leghorn Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Buff Leghorn Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Buff Leghorn Cockerel — First, Buck Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts. Buff Leghorn Pullet^Fivst, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Black Minorca Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 405 Black Minorca Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. Black Minorca Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. Black Minorca Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. CLASS 58 — POLISH. W. C. B. PoUsli Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. W. C. B. Polish Hen— First, Buck Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts. W. C. B. Polish Cockerel — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. W. C. B. Polish Pullet — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Golden Polish B. or P. Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Golden Polish B. or P. Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Golden Polish B. or P. Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Golden Polish B. or P. Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Polish B. or P. Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Polish B. or P. Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Polish B. or P. Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Polish B. or P. Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. 8. S. Hamburg Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Miss L. Cook, Morning Sun, Iowa. 8. 8. Hamburg Hen — First, Miss L. Cook; second. Miss L. Cook. 8. 8. Hamburg Cockerel — First, Miss L. Cook; second. Miss L. Cook. S. 8. Hamburg Pullet — First, Miss L. Coolv; second, Miss L. Cook. White Hamburg Cock — First, E. G. Roberts. White Hamburg Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. White Hamburg Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. White Hamburg Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Black Hamburg Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Black Hamburg Hen — First, Buck Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts. Black Hamburg Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Black Hamburg Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. CLASS 60 — FRENCH. Houdan Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Houdan Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. Houdan Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Houdan Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. CLASS 61 GAMES. C. I. Game Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. C. I. Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. C. I. Game Cockerel — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. C. I. Game Pullet — First, Buck Bros.; second, Buck Bros. B. B. R. Game Cock — First, Buck Bros.; second, Buck Bros. B. B. R. Game Hen — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. 406 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. B. B. R. Game Cockerel — First, Buck Bros.; second, Buck Bros. B. B. R. Game Pullet — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Red Pyle Game Hen — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Red Pyle Game Cockerel — First, Buck Bros.; second, Buck Bros. Red Pyle Game Pullet — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. S. Duckwing Game Cock — First, Buck Bros. S. Duckwing Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts. /S". Duckwing Game Cockerel — First, Buck Bros. S. Duckwing Game Pullet — First, Buck Bros. G. Duckwing Game Cock — First, Buck Bros. G. Duckwing Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts. G. Duckwing Game Cockerel — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. G. Duckwing Game Pullet — First, Buck Bros.; second, Buck Bros. CLASS 62 BANTAMS. B. B. Red Game Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. B. B. Red Game Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. B. B. Red Game Bantam Cockerel — First, L. J. Schuster, Des Moines, Iowa; second, L. J. Schuster, Des Moines, Iowa. B. B. Red Game Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, L. J. Schuster. Red Pyle Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Red Pyle Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Red Pyle Bantam Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Red Pyle Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Duckwing B. Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. Silver Duckwing B. Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Silver Duckwing B. Cockerel — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Silver Duckwing B. Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Golden Ducktoing B. Cock — First, Buck Bros. Golden Duckwing B. Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Golden Duckwing B. Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Golden Duckwing B. Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Golden Seabright B. Cock — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Golden Seabright B. Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Golden Seabright B. Cockerel — First, Dale B. Fagen, Des Moines, Iowa; second. Dale B. Fagen, Des Moines, Iowa. Golden Seabright B. Pullet— First, Dale B. Fagen; second. Dale B. Fagen. Silver Seabright B. Cock— First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Seabright B. Hen— First, E. G. Roberts; second. E. G. Roberts. Silver Seabright B. Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Seabright B. Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Buff Cochin Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Buff Cochin Bantam Hen — First, H. H. Rich, Des Moines, Iowa; sec- ond, E. G. Roberts. Buff Cochin Bantam Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts. Buff Cochin Bantam Pullet—First, H. H. Rich; second, E. G. Roberts. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 407 B. T. Japanese Cock — First, Buck Bros. B. T. Japanese Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. B. T. Japanese Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. B. T. Japanese Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. CLASS 63 TURKEYS. Bronze Gobbler — First, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. Bronze Hen — First, F. F. and V. G. Warner; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner. Bronze Cockerel — First, F. F. and V. G. Warner; second, Buck Bros. Bronze Pullet — First, F. F. and V. G. Warner; second. Buck Bros. White Holland Gobbler — First, Mrs. N. B. Ashby, Des Moines, Iowa; second. Buck Bros. White Holland Hen — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. White Holland Cockerel — First, Buck Bros.; second, Buck Bros. White Holland Pullet — First, Buck Bros.; second, Buck Bros. CLASS 64 GEESE. Toulouse Gander (Old) — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Toulouse Gander (Young) — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Toulouse Goose (Old) — First, E. G. Roberts. Toulouse Goose {Young) — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. Embden Gander (Old) — First, Buck Bros. Embden Goose {Old) — First, Buck Bros. CLASS 65 — DUCKS. Pekin Drake {Old) — First, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; second, E. F. Bell, Roland, Iowa. Pekin Drake {Young) — First, Mrs. Frances C. Errickson, Reinbeck, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts. Pekin Duck {Old) — First, F. F. and V. G. Warner; second, Mrs. Fran- ces C. Errickson. Pekin Duck {Young) — First, Mrs. Frances C. Errickson; second, B. G. Roberts. Rouen Drake {Old) — First, Buck Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts. Rouen Drake {Young) — First, E. G. Roberts. Rouen Duck {Old) — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Rouen Duck {Young) — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Muscovy Drake {Old) — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Muscovy Drake {Young) — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Muscovy Duck {Old) — First, E. G. Roberts; second, E. G. Roberts. Muscovy Duck {Young) — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. CLASS 66 BREEDING PENS. B. p. Rock Foivls — First, S. H. Page, Waverly, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. B. P. Rock Chicks — First, S. H. Page; second, Walter Currier, Rose Hill, Iowa. 408 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Buff P. Rock Fowls — First, H. H. Rich, Des Moines, Iowa; second, H. H. Rich. Buff P. Rock Chicks — First, N. A. Lind, Rolfe, Iowa; second, H. H. Rich. White P. Rock Fowls — First, Rev. A. B. Adams, Altoona, Iowa; sec- ond, Mrs. O. L. Reitveld, Pella, Iowa. White P. Rock Chicks — First, Buck Bros.; second, Mrs. O. L. Reitveld. Silver Wyandotte Foivls — First, Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. Silver Wyandotte Chicks — First, W. A. Houghtaling, Indianola, Iowa; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner. Golden Wyandotte Fotvls — First, Buck Bros.; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner. Golden Wyandotte Chicks^Fivst, F. F. and V. G. Warner; second, E. G. Roberts. White Wyandotte Fowls — First, Mrs. N. B. Ashbj', Des Moines, Iowa; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner. White Wyandotte Chicks — First, Buck Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts. Buff Wyandotte Fowls — First, Dr. L. D. Carpenter, Indianola, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts. Biiff Wyandotte Chicks — First, Buck Bros.; second, F. F. and V. G. Warner. Partridge Wyandotte Fotvls — First, Rev. A. B. Adams, Altoona, Iowa. Silver P. Wyandotte Fowls — First, E. G. Roberts. Silver P. Wyandotte Chicks — First, E. G. Roberts. Rose Comb R. I. Red Foivls — First, J. G. Lembke, Griswold, Iowa. Rose Comh R. I. Red Chicks — First, J. G. Lembke; second, J. G. Lembke. Single Comb R. I. Red Chicks — First, L. Sheldahl, Waverly, Iowa. Light Brahma Fowls — First, Buck Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts. Light Brahma Chicks — First, Buck Bros. Dark Brahma Foivls — First, Buck Bros.; second Buck Bros. Dark Brahma Chicks — First, Buck Bros.; second, Buck Bros. Buff Cochin Fotvls — First, Dr. L. D. Carpenter; second. Buck Bros. Buff Cochin Chicks — First, Biick Bros. Partridge Cochin Fotvls — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Partridge Cochin Chicks — First, Miss E. M. Brinckler, Stuart, Iowa; second. Buck Bros. Black Lang Shan Fowls — First, W. L. Williams, Williamsburg, Iowa; second, Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa. Black Langshan Chicks — First, W. L. Williams, Williamsburg, Iowa; second, J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa. /S. C. White Leghorn Foivls — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. S. C. White Leghorn Chicks — First, Barker Bros., Indianola, Iowa; second, E. G. Roberts. R. C. White Leghorn Fotvls — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Mrs. S. P. Rogers, Pleasanton, Iowa. R. C. White Leghorn Chicks — First, Mrs. S. P. Rogers; second, Mrs. S. P. Rogers. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 409 8. C. Brown Leghorn Fowls — First, C. H. Cooley, Attica, Iowa; second, Wm. O. Coon, Des Moines, Iowa. S. G. Broion Leghorn Chicks — 'First, A. E. Banta, Wlieatland, Iowa; second. Buck Bros. R. C. Brown Leghorn Fotvls — First, J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oslvaloosa, Iowa; second. Buck Bros. R. C. Brown Leghorn Chicks — First, Buclv Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Black Minorca Foivis — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Buck Bros. Black Minorca Chicks — First, Buck Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts. 8. 8. Hamburg Fowls — First, Miss L. Cook, Morning Sun, Iowa; sec- ond, Bucli Bros. 8. 8. Hamburg Chicks — First, Miss L. Cook; second, Buclc Bros. R. B. Red Game Fowls — First, Buclv Bros.; second, Bucli Bros. R. B. Red Game Chicks — First, Buck Bros.; second. Buck Bros. B. B. Game Bantam Fowls — First, L. J. Schuster, Des Moines, Iowa. B. B. Bantam Chicks — First, L. J. Schuster; second. Buck Bros. Golden Seabright Bantam Fowls — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Buck Bros. Golden Seabright Bantam Chicks — -First, Buck Bros. Bnft Cochin Bantam Foivls — First, Buck Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts. Buff Cochin Bantam Chicks — First, E. G. Roberts; second, H. H. Rich. CLASS 67 — PIGEONS. Pair Homing Pigeons — First, John Peterson, Indianola, Iowa; second, Joiin Peterson. Pair Fantail Pigeons — First, Buck Bros.; second, Buclv Bros. Pair Pouter Pigeons — First, Buck Bros. Pair 8welloio Pigeons — First, Buck Bros. Pair Tumbler Pigeons — First, Buclv Bros.; second. Buck Bros. Pair Turbit Pigeons — First, John Peterson. 410 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. IOWA STATE FAIR, 1906 Boys' Live Stock and Corn Judging Contest FOR IOWA STATE COLLEGE SCOLARSHIP Address Alex Wilson Howard Stewart T. Bonar MeKee Paul C. Taff Arthur N. Fogg Milo M. Fantz— Elmus P. Shaver Wm. R. Gross Ivan O. Hasbrouch... Frank N. Crow Murl McDonald Roy A. Wood Leroy L. Shoemaker- Phil A. Igo Thos. McCall Albert W. Weston— Ralph E. Van Fossen. Carl B. Kennedy Robert Campbell L. E. Osbnrn Robert S. Plager E. J. Packer Perry R. Secor C. H. Reeve Ben Walker T. R. Reynolds Wallace Ashby Roy Walker O. W. Karns Lee Jeffries Paul R. Bemis Monroe S. Dutcher.— West Liberty . Ainsworth Indianola Panora West Liberty Nevada Kalona Avoca '.. Humeston Oxford Ames Soldier Corning Indianola Ames Audubon Adel Ankeny Ames Bedford Grundy Center Marshalltown Melbourne Geneva Swan Pleasantville _ Des Moines -. Swan Pleasantville - Mitchellville — Bondurant Des Moines -- 460 178 538 387 137 524 87+ 149.5 523.5 361 162 523 351 163 514 38!) 120 509 331 165.5 496.5 3+5 151 496 366 123.5 489.5 319 137.5 486.5 311 173 484 325 151 476 Xi\ 1+1.5 472.5 3+2 123.5 465.5 314 146.5 460.5 312 147.5 459.5 333 123 456 351 104 455 319 135 454 329 120 449 327 121.5 4+8.5 358 90 448 32+ 123.5 447.5 30+ 137.5 441.5 306 135 441 322 112 434 267 164 431 290 137 427 295 114 409 323 77 400 263 121 384 282 84.5 366.5 Per cent of highest, 67.2. Per cent of lowest, 45.8. J. A. McLEAN, Superintendent of Contest. I 412 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PRESS COMMENTS OF THE IOWA STATE FAIR OF 1906 The Greatest Agricultural and Live Stock Exhibition ever Held in this Country. Good C'-oos, Prosperous Times and Favorable Weather Com bine to make the Fifty-second Iowa State Fair a Record Breaker. Wallace's Farmer. Bes Moines, loiva. Everything which has to do with the making of a successful State Fair was favorable to Iowa this year. Good crops, good prices, favorable weather for rounding up the summer's work, the desire of the exhibitors to show their products to the Iowa farmer, and on top of it all ideal fair weather, all combined to make the Iowa State Fair this year the greatest agricultural exposition that has ever been held anywhere in the world. It is not a new thing to record a record-breaking fair in Iowa. We have been doing that for five or six years past, until it has come to be the expected as a matter of course. Nothing but weather of the very worst sort could have prevented the most optimistic anticipating such an overwhelming success in both exhibits and attendance as was witnessed last week. The farmers of Iowa have adopted the State Fair as their own par- ticular institution, and as long as it is conducted in such a manner as to merit the patronage of decent, self-respecting people, nothing but very short crops or some untoward circumstance can prevent it from being successful. It would not be reasonable to expect that every fair will be SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 413 as great as the one held last week; conditions may not always be as favorable; but there is no longer any question as to the position the fair occupies in the regard of the people. It has won this position by being maintained as a high-class institution, clean, wholesome, educational, and as long as it continues so it will have the patronage of the farm folks of Iowa in most liberal measure. And as long as the fair enjoys the patronage of the Iowa farmer it will have no trouble in filling up its pens and stalls and exhibition space of every sort, for the people who have things to sell that the farmer is likely to want to buy know from experience that nowhere in the country will they find people who appreciate good things so much as in Iowa. Scene in Machinery Department, Iowa State Fair, 1906. The farmers of the State are not the sole patrons of the Iowa State Fair, Thousands of people come from the towns and the attendance of the Des Moines people is most liberal. But after all the success of the fair rests with the farmers, who make up a greater percentage of the total attendance than at any of the other leading State fairs; it is a more truly agricultural crowd than can be found at either Minnesota or Illinois, the two fairs which nearest approach Iowa. It is for this reason that people from other sections who want to get an idea of what Iowa is and what sort of people live here should come to the State Fair. Here they can see not only the people who have made Iowa the greatest agricultural State in the Union, but also what the State produces and what sort of things her people are interested in. Everything great in Iowa springs from the soil or reaches back to it. Some folks who have the habit of looking at things without seeing them sometimes remark, '-Well, it's about the same old fair." That is true in a very limited sense. It may seem the same to the person who 414 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. looks only on the surface and who attends mainly out of curiosity, but to the person who attends for the purpose of learning what he can and to study the progress that has been made in things agricultural each succeeding fair is different; each one is an improvement over those which have gone before, not alone in magnitude, but in quality. We must either improve or go backward. There is no standing still for western people. The Iowa State Fair sTiows the advance made each year in our work of improvement in live stock, grains, fruits, machinery, and everything else connected with the agriculture of the State. There is no place the farmer can go to get such an accurate idea of the progress made as at this fair, and this very fact furnishes the stimulus needed by the breeder and the manufacturer. The stranger can get an accurate idea of the Iowa people by simply studying the crowd that attends the State Fair. He will not need to watch them very long before he concludes that they are prosperous, honest, even-tempered, good-natured, and happy. There is no disorder- liness, no drunkenness. On two different days last week there were more than sixty thousand people on the grounds. That is an immense crowd of people to transport back and forth and to take care of in the buildings and on the grounds surrounding the exhibits, but everybody took the crowding with good nature. Iowa people are seen at their best on occasions like this. Notwithstanding the increased accommodations for the live stock display, it was necessary to house some of the stock in overflow tents. Every stall and pen was crowded. In the opinion of some who are qual- ified to judge, the horse exhibit has never been excelled at any show, while there were over three thousand hogs on exhibition. The live stock pavilion was crowded to its utmost capacity whenever the judging of the stock was in progress, and the strength of the stock industry in this State is witnessed by the fact that the seats in the live stock pavilion contained as many women as men. One of the most instructive and interesting exhibits of the entire fair was that made by the Soil and Agronomy Departments of the Iowa Agricultural College in the Agricultural and Horticultural Building. The chief feature of this exhibit was a large map of Iowa made of soil taken from the different soil formations of the State. It was made on the floor and was probably twenty by fifteen feet. Each county was marked, and those looking at it were thus able to see at a glance the differ- ence in the soil of different sections. This map was surrounded con- stantly from nine o'clock in the morning until six in the evening, and we venture to say, interested more people in the study of soil than anything that has been done in this State for some time. Having seen this map they will be better able to understand the bulletins issued on soil subjects by the College. Another interesting feature of the Soil SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 415 Department exhibit was the number of long glass tubes containing soil of different kinds. The tubes were about six feet long, each of them filled with soil. At the bottom of each tube was a wick running from the soil in the tube to a pan of water. The purpose of the exhibit was to show the capillary action of different kinds of soil; that is, the ca- pacity of each to draw up water from below. There was a very marked difference between the different kinds of soil. These were only two of the number of different exhibits made by this department. It is not possible for us to name all of the interesting things in the College ex- hibit. A long table covered with weeds of different kinds, to each of which was attached a label bearing the name of the weed, attracted a good deal of attention. A large glass case containing the roots of a cornstalk gave the observer a better idea of the extent of the root sys- tem of the corn plant than he could obtain in any other way. Corn of different kinds was also exhibited, and trays containing sprouted grains illustrating the vitality of different ears. These two departments of the College are to be congratulated on the interesting exhibit made. Among the other exhibits in the Agricultural and Horticultural Build- ing was a very fine display of fruits grown in different parts of the State, bee products, county displays, etc. This building also contained the exhibit of dairy machinery, practically all of the leading dairy supply houses being represented by attractively decorated booths. Practically all of the available space was filled with agricultural ma- chinery, the different buildings being completely filled, while many ex- hibitors used large tents. In addition to the machinery shown under cover the quadrangle between the west gate and live stock pavilion practically all occupied with machinery which could be shown in the open air without damage. The farmers who attend the State Fair ex- amine the display of agricultural machinery with a great deal of care. The increasing diflBculty of securing competent help makes it necessary for the Iowa farmer to avail himself of every posible labor-saving de- vice, and the manufacturer who has an improved machine of merit has no difficulty in finding customers at the Iowa State Fair. It is to be hoped that before a great while satisfactory buildings for the machinery departments may be erected. With such weather as prevailed last week the machinery exhibit can be seen in comfort, but with rainy weather, such as has often been experienced, this exhibit would be neglected. The amusement features of the fair were superior to those of any other fair which we attended. We noticed but two shows which could be at all criticised, and nothing at all which tended to degrade. The airship, with the exception of one day, when the wind was too high to make a voyage safely, entertained the people. One advantage of an exhibit of this sort is that it can be seen from any part of the grounds, and the gentleman who made the ascension seemed to be able to con- 416 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. trol his unwieldy vehicle very satisfactorily. The impression made upon the people, however, was that this mode of locomotion would not be- come popular in the very near future. The evening crowds were enter- tained with an excellent exhibition of gymnastics, trained animals, fire- works, etc., in front of the grand stand. A year ago we spoke of the necessity of several new buildings on the fair grounds. The two buildings most needed now are a new fire-proof grand stand and new barns and exhibit hall for the swine department. Fortunately nothing occurred this year to jeopardize the throngs which filled the grand stand every afternoon and evening. Everyone who is familiar with the conditions there, however, will agree with us when we say that the need for a substantial steel and concrete grand stand Is absolutely imperative. A fire in the present structure, or a panic of any sort would result in a tremendous loss of life. The State of Iowa cannot afford to have so many of its people subject to this kind of a risk, and the Legislature next winter should not permit the session to close without making an adequate appropriation for the kind of a building which is needed. The need for better barns and a show pavilion for the swine depart- ment is also imperative. Everything went along in this department satisfactorily this year, but simply because of the ideal weather. The experience of two years ago, when heavy rains completely flooded that part of the grounds in which the swine barns are located, should not be forgotten. The swine exhibit at the Iowa State Fair has, almost from Its beginning, been one of the leading features. It is the greatest hog show in the world, and the swine breeders are fully justified in insist- ing that the Legislature make better provisions for their comfort and for the comfort of the people who wish to see this exhibit. When the books are balanced this year the State will find a nice surplus on the right side of the ledger, but this will all be needed in making the minor Im- provements on the grounds and in laying by a small surplus fund against an unfavorable year. The Legislature should not expect the State Board of Agriculture to erect any of the larger buildings. The fair funds will not permit. THE STOCK SHOW. Never have Iowa's resources as a live stock State shown to better advantage than at the Iowa State Fair of 1906. It was a great show of an industry that has made Iowa rich and powerful. Like the State, the show was well balanced, with few "thin spots," and the thousands of Iowa farmers who came from all parts of the State thoroughly enjoyed it. At all times while the judging was going on the commodious live stock pavilion was crowded. Indeed, most of the time every seat was taken and the aisles were crowded so SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 417 full that there was hardly room for a single person more. It seemed, a few years ago when the handsome brick judging pavilion was built, that it would be ample for all time to come for the making of cattle and horse awards promptly. So full were the classes this year, however, that not till after three o'clock in the afternoon on Friday were the horse awards completed, and if the exhibitors continue the strength they displayed this year it seems only a question of a short time till the need of separate pavilions for the horse and cattle shows will be imperative. The crying need right at this time, however, is for a suitable pavilion for the swine exhibit. Beyond a doubt it will be erected before an- other fair is held, and other needed improvements in the live stock department will be made from time to time until the buildings at Iowa, like the show, will be the best of any state fair. THE SHORTHORNS. Well balanced, strong in numbers, with quality especially noticeable in the younger classes, the Shorthorns were the best lot from end to end that have been seen at an Iowa fair for several years, if not the N. A. Lind's Second Prize Young Herd of Shorthorns. strongest they have ever been. A particularly pleasing feature was the marked improvement of entries of Iowa exhibitors. There were a few "tag ends," and the Iowa exhibitors, who, with hardly an exception, lack the advantage of the professional fitters to whose skill the success of the herds that make the circuit are largely due, deserve much com- mendation for the way they have brought their cattle out. It is only within the past few years that Iowa breeders have turned their atten- tion to showing. Each year has shown an improvement in their entries, and we want to pay them the compliment they deserve, and to bid the 27 418 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. good work go on. It is evident that Iowa breeders must hereafter be considered a factor to be strongly reckoned with in the fight for suprem- acy in the show ring, which is as it should be. No State has better Shorthorns than Iowa. Why should she not take her proper rank in the Shorthorn shows? While the Iowa entries were not as strongly filled as the herds that make the circuit, nevertheless, they proved com- petition of the worthy sort, and in a number of cases made the decisions so close that it would have taken but little to turn the scale in their favor. They were close up in all the classes, and deserve much credit for the excellent showing made. Mr J. H. Miller of Indiana, breeder of Polled Durhams and Short- horns, judged the classes, and his work in general gave good satisfac- tion. THE BULL CL.^.SSES. The bull calves were rather better than usual, with the . bull calf class deserving particular mention. In this ring tliere were as good a lot of calves, take it altogether, as we ever remember seeing at a show. Iowa exhibitors were particularly strong in this class, Mr. Daws landing second, Mr. Akers sixth, and there were other entries clear outside the money that were almost on a par. The leader in the aged bull class, WTiitehall Marshall, the champion of last year as a tw^o-year-old, makes his initial bow in the aged class in grand form. He is altogether a bull that will be indeed hard to down this season showing in better form than last year. Iowa scored second honors on Mr. Burge's Money Musk, a four-year-old red bull of sterling worth that has been shown ever since a calf at the Iowa State Fair, and having won second in each instance. He is a grand type and demonstrated that the good bulls are not all roans. Messrs. Bellow's Good Choice, a Choice Goods calf, shown in just the condition to come on well for the balance of the season, scored first honors in the two-year-old class, making a very ac- ceptable winner. Iowa had the honor of furnishing both second and third prize winners in Ardmore's Superbus, showing in grand form Mr. Judy's Clear the Way, who carried off first prize at Iowa last year as a yearling. He has done well since then and will bear watching, bid- ding fair to make an even stronger fight before the season is over. The yearling class furnished room for difference of opinion. The win- ner was the white bull Champion of Lyndale, an admirable type, and the second prize went to Wornall's Careless Conqueror, with Silliman's good, compact, thick roan bull, Cleverburn's Ideal, third. The latter made quite a strong show and was a strong favorite with a number for a higher place, some giving him preference for first. As the three bulls will likely meet at Minnesota, their rating there will be looked forward to with much interest. It is but fair to note that Champion of Lyndale was out of condition, having been off feed for a day, which fact the judge may have taken into consideration. THE FEMALE KINGS. The aged cow class was hardly up to standard, although there were some good entries in the ring. The two-year-old yearling, and senior heifer calves were all good rings in which the Harding entries carried SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 419 off all the first ribbons, making a clean sweep of the female classes as far as first prizes were concerned, except in the junior calf classes in which the Bellows entry won first and the Saunders entry second with Iowa furnishing another winner in Parsons' fourth prize calf. The group and championship awards were also good rings, the young herd show being especially close. THE ANGUS. The "Doddie" rings were practically an "all Iowa" show, there being only one herd from out of the State, that of A. B. Puterbaugh, of Mill- edgeville. Illinois. The Angus show has always been a sensational feature of the Iowa fair, and this year was no exeception to the rule. While not quite as strong in numbers as they have usually been at Iowa fairs, particularly in the bull classes, competition throughout was of the closest sort. The herds have not tested each other's mettle at Iowa and a battle royal may be looked for throughout the circuit, as they are mighty close together in quality and it will take but little to turn the scale where competition is so close. It is in the Angus rings that the Iowa cattle make their strongest show, as Iowa Angus breeders not only carried off the honors at the Iowa State Fair, but will quite likely furnish a majority of the prize winners throughout the season, just as they have done in former years. The herds of Messrs. B'innie, McHenry, and Miller are all stronger than usual this season, while a new rival for show yard honors, and a most worthy one, is P. J. Donohoe, of Holbrook, Iowa, who makes his first appearance this year. His herd is execptionally strong, and seldom has his record thus far been equaled by a breeder in his first show. Professor Kennedy made the Angus awards. There was some dissent from his opinions in some instances, but on the whole his work was up to the average. The bull classes of the show were not up to those of last year, but brought out some unusually good entries. In the aged class the strug- gle was between Binnie's Jim Delaney, the first prize winner, and Mc- Henry's Baden Lad. The former has the best front and middle, while the latter is superior in hind quarters, but not sufficiently so to offset the better heart and girth and better spring of the fore rib of his more successful rival, which carried the day for Jim Delaney. Mr. Donohoe won both the two-year-old and the yearling classes, having a splendid pair of bulls in Morning Star 2nd, a smooth, even two-year-old, and Glenfoil's Thickset 2nd, a yearling of much the same type. It was Mr. McHenry's turn in the senior calf class and Mr. Miller's turn in the junior calf class, they furnishing the winners in good rings. THE FEMALES. The aged cow class was quite a problem, and not an easy one to solve. Professor Kennedy's choice for the first place was Snowflake 2nd of Kirkbridge, which Mr. Miller, who is his own fitter, has brought on In splendid condition from last year," where she won second at the Inter- national. She has a wonderful back, and was presented in fine form. Glenfoil Rose, the champion of last year, is not yet in shape, having 420 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. dropped a calf in July, but bids fair to be much stronger before the season is over. For the first time she failed to carry off the blue rib- bon, but is liable yet to become strong before the season is over. Pro- fessor Kennedy's choice for second place was Binnie's Gussie of Kirk- bridge, a cow of much the type as the first prize winner, Mr. Donohoe's Blackbird Favorite 2nd, a cow of splendid character and wonderful front, standing fourth. It was a grand ring of cows, and good judges are liable to differ between them at most any of the shows this season. It was mighty close competition all the way through the female classes. Entries were strong in numbers, very close together in quality, and they are altogether a lot that will bother the judges not a little to decide be- tween them. The herd, group and championship awards were also close. HEREFORDS. While not reaching the phenomenal exhibit of 1905, which was one of the best Hereford shows made during the season, the Herefords at the Iowa State Fair this year were out in goodly numbers, and the qual- ity, particulaHy the prize winners in the class, was unusually good. Iowa exhibitors were in a little stronger evidence •than usual and had some excellent entries. GALLOWAYS. Iowa has usually been a very strong show for the Galloways. While four herds were out this year there were not as many entries in the classes nor was competition so close as in former years, Iowa formerly being the grounds at which the principal herds of the breed tested their strength for the initial show of the season. A number of herds that usually make the Iowa fair were absent this year. Several new breeders, however, partially made up for the loss. Royal Flora, Shaver &Deuker's Champion Polled Durham Cow. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 421 POLLED DURIIAJIS. While the Polled Durham classes were not large in numbers they were good in quality, a number of unusually good individuals i;n both old and young classes being shown. The principal exhibitors were Shaver & Deuker, of Kalona, Iowa, with full entries in most of the classes, and A. C. Woods & Son, of Pendleton, Indiana, who had strong entries in the young classes. There were also one or two ex- hibitors who had entries in a few of the classes. Most of the Polled Durham breeders that make the shows are from the east and the very hot weather immediately preceding the Iowa fair is undoubtedly responsible for not having a larger exhibit, as it is rather a hazardous risk to ship the show cattle in hot weather. We doubt not that this breed will come again much stronger next year, its popularity being strongly on the increase. RED POLLS. The Red Polls were well represented in numbers, and the quality of the rings throughout was good; indeed, it was one of the best Red Polled shows that the Iowa fair has brought out. Mr. G. W. Coleman, Irwin, Champion Red Polled Bull of G. W. Coleman. the well known Iowa breeder who has usually been an exhibitor, Adolph P. Arp, and A. E. Samuelson, also of Iowa, the latter making his first show at the Iowa State Fair, met the South Dakota herd of W. S. Hill and the Illinois herd of Geo. B. Buck & Co. Most of these herds had full entries in the various classes. Mr. Coleman had rather the best 422 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of it, carrying off more first pries tlian any other exhibitor, liis herd being the strongest perhaps he has ever brought out, and his showing was a decidedly creditable one. HOLSTEINS. The Holstein show was the strongest that it has been in a number of years. The good Iowa herds of Messrs. Barney & Co., of Hampton, and McKay Bros., of Buckingham, and the two outside herds, made competition in all the classes close and interesting. F. H. Scribner, of Wisconsin, well known as judge of dairy cattle, made the awards, and his work on the whole was satisfactory. THE HOG SHOW. With Iowa first in corn and first in hogs it is fitting that the State's annual swine exhibit should be the greatest show on earth. The magnitude of the show is always a matter of comment, but the an- nouncement that there were about three thousand head of swine in the pens at the Iowa State Fair this year will occasion no surprise. It is only the expected that has happened. There were nearly that many a year ago, and this year, as last, some were kept away because of lack of pens. Such is the growth of the Iowa hog show and the State Fair in general that the management is taxed to the utmost to keep up with the annual requirements of the show. New pens are needed, and what there are are old and leaky. The judging is done in the open when it should be done under roof. POLAND CHINAS. The Poland Chinas have always outnumbered any other breed at the Iowa State Fair, but the difference was less this year than ever before. There probably never was a year when the Poland China ex- hibits were so uniformly good throughout. Ed Klever of Ohio, did the judging, with W. E. Spicer ojf Illinois, acting as consulting judge. Mr. Klever had acted as judge at Des Moines before, and while he is ac- knowledged to be an expert judge, there was some criticism of the management because an eastern instead of a western man is almost invariably selected to do the judging at this fair. Mr. Klever's type is regarded by some as being more of the medium or small type than is in keeping with the requirement of the western trade, but a large hog with the quality and finish was not barred by any means, and there are a number of prize winners big enough to suit anyone. There were entirely too many good ones for all of special merit to get a place, and for this reason, perhaps, all those not in finished show condition were sent back to the pens without a ribbon. If we had any criticism to make it would seem that those in thin condition seemed to be discriminated against more than were the overfitted ones, thus putting a premium on the "big fat" or an overfitted condition. With very few exceptions the classes were all large and strong, some of them numbering well up towards a hundred entries. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 423 DUROC JERSEYS. The red hog at the Iowa State Fair becomes more formidable each j'ear. At the ratio that the reds have been increasing on the Polands they will soon outnumber the latter breed. This year the show was characteristic for some exceptionall'y strong and large classes. The pig classes are always large, numbering from fifty to one hundred head in a class, but this year some of the older classes were also very large, and the judges had the hardest kind of a task to do justice to all and not overlook some of equal merit with the winners. Mr. L. H. Roberts, who has given good satisfaction on former occasions as judge at Des Moines, did the judging this year, assisted by W. Z. Swallow, who for over forty years has been a continuous Poland China exhibitor at the Iowa State Fair. They worked hard and conscientiously, and while there were some disappointed exhibitors, there was very little criticism. The champion boar this year is a son of last year's champion and is from the junioi; yearling class, which was about the strongest class in the show. Several in this class did not get a place that ordi- narily would have been winners. One of these was the Johnson Bros. & Newkirk entry, which was one of the best hammed and best typed Durocs in the show. The first prize aged boar was also a first prize winner for the same exhibitors last year, but individual mention cannot be made of all the winners, much less of worthy ones who did not get a place. The show is not without lessons for the breeder and future exhibitor. Although the classes were large and strong the his- tory of the prize winners will show that the small breeder and the one who breeds his own stock stands just as good a chance to win as any. The result shows, too, that the small breeder need not be de- terred from showing because some nave paid sensational or "boom" prices for stock, for the paying of such prices is no assurance that the owners will have a monopoly of the ribbons to the exclusion of the small breeder. The most successful Iowa exhibitors are men who started as poor boys and have bred their prize winners. CHESTER WHITES. The Chester White show was somewhat larger than last year and made one of the best showings this breed has ever made, although there were not so many exhibitors from outside the State as on some former occasions. For the first time in a quarter of a century Sena- tor B. R. Vale, of Bonaparte, Iowa, was not an exhibitor. He was present, however, and just as active as ever in the interest of Iowa swine breeders. BERKSHIRES. The Berkshire showing was not so large this year as usual, al- though it is never large at Des Moines. Several prominent exhibitors of last year and before were absent, while there were several new ones to take their places. The showing for the most part was very good, while in some classes the competition was not strong. It was principally an Iowa exhibit, there being only one or two herds from outside the State. 424 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THE BACON BREEDS. The bacon breeds represented at Des Moines this year were the Large Yorkshires and the Tamworths. There was only a small show- ing of Tamworths, but it was the best showing of Yorlvshires that has been made for some time. THE SHEEP SHOW. The Iowa sheep show continues to improve and this year's exhibit was one of the best that has ever been made. The pens were all full, and the classes in the show ring were strong both in numbers and One of Chandler Bros.' Prize Winning Shropshires. r quality. The Shropshires made the best show, the special prizes of- fered bringing out a goodly number of Iowa exhibitors besides those from without the State. THE HOKSE SHOW. It has been many years since Iowa has had such a horse show as this year. Indeed, it is seldom that a State Fair has as high a class lot of entries as Iowa had this year, and only at the International show of recent years has so good a showing of draft horses been made. There were over five hundred head of draft horses on the grounds. They filled the horse barns, several of the cattle barns, and even then an overflow tent and temporary sheds had to be provided. In character the show reached a new level for the State Fair shows and deserves now to be classed as "International." Exhibitors from Wis- consin, Indiana, Ohio, Nebraska, Illinois and Iowa made up the show, SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 425 with Iowa contributing the greatest number of entries and receiving her share of the prizes. A very pleasing and notable feature of the show was the large number of American-bred draft horses in evidence and the high places in the awards which they received from the judges. The dawn of a new era is breaking upon the American breeder if he will only see and take advantage of the great possibilities which are suggested by the record of this show. Professor C. F. Curtiss made an excellent superintendent of this department and did much to make it the great success which it was. A competent superintendent means much to any department of a live stock show. Professor Kennedy placed the draft awards arid gave, in general, good satisfaction. Mr. Dobson of Marion, Iowa, judged the standard bred horses, in which the classes were unusually strong, and Dr. Gibson of Des Moines, judged the Shet- land ponies. PERCIIEROX AND FRENCH DRAFT. This class exceeded all others in number of entries, as all classes were well filled and made a high class show. It was in this class that the American-bred stallions made a remarkable showing, getting to first place in the two-year-old stallion class, second in the three- year-old class, and third in the aged stallions with the best class of im- ported stallions in competition. Professor Kennedy selected a good type and, with one or two exceptions, stayed with it through all the classes. Iowa breeders surprised themselves when discovering that the major part of the show of Percherons was made by them. American Bred Percherons— Exhibited by S. B. Frey. 426 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. H. G. McMillans' First Prize Three-year-Old Percheron Filly. BELGIANS. The exhibit cf these heavy bodied typical draft horses was un- usually good. Particularly were the classes strong in the older stal- lion classes, the rings being large and the quality unusually good. It was as good, if not the best show in Belgian classes, that the Iowa fair has brought out, and one that could not but make friends for the breed. Competition was not so strong in numbers in the Shire classes, al- though quality was good. CLYDESDALES. This breed made a fine show. In uniformity of type and breed char- acter in clean quality of limb and mode of action, it excelled all other breeds. The small bodied, long backed kind have been discarded for the stronger loin and deep bodied kind that have substance and endur- ance. Breeders seem to be more discriminating when it comes to se- lecting or using a stallion of this breed, and we think we can forsee a bright future ahead for the modern type of this Scotch breed. American bred colts made a good showing and were good enough to get first place in some of the classes. Robert Ogilvie of Chicago, placed the awards. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 427 OTHER CLASSES. The Standard driving horses, saddle horses, Shetland ponies, and coa.ch horses made a nice display. On account of the large classes in the cattle and draft horse divisions, the harness horses were shown on the race track in front of the ampitheater. Another iteresting feature of the show was the exhibit of draft teams in harness. A number of farm teams were entered in this class. Grades and registered horses competed all in the same class. A class for farm teams only would make an interesting show. POULTRY AT THE WW \ STATE F.\IR. Poultry breeders are well pleased with the exhibit at the Iowa State Fair this year. The largest number of birds shown in Des Moines for years was on the grounds, but there was room for more. The quality was good, possibly not so many of fancy quality as for- merly, but a good, practical lot of fowls, such as should be seen at an agricultural show — birds that the farmer can afford to buy. Probably the largest class was the Barred Rocks. Many Buff and White Rocks of good quality and size were also in evidence. The Wyandotte breed, in all varieties, is apparently increasing in popularity in Iowa, and the Cochins and Langshans seem to be holding their own. The ad- mirers of these latter breeds continue to breed and show good fowls themselves while waiting for the boom which they feel their favorites deserve. A few Orpingtons and Rhode Island Reds were on hands, and a fairly large class of Leghorns. The Leghorn always shows off well. Owing to its size it does not seem to suffer from the heat as the larger breds do, and its alert, bright appearance never fails to attract those who are interested in chickens only in a general way. The exhibit of turkeys, ducks and geese was not large, but of good quality. Some of the geese attracted much attention because of their size. We judge from the interest shown in these and in ducks that more farmers are going into the geese and duck breeding than ever before. Turkey raising is becoming a more difficult undertaking each year, and the farmer seems turning toward geese and ducks to take their place. The exhibit of incubators and poultry suplies was small. It seemed to us that in the matter of beef scraps and animal foods in general a good exhibit might have been made. The poultry hall was well filled most of the time, the sentiment of the people being well expressed by one lady we overheard saying to her companion, "Poultry is getting to be such a large factor in our commercial world, and the revenue from it so great that I feel that I must keep in touch with what is going on in the poultry world in order to keep up to date and well informed on matters of general interest." This spirit is bound to increase the value of exhibiting at the agricultural fairs. When chickens get to be the style, when peo- ple throng the poultry hall as they do the exhibition hall, as they are beginning to do now, the poultry breeders of the State will feel that they can't afford not to show, the exhibits will draw the crowd, and the crowd the exhibits. 428 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The fair management has done everything possible to encourage breeders to send in their birds. The building is admirably adapted to the purpose, being light, commodious, well located, and well venti- lated. The assistant superintendent, constantly in charge of the build- ing, is a practical poultryman who makes the interests of the exhi- bitors his own, and in spite of the petty annoyances of the position, remained unfailingly courteous and obliging to all. We would be glad to see farmers send in more poultry to the State Fair. There are few •quicker ways of seeing the imperfections in your own birds than to join the line of anxious exhibitors around the table and place your bird by the side of the other fellow's. While it is distresing to note how the judge's eye lights on the weak points of your fowls, it leads to per- sistent effort to overcome that weakness by another year and try again, and we would urge all of our readers to patronize their county and state fairs and thus help to sustain interest in the poultry In- dustry and to benefit themselves. The judging this year, as last, was by W. S. Russell of Ottumwa, and, as usual, was most satisfactory. Awards were made promptly, winning exhibitors thus receiving the advertising which their premium entitled them to. STATE FAIR POULTRY >"0TES. It is interesting to listen to the snatches of conversation caught as one passes through the isles of the poultry building: "Why," exclaimed Mr. Shivvers, "people come from all over the State — I might almost say from every state — to this fair, and farmers ought to know the immense advertising an exhibit here gives them. They don't patronize the fair enough. The first year I came I brought my family at a cost of thirty-five dollars, and I made enough sales to pay all the expenses for my fowls and my family. The advantage is not immediate, but people take your card, and perhaps in a month or six months later comes a letter saying, 'I saw your birds at the fair,' etc., and you get an order." "Why don't they classify the exhibits?" echoed one who knew why. "Because it would take twenty men to clasify all these exhibits and get the birds in place after judging. No one man could tell how much space to allot to each class and get the exhibits placed. Then, such au arrangement would practically drive out the large exhibitors of all breeds who are one of the attractions at the fair. If a man has a string of birds he wants them together where he can make a good show and care for them as easily as possible. Some of these men bring from 400 to 800 birds to a fair, and it is only right that they be accommo- dated. They help to bring a crowd which looks at their birds and buys of the men who keep their breed." SEVKNTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 429 "I would like to forbid the hall to children afflicted with "card-o- phobia," exclaimed a disgusted exhibitor as he emptied his last box of cards. "I must leave my cards where visitors can see them when I am not on hand to show my birds. I want everyone interested in my breed to take a card, but it is a nuisance to see a string of children with no interest in the chickens carrying off a card from each coop, which they throw away as soon as they are out of the building." THE IOWA STATE FAIR. The Homestead, Des Moines, Iowa. Prosperity is the most important factor that has to do with the making of a successful State fair or exposition of any kind. This, to- gether with up-to-date management, is exactly the right combination. Each played its full part last week and the first State Fair of the season far excelled all past records made in the Hawkeye State. In the mat- ter of receipts, a gain of fully 30 per cent was made over the record of 1905. From start to finish the weather was perfect for exhibitors, for visitors and for the comfort of the animals on exhibition. The city of Des Moines handled the crowd better than ever before, and no small amount of praise is due the Commercial Club for the assistance in finding homes for the fair visitors. The practice of arranging in ad- vance for lodging has done much to prev^t the congestion of the streets during the evening hours by visitors who had not found lodg- ing. Transportation service was improved over former years, as cer- tain changes made by the Des Moines Street Railway Company facili- tated the movement of the crowds. Jams of course will always occur when sixty or seventy thousand people decide to go to the same place at the same time, but we venture to say that visitors this year gained the impression that Des Moines was well equipped in her transporta- tion facilities. The striking feature of the fair was that it was well balanced, every department being well filled with exhibits. Possibly records have been made in single departments in the past that would excel the record of 1906, but taking all in all the fair held last week was the climax. The machinery in itself covered practically forty acres, and the crowds of inquiring visitors who stood around the machinery exhibit indicated that the farmers of Iowa are in shape financially to invest in labor- saving devices. Almost every manufacturer who made an exhibit de- clared that never before did prospects seem so bright for future busi- ness. The great lack in this department is a mammoth machinery hall, such as is supplied in one or two of the sister states. Other improvements are needed, and needed badly, but we hope in the near future to see a building that will house the greater part of the ma- chinery. 4,30 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The largest department of the fair was the swine, the showing made this year being simply marvelous both from the standpoint of numbers and quality. Suitable space was not provided for all of the exhibits, and the experience this year demonstrated beyond the shadow of a doubt that new buildings are needed in the immediate future. All kinds of temporarary structures were utilized for the purpose of housing swine to the almost indescribable inconvenience of the exhibitor. In many cases passageways were not provided, so that entrance to the pens could only be made from the outside. Among the appropriations that the next Legislature will make we hope will be found one for new swine quarters on the State Fair Grounds. There was a conflict last winter between those advocating a swine pavilion and those who thought that an amphitheater should come first, the result being that no appropriation was made for either. The crowds that were turned away from the old amphitheater this year indicated that a new one is an urgent need. It seems like poor business policy to turn away thousands of people every day who desire to pay for seats in the amphi- theater. The amount lost each year would certainly pay interest on the investment. It was a clean fair, scarcely a feature to be found on the grounds to which objection could be made by the most fastidious. Although strongly agricultural in every department, the policy adopted by the management was a broad-minded one, so that people from towns and cities found plenty of interesting sights and much opportunity for in- struction. The attractions in front of the amphitheater were high class, and the exhibition given daily by the flying machine, or airship, proved to be a highly popular feature. We believe that the Directors of the State Fair are to be complimented for the wisdom displayed in putting on this feature. A flying machine directed hither and thither at the will of man is by no means in the same class as a balloon, because it represents a means of transportation that is now being studied by experts throughout the civilized world. Profesor Hamilton's feats in the air furnished not only entertainment, but instruction. The plan of issuing a catalog and the placarding of all animals in the ring again proved highly satisfactory from the visitor's standpoint. Further improvement could be made if the rules pertaining to the placarding of animals in the stalls could be enforced. In some instances the class and lot number of the animal were given on the stall, to- gether with the name, weight and breeding, but this is not generally true. It looks to the outsider as though a very small expense would furnish this information and make sight-seeing much more instructive. The example set by Mr. Frank W. Harding of Waukesha, Wisconsin, might well be followed by all exhibitors, and indeed forced by the fair association. All of his stalls were labeled plainly, so that the visitor obtained just the information sought. Unfortun^ately, the Iowa fair comes too early to make a creditable display of agricultural products of the year, notably corn. In this instance the old products must be placed on exhibition. However, the agricultural exhibit was up to the standard. It was attractively placed, and the visitor who sought information concerning the method of pro- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 431 ducing any of the products on display could easily acquire the same. The fruit display excelled the record of former years, there being more plates of apples, for example, on the tables than have ever before been brought out. The quality of the fruit was good and the exhibit was exceedingly atractive. We said in the beginning that sensible management has much to do with the success of a fair. In this case the directors of the fair are deserving of the highest compliments for their efforts in giving the people a clean, wholesome, entertaining and instructive fair. It must be a mater of great satisfaction to President Morrow, of the State Board, to see the fair brought to so high a degre of perfection under his administration. However, after the people have passed their com- pliments to the Board and to President Morrow, they reserve the right to place a larger share of credit for the success of the fair to the Sec- retary, John C Simpson. Mr. Simpson has proven himself able to Interpret correctly the desires of the people, and he has used his office to satisfy those desires in a way that has more than pleased the people of the State. He has always contended that the State Fair was not a money-making institution, at the same time he has stood for the inculcation of business principles into every department. "What is taken in at the gates goes right back into improvements, thus laying the foundation for a still greater fair. Mr. Simpson did his part, the people of the State did their part, the exhibitors shirked no duty that fell to their lot and the result was that the 1906 fair was a record- breaker in every respect. An educational feature of the fair that has attracted a good deal of interest is the contest for the $200 scholarship at the Iowa Agricul- tural College. This year thirty-two young men under twenty-one years of age entered the contest in the judging of cattle, horses, swine and grain. This movement was put on foot in 1904 and has been a popular feature ever since. The first year the scholarship was won by Ellis Rail, Birmingham, la.; the second by Mr. Chas. F. Steen of West Liberty, Iowa; the one of 1905 Mr. Roy Igo of Indianola, Iowa, while this year it again goes to West Liberty, being won by Mr. Alexander Wilson. The work was in charge of Prof. J. A. McLean of the Iowa Agricultural College, and was conducted in an orderly and business-like manner. In some instances the classes passed on by the students were the regular entries made by exhibitors, the awards for comparison being afterwards made by the regular judges of the departments. A close student of the cattle exhibits at the Iowa State Fair would soon comprehend the fact that this was not a record-breaking year. It was evenly balanced throughout, but the dropping out of six or eight of the best herds in the corn belt will be felt by any show. The Martin herd of doddies, from Churdan, Iowa, was not out this year; the notable Casey and Bobbins herds were missed; the Brown, Moody, Clarke and Brookside Farm Galloways were not there, while in the Herefords the absence of the Funkhouser and Curtice herds made a noticeable differ- ence in the exhibit of white faces. However, there were new breeders 432 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in every class, and in a number of cases herds without records as win- ners were brought out in excellent form this year, and with honor and credit to the breed carried away many of the- coveted ribbons. The cattle department of the fair in its management reflects no small amount of credit on Superintendent Packard. He has succeeded remarkably in giving all exhibitors a square deal; he has put on competent judges and his arrangements facilitate judging to the greatest possible extent and at the same time make sight-seeing in the cattle rings agreeable to visitors. It was no off year in the matter of numbers, but, as said before, the dropping out of ten or a dozen good herds made a breach that was plainly apparent to the old-timer. SHORTHORNS. Without saying anything that would be a discredit to the other beef breeds, the Shorthorns were one of the most prominent features of the cattle display. This was due both to the numbers shown and the general excellence. To some there appeared to be less uniformity than in other of the beef exhibits, but this was more imaginary than real on account of the larger number of animals and the greater chance for variation. The work of placing proceeded slowly and lasted throughout the week. There were 166 competing animals and this meant full rings through- out. As many as twenty-two lined up in one or two. At times the whole west portion of the judging pavilion was monopolized by Shorthorns and short leets were a necessity. Competition was active for winners, though some entries shown were below the Iowa standard. From the younger classes came the larger number of entries, and excellent quality and good type were evident in every ring. Good, useful breeding stock was more in evidence than extremely high conditioned stuff. Winners of last year's prizes were few, but conspicuous wherever they appeared. Twenty-two herds entered by Iowa breeders made up the greater part of the display and may be partly accounted for by the special Iowa prizes offered. Of these herds Burge, Edwards and Saunders were the most consistent winners. F. W. Harding showed in his usual style and with much success, securing a good share of firsts, also supplying the champion male and female. Tomson brought out a quartet of red females in the get of sire class that for even, deep covering and type would be difficult to duplicate anywhere. Part of his herd was at disadvantage for lack of high fitting. J. H. Miller of Peru, Indiana, judged through- out the show. HEREFORDS. The Herefords made a very presentable showing for the first display of the season. Among the older herds of the fair circuit were some unusually -strong" animals, and while there was some stock that fell below the standard for a fair of Des Moines' rating, these were found in the nands of less experienced showmen. Though nearly all of the firsts fell to one herd, it was no indication that competition was lacking, for in the aged bull class five animals of very good quality made a difficult bunch to place. A number of very fine young things were brought out. The champion bull and cow were furnished by the herd from Wisconsin, SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 433 which was in fine condition, and will be watched closely throughout the season. Judge Ed Taylor of Fremont, Michigan, gave general satis- faction by his fair-minded decisions, although there was some difference of opinion among the ringside talent in the placing of aged bulls and two heifer classes. ABERDEEN ANGUS. The Aberdeen Angus display as a whole was not up to the standard that the supporters of this breed would have desired. Excellence was too exclusive and confined to a few herds, while the presence of many small herds cut down the size of the totals. The absence of several of last year's best herds made a noticeable difference in the competition, as was most evidenced in the aged and herd classes. The work of judging proceeded rapidly and Professor Kennedy found the winners without much trouble in most of the rings. In the aged bull class, A. C. Binnie was able to win with Jim Delaney, a bull presenting a stylish carriage and smooth covering of flesh. Champion also went to this bull as a sire. The champion cow came from the herd of J. H. Donohue In the two-year-old heifer class, Eileen Lass. In the yearling heifer class competition was close and interesting and there was a considerable dif- ference of opinion in the minds of some as to whether the type ex- hibited by the winner was. superior enough to place her over the type and superior finish of second choice. GALLOWAYS. Hut four herds were shown in this competition and the placing of ribbons proceeded rapidly. Allen Thompson of Nashua, Missouri, made the awards in a very agreeable manner, although there was a chance for some contention in the herd classes, where it was a question of chosing types. In some of the young heifer classes the difficulty was in balancing scale against type and quality. The champion bull, Pat Ryan of Red Cloud (20038), as well as the champion cow, Lady Char- lotte 24814, a two-year-old, were of the smooth, thick-flesh kind admired by breeders. POLLED DURHAM S. With a new exhibitor and more animals over last year's show came increased interest and competition for the supporters of this breed. Young stock of good quality and finish comprised the greater part of the exhibits. In the aged and herd classes no competition prevailed. Considering that this breed is just coming into prominence in the State, the rings were very satisfactory. There were many inquiries from farmers for young bulls. E. T. Davis, the Angus breeder, placed the ribbons. HOLSTEINS. The small number of exhibitors in this breed was more than counter- balanced by the large herds that were brought out. Old showmen divided honors this year with a new breeder, who showed some Individ- 28 434 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. uals of splendid quality and dairy type. Classes were large and close enough to make Mr. F. H. Scribner of Rosendale, Wisconsin, some in- teresting work. The five prizes offered were quite evenly divided, al- though C. F. Stone took the most firsts on the fine form and type of his offerings. JERSEYS. From the nature of the Jersey showing it would appear that Iowa breeders had not as yet the proper appreciation of the value of an exhibit at the Iowa State Fair. The display was conspicuous for quality rather than for size, which was a most commendable feature. 'Neat heads and "Jersey" expression, fine bone and hair and roomy animals characterized the exhibits. The most interest centered about the herd of Hunter & Smith of Beatrice, Nebraska, who had a large herd that took most of the best ribbons and supplied the charnpion male and female. F. H. Scribner of Rosendale, Wisconsin, did the judging, and his work was most creditably done, pleasing both exhibitors and spectators. HORSES. Prof. C. F. Curtiss, the notable live stock judge, was placed in charge of the horse department after his appointment as director of the State Fair. Since that date this department has taken on new life, one result of which was that the supply of stalls ran out long before all the animals were cared for. It necessitated the building of temporary structures and this experience suggests the widsom of providing more room for this department in the immediate future. There was a good showing of all breeds of horses and no feature of the fair was more attractive than the program carried out each afternoon in the horse ring. Thou- sands of people watched the placing of the ribbons every day, and the interest was sustained to the very last. Unfortunately, the sickness of the judge, Mr. Ogilvie, delayed part of the judging. One gratifying feature of the horse show was the number of homebred animals entered, mares, stallions and colts. What the horse department needs now is a pavilion to be devoted solely to the judging of horses, so that all the awards may be made early in the week. BELGIANS. The Belgian show was not up to the standard set by the Percherons or the Clydes, nor even to that of the Shires. Competition between breeders was confined to the stallion classes, the female entries being all made by Lefebure & Son of Fairfax. There were some heavy, coarse- boned animals, very much predisposed to unsoundness in a few of the classes. Mr. Ogilvie was selected as judge for this class also, but his illness compelled him to keep to his room, so his place was filled by Messrs. Truman and Galbraith. CLYDESDALES. The Clydesdales made a most creditable showing this year at the fair. One of the exhibitors said that it was almost as good a gathering of Clydes as one could see anywhere, and to an observer that statement SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 435 seemed very true indeed. Although the entries were not numerically so great as made in some of the other breeds, the general quality was fully as high. No sensational horses were shown, but the general run was of the good kind the farmers love to see. The prize winners were not so highly fitted as those of the other breeds, but were in excellent breeding condition. In addition, it may be said to the credit of this Scottish breed that the tail-enders were a minus quality in the com- petition. PERCHERONS. Supporters of the Percheron breed of horses have reason to be proud of the showing made by the representatives of this breed at Des Moines. Since it was the opening fair of the season, only a medium show was expected, but the hopes of the few who have this section in charge were more than realized when 140 head had to be supplied with stall room. The barns were taxed to their full capacity. A great deal better showing was made than last year, both as to numbers and quality. The stallion classes brought out a number of well-fitted entries from the McLaughlin stables, the other breeders not having so high a finish on their horses as this firm. However, that did not prevent the outsiders from breaking into the money, as usefulness carries more weight in judging than does finish. In the mare classes very breedy females were the order all the way through, no highly pampered stuff being present in these classes. McLaughlin Bros, had some newly imported winners from France that made the competition very interesting in the aged, the three-year-old and the two-year-old stallion classes. Lakewood Farm deserves special mention for the high class of their females and young stock by Calypso. The old champion has proved a most excellent getter and is one more of the show winners that have helped to disprove the statement that "show stock are not good breeders." The large number of entries made good classes, and the task of picking the winners was no easy one. Professor Kennedy, however, made the awards to the satisfaction of all concerned. ENGLISH SHIRES. Some fifty head of English Shires were on exhibition in the big barns. Among this number were some good, drafty horses of quality and of the right breeding sort. Classes were not very full and the judging was a comparatively easy task. R. B. Ogilvie was unable to go through the whole breed and Mr. Galbraith finished for him. As a rule the horses shown were of the leggy kind and lacked substance, although some few were shown of good, massive type. CO.'i.CHERS. The French and German coachers were clashed together, there being only two divisions, one for stallions over four and one for three-year- olds. Some good actors were brought out, but the classes throughout were not so well filled as in former years. There were some good ones, just the same. 436 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ENGLISH COACH BREEDS, CLEVELAND BAY AND HACKNEY. Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, III., were the only ex- hibitors and were awarded the blue ribbon in each of the four classes. They had a string of good ones and their stalls were the center of attraction during the week. DRAFT GELDINGS OR MARES. Iowa has never been able to support very many entries in the draft gelding and mare class, and this year proved no exception to the rule. Armour & Co. of Chicago entered individuals from their six horse team, and naturally won some premiums. SHETLAND PONIES. Shetlands are always popular, and were this year more than ever. The large tent, just west of the judging pavilion, sheltered seventy tiny ones, which proved their popularity by the way with which the tent was crowded at all times of the day by women and children. In the judging ring the little fellows made a most attractive showing when ponies in harness were passed on, and many good specimens of this diminutive breed appeared in this class. Many sales were made in the tent and prices realized more than recompensed the owners. SWINE. The bringing together of practically 3,000 pure bred hogs is an event in itself of interest, and as that number were on exhibition at the Iowa State Fair grounds last week it is not a matter of surprise that the Scene in Swine Department, Iowa State Fair, 1906. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 437 hog department held its own with all others in maintaining throughout the week the interest of the fair visitors. Superintendent Johnston of that department had an exceedingly difficult task on his hands, be- cause there were hundreds of pens applied for that could not possibly be supplied. Almost every hole and corner where a pen could be erected were utilized, and necssarily some exhibitors were disappointed in the quarters furnished them. This is the fault of neither Mr. Johnston or the board of directors of the fair, because the State of Iowa has refused up to date to appropriate funds for the erection of suitable quarters for the swine exhibit. The fact that the weather was perfect throughout the week contributed much to the comfort of the exhibitors. A similar fair in bad weather would be unendurable, and we sincerely hope that the next legislature will be liberal-handed enough to supply the needed improvements for this department. The swine industry of the State is so large that anything but the best equipment at the State Fair for this class is false economy. The opportunity which is afforded visitors for seeing the prize animals in the ring at present is abominable, and when the weather is hot it is dangerous to show the heavy fat hogs in the sun. We doubt if a single argument can be advanced for neglecting this department any longer. DUROC JEESEYS. The Duroc hog show at the Iowa State Fair this year, as was ex- pected, was a very large one. Possibly there were not quite as many num- bers entered as last year, but it was generally conceded by all who looked them over that the offering was better in every respect. Messrs. L. H. Roberts of Paton, Iowa, and W. Z. Swallow of Booneville, Iowa, both experienced swine breeders were the judges. They did their work in a conscientious manner and pleased practically all the ex- hibitors, so far as possible. Something over 1,000 durocs were on the grounds. The number of exhibitors from surrounding states amounted to some 85. An exceptionally strong class was the two-year-old boar offering, there being twenty shown. Messrs. Johnson Bros. & Newkirk and C. W. and Wni. Reed of Rose Hill, Iowa, owners of the boar Advancer, won first in this class, while Manley & Co. of Lyons, Neb., took second on Junior Jim by Chitwood. It was no easy matter to judge this class, as was noted by the time being taken by the judges in placing the ribbons, practically two hours being devoted to this class alone. In the under six months boar class there were not as many shown this year as last, there being 110 head last year, while this year only 61 head were entered. Breeders, however, were satisfied that this was enough to afford strong competition. First prize was also won by Johnson Bros. & Newkirk and C. W. and Wm. Reed on pig by Model Chief out of dam, known as Bessie D. The champion sweep- stakes boar of any age was awarded to H. S. Allen of Russell, Iowa, on Crimson Wonder Again. This again shows that good blood tells, as the sire of Crimson Wonder Again, Crimson Wonder I Am, won sweepstakes at the Iowa State Fair of 1905. The champion boar bred by exhibitor was awarded to Johnson Bros. & Newkirk and C. W. 438 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and Wm. Reed on Advancer. Edmonds, Shade & Co. of Kingsley, Iowa, took the sweepstakes on champion sow, also champion on sow bred by exhibitor, Royal Blossom 5th by American Royal. There were four entries in this class. P. E. Garrett of Lohrville, Iowa, has a decidedly good individual in Ruberta by a half brother of Crimson Wonder. Many Duroc breeders had practically decided that she would be the winning champion sow any age, and it was indeed hard to decide just who would secure this honor. Messrs. Roberts and Swallow in judging did not act hastily, but gave every class its own good time, and general satisfac- tion was accorded. CHESTER WHITES. There were twenty-two exhibitors of Chester Whites at the Iowa State Fair, these showing 462 animals. Taking it all in all, there were many visitors on the ground who claimed that the Chester showing excelled all former records in the matter of quality. Messrs. Humbert & White of Nashua, Iowa, made a showing that would stand high in any company, and the number of blue ribbons, as indicated by an ex- amination of the prize list, which this firm won, is a fair index as to the merit of their herd. Mr. L. C. Reese of Prescott, Iowa, came in for a share of the ribbons, and succeeded in capturing the champion prize for the best Chester boar on the grounds, though the firm of Humbert & White landed the champion premium on the best sow. Mr. W^ Z. Swallow placed the ribbons and did it in his usual painstaking and conscientious manner. BERK.SniRES. Although there were but 170 Berkshires on exhibition, these being shown by eight exhibitors, yet this breed attracted much attention. The prize-winning animals were notable for length of body and for feeding qualities. The exhibit demonstrated that it is possible to get the long side, the heavy ham, and at the same time keep the back strong and the face reasonably short. Although less in numbers than the Rolands, Durocs and Chesters, the show of Berkshires lost nothing by comparison with any breed, as they were a select lot throughout. POLAND CHINAS. The Poland Chinas headed the list this year in the number of animals on the grounds, there being a total of 1,150 in the pens. This is a little over 100 pigs than were on the grounds last year. To say that the exhibit was a grand one throughout is putting the matter mildly. Even the pigs that were there for sale, but not entered for exhibition, were in most instances above the average, and judging from the number of sales made during the week we apprehend that a large number of corn-belt farmers started off with something good, while scores were made happy over the purchase of herd headers. Po- land China breeders have every reason to fell gratified over the con- tinued popularity of this breed, and especially concerning the excellent showing made. Apparently the question of bone is being emphasized more than formerly because practically all the winning hogs carried SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 439 their great weight without showing the least sign of breaking down. In the matter of type the medium sized animals of superior quality won out this year against those of more scale, but with less quality. Judge Klever and Spicer adhered throughout to the matter of type and gave general satisfaction. Of course there were ins'tances where exhibitors took lower places than they anticipated, but this will always occur. Ringsiders as well as exhibitors were impressed by the fact that all decisions were not only honestly, but intelligently placed. Breeders outside the State won many of the blue ribbons, a fact that should stimulate Iowa swine men to purchase the best blood that is obtainable to improve their herds. YORKSHIRES. There were but two exhibitors in the Yorkshire classes, but these made an unusually good showing. Thos. H. Canfield of Lake Park, Minn., exhibited thirty head and practically filled all classes. Many of his animals were descendants of winners at the St. Louis Exposition, and his pens attracted much attention from fair attendants. Mr. Canfield is the largest breeder of Yorkshire hogs in America, and has undoubtedly done more to bring this breed before the public than any other breeder. The other exhibitor in the Yorkshire class was Mr. B. F. Davidson of Menlo, Iowa. Mr. Davidson exhibited eighteen good ones. They were in excellent show condition, being in a some- what higher degree of flesh than Mr. Canfield's, though for the bacon hog the Canfield stuff was in excellent shape. Prof. Thomas Shaw, formerly of the Minnesota Agricultural College, did the judging in a most satisfactory manner. His task was not an easy one, owing to the somewhat different types of hogs represented in the various rings. Judging by the number of sales made by these Yorkshire breeders it may be expected that there will be a larger turnout next year. Many who purchased foundation stock expressed their determination to exhibit in the future. TAMWOETHS. This is the first year that a class for Tamworth hogs has been made at the Iowa State Fair. Two exhibitors were there with their hogs and they made an excellent showing. The breed attracted considerable attention and farmers in general were surprised at the large scale of the aged animals. Their long noses came in for their full share of comment. The animals on exhibition were typical of the breed, and this class should be maintained by the board of directors. No doubt a larger showing will be made next year. The interest in sheep still grows in Iowa and there never has been so many good sheep on the State Fair Grounds as were there this year. The price of mutton and wool has created a demand for sheep that has not been equalled heretofore. The excellent exhibit this year, as well as the large crowds of interested onlookers while the judging was going on, indicate a most healthy interest in this im- 440 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. portant class of farm animals. Much improvement has been effected since last year in the way of providing suitable quarters for the sheep and shepherds. The provision for a suitable place for making awards has been provided in a temporary way, and sheep exhibitors look for- ward to a time when a permanent judging ring will be provided, which can not be accomplished until more ground has been added, which prob- ably will occur in the near future. As usual, the Shropshires show that they are the leading breed and appear in the largest numbers. Showing Section of Fancy Work Display Cases, Exposition Building, Iowa .State Fair, 1906. THE IOWA STATE PAIR. Farmers' Tribune. Sioux City. Iowa. The Iowa State Fair has been growing in importance from year to year. Ten years ago its receipts, in round numbers, amounted to $33,600; five years later, in 1901, to $43,400, and this year to approxi- mately $100,000. There was a total attendance this year of 250,000, which was a gain of 3 0 per cent over the attendance a year ago. Every day of fair week brought good weather. No rain fell throughout the entire week, and the temperature was just right to enable the thou- sands of visitors who were daily in attendance to enjoy the fair to the fullest extent. As is usually the case, Wednesday brought the largest number of people, and the attendance ran up to 75,000, as compared with 66,000 on the same day of the week in 1905. On that day it was evident to everyone that the facilities on the grounds were SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 441 wholly inadequate to care for such a large crowd. It is to be hoped as a result of this that every man who attended the fair this year may go home and work enthusiastically with the view of creating a strong sentiment in favor of larger State appropriations for the great- est live stock fair in the West. The fair management have decided to add seven acres to the present grounds, and this will aid somewhat in making room for increased attendance for a year or two to come. If, however, the Iowa State Fair continues to grow as it has been growing during the last three years, it will only be a short time until the grounds, with the prospective addition, will again be too small. The legislature can well afford to make liberal appropriations for the Iowa State Pair. It is probably not too much to say that our State Fair is one of the greatest educational institutions in the State of Iowa. It is also the greatest advertising institution for the State that we have, and hence it would be almost impossible for the legislature to be too liberal with its appropriations in the future. Prominent live stock men expressed themselves freely to the effect that they had never before seen a live stock show equal to that at Des Moines this year. The number of cattle, horses, sheep and swine was so large, the quality of the stock so superior, that nothing but praise was heard for the Hawkeye State. The fair management deserves praise for the excellent manner in which they conducted their busi- ness affairs throughout the entire week. Exhibitors and visitors alike seemed to be satisfied in the fullest sense of the word. On every hand, however, it was noticeable, as stated before, that many improvements are needed. A new horse judging pavilion is badly needed. While the present pavilion is large and commodious and well suited for the pur- pose for which it is used, yet it is not large enough to accommodate both cattle and horses. The horse judging was not finished until Friday; that, of course, Is wrong. All live stock ought to have their ribbons early in the week, so that visitors may study the prize winners, and in that way ascertain what constitutes a first class individual in a given breed. Farmers who are interested in any particular breed study each in- dividual of that breed, and invariably place the prize winners in accord- ance with their own judgment. It is needless to say that men of that stamp are naturally interested to see how their judgment compares with that of the expert judge, and they should be afforded an opportunity to make such comparisons. If this is not afforded them, the benefit of the fair is very largely lost. It is to be hoped therefore, that the next legislature w'ill provide liberally for the erection of a horse judg- ing pavilion. More cattle barns are needed; temporary barns had to be con- structed to take care of the stock that swarmed to the grounds several days before the fair opened. Several new hog barns were erected for this year's show, but more are needed. Iowa is the greatest hog state in the union. Her annual hog show is larger than that of any other State, and provisions should be made to encourage the progressive spirit that prevails among her swine men. The sheep too need better accom- modations. The exhibit this year was very good, but the accommoda- 442 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tions were not what they should have been. Interest in the sheep in- dustry is on the increase, and we look for a much larger exhibit next year, and it is hoped that provision will be made to accommodate every man who desires to show his stock. A large agricultural building is needed as much as the horticultural and agricultural building was two years ago. Iowa must begin to de- vote more attention to exhibits of farm products. The Iowa State Fair grain and general farm exhibit is not equal to similar exhibits at other State fairs, and there is no reason on earth why it should not be. Our fair has developed along live stock lines more than along the lines of general farm exhibits. While it is very gratifying to be able to say that we have the greatest live stock fair in the country, it would be equally gratifying to say that we also have the greatest general agri- cultural and horticultural fair in the country. Farmers must insist upon more liberal treatment at the hands of the next General Assembly and no one should interpose objection. Iowa is distinctly an agricultural State. If the farmers are prosperous the whole State is prosperous, and every taxpayer should be willing to help make the State fair, which is one of the greatest, and in some respects, the greatest educational institution in the State. It may not be amiss to state that the farmers have a right to ask for such State support as they see fit to ask for; they are the people who pay the taxes. They are the people who contribute over three-fourths of the money the legislature disposes of and they want some of it for their great fair at Des Moines. EXHIBITS. It will be impossible for us to give a full description of the differ- ent exhibits; we can only mention a few of the more important ones. One of the most interesting exhibits in the horticultural building was that made by the Iowa State College. Prof. Holden had a number of cornstalks on exhibition from fields that had been in corn for one, two, three and four years in succession. These stalks illustrated in a very striking manner the effect of the corn root worm. The stalks from the field that had been in corn only one year were large, vigorous and had strong roots; those from the field that had been in corn for two successive years wer.e smaller and the root development not so strong; those from the field that had been in corn for three successive years were still smaller and the root development weak, while those from the field that had been in corn for four successive years were very much stunted, bore nubbins instead of good ears, and were so weak that a comparatively small wind would break them down, and their root development was very weak indeed. The lesson that these stalks taught was a very valuable one and thousands of farmers com- mented upon the striking difference in the stalks from the different fields. Prof. Holden also had large drawings of the more common in- sect pests that affect corn, which showed the life history of each, which also taught valuable lessons. The soils department of the Iowa State College had the map of the State of Iowa made of the soils from differ- ent sections. The soils for this map had been collected frOm all over SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 443 the State, and the map represented very accurately the different types of soil in the State. Farmers were very much interested in the map, and invariably compared the soils in their own sections with that in the map and all stated that it accurately represented soil conditions the state over. In this connection, we suggest that those who are inter- ested in Iowa soils write to the soils department. State College, Ames, Iowa, for a bulletin on that subject. The different soil types in Iowa are: Missouri loess, Wisconsin drift, Iowa drift, Mississippi drift, and the Southern Iowa loess. The following counties had very creditable displays in the horti- cultural building: Warren, Mills, Clayton, Delaware, Polk, Lucas, Cass and Lyon. The horticultural exhibit was much larger than it has ever been before, and the display of fruit was particularly nice. It was neatly arranged, and the benches upon which the apple plates set were kept neat and clean throughout the entire week. The im- provement in this particular was very marked. The dairy exhibit, while it was very good, was not so large as one would expect in a State that produces more butter than any other State in the Union, with the exception of New York. It appears that a strong effort should be made to encourage the dairy industry more than it has been the case in the past. Prof. C. F. Curtiss of Ames, who was director of the horse depart- ment, was very enthusiastic over the immense display of fine horses that were at the fair this year. "Leading horse breeders tell me that we have the largest and finest display of pure bred horses at the fair this year that they have seen in a great many years," remarked Prof. Curtiss at the fair. It seems that breeders of horses the country over are this year taking a much greater interest than usual. The Percheron classes were remarkably well filled and the quality of the entries was beyond criticism. Never before has there been such a fine Percheron show at Des Moines, and we doubt if there has ever been another Percheron show in the country equal to it. There were no less than one hundred and forty Percherons at the fair. They were brought by nineteen exhibitors, sixteen of whom were from Iowa. It was no easy task for the judge to place the horses in the various classes. Mc- Laughlin Bros, of Columbus, Ohio, had several stallions on exhibi- tion that had been recent prize winners in France. Olbert, champion aged stallion at the last International in Chicago, who is the property of H. G. McMfHan of Rock Rapids, Iowa, was defeated by an imported stallion owned by McLaughlin Bros. There were those who considered that the Lakewood stallion should have stood first. He was consid- ered by many horsemen to be a better type of drafter than the Mc- Laughlin stallion, although the latter is probably a little smoother. The Clydesdales classes were also well filled. There were nine ex- hibitors present with sixty-five horses. The Clydesdales made a good showing. The bulk of them were of superior quality and did the breed justice. There were fifty Shires on the grounds and five Shire exhib- itors. As a whole the Shires were not up to the standard. There were 444 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a good many leggy individuals among them. The classes were not very full, hence the judge had a comparatively easy time. Six exhibitors were present with representatives of the Belgian breed. The Belgian show was not very large, nor was the quality as high as seemed desir- able. From a quality standpoint the Belgians stood below the Shires and the Clydesdales and also, of course, below the Percherons; at the same time, there were many fine specimens from the studs of some of the well known breeders. The Short-Horn classes were unusually strong this year. F. W. Harding of Waukesha, Wisconsin, was present with a remarkably strong herd. Every animal in his herd proved to be a first prize winner, and it is not too much to say that Mr. Harding's herd was the strongest Short-Horn herd that has ever been exhibited at Des Moines. But Mr. Harding by no means had everything his own way; there were lots of . other fine individuals from herds of Iowa breeders. The classes were all very full, and the Short-Horn show was considerably larger than a year ago. Cargill & McMillan and Van Natta & Son vied with each other for ribbons in the Hereford classes. Both made a very strong showing. Among the Iowa Hereford breeders were: Edmonds, Shade & Co. of Kingsley, D. W. Ohl of Iowa City, and Way & Son of New Sharon. All of these breeders made an excellent showing and all car- ried ribbons home with them. The Angus show was larger than the most enthusiastic lovers of doddies had expected. Several of the old showmen dropped out from the ring this year,, but their places were filled by young, enthusiastic breeders who are going into the business with a determination to win out and to do their utmost toward popu- larizing their favorites. The new barn that was erected specially for the Angus breed was well filled; in fact, room had to be secured else- where to accommodate the seventy-three head that were on exhibition. Fifty-four Galloways were brought by four exhibitors. The Galloway show was about the same as it was a year ago; there were many good, strong individuals present, and also some that did not do full credit to the breed. The Polled Durham exhibit was very strong. Three Iowa breeders, with seventeen head, put up a strong fight with Woods & Son of Pendleton, Indiana, who were there with nine head, and many of the winnings went to the home breeders. Five Red Polled breeders brought sixty-six head of fine specimens of their breed to the fair. Prof. Wayne Dinsmore of Ames was judge and satisfied every exhibitor. Prof. Dinsmore spent a great deal of time in placing the awards and his efforts were much appreciated. Representing the dairy breeds were the Jerseys and Holsteins. There were forty-one head of Jerseys on the grounds. The former came from three herds and the latter from four. There was only one herd of Jerseys from the State of Iowa. While both the Holstein and Jersey cattle on exhibition were quite up to the standard from the standpoint of quality, they were not from the standpoint of numbers. Breeders of dairy cattle in Iowa do not seem to realize the great ad-- vantage to be derived from attending the State Fair. The way to SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 445 get their cattle before the public is to bring them to the fair and let the farmers see the difference between high class dairy stock and the common stock that is ordinarily used to supply our markets with milk and butter. The milk cow test was a success. Quite a number of cows were entered in this test, and the results secured were very sat- isfactory. It is to be hoped that the fair management will encourage this feature more in the future. The swine exhibit was unusually strong. There were over 1,000 Duroc-Jerseys. 1,174 Poland Chinas, 167 Berkshires, 30 Large York- shires, and quite a number of Tamworths and Chester Whites. From the interest manifested in the Durocs it was quite evident that this breed is becoming more and more popular. Their prolificacy is evi- dently interesting the farmers very greatly. The college at Ames offered $600 for Advancer, by Advance, the first prize aged boar, owned by Johnson Bros. & Newkirk and C. W. and Wm. Reed, while ' F. W. Harding, it was stated, offered $1,000 for the third prize aged boar, Glendale Critic, by Tolstoi, the property of E. Z. Russell. A great many breeders were of the opinion that Glendale Critic should have taken first prize in preference to Advancer. Among the Poland Chinas there were some very fine individuals and some that if they had been for sale would have brought enormous prices. The Berkshires at the show were all of very good quality. There were eight exhibitors of Berkshires, and the different classes were well filled. Considerable more interest was manifested in the Large Yorkshires this year than has ever before been observed. While there were only two exhibitors of Large Yorkshires, viz., Thos. H. Canfleld of Lake Park, Minnesota, who is the largest Yorkshire breeder in America, and B. F. Davidson of Menlo, Iowa, competition was nevertheless keen. It is quite evident that the high price of mutton and wool, which has prevailed during the past few years, has created great interest in the sheep industry throughout the State of Iowa. All through the judging of the sheep there were a great many farmers present who mani- fested much interest in the different breeds and classes. As usual, the Shropshires were more numerous than any of the other breeds. Quite a number of Iowa Shropshire breeders were in attendance with very fine flocks. More room will be needed to accommodate the sheep, and it is to be hoped also that better quarters for judging will be provided. The sheep industry will in the future become a very important part of the great live stock industry in the State and sheep breeders should be given all the encouragement possible. 446 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A Typical Crowd at the Iowa State Fair. Live Stock Pavilion in back Ground. IOWA'S RECORD-BREAKING OPENING. UNPARALLELED SUCCESS OF THE FIFrV-SECOND ANNUAL STATE FAIR AT DES MOIXES. Breeders' Gazette, Chicago. Illinois. In Iowa this year of grace they grow corn, think corn, talk corn, eat corn, drink — but, no, in Iowa they drink water. The crop of maize now maturing in the fields of the Hawkeye state must make Hiawatha turn in his grave with sheer admiration. And that things that go with corn to augment the agricultural richness of this mighty commonwealth have been produced in prodigious quantities. It is high noon in farm production. The clock strikes the hour of Iowa's great- est agricultural prosperity. And this was sensationally mirrored in the Fifty-second Annual State Fair. Many of its features fall in the record-breaking class. As a whole it was the purple-ribbon winner — the royal championship hue — of its long line of predecessors. Exhibits ran out of the ordinary in nearly all departments. In some sections entries were horizontally scaled down in order to permit a larger representation of exhibitors, and even then accommodations failed. The most gratifying feature is that quality in most instances kept measurably in sight of the betterment in numbers. Some sections were no larger than in former years and SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 447 perhaps a higher average of merit has been seen in some rings of beef cattle, but explanation of this fact is found in the attraction of the "Closed classes" to the younger and smaller breeders. Competitions limited to the State or to animals bred by the exhibitor are bound to bring out entries which suffer some by comparison with the pick of the land made fit by skillful hands for the hottest competitions. It has been in the air that this season is to set new high water marks in the success of our agricultural exhibitions, and nobly does Iowa respond to that prevailing sentiment. The weather played its important part. The best laid plans of fair managers are sometimes drowned out. The scorching heat of a fortnight, moving the great corn crop by leaps and bounds toward a safe maturity, was succeeded by a breath from the pole that swept down in refreshing volume covering the northwest and middle west in revivifying coolness. It was a mighty acrobatic feat performed by the mercury in its tumble from around the 100 mark to the frost line — for light frosts were recorded on Sunday night in a few of the northern sections of the State. Ideal weather followed in the wake of the cool wave, and while it threat- ened rain about the middle of the week, and the forecast gave prom- ise of showers, nothing more than threats materialized, and the fair swept forward to astonishing success under the smiles of an autumn sky, fanned by breezes that snapped' the flags merrily at their poles and aided in keeping nerve-force at the requisite tension to compass the many sights on a congested fair ground. if ■ * * It: * -S. Not in years — some say never — was such an exhibit of Percherons seen. Nineteen different exhibitors were represented and fifteen of them were Iowa men. This is the essence of the Percheron story. Four classes had been added to the list of the encouragement of State breed- 464 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. ers — one far stallions over three years old, one for stallions under three years old, one for mares over three years old and one for mares under three years old, all to be bred by exhibitor. And the increased entries encouraged by these classes gave evidence of creditable pro- duction on Iowa farms. Nearly all the young home-bred stallions were of useful character, only a few of them falling without that class. Evi- dently the foundation has been laid for the production of very satisfac- tory and profitable work in the production of pedigreed Percherons. McLaughlin Bros., Columbus. Ohio, H. G. McMillan, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Lew W. Cochrane, Crawfordsville, Indiana, Finch Bros., Verona, Illinois, Frank lams, St. Paul, Nebraska, and W. L. DeClow, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, were among the best known exhibitors, while W. W. Gar- ner, S. B. Frey, F. O. Nutting & Son and others got recognition. The horse department was in charge of Prof. C. F. Curtiss of Ames, and his bench of judges had been chosen with discrimination. Robert Graham of Claremont, Ontario, had accepted an invitation to work with Professor Kennedy on Percherons and to judge the Clydesdales, but he failed to report, and Professor Kennedy took the Percherons single handed. Among the sixteen aged stallions pride of place was cheerfully ac- corded to McLaughlin Bros.' very dark grey Etradegant, a son of Bon Courage, which had been saved over and made up for show as a four- year-old without previous experience in the arena. He tips more than a ton, but will not make what is called a big one, and yet in the per- fection of his shape, in his fidelity to the real Percheron type and in rare underpinning and grand block he ranks among the sensations of the latter day. The carriage and somewhat of the action of a coach horse are his, and he is altogether a rare combination of power with refinement. H. G. McMillan bought him, but only on condition that this grand stallion would go to the Iowa Agricultural College for a year under lease. The gray Albert, that rugged big-boned stallion that won at the International, has come on nicely and was looking well the part of the heavier type of the breed. The black Montelle, somewhat on the "Dutchman's horse" order, low to the grounds and wide-set, with grand bone and good feet, stood third and seemed worthy of the recog- nition. Trallala, a very massive black from the lams' stables, came just outside the money, as only three prizes were given, but commenda- tion was given to two others in each ring. The fifth in line was Mc- Laughlin's black Bibi, a French winner, projected on a large scale, an upstanding sort with very heavy bone. There was plenty of choice among the three-year-olds, and the iron gray Dimitri finally landed at the top of the heap of twenty, carrying the McLaughlin colors. This is a short-backed shapely gray, with pow- erful stifles, well-set ankles and exceptionally good forelegs, and a fair way of going. More than one man inside the arena was in love with McLaughlin's black Mouton for this position, a grand-crested, low, heavy muscled horse with remarkably flat and heavy bone, but the judge did not like the way he went. Coco came in second for Nutting & Son, a showy horse, near the ground, standing on broad flat bone, especially good in the foreleg, and very nicely modeled over the hips and croup. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 465 The black Harrison from Nebraska came third, a powerful horse, highly conditioned, with strong shoulders and level rump. The round-barreled, thick-set Daniel was commended for Garner and also Mr. McMillan's home-bred gray Parsifal, a toppy horse of even shape and good bone. Another score of entries paraded, and among these two-year-olds were a lot of home-bred colts that bespoke intelligent breeding. All were well grown but some of them showed lack of condition and handling, while others had been fitted to a degree that would make the professional groom look well to his laurels. Among the latter was the dark gray Lerida 2nd, bred by C. A. Saunders, and got by a horse that for nearly twenty years left "barrels of money" on his farm and in his neighbor- hood. Barring a bit of shortness in the pastern there is little to criti- cise about this colt. He may never make a great big one but he is about as beautiful as they build them, with hind quarters that are altogether out of the ordinary in their modeling, and bone of exceptional quantity and quality. He was green at the halter and did not walk or trot as well as some of the others and on that account some would have set him back; but when they saw him the Ohio exhibitors had oc- casion to regret that they left their strongest two-year-olds at home. Their black Dragon, more upstanding and a great horse forward in neck, shoulders, heart, ribs and forelegs, could easily outstep the Iowa colt, but the perfect shape and finish of the latter won him premier position. Renvier, an iron-gray, had third ticket for McMillan — a Calypso colt low and stocky, with big arms and strong stifles. Dewey's Image, from the Nutting stalls, might have been up a peg higher, as he is a soggy sort; he carried more flesh but his bone was not quite so heavy. The yearlings numbered among them evidently several fall colts. The black Vaporeux, from Ohio, was the most massive of the lot and his maturity was quite pronounced. He will make a stallion of re- markable size and heft of bone, but he failed somewhat in his rump and hind legs compared with Cochrane's black Amerigo, a very growthy black, of good head and level top. Another Calypso came on the list — the black Diaz that had not been forced for show but presented a well- grown frame of fairly level shape and well set hind legs. THE CLYDESDALES. An exhibit of remarkable excellence brought this Scotch breed sharply home to the attention of farmers at this fair. Not in years at a State Fair has so much of outstanding merit been set before the public. Mc- Lay Bros, sent their best from Janesville, Wisconsin, and A. G. Soder- berg proved the unusual excellence of his new importations. August Post, Moulton, Iowa; W. W. Garner and T. D. Tice & Son of Iowa were among the exhibitors, while Alexander Calder represented Nebraska. The ring of aged stallions ' numbered thirteen, and It was of notable "»xcellence. The entries furnished an admirable illustration of the ideals of those breeders who seek to unite choice quality with draft horse bulk. The winner was found in Soderberg's Clan Stewart, a son of Prince Alexander, a toppy stallion on clean legs with a profusion of feather and a bright way of going. When he has acquired more condition he will be stoutly equipped for any ring. Prince Punctual from Janesville, 30 466 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a son of Handsome Prince, gave him a hard rub. With some judges this bay stallion would have led, as he is of superior substance, a level- topped horse, well ribbed up and standing over a lot of ground, with round hoof heads and beautiful bones and joints, although somewhat stripped of feather. Captor, a bay with big blaze, a fair shape and good legs, ornamented with a profusion of feather, stood third, according to the rating given by R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, Secretary of the American Clydesdale Association. Baron's Hope, a son of Baron's Pride, a com- pact, round-turned horse with great feather and a beautiful hind leg, was commended for Soderberg. The three-year-old company of stallions deserved enthusiastic praise. Seven asked preferment, and a judge could have picked his winners blind-folded without fear of getting one of inferior character. The blaze- faced brown Ethelbert, by Baron Briton, that finally found way to the front for Soderberg is not a large one, but a toppy, short-backed, shapely stallion, good in fore rib and shoulder, with open hoof heads and supple "kits." The same exhibitor's Tartan, winner at the International, moved Into second with his neat way of going and his compact and well-fur- nished body. The bulky, well-balanced bay St. Columbia, bare of hair but fairly good at the ground, with a clean way of stepping, came third for McLays'. Black Douglas, with his exceptionally good pasterns and hoof heads, and Black Acme had both tickets among the two-year-olds for Soderberg, leaving third to McLays' Cavalier, Frank P. Skeleton's William McKin- ley and Jos. Pedley's King Robert. The latter was suffering from a slight bruise which may have set him down. THE SHIEES. Most of the show of Shires came from outside the State, contributors being Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; Finch Bros., Verona, Illinois; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Illinois, and Lew Cochrane, Crawfordsville, Indiana. From a quartette of slashing big and powerful stallions shown from Bushnell the winners were picked, although several other entries were forward. The tall and massive Umberslade Victor, three times a winner at the London show, was passed over by the judge, R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, who had more respect for American than English standards in drafting out his ribbon horses. He found three big ones and good ones in Highland Laddie and Ethelred 3d, a pair of dark browns, and Duke Albert, a big, powerful shapely bay that looked like the best of the lot if he had been a little fresher. He had come off a season in Idaho and was somewhat worn with his work and the long journey. The blue ribbon horse is a thickset stallion, close enough to the ground, well muscled and a splendid walker. Ethelred presents the width of a wagon, well rounded into attractive form and has clean bone. Much of the modern type of Shire is exemplified in the winning three- year-old from the Pioneer stud — the bay Norman Emperor. He is bulky enough and stands on fine flat bone with silky feather and he is an easy goer at the lead rein. He came first, Russell Sage was second for Coch- rane, and Barnfield All Fours, a thin but fine stepping black, was third SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 467 for Finch Bros. The two-year-old winner from the Truman stalls was rightly enough named Gaiety Banker. He is a cocky chap of the quality kind, a colt of beautiful quality but hardly so heavy of bone as the ordinary run of Shires. The big thick chestnut John D., shown by Coch- rane, came second, much heavier in body and in bone, but coarser In his joints. Verona Bounder, from the Finch stalls, brought up the winners, a big, well-topped bay colt. The blocky, round-built, good-going Noble ■ King led the yearlings for Soderberg, followed by Finchs' Bounder and Finchs' Buster Brown. V BELGIANS. R. B. Ogilvie was listed as the judge of Belgians, but owing to illness on the day when this class was called he was unable to serve and John G. Truman, Bushnell, Hlinois; Graham Galbraith, JanesviUe, Wisconsin, and S. B. Frey, Ames, Iowa, were appointed to pass on this breed. Mc- Laughlin Bros., Columbus, Ohio; W. L. DeClow, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Finch Bros., Verona and Joliet, Illinois; Henry Lefebure, Fairfax, Iowa, and W. W. Garner of Iowa were the exhibitors. It was altogether a very good show of this draft breed, the aged stallions making an especially impressive display. Mr. DeClow had some highly creditable entries in the aged, three-year-old and two-year-old stallion classes. Mr. Lefebure gained most of the prizes without competition in the remaining rings. Mr. Tru- man and Mr. Galbraith were assisted by Mr. Frey in but one class, that for aged stallions. THE SADDLE HORSES. Some little interest was aroused in the saddle horse exhibit, and a number of capital specimens of the gaited variety were present. The entries were larger than the exhibits. Of the eight aged stallions cata- logued only three reported — Wallace Estill's handsome black McDonald, shown by Tom Bass, and two sons of Rex Denmark — the black Reckless Squirrel, owned by Tom H. Jones, and brown Cleburn, owned by Ed Clapper. All of them came from Missouri. There was something of a family resemblance between the two blacks, although the Rex McDonald horse was palpably the superior of Reckless Squirrel in range and supple- ness of neck, and a more graceful pattern throughout. He was put and kept in form through all his work, while Reckless Squirrel spent most of his time with nose in air fighting the bit, evidently having failed to learn the first principle of a saddle horse education. He is lower to the ground and has more substance than McDonald and clearly outpointed him on the flat-foot walk. The decision which placed Reckless Squirrel first partook of the character of the old-time western estimates when the manners of a saddle horse and the form in which he did his work counted not at all with the judge. The rider of Reckless Squirrel did his best to cover his horse's withers with the saddle. Cleburne Denmark lacked the finish of the other two and never knew what it was to go in form. 468 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OTHER BREEDS OF HORSES. In the classes for English Coach breeds, Cleveland Bays and Hackneys, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois, was awarded all the prizes for which it showed, W. A. Dobson making the awards. This firm entered Hackneys that gave capital exhibitions of high action and showed the style, carriage and quality for which the breed is noted. J. SHETLAND PONIES. Owing to some radical changes in the classification for Shetlands there was not as large a show as proved a strong drawing feature last year. The prize list was materially reduced. Several large exhibitors felt that they could not afford to ship out for the meager premiums listed. The little folk last year at the fair thronged the pavilion when the ponies were being judged, and the exhibit was attractive and interesting to hundreds of adult visitors besides. Some very good ponies were out. C. E. Alexander, Cassidy & Thompson, W. W. Garner, John Donhowe, W. T. Roberts, and H. L. Anderson of Iowa were exhibitors. Dr. J. I. Gibson of Des Moines tied the ribbons. Woman's Rest Building and Emergency Hospital, Iowa State Fair Ground. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 469 HAWKEYE STATE FAIR A RECORD-BREAKER. DEPABTMENTS FILLED TO OVERFLOWING WITH EXHIBITS OF THE FINEST QUALITT, WHICH ARE VIEWED BY THOUSANDS. Twentieth Centtiry Farmer, Omaha, Nebraska. Iowa Is a great State. Its people are a great people and they have a way of showing their greatness to the rest of the world. The Iowa State Fair last week eclipsed all others in a general way. Its attendance was greater than ever before. The grounds were filled to overflowing with the various exhibits and accessories that go to make a great State fair. The live stock department, which is, of course, the chief point of interest, led all previous exhibits. The swine section brought together a total of 2,868 hogs of all the various breed. New classes had been pro- vided this year for Tamworths and Yorkshires, and there were excellent exhibits of these two breeds, as well as of the others. Having in view the position as the leading hog show of the United States, which has been proudly held by the Iowa State Fair, it could scarcely be expected that any marked improvement in general excellence could be noted. It was good enough, however, to hold up the reputation of the greatest show on earth. Breeders invariably come with their best and meet competition of the warmest sort. Premiums were widely distributed and no one breeder had a cinch on more ribbons than he could carry away. The Duroc-Jersey department was a center of interest, this breed having sent forward the second largest number, 1,001 head, as against the Poland Chinas, who still retained the lead at 1,162. Intense interest followed all the show rings in the red hogs, and it is to the credit of the fair management that Messrs. Roberts and Swallow, who passed upon the exhibits, afforded universal satisfaction throughout the entire list. The Tamworth, which has heretofore been considered a sort of joke by the lard hog producers, made a long step toward public popularity at this show by producing a more attractive lot of the breed than have ever before been put onto these grounds. SENSATIONAL IOWA BRED HORSES. The horse show was widely talked of, because it crowded all the horse barn facilities, overflowed into the cattle barns and into the race horse barns and called for still further accommodations under tents and tempo- rary sheds. As usual, it was an importer's show, several importations of forty or fifty head just over, having come almost direct from the sea- board to this show. But they were good ones throughout and gave a good deal of promise for the horse breeding interests of the west. With all their excellence, however, it was the sensational two-year-old Percheror bred by C. A. Saunders of Manilla, Iowa, that captured first prize in class against a great ring that included first prize winners at the Paris ex« position. This horse was Lerida 2d, a very dark, almost black, gray, that was so well appreciated that Professor Curtiss of the Iowa Agricul- tural College bargained for him before the show for. his own farm at $1,000. There were, as usual, Percherons, Belgians, Clydes, Shires, coach- 470 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ers of the various breeds, jacks, Shetland ponies and so on down through the entire list, practically all classes being full. So great was the exhibit that not until late on Friday night, right up to the hour of breaking up the fair, was the last prize awarded. The cattle show was not a phenomenal one in any breed. In fact, It lacked numbers as compared with other years. It lacked quality in the proportion that it has existed at previous shows. Fewer of the big professional herds were represented, and these did not seem to attract the same attention as in other years. However, it was a representative Rhow, including all the beef breeds except Brown Swiss. The dairy barn suffered in comparison with other years, there being but a few herds of Holsteins and Jerseys in competition. The show of sheep in Iowa, it seems, has been gradually decreasing In numbers for several years. It was scarcely up to what should be expected at Des Moines and certainly far below the possibilities of the location. We find, on interviewing local breeders, that the classifications have for some time been unsatisfactory and that, were they really re- vised, there would be a much greater showing of home-bred sheep by Iowa breeders. The amusements provided at the Iowa State Fair are certainly in the advance of those of all other fairs. They are practically beyond criticism In all departments. A few of the smaller shows that were permitted to enter the grounds seemed not to be of an objectionable order, but it was a noticeable fact that the legitimate points of interest of the fair were given the attention of visitors rather than the shows. THE AIRSHIP A GREAT ATTRACTION. The airship was a great thing. Everybody looked at it and every- body went to see it, whether it was in the tent, where an admission was charged to obtain a closer view of it, or w^hether it was flying in the air above. The airship is not an airship at all. It is a great, big cabbage worm shaped balloon, turned over on its side, with a very light, long frame attached below it on which the operator rode in what seemed to be a very dangerous situation. The cabbage worm gas bag was the means of getting the whole thing up in the air and it was propelled by a small gasoline engine, with a paddle-wheel propeller at one end of the long frame hung below the balloon, the rudder, or steering device, being located at the other end. It was a nice demonstration of the unusual, but as a means of aerial navigation did not seem to give much promise. At all times during the day there were, on platforms within the race track and fronting the amphitheater, various performances of acrobats, a troupe of performing elephants and educated donkeys and other at- tractions that completely filled the time between the racing events. Music lovers were entertained many times daily by the performances of the great Liberati band. Throughout the week also there were at various times through the day performances by a band of five Scotch bag-pipe artists clad in plaids and kilts and attractive perhaps more because of their dress than their musical ability. Big Sandy, who operated on a SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 471 big drum with his two arms flying like a Dutch windmill in an effort to pound both ends of his drum at one time, made a whole show of himself. Big Sandy, by the way, who seemed to be spokesman for the party, said that after a tour covering thirty-four State fairs he called this the greatest of them all. Among the amusing incidents was the act of a practical joker, who, in dilapidated buggy, hauled by a wornout old horse, constantly tooted a loud automobile gong, scaring the wits out of those who, in fear of being run over, jumped hurriedly out of the way, only to be loudly laughed at for their excited action. F.\RMERS CAMP ON THE GROUNDS. The Iowa State Fair is a leader in that it gets together a larger number of farmers who come to camp through the week than any other fair of which we have any knowledge. It is provided with a splendid shaded tract, in which tents are pleasantly located, and It was the esti- mate of the tent companies who furnished tents and other camping appli- ances that 5,000 people were located in the shady groves during the fair. The practice of camping during the Iowa State Fair is a growing one and with it has increased the habit of families or communities of driving from fifty to one hundred and fifty miles and camping on the way, making the trip to and from the fair a regular summer outing. A feature which ought to be improved upon and which would be highly popular would be that of county buildings. At present a building is provided by Polk county and it is headquarters for all people of that county and a wonderful convenience to them. It would be well worth the while of boards of supervisors in other counties to make appropria- tions for buildings of this sort. Agricultural and horticultural displays seemed rather not up to the usual point of excellence. Those who were closely connected with them feel that there should be a more liberal offer of premiums for the en- couragement of the various branches. A system of county exhibits such as have made the Nebraska State Fair famous would no doubt add to the interest in Iowa. There is, however, a noticeable lack of personal enterprise and without this no really successful show can be promoted. It would be a valuable lesson to exhibitors, and particularly to producers who have not yet become exhibitors, could they attend the Minnesota Fair now in progress and note the wonderful show of fruit, grains and vegetables produced in that State, where the conditions are certainly not nearly so favorable as in Iowa. IMPROVEMENT IN FAIR BUILDINGS. Some considerable improvement in buildings has been provided during the last year. One of these was a new brick cattle barn on a plan which, It is presumed, will be followed by additional barns to be provided later. In the swine department the same old lack of accommodations existed. Pens were of necessity placed in locations inconvenient and unsatisfac- tory to exhibitors and the business convenience of those who came with stock to sell was given no consideration whatever. It is to be hoped that the management of the Iowa State Fair will, during the coming 472 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Beason, make such provision for the housing of the swine department as is commensurate with its importance. The long row of dilapidated buildings devoted to the use of eating houses has been replaced by a substantial brick structure devoted to the same purpose this year. It was somewhat of an improvement in appear- ance, but the same old State Pair grub was prominent. One of the most noticeable things about the whole fair was the im- mense number of small stands devoted to refreshments and the same of novelties. It would not be out of the way to say that hundreds of these were bunched together. The management sold privileges covering a twenty-foot lot at the rate of $65 for the fair week, and it was a surpris- ing thing that among the great number of them every one transacted business through the week at a profit. FARM MACHINERY. The machinery department at the Iowa State Fair was a feature of wonder and admiration to all visitors who took the time to investi- gate its mammoth proportions. There were on exhibition giant wagons, plows — in fact, big things in general seemed to be the idea of the novelty — but nothing was so supremely gigantic in all its proportions as the big machinery exhibit as a whole. The superintendent and his assistants were completely exhausted in their efforts to take care of it. "How large is your exhibit." was asked the superintendent. "I have no way of computing its size except by acres," was the reply. "I have estimated it at thirty-five acres of machinery, and then not nearly all the housed machinery was figured in. It is fully one-third larger than last year, and last year was a record-breaker in this as well as many other departments." "How do you account for this increase in machine display?" "The idea is this: Farmers have learned that there is no place that affords them advantages equal to the State fair to see and examine ma- chinery that they contemplate needing. They have commenced to put this into practice. They tell their local dealers that they are not going to buy until they see what there is at the State Fair. The local dealer writes his wholesale dealer notifying that factory that sales are going to be lost if there is not some one at the fair with a display to catch these farmers who are going sightseeing to the State Fair. The proposi- tion is a plain one; any business man can see it at a glance — drop in line and show your machines or let the other fellow get the trade, sura thing." The tendency is more and more toward the use of the fair as a means of comparison in making selections of articles and animals needed on the farm. It is a good business idea before buying to look around and compare things. This is the only means of protection the purchaser has in getting value received for his money. It sometimes is a satisfaction for him to know that he is getting a bargain, and certainly a gratifica- tion to know that he is not buying a poor article at a big price. One estimate put the value of the machinery exhibit at $800,000. This would seem a very conservative guess. It was said by an old machine SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 473 exhibitor that no such show had ever been made by any State Fair and has been equalled by but few expositions. Every known implement and machine of any possible use to the farmer was on display, and hundreds of the latest inventions could be seen for the first time. There were forty complete thresher outfits on the fair grounds, their presence being evident by their shrill, screeching whistles that kept up an unceasing noise at certain periods, when the whole steam engine creation seemed to be turned loose. Among the curiosities in steam engine power was the climbing of a very steep incline to a platform which was overhead the crowd by a thresher engine. A $4,000 steam plow was one of the novelties for the Iowa farmer to see and consider. This was a gang plow operating ten 14-inch plows placed side by side, thus turning ten furrows at a time. It is claimed that this plow can turn twenty-five to thirty-five acres of land in a day. It is not an uncommon thing on the great wheat fields of the Dakotas. The giant wagon called ''The New Moline" was another curiosity. This is a perfect wagon in all respects. It is 21 feet wide; weight, 9,654 pounds; capacity for oats, 640 bushels; for corn, 354 bushels. It is so high that a man can pass under it from side to side without stooping. The race track provided daily a lively interest for those who are admirers of racing events and the performances were in keeping with the general magnitude and importance of the other features of the fair. Camp Scene, Iowa State Fair Ground, 1906. 474 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Ideal weather prevailed throughout the week, and if there were any elements which did not operate toward securing a successful fair its im- portance was small. The income for the week was more than $100,000, which breaks the record for the Iowa State Fair and demonstrates that Iowa farmers are enjoying a prosperity which enables them to take an interest in the great educational advantages olTered by this show. AWARDS MATURE CORN SHOW HELD DURING STATE FARMERS" INSTITUTE AND AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION, DES MOINES. DECEMBER 11-12, 1906. [Prof. P. G. Holden. Judge.] NORTHERN DISTRICT. Lot Ko. /—Ten Ears Large Yellow Dent, $12, $10, $5, $3, $2. First, H. L. Felter, Washta; second, Victor Felter, Washta; third, S. F. Ross, Elkport; fourth, J. W. Eral, Pocahontas; fifth, A. J. Doore, iGreene; sixth, W. P. Dawson, Quimby. Lot No. 2— Ten Ears Small Yellow Dent, $12, $10, $5, $3, $2. First, A. J. Doore, Greene; second, S. F. Ross, Elkport; third, J. W. Eral, Po- cahontas; fourth, H. L. Felter, Washta; fifth, D. McArthur, Mason City; sixth, M. E. S. Waller, Rockford. Lot No. 3— Ten Ears Large White Dent, $5, $3, $2. First, A. J. Doore, Greene; second, D. McArthur, Mason City; third, W. P. Dawson, Quimby. Lot No. .'f — Ten Ears Small White Dent, $5, $3. $2. First, A. J. Doore, Greene; second, D. McArthur, Mason City; third, W. P. Dawson, Quimby. CENTRAL DISTRICT. Lot No. .5— Ten Ears Large Yellow Dent, $10, $8, $6, $5, $4, $2, $1. First, Alvie Edison Bennett, Ames; second, Neal Bros., Mount Vernon; third, Fred McCulloch, Hartwick; fourth, Paul Taff, Panora; fifth, Ray C. Bennett, Ames; sixth, Frank Justice, Berwick; seventh. Grant Chapman, Bagley. Lot No. 6 — Ten Ears Small Yellow Dent, $10, $8, $6, $5, $4, $2, $1. First, George M. Fox, Dallas Center; second, N. Gormley, Bondurant; third, Alvie Edison Bennett, Ames; fourth, W. A. Radeke, Luzerne; fifth, Neal Bros., Mount Vernon; sixth, D. G. Wilson, Panora; seventh, Fred Mc- Culloch, Hartwick. Lot No. 7— Ten Ears Large White Dent, $6, $5, $4. $3, $2. First, Wm. Danner, Dallas Center; second, N. J. Harris, Des Moines; third, A. L. Plummer, Altoona; fourth, H. F. Ay res, Wilton Junction; fifth, A. A. McFerrin, Blanchard. . Lot. No. 8— Ten Ears Small White Dent, $6, $5, $4, $3, $2. First, Chas. H. Danner, Yale; second, N. J. Harris, Des Moines; third, Wm. Danner, Dallas Center; fourth, A. L. Plummer, Altoona; fifth, J. H. Winfrey, Runnells. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 475 SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Lot No. .0— Ten Ears Large Yellow Dent, $10, $8, $6, $5, $3, $2. First, L. W. Roe, Oskaloosa; second, C. C. Roe, Oskaloosa; third, Thos. Thomp- son, Villisca; fourth, W. E. Shakespear, Lamoni; fifth, W. A. Hook, Packwood; sixth, J. M. Brockway, Letts. Lot No. JO— Ten Ears Small Yellow Dent, $10, $8, $6, $5, $3, $2. First, L. W. Roe, Oskaloosa; second, J. A. Mason, Carlisle; third, Walter Plows, Chariton; fourth, E. E. Morgan, Carlisle; fifth, W. A. Hook, Packwood; sixth, C. C. Roe, Oskaloosa. Lot No. Jl— Ten Ears Large White Dent, $6, $.5. $4, $3, $1. First, T. B. White, Oskaloosa; second. Homer Dye. Oskaloosa; third, Lewis Hagg- lund, Essex; fourth, J. T. Carithers, Morning Sun; fifth, J. B. Blue, Adair. Lot No. 1.2— Ten Ears Small White Dent, $6, $5, $4, $3, $1. First, T. B. White, Oskaloosa; second, Thos. Thompson, Villisca; third. Homer Dye, Oskaloosa; fourth, Samuel Shakespear, Lamoni; fifth, Lewis Hagglund, Essex. SWEEPSTAKES. Lot No. 13 — Ten Ears, Any Variety, $20 and medal. Awarded to Alvie Edison Bennett, Ames. Lot No. I'f — Champion Single Ear, $10 and medal. Awarded to J. D. Buser, Conesville. PART X. Papers on Live Stock, Agricultural and Miscellaneous Topics FROM BULLETINS, AGRICULTURAL PRESS AND Papers Read Before County Farmers Institutes FOOT-ROT OF SHEEP.* By John R. Mohler, V. M. D.. Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, and Henry J. Washhurn, D. V. S., Assistant in Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, V. S. Department of Agriculture. HISTORICAL REVIEW. Foot-rot was first described by Chabert in the year 1791 as existing north of the Pyrenees on the banks of the Gironde and lower MedoG Later it spread to central France, and was described by Pictet In 1805 and by Gohier in 1808, both of whom declared it to be a communicable disease. It was likewise observed about this time in Piedmont, Italy, and spread into Germany about 1815 as a result of the introduction of French Merinos. 'Not only has it appeared in epizootic form in con- tinental Europe, but it has also spread through Great Britain, Australia, and the United States, where it was not infrequently observed during the past century. The date of its first appearance on American soil is unknown. The statement has frequently been made that the disease was brought to American shores by the colonists through importations of Spanish Merinos *This paper is an abstract of Bulletin No. 63 of this Bureau. (477) 478 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and this statement seems to have been accepted by many writers without question or discussion. The first importation of Spanish Merinos for breeding purposes is reported to have been made in the year 1808, but the disease had become well established in this country prior to that time. Another reason for considering sheep frcfm Spain very improbable as ori^nators of the disease upon American soil is the fact that the sheep of Spain have been remarkably free from foot-rot. It is even asserted that it has never been seen on the dry table-lands which constitute the pastures of the entire region south of the Pyrenees. Spanish Merinoa may have introduced the disease here, but it is very probable that they were first shipped from Spain to some other country, and thence, after a longer or shorter stay in their new home, reshipped, together with an Infec- tion of foot-rot, to America. It has been historically stated that the first settlers who attempted to establish flocks of sheep upon the prairie farms of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois met with most disheartening ex- periences, which were in a measure due to the spread of foot-rot. In the year 1797 an agricultural settlement was made in Illinois by farmers from the eastern colonies, who brought with them flocks and herds of the sheep and cattle common to the section of the country whence they came. During the decade following many new homes were established in the prairie regions, and a number of the settlers brought with them founda- tion stock with the intention of growing large flocks of sheep, but wolves and panthers proved to be very destructive, and liver disease and foot- rot also hindered the establishment of large bands, until finally the pioneers were forced to be content with small flocks that could be con- stantly housed, guarded, and given careful attention. The farmers of Maryland and Virginia were taking an increasing interest at this time in improved sheep. They had many discouraging conditions to contend with, and although it is possible that foot-rot was not known among their flocks at this time, it is certain that much trouble was caused by the appearance of "diseases, dogs and wolves," and that contagious foot-rot made itself known and feared as early as 1832 in these states. Owing to the imperfect knowledge at that time of matters pertaining to bacterial diseases, the sheep owners struggled against the spread of foot-rot in their flocks somewhat unsuccessfully, and it often required constant watchfulness and persistent treatment for three or four years to eradicate the disease after it had become thoroughly established upon the premises of the sheep grower. Later than this, in the late fifties and early sixties, there was a marked revival of interest in sheep raising throughout the middle west, and at this time many who had previously devoted their energies ex- clusively to grain or to cattle and hogs, concluded to change over to sheep, and the resulting traffic in these animals caused them to be moved about over the country roads and into new sections of the agricultural regions in numbers never before equaled. In several instances these trav- eling flocks carried foot-rot with them and infected the fiocks with which they came in contact along their routes. The states of Ohio, Michigan (southern), Illinois and Iowa were most seriously infected, and in all of them the disease secured such firm foothold that several years of SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 479 strenuous combat were necessary before it was even partially subdued. It was during this period that a sheep raiser of long practical experience, in writing from his home state, Ohio, made the statement that farmers in his part of the country had in times past been seriously troubled by the appearance of stubborn outbreaks of foot-rot among their flocks of sheep. In no case, however, had he been able to discover the spon- taneous appearance of the disease, but with a little persistent inquiry it had been an easy task to trace the origin of each outbreak to the care- less handling of diseased sheep brought from other localities. Since that time the disease has appeared frequently, but its spread has never assumed such alarming proportions, and, owing to a better understanding of the malady, it has been more successfully controlled. SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS. The first evidence of an attack of foot-rot to attract the attention of the shepherd is a slight lameness, which rapidly becomes more marked. Previous to this, however, there has appeared a moist area just above the horny part of the cleft of the foot, and this has gradually reddened and assumed a feverish, inflamed appearance. It may first become visible either at the front or back part of the cleft, but usually the erosions make their first appearance at the heel. The inflammation rapidly penetrates beneath the horny tissue, while from the ulcerous opening their exudes a thin, purulent fluid. The lameness has increased and the region of the foot above the hoof is becoming swollen and warm to the touch. The exudate from the erosions contains pus cells, bits of destroyed tissues of the foot, and bacteria. It possesses an odor pungent and disagreeable, but at the same time very characteristic. The experienced sheep-man is frequently able to detect the presence of the disease in a flock of sheep, even though it be while making a casual visit to a strange flock, simply by means of the diagnostic and unmistakable odor which arises from the affected feet. This odor is so pathognomonic of the disease that it would reveal the presence of affected sheep to one familiar with the char- acter of the infection, even before noticing the animals. The erosion progresses, if no treatment is applied, and there is rapid formation of fistulous passages beneath the horny covering of the foot, while the softer tissues of the interdigital space are gradually becom- ing degenerated and purulent. The invading microorganisms possess marked burrowing propensities, and the result of their activity is that large areas of the hoof become loosened from the sensitive tissues lying beneath. The Invasion of the necrotic process may continue until ligaments, tendons, and even the bones are attacked; but before this final stage is reached nature will attempt to repair the damage, and for this purpose the secretion of formative elements in the injured part is greatly in- creased, until there appears a peculiar growth composed of horny ele- ments, dense epithelial cells and granulation tissue. These unsuccessful attempts at renewed development of tissue are termed " fungoid growths," and they have been known to materially hasten the shedding of the horny covering of the foot by their persistent enlargement within the ulcerous channels cut by the advancing infective elements. 480 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The hoof of a sheep suffering from a chronic case of foot-rot grows out rapidly and becomes very hard. It will often be found with the toes so thickened and lengthened that the front part of the foot is raised above its natural incline and the tendons at the heel are subjected to addi- tional strain, all of which tends to increase the lameness and the awkwardness in gait of the victim. These thickened and elongated toes will frequently be seen to have attained an added length of 3 or even 4 inches, and they curl up like sled runners, greatly interfering with the progression of the animal. The sheep finds the act of walking so painful when the disease has become thoroughly established that it remains quietly lying in some secluded corner or, if diseased in the forefeet only, crawls around on its knees In its effort to keep with the remainder of the flock or to get within reach of its food. Its temperature rises until there is evidence of con- siderable fever. The appetite is seriously impaired and the patient rap- idly loses condition and weight. During warm weather there is great danger of an attack by maggots as soon as the lesions are discharging freely, and unless these are quickly removed they will appear in such numbers as to rapidly bring the course of the disease to a fatal ending. They not only invade the affected feet, but will also locate at any point of the body at which the wool has become suflSciently contaminated by the purulent discharge from the ulcerous tracts to afford them a suitably moistened breeding place. The wool on the sides of the body is frequently more or less soiled from con- tact with the diseased feet while the animal is lying down, and it is in such areas that the fly deposits the eggs that hatch into destructive larvae. As soon as the maggots are hatched they begin to burrow into the tissues upon which they are located and they quickly perforate the skin of their host, thus causing complications which bring its suffering to a close. COURSE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY. The course of this disease is slow and protracted, usually starting with one foot and subsequently involving one or more of the others. During this interval it would probably have likewise spread to the feet of other sheep, and in this way the disease may remain for several months in each member of the flock and for eight or ten months in the flock itself. When the ulcerous processes have become advanced and aggra- vated, fever develops, the appetite is lost, and the animal grows so emaciated that deam intervenes. In some cases that are left untreated recovery may follow slowly, but there is usually either a dense fungoid growth between the claws, a stiffening of the joints of the ankle, or a long fissured and misshapen hoof. When treatment is properly applied in the early stages of the disease it is usually cured within ten days. It is very rare for death to occur as a result of foot-rot, although in very virulent outbreaks involving 3 or 4 feet of each sheep the affection may terminate fatally within two or three months. The course of the disease is also dependent upon the susceptibility of the affected animal. Thus it is a well-accepted fact that the pure breeds of fine-wooled sheep are especially susceptible to foot-rot, although the SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 481 pure breeds of coarse-wooled shee]) and the grades of lx)tli of these breeds of animals are by no means exempt. In the latter animals, however, the disease runs a milder course, and is more amenable to treatment than in the case of the fine-wooled sheep. Sex or age does not appear to have any important influence on the susceptibility of the animals, as the disease manifests itself quite generally in the flock, attacking alike male and female, lambs, yearlings and aged sheep. INFECTIVE CHARACTER. Some of the early writers seem to have been convinced that this disease was in no degree contagious, but at a later period many investigators opposed this opinion and strongly maintained that it spread from sheep to sheep by means of some contaminating agent which exuded from the erosions upon the affected feet. In opposition to these statements many veterinary writers were posi- tive in their declarations that the disease was never caused otherwise than by pasturing on low, swampy lands, or as a result of overgrown toes or by other conditions due to faulty care and surroundings. But while the majority of writers seem to have denied that the disease possessed any contagious properties, there remained a very lively minority who entered a most vigorous protest against this view of its character, and who cited instance after instance in support of their claim that it was strictly of a contagious nature. They mentioned cases in which affected sheep had been brought from a distance and placed in flocks that had been sound and healthy for years, with the result that a portion of the flock scon became affected; also a case in which healthy and diseased flocks pastured in adjoining fields without any transmission of the trouble until a time when two or three of the sound animals jumped the dividing fence and grazed for the remainder of the day with the contaminated flock, with the result that they promptly contracted foot-rot. These writ- ers recorded the infection of sound flocks as the result of their having been driven over roads which diseased sheep had traversed but a short time previously. Reports were made of test lots of sheep that were pastured for months on swampy and muddy lands without spontaneous development of foot-rot, which promptly became affected, however, on thejr removal from these pastures when inoculated on the skin ; between the claws of their feet with discharge from an affected foot. , They men- tioned several attempts at experimental inoculation with bits ,df diseased tissue, or with some of the moist excretions from ;an affeiQte^ foot,, which; usually favored the investigator with successful termjnationsj One of the best of these experiments was reported by Favre In .1822. He simply moistened the skin between the claws of ,32 ieaithy sheep with matter obtained from diseased feet, with the result tha,t., 21 ,ftf them contracted the disease in consequence of this slight exposure. Another convincing argument in favor of:ithe dependence . qf tpctt-Tf^t on a specific cause is found in the fact th^-t ypung ^rnhs yeaned .;% affected ewes have been known to show unniistal^3(^(^, ,^y;m^toms of 'tlip disease as early as the sixth day after birth, and as this has, pccuyr^ji in flocks that have been closely stabled there remains no possibility that ^'^ ... :;,,,,.! ,• \f,:,,o, ..^..ji .,,..;„■. :■: y^ 482 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the lameness of these lambs could have originated in swampy or muddy pastures. Among the first experiments made by this bureau, preparatory to the publication of this article, were some for the purpose of investigating the contagious nature of the disease. By means of careful tests performed with the purulent exudate from the feet lesions of these animals it was proved that foot-rot could be produced at will in healthy sheep not only by spreading a little purulent matter from a diseased foot upon the scraped interdigital skin of sound feet, but quite as readily when bouillon cultures inoculated with some of the discharge from an affected foot were applied in a like manner, even when the cultures used were of the third genera- tion of the original growth. It appeared from these experiments that the disease was dependent upon a specific organism for its existence, and that this organism could be read- ily perpetuated by the employment of the usual methods of bacteriological culture. Microscopical examination of the purulent material discharged from the open sore of a case of foot-rot revealed, among other bacteria, the con- stant presence of long thread-like bacilli, which conform to the character- istics of bacillus necrophor'us , and which are capable, when brought in contact with the foot of a healthy sheep, of producing sores similar to those found in natural outbreaks of foot-rot. Wherever it gains access to animal tissue it causes progressive degenera- tion and destruction, showing a tendency to spread in every direction from its first point of attack, and leaving behind as it advances a soft, dead, cheesy mass as the result of its poisonous effect upon all contiguous tissues. EXPERI.MENT ON SHEEP. The readiness with which the disease will spread from sheep to sheep, when the flock is kept under suitable conditions for such spreading, has been recognized for many years by sheep owners. In addition to the practical demonstration of its contagious character, which has been given in past years in nearly every sheep-growing state in the Union, many experiments have been made with the idea of determining the cause of the transmission of the disease from one sheep to another. For this purpose numerous direct inoculations with material from diseased feet Ijave been made during this investigation, and in order to show the effect of pure cultures of the necrosis bacillus indirect inoculations have also been performed. A brief record of these two classes of experiments upon sheep will here be given. Direct, hy pus from affected foot. — Two sheep, Nos. 40 and 63, were inoculated on the scarified interdigital skin with some of the exuded matter from an infected foot, and developed the disease in typical form in seven days in each case.* Sheep No. 313 was inoculated with discharge from an infected foot on the shaven surface of the cleft of its foot. This was followed by the appearance of a characteristic inflammation on the ninth day, and the inflammation gradually developed into the usual course of ulceration seen in this disease. •In many cases where foot-rot was produced by Inoculation antiseptic treatment was applied and a cure eflected as soon as the disease had become characteristic SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 483 Sheep No. 108 was inoculated upon the shaven surface of the skin of the foot with discharge from a diseased foot," following which a pro- tective application of moist sterile cotton and a linen bandage was ap- plied. A characteristic case of foot-rot developed on the fourth day as a result. It seems probable that the early appearance of the disease in this instance was brought about by the partial exclusion of air and by the retention of more or less moisture upon the treated surface, through the agency of the cotton and bandage. Lamb No. 94 is of special interest, having been born in an infected stall in December, 1901, and having continued until March 10, 1902, in daily contact with diseased sheep without showing the slightest evidence of lameness. During this period of exposure the stall in which the ani- mals were confined was kept dry and clean. Had mud and moisture been present for the animals to walk about it, in common, the result would doubtless have been different. This test was continued for seventy-nine days, at the end of which time it was seen that the healthy lamb had re- ceived no degree of infection, although the disease had slowly continued to advance in the feet of its diseased companions until the affected mem- bers had become deeply eroded. Following this preliminary test, the lamb was directly inoculated, on March 10, by the application of material taken from a diseased foot to both of its feet on the right side. The Interdigital spaces of both feet were scraped until the surface became blood tinged, when the watery exudate from the diseased foot of sheep No. 62 was smeared over the scraped surfaces. There appeared on both of these feet in fifteen days characteristic lesions of foot-rot, while the left hind foot also developed this disease from natural infection, although the lamb had previously withstood the danger incident to living in daily contact with diseased sheep. It may be stated in this connection that other negative results were also met with by exposing healthy to diseased sheep, but although seven such experiments did not produce the disease these can in no way offset the positive results obtained, con- sidering that the exposure pens were always clean and dry and unlike the natural conditions under which infection usually spreads. Indirect, by cultures. — A review of experiments made with pure cul- tures of the bacillus of necrosis will serve to show the part which this organism is capable of taking in the development of foot-rot in sheep. A pure culture of the bacillus was obtained from the liver of a rabbit, which was the third in a series inoculated from the foot of an infected sheep. This pure culture was then applied to the scraped surface of a healthy foot of sheep No. 87. The surface upon which the culture was placed began to show inflammation on the tenth day, appearing reddened and moistened and exhibiting the presence of considerable heat. For ten days more the irritation appeared to progress, until at the end of that time a painful ulcer, coated with a grayish-white exudate, had formed. Spontaneous healing commenced at this period, but its progress waa slow, and microscopic examination of the watery exudation from the ul- cerous opening taken nearly two months later showed that many of the long filamentous forms of the necrosis bacillus were still present In It. 484 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Another healthy sheep, No. 88, was inoculated upon the scraped sur- face of its foot with the same material as that used in the preceding case. The response was much more prompt (four days) in this case, and the ulceration penetrated the tissues of the foot for about the same depth, while the final healing, which occurred by scab formation, re- quired about the same length of time for its establishment. A third sheep, No. 89, to which the bacillus was applied in a pure state, showed inflammation of the foot in a few days and by the eighth day was sore and lame as a result. The erosion penetrated beneath the skin of the heels, constantly excreting foul-smelling yellowish pus. Spon- taneous healing began to make its appearance in about three weeks after the inoculation, and rapidly progressed to the complete restoration of the foot. A fourth test of a similar nature gave much the same results, except for a slight loosening of the hoof from a portion of one of the toes. From the very nature of the conditions surrounding a flock of sheep it must be known that a natural infection by bacillus necrophorus in a pure state is an utter impossibility. There must of necessity be material con- tamination by various cocci and other bacteria from the floor of the sheep pens, or from muddy yards and runs. Many of these invading forms in all probability offer great assistance to the necrosis bacillus in penetrating normal tissue and in perpetuating and extending the disease. The character and appearance of the material discharged from a foot inoculated artificially with a pure culture of the bacillus of necrosis Indi- cate that there is a slight difference between the disease when produced in this manner and the natural type. The same redness of the surface is noted and the same tendency to send deepening process of ulceration and degeneration into the depths of the foot may be observed in both, but the discharge will be seen to consist largely of soft yellowish pus in those cases in which the foot has been inoculated with pure culture and the foot afterwards kept dry and clean, while in the natural infection under ordinary barnyard conditions and in cases produced artificially by the ap- plication of mixed bouillon cultures the exudate has more of a yellowish- gray watery appearance mixed with pus. There is no noticeable difference in the odor of the affected feet whether the lesions are produced naturally or artificially, and the same disagree- able stench pervades all cultures made from them, especially after these cultures have grown for forty-eight horus or longer in the incubator; Snd it is a remarkable fact that the same odor may be detected lingering about the carcass of a rabbit which has succumbed to an inoculation with necrosis bacilli in all cases, whether the bacteria were derived from cases of foot-rot in sheep or from some other source. - The following experiments were made with tissue containing an abundance of necrosis bacili and with mixed bouillon cultures made from the pus of affected feet. ' Sheep No. 83 was inoculated under the skin of the heel with material taken form the center of a necrotic lesion in a raTjbit that died as a re- sult of the ihfection of the necrosis bacilli. Here the attack was prompt and serious. The animal was unable to use its foot by the third day, and this degree of lameness lasted fully a week. The organism pene- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 485 trated beneath the hoof on each toe, causing it to be separated in each instance from the tissues 'beneath. A profuse discharge was constantly exuding from the point of inoculation, in which the long threads of the necrosis bacillus could constantly be demonstrated. Sheep No. 102 was inoculated on the foot by the application of a mixed bouillon culture that had been taken directly from a diseased foot and grown in an incubator for forty-eight hours, at a temperature of 35° C. Foot-rot was well established in the foot by the sixth day following, and Its course was rapid and acute. Goat No. 71 was successfully inoculated by having the skin of its interdigital space bared by the clipping off of the hair and the exposed surface then smeared with mixed bouillon culture of the third genera- tion. As a result of this procedure the disease made itself manifest on the ninth day, and followed a typical course through the various stages of inflammation, spreading ulceration and necrosis. ECOXOMIC IMPORTANCE. Throughout the middle west, where packing houses are located In many of the larger cities, the sheep-feeding industry has attained large proportions. At points situated within easy reach of the more important slaughtering centers stations have been established for the purpose of finishing off those sheep and lambs that have been shipped from the ranges farther west before they had reached a sufficient degree of fatness to admit their being dressed to advantage. The stations are located within easy reach of several of the more important stock yards, thus enabling the owner to take advantage of a favorable turn in market quotations, or to supply any shortage that may occur in the receipts of a particular grade of sheep at the yards with which he is associated. There are several of these places with a capacity of over 50,000 sheep each, and one near Chicago that can accommodate 80,000, as will be seen by the following list of feeding stations, the total of which shows that 683,000 sheep can be finished for market at one time. This list does not Include the vast numbers of animals that are fed in the feeding stations of the far west, nor those in bunches of 500 to 3,000, by private in- dividuals throughout the central northern states. Partial list of sheep-feeding stations in the United States. Capacity Loeatiun Capacity Grand Island, Nchr- Xorfolk. N>l.r Xickersiin, Kans St. Marys. Kans Hanover, Kans Ccilnmbiis, Xebr ^'alley, Xebr Fremiinf. Xel)r Stoekdalp. Ill Lafox, 111 Montsromerv, 111 Kirkland, 111 25,000 I'lan'1, 111 25,000 25.000 Specht. Ill 25,000 25.000 Koelielle, 111 20,000 25,OD0 Mllldale, 111 15,000 8,000 Onveso. Ill 15,000 25,000 South St. Paul, Minn 40,000 :«,000 St. .Anthony Park, Minn — 60,000 25,000 Brighton, Minn- 25,000 eo.oijo Trevor, Wis 25,000 80.000 Total 083,000 40,000 486 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. It is customary to keep the animals closely penned during the period of their fattening at these establishments; in fact they are sometimes restricted to rather uncomfortably narrow quarters. They are divided into lots of 200 to 600, to suit the convenience of the feeder, and each lot is provided with a separate pen in which they remain from the time of their arrival until sufficiently finished to warrant the continuance of their journey to the packing house. la many cases their grain is supplied to them through "self-feeders," by which means a supply is kept constantly before them. Water is also available at all times, and the incentive to active exercise is very slight, even if the pens were large enough to allow unre- stricted movements. Under these conditions an outbreak of foot-rot •quickly assumes serious proportions. While the disease will not of neces- sity spread from one pen to an adjoining one, there are several cases on record where the contagion has been so thoroughly disseminated among individual pens in .which a few infected sheep have been placed that only a small number of its inmates escaped the attack. Inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agri- culture, occasionally find an affected flock among the arrivals of sheep at the various railway terminals, in which the feet of as many as 75 to 80 per cent are diseased to a greater or lesser extent. These bunches of sheep have no doubt been run together in the feeding pens, and the per- centage of diseased animals gives one a very good idea of the infectiveness of foot-rot under these conditions. The sheep raiser or feeder who carries on his business upon a modest scale is often just as seriously injured by an outbreak of foot-rot in his flock as is anyone. His sheep run at will over a large portion of his farm, and it soon becomes so thoroughly contaminated by the repeated passage of diseased feet that the owner not only becomes thoroughly discouraged by the repeated failures of his attempts to eradicate the contagion from the premises, but his neighbors begin to look on him with suspicion, and in certain instances have become so aroused as to warn the unfortunate man against entering upon or crossing their holdings until he has suc- ceeded in stamping out the dreaded plague. The importer or breeder of choice registered sheep is frequently dam- aged materially by the appearance of this disease among His valuable ani- mals. Foot-rot occasionally develops in sheep soon after importation from European countries in spite of careful examination at the time of pur- chase. In these cases it is probable that the virus had become lodged in some deep fissure under the horny covering of the foot during some previ- ous exposure, and that it had remained latent in its hiding place until favoring conditions stimulated its growth. Whatever the manner of propagating the infecting agent, the fact remains that foot-rot frequently manifests itself among flocks of blooded sheep while on shipboard on the way to this country, and conditions here favoring the spread of the infection from sheep to sheep, it is not uncommon for the animals of certain pens to show serious lameness by the time the port of debarkation is reached. Another place in which the owner of improved sheep expose !his best specimens to more or less danger of infection is at the live-stock shows of the country, where his animals are exhibited side by side with sheep from widely SP:VENTH annual year book— part X. 487- scattered localities. This danger, however, is reduced to a minimum by the excellent care given to both animals and pens while the exhibition is in progress. The greatest danger is probably met when the animals are loaded and unloaded over a chute at the railway station, which is used by all of the exhibitors in common. The raising of Angora goats is also becoming an industry of great economic importance. Their value as producers of mohair, of fleece- bearing skins, and of meat, together with their efficiency as eradicators of brush and weeds, is bringing them into increasing favor with prac- tical American people, while their beautiful silky coats and gentle dis- positions make them very attractive as pets for those who seek to derive pleasure rather than profit from them. At the present time large sums of money are invested in these animals, and individual flocks num- bering thousands of animals are not uncommon in some localities. Ant asEoc'iation of breeders has been formed which supports a registry book, and live-stock exhibitions at which the Angora forms a prominent feature are sure to attract general interest. The experiments which have been made at this laboratory prove that Angora goats may readily be inoculated with foot-rot from sheep, and that where sheep and goats are allowed to pasture together they may be in- discriminately attacked by an invasion of this disease. To what degree foot-rot exists among sheep and goats in this country can not be accurately stated, for the reason that our ^ statistics are in- sufficient to furnish a basis for a reasonable estimate. Occasional out- breaks, especially the highly virulent ones, are reported, and in these cases about three-fourths of the flock become affected. Owing to the slow, protracted course of the disease and the length of time required for the affection to pass through a bunch of sheep, the losses occurring from the shrinkage of flesh in market sheep and from the diminution of the supply of milk for the sucking lambs of the affected ewes reach' material proportions. In addition to these direct losses, the owner of an infected flock of full-blooded animals is subjected to discouraging failures- in his attempts at selling off his surplus breeding stock, as buyers are naturally reluctant to introduce lame animals into their sheep-folds. The time and labor spent in the treatment of the feet of an infected • flock should also be brought forward in this calculation of monetary: loss. DIFFERE.NTIAL DIAGNOSIS. There are but few pathological conditions of the feet of sheep or goats- that may be mistaken for contagious foot-rot. When lameness first makes its appearance in a flock there may be some difliculty, however,, in determining the exact nature of the trouble. Lameness may be pri- marily caused in these animals by wounds of the feet, by purulent in- flammation of the interdigital space (so-ealled non-contagious foot-rot), by stoppage of the orifice of the biflex canal, by suppurative cellulitis (cutaneous abscesses), or by foot-and-mouth disease, and for a time the lesions produced by any one of these causes offer a very confusing re- semblance to those characteristics of the invading stage of foot-rot. 488 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WOUNDS OF THE FEET. Sheep may occasionally puncture the skin of the interdigital space by forcing a sharp stone or stub between the claws of the foot, but such accidents are infrequent, and the fever and lameness thus produced seldom last for more than a few days. A raere common cause of accidental lesions to the feet of sheep is found around some yards or stables, where loose boards with the points of nails sticking up from .their surfaces are carelessly left for the flock to run over. Pl'BULENT INFLAMJIATION OF THE INTERDIGIT.\L SPACE ( FOULS ) . This condition is one that is frequently met in sheep, and it has often been mistakenly called foot-it)t. From this faulty naming has arisen much of the controversy over the question of the contagiousness of foot-rot. Parties who have had experience only with purulent inflam- mation of the foot, and who have looked upon it as foot-rot. have very reasonably asserted that foot-rot is by no means contagious, that it appears sporadictally, may attack but few members of the fiock, yields promptly to treatment, and nearly always makes its appearance among sheep during their psturage upon low, swampy land. If the term foot- rot is used at all in connection with purulent inflammation of the feet, it should be qualified by calling the affection benign or non-contagious foot-rot, in order to avoid all confusion with the real or contagious form of the disease. This purulent inflammation may result from pasturing or wet, filthy grounds or on low, marshy lands. An irritation of the cleft of the foot occurs which is followed by fissures in the skin and a soften- ing of the horn resembling foot-rot. In rainy weather sheep that are pasturing upon clay soils often accumulate irritating masses of twigs, stubble, or small, sharp pebbles in the. interdigital space of the fcot. These substances become thoroughly embedded in moistened clay, and this mixture is gradually molded to the form of the space between the claws of the foot. In this position it will remain for days unless removed by force, and it may be the cause of serious inflammation, suppuration, and lameness so long as it retains its position in this sensitive place. Each step of the animal causes the projecting points of the offending material . to cut deeper and deeper into the adjoining tissues of the foot. There ensues swelling above the coronet and the whole of this region becomes reddened and feverish. Cases have been noted where marsh-grasses with their saw-like edges have become entangled in the cleft of the .foot and have remained in position long enough to set up a painful irritation by their constant friction. Finally, on examining the foot of a lame sheep, one may discover the presence of none of these pointed objects, and still the inflammation is intense. This condition has been known to follow the entrance of particles of sand and gravel into the cuts, •cracks, or injuries, and one should always bear this in mind while looking for a cause for lameness, and carefully remove the grit or dirt which may be present. Sometimes the horn, having grown rapidly because of the unusual stimulation, may inclose the gravel and retain it within the foot as a constant source of irritation. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 489 STOPPAGE OF THE BIFLEX CANAL. Sheep and goats are provided with a secretory gland called the inter- ungulate or biflex, situated among the tegumentary tissues of the leg just above the separation of the digits. The orifice of the little vessel that leads from this gland may be plainly seen upon spreading the toes apart. It occasionally happens that mud, sand, or some other gritty sub- stance becomes forced up into the biflex canal and lodges there, not only choking up the excretory passage of the gland above, but also causing in- flammation of the walls of the canal, which may develop into exten- sive suppuration and serious lameness. This affection may be distinguished from coniagious foot-rot by the fact that the ulceration does not tend to Invade the tissues beneath the horny covering of the foot, nor does it assume an infectious character. SUPPUR.\.TIVE CELLULITIS (CVTAXEGUS ABSCESSES). Stockmen whose sheep are obliged to pass daily through muddy yards or pens sometimes notice the eruption of sores, varying in size from the diameter of a millet seed to that of a silver dollar, just above the hoof, farther up on the ankle, or still higher up between ankle and knee. The first indication of the trouble will be an erection of the hair over the affected area, quickly followed by swelling of the part, and accom- panied with a marked rise of temperature in the animal, loss of appetite, sluggishness, and rapid wasting of condition. As the disease advances, each of the inflamed areas develops a typical abscess, containing creamy pus with a very offensive odor. Should any of these find lodgment in the tissues of the foot they may be mistaken at first for indications of foot-rot, but the simultaneous appearance of similar abscesses beneath the skin of the leg will at once prove to the owner the nature of the trouble. FOOT-AXI)-MOUTH DISEASE. This country, most fortunately, has never experienced a serious out- break of foot-and-mouth disease in sections in which the sheep industry forms an important factor in agricultural activities. It is one of the scourges of European countries, and the annual reports of outbreaks of contagious diseases in those lands show what a firm footing the disease has gained among their flocks and herds. Should an invasion of this disease ever be mistaken for foot-rot in sheep, the illusion will not be one of long duration. The eruptions which appear upon the feet of sheep in an attack of foot-and-mouth disease may, during the invasive period of the outbreak, bear a close resemblance to those of foot-rot, but they are more superficial in their effect, being devoid of the deep-seated, erosive passages which characterize the foot-rot lesion, and for this reason they are far more transient, disappearing voluntarily when the disease has run its course in all cases in which the attack reaches a favorable termination. The lesions of foot-and-mouth disease are more plainly to be seen, the destructive processes frequently extending up above the cleft of the foot in front or rear into plain view of the 490 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. examiner. In uncomplicated cases there is never any tendency to fungoid growths, and the structure of the hoof retains its normal formation and does not become soft or crumbling, as it frequently does after an attack of foot-rot. The primary attack of foot-and-mouth disease is usually evi- denced by the simultaneous affection of at least three of the feet of the animal. The infection spreads more rapidly through the flock, and not to the sheep alone, but to the cattle and hogs which are permitted to mingle with them. In addition to the eruptions on the feet the sheep suffering from foot-and-mouth disease will occasionally show reddened patches upon the membranes of mouth and lips which speedily develop into blis- ters of varying sizes. The tongue may be affected in the same manner. These blisters soon rupture, leaving raw, open sores. The teats and udders of affected ewes are frequently the seat of like eruptions. The temperature of the animal shows marked elevation during the invasion of the trouble (106' F. ), but this does not persist after the rupture of the vesicles. Lesions of the mouth are not as constant in sheep as they are in members of the bovine family. A number of European writers have in the past insisted that contagious foot-rot of sheep does not exist independently of foot-and-mouth dis- ease, but the very fact that contagious foot-rot has for years been more or less prevalent among American sheep without ever having given rise to foot-and-mouth disease among the cattle and hogs of the same farms offers the most conclusive evidence that the diseases are independent of one another and that they have their origin in separate, specific organisms. PREVEXTIOX. The prevention of foot-rot, a matter of absorbing interest to the sheep owner, may be successfully attained by means of careful manage- ment. When purchasing sheep to be added to a healthy flock the buyer can not exercise too great caution in his examination of the new-comers, and to hold them for a few days in isolated quarters before permitting them to join the main flock may prove to be time and effort well spent. Another precaution which will in some cases prove beneficial may be found in the regular examination at stated intervals of the feet of each member of the flock and the removal of all excessive growths of horn. A large percentage of lameness in the horse is due to an "unbalanced foot," and the first step in treatment should always be the paring of the hoof, or the formation of the shoe in such a manner that the foot of the horse, while he is standing at ease, will be perfectly level in its relation to the floor surface upon which he is standing. The same rule holds good in an ap- plication to the bovine race. Overgrown hoofs should be so trimmed that the plantar or wearing surface of the foot will present a natural angle to the direction of the shaft of the leg, and all superfluous length of toe should be removed. Overgrown toes frequently tend to forcibly spread the hcofs apart, the tension thus produced leading in many cases to strained tendons and to lessening the natural resistance of the tissues of the region to injury. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 491 A great amount of vital energy is unnecessarily expended in walking by a sheep with overgrown toes, especially if the animal is kept in yards or pens where cornstalks or other course litter are allowed to accumu- late, or if it is pastured in stubble fields or where the grass has become long and tangled. The heels of the hoofs seldom require any cutting, and the labor of trimming may consequently be entirely expended upon the toe. Soak- ing the feet for a time will be found to soften hoofs that are at first too hard to yield readily to the knife. It will be found satisfactory, where practicable, to select a time for trimming the hoofs when the flock may be brought up to the pens directly from an excursion through wet grass. The early morning, following a heavy fall of dew, is fre- quently selected for this purpose, or the work, if not neglected too long, may be deferred until a suitable rainy day. Should the infection of foot-rot have been introduced into a sheep yard, trimming the feet will not prevent the spread of the disease, ex- cept as it indirectly assists nature in keeping the cleft of the foot free from dirt, and the wise shepherd will not relax his vigilance at the time of admitting fresh arrivals upon his premises, as it is at that time that he may most easily prevent the spread of this disastrous malady among his healthy animals. Experience has shown that sound sheep may be safely pastured on land that has previously been occupied by sheep suffering from foot- rot, provided that a winter's frosts have been allowed to intervene. The contagion of the disease seems to be effectively subdued by this means, and pastures that have become contaminated one season may be con- sidered safe for their customary usage during the following season. The sheepfold, however, must be carefully disinfected to prevent the recurrence of the disease, as this bacillus will retain its virulence under suitable conditions in or around stables for several years. The walls, racks, and troughs should be sprinkled with a solution containing 1 pound of pure carbolic acid to 5 gallons of water, to which enough lime has been added to make the sprayed area conspicuous. The manure and four inches of the surface soil should be removed and spread on a field that is to be tilled. In turning sheep on grass care should be taken to avoid low, marshy, or boggy lands, and to keep them, if possible, on high, dry pastures. TREATMENT. One of the first steps to be taken in the treatment of a flock of sheep affected with foot-rot is to separate all that are in any degree diseased from those that are healthy. After this has been accomplished much will depend upon the stage which the disease has reached among the animals of the flock in determining upon further action. Should the disease be in its earliest stage, with but few animals affected, it will doubtless be found sufficient treatment for those that appear sound to pass them through a shallow trough containing a solution composed of 1 pound of chloride of lime to each 12 quarts of water. This solution should have a depth of at least 4 inches in the trough, and the animals should be made to pass through it slowly, allowing time for the mixture 492 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to apply itself thoroughly to all the cracks and fissures of the feet. Instead of the mixture of chloride of lime, a solution composed of one part of carbolic acid crystals to every thirty parts of water, or 1 pound of pure carbolic acid to 4 gallons of water, may be used as a foot-bath for the sound part of the flock. The trough used in this operation may be of wood, tightly constructed, 20 inches in width, and a foot or more in depth. The length should be proportioned to the size of the flock to be treated. For small lots that are accustomed to being handled, the trough need not be over 6 feet in length. In such cases, however, the animals should be allowed to stand for a moment in the solution before passing out. A greater length of trough would necessitate the preparation of a larger amount of fluid, and consequently would entail greater expense. Where a large number of sheep is to be treated, the trough should not be less than 20 feet in length. Hurdles or portable racks may be so arranged by the sides of the trough and along the pathway leading to it that each animal will be obliged to pass through the bath with but little urging. After this treatment has been applied to the sound part of the flock, they should be at once placed in fresh, uncontaminated quarters. Al- though they are not likely to show any evidences of the disease after being treated in this way, the owner or shepherd should not neglect them, but should closely watch for any signs of lameness, and when discovered, the affected animals should be promptly removed and sub- jected to more careful treatment. In case the flock from which the healthy sheep were separated is badly diseased, it would be advisable to have the sound animals pass through the bath, as described above, on several occasions. This may be done every second day until three or four treatments have been applied, special care being taken in the meantime to provide fresh, clean quarters for the animals, completely separated from the diseased portion of the flock. While selecting treatment for that portion of the flock in which the disease has become established, it should be remembered that the prin- cipal requisites are to lay bare the affected surfaces and to dstroy the infectious matter which has lodged Upon them. The remedy which will accomplish this most readily, and at the same time not give rise to harmful secondary conditions, is evidently the one that should be given the preference. The bacteria, to which the disease is due, yield very readily to the application of disinfectants, and the trouble which so many sheep men have experienced in the eradication of foot-rot from their flocks must have been due to a failure to properly expose the affected surfaces to the action of the applied remedy. During the present series of experiments many of the feet in which disease has been purposely produced have been healed up as soon as the true course of the affection had become evident, so as to avoid unneces- sary lameness, and in these cases it has been found that all advance of the disease processes has promptly stopped upon the application of a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid, several applications usually proving sufficient. In these cases, however, it must be admitted that the condi- tions for successfully healing the lesions were far more favorable than SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 493 those which surround the average diseased flock upon the farm. In the first place, the erosions had not extended very deeply Into the foot, and, secondly, the animal was not allowed to run in a muddy yard, but was kept upon a dry stable floor. The instances serve to prove, however, that the remedy need not be very poisonous or caustic to produce the desired results, and to emphasize the fact that one must constantly aim, while treating foot-rot in sheep, to expose the diseased areas to the action of the disinfectant used. Treatment of the affected animals should not be deferred, as more sat- isfactory results will be obtained by attacking the outbreak as soon as discovered than can be expected if the disease is permitted to spread among the flock or to penetrate deeper into the tissues of the affected feet. This is accepted as a very practical fact by the English shepherds, who attend shipments of thoroughbred sheep on their trans-Atlantic voyage to this country for breeding purposes. The statement is made by them that none but negligent or inexperienced shepherds will ever allow foot-rot to spread through a flock of which they are in charge, as thorough trimming and antiseptic treatment of the hoof of the first animals seen to be lame will surely save the balance of the sheep from an attack. The treatment already suggested for the sound portion of the flock will be found very efllcacious for early stages of the disease, but after the animal has become more seriously affected one should carefully exam- ine each of its feet and, if necessary, pare away all shredded or loosened portions of the horny tissue. This will often prove to be a very laborious undertaking, but the operator should persist until the loosened horn has been thoroughly removed and all of the ulcerous fissures have been ex- posed. The foot must he carefully cleaned and every portion of loosened and detached horn cut away, as the horny tissue once separated from the sensitive parts beneath will never unite with them again, but will re- main as a source of pain and inflammation and also a protection for the disease-producing organisms while they attack and destroy the internal structures. Should fungoid granulations be met they should be removed with a knife or pair of curved scissors. All clippings and trimmings that are removed from the diseased feet, whether composed of bits of horn, shreds of tissue, or fungoid growths, should be carefully gathered up and burned or disinfected, as they may serve to spread the disease further if left where passing sheep may come in contact with them. If this work has been thoroughly done, standing a sheep for ten min- utes in a strong solution of copper sulphate (blue vitrol), made as warm as can be borne by the hand, will in most cases effect a cure. This solution may be prepared by dissolving 3 pounds of copper sulphate in .5 gallons of warm water. The foot-bath should be repeated if neces- sary. ; An attendant should remain stationed by the side of each sheep whose feet are badly affected, to prevent the animal from lying down while it ■is in the copper-sulphate solution, as sheep of this class, because of the pain produced during their efforts to stand, are liable to drop to their knees, or even to lie down in the trough, during the application of the treatment. Soft bandages should be applied, after the sheep are re- 494 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. moved from the foot-bath, to all feet that have required deep cutting, not only for the purpose of protecting the sensitive tissue from becom- ing bruised, but in order that particles of dirt may be kept from the raw surfaces and that nature may be assisted in the formation of new protective coverings. It sometimes happens that the disease assumes an aggravated form in several of the sheep, involving the deeper sensitive tissues and neces- sitating the application of hand dressings to the feet. In such cases all the loose and diseased tissue should be cut away and the affected parts washed thoroughly with a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid. An antiseptic astringent powder, consisting of 4 parts of carbolic acid, 2 parts of tannic acid, and 94 parts of exsiccated alum, is then dusted upon the ulcerated surfaces and a bandage applied to alford the parts the desired amount of protection. The most earnest efforts should be made to conquer the disease be- fore the advent of warm weather, as it will be found more difficult to deal with during that period. On the contrary, cold weather and dry seasons are unfavorable for the development or spread of the disease, although they will not cure it. STOMACH WORMS (HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS) IN SHEEP. By B. H. Ransom. Chief of the Division of Zoology, U. ^'. Department of Agriculture. The stomach worm of sheep, known to zoologists as Haemonclms Contortus, is generally recognized as one of the most serious pests with which the sheep raiser has to contend. Sheep of all ages are subject to infection, and cattle and goats as well as various wild ruminants may also harbor the parasite. The most serious effects of stomach- worm infection are seen in lambs, while full-grown sheep, although heav- ily infested, may show no apparent symptoms of disease. It is from these, however, through the medium of the pasture, that the lambs be- come infected. SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS. Among the symptoms which have been described for stomach-worm disease prohably the most frequent are anemia, loss of flesh, general weak- ness, dullness, capricious appetite, thirst, and diarrhea. The anemic condition is seen in the paleness of the skin and mucous mem- branes of the mouth and eye, and in the watery swellings which often develop under the lower jaw. A more certain diagnosis may be made by killing one of the flock and opening the fourth stomach. The contents of the fourth stomach are allowed to settle gently, and by carefully watching the liquid the parasites, if present in any considerable num- bers, will be seen actively wriggling about like little snakes from one- half to IVi inches long and about as thick as an ordinary pin. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 495 LIFE HISTOHY OF THE STOMACH WORM.* The worms in the stomach produce eggs of microscopic size, which pass out of the body in the droppings and are thus scattered broadcast over the pasture. If the temperature Is above 40° to 50° F. the eggs hatch out, requiring from a few hours to two weeks, according as the temperature is high or low. When the temperature is below 40° F. the eggs remain dormant, and in this condition may retain their vitality for two or three months, afterwards hatching out if the weather becomes warmer. Freezing or drying soon kills the unhatched eggs. The tiny worm which hatches from the egg feeds upon the organic matter in the manure, and grows until it is nearly one-thirtieth of an inch in length. Further development then ceases until the worm is swallowed by a sheep or other ruminant, after which it again begins to grow, and reaches maturity in the fourth stomach of its host in two or three weeks. The chances of the young worms being swallowed are greatly increased by the fact that they crawl, up blades of grass whenever sufficient moisture- such as dew, rain, or fog — is present, provided also- that the tempera- ture is above 40° F. "When the temperature is below 40° F. the worms are inactive. The young worms which have reached the stage when they are ready to be taken into the body are greatly resistant to cold and dryness; they will stand repeated freezing, and have been kept in a dried condition for thirty-five days, afterwards reviving when moisture was added. At a temperature of about 70° F. young worms have been kept alive for as long as six months, and the infection in inclosure (near Washington, D. C.) which had been pastured by infested sheep did not die out in over seven months, including the winter, the inclosures having been left vacant from October 2.5th to June 16th. It is uncertain whether infection in fields from which sheep have been removed will die out more rapidly during warm weather or during cold weather; experiments on this point are under way, but have not been sufficiently completed for definite statements to be made. It is, however, safe to say that a field which has had no sheep, cattle or goats upon it for a year will be practically free from infection, and fields which have had no sheep or other ruminants upon them following cultivation may also be safely used. The time re- quired for a clean pasture to become infectious after infested sheep are placed upon it depends upon the temperature; that is, the field does not become infectious until the eggs of the parasites contained in the drop- pings of the sheep have hatched out and the young worms have de- veloped to the final larval stage, and the rapidity of this development depends upon the temperature. It may be stated here that neither the eggs nor the newly hatched worms are infectious, and only those worm3 which have reached the final larval stage are able to continue their de- velopment when swallowed. This final larval stage is reached in three to four days after the eggs have passed out of the body of the host if the temperature remains constantly at about 95° F. At 70° F., six to four- teen days are required, and at 46° to 57° F., averaging about 50° F., three * Some of the details in the life history of this parasite are treated more at length in Circular No. 93 of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 496 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to four weeks ai'e necessary for the eggs to hatch and the young worms to develop to the infectious stage. At temperatures below 40" F., as al- ready stated, the eggs remain dormant. METHODS OF PREVENTING INFECTION. It is evident from the foregoing statements that in the northern part of the United States, under usual climatic conditions, infested and non- infested sheep may be placed together in clean fields the last of October or first of November and kept there until^ March or even later, accord- ing to the weather, with little or no danger of the non-infested sheep becoming infected. If moved then to another clean field they may re- main there nearly the entire month of April before there is danger of infection. From the 1st of May on through the summer the pastures be- come infectious much more quickly after infested sheep are placed upon them, and during May it would be necessary to move the sheep at the end of every two weeks, in June at the end of every ten days, and in July and August at the end of each week, in order to prevent the non- infested sheep from becoming infected from the worms present in the rest of the flock. After the 1st of September the period may again be lengthened. This method of preventing infection in lambs would re- quire a considerable number of small pastures or subdivisions of large pastures, and in many instances could not be profitably employed, but in cases where it could be used it would undoubtedly prove very effective. By the time the next lamb crop appeared the pastures used the year be- fore would have remained vacant long enough for the infection to have disappeared, and would consequently again be ready for use. By con- tinuing this rotation from year to year, not only would each crop of lambs be protected from infection, but as reinfection of the infested ewe flock is prevented at the same time, the parasite would in a few years be entirely eradicated from the flock and pastures. If such frequent rotation is not possible or practicable, a smaller number of pastures may be utilized, after the ewe flock has been treated with vermifuges. The treatment may be given either before or after the birth of the lambs. If before, the ewes should be treated before preg- nancy is too far advanced, in order to avoid possible bad results from the handling necessary in treatment. Probably the best time for treat- ment is late in the fall or early in the winter. The treated sheep should be placed immediately on clean pasture in order to avoid reinfection. The object of treating the ewes is to get rid of the worms with which they are infested, and thus remove the source from which the pasture be- comes contaminated. If it were possible by treatment to free the old sheep entirely from stomach worms, it is evident that the lambs would remain free from infection, provided, of course, that the flock were after- wards kept on clean pasture. Unfortunately, there is no vermifuge known which can always be depended upon to remove all of the worms, but it is possible to get rid of most of them, and thus greatly reduce the amount of infection to which the lambs will be exposed. Two other methods may be suggested by which lambs can be kept free from infection with stomach worms. SEVENTH AISNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 497 1. It is assumed that a large pasture is available which has had no sheep, goats, or cattle upon it for a year, if a permanent pasture, or since cultivation, if a seeded pasture. This pasture is subdivided into two by a double line of fence, and a drainage ditch is run along the alley between the two fences. At one end of the alley between the two subdivisions a small yard is constructed, communicating with each of the subdivisions by means of a gate. When the lambs are born they are placed in one of the subdivisions and the ewes are placed in the other. The small yard should be kept free of vegetation and must not drain into the lamb pasture. As often as necessary the lambs are allowed in the small yard with the ewes for suckling. The rest of the time the lambs and ewes are kept separate in their respective pastures. By this arrangement the lambs are exposed to infection only while they are in the small yard, where they may be- come infected either by embryos of the stomach worm present on the ma- nure-soiled skin of the infested ewes, or by embryos picked up from the ground which has been contaminated by the droppings of the ewes. The chances of infection from the skin of the ewe are so slight that in practice this source of infection need not be considered. The danger of infection from the ground may be avoided by frequently removing the manure from the yard and keeping the surface sprinkled with lime and salt. The lambs and ewes will soon learn the way to their proper pastures, and after a few days little difHculty will be experienced in separating them each time after the lambs are through suckling. 2. Another plan which may be followed where the climatic conditions are suitable — that is, in regions where there is a cold winter season — is that of having the lambs born at a time of year when there will be no danger of their becoming infected during the suckling period, and wean- ing and separating them from the rest of the flock before the advent of warm weather. Under the usual climatic conditions of the state of Ohio, for instance, if the lambs are born in the latter part of October or the first of November they may remain with the ewes on fields which have not been previously occupied by sheep, goats or cattle within a year — or, if cultivated fields, since cultivation — until the following March with- out danger of becoming infected, since the eggs in the droppings of the in- fested ewes will not hatch out during this time of year because of the cold weather. The use of fields not previously occupied by sheep, goats, or cattle within a year, or since cultivation, is necessary, since otherwise the fields would be already infected with young worms which had hatched out and reached the infectious stage before the beginning of cold weather, and the lambs would consequently be liable to infection from picking up these young worms, which are not killed by cold weather after they have reached the final stage of larval development. When they are weaned the lambs must, of course, be placed on clean pasture, if they are to con- tinue free from infection. With this method only two clean pastures are necessary, one in which the ewes and lambs are placed in the fall, and another for the lambs when they are weaned in March. Unfortunately for this scheme. It is not always possible to have lambs born at the beginning of the winter seaspn; but with additional clean pastures a modification of the foregoing method may be used in the case of lambs born toward the end of the winter or in the spring. In the 32 498 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. northern United States lambs born the first of February, for example, may- be kept with their mothers in a clean field or pasture until the last of March, as in the case of those born at the beginning of winter, but unlike the latter they will not then be old enough to wean. Accordingly they are not separated from the rest of the flock, but the ewes and lambs are moved together to a second clean pasture April 1st. May 1st they are moved to a third clean pasture. May 15th they are moved again, and finally the lambs are weaned June 1st at the age of four months, and moved by themselves to a clean pasture. In the case of lambs born the first of March and weaned the first of July three additional clean pastures would be required for use during the month of June, and with later lambs a still greater number of pastures would be necessary. TREATMENT FOR STOMACH WORMS. Among the remedies which may be used to remove stomach worms may be mentioned coal-tar, creosote, bluestone and gasoline. The animals to be treated should be deprived of feed for twelve to six- teen or even twenty-four hours before they are dosed, and in case blue- stone is used should receive no water on the day they are dosed, either before or after dosing. In drenching, a long-necked bottle or a drenching tube may be used. In case a bottle is used the dose to be given may be first measured off, poured into the bottle, and the point marked on the outside of the bottle with a file, so that subsequent doses may be measured in the bottle itself. A simple form of drenching tube consists of a piece of rubber tubing about 3 feet long and one-half inch in diameter, with an ordinary tin funnel inserted in one end and a piece of brass or iron tubing 4 to 6 inches long and of suitable diameter inserted in the other end. In use the metal tube is placed in the animal's mouth between the back teeth and the dose is poured into the funnel, which is either held by an assistant or fastened to a post. The flow of liquid through the tube is controlled by pinching the rubber tubing near the point of union with the metal tube. It is important not to raise the animal's head too high on account of the danger of the dose entering the lungs. The nose should not be raised higher than the level of the eyes. The animal may be dosed either stand- ing on all fours or set upon its haunches. It has been found by experi- ment that if the dose is taken quietly most of it will pass directly to the fourth stomach when the animal is dosed in a standing position, and that when the animal is placed on its haunches only a part of the dose passes immediately to the fourth stomach. From this it is evident that the posi- tion on all fours is preferable, as more of the dose passes to the place where its action is required. Great care should be used not only in dosing to avoid the entrance of the liquid into the lungs, but also in the preparation and administration of the remedy so that the solution may not be too strong or the dose too large. COAL-TAR CREOSOTE. Good results have been obtained from a single dose of a 1 per cent solution of coal-tar creosote. This solution is made by shaking together 1 ounce of coal-tar creosote and 99 ounces (6 pints 3 ounces) of water. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 499 The doses of this 1 per cent mixture recommended by Stiles are as follows: Lamb i to 13 months old 2 to 4 ounces Yearling sheep and above 3 to 5 ounces Calves 3 to 8 months old 5 to 10 ounces Yearling steers 1 pint Two-year-olds and above 1 quart Serious objections to the use of coal-tar creosote have been found in that the substance known by this name varies considerably in composition and in that some trouble is often experienced in obtaining it in many parts of the country. Complaints have been made that the substance dispensed by some druggists as coal-tar creosote has failed to give satisfactory results. BLUESTONE. Bluestone, or copper sulfate, has been extensively used in South Africa in the treatment of sheep for stomach worms and is recommended by the colonial veterinary surgeon of the Cape Colony as the best and safest remedy. His directions are to take 1 pound avoirdupois of pure blue- stone, powder it fine, and dissolve in 42 whisky bottlefuls (9i/^ United States gallons) of warm water. It is better to first dissolve the bluestone in 2 to 4 bottlefuls of boiling water, then add the remaining quantity in cold water, and mix thoroughly. This solution is given in the following sized doses: Lambs 3 months old % ounce Lambs 6 months old 1% ounces Sheep 12 months old 2^2 ounces Sheep IS months old 3 ounces Sheep 2i months old 3% ounces In making up the solution only clear blue crystals of bluestone should be used. Bluestone with white patches or crusts should be rejected. It is especially important that the bluestone and water be accurately weighed and measured, and that the size of the dose be graduated according to the age of the sheep. GASOLINE. Gasoline is one of the most popular remedies for stomach worms which has been used in this country and has the particular advantage of being readily obtained. It is important to repeat the dose if the gasoline treat- ment is employed, and it is usual to administer the. treatment on three successive days, as follows: The evening before the first treatment is to be given the animals are shut up without feed or water and are dosed about 10 o'clock the next morning. Three hours later they are allowed feed and water, and at night they are again shut up without feed or water. The next morning the second dose is given, and the third morning the third dose, the treatment before and after dosing being the same in each case. 500 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The sizes of the doses are as follows: Lambs - % ounce Slieep V2 ounce Calves V2 ounce Yearling steers - - 1 ounce The dose for each animal is measured and mixed separately in lin- seed oil, milk, or flaxseed tea, and administered by means of a bottle or drenching tube. Gasoline should not be given in water. OTHER REMEDIES. Many other remedies in addition to those mentioned here have been used in the treatment of stomach-worm disease with more or less suc- cess. Several of the coal-tar dips on the market are recommended by the manufacturers for the treatment of worms and the action of some of them is mucn the same as that of coal-tar creosote. It is not the policy of the department to recommend the use of any particular proprietary remedy, and as the action of some such agents is very uncertain it is suggested that, if it is desired to use them, they be used with caution and only in accordance with the printed directions on the package. Whatever remedy is used, it is wise to test it on two or three animals before the entire flock is dosed. Approved : James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. Washington, D. C, February 8, 1907. SCAB IN SHEEP. Extracts from U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 159. INTRODUCTION. The disease commonly called sheep scab is one of the oldest known, most prevalent and most injurious maladies which affect sheep. It is a contagious skin disease caused by a parasitic mite. Investigation has shown that me disease is not hereditary, as the parasites which cause it live on the external surface of the body. It is possible, however, for a lamb to become infected from a scabby mother at the moment of birth or immediately thereafter. The treatment must consist of external dies to "purify the blood." The disease is one of the most serious drawbacks to the sheep industry and results in enormous financial losses. The losses are due to the shed- ding of the wool, failure of condition, and the death of the sheep. Yet, despite its insidious nature, its ease of transmission, its severe effects and its prevalence in certain localities, it is a disease which yields readily to proper treatment. If all the sheep owners of the country would dip sheep regularly and thoroughly, there is no reason why this scourge should not be totally eradicated from the United States. In many cases, particularly among owners of small flocks, there are erroneous ideas prevalent regarding the exact nature of the disease and the methods by which it may be eradicated. It is to meet the demand for information on the subject that this bulletin has been prepared. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 501 CAUSE OF COMMON SHEEP SCAB. Sheep scab is a strictly contagious disease. Common sheep scab is caused by that species of mites technically known as Psoroptes communis. Parasites of this species cause scab in horses, cattle, sheep, goats and rabbits; but for each of these species of animals there appears to be a distinct variety of this parasite. Although it is more or less difficult to distinguish between these varieties, they differ somewhat in size; also it is found that the Psoroptes communis of the sheep does not cause scab of the horse, ox or rabbit, nor, on the other hand, does the Psoroptes communis of the horse or rabbit cause scab of the sheep. Naturalists, therefore, distinguish the parasite of sheep scab by the name of Psoroptes communis var. ovis. The parasite of this disease is one of the larger mites and is quite easily seen with the naked eye. The adult female is about one-fortieth inch long and one-sixtieth inch broad; the male is one-fiftieth inch long and one-eightieth inch broad. These mites are discovered more readily and more clearly on a dark than on a light background, and for that reason the crusts from the affected skin are often placed upon black paper and kept in the sunshine for a few minutes in order to reveal the parasites crawling about. The Psoropt inhabits the regions on the surface of the body which are most thickly covered with wool — that is, the back, the sides, the rump, and the shoulders. Its presence is the cause of the true body scab on sheep, and of all parasitic mites it produces the most serious injuries. DESCEIPTIOX OF COMMOX SHEEP SCAB. The mites of common, or body, scab — ^that is, the Psoroptes — prick the skin of the animal to obtain their food, and probably insert a poisonous saliva in the wound. Their bites are followed by intense itch- ing, with irritation, formation of papules, inflammation, exudation of serum, and the formation of crusts, or scabs under and near the edge of which the parasites live. As the parasites multiply they seek the more healthy parts, spreading from the edges of the scab already formed, thus extending the disease. The sheep are restless; they scratch and bite themselves and rub against posts, fences or stones, or against other mem- bers of the flock. This irritation is particularly noticeable after the animals have been driven, for the itching is more intense when the sheep become heated. The changes in the skin naturally result in the falling of the wool. At first slender "tags" are noticed; the fleece assumes the condition known as "flowering;" it looks tufty or matted, and the sheep pulls out portions with its mouth or leaves tags on the objects against which it rubs. Scabs fall and are replaced by thicker and more ad- herent crusts. The skin finally becomes more or less bare, parchment like, greatly thickened, furrowed and bleeding in the cracks. With shorn sheep, especially, a thick, dry, parchment-like crust covers the greatly tumified skin. Ewes may abort or bear weak lambs. 502 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PARTS OF BODY AFFECTED BY SCAB. When sheep are kept in large numbers the chances for infection are naturally greater and the disease may begin on almost any part of the body. Generally, however, it affects the parts which are covered with wool. When the sheep are fat and the wool has a large amount of yolk, the progress of the disease may be slow; usually beginning on the upper part of the body, withers, and back; it extends slowly, but none the less surely, and in ever-increasing areas, to the neck, sides, flanks, rump, etc. In two or three months the entire body may be affected. CONTAGIOUSNESS OF SCAB. Common scab is exceedingly contagious from one sheep to another, and may in some cases show itself within about a week after healthy sheep have been exposed to infection. The contagion may be direct, by contact of one sheep with another; or indirect, from tags of wool or from fences, posts, etc., against which scabby sheep have rubbed, or from the places where the sheep have been "bedded down." One attack of scab does not protect sheep from later attacks. Transmitted to man, sheep scab may produce a slight spot on the skin, a point which is sometimes taken ad- vantage of for the purpose of diagnosis. In case of suspected scab, one of the crusts is bound lightly on the arm. After a short time an itching sensation is felt and the mites are found on the skin. Transmitted to horses, cattle or goats, common sheep scab fails to develop. CHANCES FOR RECOVERY FROM SCAB. Cases of apparent spontaneous recovery are rare. Usually when proper methods of treatment are not adopted the disease increases, leads to anaemia, emaciation, exhaustion and death and may result in a loss of from 10 to 80 per cent of the flock. Scab is favored by season when the wool is longest, and by huddling or overcrowding the animals; also race, energy, temperament, age, state of health, length, fineness and abundance of wool, and the hygienic conditions of the surrounding influence the course and termination of the disease. Young, weak, closely inbi'ed ani- mals and those with long, coarse wool will most quickly succumb. Un- healthy localities, damp climate and poorly ventilated sheds favor the disease. Pure or mixed Merino sheep succumb sooner than certain other breeds. The mortality varies according to conditions, but is highest in autumn and winter. When owners are careless the death rate may be very high; if untreated the sheep may die in two or three months. Hy- gienic conditions, good food, and cool, dry atmosphere tend to check the disease. Sheep sheds should accordingly be well ventilated and open to light and sunshine. With proper attention to hygienic conditions and thorough dipping a positive cure can be guaranteed. VITALITY OF THE SCAB PARASITE. Taken from the sheep, the mites possess a remarkable vitality. It is generally stated that, kept at a moderate temperature on portions of scab, the adults may live from four to twenty days, but they will occasionally live much longer; cases are on record where they have lived three, four SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 503 or even six weeks when separated from sheep; if the atmosphere is dry they will generally die in about fifteen days, but death is often only apparent, for the mites may sometimes be revived by warmth and moist- ure even after six or eight weeks; the fecundated females are especially tenacious of life. Various rather contradictory statements may be found regarding their resistance to cold. Krogmann states that they may live at a temperature of 10° C. (14° F.) for twenty-eight days; other authors that they die at 50° C. (122° P.) They are said to have been kept alive in cold water for six days and in warm water for ten days. Several authors admit, however, that the parasites are usually killed by a soaking rain; though it is claimed that in damp, dark stables they "may live for months." Experience has shown that in some cases apparently healthy sheep have become infected in places where no sheep have been kept for four, eight, twelve or even twenty-four months. The conditions underlying this infection are not thoroughly understood. Possibly some of the eggs have retained their vitality a long time and then hatched out; possibly the vitality of the fecundated female has also played a role; while it is not at all improbable that an entirely new infection has accidentally been introduced by birds or other animals. Certain authors of high standing soout the idea that birds can introduce an infection of scab, but there is no reason why 'birds should not do this, and there are some reasons for believing that they do. It has been noticed at the experiment sta- tion farm of the bureau, for instance, that crows delight in perching on the backs of scabby sheep and picking at the scab; while so doing it is only natural that small tags of wool would adhere to their feet and thus scatter scab. The fact that snails cling to birds' feet and are car- ried long distances is too well established to need discussion, and it is very probable that many of the cases where sheep are supposed to have become infected with scab on pastures which have not been occupied for one or two years are in reality cases of fresh infection by means of birds. From the data at hand, while "it may be admitted that in some cases, under favorable conditions, the mites may live from spring to fall, it is scarcely within the limits of probability that either the scab mites or their eggs vv^ill live through a winter when separated from the sheep and exposed to the elements. All matters connected with the vitality of the scab mite have an im- portant bearing in explaining cases of indirect infection on roads over which scabby sheep have been driven, or in fields and sheds where they have been kept. From the facts now at hand, the following important rules can be presented: (1) Scabby sheep should never be driven upon a public road; (2) sheds in which scabby sheep have been kept should be thoroughly cleaned, disinfected and aired, and should be left unused for at least four weeks (better two months) before clean sheep are placed in them; (3) fields in which scabby sheep have been kept should stand vacant at least four weeks (better six or eight) before being used for clean sheep; (4) a drenching rain will frequently serve to disinfect a pasture, but it is well to whitewash the posts against which scabby sheep have rubbed. 504 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. Even after observing the precautions here given it is not possible to ab- solutely guarantee that there will be no reinfection, but the probabilities are against it. COXDITIONS WHICH MAY BE MISTAKEN FOR SCAB. Any parasite or condition which causes an itching and thus leads the sheep to scratch themselves or any abnormal condition of the skin, may be temporarily mistaken for scab; but if the rule is held in mind that no scab is possible without the presence of the specific parasites, it will be easily determined whether scab is present or not. The following are the more important cases to be considered: (1) Itching due to other parasites, such as common "sheep tick," true ticks and lice, may be distinguished from scab by finding the para- sites. The dipping used for treating scab will also kill sheep ticks and lice. (2) Inflammation of the sebaceous glands. — This may be mistaken for common scab. It appears most frequently in autumn. There is a severe itching, the skin is red and sensitive and is covered with a strong- smelling, yellowish, viscid yolk; tufts of wool may be shed. It may be cured, after shearing, with any starchy lotion. (3) Rain rot. — In rainy weather an eruption may appear on the skin which might be mistaken for scab. There is, however, no parasite pres- ent; itching is absent, and the trouble disappears when dry weather comes. TREATMENT OF SCAB. Proper hygienic conditions alone, though of importance in connection with the subject of treatment, can not be relied upon to cure scab. The only rational treatment consists in using some external application which will kill the parasites. Formerly medicines were given internally and even within a few years past it has been claimed that feeding sulphur to sheep will cure the disease. The statements regarding sulphur were such as to lead the department to try the experiment, which, however, was soon abandoned as unsuccessful. The external application of scab cures is in various ways made known as hand dressing, hand curing, spotting, pouring, smearing and dipping. Of these methods dipping is by far the most satisfactory. HAND APPLICATIONS. While common scab is the disease treated in this bulletin, as a matter of information it may be stated that in case of head scab or in light cases of foot scab, which appear to be rather rare, hand applications may be resorted to and will frequently suffice. A non-poisonous ointment may be made by taking 4 ounces of oil of turpentine, 6 ounces of flowers of sulphur and 1 pound of lard. Mix the ingredients at a gentle heat and rub in well with the hands or with a brush, at the same time breaking the crusts. The simple sulphur ointment may be made of 1 part of sul- phur and 4 parts of lard; one-fourth part of mercurial ointment may be added. Few remedies are so useful in mange in dogs, ringworm and other itching complaints as sulphur iodide, and it may well be given a SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 505 trial on head scab. It is prepared as follows: Mix in a nonmetallic vessel, as a porcelain mortar, 4 ounces of iodine with 1 ounce of sub- limed sulphur, gently heating the mixture until it liquifies; the red- brown liquid upon cooling becomes a gray-black crystalline mass, in- soluble in water, but soluble in glycerine and fats, with 8 or 10 parts of which it is mixed for ointments or liniments. An ointment of flowers of sulphur and carbolated vaseline would also probably give good results. One author advises for head scab and foot scab a mixture consisting of 1 part of mercurial ointment and 11 parts of sulphur ointment. Foot scab and head scab would also probably respond to treatment with the various dips used for common scab. Hand dressing is not recommended for common scab; in fact, it must be looked upon as directly responsible for a considerable amount of the disease, since it is too often relied upon to cure the diseases, while in reality it is only a paliative. The only condition under whch hand dressings can be advised is in case scab is discovered in one or two sheep of a flock during severe winter weather, when dipping would be im- practicable. In that event the infected sheep should be immediately isolated from the flock; and they might be hand dressed, if desired, in order to hold the disease in check. It can not be too strongly insisted upon that "pouring," "spotting," etc., are only expensive and temporizing methods of dealing with scab. "Pouring" is done as follows: Part the wool on the -back by making a furrow with the finger from the head to the tail; furrows are also made along the shoulders and thighs to the legs and on the sides; pour the ointment or dip in these furrows. A still better plan is to pour the warm dip from a coffee pot or tea pot directly on the affected parts, rubbing it well in with the hand, a brush or a corncob. It must be repeated for emphasis, however, that such treatment can not be relied upon and should be used only in emergency cases when dipping is impracticable. A mercurial ointment may be made as follows: (A) Dissolve 1 pound of resin in one-half pint of oil of turpentine; (B) mix 1 pound of mercurial ointment with 6 pounds of lard, with gentle heat; and (C) when cool, mix the two compounds, A and B. It should be remembered that mercurial ointments are not unattended with danger, and on this account it is better to prepare a small amount of dip and pour it on the affected part as described above. By far the most rational and satisfactory and the cheapest method of curing scab is by dipping the sheep in some liquid which will kill the parasites. The dipping process is as follows: (1) Select a dip containing sulphur. If a prepared "dip" is used which does not contain '^'•imiur it is always safer to add a,^out IGV2 pounds of sifted flower of sulphur to every 100 gallons of water, especially, if after dipping, the sheep have to be returned to the old pastures. (2) Shear all the sheep at one time and immediately after shearing conflne them to one-half the farm for two to four weeks. Many persons prefer to dip immediately after shearing. (3) At the end of this time dip the entire flock a second time. 506 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTUUE. (4) Ten days later dip the entire floclt a second time. (5) After the second dipping place the flock on a portion of the farm from which they have been excluded during the previous four or five weeks. (6) Use the dip at a temperature of 100° to 110" F. (7) Keep each sheep in the dip for two minutes by the watch — do not guess at the time — and duck its head at least once. (8) Be careful in dipping rams, as they are more likely to be over- come in the dip than are the ewes. (9) Injury may, however, result to pregnant ewes, which must, on this account, be carefully handled. Some farmers arrange a stage, with sides, to hold the pregnant ewes, which is lowered carefully into the vat, and raised at the proper time. (10) In case a patent or proprietary dip, especially an arsenical dip, is used, the directions given on the package should be carried out to the letter. CHOICE OF A PREPARATION FOR DIPPING. Numerous different sheep dips are recommended by various parties and undoubtedly many of them are efficacious; few can be named which some persons do not consider far superior, and other persons consider far inferior, to all dips known; few can be found which have not cured cases of scab, and probably none can be named with which failures have not been reported. Under these circumstances the farmer should not be deceived by exaggerated statements in either extreme. He should know the composition of the material he is using. If he desires to use a ready- made dip, let him inform himself of its exact nature in order to prevent impositions and guard against dangers. He would do well to refuse to purchase any prepared mixture which does not bear on the package a printed statement of the ingredients and their proportions, which the manufacturer guarantees are to be found . in that package; he would also do well to avoid any compound which irresponsible parties adver- tise as "the only sure cure for scab," etc. SUCCESS WITH HOME-MADE DIPS. While a remedy should not be condemned simply because it is pre- pared ready for use, the value of home-made dips is insisted upon, and attention is called to the fact that it was almost entirely through home- made mixtures that scab was eradicated from certain of the Australian colonies. As statements have been made that scab was eradicated from the English colonies by killing the scabby sheep or by the use of prepared dips, it may be well to say that these statements are erroneous. An act was passed in New South Wales about 1851 for the slaughter of scabby she^ep, and a few remaining straggling flocks were destroyed under that act; but on the reappearance of scab in that colony in 1863, by infection from Victoria, the act was repealed and the whole of the scabby sheep, about 400,000, were completely cured by means of tobacco and sulphur. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 507 IMPORTANCE OF PROPER USE OF DIP. Whatever dip is selected, the farmer should not forget that there are two ways of using it. One way is to prepare and use it in accordance with the directions given; the other way is to attempt to economize time, labor or money by using it in weaker proportion than advised, by hurrying the sheep through the swim, or by later placing the dipped sheep under unfavorable conditions. If the former method is adopted with any of the established dips the treatment ought to be followed with favorable results; if the latter method is adopted the farmer himself must assume the responsibility of failure, no matter what remedy he decides to use. Every farmer should therefore remember that when he has decided upon the dip he is to use his work has only begun; to use it properly is fully as important as to use a dip at all. PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS IN CHOOSING DIP. The home-made dips which are most commonly used have either to- bacco or sulphur as their basis, while the prepared dips contain tobacco, sulphur, arsenic, carbolic acid, etc., as curative agents. In selecting a dip several points should be considered. First of all, the question of expense will naturally arise; next, the question as to whether or not scab actually exists in the flock to be dipped, or whether or not the dipping is more of a precautionary matter, or for the sake of cleansing the animal's skin. The facilities at hand, the setback to the sheep and the length of the wool are also matters for consideration, as well as the pastures into which the dipped sheep are to be placed. Notwithstanding statements to the effect that a given dip can be used under all condi- tions, the above questions are evidently important. Expense — 'In estimating the expense one should consider not only the actual outlay for the ingredients of the ooze, but the cost of fuel and labor, the injury, if any, to the sheep, and the liability of not curing the disease. It is much more economical to use an expensive dip and cure scab than it is to use a cheap dip and fail to cure it. To illustrate with a well-known home-made dip: A lime and sulphur dip may be made in ten to thirty minutes, with but little fuel and little labor, which may or may not cure the disease, and which will surely do great injury to the wool; or a lime and sulphur dip may be made in several hours' time at the expense of considerable fuel, labor and patience, which can be relied upon to cure scab, and which will do little or no injury to the wool. The first dip is cheap, but not economical; the second dip is more ex- pensive, but more economical. Does Scab Exist in the p'lock? — Every farmer should ask himself this question before he selects his dip. If scab does not actually exist and the wool is long, the dipping in this case simply being a matter of pre- caution, it is best not to select a dip containing lime. The use of the lime and sulphur dips is therefore not advised simply as precautionary dressing for healthy long-wooled sheep. On the contrary, the use of any dip containing iime, as a precautionary measure, should be avoided. The Facilities at Hand for Preparing Dip — If fuel is very scarce, so that it is impracticable to boil the mixture for at least two hours, the 508 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. lime and sulphur dips should not be selected. A tobacco and sulphur dip, as well as many of the better proprietary dips, can be made without the necessity of lengthy boiling and should be given preference whenever facilities for boiling are not at hand. The length of the ivool is discussed under the head, "Lime and sulphur dips." The Pastures — In case it is necessary to place the dipped sheep on the same pastures they occupied before being dipped, it is always best to use a dip containing sulphur. If a proprietary dip is selected under those circumstances it is suggested that sulphur be added, about 1 pound of flower of sulphur to ever 6 gallons of dip. In case it is possible to utilize fresh pastures after dipping, the use of sulphur is not so necessary, but is always advisable. The object in using sulphur is to place in the wool a material which will not evaporate quickly, but will remain there for a longer period of time than the scab parasites ordinarily remain alive away from their hosts. By doing this the sheep are protected against reinfection. KINDS OF DIPS. Sulphur is one of the oldest known remedies for scab. As a scab eradicator it must be placed among the best substances at our disposal. It is one of the constituents of certain proprietary dips, but its use to the farmer is best known in the tobacco and sulphur dip and in the lime sulphur dip. These home-made mixtures, as already shown, are the two dips which have played the most important roles in the eradication of scab from certain English colonies, and their use, especially the use, as well as the abuse, of lime and sulphur, is quite extensive in this country. THE TOBACCO AND SULPHUR DIP. The formula, as given here and as adopted by the New South Wales sanitary authorities, appears to have first been proposed in 1854 by Mr. John Rutherford. Regarding its success in Australia, Dr. Bruce, chief inspector of sheep for New South Wales, makes the following statements: "On the Hopkins Hill Station Mr. Rutherford, with two dressings of these ingredients, then cured over 52,000 sheep which had been infected for eighteen months; and he also subsequently cured with two dippings the sheep on Mount Fyans Station, where they were in a most wretched state, and had been scabby for more than three years, and that, too, in both cases, without destroying a single hurdle or yard or removing any of the sheep from their old runs. Since then millions of scabby sheep have been permanently cured in Victoria in the same way and in South Australia and New South Wales hundreds of thousands of scabby sheep have also been cleaned with tobacco and sulphur. In fact, this dressing has the credit of having eradicated scab from the flocks of both the latter colonies, and there are good grounds for asserting that had this remedy not been known and used neither colony would be, as they both are now, almost entirely free from the scourge. Judging, therefore, from the ex- perience of the three colonies, there is no medicant or specific yet known that can be compared with tobacco and sulphur as a thorough and lasting cure for scab in sheep." SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 509 The proportions adopted by Rutherford and afterwards made ofiBcial by the scab sanitary authorities are: Tobacco leaves pound 1 Flowers of sulphur pound 1 Water (original formula, 5 gallons imperial, equivalent to 6 United States gallons) gallons 6 The advantage of this dip lies in the fact that two of the best scab remedies, namely, tobacco (nicotine) and sulphur, are used together, both of which kill the parasites, while the sulphur remains in the wool and protects for some time against reinfection. As no caustic is used to soften the scab, heat must be relied on to penetrate the crusts. Directions for preparing tobacco and sulphur dip — The tobacco and sulphur dip is prepared as follows: A. Infusing the tobacco: Place 1 pound of good leaf or manufactured tobacco for every 6 gallons of dip desired in a covered boiler of cold or lukewarm water and allow to stand for about twenty-four hours; on the evening before dipping bring the water to near the boiling point (212° F.) for an instant, then remove the fire and allow the infusion to stand over night. B. Thoroughly mix the sulphur (1 pound to every 6 gallons of dip desired) with the hand in a bucket of water to the consistency of gruel. C. When ready to dip thoroughly strain the tobacco infusion (a) from the leaves by pressure, mix the liquid with the sulphur gruel; (b) add enough water to make the required amount of dip and thoroughly stir the entire mixture. All things considered, the tobacco and sulphur is as good a dip as is known at the present time. LIME AND SULPHtTB DIPS. Various formulas for lime and sulphur dips — Under the term "lime and sulphur dips" are included a large number of different formulas requiring lime and sulphur in different proportions. In general practice all of these dips are spoken of as "the lime sulphur dip," but in reality each separate formula represents a separate dip. To give an idea of the variety of the lime and sulphur dips, the fol- lowing list is quoted, the ingredient reduced in all cases to avoirdupois pounds and United States gallons: 1. The original "Victorian lime-and-sulphur dip" proposed by Dr. Rowe, adopted as official in Australia: Flowers of sulphur pounds 20 5-5 Fresh slaked lime pounds 10 5-12 Water . gallons 100 2. South African (Cape Town) official lime-and-sulphur dip: Flowers of sulphur (minimum) pounds 15 Unslaked lime pounds 15 Water gallons 100 3. South African (Cape Town) official lime-and-sulphur dip February 4, 1897: Flowers of sulphur — pounds 20 5-6 Unslacked lime pounds 16 2-3 Water ..gallons lOO 510 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. 4. Nevada lime-andnsiilphur dip: Flowers of sulphur pounds 16 2-3 Lime pounds 33 1-3 Water gallons 100 5. Port Collins lime-and-sulphur dip: Flowers of sulphur pounds 33 Unslaked lime pounds 11 Water gallons 100 6. A mixture used extensively under the direction of this bureau contains the same proportions of lime and sulphur (namely 1 to 3) as the Fort Collins dip, but the quantities are reduced to— Flowers of sulphur ^ pounds 24 Unslaked lime poiinds S Water gallons 100 In case of fresh scab formula No. 6 will act as efBcaciously as the dips with a greater amount of lime, but in cases of very hard scab a stronger dip, as the Fort Collins dip, should be preferred, or, in unusually severe cases, an ooze with more lime in proportion to the amount of sul- phur, such as the Victorian (No. 1), the South African (No. 3) or the Nevada (No. 4) dip might be used. Dangerous formulas — Among the dangerous formulas for lime and sul- phur dips are the following: a. California lime-and-sulphur dip: Flowers of sulphur pounds 100 Lime pounds 25 Water gallons 100 A very dangerous misprinted formula is found in several books and journals, probably due to a typographical error, which specifies a much larger proportion of lime than any of those mentioned above. Thirty- three pounds of lime to 100 gallons of water is the largest proportion ad- missible under any circumstances, and 16 2-3 pounds is as much as should be used without expert advice and supervision. Many other formulas might be cited, but these are enough to show the great variations in the dips which have been used, and to prove that when a party simply states that "lime and sulphur" is an excellent dip, or that It is a dangerous dip, or that he has succeeded or failed with it, or that the lime and sulphur dip is injurious to the wool, his statements can not be taken as definite unless he also states which lime and sulphur dip he used and how he used it. Prejudice against lime and sulphur dip — In the first place it is fre- quently asserted that lime and sulphur does not cure scab. Experience in Australia and South Africa, as well as in this country, has shown be- yond any doubt that a lime and sulphur dip, when properly proportioned, properly prepared and properly used, is one of the best scab eradicators known. Cases of its failure have been due to careless or improper methods of its preparation and use. It is also claimed by some that it produces "blood poisoning." The cases of death following the use of lime and sulphur dips have been in- finitesimally few, considering the number of sheep dipped in these solu- tions, when compared with the deaths which have been known to follow the use of certain proprietary dips. The details of such accidents, so far SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 511 as they have been reported, have not shown that death was due to any properly prepared and properly used lime and sulphur dip. If the formula of 100 pounds of sulphur, 150 pounds of lime and 100 gallons of water has killed animals, that is no argument against the formula 33 pounds of sulphur, 11 pounds of lime and 100 gallons of water, but simply shows that the former formula is too strong. The statement is frequently made that "shear-cut" sheep die when dipped immediately after shearing in a lime and sulphur dip which has stood for some time. It is highly probable that the cases of so-called "blood poisoning" of shear-cut sheep are gener- ally due to an infection of bacteria in stale dip containing putrefying ma- terial. It is, therefore, safer to use a fresh supply of dip and to allow a short time to elapse after shearing before dipping. Some cases of death are also said to have occurred after using a lime and sulphur dip made in brass kettles. In an experiment by the bureau of animal industry, 5 c. c. of a clear lime and sulphur ooze (formula No. 6) has been injected under the skin of a sheep without producing any evil effects. It is also claimed that after the use of lime and sulphur dip ewes fail to recognize their lambs and lambs fail to recognize their mothers. This objection can, however, be made to other dips also. The greatest objection raised against the use of lime and sulphur dip is that it injures the wool. After years of extensive experience with properly prepared dip, its injury to the wool is strongly and steadfastly denied by the agricultural department of Cape Colony. It is, however, believed that there is a certain amount of justice in this objection to lime and sulphur as generally used; unless, therefore, lime and sulphur can be used in a way which will not injure the wool to an appreciable extent, we should advise against its use in certain cases; in certain other cases the good accomplished far outweighs the injury it does. An examination into this damage and its causes shows that the usual time for dipping sheep is shortly after shearing, when the wool is very short; whatever the damage at this time, it can be only slight and the small amount of lime left in the wool will surely do but little harm. In full fleece, lime and sulphur will cause more injury. In Australia the deterioration was computed by wool buyers at 17 per cent, although in Cape Colony the department of agriculture maintains that is properly prepared, and if only the clear liquid is used, the sediment being thrown away, the official lime and sulphur formula will not injure the long wool. In our experiments we have found some samples of wool injured by dip- ping, while on other samples no appreciable effect was noticeable. It must not be forgotten that other conditions, such as variations in the feed, pasturing on alkaline land, ill health from any cause, etc., may cause brittleness of the wool, which might be mistaken for the effects of lime and sulphur. If a lime and sulphur dip is used care must be taken to give the solu- tion ample time to settle; then only the clear liquid should be used, while the sediment should be discarded. In some of our tests on samples of wool we have found that the dip with sediment has produced very serious effects, even when no appreciable effects were noticed on samples in the corresponding clear liquid. 512 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Experience has amply demonstrated that a properly made and properly used lime and sulphur dip is one of the cheapest and most eflQcient scab eradicators known, but its use should be confined to flocks in which scab is known to exist, and to shorn sheep, with the exception of very severe cases of scab in unshorn sheep. It should only be used when it can be properly boiled and settled. The use of the lime and sulphur dips in flocks not known to have scab, especially if the sheep are full fleeced, can not be recommended; in such cases tobacco or sulphur and tobacco is safer and equally good. If a lime and sulphur dip is chosen it is better for ordinary cases to use the solutions containing a small amount of lime and three times as much sulphur as lime, as the Fort Collins formula, 33 pounds of sulphur and 11 pounds of lime to every 100 gallons of water, or the bureau of ani- mal industry formula (No. 6), 24 pounds of sulphur and 8 pounds of lime to 100 gallons of water, rather than the formula with a greater pro- portion of lime. If the stronger solutions, as the Victorian formula (No. 1), or the present South African formula (No. 3), or the Nevada formula (No. 4) are used at all, their use should be confined to unusually severe outbreaks. Under no circumstances should the California formula be used. It is too strong and is liable to kill the sheep. Another objection raised to the use of lime and sulphur is the claim that the "shrinkage" in weight of the sheep after the use of these dips is greater than after the use of other dips. In reply to this objection, it can only be repeated that such has not been the experience of Professor Gillette in his experiments in Colorado. The burden of proof for the opposite statement, with exact statistics, rests upon those who raise the objection. Still another objection advanced against lime and sulphur is that its continued use year after year will gradually decrease the annual clip. Whether this objection be valid or not, it is scarcely necessary to discuss it in detail in this bulletin; for, in the first place, the average sheep raiser of this country does not keep the same sheep "year after year," but sends most of his sheep (breeding ewes and the rams excepted) to market. Hence there will usually be little opportunity to injure the wool of a given animal "year after year." In the next place, if lime and sulphur are properly used one year, so that the flock is freed from scab, and if reinfection be guarded against it will not be necessary to resort again to lime and sulphur. These objections have been reviewed somewhat in detail in order to place the facts, so far as obtainable, before the farmer. It is not par- ticularly advised by the department that lime and sulphur be used in this country in preference to sulphur and tobacco, or tobacco alone, or any other effective dip. In fact, it is hoped that within ten years there will be no further use for the lime and sulphur dips. At the same time, where it is a choice, on the one hand, between the lime and sulphur, with a slight deterioration in the value of the wool, but ,an absence of scab, and, on the other hand, the use of a secret and ineffective patent dip, with the continual presence of scab, and hence permanent deterioration in wool, there can be no doubt that the decision should be in favor of lime and sulphur (properly prepared and properly used). SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 513 All things considered, where it is a choice between sacrificing the weight of sheep and to some extent the color of the wool, by using to- bacco and sulphur, and sacrificing the staple of the wool by using lime and sulphur, the farmer should not hesitate an instant in selecting to- bacco in preference to lime. The loss in weight by using tobacco and sulphur is not much greater than the loss in using lime and sulphur, while the loss in staple is of more importance than a slight discoloration. Preparation of lime and sulphur mixture — Almost as many different methods of preparing the liquid exist as there are different formulas, some of the methods laying great stress upon sifting both the lime and the sulphur, others laying great stress upon allowing the liquid to settle, others leaving out of consideration both of these points. The method which has been found in the department to be the easiest and most satisfactory is as follows: A. Take a to 11 pounds of unslaked lime, place it in a mortar box or a kettle or pail of some kind and add enough water to slake the lime and form a "lime paste" or "lime putty." Many persons prefer to slake the lime to a powder, which is to be sifted and mixed with sifted sulphur. One pint of water will slake three pounds of lime, if the slaking is performed slowly and carefully. As a rule, however, it is necessary to use more water. This method takes more time and requires more work than the one given above and does not give any better results. If the boiled solution is allowed to settle the ooze will be equally as safe. B. Sift into this lime paste three times as many pounds of flowers of sulphur as used of lime and stir the mixture well. Be sure to weigh both the lime and the sulphur. Do not trust to measuring them in a bucket or to guessing the weight. C. Place the sulphur lime paste in a kettle or boiler with about 25 to 30 gallons of boiling water and boil the mixture for two hours at least, stirring the liquid and sediment. The boiling should be continued until the sulphur disappears, or almost disappears from the surface; the solu- tion is then of a chocolate or liver color. The longer the solution boils the more the sulphur is dissolved, and the less caustic the ooze becomes. Most writers advise boiling from thirty to forty minutes, but the bureau obtains a much better ooze by boiling from two to three hours, adding water when necessary. D. Pour the mixture and sediment into a tub or barrel placed near the dipping vat and provided with a bunghole about 4 inches from the bottom and allow ample time (.two or tljree hours, or more if necessary), to settle. The use of some sort of settling tank provided with a bunghole Is an absolute necessity, unless the boiler is so arranged that it may be used both for boiling and settling. An ordinary kerosene oil barrel will answer very well as a small settling tank. To insert a spigot about 3 or 4 inches from the bottom is an easy matter. Draining off the liquid through a spigot has the great advantage over dipping it out, in that less commo- tion occurs in the liquid, which therefore remains freer from sediment. 33 514 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. E. When fuiiy settled draw off the clear liquid into the dipping vat and add enough warm water to make 100 gallons. The sediment in the barrel may then be mixed with water and used as a disinfectant, but under no circumstances should it be used for dipping purposes. A double precaution against allowing the sediment to enter the vat is to strain the liquid through ordinary bagging as it is drawn from the barrel. In watching the preparation of lime and sulphur dips by other parties the bureau investigators have found some persons who laid great stress upon stirring the sediment well with the liquid before using the ooze. This custom is undoubtedly responsible for a great deal of the prejudice which exists at present against lime and sulphur dips; and, considering the preparation of these dips in this way, there is no wonder at the im- mense prejudice against them in certain quarters. Position of the bureau on lime and sulphur dips — To summarize, the position of the bureau of animal industry on the lime and sulphur dips is as follows: When properly made and properly used these dips are second to none and equaled by few as scab eradicators. There is always some injury to the wool resulting from the use of these dips, but when properly made and properly used upon shorn sheep it is believed that this Injury is so slight that it need not be considered; on long wool the injury Is greater and seems to vary with different wools, being greater on a fine than on a coarse wool. This injury consists chiefly in a change in the microscopic structure of the fiber, caused by the caustic action of the ooze. When improperly made and improperly used the lime and sulphur dips are both injurious and dangerous and in these cases the cheapness of the ingredients does not justify their use. In case scab ex- ists in a flock and the farmer wishes to eradicate it, he can not choose a dip which will bring about a more thorough cure than will lime and sulphur (properly made and properly used) although it will be perfectly possible for the farmer to find several other dips which will, when prop- erly used, be nearly or equally as effectual as any lime and sulphur dip. There is no dip to which objections can not be raised. POTASSIUM SULPHIDE DIP. It has been proposed by several parties to use a potassium sulphide dip and such a dip has been tried to some extent. As yet, however, judg- ment upon it must be reserved. Gillette tried a dip composed of iVz pounds of potash lye, 16 pounds of flowers of sulphur and 100 gallons of water and promises further reports on its effectiveness. Sheep dipped in this liquid gained but 6 pounds, namely, the same as the sheep treated with carbolic dip. TOBACCO DIPS. The active principle of tobacco, upon which the tobacco dips depend for their action, is a poisonous substance known as nicotine. This poison when applied to animals externally in too strong solutions may cause nausea, fainting and even death. The dog and rabbit are particularly susceptible to its effects. Diluted to about thirty-three one-thousandths to sixty one-thousandths of 1 per cent makes it a slow but sure acting and excellent sheep dip. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 515 Unfortunately the percentage of nicotine varies greatly, not only in different kinds of tobacco, but also in different parts of the plant, in different years, and even in different parts of the same package. There is more nicotine in the leaves, for instance, than in the stems. In fer- mented tobacco there seems to be a certain relation between the amount of nicotine and the amount of juice present, so that in general dry, thin leaves do not contain so much nicotine as thick, "fat" leaves. The varia- tion in percentage of nicotine in different kinds of tobacco is, according to Kissling, 1893, from 4.80 to 068. From four carloads of stems, aggre- gating 127,273 pounds, one American firm extracted 1,405.43 pounds of nicotine, or 1.104 per cent. On account of the variation in the amount of nicotine in the different samples of tobacco, it is practically impossible for the farmer to make up an exact desired strength of tobacco dip if he prepares his own mixture of leaves. He can, however, prepare a mixture which will come within the limits suited to kill the scab parasites. If a solution of an exact given strength is desired it will be necessary to buy prepared nicotine or pre- pared tobacco dips of a guaranteed strength and reduce them to the strength determined upon. To prepare the tobacco dip from the leaves it is best to use at least 21 pounds of leaves to every 100 gallons of water. Assuming that a tobacco leaf is used from which the farmer might extract 2 per cent of nicotine, the 100 gallons of ooze would contain slightly more than five- hundredths of 1 per cent; to obtain 100 gallons of ooze of thirty-three one-thousandths of 1 per cent strength, it would be necessary to use 21 pounds of tobacco yielding nearly 1.3 per cent nicotine. Directions for preparing the dip — For every 100 gallons of dip de- sired take 21 pounds of good prepared tobacco leaves; soak the leaves in cold or lukewarm water for twenty-four hours in a covered pot or kettle; then bring the water to near the boiling point for a moment and, if in the morning, allow the infusion to draw for an hour; if in the evening, allow it to draw over night; the liquid is next strained (pressure being used to extract as much nicotine as possible from the wet leaves) and diluted to 100 gallons per 21 pounds of tobacco. This dip should be used as fresh as possible, as it contains a large amount of organic ma- terial which will soon decompose. The proportions here given — 21 pounds of prepared tobacco leaves to 100 gallons of water — have given very satisfactory results, especially in Cape Town colony, where the reports of the scab inspectors accord this home-made tobacco dip third place among the dips officially recognized. In regard to one of the proprietary tobacco dips the Cape Town agri- cultural department reports as follows: Highly spoken of by several inspectors. Very efficacious, and improves the quality of the wool, making it soft and pliable. The one thing which militates against its general use is its expense, hindering the poorer farmers from using it. It is allowed to be one, if not the best, of the patent dips in use and also the safest. By all means the use of a tobacco dip or of the tobacco and sulphur dip, in preference to the lime and sulphur dips, is advised in case the sheep to be dipped show no unmistakable signs of scab. 516 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. At present most tobacco dips are made either with the extract of to- bacco or with nicotine solution, on account of the convenience of mixing these preparations with water. The regulations of the bureau of animal industry call for 0.05 of 1 per cent of nicotine in a tobacco dip. SuflBcient nicotine would therefore be furnished for 100 gallons (about 800 pounds) of dip by 1 pound of a 40 per cent solution of nicotine. The formula for this dip would be: Nicotine pound 0.4 Flowers of sulphur pounds 15 Water gallons 100 The sulphur should be made into a thin paste with water in a bucket before it is added to the dip in the tank. It can then be poured in slowly with continual stirring, and will not settle to the bottom, as would other- wise be the case. The nicotine solution or tobacco extract should not be added to the dip until just before it is ready for use, and then the dip should be thoroughly stirred, so as to secure a uniform mixture. The dip should on no account be heated above 110° F. after the nicotine solu- tion is added, as heat is liable to evaporate the nicotine and weaken the dip. It will be an easy matter to calculate 100 gallons of water by divid- ing the 'quantity of nicotine required in the dip by the proportion of nico- tine in the extract. For example, suppose the nicotine solution contains 25 per cent of nicotine, we have 0.40-^0.25=1.6. Therefore, in this case it would require 1.6 pounds of nicotine solution for the 100 gallons of dip. Or, if a tobacco extract is used, having, for example, 2.40 per cent of nicotine, the formula would be as follows: 0.404-0.024=16.66, and there- fore 16.66 pounds would be required for 100 gallons of dip. The advantages of the tobacco dip are that it is comparatively cheap, since the farmer can grow his own tobacco; that it is effectual and at the same time not injurious to the wool. The disadvantage of the dip are that it sometimes sickens the sheep; that it also occasionally sickens the persons who use it, especially if they are not smokers; it spoils very rapidly; it causes a greater setback or "shrinkage" than lime and sulphur, but less of a setback than carbolic dips. ARSENICAL DIPS. There are both home-made arsenical dips and secret proprietary arsenical dips. It is well to use special precautions with both because of the danger connected with them. One of the prominent manufacturers of dips, a firm which places on the market both a powder arsenical dip and a liquid nonpoisonous dip, recently summarized the evils of arsenical dips in the following manner: The drawbacks to the use of arsenic may be summed up somewhat aa follows: (a) Its danger as a deadly poison, (b) Its drying effect on the wool, (c) Its weakening of the fiber of the wool in one particular part near the skin, where it comes in contact with the tender wool roots at the time of dipping, (d) Its not feeding the wool or stimulating the growth, or increasing the weight of the fleece, as good oleagipous dips do. (e) The danger arising from the sheep pasturing, after coming out of the bath, where the wash may possibly have dripped from the fleece, or where showers of rain, after the dipping, have washed the dip out of the SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 517 fleece upon the pasture, (f) Its occasionally throwing sheep off their feed for a few days after dipping, and so prejudicing the condition of the sheep, (g) Its frequent effect upon the skin of the sheep, causing excoriation, blis- tering and hardness, which stiffen and injure the animal, sometimes re- sulting in death. Although this manufacturer has gone further in his attack upon ar- senic than the bureau of animal industry would have been inclined to do. It must be remarked that when a manufacturer of such dip can not speak more highly of the chief ingredient of his compound than this one has done in the above quotation, his remarks tend to discredit dips based upon that ingredient. It might be added that Bruce, the chief inspector of live stock for New South Wales, says, in respect to arsenical dips, that "arsenic, and arsenic and tobacco (with fresh runs) cured 9,284 and failed with 9,271." It may be said, on the other hand, that arsenic really has excellent scab- curing qualities; it enters into the composition of a number of the secret dipping powders and forms the chief ingredient in one of the oldest secret dips used. This particular dip has been given second place (with some qualifications) among the oflBcially recognized dips in South Africa. In deference to the opinion of those who prefer an arsenical dip several formulas are quoted here. Formulas for arsenical dips — Finlay Dun recommends the following: Take 3 pounds each of arsenic, soda ash (impure sodium carbonate) or pearl ash (impure potassium carbonate), soft soap and sulphur. A pint or two of naphtha may be added if desired. The ingredients are best dissolved in 10 to 20 gallons of boiling water, and cold water is added to make up 120 (United States) gallons. The head of the sheep must, of course, be kepi out of the bath. A moisture highly endorsed by certain parties consists of the follow- ing ingredients: Commercially pure arsenic of soda pounds 14 Ground roll sulphur pounds 34% Water gallons (U. S.) 432 The arsenic of soda is thoroughly mixed with the sulphur before be- ing added to the water. Precautions in use of arsenical mixtures — Any person using an ar- senical dip should bear in mind that he is dealing with a deadly poison. The following precautions should be observed: (1) Yards into which newly dipped sheep are to be turned should first be cleared of all green food, hay and even fresh litter; if perfectly empty they are still safer. (2) When the dipping is finished the yard should be cleaned, washed and swept and any unused ooze should at once be poured down a drain which will not contaminate food or prem- ises used by any animals. (3) Dipped sheep should remain in an open, exposed place, as on dry ground. (4) Overcrowding should be avoided and every facility given for rapid drying, which is greatly facilitated by selecting fine, clear, dry weather for dipping. (5) On no account should sheep be returned to their grazings until they are dry and all risk of dripping is passed. 518 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Suggestion as to danger — The arsenical formulas given above are copied from the writings of men who have had wide experience in dip- ping, but this department assumes no responsibility for the efficacy of the dips given or for their correct proportions. Furthermore, as long as efficacious nonpoisonous dips are to be had there is no necessity for running the risks attendant upon the use of poisonous dips. CARBOLIC DIPS. A carbolic acid dip may be made at home or may be purchased as a proprietary article. This class of dips kills the scab mites very quickly, but unfortunately the wash soon leaves the sheep, which is consequently not protected from reinfection in the pastures. If, therefore, a car- bolic dip is selected, it is well to add flowers of sulphur (1 pound to every 6 gallons) as a protection against reinfection. The advantages of carbolic dips are that they act more rapidly than the tobacco or sulphur dips and that the prepared carbolic dips are very easily mixed in the bath. They also seem, according to Gillette, to have a greater effect on the eggs of the parasites than either the sulphur or the tobacco dips. The great disadvantages of this class of dips are, first, in some of the proprietary dips, that the farmer is uncertain regarding the strength of material he is using; second, the sheep receive a greater setback than they do with either lime and sulphur or tobacco. Gillette reports most excellent results from the use of a certain pre- pared carbolic dip. The department purchased the same dip upon the open market and tested its effects upon the sheep in the proportion recom- mended by the manufacturer on the label of the package and also in one- half and one-third that strength. In the first and second tests the dip was severe both on the sheep and on the operators. In one case it caused a considerable, though temporary, eruption on the hands and arms of an operator. In all three cases the dipped sheep were almost over- come in the dipping tank and upon recovering themselves ran around the field in an excited manner, bleating loudly and shaking their heads and tails. The eyes were more congested than the writers have ever seen them to be after a lime and sulphur or a tobacco dip. An objction to some of the proprietary carbolic dips is that the manu- facturers themselves aparently are little acquainted with their own mixtures. Their claims are extravagant and their directions often con- tradictory. It may be admitted that the carbolic dips are promising and that they may have a brilliant future, but they have not had a very brilliant past and this department is inclined to be extremely conserva- tive in regard to them ih a guaranteed strength with more explicit direc- tions for use than are to be found in the present circulars. The dip just referred to was certainly more severe in its effects on the sheep than can be justified by its quick action in killing the scab parasites, consid- ering that other equally effective but milder solutions are to be had. It was also found in the tests (which are not yet fully completed) that the sheep gained less in weight when dipped in certain two of these washes than when dipped in lime and sulphur or in sulphur and to- bacco, or in tobacco. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 519 If a carbolic dip is used care must be talven that the ingredients form a thorough emulsion; if a scum arises to the top a soft water should be used. In justice to this class of dips it is only fair to state that while the views here expressed are entirely in accord with the opinions of some au- thorities, they do not agree with the views held by others; but they are based upon the material purchased in open market and probably repre- sent the experience of many who have used these dips. The investiga- tions of the bureau of animal industry certainly show that more tests are necessary before this class of dips can be indorsed. It is hoped that these tests may be made in the near future. One of the prominent carbolic dips was formerly recognized as one of the three official dips in New South Wales, but it has now been stricken from the list. In Cape Town carbolic dips are not much used and in the official repoi-ts little is said concerning them. SETBACK TO THE SHEEP FROM DIPPING. Dipping often results in a slight setback. If sheep are weighed imme- diately before dipping and again at the same hour the following day it will be noticed that the weight has changed. There may be a gain, but usually there is a loss varying from 14 to 0V2 pounds. The second day there may be also either a gain or a loss. As the weight of sheep varies from day to day, from 1 to 5 pounds in loss or gain, due chiefly to the in- crease or decrease of the amount of fodder and water in the stomach, the effects of dipping can not be estimated in twenty-four or forty-eight hours. In order to meet statements made concerning loss or gain in weight the bureau of animal industry had sheep dipped at stated inter- vals and the weights taken from week to week; all the sheep were kept under exactly the same conditions; the dips used were lime and sulphur, tobacco and sulphur and two proprietary carbolic dips. At the end of- about two months, after three dippings, all of the sheep showed a gain with the exception of one of the sheep from the car- bolic dip, which lost slightly. The lowest gain among the sheep treated with tobacco dip was 3 14 pounds, the highest 11 14 pounds. The lowest gain among the sheep treated with lime and sulphur was 7 pounds, the highest SV2 pounds. The lowest gain among the sheep treated with the carbolic dip was 114 pounds, the highest 3 1-3 pounds, while one animal lost % pound. The sheep were given a fourth dipping and at the end of another month showed the following gains and losses over their original weight at first dipping: Sheep treated with tobacco, 9 to 15 pounds gain; sheep treated with lime and sulphur, ll^^ to 14 pounds gain; sheep treated with carbolic dip, 1 to 61/2 pounds gain, in one case ISV^ pounds lost. The experiment was then repeated, the lime and sulphur being used on sheep previously dipped in carbolic or tobacco dips, and vice versa. After ten days the sheep treated with lime and sulphur had gained from 2 to 3 pounds; the sheep treated with tobacco had remained stationary, or had lost from 1 to l^o pounds; the sheep treated with carbolic dip had gained as high as 1 pound, or remained stationary, or had lost as much as 2^2 pounds. At this point circumstances intervened which closed the experiments for the season. 520 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Gillette has also made determinations of the loss of weight of sheep from dipping. Part of his results agree with those of the bureau and part differ. The chief point of difference in opinion is that Gillette con- siders the best conclusion can be based upon weights taken a few days after dipping, while we consider the weight at a later period as the better criterion. Gillette gives weights from November 17 to December 22, and, taking the cases where the sheep have been dipped twice, we see from his tables that the sheep treated with tol>acco gained 8 pounds, the sheep treated with arsenical dip gained 8 pounds, the sheep treated with lime and sulphur, which, unfortunately for the comparison, did not receive the same fodder as the others, gained 9 pounds, while the sheep which were not dipped, in order to gvie a basis for comparison, gained 6 pounds. Holding in mind that sheep may apparently gain or lose about three pounds per day when not dipped, it is seen from the experiments by Gil- lette, in Colorado, and by this bureau, in the District of Columbia, that the oft-repeated claim that lime and sulphur dips give a greater setback than other dips is erroneous. In both the western and eastern experi- ments the sheep treated with lime and sulphur averaged the greatest gain, the sheep treated with tobacco the second highest gain, while the sheep treated with carbolic dip showed the lowest gain. DIPPING PLANTS. There are numerous kinds of dipping plants in use, the size and style varying according to the conditions which are to be met and the individual taste of the owner. The farmer who has but a small flock can use a small, portable vat for dipping, turning a part of his barn or some shed into a catching pen; by holding the sheep a moment at the top of the incline, as the animals emerge from the vat, and allowing them to drain, he can do away with the necessity of a draining yard. When large flocks are to be drained at stated periods it will be economy to build a more permanent plant. Such a plant should consist of (1) col- lecting and forcing yards, provided with a (2) drive and (3) chute, or slide, into the (4) diping vat, from which an (5) incline with cross cleats leads to the (6) draining yards. Heating tanks or boilers are also necessary. For a small vat any port- able caldron with a capacity of 30 to 100 gallons will answer, and the proper temperature may be maintained by pouring fresh hot ooze into the vat as the supply is exhausted by the dipping. In the large permanent plants the temperature can best be regulated by means of a steam pipe or hot water coil close to the floor of the tub. Thermometers are an absolute necessity. The floating dairy thermometer will be found to be most convenient and several extra thermometers should be kept on hand to replace broken instruments. The thermometer is dropped into the vat and allowed to float for a short time, then quickly, removed and the temperature determined. It is well to make paint marks at the side of the 100° and 110° points. Building material — The yards and vat may be built of wood, concrete, cemented stone or brick, according to the individual taste of the owner and the facilities at hand. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 521 Dimensions — The dimensions of the various parts given in the follow- ing descriptions may be varied according to the breed and the number of sheep to be dipped. Dipping liquid will be saved by making the tub much narrower on the bottom than at the top. On top, simple oblong dipping tanks vary from 1 foot 9 inches to 3 feet in breadth, 2 feet or 2 feet 6 inches forming a convenient medium. Floors vary from 6 inches to 3 feet in width, 9 inches forming a good working medium. Depth varies from 3 feet to 5 feet 6 inches, 4 feet to 5 feet forming a convenient medium. If calves are to be dipped in the same vat it will be best to make the tub 5 feet or 5 feet 6 inches deep. In sinking the tub in the ground it is always well to have the top of the tub 9 inches above the ground line. It is also well to sink one end (where the sheep are thrown in) slightly lower than the other end, as this will make it easier to empty and clean the vat. Crutches or forks — In using large vats, crutches or dipping forks are necessary, and even with small vats are useful. Crutches should be 5 or 6 feet long. The handle should be strong (rake handles are a little too light). One end is provided with an iron ferrule, into which the bent iron is inserted. The iron should be one-half inch round or three quarters inch half round. Gauges — The capacity of tubs should be plainly marked on the side every 3 or 6 inches in order to correctly measure the amount of liquid. SMALL PORTABLE VATS FOR SMALL FLOCKS. If no regular dipping vat is at hand a good-sized tub may be used. Dipping in this manner is slow and tedious, but may be resorted to in case of necessity, as, for instance, when a few sheep are bought from another flock which is not known to be absolutely free from scab. If care is taken to dip thoroughly the dipping may be done as effectually in such tub as it ojuld be done in a large vat. Recourse to ordinary tubs is not advised, however, when it is possible to use regular dipping vats. Lambs may, In case of necessity, be dipped in troughs. A small portable vat is suitable for use in dipping small flocks. When not in use this vat may be conveniently stored away. An advantage con- nected with this vat is that it may be conveniently drawn from place to place as desired. The dimensions may be varied, according to individual taste by making the vat longer, broader or deeper. A convenient size will be 9 feet by 214 feet broad at the top, 9 inches broad at the bottom, and S^o to 5 feet deep; the floor measures 9 inches broad by 4 feet long; from 1 foot above one end of the floor a slant with cross cleats rises to the top and end of the vat. The sheep are dropped in by hand, one at a time, at the deep end, and after being held in the dip for two minutes are allowed to leave the vat at the slanting end. They are held a moment on the slant to allow them to drain off, thus economizing in dip. A gate may be placed at the deeper part of the slant if desired, in order to save labor. This gate should swing toward the exit of the vat. Such a tank may be of li4-inch pine boards, with tongue and groove, and should be well pitched or painted. This plan of vat may be easily modified, if desired, so as to have a small dripping platform attached. In this modified plan an inclined platform is added to the vat and removable skeleton box is made to fit over it. While 522 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. one sheep is being dipped another sheep is allowed to ascend the incline into the small dripping pen. When the sheep is sufficiently drained the gate is opened, it leaves the pen, the gate is closed, the sheep in the vat enters the pen and another sheep is placed in the vat. FEDERAL LAWS AND REGVLATIONS RELATIVE TO SHEEP SCAB. As the scab of the sheep is uuvquestionably a contagious disease, it la unlawful to ship sheep so affected from any state, territory or the Dis- trict of Columbia. The penalties for such shipment of diseased sheep are heavy, as will be seen from an examination of sections 6 and 7 of the act approved May 29, 1884, which are as follows: "Sec. 6. That no railroad company within the United States, or the owners or masters of any steam or sailing or other vessel or boat, shall receive for transportation or transport, from one state or territory to another, or from any state into the District of Columbia, or from the District of Columbia into any state, any live stock affected with an-y contagious, infectious, or communicable disease, and especially the disease known as pleuro-pneumonia; nor shall any person, company, or corpora- tion deliver for such tramsportation to any railroad company, or master or owner of any 'boat or vessel, any live stock, knowing them to be affected with any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease; nor shall any person, company, or corporation drive on foot or transport in private conveyance from one state or territory to another, or from any state into the District of Columbia, or from the District into any state, any live stock, knowing them to be affected with any contagious, infectious, or communicaible disease, and especially the disease known as pleuro- pneumonia; provided, that the so-called splenetic or Texas fever shall not be considered a contagious, infectious, or communicable disease within the meaning of sections four, five, six, and seven of this act, as to cattle being transported by rail to market for slaughter, when the same are unloaded only to be fed and watered in lots on the way thereto. "Sec. 7. That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agricul- ture to notify, in writing, the proper oflScials or agents of any railroad, steamboat, or other transportation company doing business in or through any infected locality, and by publication in such newspapers as he may select, of the existence of said contagion; and any person or persons operat- ing any such railroad, or master or owner of any boat or vessel, or owner or custodian of or person having control over such cattle or other live stock within such infected district, who shall knowingly violate the pro- visions of section six of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment." The provisions of this statute are very specific and clear, and there can be no possible doubt of their application to the disease under con- sideration. Congress has, nevertheless, gone still further by way of emphasizing this application, and has particularly directed the atten- tion of the Department of Agriculture, to a few important diseases, including sheep scab, by the following clause, which has been repeated in the appropriation act for a number of years: SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 523 "* * * and the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized to use any part of this sum he may deem necessary or expedient, and In such manner as he may think best, in the collection of information con- cerning live stock, dairy, and other animal products, and to prevent the spread of pleuro-pneumonia, tuberculosis, sheep scab, and other diseases of animals, and for this purpose to employ as many persons as he ma/ deem necessary. "Act of February 2, 1903." Acting in accordance with this legislation, the following orders have been made and promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture, and are now in force: (B. a. I. ORDER NO. 108.) REGULATIONS TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF SHEEP SCAB. United States Department of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D. C, April 3, 1903. To the Managers and Agents of Railroad and Trayisportation Companies of the United States, Stockmen, and Others: "In furtherance of the regulations for suppression and extirpation o£ contagious and infectious diseases among domestic animals in the United States, dated March 10, 1903, (B. A. I. Order 106), notice is hereby given that a contagious disease known as sacbies, or sheep scab, exists among sheep In the United States, and in order to prevent the dissemination of said disease and to aid in its eradication, the following regulations are established and observance thereof required: "1. It is required of everyone intending to ship or to trail sheep to ascertain that the sheep are not affected with scabies and have not been exposed to the contagion thereof before offering them for transportation or before crossing state or territorial boundaries. Transportation com- panies are required to provide cleaned and disinfected cars or other vehicles for the reception of sheep, and to refuse for shipment sheep whose freedom from disease and from exposure to contagion is in doubt. Sheep that are not affected with scabies and that have not been ex- posed to the contagion may be shipped or trailed without restriction, unless they are in a locality where inspection and certification are re- quired before their removal therefrom. "2. Sheep that are affected with scabies, or that have been exposed to the contagion of scabies, either through contact with infected flocks or infected premises, pens, or cars, shall not be shipped or driven from one state or territory or the District of Columbia into another state or territory or the District of Columbia, or into public stock yards or feed- ing stations, until they have been dipped in a mixture approved by this department, except as provided in Rule 4. "3. Sheep that are affected with the disease may be shipped for immediate slaughter after one dipping, but if they are intended for feed- ing or stocking purposes they shall be held for a second dipping ten 524 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. days after the first one. All of the sheep in a certain flock or shipment in which the disease is present shall be considered as affected with the disease. "4. Sheep that are not affected with the disease, but which have been exposed to the contagion, may be shipped for feeding or stocking pur- poses after one dipping, but may be shipped for immediate slaughter without dipping. "5. When affected sheep are shipped for slaughter after one dipping, and when exposed sheep are shipped for slaughter without dipping, the cars conveying them shall be marked on each side with a card bearing the words 'Scabby Sheep," and said cards shall not be removed until the cars have been cleaned and disinfected. "6. The dips now approved are: "(a) The tobacco-and-sulphur dip, made with sufBcient extract of tobacco or nicotine solution to give a mixture con- taining not less than five one-hundredths of 1 per cent of nicotine and 2 per cent of flowers of sulphur. "(b) The lime-and-sulphur dip, made with 8 pounds of unslaked lime and 24 pounds of flowers of sulphur to 100 gallons of water. The lime and sulphur should be boiled together for not less than two hours, and all sediment al- lowed to subside before the liquid is placed in the dipping vat. "Either one of these dips may be used. "7. The dipping must be done carefully and the sheep handled as humanely as possible. The department, however, assumes no responsi- bility for loss or damage resulting from the dipping, and those who wish to avoid any risks that may be incident to dipping at the stock- yards, as well as to avoid liability to prosecution, should see that their sheep are free from disease before shipping them to market. "8. The sheep must be kept in the dip between two and three min- utes and their heads be submerged at least once, though for but an in- stant at a time, and assistance must be rendered immediately if they appear to be strangling. The dip must be maintained at a temperature between 100° F. and 105° F. while the sheep are in it. It must be changed as soon as it becomes fllthy, regardless of the number of sheep dipped in it, and in no case shall it be used wlien more than one week old. In emptying the dipping vat the entire contents must be removed, including all sediment and droppings or other foreign matter. "9. Suitable dripping platforms and drying pens shall be provided. In cold weather sheep shall not be dipped unless they can be kept in a warm pen until dry. Sheep shall not be loaded until they have become dry. "10. Where large numbers of sheep in a district are ready for trans- portation, inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry will make in- spections and give certiflcates for sheep found free from disease and not to have been exposed to the contagion and for sheep dipped under their supervision. Certificates will also be given at feeding stations and stock yards where inspectors may be stationed. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 525 "11. Sheep dipped under a certificate are not guaranteed uninter- rupted transit; for in the event of the development of scabies, or ex- posure to it en route, they shall be dipped before proceeding to their destination, and the cars or other vehicles, and the chutes, alleys, and pens that may have been occupied shall be cleaned and disinfected. "12. Public stock yards shall be considered as infected and the sheep yarded therein as having been exposed to the disaese, and no sheep may be shipped out without being dipped, with the exception noted in Rule 4. Where, however, a part of the stock yards is set apart for the reception of uninfected shipments of sheep and is kept free from disease, sheep may be shipped from such part without dipping. If by chance affected sheep are introduced into such reserved part, they shall be immediately removed therefrom and the chutes, alleys, and pens used by them thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. No sheep may be shipped for feed- ing or stocking from any stock yards where an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry is stationed without a certificate of inspection or of dipping given by him. "13. Cars and other vehicles, yards, pens, sheds, chutes, etc., that have contained affected or exposed sheep shall be cleaned and disin- fected immediately after the sheep are removed therefrom. "14. Cleaning and disinfection shall be done by first removing all litter and manure and then saturating the interior surfaces of the cars and the woodwork, flooring, and ground of the chutes, alleys, and pens with a 5 per cent solution of crude carbolic acid in water, with suffi- cient lime to show where it has been applied. "15. Violation of this order is punishable by a fine of not less than $100 nor more than $1,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both fine and imprisonment. "16. B. A. I. Orders No. 5 anfl No. 38 are hereby revoked. "James Wilson, Secretary." Instructions have also been issued to inspectors to rigidly enforce the meat-inspection law and regulations relating to scab in sheep. Sheep in an advanced stage of scab are feverish and unfit for food, and their carcasses will be condemned. Shippers who forward animals for slaughter in this condition will be likely to lose heavily upon them, as they will be subject to quaraatine and condemnation. This is an additional and important reason for curing affected animals before they leave the feeding place. The laws and regulations which have been adopted for the control of sheep scab are necessary to prevent the spread of the disease and the losses which result from it. If disregarded, they may prove incon- venient and expensive to shippers whose flocks are affected. The in- formation given in this bulletin will aid in an intelligent and helpful compliance with these regulations and in avoiding delays ajQd prosecu- •tions which might otherwise occur. 526 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGEILULTUEE. A NEW SHEEP FARMING IN THE CORNBELT. Joseph E. Wing, iH Breeders' Gazette. Once a party of us were making a trail up a difficult mountain. We went up a very narrow and steep canyon which after a time degen- erated into a mere cleft in the mountainside and was one succession of waterfalls and impossible, steep, slippery, mossy banks and ledges. We had come down this canyon on horseback, on the sure-footed moun- tain horses and had taken it as a matter of course that we could make a trail up it, so we worked and made it from the bottom as we went. And at last we ran it into the ground! Literally, we were "up against it." We could see no outlet from the pocket into which we were landed, for ahead of us was a waterfall and on each side awfully steep slippery banks with only enough earth on them to hold grass roots and under that shaly rock, the worst for trail building. And we went to bed, as cowboys will, without trying to figure it out; we had worked till dark and let the morrow care for itself. And that night I dreamed that I went up to the mist of the little waterfall and there found a great cavernous place where the rocks overhung, that I turned at the cavern and going out to my left found a pass over the ledges and so to the easier slopes beyond. And in the morning I went to see if my dream was true, and, lo! it was even so. With ease and laughter and gay spirits we made the trail above and since then many thou- sands of cattle have pased under the shadow of that jutting cliff and out through the cavern to the pineclad hillside. Last night I lay awake, out on our upper porch, my little boy In my arms, and the first winter's storm raged in the oak trees and I felt real regret that my hair is thinner than when I ranched it, and after a time it flashed over me: "Why, you have the problem of keeping sheep in health and profit on eastern farms, on farms in this very cornbelt solved. You have by thought and experiment settled point after point. There remains now only the connecting of the links, and you can, if you can get men to believe and do the work, lead them to keep sheep successfully in goodly num- bers in these regions where for a decade they have thought that they could not keep sheep at all and have "proved it. Now can not you write this thing up convincingly enough so that some men will give a demonstration that will convince the others?" Here some doubting Thomas may ask: "Why don't you do it your- self, Joe?" The fact is, we may. If we do not, right off, it will be because of these reasons. We keep pure-bred sheep. We have in a flock of about 60 ewes invested quite a little money. To stock a farm with pure-bred ewes costing around $30 each would be expensive. To SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 527 stock in part with market ewes has been against our policy, since we desired to have only the few select ones, and no chance of mistaking the ancestry of any lamb. We have no pastures aside from two small woods pastures, one of 14 acres and one of 18 acres, and a horse pasture of about 30 acres. And besides all these reasons there is a psychological one: my brother Charlie is not yet convinced that I am right, and he manages the ewes. You know prophets always have more or less trouble at home, yet I feel it in my bones that I am right, and I have so very much evidence. I have gathered this evidence, some of it with pains and even tears, for many years. I have gathered some of it from experiences of others in other lands. I have done one thing after another, all the things that make the plan I am about to suggest, but not all of them in connection. The trail is all made, it only needs the ends of the zigzags tied together. Who has the faith, the energy, the patience to tie them together, to make a demonstration of how easily and cheaply and safely and profitably sheep may be kept in Ohio, in Ilinois, in Indiana, in Iowa? Any one can keep sheep in northern Michigan, in northern Minnesota, in the Dakotas (though there is trouble coming there, and already come in some places), in the whole region of the arid West. But who can keep sheep on the rich lands of the cornbelt? Who has done it, with large numbers, and without troubles dire and dreadful? I can tell how to do that. Here goes. In the beginning was the sheep, happy and healthy and suckling golden lambs, bearing golden fleeces. That was very long ago. Later came the stomach worm, and the two mixed. The result was sorrow for sheep and shepherd. That stomach worm when he came put for' ever behind us the days of the golden era. No more could we keep sheep in a care-free, happy-go-lucky way. Thereafter to keep sheep was a matter of care and trouble and toil, and then sometimes disaster. We did not know the worm, nor how early it was, nor how late. We took it as a mysterious dispensation of Providence when he came and let the lambs sicken and die, or else dosed them half to death and lost all pleasure and profit from them. Now we know. We know whence comes the trouble. We know how parasites get from the mother sheep to the lambs. We know that it takes a certain length of time for the germs when dropped upon the grass to develop enough to get to the lambs. That time may roughly be set as ten days. W^e know that the lambs are born free from para- sites. And we know how to free the mothers pretty well from para- sites before the lambs are born for that matter. And I have by dem- onstration on our farm shown the great tonic that comes to sheep from frequent change of pastures. All these things are here; some are new, some are old. Here in a nutshell is the sci- ence of successful sheep farming in the cornbelt. Select as healthy ewes as you can; they will all be infected more or less, very likely. Treat every ewe before she lambs so as to destroy as many para- sites in her as you can. Dr. Ransom is inclined to believe that coal tar creosote, which is much the same thing as the common coaltar dips, diluted with 100 parts of water, is the best thing to give to mature 528 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sheep. I will not here tell how to treat the ewes; if you are sufH- ciently interested to go into this thing write the zoological depart- ment of the bureau of animal husbandry, at Washington, for advice. They are actively experimenting and studying this very thing right now, but treat the ewes any way. It will pay well. I have gathered evidence that ewes treated made their lambs weigh just double what untreated ewes could make theirs. To lessen the pollution lof the fields is good. To increase the digestive powers of the ewes so that they will give more milk is good. This treatment will not cost five cents a head, once you set about it. If you go no farther you have done well, but this is only the beginning. The next step will cost some money. Divide up your pastures. Make of them about twelve divisions, we can not tell exactly yet how many are needed. It is well if these pastures have had no sheep on them for over a year. Let the lambs come when you will, though early lambs are more profitable for mutton than later ones. Let them come in February and March, but if you desire postpone the time till April or May. Keep the ewes and lambs to the yard, feeding well till grass is really good. If you like you may give a run to a rye field; that is good to stimulate milk flow, but do not depend upon the rye, and keep off your grass till it gets sun in it. Then turn all the ewes and lambs to the pastures — all in one lot, together. Do not scatter them all around, a few in each pasture; that has been your custom in the past. Of course, you may have some dry ewes that you want to keep back, but keep them clear out of your scheme; have a lot devoted to them, or else keep them in the barn and feed them. Do not scatter them around in your pastures. All together, I say, and let them at the grass. How they will devour it! In the next field, just across the fence, is where next they will go. Make a creep and let the lambs run in there at the outset. "Aha," I hear Dan Taylor say, "that's nothing but English hurdling!" Much the same, brother, granted, only I am using our native pastures and permanent fences. We will hold the flock for a week, or less time if they eat the grass down too close. There is almost no danger of infection in a week. The germs may have fallen to the earth, but they have not developed. Then the lambs have not eaten much with the ewes any way. They have soon learned to run ahead to the other pasture, for stolen apples are sweet. And in that pasture we will have troughs with a little corn or oats or what not to push the lambs a little faster. In a week or less, then, the whole flock moves up one place, ewes go where the lambs were, the lambs go ahead again. One can not make a hard and fast rule here, for it all depends on how many sheep there are and how much grass, only do not keep them in the lot too long. A week is a safe proposition, it would seem from the light of modern science. It is good for the grass to be eaten close. The ewes will not suffer from doing this. Give them a bite of bran if they are milking hard, or of oats. Then in another week turn them forward once more and again in a third week, and so on right along till the lambs are all too fat to keep at home and are sold off. Twelve pastures will run the flock through June, July and part of August; sixteen lots will run them till SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 529 danger of infection is over. And all the lambs will weigh 125 pounds before that time and sell for 6 or 7 cents per pound. You can not afford to keep them longer and you will have the best looking, most even flock you ever saw. And the ewes will feel fine as crickets. The difficulties? Two — water and shade. Water is easy. You can haul it as they do in England in a round or square galvanized iron tank and water in a trough. It does not take much water. Shade you will have to manage for yourself. Meantime let me tell you that in the San Joaquin Valley of California I saw some of the fattest sheep that I ever saw, part of them Shropshires, that had no shade except their ears! And that is a hot climate. We have too much shade and too little safe, healthful grass in our land. There may be temporary sheds or movable sheds or canvas shades, or no shade at all, or the sheep may come to the barn basement for shade every day. Either plan will work I know. How many ewes in this manner? I am not afraid to try 400. That is about as many as I would care to put together on a farm in the cornbelt. It may be that twice that number would do as well. But try it on that 100 that you now have. And the profit? Better than cattle, better than pigs; sheep shear more. The range can not supply us any longer, it seems, with mutton. The farms can not, under any other tried system. What to do with the grass after the ewes have eaten it down and left it? In the fall let the flock, without their lambs now, range over it again, or let colts or calves follow. It is nonsense to say ewes poison grass. This past summer I purposely had ewes gnaw to the ground some small horse lota. They ate rank grass that horses had left. They were forced to it. After the ewes were taken away the grass sprang up and the horses ate It better than ever. What kinds of grass? What you have. We may learn better sorts, but begin first to use rightly what you have. B'rome-grass, clover, alfalfa, all are good in their place, and brome-grass may prove the best pasture grass for us, but at present learn to use your bluegrass safely. And what of this grass the second year? Dr. Ransom tells us that stomach- worm germs will (some of them) live over winter. His laboratory work shows that. However, not very many are being scattered from these treated ewes. Then I have some striking evidence that here in central Ohio these germs do not always live over. One year on a rich blue- grass pasture nearly all of the lambs died. I never saw a worse infesta- tion, nor did we treat any of them or their mothers. We did not know how. Next year we dared not use this pasture at all. It was a rented field. A neighbor rented it and used it, lambed on it, kept the ewes and lambs all summer on it and had no evidence of damage from worms. So I believe we are §afe to go ahead on these lines, to diminish as much as possible the number of worms laying eggs, to prevent by frequent change the re-entrance of worms into the ewes, to prevent any infection at all of the lambs. I simply know it will work and the result will be joy to the shepherd, health and beauty and profit to the flock. Now who will try this and try it intelligently and thoroughly? I call for volunteers. 34 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 531 The Two Weeks' Annual Short Course At The Iowa State College. The annual short course at Ames was held December 31st to January 12, 1907, with the 1,000 mark surpassed in number attending. This enroll- ment is the largest that has been ever recorded and goes to show that the farmers of the state are fully appreciative of the work being done by the Iowa State College. The attendance this year was remarkable not only for the large number present but also for the intense interest dis- played in every class and at every session of the twelve days given over to the promotion of a greater agricultural knowledge. Not only was Iowa represented, but men came from all over the country to take this work. Connecticut, Georgia, Montana, Texas, Penn- sylvania, Ohio and California represented the range of states. Some came even from England, Canada, Mexico and Argentine Republic. The state wide interest in the short course movement was well illustrated by the presence of delegates from many corn clubs and county farmers' in- stitutes. These organizations paid the expenses of their delegates to attend the college. The school met this movement in a frank way by remitting the tuition dues of such delegates. All the institutes did not avail themselves of these opportunities due to the lateness of getting out the information concerning the college's unexpected liberality and next year even a larger number of the delegates are expected. Since their inception six years ago the stock and grain judging courses have been in high favor with the farmers of the state, and this year, as was to be expected, they lead in numbers of students enrolled, about three-fourths of the total number present taking tnem. The three other courses — dairying, domestic science and horticulture — inaugurated more recently, had a goodly following, ranking in the order named in popu- larity. About 100 took dairying, thirty-five young men from the best nurseries and gardens of tne state came to learn of the things horti- cultural, and in the domestic science there were about fifty young ladies studying how to make the home happier and better. One of the greatest collections of live stock ever assembled in an agricultural scaool for the use of students had been gathered together by Dean Chas. F. Curtiss for this occasion. Both breeding and fat sheep were handled. Leicestei's. Shropshires, South downs and Oxfords were viewed from the mutton standpoint, and a few Lincolns and Ra—- boullets were present to show "the present day requirements of the wool 532 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. market. Some Merinos were wrought before the classes to show the ex- treme fine wooled type. It is a fact that today Iowa is not much of a sheep state, but there is a good future for this constantly growing in- dustry and these classes brought before the students were heartily wel- comed for -nis reason. Prof. Dinsmore was the principal instructor in sheep and handled his classes well. Some excellent fat barrows were on exhibition and were used in score-card practice. These were good exemplars of the various breeds in this State and showed that there were vast possibilities for hogs in Iowa. In the horse line, twelve animals from the stables of McLaughlin Bros, at Columbus, Ohio, including six Percherons and six French coach- ers, were the main attraction. In this string were found the French coach stallions, Denoyes and Etratat, two outstanding horses of great style and beauty, both of them being winners at the Ohio State Fair this year. The Percherons were the kind of stock usually found in sale stables and for this reason were especially valuable as class room models. There were, however, two exceptional show horses of the draft type. These were Etradegant, the grand champion sweepstakes Percheron at the recent International, and now owned by the college and used for class room and stud purposes, and the Clydesdale Champion Refiner, who is an ideal leader of his breed. Refiner was the purple ribbon horse in his class at Glasgow, Scotland, and at the leading Canadian fairs. Refiner is a son of Baron's Pride, perhaps the greatest Clydes- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 533 dale sire the world has ever known. These and many of the roadster and saddle types were used and the students were thoroughly drilled into the use of the score-oard. Profs. Kennedy and McLean were in charge of the horse and cattle work. Good representatives of the breeds of cattle were present for short course use. Peerless Defender, the grand champion steer of the Inter- national, and now owned by the college, was the leader in this circle. The Lantz calf, Blue Rock, and the feeders in the college lots represented the market end. Breeding cattle were headed by Bright Sultan, a son of the great bull Whitehall Sultan, that made such a record in the 1905 show circuit, and the college herd bull, College Reformer. Donahue Bros, of Holbrook, Iowa, sent seven of their famous Angus herd, in- A Grand Champion Clydesdale, used at Iowa Scate College Short Course, 1^07 eluding two herd bulls, Glenfoyle Thickset 2nd and Morning Star 2nd, and their champion two-year-old cow, Black Martha. This was a strong collection for the students to have before them as ideals of the highest conceptions of the show yard. While in previous years judging dairy cattle has been done to some extent, never was it so featured as this year. Some excellent Jersey cows from the herd of Hon. J. J. Richardson of Davenport, Iowa, were used. W. B. Barney of Hampton. Iowa, loaned his Jewel of Home Farm, the world's champion Holstein bull. Under the direction of Prof. H. G. Van Pelt, superintendent of the dairy farm, dairy form and milk production were thoroughly studied. One of the most popular innovations of the whole short course were the lectures of Dr. J. ti. McNeil, dean of the college veterinary depart- ment. He spoke on the diseases peculiar to and characteristic of each 534 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. class of live stock that happened to be before the students, treating un- soundness and physiology in detail. Another interesting feature wa3 the demonstrations of John Gosling, the noted Kansas City butcher, on the different cuts and their values of the slaughtered carcasses of some of the animals which had appeared before the various classes. The earnestness that John Gosling took in his own work and the sin- cerity of his fatherly ways won him well-merited favorable applause. The corn judging and lectures on the different methods of handling this cereal successfully were full of interest. Truly in Iowa, corn is king. There were over 300 exhibitors showing at least 1,000 ears of corn. Prof. P. G. Holden was assisted by A. D. Shamel of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in awarding the ribbons for the premiums of the Iowa Corn Growers' Association. At the auction sale of the first and second prize winning exhibits of corn the single ear of Reid's Yellow Champion Pen of Berkshire Barrows at 1906 International. Owned by Iowa State College. Used in class room work during annual Short Course. Dent, grown and shown by D. L. Pascal of DeWitt, and the ten ears grown and belonging to Bennet Bros, of Ames, were pronounced by Prof. Holden and Mr. Shamel the best two exhibits ever raised in the United States. The single ear brought the phenomenal price of $150 at the auction, being bought by its grower, Mr. Pascal, at this price. This is a world's record, the highest priced ear previous to this selling for $11.00. The Bennett ten ears of the same variety were bought for $31.00 by their original owners, who presented them to the college for use as models. It is interesting to note that Mr. Pascal won the Cook trophy in 1904 and supplied Asa Turner with the seed corn that pro- duced the second best ear in that year in the same contest. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 535 Prof. P. G. Holden and M. L. Bowman were in charge of the coru and field crops work, the former with the beginners and the latter with the more advanced men. Iowa has had a banner year with her corn crop during the past season, oe-.er seeu corn, more earnest men to plant it and an especia-y bountiful nature have all worked together toward this end. Outside of the regular exhibits of corn each member of the Corn Growers' Association brcua. in a dozen or so samples of prize corn to contest for the premiums offered by the Iowa Corn Grow- ers' Association. There was also a good selection of small grains from the Chicago Board of Trade for use by the students as models in their score-card practice. Scene, Iowa .State Fair, 1906. The Iowa Com Growers' Association held its annual meeting dur- ing the short course. Something over three hundred entries were made for the prizes offered by this association. The exhibits were larger in number than ever before and their quality has never been excelled. The grand championship in the "specials" offered by this association is the Whiting trophy. Another trophy offered for the first time was a Montgomer> painting valued at $200 donated by Mr. Alee of this as- sociation. Including the value of the trophies the total amount of money in prizes offered this year at the short course was nearly $1,200. (See list of awards later.). This association is composed of loyal, enthusiastic men. The corn grower is fast reaching out for his rightful place as a scientific farmer and breeder. The rivalry of corn clubs and between districts is bound to result in good. Year after year 'these men come to Ames, renew 536 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. their devotion to the ideals of Prof. Holden, exchange experiences and barter for each other's choice and prized samples. In many cases each has his experiment plot where are tried out samples of the differ- ent varieties. At the annual election of officers Asa Turner of Farrar was unanimously re-elected to the presidency and Prof. M. L. Bowman of the farm crops department of the college was chosen secretary. The creamerymen's course under Prof. G. L. McKay was as popular as ever. The main attraction this year was the presence for two days of ex-Governor Hoard of Wisconsin, editor of Hoard's Dairyman. Gov- Grand Champion Perchemn at i;iU6 International. Ised for class room and stud purposes at Iowa State College. ernor Hoard is a remarkably strong writer in the promotion of up-to- date dairy methods. State Dairy and Food Commissioner H. R. Wright and his two assistants, Messrs. Johnson and Odell, were present most of the time helping in the instructional work. The dedication of the new dairy building took place at this time. The board of trustees, Prof. C. F. Curtiss and President A. B. Storms, took part in this cere- mony, which was a formal turning over of the building to Prof. McKay. A course in farm dairying given this year for the second time was also well patronized. The young ladies in the domestic science course took regular work under the directions of Miss Georgetta Witter and her able assistant, Miss Mary Rausch. Yet this department is not appreciated as much as it should be. Home-keeping and household management are equally important to the welfare of the farm home as is the raising of grains and the economical management of stock. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 537 Lectures on home sandtation, bacteriology, food chemistry, house dec- oration and home nursing were all dealt with thoroughly. Short course work in horticulture was offered for the first time. A lot of instruction was crowded into a period of two weeks. Orchard management, the general principles of gardening, and lectures on the various garden crops occupied the time of these men. Prof. S. A. Beach was in charge of this department and won much favor with his students. An excellent series of lectures were given in the college auditorium by men known all over the country as leaders in their specialties. In this way thoughts were put before the students that they could not obtain any other way, and many of them thought these meetings the best part of the short course. Among the speakers were Dr. Steiner of Grinnell, who talked on 'Russian Conditions;" State Dairy and Food Commissioner H. R. Wright, who gave an informal talk on "Food Adul- terations;" ex-Governor Hoard of Wisconsin, who spoke on "Current Dairy Problems;" Captain Merry of the Illinois Central railroad, who read a very interesting paper on "Rebates and Short Hauls;" E. M. Wentworth of the State Live Stock Association, and the different college professors, who spoke on the larger problems lying along their par- ticular callings. During the past years scientific agriculture has advanced wonderfully and with enduring strides. There was a time when the up-to-date farmer would not listen to instructions from the experts of the agricultural colleges. The farmers of this State have reached the point where they realize the value and the necessity of short courses in agriculture and they are fully appreciative of the efforts being made by the school at Ames to furnish the highest ideals and best results of experimental work. It is from such associations as are obtained from coming to a short course that a greater Iowa agriculture is being built. PREMIUM AWARDS OF THE CORN GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. CLASS A. (Best Ten Ears, Any Variety.) District 1 — George M. Allee, Newell; Victor Felter, Washta; J. W. Eral, Pocohontas. District 2 — Anton Nelson, Goldfield; Dr. McArthur, Mason City; Miller S. Nelson, Goldfield. District 3 — Alonzo Harvey, Ossian; H. A. McCaffree, Janesville; George C. Pashby, Cedar Falls. Sweepstakes, Northern Section — Alonzo Harvey, Ossian; George M. Allee, Newell; H. A. McCaffree, Janesville. The $200 gasoline engine was awarded to Alonzo Harvey. District 4 — John Sundberg, Whiting; Paul C. Taff, Panora; John Parkinson, Bagley. District 5 — Eddison Bennett, Ames; O. Osborn, Maxwell; S. O. Lee, Cambridge. District 6 — W. A. Radeke, Luzerne; Fred McCulloch, Hartwick; Neal Bros., Mount Vernon. 538 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Sweepstakes, Central Section — Eddison Bennett, Ames; O. Osborn, Maxwell; John Sundberg, Whiting. The International Harvester Co. gasoline engine, valued at $200, was awarded to Eddison Bennett, Ames. District 7 — Ray Pierson, Silver City; H. Hilton, Malvern; Harry Morley, Gravity. District 8 — Homer Dye, Oskaloosa; C. C. Roe, Oskaloosa; E. E. Mor- gan, Carlisle. District 9 — Charles Reubsam, Ainsworth; J. C. Frame, Salem; Arthur Williams, Ottumwa. Sweepstakes, Southern Section — Homer Dye, Oskaloosa; C. C. Roe, Oskaloosa; Charles Reubsam, Ainsworth. Homer Dye was awarded the Success Manure Spreader. Grand Champion Sweepstakes — The Whiting trophy, Eddison Ben- nett, Ames. (Best ear. any variety.) District 1 — W. W. Bruner, Rolfe; Victor Felter, Washta; J, W. Eral, Pocohontas. District 2 — Miller S. Nelson, Goldfield; Anton S. Nelson, Goldfield; France Warner, Goldfield. District 3 — George C. Pashby, Cedar Falls; C. E. Buckman, Castalia; Henry George, West Union. Sweepstakes, Northern Section — Miller S. Nelson, Goldfield; George C. Pashby, Cedar Falls; C. E. Buckman, Castalia. District 4 — Harry Dooley, Casey; John Ginnegan, Monteith; Grant Chapman, Bagley. District 5 — H. L. M. Bruner, Toledo; S. C. Hughes, Newton; 0. Osborn, Maxwell. District 6 — D. L. Pascal, DeWitt; L. C. Hutcheson, West Branch; Frank Wickham, Mount Vernon. Sweepstakes, Central Section — D. L. Pascal, DeWitt; H. L. M. Bruner, Toledo; S. C. Hughes, Newton. District 7 — H. Hilton, Malvern; J. E. Turner, Adair; E. D. Roberts, Red Oak. District 8 — Homer Dye, Oskaloosa; Floyde Branson, Oskaloosa; F. S. Bone, Grand River. District 9 — ^Charles Reubsam, Ainsworth; W. A. Hcok, Packwood; Floyde Maxwell, Crawfordsville. Sweepstakes, Southern Section — ^H. Hilton, Malvern; Homer Dye, Oska- loosa; Charles Reubsam, Ainsworth. Grand Champion Sweepstakes — The Alle Trophy and De Laval Cream Separator, D. L. Pascal. 540 lowAx departmp:nt of agriculture. iClul) exhibit of 50 ears.) District 1 — Cherokee Corn Club, Quimby. District 2 — Cerro Gordo Farmers' Institute Corn Club, Mason City. District 3 — Winneshiek County Corn Club, Janesville. Sweepstakes, Northern Section — Winneshiek County Corn Club, Farm- ers''Corn Club, Janesville. District 4 — Guthrie County Corn club, Bagley; Whiting Corn As- sociation, Whiting. District 5 — Randall Corn Club, Randall; Toledo Corn Club, Toledo. District 5 — Randall Corn club, Randall; Toledo Corn club, Toledo. District 6 — Linn and Franklin Township Corn Club (Neal Bros.), Mount Vernon; Luzerne Farmers' Club, Luzerne. Sweepstakes, Central Section — Linn and Franklin Township Corn Club, Guthrie County Corn Club. Grand Champion Sweepstakes — The Wallace Farmer Trophy, Linn and Franklin Township Corn Club. {Team work in corn judging, three members.) District 1 — Washta Corn Club. District 2 — Evergreen Corn Club, Wright county; Cerro Gordo Farm- ers' Institute Corn Club, Cerro Gordo county. District 3 — Farmers' Corn Club, Janesville. Sweepstakes, Northern Section — Farmers' Corn Club, Janesville. District 4 — Guthrie County Corn Club. Sweepstakes in Central Section — Guthrie County Corn Club. District 7 — Taylor County Corn Club. Sweepstakes in Southern Section — Taylor County Corn Club. Grand Champion Sweepstakes — The Farmers' Tribune trophy. Farm- ers' Corn Club, Janesville. CLASS E AMATEUR. {Ten ears, any variety.) Northern Section — F. C. Banks, Burt; B. T. George, Janesville; B. C. Dove, Shell Rock. Central Section — F. C. Woodrow, Newton; D. A. Marks, Ankeny; S. C. Hughes, Newton. Southern Section — Lennus Hagglund, Essex; F. Hilton, Malvern; E. D. Roberts, Red Oak. Grand Champion Sweepstakes — Lennus Hagglund, Essex; F. C. Wood- row, Newton. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 541 CLASS F MAMMOTH. ( Ten ears. ) Claude "Wilson, Silver City; John Sundberg, Whiting. Tower Special — ^Ray F. Bennett, Ames; H. A. McCaffree, Janesville. American Fence Special — Neal Bros., Mount Vernon; Claude Wilson, Silver City. Marsceilles Special — O. Osborn, Maxwell. Alexander, Ward & Conover Special — Rawlings Bros., Castana; Neal Bros.. Mount Vernon; Eddison Bennett, Ames; F. H. Klopping, Weston; H. Hilton, Malvern. Hayes' Special (Hayes Corn Planter) — C. W. Campbell, Gravity; A. J. Doore, Greene. Clay Robinson & Co. — H. Hilton, Malvern; Asa Turner, Farrar; Ray Pierson, Silver City; J. M. Maxwell, Crawfordsville; Lennus Hagglund, Essex. W. E. Johnson Special — F. S. Bone, Grand River; W. P. Coon, Ames. Lockwood Special — D. A. Marks, Ankeny; George Bennett, Ames; W. A. Hartman, Ankeny; Eddison Bennett, Ames. ARTICLES ON IMPROVEMENT OF CORN. "Corn Growers' Standpoint," C. V. Gregory, Burchlnal; George C. Pashby, Cedar Falls; W. A. Hook, Packwood; Paul C. Taff, Panora. "Corn Breeders' Standpoint," W. A. Hook, Packwood; Paul C. Taff, Panora; George C. Pashby, Cedar Falls. PRIZE WINNERS IN THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. D. McArthur, Mason City; H. L. Felter, Washta; C. K. Greer, Monti- cello; Charles O. Garret, Adelphi; Charles Garrett, Mitchellville; J. M. Maxwell, Crawfordsville; J. C. Frame, Salem; A. Schwaller, Burlington; J. A. Avery, Burlington; H. J. Ridell, Albia; G. A. Ivens, Iowa Falls. ROSENBAUM SCHOLARSHIPS. At the recent international live stock show in Chicago Rosenbaum Live Stock Commission Company donated $1,000 to be awarded amongst the Various agricultural colleges exhibiting live stock. The Iowa ex- hibit won $200 of this money. Dean Curtiss decided to give this money to the two highest ranking students in a corn and stock judging contest held here at the college during the short course. These scholarships are for $125 and $75 respectively. The two highest are as follows, there being thirty-three contestants from twenty-eight counties: First — C. Chandler, Kellerton, Iowa. Second — Elvin Quaife, Ionia, Iowa. Journalism Department Iowa State College, Ames, la. 542 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MEMORIAL. Hon. D. B. Nims. Whereas. During the year just closed our fellow member and co- worker, Mr. D. B. Nims of Emerson, Mills county, Iowa, has been called to his reward in another world, and. Whereas, In his death the Iowa Corn Growers' association has suf- fered the loss of one of our capable, faithful, enthusiastic, splendid work- ers who was widely known and honored for having developed the Legal Tender variety of corn, which has proven of great value to a large section of the corn belt; therefore, be it Resolved, That the Iowa Corn Growers' association, in convention assembled, do hereby acknowledge our indebtedness to him for his splen- did work while among us and to convey to the bereaved family our heartfelt sympathy in their sad bereavement. Iowa Corn Growers' Association. (Signed.) Asa Turner, President. D. McArthur, Vice-President. J. W. Jones, Secretary. L. W. Foreman, Treasurer. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 543 The agricultural interests of Iowa and the central west have lost a staunch and capable worker in the death of the late D. B. Nims, which occurred in November, 1906, at his late home near Emerson, Mills county, Iowa. Mr. Nims has been an exhibitor at the Iowa State Fair for many years. About twenty years ago he and his brother exhibited and won premiums at the Chicago fat stock show upon a type of corn which they had been working with for more than ten years. This new type of corn was the product of their effort to produce a kind of corn best suited to their southwestern Iowa soil and latitude. They formed an ideal and kept that ideal constantly in their mind as their standard. Many were their disappointments, but by a faithful perseverance, prompted by an intelligent zeal and enthusiasm, they evolved an exceedingly useful and distinct variety known as the Legal Tender, now extensively planted over a large area of the surplus corn- producing states. Mr. Nims will be long remembered by many friends throughout the west. The Legal Tender is a splendid monument commemorating the thirty years of patient care and labor in its development. His was a useful, enthusiastic, optimistic, helpful life. FUNCTION OF AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. L. B. ParshaU Before Jackson County Farmers' Institute, Canton. la. The executive board of the Farmers' Institute of this county have obtained for this session of the institute the services of three distin- guished gentlemen, all by chance, connected with the working force of the School of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts located at Ames, Iowa. One of these gentlemen addresses us on a feature of grain raising, an- other on a feature of stock raising and still another on a feature of farm mechanism. The presence of these gentlemen with us on this occa- sion seems to the chair a justification for considering in a general way "The Function of the Agricultural School in the Modern State." But in order to state with some degree of clearness the function of the 544 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. agricultural college it is perhaps better to consider first in what manner the agricultural college is related to other forms of higher education. Higher education in modern times is following two lines. The first of these may be called classical education; the second, for lack of a better name, we shall call technical education. The classical school presumes to impart knowledge and to furnish so-called mental training. The tech- nical school offers, as its ultimate purpose, the training of the human hand how to do things. And it may be remarked that a school for training the hand how to do things is something new in the world. Up to a point in history no farther back than the last century there was only one kind of school, the classical school. The school for training the hand had not been evolved. We are all aware that the state of Iowa, as such, supports dis- tinguished schools representing each kind of learning, viz: The uni- versity at Iowa City for teaching the classics and one at Ames teaching technology and the handicrafts. Both of these institutions, each of which we believe to be among the best in its respective ways, are sup- ported by the taxpayers of Iowa. It is assumed by the chair that the taxpayer wishes to know in as concrete a form as possible what these schools respectively stand for. The function of the S. U. I. is widely known and gradually approved and there is no occasion to elaborate upon it. But in respect to the function and scope of the Ames school we fear that the popular impression is not so favorable. Be that as it may, there is room enough and occasion enough for a fuller statement touching the dignity of the work of the Ames school and the magnificent impression which it and other schools like it are putting upon our civilization. The busy Iowa farmer has not thought out to a conclusion the rela- tion which exists between the technical school and the white houses and red barns and other signs of material prosperity which gladden the Iowa landscape. To define "the function of the agricultural school in the modern state" offhand is not an easy thing to do. To study the branches therein taught would be one way, but it goes without saying that it would be a hopeless task in the fifteen minutes at our disposal to enumerate the branches taught in the agricultural school and thence to deduce a con- clusion as to its functions. Instead of that it is deemed best, first, to outline a certain great economic movement which overtook our race the latter part of the eighteenth century; second, to note some of the blessings which followed in the trail of this great movement and, third, to point out that the agricultural college and in fact every technical school, is an accessoTy to that movement. We shall first concern ourselves with the time limits of this move- ment and on this point shall venture the assertion that it was some time in the year A. D. 1769 that our civilization took on its new type and that therefore the movement is 128 years old. In many important mat- ters and in fact, we believe, in the most important matter of all the civilization which preceded 1769, is of one type or sort and the civiliza- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 545 tion which followed the year 1769 Is of another sort. We have singled out the year 1769 as the line between the new and old civilization, be- cause in that year it was that James Watt perfected the steam engine and by virtue of what followed after, became a sort of a John the Bap- tist, to introduce the new movement. It is the trophy of Jas. Watt that he is distinctly the first man since the commencement of historic time to increase and augment and multiply by any considerable ratio the producing power of the human hand. Again it can be said of Mr. Watt's service to mankind that it is like a flower which blooms perennially. Probably no one year out of the 128 since Mr. Watt's invention has rolled into eternity, which did not witness by some new application of steam an increase in the producing power of the hu- man hand. Having said this much concerning the time the movement began we shall now attempt before going farther to give the essential feature of the movement which has modified our civilization. That movement may be described as a continuous, sustained, serious effort of the human mind to increase the producing power of the human hand. The gist of this bloodless revolution is the added earning power which has come to humanity. Under the old order of things the struggle by the common people to get food, clothing and shelter was so keen that no time or leisure was left for education or for ethical considerations. It is the feature of the new movement we are now considering that the power and ability to produce these necessities of life has grown to a degree in many instances passing belief. In the earlier stages of the movement — we are contemplating the growth — producing power was mostly accomplished by mechanical devices such as the steam engine already mentioned, but later on in the movement the productiveness of labor began to be augmented by the exact sciences such as chemistry, botany and towards the last by biology and bacteriology. For instance, as illustrating what botany contributed to the movement, it could be mentioned that between 1820 and 1840 in certain parts of Eng- land the introduction of clover doubled the producing power of the agri- cultural effort. Or as farther illustrating what we mean it could be mentioned that the science of chemistry in the matter of making steel by the Bessemer process multiplied by a per cent which is scarcely believable, the pro- ducing power of the human hand. GROWTH IN PKODUCIXG POWER. But perhaps a better idea of the movement could be conveyed by giving in the order of their occurrence a few of the conspicuous devices by which during the last century the productiveness of labor came to its present state and condition. After the invention of the steam engine the next great step forward was taken A. D. 1800 by Eli Whitney of South Carolina of the United States of America. You know all about the cotton gin, but perhaps you have not all reflected, flrst, that nine-tenths of humanity is clad in the 35 546 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. fiber from the cotton plant; second, that under the old order of things in the preparation of that clothing one-half the work was involved in sepa- rating the seed from the fiber; third, that in the great matter of clothing humanity Mr. Whitney multiplied by a ratio approaching (2) two the producing power of the human hand. We shall now run by the period from A. D. 1800 to 1845, which In- cluded a number of important inventions in order to have time to treat a little more fully the balance of the century. In the period from 1845 down to the present the power of the human hand to produce life's necessities has increased by leaps and bounds. Wheat may be termed the first of life's necessities and may as well come first in order. In tne decade in which your speaker was first stranded on this planet, viz: between 1840 and 1850, it was the work of one man within the limits of a proper seed time to sow ten acres of wheat and later to harvest the same. In this year oi grace, 1907, within the same limits as to proper seed time, it is the work of one man to sow and later to harvest one hundred acres. We shall next consider for the same period the increment of potenti- ality in corn raising between 1840 and 1850. It was a good man who could within the proper time limits as to seed time, plant and harvest six acres of corn and meet the following conditions: First, to plow that six acres with an iron shear bolted onto a wooden frame; second, reduce the ground to a condition of tilth, using as a harrow a limb cut from a tree; third, mark it out both ways with a front (bench) "bob;" fourth, plant it by hand, counting out three kernels to the hill, 3,540 hills to the acre; fifth, go over it four times with a single shovel plow; sixth, to cultivate and hill up with a hoe each one of the 21,440 hills in the field; seventh, and finally, on the 10th of July, lay it by free of grass and weeds. Yes, it was a good man who could do that, and it was not often done. And the man who in 1840 could meet those requirements can now, with modern tools and modern process, "lay by" in the same degree of culture and cleanliness, on the 10th day of July, a field of sixty acres. And this is annually done on thousands of Iowa farms. The ratio be- tween the past and present productiveness of labor in the corn field, it will be noted, is also (10) ten. These two ilustrations indicate sufficiently for the purpose of our argu- ment the increase in the grain producing power of the American farmer. But the increment in producing power in other fields in the last century has been even greater than in grain raising. Allusion has already been made to the Bessemer process of steel making. My hearers are aware how great a matter steel is, that on our ability to make steel which shall be satisfactory both in quality and price, the whole question of transportation is predicated. Well, it so happens that in steel making both under the Bessemer and open hearth processes the productiveness of labor is anywhere from 50 to 100 times greater than under the old processes of hand making. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 547 To illustrate: It came recently under the eye of your speaker that a subsidiary steel concern of the U. S. Steel company, located near Chi- cago, which carries on its pay roll sixty-two hundred (6,200) people, put- ting out daily in railway rails and other finished goods five thousand six hundred (5,600) long tons. If you shall use your arithmetic on these figures it will indicate to you that the average daily output per man reaches 2,023 pounds. This quotient (2,023), I beg you to keep in mind for purposes of comparison with the daily output under the old process which I beg to assure you on competent authority was from 20 to 40 pounds per day. Calling the latter figure (40 pounds a day) the more nearly correct of the two, we find the recent producing power in steel making to be fifty times as great as the old producing power and which, if expressed in percentages, would indicate a gain of five thousand per cent. This crude array of facts and figures which we have presented may indicate the kind of skeleton way the nature of the movement we are contemplating. It, at least, points out whence we have come and whither we are tending. It is a part of the plan we are following to take up, next, some of the results material and otherwise which have followed this movement. Under the old order of things the days were long and at the end of the year there was nothing ahead. It stands to reason that if four- teen hours a day are spent in toil with no margin of profit in sight the toiler has no heart to think of schools, churches, citizenship and the like. But if, on the other hand, the toiler be clad, have a tight roof, can hire a little help, can "quit" at six o'clock, the world takes on a more roseate hue. In fact, the increase in earning power which we have traced has been followed by its natural and legitimate results. Those results might be tabulated in some such form as this: First — A higher scale of home comforts. Second — A style of dress in keeping with the conventionalities of the world. Third — The houses and barns of America are spacious and convenient and have moved farther and farther away from the old standard of the thatched hovel. Fourth — that the wage rate for common labor which at the commence- ment of the era we are considering, say in A. D. 1769, was about 12% cents per day, advanced in 1800 to 25 cents per day, thence has advanced in 1840 to 50 cents per day, thence had advanced in 1890 to $1.00 per day and has thence advanced down to the present to $1.25 per day. The wage rate, it will be noted, quadrupled itself within a century. By the way, there is an old song popular with another generation, two lines of which ran as nearly as we can remember as follows: "Alas! that food should be so dear, And flesh and blood so cheap." The art and beauty of that song remains, but, thank God, its pathos has long since departed, for under the new order of things it is flesh and blood that is dear and the food that is cheap. But following the movement we have striven to outline were certain results not material in their nature, but which could never have come 548 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. about except under a condition of material prosperity, we have especially in mind as following along in the wake of our material prosperity two notable institutions, first, our free school system, and, second, the peri- odical press with their infinite resource of instruction and diversion. It is proposed next to look for the moment at the subject from a missionary point of view. In the geography we studied in the early six- ties it was set down that one-sixth of the population of the globe were nominally Christian and the economic movement we are considering is reaching only a small part of the one-sixth. In fact, up to the present time it is largely confined to the English-speaking nations of the world. But there is reason to believe that at no distant day America's new economic movement may effect the agricultural regeneration of Russia. In this matter I shall content myself with a statement touching the extent of our exportation into Russia of American farm machinery and leave the rest to your imagination. In the spring of 1901, within a certain twenty days, twenty thousand tons of mowers, reapers, threshers, harvesters, cleaners and rakes were shipped from New York alone to Russian ports. During the months of April and May, each year, the wharves at Odessa and other Black Sea ports are lined for miles with American ag- ricultural machinery. Heavily laden, trains depart daily for every part of European Russia, with no other freight than farm implements. The big cases containing the carefully numbered parts are distributed at cities, towns and way stations. At the bank of the rivers great barges wait in readiness to float their quota up or down stream and where the railroad ends toward Asia long caravans of camels take up the load and carry it to far off corners of the Russian empire, where the patient "ship of the desert" is driven in harness to reapers and mowers of America. And a heart of stone has that man who does not rejoice that in the near future the brightness of the American home may be duplicated in remote Asia. Finally, by way of a last word on the industrial regeneration we have been contemplating, and by way of throwing a flower into the grave of the pioneers of that movement, I beg to say that had it so happened that Jas. Watt was not born and that Mr. Whitney, Mr. Cartwright, Mr. Mc- Cormick and Mr. Bessemer did not come among us and live their lives among us into the encircling gloom, then the thatched hovel with its attendant poverty would still be the home of the race. While the free school and the periodical press would still await the creative fiat. In the great and beneficient movement which we have outlined there is no regualr methodical paid helper except the agricultural college. Its function we may define as one to carry forward and complete so far as possible the work already begun of assisting the human hand in its producing potentiality. And that school best does its work which with men and apparatus is best equipped for constructive work. We mean by that expression, or wording "constructive work," work which will send forth men and women to block out the kind of work already done on new lines. Not to do this is, we believe, to let our civilization lag and de- generate. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 549 Finally, if from the point of view of the farmer and artisan, there be any necessary education in the modern state, the education the agri- cultural college is of that sort and our legislature shall fall short of its duty to the taxpayer if it uoes not give the state college at Ames a liberal support. THE VALUE OF AN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION TO THE FARMER BOY. I. 11'. Hutchins, Before Kossuth County Farmers' Institute. . This is the first time that I have ever attended one of our Farmers' Institutes. I feel somewhat as did the gentleman who was visiting the peniten- tiary for the first time. He was asked to address the inmates. Being at a loss as just how best to open his remarks he began by saying, "I am very glad to see so many of you here." We commenced as a people by winning our independence, and when we came to examine the article of liberty secured, the picture was found too large for its constitutional frame. As a nation we were held to- gether for a time, but never united. It required the civil war to en- large the setting of the jewel of. liberty and this war taxed every iota of our resources in order to preserve the union of the states. After the war we started out to develop our country. So much virgin soil was ready for the farmer, such great opportunities lay waiting for the manufacturer and science gathered up the tears a nation was shedding for her heroic dead, and converted them into steam that turned the tireless bands, the countless wheels of toil. During the past generation no nation or times have seen such wealth producing periods. The one great idea has been "get rich quick." Great cities have sprung up with greater opportunities for acquiring wealth. Labor saving machinery displaced nine out of every ten farm laborers and the feverish spectacular life of the city said "Come" and the country boys and girls flocked to the city, leaving the simple isolated life of the country. But the ebbtide is setting back from the city to the country. Never before has there been such interest manifested in agricultural pursuits. Forces are at work today that will make farming a business that must be conducted in a business-like way, a profession, if you please, and he who would follow it must, if he is to be successful, prepare himself for this work. We readily concede that the business man, the lawyer, or the doctor should be especially educated for his chosen pursuit. Invariably we pat- ronize the man who is the best prepared for his calling. Wby should not the farmer receive instruction relative to his pursuit as well as these? There is no other calling wherein one could use a great diversity of knowledge to so good advantage as can the agriculturalist. He comes in contact with all of the other professions and in addition is especially concerned Tvith the forces and laws of nature with which he must deal. Congressman H. C. Adams is quoted as saying: "If any young fellow asks 550 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. my advice about making farming a business I ask him, 'Are you man enough? If not, don't do it, but go and be a lawyer or a doctor or a preacher or something of that sort.' " "We as a Nation are young in years. Our people have been too busily engaged in pursuits other than agricultural to give to the latter much at- tention. Nature has been so extremely kind that he who would sow, even though the seed were mediocre, could reap a profitable harvest. Why, anybody could farm. He who failed in any other line of work could make a living by going to the country. They were as confident of their ability here and their success almost as marked as was that of the lawyer who,' broken in health, sought to renew his strength by outdoor labor. With this idea in mind he applied to a farmer for work and was asked that question which is asked everyone today, "What can you do?" "I can do anything that anybody else can," was the prompt reply. "Very well, sir; take this stool and pail, go down yonder to the woods pasture and milk that large red cow." After nearly two hours had expired, the man not having returned with the milk, our proprietor went down to the pasture to see what might be the difficulty. There he saw his man, pail and stool in hand following the old cow around the pasture. "See here, sir, what is the trouble?" "I've been following this old cow around for an hour and a half trying to get her to sit down on this stool so I could milk her." The natural tendency of the farm is to retrograde what has been the effect of our past practices? In New York alone one and a half million acres that once sold from $100 to $125 per acre are now selling from $30.00 to $50.00. Other New England states have met a similar fate. Men, hav- ing robbed one soil, yearned for new soils to rob. Their pathways may be traced by the fertility, or rather lack of fertility, in the different sec- tions of our country. These evil practices are going on today. Renting of land until it has been wasted by selfish motives has bean carried too far. I need not take you very far to show you good examples of this fact. To perpetuate the productive capacity of the soil is an imperative duty. He who does not do this is wasting his capital stock. There is practically no virgin soil that can be obtained as were these fertile plains upon which we dwelt. The men can no longer treek to nearer fields. Today success does not depend so much upon nature as it does upon the manner in which we deal with nature's forces. The first stage in any nation's development is a strife for material gain; secondly, that of culture and learning. We have now passed the first stage. In our riches we should not lie down and subsist upon our plenty. "The problems to be met and solved on the farm are as great as those in any other calling." "In the near future the man with the old-time methods will be completely outclassed by the man with a training in his pursuit." It is the trained hands that have accomplished the great things in life, in art, literature and music. Genius is responsible for only one- half of the success of great men. There has been much ridicule of the book-learned farmer in the past, and justly so. SEVENTH ANNIIAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 551 Agricultural instruction has had to pass through its evolutionary period, as have all other things. They formerly sought to gain all in- struction from hooks alone. Today they study the living cell, the plant, the animal, and the soil itself, and from books learn the laws which gov- ern the constitution, the make-up, and development of these, the farmers' capital. I would emphasize this fact. Agricultural instruction of today is practicable. Things are now being thought out before being done. Thought is your skilled engineer which directs your course. "If your brain does not sweat you will have but little bread," for says the Bible, "By the sweat of your brow you shall earn your bread." The world is waiting for young men who know how, not only is this de- cidedly true in agricultural lines, but in the great industries as well, the trained mind is given preference. 1 surmise that there are some in this audience who have been won- dering what salary a graduate of an agricultural college could command. A servant girl applying for a position first asked what she might expect as compensation for her services. The mistress answered, "I will pay you whatever j-ou are worth." "I never worked for so little as that in my life; good day, mum." The college man is willing to start with what he is ivorth. feeling confident that he can "make good." Two-thirds of the boys go back to the farms and are making a success of their work. Many more would gladly go back, had they a farm to which to return. I know of but few of my classmates who come under the latter heading, — one is in Washington, D. C, at a salary of $1,200, another is associate editor of the "Homestead," and a third has charge of a one thousand five hundred acre ranch in Dakota. I know of twenty-four graduates who have left the college since 1901, who are receiving an average salary of over one thou- sand five hundred dollars a year. However, "they are not the most suc- cessful in life who would keep the money returns for ever more always before them. The most satisfactory reward is that of a conscience telling us that we have made the most of our opportunity and have done the best we could with the talent entrusted to our care, that we have made the world better for having lived in it." "ifarmers as a class are apt to look only on what appears to them to be the practical side of the affairs of life and not to live in air castles or set up Ideals in their minds to strive to attain yet all the advancement that has been made was conceived in the mind long before its realiza- tion. "As long as the farmer was satisfied with his wooden plow there was no hope for improvement, but when the possibility of something better dawned upon his mind an improved implement took its place." The second fact, which, it would seem to me should be strongly em- phasized, is that one's ideals of life are raised to the point where he will strive. The greatest improvement comes in men who strive. Great achievements come as the result of effort. "Education is to hnow for the sake of living, not to live for the sake of knowing. Science has done more than help the farmer to material gain. It opens up to him a world of things round about. He compre- hends in the growing plant and the busy animal life an endless number of 552 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. interesting facts, wliich before were mysterious, and which tend to make life interesting and intellectual. Not merely do books become more in- structive to him, but as his mind develops there is more and more of in- terest in his life— onore and more tending to elevate him above the mere drudgery. Ruskin says: "There can be no happy labor without thought. There can be no happy thought without labor." After all, the greatest study of man is man himself; how sadly has he been neglected in so many cases. The problems of rural life are not only to make it more profitable, but more comfortable and enoyable. The question of the town vs. the country I believe will be settled by agricultural education. Our possi- bilities are boundless, limited only by the power of man to grasp them. The farmers themselves are the ones to lift agriculture to a higher level; and to the young men belong the task. Do not mistake me for a moment as having said that he who has passed through an agricultural college has finished his building; but I do say that he has a foundation on which to build, the expense of which he will never regret. Let all who may, improve their opportunity. May I close with a little verse: The farmer's trade is one of worth, He's partner with the sky and earth, He's partner with the sun and rain, , And no man lose for his gain. Men may rise and men may fall. The farmer, he must feed them all. IOWA'S GREAT FARMING OPPORTUNITIES. Reproduced by courtesy of Doubleday, Page & Co. By Prof. W. H. Stevenson, Iowa State College. How a Young Man Cleared $1,733, in One Year by His Own Labor — An- ther Made an Income of $3,200 at an Expense of $125 for Labor — Twenty Acres Yield 100 Tons of Alfalfa Hay and Pasture Eighty Hogs a Whole Season — Big chances for the Experienced Stock, Dairyman, and General Farmer. Governor Cummins of Iowa says: ''The loioa College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, of ivhich Pro- fessor Stevenson is so excellent a representative, is a fine example of the wonderful development in recent years of the agricultural science. The United States presents so many instances of extraordinary and unpar- alleled groivth that most of our people do not knoiu what institutions devoted to the science of agriculture are doing for the material ivelfare of the country. I helieve it to be true that the knowledge imparted by such colleges and the interest aicakened through their efforts has added SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 553 HON. ALBERT B. CUM.M more, in the last decade, to the ivealth of the Nation than all other dis- coveries combined. This may seem to be a startling assertion, but in truth it is exceedingly conservative. I take a single illustration among many that are in m,ind: The information that h.as been given within the last five years to the corn groivers of Iowa icith respect to the selection of seed corn, added this year not less than sixty millions of bushels to our corn crop. That is to say. we raised and harvested sixty millions of bushels more upon the same land than ice icould have raised and har- vested under like conditions, had not science lighted up the icay to better farming. All other agricultural products have been similarly advanced, and the aggregate good accomplished is as astonishing as it is gratifying. "The study of agriculture has done something else even more im- portant than to multiply production. It has ennobled and dignified the labor of the farmer. It has lifted up his calling to a higher rank among men. for his icork now occupies his mind, as well as his hand. Under its inspiration, nature has unfolded new beauties, and the slice of earth that falls so gracefully from the ploto has become to the boy who turns it more than a strip of black soil. It has made country life more inter- esting, and the country home more attractive. The result icill be a check upon the tendency of bright, ambitious lads to leave the farm and the old folks for the gilt and glitter of toivns and cities. In these days, books and papers are as necessary to the farmer as his agricultural im- plements— not story books nor political papers only, but scientific books and scientific papers. In a icord. the farmer of the future must be a scholar. He must be a man of learning, not for embellishment but for efficiency." 554 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ''Iowa is especially the beneficiary of the new spirit of agriculture. We hope for diversification in our industries, hut we know that agricul- ture will always he our paramount interest. There is no state in the Union that even approaches Iowa in the proportion of area capable of successful and profitable cultivation. It is therefore natural that our College of Agriculture stands as one of the chief exponents of our educa- tional system, and I am glad indeed to introduce a distinguished member of its faculty to the American public." Albert B. Cummi>-s. Iowa is not a state in which truck farming or intensive farming are the dominant or even important lines of agriculture. Farms which aver- age in size about 160 acres and which are devoted to diversified farming, are the rule. Therefore, the landowners of Iowa do not make from one hundred to five hundred dollars per acre annually. But their business is profitable because the cost of production is low. This fact is proven in the following statements regarding the operations of successful farmers in various sections of the state. An honest effort has been made to give data which fairly represents the true status of farm conditions in order that the man who is in search of a location may accurately judge of the opportunities which are open in the different sections of Iowa. WHAT SOME IOWA FARMERS HAVE ACCOMPLISHED. 1. A man who has for many years been a successful farmer in southern Iowa owns an 800-acre farm in Montgomery county on the Missouri loess soil. In 1905 this farm produced 11,000 bushels of corn on 250 acres. Eighty acres of wheat yielded 1,450 bushels; sixty acres of oats yielded 1,800 bushels; sixty acres of meadow produced 80 tons of hay, and one and one-half acres of potatoes yielded 300 bushels. The rest of the farm is in pasture. All of the crops except the wheat and potatoes were fed on the farm. The sales for the year were as follows: Eighty -five fat steers, $7,620; two hundred fat hogs, $3,470; twelve hun- dred bushels wheat, $912.50; two horses, $350; one hundred and seventy- bvBShels potatoes, $105. Nine thousand bnshels of corn were bought at a cost of $3,000. This corn was fed to the stock which was marketed, in addition to the crops grown on the farm. The total income was $9,457.50. This fairly represents the annual income from this large southern Iowa farm. A farm like this one will not make a great for- tune for the owner, but it is a safe and a profitable investment. 2. An energetic resourceful young man owns a 160-acre farm in the southern part of Cherokee county on the same soil. This farm is valued at $60 per acre. What this farmer has accomplished in one year is stated thus in his own words: "Twenty-five acres of the farm are in pasture and twenty acres in clover meadow. During 1906 I grew forty-acres of Early Champion oats and marketed 1,500 bushels at twenty-seven cents per bushel, amounting to $405. Average yield forty-two bushels per acre. Twenty acres of wheat yielded twelve bushels per acre and sold at sixty-two cents, amounting to $148.80. Fifty acres of corn yielded forty-five bushels per acre and is all being fed. Market price is thirty-two cents at present. It will bring SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 555 fifty cents by feeding to cattle and hogs. In a few days I expect to market twenty hogs and thirty-six steers, and they should bring at least $1,850. The cash outlay for these steers a year ago was $450, and $120 was spent for pasturing during the summer, leaving $1,290 to credit to corn. Poultry will net $200. Twenty acres of clover yielded one and one- half tons at $5 per ton. I have sold $200 worth of Reid's Yellow Dent seed corn and won over $400 in prizes on corn and garden products. Two acres are devoted to garden products, pota- toes, etc., which were used on the table or fed to pigs. The entire farm work was done by myself with the exception of a few days' work in harvest, the cost of which was $22. I estimate the total expense for the year to be $900. This includes all feed bills, rent of land, all house- hold expense and some breeding stock which was bought. This should leave a profit for the year's labor amounting to $1,733.00." This interesting statement sets forth the essential facts regarding the lines of farming which are quite generally followed in this state and regarding the profits which may reasonably be expected. The vast prairies are traversed by winding streams whose banks are studded with beautiful forest trees. 3. In the extreme western portion of the state there is a 160-acre farm which is only a few miles from the Missouri river in Pottawattamie county. This land is worth $100 per acre. The noteworthy thing about this farm is the splendid crops of alfalfa which are produced. In 1905 sixty acres of corn produced sixty bushels per acre; five acres of oats, forty bushels per acre; eight acres prairie hay, two tons per acre; twenty acres alfalfa yielded one hundred tons of hay and pastured eighty head of hogs during the entire season; the remainder of the farm is in pasture. The sales for the year were as follows: Hogs, $1,140; cattle, $1,260; seed-corn, $80; hay, $35; one horse, $120; butter and eggs, $300. The owner of this farm follows a four-year rotation system on all of the land except that which is in alfalfa and prairie hay. These fields will not be plowed as long as they produce paying crops. The manure is hauled on the pasture land with a spreader, as a rule as fast as it is made. This has been found to be the most profitable method of handling the manure. 556 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 4. A young man bought a 160-acre farm in Clinton county in the spring of 1906, for which he paid $75 per acre. Forty acres of this farm in eastern Iowa is in pasture. This season forty acres produced 2,800 bushels of corn; five acres of wheat yielded twenty bushels per acre; thirty acres of oats produced 1,200 bushels and thirty-five acres of hay, seventy tons. These crops are now being fed to cattle and hogs. A con- servative estimate, based on present market prices for the live stock, places the 1906 income from the farm at approximately $3,200. The records, which have been kept with much care, show that $125 was ex- pended for labor. 5. One of the chief sources of profit for the Iowa farmers is found in the gradual advance in land values. An investment in Iowa land is almost certain to increase in value, not by leaps and bounds, but steadily, year after year. The following example is cited to show to what extent land owners have profited during the past decade as a result of the in- crease in the value of farm property: In 1895 a farmer from eastern Iowa bought an improved 160-acre farm in the southwestern corner of Carroll county for $50 per acre. This land would now find ready sale at $100 per acre. This farm has made it possible for the owner to accumulate a competence within a few years. The following data prove that this land is a paying investment at its present valuation. In 1906 thirty-five acres of corn produced 1,575 bushels; twelve acres of barley yielded forty bushels per acre; fifteen acres of oats yielded thirty bushels per acre; two acres of potatoes yielded 125 bushels per acre, and twenty -five acres of hay yielded two tons per acre. The rest of the farm is used for pasturage. With the exception of the potatoes, all of these crops are fed to live stock. Special attention is giving to raising young steers, which are sold as feeders at a weight of about nine hundred pounds, and to the breeding of registered Shorthorn cattle. A large number of hogs are also raised and finished for the market each year. All of the work on this farm is done by an aged father and his son. In addition to his income from the farm, the latter receives a goodly sum each year for work done on neighboring farms. 6. A good farmer, with limited capital, has a splendid opportunity in Iowa to make money on leased land. For instance, a farmer in Monona county owns an eighty-acre farm valued at $110 per acre; but he farms, in connection with his home place, 400 acres, which he leases at $3 per acre. In 1906 three hundred acres of corn yielded 16,000 bushels, worth $4,800. Forty acres of wheat produced 900 bushels, worth $525; twelve acres of oats yielded 700 bushels, worth $175. The net gain from sixty head of cattle amounted to $500, and $510 was received from the sale of hogs. The farm of 480 acres produced in one season crops and live stock to the value of $6,500. The farm expenses are given in the following statement: Husking corn, $550; harvesting, $75; threshing, $65; stacking grain, $75; wages of two men, five months, at $30 per month, $300; wear on machinery, $25; blacksmith bill, $18; rent of land, $1,200; total ex- pense account of $2,258. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 557 This farm is in the hands of a successful renter, but what this man has accomplished is merely indicative of the opportunity which is open to the industrious and business-like tenant in Iowa. Within the border of Iowa is an area of more than thirty-five mijlion acres, fully 95 per cent of which is arable land which may be made to produce something of value. No other state in the Union has so large a percentage of its domain available for agricultural purposes. This great body of fertile soil is divided into approximately 210,000 farms with an During the fall and ■winter the corn is husked from the shock. The nut- ritious, brown stover aads largely to the farmer's store of roughage. average acreage of ISSVj acres. Of the total number of farms, 65 per cent are occupied by the owners and 35 per cent by renters. Practically without exception all of these farms are devoted to the joint production of crops and live stock. Fortunately only a limited number of farmers in this state grow grain and forage crops exclusively. By far the greater portion of the grain is fed to live stock. This system of farm manage- ment tends to maintain the fertility of the soil, and it is a well known fact that the live stock farms of Iowa have apparently not as yet been reduced in productive capacity, even in the smallest measure. Commer- cial fertilizers have not found a market in Iowa and not one farmer in a thousand here knows anything about the nature of these products. Is not Iowa land, which is in superior physical condition and which pos- sesses a liberal supply of all the essential elements of plant food, and which does not require annual applications of expensive commercial fer- tilizers, cheaper at fifty or even seventy-five dollars per acre, than much In October corn is ready for harvest. From daylight till dark the -work is pushed to garner every ear before the snow lies deep 558 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of the so-called "cheap" land in other sections of this country which fails to produce crops except when heavily manured and fertilized? The records of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service during the past thirteen years show that the state average of rainfall has been 31.07 inches annually. From an agricultural point of view the most important feature of the climate of Iowa is that its maximum of rainfall comes in the crop season, April to September, inclusive. In the six crop months ■the average rainfall is 22.48 'inches, or 71 per cent of the annual total and in the four most critical months. May 1st to September 1st, the average for the state is 16.29 inches, or 51 per cent. Although there are fluctuations in the amount of rainfall in the crop season, the records of the past half century show that there has never been a crop failure and fairly good crops have been produced in the driest or wettest seasons. The land seeker is asked to contrast the value of Iowa lands under these moisture conditions with the value of lands in regions of limited or un- certain rainfall or in those sections where irrigation invariably introduces an element of expense and uncertainty. stating the load The hay loader saves much time and labor. Cheap land, in the sense in which this term is applied to land values, can not be bought in Iowa. But land at a cost of seventy-five and even one hundred dollars per acre never fails to prove a splendid investment in the hands of a man who puts into practice those methods of farm management which maintain the fertility of the soil and produce large crops of high quality. On the other hand, almost certain failure awaits the farmer, on this high-priced land, whether he be owner or renter, who lacks training and experience. This is true because farming in this state is a business which demands a high order of executive ability as well as a considerable fund of technical knowledge. There are large opportunities in Iowa for land owners and renters of experience along the lines of general crop growing, live stock produc- tion and dairying. Practically the entire state is adapted to the growing of corn, oats, barley, potatoes, hay, wheat, rye, timothy seed, millet, alfalfa, clover seed and buckwheat. This state is in the center of the great corn belt. Corn is the money crop. The area in corn each year varies from nine million to nearly ten million acres. First-class corn land may be bought in each of the ninety-nine counties at prices ranging from fifty to one hundred dollars per acre. A farmer can successfully grow corn each year on about one-half of the land which he keeps under cultiva- tion. That portion of the cultivated area which is not in corn must be devoted to secondary crops and legumes. This system is essential to SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 559 maintain the fertility of the soil and keep the land in such condition that maximum corn crops may be grown. A very limited acreage of the three latter crops is grown at the present time. On this basis, a quarter-section farm, with forty acres of permanent pasture, would produce annually sixty acres of corn. On a well-managed farm the yield should be at least sixty bushels per acre. The average yield of corn in the state in 1906 is estimated at aJhout forty bushels. This corn crop, at a valuation of 35 cents per bushel, represents an income of $21 per acre, or a total income of $1,260. The cost of raising and marketing corn under Iowa conditions is about $5 per acre. It is evident that the "corn land" returns a hand- some profit on the investment. But what of the other crops. Many Iowa farmers this season raised oat crops valued at $10 to $18 per acre. If thirty acres of this quarter-section farm were in oats, which yielded 50 bushels, the crop is worth $12.50 per acre, or $375 for the thirty acres. Let us assume that thirty acres of clover hay yielded 2.5 tons per acre. This crop is Tvorth in the aggre- gate about $400. The forty acres of pasture should yield products with a value of at least $10 per acre. This 160-acre farm then gives an income from the principal crops, corn, oats, clover and pasturage, of approxi- mately $2,500. If these crops are fed to live stock, as they are in large part on the majority of Iowa farms, this income should be increased by a considerable sum. In addition, poultry and eggs should increase the income by one or two hundred dollars. On this basis the 160-acre farm brings the owner an annual income of approximately $3,000. We deem this a very conservative estimate, but these data prove very clearly the fact that there is abundant opportunity in Iowa today to grow corn as the money crop at a satisfactory profit, even on high priced land. Infinite variation is possible with respect to secondary crops, which may be grown in rotation with corn. This is an important fact. Oppor- tunity is thus afforded the farmer to grow those crops which are best adapted to the local soil conditions and to the scheme of farm manage- ment, which is desirable for different reasons, as for instance, the force of men and teams which is available. Within the last decade, Iowa farmers have learned how to grow alfalfa. This crop is now raised on limited areas in many sections. Alfalfa can be successfully grown in nearly all parts of the State; it yields in a The corn is securely cribbed. From here it -will go to the feed yard or to the elevator. 560 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. single season three or four cuttings, which produce four to six tons of hay per acre; it has a high feeding value and it enriches the soil. Well- drained and rich soil is essential for this crop and the best results are generally secured by seeding in late summer, from the 5th to the 15th of August, at the rate of fifteen to twenty pounds of seed to the acre. However, spring seeding proves successful in many cases, especially on the loess soils, fully described later. When the rack i.- iim im- luaut-i i^ m iin.ii. u iicm the wagon Four years ago. Captain Smith undertook to grow alfalfa on the rolling loess soil on his farm in Woodbury county. Forty acres of land were heavily manured, especially on the top of the hills. The alfalfa was seeded about the middle of April, without a nurse crop, at the rate of fifteen to eighteen pounds per acre. The soil was not inoculated. A per- fect stand of alfalfa was secured. One year after seeding, this forty-acre field pastured 300 hogs during the entire grazing season and yielded three cuttings of splendid hay. A total crop of over four tons of hay per acre on land which pastured eight hogs per acre, during the season! The al- falfa grew luxuriantly on every portion of the field; the hay was cut and handled in such a way as to save the leaves and was fed during the winter to two hundred fattening cattle, with the best results. Captain Smith is known as one of Iowa's most successful cattle feeders. He states that with corn and alfalfa hay he can secure the very best results in his cattle-feding operations, and he finds it much more profit- able to grow and feed alfalfa than to balance his com ration with bran, oil meal, cottonseed meal or other high-priced nitrogenous feedstuffs. Iowa is a land of opportunity for the stock man. And where in all the world are conditions more favorable for this great industry? Splendid bluegrass pastures, immense crops of corn, oats, barley, clover, timothy and alfalfa, six great lines of railroads extending across the state and capable of delivering train loads of stock in Chicago within a few hours after the cars are loaded. Exceedingly favorable climatic conditions and breeding stock which is unsurpassed in quality are the factors which cause this state to abound in opportunities for breeding pure-bred live stock and for finishing all classes of stock for the greatest market in the world. The same factors which contribute to the success of the live stock industry of the state make Iowa an ideal dairy region. The northern and northeastern parts of the state are usually designated the dairy districts; but the largest amount of increase of creamery made butter, SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 561 during the past two years, has been in the southern half of the state. Some of the lowest-priced land in Iowa is located in the southern por- tion of the state. This is a natural grass region and is peculiarly well adapted to the production of those crops which put dairying on a profit- able basis. The shipping facilities of this region are excellent. Therefore, this portion of Iowa is recommended to all parties who are in search of a locality in which dairy farming may be made highly profitable. '^r-..i^-ii-^''.^-^~'" The Iowa farmer is not content with one modern binder During the last few years a large number of establishments which pay the highest market price for poultry and eggs have been located in various parts of the state. The steady demand and the high prices for these products have greatly stimulated production, and many farmers now find that their poultry and egg departments are as profitable as any on the farm. This industry is carried on successfully in all portions of the state, usually in connection with the other lines of farm production, and io one of the factors which add very materially to the chances for success in diversified farming, which is the dominant type in Iowa. It is a noteworthy fact that these opportunities along agricultural lines are not open only to the man who has the capital with which to buy land. Thirty-five per cent of the farms of the state are in the hands of renters. Competent renters, and particularly men who handle live stock success- The great field of oats makes busy days during harvest. fully, are in demand. This class of farmers can secure productive farms on very favorable terms. Cash rents run from two to five dollars per acre. A great many good corn farms are leased for $3 to $3.50 per acre. On this basis, the renter has abundant opportunity not only to make a comfortable living but to gradually accumulate a fund which, in the fullness of time, will assure the ownership of a farm. At the present time, farm laborers command high wages. In no section of the state 36 562 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. is the supply equal to the demand. Able-bodied young men have no diffi- culty in securing worlv on well-managed farms at wages varying from twenty-five to thirty dollars per month for the entire year. THE SOILS OF IOWA. With the exception of the northeastern part of the state, the whole sur- face of Iowa has in times past been overrun by great continental ice sheets similar to the ones now covering the surface of Greenland. The sheet of earth debris left after the ice melted away is called glacial drift, or till, and may easily be recognized by the fact that usually it is a rather stiff clay containing pebbles of all sorts, as well as large boulders or "nigger heads." In this respect it contrasts markedly with the loess, which very rarely contains small pebbles. This glacial till is very thick; in Iowa it averages 200 feet, and in some places is thought to be as much as 500 The crop will soon be in the shuck and then the threshiny crew will pull into field. feet in thickness. Four ice sheets, each making a corresponding sheet of glacial drift, invaded Iowa at different times, but only one, called the Kansan, ever succeeded in covering the southern as well as the northern counties of the state. As all these ice sheets did not come from exactly the same direction, there is some difference in the character of the ma- terial which they brought. The Wisconsin is the largest drift sheet in the state. It is for the most part in practically the same condition in which it was left after the enormous mass of ice which covered it melted away, except that it is now covered with vegetation. A few. larger streaims, such as the Des Moines river, flow across it, but these rivers are so new that their tribu- taries do not extend very far back from their main channels. Nearly the whole territory is as yet a monotonous stretch of prairie, liberally dotted with undrained ponds, sloughs, and lakes, many of which contain accumulations of unrotted peat. On both the eastern and western borders of the area are stretches of low hills which are the terminal moraines made by the ice sheet. The soil of this belt is principally a black loam, sandy in some places and claj'ey in others. It is generally rich in the elements of plant food and frequently contains small boulders. In consequence of the absence of natural drainage lines the surface of this area is frequently so marshy and water-logged that agriculture SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 563 can be carried on only at a disadvantage. An adequate drainage system is rapidly being secured by the energetic farmers of the region, who are putting in thousands of miles of tiles each year. The ponds are being emptied of their water and the areas covered by them brought under the plow. The time will speedily come when this entire area will be as perfectly drained as are the older settled sections of Illinois. As fast as these ponds are drained, however, another nuisance of a totally different character frequenth' develops in their place. This is signaled by the appearance of so-called "alkali spot," which appear as a white efflorescence in a band of greater or smaller width around the margin of the former slough. Wherever this is noticeable, corn makes a -stunted growth and frequently yields nothing. The farmer who has gone to the trouble and expense of tiling out a swale is frequently annoyed by the appearance of this new and unexpected trouble. Alkali spots cause very much less trouble than ponds, and their probable appearance should in nowise deter the farmer from draining such places. Another diffi- culty yet to be overcome is met in the small areas of peat which are found in the flatter regions. The man who desires to buy land in this section of the state should give special attention to the alkali, peat and drainage problems. The lowan drift area lying east of the Wisconsin and covering all or part of the counties of Worth, Mitchell, Howard, Cerro Gordo, Floyd, Chickasaw, Winneshiek, Franklin, Butler, Bremer, Fayette, Clayton, Har- din, Grundy, Blackhawk, Buchanan, Delaware, Clinton, Cedar, Jones, Linn, Benton, Tama, Johnson, Poweshiek, and Marshall, is older than that of the Wisconsin. A great many of the swales left by the melted ice have been filled up or drained out by natural processes, and natural drainage lines are being developed. The excess rainfall has much greater oppor- tunity of flowing away of its own accord than is the case in the area to the west; this of itself would serve to distinguish the two areas. But the most obvious characteristic of the lowan till is the enormous size of the granite boulders it contains. The boulders of the Wisconsin till are mere pebbles in comparison. These large ones are not sufficiently numer- ous to interfere seriously with tillage. The soils of this belt do not differ very much from those of the Wis- consin; peat bogs and alkali are very much rarer. Because of better drainage, there are localities where leaching has been active. Such are usually deficient in lime and much below the normal in productiveness. With the exception of the small pieces just referred to, the soil is fertile and well adapted to all crops grown in the state. The Missouri loess is found throughout the area covered in whole or in part by the counties of Lyon, Osceola, O'Brien, Sioux, Plymouth, Chero- kee, Buena Vista, Sac, Ida, Woodbury, Monona, Crawford, Carroll, Guthrie, Audubon, Shelby, Harrison, Pottawattamie, Cass, Adair, Adams, Montgom- ery, Mills, Fremont, Page, and Taylor. The loess is the only surface material throughout this region, except on bottom lands and steep slopes. It has been washed from the latter, exposing the glacial till. The loess in. this area is of a less clayey nature than in other parts of the state. The soil of the loess has no true subsoil; the seed-bed of the farmer is merely the upper part of the deposit more or less darkened by 564 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. humus. It is a splendid corn soil. The very deep loess which occurs along the Missouri river, from Sioux City to the Missouri boundary, is a deposit which in nature and origin is reduplication of that of the valleys of the Rhine and the Moselle in Germany, which are world-famous for their vineyards. In the southern part of this belt of deep loess, grapes flourish better than elsewhere in the upper Mississippi valley, and a great industry In this branch of horticulture is slowly but surely coming into existence there. The southern Iowa loess, which covers, in whole or in part, the counties ol Adair. Madison, Warren, Marion, Mahaska, Keokuk, Washington, > dam? Union, Clarke, Lucas, Monroe, Wapello, Jefferson, Henry, Lee, Van Buren, Davis, Appanoose, Wayne. Decatur, Ringgold, Taylor, Muscatine, and Louisa, is of a somewhat different nature from the Missouri loess. It is not so deep, also whiter in color and more clayey in nature; under favor- able conditions, it forms a better wheat soil than the latter; it is doubt- less poorer in lime. It does not cover the greater part of the land sur- face, but is found principally on the divides and hills, the flanks of which expose large areas of till. As a result two radically different soils occur side by side throughout the southern part of the state. Often a farm will He upon both. It is easy to distinguish them by the following rule: The till is a stiff clay, full of gravel and boulders; the loess is a porous soil, always found on the higher levels, and contains no gravel or large stones. The Mississippi loess, which occurs along the Mississippi river and in portions of southeastern Iowa, appears to be intermediate in character between the others. It contains less lime than the latter and is not so clayey as the former. It resembles the Missouri loess, but could scarcely be confused with that of southern Iowa. It forms a good corn soil. In the northwestern part of the state the loess dees net cover the whole country. The loess of Iowa is a peculiar fine-grained material which covers half of the area of the state. It is generally light-colored, being in various shades of buff and yel- low, sometimes whitish. Although it has much of the appearance of clay, it is never so fine and plastic and rarely makes good brick. It is quite porous in spite of its fine textured appearance; 80 per cent of the particles composing the loess are smaller than grains of fine sand, but are coarser than clay. This is a fortunate circumstance and the one to which loess owes its value as a soil. Its porosity is such that it easily rids itself of excess water and yet, where it is not too deep, it is enabled to draw up from below sufficient moisture for growing crops. Extremes of wet or dry weather, which parch or drown out other soils, have little effect upon loess soils. Loess rarely contains large pebbles or stones. It is usually thickest on the tops of the hills and divides, and along the larger streams. In some of the most broken regions of southern Iowa, tile drainage is almost as necessary as in some of the flattest regions of the Wisconsin drift, but for a different reason. This is on account of the peculiar rela- tions of the loess and the till. The loess, it will be remembered, here occupies the higher levels and is a rather porous clay; the till is more SEVKNTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 565 stiff anrl impervious; the former absorbs water readily; the till does not. So the water flows underground over the surface of the till until it comes to a place on the side of the hill where it seeps out. This is the reason for the existence of the "spouty" places which are quite generally to be found on the hillsides of southern Iowa, and create a situation which only tiling can remedy. One hears a great deal in southern Iowa about "hard- pan," but it is nothing else than the till, which forms the impervious ma- terial under the loess. 566 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The present topography of the whole of southern and western Iowa is rolling. It would be hard to find in the whole region a quarter section of land that has not been reached and drained by some natural drainage channel. The surface has been cut up by streams into a succession of valleys and divides. As showing the difference in this respect between the oldest and the newest sheet of drift it will be interesting to compare on the accompanying soil map the number of streamrs flowing through such counties as Page and Ringgold with the number to be found in such counties as Pocahontas or Buena Vista. An examination of the map will reveal several other indications of the differences in the topography. In the rugged southern counties, the railroads follow the streams or dodge over the divides by the easiest route; they are therefore necessarily crcoked; in the flat Wisconsin area they disregard the streams and go in straight courses for many miles. The Wisconsin area is dotted over with numerous lakes; the lakes, which once must have stood on the Kansan, have long since been drained and their basins obliterated. It is not to be inferred, however, that drainage by tiling is superfluous in this region. The extensive bottom lands need it very much. The flatter divides also would be benefited by it. The fact that Iowa is decreasing in population has been the subject of much comment by newspapers and magazines during the last few months. Better systems of farm management, improved agricultural ma- chinery, and state-wide prosperity which has sent thousands of land- owners to the towns and cities, are among the facto i-s which have reduced the rural population. This reduction in population, however, is not an indication of agricultural retrogression. Iowa soil is no less productive; the present season brought unbounded prosperity to the Iowa farmer. The land is all farmed, but under present conditions, with larger and better machinery and with vast areas in permanent pasture, fewer meu are required. Iowa is as truly the land of agricultural opportunity today as it has been for a period of more than half a century. SHOULD THE YOUNG MAN WHO INTENDS TO BECOME A FARMER SPEND TWO YEARS OR MORE IN OBTAINING A COLLEGE EDUCATION OR SHOULD THE TLME BE SPENT IN GETTING A FINANCIAL START? Robert Johnson. Primghar. loica. Before O'Brien County Farmers' In- stitute. The question of obtaining a better education or spending the time get- ting a financial start is one that confronts every young man, the more anxious he may be to succeed, the more seriously will he consider this proposition. The requirements of a successful farmer are increasing as rapidly as in other vocations in life. Farming nowadays is not a means of existence, but a business, and the more it is conducted on a business basis the more profitable it becomes. The young man who expects to succeed must have the practical education that is necessary to succeed. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 567 Then, to the financial side, is a verj^ important one. In order to be a farmer in the full sense of the word, one must own a farm, which is cer- tainly the aim of every young farmer. While our fathers homesteaded their tarms, we must pay from eight to twelve thousand dollars far them. There is jio business where we are so dependent on our capital to get more capital with as farming. In fact, it is necessary to have about one thousand dollars to start with, even in a small way. While on the other hand, the man that receives a salary of one thousand dollars can spend it all and still be in a position to earn the same salary, or even more, the next year. But then the educational side of the proposition must be considered, for even if a common school education is sufficient now, the changes in a lifetime are too uncertain to depend on it entirely, and the ambitious man may go further than owning one farm. In fact, it is very hard to tell how far he may go. The more ambitious you are to get a start, the more ambitious you should be to get an education. Don't farm for the mere satisfaction of farming, but farm to make money, to mke a success of it, and the satisfaction will go with it. There is getting to be more young men choosing farming as a business of making money, and less of them farming just because their fathers did. Men with an education, after con- sidering their opportunities and chances of doing other things, are decid- ing that they can obtain better results for the same amount of effort on the farm. These are the men who will prove an honor to the calling. There is hardly any calling that has as many hangers-on as farming; for, as the saying is, any one can farm. It is true that a man who is too worthless to make an existence at anything else can make a living farm- ing, but this class of men degrade farming. But at the same time it is certainly encouraging to the young man that is willing and anxious to make a success of it. I am net sure about the merits of a regular college course for a young man that is anxious to succeed as a farmer. The time and expense is so great that it makes a considerable item in his getting the necessary financial start. Then, so long a time away from the farm tends to dull his interest in the farm work. But I do think it would be of practical value to take a short course in some agricultural college. The successful farmer nowadays won't have time to find out everything for himself by experience, but must learn in as short a time as possible the quickest and best way to do things that others have learned by experi- ment and experience. This kind of an education is of real value to the farmer. It makes it possible to save and make money, that he otherwise would have had the time to learn by experience; providing that he has the ability to make money enough to put his education into practical effect; and on the other hand, if he hasn't the ability, the time and money that he has spent in getting an education won't save him if spent in get- ting a financial start. Just what to do in this world and the best way to do it is a proposition that confronts everyone starting out for themselves. The more anxious they are to succeed, the harder it will be for them to decide; but an edu- cation is a pretty good safeguard. To commence farming without an education is to leave the best farming implement off the farm. 568 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WHAT IS UP-TO-DATE FARMING? U. J. HoiDSon, DeWit. BeJore Clinton County Farmers' Institute. EDUCATIONAL FARMING. There is no longer any failure to realize that farming, at least in cer- tain branches, must become a scientific profession, instead of being con- ducted in a hit-or-miss style as in years gone by; that there must be opened to farmers the chance for scientific training. This education of the farmer, "self-education by preference," but also an education from the outside as with all other men, is peculiarly necessary here in this country where the old conditions, even in the newest states, have now nearly van- ished; where there must be a substitution of a more intensive system of cultivation from the old wasteful farm management, and where there must be a better business organization among the farmers themselves. Great progress has already been made among the farmers by the crea- tion of farmers' institutes, of dairy associations, of breeders' associations, horticultural associations, and the like. I know of nothing which should attract the attention of a young man or woman, interested in farming, so much as the contest at the county institutes. It means two weeks' short-course scholarships at our great agricultural college at Ames if you win one of the premiums. But, if you do not win a premium, you have not "lost out," for you get two days' instruction from one of the best corn judges in the state, And I think no time or money could be better spent than that. The prejudice against up-to-date farming or "book farming," as some call it, that was so prevalent a quarter century ago, has pretty generally disappeared. There may be a few back woods sections in which the inhabitants are half a century or more behind the times, where people may still be met with who are inclined to talk rapidly against what they regard as nonsense of up-to-date farming. But if we compare the sorry looking crops of many of these farmers with the fields of the men who are practicing scientific farming, we will generally find their old methods are not showing results that prove the wisdom of their criticisms of up-to-date farming. Good seed is necessary for a good crop, but large yields do not always follow the planting of good seed, but in nearly all cases where a man has thoroughly prepared his seed-bed and planted good seed and gives it thorough cultivation, he has no cause for complaint at harvest time. During the last two years the results of scientific methods of feeding cattle have been shown by actual test and competition for years at the great international live stock exposition and other live stock shows. The science of draining low lands and of the fertilization of other lands v/ith the elements of the soil most lacking for crop products, have all been demonstrated to the satisfaction of the men who have made and observed the tests. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 569 WINTER AN IMPORTANT SEASON. Many people are inclined to regard winter as wholly a resting spell for the farmer. The inexperienced speak of the chores on the farm in winter and the cutting of the year's supply of wood as employment so light as to hardly more than give the farmer the exercise he needs. To the man who has had active experience on a profitably operated farm, the work of winter will be recognised as fully as important as that of any other time of the year. If the farmer is paying the proper attention to keeping up the fertility of the soil and making the most possible revenue out of his farm, his chores in winter will not be light. He will plan for his winter's work. The feeding and care of enough live stock to con- sume all the fodder and the greater portion of the grain raised on the farm during the summer. However, crops should not be taken off the farm year after year without any equivalent return in the form of fertil- izers; and it will invariably be noticed that the farmer whose crops and fields show a fine fertility of soil, is the man whose yards are alive with stock of various kinds, converting feed into beef, pork, mutton and fertil- izers, the latter to be of great value on the farm the coming year. On that account the winter season of the "up-to-date" farmer, who is making the best success of the business, is one of the busiest seasons of the year. It takes good mental, as well as physical effort, to work out a campaign of feeding in which there will be good profits; but the results are always worth the effort. If the farmer finds a market at home for his hay and grain, at good market prices, and leaves on the farm a good stock of val- uable fertilizer, it is a winter's work well spent. WOULD NOT LIVE OX FARM. It is true that some people that live in the city could not be induced to go on the farm to live for love or money. They say it is a dull, miserable life to live. But let me tell you right here the "up-to-date" farmer is strictly "in it" now-a-days, and what I mean by the "up-to- date" farmer is the one that has the improved styles of machinery, thoroughly prepares his seed-bed and plants his crops as I have stated in preceding pages. Good barns to store them in and plenty of well bred stock to consume what he raises. He also has the telephone and gets all the latest news almost before it gets in print, also the rural free delivery right at this door every day; and then some people in the city say farmers are deprived of more pleasure than they are. Very well, two- thirds of the people living in the city don't live near as well as those on a farm, where you produce nearly everything consumed. Having lived on a farm for nearly forty years, I know, and am sure, I have as much pleasure as those people living in town. ENTERTAINMENT ON THE FARM. Could the farmers of this country who feel dissatisfied with their position in life and yearn for a life of more variety and excitement, but know of the actual grinding monotony of commercial life for the dealers and workers in other lines of industry, whose net incomes at the end of the year are considerably less than their own, they would be less 570 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. inclined to chafe under their condit'on in life. There is a great variety of entertainment in farming if the farmer will but educate himself to get entertainment out of his life work. Study of the scientific side of farm- ing is the thing, experiments of various cultivations of various crops, fertilization of soil and experiments in fattening animals, or increasing the milk production from cows, or the egg productions from fowls, are real and constant sources of entertainment, too, as they afford increased income to the man who is entertained, while most other entertainments are available only by an outlay of cash. The failure to employ modern methods of lightening labor inside the house is a great hardship on many farms. Thoroughly planned, con- veniently constructed, and carefully arranged buildings are as essential in the country as in the city. The arrangements being made, many im- provements will suggest themselves, until a home adapted to the use for which it is built will be the result. The man who can make two blades of grass grow where one grew before, has done something, and the man who makes one step do where it took two before should also be given credit. BOYS ox THE FARM. So much is said and written now-a-days in the way of advising the boy to stay on the farm, that we would like to say a word right here. The impulse which leads young men away from the farm is the desire to know more, and every man who is worth his salt has such ambitions. To advise such a fellow to stay on the farm and to be content to go on uneducated is to persuade him to suicide. We advise a young man to obey the impulse to learn something. Leave the farm a few years and attend some agricultural college. Meet the best boys of the state, "for they are there." Spend your happy college years with them, in the en- joyment of college life, — the best, the fullest, the richest life a man can live, — and then go back to the farm. Then I assure you you will find a farm managed by an "up-to-date" farmer. THE PLOUGHMAN'S EDUCATION. Prof. Geo. H. Colhert. MaryviUe. Mo.. Before Page County Farmers' In- stitute. Forty years ago the best medical school of the East made little or no scholastic requirement of those who entered within its walls as students. Any one who could read and pay the fees was admitted to the course of lectures. Today the same school will admit no one who has not had a college course as a foundation. Forty years ago the law schools of the land admitted any one who could show that he had the proper amount of money to pay the tuition required. Today the liead of the would-be-attor- ney must be properly filled, as well as his purse, if he secures an entrance to his chosen field of labor. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART X. o71 Forty years ago just anybody could be a farmer. Strength of muscle, rather than strength of mind, was the test, if any test was required. To- day, too many persons still have the idea that "just anybody" can farm. Too many yet think that if a man can do nothing else, he can farm; but he who tries it is very liable to reap a non-profit-making harvest. In the pioneer days of this wonderfully fertile valley, the soil was more than ready to give a bountiful crop to any hand that held the plow. Today this same land is just as willing to pour into our barns and our bins an abundance of her products, but because of our abuse of her strength she can not do what she would. I think I am safe in saying that it takes more brains to feed a pig than to sell chewing gum or chocolate carmels. To do the latter, a per- son must be able to tell a good nickle from other coins. A slot machine can do that; but a slot machine could not properly feed a pig. There is more in feeding a peg than the mere operation of throwing a few ears of corn over the fence. In these days of department stores, when nearly all goods are done up in packages requiring little or no measurement, it takes very little knowl- edge to stand behind the counter and hand out the packages to the cus- tomers. The cashier at the desk must be able to make change rapidly and accurately, but the one handling the goods has little of that kind of work to do; and having but one kind of goods to handle, the prices can be read- ily learned and used. Such workers are not much more than machines. True, they are not the heads of the departments or the managers or owners of the store. Neither would these same workers be owners or successful managers of a farm. The day is fast approaching when every one will recognize that the farmer needs an education (not exactly the same kind, of course) just as broad and just as certain as that of his merchant or banker friend; aye, just as good as that of his family physician. I never saw a field of wheat harvested by the old hand sickle; but I have read about it and have heard our grandfathers talk about it, and I can readily make a mental picture of such a scene. I can see each man gather the grain in his left hand and then cut it by the sickle held in the right hand. Such a process seems so slow to us in this day of progress that it makes us tired even to think of it. In the days when such a method of harvesting was used, some one was doing some thinking, and I imagine I heard him say to himself, why not arrange the fingers of the left hand above the sickle to catch the grain as it is cut and use both hands to swing the sickle? This thought took the material form of the very useful grain cradle which made it possible for one man to cut in one day as much wheat as several men did with the sickle, and do it better. Then Cyrus H. McCormick must have said to himself, why not put the cradle in such a form that the horse could swing it, and let the man rake the grain into bundles and bind it into sheaves. Cyrus McCormick thought for twenty long years before his har\'ester went into the field for prac- tical use. This harvester of sixty years ago with a man standing on the platform behind to take the grain into bundles, has been of incalculable value to the agricultural progress of this country and of the world. The 572 IOWA DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE. next natural step in progress and development was to fasten the rake to the machine and let the strength of the horse cut the grain and place it in bundles ready to be tied. The machine rake then pushed the man from the platfonii of the harvester to make room for the arms and fingers of steel that gather the grain into bundles and that tie them with the twine as witnessed each year in the twine binders. At the north of us in the wheat fields that are almost boundless the development of the harvester has been carried still farther and the ripened grain, free of all straw and chaff, is hauled from the field in sacks, instead of in sheaves. What has been said to show the marvelous development in the cutting of wheat might in like manner be said to show the equally wonderful strides in the improvement of other farm implements. From the hoe to the one-horse plow; from the single shovel to the double-row culti- vator; from the wood moldboard to the gang-plow; from the old "A" harrow to the disc, we observe leaps in agricultural development and progress that charm our imagination and almost stagger our belief. And yet all has not been told. What was the object of all this thought that has been worked out in our modern labor saving machines? Simply this: To make an increased production possible by making an increased acreage possible. The last half century has seen thousands and thousands of acres of wild land made tame and ready to yield their bountiful harvests to the magic touch of the pioneer and to the continuous labor of the permanent settlers. But we are aware that the day of increased acreage under the old plan of in- crease is iabout gone, so new and different ways must be devised to secure the increased production. The problem now is not so much that of planting more acres, but rather that of making each acre yield a greater harvest than it is -wont. Land that has been considered too wet is made the best yielding piece on the whole farm by the proper placing and use of the drain tile; land in some regions that has formerly been unfruitful because of a lack of moisture is made to yield up its strength in crops most astonishing in quantity by the correct use of the irrigation ditch; land that has been worn out by the constant use of it, for a certain product, for a score of years or more will be able to increase its value by giving it the needed rest through the process of the rotation of crops. The mere mention of these paints suggests that the farmer to come must have a knowledge different from that which is merely necessary to run a machine. What is the use of plowing two rows of corn if the plowing of one row, under proper conditions, will yield as many good ears in the time of gather- ing? No doubt new machines will be made for the work of the future, but we can surely see that much of the thought of the future will not be so much for the purpose of making machines to extend the crop area, and for the gathering of the harvest from a larger field, but rather to make better and greater production on fields of less size. The proper use and care of the soil, the kind and quality of the seed used, and the cul- tivation of the growing crop will receive such attention that the smaller field with really less labor will do for us what the rnore acres have been doing. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 573 This wonderful development in labor-saving machines has not tended toward a better training of either man's physical or mental powers. We all agree that it requires some physical strength and some physical exer- cise to run most of the machinery used upon the farms today. However, it has always been one object of the inventor to make the machine as nearly automatic as possible, thus requiring as little attention and as little physical force on the part of the man as possible. "Any child can handle it," is an attractive feature and one much used in the advertise- ment of machines. I would not return to the former days of muscle- straining and back-breaking methods of work, just for the sake of secur- ing more exercise for the body. Even the easiest work upon a farm giives enough physical exercise to satisfy nearly every one, I judge. Wliile the use of machinery makes the labor of the farm less irksome, it does not make it more beneficial to the body. Some muscles may receive little exercise, while others are really overworked. This is not to be wondered at and perhaps can not be remedied very materially, as farm machinery is not intended to be, a.t the same time, gymnasium apparatus for the proper development- of the human body. These statements are not made as arguments against machinery, but to snow the truth of the assertion that machine work does not necessarily train the physical powers of man. Likewise, the more automatic the device, the less thinking required on the part of the mian running it. No machine will run of its own accord and the man who gets the best service from it is the man who has mental power enough to see the principle that controls its working. Such a man is greater than the machine, is able to think, and knows when every part is doing its best; he also knows how to remedy the trouble if everything is not doing its best. Many persons do not seem to be attracted by the running of a machine, and while they may be good thinkers in many lines they can not or do not do the thinking necessary to bring about a successful result with the machine. The tendency then is to get a machine that needs little attention and less thought. ■'You push the button", and the machine idoes the rest is the goal of labor-saving devices. These things being true, we see that our shops, our homes, our barns, our fields, full of machinery, do not necessarily train man's mental powers. A few, however, have been trained by some means to see com- pletely, to think logically, and to construct things accurately or we could not have these improvements. We call such persons men of genius, but Edison says, "genius is nothing but a capacity for hard work." Not all of us can be Edisons, but all can do some good thinking and get good results from it. If you have read the Review of Reviews for December, you may have noticed the article on "Our National Prosperity," during the past ten years and especially during the last year. At no time in our his- toiry have we seen such abundant returns for our labors. In 1890, the value of all farm property was sixteen billion dollars; today, it is twenty-six and one-half billion dollars. In 1890, the value of farm pro- ducts was two and one-half billion dollars; today, it is seven billion dollars. In 1890, the value of farm product? per capita of all engaged 574 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in agricultural work, was $287; today, it is $600. The progress of the country in railroad development and earnings, and in manufactured pro- ducts has been just as marked as in the agricultural line — and still we are not content. I wish to give you one paragraph from the article mentioned: "Com- pare this striking exhibit of the prosperity which has come to the farm- ers of the country with the poverty of ten or fifteen years ago, and in doing so bear in mind that this is only the beginning of what we may expect in farm life. In passing through the pioneering period of skim- ming the cream of our most fertile soil we carried our farm production beyond what could be profitably consumed by this country or for which a profitable market could be found in Europe. "Now, enormous industrial growth with its millions of consumers added to European requirements, has reversed the conditions. "We have reached the time of improved methods in farming and of restoration of fertility to the soil. Much is heard about the increase of the fertilizer trade of the country — and the development of this industry has been commensurate with that of other large business interests, but the real improvement of farming is found more largely in better meth- ods of handling the soil than in wider use of commercial means. Scien- tists are teaching farmers here and there, and from them others are learning how to rejuvenate and rebuild their land by the use of alfalfa, sowpeas, vetch, and other crops. They are learning how to diversify crops. The orchard, the truck garden, the dairy, are all yielding ma- terially to swell these great totals of agricultural output and increase in farm values." If I read the meaning of the above correctly, and if I am also per- mitted to cast a glance at the future problem of the farmer, I would say that -he must give his attention to at least four phases of his educa- tion. First — He must study to preserve the power of the soil. Second — He must study to improve the quality of the production. Third — He must study to increase the quantity of the production per acre. Fourth — He must study to prevent losses caused by the ravages of the enemies of his crops — the insect enemies. In the last point mentioned there is a problem that needs much thought and work. Largely increased values may be the result of such labor. Last year, in the state of Missouri, $12,000,000 were spent for the educa- tion of the children of the state, and in the same time the injurious in- sects destroyed at least $14,000,000 worth of its products. A few years ago in Nebraska the chinch bug began to eat up the small grain crops of that state and ruin seemed inevitable. Prof. Bruner of the State University thought and worked and formed a way to rid the country of the pest by growing diseased bugs and turning them loose in any field where the chinch bugs were at work. Soon all the bugs of the field were inoculated and destroyed by the disease. The diseased bugs were sent by mail from the laboratory of Mr. Bruner to any farmer need- ing them, and his fields were soon rid of the enemy. No one could esti- mate the value of such thought, but perhaps it was enough to pay many SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 575 times over Prof. Bruner's salary at the university for as many years as his life would permit him to work. A year or two later he was given $10,000 for one year of labor in South America on a similar problem. Does it pay to be able to think and work? Havi-ng indicated along what Hnes the thought of the plowman should be trained, the next question is, how and when should such an education be obtained? Some one will answer by saying, go to our agricultural colleges. These schools are established for the purpose of helping in such problems and they are doing a grand work for all students who attend. But these colleges are not sufficient, the work should begin earlier in the life of the student so that a proper foundation may be made by the time he enters the college. Not every boy who is born and reared upon a farm is fit to be a farmer. Some of them are to be our best lawyers, some physicians, some business men, some ministers. On the other hand is itt mot true that some boys born and reared in our cities and towns are really designed to make the 'best of farmers if their eductional training could be of the kind to help them to discover their real work in life? Very few boys and girls have any definite idea about their future calling before the ages of 17 or 18 years, hence it is not the part of wisdom and economy to at- tempt to fit the boys in the public schools for any particular calling. Some high schools have tried the experiment of organizing a commercial course, only to find, affer the novelty of the idea wore away, that the numiber enrolling for such work was not as great as anticipated. l is up. During the past season the spring was so wet I could not get on the ground until it was time to plant corn, so I didn't wait to kill the cut-worms. But I went back in about two weeks and planted that field over again. A marked improvement in yield will come about in the way of seed selection. There has been a noticeable stride forward during the past two years, but the limit has not been reached. Indeed, the field has. been scarcely touched. There is a wide difference of opinion as to what constitutes a good seed ear. Many of us have that to learn and it will be a long lesson before we get the problem solved. And right here one branch of this problem diverges into a field wholly unexplored, but which I believe to be pregnant with great results. If two ears of corn of the same variety and looking as much alike as two ears ever do are planted side by side, one often shows a yield of eighty to ninety bushels per acre, while the other will yield but forty to fifty. No amount of inspection would have told which ear was the better yielder. Nothing but actual planting could have told. If the heavier yielding ear is put through the same test, year after year, for a decade, great results in yield will certainly follow. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 581 The field is open and fertile; the interests of the farmer beckon onward. I hope that many farmers will take up this line of work. I am a firm believer in the use of the testing-box. No matter how well the seed has been matured or how carefully preserved thereafter, the testing-box will disclose the ear that produces the weak and spindling sprout, as no other method will do. This spindling stalk, which, like Richard the III.— "Cheated of feature by dissembling nature, Deformed, unfinished, sent into this Breathing world scarce half made up." continues all through the season in that same spindling way and in the end produces nothing, or at best, a very small ear, while the strong, sturdy, vigorous sprout continues so throughout the season, and at husk- ing time greets you with a bumper ear. No amount of inspection would have detected the latent virtue of this ear, nor the apparent lack of it in the other. But the testing-box does no guessing. The method and depth of planting has little ito do with yield, only in so far as it affects the stand. And this brings up another question which is yet unanswered — what constitutes a good stand? All will ad- mit that every hill should be represented, but as to the number of stalks we can not agree, or at least do not agree. The Agricultural College, I t>elieve, advocates three and one-third or one hundred grains for every thirty drops of the planter. Some excellent writers say three grains are enough. My ow-n observation, as well as experience, leads me to be- lieve that three is certainly the maximum. Two and one-half to two and two-thirds is better if the tester-box has been used so every grain will send up a strong, vigorous sprout. We suffer not nearly so much from lack of stand as we do from un- equal distribution of the same. Let me illustrate: I counted the stalks in one hundred hills in a field this fall and this is what I found. Ten hills, no stalks; nine hills, one stalk; thirteen, two stalks; twelve, three stalks; twenty-seven, four stalks; twelve, five stalks; eleven, six stalks, and six had seven stalks, a total of 345 stalks, or an average of almost three and one-half per hill. And yet the distribution was such that one stalk to the hill would have produced more corn. In drilled corn one stalk every fourteen or fifteen inches will give better results than any thicker or thinner planting. A better distribution of stand and conse- quently an increase in yield will come about through the more general use of the modern edge drop planter. The edge drop planter will count the grains and drop them correctly ninety times in one hundred, while the old-fashioned round hole plate will guess at and drop correctly about seventy times in one hundred. In the matter of cultivation we have by no means reached the highest limit; indeed, we have not yet left the kindergarten class. I assume no superior knowledge in this line, but after a careful study of the corn plant as it appears both above and below the ground I have adopted the surface shovel or "surface wings," as they are sometimes called, as being the best implement obtainable at this time for the purpose of cleaning the ground of weeds and mulching the surface. These are the two main 582 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. objects in corn culture. Do not confound the surface shovels with the surface knives. I have not tried the knives, but from observation I do not like their work so well. I believe the variety of corn grown affects the yield more than people are willing to concede. The standard varieties, I believe, are Boone County White, Learning and Reid's Yellow Dent. Several years ago I brought the latter variety direct from Illinois and planted it side by side with seed selected from my own cribs, a mongrel variety that I had been trying for several years to breed up. Planted under the same circumstances and at the same time, it out-yielded the mongrel bred corn twenty bushels per acre. Since then I have planted no other variety and nothing looks like corn to me but Reid's Yellow Dent. Indeed, to touch up the various phases and divergent incidentals which go to make up the possibilities of Iowa as a corn-producing state would require days instead of the minutes allowed me. I shall not at- tempt it, but will summarize a little and then pass on to the probabilities. I believe an increase per acre can be brought about in about the following percentages: In better preparation of seed bed 15 per cent Better selection of seed 20 per cent Propagation from prolific ears 20 per cent More general use of the testing-box 25 per cent A better distribution of stand 20 per cent Better cultivation 20 per cent Variety of corn 10 per cent All other causes 20 per cent This makes 150 per cent, and 150 per cent of 32.5 added to 32.5 gives us a little over eighty bushels per acre. This, I believe, entirely pos- sible on Iowa soil in favorable years. Owing to various reasons I do not look for the average yield to go above fifty bushels in the next ten years. The num'ber of acres devoted to corn in this state the present year, as given by the United States Department of Agriculture, is 8,767,597, and by the state department at about 9,000,000. This, I believe, to be the high- est acreage that will ever be devoted to corn in Iowa. Indeed, I look for the corn area of the state to fall to about 8,000,000 acres and remain there permanently. The farmers are beginning to leam that they can not grow com on the same land year after year at a profit. Nature has called a halt and called in no uncertain tones. And he who will not now must in the end heed that cry. It would seem when the God of Nature created the corn belt he had in mind selfish man, who was afterward to invade that fertile plain and grow this king of all the cereals. Corn is a gross feeder and derives its sustenance entirely from the soil. iMan's greed would induce him to grow corn continuously and thus exhaust the fertility of this great soil, if nature did not call a halt. But a plague of insects like unto those sent among the Egyptians of old has been cast among us and much as we would like to grow corn in our own way and on what field we saw fit, the insects cry halt, and I believe they are here to stay. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 583 The latest enemy to invade the corn field, with a full determination to ■diminish the yield, is the old-fashioned grub worm. This year, for the first time, he appeared in great numbers on my own farm and did ma- terial damage to the corn growing on clover sod — I think fully twenty bushels per acre. Is he here to stay or was this an accidental visit? I don't know, but I have a grave fear we shall meet him again. The corn root aphis or louse is here and in many parts of the state is doing ma- terial damage. The first generation of this insect, which hatches early in April, is absolutely helpless and is c^red for by a medium-sized red ant. It is carried to the roots of the corn, where it feeds to the great injury of the plant. This insect seems to thrive best during a series of dry years. It almost wholly disappears during a wet season. During 1899, 1900 and 1901 I think fully 5 per cent of the hills on my farm were affected. But since that time their damage has been very slight. The most destructive of all the bugs or insects which infest the corn fields and one which is doing more to lessen the acreage devoted to corn in this state than all the other things is the beetle which produces the corn root worm. This bug may be found by the thousands in any corn field in the state, or in the United States, so far as that is concerned. It makes its appearance about the time the corn comes in silk and may be found about the silks until they are completely dead, or until about the 10th of September. This bug lays its egg in the ground, where it remains until late the following June or early July, when the egg is hatched and the larva, or corn rot worm, as we call it, makes its way to the root of the corn plant and 'oegins its work of destruction by eating away the outer layer or that thick, sott covering of the root, which soon decays at that point. Indeed, in perhaps half the instances the root proper Is eaten off. By the ravages of tnis worm the yield is cut in two, some- times in three, and any little gust of wind will put the stalks flat to the ground. I exhibit the bugs, the larva or worm, also a stalk of corn with every root eaten off and a stalk showing the natural root system. These two stalKS say more than 1 eouid write in a wee^^. The stalk with the root eaten off was on ground grown to corn con- tinuously for five years. The stalk showing full root system was grown on fall plowing, but on ground that had been in corn for four con- secutive years and was badly infested with worms until it was sown to oats in 1905. This worm lives entirely on the roots of corn, kaffer corn, or sorghum. This is the official life history, but I am going to add from my own observation the roots of cucumber, squash, mellon and pumpkin, as the bug is invariably found on the blossoms of these vines. Be that as it may, certain it is that if the land is seeded to small grain it will completely rid the ground of the worms, until it is again infested. This worm cries in tones both clear and loud, "Rotate, rotate, rotate." If there are those who believe this beetle is only a local trouble and his visit but temporary I ask them to disabuse their minds on that point. On a recent trip to the Pacific coast I saw the bugs among the great corn fields of Nebraska and on the little flint corn along the legendary Platte in Colorado; I saw them among the melon vines at Green River, Utah, and on the little patches of sweet ccrn amid the sage brush of Nevada; I saw them among the squash vines on the islands of the Sacramento 584 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. river and on the little plats of corn in that great San Joaquin valley in California. On a hunting trip in that state, some forty miles from the nearest habitation, I visited a goat ranch where Angora goats are grown for mutton, and at a spring in a little garden of perhaps a quarter of an acre were a few hills of sweet corn, what was my surprise to find the roots of the corn almost entirely eaten away. In conversation with the owner he told me that in that pax'ticular corner of the garden (it was on a mountain side) the afternoon sun beamed in and it had been his cus- tom for a number of years to plant to early vegetables and then later on in June or July to plant to sweet-corn. So that accounted for the pres- ence of the worms. On my return home I saw the effects of this worm on the corn in Texas within a few miles of the borders of Old Mexico. I saw where they had worked on the kaffer corn in New Mexico and Oklahoma and on the flattened fields in Kansas and Missouri, all testify- ing to his universal presence. BEES, CULTURE AND DO THEY PAY. A. L. Hyzer. Before Buena Vista County Farmers' Institute. The bee from its singular instincts, its activity, its industry, and its useful products resulting from its labors, has from the remotest times attracted general attention and interest. No nation upon earth has had so many historians as this remarkable class of insects. The patience and sagacity of the naturalist have ihad an ample field for exercise in the study of the structure, physiology and domestic economy of bees. Their preservation and increase have been subjects of assiduous care to the agriculturist, and their reputed perfection of policy and gov- ernment have long been the theme of admiration and have supplied copious materials for argument and allusion to the poet and the moralist in every stage. A very great number of authors have written express treatises on bees, periodical works have been published relating exclusively to their management and economy, and learned societies have been established for the sole purpose of conducting researches on this subject. The history of the opinion of successive writers sufficiently prove how gradual and slow has been the growth of an accurate knowledge of these Insects, what is now known being the result of persevering labors of ages. The accumulations of curious and interesting facts, indeed, which has accrued from the researches of such apiarians as Miller and Root of modern times, Langstroth of less modern, Huber and Von Seibold of an- cient times, who are considered among the greatest bee scientists of the "world. Bees stand in organization and intelligence and in social and con- structive ability at the head of the whole insect tribe; they abound in all parts of tfie world, but are more numerous in warmer latitudes. About 5,000 species are known to exist. They exert a most important influence upon the vegetable world by their service in the cross polinization of plants, some of which now depend wholly upon their co-operation for their SEVENTH ANNITAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 585 existence. Many of us understand the advantage we receive, by keeping a few colonies of bees in easy range of our orchards. And they furnish us with the important food honey, some species being semi-domesticated for the purpose of malting it in large and manageable quantities for man's benefit. Our description will therefore apply more especially to the com- mon or well known specie, the honey-bee, which is the one particularly prized on account of the rich product it affords. The honey-bees begin their search for honey with the opening of the first blossom in the spring and do not cease It until the withering of the last blossom in the fall compels the insect to go into winter quarters. It is their habit to de- vote their researches to a single sort of flower as long as it serves their purpose, each individual searching after blossoms of the same kind in- stead of searching flowers discriminately and to this habit is due the great service they accomplish in cross fertilization. The honey-bee is supposed to be of Asiatic origin and was found at the eastern end of the Mediterranean sea in a partially domesticated state at the early dawn of history, and the bee keepers of Egypt, Syria and Greece practiced many of the arts used at the present time. Bee keeping traveled into Europe with the Roman civilization and came to America with the early colonies. Several races have been de- veloped in the course of this long history of semi-domestication and the best of them have long ago reached the United States. Bee keeping is not only a source of pleasure, but is interesting and profitable as well, and we find that a great many people are drawing a large income from this source every season. The instinct and social economy of the honey-bee, having been studied with great attention both in ancient and modern times, and discoveries that which perhaps nature presents nothing more Interesting and won- derful, have rewarded the patient observer. Apiarian societies have been formed, books and papers have been published for the purpose of prose- cuting this single branch of natural history and for promoting apricultive ■or the economical keeping of bees, and to these largely we owe our knowledge of the culture of bees. I do not think it necessary to enter largely into the subject of apri- culture or the management of bees in this paper for the want of space and for the reason that but few people in this community are inter- ested in the culture of bees or have any desire to engage in bee keeping. I will only give a short explanation of the modern, human and scientific system of bee keeping, which today supersedes the ignorance and cruelty of past ages and give a few of the best points to new beginners in get- ting properly started. I do not advise anyone without experience to start with more than two or three colonies, for it might be all that would be of any profit to them. They can be moved at any time of the year except in very cold weather. Select a location which is high and dry, that is a place par- tially shaded by trees during the heated part of the summer, place the hives to the south or east upon stands four or six inches high; see that they are level crosswise and a little lower in front to keep out the water and be particular to choose a place well protected from hgih winds, as it is very essential in this community. In taking them from their 586 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. winter quarters select a warm, still day after the snow has all gone, about the first of April. Have yourself provided with an extra bottom board which has been placed at some convenient place near the summer stands and immediately after taking them out remove the bottom board and place the hive upon the one which you have provided. The hive is then ready to be placed with the new bottom board on the summer stand, which should be done at once and the bees liberated. Thoroughly scrape off all the dead bees and dirt from the bottom board which has been in use and use it in like turn with the next swarm placed upon the summer stand. The work of moving bees should be done very carefully and precaution should be taken not to jar them or get them excited. You should be provided with a good veil and gloves and have them well adjusted at all times during the different processes of handling, for one never knows at what time they may attack him. After the bees have been placed on the summer stands careful observation is perhaps all they will need for a month or two. Should they begin to rob, close up the en- trance to the hive which has been attacked, allowing only space enough, for a single bee to pass in and out. As the first blossoms put in an ap- pearance, watch your bees and if they are carrying pollen, it is a safe sign that they have a prolific queen. If you find them queenless you must immediately supply them with another or join them to a colony having a queen, the latter being advisable to the new beginner. If they are found to be short of stores it will be necessary to feed them either honey or sugar and water in the form of a thick syrup. If you are not capaible of judging the proper time to put on supers, you had better put them on quite early, about the first of May, before the swarming- season commences, which is about the first of May and extends to the 15th of July, and is usually a very busy time, especially if the man- ager has a number of swarms to look after and one in which the whole family becomes greatly interested in, and more especially if the more- ancient modes of handling bees is practiced. At that time you would probably have heard the rattle of the dish pans, the ringing of the din- ner bell and all the available ways of making a loud noise brought into use, even to the parting salute of the old family protecting shotgun and finally the bees have been compelled to light in the top of a tree, and a. great task must be performed if they are secured and safely housed. But we are thankful that these old notional ways have passed away, especially with those who have become better skilled in bee culture. When swarm- ing time commences have your empty hives all ready for receiving the new swarms supplied with starters or full foundation sheets and stand in a cool, clean place. If artificial swarming is desired this is the proper time to do it. If transferring is necessary this is also a good time or can be done a little earlier. If beginners allow their bees to swarm naturally they are most likely to meet with good success. When the swarm comes out the bees will usually settle on some suitable object near by. It is not necessary to beat on pans or create a loud noise to make them settle. Watch them closely and follow them up, usually they do not go far. After the bees have clustered in a compact bunch hive them either by shaking them on top of the brood frames or on top of the hives. This is usually done by cutting off the limb with the bees attached and SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 587 carrying to the hives, or if out of reach and not suitable to cut the limb, use the swarm catcher, which answers the purpose. After they have adopted their new quarters, place the hive in its permanent position and shade for a few days. "While bees in the act of swarming are not much inclined to 'Sting, there is once in a. while a swarm that is very aggres- sive, and do not forget to have your veil and smoker in readiness. I think It advisalble for new beginners to allow their bees to proceed in the most natural way possible. Of course it is essential to have your bees in good, improved, controlable hives and assist them in building their comb straight by placing full sheets of foundation or artificial comb in the brood frames, well rowed in. After you have built up an apiary of ten or twelve hives try your hand at artificial swarming, for which there are a number of ways and the entire prevention of swarming. After the swarming season is over the bee keeper's time is occupied in getting supers in readiness and in taking care of the surplus honey that is either in the comb state in the form of sections or in the ex- tracted product. "When the first super you have given to a colony is about three-fourths filled put another one underneath it. By the time this second super is three-fourths finished the top one will usually be full. If not put on a third super below these two. As soon as every section in a section is completely capped over it should be removed from the hive. Be par- ticular to place the seconid super on before the bees have completed the first and do not take the super off until tihey have established them- eelves in the second. To prevent having a lot of unfinished sections at the close of the season you should, during the first few weeks of the honey flow, gradually reduce the number of supers on the hives to one each, and finally have only a super on the very strongest and best working colonies. Store your honey in a warm, dry place free from dust. Put only section with nice straight, well filled and well capped comb on the mar- ket. Scrape off all traces of bee glue; grade your honey carefully and put up in neat, clean shipping cases. Make sure that the front row is a fair representation of the contents of the case, if you are marketing it. "Wintering Bees — This is undoubtedly the most important part in bee culture and can describe it best by relating some of my experiences. Dur- ing the last five years I have had from fifty to 100 colonies to care for and have experimented on several methods of wintering them. In the fall of 1902 and 1903 I placed all of my bees in an outdoor cellar, or cave, as we commonly call them. Some of them were late swarms and their stores were short. They came out in the spring in fairly good condition, losing only one or two colonies, but the weaker ones had to be fed as soon as I took them out. In the fall of 1904 I only placed part of them in the cave and put the rest in the cellar. The ones I wintered in the cave came through in good condition, did not lose any, while those I wintered in the cellar, a few colonies died, but I was fairly well satisfied with the result. In the fall of 1905, having more colonies than my cave would accommodate, I selected nineteen of the heaviest colonies and tried to winter them out of doors by banking them in. Out of these 588 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. nineteen l)ut one survived the winter, and of the seventy-nine vi^hich I wintered in the cave I lost only two. Last fall I placed all of my colonies of bees under ground and they seem to be doing well. A few years ago it seemed a very difficuM task to winter bees. Most people were trying to winter their bees out of doors and generally meeting with poor success, but by the underground method it can be success- fully and economically done. Place your bees in their winter quarters at the freezing up of the ground in the fall and keep them in total dark- ness. Give them plenty of ventilation and they will do the rest. Do not be afraid that vegetables in the same apartment is going to harm them. I use my bees to keep my vegetables from freezing, as they will keep the temperature in the cellar or cave at from 40 to 45 degrees, just the right temperature to sprout your potatoes and onions. They usually become very restless in their winter quarters about the first of March, when the cellar becomes much warmer, and you will find that some of the colonies have commenced to hatch their summer bees. Give them ventilation and be careful about admitting light. Keep them as quiet as possible until April 1st, and then if the weather pemiits, place them upon their summer stands as I have before described. Now, a few words as to do they pay. It has been said that a county rich in the product of corn is poor in the product of honey, ibut they do pay fairly well in this community, not so well perhaps as they do in the heather covered districts of Britain and Russia, or the flowery regions of the Nile, or the alfalfa growing communities of our western states. But since the appearance of the dandelion and white clover and the more ex- tensive cultivation of fruit it can be said that they pay fairly well and it is advisable for every farmer in every farming community to keep a few colonies of bees for the assisitance they render him in fruit growing, if nothing else. And if he has not time to care for them let the children look after them. We often find that the lady of the house is more capable in caring for them. Some of our best bee culturers are ladies. Get them for the boys upon the farm; they will take great interest in them and in no distant day you will find your table provided with every luxury and no small income. CORN CULTURE. D. L. Pascal, DeWitt. Iowa, Before 'Johnson County Farmers' Institute. HOW TO PLANT, TEND AND HARVEST IOWA'S GREATEST CROP. HOW TO CARE FOR SEED AND HOW TO TEST IT. We listen to the dairy men tell how important the dairy products are, and the live stock men will tell about the cattle, pigs and sheep and their valuation; then the poultry men will tell you about the old hen and her eggs, which all sounds good and are important products, but let the Iowa corn crop fail, where would the stock man be? The cattle and hogs would be a drag on the market. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 589 I am often asked how I became interested in tlie study of corn breed- ing. It was in December, 1901, wliile at the International Stock Show in Chicago, that I met 0. D. Center of Champaign, Illinois, who had charge of a corn exhibit for the Illinois Experiment Station. He asked me if I was interested in corn growing. I told him "a little." After talk- ing a /while to him he asked me to attend a meeting of the delegates from the different agricultural colleges, to be held at the Stock Exchange building that evening; that he had a paper to read on corn breeding. I attended the meeting. The next day I spent part of my time at the corn exhibit with the young man. After I returned home I sent to James L. Reid of Delavan, Illinois, for some pure bred Reid's seed corn and began the work of corn breeding. To the average man the term "corn breeding" means nothing, so I will not dwell long on that part of the work. I am endeavoring to breed a uni- form ear of corn with shape, straightness of row, well covered tips and well filled butts. Not a large ear, but an ear ten inches long, seven and one-half inches in circumference at the butt and tapering slightly to- wards the tip, with twenty rows and an ear that will mature in this lo- cality. I want to eliminate the weak and harren stalks and have every stalk producing something. If we plant our corn three feet and six inches each way we would have three thousand five hundred and fifty-six hills per acre, and if every hill produced two pounds of corn we would have a yield of one hundred bushels of corn per acre. Some will say they don't see why a corn breeder tries to have the ears filled so well at the butt and the tip. Do you know if we can grow two ears to each hill, and then get fifteen extra kernels on the tip and the same on the butt of each year, we will increase our yield of corn three and one-third bushels of shelled corn per acre, which is profit? So these little things amount to dollars and cents to the com grower, depending on the price of corn. Farmers, do not discard your old variety of seed-corn until you are sure that it is not the best corn for you to plant, but make a variety test; buy some seed-corn of one of the improved varieties and plant in the following way; have the ground well prepared and as nearly the same as possible. Plant four rows of your old variety of corn and then four rows of the new variety of corn. Repeat this at least four times. In that way the conditions of the soil and the cultivation would be about the same. Then when you harvest the crop in the fall you can count the stalks in the rows and see which variety gave you the best results. Then you will know which variety is best suited for your purpose. Remember, there will be no good seed in this field, as the two va- rieties will be mixed, but you will have seen which variety gave you the best results, then you can get some pure seed of that variety to plant your next year's crop. This trial may mean much to you at the end of five years. A word on corn shows: They are of value for the educational part; there is nothing like comparing your goods with the other fellow's. You soon can see where your corn is weak and what the corn men are trying to produce. Don't be misled by the score-card; it is a guide to study by. Two samples of corn can score the same, yet one is a better- sample than the other to plant. 590 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Selecting the variety of seed-corn to plant will depend on what you do with the crop after it is harvested. If you feed it on the farm or sell It to the elevator man or feeder shelled, then you want to grow the va- riety that will give you the most bushels of marketable shelled corn per acre; but if you are selling it unshelled, that is, in the ear, then you want to grow the variety that will give you the greatest number of marketable pounds of cob and corn together per acre. You are after growing the corn that will make you the most money. In selecting an ear of corn for seed there are several things to con- Elder and you must not lay too much stress on one point, but study the ear as to its usefulness. The four main points to consider are: Will It grow? Will it mature? Has it producing power, and will it reproduce itself? If an ear will not grow it is of no value for seed-corn, no matter how nice it is in shape, etc. If it does grow and will not mature it is of little value. You all know what immature corn means, it is of poor feeding value and hard to keep when stored in the cribs. As to pro- duoing power, we want to know that it will do something when planted. In spite of unfavorajble conditions. A large germ is a good indication, but the only safe way is to put it to the test in the germination box and see if it will germinate strong. In reproducing power we want the corn to show breeding and be free from mixture, so when it is planted •we can expect to harvest the same kind of corn as we planted. The trouble with planting mixed corn is that it reverts l>ack; too wide a range in tasseling out; barren stalks, matures uneven and is poor for next year's seed. Sort your seed-corn carefully and test every ear. You can test four or six kernels from each ear, six would be best, and only save the ears for planting from which the six kernels grew strong. This testing can be 'done in the spring before com planting time, say March or April, ■when there is not much other work that you -can do. It means better seed, a better stand, fewer weak stalks, less barren stalks, more corn and more profit. Planting in the missing hills in a corn field by hand is just that much time wasted, as it doesn't amount to enough to pay for the labor. After you have tested each ear of corn, shell off the tip and butt kernels and only save the middle part of eacli ear for seed. Shell each ear by itself, so you can reject any ear that you see, the kernels In which are creacked or damaged in any way. In that way you can dis- card those ears, while if you had shelled them together you could not and it would mean just that many missing stalks in your field. As you are shelling the seed you can also grade it by putting the broad, medium and narrow kernels in separate boxes, making the three grades, so the planter can drop more uniform. After you have your seed all shelled and graded test your planter and find what size plate will give you the best drop on each grade of seed; then put the seed in burlap sacks, not over one-half bushel in a sack; label the sack with the name of the kind of seed it contains and the number of the planter plate that dropped the desired number of kernels per hill, that you wished; then hang the sack of seed up where they are dry and no danger of gathering moisture and when planting time comes you are ready for business, no time lost shelling the seed or testing the planter. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 591 SOME IMPORTANT DON'TS. Remember, don't put the shelled seed-corn in boxes or barrels; if you do it is liable to heat and spoil. The numiber of kernels to plant per hill will depend on the kind of soil, conditions of weather and the insect in the soil, and what you want the crop for. If for fodder you will want to plant it thicker than if you just wished to harvest the corn. You will have to be your own judge as to the number of kernels best to plant per hill. The kind of a planter to buy will depend upon how you have pre- pared your seed-corn. My advice is for you to shell and grade your seed- corn as you intend to for planting, then take some of your own seed-corn and test Che different makes of iplanters and buy the one that drops your corn best. You want a planter that will plant your kind of co-rn — not a planter that works well on the corn that you do not want to plant. • Don't buy a planter and then have to buy seed-corn to fit the planter; buy the planter that works best with your own seed-corn. Don't 'be afraid of getting too good a seed bed. Soon as you have in your oat crop, disc your corn ground; it stops evaporation and retains the moisture, the land will work up better, you will get a better seed bed and the result will be a better corn crop. Fall plowing warms up soonest and you can prepare a better seed bed and get your corn in earlier. The winter freezings and thawings pulverize the lumps and destroy the insects, the corn makes a better growth before dry weather comes and will mature earlier. Spring plowing has its disadvantages. If a wet season the ground is hard to get in shape, more or less lumps, and slow in warming up, dries out more than fall plowing, corn grows slower, is later maturing, mora soft corn and does not yield so well as fall plowing. The time to plant will depend on the weather, condition of the soil and preparation of the seed bed. Early planting as a rule gives the best results, as the corn gets a better start before the dry season comes, the roots are better developed and can resist the dry season better. The early planting yields better, matures better, less danger of being caught by the early frost, less soft corn and you can select better seed-corn for next year's crop. Late planting is affected more by dry weather, is slower maturing, more liable to be caught by the frost, more soft corn and less chance to pick good seed-corn. FAVORS SHALLOW PLANTING. Shall I plant my corn deep or shallow? As a rule shallow planting gives the best results if you have prepared a good seed bed; but if the ground is dry and lumpy, then you will have to plant deeper so the seed will receive moisture enough to germinate. "When the corn Is planted early and deep the ground is cold, seed will sprout slowly and if cold rain follows the seed will sour and be weakened. If a crust forms on the ground it will not all get through. You will have weak stalks and missing hills and may have to replant your entire field. 592 rOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. When planting your corn get it into as straight checks as possible. It is easier to cultivate ajid to keep clean and you are less liable to de- stroy any hills in cultivating. Every hill you destroy means that much loss. Harrowing corn after planting destroys the small vi^eeds, smoothes the ground and makes the first cultivation easier, but the tramping of the horses on the rows will destroy some hills and the harrow will de- posit rubbish on some of the hills. Blind plowing and harrowing before the corn is up is a good plan if your ground is foul with weeds. You will destroy the weeds and some of your stand of corn, but you will have to be the judge for yourself which will give you the best results — a good stand with weeds or a thinner stand without weeds. Harrowing the corn after it is up will destroy some stalks, but if the weather is dry the damage will not be so great. If a crust has formed on the ground you will have to resort to harrowing to break up the crust in the hills and to stimulate the growth of the corn. Cultivate soon as you can see to follow the row, and do it thoroughly. Don't be afraid of hurting the corn roots the first time. Cultivate deep and destroy all the weeds possible; loosen up the ground and stimulate the young plant so It will not be stunted and keep it growing so as to get ahead of the weeds and insects. After the second cultivation you must be careful not to cultivate deep or too close to the hill or you will injure the roots, retard the growth and make it slow maturing and reduce your yield of corn. Cultivate your corn at least five times. Plow shallow the last time or you will injure your corn roots. When fall comes gather your seed corn about October first, so as to be sure to have good seed for your next crop. Go through the field with a sack, picking the best seed ears, then hang them up to dry in an open shed. Don't let them freeze untj^ thoroughly dry. After it is dry, store where it will not gather moisture. The attic is a good place to store seed corn, as the air is dry. Don't gather immature corn for seed, for it is weak in vitality. Pick your seed corn from your best field. If your corn is too late maturing gather your seed from the first stalks you see ripening, or if on the other hand, too early maturing, wait until later and then gather your seed from the stalks that are still green. There are other things besides poor seed-corn that reduce our yield of corn per acre — improper drainage, poorly prepared soil, lack of fertility, poor cultivation, unfavorable weather and insect pest. The only success- ful method of combating with the insect pest is by rotation of crops, not growing more than two consecutive crops of corn on the same land. Poor seed-corn means missing hills, weak stalks, barren stalks, poor stand, low yield, less profit and some times a failure. While, on the other hand, good seed-corn means better stand, surer of a crop under the same conditions, more corn per acre, cost of raising crop less per bushel and more profit for your labor. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PAKT X, 593" CORN CONCLUSIONS. {From United States Department of Agriculture. Farviers' Bulletin No. 253. J (1) Approximately 15.000.000 bushels of corn are required for seed every year in the United States. (2) The yield depends largely on the vitality of the seed planted. (3) Make your own germinating box and test the vitality of every ear of corn before planting. (4) The time required for individual ear tests is very little; twelve or fifteen ears will furnish enough seed to plant one acre. (5) Count the sprouts very carefully; any ear failing to show 100 per cent of good sprouts should be rejected. (6) Of 3,322 ears tested, 1,906, or more than one-half, were unfit for seed. These samples were taken from ears picked for seed by good, careful farmers, and are evidently much above the average. (7) Field tests have shown that seed of strong vitality will produce- the largest yield of corn. (8) Granting that the samples tested are representative of the pres- ent supply of seed-corn, the testing of every ear and the subsequent re- jection of poor ears will increase the stand 13.7 per cent. (9) An increased stand of 13.7 per cent would mean an increased annual yield of 298,140,695- bushels, with a value of $100,739,912.91, cal- culated on the average yield and price for the last ten years. THE TOWNSHIP AS A ROAD DISTRICT. G. S. McConnell. Princeton. loica. Before Scott County Farmers' Institute. Theory in regard to a matter of this kind may seem to be all right, but when it comes to the practical test is often found wanting. We have all read glowing reports of how well the township road district plan worked in certain localities, how much better the roads were kept at less ex- pense, and many more flattering comments of the same nature. We used to see articles of this kind in the papers long before the plan was adopted here. I have always had an idea that such articles were written by men who could write as beautiful as a certain editor of an agricul- tural paper of whom I once heard. His writings about a well-kept farm were so fine that people journeyed from far to see his ideal. But lo! when they beheld the poorly-kept, run-down looking place, they didn't stop to see the handsome editor. 38 594 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The one district plan lias some advantages over the sub-district ijlan, the principal of which is, the supervisors can hire men and teauis to work the roads, thus having the right and privilege to get a good work- ing force, while under the old plan the supervisors were hampered in this respect, being obliged to employ such help as might be in their districts, whether good, ^bad or indifferent. It then should be expected that the one-district man would do, more and better work, but it is done? Are the roads in general better worked under the new plan than under the old? I have heard ten men siay "no" to this question to one that said "yes." There are many reasons why the one-district plan does not give satisfaction. First, it is out of the question for either supervisor or the trustes of the township to inspect all the fifty to seventy miles of road at all seasons, unless they are paid for it, and that eats up the tax. It is not likely there is one man in this or any other ■county that his business takes him over all the roads in the township in which he lives (unless it is the assessor) once in five years, let alone five or six or dozens of times in one year, in order to note what places are inclined to be miry, what pieces of road do not need to be ridged up, what hills wash readily into ditches or get out of shape in any way, what bridges and culverts need repairing and numerous other little matters that need to be watched. The supervisor that has only about a two miles square district to look after has usually sufficient oppor- tunities to study every rod of his eight or ten miles. Give him the right to hire his help. No man has ever served as supervisor under the old plan as supervisor but what realized how he was handicapped by that phrase "to be paid in labor" column that invariably appeared in Ms road tax list. If the one man lives in the center of a six miles square township, he has to go six miles to get to any of the corners, he is even then too far from most of his work. If his home is at one side, all the worse. If there were seven or eight of him, he could do as the colored' man said he would have to do when his calf strayed, "scatter himself out and hunt for It." It is often the case that there are dozens of places in a township that require attention all at once. Under the one-man rule, many such places are neglected for weeks, when they should not be days, simply because he can not get to all at the same time. This is no reflection on the individual supervisor, nor do I wish to discredit any man who is or may have been acting in that capacity, thougli, of course there is the chance for the place to be secured through political pull and be given to a man who is not competent at anything else, like the boy's dog: Tlie boy said he was a good coon dog. "Did he ever catch a coon?" "No; but I know he must be a good coon dog, because he is not good for anything else." I live in a hilly part of the country. Under the old plan, our district was two miles square. On the roads in it, there were thirty hills with a pitch of from one to two and one-half feet in ten. The steepest of these were graded by the supervisor, besides all the other work necessary on new roads. In time many of the cuts became narrow, but the super- visor each year either widened them or cut down others. Since the new plan has been adopted, there has not been one hill in the two-mile SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 595 square widened or graded but what has been done by the couaty, and we have a very good man for supervisor, too. Every culvert, bridge, hill and stretch of level is each a problem in itself. There is prob- ably not a mile, possibly not one-half mile of road in this or any other county that requires the same treatment the whole length. If there was money enough in it to employ the one man all his time, we might have better roads. If all the farmers would use the drag and use it at the right time, it would be a great help, but there are many who will not use it at all. Often the time for using the drag lasts but a day, sometimes scarcely half a day, when the weather is very warm. At such a time a township supervisor can drag but a small part of the fifty or more miles of road, and he can not see to having it done near as well as the party who has but a few miles to attend to. A supervisor or "caretaker" of five or six miles could, usually, if he was paid for it, as he should be, drag the whole himself when the ground is in proper condition. Why can't we have some uniformity about the width and curvature of the roadbed? I drove over some dirt road in coming here that is only wide enough for one track with deep ditches on each side. Teams meet- ing in such a place, one would have to back out. Traflic in such small space, when there is mud, cuts it up far more than where there is plenty of room. In a stretch of two or three miles of macadamized road, there is part where the eight or ten feet wide of rock and gravel is set up on a "razor back" with sides so steep that it is unsafe for vehicles to turn off. This condition is very unnecessary. In other parts, the macadam is very little higher than the ground on either side, with plenty of room on each side for teams to pass. There has been a great deal said and written about making the roads good for the mail carrier, and it is all right, but he don't care whether the hills are steep, or the track is narrow, so it is smooth and hard. His trips are all made in daylight. Why don't we think of the doctor? You call him in the night and want him to get to you just as quick as possible, and in doing so, he often must pass teams on his route. For his safety, the road-bed should be just as wide as possible. Assistant Director, Public Road Inquiries, Maurice O. Eldridge, in Farmers' Bulletin No. 136, entitled "Earth Roads," insists that the grades should be "such that loaded vehicles may be drawn over them without great loss of energy," and says that "accurate tests have shown that a horse which can pull on a level road one thousand pounds, on a rise of one foot in one hundred feet can draw only nine hundred pounds, one foot in ten feet can draw only two hundred and fifty. Per cent of the grade means so many feet up in one foot horizontal. Ten per cent grade means a rise of ten feet of horizontal distance traveled." The same authority says the "fail from the center to the sides should under no circumstances exceed one in twelve." In Vermont, the system has been introduced of dividing the roads into certain length and alloting each length to a section man, care-taker or farmer and it is a matter worthy of note, that in Vermont the general results from its application are that much better roads are secured at less expense. 596 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OUR COUNTRY ROADS. C. M. Adams, Davenport, loiva. President of Rural Carriers' Associatio^tf of loioa. Before Clinton Farmers' Institute. I want to touch the subject briefly under five heads, viz.: Material aid, state aid, county aid, township aid, and, lastly, the farmer's aid. NATIONAL AID. I recall that the National Farmers' Institute that was held in Rock Island last fall adopted the resolution that was introduced by James McKinney in favor of national aid and the passing of the Brownlow bill. Now, all of this sounds very nice, but, alas, it is never realized. Just so with national aid for our roads, it is a farce pure and simple. Just something that our political friends are trying to hand to us to cause the farmers to think they are working for them. We have today the only government aid that we will ever get, and it is worth more than what we have asked for. It has improved thou- sands and thousands of miles of roads. I refer to the rural free deliv- ery that covers over 53,000 miles of the Iowa roads, and they must be kept in good shape. The agricultural department is now co-operating with the postoffice department, the work is being systematized and there is a steady im- provement in the condition of our highways, more noticeable in other states than in ours, but it is coming just the same. STATE AID. Now, that sounds better than national aid, but let us see, some one says let the state pay 50 per cent, county 25 per cent, township 15 per cent, and abutting property 10 per cent and we can have fine roads Now let us see what that really means. It means simply this: Take the hard earned money out of your pocket, put it into the other fel- low's pocket, then let you reach your hand in his pocket and after some kicking you can pull out about 90 cents on the dollar. Say, Mr. Farmer, how much did you get from the other fellow (the state) for nothing? Did you ever stop to think where the state's money comes from? The taxes, of course, and who pays the taxes? You do. Yes; I expected some one was going to speak of the $50,000,000 that the state of New York is spending for permanent roads. Let me say right here before that state gets through spending the $50,000,000 on permanent roads it will need another $50,000,000 to repair the permanent roads that are built. What is good for the farmers of New York, where eighty-two per cent of the state's wealth is in her cities and commercial industries and SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 597 only eighteen per cent in farm values, would not do for you farmers in Iowa, where the order of things are reversed and over seventy-five per cent of the taxes are paid by the rural population. Our state aid is to come through the Iowa highway commission, that is working on an appropriation of $5,000 per year. (That should be increased to $10,000 by the present state legislature.) It is studying the road problem from a scientific standpoint and putting the same in a practical form so it is applicable to the different localities. The use of concrete for culvert bridges, etc., is being tried out in a practical way, specifications for larger bridges are being prepared. Expert engines and practical workmen are sent free of charge to any part of the state to demonstrate and help in road work. That is the kind of state aid that we need. We don't want the other fellow to do, we want to be taught so that we can do. In addition to this, the highway commission conducts a good roads school at Ames for a week or ten days each j^ear for the benefit of the road oflice. I was there last year and I want to say that if each town- ship would send some good delegate there each year and pay his ex- penses, it would be money well spent. Why not try it. Let us become familiar with what the state is doing and give it a good, fair trial be- fore we ask for more. For full particulars of the work of the commission address Prof. Thos. H. MacDonald, Ames, Iowa. COUNTY AID. As the county treasurer receives all the road tax and holds the same for a length of time, it Is well to be in close touch with the county, but the township should not lose its identity. As most counties contain one or more large towns that are built largely by the farmers, it is only right that a part of the taxes paid by the industries of the county seat should come back to the rural districts. The county grading gang has worked very successfully in many locali- ties. It has been found easier to get the work done at the right time by letting the work of several townships to one contractor that makes a business of it and has the horses or mules to do the same. Less ma- chinery will be needed, especialy of the heavier kinds. Without question, dirt can be moved ciieaper with the use of the elevating grader than the blade machine. As it would take the entire year's tax of a township to purchase an elevating grader, it is out of the question for a single township. This will serve as an example in favor of the county gang and show how better work can be done at less cost with less money invested in road machinery. Again, we are living in the cement age. Ten years ago 1,000,000 barrels of Portland cement were used in the United States. In 1905 25,000,000 were used, and a large part of that went into road making. If the county had entire charge of ail the cement culvert work, it could be done by one gang at a less cost with no more money invested in molds and tools than would be needed for two or three townships, and with a good mixing machine and a trained crew all work could be done up to the standard. 598 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TOWNSHIP AID. The township has a less, but still important part, that of maintaining the roads after they have been put in proper shape. We should come to realize that one of the worst enemies that we have to good roads are the weeds that grow 'by the wayside. We let them grow, or they simply grow without our letting, all summer long and fill up the ditches and then in the spring or late in the fall we work them and their roots into the center of the road and the humous of the decayed weeds makes the soil nice and porous and it retains the water, and the weeds are in bad shape after each rain and in the spring. Don't forget to keep up the fight on the weeds. The general plan that has been followed with the roads in the past, of putting them in good shape once a year and expecting them to stay that way till the road boss came around again, is about as sensible as for same fond mother to wash the face of her darling and expect it to stay clean for a year. Our roads must be kept smooth, and the King or split log drag is the article to do it with. After each rain, the road should be dragged. It will smooth the surface and let the water off and at the same time it will kill the weeds that I have spoken of. THE farmer's aid. This is last, but it is most important. The solution of the good roads question is in your hands, and in our state where the bulk of wealth is in our farm lands you must furnish the money for the work. It is up to you to see that each dollar paid in taxes returns one dollar's worth of honest labor on our public roads. Township politics, so far as road oflScers are concerned, are a curse to the cause, and I want to call on you now to support competent men for your trustees, regardless of politics. Give them your loyal support, and advise with them. One of the chief reasons why our roads are not better is because you have not demanded it. You are indifferent. I am sure that if the farm- ers of this county would get together two or three times in each school house in the county in the next six weeks and talk good roads, adopt plans and appoint good strong committees in each township to meet with the trustees at their regular meeting that will be held the first of April, that great results would be accomplished. If you want good roads, you must talk good roads at the right time and now is the right time to begin. Some will say we need more money to make good roads, and that will mean higher taxes. Time will not permit me to go into this question here more than to say it is simply foolishness to ask for more money before we learn how to spend what we have in a wise way, so that it will return to us $1.00 in good roads for each $1.00 paid in taxes. PERMAXEXT ROADS. There are 102,448 miles of public roads in Iowa, of which 293 miles are stone and 1,465 miles gravel, that cost $3,106,607, according to the report of 1904, or over $2,000 per mile. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. • 599 I do not advocate the general building of the so-called permanent road for the simple reason that it will cost twice as much to maintain the macadamized road as it would to make as good a dirt road ten months in the year as can be made with macadam, when kept in its best con- dition. Again, macadam roads would be very expensive, even if they could be had for nothing, in a country like the prairie states of the west, subject to long periods of drouth, which shrinks the binder from the rock, blows out the fine parts and leaves the road in as bad condition as a mud road at its very worst. Better wade through mud than bump over loose stones that have to be carried off and replaced by stones, newly quarried. The expenses of maintaining macadam roads after six: or eight years is from ten to fifty dollars per mile per year, except in towns where the sprinkler is used to keep it from "raveling." There is no question about this. Enough has been done in the state of Iowa to demonstrate to any man who will keep his eyes open, that the road drag used as we have di- rected over and over again, is the only practicable solution of the good roads question. In fact, we have had experience enough with the road di-ag in the last two years to satisfy any man that, after a road is once graded an expenditure of less than $5 a mile will keep it in first-class condition nine or ten months in the year. We never argue with the men that say the drag is no good, for the simple reason that if they will make a drag and use it as directed, there is no need of argument; and if they will not make a drag and use it, it is useless to argue. Farmers, you should wake up to the reckless waste of your money under our present system of road making. Let us all resolve now that we will be honest to the township and work as hard on the road as we do on our farms. HELP FOR THE LAME HORSE. Locating the Sore Spot — Determining the Cause — Treating the Trouble. Metropolitan and Rural Home— A. S. Alexander. F. H. A. S.. M. D. C. The hard-working horse suffers terribly from many an ache and pain and is unable to tell his owner in words just where the trouble lies or what is causing it. Often we have thought it would be a grand thing indeed were every horse gifted with the power of speech, like Balaam's ass in the Bible, so that he might stop, turn around and say to the driver: "Here, you! That old shoe on my left forefoot is out of place and pinching dreadfully. For humanity's sake stop at the 'smith's and have it reset." Or we can fancy him stopping suddenly and crying out: "Great Grass Fields! I've stepped upon something sharp and it has pricked the 'quick.' Won't you please see what it is and pull it out for me?" 600 • IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. To be sure, the poor horse can not speak in words, but, nevertheless, he can show to the observant driver plain evidences of pain, and one who has become expert can quickly determine the exact seat of trouble in a majority of cases. In many instances he can give "first help" until the veterinarian has had an opportunity of adopting more scientific methods of relief. LOCATIXG L.\MEXESS. Lameness is indicated by "nodding" of the head if the trouble is in a forelimb and the "nod" is aw^ay from the limb affected. In other words, there is a drop of the good leg to relieve the weight upon the unsound one and this dropping causes the head to nod downward on the sound side. When you see a nodding horse approach, get into the habit of nodding in unison with the animal and soon it will becomie an easy matter to de- ■cide which leg is the lame one. Sitting behind a horse, one can nod with the horse in this way and quickly determine which leg is lame; then a critical search must be made for the sore spot. It is by nodding and flinching that the horse tells its owner that soreness is present, and these actions surely should be as suggestive as words. The more so when we watch the suffering animal at rest. He does not rest! If the soreness is in a forefoot he advances the hurting member in front of the body and constantly shifts the position as if trying to escape from the pain caused by pressure. If there is real agony suffered from a foot lameness the foot is held off the ground, and this, too, is a marked symptom in any severe injury below the knee or hock Joint. If there is great pain in both forefeet, both of them are thrust dy to support the weight of the animal, as the horse's center of gravity is located just back of the elbow joint and a;bout one-third of, the distance between the underline and back at that point. The hind feet must approach this center to maintain the equipoise of the body. And so we say when we see a horse stand or attempt to walk with the forelegs extended under the body: "There is soreness in the forefeet and he is attempting to relieve weight from those parts by letting it come largely upon the hind feet." Or the Iiorse may fail to stand firmly down upon his hind feet when standing ■"at ease" becmise he is not at ease, and so he shifts from one foot to the -other or stands with the fetlock (ankle) "knuckled over" (cocked) to •ease that part or some neighboring part or because there is soreness in the upper joints or muscles. Watch him as he tries to walk and it will be seen that the sore leg is handled stiffly and carefully. If there is a shoulder lameness the foot will stand down flat on the ground, but as a step is made the leg will be dragged forward stifflj , not lifted easily over an obstacle and, on trot- ting toward the observer, the leg will be seen to roll outward. Hip lameness also may cause rolling outward of the hind leg with a dropping motion of the hip away from the lame leg, and, on turning a horse SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 601 ■quickly, either shoulder or hip lameness becomes more pronounced and one is able to detect the limb affected. A short step with a foreleg may indicate shoulder lameness, while a long step with a hind leg is often indicative of ringbone lameness located in the pastern region of the limb. Lameness located in the knee causes stiffness of that joint and on lifting the foot and flexing the knee it will be found impossible to make the. heels touch the elbow or the tendons at the back of the cannon bone to lie snugly along those of the forearm. The knee will be kept more or less bent forward (flexed) if causing pain; the elbow point will be dropped downward if there is soreness under the shoulder or a broken rib at that part. If a horse starts out lame in a foreleg, quickly "warms out of the lameness," is as lame as ever when rested a few minutes and again started out, and if the foot is thrust out in front when standing still, one may confidently conclude that the lameness is located in the "navicu- lar" bone and joint of the foot contained in the horny wall of the hoof; if on the other hand, the lameness aggravates the farther the horse travels, is in a foreleg and not associated with "pointing" (thrusting forward) of the foot, the most probable seat of the trouble will be just under the knee on the inside of the le^ and probably due to "splints," which are bony growths upon the cannon bone where the small splint bones (metacarpals) are located. Chronic soreness of the fore feet (grogginess) when not due to navicu- lar disease indicates the probable presence of "corns" which are located in the angles of the heels between the "bars" and the wall; chronic founder (laminitis) or old standing contraction of every part of the hoof which, as we have seen in a former article, causes squeezing or pinching down upon all of the sensitive underlying tissues producing the horny wall, sole and frog. When a horse starts out lame in a hind leg and soon gets over the lameness with exercise, "spavin," located in the hock joint (not the "knee" of hind leg), is to be suspected, and in that trouble there will also be wearing away of the toe of the shoe, resting upon the toe when standing at ease and "hopping" with the lame leg when made to "stand over" in the stall. Lameness located in the stifle joint (at flank) may cause wearing away at the heels of the shoe and further may be indicated by swelling of the joint, or, in young celts, a snapping in and out of place of the "patella" (knee cap), at which times the hind leg will be thrust backward and held so until some change of movement causes the patella to snap back into place again. "Stifled" is a common term given by horseshoers and others to any lameness of the hind leg, the true location of which they are unable to determine. A horse can only be correctly said to be "stifled" when the patella is out of place, and In that condi- tion the afTected leg can not be extended forward. Dragging the toes of both hind feet may Indicate weak back, sprain of the rnuscles of the loins, disease of the kidneys or diseases such as "osteoporosis" or "loco- motor ataxia," which have other symptoms as well, but usually cause some mysterious forms of lameness such as we have indicated. Lastly, it may be said that "heat, pain, redness and swelling" usually Indicate acute inflammation and may guide the examiner to the true 602 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. seat of the sudden or acute lameness, while "cold swelling," or thicken- ing of parts may as surely indicate the location of chronic troubles affecting the tendons or muscles, and pronounced enlargements, hot or cold, or bony growths, tell the story of the cause of lameness Implicating joints. SEEKING THE CAUSE. When Dobbin is seen to be lame there are two ways of acting under the circumstances, viz.: the cruel way and the humane way, and, needless to say, the latter is the right way. The cruel man sees that his horse is lame, but takes a keen interest in the scenery or pays not the slightest attention and goes on calculating how to increase his pile of "filthr lucre" until the officer of the humane society stops him and takes him before the magistrate. The right-acting owner instantly shares in the suffering of his limping horse and is not satisfied until he has taken him out of harness and instituted measures for relief of the pain. Having unhitched and removed the harness, let the horse stand on' the board floor without resitraint, other than the halter, and make the' necessary examination. Bearing in mind what we have said about the things indicative of lameness locations, the horse in a moment or two may show plainly by his manner of standing and acting, which leg is affected and then what part of the limb is causing the pain. This much learned, the next step — no matter what is evident to the eye — should be to pick up the foot of the affected leg and make a careful, examination of the nail-prick or other injury. This is done by remov- ing the shoe, then by tapping with a hammer over each nail hole and at the spots where the nails have been clinched; then by squeezing with a large pair of pinchers lightly over every bit of the sole. Instantly when the sore spot is touched in this way the horse will flinch by pulling or jerking the foot, and that is enough to indicate the necessity of attention being given to the hoof. If the foot shows no sign of trouble, after the most thorough search imaginable, then, and then only, should one commence an examination of other parts of the limb, unless, of course, there is a fresh, bleeding or bruised wound known to have been caused by accident. Apart from a nail-prick, crack, stone-bruise or other injury of the foot, or sudden attack of founder (which is indicated by the symptoms we have described together with high fever and lack of appetite), sudden lameness is most likely to have arisen from a sprain, wrench or injury of a muscle or tendon or joint, and these, in turn, have each to be thoroughly examined for heat, soreness, swelling sensitiveness, thicken- ing, softening, tightening, relaxing, presence of cuts, abrasures, abscesses, collections of serum, etc. In a majority of lameness cases the cause is located below the knee or hock. Shoulder or hip are less often af- fected and often most difficult to determine as the true seat of the trouble. When there is no history of injury sudden lameness may be at- tributed to rheumatism, and in that case tends to shift from one joint or muscle to another place ,in the body and often causes "cracking" of the joints when the animal is made to move about. The latter symptom is mostly seen in old horses and in chronic cases of rheumatism. In SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. (iOS acute rheumatism there may be fever and as much local pain, heat and swelling as is present when the trouble is due to injury of the part affected. Sudden stiffness and lameness of one or both hind legs in a horse that is fat — has been idle for a day or two and during that time heavily fed on oats or other rich food, and often appears on first exercising the horse after rest referred to and comes on with sweating — is associated with swelling and hardening of the muscles of the hip and by dark red or coffee color of the urine. This disease is azoturia, by many horsemen erroneously called "spinal meningitis," and, when severe, ends in paralysis of the hind legs and results in death. It causes the loss of hundreds of valuable horses in the large cities following holidays or periods of inclement weather during which horses are rested and heavily fed. In seeking the cause of lameness, therefore, take everything into con- sideration, for the history of the case is important, seeing that the sufferer can not talk, and may settle the matter when, on removal of the shoe and careful examination of the foot, tendons and muscles, no cause of the trouble can be found. Despite the most careful examination by the owjier or his assistants it will, however, often be found impossible to locate the seat of the lameness; this applies most often to the slight, spasmodic, mysterious cases of lameness which are the bane of the gradu- ate veterinarian as well as the skilled horseman. Knowing then that much skill is required to determine the location and cause of many lamenesses of the horse it certainly is best, where possible, to immedi- ately call in a qualified practitioner to examine the patient and institute the proper course of treatment. PEINCIPLES OF SENSIBLE TREATMENT. In giving first aid to the suffering horse, common sense should sug- gest the doing of safe and soothing things rather than the adoption of radical and often irritating measures. Hot or cold water applications are, for example, always indicated as safe and soothing to an injured tendon or muscle. On the contrary, much additional suffering is un- necessarily caused by the empiric who treats such injuries by the im- mediate application of smarting, blistering nostrums; or he may do in- curable mischief by bleeding the animal or administering great doses of active poisons, such as tincture of aconite, which should only be used by the graduate who understands the lessons to be learned from taking the horse's "pulse." A hot or cold poultice often is soothing and beneficial to an injured foot or joint, provided always that it is a clean poultice. A salve may be of benefit to a wound, but it must be an anti- septic, soothing salve, not axle grease, which is a salve, to be sure, but unsuitable and usually filthy. A dressing powder may be indicated for a wound, but it should be a suitable powder and not a strong caustic, such as sulphate of copper (bluestone) or corrosive sublimate (bichloride of mercury) or white arsenic applied with the hope of burning .off the "proud flesh" which is a horseman's horror, but nature's natural new tissue, produced for reparative purposes, but aggravated into exuberance by irritation and filth of unwise treatment. On general principles, every 604 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. liquid used about a wound should contain sufficient disinfecting sub- stance to render it a preventive of germ-growth. To this end get into the habit of mixing a commercial coal car disinfectant, such as zenoleum, in all bathing water, fomentation water and poultice water used in prac- tice. Next use clean cloths and bandages saturated with a disinfecting solution such as we have prescribed — say a teaspoonful of the disin- fectant to a cupful of clean water. An injury to a hoof necessitates removal of the shoe, and all of the shoes if the horse is to stand in the staible for a long time or is forced to lie down a great deal. Then the hoof must be thoroughly cleansed before a knife is used on its deep, sensitive tissues, and to this end the outer layer of filthy horn should be cut away from the sole, after which the part should be soaked in a disinfectant solution and then treated with a clean knife used to cut down upon the wound caused by a nail, for instance. Lockjaw follows failure to thus open up a nail-prick hole and use a disinfectant. It is no use merely to pull out the offending nail and then pour in some turpentine, as is commonly done; neither does it help much to cut down upon the hole with a dirty knife and then apply a cow-dung poultice, which swarms with germs at the time and is one of the best possible substances for the successful multiplication of germs, which thrive as does the yeast-plant when mixed with moist, warm dough. Oxygen or fresh air kills the tetanus germ and other germs. Let oxygen into wounds and have the air clean by keeping the stable clean and well ventilated. Protect a wound against germs, rest the injured part, treat it gently, tie the horse so he can not bite It, avoid the use of irritants, dirty dressings and rough handling and nature will often do all the rest of the necessary surgeon work. Treat a sprain by applying a plaster of parls cast if the ankle 1b Implicated and on removal of the cast, in two weeks, application of a blister, such as cerate of cantharides, may be all that is necessary. Treat a swollen, hot and sore joint, where possible, by applying a soothing poul- tice or antiphlogistine or other plastic dressing, or by putting on hot or cold compresses and using a simple and safe soothing lotion, such as extract of witch hazel. Use no hot liniments or blisters upon au inflamed, recently injured part, unless In the single exceptional In- stance of a joint just punctured by a nail or fork-tine. Use the liniments and blisters after the inflammation has subsided and to stimulate action In the parts and by increasing blood flow remove products of inflammation and promote repair. Give prolonged rest to all cases of lameness; this alone will cure many an injury causing lameness. Stop bleeding by picking up and tying with clean, silken cord saturated in a disinfecting solution; don't fill the wound with filthy cobwebs. They stop bleeding, to be sure, but fill the part with germs and may lead to fatal blood poisoning. Slight aipplication of a red-hot iron to a bleeding vein which can not be ligated, or packing a cavity with oakum saturated in tincture of Iron, will stop bleeding promptly, and when the blood spurts from an artery and there- fore Is light red in color, remember to bind tightly around the limb above the wound, but below it if the blood comes from a vein and there- fore is blue-red in color and flowing instead of spurting. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 605 Bandages snugly applied are indicated where there is cold swelling of limbs (stocking); also to hold antiseptic cotton upon a wound treated with a dressing powder such as is made of one part of iodoform and six I>artB of boracic acid. This powder will be found suitable for dressing wounds of the foot, or coronet of hoof, which so often cause lameness. A suitable liniment for stimulating parts in lameness, where the in- flammation has subsided, is made "by mixing together one ounce each of tur- pentine and aqua ammonia with four ounces of druggist's soap liniment and water to inake one pint. A suitable lotion for use on barbed-wire wounds, often productive of lameness, either at the time or through bad treatment, Is made by mixing together one ounce of sugar of lead, six drams of sulphate of zinc, one dram of pure carbolic acid, and a pint of cold water. Label the bottle "poison;" shake the medicine thoroughly before using and apply several times dally by dashing straight from the bottle on the wound. To reduce heat and pain in a swollen joint the compress may be kept wet with a "refrigerant lotion" such as a mix- ture of one ounce each of powdered saltpetre, chloride of ammonia and fluid extract of arnica in a pint of cold water. Blistering is necessary for all bony growths that cause lameness, and often it is best to have the parts fired by a veterinarian before applying the blister. A suitable bll8.ter for bony growths such as "splints" and ringbones is made by mixing together one dram of biniodide of mercury and two ounces of cerate of cantharides. This blister will also do for application to a spaving after firing the Joint, but where lameness is due to shrunken muscles the cerate alone should be used, and as a general rule a strong blister must not be applied high up on the hip as sloughing of the skin will be sure to follow. In conclusion, let us advise that instant attention should be paid to every case of lameness and that home treatment should be simple and soothing, the more severe measures sometimes necessary being left to the hands of the skilled graduate veterinarian. MULE BREEDING PROFITABLE. D. Z. Evans. Jr., in Metropolitan and Rural Home. Despite the fact that the automobile has come to stay, and that to the thousands of vehicles of this kind that are now in use, thousands are being added yearly, horses and mules will not and can not be dispensed with. Like the sewing-machine and hundreds of other labor-saving in- veintions, when they came on the market everyone predicted the death- knell of the workingman or woman, yet instead of lessening avenues of labor, they seemed to increase it. So it is with the use of motor vehicles; they will by no means cause an absolute disuse of the horse or mule, but rather add to the facilities for work and transportation. It only caused a slight jar in the economy of things when these motors came to stay, in the system of readjustment to meet the changed conditions, and now horse and mule breeders are as active as ever, and making as much profits. In fact, their profits are greater, for they are giving more care to selection and breeding. 606 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The demand for first-class mules at highly remunerative prices is steadily on the increase, for steady, heavy work in the cities and on the farms and plantations. Heavy pairs of strong, willing and well-broken mules are eagerly sought for by merchants and teamsters in the big cities, and the prices range from $350 to even as high as $800 or more per pair. Mules of this character are more reliable than the average heavy horse; they do not tire out as quickly, are less liable to disease, and they stand the hard pavements much better. Their lasting quali- ties, under the severe strain of heavy city work, are fully double that of a horse. While they can subsist on coarser food than their cousin, the horse, I have always found it to pay big dividends to give plenty of food even to the mule, and when generously treated regularly with food, you can always call on the mule for long hours and continued hard work. While mules are hardier from birth all through life, it is a mistaken idea to give them short rations and poor food and care when in colt- hood, for such methods will produce undersized animals which are less salable and bring much smaller prices than do those which have been kept growing vigorously from the start. Grain food must not, however, be fed too lavishly to any immature animal, else it will weaken instead of strengthen the constitution, either extreme being prejudicial to health. After maturity the cost of keep of the mule is almost one-half that of the horse. Never breed mules from tricky, ill-tempered or vicious mares, or from diseased animals, though too often farmers consider mares that are not fit for anything else as good enough to get mule colts from. Good, well- dispositioned and sound work mares of medium size and roomy build only should be used, and the service of a large matured jack. Like breeding live stock of any other kind, proper selection, both on the side of the sire and dam, is the first requisite, if you expect them to produce desir- able offspring that will not only be eminently useful, but will quickly demand the highest market prices, and to this must be added proper care and shelter, seconded by suitable food in such quantities and at such times as will be most conducive to healthy growth and develop- ment. The mule colts must be castrated early, when about four to six months old, and if well cared for can be worked when two to two and one-half years old, though it is well not to push them until they are three years old, so they will attain their full development. For careful farm work, good mules are far ahead of the average horse, as they are more careful when working among the growing crops and seldom if ever break down or trample upon the plants. While they can and will stand much ill-treatment and neglect, they respond to kind treatment and man is very foolish to treat them otherwise. On the southern plantations they stand the hard work and hot climate better than does the horse, while for teaming in the far west, on the plains or on the rugged mountain paths they do work that scarcely any other animal can or would, being enduring and sure-footed to a wonderful degree. The Government uses hundreds of these animals in transporta- tion, in artillery and teaming, and it will be many generations yet be- fore we will find machinery displacing them entirely, if ever. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 007 The average farmer will find more profit and surer, and with far less outlay originally, in breeding high-class mules for sale than in breeding blooded and trotting horses. Some mules, too, possess considerable speed, one of the best sleigh animals I ever saw or rode behind, for a long trip, was a large, fine-limbed mule. He seemed to delight to be hitched to carriage or sleigh, and frequently trotted a mile in an even three min- utes. It used to be my delight to catch some of the fancy teams on the road and beat them, for if I could not at first clean them up by speed, I almost invariably could by endurance, and my mule seemed to like the sport as much as did his driver. When it is intended to make a specialty or regular business of mule breeding, by the exercise of care and judgment, and not being In too much of a hurry, a considerable total saving can be accomplished in the purchase of brood mares for the purpose. Even though you may have an abundant capital, it is not necessary to purchase fine, young and ex- pensive mares to breed from, but attend the sales at the horse bazaars of the large cities, provided you are a good judge of horseflesh, and if you are not, then secure the services of some one who is. There are many animals which are put up for sale there and which are sold cheap, because they are footsore and useless for the time being in a city, owing to a season's hard work on the hard pavements; or they may have had some slight mechanical injury, all of which will usually be remedied in a few weeks or a few months in the country. Then, again, there are cities who use horses they do not care to keep, and sell them at a bargain. In this way of buying, a single season or two will enable you to fill out your quota of breeding mares, and effect a saving on the entire investment of from one-third to one-half, and have a bunch of as fine brood mares as could be bought anywhere for the purpose. The things to be avoided in making such purchases are to refuse to purchase any mares which are vicious, for vices and tricks are almost invariably apt to breed, as will any disease or weakness, while an ordinary ailment or a mechanical injury will not. As most horsemen are aware of this and know how to recognize the diseases and disorders, it is not necessary for me to enumerate them, though even the best of horsemen will often get fooled, especially when purchasing an animal which they have seen for the first time, and necessarily do not have an opportunity to "try him out" before paying for the animal. However, if any of us knew just how never to make a mistake, things would be just too easy for anything. There is one point in mule breeding that is perhaps not as much considered as it might be, and that is that much of the "mule look" In the mule can be tempered and improved by first breeding the mare to a stallion, having her first colt by him, and then afterwards breeding to the jack. It is an undoubted fact that the first offspring greatly in- fluences subsequent ones. For instance, breed a mare first to a jack and you will undoubtedly get a fine mule as the result. Afterward breed even continuously to a stallion and every one of the mare's progeny will have a very noticeable mule look, no matter how fine the animals may otherwise look. By reversing the operation, the appearance of the mules will be greatly softened and improved, and the value consequently 608 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. increased. A combination of apparently trivial things like this serves to increase the ultimate profits. A mule is merely a hybrid animal and as such does not breed, but there are good hybrids as well as poor ones, and poor, undersized, stubborn and weedy mules are even more worthless than are horses of the same order, unsalable as well as unprofitable. To head the breeding stud, no little attention is needed in the selec- tion of a fine, healthy, good-natured and well-developed jack. Some years ago it was a difficult and expensive matter to secure such an ani- mal, or even his services, but now there are numerous firms and indi- viduals who make a business, and a large one, of breeding as well as importing high-class jacks, from whom fine ones can be bought at a reasonable price. If the string of mares you start with is small, you can usually make a good interest on your investment in the jack by per- mitting him to serve others' mares in the neighborhood, or you can have one or two neighbors join in the purchase and use; but permit one who has tried both methods to advise the former, else there may be cause, ere long, for dissatisfaction, dissension, and trouble, while the jack may and no doubt will suffer through the separated ownership. Better own him yourself and then charge a moderate fee for service, thus absolutely controlling matters yourself. To many it may seem strange to say that at one time, the ass pos- sessed extraordinary speed and also endurance in an unequaled degree, which latter he still has rightful claim to. In Mesopotamia, large herds of wild asses abounded and were eagerly hunted by the nobility and con- sidered fine sport. It required the services of fleet-footed greyhounds to run them down, and even these animals often failed to do so, running one down being considered an extraordinary feat. Near Bassorah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, not far from the Persian gulf, there now exists a famous breed of white asses whose lineage dates back to the Kings of Judah. These are bred there with the most careful methods, and as much pains is taken to breed them pure and of great individual excellence as is given by our noted horse-breeders in this country to their thoroughbreds. In their particular line, they compare with the famous Arabian horses. Why some of our enterprising breeders have not secured some of these remark- able Bassorah animals is rather strange. The jack possesses unusual sexual vigor, and is capable of reproduc- tion at the age of two years, though it is best not to permit him to serve many mares before he is from two and one-half to three years of age, when he is capable of serving nearly or quite twice as many marea as is a stallion without any injury to his pro-creative powers or to his ability to produce first-class colts. Unlike a stallion, he is gentle and not at all or at any time dangerous to handle or be with, and if kindly treated can be fondled and handled even during the breeding season, which is in the spring, as May and June colts are usually considered the best. While there are many small and undersized mules, the average size Is gradually and steadily increasing, due to better care in breeding and to better food and housing when they are young and growing. If stunted early in life, no amount of after care and food will remedy the neglect or inattention. There are many instances of large size in mules, one SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 609 being the big mule in Philadelphia, owned by the political contractors, the Vare Brothers. He is known all over the city as "Vare's big mule" and stands some seventeen hands high. While such extreme size is un- usual and generally undesirable, gooil, strong, able-bodied and above medium sized animals are the only kind to raise, those from 15 to IS^A or even 15''4 hands always being in good, paying demand, other quali- ties being in keeping. Those little 14-hand fellows may do some classes of work, and may find buyers in some sections, but why breed such ani- mals when it costs but little if any more to breed fine, large ones which will sell for twice as much, and it takes no longer to bring them to a salable age than it does the former. Well bred and well broken mules make a fine carriage team, and one which can be depended upon to bring you safely through a long journey, over long hills and through deep and muddy roads or long stretches of sandy plain. In sandy districts, they are much used for carriage pur- poses, and soon acquire the habit of lifting their feet high, to clear the sand, thus giving them fine knee action. I have driven such animals with both comfort and pleasjiire over the long, flat and sandy roads of lower Delaware, in Sussex county, where a horse used to an ordinary good road in other sections would have tired out completely the first few miles, if driven at the same gait we went with ease with the mules. In Kentucky and other mule-raising sections, they are now much used, for carriage purposes. UPS AND DOWNS IN STOCK BREEDING. W. J. Kennedy. Iowa Experiment Station, in Breeder's Gazette. Observation extending over a considerable period has revealed that the different breeds and clases of live stock have each had their times of prosperity and depression, when prices have soared to fabulous, heights, then gradually dropped into gloomy depths to languish for a longer or shorter period, and then come again into more general favor.. This see-sawing has sometimes been due to the whims of Dame Fashion,, or the wild worship of a family fetish; sometimes to the enthusiasm and forcefulness of one or more wealthy or enterprising breeders in placing, before the public the merits or claims of the breed they favor and push- ing it to the front; sometimes to a change in the demands of the market as to class and quality of products. But there is scarcely a breed among the many bidding for public favor that has not experienced the ebb and flow of the ups and downs of demand and of values in the market for breeding stock. The very fact of these periodical fluctuations may be taken as fairly reliable evidence that no class or breed has indisputable claims to the title of best, and that all, or nearly all, have valuable char- acteristics or qualities that render them worthy of a place and of preser- vation. In the field of horse breeding there is room and a place for both the heavy and the lighter classes, the latter for light work and fast traveling, the former for heavy draft, requiring less rapid movement but greater 39 '610 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. streng'fh. Then the different hreeds embraced in these classes are more or less suited to the wants of buyers and users, according to their needs, the nature of the soil they have to do with, the distance from markets and the tastes or preference of the men who breed or buy and use them. The demand for a certain breed of light or heavy stock in a dis- trict generally, or for the time being, also influences the breeding and raising of that class; for fashions change in the demand for these and market values change with the prevailing fashion. These intermittent changes have perhaps been most marked and noticeable in the realm of cattle breeding for meat and milk production, no single breed having held the field of favor constantly or continuously, and all having had their periods of unusual demand and fancy prices, and of neglect and depression of values. At the same time the dealers who buy and ship, and the butchers and purveyors who kill and cut up the beef breeds standing highest in the public favor for the time being, and also those less fortunate in that regard, do not always agree that the former have the advantage as profitable carcasses from their standpoint, nor do feeders all agree that animals of the popular breed of the day, or its grades, are the most profitable for their purpose, while many t)utchers and feeders pin their faith to the breeds that are not in the swim of popularity. For these reasons, and others that may occur to him, the breeder who has espoused a certain breed that suits his fancy and has had its day of prosperity need not lose heart or become discouraged because for a time the popular demand is not for his, and fickle fortune, in one of her many moods, is favoring some other. The sensible thing for him to do at such times is to weed out his worst animals, feeding them for beef or disposing of them as best he can, retaining only the best, and improving the character and quality of his herd so as to increase its usefulness and attractiveness, and be ready to take advantage of a turn of the tide when it takes place. During a depression is often a favorable time for a breeder to buy a good sire or a female or two for the foundation of a worthy family, as at such times, prices being low, the necessary outlay may be comparatively little more than he has received for his culls. The mistake is frequently made of selling off too closely, or of delaying to purchase in a dull time or in the early days of a rebound, waiting until the returning tide has reached its highest plane, then rushing into buying, and, when a decline in the market comes, selling for lower prices than were paid. These statements apply equally to breeding and buying other classes of stock, as well as the beef breeds of cattle. The dairy breeds have each in turn had their days of sunshine and shadow, and no one authori- tatively can claim that the breed he ties to is the best. Dairymen and others differ widely in their opinions as to which has the strongest claim to favor. 'There are inferior and superior producing cows in each and all of the breeds, and preference is largely a question of prediction, of environ- ment, of contiguity to a general or special market, whether it be for cream or for the manufacture of butter or of cheese, for which latter the cow coming nearest to the dual-purpose standard may be considered by some the most profitable. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 611 The point I wish to make is that in breeding and managing a herd of any breed, a man may not be discouraged if for a time his herd is not in the lead in puWic favor. With all breeds and at all times the process of testing and of weeding out the inferior worlvers should be carefully prosecuted, but especially in times of dullness or lack of active demand. And the best of any of the breeds will prove profitable even in the dark- est days of depression. Breeders of various breeds of sheep, swine and poultry have also experienced these ups and downs in demand, but those who have staid with the breeds they prefer, and have bred and man- aged them intelligently, conforming more nearly to the quality of flesh or fleece demanded by the best markets of the time, have found a steady demand at paying prices, even in dull days, and have had a fair share of prosperous years, owing to a turn in the trend of the markets or an unusual call for animals of their breed from some particular district or country, to be bred in their purity or used for crossing or grading pur- poses for the production of a specific product for the time being in de- mand land bringing unusually good prices. SYSTEMS FOR KEEPING MILK AND BUTTER RECORDS. C. F. Doane, Maryland Experiment Station. This is an old subject, but it is a question that should interest every man who depends upon his dairy for a large part of his income, and who desires to increase the profits coming from his herd. Dairying is one of the most profitable branches of agriculture when worked to the limit of its possibilities, and it is not very profitable that any dairyman is making as much as he should unless he is keeping a careful record of the milk and butter yields of each individual cow in his herd. Scientific dairymen, as well as practical dairymen, may find material for consideration in that portion of this 'bulletin, tables and discus- sion, dealing with the proper months in the lactation period for se- curing a fairly average test when it is not desired to test every individual in the herd every month she is in milk. Perhaps no single advancement along dairy lines has contributed so much to the profits of the industry as the keeping of herd records, which enable the owner to know the exact amount of milk and butter produced by each individual animal, and thus determine if she is kept at a profit or a loss. This system, where it has been applied, has some- times doubled the actual profit received from a herd of cows, and in some cases has turned a loss to a substantial profit. The producing end of dairying has, in the past, and is even yet on many dairy farms carried on in a most unbusiness-like way. The fact that communities largely engaged in this industry are nearly always the most thrifty and prosperous appearing is no refutation of this assertion; rather it is an evidence of the possibilities of this ibranch of farming. The lack of the application of business principles to dairying is due very largely no doubt to the fact that dairying is more complicated than most of the other agricultural pursuits. Then, too, the fact that dairying 612 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. has given some profit under all but the most adverse conditions has rather led the farmers to believe that they were doing pretty well any way, and it was better to let a good thing rest as it was. It is very easy to tell if a bunch of fattening steers or hogs have paid for the corn they have consumed. A farmer can easily determine if a field of corn has produced sufficient grain to pay for the work and fertilizer. These calculations are simple, the results even obvious. It is fairly easy to tell if a herd of dairy cows, taken as a whole, have paid for their food, though the problem has become a little more complicated, owing to the necessity of considering the value of the by-products, such as the skim milk and the manure. But to get the greatest value out of a herd one must go behind returns from the entire herd. It is not enough that the herd pays as a whole. The question concerns the product of each individual in the herd. Does every cow in the herd pay a profit on her feed? Fortunately, or unfortunately, as one may regard it, all cows do not produce the same quantity or quality of milk. Though they may belong to the same breed, or may be even closely related, they can not be depended on to be equally valuable. This makes it necessary for each cow to resit upon her own merits, and for the owner to determine the individual merit of each animal. In this particular feature is where the greater number of dairymen fail to apply business methods. Many dairymen, who are thoroughly grounded in the scientific and practical end of feeding, who understand the importance of good care and good surroundings for the cows, have failed utterly to realize the value of this most important part of dairying, and fail to keep any record of what the cows in their herd are doing. It is doubtful if one dairyman in ten keeps any records whatever, except, possibly, a roug'h idea of the total amount brought in by the herd during the year. The lack of knowledge of the value of each cow in the herd leads nearly always to unusual and needless losses, from the fact that in practically every herd where no record has been kept there will be found a relatively large per cent of the cows that are not paying for the feed they consume. \\Tiile the herd as a whole may pay a profit this profit will come from a few cows in the herd, and the other animals will either barely pay for their keep, or will consume some of the profit from the better animals. The majority of the herds in the State have individuals tliat could be sold for beef, and leave a herd that would pay a greater profit on the food consumed, although with a smaller num- ber of animals. This has (been the history of every herd where a sys- tem of herd records has been introduced. The writer has yet to hear of a solitary case where the owners have adopted such a system, and have not found cows that they were keeping at a loss. There are so many ways that suspicion may be allayed as to the true value of a cow. For instance, many dairymen think that because an animal has a strong strain of Jersey, or other dairy blood, they are almost of necessity profitable dairy animals. The truth is that many of the most worthless animals from a dairy, or any other sitandpoint, are found among the full-blooded animals of all dairy breeds. We have had at this Station a number of Jersey cows that would not pay for the feed they consumed, while in the next stalls stood cows that SEVENTH A.NNrAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 613 were of common or scrub blood, and on the same feed paid exceedingly well. It is naturally supposed that the daughters of a good mother should be profitable animals, especially if the sire is of good blood. The .Jerseys just mentioned as belonging to this Station were in two in- stances from a cow that would make nearly 400 pounds of butter a year, and the sire was from very good stock. In one of the counties of this State is a herd of grade Jerseys that will average very nearly 350 pounds of butter each year. Pedigreed Jersey bulls of good stock have always been used at the head of this herd, and yet, until the bull now owned on the farm was purchased, every heifer raised was found to be unprofitable. This is one of the farms in the State where a complete system of records is kept, and by weeding out the inferior animals, the herd was made very profitable, and was kept so. Another chance for error in estimating the value of a cow is due to the fact that individuals vary considerably in the length of the lacta- tion period. The cow that will give only twenty pounds of milk a day when she is fresh would be considered a rather poor cow, but if she will give this amount every day for 300 days it would be a total of 6.000 pounds, which is an amount that not one dairy cow in twenty in this State will produce, and which is a very good record, indeed. On the other hand, if a cow gave forty pounds a day when she was fresh the owner would naturally jump at the conclusion that she was a valuable animal without reference to the length of time she might give milk. The fact that a cow gives a large quantity of milk when fresh is no evidence that she will give a large yearly product. Such cows fre- quently commence to fall off very rapidly after the end of the first or second month, and at the end of the sixth month will be dry. Where this is the ease the yearly product is very likely to 'be 'below a profitable limit. This Station owned such a cow. She gave a very large flow of milk for the first month, and made an exceptionally good butter record for the month, but she was dry at the end of six months, and her yearly record, owing to this fact, showed verv poorly. She was the only cow owned by the Station, and purchased from outside sources, which failed to respond to our conditions and make a profitable animal. And yet she was just such a cow as many dairymen would call a first-class animal. On the other hand the Station owns a couple of animals that will give practically as much milk the tenth month of the lactation period as the first month, and while they never give a very large flow of milk, the fact that they stick to it for a long time makes them v.iluable. But in addition to the keeping of a milk record the dairyman must know the per cent of fat in the milk, as well as how much milk the cow produces. Everj'one who has taken care of milk in the old-fashioned way knows by the thickness of the cream that some cows give much richer milk than others. The best city dairymen are adopting the system of paying for the milk on the basis of the fat test, or the amount of fat contained in the milk. Creameries have long bought milk on this basis. The amount of butter that a certain quantity of milk will produce depends entirely on the per cent of fat in the milk. Where only one or two cows are kept for family use it is possible to tell about how much butter a cow produces. But with a dairy of several cows, and 614 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. where the milk is sold, it is impossible to tell which cow is producing rich milk, and which poor milk. Some men think that they can tell by the appearance of milk whether or not it is rich or poor in butter fat. Within wide limits this is so; but the yellowish color often attributed to the quality of the milk is more often due to the color of the butter fat. The Guernsey breed is famous for the yellow butter it produces. The yellow fat in Guernsey butter gives a decidedly yellowish cast to the milk, and it may well happen that the milk from a Guernsey cow containing only four per cent of fat may look richer than the milk from some other breed containing six per cent of fat. What is true of breeds is also true of individuals, and it is impossible to form a very close estimate of the richness of the milk by its appearance. Cows vary in their fat test from a little less than three per cent to a little more than six per cent. A cow giving 6,000 pounds of three- per cent milk is no better than a cow giving but 3,000 pounds per year, but testing six per cent, and neither is worth keeping. Taking the fact of the variation in the per cent of fat in the milk in connection with the variation in the amount of milk produced, and the dairy farmer has a problem concerning the actual value of the cow in question that can not be solved without some systematic work. When neither the amount of milk, nor the per cent of fat, is known, the cow is an extremely suspicious character. How this works out in practice has been demon- strated at this Station, and could likely find good illustrations in every herd in the State. One cow owned 'by the Station never gave more than about fifteen pounds in any one day of her life, but she gave prac- tically the same amount every day in the year, and as this milk gave an average yearly test of more than six per cent it can be figured that she paid for her board, with considerable to spare. On the other hand, the cow already mentioned, gave a large quantity of milk to start with, but went off in her milk very quickly, and at the same time tested below four per cent. Between these two extremes are all sorts of varia- tions and combinations that make it impossible to make an approximate guess at the value of a cow. In view of these facts, what a simple business proposition it is to know what each cow is doing for her owner, and thus prevent any possibility of loss! Did the keeping of herd records involve any great amount of expense or labor some excuse might be offered for not undertaking the task; but such is not the case. The actual labor required is very little; in fact, is hardly worth mentioning, considering the results to be obtained. It is very doubtful if there be a herd of cows in Maryland where records are not already kept, where the following of this plan will not, in a single year, pay many times over for all the apparatus and time required by indicating cows that are not paying for their feed. Keeping Milk Records. The necessary apparatus for keeping a milk record of the amount of milk produced by a cow is a scales for weighing the milk and a ruled sheet of paper on which to enter the weights of the single milkings, called a milk sheet. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 615 There are a number of kinds of scales and balances used. A popular kind has a small platform on which to set the bucket of milk, and the weight is indicated on a dial. An ordinary platform scales of small size, and balanced to the weight of the bucket, so that the weight of the milk can be determined directly, may be used for this purpose, though it has disadvantages in the fact that it would take some time to determine- the weight, while a balance with a dial points directly to the weight. A kind that has been advertised extensively has an ordinary coil spring, such as is found in the common spring balances. A sheet of paper containing the numbers of the cows each in a separate column is placed in a holder attached to the sca,les. The bucket containing the milk is placed on a hook, and this pulls down a row of buttons and points corresponding to the numbers of the cows. The ibutton is pressed, and this perforates the paper at the weight of the milk in the bucket. The writer has seen a number of these in use, but has never yet seen one that did Siatisfactory work. The balance in use at this Station is a regular spring balance, with a dial graduated to tenth pounds. The hand in the dial can be adjusted so that the weight of the bucket will point the hand to the zero mark. This allows a direct reading of the weight of the milk. As all buckets used weigh the same the work involved in weighing is very small; in fact, is simply a question of seconds. The balance hangs on a hook which projects far enough from the wall to allow the bucket to swing freely, and is placed handy for the milker. The milk sheet is on the wall by the side of the balance. A man accustomed to this work, and with a fair amount of intelligence, will do the entire operation in a few seconds. The requisites of good scales are that, it weigh accurately, and be sen- sitive to tenth pounds, that it be simple to handle, and that it require as little time as possible for the weighing. The platform scales, with a dial and adjustable hands and the balance used at this Station fills these requirements, and are to be recommended. Some scales used are graduated to ounces, hut this causes a great amount of extra and useless. work in adding records without any compensating advantages. The method for keeping an exact record of the amount of milk produced by a cow is to weigh the milk at each milking for the entire lactation period, and enter the amount on a monthly milk sheet. Such a milk sheet will require a separate column for each cow, and will require a blank space in the column for each milking for a month. 616 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The following is the style for such sheet: Milk Record for Month of .190 rvoto i Cow ' Cow i Cow Cow Cow Cow Cow Cow "^^^ ■ No : No. ; No. No. ! No. 1 No. ' No. No. 1:1 • i Cow Cow Cow Cow Cow Cow No. ' No. No. No. No. No. A.M. 1 P.M. i 1 j 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 ' ! 1 ■ A.M. 2 P.M. 1 A.M. 3 P.M. A.M. 4 i P.M. ; i 1 _ A.M. P.M. i ' 1 i . AM. 6 P.M 1 1 1 1 j 1 ' 1 1 ' A.M. 7 P.M. ' ■ ,' 1 i . 1 . ! 1 1 A.M. :8 P.M. 1 1 1 1 i 1 A.M. P.M. ; 1 1 ' 1 A.M. 10 P.M. 1 1 ' The foregoing record can be extended to take in as many cows as desired. It will be found, however, that when more than about fifteen are provided for on one sheet it becomes rather unwieldy in size. It will, of course, be recognized that instead of having the cows numbered the name of the animal can be entered at the head of the column. It is quite necessary in keeping any system of records that the milk be weighed both morning and evening, as on the great majority of farms the periods between milking are very unequal, thus making the quan- tities given at the two milkings unequal. Even where the periods are equal the cow will seldom give exactly the same quantity at the two milkings. Were the milk to be weighed but once a day there would be a tendency to weigh at the milking that the largest quantity was given. Farmers are prone to cheat themselves in this way, and this is a case where cheating is likely to result in an actual loss of dollars. The sample monthly record given would require a new sheet every month, and some provision should be made for copying and preserving the totals, so that in case the daily record was lost the figures of the SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 617 total yield would be preserved. In fact, there are few conditions, except at experiment stations, where it would be desirable to preserve the monthly milk sheets, as the monthly total would show all that any farmer would care to know or refer to. There are a number of ways in which the monthly totals can be preserved. The regular herd books on the market for this purpose devote two pages to each individual, giving sufficient space for all data In regard to the animal for a number of years. On the first page is a blank form, on which to enter the detailed pedigree of the cow. Below this form is an elaborate scheme for entering the data for breeding, cal- culated date of calving, actual date of calving, sex of calf, and a column to note the final disposition of the calf. On the record page is a num- ber of blank forms, each for one year, and containing separate columns for the monthly yield of milk, monthly fat test, butter fat and estimated yield of butter. These herd books are very nice for one who feels that he can stand the expense; but there is a great deal of space that would not be used for an ordinary dairy herd, and a blank book, containing enough space for alt the necessary data for a number of years could be purchased for fifty cents, at the most. This book could be ruled off to suit the desires of the owner. On the following page is given a satisfactory scheme for keeping yearly recoras: 618 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 6 z 0 o in s i3 C o 6 z o o : ; : 1 ;i i| 03 s a o d z 1 to ' ' 1 ', H , , , . ; : 1 1 m ►J s O 6 z o Si i ; ■ ; ; Hi ; 1 ; ; ; i ' i I ' ;3 O 6 z o o CO 4) s O : ; ; ' \ ' d z o o in 03 a o SB Eh « 2 3 WSCQ SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 619 The sample yearly record is not given as the best possible, or even suitable for all conditions; but it does show how simple such a record can be, and how easily it can be placed in a blank book of almost any description. The necessary ruling for a large herd can be done in an hour's time. In the sample given it is intended that all of the cows be placed together on the same or adjoining pages for the same year. The record for each cow is supposed to commence the month that she drops her calf, and it is not at all necessary that the first blank space in each rec- ord be filled with the product of January, or any other particular month of the year. Thus, for instance, if the year is 1904, Cow No. 1 may drop her calf in March, and the record could commence in the first blank space at the top of the column, giving March as the month. Cow No. 2 may not drop her calf until August, and this month would be entered in the first blank space at the top of the column, putting the month of August parallel with March, in the record of Cow No. 1. Instead of having the yearly record a record of the performance of each cow from January 1st to December 31st, it is, in reality, the record for a full lac- tation period of every cow that drops her calf in the year given at the head of the page. A good number of the records will necessarily ex- tend into the following year. In this, blank space is allowed for twelve months only. There isn't any doubt but that this will suffice for most cows, and as dairy cows are supposed to drop calves every twelve months at least, this is the length of time on which the value of the animal should be calculated. If the cow ran over the twelve months, as some will when they fail to get with calf, the record should be continued into the next year, making note of the fact at the head of the column. Some dairymen naturally want a scheme for keeping track of the amount of milk produced by a cow without some work — 'One that will not require so much time and trouble, as where the milk is weighed and recorded every night and morning. A very satisfactory and fairly ac- curate substitute for this method can be found in weighing the milk once a week, or rather one day in the week, night and morning, Sat- urday or Monday being the day that will be usually selected, for obvious reasons. By getting the sum of the quantities of milk given every weigh day for the year, and multiplying by seven, the number of days in the week, the amount will be sufficiently accurate for all practical, purposes in estimating the value of the cow. This scheme for keeping records is to be recommended to dairymen who feel that for different reasons the weighing of the milk every night and morning in the year is impractical, and there are doubtless many for whom this is true. The blanks to be used for weekly weighings will necessarily be some- what different from the monthly milk sheets, as no monthly record will be practical with this system. Two methods by which the records of the weeldy weighings could be kept are available. In one a milk sheet, much like the one used in making daily weighings, could be employed. This sheet could be headed so as to give the date of the first weighing and last weighing entered on the sheet. In the same column of the monthly milk sheet the 620 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. figures should be left out, and more space would be necessarily needed for the month and date of the week weighing to be entered. The A. M. and P. M. would need to remain as given. This form of sheet could be extended to cover as many cows, and as many weeks, as desired; but there are two difficulties standing in the road of extending this over too many weighings. One is that a milk sheet becomes filthy and illegible from too long use. The other difficulty applies to the monthly sheet, as well as the long weekly sheet. Where such a long column of figures are to be added it requires a practical hand to do the work correctly, though it appears a very simple proposition. In the case of the monthly record the mistake might not be serious, but were this mistake to be multiplied by seven, as would be the case with the weekly weighings, the mistake would likely become a very serious matter. For these vari- ous reasons it would likely be better to limit the weekly milk sheets to ten weeks at the most. Where the sheets for weekly weighings are intended for an indefi- nite time it would be necessary that each one be preserved until the end of the lactation periods, when the totals could be added up, or the totals of each one, as it was. added, could be placed in a yearly record book for this purpose. This record book should give space in its date column for entering the dates of the first and last weighings entered on the sheet. COWS AND THE DAIRY. C. H. Werder, Before Buena Yista County Farmers' Institute. It is a proven fact that no branch of agriculture affords as large and sure returns as a properly managed dairy. It is also a fact that a large percentage of our dairies do not pay as well as they should, which leads to the conclusion that there must be something wrong, and that is a fact. Reforms are needed all along the line in the dairy business and the initial reform must be with the man behind the cow and with him must reform his co-worker, the city, county and state. The dairy business is the one big industry which as yet belongs to the farmers, the one they can control if they want to. Butter and milk prices are yet governed by supply and demand and not by a trust, although pow- ers are at work to pipe-line the business. The main object of this paper is to deal with conditions at home, in this county and state and will tackle first the dairyman, or, to be more correct, the farmer with cows. Every farmers should be a dairyman and make dairying the main issue. He should keep all the cows he, with the help of his own family, can milk. More cows and less land are the surest, if not the quickest, road to independence. To be a successful dairy farmer he must first of all have a natural fondness for cows; he must have good judgment in selecting, breeding, feeding and caring; in short, he must know something about the business. This knowledge is easily acquired by reading books treating on this subject, also by reading such dairy papers as are written by practical and experienced dairymen, and, needless to say, the knowledge acquired must be put • into practice wherever possible. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 621 For the dairy farmer, the distinct dairy cow is the only cow to keep; a beef cow is not in the milk business, nor is the dual purpose cow a profitable animal; but worst of all cows is the poor dairy cow; she is the greatest obstacle to profitable dairying. Supposing that the dairy farmer is what he should be, his first step must De to see to it that his cows are what they should be. Any cow making less than 200 pounds of butter per year does not pay for her board and should be sold at once, not to the neighbor but to the butcher; but even 200-pound cows bring small profits and eat as much as a cow giving 300 or 500 pounds of butter and consequently must be reformed. If the farmer does not wish or is not able to buy first-class dairy cows he should at least buy a sire from a herd with a proven record as heavy milkers; several farm- ers can club together to purchase such an animal and thus improve their herds from year to year. In order to find out the cows which live on the fat of the others it is absolutely necessary to have a test- ing machine, a spring balance and record-sheet; each cow's milk should be weighed after each milking, a small sample taken and preserved and a record kept. This should be done for three reasons: First, to weed out the poor cows and learn what each cow is doing; second, to know what you are selling; you would not think of selling a pail full of eggs without knowing how many eggs there are, according to your own count, and not the storekeepers, nor should you sell a can of cream without knowing how many pounds of fat there is in it according to your own testing and not the buyer's only; the last, but not the least, reason is that it will make you interested in your cows and the busi- ness in general and that it is a long step ahead in successful dairying. I wish to impress upon your mind this matter of weighing, sampling, testing and recording the milk in particular. It may seem to be too much trouble to do this work, but once the habit is acquired, it takes but a few minutes of extra time at each milking. I would suggest a convenient and practical way of doing this work and will be glad to give further advice at any time. The necessary outfit consists of a small testing outfit, a springbalance, a small dipper, as many pint jars as you have cows, and some preservative; the whole will cost about $6 or $7 and will prove a splendid investment. A narrow shelf should be constructed on the wall behind the cows to accommodate the pint jars, a nail on the side of the shelf will support the dipper, the spring balance may be hung on a hook in the ceiling; the testing outfit is, best kept at the house. The record sheet can be tacked onto the wall next to the spring balance and when each pint jar is supplied with a tablet of preservative the arrangement is complete. After the milk is drawn, the pail can be hung on the balance and while hanging, a small sample can be taken and put into corresponding jars and the weight put down on the sheet and it is done and only requires a small fraction of a minute. The samples may be tested once in two weeks and. better, every, week, and results also recorded. The milking itself plays an important part in the dairy business; the same person should always milk the same cows and at regular hours, with clean, dry hands and as little noise and fuss as possible; strip out every drop; the first of the milk is nearly all water, the last 622 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. nearly all fat; keep on stripping a while after you have the last drop; It will produce another extra drop the next time. The problem of feeding is one that also deserves closer attention; the proper feed is produced on every farm, but the cow, to get what is coming to her, is another question; milch cows must have milk-pro- ducing food to do their best; what these feeds are and the amount and proportion to feed is the kind of information you get by reading good dairy papers. It would take too much time to treat here. The care of the dairy herd, especially in winter, is also much neglected. Good, warm and well ventilated stables are essential to the comfort and eflacient work of the dairy cows. They will do their best if kept in such stables twenty-three hours out of twenty-four all through the win- ter, and right here I wish to bring out another point for reform and that point is more winter milking. Other things being equal, the cow that is fresh in September will show up the best results for the year. It is no hardship to milk eight or ten cows in a good stable during the winter, while it is almost impossible to milk during the dog days, and that is the time when the fall freshened cow is dry, besides there is the advantage of better prices. The caring for milk and cream needs reforming very much. Since the introduction of the hand sep- arator we have taken a long, long step backwards in the proper handling of the cows' product, but here the blame has to be shouldered not by the farmer only, but the creamery as well, and the state comes in for a share also. Since on nearly all the farms in this county the cream is sold to creameries, direct and indirect, I will treat this sub- ject only. It seems some of us have wholly lost sight of the fact that cream is intended for human consumption; we find cream every- where; we find it in the dry goods and grocery stores, among bananas, kerosene, herring and cheese; we find it in the feed store and elevator, keeping company with chickens and ducks, giving out odors and receiv- ing others; we find cream on the depot platforms, some in the cans and some trying to get out; if you slip on the sidewalk the cause is apt to be not the proverbial banana peeling, but spilt cream; we find cream hauled over the country in all directions, some starting from ten miles behind a creamery, passing by that creamery, and landing ten miles further on in town. We see creamery wagons chasing each other over the same roads, passing your gate as frequent and regular as the electric cars on the loop in Chicago. This condition will and must come to an end; the farmers, the creameries, and the state must co-operate to regain the reputation of Iowa butter. The farmers must take better care of their cream and deliver oftener; the time will come when sour and tainted cream will not sell at par with good cream, and while at present you get nothing for extra care and labor, it is best to acquire or stick to the habit, as the case may be, to de- liver your cream in the best possible condition. The creameries, and especially the central plants, and would-be central plants, in their mad chase for business are the chief sinners and re- form must come from them. The hand separator has made the central plant possible, but that the central plant is not the proper solution to economy and high quality in buttermaking is evident. Iowa butter SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 623 has decreased in quality in proportion to the increase in central plants. The hand separator will in time be the blessing it was intended to be and which it can be. So far, it has done the dairy industry of Iowa more harm than good. The co-operative creamery is the institution for the farmer to patronize; it is the institution you have built your- self with your own money; its management is with you, open to your investigation at any time; if properly managed and patronized by all in its territory it can outdo any central plant in the minimum cost of manufacture, in the quality of the butter and prices. There are today in Iowa numbers of highly successful farmers' creameries to one central plant and the one being doubtful. However, many changes must be made in our creameries. The present way of getting cream delivered to the creameries is the worst possible. It has not one good point in its favor; every part of it is to the contrary from what it should be; by this I refer to the custom of having cream gathered by regular haulers with the twenty-gallon cans. It is wrong to have cream hauled over twenty and thirty miles of road in heat and cold; it is wrong to mix all sorts of cream together; it is wrong to take samples with small dippers, without thoroughly mixing the cream, as is usually done; *it is wrong to gather cream three times a week in summer and twice in winter. Cream should be delivered daily in summer and every other day in winter, and by the farmers themselves, which is practical if five or six neighbors club together and take turns in hauling, bringing each man's cream in separate cans. This enables the buttermaker to grade the cream and if a difference of four or five cents was made between the best and poorest grade it would not take long to get nothing but good cream, make nothing but good butter, and get nothing but the highest prices. Mistakes and dissatisfaction would be less and easily adjusted at the right place and time and it would give persons engaged in other lines a chance to attend to their own business, and I have no doubt the centralizers could easily invest their money to better ad- Tan tage. In conclusion, I would appeal to you to work for a higher knowledge of dairying, work for better cows, co-operate in every way possible, take good care of your dairy and your dairy will take good care of you. CATTLE FEEDING. H. L. Leonard, Waukee, Iowa, Before Dallas County Farmers' Institute. There are many methods of feeding cattle, and as many different ways of handling them. They should be bought from a cent to a cent and a half cheaper than they should sell for after the fattening pro- cess is completed. A good plan, and probably the best one, is to buy cattle that will weigh one thousand pounds or better in February 'and feed about a half feed of corn and all the roughness they will eat, preferably clover 'hay. Feed in this manner until the grass gets good, say about the fifteenth of May, and then take all the corn off and let them eat grass alone as long as it is good, or until new corn is out of 624 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the milk, about the first of September; then begin to cut corn and feed stalk and all on the pasture, letting the hogs and cattle run together and the hogs will keep the cattle from getting too much corn to throw them off their feed. Plant pumpkins in your corn and as you cut the corn haul a load of pumpkins every day; break them in halves and scatter over the pas- ture. You will discover that both cattle and hogs will leave the corn to eat the pumpkins, which will so expand their stomachs that they will have a big place to put corn in later, and they will not go off their feed as they would if they had been fed corn alone. Also, the hogs will lose their worms by eating pumpkin seeds, and both cattle and hogs will have their systems cool and ready to eat large quantities of corn later. As soon as cattle begin to leave stalks, then begin to snap corn and feed in bunks, so that you can tell just how much they are getting, and never let them leave any corn in the troughs after eating one hour. After getting cattle on snapped corn, sprinkle salt all over it. Fifty head of cattle will take a gallon each day. They will eat more corn if salted and you will not need any stock food of any kind, for most of the stock foods are one-third salt. Cattle fed in this manner ought to go on market with a ninety days' feed of corn and be sold before bad weather arrives in December, as you have had the best three months of the year to feed in — September, October and November. If you ihave a second crop of clover to put them on, so much the better, provided you are careful to not let them have too much at first and when wet. A word about pumpkins: I planted thirty -five acres to pumpkins and as I mixed the seed in planter boxes I was afraid afterward I might have a thin stand of corn. Now for the results: I fed a hayrack load of pumpkins a day for a long time, or until they were frozen so hard I could not stick a fork in them; then I quit. I think there are ten more such loads left in the field, but the hogs will eat all that is left. I have fed (without weighing it) of the corn, so that we had about thirty acres husked and put in the crib. I hired it all husked and paid for two thousand four hundred and twenty bushels, — about half at sev- enty-five pounds, the balance at seventy pounds per bushel, so that you see the pumpkins did not hurt the corn much, but the corn did hurt the pumpkins; it shaded them too much. This is not cattle feeding, but relates to it. I will close with a few "dont's:" Don't buy young cattle for short feed. Don't buy any but high grades of beef breeds. Don't buy any with horns. Don't overfeed. Don't forget the salt; and it is better to sprinkle it over the corn than to put it all in a box by itself. How would you like to eat a meal with no salt in it and then go and eat as much salt as should have been in it? You would not eat as heartily, would you? You would be looking for the salt dish. The victuals would not taste as good without the salt and you would eat less. So would the cattle. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 625 COVERED YARDS FOR COWS. From the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 2-i4. In a recent circular of the Illinois station, W. J. Eraser presents the views of a number of practical dairymen who have been in the habit of allowing their cows the freedom of a closed shed or covered barnyard and using the stable only at milking time. .The data collected seemed BO favorable and the plan so reasonable that the method was put into actual operation at the University of Illinois. Twenty-two cows were cared for in this way in a shed 30 by 68 feet, having mangers on each side and bull pens in two corner's, and the results were considered most satisfactory. From the experience at the university the past two years it has been found that the cows keep much cleaner than when stabled and that the milking stable is in a more sanitary condition; consequently it is easier to produce clean milk. By this method there is less difficulty in providing cows with an abundance of fresh air, and they are more vigorous and healthy and have better appetites than when kept in the stable. Since they can move about and get exercise, they will not suffer in cold weather if the temperature is somewhat lower than in the or- dinary stable. Labor is saved, as the shed can be bedded much more easily and quickly than can stalls; there is little stable cleaning to be done, and the manure is hauled directly from the shed to the field at any time most convenient and when least damage is done the land by tramping. Another advantage is the saving of fertility much more com- pletely. Many barns do not have cement floors, and so there is more or less waste to the liquid portion of the manure. Since land is becoming so high-priced no farmer can afford to allow any fertility to be wasted, and by this method all the liquid is saved, as it is absorbed by the bed- ding. If only enough bedding is used to keep the cows clean they tramp the manure so thoroughly that it does not heat to make the air Impure. If manure is hauled directly from the stable to the field there is a considerable portion of the year when it must be allowed to accumu- late in the yard, where it will leach badly, or it must be hauled onto the land when it is so wet and soft that much injury is done by tramp- ing; this is especially true on clay soil. On many dairy farms the question of getting sufficient help is be- coming such a problem as to interfere seriously with this branch of agriculture. As it seems to be the opinion of the majority of people who have practiced this method that it saves labor, this is one of the strong points in its favor. The information at hand is not sufficient from which to draw definite conclusions for all sections of the country and all conditions. The sys- tem has been a marked success wherever we can find that it has been tried, and it seems probable that it could be put into practice by many dairymen of the state, greatly to their advantage and to the general im- provement of the milk supply. 40 626 IOWA D!:paktmp:nt of agriculture. DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN FEEDING STUFFS. Drovera Journal, Chicago, III. The average digestible nutrients and fertilizing constituents in Amer- ican feeding stuffs are shown in the following table, which is taken from Bulletin No. 128 of the outh Carolina experiment station. d 0 S Digestible Nutrients in 100 lbs. Fertil uents a 01 zingCc in 1,00 .S« nstit- )lbs. Name of Feed— Concentrates- a si . u 1 I M t> (8 si * 2 Hi Corn, all analyses Dent corn . S3.1 83.4 88.7 91.2 89.3 St. 9 90.9 91. S 89.6 91.8 94.3 88.9 91.9 93.2 92.2 89.5 87.6 87.6' 90.3 88.1 88.5 87.7 88.2 87.9 88.4 88.4 88.4 90.7 89.1 89.8 24.3 91.8 8.9.0 92.1 92.3 93.5 90.6 87.6 91.8 90.3 90.0 87.4 86.8 89.5 88.9 87.3 87.2 85.9 84.8 7.9 7.8 8.0 8.8 0.4 4.4 7.4 25.8 9.0 11.4 26.7 7.5 30.3 18.7 20.4 10.3 8.9 8.2 13.5 12.2 12.9 12.3 12.2 12.8 9.8 9.9 11.5 11.9 8.7 18.6 3.9 15.7 9.2 11.5 12.5 8.9 1.3 4.8 1.6 5.3 9.0 7.7 2.1 7.4 21.1 22.0 7.0 7.4 7.8 66.7 66.7 66.2 63.7 52.5 60.0 59.8 43.3 61.2 58.4 38.8 55.2 35.3 51.7 48.4 69.2 62.4 62.7 61.3 39.2 40.1 37.1 50.0 53.0 51.0 67.6 50.3 45.1 65.6 37.1 9.3 36.3 47.3 52.1 46.9 38.4 40.1 72.3 44.5 45.1 56.4 49.2 27.9 30.4 33.5 33.4 52.1 48.3 57.1 4.3 4.3 4.3 7.0 0.3 2.9 4.6 11.0 6.2 6.5 12.4 6.8 14.5 8.7 8.8 1.7 0.9 0.9 2.0 2.7 3.4 2.6 3.8 3.4 2.3 1.1 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.4 5.1 4.2 5.9 2.8 5.1 0.6 0.3 0.6 7.3 6.5 1.8 0.6 1.9 5.5 5.4 3.1 2.9 2.7 IS. 2 16.5 16.8 18.6 5.0 14.1 16.3 50.3 26.5 22.4 49.8 16.3 57.7 36.3 38.4 23.6 18.9 28.9 31.8 26.7 28.3 26.3 24.4 17.6 23.2 18.4 15.1 35.3 8.9 36.2 20.6 23.5 17.2 21.6 5.2 10.8 5.8 7.1 19.7 14.4 4.9 36.4 42"8 14.8 16.3 7.0 "o"6 5.7 12.1 3.3 8.0 7.0 5.1 9.8 "i'.i 4.1 7.9 2.2 5.6 21.4 28.9 13.5 9.5 11.7 8.2 22.8 12.6 7.9 14.3 3.1 10.3 8.2 'd'.i 'i'.i 1.8 1.7 2.9 2o.7 4.4 0.7 17.8 21.9 8.1 4.0 Flint corn .. . _ . . . Sweet corn . ._ . .- _ Corn cob - . . . _.- ._ _. 6.0 Corn and cob meal 4.7 Corn bran .. .. . 6.3 Gluten meal ._ 0.5 Germ meal _ .. --.-..._ 5.0 5.2 Grano-Rluten 1.5 4.9 Sugar meal 0.3 0.3 Wheat 5.0 1.5 3.5 Dark feeding flour -- - 10.9 16.1 Wheat bran, spring wheat Wheat bran, winter wheat Wheat shorts . - -- 5^9 Wheat middlings _. _ _ • 6.3 8.4 Rye 5.4 Rve bran - _ .... ._ .. . 14.0 8.1 Barley - 4.8 16.3 0.5 Brewers' grains, dried Oats 0.9 6.2 Oat meal .. .. .. Oat feed or shorts Oat dust -. 5.3 Oat hulls . - 5.2 0.9 1.4 2 4 Rice polish 7.1 ■' 1 5 2 12 S 11 4 4.2 KafHr corn SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 627 DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN FEEDING STUFFS-Continced. Digestible Nutrients Fertilizing Constit- d in 100 lbs. uents in 1,000 lbs. , • m o • Name of Feed— Concentrates— V , r c is i . f2 4) . 0 D t-t; 6C . a S -HSoO£~ffir-l OOCOCOOL- 0£-»-Hr^« t- CQb-C^ jnaj iiBH ■aSB -jsod puB 3utsnJ9A -PB SuijniJti O O Hi Hi saSpnf 8J3^B8dS IBiox eaojnoe puB 'sagj diqsjgquiai^ piB 81b;s ^ o <^ « S CO o o t^ « i8 S i 1ft CO oooo <3 O O O :d cc »f". ir: i- 8gg 8iC I I © I lO t^ I I CO 1 «to I I i-H ! I 18 i i is 18 I 18 I >0000 OQOOOOOOMO lOOOO OOfHOOOOCOO t-t-TJit't^I^t- i>t-COt^t^t^t^Ot- t^t-i>l>t~ ^ O) O" iS ci >- J o S 1^ S;-^ 5pqMKMM o o • , rh S =3 1 ' ', S 5 (l) OO O »A O O O P l^ W © *ft lT-4O50O0DC> OOOOO lA Q ** So OC0-*OO I50 53Sg(f, irtOSWOoS r-;oSSo t^ e5« -^ O *i^ -i^ ' w CO ICO o ocooSo (NOOinoScOCOCDO Sg§S8 8 8SS 00 Ol u^ CD W CO CD l-H CO I-H l> 1-H -* GO ^COiOiCCOCOt^COrH COlO'^OM^-f'^^C^ t-H 8SS53S lO ■rf CO vft M< ID C~ e>o i> C Ol If? O if^ IT) CD O Oi i-H O Oi IC -fCDOOOcoir:' §8888 §J28 00 -"H rH CO »o oj r^ lo iTi 1-t i> i- ^ 00 i> cr; w ccoolf^lClomcox^- OOCOCOOt-t-r-ICDl^ m I— ( I— t c^ 00 ir^c: uMn O t- --^ I-H G'i '~ ci f- i> lO ivf-tn 'rt«<£> lOcD ifr^ im 00 lOOO c* OiO i-H iiwio c*oj lO'^ irH loi ira lOCOO C- Mt- C^ lO'tO coco lOO ICO '(N CO i-^OCj ^S rH lO^CO nCOiOOOiCO' COI'^'^m »flO S88 J in ic lo in lo SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART X. 663 ooo o^oowin ^rH oooi-o oco iHooou:!^ wi>ooo??t-woo «o c:ocwSo S b-roo c*i:jd ict-^io-^ -■* ir- M- O 00 < t- irii- i^ in Ci r-« o* m c 66 t-»flOt-t- c:t- i-^cDl--t- t*^o iftc^t-f-HC'* QOOi>t-c^t-c:t-^oO t-t— i^-i-dbt--i^ 8SS |S^8g IS S 18 I SS SSS IS Sg8S IS lS8 ^^ |S^ lOCOtO li-HCOodoO It^ <0 iin I -^CO -*i-!C5 IC< CSCOrHO "^ ticm ^-00 iCiW M i-H W I « « I i-H I i-H I '^ rH C^ i-l I I CO rH I rH 88 I 18 I 18 iC 1 CO 8 18 S Si>0 IS lO lOcS© 8 88 88888 8 1-1 CO i-H C^ CO c LO O O t- O gSS SS888 SS ^^^^ SS SS ISS '^SSSSS'^SS 88 S'^SS I S i-HM'O CDO*^*1^o6 MiOO -^COWO i-HCO coco i-^O COi— iCO't'CiCO-^lft^ miO OC^i— ICO I l^ ,-li-l rH iH COi-HCOt-( iHtt^ iC-*" COiC i-trHiHl 8 S I 18 ; I ! 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Cii— 1 ■?* 1 00 cc 8 jaqjo POB 'S83J c: Oi n 1 CO t ^ -> g flmsjaqnisiv ^ ssss 8? o ggggggg piB ajBis spgg ? § ir: in ^ la tcarnr £- I- O t- in t- 1- i i 1 ' i 1 ' 1 i » ; a is iSS i ' a a 1 = - ^ ' S-r 1 c o '-" X > 5 ciC ' r-= = = St'S 0 U| ^?o = Z C - rt -: c :. •Af y. y- ~ ;:. r^:?;?? :?:^:i PART XL Horse Breeding Industry In Iowa Law Governing State Enrollment of Stallions Standing in Public Service, With List of Certificates Issued to May 1st, 1907. Prior to the enactment of Chapter 98, Laws of the Thirty-first General Assembly, but few restrictions were placed upon the owner or keeper of stallions kept for public service, consequently not much effort was made by the mare owner to ascertain whether the horse he was going to breed to was pure bred and registered, this being especially true with regard to the draft horse. A very large number of grade or "scrub" stallions were being used, the large part of their patronage being secured by rea- son of the low service fee. Again the owner of the "grade" or "scrub" stallion would have his advertisements so deftly worded that no one but an expert on breeding would ever doubt but what the stallion so adver- tised was anything else but a pure bred horse. Since the passage of the stallion service law the farmer and breeder has taken a renewed interest in his horses. While hundreds, and, I might say, thousands, of them still breed their mares to "grade" or "scrub" horses knowingly, others absolutely refuse to breed to a stallion without the owner or keeper can show a state certificate, which is a guarantee that the stallion is registered in one of the recognized stud- books. The State Department of Agriculture has received a great many cer- tificates of registration issued by what are commonly known as "fake studbook associations." These associations have been unusually active, within the past few years of high priced horses. The purpose of these associations is to register horses for breeders or dealers who have failed to have the pedigrees accepted by a recognized association. Only one as- sociation so far has been located in Iowa. These fake registry associa- tions issue a very attractive certificate, with seals and ribbons, all of which help to fool the mare owner, who seeks to learn the breeding of the stallion he desires to patronize. (665) OFFIC I A! ^ CERTIFICATE '^SMF' REOIiTRATION SiiLHU Rl TMf. fivncPknn Hopse Rcgistpy dissociation DcsD^jincs, loiPii . h4 . Vi \\oVevt5cotl^\^ _ — oi -'/ W!At/Jtmeric'an2)raft3Corse X' _^y. •^i BytrewiwwHTaWMia ^Sr^- ' Facsimile of certificate issued by one of the non-recognized associations. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 667 So many of these fake associations became established, and were do- ing such a lively business, that the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture found it necessary to make a careful investigation of this subject, with the result that only breeding associations having studbooks of known merit received the stamp of approval by the Department. (A list of the recognized studbooks we publish herewith.) The assessment report received by the State Auditor to July 1, 1906, gives the total number of stallions in Iowa as 6,079. The new Stallion Service law took effect July 1, 1906. From this date to May 1, 1907, 3,253 State certificates had been issued. This goes to show that a little less than 50 per cent of the stallions used in the State are "grades" or "scrubs." While this looks bad. It is about the estimate placed by the Secretary, when the bill was up for discussion in the Senate Agricultural Committee. It is a blot upon the horse-breeding interests of our State, or any other State, that such a condition of affairs should exist, and we hope the stallion law will make it so uncomfortable for the owner or keeper of a "grade" stallion that he will quit the business. However, the blame does not rest entirely with the owner of the "scrub" stallion, for there are many mare owners who would not think of using anything but a pure bred and registered bull, boar or ram on his farm, but will breed his good draft mares to a "scrub" stallion, because he can do so cheaply. Iowa leads in the nuitnber of pure bred and registered horses. In Wis- consin, where the law requires certificates to be issued to both pure bred and "grades," the number issued shows that in that State they are using about 60 per cent "grades" to 40 per cent pure breds. The law enacted by the Thirty-first General Assembly was amended by the Thirty-second General Assembly, and now reads as follows: LAWS OF IOWA. A BILL for an act to repeal Chapter Ninety-eight (98), Acts of the Thirty-first General Assembly, and to enact a substitute therefor, rela- tive to the registration and publication of pedigrees. Be it Enacted hy the General Assembly of the State of Iowa: Section 1. That Chapter Ninety-eight (98) of the Acts of the Thirty- first General Assembly be, and the same is hereby repealed, and the fol- lowing enacted in lieu thereof: Sec. 2. Any owner or keeper of any stallion, kept for public service, or any owner or keeper of any stallion kept for sale, exchange or transfer, who represents such animal to be pure bred, shall cause the same to be registered in some studbook recognized by the Department of Agricul- ture at Washington, D. C, for the registration of pedigrees, and obtain a certificate of registration of such animal. He shall then forward the same to the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Iowa, whose duty it shall be to examine and pass upon the correctness or genuineness of such certificate filed for enrollment. In making such examination, said Secretary shall use as his standard the studbooks rec- ognized by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C, and shall accept as pure bred any animal registered In any such studbooks. And 668 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. if such registration is found to be correct and genuine, he shall issue a certificate under the seal of the Department of Agriculture, which cer- tificate shall set forth the name, sex, age and color of the animal, also the volume and page of the studhook in which said animal is registered. For each enrollment and certificate he shall receive the sum of one dollar, which shall accompany the certificate of registration when forwarded for enrollment. Sec. 3. Any owner or keeper of a stallion for public service, who rep- resents or holds such animal as pure bred, shall place a copy of the cer- tificate of the £'tate Board of Agriculture en the door or stall of the stablij where such animal is usually kept. Sec. 4. Any owner or keeper of a stallion kept for public service, for which a State certificate has not been issued, must advertise said horse or horses by having printed handbills, or posters, not less than five by seven inches in size, and said bills or posters must have printed thereon imme- diately preceding or above the name of the stallion, the words "grade stal- lion," in type not smaller than one inch in height, said bills or posters to be posted in a conspicuous manner at all places where the stallion or stallions are kept for public service. Sec. 5. If the owner of any registered animal shall sell, exchange or transfer the same, and file said certificate, accompanying the same with a fee of fifty cents, with the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, who shall, upon receipt of the original State certificate, properly trans- ferred, and the required fee, issue a new certificate to the then new owner of the animal. And all fees provided by this act shall go into the treas- ury of the Department of Agriculture. Sec. 6. Any person who shall fraudulently represent any animal, horse, cattle, sheep or swine, to be pure bred, or any person who shall post or publish, or cause to be posted or published, any false pedigree or certificate, or shall use any stallion for public service, or sell, exchange or transfer any stallion, representing such animal to be pure bred, with- out first having such animal registered, and obtaining the certificate of the State Board of Agriculture as hereinbefore provided, or who shall violate any of the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and he punished by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars, or imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding thirty days, or both such fine and imprison- ment. Approved March 30, 1907. The States of Wisconsin and Minnesota have similar laws. They are more stringent, however, in that they provide that no stallion having any hereditary or transmittible unsoundness, or disease, shall be permitted to be used for public service; cataract, amaurosis, laryngeal, hemiplegia (roaring or whistling), chorea (St. Vitus' dance, crampness, shivering, springhalt), bone spavin, ringbone, sidebone, glanders, farcy, maladie du coit, urethral gleet, mange, melanosis and curb, when accompanied by curby hock. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 669 STUDBOOKS RECOGNIZED BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. HORSES. American Books of Record. American Trotter Belgian Draft. Cleveland Bay Clydesdale . . . French Coach. French Coach . French Draft. . Genuan Coach- Hackney Morgan Oldenburg .... Percheron . . . . Percheron . . . . Percheron . . . . Saddle Horse. . Shetland Pony. Shire Suffolk Thoroughbred . American Trotting Regis- ter. American Trotting Register Associa- tion, Wm. H. Knight, secretary, 355 Dearborn street, Chicago, 111. American Association of Importers and Breeders of Belgian Draft Horses, J. D. Conner, Jr., secretary, Wa- bash, Ind. Cleveland Bay Society of America, R. P. Stericker, secretary, 80 Chestnut avenue. West Orange, N. J. American Clydesdale Association, R. B. Ogilvie. secretary. Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111. French Coach Horse Registry Com- pany, Charles C. Glenn, secretary, Columbus, Ohio. French Coach Horse Society of Amer- ica, Duncan E. Willett, secretary, Manle avenue and Harrison street, Oak Park, 111. National French Draft Horse Associa- tion of America, C. E. Stubbs, secre- tary, Fairfield, Iowa. German, Hanoverian, and Oldenburg Coach Horse Association of America, J. Crouch, secretary, Lafayette, Ind. American Hackney Horse Society. A. H. Godfrey, secretary, Tichenor- Grand Bldg., 61st street and Broad- way. New York, N. Y. American Morgan Register Associa- tion, H. T. Cutts, secretary. Middle- bury, Vt. Oldenburg Coach Horse Association of America, C. E. Stubbs, secretary, Fairfield, Iowa. Percheron Society of America. Geo. W. Stubblefield, secretary. Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111. The Percheron Registry Company, Chas. C. Glenn, secretary, Columbus, Ohio. The American Jtrceders' and Import- ers' Percheron Registry Company, John A. Forney, secretary, Plain- field, Ohio. American Saddle Horse Breeders' As- sociation, I. B. Nail, secretary, Louisville, Ky. American Shetland Pony Club, Morti- mer Levering, secretary, Lafayette, Ind. American Shire Horse Association, Charles IJnrgess, secretary, Wenona, 111. American Suffolk Horse Association, Alex. Galbraith, secretary, Janes- ville. Wis. The Jockey Club, James B. Wheeler, registrar, 571 Fifth avenue. New York, N. Y. • Absorbed interests of the American Percheron Horse Breeders" Association, May 9, 1004, whose certificates issued prior to that date only, signed by S. D. Thompson, as Secretary, will be recognized. Ar-.erican Register of Belgian Draft Horses. American Cleveland Bay Studbook, American Clydesdale Studbook. French Coach Horse Reg- ister. French Coach Studbook. National Register of French Draft Horses. German, Hanoverian, and Oldenburg Coach Horse Studbook. American Hackney Stud- book. American Morgan Regis- ter. Oldenburg Coach Horse Register. Percheron America Studbook of Percheron Register The American Breeders' and Importers' Perche- ron Register. American Saddle Horse Register. American Shetland Pony Club Studbook. American Shire Studbook. Horse American Suffolk Horse Studbook. American Studbook. 70 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. HORSES. Foreign Books of Record. Belgian Draft , Boulonnaise*-- Cleveland . . . , Clydesdale . . . East Friedland Coach French Coach . French Draft** Hackney Hanoverian . . . Holsteiu Coaeli Oldenburg Coach Oldenburg Coach Percheron . . . . Shire Shetland Pony. Suffolk Trakehnen . ■ . Thoroughbred Thoroughbred Thoroughbred Yorkshire . . . Studbook des Chevaux de Trait Beiges. Studbook des Chevaux de Trait Francais. Cleveland Bay Studbook. Clydesdale Studbook. Ostf riesisches Studbuch. . . Le Studbook Francais. Registre des Chevaux de Demi-Sang. Studbook des Chevaux de Trait Francais. Hackney Studbook. . . Hanoverian Studbook. Gestutbuch der Holstein- ischen Marschen. Oldenburger Stutbuch. . . . Stutbuch der Musterian- disch-Oldenburgischen Geest. Studbook Percheron de France. Shire Horse Studbook. . . . Shetland Pony Studbook. Suffolk Studbook.. Ostpreussisches Stutbuch. Australian Studbook. General Studbook . . . . Le Studbook Francais, Registre des Chevaux de Pur-Sang. Yorkshire Coach Studbook. Horse Societe Le Cheval de Trait Beige, Chevalier G. Hynderick, secretary, Brussels, Belgium. Societe des Agriculteurs de France, M. Henri Johanet, secretary, 8 Rue de Athenes, Paris, France. Cleveland Bay Horse Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Thos. Curry, Jr., secretary, Morton Carr, Nun- thorpe, R. S. O., England. Clydesdale Horse Society of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- land, Arch'd MacNeilage, secretary, 93 Hope street, Glasgow, Scotland. Landwirthschaftlichen Hauptverein fur Ostfriesland. Commission des Studbook des Che- vaux de Demi-Sang, Director-Gen- eral des Haras, Ministere de 1' Agri- culture, Paris, France. Societe des Agriculteurs de France, M. Henri Johanet, secretary, 8 Rue d'Athenes, Paris, France. Hackney Horse Society, Frank F. Bu- ren, secretary, 12 Hanover square, London, W., England. Hannoversche Stutbuch Commission, Freiherr V. Troschke, president, Hanover, Germany. Verband der Pferdeguchtvereine in den Holsteinischen Marschen, Martin Thormahlen, secretary, Moorhusen per Elmshorn, Holstein, Germany. Verband der Zuchter des Oldenburger eleganten schweren Kutschpferdes, Justus Schussler, secretary - treas- urer, Rodenkirchen, Oldenburg, Ger- many. Zuchtverband des sudlichen Zuchtgeb- ieties, J. W. Runge, secretary, Ol- denburg, Germany. La Societe Hippique Percheronne de France, M. A. Thieux, secretary, Nogent-le-Rotrou, France. Shire Horse Society, J. Sloughgrove, secretary, Hanover square, London, W., England. Shetland Pony Studbook Society, Rob- ert R. Ross, secretary, Balmoral Buildings, Aberdeen, Scotland. Suffolk Horse Society, Fred Smith, secretary, Rendelsham, Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. Landwirthshaftlichen Central - Verein fur Litauen und Masuren, C. M. Stoeckel, secretary, Insterburg, East Prussia. W. C. Yuille & Sons, Melbourne, Aus- tralia. Weatherby & Sons, 6 Old Burlington street, London, W., England. Commission des studbook des Chevaux de Pur-Sang, Directeur-General des Haras, Ministere de I'Agriculture, Paris, France. Yorkshire Coach Horse Society of Great Britain and Ireland, John White, secretary. The Grange, Ap- pleton Roebuck. Bolton, Percy, R. S. O., England. * See French Draft. *• See Boulonnaise. The State Department of Agriculture can only recognize certificates issued by the associations herewith printed. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 671 NUMBER AND CHARACTER OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MAY 1, 1907. Counties |5 < a g 0) m French Coach French Draft German Coach Hackney Morgan Oldenbury Coacli Percheron Saddle Horse Shetland Poney Shire 1 0 1 V 1 3 'J-j 4 3 i~ a. 0 Adair f f a s •i 7 4 3 2 8 4 2 2 4 3 6 6 2 5 3 5 4 4 5 2 1 1 3 1 12 5 3..-.' 5 2 ... L ' i — - 1 • i 1 2 4 5 6 - ... 3 1 1 V li r 11 1: c g 14 20 5b I 10 9 9 10 17 6 S8 3 11 12 10 14 17 5 10 15 10 10 17 7 17 9 14 6 9 10 12 12 18 19 18 3 23 12 6 30 11 23 12 12 26 12 12 11 15. 13 . 7- 8. 11 . 5 ) 1] ] •! ] 1 33 45 15 Adams Allamakee ... 1 Appanoose t Audubon 21 — ] ( 21 Benton ._. .._ . 1( >' Black Hawk .._ !..- I ] ... ] ... ] 34 Boone 8... 1... 32 15 Bremer ] .... Buchanan 2 4 Btiena Vista 4 3 1 ... Butler 17 41 23 Calhoun 4 1 8 "" Carroll _. 1 2 .... Cass ... ... 7 .... 3 .... 1 .... .... 1 10 8 5 Cedar 24 18 20 47 Cerro Gordo 2 3 2 .... .... Cherokee 1 2 6 Chickasaw 12 2 1 "2 1 1 0 14 3 3 1 1 Clarke ... . 3.... 2f.. — - 1 — - — - Clay "i - — 19 18 21 28 36 Clavton ... 3 3 5 5 Clinton 3 6 9 11 3 1 1 Crawford .... 1 .... 1 1 1 Dallas Davis 1 .... 1 — - Decatur 5 45 9 15 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 Delaware .... 2 7 9 1 171 10 19 Des Moines 2 Dickinson 1 1 — Dubuque 9 Emmet 2 7 5 1 2 3 "2 1 21 32 29 17 15 29 17 38 31 16 32 27 49 21 17 Fayette 1 1 1 ■ — Flovd "'"2 2 — - — - Franklin 1 — - 1 1 1 Fremont 1 5 1 Greene 1 2 5 1 2 1 2 5 4 3 1 9 1 3 3 "i 3 1 2 2 Grundv 1 3 3 5; 1 1 — - 1 Guthrie .... -..- 4 1 1 3 2 12 Hamilton 1 .... Hancock 1 1 Hardin 4 9 3 3 1 9 1 ---- 1 2 Harrison Henry 8 1 1 3 3 1 5 14 5 2 9 3 1 2 4 5. 3 3 19. 4. 3. 1. 2. .... 1 " Howard Humboldt 7 5' 16 5 5 7; 3 4 8 5 5' 1 3, 4 6 7 5 5 3 . 6;_ Si. 5( 9 i 1 3 3 6 1 3 10 3 3 12 7 Ida 7..._ 1.-.. 3 — 1 29 45 Iowa ... — Jackson -— — .... ..- :::: Jasper 37 66 35 21 61 36 11 91 Jefferson 1 .... — 1 Johnson 3 2 1 .... Jones 5 6 3 Keokuk 2.-. 5..- 1 1 .... .... Kossuth Lee Linn 39 3 3 1. 4. 1 '""9 ..:: 6 1 6 ... 1 Louisa ... ... Lucas ... ---, 52 18 29 62 Lvon 1 2. 1 I- Madison ... 1 1 .... .... 6 . 3. 8. 4. 7. 3- — — Mahaska Marion 7 1. 5. ~2' 1- 1 . — """! 2.... 3 1 2 — -..1 33 35 26 32 17 26 22 Marshall --- 1 Mills 1 — Mitchell 2 . Monona Monroe ... 1 3- 1. 10. 7. 3. — Montgomery 1 . ... — Muscatine .. 1. 1 1 ... 1 — O'Brien 1 2 1' 0 Av 3 - 3/ 672 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. NUMBER AND CHARACTER OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MAY 1, 1907- CONTINUED. Co a; Counties 'Co a fl us > > h a cs u 0 0 a 0 u 73 ■a u 3 0 5 BO "3 0 3 5 5 3 1 1 1 3 6 4 7 1 1 3 1 1 8 12 10 4 18 22 19 11 19 13 5 12 12 22 21 37 22 17 9 31 13 9 12 9 12 7 8 1362 2 — - i 17 Pase 12 1 3 4 1 5 1 1 2 1 4 3 5 4 1 4 5 3i Palo Alto _... 1 1 2 1 99 1 1 1 1 19 8 15 8 3 6 6 5 3 4 1 10 11 6 1 3 6 6 5 9 5 5 38 Polk 'i'i — - 2 6 3 6 1 2 2I-I- 1 i 1 — - +■1 — - 1 39 1 49 Sac 38 Scott 1 IS Shelbv -— '"2 2 6 4 1 4 1 1 1 "1 1 """2 1 2 94 19 Storv 5 2 5 3 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 5 1 — - 1 — - — - — - 3 0 21 3 1 11 13 2 2 2 S9 Tama 4'i Tavlor — - — - 73 2 i 61 1 — - 34 Wapello — - ■— Ifi Warren Wf Washington - — - — - 1 — 41 ^Vavne --. -- - . — - 1 — - — - SH Webster 19 1 2 4 — - — - — - — - 14 Winnesliiek 1 2 — 1 6 1 91 Woodbury — - — - 97 Worth 7 Wright - 3 45S 1 342 2 296 3 410 7 6 17 Total 3 191 35 31 16 33 13 5 9 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 673 DIRECTORY OF OWNERS OP PURE BRED STALLIONS BY COUNTIES. (Certificates Issued to May 1, 1907.) ADAIR COUNTY. tH O Name of Owner Postoffice Name of Stallion Breed S06 John McDermott Bridgewater Bridgewater . Billy Boy 33799 395 John McDermott- Nonpareil 23034 Percheron 394 Johii McDermott- Bridgewater _ . Honest Jerry 6374 Shire 1266 T. M. Neely Greenfield Top Sawyer III 7506.. Shire 1276 Middle River Horse Co Greenfield Jerrierais 31111 (43734). Percheron 1278 D. A. Dorse.v Greenfield Vibrant 40702 (488891).. Percheron 12W C. P. Lieserot--. Greenfield Radio M. 37196 Trotter WH'y A. T. Mas^n Greenfield Top Shot 7718-. Shire 1318 jA. N. Vande- water .. Orient .. . Ben Faraday 38258 ... Thoroughbred 1379 E. W. Vande- water Orient .. Orphan Boy 10873 Clydesdale 1380 E. W. Vande- water C. C. Havens— Orient ._. Crasher 9383 1425 Greenfield Creston Boy 6206 Shire li2S H. H. Buck Greenfield Iowa Lee 40181 Trotter 1532 Fontanello Coach Horse Co Fontanelle Vandyke 116S (2371) Cleveland Bav 1533 Foutanelle Perch- eron Horse Co- Fontanelle Royaliste 3174S (45143). Percheron 1554 F. W. Raasch___ Bridgewater Prince Improver 7839.. Shire 1558 C. T. Jaclison-.. Orient Orient Boy 37691 1557 C. T. Jaclison— Bob McGregor 9752 Clydesdale 1603 Frank H. Ed- wards - - Oripn t Usurper 7567 (20996)... Billy Grayson 40899 Shire Trotter 1630 J. A. Griswold- Greenfield 1631 J. A. Griswold- Greenfield . Simmons Star 33030 Trotter 1718 Wm. N. Green- Fontanelle Botha 7003 (19390) Shire 1757 F. P. Culverson- Greenfield Counsellor Jr. 34958 Trotter 2220 C. L. Waltz Spaulding Toneham Strexton 8533 (23804) Shire 2266 W. B. Hoskins.. Orient Pride of the West 7842 Shire 2621 F. P. Culverson Canus 8683 Thoroughbred Shire 2454 G. H. Sawyer.. _ Greenfield Black Jack IV 6377 2579 Grove Township (19343) Horse Co Greenfield Upas 14857 (59588) P French Draft 2725 C. T. Jaekson. Happy Thought 11761.. 2753 John Wyun Greenfield Rampton 12709 Clydesdale 67 Wynn Bros Greenfield Brampton Harold 6237. Shire 3115 E. J. Oshel F. A. Strong-.-. Joe Swift 37576 Wilfrid S. 39403 . Trotter 3158 Trotter 43 674 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ADAMS COUNTY. t.6 -2 Name of Owner PostofRce Name of Stallion 1 Breed 562 483 4'J3 F. Hoskinson E. P. Chapman.. Holt Township Horse Co C. M. Bickf'^rd-. L. H. Humbert Corning Mustapha (53274) Beaumont 249S4 Conine 9941 Percheron Percheron Corning Mount Etna Corning . - 417 1023 Duke of Altorf 21071... Voltaire 45320 (50916).. Sully 21770 (40430) Dolmen 45321 (52S04) — Beguin 45322 (56251) Road Bird 22816 Lesdiguieres (51818) — Prince Henry 10238 Red Garnet 27132 L,apon 32832 (46018) Prince Mac Lure 11665. Demster H. 12145 Kirk 6576 LaSalle Star 37569 Waterloo 1S609 Perclieron Percheron 1030 L. H. Humbert Corning .. Percheron 1031 L. H. Humbert Corning Percheron 1032 L. H. Humbert & Son Corning .... Percheron 1355 1543 1537 178 1739 1803 1801 2275 2292 22r>3 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2309 2310 2311 2600 2823 2^50 2351 2S52 2443 2738 2739 587 275S 2883 J. M. Devore H. E. Nurdock.. J. A. Bohanan.. Wm. F. Hough.. Andrew Nelson.. Laban Harrison. Laban Harrison. J. H. King L. D. Bishop L. D. Bishop E. Humbert E. Humbert E. Humbert E. Humbert E. Humbert E. Humbert E. Humbert E. Humbert E. Humbert E. Humbert Vicker & Blazek. E. B. Hess J. N. B. Miller.. J. N. B. Miller.. J. N. B. Miller.. E. L. Humbert-. Hugh Coglan Hugh Coglan ... E. P. Chapman. - James Foy J. N. Ankeny... J. S. Bowman... J. S. Bowman... John H. Oshel... Humbert & Son. E. A. Hoskinson T. O. Swain Trotter Percheron Clydesdale Trotter Percheron Clydesdale Clydesdale Shire Trotter Rodil 50622 (51622) Pasteur 5(;660 (65523)... Verger 5(1664 (62185) Rutilan .50663 (60099)... Manceau 50657 (53834).. Primo 50661 (64315) Lahire 50655 (.51754) Lili 50656 (67691) Dussautoy 50654 (61128) Herons Image 43149 Domino 41882 (56570)... Good Morning 8822 (21468) Brilliant 1372 Plumeau d'Acosse 2041 (31098) Franklin 34653 Percheron Shire Belgian Draft Belgian Draft Jerrv 29836 _ . . Teddy 34721 Snow Ball 21902 ApoUon 26130 (42491)... Nailstone Modern Type 7260 (21088) Shire Brooks 2880 Comedian .50855 (61758-). Counter 15347 . Percheron 2870 French Draft 28T6 2931 Nevinville Electralto 23579 Sullv Jr. 48106 . Trotter 3060 Corning ._ ._ Carat 50652 (59920) Hal Parker 034 Perclieron SIS' Trotter ALLAMAKEE COUNTY. .38* W. L. Leas Rossville Herbert 29743 Percheron 143 M. T. .Tacobson- Waterville Black Ball 24384.. Percheron 142 M. T. Jacob son. Waterville Alfonso 30940 Percheron 445 Jas. McCormick. Waterville Bold Harry 5514 . Shire 503 Henry Grotegnt.. Elon Draft Horse Waukon Prince Henry 6728. Shire fHO Waterville Gamin De Glabais 1547 (23560) - •- - Belgian. Draft fifi4 Waukon Belgian Lansing Bismark De Seumoy 1311 (24150) Belgian Draft 974 John Munz Waukon French Church - Percheron 1078 Coach Stallion Co S. J. Svendson.. Beau-Sire 3644 Camille de Bierset 1548 French Coach Belgian Draft 1098 Dorchester (23056) 1207 C. G. Holming & Co R. No. 1, Wau- Document 710 (4980). Belgian Draft kon — SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 675 ALLAMAKEE COUNTY-CONTINUED. Name of Owner PosLoflice Name of Stallion Breed 1206 1137 2680 3039 3205 C. G. Holming & Co Ludlow Perch- eroii Horse Co- Jas. Honlihan Henry (irodejrut- P. H. O'Neill- R. No. 1, Wau- Gilbert 21037 kon Waukon ; Englisch 1437 Harper's Ferry. Stick 4.5S06 (61875) Waukon Admiral de Tilly (26770) Harper's Ferry. lams Pedro 9870 Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Draft French Draft APPANOOSE COUNTY. 121 August Post 120 August Post 119 August Post 199 Lincoln Knapii ... 672 John C. McCon- nell Eli Smith, Sr... 1412 I W. O. Dojrsrett-- 1414 F. P. Hawks 1>39 [ Smith & Clawson 2125 : .T. J. Strickler.. 2126 ! J. .J. Strickler.- 2198 j Marshall White.. 2223 Udell Horse Co., 2261 W. H. Johnson.- 2588 2770 3003 3042 3087 3131 Marion McCrory. Lincoln Knapp .. .1. R. Hensley... Marion ]McCrory. W. M. Jackson.- W. M. Jackson.. Cincinnati Horse Co C. E. Mathew and W. H. Howard J. C. Stevenson. Moulton ... Moulton ... Moulton -__ Centerville Unionville Unionville Numa Moravia .. Cincinnati Centerville Clenterville Centerville Udell Moravia ... Moravia ... Centerville Mystic Moravia ... Centerville Centerville Cincinnati Wayside Prince 10411.. Wayside Douglass 0395 Wayside Regnant 9836. Sisteron 44301 (57869).. Keota-Allan 27631 Bury Beauchief II 6155 (17218) Bob Brooks 4.3300 Cyprien 28435 (4S433)... Brewer's Delight 6133 (1940S) Black Sluggard 28582.. Baron Dillon Jr. 33402. King Robert 1191S Taupin 26104 (46S29) Forton de Mons 1985.. (25500) Gagnier 12666 Keota Ben 7792 Prince Esher 11907 Centerville Prince 5292. D u n s m o r e Klondyke 6164 (18706) Solide II 22672 (43537).. Marronier 32421 (48881) Moulton Haddo of Hillsdale 12550 Cincinnati Marksman 881 (991) Clydesdale Clydesdale Clydesdale Perchei-on Percheron Shire Trotter Percheron Shire Trotter Trotter Clydesdale Percheron Belgian Draft French Draft Shire Thoroughbred Clydesdale Shire Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Cleveland Bay AUDUBON COUNTY. 353 Oakfleld Town- ship Horse Co. C. R. Wilson...- Melville Draft Horse Co W. W. Weston.. Pleasant Valley Horse Co M. P. Henricksen L. N. Esbeck Powell & Harvey Peter N. Esbeck. .T. C. Hardman.. J. C. Hardman.. Richard Fancher. C. Ward Monfino 28464 (44967).. Greelv 12440 .. . Percheron 89 French Draft 93 66 657 Audubon Audubon Fiscus Bon Rasselas 6064 (177S9) Prince Brilliant 9854.. Champagne Mecht 1340 (25514) Uvlisse 1714 (28228) Enrage 8107 (844) Sol Phallis 2S606 Sefton 11640 Shire Clydesdale Belgian Draft 713 1452 Exira . French Draft 1490 Exira Trotter Kimballton 2127 Prince 11588 Clydesdale 2129 Brayton Scotland's Crown 10628 St. Columba 11427 Scotland's Hero 10629... Rattler 11214 Clydesdale 2390 Ross . Clydesdale 2128 Clvdesdale 2497 Amos Fancher .. S. L. Mantz Jacob Layland... Jas. L. Johnson. Jas. L. .Tohnson. F. O. Niklason.- F. O. Niklason.. S. S. Wilson 2498 2604 2850 Audirbon Audubon Exira .. ... Fernando 45091 (.57896). Prince Albert 15455 Jouteur 29567 (45690).. Pastel 41404 (60075)..^.. Early Union 41555 Kind Standette 41388-.. Ambulant 3895 Percheron French Draft Percheron 2849 Percheron 2872 2871 3014 Audubon Audubon .. Audubon Trotter Trotter German Coach 676 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. BENTON COUNTY. Name of Owner Postoffice Name of Stallion Breed 185 469 638 W. A. Robison— John Scolle Clifis. Hcnnins- _ Aesop 27S05 -- - -- Trotter Alexiev 12490 _ French Draft Keystone Casimir 24729 (44663).. Percheron 628 Rene Horse Co Blairstown Rene 3113S (46669) Percheron 761 Wm. Thiessen — Keystone General 2U19 (30118) Beglian Draft 702 David Spurseon. Shellsburg Koubo 1109 French Coach 1074 J. C. Stuart Cramptinnois 1184 Belgian Draft (20380) 1081 1122 Ellingrson & Tow Kevstone Belgian Quandum 2007 French Coach Horse Co-- - Keystone Buron 1153 (18164) Belgian Draft 1172 .Tos. Schmnecker. I N. Compton.- \\''atkins - Beach Insurgent Vol 24 Shire Belle Plaine Vidocq 10283 French Draft 1393 John Frese Chareaubriand 11281 .. Percheron (20037) 1497 582 1638 Ellingson & Tow Richard Pickart— Luzerne Belgian Hardi (22648) Belgian Draft Bucephale De Ninove Belgian 1618 (24956) Horse Co I. N. Compton.. Oran 1399 (21626) Belgian Draft 1841 Belle Plaine Homestead Dignity 5120 Shire 2263 2341 J. R. Patten Mt. Auburn Star Counsellor 35936 Trotter Horse Co Go- Ahead 7S54 (Vol.26) Bolivar 40111 (46462) Shire 2389 Vinton -- Percheron 2479 L. L. Johnson. _ Vinton Rameur II 45627 Percheron 2480 Bernard J. 45624.. _ . Percheron 2481 Vinton . . . Poppleton 45625 Percheron 2503 Eden Township Horse Co Van Horn Gordon d e L i e r d e (25438) Belgian Draft ?/>50 C. A. Burris — Garrison Joe Briselain 3S221 Trotter 9,660 C. A. Burris — . Garrison Garrison Reaper 44040. Trotter 2200 Wm. Rabe Keystone Cambrinus de L i e r de Belgian Draft 226 1 George & Ross 2589 (34.388) Vinton Masterpiece 29732 Belgian Draft Moree II 28856 2740 W J Mullin Aredale _- __ __ Travailleur 22656 _ (45430) 2764 F. L. Thompson Van Horn Berenice 460.35 (60385) ._ Percheron 27r>5 F. L. Thompson Van Horn Actif 41695 (64674) Percheron 2766 F. L. Thompson Mourzouk 2040 ... Belgian Draft Vol. 12, p. 425) 2767 F. L. Thompson S. L. Johnson— - Bazel 39368 Trotter 3063 Garrison Thabor 41007 (60392) Percheron 3121 Thos Sellers Cosaque 41846 (62053). . 31 78 Farmers' Perrh- Flambard 41506 (52188) 2045 Fry Bros. & Richart Vinton Alencon 41424 (61660)..- Percheron BLACK HAWK COUNTY. 173 C. C. Hahn Raymond Paquin 22876 (43778) Percheron 243 F. J. Schweer .. Dunkerton Captif (44891) Percheron 221 Jas. Loonan Jas. Loonan .. Waterloo Waterloo Bloomer 40589 ??0 Superior 40605 - Percheron 183 O. W. Clark Cedar Falls Petronius 1249 German Coach 286 E. E. Sage Waterloo Gartner 113 (1409).. .. Oldenb'rg Coach 7 K. E. Pennev W. D. Strayer.- Cedar Falls Waterloo Airoo 31861 . Trotter 478 Magor 26953 Percheron 477 W. D. Strayer.. Waterloo Gabels Hopeful 5785 ... Shire 618 C. F. Horse Im- (18029) porting Co Cedar Falls Richard 8th 7574 Clydesdale 617 C. F. Horse Im- porting Co Cedar Falls Coquet de Herck 1545 Belgian Draft 615 C. F. Horse Im- (25466) porting Co Cedar Falls ... Headlight 5604 Shire 774 C. A. Hayzlett.. La Porte City Tommy Brown 5128 Morgan 1(W3 W. S. Brecunier. O. A. Jensen Waterloo Dunkerton Mascot 2021 ... Shetland Pony^ Percheron 1038 Don Pedro 22992 .. 1014 Chas. & Ed Wal- ter Finchford King Gothard 14218 French Draft SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XL e?: BLACK HAWK COUNTY-COJMTINUED, u6 Name of Owner Postoffice Name of Stallion Breed 1129 Black Hawfe Horse Co Waterloo Colin 270S2 (48S64) Pel cheron 1155 H. W. Miller.— R. 1. Waterloo. - Eclipse D'Oplinter Belgian Draft lllG C. E. Hearst Cedar Falls Gold Crown 10035 Clj-desdale 14.56 Henry Thompson Cedar Falls Keota Charming Gift 11160 Clydesdale 15S1 Joseph Harn Dunkerton RegTilateur 25027(43441) Percheron 178a Jas. Loonan Vv'aterloo Gilbert 43543 Percheron 1787 Jas. Loonan Waterloo Vanvert 41724 Percheron I'JOl Wm. Crowuover- Rudson Flascoe 46220 Percheron v.m Wm. Crownover- Hudson Sound Currency 8639— Shire IPS'* Wm. Crovvuover Hudson Matchless 8640 Shire 128 A. T. Kline La Porte City- Toneham Laddie 5393 (17041) Shire 2556 Wm. Blowers Waterloo Lord I'inley 4.3576 Trotter 2557 Wm. Blowers Waterloo Velox R. 43574 . 2558 Wm. Blowers Waterloo Latier F. .;3575 Trotter 255J Wm. Blowers W^aterloo Extelle 268.39 . Trotter 2560 Wm. Blowers — Waterloo Camden W. .36231 Trotter 2531 Wm. Blowers "^"■atprloo Allertonian 36131 Trotter 2900 M. J. Masee Dunkerton Marquis De Warelles Belgian Draft 3355 Nils Hansen & 2244 (336!,8) Sofiis Larson-- Hudson Porcaro 15245 French Draft BOONE COUNTY. 1<)0 J. B. Tremain... W. B. Donelson.. W. B. Donelson.. G. H. Zimbelman Geo. D. Muench. J. R. Dorau J. R. Doran N. C. Petty N. C. Petty N. C. Petty S. S. Gilhreath- S. S. Gilbreath- A. W. Williams- E. D. Bryant-.. E. D. Bryant J. E. Smith Geo. F. & Theo. F. Freie R. H. Reynoldson Clinton McCaskey August Peterson. Geo. Freie A. W. Williams- Henry J. Lark-- H. J. Lark Wm. Sr-hall James Xeild James Xeild David Welsh Dotlef Harten — Hnsted Oster- handt Husted Oster- handt Boone - -. The Idol 360S6 Trotter 202 203 237 Ogden Ogden Herode de Fosteau 1466 (25494) Boulet Gouv 1465 (25510) Allerston 12?62 Belgian Draft Belgian Draft 3RS Ogden Iowa Boy 9285 French Draft 43.3 Beaver Charmante 14544 La Fayette 1205J Fitch Dandruff Cure Boy 0301 Villebon II 40663 Bumper l'-65 434 677 678 679 Beaver Pilot Mound Pilot Mound Pilot Mound Pilot Mound Pilot Mound Pilot Mound Madrid Madrid ... French Draft Trotter Percheron Be'gian Draft 811 812 1127 1470 1492 Count Shaw 4.3072 Argus Du Fagot 39434. Keota Spurgeon 27696.. Ostendo 1065 (21594) Bismark 13298 Trotter Belgian Draft Percheron Belgian Draft Frencli Draft 1547 Illustre 10237 Athos II (919) - . French Draft 1608 Ogden Belgian Draft Clydesdale Belgian Draft 1617 Madrid . . . Britian Yet 10113 Flamand 1970 - - _ 2112 '>146 Madrid (Vol. 12, p. 555) Keota Sharp 276S6 Shiloh 46858 . ^^9.=> O'^rjen Pilot Mound Ogden 2190 Dick 16729 - Trotter >?25 Eielweise 14658 >?2fi Ogden Budweiser 14660 Pierre Le Blanc 43808-- Colonel 12585 _ . .- - ^rench Draft 2231 Berkley Ogden - - Percheron ^401 Ogden - Cardiff 991S Clvdesdale 262-7 Boone Delavan 20709 2451 Ogden Derwent Menestrel 6962 (21334) Sir Consul Jr. 23899 Major Beath 8350 Congo (13468) Shire 193 Boone Trotter 2708 Boone 2804 Farmers' Draft Horse Co Geo. W. Colwell- Belgian Draft French Draft 2866 Pilot Mound Attila 8140 (35812) 678 IOWA DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BREMER COUNTY. 15S 159 211 187 188 735 731 730 1073 1390 1.391 13&) 2139 2515 3217 363 362 361 360 381 387 151 . 264 208 483 1013 1060 1315 1.316 1592 1768 1820 1976 2228 616 3004 3020 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed A. J. Schmit B. B. Sliroes F. C. Koliasren--^ J. H. Carstensen J. H. Carstensen George Leyli J. J. Lynes^ J. J. Lynes F. F. Lynes C. H. Baskin—- C. H. Baskin C. H. Baskin Eugene White -— Perclieron Horse Co F. H. Baskins_._ Minkler . Janesville Waverly _ Tripoli -_- Tripoli -- Sumner _- Plainfield Plainfield Waverly Waverly Waverly Waverly Plainfield Waverly Janesville Roosevelt 10343 Conquerant 82746 (44954) Beau-Rivage (6022) — . Carlisle 581 (4198) Samson .32977 Marshall Lasnes 31C59. Fred Hudson 4541 (51)31) Dude 4673 Keota Barnum 20646._ Robert 26944 (46848) — Pomard 21275 (43229). King William 11524... Charleagno 25888 Mirliton 46055 (57209).. Lord Aberdeen 12970... Clydesdale Percheron French Draft Belgian Draft Percheron Percheron Trotter Morgan Percheron Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Percheron Clydesdale BUCHANAN COUNTY. P. H. Fockler... P. H. Fockler— P. H. Foc-kler— P. H. Fockler.- D. J. Sensor Jas. Netcott W. H. Miller.— T. H. Kimball.. W. M. Moly- neaux Peter Schuster .. Rowley Draft Horse Co B. E. Robinson.. L. B. Young L. B. Young E. W. Chessmore & M. P. Kep- ford Fred Retz Geo. B. Winegar C. H. Jakway.-. Aurora Perch- eron Horse Co] J. J. McBride... A. J. Drake j Winthrop Horse Co .1 Independence ...i Fairfield Buster 7833. Independence ...| Nig 17816 Independence I Monarch 5684 Independence Royal 35357 Hazleton Avon A. 40917 Independence ...; Red Reaper 39280 Independence ...! Fusain 42837 (56304).. Quasqueton 1 Kermet 35393 Independence ...i King Greenlander .. Jessup I Frivole 31448 (48512). Rowlev Archer 28748 (4.5436). R 3. Rowley I Drafty Bill 26372.... Independence ... King Bow Bells 34231. Independence ... Reveur 10718 Independence Lament Brandon Aurora Aurora ._ Winthrop Hazleton ^^'inthrop Victor 11222 Ocean 21272 (42903). Donnell 46107 Newton J. 41382 Lepanto 41657 (47428). Lion de Loncin 1542.. (25404) Darling 41620 Marengo 24467 (44400). Shire Percheron Shire Percheron Ti-otter Trotter Percheron Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron BUENA VISTA COUNTY. 1 C. E. Cameron.- J. E. Rudolph.- Jas. M. Hoskins Jas. M. Hoskins Holmes & Ken- Alta Look Sir 31562 Zalfo .34092 Ole 01e.son 35603 Billy Lee 43177 - Trotter 4 24 25 Mnrathon Sioux Rapids ... Sioux Rapids ... Alta Trotter Trotter Trotter 219 Soprano 40.393 (45063).. Brutus 21457 (43203)... Sabinus 13093 (25670).- Parmentier 32401 (45608) Satan 1813 (25282) Moblot 29499 . - 201 642 951 Bradford & Seeth J. A. Chindlund- Elk Percheron Horse Co J. M. Haywood-- Linn Grove .Hflrse Co David Snyder ... Storm Lake P e r c heron Horse Co ■p'embrandt R. No. 3, Alta._ Alta Percheron Percheron Percheron 1083 Alta - . Belgian Draft 1010 Linn Grove Sioux Rapids ... Storm Lake Percheron 894 1219 Ambassador 5034 Muscle 34299 (46359)... Shire Percheron SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK— PART XI. 679 BUENA VISTA COUNTY-CONTINUED. Name of Owner Postoffice Name of Stallion Breed M. Mulvihill, SrJ N. M. Layiuau.- N. M. Layman.. Carl P. Hoe;; | .1. T. Norton | ^Ym. WmxIs i E. E. Holmes \ Len H. Laninr..! Marathon Sliire Horse Co Geo. Kestell j Hayes Shir e] Horse Co Bnena Vista Cen- t e r Percheron Horse Co B. Faltz I Newell Dewette 1252 N'ewell French Monarch 9353.. Newell Allside Prince 5621 Newell Diamond 433U0 Marathon i Zaffre 37099 Newell i Duke X II 5934 (186S9) Marathon Pompon Jr. 45197 Storm Lake 1 3rd Jeweled Prince lOSSl Marathon Gabels Coeur-de-Lion 6961 (Vol. 25) Storm Lake Munger 23794 Storm Lake Highland Hero 4940. Percheron French Draft Shire Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Shire Percheron Shire Storm Lake Baptiste 2S163 (47052). -| Percheron Storm Lake I McCaskle 6S20 I Clydesdale BUTLER COUNTY. 247 T. J. Watterson. Aredale Bourdon 7314 (1458) French Draft 236 Colin Horse Co.. -Aii<5tinville Colin 29946 (4S454) Percheron 548 W. J. Feltus . Allison Prince Perche 20951 Percheron .•iij H. C. Miller..-. Bristow - ... Major McKinley 826. _. Belgian Draft lOSl K. AV. Webster.. Allison Brown King 26359 Percheron 1072 F. W. Bncholz.. Chirksville Keota Henry 31900 Percheron 10)1 Miller & Rogers. Allison - Alcibiade 15S77 (22819) Percheron 1181 Burt Curtis Allison Keota Rambler 27652.. Percheron 13^9 J. Nevins Greene -_. . Dude Jr. 43448 Trotter 1S27 H. F. Sranton..- Greene Drum Major 25880 Percheron 2.i;^ Chas. & Wm. Tell Clarksville Pierre de Pieton 198S (29746) Belgian Draft 2413 John Metcalf _... Allison Pompedour 900 Belgian Draft 6>.) Wedekiug Bros. & Co Clarksville Dewey 24585 Percheron 91S 2142 M. H. Barnes Beaver O r o v e Dumont Guidon (34246) Belgian Draft Horse Co ._ New Hartford . Grandee 23212 „ . Percheron 28 n Martin & Bur- Clarksville ... Romeo II 12551. Clydesdale Trotter 3244 M. H. Barnes Sherwin 20975 CALHOUN COUNTY. 98 J. M. Baker JoUey Moustache 24572 (43576) Percheron 160 Rockwell C i t V Horse Co T=?ookwell Citv__ Monaco 26908 Percheron 261 J. B. Bichards.- Rockwell City .. Baron Lee 36549 Trotter 55 J. M. Furney... Manson . Watchword Junior Trotter 54 Gin?erich & Pe- 35665 trie Manson ... ... Butor (46127) Percheron 37 J. M. Baker Yetter Belgian Jolley - Rutland Prince 6223... Shire m Horse Co Yetter Charles Quint 18192 Belgian 411 J. W. Lockie.... Pomeroy Allerco 35459 Trotter 91% W. H. Kent Manson Brown Ben 6249 Shire 1021 John Baughmen.. Manson St. Laurent 13500 French Draft 1029 Elsen Bros Manson . Mouvement 25593 (44687) . Percheron 1023 Weise & Co Manson Mouton D'Heure 1096.. (21096) Belgian Draft 963 A. A. Wells Somers Colonel Berry 33720 Trotter 962 A. A. Wells ■Vomers .. Tic Tac 28141 (44773)- Percheron 1175 J. H. Van Meter Manson Ponca Van 39834 Trotter 1176 J. H. Lish L. E. Pierce Manson ._ Dr. Dunkle 40620 Marmotte 26142 (44048) Trotter 1179 Rockwell City Percheron 1212 W. Q. Stewart... Rockwell City ._ Rockwell Bov 41851 Trotter 1236 T. M. Wilkinson Lohrville Monaboul Brownell 35309 Trotter 680 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CALHOUN COUNTY— Continued. t,6 Name of Owner PostofRce Name of Stallion Breed 1436 A. F. Ramthiin-- Rockwell City- Dogue 43910 (60856) Percheron 1511 E. S. Carmeau--- Lake City Surprise 25300 Percheron 16J8 Pomeroy Horse Co . Pomeroy Pomeroy Citadin (48476) Custine 6587 (9970) Percheron 1649 John Doyle Percheron 17-53 O. H. Snyder Black Reaper 43314 — Victor 240i.8 (44560) - - Percheron 17&4 Percheron 177^ Knierim Belgian Daniel 1182 (17830). Belgian Draft 2124 A. Al. Pierce Rockwell City- Dauphin 2346 (30648) .. iieigian Draft 2385 J. H. Hildreth- Rockwell City- Bedwell Tom 8435 (22102) Shire 2511 J. W. Brayton... Rockwell City- Lake City Matchless Shire 2517 Lake City Perch- 7288 eron Horse Co- Lake City - Emery 33740 (46207) Percheron 2539 F. W. Arnev Lake City Prince Model 41268 Percheron 2540 F W Aruev Lake City Tom Tom 14269-- Percheron 2541 F. W. Arney Lake City Scarabe's Model 43701. Percheron 2512 F. W. Arney Hutchinson & Ja- Lake City -- - Togo 44270 Percheron 2855 cobs LaKe City Lake City — - Tacticien 2481 French Coach 2887 J. E. Barr & Wm. VV'iukle- man -- Lohrville Pepin De Leernes 1756 Belgian Draft (21650) 2906 W. D. Pittman-- Lake City -- Mahomet Royalist 4861 Shire 2905 W. D. Pittman-- Lake City Eden Chief 8712 (19580) Shire 2904 W. D. Pittmau-- Lake City Mahomet Boaz 4938— Shire 1020 Nordhausen & Schmidt George Moss & Waterloo 12661 French Draft 3229 Cain & Son Lohrville Llynelys Lad 7098 Shire 3f299 C. W. Titus & (17430) Tetter — Pink Major 43927 Percheron CARROLL COUNTY. 32 J. Coder Henry Torpy Jos. Wilson Wm. Ileuton Wm. Heutou Julian Township Horse Co Wm. Rnpiper ... Henry George ... L. W. Schu- macher Wm. Wiese W. E. Hodge- -- Herman F. Von Glan A. Kessler Hy Dammann ... A. 10 Bolton H. E. Brown Leflngwell Horse Co R. S. Keat D. P. Copp Phillip Schlels- raan . Red Wallace 22369 Brilliant 1849 ...... Trotter 29 810 1245 1246 1562 1639 Manning M'lnning Belgian Draft Bolibar 19335 Percheron Tobe n 746 Docelle 1246 _. Percheron Coon Rapids 'Carroll Hercule De Courtrai 1439 (25364) Malborough 830 (13010) What You Want Jr. 29165 La Fleur 10900 Belgian Draft Belgian Draft 1690 1695 Coon Rapids Carrol! Percheron French Draft 65 Manning Diemede 1854S ..- ... Percheron 2171 Porus 11943 (5979) G-rison (2S932) French Draft 2227 Belgian Draft 2661 Moltka 39075 Trotter 2S84 2446 2543 2741 M=inning '^lidden Coon Rapids '^lidden - - Coriza 41830 (56193) Regent II 10843 Bertrand 12582 Cedar 27303 (45840) Faro de Rotheaux 2428 (Vol. 12, p. 484) Carnot (13561) Croquemitaine (.52402) Grandini 21988 (42783). Nobility 231 Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron 2798 2799 Manning Belgian Draft Percheron 2809 Carroll . Percheron 1466 Mike Fritz T. M. Campbell-. J. H. Kohorst... Manning Norman Horse Co Arcadia .. Percheron 2839 Coon Rapids \rcadia . .. Suffolk 2877 Riposteur 27422 (44782) Conqueror 9107 Percheron 2903 Manning French Draft SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. CASS COUNTY. 681 t, 6 Name of Owner PostofRce Name of Stallion Breed 520 A. P. Cuyken- d.ill Westside Referee 250. Ciceron 31105 (46917).. Stuntney Zephyr 8366 (22S41) West Side Sultan 230. Colosse 12458 Suffolk 348 Chas. Denne Caledonia Shire Horse Co A. P. Cnvkendall J. H. Schofleld & Oliver Manison. J. P. Brunuer— .\lex Dallas R. A. Berry Turner Bros Turner Bros Perry Woods Perry Woods .. Anita Horse Co.. J. A. Nelson Geo. G. Linde- man _. Perclieron 224 179 Griswold Shire Suffolk 241 Griswold Griswold Atlantic .'^aiantie Griswold Griswold Marne French Draft .272 281 583 651 Rex 15:)l (1618) Peter Kane 36969 Knottinglet Referee (22501) Prince B. 10731 German Coach Trotter Shire Clydesdale 6^.0 Major P. 11233 . Clydesdale 6ftS 607 Green Mountain Boy.. Banqueter 3S8S1 Merrimac 11952 Lusnonnais 4.874 (5.5255) Black Prince 21415 Banker Boy 21153 Archie Greenlander 38704 Bedwell Marquis 8326.. (22101) Pat King 3-5906 Morgan Trotter 412 Anita __ - — . Clydesdale 763 7.JS Atlantic Lewis T.fwis . Percheron Percheron 739 Geo. C. (Linde- man Percheron 831 1042 1032 Ray McClintock.. J. P. Chandler— E. D. Ruff Fred Lassen G. E. McDermott I. D. Murraj' J. P. Gissibl.— Alfred Bailey — . Alfred Bailey Wm. Hopley J. C. Kennedy_- Peter Biggs Watt Devore W. B. Berry F. H. & M. O. Trailer M. L. Northrup. Caledonia Belgian Horse Co S. L. Harrison— Geo. Smith E. F. Moon Frank Ruehs H. C. Wohlen- haus Otto Lassen Otto Lassen Cheney & Bell- Cheney & BelL- Chenev i'?: Bell .. Cheney ■."^9> Hart Bros ... — Osceola Roublard 50436 (62775). Percheron 1844 Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Joe Bailev 50886 Spark 50289 . . Percheron Du-Rock 50312 1847 Osceola Victor Gilbert 50621.... Percheron 1848 Hart Bros .. — Osceola Ralph 50253 Percheron 1849 Hart Bros Osceola Jerry Johnson 50252... Percheron 1850 Hempfield Samson 50250 1S=i1 Hart Bros Osceola Ducal .50674 Percheron 1852 Osceola _■ Rataplan 50620 (60462) Percheron 1853 Osceola ,.. - _ Mulot 50834 (5377s) Percheron 1851 Hart Bros Osceola CattU 50424 (.51569) Peiclieron 1855 Hart Bros Granit 50427 (64873) 1857 Hart Bros Panquert 50435 (55255). 1858 Hart Bros Osceola Souaze 50437 (64787) Percheron 185? Osceola - Maubert 50431 (57853) 1860 Hart Bros Osceola Mosnil 50432 (55589) Percheron 1861 Mastique 50433 (64774). Slather 8396 2001 Hart Bros — Osceola .— . .. Shire 2002 Osceola Sampson 8695. Champion 50287 Spring-Up 50703 Senitor 50702 Shire 2003 Osceola 2004 0=ceola - 2005 Hart Bros Osceoia . ... . "Percheron 2031 Tableau de Aspe 2378 (29916) Belgian 203!^ Hart Bros Osceola Osceola .. Slasher 50288 ... 2033 Percheron Shire ■Percheron Percheron 2034 Ferry Oak 8441 (2391S) Osceola Banker 50746.. Osceola Bov .50747 2085 2086 Hart Bros Osceola 2108 S. S. Critchfield "^Voodburn Balandard 22664 (42798) Percheron 2121 Hart Bros Osceola Jerry Johnson 12218.. French Draft 680 Robinson & Grif- fin Osceola Aloes 50217 (55899) Pt-rcheron 1057 David Mitchell .. Murrav Jim Jam 32838 P^^rcheron 2214 Hart Bros . . .. Lucky Lad of Town's End 898 (9329) Hackney SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PAKT XI. CLARKE COUNTY— Continued. 685 u6 -2 Name of Owner Postoflice Name of Stallion Breed 2216 Hart Bros - Hart Bros Osceola Osceola Roval II 70S5 . Shire 221 S Ralph 50S19 2248 Hines Bros Murray Osceola Rampton 8852. Shire 2250 Hart Bros Osceola Happy Boy 50842 Percheron 2277 Hart Bros Wm. Ritchie, Ed Osceola Durock 50203 2291 Husted & J. B. Hazlett Peramorz 12594 French Draft Shire 2368 Hart Bros Osceola .. Stuntney George SS60. (24653) 2.S69 Hart Bros Osceola Stuntney Shem 8861 ("22835) Shire 2370 Hart Bros Osceola . Mistral 50890 (62275) Percheron 2371 Hart Bros Osceola _ .. . Beatrix 508S2 (62373) -_ Percheron 2373 Hart Bros Osceola Dartagnon 50866 (60097) Percheron 2374 Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Osceola . . _ Xavior 50S95 (61805 Biffin 508S4 (53737) Raab 50893 (58383) Turenne 50897 (58865) — 2375 2376 Osceola 2377 Osceola Percheron 2378 Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Osceola - .. - Python 50892 (60409)... Affuteur 50881 (64666).. Beniamin 50883 (54566) Damier 50885 (64212) .. 2379 2380 Osceola 2381 Osceola Perclieron 2382 Hart Bros Hart Bros Domino 50887 (64195).. HorofE 50889 (60458) 2383 Osceola Percheron 2381 D. B. Hpdse Osceola Mogol 50891 (62665) Percheron 2622 E. C. Staley Osceola Loyaltv 11978 French Draft 2702 C. B. Sliinn Osceola Conway Prince 978 Belgian 2811 Clark Co. Horse Co -„ „ . Osceola Osceola Courgeon 24268 (44031). Zulman 12368 (5957B). Percheron 3059 J. E. Perry— . French Draft 3149 Hart Bros Osceola Banker 50980 Percheron 3148 Hart Bros Osceola Banker Joseph 9021 .. Shire 3147 Hart Bros Osceola Harts Thumper 9020... Shire CLAY COUNTY. 424 Clausen & Jones. Peterson Stockwell IV 6858 (20055) Shire 508 A. A. Reynolds.. Spencer ... . .. Jonas 41868 (55201) Percheron 1002 F. J. Clarke Fostoria Silver Moak 40733 Trotter 1115 Fostoria Horse Breeding Ass'n Fostoria Kruger 29902 (48266) Percheron 1460 C. I. Ginger. .. Langdon .. Sam H. 35880... Percheron 1531 Spencer Draft Horse Co Spencer . . Monaco 1185 (19354) Belgian 1659 Harmony, Green- ville & Douglas Horse Co . ... Greenville Romarin 27435 (43618).. Percheron 2028 Alonzo Jones .. Peterson .. . Jumbo G. 8314 Shire 2230 J. W. & Frank McDowell Greenville Bolsinger 33323 Trotter 2353 Roval Horse Co . Peterson Pepin 29490 (45751) Percheron 2518 Frank McDowell. Spencer Favorette 40658 Percheron 2510 Frank McDowell- Spencer Nogentais 23198 (43781) Percheron 2594 Frank McDowell. Spencer ... . Kenmor 23023 .. .. Percheron 1272 StoufEer, Peter- son & Erf- meyer I. N. Reed Fostoria Webb . Urson 2837 French Coach 2980 Audley Boy 7154 Shire 2990 Spencer Draft (Vol. 25) Horse Co . ... Spencer .. . Armagh 2523 (Vol. 13. p. 543) Belgian 3050 E. U. Roberts... Dickens Tricolet 50650 (60116).. Percheron ,3171 J. H. Everett Dickens Improver 4017 Clydesdale 686 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CLAYTON COUNTY. Name of Owner Postoffice Name of Stallion Breed 146 Koontz Bros Monona Buzot de Picton (29360) Belgian 523 J. L. Schneider— Ellvader Triton 42875 (44805) Percheron 523 J. L. Schneider Elkader Clarion De Bel Air 1721 Belgian (29522) 497 Joseph Cain Elkader Iron Duke 29304 Percheron 648 Pettlt & Koontz Monona _ . - Royal Emblem 43208- Trotter 668 Smith & Kahl- Elliader . _ . David De Voile 1347— (24318) 958 Kalser Bros St. Olaf Torpilleur 42832 (59926) Percheron 1383 Wm. Koth & Co. Farmersburg „. Larbin 42881 (54617) — Percheron 1458 A. A. Kishman & A. Henlies Farmersburg Le-Fertois 26296 (18836) Percheron 1628 Mederville Draft Horse Ass'n --, Mederville Bury Colonel 616S (17220) Shire 1689 August Duwe -— G. E. Bachtell Trojan 31389 1832 Star Onward 31514. . Trotter 2241 Jas. Grain Volga Mercure 25721 (43490).. Percheron 2242 Jas. Crain Volga Laddie 45427 °ercheron 2397 Geo. Voshell Volga Jabot 41034 (53708) Percheron 2544 Garnavillo Shire Horse Co Garnavillo Magnum B o n u m IV Shire 2837 Mrs. E. E. Mey- 7928 (18901) ers - _ Elkader Chabrol 26076 (44799).. Percheron 2926 Hurley & Meyer Shire 8583 (23919) 1 .- ■•« CLINTON COUNTY. 527 A. W. Johnson.. A. W. Johnson.. A. W. Johnson.- De Witt De WMtt De Witt Valespir 11318 French Draft 525 Bordelon 38677 Trotter 526 Border Wilkes 29022 - Trotter 528 A. W. Johnson.. De Witt Margot 27846 (47048)... Percheron 513 J. E. Shannon... De Witt Sebastian 13S86 T^rench Draft 529 A. W. Johnson- De Witt Enfield Stylish Chief Shire 790 Center Grove 7935 (21404) Horse Co George Corbin .. Charlotte Calamus Frank 9926 . . French Draft 1049 Sceptique 44308 (60627). Percheron 1050 George Corbin — Calamus Babeuf 44307 (51767)... Percheron 1051 George Corbin .. Calamus Simon De Rosoux 1839 (25366) Belgian 994 Peter Frett Brown Africander (45089) Percheron 1372 Chris Lund Elwood . Apollon (19098) Belgian 1544 Grand Mound Horse Co - ... Grand Mound .. Pedro 28621 Percheron 1556 0. C. Henyon... Wm. Burk Clinton .. C. H. 3318S 1985 Charlotte Brulot 41504 (59670) Percheron 2438 Wm. Tinnefeldt Lost Nation Colson (62987) 2714 Hicks Bros Elwood Lion de Buzet (30272). Belgian 1041 2822 A. W. Johnson. Brindisi Perch- De Witt Dewey Boy 39220 Trotter eron Horse Co. Bryant . _ . . Brindisi 22723 (43414) 2821 Eugen Hanssen.. Bryant Stanlaws 4759 Shetland Pony 3082 J. O. Ott Baldwin Glendale Major 42438 . Percheron 3156 Wm. F. Heinke. Delmar Vergoin 35101 (45656).. Percheron CRAWFORD COUNTY. 200 L. P. Rose J. E. Rix E. E. Marks—. Peter J. Eggers. Peter J. Eggers.. Peter J. Eggers. Schlichta Bros... B. B. White B. B. White W. H. Lamb.... R. Knaul Charter Oak ... West Side Dow City Denison General 186 Oldenburg Coach 330 Allison 20290 303 980 Bon Atas 7754 (21171).. Archie 34897 Shire 981 Denison Corbett 42790 982 Denison . Mont Dor 8977 983 Denison . Vulcan ''6841 964 Manilla .. Montholon 10847 Young Maakoff 9651... Decorah Jr. 32331 Absola 43175 - 965 Manilla 1151 1334 Denison Trotter SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 687 CRAWFORD county-Continued. Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed KXM Ricketts Horse Co Ricketts Zephir d'Herlalmont.. Belgian (Vol. 13, p. 478) 14SS Fred Coleman --_ Charter Oak ... Victor Dewey 45479— Percheron 1656 Peter Jensen Charter Oak .„ Energy 745 (478S) Belgian 1640 Ida and Sac County Perch- Feder 40143 (51266) 1700 T. E. Malloy.— West Side Hanksoid 33113 _ Trotter 2391 Boyer _ - _ _ Bismark d e Braibnt Belgian 1703 (25394) 2+94 Henry N. Kuelil. Schleswig Beau Souvenir (15014). Belgian 2fvt8 F. J. Smith Charter Oak — Parnell Beauty 9179 Clydesdale 2673 Kemp & Killeen. .Tames Killeen West Side Victor 11478 2373 West Side Arizona 13138 . French Draft 25(>5 H. C. Pithan & Charter Oak Michaux 14893 1940 H. H. Chapman & H. J. McGill Vail Tarascon 50.552 (55555). Percheron 2932 Adolf Meyer, Sr. Charter Oak Salvator 50219 (80080).. Percheron 303.5 W. V. Whaley— Dow City - — Iowa Wonder 44 (1672) Suffolk 3140 C. A. Saunders.. Manilla Flanche 464S1 (53966).. Percheron 3166 J. H. Gardner- Manilla Mastique II De Vlier- ingen 1976 (28098) Belgian 3253 Hugh Daugherty. Manilla Titus 1735 (8969) German Coach 3264 P. A. Klinkefus. Manilla Sultan 285 ui\olk DALLAS COUNTY. 131 226 253 J. B. Saum Martin Russell — Belgian Horse Co Leon Mills J. R. Mills... W. B. Fritz T. P. Gushing... Thos. Eckert Stootts & Kline.. J. H. Andrew R. S. Barr R. S. Barr Robt. Burchfleld- W. S. Robinson. De Soto Shire Horse Co J. F. Turner.... Wm. A. Warford Dawson Draft Horse Co T. A. Thornburg C. B. Pierce D. C. Kelly M. B. Boll Perry Belgian Horse Co ■John Bair John Bair A. L. Myers Belgian Horse Co A. W. Dickerson J. R. Mills. J. R. Mills •J. R. Mills Leon Mills Emery Skinner .. W. E. DuToit--_ Elwood Beaseley. H. C. Addy I. C. Stine Theodore Quick.. J. A. Minteer J. H. Andrew Woodward Dallas Center .. Redfield Sans Tache 22012 (43146) Wenona Regent 22564. Saint Martin (29462).. Banner 13189 . .. . Percheron Percheron Belgian 317 Perry Perry Dexter Booneville Woodward Redfield 318 324 336 287 Narcisse 21992 (42440). Sergeant Major 8292;.. (21849) Scarcliff Sweep (8173) Jules 647 - ... Percheron Shire Shire 652 Carral (54.564) 50 Dexter . . Earl Royal 37070 Dan McCloud 431.39 Colonel McCoy 33112... Rex Legrand 1993 Jim Kelly 43068 Halstead Duke 7352... (20.J37) Facteur 26913 (45803;.- Grant 9138 Trotter 637 Adel ... . ... Trotter 636 Adel - Trotter 768 Linden 658 Trotter 626. De Soto - Shire 409 Linden . Percheron 767 Linden French Draft 1056 1136 Dawson Linden Fairfield Stormer 567S. Maynard 10022 Shire French Draft 1199 1401 Woodward Dallas Center... Major D e Beaumont (20760) Laurens 41030 . Belgian Percheron 1480 Flashlight Prince 7701. Vulcan 2235 (25410) Dewey 10974 . Shire 1489 Perry . . Belgian French Draft 1675 1676 Perry ..... Bataclan 30.5S7 (48721). Spartan's Hero 8428... Coco (1044S) . 1741 Dexter ..... . Shire 1786 1825 1836 Woodward Hero-Ben .50251 Salem l,"i092 Percheron French Draft 1835 1834 18:33 1840 2218 2674 Perry Perry Perry Adel Woodward Adel Minot 15090 Conrad 15087 Constant 15086 Rapin 24496 (42413) Abel 677 (.581) Linnwood 22566 -. Yacca 3.5903 .. . French Draft French Draft French Draft Percheron German Coach Percheron 2461 Van Meter Dallas Center .. Dexter Van Meter Dexter ...._. Trotter 2.569 2734 2827 Iowa Chief 2569 Tuduc 14991 (57768P).. Prince I. X. L. 43.530.. Victor 24128 Shire French Draft Trotter Percheron 688 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DAVIS COUNTY. Name of Ovner Postofflce Name of SLallion Breed w E Irvin J. D. Baughman- Jno. . Vugspurjjer-; E. S. Stockman- K. s. Stockman-. B. K. Ritz Wm. 3. Brown— L. C. Warthen-- W C. Baugliman W <:. Baughman \V ('. Baughman W c. Baughman Albert Munn Peter B. Horn-.l W W. Powers--! .7. W. McConnelli N. K Merry ! James McGowan-! Juiues McGowan. James McGo wan- P. (1. Martin A. L. Watson I. C. Evans .1. ^' M. Horan-- (;. K. Davis c. K. Davis J. M. Peden N. M . Peden Chas. Daugherty- I. ('. Evans Wm. J. Plank- L. W. Cruik- shank A. A. Morgan A. M Swift Cronk & Wise— C. (i B. ruv Swartzen- er R. No. 1, Floris Pulaski Pulaski Bloomfield Bloomfleld Pulaski Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Pulaski Pulaski Pulaski Pulaski Belknap Bloomfleld Bloomfield Drakesville Bloomfield Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Pulaski Troy Floris Bloomfield Bloomfleld Floris Floris Bloomfield Troy Bloomfield Bloomfield Bloomfield Bloomfield Bloomington -- Pulaski Enterprise 4047 Lightfoot 13749 Titus 4669 Togo 13764 Tedv-R 34522 Fletcher 29112 Merak 9672 Troubadour 26C61 (4681.5) Colonel 13015 Lerov II 14182 IniUal 20030 Grand Papillon 29761- Maior R. 10.394 Brilliant 27209 Jericarde 21857 Lorin 23700 Jerome 9819 Baron Laddie 39865 . Motell 40427 Reed Bi-smont 34102-— Ecumeur 28457 (45983) Delcarde (7510) Andrew Carnagie 4436: Samson 10395 Beaucamp 19938 Cap Sheaf II 43.525 Xoceur 11326 (2G91lP)--_ (4.5829) Gaylord 11867 Theadore 34783 Picador 40385 Daniel 130C2 Big Fox 12798 Tndi 30823 Bonnie Dillon 30589 -- Uncle Bob 9958 Demon II 19407 Clydesdale French Draft Morgan French Draft Percheron Percheron French Draft Percheron French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft Trotter Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron French Draft Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron French Draft Trotter Trotter Trotter French Draft Percheron DECATUR COUNTY. 53^ J W Mather Glenbrino 30412 Trotter 565 J. S. Beavers Woodland Willingham Lad 5928— (18453) Shire 649 Joe Banker 6976 Shire 683 Pleasanton Horse Co Pleasanton -- Manuel (51817) .— . Percheron 984 E. P. Hamilton- Garden Grove -- Ferndale 10.529 French Draft 985 E. P. Hamilton- Garden Grove- - Creston Jerry 6205 Shire 985 B. P. Hamilton- W. M. Frost Garden Grove __ Leon Harbison 29900 . Trotter 1264 Souldern Vulcan 7501 Shire (200.38) 1358 N. L. Chase Garden Grove „ Prince of Norwood 1358 French Draft 1.504 C. E. Thompson- Leon Major McKinley Jr. 955 Belgian 1135 Wm. Goodman .. Leon Admiral Sampson 24957 Percheron 2137 Wm. Goodman-. - E. Gregory - Leon Weldon Augerau 44037 _- Percheron 2246 Glendive 50155 . Percheron 2249 S. E. Easter Leon Eastern Craftsman 6240 (19.575) Shire a82:i James Howell -— Leon Vampar 24560 (43505)- Percheron 2321 Van Wert Perch- eron Horse Co.- Van Wert Vaillant 50642 (55506). Percheron 2333 Andover Draft Horse Co Lamoni Pekin 1701 ( 17450 ) Belgian Shire 488 H. L. Coontz Woodland Bury Ironclad 6692 (20332) 2447 Geo. P. Britt . Leon - - Osceola Champion 11597 87 Leon Horse Co Leon Belgian (Vol. 12) 2829 A. A. Rew Prince Henry 8207 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 689 DECATUR county-Continued. Name of Owner 2908 2937 304<3 3083 O. W. Hood Le Roy Chas. Boor & E. H. Abraith Le Roy Postoffice Name of Stallion Theo. lirenizer Eden Prairie Shire Horse Co. Lamoni Leon Nougat 22658 (43653)-. Mirko 640 (3934) Faro d'Estinnes 2220. (29510) Highland Laddie 7950. (22976) Breed Percheron Belgian Belgian Shire DELAWARE COUNTY. 122 671 746 715 919 920 921 922 Conway Hercule 878_. Mouton (53341) Commodore Dewey 8883 Ideal D. 14562 E. W. Cook Manchester Enterprise Horse Co ! Ryan Henry Goodtiile.., Manchesrer Henry Percival...! Manchester W. A. Lang & Co -. I Greeley .._ W. A. Lang &j Co Greeley ... W. A. Lang & ^Co 1 Greeley W. A. Lang & W^:°A:-Lang-&i«^^^''^^ - 924 I w":" A7--Lang-& r'''''^ -■ 926 i AV:^" a:-- Lang-& I ""'"'''^ -- Co Greeley \V. A. Lang &I Co W. A. Lang & Co ... I Greeley j Bijou De Magnery 2230 ,\ Lang &| ^ ^ l__(22924) W. A Co .. W. A. Lang &^ w^'° r--T i-i Greeley W. A. Lang & Co , Greeley Vt . A. Lang & mP'^ l"--v 7,-1 Greeley W. A. Lang &j Co .... Greeley W. A. Lang & Greeley 925 928 930 Statesman 8359 Belmont 5077 Black Diamond 42423. Surprise 40243 Croissant (55623) Vaillant (60220) Bordeaux (57967) Filon (58S48) Greeley 1 Maupanant (60620) Belgian Percheron Clydesdale Trotter 933 931 935 936 937 938 939 Lang & Greeley ' Ulric 2231 (30936) Greeley Lang & Lang & Lang "& 943 945 946 947 9461 949 1087 1117 1110 Bibi 2229 (Vol. 13, p. 5*94 ) Zurich De Ronquieres 2233 (27594) Batard (Vol. 13, p. 564) Pierrot Du Moulin (36610) Marquis De Velroux.. (Vol. 13, p. 513) Sultan (37364) Greeley 1 Cacas Wild (32040)... Co . W. A Co .. W. A I Co _. 941 W. A Co .. 942 W. A. Lang""'& I Co W. A. Lang &^ w^° r-'r o- Greeley Mikado W. A. Lang & Werther (Vol. 13, p. 287) Greeley Greeley Greeley Mouffle (37362) Chancelor (Vol. 14).. Bourguinon (36950) ... Lang & Co W. A Co -. W. A. Lang & Co W. A. Lang & Greeley Greeley Greeley Max De Bove Vaillant De Letrud. rn - r- , (37360) W A'""YVn"c;--A-| ^^eeley , Bijou Du Moulin.... n^ ° ^\ ^ (36608) W b7" Van""Ai:| ^""^^^^^ ! Roustan (33822) ..... TT^*P^,f.r>, Manchester i Osceola Prince 5988 . h' P S S^""" IBahno 38751 ±1. fugh 1 Ryan 1 Favorite 30151 44 Shire Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Beigian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Shire Trotter Percheron 690 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DELAWARE COUNTY— Continued. Name of Owner Postoflice Name of Stallion Breed 1413 1609 1767 1821 1863 1835 1867 1838 1870 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1887 1883 1839 1890 1891 1832 1893 1894 is:)5 1896 1817 1818 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 547 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 Ryan F. W Geo. ougli A. B. A. B. A. B. Horse Co.- . Smith—- Coldsbor- Ryan Mancliester Holbert— . Holbert--.. Holbtn-t— . A. B. Holbert- — A. B. A. B. Holbert-—. Holbert—. Dundee Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley A. B. Holbert—- Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. Holbert — Holbert Holbert—. Holbert Holbert-— Holbert—. Holbert Holbert Holbert — Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert—. Holbert—. A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert- Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley I Greeley Greeley A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. Wm. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- J. Claus- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- A. B. Holbert—. A. B. Holbert— A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert- Greeley -. Greeley -. Greeley -. Greeley -. Greeley -. Greeley .. Greeley .. Greeley _. Greeley . Greeley . Greeley - Delaware Greeley - Greeley - Greeley _ Greeley . Greeley . 1 I Greeley - , Greeley . Greeley - ! Greeley . Gelif 27109 (45385). Capricome 1609 Lexington Macey 26408 Clamart (57369) Tonsin (28530) Stuntney Arsaces (23729) Stuntney Sagamore .— ( 23828 ) The Baron VII (3:3930— Rip Van Winkle (23640) Stuntney Button (23743) Mark Time (23487) Noble Prince II (22629) Redlynch Mentor (22716) Cherry Parmer (23155) Tansor Prince (22848). Stone AshLon Nabob-- (23730) Troag Conqueror ( 23931 ) Boxeur D'Oplinter 2384 (33012) Bebe De Hex 2383 (33352) Cresus D'Ap 2385 (36920) Pierrot De Kemexhe 2390 (37428) Zut 2393 (30740) Brigadier 2380 (25444). Bourgnignon 2.382 (Vol. 13, p. 698) Capitaine DeQuestenne 2474 (28324) Joubert D'Enixhe 247C (Vol. 13, p. 469) Midas 2480 (Vol. 13, p. 935) Ortoni 2481 (Vol. 13. p. 620) Bruno De Hartenge 2472 (Vol. 13, p. 52o) Syveton 2482 (Vol. 13, p. 619) Marin II 2479 (36496) — Bavard Bierse 2473 (34696) Le Dernier 2478 (35462) Teutone (2154) Triumpf (2153) Turner (2155) Trompeter (2152) Rittmeister (2085) Goldfellow 3507 Waldemar 2507 Consci! 50515 (63464)... Milan 50543 (.59935) Charmant 50512 (59938) Joe Anderson 40174 Arlequin 50.503 (62524). Tartarin 50553 (.55554). Idem 505.30 (63371) Lutteur 50.5.39 (571.56).. Avenir D'Erbi 2381 (294.58) Grain D' Or D' Awans 2387 (32418) Hercule De Vald (33290) Puissant (3.3288) Biocorde 50625 (63288). Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Belgian Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Belg Belg: Belg Belg Belg Belg Belg Belg Belg Belg Belg Belg Belg Belg Belg an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an Coach Coach Belgian Belgian Holstein Holstein Holstein Coach Holstein Coach German Coach German Coach Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Percheron SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. DELAWARE COUNTY— CONTINUBD. 691 ^ ° Name ol Owner PostofHce Name of StalHon Breed 1916 A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. Peter Peter Peter Peter Peter J. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. Holbert Holbert-.. Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert— Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holb'ert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert- — Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert-— Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert— Holbert— - Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert— Holbert-— Holbert Holbert--. Holbert Holbert— Holbert— Holbert Holbert Holbert—- Holbert Holbert Holbert- — Holbert-- Holbert— Holbert Holbert--. Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Holbert Milroy - — Milroy Milroy ^lilroy Milroy — - ^lonlton.— Holbert-— Holbert- — Holbert Coquet 50626 (64336) — Krasis 50630 (63.S67).— Louvigny 50531 (63539). Martinet 50532 (58905).. Herien 50629 (63373).... Glorieux 50628 (56527).. Pollux 50633 (58788) Rosier 50635 (55147).... Eldorado 50627 (60095). Retour 50634 (61618) Turbot 50.555 (56725) Ictere 50.533 (63372) Liao 50537 (62479) Lusignan 50538 (62499). Marceau 50541 < 62874 ) - Mathurin 50542 (59438). Madrid 50540 (53077)... Pomard 50547 (55615).. Philosophe 50546 (61833) Polhuau 50548 (62463).. Roussillon 50550 (62156) Ramoneur 50549 (62475) Telephone 50554 (60100) Talma 50551 (62500) Vainqueur 505.57 (54334) Vallon 50559 (63026)-.. Vibrant 50560 (59941) — Turco 50556 (62731) Armor 50.505 (62317) Amiral 50501 (61712) — Arlequin 50504 (63767).. Bardoux 50536 (62831).. Bataclan 50506 (62478). Brillant 50508 (.53950) — Cointeyr 50511 (52724).. Biscuit 50507 (63791)... Castor 50510 (59937).— Cabaster 50509 (63079)- Considerant 50516 (60084) Costo 50.517 (63970) Chatlet 50.513 (57372) — Docteur 50520 (64995).. Derval 50.519 (62.567) Eclat 50521 (63212) Ecorpain 50.522 (62488). Edison 50.523 (63119) ... Estival 50524 (636.53) Etudiant 50525 (63073). Facteur 50526 (64154).. Fierot .50527 (62666).... Flerridalenzen 50528 ... (63948) Harley 50532 (61724) — Farino 50665 (62885) Racine .50666 (60613) Passe Partout 2389 (35570) Garcon de Bothey 2386 (Vol. 13. p. 600) Marquis de Bleret 2388 (.35988) Valerien 505.58 (62497). Pedro 50545 (5.5.549) Guignol 50531 (57894) — Heor 23943 Sampson 26529 Bravo 22166 La-Forte 34S39 Castelar I 29842 Friedland (4.5001) Stuntney Bulbo 888 (9.5.57) Blanch Bombey 890 (9554) Ely Orel 884 (9209) Percheron 1917 Percheron 1918 Percheron 1919 Percheron 1920 Percheron 1921 Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Greeley - Percheron Percheron Percheron 1930 Percheron 1931 Percheron 1932 Percheron 1933 Percheron 1934 Percheron ' 19.35 Percheron 1936 Percheron 1937 Percheron 1933 Greeley .. Percheron 1939 1941 1943 1943 1944 1946 ISMS Percheron 1949 Percheron 1950 Percheron 19.51 Percheron 1952 Percheron 1953 Percheron 19.54 Percheron 1955 1956 Percheron 1957 Percheron 195R Percheron 1959 1960 1961 1969, 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 196,8 1969 1970 1971 Percheron 1973 Percheron 1973 Greeley -- -- Percheron 1995 Belgian 1996 Belgian 1997 Belgian 1998 Percheron 1999 Percheron 2000 Percheron 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2278 2419 Hopkinton Hopkinton Hopkinton Hopkinton Hopkinton Hopkinton Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Hackney 2420 Hackney 2421 Greeley Hackney 692 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DELAWARE COUNTY— CONTINUED. 2423 2423 3424 2426 2663 1575 2565 2733 2801 2927 2488 3016 Name of Owner A. B. Holbert.... A. B. Holbert. A. B. Holbert- — A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert Barrvville Horse Co Henry Goodhile . L. C. Rear don- John Rosa F. L. Carpenter. A. B. Holbert..- A. B. Holbert—. L. B. Stanger.., A. B. Holbert..- Edward Cook — Postoffice Name of Stallion Breed Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley — Greeley Ryan Manchester HopkiiiLon Masonville Almoral Station Greeley Greeley Hopkinton Greeley Manchester Misty Morn 885 (9344). B. B. Crispy 886 (9113) Duke of the Hills 882. (9199) Priorv Prince 8SV (9556) Stuntnev Extradition 883 (9031) Mercure 24743 (44027). J. S. Ricker 37168 M a r c a r a Charming 10837 Perche 26562 16185 Jann de Teny (32016). Regulus 43894 Joubeit II (Vol. 12, p. 847) Primo 25604 (44596) Baron Wailerby 889... (8730) S u 1 ta n de Kemexhe 2391 (37430) Hackney Hackney. Hackney Hackney Hackney Percheron Trotter Clydesdale Percheron and French Draft Belgian Percheron Belgian Percheron Hackney Belgian DES MOINES COUNTY. 165 164 163 82 1228 795 2251 2407 2360 860 Henry Broder ... Henry Broder _.- Henry Broder .._ James D. Smyth. James D. Smyth. John SntclifC .... Henry Heihner __ Clyde Fentherby. J. H. Thie B u r 1 ing'ton P e re heron Horse Co Mediapolis Mediapolis Mediapolis Burlington Burlington Sperry Major 41821 . Alger 23049 (42014) Fusain 42804 (58230)... Entertainer 26774 King Entertainer 0706. Selim 8970 Hard to Get 1S50 (7356) Menominee 8531 (23494) Autumn Haze 21682 Cheri 9319 . Percheron Percheron Trotter Trotter French Draft Shire Yarmouth Middletown Burlington Shire Trotter French Draft DICKINSON COUNTY. 518 G. B. Wilson.-.- J. H. Mills P. S. Mott G. R. Bryan D. V. Palmer Clark L. NicoL. G. N. Welch H. H. & B. H. Overhocker P. Hagerty F. N. Reese & C. M. Varney.- D. V. Palmer Geo. Heldridge... Geo. Heldridge... Jas. Chapman D. V. Palmer Henry N. Meyer. A. R. Vangren- dren E. F. Miller P. T. Burk. Milford .. Ludovicus 6412 (89.32). Ignace 22888 (42345) Trim 32061 Percheron 373 355 Lake Park Spirit Lake Spirit Lake Lake Park Percheron 110 Superior 30324 . Percheron 181 204 Red Ensign 18330 Prince of Clayton 4698 King Capoul 38364 '. Verona Matchless 6483 lams' Bon Ton 17443.. Talisman 27116 (45621) Butor 251.52 (44160) Radis 29506 (48415) Rainbow (8222) Adrien 29536 (4G939) King Moak Jr. 42203.. Sampson 22284 Wenona Marmion 4768. Christopher C. 31413... Trotter Clydesdale 437 Milford ... Trotter 574 Milford Shire 406 Percheron 833 Terril Percheron 797 2475 Lake Park Milford Percheron Percheron 2476 Percheron 2547 Terril . Percheron 2555 2881 838 2358 Lake Park Lake Park Lake Park Milford Trotter Percheron Shire Trotter 3091 Milford . Trotter SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 693 DUBUQUE COUNTY. 4,5, Name ol Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 952 M. J. Noonan M. J. Noonan... M. J. Noonan Thos. F. Con- Croiseur 24675 (45290). Martial 42724 (60151).. Briard 10794 (12252) — Midnight 44254 . Percheron 953 Bernard . Percheron 954 Percheron 1055 1249 Jno. Connolly ... Benjamin Witter. Conuelly 8.. Nellie's Pride 11867...'.. The Governor 2976 Prince James 8932 Trompeur 31248 (48679) Libaros 27378 (44843)... 1474 Elma Belgian 1645 53 Cresco - 2252 225S 2259 Lime Spring Lime Spring Clydesdale Clydesdale 2976 S. A. Converse— - S. A. Converse.— Geo. Moore Saratoga Horse Co Clydesdale Clydesdale 2077 Cresco . . 3013 Elma .. ... 30o5 HUMBOLDT COUNTY. 215 169 Bradgate Horse Co R. W. Taylor Brown Bros. & Beck Harry Bratton .. B. G. Olson Rutland Horse Co Moen & Anderson Boone Percheron Horse Co Brown Bros. & Beck Brown Bros. & Beck P. L. DeSmidt.-. L. E. Dolder Peter Capesins... Renwick Shire Horse Co Byron Brink A. J. Hayden A. J. Hayden Bradgate Bode Raithby Tommy 6853.. (19043) Shire Shire 90 290 Humboldt Cokeril 1800 (29592) Captain Hopetown 11442 General Sherman 27897 Pollux II 1371 (18216).. Guepin 27159 (44716) — Reflescible 41866 (48870) Major de Corroy 2533.. (24426) Corail 14861 (62679) P.. Romance 26395 Thomas 34371 (46441).. Brock 1037 (Vol. 11).. Stuntney Defiance 2853 Bob Sheldon 38354 LaPerche 45327 Belgian 1067 118> Humboldt Rutland Percheron 1435 1744 2359 2360 2433 2628 Humboldt Renwick Humboldt Humboldt Humboldt Pioneer Percheron Percheron Percheron French draft Percheron 2664 Ottosen . Belgian Shire Trotter 2833 2938 3146 Renwick Renwick Humboldt Humboldt 3145 King Unique 43164 Percheron IDA COUNTY. 95 129 130 167 35 45 51 52 23 26 27 83 1353 1481 E. F. Peffer Anton Grones ... Holstein Horse Co J. F. Parks Elmer C. Somers- J. Y. Crawford.. John Crawford... John C^rawford... Geo. H. Nailer... V. D. Wolcott V. D. Wolcott.... Arthur Horse Co. Elmer C. Somers P. McGuire Battle Creek | Me Lud Conkling 34924 Trotter Holstein Andree 1159 German Coach Holstein _. Arthur Ida Grove. Ida Grove. Holstein .. Holstein .. Battle Creek- Battle Creek. Battle Creek. Arthur Ida Grove Holstein Vernis 30421 (46609) , Percheron Nigrier 44625 Percheron Brynes 25936 Trotter Creston Prince 35728.. 10667 Napoleon II 273 Marron De Vissoul 1350 (24818) Harry 9378 Ibrahine 11520 Du Chaillu 11199.. Fondant 40141 El Somero 0754 Duke 43554 f Percheron \ French Draft Belgian Belgian French draft French draft Trotter Percheron Trotter Percheron 702 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. IDA county-Continued. Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 1482 P. McGuire P. McGuire P. McGuire P. McGuire Waldo & Eay Clapsaddle Ida Grove Horse Co Cinchona 20391 T. R. K 11837 Percheron 14Sa Holstein Trotter 1484- Holstein Romeo 23495 Percheron 1485 Holstein Sweet King 40977 Alex of Odebolt 11754.. Danton 1020 Trotter 1727 Galva - Clydesdale 928 Ida Grovs Ida Grove Holstein Galva Belgian 1731 B. M. Hester H. P. Rice Galva Union Horse Co Galva Horse Co— C. A. Shimerda— F. O. Peterson- Andrew White — Galva Shire Horse Co John H. Brunjes. Black Prince 4324 Monaco 14100 . Shetland Prench draft 2087 Pianiste 44474 (58181).. Sasie 46060 (51718) Ringmaster Jr. 8417—. Money Maker 7874 Wenona Swell 22991 Blaisdon Victor 7110.. (20267) Gamway 45286 Percheron 2088 Percheron 2388 2583 Battle Creek Galva Shire Shire 2589 2776 Ida Grove Galva - -- Percheron Shire 3247 Trotter IOWA COUNTY. 125 Draft Horse Co. Robert de Lillo (25508) Belgian 125 Draft Horse Co. Ladora . Caesar de Wodecg Belgian 127 Draft Horse Co. (29436) of Ladora .. Ladora .. . Keota Edward 29654... Percheron 239 W. V. Hixson-. Chas. Roland W. V. Hixson . . Marengo Williamsburg ... Rosemack 10406 .. . Trotter 778 Kei-zerah 33729 Percheron 867 Mac Delightful 10759.. Clydesdale 865 W. V. Hixson Marengo Palmerston 9728 Clydesdale 864 W. V. Hixson Marengo Mac Delightful 2nd Clydesdale 973 Henry Wiede- 11314 meier . _ Bon Roister 6065 Shire 1088 M i llarsburg (17790) Coach Horse Co William sburg Mlllersburg Eithon 2085 French Coach 1008 Draft Horse Co. Williamsburg .. Baron Balantyre 9343.. Clydesdale 1009 William sburg (10497) Draft Horse Co. Williamsburg .- Piston 829 (13000). Belgian 871 Samuel B. Harper Victor Scott Gamaleon 31292.. Trotter 1384 R. M. Wvant Millersburg Jay Field's Hasty 36018- Trotter 1105 J. F. Talbot Williamsburg ... Keota Ranford 29656... Percheron 1402 Francis B. Grim North English.. Dewey 5203 1450 Jacob B. Cox Williamsburg ... Bourn 44470 (55162) 1451 Jacob E. Cox Williamsburg Devinez (57137) 1479 John B. Wyant- Dandv E. OS47 Trotter Clydesdale 1518 W. H. Spratt Parnell . Oambushinnie Prince Jr. 10861 1519 W. H. Spratt J. H. Schrader-._ Parnell . Manor Surprise (16800) Gables Shamrock 6959. Shire 1552 Vlarengo Shire (Vol. 25) 2106 H. F. Lohman_— Hillersburg . . Bayard X 30585 (48326) Percheron 2509 W. E. Reynolds- tVilliamsburg . Flashwood 8066 Shire 2601 Koszta Horse Co Ladora Draft Tresor (55352) 2204 Horse Co Ladora Caesar de Merchtem.. 2588 (36802) Belgian 2653 Jonas Mantz Williamsburg ._ Darius 44456 (51256) Percheron 2654 Jonas Mantz Williamsburg ._ Rival 26903 (45850) Percheron 2675 A. J. Clark Ladora Scipion 41554 (63657)... Percheron 2683 W i 1 1 i a m sburg Draft Horse Co Williamsburg .. Negrillon II 15466 ... French Draft 2689 W i 1 1 i a m sburg Draft Horse Co Williamsburg Bobby B. 15467 French Draft 2546 G. M. Ocheltree- Victor Colonel O. 13297. French Draft 2731 Frank X. Conroy Conroy Joe Menary 43156. Trotter 2787 W. V. Hixson-... Marengo Baron Clifton 12611 Clydesdale 2788 W. V. Hixson W. v. Hixson.— W. V. Hixson.... Marengo ^ Marengo Marengo Dale 12333 Clydesdale Clydesdale Clydesdale 2789 Glenco 13334 27W Sefton 12331 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 703 IQWA county-Continued. 2883 2882 2752 1169 30321 3a57 3221 Name of Owner J. P. Gunzen- hauser _ J. P. Gunzen- hauser E. F. McArtor... Roylander Horse Co Ross J. Miller... Jonas Mantz J. D. Thomas A. J. Clark PostofRce Name of Stallion Williamsburg . Williamsburg . North English. North English. North English. Williamsburg . Nortli English. Ladora Breed Paul 19422 Julo 2151 (Vol. 12)... Nelson 1785 Roylander 30695 Printannier 28744 (47059) Lord William II 5415. Patwood 84296 Zoo Zoo B. 36336 Percheron Belgian German Coach Trotter Percheron Shire Trotter Trotter JACKSON COUNTY. 374 Chris Boden, Jr.. Comte Percheron Horse Co Chris Peterson .. D. H. Anderson.. D. H. Anderson.. D. H. Anderson.. C. D. Krepps & D. H. Anderson Cook & Denue Miles Belgian Horse Co Belgian Horse Co Ely & Robinson.. John Orr, Sec'y.. Wm. Dunn J. C. Dennison.. J. C. Dennison.. Wm. F. Meinke.. J. F. Knnan J. L. Ripple & W. W. May- berry Roach Bros J. L. Hoffman... Ed Farley Wm. Schmadke.. Jos. Eberle Sabula Belgian Horse Co Jno. & George Goepfert Lamotte & Swin- gle Horse Co Jerry Broderson.. Geo. S. Flathers. Fred Kelsall Green Island Bellevue Miles Maquol^eta Maquoketa Maquoketa Maquoketa Miles Miles Bellevue Maquol^eta .. Maquoketa Bellevue Bellevue Bellevue Maquoketa Sabula Bellevue Preston Lamotte Preston Preston Spragueville Sabula Bellevue Lamotte Maquoketa Maquoketa Iron Hills Poxie 20S6S 375 Comte (46493) 347 268 Lapin 30198 (46857) Cyclone 1852 Percheron Belgian Belgian Trotter Trotter French Draft Belgian Belgian Trotter 267 260 26^5. 251 Brilliant III 1347.. Vonmore 22417 Woodford Russell 37964 Coco 11360 250 285 6 496 Blanqui de Mellemont (29368) Bornival 1403 (19204).. Monteleone 29178 Romeo 23077 644 415 Beaudole III 33407 (47831) Paralene 35112 Percheron Trotter 414 Patrol ist 40307 . Trotter 783 Ardea 42216 1092 1128 Sans-Gradin 24731 (44668) Fenelon 25807 Belgian lite Patalma 37916 .. 1.339 1527 1313 Bernard (13100) Clarion de Loyers 2174 (25506) Nogeant II 25422 Belgian Belgian 1599 2508 2608 2716 2860 3110 3236 Grove Paragon 2216 (7334) Coquet d e Mellemont 2345 (Vol. 13) Sir Bolivar 12535 Miramar 31274 (48168). Champagne 27439 (43154) Dr. Kendall 2271.3 Bonaparte 19764 (43112) Shire Belgian Clydesdale Percheron Perclieron Trotter Percheron JASPER COUNTY. 99 341 377 473 .56 554 476 854 James McKenzie.. Newburg Horse Imp. Co Lavelleur & Zach- ary Oscar Wallick ... M. C. Cramer J. M. Furnev David A. Moffet. J. W. Munn Frank Bruner ... Baxter Sandy McNab 11211.... Newburg Avril 31348 (46164) Prairie City ' Aristote 44302 (55655).. Monroe Keota Senator 9614 Monroe Dewey 9634 Prairie City Rex 2.5630 Prairie City i Robert 2098 Newton i Prince Lucas 14363 Prairie City I Keota-Gallipoli 33459... Clydesdale Percheron Perclieron Clydesdale French Draft Percheron French Coach Percheron Percheron 7(n IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. JASPER COUNTY— Continued. Name of Owner PostofHce Name of Stallion Breed 807 1267 V2CS 1555 995 C. S. Mershon-- D. C. Gifford Est D. C. Gifford Est Robert Roush J. P. Taylor J. P. Taylor I Coffee Baladin 29429 (46958)—. Pompee 27986 (46835)... Dardaghan II 13181 Oberlin 19549 . . Percheron Prairie City Prairie City Percheron French Draft Percheron Sully Twister 20753 Trotter Sully Twis G B. 996 Trotter 1745 Kellogg . -. Valeur 768 French Coach 2167 2189 2334 2410 2411 2459 2458 2457 389 J. J. Whisler Eldredge Bros Chas. Goeke M. C. Cramer M. C. Cramer- Gibson West Gibson West — Gibson West A. D. Gipson & G. C. Butler— Lavalleur & Tay- Fairmont Sullv Regal Marconi 39287... Garnet Wilkes Jr. 43307 Newton Harold 7649... Arnold M 15069 Trotter Trotter Shire Trotter Matchfield Jr. 12634 Seducteur 47205 Victor 47206 . Clydesdale Percheron Baxter Baxter Baxter Wilhelm 23608 Percheron Lapon 26724 (48351) Monarch 13475 Percheron 956 Colfax French Draft 132 2983 2962 3081 3179 3180 A. E. Starrett L. N. Mateer D. A. Moffet Livingston Bros.. H. W. Klopping- Crawford & Grif- fin Johnson & King- Bailly 20932 (45965) Arbitrator 47769 Stanislas 15155 (62729). Raymond 41181 .. . Percheron Percheron Prairie City French Draft Percheron Gutemburg 41765 (60923) Prosit 2568 . Percheron Belgian French Draft 3203 Prairie City Prairie City Prairie Citj' Newton . .. .. (Vol. 13, p. 737) King William 12782 Motus (56933) 3203 Johnson & King- Percheron 3204 Johnson & King- Newton Victor 6921 Wenona King 5260 Newton King 40723 Scott W. Jr. 45377 Shire 3222 a376 3377 Louie J. Altemeir Margaret Gates.- Margaret Gates.. Shire Trotter Trotter JEFFERSON COUNTY. 277 278 279 453 638 742 743 E. E. Myers E. E. Myers E. E. Myers Harlan B. Macy.- Batavia Belgian Draft Horse Co. Dr. J. V. Bean.. Dr. J. V. Bean- Libertyville Horse Co F. K. Laughlin.- John Larson John Larson John Larson John Larson O. W. Green Larson Shire Horse Co Daniel G. Dana.. E. P. Taylor J. Lewis Mc- Clearv Packwood Packwood Packwood Fleasant Plain.. county Line Fairfield Fairneld . . . Kilted Lad 3rd 10353... Sully's Jim 44488 Reno 12483 Clydesdale Percheron French Draft Maceo 19S81 Due II De Montfort.— Nebator 37751 Belgian Trotter Sphinxceps 40238 Abner 24261 (44604) Governor 6199 Junius of Fairfield 38063 Fairfield Short Legs 7262 Fairfield Brother Bill 7832 Fairfield Bumper 8332. Merry Tom 6248 Trotter 837 901 966 968 967 969 10O3 1280 Libertyville Batavia Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield ., Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield . Libertyville ^''airfield V eo Fairfield > T^airfield Packwood Fairfield Fairfield Libertyville Libertyville Liockridge Percheron Shire Trotter Shire Shire Shire Shirft New Cut President Judge Marshall 25791.. Romeo 35582 Shire Trotter Percheron 1339 Leonard 14677 Laurent 19126 .. 1231 E. P. Taylor Chas. Stevenson.. Wm. Case & Co.. J. V. Bean Sylvester Hadley. Wm. Carmichael. Jas. Carmichael.. J. P. Campbell-. - J. P. Campbell. - Alex Hopkirk ... 1337 14.'?8 1546 1622 Keota Chilicoot 21662.. Capricieux 1438 Bashneermont 5193 Marquise 13702 Percheron Percheron Morgan French Draft 1654 Fred Bee 38946 Trotter 1658 R D Rex 37722 Trotter 1691 Taupin 9022 French Draft lfi0t Sansonnet 1203S ( 44364 ) French Draft 2=)(>i J. W. Wilson—. Fairfield Octavian 6337 (18994).- Shire ivja J. W. Wilson- — Jerry Bates Fairfield Fairfield J. W. B. 32333_ Trotter 2507 Jerry May 41239 Trotter 2(JU2 James M. Blake- lev - Fairfield Charles Byron 41480 2603 James M. Blake- lev - - _ Fairfield Charleston Jr 2212' Trotter French Draft 8vS35 J. S. Herald J. S. Herald Humphrey Bros.— Fairfield Fairfield Pleasant Plain-- Latimer 10024 . 2r>S6 Matchless 9998 -. 2S91 Solide 41713 (46710) J 15545 Percheron 2'r2:^ Maasdam & Wheeler Fairfleld Keota Hymen 31887 Pe'rch^ron .^878 Jno. F. Axelson— Walton Bros Fairfield Pleasant Plain— Jumbo 27767 _- -- 29S3 King of Perche II 2988 Frehch Draft 2997 W. C. Estes & Co Packwood Vulcain 40705 (58882) — Percheron nm Narty Bros Fairfield Pyrrhus 11 42015 PeVcheron iOU) Nady Bros Fairfield Lafayette 42014 __. Pefchernn 3028 Blogh Bros Fairfield Coquin 14007 (54840) P-- French Draft 3029 Blofrh Bros Fairfield Artiste 45792 (64460) Percheron mn D. B. Hed?e Fairfield King 13097 ■-- S139 W. C. Estes & E. A. Heald— - Packwood Fiston De Libenmef 2105 (Vol. 12, p. 434) Belgian 3138 W. C. Estes Packwood Oscanion 1532 Belgian ^11 A. D. Reed Fairfield — _ Favorite 42011 --i Perchferon i34 A. E. Barnes Iowa City Picador Jr. 1106G French Draft 1749 Solon Canari 1422 (25$62) Brutus (243) •--;-- Belgian French Draft 1697 John Eden Lone Tree 1748 Brennan Bros Solon All Black 8293 (?38S6).- Phenix 19100 - • Shire 1720 Jas. Rodgers Scott Wilson Oxford Iowa City , Percheron 23)2 Lightfoot of t'b.irfleld Trptter 36408 .-,■. f 45 706 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. JOHNSON COUNTY— Continued. tl d Name of Owner Postoffice Name of Stallion Breed 2354 L. P. Kessler Iowa City Keota Superior 932S Percheron 2355 2353 L. P. Kessler L. P. Kes.sler. -- Iowa City Iowa City -- Victor K. 43665 . Percheron Coledge K. 43006 Percheron 2707 2090 Oxford - Nig 33231 - - Percheron Oxford Goodenough 34367 Percheron 2810 W. H. Bailey.— Iowa City Marshall Ney 14270 French Draft 1099 2915 W. H. Bailey Lutz & Co Iowa City Lione Tree Trojus Jr 12654 French Draft Chili 46191 (58076) Percheron 783 W. H. Bailey- — Iowa City Logan 133U 23717 French Draft 3100 3108 L. W. Harding- Martin, Berkey & Aegon Proctor 01031.— Trotter Son Iowa City Bayard De Claquebois 944 (13900) Belgian 3107 Martin Berkey & Son — . - Iowa City Cahmporeau 32303 ( 4353S ) Percheron -3113 Bert Bell . Iowa City John the Fifth 0725 Trotter 3206 R. C. Zeller North Liberty — Colonel 50042 Percheron 3122 The Belgian Horse Co. of Iowa City Iowa City Bijou De Bassine 1625- (24882) Belgian •3207 R. C. Zeller North Liberty .. Comme Vous 46603 (63523) Percheron JONES COUNTY. 12 950 P. H. Connor Fred Heltz Al Platoe 38896 Trotter A^namosa Pictor Drayman 6073.. Shire 990 G. H. Bohlken... VIonticello Prince of Quality 1U840 Clydesdale 989 G. H. Bolilken— VIonticc-llo Prince Royal 12304 Clydesdale P. L. Smith Geo. B. Colton.. Dlin Marcos B 41312 Trotter 1154 \namosa Brilliant 32842 Percheron 1238 L. H. Chipman— \namosa Titus 1317 (25306) Belgian 1551 G. F. Faragher.. "VnaniDShi Barney's Prince 10851.. Clydesdale 1566 A. J. Beem iVnamosa Cosaque de Tilly (Vol. 11, page 439) Belgian C A Schwab Romeo 11988 French Draft 1584 Onslow Shire Horse Co Wyoming Black Dragon 5583 Shire 1732 Arthur L. Fair- Monticello Hercules 3''843 Percheron 1781 G W Loehr Dewey 9688 . .. French Draft 1825 G. H. George •-lonticello Marcos Bozzaris 30856. Trotter 1824 G. H. George Monticello Substantial 8990 Clydesdale ■2633 Monticello Perch- eron Horse Co.- Monticello Escargot 23224 (43471). Percheron 2634 J. A. Howie Monticello Royal Jap 11849 Clydesdale 2554 Geo. Oltmans Scotch Grove. .- George Junior 40424 Trotter 2810 S. E. Ireland Anamosa Ogle Swigert 20771 Trotter 2924 Jas. E. Kegley.. Wyoming Reveil 208" French Coach 2944 H. H. Peck Wyoming Lunesdale Matchless Shire 3298 C. E. Bottom- 6773 (19803) stone Wyoming Young Roosevelt 11081. Clydesdale 3294 B. L. Hoyt Scotch Grove.— Tipster 35574 Trotter 3306 Larkey & Shim- erda Wyoming Robert d e Glatignes 2046 (19310) Belgian KEOKUK COUNTY. 585 620 911 912 V579 Clayton Messen-: ger O. O. Phelps &: Geo. Saner Mic>-ael Schwartz F. R. Feltz. F. R. Feltz- Wm. Cos '.. Keswick Hedrick WTiat Cheer Keota . Keota . Kinross B e b e Sarreguemine 10120 Magnus of Montomore 7657 Alma Samson 5402 (16485) Limoges :'36ei Wilkie Wilson 35737 .... Idleton 29618 Clydesdale Shire Shire French Draft Trotter Trotter SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 707 KEOKUK COTNTY-CONTINUED. Name of Owner Postotflce Name of Stallion Breed 1448 A. L. McClena- What Cheer What Cheer What Cheer What Cheer Delta Keota Chief 5427 Gables Monarch 6958.- (Vol. 25) Malaga 27852 (443S6) Capitain 193 Shire 1447 A . L . McClena- Shire 1449 A. L. McClena- 1515 Chas. Santee J. C. Ulin German Coach 15 JO Tirelarigot 13039 (57124) Postilion 13743 (53841).. Toreador 1608 ' 1501 J. C. Ulin L. G. Garrett M. P. Frazier Keswick Draft Horse Co Delta Draft Horse Co. No. 2 R. H. Schultz — Corban Utterback Corban Utterback W. T. Fancher-- W. T. Fancher.. Jno. Smith No. 1 Jno. Smith No. 1 M. L. Smithart & Richmond Bros. J. F. Priest A. Hall - Delta '— - French Draft French Draft Percheron Shire 1608 What Cheer Richland Keswick Delta -.- 1612 1677 1678 Keota Jacob 77S9 Barnflelds Lord 6932.- (20-i6) Revolver 22648 (43596). Demon III 25795 Black Chief 21483 Sombrun 242S3 (43610). Keota Count 1946) Fred E. White 33368 Keota Victor 4339 Buchman II 6596 (Vol. 24) Vulcain d'Essche 2422-- (29602) Canonier 44747 (57041). Nobby Allerton 31441- Shire Percheron 1633 Hedrick 1729 1730 1773 17?2 1775 Sigourney Sigourney South English. - South English-. Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Shire 1776 Harper _. Shire 1797 2108 718 feigourney Sigourney Keswick Keota Belgian Percheron Trotter 2133 Keiser Bros F. M. Fixmer F. M. Fixmer F. M. Fixmer Dwight B e m a n & J. H. Mc- Nabb Clydesdale Trotter 2344 Harper Bellero 44304 2345 Harper . Rabelais 22626 (43468)- Victor of Elm Park 11712 Clifford 14287 2346 Harper Clydesdale 1565 Delta 2351 J. E. Wolf & Hedrick Major Hope 8413 All 41511 (60307) Piedro 14631 Clydesdale 2398 R. H. Schultz R. H. Schiiltz-- A. L. McClena- han Hedrick ._ . 2399 Hedrick . 2483 What Cheer Richland Richland Thornburg Sigourney Delta — Falcan 43495 Trotter 2495 2493 2510 2614 2624 M. P. Frazier M. P. Frazier J. T. Morton J. A. Lesg Dwight Reman & J. H. McNabb. ^Martin Moland -- A. J. Ramsey Pierce Halferty.-. Victor Vercheval- Victor Vercheval- Victor Vercheval. Victor Vercheval- D. G. Clyde D. G. Clyde D. G. Clyde D. G. Clyde Frank Snaken- Herg J. F. Barton & W. W. Wilson- W. A. Seaba Roy Patterson Samuel Singleton- Samuel Singleton. Jno. Smith No. 1 Edward Blattner. W. R. McClune- J. T. Morton Danseur 46192 (59117) — Ramoneur 44450 (52113)- _- Sangrador 12373 (51977) Tom O'Rourke 13109-— Scott 1228S Percheron Percheron French Draft Clydesdale French Draft 2646 2647 2448 Richland Richland Keswick Harper Keota Mohland 44759— Keota Commodore 7089 Jupiter 8880 Percheron Clydesdale 2742 274;5 Harper Regent 27S45 (43562) — Mouton IV 1231 (21722) Lisieux 13622 Hurbert 29024P 14214FB Gabels Startling 7122- (Vol. 25) Keota Cummins 6191-- Garibaldi 15536 32304- (44600) Pattelin 25444 (45401)- Charley Clifton 36819- Rossignol 24273 (44330) Curet 41193 2744 Harper Belgian 910 Harper 2746 2747 2748 2749 2814 South English- South English-— South English-— South English- Delta French Draft Percheron Shire Shire French Draft Percheron 1764 2916 2964 K^Hiat Cheer Sigourney Ollie Trotter Percheron 2999 3000 3021 Richland Richland Harper Monet 13701 (42482) P- Victor Noir 14506 Dunsby Menestrel 8869 (22304) Keota Corette 3103 Bluecoat 9043 (18532).. Aubepin 7019 (8383) French Draft French Draft Shire 3103 3167 3182 Sigourney Keswick Thornburg Percheron Shire Percheron 708 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. KOSSUTH COUNTY. u6 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 97 Hinderk Beenken. Germanla Romio 24088 „ — Percheron 300 Frank Froehle Bancroft — Corneillo (29508) Belgian 91 James Britt Algona Wenona Tom 22562 Percheron 660 Burt Shire Horse Co Burt Pride of the West 7285 Shire 711 M. B. Bratt & Mann & Powers Burt Bon Coeur 23073 (43207) Percheron 782 James Pedlev — - Alg'ona -. Prince Climax 9807 Clydesdale 830 .Jerry Helfrens Burt General Grant 13332 — French Draft 991 Ledvard Belgian Charmeur De Dompire Belgian (20S68) 1190 Black Bros Algona John Doe 7790 Clydesdale E. H. Staler T. E. Hanifan-- Burt -- Hugo Hercules 7477— Jongleur 948 Shire 1352 Swea City French Coach l.-^aS H. P. Rasmnssen Galbraith Le Roy 11262 PVench Draft 1471 Lone Rock Horse Breeding Ass'n Lone Rock Orleans (25132) Belgian l.'iO'S C. B. Albright— Algona King George 5783 Shire 1548 1723 H. G. Wright- — Swea City Horse Algona — Landsut 1047 French Coach Co Swea City Neron 22503 (42858) Percheron 2102 Belgian Horse Breeders' Ass'n- Whittemore Beau-Type 1360 (21624) Belgian 2181 Sam"l Gross & Titonka St. Benedict Usedom 8801 - German Coach 2213 Akbar Stallion Co Akbar 22S93 (43600) Percheron 184 W H Strickler Algona Algona Vic 31915 — Trotter 2393 Sparks Bros Era 8680 (20468) Shire 8,19 Leonard M. Hart Sexton Judge -A-rtus 30008 Trotter 2SSS Sam'l Gross & Sons Titonka King Gerome 25543 Percheron 2657 Sandscale Victor Horse Co Bancroft Sandscale Victor 5636— Shire 2683 E. E. & W. R. (17593) Schweitert Burt Tom Patch 124S9 - Clydesdale 2462 Irvington Horse Co - Irvington Jeun Brln D'Or 1014- (1.5232) Belgian 2710 Sparks Bros Whitcomb Ball & Algona Sovereign 48089 Percheron 2727 Son — - - Titonka Provost 5323 Shire 2795 H. A. Paine- Knntson & Nel- Algona Peter ihe Great 20321- Percheron 2802 son Swea City Bambin 18270 Percheron 2819 L. N. Larson Algona Maior Woodford 42S53- Trotter 1785 Albert Reutter — Lone Rock Arabe 17974 (39208) Percheron 3027 Hobart Horse Co- Algona Manor Society 6S26 (19815) Shire »)64 Geo. A. Stoke A. W. Yonng Swea City Burt Souance 212S2 _. 3079 St. Laurent 10373 French Draft 3144 George Beard Burt Stanislas 22SS1 (43502)- Percheron 3393 C. G. Dourte Swea City Stuntney Upstart 1753- (10576) Shire LEE COUNTY. 540 C. G. Cline Fort Madison -_ Pilmore 35374 Trotter bifi C. G. Cline Fort Madison - George Green 30700 Trotter b\f]. Sam'l Glendening Mount Hamill -- Wilton Prince 17745 Peicheron 448 W. G. 'Willard— Fort Madison - Gladiator 43541 Percheron 1445 Fort Madison P e r cheron Horse Co Fort Madison -- Confrere 3110S (45929). Percheron 1540 J. Klopfenstein-- West Point Bellair 31786 Percheron 2193 R. Klinger Donnellson Joyeux 25302 (43677) — Percheron 2180 R. Klinger Donnellson White Stripe 11496 French Draft 2347 Seth Cook Mount Hamill- — Prospect W. 39138 Trotter ZMH Seth Cook Mount HamilL— Sirius 17550 — Trotter 2945 W. E. Brown & Son - Fort Madison -- Dedini 40425 (55357) Percheron 2946 W. E. Brown & Son Fort Madison .- Riflard 41025 (54926) Percheron SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 709 LINN COUNTY. to 8^ Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed S12 W. J. Henderson Central City Mahomet King 7272 Shire 543 S. J. Hagerman & J. A. Abbott Center Point ... Keota Standard 27698.. Percheron 511 W. J. Henderson Central City Brown William 5721... (17208) Shire 480 P. C. Boyd Toddvllle Pouliard (24476) Belgian 544 S. J- Hagerman & J. A. Abbott.— Center Point ... Dick Rogers 6398 Shire 450 R. L. Minor C. Fisher Edison 5078 Shire 451 Central City Sulphume 31605 Trotter 438 W. D. Poreman-- Coggon Quality 5190 CIvdesdale 445 A. Kinsey Cedar Rapids... Blythe Ben 6843 Shire 4«) David G. McLen- nan -..-_, Marion Volontaire 27859 (45210) Percheron 509 Troy Mills P e r c Heron Horse Co Jno. A. Dunn Walker Gambetta 22696 (42728). Hercules 4166 fi87 Central C'it.y .. Morgan 6»5 W. G. Coppoc-k-- Whittier Colonel Russell 6490 Shire 711 Joe Kveteiisky & Jno. Kaplan Fairfax Keota-Talbert 334.52 -— Percheron 717 J. S. Kittevman- Center Point ... John Hale 32933 Trotter 810 Frank Graver & J. A. Van Fos- Gabels Tliumper 53S7-. (17357) Shire 8iO Frank G'-avei- & J. A. Van Pos- St Blaze 11642 SSO Walker Draft Horse Co Walker Rameur 22900 (41803)-.. Percheron 1134 West Prairie P e r cheron Horse Co Central City Sofferino 40147 (43776). Percheron 1167 Dell Andrews -— Central City Great Scott 10347 Clydesdale 1177 J. W. Osborn-- Walker Pomard 1457 (25408) .- Belgian 125 1 Cedar Rapids Belgian Horse Co Palo Pirate II 1272 (2:6'0) Belgian Percheron 1357 G. C. Murphy Walker Cupid 1357 1467 Carl Moore Central City Tagus (25504) Belgian 724 Walker Pantin 29907 (46885) . 155') H. M. Shanklin.. Waubeek Huit 2038 (29290) Belgian 156.3 1674 N. D. Harrold.- Palo Draft Horse Cedar Rapids .. Jacqueminot 40602 Trotter Co Palo Negus 30580 (45.360) 16.S5 Bohemian Belgian Draft Horse Co Cedar Rapids .. Don Carlos (14982) Belgian 1705 Wolfe Bros. & Gamble - Mount Vernon.. Bertram Elgin 27025 1771 James Thomnson, Artemus 8593 CIvdesdale 20S3 W. L. DeClow... Cedar Rapids... Mirabeau 41037 (57698). Percheron 2082 W. L. DeClow.-- Cedar Rapids... Botha II 2283 (Vol. 13, p. 327) Belgian 2080 W. L. DeClow-. Cedar Rapids.. . Ami de Givry 2281 (Vol. 13, p. 847) Belgian 2079 W. L. DeClow—. Cedar Rapids.- Caesar de Sagelsem ■2885 (Vol. 13, p. 624) Belgian 2078 W. L. DeClow. . Cedar Rapids... Garibaldi 2286 Belgian (Vol. 14, p. 347) 2077 W. L. DeClow-- Cedar Rapids.-. Hercule d'Oost 2287 (37386) Belgian 2076 W. L. DeClow Cedar Rapids... Minos 2290 (Vol. 13, p. 327) 2075 W. L. DeClow-. _ Cedar Rapids... Beinfait du Kat (Vol. 13, p. 331) Belgian 2074 W. L. DeClow.-- Cedar Rapids... Christophe de Jeneffe 2293 (Vol. 1.3, p. 497) Belgian 2073 W. L. DeClow... Cedar Rapids... Conquerant 2292. (37410) Belgian 2072 W. L. DeClow-- Cedar Rapids.. . Gustave 2:94 (Vol. 13, p. 762) Belgian 2071 W. L. DeClow Cedar Rapids... Mirliton 2295 Belgian (Vol. 13, p. 902) 2070 W. L. DeClQW-.. Cedar Rapids... Jeannot d e Beauvoir 2288 (Vol 14, p. 42n) Belgian 710 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. LINN county-Continued. Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed W. L. DeClow— W. L. DeClow— W. L. DeClow— W. L. DeClow— W. L. DeClow— W. L. DeClow— Cedar Rapids... Cedar Rapids... Cedar Rapids... Cedar Rapids... Cedar Rapids... Cedar Rapids... W. L. DeClow-.-l Cedar Rapids... 2060 W. L. DeClow... j Cedar Rapids— 2059 W. L. DeClow.. -I Cedar Rapids... W. L. DeClow... i Cedar Rapids.. W. L. W. L. W. L. W. L. W. L. W. W. W. W. W. W. L W. L, W. L W. L W. L W. L DeClow. DeClow- DeClow. DeClow. DeClow. DeClow. DeClow- DeClow. DeClow. DeClow. DeClow- DeClow- DeClow. DeClow. DeClow. DeClow. W. W. Reece E. H. Knicker- bocker S. H. bocker E. H. bocker E. H. bocker E. H. bocker E. H. bocker E. H. bocker E. H. bocker Knicker- Knieker- Knicker- Knicker- Knicker- Knicker- Knicker- J. I. Williams.... J. P. Jolm.son Allen Bros V. Lacock W. L. DeClow... W. L. DeClow... Jno. W. Altmyer Jos. Simanek W. W. Vaughn.. Lewis Payton C. L. Jordan. Jno. W. Altmyer Henry Lefebure.. G. C. Murphy.... W. L. DeClow... Cedar Rapids. Cedar Rapids. Cedar Rapids. Cedar Rapids. Cedar Rapids. Cedar Rapids. Cedar Rapids. Cedar Rapids. Cedar Rapids. Cedar Rapids. Cedar Cedar Cedar Cedar Cedar Cedar Rapids. Rapids. Rapids. Rapids. Rapids. Rapids. Coggon Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Sapeur 2299 (Vol 14, p. 347) Monarque 2297 (37412). Ardent 2280 (Vol. 13, p. 431) Max de Zonne 2296 (37388) Mouton Du Val 2289... (Vol. 13, p. 594) Bismark De Rochefort 2226 (30548) Tambour De Hal 2223.. (24238) Pierrot Du Hazior 2225 (29304) Coquelin 2222 (Vol. 12, p. 511) Pedro 2224 (Vol. 12, p. 687) Fanchon 41119 Volcan 417U (64121) Vanneau 41712 (64117).. Par tout 41432 (60430) Transvaalien 41431 (60718) Tropique 41430 (6217S) Pomard 41429 (60647)... Aimable 41427 (64642). Robinson 41426 (58144) Magnitique 41425 (61952) Nestor 41423 (64588).. Musele 41437 (63624). ._ Gins?lard 41435 (65036) Roland 41433 (62949)—. Ardent 41434 (60651). Gouverneur 2227 ( 26046 ) Billy Dugan 44251 Vital 2602 (37156). Fairfax Troy Mills . Cedar Rapids Marion Springville ... Cedar Rapids Cedar Rapids Central City.. Walker Marion Walker Central City. Central City.. Fairfax Walker Cedar Rapids. Eerassant 2591 (36070)__ Louis d e Terhaegen 2.595 (35496) Elmer de Lierde 2.592.. (Vol. 14, p. 809) Titus 2600 (Vol. 13, p. 511) Dilon de Silly 2590_- (Vol. 13, p. 401) Theo 2601 (Vol. 13, p. 512) Brillant de Questenne 2584 (Vol. 13, p. 609) Bienvenu de Bougnies 2317 (Vol. 13) Clericus 17969 Alesor 10399 Fleury 15809 (32215) Boron 2631 (32530) Eclaieur 15312 Border W^ilkes 29022... District 45736 (64193)... Gendarme 43404 Japan 2S333 Questionneur 2005 Chadwick C. 33798 Charlemagne 1799 (12290) Red Cloud M. 34335 Echo 41710 (63190) Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Perclieron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Trotter Trotter Percheron Belgian French Draft Trotter Percheron Percheron Thoroughbred French Coach Trotter Belgian Trotter Percheron SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 711 LOUISA COUNTY. Name of Owner PostofRce Name of Stallion Breed S. V. Foster Johnston Bros __ Johnston Bros ... David Sheriden-- W. W. Wagner.. D. H. Westbrook W. J. Henderon.. C. V. Le Boutil- lier C. V. Le Boutil- lier J. T. Carithers... Wapello Horse Co Columbus C i t y Horse Co W. J. Henderson Nicholas Stamm.. Nioholas Stainm.. L. P. McColm. .- W. W. Wagner.. Chas. E^tle D. E. Barrick.... W. W. Wagner.. Frank Okell .... J. G. Stafford.. _- J. G. Stafford & Frank Okell ... Herman Vollmer.. Jno. W. Jarvis.. Columbus Junct Columbus Junct Columbus Junct, Oakville Letts Letts Morning Sun ... Morning Sun ... Morning Sun ... Morning Sun ... Wapello Columbus Junct Morning Sun ... Letts Letts Letts Letts Letts Morning Sun ... Letts Morning Sun ... Morning Sun ... Morning Sun ... Wapello Morning Sun ... Dick Crockett 29751 Cbiloe 40861 (51387) Ribi 40857 (53279) Jongleur 24497 (44219).. Bataclan 21264 (43368).. Ply On (28469) Conway Confidence 11 1230 Taupin 10704 E. R. J. 27241 Brilliant IV. 1598. Elder Champion ll 659.J Keota Enoch 12369 Solim 8970 Bambin 10088 (34654)... Colonel 14222 Sir Lionel 10080 (10647) Lord Aesop 43058 Honni 24549 (44679) Young Allerio ■51025 Ratanhla 7992 (38139) — Teddy R. 44856 Keota Illuminator 31889 Coco 45491 (52333). Silver Tom 28876 .. Dori de Lee.x 2177. (3115s) Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Percher«n Trotter Belgian French Draft Trotter Belgian Shire French Draft French Draft Percheron French Draft Clydesdale Trotter Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian LUCAS COUNTY. G. W. Dillman-. E. F. Brown E. P. Brown E. P. Brown Wm. M. Hawkins & Chas. Sheets- James Brown Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Ki"k_._. Kinmouth Bros.. W. H. House- holder David Q. Storio.. David Q. Storie.. H. D. Vawter Daiiiol T. Tice__ Daniel T. Tice... W. W. Clore... W. W. Clore David Q. Storie.. W. P. Kelly W. B. Johnson.. N. M. Pierce N. M. Pierce Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk.... Chas. R. Kirk.... Chas. R. Kirk.... Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk.-.. Chas. R. Kirk-... Chas. R. Kirk.... Chas. R. Kirk E. P. Brown Derby . Russell Russell Russell Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Russell . Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Russell - Russell . Lucas .. Lucas -- Chariton Derby ... Russell ., Russell . Russell -, Ciiariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Russell . Rosco 9705 Black Foxy 4636 Onus Black Hawk 5001 Morgan King 4S17 General Grant 12319... Pipelet 27113 (43904)... Nisus 31745 (45921) Rigobert 401.39 (52311).. Hargrave Tom 7597 Stuntney Napoleon 8367 (22826) Walter Dewey 31721 Norwil Jr. 36043 Sam Swift 26575 Attractive Lad 10611... Tanner 11453 Bertrand 40116 Conway Banker 01.50.-. Tom Seevers 42154 Saunemin 23473 Geant Jr. 25431 Colin 28433 (48416) -. Admiral 40657 1 Cormenon 16399 (24126). Syveton 41409 (62709.).. Franc 41414 (60.394) Tizi 41421 (618C6) Bon Cru 41419 (61621).. Rivoli 41420 (62516) Hugo 41410 (60247) Vernoy 41413 (61891)... Castin 41416 (57619) Pantin 41418 (57688) Trump King 8545 (23923) Onus Foxy .5009 French Draft Morgan Morgan Morgan French Draft Percheron Percheron Percheron Shii-e Shire Trotter Trotter Trotter Clydesdale French Draft Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Shire Morgan '12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. LUCAS COUNTY— Continued. So Name of Owner Postoffice Name of Stallion Breed 2177 E. F. , Brpyvn E. P. Brown E. F. Brown E. F. Brown--, -- E. F. , Brown I. G. Cliapman,- I. G. Chapinan-- I. G. Chapiiuan-- J. S. Batten Greenville Morse Co -- ' Star Foxy 5163 Black Hawk Eclipse 5000 Foxy Eclipse 5011 Tony Foxy 5013 Morgan 2176 Morgan 2175 2174 Ru.ssell Morgan Morgan 2173 Russell Black Diamond 5162 Cherry's Prince 10453-- Prince Gallant 6121 Hyperion 15798 - Morgan 2272 22^3 2274 UerW DeiKy Clydesdale Clydesdale Percheron 335 235!) Russell Russell Creston Saul 6231 Operateur 24456 (44537) James 11600 Red Rambler 42526 Les Autliieux 10688 Refuge 5602 Cherif S711 (14626) Shire Percheron 2363 26)9 .T. P. Spike4- H. M. Spiker- — H. M. Spiker- — J. F. Spikej- C. B. Foster R. T. Huston R. T. Huston- — J." E. Ross & J. W. Kent Chariton French Draft Trotter 2703 Belihda French Draft 2S03 2851 2983 Chariton Chariton Russell Russell Clydesdale Percheron Trotter 2987 3063 Stuntney Salathiel 6741 (Vol. 24) Don-Pedro 41038 Sliire Percheron LYON COUNTY. 249 73 James Keniplay.- John Morgan Christopher: Her- bert , Hartenhotf, Wen- zel & Zorning-- H. J. & Harm Rock Rapids R9ck Rapids Rock Rapids Lester Ellsworth, Minn. George Chambrey 23.550 Verndale 35982 Percheron Trotter 403 Bramble 10721 -^ Nelson 40040 French Draft 2334 Lustre 45030 - - - - 2400 ?4S:", Willie Peters G. S. Pohlman-- Cliristopher Her- bert Chrastos (63102) Colonel 4153:j --- - --- German Coach a49i2 Rock Rapids Ellsworth, Minn. Ellsworth, Minn. Inwood Little Rock George Larchwood ElLsworth. Minn. Rock Rapids Rock Rapids Alvord I Invincible 15391 Black Rock 44679 King 26302 - Ti'rench Draft 2685 2824 Fred Essmann _— Henry Nolte & Sons : 1 Henry Moen Louie Getting Frank Roth 0. J. Feay Geo. Rosenberg- — M. D. Shutt M. D. Shutt------ Henry Kroefrer.-- Percheron 2934 3072 3084 Adalgo 2.521 (37454) Marabout 44i-2S (58431). Gironde 40341 Belgian Percheron 3090 3116 3160 3170 Matchless 17-24 Armand 24419 U2785) — Marshall 33389 Dave 47390 Percheron Percheron T^ercheron 3220 Sans Souci 13699 (.59180) P French Draft MADISON COUNTY. 170 A. D. Guy Winterset Gov. Cummins 13137-— French Draft 102 Jno. Riser & Sons Earlham Brilliant De Neusvilles 911 (13^18) Belgian 2^4 Smith Bro.s Earlham Va-De-Bon-Coeur 12312 (5191) French Draft 22 1 W. G. Mitcuell- Winterset Alexander the Great 23294 Creston Mack 10054 -- Percheron 205 .T. L. Waltunn-. Macksburg French Draft 500 Jackson Twp. Horse Co W'interset „ Royal Lad 7749 Shire 5.53 W. A. Forbes Winterset Benefactor F. 7847 Shire 463 Ea'-lliani Hackney Horse Co ■ St. Charles Per- Earlham Brunei 626 — Hackney 72 cheron Horse Co- St. Charles Taupin 28142 (44779) — Percheron m.> Jos. Russell W^interset Thumper XXII 6369 - Shire 596 Peru F. Coach Horse Co Van Meter Horse Peru Universe 2857 595 Co Winterset Patissier 27392 (45693). Percheron SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. MADISON county-Continued. 713 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed no W. S. Hilde- brand Winterset Creston Boy 6914 Shire 422 The Ored rercli- eron Horse Co.-I Winterset Phoebus 3il06 (45092).. Percheron 765 Loren Dunbar Earlham - _- Reynard 199U3 772 C. M. Haxton Earlham Ony-West 32697 Percheron 868 Seliouboe Bros-.., Earlham Numa 3037 (2014) German Coach 817 St. Charles & Wick Shire Horse Co St. Charles Warmington Brave Prince 6989 (19220) Shire 882 Thomas Kirkland Macksburg Sporting Boy 41163 Trotter 881 Mac'ksbur^' Draft' Horse ("o , Macksbury: Cadix 27450 (48503) Percheron 1121 Geo. Z. Smith Macksburg Rampton Baron 7586.- (21781) Shire 1533 W. D. Bradshaw Truro _. Meti 33976 (53392) Percheron 2290 Ord Percheron Horse Co Winterset Grlsou 41221 (58517) Percheron .2583 Robert Neal Porto 2138 Belgian 2891 J. D. Ross & J. (Vol. 12, p. 511) M. Young Winterset Perry Mac 28266 Trotter 2805 Deer Creek Horse Co -. Prince Napoleon 50985. Fanfaron 27393 1725 C. (). Clements-- Earlham Percheron .-iaos Madison County Horse Co Winterset Sansonnet 45764 (54418) Percheron .•3209 C. I'. Abbott Macksbuig- Tommy Dunton 45213- _ Trotter .AIAHASKA COUNTY. 379 R. E. Porter-...: ySew Sharon ... Sharon King 37310 Trotter 471 C. G. Tice Taintor Robert Cecil 9997 Clydesdale 498 .luo. W. Irwin..- .Vew Sharon High Points 22292 Trotter 430 W. A. Sexsmith & J. M. Dren- uon ^Jevf Shai'on Ravaillac 27809 (47054). Percheron 713 .1. R. Moore Barnes City Transvalien (21634) Belgian 461 X e \v S h a r o n Shire & Hack- ney Horse Co-.. Sew Sharon Childwall Chori-ster 7550 Shire 432 New S h a r o n Shire & Hack- (20348) ney Horse Co.. New Sharon Heacham Hereward 693 Hackney 1284 A. L. Fox New Sharon - Major Lacy 28768 Percheron 1328 E. E. Dalbev .. Isard 498 . 13.36 ^^'m. L. Garrett- Fremont . Montevillers II 9503 French Draft 1360 I. M. Reed Rose Hill Jno. Addison 10642 French Draft 1361 I. il. Reed Rose Hill Bedworth Boy 36968 Trotter 1363 .T. N. Moore Rose Hill Perplexe (54841) Percheron 1368 Thos. Seevers ... Oskaloosa .. . . Senator 33.365 Percheron 1417 Henry Hawkinson Fremont - . Prince Surprise 11054.. Clydesdale 1502 .1. H. Barnes Oskaloosa Blackstone II 145.51 French Draft 1512 L. Van Buskirk-- Fremont Aurungzebe 13069 French Draft 1569 .T. H. Barnes Bland 45148 . Percheron 1572 J. H. Barnes - - French Draft 1571 J. H. Barnes Oskaloosa Lord Thomas 12784 French Draft 1570 J. H. Barnes Oskaloosa B. Raymond 40592 Percheron 1588 J. H. Barnes Noel 40555 -. .. 1681 Michael Dennev- Rose Hill Torcy 15152 . 1704 J. C. Jarard Hobson 8894 ... 1710 A. S. .laravd New Sharon Robbie Burns 11317 Clydesdale 11)53 Maleby & Walden Rose Hill Sharon's Wonder 8673. Clydesdale 1760 R. H. & J. H. Barnes .. ... .. Olivet Bon .Joan 11467 Triboullet 16757 (30543) French Draft 1804 R. Rodman ..,. . Oskaloosa _. . Percheron 1803 Remus 11466 — French Draft 2009 R. H. & J. H. D'Orsay 15181 2010 R. H. & J. H. Barnes . Oskaloosa Black Beauty 15185 French Draft 714 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MAHASKA county-Continued. Name of Owner PostofRce Name of Stallion R. H. & J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes Arie Kool Arie Kool Steele & Bru- baker Steele & Bru- baker M. H. Davidson. - W. C. Hite Alex Soults R. W. Hoit J. F. Sheley . J. C. Redman.-- J. C. Redman--- J. C. Redman -._ J. C. Redman J. H. Barnes____ H. W. Liindt--__ H. W. Lnndt___- Heisel & Barrier Star Horse Co--. Reed & M )0"e J. I. Molyueanx. Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Leighton _ Leighton . Cedar Buster 15186 Blackstone 16148 Dewey 15149 Admiral 46555 Triboullet 46557 Coco 46561 Hosier 46556 Wilton 46562 Parfait 46560 Lacv 46563 Ferndale 11685 Taupier 43736 (61059) — J. C. Redman Leighton Cedar Oskaloosa -- Lacey Barnes City Beacon New Sharon Leighton Leigliton Leighton Leighton Oskaloosa __ Taintor Taintor Fremont Fremont Rose Hill _-_ Barnes City . Sauveur 27825 (48282).. Percheron French Draft French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Vasistas 44472 (59403)..! Captain Reaper 43483... September 11613 Barville III 9823 (13033) i Powerful 47596 Keota Chori 18864 Robert 4435S Sherlock 42139 Diplomat 15343 Paul 15341 Black Lad 13512 Cheri II 10438 Vesuve 1C931 (934)N Billington 8483 (20249). Richland 47441 Medine 46182 (60405) ...! Blackbrooke Verona' 8606 (20259) 1 Joe 15706 Percheron Trotter Clydesdale Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft French Draft French Draft French Draft French Draft Shire Percheron Percheron Shire French Draft MARION COUNTY. (m F. M. Ridareway. Swan Emerald 12135 French Draft 601 F. M. Rid^eway. Swan Pride 14422 French Draft 727 L. Maasdam & Son Pella Nova 49735 Am. Trotter 740 W. W. Rankin.. Knoxville Legal Tender 6322 Shire 764 .Tolin H. Cowman Percy Santiago 13030 476 Pella Horse Co.. Pella Aride 25056 (45434) Percheron 777 Pella . Volage 55179 . ... 819 Walter Whitlatch Columbia Bootle Champion 3963. (10991) Shire 821 Lee Wilson Columbia Black Sam 4;r65 Percheron 90) Henry Bickford.. Columbia Stuntney Lubin 6731 . - Shire !K)8 Henrv Bickford-. Columbia Rex of La Moille 32067 Percheron 1015 1351 .Tohannes Stravers Van Devwaal & Pella Chariot (55213) Percheron Van ZTnte Pella . Jules 1354 1237 Marysville Horse Co Knoxville Lord Fordy 6909 (Vol. 24) Shire .52a Oscar Buxton ... Knoxville .. . .. Cyclone 15655 (24031).. Percheron 1587 L. V. Colwell-.. Columbia Searchlight II 6396 (19115) Shire 158'j L. V. rolwelL... Columbia Admiral B. 22850 Percheron 1807 .T. B. Elliott Knoxville Baron De Jav 41467 .. Trotter 1864 Seth Wav Knoxville Emmet H. 31170 Trotter joy-i W. M. Black Knoxville Dieppe 1.5067 French Draft 655 W. H. Maasdam Hartley & Wilson Pella Columbia Expert 58S2 J211 Lamy 46057 (56473) Percheron im H. H. Conrey Knoxville Bristol Lange 1441 (25.'360) Belgian i876 C. L. Hardman_- Knoxville Roitlet 25037 (44653).. Percheron 86S P. Jackson & Sons __ Pella Rose Lad 11316 J019 Harvey James ... Knoxville Rampart 6775 (19963) Shire J058 D. C. Belknap Knoxville Charles Walton 4491S.. Trotter SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. MARION COUxNTY— Continued. 715 820 3126 3159 3201 3213 3223 333 3304 3332 3360 335> 3349 3319 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed Bellamy & Hannal J. M. Maddy Lewis Dunham .. Isaac Hodgson .. Wm. Visser . Mike Slykhuis, Jno. DeBok and Matthew Karl Wm. J. Way Levi W. Caiilkins Bussey Horse Co J. D. Cunning- ham J. T). Cunning- ham _ Neifert & Gillion A. K. Hart Harvey Fred Willes 38017.... . Knoxville Stuntney Fearnaughl 5347 Knoxville Keota Warsaw 20693. Pleasantville ... Vigoureaux (55019) Knoxville Man-Well 33885 Percy ... Dallas .. Bussey .. Bussey .. Knoxville Knoxville Attica Pleasantville Scarcliffe Powerful (19110) Keota Seductor 18225 Treko G. 45269 Armand 25587 (42962).. Kentucky Jay 38687... Directum Boy 31294 Paragon 24940 George B. 45537 Trotter Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron Trotter Percheron Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron MARSHALL COUNTY. 5.38 370 342 367 36:) mi 183 313 490 691 405 752 751 833 1270 1351 1506 1507 1508 1)36 1512 1814 1818 2338 23.39 2370 2745 2019 2768 2848 2913 3230 3231 3243 F. C. Edw. J. S. Wm. Edw. C. A. Knight Blackburn. Paul Sehultz Blackburn. Rolston Jno. Browii Henry Hilleman, Sr W. E. Elliott... LeGrand Perch- eron Horse Co.. W. B. EllioLt.... Wm. Paul Wm. Paul Louis Eekhardt . C. W. Bergman.. Chas. Greatreaks J. A. Ward J. A. Ward J. A. Ward B. F. & C. A. Robinson J. W. Crammer.. D. C. Bligh Jacob Waltemever Bare Grove Draft Horse Co W. A. Taggart-. H. L. Hartwig.. Dannen Bros _ C. B. Dannen & Sous . B. L. Pyle E. G. Miller Henry D. Neidert Sherman Wolf- gong Sherman Wolf- gong Sherman Wolf- gong E. E. Carver Laurel Laurel Laurel Laurel Laurel Liscomb Marshalltown State Center Clemons Le Grand Marshalltown . Laurel Laurel . State Center .. Laurel Marshalltown . Gilman Oilman Gilman Brooklyn 6487 ... _i Major B. 11141 Sans-Peur 34016 (511C2) McHanna 54531 t Prince Henry 10990. Jupiter 30599 (46712) Major Marion 9584 Newton Duke 7014.. Red Gregory 41805. Marshalltown Liscomb Laurel Marshalltown State Center . State Center . State Center . Marshalltown Melbourne ... Marshalltown Melbourne ... State Center Petrus 27054 (43878) Wayne Boy 30242 Wesley V. 13540 Keota Romer 19485 . Laubet 100S9 Keota Lord 7588 John Adrian 0611 Glenwood Dewey 3429.. Mac Claskie Jr. 9470- Tunis 11095 Junot 35620 (53132). Sebastian 257 (4).. Water Boy 34784 ._ Forban 813 (9770). Marshalltown Marshalltown Marshalltown Marshalltown Cavaignac 27832 (44517) Lipton 9265 Wenona Forester 4765. Blockey Prince 19668. Ernest 41428 (64967)... Duchesne 25440 (42S47) Riffain 25149 (43641).... Rob Edwards 12394 Mongaillard 41232 .. (5.3040) Brulot 41233 (52585). Joubert de Silly 2627 (21952) Prince Araneta 43474. Shire Clydesdale Percheron Trotter Clydesdale Percheron Clydesdale Shire Trotter Percheron Trotter French Draft Percheron French Draft Shire Trotter Shetland Pony Clydesdale French Draft Percheron Belgian Trotter Belgian Percheron Clydesdale Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Belgian Trotter 716 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MILLS COUNTY. Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 512 176 Phillip Hambsch. C. H. Peer C. H. Peer C. H. Peer W. E. Wicker- sham W. E. Wicker- Malvern Arrondi 26131 (44741)... Lord Gregory 42903 Brown Eagle 32794 Harry Mount 7024 Barthelmy 1156 (21580) Alpago (1368) Percheron Trotter 175 Trotter 174 Trotter 647 646 Glenwood Belgian Oldenb'rg Coach 419 703 708 758 King Mills 35959 Trotter A. M. Miller C. L. Miller Geo. A. Coiner.— C T Boles Glenwood Glenwood Hinxton Jumbo 6391... (10688) Belkader (22968) Insurgent 7728 _ Shire Percheron Shire Jessie 23830 . Percheron 1012 1130 1196 R. E. Dunn Wales Shire Horse Co Percheron Horse Co Emerson Emerson Rambler 12911 . .. . French Draft Harshfield Warrior 7019 Luther 29507 (47005) ... Kiaser 26004 . _ .. . Shire Percheron 1381 1370 1463 Albert Pullman— C. E. Ballain...- J. L. Douglas J. L. Douglas D. M. Culver W. .T. Roberts J. B. Maj'nos S. S. & R. B. Summers Silver City Emerson Henderson Henderson Hastings Henderson Henderson Jean Bart 12732 Keota Spy 18226 Dalzel 25634 .. Percheron Percheron 1668 11.50 1823 2281 Sophocles (7479) 5;)9) Driftway 31612 Nailstone Sidar 7987... (22612) Robert Burns 5632 Monone 41547 (62758).— Flag of Truce 8823 (22364) Nailstone Luke 8826 (24783) Coco 44305 (58097) Percheron Trotter Shire Shire 2995 Percheron 2996 Shire 3033 C. M. Follett L. C. Stevenson & W. H. Sal- Shire 3034 Percheron MITCHELL COUNTY. W. D. Runge Osage I Emoi 27436 (43650) Percheron S. T. Doyle S. T. Doyle Stacy vi lie Perch- eron Horse Co.' C. B. Jacobs H. W. Clay A. I. Stacy E. J. Howe Richard Jordan . Richard Jordan . Richard Jordan _ Mitchell Belgian Horse Ass'n Riceville Frencli Draft Horse Co. J. C. Kathan & Son J. C. Ashmore..' Fred Stark O. V. Perry i C. H. Dnenow... G. W. Shelhamer W. D. McCabe... Fied Worole Richard Jordan.. Frank Krnlish... C. B. Wilkes.... St. Ansgar Horse Co Richard Jordan.. Riceville : Valliant 41035 (58028).. Riceville Estevan 40356 (51744).. Stacyville ! Solim 24740 (43671) Osage Charming Tarbreoch .. Osage Bayard de Tooz (29730) Stacyville : Star 29780 O-sage Stuntney Barak 6730 ... Mclntire ; Gilbert 33622 Mclntire i Woodbury Herod 4554.. Mclntire Bill Morrison 19327 Osage Lingot (18150) Riceville Osage .. Osage ... Riceville Riceville St. Ansgar Riceville .- Osage Alta Vista Mclntire .. St. Ansgar Riceville .. St. Ansgar Mclntire .. Tigre 11275 Ned K. 4.3983 Nateby Tom .3509 (10036) Bataille (19951) Hoir of Fame 106.39 (11607) Stuntney Dante 7059... Olnev 20998 Pilot Panic 4861 37792.. Vermouth 16021 Mack 471.51 Magnus Boy 12545 Lofty 22202 Versailles 25196 (45415) Governor Roosevelt 23185 Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft Belgian Percheron Shire Percheron Morgan Percheron Belgian French Draft Trotter Shire Percheron. Clydesdale Shire Percheron Morgan Trotter Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Percheron Percheron SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. MITCHELL COUNTY— Continued. 717 u 6 8^ Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Slallion Breed 2688 2940 2957 H. A. Skinner-— J. H. Penny J. C. Kathan-— J. C. Kathan Riceville French Coach Horse Co Wert Roe Herbert Fletcher, Riceville Stacyville Osage Osage Riceville Riceville Osage Dancing Master 33349.- Canaillard 21514 Kentola 44288 — Trotter Trotter Trotter 2956 Norvaillis 43107 — Trotter 3068 3062 3290 Vercingetorix 3292 Kimberley 27346 (46790) Mercure (630) _ - French Coach Percheron MONONA COUNTY. 880 S88 149;? 1491 1785 219> 2437 2485 2658 2763 2763 3071 3151 3i:)7 Moorhead Im- ported Perch- eron Co E. E. Richards-- C. L. Watkins-- Anton Hanson M. B. "Hildrt-th.. A. L. Ei'skine-- J. Gries II. Koth J. A. Sarff W. W. Griffith-, G. C. Harrison-- G. C. Harrison- S. D. .Jewell A. V. Van Dorn_ Onawa & Blencoe Moorhead Moorhead Whiting Soldier .- Soldier -- Castana - Ute Monona _ Whiting Onawa -- Blencoe - Blencoe - Whiting - Rodney -. Onawa _. Bequin (43629) Schley 3C716 Billv Bartlett 35827 -- Courcival 27412 (45661) Ethan Allen 30974 Black Beauty II 33375- Bayard 27400 (48374) — Major Glencoe 9173 — Vinarold 38107 Prince Soliman 43382_- Amour 26914 (45S27) — Marquette 40952 Mat Kane 31575 Bruno 3.3739 ( 46059) _- Raisonnable 24711 (45404) Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron MONROE COUNTY. 171 150 107 83 8? 205 207 203 299 50 .551 1303 1?,S2 1564 1693 1694 2152 2172 2217 1277 2334 2829 2567 2)568 2826 J. F. Fitzpat- rick J. A. Smith T. B. McDonald. L. A. McCreery-- Ira Noble Ira Noble W. B. Griffin-— W. B. Griffln--- W. B. Griffin.— Farmers' Mutual Horse CO Fred Galliers A. Scieszinski .T. R. Love J. S. (Juinn L o V i 1 i a Shire Horse Co J. F. Roney J. F. Roney Avery Horse Co-- J. R. Harker .T. F. Coleman Ira Robinson J. .1. Mullin Avery Horse Co-- J. R. Love J. R. Love J. R. Love Georgetown I Alfred 297 (9) Albia I Keota Mesmerist 24848. Lovilia I Wick Spencer 12511 Albia I Castleman 16072 Albia I Roma 19920 Albia I Red Maple 33985 Albia I Ernest Wilton 26829 Albia ! Paulas 172JS Albia ! Belding 27923 Albia -- Albia -- Melrose Albia — Melrose Lovilia Melrose Melrose Avery - Ute — - Melrose Albia -- Melrose Avery - Albia -- Albia -. Albia -- The Saint (20971). Mark 5696 - Putnam 8755 Gideon D. 7647-— Michel (29753) — Wenlock Thumper 6325 (20153) Brutus 5224 Newavgo 9192 Chacal 41415 (.58077) Corsair 40934 Osceola Banker 8830- — Loulon 28.367 (48118) Fleurus 14851 (58414) P- Dunois 28439 (45239) Bluff Creek Tom 8185-_ Dick Monroe 8186 Black Peter 8723 German Coach Percheron Trotter Trotter Percheron Trotter Trotter Percheron Trotter Shire Shire Clydesdale Shire Percheron Shire Shire Trotter Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron I< I'ench Draft Perchtroii Shire Shire Shire 718 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Name of Stallion Breed F. L. Steninger_. F. L. Steninger.- A. D. Smith A. D. Smith J. D. Ooni-ley-- T. J. Reznor J. H. Thompson. J. H. Thompson. A. C. Weidmau-. Wm. Arnold Elliott Draft Horse Co J. M. Alcorn I C. E. Thompson-' J. E. Farmer M. M. Smith__-J Henry Ebert F. E. Shires C. P. Van Valk- enburg | C. P. Van Valk- enburg D. B. Giinn Jno. P. Warne.-- D. B. Gunn Red Oak Red Oak Grant -.- Grant .— Villisca... Stennett Elliott — Elliott -- Red Oak Red Oak Cherbourg 24274 (44003) The Rogne 5413 Dreyfus 9365 Rival 43256 Villisca General 5210.. Fruitier 40415 (48530) — McKinley III 7047 Creston Archie 3408 Ravnal 25163 (44651) Major II 8090 Stennett Girton Rogue 5.348. Grant Fred 50725 11735 Elliott Creston Boy 7968 Villisca I Albert Margrava 42964. Villisca .1 Tribsign 45044 Red Oak ...' Francois JI 40111 Elliott ! Pierre 10912 (3425) Villisca ' St. Hilaire 42229 (4S336)- Villisca Cafe 48317 (55411) Red (3ak ! Gamaloon 7S25 Villisca Black Dewey 15768 Red Oak : Plum Right 4945 37341. Percheron Shire French Draft Percheron Shire Percheron Shire Shire Percheron Shire Shire Percheron French Draft Shire Trotter Trotter Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron Trotter French Draft Morgan Trotter MUSCATINE COUNTY. 654 G. A. Milnes West Liberty .. Bonneval 323.37 (45494). Percheron 653 Volunteer 22521 Percheron 1102 Wilton Horse Breeders' Ass'n. Wilton Gaillard 28737 (44740) . Percheron 1104 W. A. Heck West Liberty .. The Sheriff 38114 Trotter 1106 P. N. Gibson.... West Liberty .. Boissv 25151 (45438) Percheron 1105 P. N. Gibson West Liberty .. Cranston Cherbourg 2078 . 1114 M. P. ISIcKeown. Keota Brevet 21660 Percheron 11.32 E. J. Brown & R. T. Shannon. Nichols Porto 1584 (20878) Belgian 11.33 E. J. Brown & R. T. Shannon. Nichols Bon Micephorus 6063.. (17189) Shire 1125 E. A. Poole West Liberty .. Russell Edsall 34782 .„ Trotter 1211 Chas. H. Stone- Muscatine Mammon 2020 Shetland Pony 1324 E. F. Ri- hman.. Muscatine Pancantara 39080 Trotter 1325 E. F. Riehman-- Muscatine Red Knight 13880 Trotter 1348 M. B. WaUc:s_._ West Liberty .. Tam-Tam 14239 (19079). Percheron 1367 F. W. Dickey.... West Liberty .. Lindsay Dale 40391 Trotter 1411 E. F. Richmaii.. Muscatine Linda's Dnke 23377 Percheron 1778 Union Stock Co.. Conesville Riverain 25590 (45452). Percheron 20 Fred Waters West Liberty .. Canotier 24445 (44604). Percheron 1769 Boyd Bros Conesville Jupiter of Worsley 5373 (16202) Shire 3112 F. A. Pike Nichols Saxon Jet 8867 (21843). Shire 5348 Will Maxwell Conesville L'Ami 21190 O'BRIEN COUNTY. 431 163 141 Schnei:der & Saupe Big Four Belgian Breeding Ass'n. Wm. Eraser John Keene .C. W. S. Gilson. A. O. Crooks Alex Scott Schneider & Saupe Sheldon Sheldon Sutherland Sutherland Sanborn Algerien 12260 (52673).. Mon Desir 1694 (23708). Figaro 31385 . French Draft Belgian 118 Fashion 1084 189 Gilford Bevans 42796... Nailstone Don 5731 (16845) Pride of Iowa 10954 Maskomita 24661 (43287) Trotter Shire Clydesdale Percheron 70 4S 432 Primghar Paullina Sheldon SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. O'BRIEN COUNTY— Continued. 719 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 663 George G. Kel- lum . Paullina Paullina Paullina Paullina Primghar Hartley Sheldon Sutherland Hartley Berton 32949 661 George C. Kel- lum Prince Paullina 30670— Chansler 35747 Wi W. A. Smith W. A. Smith PI. C. Tha.ver J. R. Tibbets- — David S. Taylor. R. C. Jordan-.- John Breme 703 lots 1137 1517 1549 ifas Pindore 42227 (47470)... Condon 21519 Prince Bless 5178 Seductuer 40077 J. D. M. 0166 Rodney Rex 1623 Altro 35008 . . Percheron Percheron Morgan Percheron Trotter Trotter 1fS>t R. P. Powers Hartlev Trotter IWl 1642 G. W. Sherwood Sheldon G. W. Sherwood Sheldon Major Bell 32605 Clarke 41101 Trotter Trotter 1613 1644 G. W. Sherwood G. W. Sherwood P. J. Weir P. J. Weir B. F. Shirk W. C. Kimmell.. W. J. Ullmau-.. Noble McDonald- Thos. Prender- gast W. J. Bufflngton AVm. Kliiender & Co H. E. Brown H. E. Brown Richard son & Gulp Sheldon Sheldon . Lockheart 6864 Woodford Wilkes 2538. Corbit 32946 Trotter Trotter 2232 Sheldon 2!2;H8 Sheldon . Thorney Royal 8631... Melito 23352 . Shire 22S> Sutherland Sheldon Percheron 2247 Hector 31092 . . Percheron 2490 Paullina Gaza Sanborn Paullina Paullina Primghar Primghar Sutherland Primghar Archer Sutherland Allegro 20U46 2605 2687 2242 2545 2583 2587 Gay Montrose 9833 (9916) . Bartle 14509 Stuntney Golden King 5744 Klsposcki 50535 (52254) Chambouder 45400 Archer 45401 . Clydesdale French Draft Shire Percheron Percheron 2730 Coronet 46272 Tom Mack 14945 Herzuba (Vol. 7) Temeraire 45807 (62265) Percheron Trotter Oldenb'rg Coach Percheron 3181 3212 3252 Wilson Bros Sam Webster P. D. Fuller OSCEOLA COUNTY. 60 W. S. Foley Melvin Prudent 26736 (48349).. Percheron laoa Juo. N. Jackley. Ashton .— Kirsch II 11837 . 1.349 Ashton Horse Co. Ashton Bayard Berni 1845 1350 L. Pommer & H. (23388) Percheron H. Wubbena .— Ashton Fayot 524.53 12928 French Draft 13:36 H. E. Dean Ocheyedan Durben 40011 Trotter 1830 Jno. Price Ocheyedan Manliness 25546 Percheron 614 J. & N. Frese- Sibley Gabels Victor 7124 Shire 2.s;« G. E. Mackinson Sibley Arvola 3307 German Coach 2aS6 G. E. Mackinson Sibley Fusain 2S291 (45804) Percheron 26S1 G. E. Mackinson Sibley Columbus 8279 Shire ?,m>. G. E. Mackinson Sibley Matte val 44814 (54795). 2793 Sibley Belgian Horse Co Sibley . . .. Edgard 2622 (17888) 2859 R. Klatt Sibley Knightly King 15997... Trotter 2935 Geo. Hamilton & Son Ocheyedan Hero Hobson 31544 3053 Horton Township Horse Co Ocheyedan Keota Mouton 18872... Percheron 3089 G. W. Snyder.... Sibley Louis de Fallals 1244.. (14696) Belgian 3184 Joe Cload Ocheyedan Fulgurant 26704 (45618) Percheron PAGE COUNTY. W. L. Lundy-- F. P. Barr F. P. Barr W. H. Button-.. Edward Davison Jno. Nothwehr.. A. A. Brush Clarinda .. Clarinda .. Clarinda ... Coin Clarinda ... Yorktown .. Shenandoah Axlon 40254 Alaxandre 13083 Napoleon 13030 Champion 566 (2856) Nathanson 5973 Caporal 32662 (45508).. Trotter French Draft French Draft Belgian Thoroughbred Percheron Luculus (48711) i Percheron 720 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PAGE COUNTY— Continued. u6 8^ Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 902 1019 East River Perch- eron Horse Co— Wm. Hiser Wall Street Horse Co Wall Street Horse Co Yorktown Horse Co 1 LJ- L Clarinda Capitane 32425 (47591). Vernot (57364) 45572... Danube 5703 (44226) Tricotteur 26073 (44684) Gaulois 13559 Percheron Percheron 1133 1194 1191 Hepburn Hepburn Yorktown Clarinda Shenandoah Percheron Percheron French Draft 1255 128> 1619 J. M. Bryson J. A. Latimer Thos. Wicrgins .Tno. Manifold Jno. Riirode G. G. Fleener G. G. Fleener.... G. G. Fleener Wm. F. Sclienels- College Springs Horse Co R. A. Duncan R. A. Duncan F. P. Barr W. F. Hop! 1733 1T9> 18U 210 1 Clarinda Clarinda Clarinda Clarinda College Springs. Shambaugh Shambaugh Clarinda Northboro Northboro Noithboro Northboro Essex Northboro Itlack Hawk 14734 French Draft Creston King 6026 Brilliant III 10086 Roy 39451 .. ._ Shire French Draft Trotter Brooklyn 11101 213J 21 tl 2140 Duke of Wellington 13084 Beranger 35566 (48918). Francis 41697 French Draft Percheron Percheron 214 1 2122 2330 2337 2?>1 2800 2134 3153 White Nomesis 34581 ._ Hempfield Sampson Jr. S774 Charmant 47514 (50243) Stuntney Rooineck 8859 (2-2834) Gilbert 14034 Trotter Shire Percheron Shire French Draft Shenandoah Clarinda Norwich Drift Allerton .36428 Pourquoi Pad III 6358 (20122) Nonant III 6790 (14568) Trotter French Draft French Draft PALO ALT 0 COUNTY. 228 153 36 418 1103 N. ..J. Wright-— J. J. Steil H. A. Tliomas..- Melvin Fisk Osgood Perelieron Horse Co H. A. Mason .Jonas Mantz M. P. Coonan J. B. Jackson J. J. Steil J. R. Frame E. D. Spencer J. J. Steil W. H. Dempsey- Hardi Horse Co.. C. P. McKowen. .T. H. Nolan B. F. Frazier Hans Johnson ... Claer, Debolt & Co Cylinder Emmetburg West Bend Curlew Osgood .- Freedom 33697 Ben Otto 23370 Moliere Jr. 25762 Ellerslie Fisk 32546 Maupas 40460 (51903) — Duke 22798 Carpare 2237 (2.5122) Joe Weitzel 21522 Lors Rene Jr. 43857 Ergo A. 40349 Vigoureux 22883 (43362) Bardon Blaze 6450 (15973) Aid Dunton 45059 Kilslev Bonny Tom 5291 (17426) Hardi 28370 (48420) Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron 8 1231 2*30 2343 Ruthven West Bend Bmmetsburg __. Osgood Percheron Belgian Trotter Trotter 2397 2132 2502 2800 2631 2837 28 'K) Emmetsburg Cylinder Emmetsburg ... Emmetsburg ... Curlew Graettinger ". Rodman Ruthven Ayrshire Ruthven Ayrshire West Bend West Bend Trotter Percheron Shire Trotter Shire Percheron French Draft 3120 2372 3183 Archer Boy 11941 Dragon 50888 (59398)... Sidi (46215) Clydesdale Percheron Percheron 3185 Lord Minto 43403 Cyclone 7230 .. 3241 Clarence Maxwell Clarence Maxwell Shire 3242 Puckrup Prince Har- old Jr. 8233 Shire SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. PLYMOUTH COUNTY. 721 8^ Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breea 1589 Martin McNam- ara Nick Thill T. J. Wilson Held Bros Held Bros D. M. Baker & Co Remsen - Perch eron Horse Co— Henurich & Det- loff A. R. Whitney- John Luken Iretun 59 Neola Bomer Bel- gian Horse Co.. 2W Wm. Casson 242 Underwood Bel- gian Horse Co.. 588 Albert Petersen.. 1147 T. H. Broughton & A. J. Stuart. Avoca Avoca Neola Neola Underwood Hancock ... 714 771 849 850 841 835 834 833 1094 1093 1007 1148 1177 1243 1365 1604 173S 1975 2280 2328 2365 2500 2452 2534 2717 2724 2750 2775 2831 2751 2899 2925 3055 3067 3245 eron Horse Co.. C. S. Price Ben Gress T. S. JollifiE._ T. S. Jolliff-.- Jos. Jungferman.. L. Sheets L. Sheets L. Sheets H. B. Patterson. H. E. Patterson. York Percheron Horse Co Edward Falk Ira Nixen E. Morrison . L. Kastner, Jr.. Burke Bros ... "Wm. Converse. Leonard Everett. Harrison Smith.. Stageman Bros... S. P. White Wm. Shaw _ C. P. Wasser & G. B. McClellan E. T. Waterman. Treynor Imp. l' e r cheron Horse Co Hancock Horse Co H. J. Giese... Prairie Rose Horse Co Lew Brown J. O. Frizzell... Prairie Rose Horse Co Tom Cavanaugh.. Botna Valley Horse Co Underwood Bel- gian Horse Co.. B a ssmussen & Pruess H. A. Ellerbeck.. Henry Parker ... W. A. Lewis Walnut .... Macedonia Macedonia Walnut ... Avoca Council Bluffs Silver City Hancock Bentley Walnut . Avoca ... Oakland . Walnut -. Neola Carson De Wet 34618. Reno 11014 ... Iowa 1404 (25326). Major II 22922 Avoca Avoca Neola . Carson Carson Carson Avoca . Avoca . Minden Oakland Council Bluffs. Neola Council Bluffs. . Walnut Hancock Council Bluffs.. Avoca Council Bluffs . Oakland Council Bluffs . Perfait de Hantes 1405 (20334) Arton 3230S (44548) Trotter French Draft Belgian Percheron Belgian Percheron Belgian Prince of Beiges 1818.. Raspail 33970 (48599)...! Percheron Beacon 22448 1 Percheron Bonny Tom II 6828 [ Shire (18544) ^ Red Chaser Trotter Tryner 27776 1 Trotter Rare Lad Nailstone 6317 Jack E. 42191 Morgan Whips 4300... Nimble 8536 ... Titan 2457 Fil-der-fer 25308 (44716) Championat 34512 .. (48681) Pride of Oakland 0713. Lieutenant 30582 (45354) Villars 2S0TO (4883).. Brockway 11314 Rock Rover 1604 General Grant 4202 Banker 113S4 Teddy M. 3S001 Nero 34S85 Samson 7967 Lieutenant 30582 "(45345) Lord Linton 12690 Caffrey 2nd 5288 Underwood Walnut - Council Bluffs Romeo (4S568) Lacheur 3.5512 (48474). Helmuth 1299 Chenimeau 31446 (48510) Ring Rathbun 35429 Togo 46093 Asman 1977 (1095) Fortune Hunter 20394.. Coeur de Lion 26708. (46414) Perfait De Hautes 1405 (20334) Royal Defender 9692... __ Martin 33362 Macedonia Dawson 27937 ... Council Bluffs .. Remdlesham Politician! Suffoik (3159) I Shire Trotter Morgan Trotter French Coach Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron French Draft Shire Clydesdale French Draft Trotter Percheron Shire Percheron French Draft Morgan Percheron Percheron German Coach Percheron Trotter Percheron German Coach Percheron Percheron Belgian Clydesdale Percheron Percheron 724 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. POTTAWATTAMIE COUNTY— CONTINUED. Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 393 Montezump. Horse Co Montezuma Hartwick Paulus 22673 (43384) Malvern Glory 5405 (16799) Caesar 27547 (470.55) Percheron 382 J. L. Mclllrath.. Shire 351 Jos. C. Johnston Deep River Percheron 263 Guernsey Draft Horse Co Guernsey King Harold 2nd 6685.. i Shire 262 Guernsey • Draft Horse Co Guernsey Sans Slouci 28972 (44260) Percheron 183 Dr. A. E. Anger Brooklyn Doc Allerton 42167 Trotter 340 P. F. Smith Montezuma Montezuma Chief 35503. Trotter 338 P. F. Smith Montezuma Morgan Panic 5003 Morgan 315 D. T. Gorsuch- . Montezuma Iowa Boy 10533 Clydesdale 314 Tliompson Miller. Brooklyn Flambeau (26400) Belgian 311 J. B. Gorsuch .-. Montezuma . ... Bristolin (25356) Belgian 470 C. M. Adams Grinnell Thiers 27070 (45769) Percheron 4fifi C. M. Adams Grinnell Charmant 25211 (42404). Perclieron 425 A. C. Thompson & Son --- Grinnell Grinnell Chinois 30036 Henry Ward Beecher.. 3036 Creston Victor 5759 Belgian W7 Miles & Evans- — Shetland Pony- 500 A. Bramer Guernsey Shire 634 Barnes City Horse Co Montezuma Regional 26083 (45302).. Percheron 685 6221 W. H. Murphy... M. Winchell E. J. Hadley Hartwick Vindex 4671 .. . - — Emilien 12046 (13396)... Ellerslie Russell 38817.. Percheron 404 Grinnell Trotter 855 H. J. Schmidt..- Grinnell Jamin lOGO (12016) Belgian 913 M. A. Latham.. - Searsboro ... .. Keota Boatman 5805 Shire 1036 E. J. Korus Hartwick Princewick 2nd 12139... Clydesdale 1087 E. J. Korns Hartwick Handsome Prince II 9486 Lillie's Prince 11085 Clydesdale 1167 B. B. Cransten.. Deep River Clydesdale 1205 1280 W. F. Blain Ewart Belgian Favor 20633 ... Percheron Carol (29756) Belgian 1473 J. W. Johnson... Deep River Stuntney Beckett Shire 2244 Sugar Creek P e r cheron (23740) Horse Co Searsboro Bazard 27082 (45284).... Percheron 438 Frank Schultz Pompon II 16290. . .. .. Belgian 2238 J. L. Mclllraith.. Hartwick Japonias 27985 (46830).. Percheron 1501 M. L. Latham & Blocky 14550 French Draft 2571 Sheridan Belgian Grinnell .- Porte Drapeau 945 Belgian (15818) 2732 S. G. Ingraham— Montezuma Rendlesham Cromwell 252 (333) Suffolk 2857 3056 510 1035 320O Fred Reed Zack Hull \ Halstead Brooklyn Brooklyn Matchless 5478 Shire Darby .33944 ..... Lord Roberts 7037 Shire J. L. Mclllrath.. L. E. Anthony... Princewick 12138. . . Clydesdale Prince Consort 8455 Clydesdale RINGGOLD COUNTY. 280 281 282 34 643 801 803 340 802 800 1183 1184 13.30 1319 1320 \V. F. Blackman. W. F. Blackman- W. F. Blackman. E. S. Botleman.. J. A. Bliss M. Mariner J. I. Morrison & Co J. P. Drake M. Mariner Tingley Shire Horse Co Claude Bowen ... Claude Bowen H. I. Brent C. E. Bliss C. E. Bliss Delphos ... Delphos ... Delphos ... Diagonal .. Diagonal _. Tingley ... Tingley ... Mount Ayr Tingley ... Tingley ... Mount Ayr Mount Ayr Diagonal .. Diagonal .. Diagonal .. Poppennheim 3315 Ad Leitem 35931 Fais (23048) Creston Boy 38733 D. J. Count 6969 Victor Morgan 4854 Capitola 29721 Essort (47601) 45473.... Agate 26434 Toft Right Stamp 5704, Leader 35373 Uncle John 16266 Fred 30652 Mocking Dare 36411 Captain Dewey I. 3060 German Coach Trotter Belgian Draft Trotter Shire Morgan Percheron Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron Trotter Percheron Trotter Trotter SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. RINGGOLD county-Continued. 725 Name of Owner Postoffice M. G. Parr— - M. C. Parr L. D. Norry— Kellerton Horse Co .: — . Allston Draft Horse Co Washington Twp. Horse Co A. S. Blauer .1. D. Blauer G. F. Loni; D. H. Pike The Kellerton Horse Co G n s Winter- schied J. & A. W. Michael G. W. Swart- wood J. H. & C. M. Waugh Tingle.y Perch- eron Horse Co.- D. M. Lane L. A. Duff Win. Reasoner_-. Lotts Creek P e re heron Horse Co L. D. Norris W. F. Stetzler., Kellerton Shire Horse Co L W. F. Blackman W. F. Blackman. C. F. Miller Bliss Bros Wm. TaiDp Maloy Maloy Redding ... Kellerton .. EUston Diagonal ... Mount Ayr Tingley Mount Ayr . Diagonal _. Kellerton _.. Tingley Benton Diagonal -— Redding Ellston Diagonal --- Diagonal .„ Beaconsfleld Mount Ayr Redding Kellerton -. Kellert.ou Delphos - Delphos - Diagonal Diagonal Tingley -- Name of Stallion Biron 24813 (44622) Golden Prince 'J80C Julliard 27525 Black Duke 27988 Papillou 27488 (482(>4;.- Reveur (46169) Hobson 10346 Imperial Duke 11925-. Marquis Dewey 11047- Becca 47442 (40911) MacQueen's Model 10603 Baronet Dunbar 10522. Montague 30682 Dewey 10345 Mack 14465 Lutin 24452 (44678) Morning Star 11925 Rendelsham Colonial. 261 (3174) Cinturier 31110 (47506) Freluquet 32429 (48745). Grueze 45864 Nutseal 38820 Moors Commander 6758 (18220) Daniel Boone 10606 Alto 28227 Stuntney Jonadab 6739 (Vol. 24) Countness Right Stamp 9044 St. Clare 43148 Breed Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft French Draft Clydesdale Percheron Clydesdale Clydesdale Percheron French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron Suffolk Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Shire French Draft Percheron Shire Shire Percheron SAC COUNTY. 166 Neal Hoskins C. Christiansen.— Wall Lake Horse Co Sac City Taupin 31611 (48997) — Bolie 8313- - 775 Early Shire 781 Wall Lake Auburn Joubert De Vynckt 2165 (33306) Couquet V. 11073 (14186) Brilliant II 137o Belgian 835 829 B. F. M. Rose— W. C. Abney H. H. Mead Odebolt Horse Co Joel Johnson 0. A. C. Horse Co Percheron 874 McBurney 23098 Trotter 1063 1152 Odebolt Wall Lake Odebolt -- Hector 2005 (30020) Brilliant 23677 -- - Belgian 1180 Colenso de Jandre 1467 (25376) Chitorney 34369 Belgian 1373 W. C. Abney Jerry Bell W. A. Helsell—- W. T. Scott W. T. Scott N. A. Hanken— - Wm. Sehade A. P. Jacobsen-- J. P. Goreham Boyer Valley Horse Co Trotter 1313 Early Odebolt Early Earlv Sac City Odebolt Lake View Odebolt Early Frasier 10812 — . - Clj'desdale Trotter Belgian Percheron French Draft Clydesdale Percheron Shire French Draft Percheron 1514 1523 1524 158(2 1600 1671 1715 1747 Observation 38614 Cornepic 1144 (17878) — Rosier 1.3678 (53S63) Rosa's Prince 11082 Prince 23342 Warbler .3026 (10716)-. King of Plainfield 9655 (44547) Beaumont 31365 (48667) 728 IOWA DICPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. STORY county-Continued. Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed La Fayette Perch- eron Horse Co-- M. .J. Nelson Fred Holtby H. C. Davis J. H. Boyd S. J. B. Johnson Zearing Belgian Horse Co Edgar Mackey N. A. Stimson.-- C. A. Jerdeman-- lowa State Col- lege , Iowa State Col- lege H. C. Davis H. C. Davis H. C. Lowrey J. H. Boyd F. C. Gearhart- Hougen & Co Gilbert Station. Cambridge Collins Ames Ames Cacatoes 31128 (4572.3)- Blaisdon Brilliant 7903. (21147) Melamere B. P. 6510 (18671) Soliman 21281 (43227)... Delamere B. P. 6510 (1S671) M Kazek 39781 Ames Zearing iDemblon 1152 (13394) Story City I Paulin II (15960) Zearing Alexander 41415 Story Citv Mastodonte 2597 (Vol. 1.3, p 292) Ames 'Etradegant 40553 (55321) Ames Refiner 12116 Ames .1 Babe 15.3.58 Ames 'Jolif 46154 (60214). Nevada Ames Ames McCallsburg Mazeppa 41840. Cartouche 42317. Roval 5354 Hercules 27263... Percheron Shire Shire Percheron Shire Trotter Belgian Belgian Percheron Belgian Percheron Clydesdale French Draft Percheron Percheron Percheron Morgan Percheron TAMA COUNTY. 399 383 W. F. Nation.... J. L. Reedy Geo. Niemand Jos. E.Axon W. A. Speer Jas. Morgan Jas. Morgan Z. T. Moore Geo. Walz Toledo Draft Horse Co I. D. Magowan... I. O. Magowan.. - Toledo Draft Horse Co .Jno. M. Bicket.. Hildebrand Bros. H. W. Rneppel--. Chas. Vanbel Congo Belgian Horse Co Traer Percheron Horse Co Jno. Tiedje G. J. Monroe Jacob Ulstad A. R. Wilson T. A. Green J. W. Sackett.... J. W. Sackett— - J. L. Reedy Peter Grenewalt-- Peter Grenewalt-- Geo. Filer Clutier Horse Co Frank Landt W. H. Sprole...- Joe Krezek Jacob Ulstad G. W. Mowers Geo. Filer Hildebrand Bros. Buckingham Garwin Tedv R. 141S1 Wentz 31735 Teddy R. 23923 Roan Charlie 114W Timonnier 30406 (52771). Ailsa's Pride 11443 Prince Archer 11458 Dewey Day 34C91 Cataline 40)18 ... French Draft Trotter 147 138 116 232 Traer Buckingham Traer Clydesdale Percheron 231 Traer - . - Clydesdale 309 Traer Trotter 40 Tama 30 Toledo - - Philibert 40402 (51574).. Lewis Templeman 32809 Cedric 7185 536 537 Tama Tama Trotter 31 Toledo T. H. M. .38691 Trotter 54fi Traer Newton Quality 6919... Ailsa Again 10374 Rantanglar 6005 Otter Bank 12310 Congo (2157S) Shire &55 Gladbrook Clydesdale French Draft R19 Dysart Clydesdale 721 Chelsea - - Belgian 728 Introuvable 24765 (46658) Roseau 24547 (44327) Brown Trippe 3.3669 Contest Day 43340 Judge Lockheart 43416. Trappy A. G. 43523..-.. Black King 2^947 Gilbert 12451 . 1018 Gladbrook Dvsart Percheron Trotter 873 Dysart Trotter 87i> Traer .. .. Trotter 1196 Toledo ... Trotter 1294 Clutier .. 1295 Clutier Garwin French Draft 1590 Silver King 5^281 Printemps 34022 (51524) Riverside 25580 1594 Elberon . 1595 Elberon . .. .. 1717 Garwin .. Allendale 28588 Colin 26156... - 1763 Clutier 1812 2325 Gladbrook Traer .... Charming Gift 10079 (110C6) Deacon 45965 Bayard 20135 Vyzantum 37703 Henry G. M. 37552 Patripue 40790 Clydesdale •9357 Clutier 2405 2408 Dvsart Trotter 2401 Garwin Gladbrook Percheron 2450 Major Luv 2310 (29320). Belgian SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. TAMA COUNTY— Continued. '29 8^ Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 2898 Henry Voege Montour Perch- eron Horse Co.. H. L. M. & N. C. Bruner Dysart Horse Co. Percheron Horse Co. E. F. Brennen.— E. F. Brennen .J. G. Poshaisky & E. J. Stay- askal Berlin Bury Valiant 8870 (24107) Kabyle 24761 (44167)... Frodoard 47115 (61993). Iphis 20047 Shire 2941 3039 Montour Toledo Percheron Percheron 3193 Crux 29266 (45146) Forfait's Best Son 23338 Richard 23343. 3198 Percheron 3237 Toledo Raven Nation 12655 French Draft TAYLOR COUNTY. 377 Frank Stanley .. W. H. Pfander-- E. T. Philpott... E. T. Philpott... Bedford Shire Horse Co J. S. Hanshaw... G. W. Page G. W'. Page H. S. Straight... E. W. Harden- brook J. S. Stimson .Jno. Curphey W. H. Payton-- Thos. McCIintock Grove T w p . Horse Co Newton Rhoades- Warren O'Dell Dr. Wm. Read- head Dr. Wm. Read- head J. J. Knox G. D. Hazen Charles Bean J. M. Long G. D. Bix State Road Horse Co Clark Armstrong- Clark Armstrong- W. W. Kirby-.:. The Morning Star P e rcheron Horse Co Wise, Ray, Mil- ler Horse Co John Curpliey ... E. T. Philpott.. E. T. Philpott..- E. T. Philpott.-. E. T. Philpott... E. T. Philpott.. - E. T. Philpott... Pierce Wheeler-.. J. A. Hamilton-- Phil Slattery .... S. A. Dowell Gravity Draft Horse Co Gravity Compeer 9649 - --. ... Clydesdale 378 36> 364 Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Bedford Bedford Lenox Luckv Lad 40471 Bedford 25620 Blucher 35377 .. . Percheron Percheron Percheron 350 349 Tatton Navigator 6990 (19170) Brilliant 349 Shire 345 Chasseur 32831 (46217). Mingo Chief €666 Castellan 40144 (52911). Herschel Rysdyke 31325 Huxwood 38735 Percheron 344 Trotter 343 Bedford . Percheron 305 Bedford Trotter 325 Trotter 306 Lenox Iroquois 31600 Percheron 356 461 Bedford Lenox Lenox .. Soudeur 28688 (25700).. Sultan 33195 - Percheron Percheron 519 Lime Kiln Tom 7595 (21599) Ernst 41867 (571.31) Ottoman Chief Jr 34343 Ax Dowell 40369 Exbird 39999 General Scott 30497 King of All 30169 Denain 3242S (47543) Antrione 43073 Shire 33 Lenox . Percheron 20 Gravity ... .. . Trotter 492 Lenox Trotter 491 ?86 5«4 Lenox Clearfield Bedford . Trotter Percheron Percheron -427 683 New Market Lenox Bedford . Percheron Trotter 613 Gabels Black Prince.. 5751 Langton Napoleon 5749 (18140) King Purquois 45053 Bob Orr 25424 Major Genese 1250 (18802) Rudolph 17323 Shire 745 Bedford Shire 750 749 Lenox Lenox . . Percheron Trotter 760 Gravity Belgian 808 Bedford Percheron 852 859 843 New Market Lenox Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Picador 27S54 (46930)... Sir Clinton 45309 .. Stanley 27743 . -- Percheron Percheron Percheron 844 Comet II 40520 Perclieron 845 Alfonso 4077O -.. Percheron 846 Lamont 40607 Percheron 847 Milo 40771 Percheron 848 1086 Laureat .32670 (46176)... Keota Captor 21661 Lord Bancroft 7040 Kid McCloy 9228 Lafleur De Wortghem (33292) Bonne val 25437 (45405). Percheron Perclieron 1(W Bedford ... Shire 1006 Lenox . CIvdesdale 998 Conway ... Belgian 1192 Gravity Percheron 730 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TAYLOR COUNTY -Continued. i.6 -2- Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 1247 1273 Clearfield Horse Improvement Co J. T. Dunlap B. M. Patton A. D. Robey C. H. Chamber- Clearfield Samory 265.51 (43742)... Baron Lockhart 9699... (10685) Chestnut Sprague 35366 Sir Hugo 6378 (2002S).. Humbert de Pomm 2052 ( 23192 ) Gold-Dust 50237 Lee-Dallas 50239 Griton Tom 6390 Earl of Dunbar 10631.. Fanfulla 2238 (32794) Fauntleroy 41237 Hiawatha 1762 Percheron Clydesdale 1353 1338 1375 Clearfield Conway Bedford Bedford New Market Lenox Hopkins, Mo Conway Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Ladoga Ladoga Blockton Blockton Bedford Conway Clearfield Tro-tter Shire Belgian 1431 1487 1534 1669 1710 1761 J. A. Hamilton.. E. E. Leighton- W. P. Oliver.... Harry Allen S. E. Robinson.. E. T. Philpott & Co Percheron Percheron Shire Clydesdale Belgian 1762 E. T. Philpott.. - H. N. Rav H. N. Ray Blockton Pei'ch- eron Horse Co.. Blockton Horse Co 18.39 Teddy 15097 1&38 Blain 15098 French Draft 2130 Joubert 25816 . 2150 Jupiter 10848 (921) De Leon 42043 French Draft 2285 S. & W. W. Hartzler Dr. O. T. West.. J. D. Barrans... Herbert Peak M. M. Spurgeon. J. E. Anderson.- J. E. Anderson.. J. E. Anderson.. Fine Bros ?299 Homere 42597 Trotter 2149S 2472 Stuntney Expectant .5374 Norvent Boy 39707 Accorte 14S54 (59933) P Hercule II 920 Joseph 4->2:i8 Shire Trotter 2726 2772 2773 Bedford Conway French Draft Belgian 2774 2843 Conway New Market New Market Conwav Clearfield Bedford Conway Sully 42-240 Prime Minister 5166 Maxime 50658 (59942)... Brave 136r) (60443) P.... Captain Jinks 11103 Perfection 44731 Pink Paragon 43929 Jupiter Jr. 15031 Percheron Shire 2308 2832 2939 3124 E. E. Leighton.. Powell & De Haven J. N. Nichols W. H. Pavton...- W. H. Payton.. W. H. Price Percheron French Draft French Draft 312-5 2131 Bedford Percheron UNION COUNTY. 386 569 61 40 .568 709 710 611 610 W. A. McManis.. R. C. Holland... Taylor Kilgore... R. J. Ross. A. E. Otis A. Latimer Wil- son F. L. Streams... C. N. Paulson C. N. Paulson C. G. Webb Sadler & Brown Bros C. S. Rex & Son W. R. Henderson T. A. Stevenson. G. E. Reetz D. J. Gibbons... D. J. Gil)bons W. J. Staloup.... G. W. Stream E. W. Stream S. J. Bavles J. H. Davis S. J. Bavles B. E. Carter E. Fugier E. Fugier E. Fugier Shannon City Afton Cromwell Cromwell Afton Creston Creston Lorimor Lorimor .. J. W. 11125 Judge Towner 19419 Mongol 42230 (.52132)... Creston Royal 4942 Bijou 10839 Villebon 10529 (14471)... Plainview Dignity II.. 6389 Coco 22406 jentleman Joe 6181 Lethbridge 7713 Souverain 41195 (52467). Athel 175.37 French Draft Trotter Percheron Shire French Draft Percheron Shire Percheron Shire 416 753 747 Afton Creston Creston Afton Shire Percheron Trotter 769. Moscow 255n9 (426)51 Iowa Champion 7286... Redea 4557 ... 799 856 Shannon City... Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell Lorimor Spaulding Spaulding Cromwell Shannon City ... Cromwell Creston Shire Morgan Shire Shire Percheron 805 806 1053 Ravenwood 8.339 Gibbons Charger 6968.. Romulus 44892 . . 1044 1045 Prince of Wales 6725— Jacques 29716 .. Shire 1140 10O5 1139 1260 Slasher 40401 Doctor Lad 26340 Banker II 7635 Grayson 19436 Senator 411.37 Percheron Chief 41106.. Chestnut Baron 8108 Percheron Percheron Shire 1.340 Creston .. 1.341 Creston 1342 Creston Shire SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 731 UNION COUNTY— Continued. Name of Owner PostofRce Name of Stallion Breed E. Fugier M. lams & Co A. Waltz C. L. Waltz G. L. Reert C. D. Rifigs H. Y. Liiplier G. W. Stream Grant Hubble McKinnie Bros.— F. L. Stream W. R. Wilson W. R. Wilson-— H. H. Jeter G. W. Bilbo..-,- Johnny Kilgore.- M. E. Thompson A. T. Worsley & Sons .T. H. Garrels Shannon City P e re heron Horse Co Creston S h t r e Horse Co A. L. Wilson L. L. Stoner David Miller J. .J. Thompson.- J. H. Garrels Ed Hupp E. F. & F. L. Sullivan G. W. Bilbo G. W. Bilbo L. M. Cherring- ton F. L. Stream Gale McCall G. S. Reetz Creston Lorimor .. Spaulding Spaulding Kent Spaulding Lorimor .. Spaulding Kent Afton Creston .— Arispe Arispe Thayer .. Creston . Cromwell Afton Kent — . Thayer Shannon City — . Creston Creston Hakes' Prince 5854 (18778) Medley Rex 37790 Sohani Insurgent 67S5.. (Vol. 24) Stuntney Airlie 8022 (22965) Sultan 45435 (48324) Iowa Prince 4841 Prince Albert II 13861— Modock 41236 - Lofty Yet 9945 Bluffer 29717 Lucky Lad 8182 .— Castor 41848 (62526) Duke of Marlborough-- 19540 Boileau 50422 (60614) Colonel Beaumont 7998 Maroc 41881 (63223) Custerwood 43445 Valerien 47985 (58032)... Lemaire 860 Otts 40387 Plain View Dignity 5550 Edward VII 6931 (Vol. 25) Afton Maroc 14130 Spaulding Bon Ami 4630 Afton Greenwood 28150 Thaver Preval 14185 Afton Calvin 11535 (20017) Afton Tr;imans Surprise 7342. Creston Keck 6575 Creston Crown Prince 8000 Creston Prime 2415 (36859)-... Creston Sport 13731 Lorimor Major D' Ob 2531 (Vol. 8, 480) Cromwell Sostene 50865 (62597). Shire Trotter Shire Shire Percheron Morgan French Draft Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron Belgian Shire Percheron Trotter Percheron French Coach Percheron Shire Shire French Draft Shire Trotter Perclieron Percheron Shire Shire Shire Belgian Frencli Draft Belgian Percheron VAN BUREN COUNTY. 457 J. V. Clark Birmingham Blyth Farmers Lad 5389 ( 16003 ) Shire 458 J. V. Clark Birmingham Rudolf 70 (1246) Oldenburg Co'ch 114 T. L. Simmons & Son -. Bonaparte Keosauqua Esnault 34769 Percheron 155 A. A. Bonner Jamais 2.5.583 (4.3815) Percheron 197 E. E. Keck Stockport Roseau 25586 (44296) French Draft Percheron 356 Jas. W. Rhynas. Stockport Pepin 35100 (.52938) Percheron 196 E. E. Keck Stockport Chartroose 33721 (7803) Perclieron French Draft 479 Wm. Bishop Milton Marquis III 33769 Percheron 435 J. H. StuU Birmingham Keota-Sawyer 33440 ... Percheron 792 J. W. Warner. .- Bentonsport Mud Creek Bill 10274.. Clydesdale 813 J. V. Clark Birmingiiam Masher 8390 . Shire aa^ S. B. & L. C. Carroll J. H. Zeitler Selma Keota-BIaurock 24823.. Chequest Hero 442.56... Percheron 824 Douds-Leando .. Percheron 1161 L. S. Pickett ... Cantril Cherbourg 25.581 (44.507) Percheron 1160 L. S. Pickett Cantril Volcan 642 (4052) Belgian 146S W. D. Thomas— Douds-Leando .. Chanteur 1918 (32820).. Belgian 1469 W. D. Thomas Radis (48708) Percheron 1541 R. C. Harris Stockport Stockport Plato 44975 Percheron 1712 F. M. Smith Champ 11570 Clydesdale 732 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VAN BUREN COUNTY— CONTINUED. ■Co" Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 1713 1T90 1210 2111 1 F. M. Smith Stockport T. R. Robertson.; Farmington J. E. McKeehan.; Farmington L K Doud 1 r)nn31 E. D. Priinty Farmington State Line Coach Hor.se Co Farmington V. F. Newell Birmingham V TT Xewoll Rirrninp-hnm Quenny 24816 (44496) — Rallien 2480 Percheron French Coach 2835 283S 2852 2959 2958 Brilliant 15192 Triton 15195 - French Draft B 1 rmingham Draft Horse Co A. F. Haney A. F. Haney Birmingham Favori II 45574 Fernaux 14878 __ . Percheron French Draft Milton Ike Squirrel 1888 Saddle Horse WAPELLO COUNTY. 289 288 84 605 604 603 793 976 1271 1822 2280 172S 1574 2816 2873 2947 3123 Jay Bros Jay Bros O. S. Miller P. E. Leinhauser P. E. Leinhauser P. E. Leinhauser Jas. A. Miller— L. C. Hendershot J. H. Kepler W. S. Maurice-— T. F. & W. C. Gonterman W. S. Maiirice-- Village Creek Horse Co C. E. Moore E. L. Packwood- E. M. Holmes— H. Woods Blakesburg Blakesburg Blakesburg Ottumwa -- Ottumwa -- Ottumwa -. Agency Ottumwa .. Kirkville Ottumwa - - Cyprien 28736 (48448)- Urugliay (48765) 48009- John 32039 Eldon Ottumwa Ottumwa Eddyville Ottumwa Eddvville Eldon .- Facteur 27139 (46785) — Belleau 24553 (43513) — Waldo 901 -- Marx 21919 Senator Ballingall 31895 Ouse Wonder 7944 Assuerus 12860 Red AUerio 45423 Transvaal 23i;w (44612) Captor 12027 (12078)—. Keota Standard 27698. Shade Baron 40648 Brilliant 50218 (59668). Onslow 41973 Percheron Percheron Belgian Percheron Trotter Shire French Draft Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Trotter Percheron Trotter WARREN COUNTY. 245 W. 0. Romine & W. J. Shigley- New Virginia Beaumont Standard .. 6080 (117.58) Shire 16 Carlisle .. Le Blanco II 12431 — . French Draft n J. A. Mason Carlisle Blue Box 39786 Trotter s F. W. Smith Winterset Aeritonian .32506 Trotter 552 E. F. Keeney Carlisle Fuschia 25181 (43795) — Percheron 521 H. E. Hopper Indianola Marengo 41408 Percheron 475 .1. H. Simmerman E. D. Spencer Henry Horse Co— Indianola Milo Arthur 10059 . . ... . French Draft 699 Questeur 10149 French Draft 70+ Carlisle Romeo 29519 (44986) Percheron 421 Alexander «& Wheeler St. Marv's Perch- Prole Penneloz 54568 . . .. . . Percheron 975 eron Horse Co— St. Marvs Ecclier 3.3959 (48753) Percheron 1077 Taf,'!jart & Son— New Virginia. .- Illinois II .55.36 Shire 1076 Taggart & Son.— New Virginia... Keota-Carnot 1469 ..... French Coach 1075 Taggart & Son.- C. E. Read New Virginia... New Virginia. .- Waterloo 50212 . . .. 1069 Edward VII 6931 Shire 103:? Chris. Sc-huldt Norwalk Port Drapeau 1066 Belgian 1259 J. H. Baruett & (21590) Son Teddy 34678 1258 J. H. Harnett & Son What You Like ''9161 1291 H. B. Flesher Liberty Center.. Brillant 10289 (6427) Percheron French Draft 1290 H. B. Flesher Liberty Center.. Solide 21454 (43346) Percheron SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XL WARREN COUNTY— Continued. 733 ^$ Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 1289 H. B. Flesher-... H. B. Flesher P. D. Mason Warren County Horse Co Warren County Horse Co H. E. Hopper F. O. Nutting & Son F. 0. Nutting & Son Liberty Center.. Liberty Center.. Lacona Lenain 3966 Shire 1288 Sampson 34732 1300 Banker 6782 Shire 1301 Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Norwalk Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Pella Avalanch 10026 1302 1459 1440 Admiral 24504 (44658).. Africander (Vol. 23).. Rex 41887 Percheron Shire 1441 Gladitor's Pride 43873.. Black Dandy 40772 Dewey's Image 43150... Simpson Boy 34681 Brilliant 45630 ... Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron 1442 F. O. Nutting & Son 1444 F. O. Nutting & Son ie52 J. H. Barnett & Son _' . 1653 J. H. Barnett & Sou I. W. Thomas.. T. G. McCoy T. G. McCoy H. E. Hopper H. E. Hopper De Gens Bros. & Von Dusseldurp Bros W. T. Sinnard.- E. T. Keeney Taggart & Son... Taggart & Son... P. H. Hester Churchville Horse Co Gumming Horse Co 1443 Coco 35856 2089 201)1 2147 Admiral Togo 43076 Konwood Chief 34680 Better Yet 43995.. Percheron Percheron Trotter 2148 2289 Perfectum 44143 Keota-Jabez 44756 Keota-Burnett 33461 .. Black Joe 35854 Trotter Percheron Percheron 2501 Carlisle 2611 Carlisle 2532 2533 New Virginia.-. New Virginia.-. Indianola Churchville Gumming Indianola St. Charles Lacona Joe Bailey II 8393 Kruger 26314 Shire 2563 1662 1794 Robert Terton 37182 Mirliton 2258 (Vol. 12) Androcles 41274 (59473) Grincheur 2832 Trotter Belgian Percheron 28.32 Social Plains Horse Co W. I. Shetterly__ Lacona Horse Co E. M. Lewis L. C. Barnett & Co L. C. Barnett & Co - ... 28:34 Napoleon 15565 French Draft 2985 Brisefer 28432 (45431).. Joe Cedric 40861. Percheron Trotter 3037 Norwalk Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola 3172 General 43077 . .. 3173 Admiral Jr. 48129 --. Lad 4S130 Percheron Percheron French Draft 3174 L. C. Barnett & Co 3175 L. C. Barnett & Co French Lad 15717.. WASHINGTON COUNTY. 198 M. M. Kempf.... W. R. Bonham.. J. E. Elgar J. E. Elgar E. M. Smith W. C. White W. C. AVhite W. C. White W. C. White Chapel Bros Chapel Bros Chapel Bros Jno. Cherry- holmes . Kalona Kalona Noble Noble Crawfordsville . Ainsworth Ainsworth Ainsworth Ainsworth Ainsworth Ainsworth Ainsworth Crawfordsville . Washington Wellman Washington Kalona Norm 13155 222 1059 1058 1047 1111 1110 Why Not II 7186 (21027) Little Plumb 40087 Big Cinnameu .39090 Orageux 26110 (44842).. Mithridate 20535 (35918) Conward 33890 . . Shire Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron Trotter 1113 113 1159 1158 1157 1182 Albert Sidney Johnston 42345 Black Prince 4207.. Kadour 24767 (46672) Frenchman 499 General Washington 1475 Percheron Shire Percheron French Draft Saddle Horse French Draft Trotter 1.327 A. P. Ha.ves C. C. Erude The Egypt Horse Co Ganzoo 17645 .. .. 1495 1806 Keota-Arthur 5796 Parfait 40031 (42295) Kalona Boy 38259 Shire Percheron Trotter 1993 B. J. Shetler 734 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WASHINGTON COUNTY— CONTINUED. uo Name ol Owner Postoffice Name of Stallion Breed 200S C. E. Hershber- ger Leichty & Conrad Leichty & Conrad Wellman Young Rapin 14543. French Draft 2035 2036 Noble Guerrero 46188 (60811).. Percheron Noble Prince .John II 6137 (19032) Shire 2092 2098 R. H. Leeper R. H. Leeper Noble Eugene 41566 Percheron Noble Strubby Fear None 7573 (20935) Shire 2094 R H Leeper Noble -- Congolias 1921 (29634).. Belgian 2210 J. B. Spencer i Ainsworth Satisfait 46048 (63380).. Percheron 2417 C. J. Winter Washington Ardent 46151 (58821) Percheron 2474 2512 2535 D. W. Martin.-; Ainsworth T. E. Johnson-- Washington B. .1. Over Noble Duncan 20584 Percheron Lavron 28466 . Trotter Prince Monarch 40629... Percheron 2632 D. Rittenhouse & Son Washington Marcellus 46075 Percheron E. E. Norman — i Wellman Roy N 43477 Trotter 2590 E. B. Embe & Chas. Gabriel-- Wellman Keota-Jacob 7789 Shire 2591 E. E. Embe & Chas. Gabriel— Wellman Keota-Sargent 8270 Shire 2728 C. J. Winter Washington Lake Lancer 8785 (20622) Shire 2737 J. C. Swift Washington Dandy Dan 21508... Trotter 2874 V. F. Schnoeb- elen Riverside — Keota-Pansey 4972 Shire 2917 Wentworth & Mc- Clelland Wentworth & Mc- Brighton - -- All Here 9248 French Draft 2918 Clelland Wentworth & Mc- Brighton .- - Waldo 13323 .. French Draft 2919 Clelland Brighton — Gabels' Champion 6132.. Shire 2^0 Wentworth & Mc- (18028) Clelland Brighton Rodomont 22624 (34006) Percheron RU9 E. D. Hershber- King 14456 French Draft WAYNE COUNTY. 441 50O A. F. Place T. A. Toliver A. F. Place A. F. Place A. F. Place Clay Richman Horse Co Clay - Richman Horse Co D. L. McMurray- A. H. Palmer 0. 0. Littell 0. O. Littell & Co 0. O. Littell & Co Humeston Clio Mambrino Kirkwood .. 30703 Ralph 6323 .. Trotter Shire 442 Humeston Humeston Humeston Humeston Humeston Corydon Humeston Corydon Corydon Corydon Humeston Seymour Columbus 11096 French Draft 443 Spark IV 7147 (19136)... Shire French Draft 507 506 689 Rosier 28350 (48816) Markeaton Primate 6774 (19825) Bismark 10374 Percheron Shire French Draft 423 756 755. 754 Captain Pat 40845 Gentleman Joe II 64-53 Judge Halsey 33638 Guydirwood 28599 Metropolitan 31753 (47585) Harlequin 24591 Trotter Shire Trotter 748 788 J. F. Hickman... T. A. C. Miller.. W. G. Condit & R. W. Ritchle.- Clio Shire Horse Co Percheron Percheron 793 Colonel Colbert 39077 Manea George 6888 Dunios 34507 (48527) Kingsland Victor 7773.. (20615) Carroll 19192 Trotter 903 Clio Shire 961 1123 1141 Walnut Township Horse Co C. H. Trembly. - Thos. Allison C. R. Noble & L. W. Donald C. M. Fordyce-- Couchman & Mc- Seymour Lineville Sewal .- Percheron Shire 1230 Promise City Powersville, Mo. Donzelo 500 .. . Belgian 1607 1716 Creston Jerry 10997 French Draft SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 735 WAYNE COUNTY— Continued. Name of Owner Postoffice Name of Stallion Breed Nee Confidence Shire Horse Co Thos. Donald W. D. Wiley— - W. L. Wiley W. D. Wiley A. H. Palmer.— Genoa Draft Horse Co W. P. & T. H. Brown W. P. & T. H. Brown - Tom Donald -- Sewal . Stuntney Hereward 6618 (Vol. 24) Sentinell II 6883 (17612) King of Perchie 18793.. Lad 8364 1813 2895 S9l9fi Promise City Corydon Lineville Lineville Lineville Humeston Seymour Promise City Promise City Corydon Shire Percheron Shire 2397 Roxey 8365 Shire 2412 Regular 7716 . Shire 2637 2538 2735 2736 ?7m Labourer d e Horrues 2530 (34726) Barbancon 29924 (48667) Stuntney Duke (Vol. 25) Tona 1470 (25380) Walter 46030 (53154) Acadia 20265 .. . Belgian Percheron Shire Belgian i?.%i Otto Thomas .— C. T. Harper T. H. & W. P. Brown Seymour Corydon Promise City 2891 2914 Creston Tom 4449 Renzo (Vol. 21) Shire Hackney WEBSTER COUNTY. 960 1578 1188 1457 1503 Callender Horse Improving Co.-. Frank Schill Knut Trondsen.— Roelyn Horse Co A. G. Leonard-.. P. H. Halligan.. P. R. Peterson... F a r n h a m ville Belgian Horse Co. Callender Harcourt Callender Mooreland Dayton Attila 26064 (46766) Bijou de Lant (24954). Ismael Du Fosteau 1188 Page 40380 (.54733) Fred Douglas 17468 Newton Major 5.559 Dreadnaught 8394 Coco de Falaen 1552- — (16044) Durantin 22699 (42408). Black Dan 4.3111 Taupin 40711 (56545) — Indianola Lad 34682 Percheron Belgian Belgian Percheron 1531 1751 2339 Moorland Fort Dodge Farnhamville — Lehigh .. _— .. Shire Shire 2703 Richard Cooper.- W. Ft. Dodge Horse Co Elkhorn Horse Co Jno. McMohn & T. M. Butler— 2884 3025 Fort Dodge Kalo Percheron 322 Barnum . _ WINNEBAGO COUNTY. 123 139 140 Jno. Batchelor— Johnston Bros Johnston Bros Joice Horse Co— Sorn Olsen & Moe Bros C. E. Holcomb— C. E. Holcomb. - C. E. Holcomb— C. E. Holcomb.- R. B. Young Skiles Core Core Bros Johnston Bros Johnston Bros Thompson Buffalo Center-- Buffalo Center- Lake Mills Stacyville Buffalo Center-. Buffalo Center.- Buffalo Center- Buffalo Center-- Buffalo Center-- Forest City Forest City Buffalo Center-. Buffalo Center.- Nicodeme 31288 (46297). Forfait III 26479 Red Payne 37596 Bardon 46504 Percheron Percheron Trotter 472 1251 1?50 Starr Brilliant 22480 Velo 31.524 (47571) . Brilliant 27213 Percheron Percheron 2115 Victor 46937 — 2116 Vigo 46936 2513 3215 3216 3195 3196 Superbe 42820 (60762).. Major Bernard 18561— Bernard II 42096 Eglantier 41660 (48876). Archiduc 2522 _- Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian (Vol. 13, p. 543) 736 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WINNISHIEK COUNTY. to Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 428 I. N. Reed Burr Oak Alger 35212 (52492) Percheron 172 Bloointield Bel- gian Draft Horse Co Castalia Noe (25532) Belgian 117 M. E. Marsh Burr Oak Mark Hanua 1070 Belgian m Percberon Horse Co Locust Frondeur 29894 (46118). Percheron 144 Franklin Draft Horse Co Decorali Maretiaux 1380 (25292). Belgian 2S5 Jacob Headington B. O. Bahken Belgian Draft Major Pilot 7171 Galopin (54336)-- -- — Shire 229 Percheron :«4 Horse Co -. Maurisse (25500) Belgian 41 E. J. Curtin & G. F. Baker Ossian Percheron Claude Melnotte 33982- Trotter 71 Horse Co Galant 24776 (43050) — Jaquot (56946)— Percheron 7> 481 Washington Prai- rie Breeders' Ass'n . Athos 14347 French Draft 612 Deeorah Coach Pirat 2599 - - German Coach 7.')3 H e s p e r Draft Horse Co Hesper, Minn — Baladin 42024 (54427).- Percheron 19S0 Spillville Perch- eron Horse Co.. Fort Atkinson-— Kleber 29581 (44593)..- Percheron 2213 Adolph Running. Alex Sheggrud — Henri 30170 — .. ?.:^16 Deeorah The Coupon 35474 Trotter ?:H9 Henry Steffes ... Fort Atkinson- British Flag II 4350-.. Shire 2965 Burr Oak Belgian Draft Horse Co. Burr Oak Camin De Ligne 2375.. (29356) Belgian 3176 3219 August Lansing-- Thos. Floody Fancy Roy 10433 Clydesdale Pares 15184 (27271) Percheron WOODBURY COUNTY. 254 August Peterson. D. M. Hamilton. J. A. Clark Carlos (47475) Percheron 257 Echo Chief 2nd 5209—. Lord King 24529 Shire .5.50 Hornick Percheron 723 J. J. Buchan The D a w t o n - Sultan 10823 - French Draft 957 Bronson Perch- eron Horse Co.. Bronson . . Vandeix 34437 (46494).. Percheron 1118 A. B. Robinson.'. Sloan . Guy Caton 29643 Trotter 1244 Jas. Crabb --- Bruce MacGregor 8553. Clydesdale 1255 J. Onstot & J. Marquart Lum Hollow Lawton . - Gazon 42873 (59782) Percheron 1027 Horse Co Smithland Bayard 31308 (46064) Percheron 1383 Fred Dvson Sloan -- King 12208 - French Draft 1403 W. C. Coon Anthon — - Sampson 9687 . -— French Draft 1509 Joseph Bernard- Anthon --- - March 12487 -— . . . French Draft 1535 G. E. Loring Sioux City Woodfern 33140 - — Trotter 1596 Anthony Bower-- Correctionville _ Mark Hanna 12489 French Draft 2276 August Peterson. Danbury Cacolet 461.52 (55547)—. Percheron 2281 J. E. Putnam Smithland Domero 33430 Trotter 2224 H. F. Ludwig Leed's Station.. Mystico 14653 French Draft 2526 Moville Perch- eron Horse Co- Moville . Dominant (46091). ... Percheron 2455 H. W. Goreham- Danbury Horse Moville King II 44627 2711 Co Danbury — Belgian (30032) SW45 Adam Trieber Danbury Odebolt Choice 11758.. Clydesdale 2870 R. M. Foster J. F. Brooks Correctionville . Pierson -„ Wildair 2870 Percheron 2392 Oreste 21778 (43544) Percheron 2967 A. A. Sadler O. S. Pixler & Correctionville . Bumper 45224 . .. ._ .. 29S3 G. W. Whitmer Ira Kelsey S. L. Spencer-.- Pierson Financier 6135 Shire 3054 Hornick .. Rodrigo 40916 3154 Sloan — -.. Our Baron 33108 Trotter SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. WOODBURY COUNTY— Continued. 737 feo Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 248 Ramsey & King- land Trader 18996 Selim .32699 Prince 31725 Ardent 27452 (4416S) Valient 30183 Dewey 23968 Chaumont (52914) 474 420 2253 2808 J. H. Huber J. I. Hove Deer Creek Draft Horse Co Ben Moore M. J. Traey Danville Perch- eron Horse Co. Meltonville Northwood Deer Creek Manly . ... Percheron Percheron Percheron 2875 Manly .... 2837 Kensett . _ WRIGHT COUNTY. •815 Henry Mauss Oliver Fryslie — G. W. Finn G. H. Jameson.. G. H. Jameson.. W. H. Mantle...- E. G. Gould-... Polhemus Bros... F. Luick & Son— F. Luick & Son— Dows Shire Horse Co J. C. Gingerieh— J. H. Callahan... E. Vest Belmond Dows Dows . . Corbon 34819 902 1232 Orient 27808 (47028) Volunteer Clippings 41142 De Arve 40182 Percheron Trotter ^?£H nm Dows - . . Kruger De Corthys 2228 (24678) Keota Decide 20211 Eden G. 42250 Bonhomme 14113 (474) B Virlv 13530 ( 48482 )P 42334 DuPiton 17063 (33658).. Exton Vulcan 6997 (Vol. 25) Obstine 50544 (62536)... Keota Garfield 4970 Maraudeur 44468 (55601) Belgian Percheron Trotter French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron Shire 150O 1755 2528 2549 2550 2705 Goldfield Eagle Grove Belmond Belmond Belmond 1935 2818 2856 Eagle Grove Goldfield Goldfield Percheron Shire Percheron 47 PART XII. FINANCIAL STATEMENT AND Report of Agricultural Conditions BY County and District Agricultural Societies in Iowa, 1906. SECTIONS OF LAW GOVERNING COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRI- CULTURAL SOCIETIES. Sec. 1658. (Code Supplement.) County societies — premiums. County and district agricultural societies may annually offer and award premi- ums for the improvement of stock, tillage, crops, implements, mechanical fabrics, articles of domestic industry, and such other articles and Im- provements as they may think proper, and so regulate the amount there- of and the different grades as to induce general competition. (For annotations see Code, page 605.) Sec. 1659. (Code Supplement.) List of awards. Each county and district society shall annually publish a list of the awards, and an ab- stract of the treasurer's account, in one or more newspapers of the county, with a report of its proceedings during the year, and a synopsis of the awards. It shall also make a report of the condition of agri- culture in the county to the board of directors of the state agricultural society, which shall be forwarded on or before the first day of Novem- ber in each year to the secretary of said society. The auditor of state, before issuing a warrant in favor of such societies for any amount, shall demand the certificate of the secretary of the state society that such report has been made. Any society failing to report on or before the first day of November shall not receive state aid for that year. (For annotations see Code, page 605.) (739) 740 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Sec. 1660. (Code.) Appropriations from county. When a county agricultural society shall have procured in fee simple, free incumbrance, land for fair grounds not less than ten acres in extent, or hold and oc- cupy such amount of land by virtue of a lease, and own and have there- on buildings and improvements worth at least two thousand dollars, the board of supervisors of the county may appropriate and pay to it a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars for every thousand inhabitants in the county, to be expended by it in fitting up or purchasing such fair grounds, but for no other purpose; but the aggregate amount so appropriated shall not exceed one thousand dollars to any one society. Sec. 1661. Code Supplement.) State aid to district or county — failure to reiiort. Any county or district agricultural society, upon filing with the auditor of state affidavits of its president, secretary and treasurer, show- ing what sum has actually been paid out during the current year for premiums, not including races, or money paid to secure games or other amusements, and that no gambling devices or other violations of law were permitted, together with a certificate from the secretary of the state society showing that it has reported according to law, shall be en- titled to receive from the state treasury a sum equal to forty per cent of the amount so paid in premiums, but in no case shall the amount paid to any society exceed the sum of two hundred dollars. When any Bceiety fails to report, according to law, on or before the first day of November, that society shall not receive a warrant from the state auditor for that year, but the secretary of the state board of agriculture shall notify the county auditor of the county in which such society is located of said failure, and the board of supervisors may appoint a dele- gate to the annual meeting or state agricultural convention, said dele- gate to be a resident of said county. (For annotations to original section see Code, page 605.) Sec. 1662. (Code.) Reports to supeiTisors. Each society receiving Buch appropriation shall, through its secretary, make to the board of supervisors a detailed statement, accompanied with vouchers, showing the legal disbursement of all moneys so received. Sec 1663. (Code.) Permits. The president of a district or county agricultural society may grant a written permit to such person as he thinks proper to sell fruit, provisions, and other articles not prohibited by law, under such regulations as the board of directors may prescribe. Sec 1664. Code.) Police power. The president of any such so- ciety may appoint such number of peace officers as may be necessary, and may arrest or cause to be arrested any person violating any of the pro- visions of this chapter, and cause him to be taken before some justice of the peace, to be dealt with as provided by law, and he may seize or cause to be seized all intoxicating liquors, wine or beer of any kind, with the vessels containing same, and all tools or other implements used in any gambling, and remove or cause to be removed all shows, swings, booths, tents, carriages, vessels, boats, or any other thing that may ob- struct or cause to be obstructed, by collecting persons around or other- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII, 741 wise, and thoroughfare leading to the enclosure in which such agricultural fair is being held. Any person owning, occupying or using any of such things causing such obstruction, who shall refuse or fail to remove the same when ordered to do so by the president, shall be liable to a fine of not less than five nor more than one hundred dollars for every such offense. During the time the fair is being held no ordinance or resolu- tion of any city or town shall in any way impair the authority of the society, but it shall have sole and exclusive control and management thereof. Sec. 1665. Fraudulent entries of horses.. No person, iiartnership, company or corporation shall knowingly enter or cause to be entered any horse of any age or sex under an assumed name, or out of its proper class, to compete for any purse, prize, premium, stake or sweepstake offered or given by any agricultural or other society, association, person or persons in the state, or drive any such horse under an assumed name or out of its proper class, where such prize, purse, premium or sweepstake is to be decided by a contest of speed. Sec. 1666. Penalty. Any person convicted of a violation of the pre- ceding section shall be imprisoned in the penitentiary for a period of not more than three years, or in the county jail for not more than one year, and be fined in a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars. Sec. 16 67. Entry under changed name. The name of any horse, for the purpose of entry for competition in any contest of speed, shall not be changed after having once contested for a prize, purse, premium, stake or sweepstake, except as provided by the code of printed rules of the society or association under which the contest is advertised to be conducted, unless the former name is given. Sec 166 8. Class determined. The class to which a horse belongs for the purpose of an entry in any contest of speed, as provided by the printed rules of the society or association under which such contest is to be made, shall be determined by the public record of said horse in any such former contest. PURCHASE OF LAND FOR COUNTY FAIR SOCIETIES. Chapter 9 7, Acts of Thirty-second General Assembly. Sectiox 1. Supervisors empowered to purchase. That section four hundred twenty-two (422) of the Code be and the same is hereby amended by adding thereto as sub-division twenty-four (24) the following: "24. To purchase real estate for county fairs. The title of such real estate to be in the name of the county." Sec. 2. Question submitted — notice — title in county — control. Sec- tion sixteen hundred sixty (1660) of the Code is hereby amended by adding thereto the following: "The board of supervisors are further authorized to purchase real estate for county fair purposes, in sums exceeding one thousand 742 . IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. dollars ($1,000.00), providing however, that the board of supervisors shall first have submitted to the legal voters of the county a propo- sition therefor, and voted for by a majority of all persons voting for and against such proposition at a general or special election; notice to be given as provided in section four hundred twenty-three (423) of the supplement to the code. And the board of supervisors shall not exceed in the purchase of such real estate, the amount so voted for. The title of such real estate when purchased to be taken in the name of the county, and the board of supervisors shall place such real estate under the control and management of an incor- ported county fair society, as long as an annual county fair is main- tained by such corporation on said real estate. And said corporation is authorized to erect and maintain buildings and make such other improvements on said real estate as is necessary, but the county shall not be liable for such improvements, or the expenditures therefor. Th right of such county fair society to the control and manage- ment of said real estate may be terminated by the board of super- visors whenever well conducted agricultural fairs are not annually held thereon." REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS BY COUNTIES. ADAIR. J. E. BROOKS, GREENFIELD, OCTOBER 18, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season was favorable for nearly all crops to fully mature, and for corn and oats more favorable than for several years. This particular locality has been favored with eeasonable rains, although the total rainfall was below normal, and pond3 and water-courses are low at this time. Corn — Will be above the average, both in quality and yield. A great deal more than usual was cut for fodder. Oats — Excellent, both in quality and yield. Extra heavy grade, often weighing forty pounds to the bushel. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — Practically none raised. Barley— None raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Small patches only, and few of them. Millet — None raised. Sorghum — Very little raised. Only one cane-mill, to my knowledge, within a radius of ten miles of Greenfield. Timothy — Not a heavy crop, owing to there not being suflBcient moist- ure early in the season, but the quality was good and a large percentage was cut for seed. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 743 Clover — Very little raised except in mixture with other grasses, and but small amount cut for seed. Prairie Hay — Practically none, as there is no unbroken prairie in this county. Other Grains axd Grasses — Bluegrass and clover is the main past- urage, and drive out all other grasses where soil is not cultivated for a few years. Potatoes — A very light yield, there not being enough to supply the home demand. Vegetables — An abundant crop. Apples — Many are going to waste. Excessive cost of transportation makes the markeiing of them unprofitable. Other Fruits — Peaches were abundant for this locality and many varieties were shown at the fair. Cherries were so plentiful that they were a drag on the market. Other small fruits were abundant. Cattle — Several fine herds in this county. Short-Horn and Polled Angus are the breeds most numerously represented, although there are some herds of Herefords and Red Polled. There are many fine indi- viduals. Horses — Large numbers of fine horses are produced of both draft and roadster breeds. Very few weeks in the year when one or more cars are not shipped from this county. There are several large breeders of Clydes- dales, Shires and Percherons, and their exhibits at the fair were fine. There are many standard bred trotters and pacers, and most of these races at our fair were filled by horses owned in this county. Swine — This exhibit at the fair was immense. Many of the herds on exhibit were shewn at adjoining county fairs, and also at the State Fair. A great ma.ny are raised in this county, and are unsurpassed in breeding. Sheep — While it would seem that this line of animal husbandry could be carried on with profit in this county, there are few sheep kept or raised, but they usually are of good breeding. Poultry — One of the main sources of profit to our farmers. Nearly every variety of fowl is raised, and a great many of fine breeding. There has been marketed in Greenfield over two thousand dollars' worth of chickens in a single day. Bees — Very little attention given to this industry. Draixage — An increased amount of tiling is being done each year. There is a large brick and tile factory at Greenfield, and its entire output Is not sufficient to supply the home demand. Other Industries — There are several creameries in the county, and some of them produce butter that brings the highest prices on the New York market. There is a good opening here for a vegetable canning establishment. Lands — County contains some of the best agricultural land in Iowa, which means as good as any in the world. Prices range from fifty to one hundred dollars per acre, with very little at the former figure. Report of Fair — Fair held at Greenfield, September 4-7, and was a success. Weather was favorable, exhibits in all departments good, and receipts exceeded expenditures by about four hundred dollars. How 744 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to make the county fair a financial success is a difficult problem, as with most of them the balance is usually on the wrong side of the ledger. ADAMS. B. NEWCOMB, CORXIXG, OCTOBER 25, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Very good. The early part of the season was extremely dry, and pasturage and hay crops were not up to the average. All kinds of grain matured exceptionally well, and on the whole our crop was above the average. Corn — A large acreage and an exceptionally good crop. Oats — Of the best quality and yield that this county has had for several years. Wheat — Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — Although there is not much sown in this county the acreage Is being increased each year, and the past season it yielded a fair crop of good quality. Flax — Very little raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Does well here, but only a small acreage sown the past sear son. It is raised a great deal in wet seasons. Sorghum — Small acreage. Timothy — Usually a very abundant crop, but owing to the dry weather the past season was not up to the average. Clover — Owing to dry season did not yield the usually large crop. Prairie Hay — Very little raised. Apples — Above the average both in quality and yield. Other Fruits — Plentiful. Cattle — In good demand at present and bringing fair prices. The supply for the county is probably not up to the usual number, but as an Industry it is recognized as one of the leading ones in this community. Horses — This industry is an active and prosperous one here. Good prices are realized for all horses and mules, and there is a noticeable im- provement in the grade raised. Swine — Probably the leading industry of this county. Crop of pigs this year net up to the average. Prices have remained good throughout the year, and breeders and farmers have realized good profits. Sheep — Very few raised or kept. Drainage — Natural conditions are very good. Tile drainage is being taken up to a great extent and with wonderful results. Lands — General quality of the land is good, and is largely devoted to the production of corn and other grains. Bluegrass is an abundant crop. Report of Fair — Held at Corning, August 27-30. The general attend- ance was exceptionally good. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 745 ALLAMAKEE. J. H. KELLY, WAUKOX, OCTOBER 9, 1906. Gexer.\l Conditiox of Ceops and Season — Crops good; season quite ^et until September 15th. Corn — Good. Oats — Fair. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — Good. Barley — Good weight; partly colored. ' Flax — Good. Buckwheat — Fair. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Good. Clover — Good. Prairie H.\y — None raised. Pot.\toes — Good. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Summer varieties good. Other Fruits — Small varieties good. Cattle — Good. Horses — Good. Swine — Good. Sheep — Good. Poultry — Good. Drainage — Best in the state. Lands — Worth from ten to one hundred dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Waukon, September 18-21. Heaviest rain of year Wednesday night, continuing until 10 o'clock Thursday. Grounds very wet. Attendance fair, considering the unfavorable weather. AUDUBON. C. E. BRENIMAN, AUDUBON, OCTOBER 26, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Although the season waa rather dry, most all crops were better than average of former years, ex- cept hay, which was about twenty per cent short in yield, although it was of excellent quality. Corn — Above the average, both in quality and yield. Oats — An exceptionally good crop, both in quality and yield. Aver- aged about fifty bushels per acre, clean and heavy, weighing from thirty- eight to forty pounds per bushel. Wheat — Of excellent quality and yielded above the average for thie locality. Rye — Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Barley — Of good yield and quality, except color. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Quality good, but small acreage. 746 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. Millet — Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Sorghum — An exceptionally fine crop of very juicy stalks, and some fine molasses the result. Timothy — Rather light crop, but that which was cut for seed yielded well. Clover — Fair crop of hay, but scarcely any seed; did not seem to fill. Prairie Hay — Small yield, but of exceptionally fine quality. Potatoes — Small acreage, fine quality and average yield. Vegetables — Yielded well, especially onions, of which there was an increased acreage over former years. Apples — Early varieties yielded an abundant crop and were of ex- ceptionally fine quality; a great many, however, are going to waste on account of no market. Late and winter varieties are of excellent quality and average yield. Other Fruits — Strawberries were not very good, either in quality or yield. Raspberries and other small fruits were fine, both in quality and yield. Cattle — More were raised during the past year than during any pre- vious year in the history of the county, and the finer grades seem to be in the ascendant; especially is this true of the milch breeds. Possibly not quite so many being fed for market as in some other years, but alto- gether an improvement is noticeable. Horses — There is a noticeable diminution in the size of the horses in this county, due to the high prices offered by outside buyers, having re- sulted in the purchase and shipment out of the county of many of the best and largest horses. However, the young stock now coming on is of the finest draft breeds, of which there seems to be a larger number than usual. Swine — This county has the reputation of being the largest swine- producing one of the state for its size, and a drive over the county will bear out this statement, as will the shipping records of the railroads. It is impossible to estimate the number now on hand, but it will exceed all previous records. Sheep — This industry has had an unusual impetus the past year, and there are now a larger number in the county, by one hundred per cent, than at any previous time. Poultry — Increase in quantity, especially the Spanish varieties, on account of increased egg production. Large shipments of market poultry are sent out each fall, and indications are that a larger number are now on hand than at any time during the past. Bees — Not so numerous as formerly, but a few farmers have a hive or two, and occasionally there is one with a dozen or more. The past season has not been a favorable one for the honey crop on account of the dry weather, and very few pounds have been marketed. Drainage — Natural drainage is very good, and the small amount of tile that is used is of the small size. Other Industries — The butter industry is the largest and most profit- able and almost the only one of mentionable proportions. There are eleven active creameries in the county, and several car loads of butter are shipped weekly. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 747 Lands — Are booming In price, ranging from seventy-five to one hun- dred and twenty-five dollars per acre. There is very little uncultivated land, and the wealth of the county is second to none of its size in the ■late. Report of Fair — Held at Audubon, September 4-7. Exhibits in every department were exceptionally good. Attendance larger than any pre- Tious year in the history of the society. BLACK HAWK. B. L. MANWELL, LA PORTE CITY, OCTOBER 26, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Above the average. Corn — The best crop in years; no soft corn, every ear being fit to crib. Oats — Average yield; quality not quite as good as last year's. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — None raised for market. Barley — Small acreage, but yielded a crop of good quality. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Very little raised this year. A crop which is only raised here on corn land which has been drowned out. Sorghum Not much raised. Timothy — No seed has been marketed at this place this year. Clover — Very little saved. Prairie Hay — None raised. A few sloughs in this county, which yield a poor quality of hay. Potatoes — ^Yielded a good crop, and are selling around thirty cents per bushel. Vegetables — An exceptionally good crop. Apples — Fine crop, both in quality and yield. Market over-stocked with fall varieties; winter varieties selling at one dollar per bushel. Other Fruits — Average yield. Cattle — Condition good. About five hundred feeders have been chipped in to date and more are coming. Horses — Mature draft horses very scarce; prices high. A great many colts ranging in age from sucklings to three years old. Swine — Spring crop of pigs below the average in number. Very few old ones on hand. No disease reported. Sheep — Very few raised. Poultry — There is a noticeable increased interest in this industry. Bees — Over fifty per cent died last winter, but a good many new colo- nies have been added this year. Dr.\inage — A great deal of tile is being shipped in and laid. Other .Industries — Canning of corn is a leading one, there being six factories in this district; two at Vinton, one at Shellsburg, one at Gar- rison, one at Waterloo and one at La Porte City. The one at La Porte City canned about one and one-half million cans the past season from twelve hundred acres. Price paid was five dollars per ton. 748 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Lands — Considerable changing hands, of which about fifty per cent is in trade for northern lands, especially in North Dakota. However, such farms are being taken by good farmers, who are glad to stay in Iowa. Report of Fair — The LaPorte City District Fair Association held its 1906 meeting at LaPorte City, September 18, 19 and 20. The association adopted the three-day rule, and it was demonstrated that more people will attend a two days' race programme than a three days'. Exhibits were better than last year, and especially was this true of the horse de- partment, there being fifteen more stalls used than last year. The grade draft colt show was pronounced the best ever seen at a small fair. The cattle exhibit was above the average, there being on exhibit two herds of Polled Angus, three of Herefords and one of Short-Horns, with a few scattering exhibits. There was the usual exhibit of swine; poultry above the average; fruit, the finest in years, and a good exhibit in other farm products, this being especially true of corn, which surpassed any that we have ever had. There is a growing increase of interest being taken in our fair, outside of the immediate membership of the association. EOONE. r. M. LOBENZEN, OGDEN, OCTOBER 19, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season was very favor- able and crops in general are the best for years. Corn — Large acreage and yield and quality good, it being pronounced the best crop for several years. Oats — Yield and quality good; acreage probably not so large as last year. Wheat — Somewhat above the average in acreage, yield and quality Rye — None raised. Babley — Very little sown, but yielded a fair crop. Flax — None sown. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Millet — Small acreage, owing to dry season. Yield and quality fair. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Not up to standard either in yield or quality. Clover — Fair. Prairie Hay — Very little prairie hay land in this county, but the past season yielded well and was put up in excellent condition. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Short yield; quality good. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Light crop. Other Fruits — Cherries, strawberries, plums and raspberries yielded a fair crop. Cattle — Conditions are about normal as to breeding and feeding. Prices good. No disease reported. Horses — Renewed activity in breeding is noted. Prices high, good ones being bought and shipped to other markets as they mature. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 749 Swine — In a healthy condition. Pig crop large. Sheep — Not many raised. Poultry — Continues to be a profitable industry. Bees — Good. Drainage — Much has been done in the past year to improve farms by drainage of low lands, the cost of which has been repaid in large returns from more tillable acres. Other Industries — The manufacturing of brick and tile and coal min- ing are industries of this county, and all seem to be doing a flourishing business. Lands — Prices remain about the same as last year, ranging from seventy-five to one hundred and ten dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Ogden, September 26-28. Favorable weather prevailed throughout, and all departments were well filled with excellent exhibits. There was an increased effort on the part of our people to make the 1906 fair a record-breaker, and the patrons were not disappointed. The attendance was much larger than any former year, and also from point of exhibits the meeting was a decided success. As special attractions we had excellent band music, baseball games, balloon ascensions, performing horses, trapeze and aerial acts. The livestock exhibits were the largest and best in the history of the society, the horse and swine departments being filled to overflowing. Total receipts were very satisfactory. BUCHANAN. CHAS. L. KING, INDEPENDENCE, OCTOBEB 15, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Favorable season; crops above average. Corn — Good; never better. Oats — Fine. Wheat — Very little, if any, raised. Rye — Good. Barley — Good. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little planted, but with good results. Millet — Fine. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Light crop. Clover — Fair to poor. Prairie Hay — Fair. Potatoes — Fair. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Overabundance. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — Fair. Horses — Good. Swine — Good. 750 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Sheep — Good. PotiXTKY — Good. Lands — Gradually advancing in price. Report of Pair — Held at Independence, September 3-7. Favorable weather and attendance good. BUENA VISTA. C. E. CAMERON, ALTA, SEPTEMBEB 25, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Never in the history of the county have the crops as a whole been as good, the season being Ideal for maturing all kinds of grain. Corn — Out of the way of frost, and will yield from forty to sixty bushels per acre. Oats — Of good quality and heavy. Yielded about fifty bushels per acre. Wheat — Acreage small but quality good, and yielded from fifteen to twenty-five bushels per acre of spring wheat. A few farmers tried winter wheat last fall which yielded about twenty-five bushels per acre of good Quality. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — Extra good; yielded from thirty to fifty bushels per acre. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Very little sown; yielded about three tons per acre. Sorghum — Very little sown. Timothy — Quality extra good, and yielded from one and one-half to two tons per acre. Clover — Last year's seeding good, old meadows frozen out. Yielded about two tons per acre. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Indications for a good crop. Have not as yet commenced to dig late varieties. Vegetables — All kinds were extra good. Apples — A good crop of Wealthy variety; others scarce. Other Fruits — Cherries and cultivated plums yielded such an extra large crop that they were a drag on the market and many bushels of them rotted on the ground. Cattle — In fine condition. Plenty of grass stock cattle at 4 cents per pound; fat cattle, 5Vo cents per pound. Horses — Scarce; eastern buyers have purchased all the good horses that are for sale. Swine — Average crop. No disease reported. Sheep — Very few raised. Poultry — A great many raised in this county, and production this year was large. Quite a number of car loads are shipped out each year. Lands — Range in price from ninety to one hundred and sixty dollars per acre. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 751 Report of Fair— Held at Alta, August 21-24. Up to the standard of former years. Large and excellent exhibits in every department. Rain the last day cut the attendance considerable. BUTLER. J. V. GREGORY, ALLISON', SEPTEMBER 25, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crop was above the average of the past four years. The season has been favorable and farmers Taave been enabled to attend to their crops without serious diflBculty. No frost to date; corn well out of way. Corn — Best in years. Quality excellent, and yield will be large. Sample ears have been exhibited taken from fields that will yield seventy bushels per acre. Oats — Very good, although a little light in weight. Wheat — Small acreage, but quality good. Rte — Of average yield and quality. Barley — Very little raised. Flax — ^Very little raised. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Millet — Raised on wet lands; always of good quality. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Very good. Clover — Not a large amount raised but was of good quality. Prairie Hay — Heavy yield and was put up in good condition. Potatoes — An unusually heavy yield of large, solid potatoes of the finest quality. Vegetables — Abundant and of good quality. Apples and Other Fruits — Excellent, both in quality and yield. Cattle — A large number of breeders in this county, and stock Is of the best. A profitable industry, and feeding operations are carried on in a scientific manner. Horses — Of a good grade. Swine — Probably more hogs fed in this county than any other animal. They rapidly grow into money, and the farmer has learned this fact. Sheep — Very few in this county. Poultry — Quite a number of people in this county have made a spe- cialty of poultry, realizing that it is one of the industries that pays. We have several poultrymen who have only the highest grade birds and ship eggs all over the country. Bees — Not very many, although the industry is followed 'quite exten- sively by a few. who make it pay. Drainage — Farmers and landowners are seeing more the need of good drainage, and in the next^ two or three years there will be more done than ever before. The general conditions, however, in relation to drain- age, are good. Other Industries — Very few, other than agricultural. 752 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Lands — Are of fine quality for agricultural purposes. Good farm- lands, well located, command from seventy-five to one hundred dollars per acre, and are advancing in price. Report of Fair— Held at Allison, September 4-6. The attendance was good, there being over five thousand people on the grounds the second day, which was an unusually large crowd for our fair. More money than usual was spent for attractions, and every one seemed well pleased, and the outlook for future fairs is good. The exhibits were exceptionally fine in all departments, showing the high quality of livestock, farm, products, etc., produced in Butler county. CASS. C. S. BROWN, ATLANTIC, OCTOBER 18, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been very favorable for all crops, and there has been no frost to do any damage up. to this date. Corn — Average acreage, fair yield and excellent quality. Oats — Fair yield and average quality. Wheat — Good average quality and fair yield. Rye — Not much raised. Barley — Small acreage, yield and quality fair. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Not enough grown to make estimate. Millet — Not enough grown to make estimate. Sorghum — Not enough grown to make estimate. Timothy — Good. Clover — Good. Prairie Hay — None grown. Potatoes — Average acreage; yield good; considerable scab. Vegetables — Large crop and of good quality. Apples — An abundant crop; largest in several years. Other Fruits — Cherries and grapes yielded an exceptionally large crop,, while other fruits were of an average yield. Cattle — In good condition; no disease reported. Horses — In good condition; increase in the number raised; prices good. Swine — In good condition; no disease reported. Sheep — Industry is on the increase. Poultry — Large number raised and are very profitable. Bees — Very few kept. Drainage — Natural drainage is very good; tile used to a small extent Itt' low places. Other Industries — Manufacturing is on the increase. Lands — Prices steady, ranging from fifty to one hundred dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Atlantic, September 17-21. Although the weather conditions were very unfavorable, it raining almost the entire week, the meeting was considered a success. Exhibits in every department were large and of excellent quality. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 753 CASS. D. P. HOGAN, MASSENA, OCTOBEK 24, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Good, although season was somewhat dry between July and Sep- tember 1. Oats — Best crop in years, both in quality and yield. Wheat — Excellent yield and quality good of both fall and spring varieties. Rye — None grown. Barley — Good, both in quality and yield. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Good. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Light crop. Clover — Light crop, season too dry. Prairie Hay — Slough hay good. Potatoes — Fair average crop. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Large yield and of excellent quality. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — Supply about normal. Prices good, except for thin cattle,, which are low in price at this time. Horses — Prices highest ever known. Colt production large. SvFiNE — Great many raised, and are in a healthy condition. Sheep — Industry is increasing. Poultry — Good. Bees — On an average with former years. Drainage — Considerable being done. Other Industries — Milling business in prosperous condition. Lands — Increasing in value. Report of Fair — Held at Massena, September 10-13. Attendance good. Exhibits exceptionally good. After paying off all debts and adding con- siderable improvements we have a balance of $140 from our receipts of this year, which we think is a very good record for the second year of our association. CALHOUN. TOM GRIFFIN, MANSON, OCTOBER 17, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season favorable; crops good. Corn — Good; will yield about fifty-five bushels per acre. Oats — Good, both in quality and yield. Wheat, Rye, Barley, Flax, Buckwheat, Millet, Sorghum — Very lit- tle grown here. Timothy — Light crop. 48 754 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Clover — Light crop. Prairie Hay — Light yield; season too dry. Potatoes — Fairly good. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Light crop. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — Good. Horses — In good condition. Swine — Pig crop not as large as usual. Some cholera reported. Sheep — Not many in county, but are of good breeding. Poultry — A large number raised this year. Bees — Small amount of honey; season too dry. Drainage — Most of the farms are well drained. Lands — Range in price from seventy-five to one hundred dollars per acre. Not many farms for sale. Report of Fair — Held at Manson, September 4-7. CEDAR. H. PIATT, TIPTON, OCTOBER 2, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season dry; crops good. Corn — Exceptionally large and well-matured crop. Best for years. The principal varieties grown are yellow and white dent. Oats — Good. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Barley — Fine. Good price obtained. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — None raised. Sorghum — Small acreage, but yielded weU. Timothy — Fair. Clover — Fair. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Fair. Cattle — Breeds represented are Short-Horn, Hereford and Polled Angus, all being well graded. Horses — Marked improvement in their breeding. Percherons, Shires, Clydesdales and German Coach well represented. Manifest interest in the breeding of roadsters. Ready sale and prices good. Swine — Chester White, Poland China and Duroc Jersey are the prin- cipal breeds raised. Little, if any, disease. Sheep — Breeds represented are Oxford Down, Cotswold and Shrop- shire. ,A large number of western sheep are shipped in to feed. Poultry — The egg and poultry market of this county is rapidly becom- ing an important factor to the farmer, and is a source of much revenue. Fruit — Plentiful. Peach crop unusually large; one dollar per bushel top price paid. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 755 Lands — Ready sale at from seventy-five to one hundred and twenty-five dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Tipton, August 28-31. Good weather pre- vailed throughout, the only objection being the dust. Declared a suc- cessful fair in every respect. A good showing of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine. Exhibit of poultry the best in years. Display of fruit and vegetables fine. In the art hall, as usual, the ladies made a large and beautiful display. Special displays by merchants were good. The attendance was good. The races were the center of attraction, there being a good field of horses and all races well contested. CHICKASAW. W. F. GETSCH (treasurer), XASHUA, OCTOBER 18, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season could not have been more favorable. Corn — Fully matured before frost; will average about thirty-five bush- els per acre. Oats — Yielded about thirty bushels per acre, and was of good quality. Wheat — None raised. Rye — Yielded about twenty bushels per acre. Barley — Of good quality and yielded about thirty bushels per acre. Flax— None raised. Buckwheat — Of good quality and yielded about fifteen bushels per acre. Millet — Very good. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Light yield, owing to month of May being very dry; aver- aged about one ton per acre. Clover — Good, yielded about one ton and a half per acre. . Prairie Hay — Heavy yield. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Yielded a very good crop. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Good yield. Other Fruits — Very good. Cattle — Average number, but not as many heavy steers as usual. Horses — Marketable ones are scarce. Swine — Quality is improving. Sheep — Not very many. Poultry — Plentiful. Bees — Quite a number in this section. Drainage — Natural condition is very good; no tiling being done. Lands — Range in price from forty-five to eighty dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Nashua, September 4-7. Exhibits in every department were larger than ever before in the history of our association. Attractions were good, and the attendance large, and the fair as a whole was pronounced a success. 756 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CLAYTON. HENRY LTJEHSEN, GABNAVILLO, OCTOBER 5, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Very good. All crops were excellent. Corn — The best crop for many years. Oats — Excellent crop, both in quality and yield. Wheat — Small acreage, but yielded a very good crop. Rye — "Very little raised. Barley — Good crop, best raised for several years. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Very little raised. Sorghum — Very good, both in quality and yield. Timothy — Extra good. Clover — Up to the average. Prairie Hay — Very good; the best for many years. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Excellent; never were better. An abundant crop of good quality. Vegetables — Good. Best raised for many years. Apples — Good, although in some parts of the county they were dam- aged to some extent by frosts early in the season. Other Fruits — Plentiful and of good quality, although damaged to some extent by frosts early in the season. Cattle — Are in good condition, and of high grade. Farmers are add- ing more pure bred stock to their herds each year. The leading breeds are Short-Horn, Hereford, Polled Angus, Galloway and Jersey. Horses — Are on an average with former years. The different breeds raised are Percheron, Belgian, French Draft, Clydesdale and English Shires. Swine^As in former years this is the principal industry of the county and is growing from year to year. The choice herds are Poland China, Chester White, Duroc Jersey and Yorkshires. Sheep — Some very choice flocks. Farmers are raising them more ex- tensively, increasing their flocks each year. Poultry — Another flourishing and profitable industry in this part of the county. A large number of thoi-oughbred fowls are being raised. Bees — Honey crop excellent. Drainage — Good natural drainage. Other Industries — Dairying is receiving considerable attention. Lands — Range in price from eighty to one hundred dollars per acre, but none for sale. Some rough lands are priced at from twenty-five to fifty dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Forty-sixth annual exhibition held at National, Sep- tember 4-7. It was a grand success, the weather being favorable, which added greatly to the success of the fair. The attendance was larger than ever before, there being more than ten thousand people in attendance on Thursday, September 6. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 757 The exhibits of stock, poultry, grains, fruits and vegetables were un- usually large and of excellent quality. The industrial and fancy work de- partments contained many more exhibits than ever before, and the floral hall was crowded from top to bottom. Every one was well pleased, as there was plenty of amusements and the very best band of music that could be secured. Taken as a whole it was the most successful fair the society has ever held, giving the management encouragement to go ahead and push things for the fair of 1907, which will be held September 3, 4, 5 and 6. CLAYTON. J. A. KRAMER, ELKADER, OCTOBER 26, 1906. General Comdition of Crops and Season — Season favorable; crops good, excepting hay which was a little light in yield. Corn — First class; well matured, very little, if any, damaged by frost. Oats — Good. Threshing was delayed to some extent on account of heavy rains. Quality fair to good. Wheat — Small acreage but yielded a good grade. Rye — Good average crop. Barley — An exceptionally good crop, both in quality and yield. Flax, Buckwheat, Millet — None raised. SoKGHUM — Some raised, but not of a good quality, running too much to water. Timothy — Fair; early part of season too dry. Clover — Fair to good. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Good crop, although affected by rot to some extent, espe- cially late varieties. Vegetables — Good, both in quality and yield. Apples — Good yield, but of only fair quality. Other Fruits — Good. An abundant crop of grapes. Cattle — Average number raised, and there is a noticeable improve- ment in their breeding. Horses — Scarce and selling at very high prices. Usually of good breeding. Swine — Average number raised; of good quality and improving each year. Sheep — Very few in this county, but are of a good grade. Poultry — A growing industry; a great many raised the past season. Bees — Very few. Drainage — Natural conditions very good. Lands — Very little changing hands. Prices range from thirty to one hundred dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Elkader, August 21-24. Weather very hot and dry, being the warmest of the year. Fair crowd Wednesday; large crowd Thursday. Friday it began raining in the forenoon and kept the crowd away. The sentiment of all present was that it was too hot and early for a fair, so the fair of 1907 will be held later in the season. 758 IOWA PEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CLINTON. J. B. AHRENS, LTONS, SEPTEMBER 29, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good and very favorable. No frosts in this vicinity to date. Corn — Of good quality and will yield, on an average, forty bushels per acre. Oats — Not as good as last year. Would have been of good quality had it not been for the wet weather during harvest time. Average yield thirty-five bushels per acre. Wheat — Small acreage, but yielded an average of twenty-seven bushels per acre and was of good quality. Rye — None raised. Barley — Averaged about thirty bushels per acre, of fair color and quality. Flax. Buckwheat, Millet, Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Short crop; quality good. Clover — Good stand, also of good quality. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Yield not up to average; quality fair. Vegetables — Plentiful, and of good quality. Apples — About half a crop. Other Fruits — Peaches and pears plentiful, and of good quality. Cattle — The same as usual. Not much attention paid to breeding. Horses — Plentiful. A great deal of attention paid to quality of breed- ing. Drafters selling at from one hundred to two hundred and fifty dollars. Swine — An unusually large number raised this year. Sheep — None to speak of, especially in this vicinity. Poultry — Plentiful, the weather having been favorable for the rais- ing of them. Drainage — Very little artificial drainage being done. Lands — Active demand at prices ranging from eighty-five to one hun- dred and twenty dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Clinton, September 18-21. Weather extremely favorable through the week. Live stock exhibit was not as large as last year, which was no doubt due to the extreme hot weather. Other ex- hibits were as large as usual, and the attendance was very good con- sidering that ours was the last fair in this vicinity. CLINTON. p. BUTTERFUSS, DE WITT, OCTOBER 15, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops good; season warm and wet at the right time. Corn — Good. Perhaps never better. Oats — Good, both in yield and quality. Wheat — None raised. Rye — Small acreage; quality a little light in weight. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 759 Bakley — Small acreage, but jielded a good crop. Flax, Buckwheat — None raised. Sorghum — Small acreage, but good crop. Timothy, Clover — Good quality, but light yield. Prairie Hay' — Very small acreage of hay land of this kind, but yielded well. Potatoes — Light yield, hut of good quality. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Fair yield, but of poor quality. Other Fruits — Good, except plums and blackberries. Cattle — Doing well. Horses — Good ones are scarce. Prices high. Swine — In first-class condition. Prices good. Sheep — Very few in this county. Poultry — Good, except turkeys. Bees — Very few kept. Other Industries — The general businesses are in a healthy condition. There are no factories, but the farming interests are all worked to their fullness. Lands — Range in price from ninety to one hundred and twenty-two dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Fair held at De Witt, September 11-14. It rained some on Wednesday afternoon but on the other days fair weather pre- vailed. Attendance was good. DAVIS. J. C. BROUGHARD, BLOOMFIELD, OCTOBER 24, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season dry; no general rains through growing season. Crops generally very good. Corn — Good, both in quality and yield. Oats — Quality good, but yield below average. Rye — Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Millet — Small acreage, but yielded a fair crop. Sorghum — Good yield, but small acreage. Timothy — Yield of hay light; seed fair; of good quality. Clover — Fair. Pot.\toes — Good quality, but light yield. Vegetables — On account of very dry season were only fair. Apples — Fair crop, both in quality and yield. Other Fruits — Strawberries, good; blackberries and raspberries, dried up; plums and grapes, good; peaches, large yield and of good quality. Cattle — Are only in fair condition, owing to shortage of pasturage. Feeding steers bring a fair price, while stock cattle are low. Horses — Have done well. Demand and prices good. There is an in- crease in the number of colts being raised. Swine — About the usual number raised. No disease reported. Sheep — Have done well. No disease reported. Poultry- — An increased interest taken in this industry. 760 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Bees — Wintered well but made little honey. Many will have to be fed this winter. No swarms. Drainage — Very little tile drainage done. Report of Pair — Held at Bloomfield, September 12-15, after a post- ponement of one day on account of hard rain on the 11th. While the at- tendance was hardly as large as anticipated, it was very good, and mest of the classes were well filled with excellent exhibits. DELAWARE. J. J. PENTONY, MANCHESTER, SEPTEMBER 19, 1906. Genebal Condition of Crops and Season — Best in years. Corn — Extra good. • Oats — Fair quality; average yield. Rye — Good. Barley — Good. Flax — Very little raised. Buckwheat — Good. Millet — Fine. Sorghum — Small acreage but yielded a good crop. Timothy — Fair. Clover— Good. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — More than an average crop. Vegetables— Good. • Apples — Good. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — Gradually running into thoroughbred strains. All in good condition. Horses — Scarce; high in price. Swine — In fine condition, and lots of them. Sheep — Not a great number in this county, but are of good breeding. Poultry — Plentiful. Bees — In good condition. Drainage — Natural conditions good. Other Industries — The creamery industry is in a prosperous condi- tion. Manchester has one of the best plants in the state. Lands — Steadily increasing in price. Report of Fair — Held at Manchester, September 4-7. Pronounced by all who attended as being the best fair ever held in the county, and outside visitors stating that it was the best county fair held in north- eastern Iowa. FAYETTE. H. p. HANCOCK, WEST UNION, OCTOBER 6, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been ex- ceptionally favorable for all kinds of crops, there being no severe storms. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 761 and seasonable rains distributed throiigli tlie growing season, and plenty of rain to make exceptionally fine pasturage. On account of the favor- able conditions farm work has been done very much better than usual, and crops have been gathered in much better condition than for several years past. There has been no killing frost for the higher land up to this time, and flowers are in bloom in all parts where they have been properly cared for. It has been a year conducive to a real thanksgiving, both for the health of the people and an abundant reward for intelligent industry. Corn — Not since the year 1881, if ever, has there been such a re- markable corn crop in this part of Iowa. At least ninety-five per cent of the crop is merchantable, and the yield will be the largest ever pro- duced in the county. Oats — While of exceptionally fine quality with excellent straw, the yield was only an average one. It was free from rust and was not dam- aged by rain storms. WHE.A.T — Is grown on very limited acreage, but where sown this year, yield was large and quality fine. Rye — Like wheat, is not very largely grown in this county, but the crop this year was fine and the yield very satisfactory. Barley — An unusually large amount was raised this year, mostly for feed, but on account of the heavy corn crop, it has nearly all been marketed. The yield was very heavy. Flax — Not grown in this county excepting where sloughs are broken tip. It is not a very large factor in crop consideration. Buckwheat — Only raised by a very few farmers, but the crop this year is fine. Millet — Only raised in very limited quantity, mostly for market and chicken feed; very little being used for hay. Sorghum — Was raised in larger quantities this year than for several seasons past, and quite a number of cane-mills did a thriving business. The crop matured well, and the yield was very satisfactory. Timothy- — Not so heavy a yield of hay as for several years past, but the yield of seed was large and of fine quality. The hay crop was about two-thirds of the average yield for the past three years. Clover — Was very badly frozen out last winter, but was quite gener- ally re-seeded, and the stand and growth this year was extra good. Prairie Hay— Scarcely to be considered in Fayette county at this time, as there are only a few pieces left, and these are generally mixed with timothy and other grasses. The yield was very small, but of fine ttuality. Other Grains and Grasses — There has been some experimenting with alfalfa, and considerable rape has been sown the past few years. Owing to grass and cornstalks being so rank the past season, rape did not do very well. Potatoes — Large yield and of fine quality. Early in the season there was complaint of some little rot, but it was very limited. Vegetables — An unusually large crop and were of fine quality, being entirely free from damage by insects and rot. Apples — A large yield of all varieties, and were of fine quality. A great many car loads shipped to northern markets. 762 IOWA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. Other Fruits — All kinds of small fruits, including grapes and plums, yielded a large crop of excellent quality. Quite a large number of peach trees bore excellent fruit. Cattle — Have done exceptionally well, owing to the abundance of pasturage from early spring to date. The large hay crop of last year helped to bring the cattle to grass in fine condition in the spring, and all stock is in better condition at this time than for many years. Horses — On account of the very high prices which they command at the present time, they are given the best of care, and are in fine condi- tion, generally, free from disease. SwixE — Are feeling the effects of the big corn crop, and are in fine condition. However, there is some cholera, with good prospects of con- siderable more. The crop of pigs this year was not up to the average. Sheep — While there are very few in this county the number ia In- creasing, and are usually well bred. Poultry — Has done well. Favorable season and there was a large crop of young birds. There has been considerable loss by thieves. Bees — Wintered very badly last year, there being fully one-half of the stands lost before spring. Those that managed to live through the winter were in a very much weakened condition, and while the crop of flowers was large the bees were not in condition to take advantage of it and the crop of honey is light. Drainage — There has been some tile drainage in this county during the past year but there is more of a disposition on the part of farmers to maintain open ditches with sloping sides, as being cheaper and more satisfactory. Other Industries — No new industries established, but some consid- erable agitation for sugar beet and Portland cement factories, but noth- ing definite as yet accomplished. Lands — Have increased in price from five to seven dollars per acre, and the demand is quite active, with many sales ranging from sixty-five to eighty-five dollars per acre, and some at one hundred dollars and more. Report of Fair — Held at West Union, September 4-7. Favorable weather prevailed, and the attendance which was the largest in the his- tory of the society, reached over eleven thousand on Thursday. Special features were an address by United States Senator B. R. Tillman of South Carolina, the reunion for old settlers and the free admission of people over eighty years of age on Thursday. There were fine ball games, and a large number of other amusements in the way of shows and attrac- tions. Exhibits were large and excellent in every department, and espe- cially was this true of the livestock departments. The race features were not so prominent as at many fairs. This society was the first to offer premiums for good roads, and the result of the competition shows that the amount ($50 set aside for the purpose) was well expended and richly earned, and was a splendid ob- ject lesson of what could be done with the King drag. This society after paying off all of its old debts, and adding improve- ments during the last year, in which is included a large and commodious dining-hall, has closed the year with a good balance in its treasury, and with confidence and kindly feeling toward the management. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 763 FLOfD. ROBERT B. UPHAM, CHARLES CITY, OCTOBER 13, 190G. General Condition of Crops and Season — Small grains and hay rath- er light; corn above the average crop. Season wet in spring and early summer; fall exceptionally fine; no frost reported until October 1. Corn — "Will average about thirty-five bushels per acre. Well matured. Oats — Light stand on account of wet weather. Fair quality and yielded about twenty-eight bushels per acre. Wheat — Small acreage, but of fair quality and average yield. Rye — Small acreage; yield and quality fair. Barley — Light stand and yield, quality fair. Flax — Very little raised. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Millet — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Sorghum — Practically none raised. Timothy — Light stand, averaged about one ton per acre. Clover — Good crop; new seeding exceptionally fine. Prairie Hay' — Good. Potatoes — Good. Averaged one hundred and seventy-five bushels per acre. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Fine. Other Fruits — Excellent. Cattle — About the usual number in county and have done exception- ally well on pasture. Fat stock in good condition. Interest in dairy stock is increasing. Horses — More colts than usual this year, and a general improvement In their breeding. Draft breeds predominate. Swine — Pig crop light. Lively demand for feeding hogs; about the usual number of brood sows saved. SHEEa" — Only a small number raised. Poultry' — In good condition. A noticeable improvment in every line for better stock. Drainage — No county drainage. Very little tiling done. Other Industries — Factories engaged in the manufacturing of gasoline engines, furniture, sash, doors, tanks and racks employ about fifty men, and nursery business employing about two hundred. Lands — Reasonable demand; prices good and advancing. Report of Fair — Held at Charles City, September 11-14. Was held under the auspices of the Charles City Commercial Club, and the man- agement was well pleased with the results. Exhibits were fine, and un- usually large. Largest days attendance was five thousand. FRANKLIN. J. W. CUMMINGS, HAMPTON, OCTOBER 3, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Season favorable to all crops, with no damage by frost to date. 764 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Corn— Drying out well. Will be the best crop raised for years, both in quality and yield. Oats — An average crop; late ones damaged to some extent by rust. Wheat — Small acreage, but yielded well. Barley — Good. Flax — Fair. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Millet — Fair. Sorghum — Good, but small acreage. Timothy — Average crop. Clover — Good crop of hay, but not much saved for seed. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Early varieties yielded a light crop, while the later varieties yielded well. Vegetables — Fine. Apples — An abundant crop of early varieties; late varieties light crop, but of good 'quality. Cattle — Have done well. Good feeders scarce. Horses — Have done well. Prices high. Swine — A good crop of young hogs. Some disease reported. Sheep — Not many raised. Poultry — Did well. A good supply of young birds. Drainage — The county is having some ditches dug, which will greatly benefit land in vicinity. Lands — Prices range from fifty to one hundred and twenty-five dollars per acre. Not much changing hands. Report of Fair — Held at Hampton, September 11-13. Exhibits In all departments were good. A rain on the morning of the best day cut down our attendance some. GRUNDY. E. G. ENSMINGER, GRUNDY CENTER, SEPTEMBER 26, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Plenty of moisture and warm weather. Planting and seeding was done in good season. Small grain yielded well, and corn promises to be above the average. Corn — Acreage large, and conditions have been favorable for its growth and maturity; is much better than last year. Oats — An excellent crop, yielding from forty to sixty-five bushels per acre, and over-weigihing about twenty per cent. Wheat — Small acreage, but yielded well, one five-acre field of winter wheat yielding thirty bushels per acre. Rye — None raised. Barley — An average crop, harvested in good condition. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Small acreage only. Millet — Very limited amount raised, but grows heavy and Is a good crop. Sorghum — None raised. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 765 Timothy — Large acreage, and yielded a good crop. Clover — More clover is being sown each year, and the crop this Eeasoo was very heavy, yielding an abundance of good hay. Pbairie Hay — None raised. Other Grains and Grasses — Did well. Potatoes — Acreage large and yielded from two hundred to two hun- dred and fifty bushels per acre, and were of good quality. Over three hundred car loads will be shipped from here this season. Vegetables — Growth was excessive, and everything matured in good season and was of the best quality. Apples — Duchess, Hasp and Wealthy are the varieties grown here most generally, and all yielded a good crop this season. Other Fruits — Good. Strawberries, raspberries, plums and grapes yielded heavily and of excellent quality. Cattle — Receive a great deal of attention and a great many thorough- breds of different types are raised. Horses — One of the most profitable products and this county furnishes as good a market for good horses as any in the state. Buyers for east- ern markets have shipped twenty car loads from this point this season. Swine — Poland China, Chester White and Duroc Jersey are the princi- pal breeds raised, and much interest is being taken in the proper care cf herds and good breeding. Sheep — This is becoming more of an industry than in former years. There are some fine flocks in the county, and from five to eight thou- sand are fed and marketed annually. Many of the feeders are bought In the western states and shipped in. Poultry — A profitable part of farming, and farmers are raising great numbers. More attention is being paid to the better breed of birds than in former years. Bees — Not much attention given to this industry. Many farmers have a few hives, but do not make any special effort along the line of honey production for market. Drainage — Natural conditions are very good, but farmers are now doing a great deal of sub-drainage, making it possible to cultivate all the flat or slough land, thereby enhancing the value of their farms. Other Industries — Creameries and cheese factories are operated suc- cessfully, their products being of a good grade and find a ready market at good prices. Two brick and tile works are now operated in the county, and while running at full capacity can not meet the demand for their product. Lands — Of the best deep, black loam, with heavy yellow clay sub-soil. Will stand considerable rain, and requires more than the ordinary dry weather to affect the crop. Prices range from eighty-five to one hundred and twenty-five dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Grundy Center, September 13-14. The weath- er on the opening day was favorable, and the entries in every depart- ment were heavy. Rain on Wednesday, the second day, interfered with the program and prevented many people from coming. However, the attendance was very satisfactory, considering the weather. On account of the bad weather it was decided to hold over one day longer and 766 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. close on Friday, the 14th. The weather was more favorable the last two days and the fair as a whole was declared a success. The speed program was abandoned for lack of entries, of which there were so few that it was decided to declare them off, an action which we regretted we were obliged to do, but under the circumstances could not do otherwise. The stock exhibits were the largest ever had in the history of our society. Pantry stores and textile fabric departments were crowded with excellent exhibits, showing a decided increase of interest in that line of work. A good amusement program was provided, and barring the one day of bad weather, visitors were well satisfied with the entertainment. The concessions were numerous, but nothing was allowed in the way of gambling. The receipts from gate and amphitheater were larger than last year, and this together with the receipts for concessions amounts to a sum sufficient to pay all expenses and premiums in full and leaving a balance in our treasury. The society feels well satisfied with the result and all consider that the 1906 fair was a success. GUTHRIE. ALEX H. GRISSELL, GUTHRIE CENTER, OCTOBER 29, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Will average fifty bushels per acre, and is of extra good quality. Oats — Of good quality and averaged about forty bushels per acre. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — Small acreage. Barley — Averaged forty bushels per acre. ' Timothy- — Light crop compared with previous years. Report of Fair — Held at Guthrie Center, October 2-5. Favorable weather prevailed, and the exhibits and attendance was up to the stand- ard of previous years. Fifty dollars was devoted to premiums on corn, which caused this exhibit to be large and one of the best at the fair. HANCOCK. JOHN HAMMILL, BRITT, SEPTEMBER 18, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The weather was warm and in every way decidedly good for the growing and ripening of crops. Corn is nearly out of the way of frost at this date. Corn — Best crop in five years. A fairly good stand, standing up well and is well eared. Many fields are ready to gather at this time, and none, except on extremely wet ground, will need more than a week of warm weather in which to fully mature. Oats — Not heavy in weight but of good quality and yielded around forty bushels per acre, and some especially good fields yielding as high as sixty bushels. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 767 Wheat — Small acreage, but yield and quality above the average. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — Good where threshed early. Some barley and oats yet In shock, and is colored badly. Flax — Smaller acreage than in former years, but yielded a fair crop. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Millet — Good. Sorghum — Very little raised except for forage' Timothy — Good; generally well stacked or in barn. Clover — Good. Prairie Hay — Good, and being harvested at the present time. Weath- er fine until September 15; some rain since. Potatoes — Some blight, but generally very good. Ample for local de- mand; very few shipped. Apples — Light crop. A few hundred bushels shipped, most of the crop being used locally. Other Fruits — An unusually heavy crop of plums. Cattle — A greater number than usual, and are in good condition. Horses — Bring good prices; many shipped out last spring. Farmers are taking more interest in this industry and are breeding better mares, and to stallions nearly all of which are imported. SwixE — Spring crop of pigs a little light, but are in good condition. No disease reported. Sheep — Very few flocks, but are in good condition. Poultry — A greater number raised than usual, and are of better strains. Bees — Good condition, with hives heavily loaded with honey. Drainage — Receiving more attention than formerly, large tracts being drained by the county and a great deal of tile being laid. Other Industries — Tile factory running full capacity and output Is contracted for in advance. Lands — Very little changing hands, and prices have remained station- ary for the past three years. Report of Fair — Held at Britt, September 4-6. Fair weather prevailed and the attendance was good. Swine exhibit was the largest ever seen on the grounds, and the exhibits in all live stock and other departments were good. The fair was a success financially and otherwise. HARDIN. H. S. MARTIN, ELDORA, OCTOBER 2, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Excellent. Oats — Good. Wheat — Good. Rye — Fair. Timothy — Good. Clover — Good. Potatoes — Fair. 768 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Apples — Fair. Other Fruits — Fair. Cattle — Good. Horses — Good. Swine — Good. In a healthy condition. Poultry — Good. Report of Fair — Held at Eldora, September 4-7. HARRISON. W. H. WITHROW, MISSOURI VALLEY, OCTOBER 20, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Weather condition has been very favorable for all crops, with no high winds to blow corn down, as was the case last year. Corn — Acreage somewhat larger than last year, and the production in the county will be greater than for several years past, everything seem- ing to favor its growth and maturity. There has been no killing frost to date. Oats — About the usual acreage, which yielded an average crop of good quality. Wheat — Acreage considerably increased over last year, with fall va- riety predominating. This county is fast becoming a wheat producing county, as the farmers are beginning to realize that as good quality fall wheat can be produced here as in more northern states. Rye — Usual acreage, with yield and quality fair. Barley — Yield and quality about an average with former years, but Is not a very lucrative crop. Very few farmers care to handle it. Flax — Very little produced, although the quality is fair. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but of fair yield and quality. Millet — Too wet on low lands for a good crop; higher land pro- duced well. Acreage about an average with former years. Sorghum — Average acreage; yield and quality better than last year. . Timothy — Crop very good on the high land, but too much rain early In the spring made a light crop on the low lands. Clover — A good yield on land that was well drained, but drowned out on the low lands. Prairie Hay — A very heavy crop, but about half of it was ruined by heavy rains at time ' of cutting and stacking, and as a consequence there will be a scarcity of good hay long before grass grows next spring. Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa did well this year, the rainfall appearing to be just right for it. The acreage was larger than last year, and farmers are beginning to think it is the only cattle feed for cold weather. Potatoes — About the usual acreage, but yield not so large as previous years, although quality is better. Vegetables — Good. Season was exceptionally favorable. Apples — A record breaking crop for this county, and prices are higher than usual. Nearly all producers in this vicinity are barreling their apples and placing them in storage for winter sales. SEVENTH ANNI^VL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 769 Other Fruits — Small varieties yielded an average crop and were of good quality. Peaches and pears are not extensively grown, but were of average yield and quality. Cattle — Not many being fed in county, although, perhaps, more than a year ago. Horses — Breeders are doing better than for the past few years, a3 evidenced by the fine display of horses, stallions, mares and colts at our recent fair, but there is still plenty of room for improvement. As re- ported last year, farmers are rapidly arriving at the conclusion that they make a serious mistake in neglecting to look after this industry while attending to the corn crop, and are now endeavoring to raise the stand- ard to where it was a few years ago, by using sires of better breeding. Swine — There is no county in the state that produces better hogs than this, and as every farmer is trying to best his neighbor in qual- ity of hogs produced the result is that shipments compare favorably with the older counties in the state both in their breeding and number. Sheep — Very few handled in the county, although there is plenty of good feed going practically to waste on account of farmers not paying more attention to this industry. Poultry — While there is a good deal of poultry raised in this county the business is not given sufficient attention to be made as profitable as it might be. Some farmers are profiting by raising standard birds, finding a market for them away from home among poultry fanciers. The common barn-yard fowl predominates. Bees — An average crop of honey of good quality. Drainage — This question is one that should interest every farmer, for without proper drainage successful crops can not be safely anticipated. Our boards of supervisors of this and neighboring counties have been laboring faithfully for the past two years with a view of constructing, or causing to be constructed, a system of drainage that promises to revo- lutionize the farming industry, especially on the low lands of the west- ern part of this county. Three dredges are now at work day and night endeavoring to drain all small lakes, sloughs and streams, which have proven a menace to farmers owning land adjacent to the Missouri river valley, and the prospects are that in another year a large acreage of here- tofore unprofitable land will be rendered fit to raise from sixty to eighty bushels of corn per acre, such as western Iowa is now noted for. Other Industries — There is one small canning factory in this county, the proprietors of which have been very much encouraged this year and intend enlarging next season. Lands — Values are about the same as last year, ranging from thirty- five to one hundred dollars per acre, with prospects of a raise in the west- ern part of the county, owing to the drainage work now under way. Some very good sales have been made the past year, but speculators as a rule buying only the cheaper lands. Report of Fair — Held at Missouri Valley, October 1-4 The weather was fine for the first three days, but on the last day we experienced a cold raw wind from the northwest that decreased the attendance consider- able. October the 1st and 2d were entry days and the 3d and 4th days 49 770 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. for entertainment. The attendance on the third was the largest ever had on any one day in the history of the society, all schools in the county being closed in order to give the students an opportunity to attend the fair. The attendance on the fourth was not so large by half as on the day previous, caused by the cold raw wind from the northwest that swept our grounds. The races were good, although there were but few entries in a class. Exhibits in the livestock departments were much better than on any previous year, and the cattle barns were inadequate to accommodate the entries. The horse department was well filled, the exhibit of stallions being the best shown on our grounds for several years. We regret to report that while ours is purely an agricultural fair and is held prinicpally for the pleasure and profit of those engaged in farm- ing pursuits, it is difficult to arouse the proper interest in the exhibition of agricultural products of the farm, and the display in this depart- ment at our fair was but meager. As heretofore there was no intoxicating liquors sold on the grounds, nor were immoral shows or gambling of any kind permitted. HENRY. C. M. CLARK, MOUNT PLKASANT, SEPTEMBER 15, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Good. O.^TS — Fair. Wheat — Fair. Rye — Good. Barley — Good. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Small acreage only. Millet — Excellent crop. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Light crop. Clover — Light yield. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Fa i r . Vegetables — Go od . Apples — Fair quality. Other Fruits — Peaches and grapes yielded a large crop. Cattle — 26,941 assessed. Horses — 9,922 assessed. Swine — 27,570 assessed. Sheep — 13,300 assessed. Lands — Range in prices from fortyfive to one hundred and thirty- five dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Mount Pleasant, August 14-17. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART Xll. 771 HENRY. THEODORE RUSSELL, WIXFIELD, OCTOBER 24, 1906. General Condition of Crops axd Season — Very dry season; crops fair. Corn — An average yield and well matured. Oats — Not up to the average in yield, but were of splendid quality. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — None sown. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little grown. Millet — Only small acreage sown. Sorghum — Good, but was blown badly by winds at cutting time. Timothy — Light yield, but of good quality. Clover — Fair. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Fair yield and of good quality. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Light yield and not of extra quality. Other Fruits — Peaches yielded an immense crop and were of good quality. Cattle — Owing to short pasturage they are in thin condition. Many had to feed during the season. Horses — Are not in very good condition, owing to shortage of past- urage. Swine — About the average number raised. Very little disease re- ported. Sheep — Not many raised, but number is increasing each year. Poultry — Has done well. A great deal raised, and good prices have been obtained the past season. Bees — Small amount of honey; season too dry. Drainage — Good; well tiled. Other Industries — Are in fairly prosperous condition. Lands — Are commanding good prices, and it is not surprising that It is so, as crop failures are unknown either in wet or dry seasons. Prices range from eighty to one hundred and forty dollars per acre and are gradually rising. Very little being priced at any figure, and there Is a ready sale for that which is. Report of Fair — Held at Winfield, September 18-21, being the first one held under the new management, an incorporated stock company. The agricultural exhibit was the largest and finest ever seen on our grounds. Everybody attending was well pleased, and the prospects for our 1907 fair are very encouraging. It is our object to have all in- terests represented, and with the slogan "Pull together" we feel there can be no doubt as to the success of our future fairs. While our re- ceipts were very good, we have been to a great deal of expense in added Improvements on the grounds, over two hundred dollars being spent on the race track alone. 772 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. HUMBOLDT. JOHN CUNNINGHAM, HUMBOLDT, OCTOBEB 6, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Seiason — Good. Crops best grown for a number of years. Corn — Of good quality, and will probably yield an average of forty bushels per acre. Oats — Of good quality, and yielded from forty to seventy-five bushels per acre. Wheat — Yielded from fifteen to thirty bushels per acre, and was of good quality. Rye — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Barley — Very little sown, but yielded a good crop. Flax — Small acreage; crop good. Buckwheat — None grown. Millet — Small acreage, but yielded well. Sorghum — None grown. Timothy — Yielded a medium crop, but was badly damaged by heavy rains. Clover — Good crop of hay; very little grown for seed. Prairie Hay — Yielded well and was put up in good condition. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Average crop. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Light yield and of poor quality. Other Fruits — Grapes, plums and all other small fruit was good. Cattle — Are in better than average condition on account of good fall pastures. Some pinkeye reported. Horses — In good condition; prices high. Swine — Good crop of spring pigs. Very few cases of cholera re- ported. Sheep — Have done well. No disease reported. Poultry — The usual large number raised. Bees — Did well. Drainage — A great deal has been done during the past year, of mostly county work under public drainage act. Other Industries — Flour mills report a good year's business. Lands — Have made a slight advance in price during the past year, but very little is on the market. Prices range from sixty to one hun- dred dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Humboldt, September 11-14. Exhibits were good in all departments except cattle and farm products. Weather was threatening and slightly stormy. Quite extensive improvements in the way of buildings were made on our grounds this season. Prospects for the future of our society never looked better. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 773 IOWA. ALEX MC LENNAN, MARENGO, OCTOBER 22, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Quality of crops was gen- erally good. No exceptional yields. Season unfavorable for all except corn crop. Very little fall plowing or pasturage, on account of ex- tremely dry weather at latter end of growing season. Corn — Increase in acreage over last year; is well filled and has not been affected by early frosts. Is of good quality and will yield well. Oats — Decrease in acreage from last year. Light yield, but of good quality. Wheat — Small acreage; of excellent quality, and yielded from fifteen to twenty-five bushels per acre. Rye — Small acreage, but yielded well and was of good quality. Barley — About half the usual acreage. Splendid quality. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little grown. Millet — Very little grown. Sorghum — Small acreage, but yielded a crop of good quality. Timothy — Very light yield on account of insufficient rains in early part of season, but of excellent quality. Clover — Very little harvested except for hay, although one field, of alsike variety, made an average yield of five and seven-tenths bushela of seed per acre. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Average yield and of excellent quality. Vegetables — Large yield and of good 'quality. Apples — Early varieties good, while late varieties are scarce and of poor quality. Other Fruits — Peaches good in most localities where grown, al- though there are not a great number of trees in county, but number ia increasing each year. Some pear, plum and persimmon trees bore this year. Cattle — A larger number than usual on exhibition at our fair, and of better breeding and quality. Aberdeen-Angus, Hereford and Short- Horns are the leading breeds here. General condition much below aver- age for feeding purposes, owing to poor condition of pasturage, caused by dry season. Many farmers have had to supplement pasture feeding with grain and fodder for six weeks past. Horses — Larger number than any previous year. Good demand, and high prices being obtained. Tendency is to raise only the best breeds. A number of western horses have been shipped in, and have met with ready sale at good prices. Swine — Poland China, Duroc Jersey and Chester White are the fa- vorite breeds raised. Pig crop smaller than last year. No cholera re- ported. All are well bred and good prices are obtained. Sheep — Very few in county. Poultry — Increased interest taken in this industry each year. Plym- outh Rock is the favorite breed. A large number were on exhibition at our fair. 774 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Bees — Very few in county. Drainage — Much land has been reclaimed the past year both by ma- chinery and hand tiling, there being an increase of over one hundred per cent from last year's work of this kind. Other Industries — Canning factories and woolen and flour mills re- port a large increase over last year's business, and are behind with or- ders. Creameries, of which we have a great number conducted on the co-operative plan, have done an exceptionally good business this year. Brick and tile factories also report a profitable season. Lands — A noticeable improvement in methods of cultivation, and more attention being given to fertilizing, as well as improvements in the way of buildings, fences, etc. Prices range from sixty to one hun- dred and forty dollars per acre. Much land has been reclaimed by tiling during the past few years. Report of Fair — Held at Marengo, September 18-20. Favorable weather prevailed, and the attendance was the largest had for the past four years. Exhibits of live stock, poultry and farm products exceeded in number and quality those at any previous fair in the history of our organization. The machinery exhibit was also large, and the variety was greater than ever before. The fine arts exhibit was the best in years. IOWA. J. p. BOWLING, VICTOR, SEPTEMBER 17, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Prospects for an exceptionally fine crop. Oats — Excellent crop. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — Good. Barley — Good. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — None raised. Sorghum — Very little raised. Timothy — Medium crop. Clover — Medium crop. Prairie Hay — Good. Other Grains and Grasses — J'air Potatoes — Fair. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Large crop. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — Good. Horses — Good. Swine — Good. Sheep — Not many raised. Poultry — Has done well. Bees — Did well. Report of Fair — Held at Victor, August 14-16. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 775 IOWA. CHAS. FLETCHER, WILLIAMSBURG, OCTOBER 6, 190G. General Coxditiox of Crops and Season — The amount of rainfall throughout this section was below normal, and especially during the month of May. This caused a shortage in the hay crop, but the quality and the fact that much of it was secured without being damaged will, in a large measure, make up for the deficiency in yield. Corn — Will be above the average both in yield and quality, as the weather during September was ideal for its maturing, Oats — An average yield, but of excellent quality. Wheat — None raised. Sorghum — Very little cultivated, except in southeast part of county. Timothy — Fine in quality, but not quite up to the average in yield. Clover — Weather conditions especially unfavorable for crop, and its scarcity is noticeable. Prairie Hay — Have not seen any in this section for years. Potatoes — Not an average yield, but of excellent quality. Apples — An especially good crop, both in yield and quality. Other Fruits — An unusually good crop. Peaches especially fine, one orchard reporting a j'ield of over four hundred bushels. Cattle — Farmers have fully awakened to the necessity of raising cattle of the highest type in order to secure the best results from high priced land. Horses — For a number of years this section has been noted for its excellent grade of horses, which standard has been well preserved dur- ing the past year. Swine — Have done well. No disease reported. One hundred and sixty head were exhibited at our fair, representing Poland China, Chester White and Duroc Jersey breeds. Sheep — Very few in county, and they are mostly of the long wool breeds. Poultry — Much interest is taken In this industry by the wives of farmers, and the exhibit in this department at cur fair was the finest ever seen at a county or district fair. Bees — Very few in county. Other Industries — A company was organized here last spring for canning tomatoes, and a factory was built and fully equipped with modern machinery. One hundred acres of tomatoes was contracted, and it seems that the weather conditions were especially favorable for the industry. Lands — Have increased in value. Prices range from $90 to $150 per acre. Report of Fair — -The Williamsburg Fair Association held its ninth, annual exhibition at Williamsburg on September 11, 12 and 13, and from an, educational standpoint was a marked success, fully indicat- ing that these yearly agricultural exhibits have effected an evolution in the farming industry. The farmers in this district from which the various products of the farm which were on exhibition were drawn, are enterprising and progressive, and the friendly rivalry brought out 776 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a fine display of live stock, vegetables, fruits and various other farm products. In the cattle department there was on exhibition three herds that had exhibited at the State Fair, which, together with an imposing display of many fine individual animals, made the showing in this department by far the best in the history of the society. Exhibits in the horse department were not as many as there should have been, considering the large number that are raised here, but those on exhibition' were of the highest type draft and driving horses and would have been a credit to the exhibition of any State fair. All pens in the swine department were filled and more would have been exhibited if accommodations could have been furnished. Live stock exhibits, however, are only one feature of our fairs. Educational as they are, the exhibits of agricultural and horticultural products, the floral display, butter and culinary products, farm ma- chinery, etc., are equally important and instructive, and these features at our fair this year called forth the admiration of the awarding com- mittee as well as that of the hundreds of intelligent visitors. Professor Wayne Dinsmore of Ames did all of our stock judging, and gave universal satisfaction. He also gave a lecture along general agri- cultural lines, which was highly appreciated by all those who heard him. In closing this report we are pleased to add that nothing was per- mitted on the grounds that would tend to immorality, for which the management was extended many compliments. JACKSON. B. D. ELY, MAQUOKETA, SEPTEMBER 19, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season has been exception- ally favorable, and crops were never better. Corn — We have never had better prospects for a good crop than at present. A large acreage was planted and indications are that it will yield from thirty to sixty bushels per acre. The greater share of it is safe from damage by frost at this date. Oats — Better than average crop. . Wheat — ^Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Rye — Good. Barley — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Buckwheat — Fine. Millet — Good. Sorghum — Small acreage, but yielded a crop of good quality. Timothy — Fine. Clover — Good. Prairie Hay — Very little raised. Potatoes — Large yield and of excellent quality. • VEf ;eta Bi.Es — Goo d . Apples — Excellent. Cattle — Farms well supplied with stock cattle, and also there are a good many feeders. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 777 Horses — Of good breeding. Prices have ranged higher the past year than ever before. Swine — Large number and of good breeding. Sheep — Very few kept, but of good breeding. PouLTKY^ — Has done well. Some very extensive fanciers in this county. Bees — Quite a large number in county, and did well the past season. Drainage — Natural condition very good. Other Industries — This is purely an agricultural county and has not many other industries, excepting an extensive lime works which employs from thirty to one hundred men. There is a good deal of excitement just now over an oil well found ■on Sam Earl's farm about five miles northeast of Maquoketa. The oil is pronounced by experts to be of fine quality. Lands — High in price, ranging from sixty to one hundred dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Maquoketa, September 4-7. The weather was favorable, exhibits in all departments large, good racing, fine attrac- tions, and the fair was declared a success in every particular. JASPER. EMM.\ LUFKIN, NEWTON, OCTOBER 29, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Above the average. Oats — Fair. Wheat — Fair. Rye — None raised. Barley — Fair. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat, Millet and Sorghum — None raised. Timothy and Clover — Not as good as usual. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes— Yielded an average crop. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Below the average crop. Other Fruits — Average crop. Peaches exceptionally good. Cattle — Average number raised. Horses — Not as many as usual. % Swine — The usual number raised. Sheep — Average number. Poultry — The usual amount raised. Bb:es — ^Very few in county. Report of Fair — Held at Newton, September 10-14. Was very suc- cessful, considering the weather. 778 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. JEFFERSON. R. C. SAYEKS, FAIRFIELD, SEPTEMBER 17, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Above the average crop. Oats — Not very good. Wheat — Small acreage, but yielded a crop of fair quality. Rye — Fair. Barley — Very little raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Good. Sorghum — Small acreage. Timothy — Not as large yield as usual, but of excellent quality. Clover — Did well; more being sown each year. Prairie Hay — Very little raised. Potatoes — Good, both in quality and yield. Vegetables — ^^Good, although some parts of the season was a little too dry. Apples — Yielded a large crop. Other Fruits — Extra large crop of peaches; other fruits on an aver- age with crops of former years. Cattle — Have done well; many fine herds of registered stock in county. Horses — Have done well. Swine — Good supply, and are doing well. Sheep — Although there are not many in this county, they have done well the past season. Poultry — Several fanciers in this county, and the showing in this department of our fair was excellent. Bees — Very few kept. Drainage — A great deal of tiling is being done. Other Industries — Are in a prosperous condition. Lands — Price ranges from forty to one hundred dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Fairfield, September 11-14. Owing to unfa- vorable weather the attendance was not as large as it otherwise would have been. All departments were well filled with excellent exhibits, and our speed program was unusually good. JOHNSON. GEORGE A. HITCHCOCK, IOWA CITY, OCTOBER 16, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Good. Oats — Averaged about thirty bushels per acre. Wheat — Good. Rye — Fair. Barley — Light yield. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 779 Flax — None raised. Buckwheat, Millet and Soeghum — None raised. Timothy — Good. Clover — Second cutting was very good. Pbairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Good. Vegetables — G o o d . Apples — Good. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — Have done well. Plentiful. Horses — Scarce, and high in price. Swixe — Good supply. Some disease reported in parts of county. Sheep — Not as many as usual. Poultry — Plentiful. Bees — ^Very few kept. Other Industries — Are in a prosperous condition. Lands — Range in price from ninety to one hundred and twenty-five dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Iowa City, September 10-13. Weather was favorable, attendance and races good, exhibits in every department large, and all premiums have been paid in full. JONES. J. J. LOCHER, moxticello, octobek 27, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been longer than usual, no killing frosts having visited this district to date. Crops In general have been exceptionally good. Corn — Is well out of danger of damage by frosts. About the average acreage was planted, and indications are that the yield will be the largest in the history of this county. Oats — Good, both in quality and yield. Straw somewhat short. Wheat — Small acreage, as it is raised only for home consumption. Rye — Very little raised. Barley' — A good average yield. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet" — Small acreage, and yielded a very rank crop. Sorghum — ^Very little raised. Timothy — Thin stand, but yielded an excellent quality of hay. Clover — Light yield, but of good quality. Prairie Hay — Very little, if any, raised. Potatoes — Yielded a large crop and of good quality. Vegetables — Go o d . Apples — An average crop. Other Fruits — Averaged well with crops of former years. An abun- dant yield of grapes. Cattle — Have done well. Young stock in thriving condition. Grazing especially favorable for milch cows. 780 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Horses — Heavy draft breeds raised principally, for which there is a ready market. Swine — Have done well. Spring shoats are in a thriving condition. Old sows are all on market. Sheep — Very few in county. Poultry — An especially favorable season for raising turkeys. Chickens did well, and the market demand for them is good. Bees — This industry is not engaged in to any extent except for honey for home use. Drainage — Good. All land is well tiled. Lands — Prices steady, ranging from sixty to one hundred dollars per acre for good tillable land. Report of Fair — Held at Monticello, September 2-7. The attendance was large, and the fair was a very successful one in every particular. JONES. J. E. REMLEY, ANAMOSA, OCTOBER 20, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Excellent crop. Oats — An average crop. Wheat. Rye and Barley — Very little raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Small acreage only. Sorghum — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Timothy — Light yield, but of good quality. Clover — Very good. Prairie Hay — Good. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Fall pasturage very good. Potatoes — Good in yield, quality and price. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Yielded a large crop, and were of good quality. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — Are generally in good condition and prices are good. Horses — Have done well. Prices are high, and many are being shipped. Swine — Have done well. Prices high, and there is a good demand for shoats. Sheep — Very few in this county. Poultry — This industry is increasing rapidly, and is becoming a busi- ness of itself. Did well the past season. Bees — An average crop of honey gathered. Drainage — Very good. A great deal of tile has been put in. Other Industries — Have done well. Lands — Are well farmed, and command high prices. Report of Fair — Held at Anamosa, August 13-17. The weather was favorable, attendance and attractions good, and with every department represented with excellent exhibits, and particularly* horses, the fair was declared a success in every particular. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 781 KEOKUK. GEO. A. POFF, WHAT CHEER, OCTOBER 13, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season was fatrorable for the production of all kinds of crops. Corn — Best crop in years; will yield from forty to seventy bushels per acre. Oats — Of good quality, and yielded from thirty to thirty-five bushela per acre. Wheat — Small acreage, but yielded a very good crop. Rye — Small acreage. Barley and Flax — Very little raised. BuckwiiejVT — Small acreage. Millet — None raised. Sorghum — Small acreage. Timothy — A heavy yield, and was generally put up in good condition. Clover — Large acreage, and yielded an excellent crop. Potatoes — Good, both in quality and yield, and are selling at fifty cents per bushel. Vegetables — Did well. Apples — A large crop of most varieties; selling at from thirty to forty cents per bushel. Other Fruits — Raspberries, medium yield; blackberries, large yield; peach crop very large and of the best quality. Cattle — A great deal of interest is being taken in the breeding of fine cattle in this county, and there are several exceptionally fine herds of Short-Horns and Polled Angus. Horses — Have done well. There are several large breeders in this county. Swine — A great many raised. Several well-bred herds in this vicinity. Sheep — Have done well. Not so many raised as in former years. Poultry — A great deal raised. Some very fine birds on exhibition at our fair. Bees — Quite a number kept, and they did well the past season. Drainage — More tile has been laid the past year than any former year. Lands — Range in price from seventy-flve to one hundred dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at What Cheer, September 24-27, and was the most successful exhibition ever held by this society. There were over seven thousand paid admissions on Thursday, September 27. Every de- partment was filled with excellent exhibits, and the races were the best had for several years. Fifteen hundred dollars was spent for improve- ments on the grounds this year.. KOSSUTH. T. H. WADSWORTH, ALGONA, OCTOBER 10, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Although the season was a little too wet, crops as a whole have been very good. 782 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Corn — An excellent crop, as good as this county has ever produced. Oats — A good crop, but were discolored some by wet weather. Wheat — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — A good crop, some yielding as high as sixty bushels per acre. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — A good average crop. Sorghum — None raised. TIMOTHY" — Not quite up to the average crop. Clover — Light crop. Prairie Hay- — Not as good as usual. Potatoes — Fai r . Vegetables — Good. Apples — A good crop of summer and fall varieties. Cattle — In good condition, and bringing good prices. Horses — High in price, and are being purchased by eastern buyers. Swine — Some spring pigs were lost, but there is still quite a number left, and they are doing well. Sheep — Have done well. Poultry — Is getting to be one of the largest industries of the county. Quite a number are raising thoroughbred strains of birds. Bees — Have done well. Drainage — A great deal of tiling is being done here; also, some open ditches are being dug in the northern part of the county. Lands — Range in price from sixty to eighty dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Algona, September 11-14, and was a success. About six thousand dollars has been expended for new buildings on our grounds within the past two years. LEE. C. L. peeler, west point, SEPTEMBER 27, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Very good. Corn — Fair to good. Practically all is out of danger of damage by frosts at this time. Oats — Good quality. Wheat — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Rye — Good crop, but acreage small. Barley and Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Good. Sorghum — Good, but short yield on account of dry weather. Timothy — Light yield, but of good quality. Clover — Well filled with seed. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Good. Vegetables — Fair. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 783 Apples — Good. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — Are in good condition. Horses — Are doing well. Swine — Have done well. Sheep — Did well. Poultry — Has done well. Bees — Did poorly on account of dry season. Lands — Are advancing in price. Report of Fair — Held at West Point, August 28-30. Attendance good. LEE. CHRIS. HAFFXER, DONXELLSON. OCTOBER 3, 190G. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Of good quality, and will average fifty bushels per acre. Oats — Good quality, but yield light, owing to- dry season. Wheat — Yielded twenty-five bushels per acre, and of the best quality ever raised. Rye — Of good quality and yielded on an average of twenty bushels per acre. Barley, Flax, Buckwheat and Millet — None raised. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Of good quality, but yielded only about a half crop, owing to dry season. Clover — Light yield. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Quality good, but light yield. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Good crop. Other Fruits — Yielded well. An especially large yield of peaches. Cattle — Short-Horn and Polled Angus are the principal breeds raised. Horses — Demand for heavy drafters is good. Prices range from one hundred and fifty to four hundred dollars. Swine — No disease reported. Poland-China breed predominates, al- though there are a number of Chester White and Duroc Jersey raised. Sheep — Are raised quite extensively; middle wool breeds predominate. Poultry — Has been very profitable, and there is a noticeable im- provement in the quality being raised. Bees — Very few kept. Drainage — Natural conditions are very good. Lands — Range in price from sixty to one hundred dollars per acre. Quite a number of farms changing hands. Report of Fair — Held at Donnellson, September 5-7. The weather was the most favorable we have had for several years, and as a result the attendance was very good. Exhibits in all departments were good except in the cattle department, which was a little below the average. 784 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. LINN. EDWIN HEATON, FAIRFAX, OCTOBER 1, 1906. Gexeral Condition of Crops and Season — Considerable rainy weather prevailed the forepart of the season, while the latter part was rather dry, causing a shortage of pasturage. However, crops in general have been very good. Corn — Is in excellent condition, and indications are for a big crop. Oats — Fair yield and of good quality. Wheat — Small acreage, but yielded a crop of good quality. Rye — None raised. Barley — Small acreage, but yielded well. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Small acreage. Sorghum — Fair yield and of good quality. Timothy — Light yield, but of good quality. Clover — Old seeding yielded a poor crop, while new seeding yielded a good one. Potatoes — Fair. Vegetables — Good quality and large yield. Apples — Excellent yield and of good quality. Other Fruits — Very plentiful. Cattle — In fine condition. Horses — Principally draft breeds raised, for which there is a ready sale at good prices. Swine — A large number raised, and are in a healthy condition. Sheep — Not many raised. Poultry — Raised quite extensively, and a noticeable improvement in breeding. Bees — A poor season for the production of honey. Drainage — Very little artificial work of this nature being done in this county. Lands — Range in price from seventy to one hundred and twenty-five dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Fairfax, September 4-7. The attendance was very good, but not quite so good as expected, owing to the weather being extremely hot and roads dusty, keeping some at home. Exhibits in all departments were good. LINN. E. E. HENDERSON, CENTRAL CITY, OCTOBER 4, 1906. General Condition op Crops and Season — Good. All crops out of the way of damage by frosts at this time. Corn — Splendid crop. Best for years, both in quality and yield. Practically all out of danger from damage by frosts at this date. Oats — Fair yield, but of good quality. Wheat — Very little raised. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 785 Rye — Small acreage, but fair crop. Barley — Small acreage, but good yield. Flax — None grown. Buckwheat — Very little grown. Millet — Small acreage, but yielded an excellent crop. Sorghum — Practically none grown. Timothy — Light yield, but of excellent quality. Clover — Average yield of good quality. Prairie Hay — Very little grown. Potatoes — Of good quality, and yielded about one hundred bushels per acre. Apples — Good yield and fair quality. None grown for export. Cattle — In fine condition. Pastures good all season. Majority of- farmers have dairy herds and sell milk and cream to the creameries. Horses — Scarce and high in price. Everybody is raising colts. A good number of high class pure bi'ed stallions in county. Swine — Not hardly up to the usual avei'age in numbers. In good de- mand. No cholera or other disease reported. Sheep — Few in number and high in price. Poultry — A prominent industry, and large numbers are shipped an- nually. Drainage — A great deal of tile drainage has been done the past sea- son, the local works at Central City supplying principally all the ma- terial used. Lands — Very little changing hands. Prices range from sixty-five to one hundred and twenty-five dollars per acre. Report of Fair Held at Central City, September 11-14, and was one of the most successful ever held in the county, the attendance being exceptionally large and many added features. The special corn exhibit, with Professor Holden in charge, created much interest, as did also the students' judging contest. The live stock exhibit was pronounced by Professor Thomas Shaw to be the best that he had ever seen outside of a State fair. Our fair has discontinued the racing programme, with the most satisfactory results. The fair was a financial success, as well as pleasing all tnose in attendance. LOUISA. J. R. SMITH, COLUMBUS JUNCTION, SEPTEMBER 20, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been favor- able. Local showers were well distributed and generally sufficient in quantity, except a lack of sufficient rain in the month of June short- ened the hay and oat crop to some extent. Corn — In excellent condition, very near all being safe from danger of damage by frosts at this date. It is estimated that the yield will average ninety-five per cent of a full crop. Oats — Light yield, and not of the best quality. Sixty per cent. 50 786 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Wheat — Small acreage. One section of the county produces consider- able winter wheat, and the past season yielded a crop of good quality. Eighty per cent. Rye — Not a large acreage sown. Barley — Grown mostly for feed, and yielded a crop of good quality the past season. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little grown. Millet — Good, both in quality and yield. SoEGHUM— Small acreage, but yielded a crop of good quality. Timothy — Light yield, but of good quality. Clover — Old meadows were a failure, while new meadows did fairly good. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes— Quality good, but yielded only moderately well. Vegetables — Fair yield and good in quality. ;^PLES — A large yield, but damaged to some extent by insects. Other Fruits — Peaches yielded the largest crop in the history of the county and were of good quality. Cattle — Condition is first class in every respect. Horses — In good condition, and good animals command high prices. Swine — In a good, healthy condition. Sheep — Very few in county, but are in good condition. Poultry — Condition and prices good. Bees — Did poorly. Honey crop a failure. Drainage — More than the usual amount of both open and tile drain- age has been done the past season. Other Industries — The canning factory at Wapello has done a good business, putting up a million and a half cans of sweet corn the past season, in addition to other products. The button cutting factory at Columbus Junction has forty saws running. Lands — Prices remain firm. Report of Fair Held at Columbus Junction, September 4-7, and was successful in every respect. The attendance was large, and the finances of the society will show a balance on the profit side of the ledger. LOUISA. C. R. WALLACE, WAPELLO, OCTOBER 10, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Good. About 90 per cent of standard. ■ Oats — Yielded a good crop, but short straw. Wheat — Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Rye — An excellent crop. Barley and Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Good. Millet — Small acreage, but yielded a fair crop. Sorghum — Good. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 787 Timothy — A short crop, on account of dry season. Clover — Dry season caused shortage in yield. Prairie Hay — None raised. Other Grains and Grasses — Fair to good. Potatoes — An excellent yield. Vegetables — Plentiful. Apples — Excellent yield. Other Fruits — Good. Cherries and peaches, excellent. Cattle — Are in a healthy condition, and there is a noticeable Im- provement in their breeding. Horses — Have done well. Swine — Are doing well. No disease reported. Sheep — ^Are in good condition. Poultry — Did well. Bees — Only a few hives left in this county, but good results were obtained the past season. Drainage — Is being improved. Other Industries — Are in a progressive condition. A great deal of sweet corn is raised and canned here. Lands — Prices advancing. Report of Fair — Held at Wapello, September 25-28. While it rained on Friday, we were favored with good weather on two days, and the fair was the most successful one ever held by this association. There was a special corn exhibit, which was pronounced by many as being the finest in the State. LYON. a. S. wold, rock rapids, OCTOBER 20, 1906. Geneeal Condition of Crops and Season — Crops generally good, both in yield and quality. Season wet at times, rainfall being: April, 2.04 inches; May, 2.23 inches; June, 5.65 inches; July, .92 of an inch; August, 3.65 inches; September, 3.75 inches; total for season, 18.25 inches. Corn — Quality the best in years, and will yield an average of thirty- eight bushels per acre. Estimated acreage, 90,000. 0at.s — Yield and quality good. Overrun in weight on machine measure from fifteen to twenty-five per cent. Average yield, forty-seven bushels per acre. Estimated acreage, 90,000. Wheat — Good quality, averaging twelve bushels per acre. Estimated acreage, 12,000. Rye — Good quality, and yielded an average of thirty-two bushels per acre. Small acreage, estimated at 1,C%0. Barley — Fair quality and weight. Colored to some extent. Averaged twenty-seven bushels per acre. Estimated acreage, 70,000. Flax — Average yield ten bushels per acre. Estimated acreage, 1,000, Timothy — Good yield. Clover — Yielded a good crop. Prairie Hay — Small acreage, but was a good crop the past season. 788 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. Other Grains and Grasses — Land in tame hay and pasturage the past season estimated at eighty-five thousand acres in this county. Potatoes — Best in years. Apples — Yield and quality the best in the history of this county. Other Fruits — Cultivated plums, cherries and grapes yielded the best crop ever raised. Raspberries, strawberries and gooseberries yielded large crops. Cattle — Large increase over last year. More cattle will be put into the feed lots than for several years. The dairy business was the most prosperous in years. Horses — Heavy demand. Large increase in breeding over last year. Swine — Large increase. No disease reported. Sheep — Increase in the number raised. Last year there were fed and shipped from this county eighty thousand head of western sheep, and this year there will be from sixty to seventy thousand. Poultry — Fully twenty per cent increase over last year in amount raised. Drainage — Very little needed, natural conditions being very good. Lands — Sales made this season were at prices ranging from sixty to eighty-five dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Rock Rapids, September 18-21, being the first annual fair of our organization, the Lyon County Fair and Agri- cultural Society. The weather was very unfavorable, it raining thre§ days out of the four on which our fair was held. The attendance was thirteen thousand, which was very encouraging, considering the weather. We will make some improvements on our grounds the coming year. MADISON. A. L. FOSTER, WINTERSET, OCTOBER 27, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops have been generally good, being much better than the general average, except in a few locali- ties where the rainfall was not sufficient. The season, as a whole, was an ideal one, being dry through the month of June, and was exception- ally favorable for the cultivation of the growing crops, killing oS the weeds and putting the ground in excellent condition. Corn — Larger acreage than usual, of good quality, being well ma- tured, and would estimate that average yield would be forty-five blishels per acre. Some pieces, where planted on newly broken ground, will yield an average of sixty bushels per acre. Oats — Of good quality, and yielded from twenty to forty bushels per acre. Straw was short, but well filled. Wheat — Small acreage, but yielded a crop of fair quality. Rye — Good in quality, but acreage small. Flax, Buckwheat and Millet — None raised. Sorghum — Small acreage, but yielded a crop of good quality. Timothy — Quality good. A little light in yield, but was put up in good condition. Yielded from one to one and one-half tons per acre. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 789 Clover — Quality good. A great many cutting a second crop for seed, and which seems to be well filled. Prairie Hay — Quality good. Only a small amount in this county, as nearly all such land is used for pasturage. Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures are mostly of bluegrass, for which the past season was favorable except in a few localities, where it was too dry. Potatoes — Quality good, but only about a half crop of the late varie- ties, while the early planted ones were much better, as the bugs did not bother them. Vegetable.s — Did well. Apples — Good yield, but of only fair quality, there being a great many darnaged by worms, etc. Other Fruits — Peaches were quite abundant, and some as fine speci- mens as were ever grown in this county. Cherries, raspberries and strawberries were plentiful. Cattle — Their condition is good, except in the dry districts. Quite a number of farmers are raising pure bred stock of different breeds, and they are selling at good prices, being higher than usual. Horses — Quality only fair, the demand for good horses being so great that they have nearly all been sold. Prices are the highest ever known here, ranging from one hundred and seventy-five to two hundred dollars per head. Swine — Not an overly large number raised, and quite a number lost by cholera, there being some localities where it is quite prevalent. Pure bred hogs are raised extensively and sell at good prices. Sheep — Not many raised in this county, but are generally of good quality. Poultry — A large amount raised, except of turkeys, which seem to be very scarce this year. Bees — ^Did well the early part of the season, as there was an abun- dance of white clover. Drainage — There was more tile used the past year than ever before, and with splendid results. A tile factory has been started near Winter- set, which will be of great benefit to the county. Other Industries — There have been only a few residences built dur- ing the season, but quite a number of barns and corn cribs. Cement walks are fast taking the place of board one, and cement watering tanks, cisterns, caves,, posts and blocks for building purposes are being used extensively. Lands — nave advanced in price the last year, and now range from sixty-five to one hundred and fifteen dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Winterset, September 25-27, and was one of the best fairs ever held in this county. The exhibits were good in all departments and classes, and the premiums offered were liberal and all paid in full. The attendance was good, and more interest was shown by farmers, and everyone else in attendance, than for a number of years. 790 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MAHASKA. T. E. OSBOENE, NEW SHAEON, SEPTEMBEB 25, 1906. Genebal Conditiox of Ceops and Season — The season was very fa- vorable and crops have been generally good. CoBN — A good average with crops of past five years. Oats — Very good yield and of splendid quality. Wheat — Small acreage, but of good quality. Rye — Light yield. Baeley — Good, although damaged to some extent by bleaching. Flax and Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Very little grown. SoBGHUM — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Timothy — Good. The seed crop was the best in years. Clovee — Large acreage, but hay crop was cut short in yield to some extent by dry weather. The seed crop was very good. Pbaieie Hay — None raised. Otiiee Geains and Geasses — Dry season caused bluegrass pastures to be short, but late pasturage has improved some by rains. Potatoes — Both early and late varieties were of good quality, but the yield was not large. Vegetables — Very good. Apples — An abundant crop; fall varieties never better. Othee Feuits — Good crop of cherries; peaches only fair, the dry sea- son affecting their growth. Cattle — Are generally in good condition. Horses — A noticeable improvement in their breeding. Are in good demand and prices high. Swine — Are in good condition. Sheep — Demand is increasing. Poultey — More interest is being taken in the breeding of pure bred birds. Prices are high. Bees — Very few in county. Honey crop light the past season. Deainage — More tiling done than ever before. Lands — Range in price from seventy-five to one hundred and twenty- five dollars per acre. Repoet of Fair — Held at New Sharon, September 18-21. The attend- ance was the best in the history of the society, and all departments were crowded with excellent exhibits. MARION. t. d. tice, peesident, "pella, octobee 22, 1906. Genebal Condition of Ceops and Season — While the latter part of the season was very dry, crops generally are better than the average of the past three years. CoEN — Acreage increased. Quality will rate as No. 2 on Chicago market. Average yield forty bushels per acre. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 791 Oats — Acreage below the average; quality good; average yield, thirty- seven and one-half bushels per acre. Wheat — Very little sown; quality better than for a number of years past; average yield per acre, spring variety, sixteen bushels; winter va- riety, twenty bushels. Sorghum — Very little raised; quality above the average. Timothy — Light yield, but of extra good quality. Clover — Usual acreage; season too dry for a successful crop. Prairie Hay — None raised. Other Graixs and Grasses — Pastures were good in the early spring, while later in the season the weather was too dry, and winter pasturage is very short. Potatoes — Smaller acreage than usual, and cro]) is below average. Vegetables — Fresh varieties did well, while the season was a little too dry for the winter varieties. Apples — Above the average crop, both in quality and yield. Other Fruits — Plentiful and of good quality. Peaches did excep- tionally well. Cattle — Supply of both stockers and feeders is about ten per cent short of previous year. In fair condition. Horses — Are in fair condition, and an increase in the number of colts produced. Prices are high. Swine — Their number is below the average, marketable animals hav- ing been shipped out very closely. Healthy condition prevails. Sheep — Only a few are kept. Poultry — Large amount is raised, and more attention is being given to improving the breeds. Only a few chicken fanciers in county. Bees — A scattering number of hives only. Drainage — County is quite well drained. Other Industries — All seem to be in a booming condition. Farm help is scarce and wages are high. Lands — Range in price from eighty to one hundred dollars per acre, and where near to towns command even higher figures. Heavy invest- ments are being made from this county in northwest and southwest lands. Report of Fair — Held at Pella, October 2-5, and the attendance was the largest in the history of our society. All those in attendance were well pleased. The several committees appointed by the president per- formed their duties at all times, and there was no friction whatever, all aiming to do what was necessary to make the fair a success, in which we were not disappointed. The weather being favorable assisted us very materially. As a recipe for an organization to successfully conduct a county or district fair I would give the following: Have good officers and committees, each striving for success. Avoid friction and self- praise, and remember that one man alone can not make a successful fair. Do whatever is promised. Treat your patrons courteously and success will crown your efforts, especially if you are located near one of Iowa's best cities, to-wit: Pella. 792 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MARSHALL. W. M. CLARK, MABSHALLTOWN, OCTOBER 20, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — All crops are above the average of former years. The season has been almost perfect, there being no high winds, and cornstalks are standing erect. Corn — Will average fifty five bushels, per acre, while some farms -will yield as high as one hundred bushels per acre. It is of A-1 quality, all Bound and perfectly ripe, without any damage whatever from frost, and is about seventy-five per cent of a full stand. Oats — Of fine quality and yielded about fifty bushels per acre. Wheat — Winter wheat was excellent, of No. 1 grade, and averaged twenty-seven bushels per acre, some pieces yielding as high as thirty- five bushels per acre. Spring variety was of No. 2 grade in quality and yielded about fifteen bushels per acre. Rye — Small acreage. No. 2 grade in quality, and yielded on an aver- age forty bushels per acre. Barley — Of fine quality, and yielded forty bushels per acre. Acreage estimated at five hundred acres. Flax and Buckwheat — None grown. Millet — Small acreage, but yielded an excellent crop. Sorghum — Acreage small, but yielded a good crop. Timothy — Of fine quality, and yielded about eight bushels of seed per acre. Clover — The second growth yielded a fine crop of hay, but was lack- ing in seed. The first growth contained more seed than the second. Other Grains and Grasses — A few fields of alfalfa were sown, which promise well. Some fields have been cut three times, yielding one and one-half tons per acre at each cutting. Potatoes — Of good quality and large yield, ranging from one hun- dred and fifty to three hundred bushels per acre. Vegetables — Fine. Apples — Yielded a large crop of excellent fruit. About one hundred car loads have been shipped out of the county. Other Fruits— Plums, cherries and other small fruits yielded a good crop of fine quality. Cattle — Season exceptionally favorable for them, there being an abundance of good pasturage. Horses — High in price, and much interest is manifest in the breed- ing of draft horses. Swine — Are in a healthy condition and bringing satisfactory prices. A large number being fed for market. Sheep — There is an increased interest being taken in this industry, both in the number and quality of their breeding. Poultry — An abundance, and many fine birds. Prices are low and not very satisfactory. Bees — A very small industry in this county. Drainage — Natural conditions very good. Other Indl'stries — A packing house, using from five to six hun- dred head of hogs per day and some cattle; a pickle and vinegar works, SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 793 using the products of three hundred acres of cucumbers, onions, etc., and a canning factory, using the product of five hundred acres. Lands — Are improving in quality by reason of more intelligent farm- ing, and prices range from sixty-five to one hundred and twenty-five dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Our first annual county fair was held at Marshall- town, September 18-21, with fine exhibits in all live stock departments except sheep, of which there are but few flocks in the county, and the attendance reached upward of twenty thousand. A stock company was organized in June, 1906, with capital stock of ten thousand dollars ($10,000), nearly all of which was sold, forty (40) per cent being paid in cash. The society erected five substantial buildings, have an im- provement account cf forty-two hundred dollars ($4,200), of which there is about twelve hundred ($1,200) in cash on hand. At a meeting of the stockholders since the holding of the fair it was voted, without a dis- senting vote, to increase the capital stock to thirty thousand dollars ($30,000), sell the same and purchase the grounds used the past year. MARSHALL. H. F. STOUFFER, RHODES, OCTOBER 19, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Of good quality, and will yield above an average crop. Oats — Fair quality, and above the average in yield. Wheat — Slightly above the average of former years. Rye, Barley, Flax, Buckwheat, Millet and Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — An average crop. Clover — Good average crop. Prairie Hay — Very little raised. Potatoes — Good average crop, both in quality and yield. Vegetables — Above the average crop. Apples — Early varieties yielded a good crop, while of late varieties there are very few. Cattle — A large per cent cf the cattle here are thoroughbred and pedigreed, and those that are not are high grade. Short-Horns predomi- nate. Hoeses — While there are some few drivers, principally large horses are raised, of the draft breeds. Swine — A great deal of attention is given to raising of hogs, nearly all farmers using pure bred boars. The principal breeds raised are Poland-China, Chester White and Duroc Jersey. Sheep — Very few, but are of a good grade. Poultry — All classes are of good quality. Bees — Very few kept. Drainage — A great deal of tiling has been done. Lands-=— Are advancing in price, and now range from seventy-five to one hundred and ten dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Rhodes, October 2-4. 794 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MILLS. J. T. WARD, MALVERN, OCTOBER 13, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — All crops have done ex- ceptionally well, with the exception of hay and early potatoes which were cut short by dry weather. Corn — Of good quality, and many fields will yield seventy-five bush- els per acre, and some even more than this, while there will be none that will yield under thirty bushels. Oats — Of fair quality, and yielded from twenty-eight to fifty bushels per acre. Wheat — Yielded from seventeen to fifty-four bushels per acre. Rye — Yielded about twenty-three bushels per acre. Barley — Yielded from fifteen to fifty bushels per acre. Millet — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Sorghum — Very little planted, but yielded a good crop. Timothy — Yielded from fifty to sixty per cent of the average crop, but was of good quality. Clover — First cutting was light while the second cutting was very good and well filled with seed. Prairie Hay — Of good quality and about seventy-five per cent of the average yield. Other Grain and Grasses — Late pasturage very good. Potatoes — Not to exceed fifty per cent of the average crop. Vegetables — Very good. Apples — Largest crop ever produced in this county. Other Fruits — Peaches plentiful, and all other fruits good, except plums. Cattle — Are in excellent condition. Feeding operations are exten- sive, and there are a goodly number of pure breds raised. Horses — A good grade of horses are raised in this county, and a great many are shipped out annually. Swine — A great many raised and shipped each year. Poultry — The hen is the property of the housewife, who sees that she does her duty and brings large returns. B'ees — Very few kept. Other Industries — Are all in a prosperous condition. Lands — Are all excellent for agricultural purposes, and prices range from seventy-five to one hundred and forty dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Malvern, September 11-13. While the at- tendance was light, all premiums were paid in full. Our society has a small indebtedness. MONONA. A. W. BURGESS, ONAWA, OCTOBER 25, 1906. General Condition op Crops and Season — The season was ver7 favorable and crops generally have been very good. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 795 Corn — Will yield from forty to forty-five bushels per acre. Oats — Yielded from thirty to forty bushels per acre. Wheat — Winter variety yielded from twenty to fifty bushels per acre, while the spring variety yielded from eight to eighteen bushels per acre. Rye — Small acreage, which yielded from twenjty to twenty-two bush- els per acre. Barley — Small acreage, yielding from twenty to thirty bushels per acre. Flax — Small acreage; yielded from ten to twelve bushels and a half per acre. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Very small acreage; none threshed. SoBGHUM — Good yield, but acreage small. Timothy — Small acreage. None threshed for seed. Clover — Small acreage. None threshed. Prairie Hay — Yielded from one and one-half to two tons per acre, and was of good quality. Other Grains and Grasses — Acreage of alfalfa is increasing, and the past season yielded from three to five tons per acre. Potatoes — A large acreage planted, and yielded from one hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty bushels per acre. Vegetables — A large acreage of onions was planted which yielded from three to four hundred bushels per acre. Apples — Yielded a good crop. Other Fruits — Good crop of all small varieties. Cattle — Quite a number are being shipped in for winter feeding. Horses — Quality of breeding is improving. A great many are being bought and shipped to other markets. Swine — Large increase in the number raised, and a great many are dying with some kind of a disease that is not cholera. Sheep— Very few in county. Poultry— Doing well, and increase is large. Bees— There is a good supply of honey, and the quality is good. Drainage — Much activity along this line. Work on the large canal, which is partly finished, has been stopped by an injunction; the small ditch in the west part of the county is nearly finished, and another ditch is to be dug in the north central part of the county. Lands — Prices remain firm, ranging from fifty to one hundred dol- lars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Onawa, September 5-7, and was successful in every particular. MONTGOMERY. W. W. MERRITT, BED OAK, OCTOBER 15, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Above the normal. Corn — Above normal. Oats — Usual crop. 796 IOWA DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTUKE. Wheat — Spring variety good, winter variety excellent. Rye — Very little raised. Barley and Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Average crop. Millet — Fairly good. Sorghum — None raiipd. Timothy — Below average crop. Clover — Fair. Prairie Hay — None grown. Potatoes — Light crop. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Excellent. Other Fruits — Small varieties in abundance. Cattle — Are in fair condition. Swine — Doing well. Sheep — Very few kept. Poultry — Have done well. Bees — Fair. Drainage — Good. Lands — The best in the State. Report of Fair— Held at Red Oak, August 20-23. There was a good display of farm products, and the exhibits in the swine, cattle and horse departments were excellent. MITCHELL. W. H. H. GABLE, OSAGE, OCTOBER 19, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops have been excellent, although the forepart of the season was very wet. The weather the latter part of the season has been favorable for all crops especially corn, which fully matured without being damaged by frosts. Corn — Excellent crop, fully matured without damage from frosts; acreage not as large as usual. Oats — Good quality and fair yield. Wheat — ^Very' little raised. Rye — Fine average crop. Barley — Small acreage, but yielded a crop of good quality. Flax — Fair crop, but acreage small. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yielded a crop of good quality. Millet — Good. Sorghum — Very little raised. Ti:mothy- — Good crop. Clover — Average crop. Prairie Hay — Very little grown. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — A fairly good yield of excellent quality. Vegetables — Above the average crop. Apples — A good crop. Other Fruits — All small varieties yielded an abundant crop. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 797 Cattle — Are in good condition. Nearly all our farmers are breed- ers of cattle, and the Short-Horn breed predominates. Horses — Renewed activity is noted in the breeding and raising of horses. Prices are high. Swine — There is a noticeable increase in the number raised. No disease reported. Sheep — Are raised to quite an extent in this county, and many are shipped in and fed for the market. PoiLTKY — ^A growing and profitable industry. Bees — Very few in this county, but did well the past season. Drainage — More attention is being given to tiling than in former years. Lands — Prices are gradually increasing, and there is quite a demand from eastern farmers for land in this county, as none better is found in the State. Report of Fair — Held at Osage, September 18-20. As far as exhib- its were concerned it was the best ever held in the county. The attendance on the second day exceeded that of any previous day in the history of our society, but rainy weather prevailing on the third and last day, the result was a small attendance. No games of chance or disreputable shows were allowed on the grounds. Exhibits were good in all departments, and especially in the floral and educational halls. The live stock exhibits were exceptionally fine, and was judged by an expert from Ames, to the entire satisfaction of all. The farmers of this county are contented, happy and prosperous. MUSCATINE. W. H. SHIPJIAN, west liberty, OCTOBER 22, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Excellent in every respect. Corn — First class, both in yield and quality. The late fall has given it time in which to fully mature in excellent condition. Oats — An average yield and of good quality. Wheat — Of good quality, but acreage small. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — Good crop. Flax and Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Very little raised, but of good quality. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Yield a little below average, but of first class quality. Clover- — ^Average yield and of good quality. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Fair yield and of good quality. Vegetables — Good. Cattle — All are in good condition. There is a heavy demand for milkers, on account of demand for milk by the Iowa Condensed Milk Company. Horses — More attention is being paid to the breeding of good drivers than for the past few years. 798 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Swine — All are in good condition, and no disease reported. Sheep — Are kept for both wool and mutton, and there is an increase in their numbers each year. Poultry — According to Congressman Dawson "The American Hen" is the best thing on the farm, and the farmers' wives here are be- ginning to think this is true. Bees — Very few kept, and the yield of honey the past season was light. Other Industries — The Iowa Condensed Milk Company here had a very successful year, but the supply of milk does not meet their de- mand. They now receive between twenty and twenty-five thousand pounds per day, for which they pay a price that will average nearly one dollar and twenty cents per hundred pounds. Report of Fair — Held at . West Liberty, August 21-24, and was a success in every respect. The attendance on Wednesday, which was children's day, was very good, and on Thursday our record for attends ance on any previous day in the history of society was broken. On Friday there was a good attendance, but a rain came up and the races were continued over until Saturday. The racing was good throughout. We had a special race for single drivers, offering ten premiums, and we received thirty entries — a show well worth going to see. We use the single expert judge system in all departments, and find it very satisfactory. MUSCATINE. THOMAS BOOT, VICE-PRESIDENT, WILTON JUNCTION, OCTOBEB 5, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Of good quality and will yield from thirty to seventy bush- els per acre. Oats — Of good quality and yielded about thirty bushels per acre. Wheat — Winter variety the best for several years, yielding from thirty to thirty-five bushels per acre. Small acreage of spring variety, but yielded a fair crop. Rye — Yielded from twelve to fifteen bushels per acre. Barley — Yielded an average of about twenty bushels per acre. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yielded from ten to twelve bushels per acre. Millet — None raised. Sorghum —Good crop, producing about one hundred gallons per acre. Timothy — Fair crop, yielding from one to two tons per acre. Clover — Where there was a stand the crop was good, yielding from one to one and one-half tons per acre. Prairie Hay — None raised. Other Grains and Grasses — Spelt yielded about forty bushels per acre, and of good quality. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 799 Potatoes — Early varieties of good quality and yield, while late va- rieties were of good size but only a few in a hill. Vegetables — Good. Tomatoes fine, and pickles good. Apples — Fair crop. Other Fruits — Good. The largest crop of peaches in years. Cattle — Are in fine condition, considering condition of pasturage. Horses — Are in a healthy condition, and the usual number of colts. Swine — Most of the early crop of pigs died, while the late ones are in a healthy condition. Sheep — Usual number of lambs; wool good. Poultry — Large amount raised. Bees — Forepart of the season was very favorable for gathering of honey, while the latter part has been too dry. Drainage — Some tiling done. Other Industries — There are none, this being a strictly farming county. Lands — The highest priced farm that was sold in this neighbor- hood this year was at the price of one hundred and tfiirty-five dollars per acre; improvements and building thereon were only fair. Report of Fair — Held at Wilton Junction, September 18-21, and was a success in every particular, the weather being favorable, at- tendance good, and every department well filled with excellent ex- hibits, which was especially true of the horse, cattle and swine depart- ments, in which extra accommodations had to be provided. O'BRIEN. RAY R. CRUM, SUTHERLAND, OCTOBEE 23, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Never better. Corn — Usual acreage planted, and will yield from forty-five to sixty- five bushels per acre. Oats — Very good. Yielded from forty to fifty bushels per acre; some grain lost in shock when waiting for shock threshing. Wheat — Small acreage, fair crop. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — Yielded from thirty to forty bushels per acre, of good quality and good price obtained. Flax and Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Small acreage, and mostly raised for seed this year, of which the yield was fair. Timothy — Good crop. Clover — A very successful crop in this section of the county, and for seed this year is turning out quite well. Potatoes — Very good yield; some cases of rotting in the ground re- ported. Vegetables — Goo d . Apples — A splendid crop. Northwest Iowa is getting to be quite an apple district, and some winter Varieties do well. 800 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Other Fruits — Are raised to some considerable extent, and did well the past season. Cattle — Of good quality, but somewhat scarce in number. Prices good. Horses — Mature ones are scarce, while young ones are quite plenti- ful. All command very high prices. Swine — A great many raised, and good prices prevail. Sheep — Are being raised by farmers in small flocks, and have proven very profitable. Poultry — A profitable industry in this section. Bees — Quite an increase in the number of hives. Market price of honey, ten cents per pound. Drainage — Most all farms, requiring, are being tiled, and the money invested in this way has been v/ith good results. Lands — Not much being sold at the present time. Prices range from fifty to one hundred dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Sutherland, September 4-7. O'BRIEN. J. L. IX'LAURY. SHELDON, SEPTEMBER 13, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Although the season was possibly a little too wet, and especially for the low lands, there was no bad winds or hail storms, and crops were generally good, and much above the average. Corn — An unusually large acreage, and is well matured at this time and promises a "bumper" yield. Oats — A heavy stand of straw promised a large crop, but yield, when threshed, did not come up to expectations. Wheat — Small acreage, but good crop. Rye — Good crop, but acreage was small. Barley — Quite a large acreage, but yielded only a fair crop. Flax — Very little sown, but yielded a fair crop. Buckwheat — ^Very little sown. Millet — The heavy rains caused production of hay to be very large; very little is grown, or cut, for seed. Sorghum — None grown. Timothy — Excellent. Clover — Fine. Considerable grown for seed. Prairie Hay — Very small acreage of wild prairie hay in this county, but what there is yielded an excellent crop the past season. Other Grains and Grasses — The season has been exceptionally fa- vorable for hay and grasses of all kinds, anqL every one is well sup- plied with hay and there is considerable to sell. Potatoes — Very good, but are commencing to rot badly in the field. Vegetables — Go o d . Apples — Too many. The writer did not pick half of his, there being no sale for them locally. Some Were shipped to North Dakota. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 801 Other Fruits — The rain interfered with the strawberry crop at time of picking, so that best results were not obtained. Cattle — Had the best of pasturage and are looking very fine. Some of the best pure-bred cattle are kept in this county, representing all the beef and dairy breeds. Horses — Are in excellent condition; all farm horses are of draft breeds, and well bred. Swine — A great many kept and raised, and have done well the past season. Sheep — Have done well, although there is not many kept in this county. Poultry — Did well, and probably increase in number raised, as there is a good market. Bees — Not many kept. Drainage — Natural conditions are very good, and very little artifi- cial drainage is necessary. Other Industries — There are seventeen banks in this county with a cash capital of '$5,000,000, and with $25,000,000 deposits. Sheldon is the largest city in the county, with a population of 2,800. and has electric lights, water-works, and a flour-mill with a capacity of six hundred barrels per day, also a wholesale grocery house. Sheldon is also the home of one hundred commercial travelers. Lands — Are about ten dollars per acre higher this year than last, and now range in price from seventy-five to ninety-five dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Sheldon, August 28-31. The weather was favorable and attendance was unusually good. Everything was pulled off as advertised, and every one was well pleased. PAGE. J. C. BICKNER. CLARINDA, OCTOBER 15, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Extra good and favor- able. Report of Fair — Held at Clarinda, September 3-7. PAGE. JAS. A. SWALLOW, SHENANDOAH, OCTOBER 24, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Early spring and mid- summer was very dry; crops very good. Corn — Medium crop. Oats — Good. Wheat — Excellent, fall variety yielding from thirty to fifty bushels per acre, while the spring variety yielded from twenty to twenty-eight bushels per acre. Rye — Small acreage, medium crop. 51 802 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Barley, Flax and Buckwheat — None grown. Millet and Sorghum — Very little grown. Timothy — Poor crop. Clovter — Medium. Prairie Hay— Fair. Potatoes — Good, both in yield and quality. Vegetables — Yield and quality good. Apples — An abundant crop. Other Fruits — Thousands of bushels of peaches rotted on trees and ground. Cattle — Are doing well, very few being fed at present. Horses — Have done well. Swine — Cholera has played havoc with a great many herds, other- wise they have done well. Sheep — Very few kept. Poultry — Has done well. Bees — Very few kept, and did not do well the past season. Drainage — Considerable tile is being laid, mostly in sloughs. Lands — Very little changing hands. Prices range from ninety to one hundred and twenty-five dollars per acre. Farmers are generally con- tented. Report of Fair — Held at Shenandoah, August 13-17. Weather was very hot, exhibits good and attendance large. PALO ALTO. p. v. HAND, EMMETSBURG, OCTOBER 17, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops in general are the best we have had in ten years, or I might say in the history of the county. The early spring was rather wet, and on this account some lands were not cropped, but we had ideal weather for haying and harvest- ing and the past month just enough rain to keep late pasturage in good condition and at the same time not too much to interfere with fall plowing. Corn — Will yield an average of forty-five bushels per acre and is of very good quality, well ripened before frost. Some fields will yield sev- enty-five bushels per acre, but these are exceptions. Oats — Yielded an average of about thirty-five bushels per acre, machine measure, and overrun in weight about 10 per cent. The yellow variety was of better quality and yield than the white. Wheat — Is not raised extensively in this county, a ten-acre field being rare, and most of the farmers do not raise any at all. Fifteen bushels per acre is considered a good crop here, and is more than most of them get. Rye — Small acreage, but yielded a very good crop. Barley — Yielded about forty bushels per acre, and quality better than average, as the weather was very favorable at harvest time and most of the crop was stacked and threshed without being damaged by rain. Dealers say that the color is very good. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 803 Flax — Large variation in yield, the writer knowing of a field of twenty-five acres yielding about fifteen bushels per acre, while another field of two hundred acres of new ground yielded only about six bushels per acre. Quality was good. Buckwheat — None raised this year, to the writer's knowledge. Millet — Is not raised extensively, but yielded a good crop. SoRGUUM — Very little raised,, the writer learning of only three farm- ers who planted it this season. Only one small mill in the county. Timothy — Without doubt the best crop in many years, and most of it was put up in good shape. Plenty of rain in May and June caused a good growth. Clover — Our farmers ara just commencing to know the value of clover, and while the acreage is small as yet, it yielded a good crop besides the second growth making the best kind of fertilizer. Prairie Hay — An immense crop, bottom lands from a distance having the appearance of one big hay stack. While the uplands also yielded a good crop; the acreage is not very large, as nearly all such land is under cultivation. Other Ge.\ixs and Grasses — Alfalfa has been tried to some extent and in some places successfully. However, as yet, it is only an experi- ment. Potatoes — About an average crop, and are selling at from thirty to fifty cents per bushel. Two farmers in this vicinity have about eight acres each planted, which will yield an average of two hundred and fifty bushels per acre, and are of good quality. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Fair. Mostly early varieties raised, no winter varieties being raised for market. Other Fruits — Grapes yielded a fair crop, but few of our farmers or gardeners raise them, and none are marketed. Cattle — One of our principal industries, and is in a prosperous con- dition. The exhibit at our fair was the best in the history of the or- ganization. Horses — Are extensively raised, and breeders' are getting rid of scrubs and using nothing but pedigreed stallions. Good horses are selling at from $125 to $200 per head. Two car loads shipped from here last week. Swine — Judging from the display at our fair this year it would in- dicate that our farmers are taking much interest in this industry. Pre- miums were increased 50 per cent over last year, and the exhibits were excellent. A few farmers have lost some of the pigs, but not much com- plaint is heard. Sheep — Are not plentiful here, although the last few years more of our farmers are raising them, but on a small scale, although there are two or three farmers who have large flocks, Mr. Alex Tod of Cylinder having about two thousand. Poultry — This industry seems to be growing, although a great many complain of losing their poultry each year by disease. The display at the fair this year was very good. 804 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Bees — This industry is gaining each year. Many of our best farm- ers have a few swarms, and a number of them have honey for the mar- ket, while there are three or four parties here in Emmetsburg that make it a business. Drainage — This county during the past two years has done as much, if not more, drainage than any other county in the State, there being at present five county ditches under construction, besides every farmer is tiling. Other Industries — The creamery business is one of the best things we have for our farmers, there being, I believe, fifteen creameries in the county, all of which are conducted under the co-operative plan. There are two tile and one brick and tile plants at Emmetsburg. Lands — The average price of farm lands, without improvements, is about fifty dollars per acre, other lands ranging upward according to improvements. A half section farm about four miles from Emmetsburg, with fair improvemnts and tiled, sold last week for seventy dollars per acre cash. Report of Fair — Held at Emmetsburg, September 18-21. The first day it rained and interfered somewhat with the program and attend- ance. However, favorable weather prevailed the next two days, on which the attendance was very good. No accidents or disturbances of any kind was had, and gambling of any kind on the grounds was strictly pro- hibited. The display of fruit was the best we have ever had, and there was a good exhibit in the fine arts and fancy work departments. An addi- tion was built to our display hall this year, and still we were crowded for room. A much appreciated new feature and the source of one of the great- est advertisements for our fair was the ladies' waiting and resting room that was completd just prior to our fair. Mr. Parnham, the president of our society, worked hard to get this improvement, and all ladies attend- ing the fair were greatly pleased with it. The exhibit in the swine department was excellent, and after build- ing an additional hog house containing forty pens, there was not suffi- cient room to accommodate all those who wished to exhibit. Exhibits in the cattle and horse departments were about the same as last year. The poultry exhibit was larger than ever before, and it was necessary for us to put up tents in which to house it, as our poultry house was altogether too small. Taken as a whole the fair was a success, and while we will not have a surplus after paying expenses and premiums, it is the opinion that with the State appropriation we will have sufficient funds to pay everything, including about $400 for improvements. POCAHONTAS. R. M. HARBISON, FONDA, OCTOBER 20, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Sseason — Good. Corn — Excellent both in quality and yield; 25 per cent above the average. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 805 Oats — Good in both quality and yield. Wheat — Small acreage, fair crop. Rye — Small acreage, good crop. Barley — Good. Flax — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Good. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Good. Clover — Good. Prairie Hay — Good. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Fair yield and of good quality. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Fair. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — Have done well. County is well stocked and the average of pure breds and grades is constantly increasing. Horses — Only pure bred sires used, and stock shows constant improve- ment. Eastern demand keeps stocks down to minimum in numbers. Swine — Large number raised and are of good breeding. Considerable loss in some localities by disease is reported. Sheep — Very few raised. Some small flocks of pure breds. and have done well. Poultry — A great deal raised, and did well the past season. Bees — Not many kept. Drainage — Many large drainage canals are being dug, also miles of smaller ditches, and a vast quantity of tile being laid. Other Industries — Are the manufacturing of brick and drain tile, creamery products, and many small plants for concrete building blocks. Lands — Very little changing hands; prices range from sixty-two dol- lars and fifty cents to ninety dollars per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Fonda, August 7-10. While it rained for three days preceding and the three days of the fair the attendance was fair, and the pre-arranged program was carried through without omis- sion. Exhibits in all departments were up to the average, but would have been better had the weather and roads permitted exhibitors from more distant parts of our territory to bring in their exhibits. POTTAWATTAMIE. ROSCOE barton, AVOCA, OCTOBER 27, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Owing to the abundant rain- fall in this territory this season there is not a shortage in any of the crops grown generally on the farms, and as the prosperity of the county depends to a large extent upon the crops grown by the farmer the merchants of the towns are enjoying good business. 806 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Corn — Will yield on an average of about fifty bushels per acre. Oats — Yielded from twenty to sixty bushels per acre. Wheat — A large number of farmers here are raising winter wheat, and the past season yielded from fifteen to twenty bushels per acre, being more than that of spring wheat. Potatoes — A good yield, and they are now being marketed at a fair price. Cattle — There is a good demand for all kinds of cattle, and more especially for feeders, owing to the large crop of corn. Nearly every large farmer has a herd of graded cattle and a greater interest is being taken in the fancy strains. Horses — On all kinds prices are higher than they have been for years, and there hardly seems to be enough horses to meet the demand. Good drafters bring from one hundred and fifty to two hundred dollars pef head, which is much encouragement for farmers to raise horses of this type. Swine — This industry is assuming immense proportions in this terri- tory and sales of the fancy strains are being billed from every town. Over five hundred head were on exhibit at our fair. Sheep — A large number of feeders are brought into this county from Omaha and fed for market, one farmer having over two thousand head at this time. Report of Fair — Held at Avoca, September 11-14, and was a record breaker, both as to attendance and number of exhibits. Rain on the first and last days prevented the crowd from coming, and on the last day the races were declared off on account of the rain. However, on the other days the crowds were the largest ever seen on the grounds. The races were good. The "Guideless Wonder," Surena, gave two exhibitions on the track, and the crowd was wild with enthusiasm when it was announced that the horse had broken the world's record, trot- ting the mile in 2:15Vi without driver or rider. The fair was a success financially, and the management contemplates building both the floral hall and amphitheater larger. The stock raisers of the county have formed a siles pavilion com- pany, and have already let the contract for the pavilion and barn, which will be built upon the fair grounds and will be used by them during the annual fairs. POWESHIEK. I. S. bailey, jr., GRINNELL, SEPTEMBER, 14, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Farm work was delayed somewhat by lateness of season, but weather was very favorable through corn planting and plowing time. Owing to it being very dry in June the hay crop was not exceptionally large, but was of excellent quality. CORN — Good, and will be fully matured and out of way of frost by latter part of September. Oats — Fair yield and of good quality. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 807 Wheat — Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Rye — Small acreage, but yielded a fair crop. Barley — Good, both in quality and yield. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Good. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Light yield, but of excellent quality. Clover — Light yield, but of first class quality. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Only fair, being damaged by dry weather of June and Jul7. Vegetables — Fair. Apples — Fair yield, but of poor quality; very wormy. Other Fruits — Good, especially grapes, also more preaches raised than ever before. Cattle — In good condition where pastures were not fed too close. Horses — Good. Swine — A large number of pigs were lost during March and April owing to cold, wet weather. Some little cholera is prevalent at this time. Sheep — Good. Poultry — Good. Bees — Good. Drainage — A large amount of tile is being laid, thus making it possi- ble to raise crops on low lying land where heretofore nothing would grow in a wet season. Other Industries — Are in a very healthy condition. Manufacturing is increasing, and the demand is fully equal to the supply. Labor of all kinds is receiving good wages. Lands — Have advanced in price from $10 to $25 per acre during the last year. Report of Fair — Held at Grinnell, September 3-5, and the attendance was the largest in the history of the society. The exhibits in the cattle, horse and swine departments were good, but in the sheep department there was a falling off from the number shown at our fair of 1905. The weather conditions were most favorable. POWESHIEK. JAMES NOWAK, MALCOM, OCTOBER 25, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season was favorable for all crops except hay, for which it was too dry. The pastures were damaged somewhat by the drouth, and potatoes and other garden truck suffered to some extent thereby. Corn — A good stand was secured and but little replanting had to be done. It suffered slightly from dry weather in July and August, but has all matured well and will yield an average of about thirty-nine bushels per acre. Oats — Good, both in yield and quality. 808 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Wheat — Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Barley — Good, both in quality and yield. Larger acreage than usual. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Millet — Small acreage, but fair yield and of good quality. Sorghum — Fair yield and of excellent quality. Timothy — Yielded only about two-thirds of the usual crop of hay ow- ing to dry weather. However, quality and demand is good, and price high. Clover — Short crop, but quality good and price high. Prairie Hay — None cut. Other Grai>'s and Grasses — Pastures have been very poor since the first of September. Small streams and wells are going dry, and there Is a scarcity of water for stock. Potatoes — Early varieties yielded a fair crop of good quality, while the later varieties did not do so well. Market price is fifty cents per bushel. Vegetables — Garden truck was abundant early in the season, but later suffered from drouth, especially cucumbers and cabbage. Apples — A good yield, but wormy. Other Fruits — Peaches, pears, plums, cherries, grapes and blackberries were abundant. • Cattle — Have done well, but had to be fed earlier than usual, owing to shortage of pasturage caused by dry weather. No disease reported. Horses — Prices are increasing each year. Demand is large and good salable horses are quickly bought for the eastern markets. Swine — Have done well, are plentiful, demand good and prices high? Very little disease reported. Sheep — Not many raised in this vicinity. Some brought in for feed- ing, and are doing well and bring good prices. Poultry — Turkeys scarce and prices high. Ducks in fair demand. Chickens doing well and high in price. Good prices obtained for eggs all season. Bees — Have done fairly well. Drainage — A great deal of tile being put in. Roads have been good nearly all summer. The new read law is a success, and a great improve- ment over the old method of working the highways. Other Industries — Many are engaged in the sale of Canadian land. Lands — Very little changing hands. Prices range from $80 to $115 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Malcom, August 21-23. The weather was exceedingly hct, dry and dusty, owing to which the attendance was cut down to some extent. The exhibits in all departments were good, as was also the racing and special attractions. A week after the close of the fair our sheep and swine sheds, and a part of the cattle sheds, were burned, and were but partially insured. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 809 RINGGOLD. K. E. SHELDON. MOUlfT AYR, SEPTEMBER 27, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Season a little dry. Corn — Good. Above average. Best crop for ten years. Oats — Fair. Below average. Rye — Fair. Barley — None raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Small crop. Timothy — Good quality, but light yield on account of drouth. Prairie Hay — None raised. Potatoes — Fair. Too dry for late varieties. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Largest crop for years. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — Have done well. About the usual number. Prices good. Horses — All classes have done well. Swine — Has done well. Sheep — Have done well. Noticeable improvement in quality. Poultry — All kinds did well. Report of Fair — Held at Mount Ayr, September 6-8. Exhibits in all live stock departments were good, while there was a fair display of fruits and vegetables. Financially and otherwise, the fair was a success. SAC. S. M. lewis, sac city, SEPTEMBER 29, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Average of crops was good. Season favorable, except in July and August when it was somewhat dry. Corn — Good. Larger acreage than ever before. Will yield better than the average. Oat.s — Yield and quality good. Wheat— Some maccaroni wheat yielded as high as thirty bushels per acre. This was an experiment and gave good satisfaction. Rye — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Barley — Larger acreage than usual, and yielded a good crop. Flax — Not much raised. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Millet — Heavy crop, yielding from three and one-half to four tons per acre. Sorghum — Small acreage, which yielded a light crop of good quality. Timothy — Light yield. Clover — Light yield of first cutting, while the second cutting produced a good yield of seed. Prairie Hay — Good crop. Potatoes — Light yield, but of good quality. Vegetables — Good. 810 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Apples — Good yield, but of inferior quality. Other Feuits — Cherries, plums and all small fruits yielded a good crop. Cattle — Did not thrive as well as usual, but have done well the last thirty days. Horses — Marketable ones are scarce and command high prices. Swine — Thrifty. No disease of any kind reported. Sheep — Have done well. An increased interest is being taken in this industry. Poultry — A very profitable industry in this county. Bees — Industry engaged in to some extent. Honey production good. Drainage — Much interest is taken in this question, and there is now over $100,000 worth of drainage ditches provided for. Other Industries — The canning factory in this city put up about 1,500,000 cans of corn the past season. The manufacturing of cement tile, stone and fence posts is engaged in quite extensively, one factory employ- ing over ten men the year around. Lands — Range in price from $57 to $100 per acre. Average, $80. Report of Fair — Held at Sac City, August 14-16. The weather was extremely hot, and this, coupled with the fact that a Chautauqua was held on the fair grounds for ten days during July, caused the attendance to be very light. The races were the best ever had, and all premium* were paid in full. SHELBY. C. F. SWIFT, HARLAN, OCTOBER 2, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Never better. Small grain was good, being better than for the average year, and all was harvested in good season and yielded well. The season was an ideal one, although the rainfall was less than for several years, but caused no damage, as subsoil is such that holds the moisture. No destructive storms occurred, or any damage done to the crops from any source. Corn — Excellent. Far above the general average of the past ten years, both in quality and yield. Large acreage and better stand than usual. Oats — Average yield and of good quality. Wheat — Of good quality and yielded a little above the average crop. Rye — Very little sown, and is usually used for hog pasture. Barley — Good. Above the average yield. Flax — None sown. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Millet — Good, but only a small acreage sown. Sorghum — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Timothy' — Good. Yield was reduced somewhat on account of dry weather in June. Yielded a good crop of seed, which is selling at $1.50 and upwards per bushel. Clover — An average crop. A poor stand of spring seeding, attributed to insects and drouth. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 811 Pbairie Hay — Only small acreage in county, but yielded a good crop. Other Grains axd Grasses — Alfalfa, brome-grass, spelts, etc., are being tried in an experimental way, but to what success we are not advised. Potatoes — The usual acreage planted, and while the yield was not very heavy the quality was good. Vegetables — An abundance of all varieties. Apples — Good; probably better than the average of the past ten years. Other Fruits — Equally as good, and some better, than the average crop. Cattle — An industry in which, we believe, this county enjoys the dis- tinction of being foremost in the State; also, of having reared, fed and exhibited the highest priced car lot of beef cattle ever sold in the American markets, viz.: those of Chas. Escher, Sr., which sold in Pitts- burg at $21.25 per cwt. Horses — All the standard classes are represented, and the high prices obtained in recent years has caused an increase in number of foals. Swi.NE — Generally healthy. An average crop of pigs, the mortality of which was increased to some extent by wet weather in the spring. Very little, if any, disease prevalent at this time. Sheep — Very few in county. Poultry — This industry still ranks at 100, and yields a greater profit on the amount invested than any other product of the farm. Bees — A growing industry. One farmer wit/h only sixty acres of land markets between $400 and $500 worth of honey each year. Drainage — Natural condition is very good, although there is some lit- tle tile being laid to drain sloughs. Other Industries — There are none, other than agricultural, that i^ engaged in to any extent. Lands — It is estimated that at least one-half is devoted to meadows and pastures. Some timber land is still left, although it is being divested very rapidly. Prices have doubled during the last decade, and now range from $50 to $200 per acre, owing to location and improvements. Report of Fair — Held at Harlan, August 20-23. The exhibit of horses, cattle and hogs was the best we have had for the past seventeen years. Over four hundred head of hogs were shown, some of which were ex- hibited at the State Fair and won in the competition there. Some of the cattle on exhibit had also been exhibited at the State Fair and won premiums. No gambling or games of chance of any description were permitted on our grounds. The fair, as usual, was pronounced a success from every point of view. SIOUX. H. SLIKKERVEER, orange city, OCTOBER 23, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Although the season was rather wet, crops generally were very good. Corn — Will yield from forty to sixty bushels per acre. 0.\Ts — An average crop, yielding from forty-five to sixty-five bushels. 810 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Apples — Good yield, but of inferior quality. Other Feuits — Cherries, plums and all small fruits yielded a good crop. Cattle — Did not thrive as well as usual, but have done well the last thirty days. Horses — Marketable ones are scarce and command high prices. Swine — Thrifty. No disease of any kind reported. Sheep — Have done well. An increased interest is being taken in this industry. Poultry — A very profitable industry in this county. Bees — Industry engaged in to some extent. Honey production good. Drainage — Much interest is taken in this question, and there is now over $100, COO worth of drainage ditches provided for. Other Industries — The canning factory in this city put up about 1,500,000 cans of corn the past season. The manufacturing of cement tile, stone and fence posts is engaged in quite extensively, one factory employ- ing over ten men the year around. Lands — Range in price from $57 to $100 per acre. Average, $80. Report of Fair — Held at Sac City, August 14-16. The weather was- extremely hot, and this, coupled with the fact that a Chautauqua was held on the fair grounds for ten days during July, caused the attendance to be very light. The races were the best ever had, and all premium* were paid in full. SHELBY. C. F. SWIFT, HARLAN, OCTOBER 2, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Never better. Small grain was good, being better than for the average year, and all was harvested in good season and yielded well. The season was an ideal one, although the rainfall was less than for several years, but caused no damage, as subsoil is such that holds the moisture. No destructive storms occurred, or any damage done to the crops from any source. Corn — Excellent. Far above the general average of the past ten years, both in quality and yield. Large acreage and better stand than usual. Oats — Average yield and of good quality. Wheat — Of good quality and yielded a little above the average crop. Rye— Very little sown, and is usually used for hog pasture. Barley — Good. Above the average yield. Flax — None sown. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Millet — Good, but only a small acreage sown. Sorghum — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Timothy — Good. Yield was reduced somewhat on account of dry weather in June. Yielded a good crop of seed, which is selling at $1.50 and upwards per bushel. Clover — An average crop. A poor stand of spring seeding, attributed to insects and drouth. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 811 Pbairie Hay— Only small acreage in county, but yielded a good crop. Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa, brome-grass, spelts, etc., are being tried in an experimental way, but to what success we are not advised. Potatoes — The usual acreage planted, and while the yield was not very heavy the 'quality was good. Vegetables — An abundance of all varieties. Apples — Good; probably better than the average of the past ten years. Other Fruits — Equally as good, and some better, than the average crop. Cattle — An industry in which, we believe, this county enjoys the dis- tinction of being foremost in the State; also, of having reared, fed and exhibited the highest priced car lot of beef cattle ever sold in the American markets, viz.: those of Chas. Escher, Sr., which sold in Pitts- burg at $21.25 per cwt. Horses — All the standard classes are represented, and the high prices obtained in recent years has caused an increase in number of foals. Swine — Generally healthy. An average crop of pigs, the mortality of which was increased to some extent by wet weather in the spring. Very little, if any, disease prevalent at this time. Sheep — Very few in county. Poultry — This industry still ranks at 100, and yields a greater profit on the amount invested than any other product of the farm. Bees — A growing industry. One farmer with only sixty acres of land markets between $400 and $500 worth of honey each year. Drainage — Natural condition is very good, although there is some lit- tle tile being laid to drain sloughs. Other Industries — There are none, other than agricultural, that is engaged in to any extent. Lands — It is estimated that at least one-half is devoted to meadows and pastures. Some timber land is still left, although it is being divested very rapidly. Prices have doubled during the last decade, and now range from $50 to $200 per acre, owing to location and improvements. Report of Fair — Held at Harlan, August 20-23. The exhibit of horses, cattle and hogs was the best we have had for the past seventeen years. Over four hundred head of hogs were shown, some of which were ex- hibited at the State Fair and won in the competition there. Some of the cattle on exhibit had also been exhibited at the State Fair and won premiums. No gambling or games of chance of any description were permitted on our grounds. The fair, as usual, was pronounced a success from every point of view. SIOUX. H. SLIKKERVEER, orange city, OCTOBER 23, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Although the season was rather wet, crops generally were very good. Corn — Will yield from forty to sixty bushels per acre. Oats — An average crop, yielding from forty-five to sixty-five bushels. S12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRILULTURE. by weight, per acre. Wheat — An average crop. Rye — None raised. Barley — Good. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Very good. Sorghum — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Timothy — Above the average crop. Clover — Very good. Prairie Hay — Above the average crop. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Yielded a good crop. Vegetables — Good. Apples — An abundant crop of summer and fall varieties, while of the "Winter varieties there is but few. Other Fruits — Very good. Cattle — In good condition. Horses — Have done well. Swine — A great deal of cholera is prevalent In some localities. Sheep — Have done well and are in good condition. Poultry — A great deal dying from diseases which are prevalent. Bees — Did very well the past season. Lands — -Range in price from $8.5 to $100 per acre. Good demand. Report of Fair — Held at Orange City, October 3-5, after having been postponed from the dates originally set (September 19-21) owing to rainy weather prevailing on same. Although a postponed fair, the exhibits in every department were nu- merous and of excellent quality, and the attendance was very good, with the exception of the second day, when it rained. The racing and attractions were good, and all those attending expressed themselves as being well pleased with the fair. SIOUX. DENNIS SCANLAN, ROCK VALLEY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1906 General Condition of Crops and Season — Favorable, and good. Corn — A large acreage, and promises a good yield. Seventy-five per cent is out of danger of damage by frosts at this date, and indications are that it will all fully mature without being damaged thereby. Will make an average of about fifty bushels per acre. Oats — Of good quality and yielded about fifty bushels per acre. Wheat — Small acreage. Winter variety yielded from forty to fifty bushels per acre, while the spring variety yielded about fifteen bushels per acre. Rye — None raised. Barley — Only small acreage sown, which yielded about twenty-five hushels per acre, of fair quality. Flax — None raised. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 813 Buckwheat — None sown. Millet — Very little raised. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Yielded about two and one-half tons per acre, and was of good quality. Cloveb — Of good quality, and yielded about two and one-half tons per acre. Prairie H.\y — None raised. Potatoes — Good, both in yield and quality. Vegetables — Large and excellent crop. Apples — Plentiful. Other Fruits — Did well. Cattle — Raising and feeding of cattle is one of the principal indus- tries of this county, and have done well the past season. Horses — Demand and prices good. Good ones are scarce. Swine — Have done well. Very little disease reported. A large number on hand, and prices are high. Sheep — Prices are high. Quite a number are engaging In this industry. Increase in the number raised. Poultry — Considerable attention is paid this industry, which is a very profitable one. Prices for both poultry and eggs the past season have been good. Bees — There Is a noticeable increase in the interest being taken in this industry. Drainage — Natural conditions are ideal, the land being slightly rolling and the soil best adapted therefor. Other Industries — Are dairy farms and gardening, which have been profitable the past season. Lands — Increasing in value, and demand good. Prices range from $60 to $100 per acre, and meet with ready sale. Report of Fair — Held at Rock Valley, September 4-6. The weather was exceptionally favorable, exhibits in every department numerous and first class in quality, and the attendance was fair. STORY. F. H. GREENWALT. NEVADA. OCTOBER 4, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season was unusually favorable, and all crops were exceptionally large and of good quality. Corn — Acreage estimated at 130,000. "Will yield about forty-five bushels per acre, and is of excellent quality, being tne best since 1899. Oats — Acreage 55,000. Yielded about thirty-five bushels per acre. Wheat — Yielded from twenty to forty bushels per acre. Small acreage. Rye — Not much grown. Yielded from eighteen to twenty bushels per acre. Barley — Small acreage; yielded about forty bushels per acre. Flax — None grown. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Sown only in small patches, where too wet for com. 814 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SoKGHUM — Fair. Timothy — Acreage estimated at 11,000. Yielded about one and one- half tons per acre, and was put up in good condition. Clover — Yielded about one and one-half tons per acre, and was of good quality. Prairie Hay — Yielded about one ton per acre. Other Grains and Grasses — None to speak of. Potatoes — Yielded from one hundred and seventy-five to two hundred and twenty-five bushels per acre, and of good quality. Vegetables — Exceptionally good. Other Fruits — Yield and quality better than usual. Cattle — Not many feeders in county. A number of breeders of fancy stock. Horses — The general tendency is to raise good horses, farmers raising heavy draft breeds. Prices good. SwixE — A noticeable improvement in breeds. Farmers are giving more attention to this industry each year. Sheep — Not many raised, but have proven profitable. Poultry — A great deal of attention being paid to this industry, many farmers going into it as a business each year. Bees — Did not do very well. Drainage — Is receiving more attention each year. Several large ditches put in the past season. Lands — Some transfers are being made, and prices range from $75 to $100 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Nevada, September 11-14. The attendance was good, despite unfavorable weather conditions, and the exhibit of live stock was the largest ever held by our society. TAMA. a. G. smith, TOLEDO, OCTOBER 15, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The best for a number of years. Corn — Never better. As fine a crop as could be desired. Oats — Fair. Wheat — Very good. Rye — Good. Barley — Good. Flax — Not much, if any, grown. Buckwheat — Good. Millet — Good. Sorghum — Excellent quality. Timothy — Very good. Clover — Fair. Prairie Hay — Very little left in county. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Fair. Vegetables — Very good. SEVExNTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 815 Apples — The best for years. Other Fruit.s — Very good. Cattle — Better stock is being raised each year. Several of our farm- ers are improving their herds. Horses — More raised than for several years, and prices were never better. A noticeable improvement in their breeding. SwixE — Quality of breeding is unsurpassed. Over 400 head were on exhibit at our fair. Sheep — Very few in this county. Sixty-four head entered for premiums at our fair. PotTLTRY — Has done well; all breeds represented. Bee.s — An industry which is not engaged in extensively here. Drainage — Most all low, wet ground in this county has been drained. Other Industries — A paper-mill at Tama, and flour-mill at Toledo. Lands — Mostly of good black loam. Prices range from $50 to $150 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Toledo, Septembr 25-28, and was the banner fair in the history of our society, owing to the favorable weather and financial condition of our pople. The cattle exhibit was especially good, and the parade of live stock on Friday was the feature of the fair. About one hundred head each of cattle and horses were in the parade, and for a part of the way a hog which weighed over one thousand pounds. The races were good, and the fair was declared a success in every particular. In the matter of improvements fifty feet was added to our amphitheatre, and all buildings were painted. TAYLOR. J. J. laws. BEDFORD, SEPTEMBER 24, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Best crop for years; not damaged by frosts. Will make an average yield of about forty bushels per acre. Oats — Were short in straw, but yielded well, and were of good qual- ity, weighing nearly forty pounds to the measured bushel. Wheat — Small acreage, but yielded well, some going as high as forty bushels per acre. Quality was excellent. Rye — Not much sown, but yield and quality good. Barley — ^None raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Not extensively grown, but yielded a good crop the past season. illoRGHUM— Quite a large acreage sown for forage. Timothy — Is "extensively grown in this county, both as a forage crop and for seed. There was very little cut for seed the past season, owing to redtop getting into it. Clover — Is extensively raised for forage and seed, and to keep the fertility of the soil. Prairie Hay — Very little in tnis county. 816 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Other Grains axd Grasses — Some have been experimenting with al- falfa, but have not found it a success. Potatoes — Early varieties yielded- a heavy crop of good quality, while the late varieties did not do so well. Acreage small. Vegetables — Good, both in quality and yield. Apples — An abundant crop, and of good quality. Other Fruits — ^Strawberries, gooseberries, currants, blackberries, raspberries and all kinds of small berries were plentiful and of excellent quality. The peach crop was also large. Cattle — Are extensively raised, being one of the principal industries of this county. Nearly all of the beef breeds are represented, and are of standard quality. Short-Horns predominate. No disease reported. Horses — A prominent industry in this county. All of the draft breeds are raised, and there are some excellent individuals. Roadsters are quite plentiful, as are also Shetland ponies. Swine — Raised extensively and did well the past season; no disease reported. Sheep — Not extensively raised, but are of good quality. Poultry — Chickens are plentiful, and all breeds are represented. The number of eggs and chickens marketed from this county is enormous. A large number of turkeys are also raised for the market. Bees — This industry is engaged in quite extensively, and the honey production is large and of good quality. Drainage — Land is undulating and natural drainage is good. Marshy spots are being drained successfully. Other Industries — The creamery at Bedford produces from one and one-half to two tons of butter per day, for which the top market price is obtained. The milling industry is carried on in a small scale, there being three flour and several feed mills in the county. Lands— Range in price from $40 to $200 per acre, according to ■quality and location. Report of Fair — Held at Bedford, September 18-21. UNION. CARL davenport, CRESTON, SEPTEMBER 24, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — An unusually productive year. All crops showed a marked increase in comparison with last three seasons. The season was somewhat dry up to September, since which time the rainfall has been plentiful. Corn — Immense crop, both in quality and yield. Oats — The usual yield. Wheat — Very little sown. Rye — None grown. Barley — Average crop. Flax — None grown. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — None raised. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 817 Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Hay crop was somewhat light, but of excellent quality. Clover — Good crop. Prairie Hay — Light crop. Other Grains and Grasses — Some alfalfa is being raised successfully. Potatoes — Large yield and of excellent quality, being the best crop for years. Vegetables- — Unusually plentiful. Apples — Large increase in crop. Other Fruits — Increase in production. Cherries and grapes in abun- dance. Cattle — A growing industry. Horses — The breeding and importation of horses has become one of the principal occupations of the farmers of this section. There has been a marked improvement in the quality of the horses actually raised here and many fine animals have been imported. Swine — The most profitable industry of our farmers, and it has shown no decrease the past season. Sheep — A greater number were raised this season than at any time during the past ten years. Poultry — A growing industry. Bees — A much neglected industry in this county, there being very few bees kept. Lands — Steadily increase in price, and decrease in number of trans- fers made each year. Report of Fair — Held at Creston, September 4-7. The weather was exceptionally favorable, and the attendance was immense. It was our first successful fair in four years. VAN BUREN. D. A. MILLER, MILTON, OCTOBER 1, 1906. General Condition of Crop.s and Season — Although a little too dry at times, the season -as a whole was an exceptionally favorable one. Corn — Best crop for years. Oats — Good. Wheat— Good. Rye — Good. Barley — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Flax — Small acreage, but yielded well. Buckwheat — Fair. Millet— Good. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Yielded about a half crop. Clover — Very little raised. Prairie Hay — Fair. Other Gr.\ins and Grasses — Fair; a little too dry. Potatoes — Not many in a hill, but large in size. 52 818 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Vegetables — Plentiful. Apples — Plentiful. Othep. Fruits — Were abundant. Cattle — A great many raised, and have done well the past season. Horses — Have done well, and prices are high. Swine — ^A large number raised. Sheep — Have done well. Poultry — Industry is growing. Bees — A plentiful supply of honey. Drainage — Good. Other Industries — Flourishing. Lands — Very fertile. Advancing in price. Report of Fair — Held at Milton, September 4-7. WARREN. lee TALBOTT, IXDIANOLA, OCTOBER 8, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been ex- ceptionally favorable, and nearly all crops were above the average in yield and of excellent quality. Warren is one of the "Three River" counties, and is one of the best agricultural and stock raising counties in the State. Corn — An excellent crop. Will yield from fifty to eighty bushels per acre, and is of highest grade. Oat.s — An average yield, and of good quality. Wheat — About an equal ■ amount of spring and winter varieties raised, and quality was excellent. Acreage in this county has been much reduced from former years. Rye — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Barley — Very little raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — None raised. Sorghum — Very little raised. Timothy — A good crop, both for pasture and hay. The meadows yielded a good average crop of excellent quality hay. Clover — Exceptionally good, many meadows yielding two crops of fine quality hay. Prairie Hay — Almost a thing of the past in this county, all unculti- vated land having long since gone to bluegrass and white clover. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Light crop of early varieties, while the late ones made a. good yield and were of excellent quality. Vegetables — An immense crop of all varieties. Apples — The largest crop ever raised in this county, and winter va- rieties were especially fine in quality. Other Fruits — Excellent crop of peaches and pears, as well as all ber- ries and small fruits. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 819 Cattle — All of the different breeds of beef cattle are raised, fed and marketed by our farmers, and but few counties produce better. Horses — The very best breeds are raised, and in large numbers. Swine — An important industry in this county, and large numbers of all the leading breeds are raised annually. No disease reported. Sheep — Very few in this county, although farmers who keep them have found them profitable. Poultry — Raised extensively, and high prices have been obtained for both poultry and eggs the past year. Bees — This industry is not engaged in extensively, although they have proven profitable by those who keep them. Drainage — A great deal done during the past year, and nearly all marshy places are now drained with tile. Other Industries — The making of cigars and brooms is engaged in to some extent. Simpson College, one of the leading educational institu- tions of the State, is located at Indianola, the county seat. Lands — Range in price from $50 to $125 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Indianola, September 18-21. Weather con- ditions were not favorable the first two days, but was good the last day of our exhibition. The attendance was not up to the average of former years, on account of roads being in bad condition. The exhibits in every department were numerous, and of the best quality. Premiums paid aggregated $1,028. WINNEBAGO. J. A. PETERS, FOREST CITY, OCTOBER 18, 1906. General Conditiox of Crops and Season — The season has been very favorable and crops have been above the average of the past five years. The first killing frost visited tnis section October 6. The ground is in excellent condition for fall plowing. Corn — Exceptionally good. Average yield will probably be about forty-five bushels per acre. Oats — Average crop, although colored considerably by heavy rains at harvest time. Wheat — Very little raised. Some macaroni wheat raised, and yielded about twenty-five bushels per acre the past season. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — Yielded about thirty bushels per acre, and of good quality. Flax — Small acreage, but yielded about twelve bushels per acre. Buckwheat — Only a few small patches. Millet — Small acreage, but yielded a heavy crop. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Yielded in hay about three tons per acre, and of seed about four bushels per acre. Clover — Good crop of hay; none raised for seed. Soil in this county Is exceptionally well adapted to the raising of clover. Prairie Hay — Yielded about two tons per acre. 820 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Potatoes — An average crop; yielded about one hundred and fifty bushels per acre. Vegetables — All varieties made a very rank growth. Apples — Not a large crop. The Wealthy is the leading fall variety, which did not bear as heavily as last year. Quite a few winter apples are now being raised. Othek Fruits — An abundant crop of all small fruits. Cattle — Are in good condition; season favorable. Horses — Good ones scarce, they having been nearly all bought up and shipped out. There is a noticeable improvement in the quality of horses being raised, several fine stallions having been purchased in this vicinity. Swine — ^The pig crop was somewhat lighter than usual. No disease reported. Sheep — More than for several years past, and some very fine individ- uals were shown at our fair. Poultry — Much interest is taken in this industry, and breeds are being graded up until there is now some very fine flocks. Bees — Only a few kept, and honey crop was rather light this season. DEAiTiAGE — There is an increased interest being taken in this question and a great number of county ditches are under construction. Much tiling is being done. Lands — Although there Is no better land in the State than here, prices are much lower than in any other county. Good farms can be bought at from $50 to $60 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Forest City, October 2-5. The weather was favorable throughout, and the fair was the best our society has ever held, the farmers taking unusual interest in it. The exhibits were ex- ceptionally good in every department. Many of the farmers went home with a determination to bring something better than the other fellow next year WINNEBAGO. J. p. BOYD, BUFFALO CENTER, OCTOBER 26, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Taken as a whole the season was a favorable one for all crops. Corn — In first class condition, and better than the average crop. Will yield about forty bushels per acre. Oats — Good; yielded from thirty-five to forty-five bushels per acre and overran in weight about one-fifth. Wheat — Small acreage, but of average yield and quality. Rye — None raised. Barley — ^Small acreage, but of average yield and good quality. Flax — ^Small acreage; average yield and quality. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Very little raised. Sorghum — Very little raised. Timothy — Heavy yield of hay, but not much cut for seed. Clover — Yielded a heavy crop of hay; very little cut for seed. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 821 Prairie Hay — Exceptionally good. PoTAtoES — Large yield, and of good quality. Vegetables— All kinds did exceptionally well. Apples — Yielded a good crop, although there is not many raised in this county. Cattle — Considerable raised, and number growing larger each year. Noticeable improvement in breeding. Horses — Have done well. Better grades are being raised each year. SwixE — Did well. Sheep — Very few in county, but are of good breeding. Poultry — Both common and thoroughbreds raised extensively. Bees — Industry is not engaged in extensively; honey crop good. Drainage — Considerable is being done in draining low lands, by both open ditches and tile. Otiiek iMUSTniEs — A brick and tile factory was started this season, and local demand for tile is greater than its output. Lands — Prices have advanced materially during the past season, and indications are that considerable land will change hands the coming year. Report of Fair — Held at Buffalo Center, September 11-12. The attend- ance was very good, as was also the exhibits and racing. The stock exhibit was the largest in the history of our society. WINNESHIEK. L. L. CADWELL, DECORAH, NOVEMBER 1, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good; favorable. Corn — Acreage about the same as last year, and yield about fifteen per cent greater. Market price 30 cents per bushel. Oats — Acreage ten per cent greater than last year. Yield about eighty per cent of last year's crop, not full weight, and were bleached. Price 28 cents per bushel. Wheat— Average acreage and crop. Price 65 cents per bushel. Rye — Very little raised. Acreage and yield about the same as last year. Barley — Acreage ten per cent greater than last year, and yield about twenty-five per cent less. Medium grade. Flax — Increase in acreage twenty per cent, and in yield twenty-five per cent over last year's crop, and of an excellent grade. Buckwheat — Average acreage and yield six per cent greater than crop of 1905. Millet — Very little grown except for fodder. SoRGHL'M — Only grown for forage purposes. Timothy — Good. Fifteen per cent above crop of 1905. Clover — Fair. Prairie Hay — Fair. Potatoes — Acreage and yield about the same as last year. Rotting to some extent. Price 30 cents per bushel. 822 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Apples — Yield of fall varieties twenty per cent greater than last year. Price 60 cents per bushel. Cattle — An increase of ten per cent in number over last year. Horses — Decrease of fifteen per cent from last year in number. Prices range from $100 to $210. Swine — Fifteen per cent decrease in number from last year. Sheep — Did well. Poultry — Ten per cent increase over last year. Bees — Fair. Lands — Range in price from $80 to $100 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Decorah, September 4-7. Attendance good. All indebtedness has been paid, and we have a small surplus in our treasury. WORTH. E. H. miller, NORTHWOOD, OCTOBER 6, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Although an excess of rain In July and August, the general condition of crops has been good. Corn — An excellent crop, having an exceptionally long, favorable sea- son for maturing. Oats — Medium yield and of good quality. Wheat — Very little sown, but yielded a fair crop of good quality. Rye — Small acreage, but fair yield and good quality. Barley — Good, both in quality and yield, although damaged to some extent by rains during harvest. Flax — Average yield, and of good quality. Buckwheat — Quite a large acreage sown, and yield and quality was good. Millet — Yield and quality good. Sorghum — Very little raised. Timothy — Light yield, but of good quality. Clover — Badly winter killed; light crop. Prairie Hay — Good, both in quality and yield. Potatoes — Promised a fine crop, but excessive rainfall rotted them badly. Vegetables — Medium. Apples — Short in yield, but fair in quality. Other Fruits — Short crop of plums and grapes. Cherries, good. Cattle — Less than average number. Medium quality. Horses — Scarce, and high in price. Swine — The pig crop was fully up to the average of former years, but loss from disease has been very heavy. Sheep — Scarce, and price high. Poultry — Plentiful; prices good. Bees — Did well, early swarms securing a large crop of excellent quality honey. Drainage — A great deal being done. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 823 Lands — Increasing in value, and some sales being made at good prices. Report op Fair — Held at Northwood, September 25-27. Favorable weather brought cut a good attendance, and our society is in a pros- perous condition. WRIGHT. G. L. CUTLER, CLARION, OCTOBER 20, 1906. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops above the average. Ideal season, with the exception of heavy rains in May. Corn — A record breaking yield, and of excellent quality. Oats — Yield and quality good. Wheat — Very little sown, but yielded a crop of good quality. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — Very little, if any, raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Millet — Good, both in yield and quality. SoKGHUM — Very little grown. Timothy — Good. Clover — Fair. Prairie Hay — Very little in county. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Very good yield, and of excellent quality. Apples — Light yield. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — An increased interest is being taken in the breeding of cattle generally, and there are quite a number of good herds started. Short-Horns predominate. Three hundred and fifty cars were shipped this year at prices ranging from ?3.25 to $5.00 per hundred. Horses — A great many are raised, and their breeding has been no- ticeably improved during the last few years; especially is this true of the draft lines. It is estimated that one thousand head have been shipped during the past year, at prices ranging from $125 to $200 per head. Swine — A leading industry of this county. A great deal of interest taken in improved breeding. Estimated that one thousand cars have been shipped during the past year, at prices ranging from $4.50 to $6.50 per hundred pounds. No disease reported. Sheep — Net many in this county, but did well the past season, making a good profit. Poultry — An extensive industry. Many thousand dollars' worth of birds and eggs are shipped annually. No disease reported this season. Bees — Very few in county. Drainage — A great deal being done. Twenty-six drainage districts formed in the county during the last three years. A great deal of tile being laid, the entire output of the two factories in the county being used locally, and in addition hundreds of carloads shipped in. 824 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. Lands — Prices range from $60 to $90 per acre, with very little chang- ing hands. Report of Fair — Held at Clarion, September 4-7. The attendance was not large, although we had a very creditable exhibit. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 825 w CM iT3ni3JBW ^««^ «ot-^=-.o^j<« 2:S SS2SSSSS3Sg§6SS Indebt- edness for 1906 Total Dis- burse- ments for 1906 Balance on hand Novem- ber 1, 1906 1) S a •" g s i 18 ^gg \sii \i I i il ill ill COrH ! «-( W ; O O O O s^gss ss >r-te««Oe»e«-»'=oe OTW .^in(OM-i--*«ov*'-[ , I g2g i§'5^ 5SSSS¥^Sga 88 SSSSrcfF^.figg^.g.SSS iiii Miiiiiii ii n^mmmmur^?. p^^-^W8s¥88g8 ^~nsSS88^S ^ S 8 8 ^^. 8 ci5 s; o ^ CO § t> S S 8 t^ 25 S w^ .:r jggg s^ ) rH OO O '—. ^ _J" 1-H rH C* CO CO C4 « ^ (NrH g!i.Sgi288:gS88S^. •ON lentSj 826 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. •ON ibuiSjbiv u ^a g^•■ P c c o t,o ii o rt > Ss i3 (U B eSm « o O Ota O w w eo -t< m O b- CO (*^ O r-i e* M -«J« iO CO t* GO Ol O rH C» CO --t< in eo I 88 88 8 18 ;S ot i-i eo grH't'O (-0pC0r-r- )S ^ CO CD O 00 i-H U? )0 O'-HMOCOinco C< CQC^CstiflOJCOCO 00 ■*COO OriOt-iTjrHO iROiflOO O^O i-t-iSOcOoOe^OiHM© :8 CifH »0»C:CCD50OCD5tCDiftt- Q ,-. rH r-l I ift 00 i^ rH i S8Sg 88S888S 8888 88 SSSS8 Ol^-H^ lAOO^COf-tCO C^Ot-S OJO cs l-COCOCO l^M^C^'^O* ODf'COCjS as QO S3 I rH W 1-1 f-i W r-t !8??8S38S Sggjg OOCO'^T»< CO-fCO^t-i^?'^'^ Ol"^o6o CXCO lCOr-(-^ lOt-cii-i aiCT>'*'«5^oiQ -*i:o3:b- ir*'co cSxtOc^i S588g85S§^2§2 00 O '^i Ol CD »o

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s-^,g^«:= ij »rs c < . illliimliillillll c c S y- "J 1 till it" X t !:: f^ -- — K a 3 .J^-^Z-cS^^-l^-K-^-^^^KK^' K ^ <£i> e:-jzj.^s ^'K"H u^WH^KsaaJd^-^s^ffiaJp-; s^a 1 1 1 tS o ►J ^ 5) c J 1 <1lll: Sill Ci C3 umu c c a 1 s cj C^ ^x^^:; :^-7x.z:: =::<•>: :^- J- p:.:: K zcC ^< 1 1 j§ 1 1 '^ « 1 cH "^ " ~ \ s s 1 1 1 l-^w 1 .'■C 1 1 /■i 1 O 1 1 1 -^ o 1 -< r- i: 1 ^ Kill M 1 1 1 1 o 1 1 S3 1 1 1 S 1 1 d o m 1 ^ a \ii\U\ 1 0) 1 1 t< mm la ! ! 3 |:| i ; '."go i 1 "S;^^, i ||S a i^ sill U 1 1 1 o 1 £3 ."SO w^ 4-> "C 1 1 c rt 1 OO .« >i 1 J c; ' [ (0 lllioiiKl ^li ~ [ >> !?ilF-i iij i O 0) --; 1 3 "2 1 c! O >. i ^-^ > "■ a i^ nnmiimmk^u > ^"x 5 i - ~ — ? Pl.i;^^?;^ -r^:^-! «'^~'Z.~-Z~v.'—'~'C^~'^ — ~Ji.^ — ^ •7. r-P. — SS^S^E- k-^r-r-Z >. \ i : i i i ; : i i : ■ i i ; i i i i i ; i : o : ; : 1 1 : 1 ; : : ; i i 1 1 1 III; 1 i i f i i i i i ; 1 i i i i ] ; [ III 1 1 1 » 'u Kill 1 h ' i ! i i ' i i i 1 ill I 1 ; '£''._ 1 ,' 1 1 1 ' _^ ' — ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 X „ ^ 1 ' ' o 5 ^il-ill- J -. 'Jh iv;€ = il ■= n ? 7 '^ a-^ - 1 llilil 1 i Ills if '^ =t i||| 1 5.3 0 s ^ -^-^CCaC S c Ss>5iti;'^ h5 ss «ss« s Coo Szz 840 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. o Q c P- •Q r a . « -p • • • d '^s:3 ^«; " . . "^^ R . ^-[^ • ■^- J2 ^r ^ >5't^S- "^^o. r^"^"^^> --^ ^* y: C "ii: *" H^ "^ i~& a .i E — Q z <:: a c ? ? cS. ° a a ® «• -jj — ^ r- a _ o ~ .2 2 §==•5^1 l5=i'-53S 01 X a o -t! T' o ^ <5 CJ a , M a ij c; 0) 0) ffi t: •- j; « s.£;?>.a^ S M 1- ci.a*- c "^ 4= cj a«M ,a H i::i H So O o K^'^ a 111=111 |a.?ir-^'"s5 I 0; a I o i c a M o~ a^c.'^ 1- 5— z •- ^'^v. ^'^ Z Z "^ — ^ ^ ~^ H H I^ H ^ »— M oU 0) O 0/ o ^ 12!; ^z o^c.!- ^ 5!j -a o G "^ I ^ Oj »: Sac a a >^ C 0; ^ a. 2 II .2^. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 841 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THEIR LOCATIONS, DIRECTORS, AND PRINCIPAL LINES OP WORK. Station, Location and Director Principal Lines of Work Alabama (College), Auburn: J. P. Duggar Alabama (Canebrake), Uniontown: .1. F. Rielieson * Alabama (Tuskegee), Tuskegee In stitute: G. W. Carver Arizona, Tucson: R. PI. Forbes Arkansas, Fayetteville: W. G. Viuceabeller "California, Berkeley: E. W. Hilgard Colorado, Fort Collins: L. G. Carpenter.-- Connecticut (State), New Haven: E. H. Jenkins Connecticut (Storrs), Storr.s: L. A. Clinton Delavs^are, Newark: A. T. Neale Florida, Lake City: P. H. Rolfs--- Georgia. Experiment: R. J. Redding Idaho, Moscow: H. T. French- Illinois, Urbana: E. Davenport Indiana, Lafayette: Arthur Goss ... Chemistry; botany; soils; analysis of fertiliz- ers and food materials; agronomy; horti- culture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal husbandry; dairying. Agronomy; horticulture; floriculture; diseases of plants and animals. Agronomy; horticulture; diseases of plants; animal industry; dairying. Chemistry; botany; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; animal husbandry; dairying; irrigation. Chemistry; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal husbandry; dairying; entomology. Chemistry; soils; bacteriology; fertilizer con- trol; agronomy; horticulture, including viti- culture and zymology; botany; meteorology; entomology; animal husbandry; dairying; poultry experiments; irrigation and drain- age; silviculture; reclamation of alkali lands; animal and plant pathology; nutrition in- vestigations. Chemistry; meteorology; agronomy; horticul- ture; forestry; plant breeding; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; entomology; ir- rigation. Chemistry; inspection of fertilizers, foods, feeding stuffs, Babcock test apparatus, and nurseries; diseases of plants; plant breeding; forestry; agronomy; entomology. Food and nutrition of man and animals; dairy liacteriology; agronomy; horticulture; poul- try culture; dairying. Chemistry; bacteriology; agronomy; horticul- ture: plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal husbandry; dairying; ento- mology . Chemistry; agronomy; horticulture; diseases of plants; feeding experiments; veterinary science; entomology. Agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; ento- mology; animal husbandry; dairying. Chemistry; physics; botany; agronomy; horti- culture; plant breeding; diseases of plants; entomology; animal husbandry. Chemistry; bacteriology; agronomy; horticul- ture; forestry; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal husbandry; dairying. Chemistry; agronomy; horticulture: plant breeding; animal husbandry; dairying; dis- eases of plants and animals; entomology. ♦Assistant director. 842 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. • 'AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS— Continued. Station, Location and Director Principal Lines of Work low.a, Ames: C. F. Curtis.s Kansas, Manhattan: J. T. Willard -. Kentucky, Lexington: M. A. Scovell Louisiana (Sugar) New Orleans: W. R. Dodson Louisiana (State), Baton Rouge: W. R. Dodson Louisiana (North), Calhoun: W. R. Dodson Maine, Orono: C. D. Woods. Maryland, College Park: H. J. Patterson Massachusetts, Amherst: W. P. Brooks Michigan, Agricultural College: C. D. Smith . Minnesota, St. Anthony Park, St Paul: W. M. Liggett- Mississippi, Agricultural College: W. L. Hutchinson Missouri (College), Columbia: H. J. Waters Missouri (Fruit), Mountain Grove Paul Evans Chemistry: botany; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; forestry; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; dairying; entomology; rural engineering; good roads investigation. Chemistry; soils; horticulture; plant breeding; agronomy; animal husbandry; poultry ex- periments; diseases of animals; dairying; en- tomology; extermination of prairie dogs and gophers; irrigation. Chemistry; soils; inspection of fertilizers, foods, feeding stuffs, orchards and nurser- ies; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; animal husbandry; dairying; diseases of plants; entomology; apiculture. Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; agronomy; hor- ticulture; sugar making; drainage; irriga- tion. Geology; botany; bacteriology; soils, inspec- tion of fertilizers and Paris green; agron- omy; liorticulture; animal husbandry; dis- eases of animals; entomology. Chemistry; soils; fertilizers; agronomy; horti- culture; animal husbandry; stock raising; dairying. Chemistry; botany: inspection of foods, fertil- izers, commercial feeding stuffs, seeds, and creamery glassware; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; food and nutrition of man and animals; poultry raising, and entomology*. Chemistry; agronomy; horticulture; diseases of plants and animals; breeding of plants; animal husbandrj'; dairying; entomology. Chemistry; meteorology: inspection of fertiliz- ers, commercial feeding stuffs, creamery glassware and nurseries; agronomy: horti- culture; diseases of plants and animals; ani- mal husbandry; dairying; entomology; effect of electricity on plant growth. Chemistry; analysis and control of fertilizers and feeding stuffs; bacteriology; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding, diseases of plants and animals; animal husbandry; stable hygiene; entomology. Chemistry; fertilizers; agronomy; horticulture; forestry; diseases of plants and animals; food and nutrition investigations; animal breeding; animal husbandry; dairying; en- tomology; farm management; farm statistics. Soils; fertilizers; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding: animal husbandry; diseases of animals; poultry culture; dairying; ento- mology. Chemistry; soil survey; botany; agronomy; horticulture; diseases of plants and animals; animal husbandry; plant breeding; dairying; entomology. Horticulture; entomology chards and nurseries. inspection of or- SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 843 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS-CONTINUED. Station, Location and Director Montana, Bozeman: F. B. Linfield- Nebraska, Lincoln: E. A. Burnett-- Nevada, Reno: J. E. Stubbs. New Hampshire, Durham: W. D. Gibbs Principal Lines of Work New .Jersey (State) New Brunswick: E. B. Voorhees New Jersey (College), New Bruns- wick: E. B. Voorhees New Mexico, Mesilla Park: Luther Foster New York (State), Geneva: W. H. Jordan New York (Cornell), Ithaca: L. H. Bailey North Carolina, Raleigh: B. W. Kilgore North Dakota Agricultural College: J. H. Worst Ohio, Wooster: C. E. Thorne- Oklahoma, Stillwater: John Fields Oregon, Corvallis: J. Withycombe Pennsylvania State College: H. P. Armsby Rhode Island, Kingston: H. J. Wheeler Chemistry; meteorology; botany; agronomy; dry farming; horticulture; animal husband- ry; poultry experiments; dairying; ento- mology; irrigation. Chemistry; botany; meteorology; soils; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; dis- eases of plants and animals; forestry; ani- mal husbandry; dairying; entomology; irri- gation; extermination of prairie dogs. Chemistry; botany; soils; agronomy; horti- culture; forestry; animal diseases; animal husbandry; entomology; irrigation. Chemistry; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding: forestry; animal husbandry; dairying; entomology. Chemistrv; oyster culture; botany; analysis of fertiliers, foods, and commercial feeding stuffs; agronomy; horticulture; plant breed- ing; diseases of plants and animals; dairy husbandry; entomology; soil bacteriology; irrigation. Chemistry; botany; agronomy; horticulture; animal husbandry; entomology; irrigation. Chemistrv; bacteriology; meteorology; inspec- tion of" creamery glassware, feeding stuffs, fertiliers, and Paris green: agronomy; hor- ticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; poultry experiments; dairying; entomology; irrigation. .Chemistrv; fertilizers; agronomy; horticul- ture: plant breeding: diseases of plants and animals: animal husbandry: poultry experi- ments; dairying; entomology. Chemistrv; soils; agronomy; horticulture; animal husbandry: diseases of animals and plants; poultry experiments; dairying; tests of farm machinery. Chemistry; botany; agronomy; plant breed- ing; horticulture; forestry: diseases of plants and animals; food analysis: animal husbandry; dairying; farm mechanics. Agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; for- estry; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; entomology. Chemistry: agronomy; horticulture: plant breeding; forestry; botany: bacteriology; diseases of plants and animals; animal hus- bandry; entomology. Chemistry; bacteriology; agronomy; horti- culture; plant selection: diseases of plants; animal husbandry: poultry experiments; dairying; entomology; irrigation. Chemistry; meteorology: horticulture; agron- omy; animal husbandry; dairying. Chemistrv; meteorology; soils; inspection of fertilizers and feeding stuffs; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; poultry experi- ments. S44 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS-CONTINUED. Station, Location and Director Principal Lines of Work South Carolina, Clemson College J. N. Harper South Dakota, Brookings: J. W. Wilson Tennessee, Knoxville: H. A. Morgan Texas, College Station: J. A. Craig Utah, Logan: P. A. Yoder Vermont, Burlington: J. L. Hills Virginia, Blacksburg: A. M. Soule Washington, Pullman: E. A. Bryan West Virginia, Morgantown J. H. Stewart Wisconsin, Madison: W. A. Henry Wyoming, Laramie: B. C. BufEum Chemistry; inspection of fertilizers; botany; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; dairying; veterinary science; entomology. Chemistry; botany; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and ani- mals; animal husbandry; entomology. Chemistry; inspection of fertilizers; agron- omy; horticulture; plant breeding; seeds; weeds; diseases of plants: animal hus- bandry; dairying; entomology. Chemistry; soils; agronomy; horticulture; ani- mal husbandry; diseases of animals; irriga- tion; seed testing; feed inspection. Chemistry; alkali soil investigations; agron- omy; horticulture; diseases of plants; ani- mal husbandry; dairying; poultry experi- ments; entomology; irrigation; arid farming. Chemistry; botany; bacteriology; inspection of fertilizers, feeding stuffs and creamery glassware; agronomy; horticulture; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; dairying. Chemistry; geology; biology; agronomy; hor- ticulture; plant breeding; bacteriology; analysis of foods and soils; inspection of orchards; animal husbandry; veterinary sci- ence; dairying; entomology; cider and vine- gar making; ferments. Chemistry; botany; bacteriology; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; veterinary sci- ence; dairying; entomology; irrigation. Chemistry; inspection of fertilizers, orchards, and nurseries; agronomy; horticulture; dis- eases of plants; animal husbandry; poultry experiments; entomology. Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; agronomy; hor- ticulture; plant breeding; animal husbandry; dairying; irrigation, drainage and agri- cultural engineering. Botany; meteorology; soils; range improve- ment; fertilizers; agronomy; plant selection; I food analysis; animal husbandry; irrigation. ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. President, M. H. Buckham, president of the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.; secretary-treasurer, J. L. Hills, director Vermont Experi- ment Station, Burlington, Vt. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 845 m 5" H ;^ H ;5 .2 D s S H a H &> ^ m '^ o g o O ^ o m +* tf S •4-> CO H g '^^ S •«-> s ^ [Q *-' so 1 m a J t~s W ^ 'jc fl o s ^ o S 1-3 fa e o fc* 73 O (1) S t' . . rr. . — ." fcf >, . "c . J; C d ^ ^''' S ^, "3 . ■^ '^ t/ K "s ^ ''- "^ >S t:: : r^ (?i r; . .,^ Tj c ni ^ (1) T « c cj ^: '^- — £5««^ .5 fl CS 'C _ >■- c >-i !-■ o) c: -" !t! If s cc ^ M S 3 o M-tj •- a o *; 0) V-^ y, — — o j-.p, f3 O o lU c tw C -M S o F ;=r .SiK ' 5;.- ■•" c 2 S ci t: i "^ c , gg 846 IOWA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. 5 n i; I \'^ ..a)....Cs.. -2 -^ . o ■...-■ . C 03 X ■* ,-< d t. aj *- -■- a m i :i cj'3 '^'^ i*^ OOP I " o ri g^ O C >. „ M ^ o f:' ,-. "^ ^ r- a; K -.5 il o £ s« h o ^ hfl 3 fl r»i XI r/J - fTl M ^ Si o o a C3 s O *-> O d a SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 847 02 C . 1 !w O 2 0) " O j; a "S^ a o '1' 2 s ^^'^'•^-S ^ « .'' .3 . . ' ! I I i I i : I I i I I i-c : I I I 1 : : ! I : ! I : I I ' i l s ; i : ■ ■ iiiiiiiiasSi ~aii «::^:z^)^^: ''I a_^~ S = = - -^ - = Ti^ 5 i c c c i ■^ '^ '^ ? ^ '? . !.• ^ M - ; :: -- — •/. ^ C:;,^ — — — — -; — I^SSrt 848 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ) K '"'■"". ij r-^ -"" r- i ' "^ -i ^ !^ ' Oj C CCS. -^ a.^^J -.« s;;; ^K sfH ■ a ^ 'r- =i te ^S CD fl 0.^ Ui s >, .Q o •^ n & « T a 7, o K ^ o o .£i>. <« r/j . Oj ^ O F" ^-' H s^ <« ■*^ D cP, o (/} -'^ m ■^ v: < «£ \^ ~ P-" "c 5 tf G "C K <1 .:; o « ." c^ h-1 - -1^ S** * ■*!-(* 00 i « t- Ifl IllggI i i »i?5 5S2^ ssg lO CO o 31 © « o> M g C?J -^ CO NCg 00 ill i 1 S| CO 0=00 I- ^[i-" ^ i « m 9 I -w •- c3 i* w '3 -w O t, a> cj a 0) S3 6 w o o .-<• a --"^ ts cs d > ^ ■go OesS >>cj a (SO o 3 >- m O' az; oJSOh'M^ -flS^ 0 0) Qii • rs c 1 1:4 02 02 50 ■-< - 5)0) .2.53 3 c: •S-g 4>a -, 01 C3 -^ ^a -g O ^ CS - CO <1> P^ '^ 0) 7!~ 03 p5 ■ "-1 i' eg o g-° Dao) c" t3 '-' c qj g t^ o Si-" ■sa-gSg S5. , ,3 .-. .^ C3 -M ? o-£'a'?z uT S O* ^ !^ 0 r-t « * p3 O 5 ci " fi ^ o o a cShT «5°d§M . • o • -ja . ■ . •ja . ■ . CQ Tj 2 =S irt q; tn tn ^ SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XIII. 851 >n<-i e4e<, oass::: oin5>jOr-i50>ftoooOM« Oi-(0ic^C0lAC5Otr:Ob-?0iBCSi-Ht^lSSiOC0rH l^«COir3lOC^-^OOQOOfHlO:OOi«QOt--OCiO OCOr-CIACOlOgjOOfc NCOt-r-lb- ~ O) 72Q ^a a3-r2 ' ojja flj 'aa a a a ea aa MM 43 o o 000 ^ O O O O O O 1 as a o i ca 01 fl J3 O 1-1 Si 6B 832 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. K'd J ^ O O O ' S;S^ 51' rH(530-»^OmcC)OC^O J ^ Ci 00 ^ CO CO -*- m oj . 5 3 i-i c - .as : a o >! X 4-- H cc c3 oi cd ■j^a o d a <-S-w ^=^aaaaa^:« J a. a; t. t^ a^ij^ii y ^^ :aa = s*ocoocao ® CS OS ci .5 SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 853 O O > o m < o CO o o S < 5« " o -s o) g,^ >.>> = o ^ 52 >-^ . a fl^ M t- X oi c3 ^ rt t- w a a+3 a oS ■r;'^ a!~ a M > a; > .2 c3 '~ ss 3 i) 9-9 *« ^ 0)0) a ® a O J* O .S '3 .— tn Od cj Cj a*-i o a o a 20 a o" tl5 K .2 a iiag o ci y a; OB - - +J "rX >i o a ■- - o 1^ t. a «: rt cj rt ci a a X. a , a o - o^a.c t^ a t^ oj .C J rt 0) o cj t;-' ; s^^o--:^; 1-1 aS ^ (DO)-; ci c! « ? § ci o ci a x^ P ■" 1) •<-> 0) OJ O 0) C3 > >-S > a 'S ~ ::i 'r; a; p ai o 'r; K S -r o +^i)j_,*r' .0) 4) "££'4^0! a n £'o'S u ba > rt o >^ a - :^ > ss ci > 0) Q ? ^ i3 " a- age ■r; •- j2 ^ 0) 0) , O v>> o 0) 0; o) 0) 2 jo a c .^ ii C i > 0) Sit":! 2 -•so C ft ■. ^ c il ^ r- o SI -£53 .i;.: tj StH 5S (s I. : ;: S 0) a a oj ' ■y a o 't^ 'n ^ C 1) 5 o mm ■i^-^'a 'a t, 1- a 0 4J fl o "^ u — c3 >>■« >-..: • -g^ ■ ■ e 0 St; c c c3 ost; rt (S a aS c.3.9 Sgo; Big •w 0) !> 03 a !> !>— CS mmm'i'Tfirfimm ^ a r- Cnwm o) "a a ^1 t< -,-(^ >i+J >i 4) fc. a; t< 0) fc, (> d > Oj > Oj -w +j -w S & 2w I- ^^ .51 a ^^5 ^ -<5 rt o =- a '^+3^ -a) a) 0) , ^A 1^ O — . 5.3 o js Sis is o Z, ) o :i a IT'S?? Si: aJ a' rSoiia K c; 'S « OS ^a»>« a 5 a a) > O >•. 4) a^ J^'tf ^^ M • a a a-Cn'I^Hi aWr^P3M S o >r ojo o ® . • • o • . • . •* - o o a> a; 5 P ^ ^ Oj3 a '^ 5 aj 0) mag a rt ? rt a> rvO a) ?ial'ilf»|gi O iCr- c a~ ^ a a .- .a 4^ r a. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR KOOK— PART XTIl. 855 FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS. American Forestry Association — President, Hon. James Wilson, Secre- tary of Agriculture; vice-presidents, Edward Everett Hale, P. E. Weyer- haeuser, James W. Pinchot, B. E. Fernow, John L. Kaul; secretary, H. M. Suter, Washington, D. C. International Society of Arboriculture — President, Gen. William J. Pal- mer, Colorado Springs, Colo.; vice-president, Henry John Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England; secretary, J. P. Brown, Connersville, Ind. Society of American Foresters — President, Gifford Pinchot, Washing- ton, D. C. ; secretary, George B. Sudworth, Washington, D. C. SCHOOLS OF FORESTRY. Yale Forest School, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. — A two-year graduate course, leading to the degree of Master of Forestry. The junior N^ear begins in July, the first term being conducted at Milford, Pike county. Pa. Under the direction of the officers of the Yale Forest School a two- month popular course, July and August, also is conducted at Milford, Pa. PrOi. Henry S. Graves, director. Biltmore Forest School, Biltmore, N. C. — An undergraduate course, cov- ering one year, without vacation. Dr. C. A. Schenck, director. University of Michigan Forest School, part of the general Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Ann Arbor, Mich. — A two-year grad- uate course, leading to the degree of Master of Science in Forestry. Fili- bert Roth, Professor of Forestry. Harvard University Forest School, Cambridge, Mass. — A four-year undergraduate course, in connection with the Lawrence Scientific School. R. T. Fisher, in charge of curriculum. Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames, Iowa — A four-year course in forestry and horticulture, in which particular atten- tion is paid to farm forestry, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science. A course is also given adapted to students in the civil engineering depart- ment. H. P. Baker, assistant professor, in charge of forestry. University of Maine, Department of Forestry, Orono, Me. — A four-year undergraduate course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Gordon E. Tower, in charge of department. Michigan Agricultural College, Department of Forestry, Agricultural College, Mich. — A four-year undergraduate course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science. E. E. Bogue, professor of forestry. 85(j IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. University of Minnesota, Forest School, St. Anthony Park, Minn. — A four-year undergraduate course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Prof. Samuel B. Green, in charge of school. Univeristy of Nebraska, Forest Department, connected with the In- dustrial College, Lincoln, Neb. — A four-year undergraduate course, lead- ing to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Frank G. Miller, professor of forestry. NATIONAL BEE KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. President, J. U. Harris, Grand Junction, Colo.; secretary, W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich.; general manager and treasurer, N. E. France, Platteville, Wis. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. President, H. Garman, Lexington, Ky.; secretary, H. E. Summers, Ames, Iowa. ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. President, C. G. Hopkins, Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana, 111.; secretary, H. W. Wiley, Chemist, Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington. D. C. SEVENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XIIl. 857 s5SS^zzzs::HtK;»; 858 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FARMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS. President, John M. Stahl, Chicago, 111.; first vice-president, B. Cameron, Stagville, N. C; second vice-president, Joshua Strange, Marion, Ind.; treasurer, A. H. Judy, Greenville, Ohio; secretary, George M. Whittaker, Boston, Mass.; first assistant secretary, A. C. Fuller, Dows, Iowa; second, assistant secretary, Luther H. Tucker, Albany, N. Y.; third assistant sec- retary, John H. Kimball, Port Deposit, Md.; executive committee, W. L. Ames, Oregon, Wis.; E. W. Wickey, East Chicago, Ind.; Levi Morrison, Greenville, Pa. PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. OFFICERS OF NATIONAL GRANGE. Master, N. J. Bachelder, Concord, N. H.; overseer, T. C. Atkeson, Morgantown, W. Va. ; lecturer, G. W. F. Gaunt, Mullica Hill, N. J.; treas- urer, Mrs. E. S. McDowell, Rome, N. Y.; secretary, C. M. Freeman, Tippe- canoe City, Ohio; executive committee, E. B. Norris, Sodus, N. Y. ; C. J. Bell, East Hardwick, Vt.; F. A. Derthick, Mantua, Ohio;.N. J. Bachelder ex officio. Concord, N. H. INDEX FOREPART. STATISTICAL TABLES OF IOWA'S PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS. Page Tables of Iowa's barley crops 1 Tables of Iowa's corn crops 2 Tables of Iowa's flax crops 5 Tables of Iowa's hay crops 5 Tables of Iowa's oats crops ^ 2 Tables of Iowa's potato crops 6 Tables of Iowa's rye crops ' 4 Tables of Iowa's wheat crops 2 PART I. REPORT OF SECRETARY AND TREASURER FOR THE YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1906. Amount of premiums paid for various years 23 Amount expended for improvements on fair grounds 24 Ellyson, G. D., treasurer's report 21 Expenditures for improvements on the state fair grounds 23 Expense warrants issued 1906 17 Financial statement of department of agriculture for various years.... 24 Moneys received by secretary and deposited with treasurer 17 Premiums, amounts paid for various years 23 Premium warrants issued for 1906 19 Profits of fair 24 Profit and loss account 21 Receipts of state fair, 1900-1906 23 Receipts and disbursements for state fair of 1906 20 Report of Secretary J. C. Simpson 7 Report of special finance committee 22 Report of Treasurer, G. D. Ellyson 21 Secretary's account with G. D. Ellyson, treasurer, for 1906 19 Secretary's report, J. C. Simpson 7 Simpson, J. C, secretary's report 7 State appropriations for state fair 23 State fair receipts, 1900-1906 23 Statement of amounts paid for premiums various years 23 Statement of expense virarrants issued in 1906 17 Statement of moneys received bj' Secretary and deposited w^ith Treasurer 17 Statement of premium warrants issued in 1906 19 Statement of receipts and disbursements for state fair of 1906 20 Statement of unpaid warrants 21 Treasurer's report, G. D. Ellyson 2L •860 INDEX PART J I. REPORT OF IOWA WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE FOR 1906. Page Acreage of Iowa crops by counties for 1906 40 Annual precipitation cliart 34 Barley crop, b> counties 53 Climatolog-y for year 1906 27 Climate and crop review 37 Corn crop, by counties 49 Crop report, June 1st 43 Crop conditions, July 1st 43 Crop conditions, August 1st 44 Crop maps 49 Crop tables 46 Crop yield by counties 46 Dates of killing frosts 35 Farm value of products December 1st 44 Final crop report 46 Flax crop, by counties ' 55 Hay crop, tame, by counties 56 Hay crop, wild, by counties 57 Oats crop, by counties 52 Potato crop, by counties 58 Report of crops June 1st 43 Report of crops July 1st 43 Report of crops August 1st ' 44 Review of climate and crop service 1906 37 Rye crop, by counties 54 Sage, John R., report of ■weather and crop service 27 Table of Iowa crops 1906 40 Tabulated crop summary i 45 Total yield of soil products 44 Weather and crop service, 1906 27 Wheat crop, spring, by counties 50 Wheat crop, winter, by counties 51 PART III. PROCEEDINGS OF STATE FARMERS' INSTITUTE AND AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION. Address of welcome, Henry Wallace 59 Address, H. W. Collingwood 101 Ashby, Harriett Wallace, "Poultry on the farm" 92 Berry, Don L,., "What the farmers' institute is doing for the farmer".. 81 Collingwood, H. W., "Development of eastern agriculture" 69 Collingwood, H. W., address 101 Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, joint session 107 Curtiss, Prof. C. F., "What the Iowa State College is doing for the boys and girls of Iowa" 96 Development of eastern agriculture, H. W. Collingwood 69 Farmers' co-operative associations, C. G. Messerole 64 Joint session. State Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association 107 Kennedy, Prof. W. J., "The draft horse" 85 Messerole, C. G., "Farmers' co-operative associations" 64 Newberry, Hon. B. W., Response to address of welcome 60 Poultry on the farm, Mrs. Harriett Wallace Ashby 92 Railway freight rates, Hon. A. B. Stickney 107 Stickney, Hon. A. B., "Railway freight rates" 107 The draft horse — will it pay the average farmer to keep pure bred draft mares, Prof. W. J. Kennedy 85 INDEX 861 Page Wallace, Henry, address of welcome 59 What the farmers' Institute is doing for the farmer, Don. L. Berry.... 81 What the Iowa State College is doing for the boys and girls of Iowa, Prof. C. P. Curtiss 96 PART IV. PEOCEEDINGS OF STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION AND CONCLUSION OF STATE FARMERS' INSTITUTE MEETING; SYNOPSIS OF STATE BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEETINGS, 1906. Address, Hon. A. B. Cummins 121 Assignment of department superintendents 160 Auditing committee meeting 157 Award of contract for water distribution system on state fair grounds 160 Committee on credentials 117 Committee on per diem and mileage, August meeting 153 Committee on per diem and mileage, May meeting 148 Committee on per diem and mileage, December meeting 164 Committee on- resolutions 117 Credentials committee, report 134 Cummins, Hon. A. B., address 121 Deemer, James H., elected superintendent of grounds 159 Delegates to annual convention 134 Does it pay to show hogs at the Iowa State Fair, W. Z. Swallow 131 Election of marshals for the state fair 160 Election of president, vice-president and board of directors 138 Election of secretary ". 1.59 Election of superintendent of grounds 159 Election of treasurer 159 EUyson, G. D., elected treasurer 159 .Joint meeting of executive cominittee and special committee on land.. 154 Larson, E. A., "The up-to-date county fair and liow it can be made use- ful to the community" 119 Marshals for state fair 160 Meeting of state board of agriculture, August 151 Meeting of state board of agriculture. May 146 Meeting of state board of agriculture, December 158 Morrow, W. W., president's address 117 Officers of state board of agriculture, election of 138 Per diem and mileage committee, August, report 153 Per diem and mileage committee. May, report 148 Per diem and mileage committee, December, report 164 President's address, W. W. Morrow 117 Report of committee on resolutions 140 Report of per diem and mileage committee, August 153- Report of per diem and mileage committee, May 153 Report of per diem and mileage committee, December 164 Resolutions committee, report 140 Revision of premium list 161 Simpson, J. C, elected secretary 159 Special committee meeting 148 Special committee on land 152 Swallow, W. Z., "Does it pay to show hogs at the Iowa state fair?". . . . 131 The up-to-date county fair and how it can be made useful to the com- munity, E. A. Larson 119~ 862 INDEX PART V. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATIONS OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS, AND LEGISLATION RECOM- MENDED AND ENACTED BY THE THIRTY-SECOND GENERAL ASSEMBLY REGULATING SAME. Page Committee on pure foods 165 Explanatory notes. H. R. Wright 202 Investigations by Prof. L. H. Pammel 192 Michael, Prof. L. G., Report of analyses and investigations 166 Pammel, Prof. L. H., Investigations 192 Pure food committee 165 Pure food law 196 Report of analyses and investigations by Prof. L. G. Michael 166 Report of pure food committee 165 Wright, Hon. H. R., Explanatory notes 202 PART VI. PROCEEDINGS OF ANNUAL MEETING OF THE IOWA SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION, 1906. Atkinson, James, "Showing barrows at the International" 241 Benson, J. H., "Does the farmer or feeder demand a stronger bone and back than is produced by tlie breeder of today?" 244 Care of the brood sow and her litter, and selection and care of the herd boar, E. E. Henderson 238 Committee on resolutions, report 255 Cox, John M., TTr., "The duties and obligations of the breeder to his patrons: guarantees" 215 Does the farmer or breeder demand a stronger bone and back than is produced by the breeder of today? J. H. Benson 244 Forty years a swine breeder, W. Z. Swallow 206 Gentry, N. H., "Is our present system of judging as practiced at lead- ing shows for the best interests of breeders from the standpoint of usefulness?" 248 Hakes, W. R., "Hog raising from a breeder's standpoint" 212 Henderson, E. E., "Care of the brood sow and her litter and selection of the herd boar" 238 Hockett, G. W., "The grass grown hog and his value as a breeder"... . 224 Iowa Swine Breeders' Association, ofHcers 205 Is our present system of judging as practiced at leading shows for the best interests of breeders from the standpoint of usefulness? N. H. Gentry 248 McNeill, Dr. J. H., "Tuberculosis in swine" 227 McTavish, W. D., president's address 205 Mendel's law and its bearing upon practical breeding operations, John Thompson 20.0 Officers of Iowa Swine Breeders' Association 205 President's address, W. D. McTavish 205 Report of committee on resolutions 255 Showing barrows at the International, James Atkinson..., 241 Simpson, J. C, "The world's greatest swine show" 213 Swallow, W. Z., "Forty years a swine breeder" 206 The duties and obligations of the breeder to his patrons: guarantees, John M. Cox, Jr 215 The grass grown hog and his value as a breeder, G. W. Hockett 224 The world's greatest swine show, J. C. Simpson 213 Thompson, John, "Mendel's law and il;s bearing upon practical breed- ing operations" 200 Tuberculosis in swine, Dr. J. H. McNeill 227 INDEX 863 PART VII. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. Page Address of welcome, J. W. Good 257 Address, Prof. G. L. McKay 303 Address, Prof. E. H. Webster 287 Address, Prof. E. H. Webster 297 Address, Hon. H. R. Wright 265 Auditing committee 275 Brown, F. M., treasurer'.s report 259 Bruner, J. J., "How I handle separator cream" 298 Butter score 327 Care, feed and management of the dairy herd. Prof. Hugh G. VanPelt. . 337 Committee on Resolutions 275 Difference in efficiency of dairy cows. Prof. W. J. Fraser 278 Edwards, L. S., "Preparing and handling of starter" 275 Election of officers 275 Farrell, J. J., Remarlts 300 Fraser, Prof. W. J., "Difference in efficiency of dairy cows" 278 Good, J. J., Address of welcome 257 How I handle separator cream, J. J. Bruner 298 Iowa State Dairy Association, officers 257 Kieffer, P. H., "The demands of the New York butter market" 3J4 McKay, Prof. G. L., Address 303 Odell, F. L., "Suggestions for the improvement of Iowa butter" 331 Officers of Iowa State Dairy Association 257 Preparing and handling of starter, L. S. Edwards 275 President's address, S. B. Shilling 261 Remarks, J. J. Farrell : 300 Remarks, Hon. E. K. Slater 269 Report of committee on resolutions 345 Report of treasurer, F. M. Brown 259 Resolutions committee, report 345 Shilling, S. B., President's address 261 Slater, Hon. E. K., remarks 269 Stephenson, F. W., "The secret of harmony in a co-operative creamery" 310 Suggestions for the improvement of Iowa butter, F. L. Odell 331 The demands of the New York butter market, P. H. Kieffer 314 The secret of harmony in a co-operative creainery, F. W. Stephenson. . 310 Treasurer's report, F. M. Brown 259 VanPelt, Prof. Hugh G., "Care, feed and management of the dairy herd" 337 Webster, Prof. E. H., Address 287 Webster, Prof. E. H., Address 297 Wright, Hon. H. R., Address 265 PART VIII. EXTRACTS FROM STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONERS' REPORT OF 1906. Average wages of butter makers 353 Creamery butter, average monthly price in New^ York 355 Net butter shipments of the state, 1890 to 1906. inclusive '. . 359 New dairy laws 350 Railroad butter shipments 356 Shipment of butter by counties 358 864 INDEX PART IX OFFICIAL REPORT OF AWARDS IN LIVE STOCK DE- PARTMENTS, SCORING OF BOYS IN JUDGING CONTEST, AND PRESS REPORTS OF THE IOWA STATE FAIR OF 1906, WITH REPORT OF AWARDS AT 1906 MATURE CORN SHOW. Page Cattle department ^'^^ Horse department ^^^ Poultry department *^^ Sheep department ^^^ Swine department ^^^ SCHOLARSHIP JUDGING CONTEST. Scoring of contestants 410 PRESS REPORTS OF THE FAIR. Hawkeye State Fair a record breaker, Twentieth Century Farmer 469 Iowa's record breaking opening, Breeder's Gazette 446 The Iowa State Pair, Farmer's Tribune 440 The Iowa State Fair, The Homestead 429 W^allaces' Farmer 412 AWARDS AT 1906 MATURE CORN SHOW. Report of awards at the 1906 mature corn show 474 PART X. PAPERS ON LIVE STOCK, AGRICULTURAL AND MISCEL- LANEOUS TOPICS. Adams, C. M., "Our country roads" 596 Alexander, A. S., "Help for the lame horse" 599 Alfalfa in Scott county, Chas H. L.au 637 A new sheep farming in the corn belt, Jos. E. Wing 526 Bees, culture and do they pay, A. L. Hyzer 584 Cattle feeding, H. L. Leonard 623 Colbert, Prof. Geo. H.. "The ploughman's education" 570 Corn conclusions 593 Corn culture, D. L. Pascal 588 Covered yards for cows 625 Cows and the dairy, C. H. Werder 620 Curryer, Dr. J. C, "Weaning, feeding and handling colts" 659 Digestible nutrients in feeding stuffs 626 Doane, C. F., "Systems for keeping milk and butter records" 611 Evans, D. Z., Jr., "Mule breeding profitable" 605 Financial statement of county farmers* institutes in Iowa 662 Forney, J. W., "Swine raising and feeding" 629 Foot-rot in sheep, John R. Mohler 477 Function of agricultural college, D. B. Parshall 543 Help for the lame horse, A. S. Alexander 599 Hoch. August, "Poultry raising" 648 Horse breeding on the farm 658 How I came to go to college at sixty, Asa Turner 578 Howson, U. J., "What is up-to-date farming?" 568 Hutchins, I. "V^^, "The value of an agricultural education to the farmer boy" 549 Hyzer, A. L., "Bees, culture and do they pay?" 584 Iowa's great farming opportunities. Prof. W. H. Stevenson 552 Is farm land in Iowa at present prices a good investment? E. G. Preston 643 Johnson. Robert, "Should the young man who intends to become a farmer spend two years or more in obtaining a college education or should the time be spent in getting a financial start?" 566 INDEX 865 ■ Page Kelly, W. S., "Iowa as a corn growing- state" 579 Kennedy, W. J., "Ups and downs in stock breeding". . 609 Lau, Chas. H., "Alfalfa in Scott county" 637 Leonard, H. L., "Cattle feeding" 623 McConnell, G. S., "The township as a road district" 593 Memorial to D. B. Nims .' 542 Methods of combating injurious insects of farm, garden or orchard, S. W. Snider 652 Mohler, John R., "Foot-rot in slieep" 477 Mule breeding profitable, D. J. Evans. ,Jr 605 Nims, D. B., Memorial 542 Our country roads, C. M. Adams 596 Pascal, D. L., "Corn culture" 588 Parshall, L. B., "Function of agricultural college" 543 Premium awards of The Corn Growers' Association 537 Preston, E. G., "Is farm land in Iowa at present prices a good invest- ment?" 643 Profits from spraying potatoes 632 Poultry raising, August Hoch 648 Ransom, B. H., "Stomach worms in slieep" 494 Regulations to prevent the spread of sheep scab 523 Sanitation on the farm, Geo. Scott 645 Scab in sheep 500 Scott, Geo., "Sanitation on the farm" 645 Seaman, B. F., "Uses and abuses of pastures" 650 Short course at the Iowa State College 531 Should the young man who intends to become a farmer spend two years or more in obtaining a college education or should the time be spent in getting a financial start? Robert Johnson 566 Snider, S. W.. "Method of combating injurious insects in farm, garden and orchard" 652 Stevenson, Prof. 'W. H., "Iowa's great farming opportunities" 552 Stomach worms in sheep, B. H. Ransom 494 Swine raising and feeding, J. "W. Forney 629 Systems for keeping milk and butter records, C. F. Doane 611 The future possibility of Iowa as a corn growing state, W. S. Kelly.. 579 The ploughman's education, Prof. Geo. H. Colbert 570 The silo 641 The township as a road district, G. S. McConnell 593 The value of an agricultural education to the farmer boy, I. W. Hutchins 549 The two w^eeks annual short course at the low^a State College 531 Treatment of winter injured fruit trees 634 Turner, Asa, "How I came to go to college at sixty" 578 Ups and downs in stock breeding. Prof. W. J. Kennedy 609 Uses and abuses of pastures, B. F. Seaman 650 Weaning, feeding and handling colts. Dr. J. C. Curryer 659 Werder, C. H., "Cows and the dairy" 620 What is up-to-date farming? U. J. Howson 568 Wing, Jos. E., "A new sheep farming in the corn belt" 526 PART XI. HORSE BREEDING INDUSTRY IN IOWA. LAW GOVERN- ING STATE ENROLLMENT OF STALLIONS STANDING FOR PUBLIC SERVICE, WITH LIST OF CER- TIFICATES ISSUED TO MAY, 1907. Directory of owners of pure bred stallions, by counties 673 Introduction 665 Stallion service law^ 667 Stud books recognized by the U. S. Department of Agriculture 669 Table showing number and character of certificates issued to May 1, 1907 671 55 866 INDEX PART XII. FINANCIAL STATEMENT AND REPORT OF AGRICUL- TURAL CONDITIONS BY COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICUL- TURAL SOCIETIES IN IOWA FOR 1906, AND SEC- ^TIONS OF LAW GOA'ERNING SAME. Page Adair, J. E. Brooks 742 Adams, B. Newcomb 744 Allamakee, J. H. Kelly 745 Audubori, C. E. Breneman 745 Black Hawk, B. L. Manwell 747 Boone, F. M. Lorenzen 748 Buchanan, Chas. L. King- 749 Buena Vista, C. E. Cameron 750 Butler, J. V. Gregory 751 Cass, C. S. Brown 752 Cass, D. P. Hogan 753 Calhoun, Tom Griffin 753 Cedar, H. Piatt 754 Chickasaw. W. F. Getsch 755 Clayton, Henry Lnelisen, Jr 756 Clayton, J. A. Kramer 757 Clinton, J. B. Ahrens 758 Clinton, P. Butterfuss 758 Davis, J. C. Brouhard 759 Delaware. J. J. Pentony 760 Fayette, H. P. Hancock 760 Financial statements of county and district fairs in Iowa receiving state aid 825 Floyd. Robert B. Upham 763 Franklin. J. W. Cummings Grundy, E. G. Ensminger Guthrie, Alex H. Grissell Hancock, John Hammill Hardin, H. S. Martin Harrison, W. H. Withrow Henry, C. M. Clark Henry. Theodore Russell Humboldt, John Cunningham Iowa, Alex McLennan Iowa, J. P. Bowling Iowa. Chas. Fletcher Jackson, B. D. Ely Jasper, Emma Luf kin Jefferson, R. C. Sayers Johnson. Geo. A. Hitchcock Jones, J. J. Locher Jones, J. E. Remley Keokuk. Geo. A. Poff Kossuth, T. H. Wadsworth Law governing county and distiict agricultural societies Lee, C. L. Pebler Lee, Chris Haff ner Linn, Edwin Heaton Linn. E. E. Henderson Louisa, J. B. Smith Louisa. C. R. Wallace Lyon, A. S. Wold Madison, A. L. Foster INDEX 867 Page Mahaska, T. R. Osborne 7!i() Marion, T. D. Tice 790 Marshall, W. M. Clark 792 Marshall, H. F. Stouffer 793 Mills, J. T. Ward 794 Monona, A. W. Burgess 794 Montgomery, W. W. Merritt 795 Mitchell, W. H. H. Gable 796 Muscatine, W. H. Shipman 797 Muscatine, Thomas Boot 798 O'Brien, Ray R. Crum 799 'O'Brien, J. L. M'Laury 800 Page, J. C. Bickner 801 Page, Jas. A. Swallow 801 Palo Alto, P. V. Hand 802 Pocahontas, R. M. Harrison 804 Pottawattamie, Roscoe Barton 805 Poweshiek, I. S. Bailey, Jr 806 Poweshiek, James No^vak 807 Ringgold, P. E. Sheldon 809 Sac, S. M. Lewis 809 Shelby, C. F. Swift 810 Sioux, H. Slikkerveer 811 Sioux, Dennis Scanlan 812 Story, F. H. Greenwalt 81.3 Summary of last six years' financial statements 828 Tama, A. G. Smith 814 Taylor. J. .J. Laws 815 Union, Carl Davenport 816 Van Buren, D. A. Miller 817 Warren, Lee Talbott 818 Winnebago, J. A. Peters 819 Winnebago, J. P. Boyd 820 Winneshiek, L. L. Caldwell 821 Worth, E. H. Miller ^ 822 Wright, G. L. Cutler * 823 PART XIII. DIRECTORY OF ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTING AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS IN IOWA AND OTHER STATES. Agricultural colleges in the United States 838 Agricultural experiment stations of the United States 841 American National Live Stock Association 849 American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers 846 American Association of Live Stock Herd Book Secretaries 849 Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations 844 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists 856 County and District Agricultural Societies and Fair Associations in Iowa 833 County Farmers' Institutes in Iowa 830 Eastern Central Iowa Farmers' Institute Association 829 F^armers" National Congress 858 Forestry Associations 855 Iowa Corn Growers' Association 829 Iowa Good Roads Association 829 Iowa Department of Agriculture 829 Iowa Grain Dealers' Association 829 low^a Improved Live Stock Breeders' Association 829 Iowa Park and Forestry Association 829 868 INDEX Page Iowa State Dairy Association 830 Iowa State Horticultural Society 829 Iowa Swine Breeders' Association 830 National Association of Economic Entomologists 856 National Bee Keepers' Association 856 National Dairy Associations 848 National Horticultural and kindred societies 857 National Wool Growers' Association 849 Organizations for the protection of birds and game 857 Officials in charge of Farmers' Institutes 845 Patrons of husbandry 858 Protection against contagion from foreign cattle 849_ Sanitary officers in charge of live stock interests 853 Schools of forestry 855 Society of Iowa Florists 829 State officiajs in charge of agriculture 847 Stock breeders' associations 850 The Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association 829 The Farmers' Grain Dealers' Association 829 3 5185 00260 84