AN IDEAL JERSEY HEAD Prize Winner Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 EIGHTH ANNUAL Iowa Year Book of Agriculture Issued by the Iowa Department of Agriculture 1907 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL QARDBN. DES MOINES: EMORY H. ENGLISH, STATE PRINTER E. D. CHAS8ELL, STATE BINDER 1908 ,01 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL aARDEN. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL OFFICE OF IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Des Moines, Iowa, February 10, 1908. To His Excellency, Albert B. Cummins, Governor of Iowa: SiR:^I have the honor to transmit herewith the Eighth Annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, for the year 1907. Respectfully submitted, JOHN C. SIMPSON, Secretary State Board of Agriculture. DC D_ INTRODUCTORY. The Eighth Annual Iowa Year Book of xlgriculture for 1907 in- cludes statistics, reports and papers that will be of interest to the student of Iowa agriculture. It is subdivided into thirteen parts. Preceding Part I is a condensed statistical table which tells the stor}^ of Iowa's source of wealth. These tables were prepared with great care in the office of the Iowa Department of Agriculture and convey, we believe, as near as it is possible, the agricultural resources of Iowa. Part I contains the final summary of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for the year 1907. A monthly review of the climatology for the year is given, followed by the annual precipitation chart, date of the last killing frost in the spring and the first in the fall, and a final report showing the total yield of soil products by counties and value at farm prices December 1, 1907. Part II contains stati.stir-al tables of Iowa's principal farm crops for a period of years, principal farm crops of the United States, and principal farm crops of the world for 1906. Parts III and IV give the proceedings of the State Farmers' In- stitute and Agricultural Convention held in December, 1907. Part V contains a synopsis of the meetings of the State Board of Agri- culture, 1907. Part VI gives a synopsis of the meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association, held at Des Moines in June, 1907. Part VII is a partial report of the Iowa State Dairy Association, held at Des Moines in November, 1907. Part VIII deals with the Dairy Industry in Iowa. Part IX, a report of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition of 1907, giving a list of awards in the live stock departments, etc. Part X contains papers, addresses and mis- cellaneous articles pertaining to agriculture in all its branches. Part XI gives a financial statement of the County and District Fair Associations in Iowa receiving State aid in 1907. Part XII, the State law with reference to the standing of stallions for public service; a list of all stallions for which State certificate has been vi INTRODUCTORY issued is given by counties, showing the owner's name and the breed of stallion. Part XIII contains a directory of associations and or- ganizations representing agricultural interests in Iowa and other states. If the work of the Department is to be carried on in a manner to be of the greatest benefit to the State, it will be necessary for future General Assemblies to enact legislation giving to the State Board of Agriculture additional authority and support fund. Today the great agricultural State of Iowa provides only the meager sum of twenty-four hundred dollars annually for the support of the De- partment of Agriculture. This, with possibly a few exceptions, is the smallest fund expended annually for the support of an agri- cultural department by any state in the Union. This support fund should be increased to not less than five thousand dollars annually. With even this small increase the department could broaden its scope to a great extent by gathering statistical information, which is impossible under present conditions. Authority should be granted the Department to issue bulletins at such times as may deemed necessary by the State Board, possibly limiting the publications to one each quarter. As it is now the only medium the Department has for placing valuable papers, statistics, etc., before the public is through the annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture. The size of this publication necessitates the omission of many matters of interest to the general public. To better illustrate this, would say that a bulletin should be published at the close of the institute year con- taining a financial report, statistics as to attendance, papers and addresses of each institute held for the preceding year. As it is now, only a short synopsis of this work can be included in the annual Year Book. A special bulletin on the swine industry could be is- sued immediately following the meeting of the Iowa Swine Breed- ers' Association, which would also include the proceedings of their meeting. Another bulletin on dairying could follow the yearly meeting of the Iowa State Dairy Association. Still another bulletin should be issued containing information and a list, by counties, of all stallions for which a State certificate has been issued. Such a bulletin placed in the hands of each owner of a pure bred stallion would be of great assistance in enforcing the provisions of the stallion law. The State institute law should be so amended that all reports should be made to the office of the Department of Agriculture. The stallion law should be amended requiring the owner or keeper to INTRODUCTORY vii report the death, or removal from the State of any stallion for which State certificate has been issued, and an annual renewal should be required upon all State certificates. This will keep the list of stallions alive and up to date and remove to a great extent the liability of fraud by unscrupulous parties substituting another animal for the State certificate he holds. Great care has been taken in preparing the copy for this book and an earnest effort made to have it issued promptly. The num- ber of copies issued is three thousand. J. C. SIMPSON, Secretary Iowa State Board of Agriculture. Des Moines, Iowa, February 10, 1908. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 1908 EX OFFICIO MEMBERS. GOVERNOR OF STATE ^''^ 3Toines PRESIDENT IOWA STATE COLLEGE ^™«« STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER ^«* Motnes STATE VETERINARIAN Forest City OFFICERS. C. E . CAMERON , PRESIDENT ^"" w. C. BROWN, Vice-President Clarion J. C. SIMPSON, Secretary ^^^ Moines G. S. GILBERTSON, TREASURER ^«* Moines DISTRICT MEMBERS. FIRST District-R. S.JOHNSTON Columbus Junction SECOND DISTRICT-C. W.PHILLIPS MoQuoketa Third District-ELMER M. REEVES Waverly FOURTH DISTRICT-R. T. ST. JOHN RiceviUe FIFTH DISTRICT-S. B. PACKARD Marshalltown Sixth District-T. C. LEGOE What Cheer SEVENTH DISTRICT-C. F. CURTISS ^"^^^ EIGHTH DISTRICT-JOHN LEDGERWOOD .Osceola Ninth District-M. McDONALD Bayard TENTHDISTRICT-O. A. OLSON ForestCity ELEVENTH DISTRICT-H. L. PIKE Whitmg President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer are Elected for one Year. Terms of Directors for Even-Numbered Districts Expire Second Wednesday in Decem- ber, 1908. Terms of Directors for Odd-Numbered Districts Expire Second Wednesday in December, 1909 COMMITTEES. YEAK OF 1908. EXECUTIVE committee: C. E. CAMERON W. C. BROWN J. C. SIMPSON AUDITING committee: C. W. PHILLIPS T. C. LEGOE R. S. JOHNSTON committee on resolutions: R. T. St. JOHN M. MCDONALD JOHN LEDGERWOOD powers and duties of board: GOVERNOR ALBERT B. CUMMINS C. E. CAMERON W. C. BROWN THE adulteration OF FOOD, SHEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS: S. B. PACKARD C. F. CURTISS H. R. WRIGHT DAIRY INDUSTRY AND PRODUCTS, INCLUDING FRAUDULENT IMITATIONS THEREOF: H. R. WRIGHT O. A. OLSON E. M. REEVES CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AMONG DOMESTIC ANIMALS: C. F. CURTISS P. O. KOTO S. B. PACKARD H. L. PIKE IOWA WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE: GEO. M. CHAPPEL, Director DES MOINES ILLUSTRATIONS Jersey Head Frontispiece Page Chappel , Geo . , Director Iowa "Weather and Crop Service 4 Sage, John R., Former Director Iowa Weather and Crop Service 22 Fifty Ears of Corn, winner "Wallace" Trophy 49 Champion Ear of Corn at Farmers' Institute, 1907 66 Champion Ear of Corn at Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 66 Lunch Time in the Grove , Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 162 Swine Barn and Show Pavilion, Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds 169 Horse Barn , Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds 170 Parade of Prize Winning Horses , Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 178 Main Entrance to Swine Barn 247 Scene in the Park , Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds 1907 260 Ayrshire Cow, "Croftjane Dinah 19th" 350 Guernsey Cow, *'Mei8tress Joe" 352 In the Horticultural Exhibit, Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 380 Short-Horn Bull 386 Holstein-Friesiaa Cow, "Parthenea Hengerveld 46004" 391 Clydesdale Filly 393 An American Carriage Horse in Action 394 American Carriage Horse ' ' Glorious Red Cloud" 404 Standard Bred Stallion "Hail Cloud" 405 Berkshire Boar, "Duke of Cedar Heights 84689" 408 American Carriage Horse, Brood Mare and Foal 411 Polled Durham Bull, "Roan Hero 6313" 420 Holstein-Friesian Cattle, Exhibitor's Herd at Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 423 Sheep Head 426 American Carriage Horse 429 American Carriage Horse "Wilbrino Boy" 433 American Carriage Horse "Kokane" 444 American Carriage Horse "Burnie Brino" 445 Morgan Stallion "Dart" 449 Hackney Stallion ' ' Prlckwillow Cannaught' ' 450 Clydesdale Mare "Queen of the Clydes" 451 Short-Horn Cow ' ' Victoria Countess " 460 Galloway Heifer "Lady Graceful " 465 Red Polled Bull ' ' Logan 13500' ' 466 Berkshire Sow ' ' Model H . 5th 90593' ' 477 Hampshire Down Ram 486 Shropshire Ram 487 Boys and Girls in Judging and Cooking Contests 504 Live Stock Students at Judging Pavilion Iowa State College 518 Class in Meat Demonstration Iowa State College 521 Champion Ten Ears of Corn at Iowa Corn Growers ' Association 523 Grand Champion Single Ear at the Iowa Corn Growers' Association 523 Class in Corn Judging Iowa State College 525 Hog Shelters 562 Hog Trough 563 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Letter of Transmittal Introductory State Board of Agriculture Standing Committees Index to Illustrations Table of Contents Iowa's Source of Wealth PART I Iowa Weather and Crop Report for 1907 5 PART II Iowa's Principal Farm Crops for the past twenty-seven years; Principal Farm Crops of the United States, 1906 and 1907; Principal Farm Crops of the World 1906; Number, Average Value and Total Value of Farm Animals in the United States, January 1, 1908 37 PART III State Farmers ' Institute , 1907 67 PART IV State Agricultural Convention, 1907 ". 163 PART V Synopsis of State Board and Committee Meetings, 1907 199 PART VI Proceedings of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association, 1907 227 PART VII Proceedings of the Iowa State Dairy Association, 1907 261 PART VIII Statistics on Iowa Dairy Products, from the Dairy and Food Commissioner's Annual Report 1907 359 PART IX Press Reports of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907, Live Stock Awards, Results in the Boys' Judging and Girls' Cooking Contests and Awards at Corn Show at State Farmers' Institute, December, 1907 381 PART X Papers and Addresses on Live Stock, Agriculture and Miscellaneous Topics from Bulletins, Agricultural Press and Papers read before County Farmers' Institutes 507 PART XI Financial Statement and Reports of Agricultural Conditions by County and District Agricultural Societies for the year 1907 741 PART XII Report of Division of Horse Breeding for 1907 821 PART XIII Directory of Associations and Organizations representing Agricultural Inter- ests In Iowa and other states 913 ERRATUM. The table on pages 55 and 5G, showing substantially the corn crop of the world, is for the years 1901-2-3-4 and 5, as indicated on page 55. The table on pages 61 and 62, showing substantially the rye crop of the world, is for the years 1902-3-4-5 and 6, as indicated on page 61. IOWA'S SOURCE OF WEALTH. COMPILED ESPECIALLY FOR THE IOWA YEAR BOOK AVERAGE YIELD, AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE, AVERAGE FARM PRICE DECMEBER 1, AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE AND TOTAL VALUE OF IOWA FARM PRODUCTS FOR THE YEAR 1907. Farm Products Acreage Winter Wheat Spring Wheat Corn Oats Barley Rye - Flax Potatoes Hay, Tame Hay, Wild Pasturage Fruit and Garden Products Other crops not enumerated Acreage crop not harvested Acreage occupied by farm build- ings and lots Dairy Products Poultry Wool Total 85 338 8,341 4,533 402 52 42, 117, 3,372, 896, 10,000, 625, 500, 1,300, 1,519,343 32,228,109 1,698,101 4,402,320 246,898,460 111,190,400 9,893,330 900,060 461,960 9,847,430 5,117,878 1,172,590 ■o a-- 01 l»oi "« 0) ss mQ &C(U es " U (1 t^-'-R O P. t>P.S < < 19.8 13 29.6 24.5 24.6 17. 10.8 84. 1.5 1.3 .62 8.50 6.75 $16.44 10.53 13.03 9.56 14.76 10.37 10.59 52.08 12.75 8.77 9.00 20.00 10.00 Total Value $ 1,409,423 3,565,879 108,635,322 43,364,256 5,935,998 549,036 408,640 6,105.406 43,401,963 7,914,892 90.000,000 12,509,800 5,000,000 40,000,000 20,000,000 700,000 l$389,500.705 NUMBER, AVERAGE VALUE, .AND TOTAL VALUE OF IOWA LIVE STOCK JANUARY 1, 1908. SUPPLEMENTED BY A TABLE SHOW- ING THE TOTAL NUMBER AND AVERAGE VALUE OF STOCK ELIGIBLE FOR REGISTRY AS SHOWN BY THE STATE CENSUS FOR THE YEAR 1905. Stock Number all Ages Average Value Total Value Number of Pure Bred Live Stock Census 1905 Average Value Horses 1,464,141 43,655 1,429,017 3,548,493 8,366,520 703,902 $ 90.00 S131. 772.690 8,167 89,388 110,035 9,988 $305.51 lOO.OO 33.00 25.00 9.00 4,365,500 47,157,561 78,712,325 75.298.680 Milch Cows -- - - Other Cattle . - 53.15 12.89 Sheep 5.0O 3,519,510 8.64 Total 15,555,728 l$340,826,266 (1) IOWA DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICCTLTURE. SUMMARY OF TOTAL ACREAGE FARM LANDS WITHIN THE STATE. NUMBER OF FARMS, AVERAGE SIZE OF FARMS, AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE, TOTAL VALUE FARM MACHINERY, AVE- RAGE VALUE FARM MACHINERY PER FARM, TOTAL VALUE FARM BUILDINGS, AVERAGE VALUE FARM BUILDINGS PER FARM, TOTAL VALUE FARM LANDS AND BUILDINGS, TOTAL RURAL POPULATION (1905 CENSUS), AVERAGE RURAL POPU- LATION PER FARM. Total acreag-e farms - - 32,228,109 Number of" farms - 209,163 Average size of farms (acres) 158% Average value per acre $ 58.00 Total value farm machinery — 41,232,368.00 Average value farm machinery per farm 197.00 Total value farm buildings 303,750,975.00 Average value farm buildings per farm 1,452.00 Total value farm lands and buildings $1,855,857,423.00 Total rural population (1905 census) 1,142,114 Average number per farm 5% GRAND TOTALS. Value crops and other farm products 1907 $ 389,500,705.00 Value live stock 340,826,266.00 Value farms lands and buildings - 1,855,857,423.00 Value farm machinery — 41,232,368.00 GRAND TOTAL VALUATION . $2,627,416,762.00 PER CAPITA VALUATION. Per capa valuation rural population » $ 2,300.00 Average valuation per farm 12,561.00 Per capa valuation farm crops 1907 341.00 Average valuation farm crop per acre 1907 11.75 Average valuation farm crop per farm 1907 1,862.00 Per capa valuation live stock 298.00 Average valuation live stock per farm— 1,629.00 Average valuation live stock per acre 10.27 Total per capa valuation farm crops and live stock 639.00 Average valuation farm crop and live stock 3,491.00 GEO. M. CHAPPEL, Director Iowa Weather and Crop Service. Successor to J. E. Sage. PART I. Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Ser- vice for 1907. Geo. M. Chappel, Director CLIMATOLOGY OF THE YEAR 1907. Baeometee. — The mean pressure of the atmosphere of the year of 1907 was 30.04 inches. The highest observed pressure was 30.79 inches on January 22d at Charles City, Floyd county. The lowest pressure was 29.18 inches on November 20th at Dubuque, Dubuque county. The range for the state was 1.61 inches. Tempeeatuee. — The mean temperature for the state was 47.6°, which is the normal, for the state. The highest temperature reported was 102', on July 5th, at Thurman, Fremont county. The lowest temperature reported was 31° below zero on February 5th, at Washta, Cherokee county. The range for the year was 133°. Peecipitation. — The average amount of rain and melted snow for the year, as shown by complete records of 103 stations was 32.06 inches, which is .03 of an inch above the normal, and .83 of an inch above the average amount in 1906. The greatest amount recorded at any station for the year was 43.90 inches at Mount Ayr, Ringgold county. The least amount recorded was 19.93 inches at Sioux City, Woodbury county. The greatest monthly rainfall was 13.66 inches at Belle Plaine, Benton county, in July. The least monthly precipitation was .05 of an inch at Sioux City, Wood- bury county, in November, and Hancock, Pottawattamie county, in Decem- ber. The greatest amount in any twenty-four consecutive hours was 5.30 inches at Belle Plaine, in Benton county, on July 9th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more of fain fell was eighty-eight. Wind and Weatheb. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north- west. The highest velocity was 66 miles per hour in Sioux City, Woodbury county, from the northwest on January 19th. The average daily move- ment of wind was 202 miles. There were 168 clear days; 94 partly cloudy, and 103 cloudy days; as against 163 clear days, 97 were partly cloudy, and 105 cloudy days in 1906. (5) 6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. MONTHLY SUMMAEIES. January. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 115 stations, was 18.8°, which is 1.0° below the normal for January. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 14.0°, which is 3.6° below the normal; Central section, 19.4°, which is .02° above the normal; Southern section, 23.1°, which is 0.6° above the normal. The highest monthly mean temperature was 28.9°, at Keokuk, and the lowest monthly mean was 8.0°, at Rock Rapids. The highest temperature reported was 68°, at Keokuk, on the 7th, and lowest was 22° below zero, at Forest City and Inwood, on the 30th. The average monthly maximum was 45.4°, and the average monthly minimum was --11.5°. The greatest daily range was 46° at Onawa; and the average of greatest daily ranges was 33.2°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 123 stations, was 1.52 inches, which is .57 of an inch above the normal. The average by sections was as follows: Northern section, .96 of an inch, which is .20 of an inch above the normal; Central section, 1.41 inches, which is .37 of an inch above the normal; Southern section, 2.20 inches, which is 1.15 inches above the normal. The largest amount reported was 5.30 inches at Burlington, and the least amount reported was .10 of an inch at Atlantic. The greatest daily rainfall re- ported was 2.69 inches at Keokuk, on the lSth-19th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 7. Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north- west. The highest velocity reported was 66 miles per hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 19th. The average number of clear days was 8; partly cloudy 7, and cloudy 16. February. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 116 stations, was 25°, which is 5.8° above the normal. By section the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 22.1°, which is 5.8° above the normal; Central section, 25.1°, which is 5.7° above the normal; Southern section, 27.7°, which is 5.9° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 30.2°, at Keokuk, and the lowest monthly mean was 19.5°, at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 65°, at St. Charles, on the 16th, and the lowest reported was -31°, at Washta, on the 5th. The average monthly maximum was 55.5°, and the average monthly minimum was -17.9°. The greatest daily range was 51°, at Sibley, and the average of greatest daily ranges was 37.5°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 126 stations, was .71 of an inch, which is .32 of an inch below the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, .80 of an inch, which is .13 of an inch below the normal. Central section, .72 of an inch, which is .29 of an inch below the normal; Southern section, .61 of an inch, which Is .53 of an inch below the normal. The largest amount reported was 1.95 inches, at Rockwell City and Thurman, and the least amount reported was .06 of an inch, at Stockport. The greatest daily precipitation reported was 1.26 inches, at Britt, on the 28th. There was an average of 4 days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I. 7 Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of tiie wind was north- west. The highest velocity reported was 52 miles an hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City on the 1st. The average number of clear days was 14, partly cloudy 6, and cloudy 8. Maech. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 116 stations, was 40.6°, which is 7.6° above the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 36.7°, which is 6.9° above the normal; Central section, 41.1°, which is 8.2° above the normal; Southern section, 44.1°, which is 8.0° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 47.6° at Keokuk. The lowest monthly mean was 31.8° at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 92°, at Clar- inda and Massena, on the 25th. The lowest temperature reported was 7° below zero, at Inwood, Lyon county, on the 2d. The average monthly maximum was 84.0°; and the average monthly minimum was 10.2°. The greatest daily range was 59°, at St. Charles, and the average of greatest daily ranges was 44.6°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 124 stations, was 1.35 inches, which is 0.55 of an inch below the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 1.19 inches, which is 0.44 of an inch below the normal; Central section, 1.20 inches, which is 0.79 of an inch below the normal; Southern section, 1.66 inches, which is 0.43 of an inch below the normal. The largest amount reported was 5.05 inches at Keokuk. The least amount reported was 0.23 of an inch at Washta. The greatest daily rainfall was 3.50 inches, at Keokuk, on the 28th-29th. The average number of days reported on which .01 or more of precipitation fell was 6. Wind and Weather. — ^The prevailing direction of the wind was north- west. The highest velocity reported was 40 miles per hour, from the south, at Sioux City, on the 24th, and from the southwest, at Des Moines, on the 26th. The average number of clear days was 14, partly cloudy 7, and cloudy 10. April. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 119 stations, was 41.05°, which is 7.7° below the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 39.2°, which is 8.7° below the normal; Central section, 41.9°, which is 6.8° below the normal; Southern section, 43.4°, which is 7.7° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 46.3°, at Keokuk. The lowest monthly mean was 35.9°, at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 80°, at Clarinda on the 24th. The lowest temperature reported was 10°, at Earl- ham on the 14th, and at Washta on the 17th. The average monthly maximum was 71.6°, and the average monthly minimum was 16.4°. The greatest daily range was 54°, at Woodburn; and the average greatest daily ranges was 38.2°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 125 stations, was 1.32 inches, which 1.59 inches below the nor- mal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, .84 of an inch, which is 1.81 inches below the normal; Central section, 1.27 inches, which is 1.66 inches below the normal; Southern section, 1.84 inches, which is 1.30 inches below the normal. The largest amount re- 8 IOWA DEPARTIVIENT OF AGRICULTURE. ported was 3.22 inches at Burlington. The least amount reported was .24 of an inch at Inwood. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 1.50 inches, at Pacific Junction on the 28th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 6. Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north- west. The highest velocity reported was 52 miles per hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 11th. The average number of clear days was 12, partly cloudy 8, and cloudy 10. May. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 120 stations, was 53.5°, which is 7.2° below the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 51.4°, which is 7.9° below the normal; Central section, 53.6°, which is 7.1° below the normal; Southern section, 55.5°, which is 6.7° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 57.6°, at Keokuk, and the lowest monthly mean was 48.0°, at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 96° at Elliot, on the 22d, and the lowest was 14° at Whitten, on the 4th. The average monthly maximum was 86.4°, and the average monthly minimum was 22.1°. The greatest daily range was 66°, and the average of greatest daily ranges was 46.3°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 126 stations, was 3.48 inches, which is .78 of an inch below the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 2.74 inches, which is 1.30 of an inch below the normal; Central section, 3.87 inches, which is .38 of an inch below the normal; Southern section, 3.84 inches, which is .64 of an inch below the normal. The largest amount reported was 7.68 inches, at Tipton, and the least amount reported was .71 of an inch at Clear Lake. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 4.50 inches at Tipton, on the 23d. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more of rainfall was reported was 10. Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north, southeast, south and southwest. The highest velocity reported was 52 miles per hour from the south, at Sioux City, on the 12th. The average number of clear days was 11, partly cloudy 10, and cloudy days 10. June. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 120 stations, was 66.5°, which is 2.9° below the normal. By section the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section 65.2°, which is 3.0° below the normal; Central section, 66.7°, which is 2.8° below the normal; Southern section, 67.7°, which is 2.8° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 70.0° at Thurman, and the lowest monthly mean was 63.2° at Estherville. The highest temperature reported was 98°, at Clarinda, on the 16th; and the lowest reported was 36° at Atlantic on the 2d. The average monthly maximum was 92.6°, and the average monthly minimum was 42.4° The greatest daily range was 44° at Audubon and Atlantic. The average of greatest daily ranges was 34.2°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 129 stations, was 5.35 inches, which is 0.79 of an inch above the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 5.67 inches, which is 1.03 inches above normal; Central section, 4.98 inches, which is 0.45 of an inch, above the normal; Southern section. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 9 5.41 inches, which is 0.90 of an inch above the normal. The largest amount reported was 9.33 inches at Northwood, and the least amount reported was 2.07 inches at Davenport. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 3.60 inches, at Clear Lake and Waukee, on the 9th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 11. Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was south- west. The highest velocity reported was 44 miles per hour, from the west, at Sioux City, on the 23d. The average number of clear days was 14, partly cloudy 9, and cloudy 7. July. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 117 stations, was 73.7°, which is 0.4° below the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 71.9°, which is 1.1° below the normal; Central section, 74.1°, which is 0.1° below the normal. Southern section, 75.1°, which is 0.1° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 76.9°, at Ottumwa, and the lowest monthly mean was 69.1° at Fayette. The highest temperature reported was 102°, at Thurman, on the 5th, and the lowest temperature reported was 41°, at Alton, on the 2d. The average monthly maximum was 93.9°, and the average monthly minimum was 53.6. The greatest daily range was 42°, at Esther- ville. The average of greatest daily ranges was 30.4°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 126 stations, was 7.27 inches, which is 2.92 inches above the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 7.02 inches, which is 2.79 inches above the normal; Central section, 7.23 inches, which is 2.93 inches above the normal; Southern section, 7.56 inches, which is 3.02 inches above the normal. The largest amount re- ported was 13.66 inches at Belle Plaine; the least amount reported was 3.97 inches at Elkader. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 5.30 inches, at Belle Plaine, on the 9th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 13. Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was south- west; the highest velocity reported was 48 miles per hour. August. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 113 stations, was 71.1°, which is 0.8° below the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 69.5°, which is 0.9° below the normal; Central section, 71.0°, which is 0.8° below the normal; Southern section, 72.7°, which is 0.8° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 75.3° at Ottumwa. The lowest monthly mean was 67.6 at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 99°, at Ottumwa, on the 31st. The lowest temperature reported was 37° at Osage on the 13th. The average monthly maximum was 92.9°; the average monthly minimum was 46.9°. The greatest daily range was 49° at Osage. The average of greatest daily ranges was 32.2°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 123 stations, was 4.33 inches, which is 0.57 of an inch above the normal. The average by sections was as follows: Northern section, 3.99 inches, which is 0.86 of an inch above the normal; Central section, 4.69 inches, which is 0.82 of an inch above the normal; Southern section, 4.30 inches, which is 0.54 of an inch above the normal. The largest amount 10 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. reported -was 9.67 inches at Delaware. The least amount reported was 1.05 inches, at Rock Rapids. The greatest daily rainfall was 4.95 inches at Boone, on the 28th-29th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 9. September. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 110 stations, was 62.8°, which is 0.7° below the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 60.8°, which is 1.2° below the normal; Central section, 62.9°, which is 0.5* below the normal; Southern section, 64.7°, which is 0.5° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 66.6°, at Keokuk and Leon. The lowest monthly mean was 58.0° at Sibley. The highest temperature reported was 98° at Clarinda and Thurman on the 1st. The lowest temperature reported was 25° at Elma, on the 25th. The average monthly maximum was 89.5°, and the average monthly minimum was 31.8°. The greatest daily range was 51° at Storm Lake and Washta, and the average of greatest daily ranges was 36.3°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 118 stations, was 2.76 inches, which is 0.60 of an inch below the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 2.71 inches, which is 0.66 of an inch below the normal; Central section, 3.02 inches, which is 0.21 of an inch below the normal; Southern section, 2.54 inches, which is 0.95 of an inch below the normal. The largest amount reported was 6.06 inches at Ridgeway. The least amount reported was 1.38 inches at Washington. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 3.15 inches at Olin on the 27th and 28th. There was an average of 8 days on which .01 of an inch or more rainfall was reported. Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north- west. The highest velocity reported was 42 miles per hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 23d. The average number of clear days was 15; partly cloudy, 9; cloudy, 6. October. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by records of 115 stations, was 50.4°, which is 2.1° below the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 48.4°, which is 2.5° below the normal; Central section, 50.4°, which is 1.6° below the normal; Southern section, 52.4°, which is 2.1° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 54.1°, at Onawa, and the lowest monthly mean was 46.2°, at Plover. The highest temperature reported, 85° at Hampton on the 2d, and at Keosauqua and Messena on the 17th. The lowest tem- perature reported was 10°, at Audubon and Massena, on the 28th. The average monthly maximum was 79.4°, and the average monthly minimum was 18.7°. The greatest daily range was 50°, at Clarinda and Guthrie Center, and the average of greatest daily ranges was 39°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 124 stations, was 1.50 inches, which is 0.89 of an inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.24 inches, which is 1.01 inches below the normal; Central sec- tion, 1.73 inches, which is 0.70 of an inch below the normal; Southern section, 1.53 inches, which is 0.97 of an inch below the normal. The largest amount reported was 3.71 inches, at Boone; the least amount re- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 11 ported was 0.30 of an inch, at Tipton. The greatest daily rainfall was 2.24 inches, at Perry, on the 3d. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 5. Wind and Weathee. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north- west. The highest velocity reported was 40 miles per hour from the north at Sioux City on the 7th. The average number of clear days was 20; partly cloudy days, 5, and .cloudy, 6. November. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 115 stations, was 36.7°, which is 1.3° above the normal. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 34.7°, which is 2.0° above the normal; Central section, 36.8°, which is 1.6° above the normal; Southern section, 38.7°, which is 0.5° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 43.6°, at Bedford. The lowest monthly mean was 32.3°, at Elma. The highest temperature reported was 68°, at Baxter, on the 6th. The lowest temperature reported was 4° below zero at Elma, on the 14th. The average monthly maximum was 59.3°, and the average monthly minimum was 11.3°. The greatest daily range was 43° at Baxter; and the average of greatest daily ranges was 32.2°. Precipitation. — ^The average precipitation for the state, as shown by records of 123 stations was 1.03 inches, which is 0.29 of an inch below the normal. The averages by sections were as follows: Northern section, 0.91 of an inch, which is 0.37 of an inch below the normal; Central section, 1.04 inches, which is 0.31 of an inch below the normal; Southern section, 1.15 inches, which is 0.19 of an inch below the normal. The largest amount reported was 2.27 inches at Logan, and the least amount reported was .05 of an inch at Sioux City. The greatest daily rainfall was 1.70 inches at Logan, on the 1st. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more precipitation was reported was 4. Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north- west. The highest velocity reported was 44 miles per hour, from the northwest at Sioux City on the 30th. The average number of clear days was 17; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 7. December. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by the records of 117 stations, was 28.8°, which is 5.9° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 26.2°, which is 6.2° above the normal; Central section, 29.2°, which is 6.1° above the normal; Southern section, 31.1°, which is 8.2° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 34.9°, at Keokuk, and the lowest monthly mean 23.2° at Osage. The highest tem- perature reported was 62°, at Mount Pleasant, on the 9th. The lowest tem- perature reported was -9°, at Osage, on the 28th. The average monthly maximum was 51.8° and the average monthly minimum was 5.4°. The greatest daily range was 43°, at Elkader. The average of greatest daily ranges was 31.3°. Precipitation. — ^The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the records of 123 stations was 1.00 inch, which is .24 of an inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.21 inches, which is .13 of an inch above the normal; Central section, ..75 12 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULTURE. of an incli, which is .52 of an inch above the normal; Southern section, 1.05 inches, which is .31 of an inch below the normal. The largest amount reported was 2.28 inches at Plover. The least amount reported was .05 of an inch at Hancock. The greatest daily rainfall reported was 1.85 inches at Thurman, on the 9th. The average number of days on which .01 of an inch or more was reported was 5. Wind and Weatheb. — The prevailing direction of the wind was north- west. The highest velocity of wind reported was 58 miles per hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 24th. The average number of clear days was 10; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 14. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART I. 13 14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. o < I—) I— I CO o P5 o I— I en < o H <^ afl ID r Us OSS' dd -a SB ijs &H-< Id BC •« a ni p. 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Ol Oi C^ W C^ I Oi Oi CO irt -f r- lO r siaqsnq IBJOX Ci c^ Oi c* c PP ;SSoS©ooSSS-aiSc«SS " siaqsna siaqsnq IBjox r-l rH — ( ^ rH C4 ^ -H i-H rt ^ tH r-( 1-^ rt t-H — r- I >PS<525S<5SPSPPOeS22S2 »-*CQ r^^ Biaqsnq IBJOX ) t* t^ 00 O "* ( ^OQr^Ot-OCirH 8 JOS J8d siaqsna CD WCO C4 -^ W (?> rH CQ I W M^ Oi SSS ISSSSSg 1 X l> I C5 O Csi t^ ■* -^ 00 00 I— IQ tC CO ■<** -^ ■* 00 ^ ■'Ji i«e«c<5«i« CO siaqsnq IBJOX O -* c= -*• c; 00 t^ id CO CO --^ t-t 8J0B jad siaqsna 2g532?^SggSi=85;2g ss s^ I 2 >> aooSoogSaScscjojcj • a. 03 •u o , },> t^ V 4 ■* y j/»*p EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I. 35 'J. f/..> -'■' •*« 'i /•/ '-^ '1 ei PART II. STATISTICAL TABLES OF Iowa's Principal Farm Crops. CORN CROPS— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year 2 ■p. a) £ t- < 2 o H Average farm value per bushel Dec. 1st 3 > s O si m « 1880 1 41 230,633,200 33 ' 224.636.522 $.25 .23 .41 $57,658,300 51,666,400 98,266,814 5,625,200 1885 - -- -- 6,803,834 1890 28 239,675,156 8,559,827 CORN CROPS— 1896-1907. Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of Agriculture. Year 2 St. < Total yield Average farm value per bushel Dec. 1st 4) 0 > 3 o 60 cd 0) u o < 1896- 39 29 34.5 36.3 40.3 26.2 34 31 36 37.3 41 29.6 312,692,210 239,452,150 289,214,850 306,852,710 345,055,040 227,908,850 296,9.50,330 230,511,310 323,853,330 345,871,840 388,836,252 246,898,460 $.14 .17 .23 .23 .27 .50 .28 .36 .35 .35 .33 .44 $ 43,916,900 40,706,890 66,519,400 70,429,410 93,164,860 113,954,000 83,433,700 82,984,071 113,348,665 121,055,144 128,155,143 108,635,322 8,043,390 8,353,522 1897 1898 8,396,286 8,460,521 8,618,660 8,687,480 1899 - 1900 1901 -_ 1902 . . . .. 8,700,000 7,398,320 9,000,000 9,285,150 9,443,960 8,858,000 1903 1904 1905 .- - - . 1906 ___ 1907 _ Average -- 34.6 296,174,769 $.30.4 88,858,539 8,596,440 37 38 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OATS— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year 2 •Ft < 2 B o Eh Average farm value per bushel Dec. 1st > o V 60 C8 V b t> < 1880 35 32.5 29 42,288,800 71,737,900 80,002,735 $.23 .21 .88 $ 9,496,424 16.064,959 30,401,039 1,179.680 2,207.320 2,758.71* 1885 1890 - OATS -1896-1907. Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of Agriculture. Year 2 ^* Total yield Average farm value per bushel Dec. 1st 01 > O 1896 -- .. 26 30 32 34.5 35 32 31 25.9 29.4 33.8 34 24.5 73,450,000 ' $12 $ 8,814,000 21,211,380 29,383,220 26,722,980 27,766,460 40,209,230 22,297,000 29,703,798 30,793,284 36,609,810 38,349,878 43,364,256 2,825,000 4,405,782 4,299,243 4,009,557 3,991,690 3,799,220 3,770,624 3,822,822 4,018,980 4 177 546 1897 1898 132,517,150 139,915,340 140,647,300 138,8:32,300 114,883,000 92,907,900 99,012,660 118,435,570 146,439,240 142,036,530 111,190,400 .16 .21 .19 .20 .35 .24 .30 .26 .25 .27 .39 1899 1900 *1901 1902 .. »»1903 .- 1904 1905 -- 1906 _ 4,166,800 4,536,170 1907 -- -. Average 30.7 120,855,616 24.5 $29,602,108 3,990,283 ♦Short corn crop. ••Excessive moisture. WHEAT— 1880, 1885, 1900. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year 2 ti t-i So} p. 2 1 - f H < 4-) a 2 ^ a 2^ -, a 2^ p 'u a a- t-, u a u Year >> 'S.©^ 2^ S^ ' 2« ss . 0) U h 01 V « a) es P s; % g >Q. o >>£!S o CJ < H i: C.4 i; 1880 - 23 4,600.000 $.42 $1,932,000 200,000 1885 27 5,737.095 .33 1.893,241 212,485 1890 . 24 3,664,368 .47 1,722,254 152.682 B ARLE Y— 1S96- 1907 . Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of Agriculture. Year 2 < 2 O Average farm value per bushel Dec. 1st Total value c V b o < 1896 -. 29 25 27.5 25.6 25.3 24.2 25 24.7 25 27.5 26.5 24.6 15,881.618 14,076,850 14,138,000 14,719,310 12,695,200 14,654,410 15,380,910 12,179,790 12,317,710 15,566,770 14,858,830 9,893,330 $.20 .23 .30 .30 .33 .44 .33 .37 .34 .33 .36 .60 $3,176,320 3,237,670 4,209,740 4,415,570 4,189,410 6,447,940 5,075,710 4,506,523 4,188,021 5,137,034 5,349,178 5,935,998 647,642 1897 — - 551,867 1898 — 509,589 1899 - 1900 657,598 501,740 1901 1902 -_ 1903 1904 604,610 594,070 493,108 493,370 1905 565,700 558,870 397,210 1906 . 1907 Average 25.8 13,863,560 $.34 4,655,769 531,281 40 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. RYE— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year 2 ® < Total yield Average farm value per bushel Dec. 1st 3 > O « ac St a) u o ■< 1880- 14 15 16 574,000 1,710,000 1,608,960 $.38 .43 .61 $318,130 718,300 830,570 41.000 1885 - 114,000 100.560 1890 RYE— 1896-1907. Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of Agriculture. Year 2 0) si 4) 4) < Total yield Average farm value per bushel Dec. 1st Total value 0) £ < 1896 ... 16 15 16 16.3 15.6 15.8 17 15.6 15 18 17.5 17 1,891,716 3,490,344 3,370,550 2,061,160 1,621,130 859,630 882,830 1,923,060 1,517,090 1,283,500 1,093,160 900,060 $.25 .34 .38 .40 .43 .48 .40 .44 .54 .52 .48 .61 $ 486,680 1,186,710 1,280,800 824,460 697,300 859,630 353,132 846,146 819,228 667,420 530,719 549,036 121 870 1897 — 1898 — 226,198 310,309 126,236 103 680 1899 1900. 1901 . . 54,390 55 150 1903 .. 1908 123 273 1904- _ -. 99,590 71 305 1905 -- -- 1906 1907 62,530 52,975 Average.- 16.3 1,741,186 $.44 757,605 108 942 HAY— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year ■d 2>> 4)W co so H 2 "3 «s2 Total yield Tons Total yield all hay Tons 4) 3 >. a MOO aj 4) eS < 3 oO£3 ^°2 < 4J 3 :^ 4) 60 ee 4) u o *1880 *1885 1890 1.5 4,991,335 6.81 34.140,731 3.327,557 *No authentic data obtainable. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. 41 HAY— 1896-1907. Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of Agriculture. Tame Hay Wild Hay B"o ay 0 3 < ® eS >? BJ-. Year 2 v> 4> > < 2 .2 so 2 yi >, V s > < 2 0) >» CD SO H « eS l-i o < 1896 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.5 3,376,440 3,362,287 3,852,561 3,853,941 3,609,010 3,711,680 4,439,040 5,216,404 4,499,090 6,477,300 4,892,950 5,117,878 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1. 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 2,325,000 1,939,117 1,645,419 1,458,195 1,530,050 1,268,700 1,202,860 1,191,345 1,091,590 1,313,310 1,110,690 1,172,590 5,701,440 5,301,320 5,498,080 5,311,130 5,139,060 4,980,380 5,641,900 6,407,749 5,590,680 7,790,610 6,003,640 6,290,468 $4.50 4,50 4.30 5.75 6.50 8.25 6.80 5.75 5.62 5.50 7.50 8.50 $3.30 3.70 3.50 4.90 5.00 6.30 5.50 4.95 4.50 4.50 5.50 6.75 $22,782,000 22,:304,000 22,281,000 29,350,000 31,120,000 38,713,000 36,787,322 35,891,480 30,197,040 41,. 535, 045 42,805,920 51,316,945 3,800,960 1897 - 3,315,972 1898 4,104,967 1899 1900 3,742,655 4,078,960 1901 3,608,450 1902 3,391,408 1903... 3,651,894 1904 3,707,298 1905 — 4,692,925 1906 4,418,600 1907 4,268,730 Average 1.58 4,367,208 1.24 1.437.405 5,804,705 $6.13 $4.87 $33,756,896 3,898,568 FLAX— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. ■a a 6 >>a) •a 3 Year 01 h o > 1 0) (U cS 5*2" ei 1^ >ft O >>oS O o < H < H <: 1880 - 10 1,034,200 $1.00 $1,034,200 103,420 *1885 — .94 3,503,293 1890 10.5 2,929,081 1.10 3,276,989 283,722 *No other data. FLAX— 1896-1907. Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of Agriculture. Year 2 < 2 3 o Average farm value per bushel Dec. I8t Total value u o < 1896 9.5 10. 10.5 11.2 11.7 18.8 8. 8.7 11. 9.8 10.7 10.8 1,946,720 2,498,600 2,376,600 1,597,790 1,222,980 916,890 755,350 355,160 591,140 173,770 205,280 461,960 $ .95 .87 .80 1.04 1.50 1.29 1.00 .78 1.15 .90 .97 .98 $1,13.5,000 2,173,782 1,901,280 1,661,898 1,834,470 916,890 725,350 277,024 679,811 156,393 200,091 408,640 199,128 1897 1898 -. 249,882 225,014 1899 1900.— 142,175 108,850 1901 -- 104,140 1902 1903 . - - 94,767 40,823 1904 51,370 1905 -- 17,733 1906 19,160 1907 .- - 42,790 Average 10.1 1,091,853 $1.02 $1,005,886 107,986 42 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. POTATOES— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. ■o a 6 U 0) p^d) 2 5S30 D Year 2 1 §3 S3 2 o ^^^H C8 O < H -s; H -«; 1880 95 82 49 10,165,000 12,874,000 8,332,358 $.35 .40 .81 $3,557,750 5,U9,600 6,749,205 107,000 1885 - • 117,000 1890. 170,048 POTATOES— 1896-1907. Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of Agriculture. Year ■a V >'o a> u MO ca«8 < 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 •1901 1902 *»1903 ___ 1904 1905 1906 1907 Average 87. 60. 76. 98. 78. 37.4 91. 53.8 125. 84. 101. 84. 81. 14,814,795 10,051,910 12,538,410 15,252,9^ 10,850,900 5,098,460 12,051,670 6,082,694 14,255,680 9,352,190 11,697,500 9,847,430 10,991,214 $.46 $2,962,950 4,523,360 3,826,900 3,600,714 4,340,360 4,588,610 4.095,650 4,562,020 3,991,590 4,676,045 5,614,800 6,105,406 $4,412,367 170,285 163,248 164,456 154,243 149,680 136,300 138,481 113,433 113,250 111,335 115,310 117,350 137,281 •Very dry. ••Very wet. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. 43 STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS. Figures taken from the Year Book of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1906, and the Iowa Weather and Crop Service report for the same year. CORN. Acreage, production, value and distribution of corn in the United States, and amount shipped out of county where grown in 1906, by states. State or Territory 1) dj p t>a.o >° m 1 >>0 27 19,443,013 25,203,906 4,166,800 34.0 142,036,580 .27 38,349,876 45,048,640 644,101 22.8 14,685,503 .33 4,846,216 1,468,550 1,245,711 32.5 40,485,608 .27 10,931,114 7,692,266 1,275,000 36.4 46,410,000 .25 11,602,500 13,923,000 2,450,000 29.5 72,275,000 .26 18,791,500 29,632,750 1,050,000 23.6 24,780,000 .31 7,681,800 3,717,000 206,063 21.5 4,430,354 .38 1,683,535 265,831 146,573 21.5 3,151,320 .41 1,392,041 315,133 184,179 17.2 3,167,879 .51 1,615,618 31,679 90,374 18.0 1,626,732 .49 797,099 16,267 28,269 17.2 486,227 .45 318,802 914,440 34.8 31,822,512 .41 13,047,230 7,955,628 217,736 34.2 7,446,571 .32 2,382,903 1,414,848 350,000 34.4 12,040,000 .28 3,371,200 3,491,600 184,571 30.5 3,783,706 .42 1,589,157 75,674 196,802 43.2 8,501,846 .44 3,740,812 1,870,406 50,103 39.5 1,979,068 .40 791,627 59,373 147,584 40.4 5,962,394 .45 2,683,077 1,490,598 12,269 34.6 424,507 .52 320,744 16,980 914 34.4 31,442 .65 20,437 6,288 47,000 43.7 2,053,900 .45 924,255 205,390 6,518 38.8 252,898 .64 161,855 25,290 107,864 40.7 4,390,065 .43 1,887,728 1,580,423 172,767 43.2 7,463,534 .41 3,060,049 2,985,414 284,660 33.8 9,621,508 .43 4,137,248 3,175,098 163,692 31.5 5,156,298 .52 2,681,275 1,495,326 30,960,568 31.3 966,164,102 $.31.7 $306,633,064 266,182,194 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. 45 WHEAT. Acreage, production, value of distribution of wheat in the United States, and amount shipped out of county where grown in 1906, by states. State or Territory < a I £ t, m 5 aJ 3 > ftp a ftp a fto 4) 3 CO Maine Vermont New Yorlc New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia -- North Carolina - South Carolina .. Georgia Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North DalvOta .._ South Dakota -— Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Texas Indian Territory Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States 8,038 1, 467,509 111,093 1,642,553 131,745 806,401 744,546 384,341 583,091 318,384 316,107 2,117,750 2,323,750 1,976,200 1,041,600 288,040 5,119,412 443,810 3,144,350 5,992,000 3,131,000 2,376,560 5,423,508 818,624 871,418 98,639 1,761 1,228,364 240,849 1,333,133 177,338 137,389 30,352 254,355 44,836 15,542 178,417 27,604 336,736 1,304,301 712,411 1,573,144 34.8 33.3 30.0 18.3 17.7 16.0 16.0 12.5 13.7 9.1 9.3 10.0 30.4 20.7 19.5 13.1 16.3 10.9 16.2 14.8 13.0 13.4 23.0 15.1 14.1 13.5 11.0 10.0 11.5 13.0 14.0 10.8 24.0 28.7 32.5 25.0 25.2 27.4 31.5 24.4 20 30.0 17.1 199, 30, 9,350, 2,083, 29,073, 1,947, 12,902, 9,306, 4,879, 5,297, 2,960, 3,161, 43,203, 48,080, 38,535, 13,644, 4,690, 55,801, 7,169, 31,734, 77,896, 41,955, 52,288, 81,830, 11,543, 10,893, 1,085, 17, 14,126, 3,890, 18,663, 1,915, 3,297. 871. 8,366, 1,120, 391, 4,888, 869, 8,23li 25,075, 14,315. 26,883, $1.01 .86 .83 .80 .76 .71 .71 .81 .81 .93 1.10 1.03 .71 .70 .69 .73 .72 .65 .64 .67 .63 .61 .57 .58 .73 .78 .94 .87 .77 .63 ..55 .75 .64 .73 .65 .83 1.03 .65 .85 .60 .63 .66 .75 17,263,979 15.5 733,218,682 .$ .667 301,335 26,619 7,667,148 1,626,402 22,095,623 1,383,023 9,160,715 7,538,528 3,952,687 4,936,236 3,256,045 3,224,291 30,673,491 33,656,648 26,589,771 9,824,371 3,377,387 36,271,034 4,579,697 21,363,383 49,074,480 36,593,794 39,804,554 47,461,754 8,426,097 8,496,326 1,019,937 15,331 10,877,163 1,791,917 10,265,134 1,436,438 3,110,295 635,904 5,373,2.50 930,140 403,408 3,177,607 739,097 4,938,979 15,546,660 9,443,228 20,162,746 $ 489,016,637 427,252,826 .0 0 2,898,556 406,600 7,268,297 1,051,877 7,870,474 2, .512, 843 683,181 370,793 59,201 94,833 22,465,092 25,002,081 19,267,950 4,775,738 422,173 39,619,130 2,303,054 15,550,101 66,211,600 32,725,213 35,5.56,311 63,009,570 3,347,353 3,049,963 10,850 0 3,673,808 1,416,193 13,318,149 114,915 857,307 43,555 4,133,369 44,836 15,666 1,564,360 34,781 4,609,713 19,5.58,701 7,818,578 14,517,177 46 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BARLEY. Acreage, production and value of barley In the United States in 1906, by states. State or Territory Acreage- acres 2 o ® ^ > ft.Q < 1 a o« 11 SI II < Farm value December 1 Average value per acre 7,661 1,507 12,810 86,193 8,518 1,436 2,398 21,776 8,486 25,298 70,000 728,000 1,128,265 558,870 1,648 613,000 790,000 120,000 359,000 673 1,045 4,601 15,666 14,313 3,000 18,531 556 13,404 12,000 7,089 47,028 158,994 59,862 1,425,000 a, 5 21.4 32.8 26.3 25.0 31.0 28.6 30.0 29.4 30.0 26.1 30.7 28.0 26.5 24.2 25.8 29.0 28.0 23.5 26.0 23.0 24.5 29.8 33.0 31.4 41.0 27.0 42.0 44.0 36.8 41.0 36.5 35.0 27.2 241,322 32,260 420,168 2,266,876 212,950 44,516 68,583 653,250 249,488 758,940 1,827,000 22,349,600 ai, 591, 420 14,858,830 39,882 15,815,400 22,910,000 3,360,000 8,436,500 17,498 24,035 112,724 466,847 472,329 94,200 759,771 15,012 565,649 528,000 260,875 1,928,148 5,803,281 2,095,170 38,760,000 $.65 .64 .62 .55 .55 .47 .56 .46 .52 .42 .49 .45 .35 .36 .48 .33 .32 .31 .33 .55 .60 .61 .33 .56 .64 .54 .63 .76 .54 .69 .50 .49 .52 .54 $ 166,859 20,640 260,504 1,246,782 117,122 20,923 38,406 300,495 129,734 318,755 895,230 10,057,320 11,056,997 5,349,178 19,143 5,219,082 7,331,200 1,041,600 2,784,045 9,624 14,421 68,762 154,060 264,504 60,288 410,276 9,458 429,893 285,120 180,004 964,074 2,843,608 1,089,488 20,930,400 $20.48 New Hampshire Vermont New York Pennsylvania - Maryland — — Virginia Ohio 13.70 20.34 14.47 13.75 14.57 16.08 13.80 Indiana Illinois 15.29 12.60 Michigan 12.79 13.82 Minnesota Iowa 9.80 9.54 11.62 North Dakota 8.51 9.28 Nebraska - - 8.68 7,76 Kentucky Tennessee -- 14.30 13.80 Texas - 14.95 Oklahoma . 9.83 18.48 20.10 Colorado - 22.14 17.01 32.07 TTtah 23.76 25.39 20.50 Washington - - 17.89 Oregon California 18.20 14.69 United States 6,320,887 28.3 178,041,414 $.41.5 $ 74,077,995 $11.74 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART II. 47 RYE. Acreage, production and value of rye in the United States in 1906, by states. State or Territory u OS < £1 t, t- 2; 4) (U 3 »^ ftp 4) C •< > ^ ao < a '- < O) (-1 as u u > a < Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts .. Rhode Island .— Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia .. North Carolina - South Carolina _. Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota _- South Dakota — Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Indian Territory Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States 109,516 210 19,329 113 26,300 101 29,149 6,360 31,931 120,406 67,353 253,797 7,600 28,751 55,656 34,376 23,812 9,065 8,627 3,946 157,072 75,483 150,638 285,000 245,000 131,782 115,310 85,228 25,171 35,422 84,530 85,000 34,736 22,420 9,258 5,628 12,000 31,097 12,247 10,498 20,837 80 14,099 153 4,202 115 46,968 125 1,426 121 11,987 165 2,974 175 11,900 175 34,199 129 40,083 101 50,291 125 114 108 98 105 120 94 97 93 75 97 75 82 77 85 110 89 97 95 97 92 101 84 98 300 87 79 82 80 75 85 62 77 76 85 22,998,360 2,164,848 2,656,300 3,322,986 686,880 3,129,238 44,142,630 8,082,360 23,856,918 737,200 2,673,843 4,174,200 3,384,472 1,785,900 743,330 664,279 335,410 17,277,920 6,717,987 14,611,886 27,075,000 23,765,000 12,123,944 11,697,500 7,159,152 2,466,758 3,542,200 7,354,110 6,715,000 2,848,352 1,793,600 694,350 478,380 744,000 2,394,469 930,772 893,330 1,666,960 2,143,048 483,230 5,871,000 172,546 1,977,855 520,450 2,082,500 4,411,671 4,048,3&3 6,286,375 2,988,460 102.2 306,825,882$ .51.1 \ .50 .60 .55 .65 .80 .72 .49 .66 .57 .59 .56 .67 .61 .74 1.05 1.10 1.10 .48 .57 .62 .34 .30 .37 .48 .57 .46 .35 .52 .70 .61 .62 .93 .87 .75 .87 .75 .80 .67 .61 .&5 .45 .90 .50 .70 .41 .56 .56 .74 11,499,180 1,298,909 1,460,965 2,159,941 549,504 2,253,051 21,629,889 5,334,358 13,598,443 434,948 1,497,352 2,796,714 2,034,028 1,321,566 780,496 730,707 368,951 8,293,403 3,829,253 9,059,369 9,205,500 7,129,500 4,485,850 5,614,800 4,080,717 1 134 l!239i770 3,824,137 4,700,500 1,737,495 1,112,032 645,746 416,191 558,000 2,083,188 698,079 713,864 1,116,863 1,307,259 314,100 2,641,950 155,291 988,928 364,315 853,825 3,470,536 3,267,094 4,651,918 $ 157,443,183 $105.00 67.20 55.55 74.10 86.40 70.56 51.45 79.30 53.58 57.33 53.08 50.25 59.17 55.50 86.10 84.70 93.50 53.80 50.73 60.14 32.30 29.10 34.04 48.48 47.88 45.08 35.00 45.24 55.30 50.02 49.60 69.75 73.95 46.50 66.99 57.00 68.00 53.60 93.72 74.75 56.25 108.90 82.50 122,50 71.75 72.24 56.56 92.50 $ 52.29 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART II. 49 32 2 .^ > D Is o » a : 00 S a 50 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRINCI- ( Figures taken from the December, 1907, Supplement of the Crop State or Territory Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts -. Rhode Island ... Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania --. Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia .. North Carolina . South Carolina . Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota --. South Dakota -.. Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California Corn United States CO o 12,000 26,000 56,000 44,000 10,000 56,000 600,000 278,000 1,413,000 193,000 649,000 1,841,000 760,000 2,732,000 1,974,000 4,426,000 621,000 3,400,000 4,690,000 9,521,000 1,900,000 1,459,000 1,615,000 9,160,000 7,775,000 154,000 1,850,000 7,472,000 7,020,000 3,300,000 3,014,000 2,961,000 2,500,000 1,600,000 7,409,000 4,650,000 2,525,000 4,000 3,000 111,000 42,000 8,000 11,000 37.0 35.0 36.0 36.0 31.2 33.0 27.0 31.5 32.5 27.5 34.2 25.0 28.0 16.5 15.1 13.0 11.3 34.6 36.0 36.0 30.1 32.0 27.0 29.5 31.0 20.0 ! 25.5 I 24.0 1 22.1 I 28.2 1 26.0 15.5 I 17.0 17.5 21.0 24.4 : 17.2 22.5 25.0 23.5 29.0 37.5 25.5 5,000 12,000 16,000 54,000 ), 931, 000 25.9 op ■■CP 30.0 27.0 27.5 34.0 444 910 1,980 1,584 312 1,818 16,200 8,757 45,922 5,308 22,196 46,025 21,280 45,078 29,807 57,538 7,017 117,640 168,840 342,756 57,190 46,688 43,605 270,220 241,025 3,080 47,175 179,328 155,142 93,000 78,364 45,896 42,500 28,000 155,589 113,265 43,430 90 75 2 1,218 300 280 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 ooo 000 000 000 000 000 000 ooo .000 ,000 000 000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ooo ,000 ooo 000 000 ,000 ,000 000 000 ,000 ,000 000 000 ,000 000 000 ,000 ,000 000 ,000 V CD U O ]3 in a, $.75 .75 .75 .75 .80 .75 .71 .63 .64 .52 .54 .64 .72 .74 .78 .76 .80 .52 .45 .44 .55 .55 .50 .43 .47 .60 .46 .41 .44 .53 .57 .75 .75 .70 .60 .44 150,000 324,000 440,000 1,836,000 3,592,320,000 $.51.6 ts i; (B 0) 333,000 682,000 1,485,000 1,188,000 350,000 1,386,000 11,502,000 5,517,000 29,390,000 2,760,000 11,986,000 29,456,000 15,322,000 33,358,000 23,249,000 43,729,000 5,614,000 61,173,000 75,978,000 150,813,000 31,455,000 25,678,000 21,802,000 116,195,000 113,282,000 1,848,000 21,700,000 73,524,000 68,262,000 49,322,000 44,667,000 34,422,000 31,875,000 19,600,000 93,353,000 49,&37,000 29,532,000 61,000 52,000 1,695,000 877,000 270,000 202,000 105,000 227,000 326,000 1,561,000 $1,336,901,000 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK— PART II. 51 PAL FARM CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1907. Reporter issued by the United States Department of Agriculture. Winter Wheat Spring Wheat o 1 < Produc- tion- bush. V tn 0 0 D aj ■cop Ph Total farm, value Dec. 1 60 t, CS u V 1 < * 1 . Produc- tion- bush. q; CB 0 0 3 aj Ph Total farm value Dec. 1 u a 2; 8.000 26.2 210,000 $1.01 $ 212,000 1 fl 1,000 23.0 23,000 1.00 23.000 8 4 6 4i(j,000 108,000 1,618,000 120,000 777,000 655,000 367,000 560,000 17.3 18.5 7,197,000 1,998,000 $.99 .98 .y6 .97 .y6 .98 1.00 1.07 1.20 1.15 7,125.000 1,958,000 28,891,000' 2,a86,0OO 14,172,000 8,024,000 4,477,000 5,692,000 3,203,000 3,074,000 7 8 18.6 (4 20.5 i 2',m',(m 19.0 ] 14,703,000 12.5 8,188,000 12.3 , 4,477,000 95! T ■i?n nnfi 10 n n IS 14 8.5 9.0 2,669,000 2.673,000 15 16 17 1,882,000 2,362,000 2,228,000 878,000 60,000 16 3 Qrt fi77 nrm .92 .88 .87 .91 .92 28,223,000 29,931,000 34,8'JO,000 11,585,000 856,000 18 14.4 34,013,000 19 ?0 14.5 15.5 12,731,000 930,000 9-1 150,000 5,200,000 504,000 13.5 13.0 12.8 2,025,000 67.600,000 6,451,000 .92 .92 .82 1,803,000 62,192,000 5,290,000 22 23 65,000 2,213,000 18.5 13 2 1,202,000 00 010 nnn .82 .84 986,000 24,538,000 24 ?5 5,513,000 2,900,000 322,000 314,000 10. 0 11.2 12.0 5.8 55,130,000 ' .87 32,480,000 .89 47,963,000 28,907,000 3,053,000 1,493,000 26 27 2,213,000 5,ei5,00O 734,000 779,000 80,000 2,000 19.0 i 42,047,000 11.3 ! 63,788,000 12.0 8,808,000 9.5 7,400,000 10.0 , 890,000 11.0 : 22,000 .79 .82 .93 .95 1.05 .88 33,217,000 52,306,000 8,103,000 7,030,000 935,000 19,000 3,864,000 1,821,000 .79 .83 28 29 30 31 3?l 38 .34 380,000 959,000 154,000 7.4 9.0 9.5 2,812,000 8,631,000 1,463,000 .99 .83 .95 2,784,000 7,164,000 1,390,000 1 35 ,36 37 139,000 .30,000 293,000 46,000 15,000 161,000 30,000 169,000 950,000 334,000 28.8 28.5 29.0 24.0 25.9 28.8 32.0 24.5 24.5 21.5 4,003,000 .81 855,000 .77 8,497,000 .78 1,104,000 .93 388,000 il.05 4,637,000 1 .74 960,000 1.04 3,243,000 38 658,000 f 39 6,628,000 40 1,027,000 41 408,000 3,431,000 998,000 2,774,000 17,456,000 5,601,000 42 43 44 173,000 399,000 317.000 1 3(58 OOO 36.0 29.5 25.5 15.0 4,498,000 11,770,000 8. 084. 000 20,520,000 .67 .75 .78 .98 3,014,000 8,828,000 6,306.000 20,110,000 4,141,000 23,275,000 7,181,000 .67 .75 .78 45 46 47 4S 98,132,000 14.6 409.442.000 $.88.2 361.217.000 17,079,000 13.2 224.645,000 $.86.0 193,220,000 52 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRIN State or Territory Oats eS o o I 1) to o o 3 oj PL, Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts -_ Rhode Island -— Connecticut New Yorlv New Jersey Pennsylvania -— Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia - North Carolina - South Carolian - Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnetosa Iowa Missouri North Daliota -— South Dakota -— Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States 115,000 13,000 78,000 7,000 2,000 10,000 1,20S,000 60,0(X) 1,003,000 4,000 30,000 146,000 95,000 192,000 195,000 300,000 30,000 1,600,000 1,816,000 4,150,000 1,468,000 2,350,000 2,530,000 4,500,000 663,000 1,320,000 1,325,000 2,524,000 1,092,000 192,000 147,00(f 220,000 90,000 28,000 500,000 418,000 175,000 240,000 60,000 155,000 12,000 4,000 45,000 7,000 113,000 190,000 279,000 136,000 31,837,000 23.7 37.1 32.5 34.0 35.0 29.5 31.5 30.7 29.5 29.6 30.0 27.5 19.6 19.3 15.6 20.0 16.7 13.7 22.8 20.2 24.5 20.8 22.0 24.5 24.2 21.5 24.5 24.7 20.4 15.0 17.6 20.8 17.5 17.9 14.5 19.0 15.0 19.5 49.0 37.0 38.0 38.5 29.0 45.0 43.0 50.5 55.5 35.0 33.5 4,266,000 423,000 2,652,000 245,000 59,000 315,000 37,086,000 1,770,000 29,689,000 120,000 825,000 2,862,000 1,834,000 2,995,000 3,900,000 5,010,000 411,000 36,480,000 36,683,000 101,675,000 30,534,000 51,700,000 61,985,000 108,900,000 14,254,000 32,340,000 32,728,000 51,490,000 16,380,000 3,379,000 3,058,000 3,850,000 1,611,000 406,000 9,500,000 6,270,000 3,412,000 11,760,000 2,220,000 5,890,000 462,000 116,000 2,025,000 301,000 5,706,000 10,515,000 9,765,000 4,556,000 754,443,000 .60 .61 .63 .60 .66 .60 .57 .56 .54 .50 .49 .50 .54 .60 .72 .73 .75 .45 .42 .41 .48 .47 .41 .38 .41 .40 .39 .37 .42 .49 .50 .67 .65 .55 .60 .48 .54 .46 .53 .50 .55 $.44.3 2,560,000 258,000 1,671,000 147,000 39,000 189,000 21,139,000 991,000 16,032,000 60,000 404,000 1,431,000 990,000 1,797,000 2,808,000 3,607,000 308,000 16,416,000 15,407,000 41,687,000 14,656,000 24,299,000 25,414,000 41,382,000 5,844,000 12,936,000 12,764,000 19,051,000 6,879,000 1,656,000 1,529,000 2,579,000 1,047,000 223,000 5,700,000 3,009,000 1,843,000 5,410,000 1,177,000 2,945,000 254,000 70,000 972,000 217,000 2,397,000 4,745,000 4,394,000 3,235,000 $ 334,568,000 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. CIPAL FARM CROPS OP THE UNITED STATES IN 1907. 53 Barley Rye cs o < u OJ o ? •« as*" >< ■fll 0 to o oat PL, S « « * SI < n A >< 111 PLi u H IB O o 3 3 p a ea'd > 3 s >fi 0 3 >a o a >P o z < H Z < H Z ■< H 151,000 $16.00 $ 2,416,000 267,000 $4.09 $ 1,092,000 67,000 $8.75 $ 586,000 103,000 17.00 1,751,000 77,000 3.87 298,000 53,000 9.25 481,000 221,000 14.00 3,094,000 223,000 4.16 928,000 99,000 8.15 807,000 92,000 17.00 1,564,000 45,000 4.49 202,000 70,000 10.25 718,000 10,000 19.00 VM,000 8,000 4.40 35,000 13,000 10.00 130,000 83,000 19.00 1,577,000 34,000 4.75 162,000 47,000 10.50 494,000 907,000 17.00 15,419,000 1,131,000 4.81 5,440,000 669,000 8.90 5,954,000 82,000 21.00 1,722,000 44,000 4.99 230,000 155,000 10.00 1,550,000 965,000 18.00 17,370,000 1,102,000 4.62 5.091,000 990,000 7.80 7,722,000 23,000 20.00 440,000 12,000 4.64 56,000 46,000 7.50 345,000 140,000 20.00 2,800,000 163,000 4.55 742,000 293,000 6.35 1,861,000 561,000 19.00 10,659,000 512,000 4.00 2,048,000 798,000 5.75 4,588,000 549,000 22.00 12,078,000 675,000 4.40 2,970,000 379,000 5.75 2,179,000 450,000 12.00 5,400,000 220,000 2.62 576,000 1,357,000 5.60 7,599,000 223,000 12.00 2,676,000 59,000 2.17 128,000 678,000 5.70 3,865,000 680,000 11.00 7,480,00(J 269,000 2.01 541.000 1,599,000 5.50 8,794,000 664,000 10.00 6,640,000 101,000 1.97 199,000 .399,000 3.75 1,496,000 1,050,000 21.00 22,050,000 3,110,000 4.48 13,933,000 2,559,000 6.50 16,634,000 1,096,000 21.00 23,010,000 1,215,000 5.06 6,148,000 3,159,000 6.20 19,586,000 2,164,000 22.00 47, €08,000 793,000 5.01 3,973,000 4,672,000 6.60 30,835,000 1,003,000 16.00 16,048,000 2,130,000 4.46 9,500,000 1,388,000 6.60 9,161.000 1,137,000 13.00 14,781,000 1,044,000 4.15 4,333,000 1,910,000 7.00 13,370,000 1,27L> 000 12.00 15,348,000 4.59,000 3.79 1,740,000 1,267,000 7.10 8,996,000 3,8S1.0OO 21.00 81,501,000 718,000 4.97 3,568,000 8,413,000 6.50 54,684,000 2,349,000 20.00 46,980,000 1,017,000 4.36 4,434,000 3,593,000 5.15 18,504,000 642,000 16.00 10,272,000 627,000 3.56 2,232,000 233,000 7.50 1,748,000 1,426,000 18.00 25,668,000 821,000 3.63 2,980,000 903,000 7.00 6,321,000 3,265,000 19.00 62,035,000 431,000 3.76 1,621,000 4,343,000 6.25 26,519,000 3,577,00 20.00 71,540,000 236,000 4.15 979,000 3,663,000 5.90 15,712,000 714,000 18.00 12,852,000 1,071,000 4.22 4,520,000 1,374,000 4.60 5,860,000 595,000 12.00 7,140,000 348,000 3.39 1,180,000 1,502,000 4.65 6,984,000 539,000 8.00 4,312,000 188,000 1.94 365,000 1,251,000 4.60 5,7.55,000 589,000 8.00 4,712,000 181,000 1.80 326,000 1,316,000 4.50 5,922,000 480,000 10.00 4,800,000 180,000 1.79 323,000 669,000 4.50 3,010,000 7,825,000 12.00 93,900,000 1,799,000 3.74 4,929,000 3,147,000 5.25 16,533,000 1,814,000 16.00 29,024,000 98,000 2.88 282,000 1,-588,000 5.3S 8,464,000 695,000 8.0O 5,560,000 266,000 2.13 567,000 1,127,000 3.80 4,383,000 879.000 20.00 17,580,000 5.524,000 3.90 21,544,000 66,000 10. 00 660,000 838,000 24.00 20,112,000 5,885,000 4.15 24,433,000 18,000 9.25 166,000 1,454,000 20.00 29,080,000 1,695,000 3.33 5,644,000 150,000 8.00 1,200,000 939,000 17.00 15,963,000 4,787,000 3.45 16,515,000 36,000 7.00 182,000 603,000 17.00 10,251,000 1,031,000 3.63 3,732,000 18,000 8.00 144,000 324,000 17.00 5,508,000 3,967,000 3.88 11,512,000 61,000 7.50 458,000 367,000 20.00 7, .340, 000 1,586,000 3.79 6,011,000 15,000 10.00 150,000 344,000 17.00 5,84.8,000 3,. 575, 000 3.55 12,691,000 130,000 7.00 910,000 389,000 18.00 7,002,000 824,000 3.73 3,074,000 182,000 7.75 1,410,000 758,000 17.00 12,886,000 2,661,000 3.58 9,526,000 279,000 6.25 1,744,000 1,155,000 19.00 21,945,000 2,422,000 3.47 8,404,000 551,000 7.20 3,967,000 50,073,000 $16.89 $845,938,000 54,631,000 $3.88 $211,736,000 56,084,000 $6.05 $339,030,000 51,565,731 $17.10 $881,557,398 53,240,082 $3.84 $204,210,129 54,794,439 $7.63 $417,791,321 47,067,656 15.85 746,171,709 50,631,619 3.54 179,056,144 .52,102,847 6.18 331,802,571 43,669,443 15.15 661,571,308 45,170,423 2.82 127,331,850 47,320,511 5.99 283,254,978 43,639,498 16.32 712,178,134 51,630,144 2.59 133,530,009 47,009,367 6.15 389,224,637 44,659,206 18.45 824,054,903 63,964,876 2.63 168,315,750 46,922,634 7.78 364,973,688 44,727,797 18.76 839,126,073 62,039,091 2.65 164,446,091 48,698,890 7.03 342,120.180 66 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. r Champion single ear at the State Farmers Institute, Des Moines, De- cember, 1907. First prize white, and reserve Champion at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1907. PART III. Proceedings of the State Farmers' Institute and Agricultural Convention Held in the Rooms of the Department of Agriculture, Des Moines, Iowa, Tuesday and Wednesday, Dec. 10-11, 1907. FORENOON SESSION, 9:30 A. M. The President: You will please come to order, and we will commence the program. The first will be the address of welcome, by Hon. G. L. Dobson, of Des Moines. ADDRESS OF WELCOME. G. L. DOBSON, DES MOINE^. IOWA. Mr. President and Members of the State Farmers' Institute: I can assure you that it is with great pleasure that, on behalf of the citizens of Des Moines, I welcome you to our city. It is not to be wondered at that the people of Des Moines are interested in your work, when we realize that the properity of our city and the prosperity of the state depends upon the success that you make of your work. Many years ago, when I first attended a state fair, we had but a very small fair. When I came to Iowa first, 38 years ago, this was quite a new state. I went to Northwestern Iowa in 1869, when there was not a railroad in that section of the state. How wonder- (67) 68 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. fully it has grown and what great prosperity the state has had in the years gone by; and when we realize that Iowa is purely an agricultural state, and that the great wealth has come from the farmers, it is not, as I said before, to be wondered at that the business men of every section of the state are interested in your meetings. They are interested in all that you accomplish, for, when you succeed, they have a chance to succeed; when you fail they are certain to fail. Whenever the farmers of our country are succeeding, then the merchants and manufacturers are succeeding. The business men of every line or calling have a chance to succeed when the farmers do, but when they go down in adversity, all other lines are bound to go down with them. We are all proud of the citizenship of the great state of Iowa. Last year we produced in live-stock alone more than 40 million dollars above any state in the union. This has been largely brought about because of the intelligence which the stock men have put into their work. If we had the old scrubby cattle we used to have when I first came to Iowa, no such showing could be made. When the farmers last year produced about 100 million dollars worth of corn — a sum well nigh incomprehensible, to be added to the wealth of the great state of Iowa — the bulls and bears of Wall street may have their wrangles — but when the farmers of Iowa who are tilling the soil put their best thought and energy into it, it is not going to affect Iowa so much ; they can go on and gamble and for a time affect the business interests, but so long as the soil pro- duces abundantly under the guidance of intelligent men and women Iowa will be all right. We are proud to welcome you here today, because you men here have done so much to distinctly put Iowa above every other state in the union by the grand exhibits you are making every year at our state fair. It has been my fortune to travel from the east to the west, from one ocean to the other, several times in the last few years, but I have heard Iowa talked about every place I go — that you men make the best exhibition of stock in any state of the union. These are things, friends, we feel proud of, and we feel it is a great pleasure to welcome you to our state. I hope Des jMoines is doing what she should to encourage these things and will do her part to make your work as easy as possible. It will always be hard work ; nothing worth having can be had with- out effort. No man succeeds in life, only when he is willing to pay the price. No farmer succeeds, only as he is willing to pay the price and finds out what is the very best for him to do. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II. 69 What a changed, condition do we find today from what it was when I first came to the state. In almost every line of work we cut and covered, so as to get over the ground, when we plowed. But she has made many steps in advance. When we realize that 45 million people in Japan live on 15 million acres of cultivated land, the fence corners and waste spots in Iowa today would practically support the population of Japan, if it was cultivated as intensely as those little Japs cultivate. Their average farm is less than two acres in extent, and it will produce enough to support a family. And while we have accomplished much, our young men need not think there is no field open for them today, for there is as much to be accomplished by them as there was in the early days, and Iowa can be kept in the very foreground of the states of the union. Intense farming is what made it prosperous. Now, gentlemen, it is not in place for me to talk to you ex- tensively, but simply to make an address of welcome; and I can assure you that the great Commercial Club of Des Moines, with nearly a thousand members, and business men, extends to you a hearty welcome, and the hope that this session will be the best session that you have had since you first came to Des Moines. RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME. G. H. VAN HOUTEN, LENOX, IOWA. Mr. Pesident: I am sure, in responding to this cordial address of Mr. Dobson on behalf of the citizens of Des Moines, I can say that we are very grateful for the kind words spoken. Yet we realized we were welcome, even without these eloquent words uttered in our presence. Some of us, in fact, have come to Des Moines so often and stayed so long that we have almost felt at home here. If I were speaking for myself, I would speak differ- ently ; but as I am delegated to speak for you all, and some of you do not come here as often, you may not appreciate the hearty welcome the people of Des Moines are ready and willing to give you. It has been my privilege to be closely identified with our state fair for several years, and it has been my privilege to be associated with the people of Des Moines for many years, and the more I know of the State Fair, and the more I know of Des Moines and the state of Iowa, the more I am conscious of the fact that the prosperity of all are linked closely together. So that the people of Des Moines, in giving us the welcome they do, understand and be- 70 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. lieve that the State Fair is a state institution. While the inter- ests of the state are closely connected "v\dth the State Fair, so the interests of Des Moines and all our interests lie close together. I can appreciate these words of welcome ; I can realize and know they come from the heart and that they are truly meant. There are some things said by Mr. Dobson I would enlarge upon. The people of Iowa are industrious, and while industrious, they are prodigals ; while in some things they may be economical, they have not learned in the school of economy. It has been my privilege to visit Japan, so that the illustration he gave you is one that ap- peals to me. These 45 million of people in Japan make their living and actually live on an area less than half the size of the state of Iowa. The entire Empire of Japan — and at the time I visited it was before their recent acquisitions of China and Corea — comprises ten thousand square miles, less than the state of California; and when you consider that so much of it is not tillable, then you can realize the force and effect of the illustration Mr. Dobson has given ; and when we consider that their wage schedule is so much lower than ours, and taking all these things into account, we can truly say that Japan is wonderfully prosperous; and this gives us some idea of economy we know nothing about, and I trust and hope that the necessities of the people of the orient shall not come to us. That we have become lavish and to a degree careless goes without saying The time has come in Iowa when better methods must be resorted to. We have high priced land, high priced labor and a higher schedule of living, and I hope and trust it may never be lower. If we are to maintain these high standards of prosperity we must make our lands more productive; we must conserve the different forces and gain the best advantages possible by more in- telligent application. I realize much has been done in the past. I give the organiza- tion of the Iowa State Fair credit for its share in this better and more improved work. We have had our annual meetings and fairs, and I trust each one has been better than the one preceding, and I further trust that the future holds out better prospects. It must be a pleasure to you gentlemen who come to our annual meetings and attend our annual fairs to see the rapid rate of progress made. When I first knew the State Fair we had very few buildings and of a poor character. When I first knew Des Moines it was different then ; my earliest recollections were in the vicinity of Des Moines. I have known Iowa when it had not a railroad within its borders. Now, that it has nearly ten thousand EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 71 miles of railroads and electric lines, with all the advantages of rapid communication by telephone and other means, Iowa has been put in a very different position. So we welcome this change ; we rejoice in its prosperity, and we are only anxious and solicitous that this prosperity shall continue. I am sure the people of Des Moines will co-operate to help make this effort a success. I am sure the people of Des Moines will co-operate in a continuation of this success, which is evidenced by its magnificent gift to the state in establishing this great fair. It has been my privilege to visit several of the fairs of other states, as well as many exhibitions of other countries. I can say, in my judgment, we have the ideal fair and the ideal conditions in a most remarkable agricultural community. Mr. Dobson made the statement that this was purely an agri- cultural state, and it is true, no doubt. But it is not true that we wiU always remain an agricultural state. Why? We have the coal — the motive power — to make a great manufacturing state. With our incresing demands, and increasing population, no one can say this will always be an agricultural state. It is true that our magnificent soil naturally led us into agricultural pursuits, and the lack of these advantages in other states, to manufacturing pursuits. But the time will come, I think, when we will see fit to diversify our industries; when with our 18,000 acres of coal lands and the impetus of our rivers for disseminating the power of electricity, and all these things, then, if not before, will there be a diversity of our industries. We are not dependent on com, grain, hogs and cattle and horses ; we raise other crops and animals, and just so as time goes on we will increase these opportunities and diversities. I shall not attempt at this time to give you my ideas of what the future should be. But it is certain as time goes on, we will resort to better methods, more scientific investigation and applica- tion as the days and years shall come and pass, and with it we hope and expect that our State Fair and State Farmers' Institute wiU not only keep pace, but will go beyond the march of progress. So, Mr. Dobson and the people of Des Moines, we return to you our hearty acknowledgment of your kind welcome. You have spoken to us, and we shall try to appreciate your friendship. Then when the time comes for the State Fair we all hope to be back again with our friends and neighbors, so that we may have a royal good time, and that the next Fair will be better than any yet held in the state of Iowa. 72 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The President: The next number on our program is "A Dis- cussion of Iowa Statutes With Reference to Feeding Stuffs," by H. R. Wright, State Food and Dairy Commissioner. A DISCUSSION OF IOWA STATUTES WITH REFERENCE TO FEEDING STUFFS. H. R. WRIGHT, POOD AND DAIRY COMMISSIONER. Mr. President: I suppose this subject was put on the program more to call attention to something the Board of Agriculture has been engaged in, rather than to give any particular information in regard to the statute. This Board, as organized, one of the things with which it was charged was the investigation of adulterations. Those investiga- tions have been carried on by means of a committee, of which Gov. Packard has been chairman. These investigations have resulted in the enactment of a general pure food law and also a stock food law. The stock food law embraces three subjects: one being the so- called Continental Stock Food, and the other subject, that of con- centrated feeding stuffs, as they are usually known, and the third subject, the question of seeds that are either adulterated or im- pure, by reason of mixtures, etc. So, that these three subjects are embraced in the statute, and I may say, there probably never was a law of such relative importance, that took so much hustling to get it passed through the legislature You would naturally suppose it would have been universally favored, but the develop- ments were different. As to the law in relation to Continental Stock Foods, we origin- ally sought to have the names of the ingredients put upon the label upon all packages. I may say, such a law was enacted in a half dozen other states last year The makers of the Continental Stock Foods devoted their attention to our legislature and succeeded in blocking some of the provisions your committee put in the bill, but they got the same kind of medicine in other states. We suc- ceeded in having put into our statute a provision that the label should bear a statement and name the percentage of the diluent. The statutes passed in the other states were in effect that they should give the names of the ingredients, while in Iowa they were to give the percentage of the diluent. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 73 We thought, and think so the more yet, that the filler in the Con- tinental Stock Food was one of the elements of fraud. For ex- ample, in one of our committee meetings last winter one of the manufacturers of one of those foods was made to admit by Prof. Michael that he had 65 per cent oil meal and 10 per cent salt. At any rate it was 65 per cent of oil meal. The committee, be- lieving the diluent was one of the chief elements of fraud, suc- ceeded eventually in getting that provision put into the statute, al- though they beat us on our original intention, they should give the name of all ingredients. However, the stock food manufacturers are all agreeing that they will print the names of the ingredients on their packages. I suppose you all realize that the business of manufacturing and selling these foods is principally carried on by men of very large means, and attempted by men of small means. About 100 of these foods are on the market. The up-shot of the whole matter is, the Continental manufacturers have formed a sort of conspiracy to beat these laws in the various states Their ac- tion in this state has been in the form of an injunction in the Fed- eral court of this district, against the Food Commissioner, restrain- ing him from an attempt to enforce this law at all. This is the situation at the present time. I suppose one might be a little reluctant to admit that the law which he is charged \nth enforcing has not been enforced. That is the situation. The reason for it is, as I have stated, an action for an injunction has been brought attacking the constitutionality of the law, and for that reason nothing can be done towards en- forcement until the injunction is dismissed or dissolved ; and in the event it is made permanent it cannot be enforced. The law in relation to concentrated commercial feeding stuffs requires that every package shall bear a statement of the protein and fibre and fat. Those of you who have made any study of food stuffs understand why this is necessary. The reasons that may occur to you were not altogether what actuated the conunittee of the legislature in passing the law. There was a very extensive adulteration of feed stuffs in this state, the motives which prompted the enactment of the bill, not that the farmer needed necessarily the information or needed to be educated as to what protein was in a food, of brans or other feeds, but more, that the maker and seller of them should say how much he had; then if he had an examina- tion of the article, he could say it truthfully, and if he had an article that was worthless he would be obliged to say that truth- fully, and the man who bought avoided being cheated, thinking he 74 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. was getting something better than he really had; that feature of the statute has already done considerable good. Prof. Michael found a lot of these foods adulterated with wheat hulls and other things. The adulteration of them has apparently, so far as we know at the present time, ceased. The law does not prohibit the sale of stock food at all, with the exception that it prohibits the sale of wheat or rye screenings con- taining cockle or other poisonous or deleterious substances. The statute permits the sale of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, whether simple or mixed, provided the seller tells exactly what he has got. If he has a simple food like a bi-product he is required to give the percentage of protein, fibre or fat. If he has a mixed food he is required in addition to state the constituents, names of the ingredients, to state also on the package the number of pounds net weight. In addition to this the statute requires that upon such foods there shall be paid a license of ten cents a ton, and these tags are to be secured from the office of the Food Commissioner on the payment of the necessary amount. This particular feature of the law has aroused great opposition on the part of millers, and still more on the part of feed dealers. They do not object so much to the money phase as to the difficulty and trouble of attaching the tags, and the opposition to the statute comes with the retailer or small dealer. You know, of course, many of our food stuffs of the kind in question come in from the outside of the state: still a considerable quantity is manufactured in the state. The question as to whether the statute is violated as applied to foods outside of the state, is raised by the American Linseed Co. They, too, have applied for an injunction in the Federal court, alleging that the whole statute is unconstitutional. So that I am obliged to say now, frankly, the law has been enforced up to the present time It became ef- fective the 4th of July and almost immediately applications for injunctions were made. However, we have collected about $5,000.00 on the ten cent tags. We have made some headway, even though we have not prosecuted anybody, except one fellow in Delaware county, for selling food which wasn't what he claimed it was. The third feature of the statute has not affected anything, for the reason that the sale of seeds is usually conducted from the middle of winter to spring, and very few seeds have gone on the market since. The law is that a man who sells seeds may not sell seed which contains quack-grass, Canada thistle, etc., and he EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK— PART III. 75 is absolutely prohibited from selling seeds containing any noxious weed seeds. The thought is, that a man who gets these weeds in the land is not only injured in the loss of the purchase price of the seeds, but a thousand-fold more in the difficulty of getting the weeds in the soil. The seed dealer is prohibited from selling seeds containing any of these particular noxious weed seeds. Then he is required to have his seeds to a certain standard of purity. That is, if a man buys a bushel of timothy seed he is entitled to get 96 per cent of timothy seed, the other 4 per cent may be harmless mixtures of weed seeds, which simply goes to the loss of the value of the price of the seed. The dealer is permitted to sell under the statute seed containing less than the standard of purity, but in that case he must put on a label stating the names of the seeds present and the amount of it. So that a man might sell clover seed, for instance, with which some timothy seed had been mixed. In that case he could easily take the timothy seed out. The thought is that the farmer is to be protected against the purchase, first, of seeds containing these noxious weed seeds, and against the purchase of seed represented to be pure seed. These are the three phases of the law, and I am frank to admit the law has not been well enforced, for the reasons suggested. If this law is finally upheld, the feeders of this state will pretty nearly know what percentage protein, fibre and fat is contained in the food which they buy; and the thought is that an intelligent man will be able to determine what value in dollars and cents the feed has he is buying, and that on the seeds, he will have the same chance to protect his pocktbook and will be fully protected against the chances of getting these noxious weeds into his field, which are so extremely difiicult to eradicate. I may say, in closing, that the committee of which Gov. Packard is chairman, has in hand now the investigation of some weeds as they appear in this state, the intention being to get legislation to control them and eradicate them, the intention being to perpetuate the usefulness of our soil to the greatest extent possible by eradi- cating the weeds which are so detrimental. If there are any ques- tions I can answer, I should be glad to attempt to do so. Question: Mr. Wright says the farmers are protected. If a farmer has got a lot of seeds himself, and he sells timothy seed or clover to his neighbor, and he is not in a position to get this exact per cent, where is he at? Mr. Wright: The law makes an exception in that case, which is as follows: "The provisions concerning agricultural seeds con- 76 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tained in this act shall not apply to : Any person or persons growing or selling seeds for food purposes only, or having such seeds in possession for sale for such purposes." The law does not apply to the man who sells his grain or seeds to the elevator and does not apply to any person selling seeds direct to merchants and that covers the case of a man producing the seed he wishes to sell to a seed dealer; but this does not release him from the exemp- tion as to its containing quack-grass or Canada thistle and other noxious weeds. The law does not apply to the sale of seeds grown and sold on his own premises by the farmer. The thought is that if you have the Canada thistle your neighbors know it as well as you do, and if he comes and buys it of you he is not harmed or in- jured at all, even though he is sold impure seeds, for the reason that he knows it. The exceptions in the state have been framed to meet all these circumstances at the farmer's end of it. The President : The next topic on the program is entitled, "The Earning Capacity of an 80-Acre Iowa Farm Devoted to Dairying," by H. G. Van Pelt, Sup't Dairy Farm, Ames, Iowa. THE EARNING CAPACITY OF AN 80-ACRE IOWA FARM DEVOTED TO DAIRYING. HUGH G. VAN PELT, AMES, IOWA. More than once since the subject, "The Earning Capacity of an 80-acre Iowa Farm Devoted to Dairying" was assigned to me I have tried to reason for myself why so small a farm as 80 acres was designated. A farm so small is surely far below the average sized farm of Iowa. Were I to speak regarding the possibiities of a quarter section of Iowa land it could at the present time be made to apply to the condition of a larger number of Iowa farmers; and had I been speaking a decade ago the earning capacity of a half section of land would have been more appli- cable. Following along this train of thought, the reason for my subject has revealed itself. The population of Iowa has increased in great rapidity, and with this increase has followed closely the increased price of land per acre. These two factors are tending to decrease the size of farms in Iowa. Men whom a quarter of a century ago bought section after section of this fertile (Iowa) prairie at low prices, have farmed and grazed it, oftentimes with extravagant methods, but nevertheless have lived well, saved money, and as time advanced their wealth increased by leaps and bounds by the natural increase in the value of their lands. To the minds of farmers of those times the question of the earning capacity of an 80-acre farm never occurred and neither did a consideration of milking cows except to supply bountifully the family table with milk, cream and butter. Gradually, however, these large farms and estates are being divided, for one cause or another, either among the original owners' EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 77 descendants, or sold to settle estate affairs, or, as in many instances, the farmer has found in his old age that his sons have chosen some other call- ing in life and he is left on the old farm alone, with no alternative except to sell a portion of his land from time to time and keep only that which it is possible for him to personally supervise. On the other hand, it seems a part of human nature for a young man to be eager to own a farm. This is evidenced by business men of every vocation, — lawyers, doctors, bankers, and men of all professions are all striving for the ownership of a piece of land, whether large or small. If Iowa farm land is their desire, they find that to attain a farm does not mean a few hundred dollars as it did to their fathers, but to own a large farm in Iowa today is to have a fortune. As a result of the great desire for farms on the part of so many, and the high price per acre, large farms are divided up and the divisions pur- chased by young men who in most cases are forced to go in debt for a large portion of the cost price. These are the men who are striving to solve the problem and who are asking the question, "What is the earning capacity of an 80-acre Iowa farm," and "To what purpose can it be devoted that will not only increase its earning capacity, but also its yielding value?" Supposing an 80-acre Iowa farm be devoted to raising grain for the market. This will pay well for a few years, especially if the years are favorable ones for plant growth and the proper methods of cultivation and crop rotation are resorted to. Unless commercial fertilizing is prac- ticed in this case, however, the farm gradually becomes poorer and the farmer's capital gradually decreases until finally in the interest which it returns him annually is not sufficiently large to pay expenses and yield for himself and family a living. Then it is that the farm becomes as many farms in the eastern and southern states, viz. — abandoned and sell- ing for less than the buildings upon them cost. It is impractical, too, under ordinary conditions to raise and graze feeding cattle on so small a farm, because the owner at once places him- self in competition with ranchmen and owners of large tracts of less valuable lands who can with less expense raise a vastly larger number of animals of the same character. Eliminating these two methods of managing the small farm and those which remain tend more nearly toward intensive and diversified farming. "Without doubt if a man is to devote his best efforts to conducting opera- ations on an 80-acre farm he must practice the most intensive methods possible and put in use the lessons which science and practice have taught. He must grow large crops of animal foods on every foot of available ground, feed every pound of it to farm animals of one kind or another and return the barnyard manure thus produced back to the fields, — thus making them richer, more valuable and more productive each year. Feeding for meat production and feeding for milk production both come under this head, and both may as a rule be made extremely profitable; yet there are a few factors which enter in and warn the proprietor of a limited acreage of high-priced land against borrowing money or spending that which he has on hand for purchasing feeding animals to which to feed the crops he has raised: First, If he chooses to feed hogs and cattle there are opportunities for making large profits unless the hogs 78 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. contract disease, to which they are very susceptible, or the market price of either or both hogs and cattle drops, — when profits are quickly changed to losses. Second: If it is sheep that are to be fed there is a chance for the market price of both wool and mutton to drop; and as for feeding horses, few indeed are those who care to accept the hazards which present themselves. Third: During the fattening period of these animals the percentage of concentrated foods necessary for feeding is very great in comparison to the roughage, while on even a small farm in Iowa or the corn belt a large amount of roughage Is necessarily raised. For instance, the dally ration of a fattening steer would be something like 20 pounds of con- centrates and 10 pounds of roughage, while for a dairy cow the con- centrates would be about 6 to 10 pounds, while the roughage would be from 20 to 25 pounds. Leaving out of consideration these hazards, however, it must be con- ceded that raising grain and feeding it to meat producing animals has a distinct advantage in that the owner of an 80-acre farm can do all his own work except during harvest, bj- farming the land in the summer and feeding the grains and hays — the results of his summer's efforts — during the winter; and little need he be concerned about the scarcity of farm help. On the other hand, he who wants to be assured of a regular and sure profits from day to day and from year to year, dairy farming is to be recommended, for it has been truly said by one man that the dairyman tears off a coupon from each cow each day. Another says that the cow is the only farm animal a portion of which can be sold each day; and still another that the dairy farmer's harvest comes every day in the year. All these sayings are quite true as well as suggestive. The true earning capacity of a dairy farm, however, is governed by many condition: 1. Location. 2. Character of cows milked. 3. Care and feed received by the cows. Upon the location of the farm depends the price received for the produce and this in itself has much to do with the profits, for the farmer who sells his cream to the creamery cannot expect nearly so much for his milk as the one who sells direct to the consumer of milk and cream, and he who is located close to a large city, by putting out a fancy product in the form of either milk, cream or butter has an even great advantage. Equally as great a difference is brought about by the comparative producing ability of cows, for often there may be found in a herd one cow producing 500 pounds of butter in a year and another producing 200 pounds, — the former making for her owner a large profit and the latter losing him money daily — the same as would a scrub hog or steer, put in the feed lot at a high price. The care and feed the cows receive is another feature of the business which in itself may determine whether or not the earning capacity of the dairy farm is to be large, small or below the expense of operating. Cows must be abundantly fed on foods contain- ing the required constituents for milk production if they in turn are to EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 79 produce milk largely and profitably. And, too, the feeder must use knowledge in selecting and combining the foods, to which he has access, into a ration which is at once Inexpensive, palatable, and stimulating to a large yield of milk and butter fat. In order that my words may not be termed theoretical or impractical it will be well to consider an 80-acre farm in Iowa that on the start "will produce only average crops and is so located that the produce from the cows must be sold at a local creamery at 25 cents per pound for the butter fat, which has been the average price for the past year. By the uses of silos of large enough capacity for both winter and sum- mer feeding and by the intelligent rotation of crops it will not be at all difficult to keep a 50-cow herd upon the farm beside the horses required to do the work of the farm, providing a small amount of concentrated foods rich in protein is purchased each year. To care for and milk the cows and raise the calves will require the services of four men and a fifth man, with the help at odd times that the four barn men can give him, will be able to haul all feed and manure, keep in repair the fences, etc., and do all the farm work except during harvest and silage making time. Some there are who would have you believe that fewer men could do the work around such an establishment, but my experience has been that one of the best ways to solve the labor problem, which is so vexing at the dairy farm, is to have enough good men drawing good salaries to do extra well every portion of the work without being forced to work such extremely long hours as are usually required. In this way it is easy to keep good, reliable men and a much less number of cows will be required to produce a given amount of milk than though fewer men were kept and the work more carelessly done. Now if the proprietor and his four men have good land and a good herd of 50 grade cows which can be found and purchased for about $50 apiece, the annual income, expense and profits will be as follows: Butter fat (350 lbs. per cow), 17,500 lbs at 25c $4,375.00 45 calves (90 per cent of crop saved) at $5.00 each 225.00 Skim milk (6,125 lbs. per cow) 306,250 lbs. at 25c cwt 765.62 Total $5,365.62 Expenses. 4 men at $40 per month $1,920.00 Extra help in harvesting hay and silage 200.00 Insurance on 50 cows, $1 each and bull $2 52.00 Interested on money invested in cows ($2,500) at 6 per cent 150 Interest on money invested in 1 bull ($100) at 6 per cent 6.00 Interest on money invested in 80 acres of land at $100 per acre at 6 per cent 480.00 Interest on money invested in horses, machinery, etc. ($1,500), at 6 per cent 90.00 Insurance, wear and tear and breakage on ^me at 10 per cent. . . . 150.00 30 ton concentrated protein feed at $23.00 690.00 Total $3,738.00 80 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Amount received $5,365.62 Amount expended 3,738.00 Profit $1,627.62 This is not an extremely large profit, but it should be remembered that very average conditions have been considered, creamery prices al- lowed for only a fairly large production and only veal prices allowed for calves. Although 25 cents may be considered a large price for skim milk, it would be worth a dollar per hundred were it fed to pure bred calves or hogs. If the farmer himself wished to work quite hard it would be possible to get along with one less man and thus add another $480 to his profits annually; or, if as is the rule in theoretical farming, the manure and calves are allowed to pay for the hired help, then the Income would be $5,140.62, the expense $1,818, and the net profit $3,322.62. Now let us presume that the farm is located close enough to a city so that the product can be marketed in the form of 30 per cent cream at 3 cents per point for butter fat, which is quite a common wholesale price, and that his cows are pure bred and producing the same as the grades except that the calves would be worth $25 when they reached a salable age of six or eight weeks. 30 per cent cream (145 gal. per cow) 7,250 gals, at 90c $6,525.00 45 calves (90 per cent of crop saved) at $25 each 1,125.00 Skim milk (after feeding calves 1-2) 145,800 lbs. at 25c 364.50 Total income $8,014.50 4 men at $40 per month $1,920.00 Extra help in making hay and silage 200.00 Insurance on cows at $2.00 each 100.00 Insurance on 1 bull at $2 2.00 Interest on money invested in cows ($5,000) at 6 per cent 300.00 Interest on money in bull ($100) at 6 per cent 6.00 Interest on 80 acres at $200 per acre at 6 per cent 960.00 Interest on money invested in horses, machinery, etc. ($1,500), at 6 per cent 90.00 Wear and tear, insurance and breakage on same at 10 per cent. . . 150.00 30 ton concentrated protein feed at $23 690.00 Total $4,418.00 Total income $8,014.50 Total expenses 4,418.00 Total profit $3,596.50 Figuring in this manner the profits are more than doubled and the dairy farmer has for himself $3,596.50, with only his taxes and insurance on the farm buildings to pay. And these figures are reasonable except that the income figured at much lower prices than many breeders are at the present time receiving for their cream, calves and skim milk, but I have tried to keep so far within the bounds of reason, that my audience may not say — as I really expect said — "theoretical — impractical." EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 81 In conclusion I wish to say that in my opinion the earning capacity of an 80-acre farm devoted to dairying as I have figured it is only well within reason for each instance, and that which can easily and surely be accomplished year after year by any careful and intelligent dairy farmer. As for the possibilities of an 80-acre farm devoted to dairying, none of us have any conception of them. Only a practical demonstration could determine this truly, yet I do not doubt in the least that these possibly profits on either of the hypothetical farms I have mentioned could be made to reach three times the figures I have set forth. I am led to believe this by the fact that Mr. Detrich, a Pennsylvania minister, took up the management of an old 15-acre farm that was so run down and worn out that it would not support well the two cows and one horse that were kept upon it. Mr. Detrich converted it into a dairy farm and the first year lacked $46 of paying expenses, but in the six years that followed he cleared up a $7,200 mortgage. So greatly had the land been improved that at the end of this time 30 head of stock, 17 of which were milk cows and two were horses, were being provided with all the roughage they needed and 3,300 tons of hay were sold. The outlay for concentrated feeds was about $625 a year. It has been estimated that this farm of 15 acres produces a revenue of about $3,000, or $200 per acre, annually. Doing one-half as well on good Iowa land as has been done on worn out and reclaimed Pennsylvanian land, 80 acres would produce a revenue of $8,000. Up in Michigan is another farm, according to the Department of Agri- culture, containing 120 acres, owned by Mr. J. N. Neal, whose total in- vestment in the farm and his share of the dairy herd and farm equip- ment Is $12,500. He receives annually $1,500, or 12 per cent on his money invested and gives the farm management no attention whatever. Mr. C. J. Augerine, the manager, who owns half the herd and the farm imple- ments also received $1,500 as his share, so the 120-acre tenant farm re- turns annually $3,000 clear profit. The President : We have a little time, if any one wishes to ask any questions, I am sure the writer of the paper would be glad to answer them. Question: "What difference would it make if the farmer would make his own butter? Mr. Van Pelt : That would depend on whether he was making his own butter near a large city. If he were, he could on a high class product get a premium of 10 to 15 cents per pound. It is not exceptional for dairy farmers to have yearly contracts in large cities to furnish butter from 35 to 40 cents a pound. In New York State, I think, it is not an exception to have the wholesale price 50 cents per pound. It would be simply owing to the prices it were possible to obtain for it. 82 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Question: How many acres of com did you raise to go into this silage ? Mr. Van Pelt : As I said before, in order to gain a profit or keep many cows on so small a farm, it would be necessary to soil it the year around. In calculating m}^ figures, I allowed ten acres for pasture for the cows; then in order to feed thirty pounds of silage, will require about 250 tons of silage a year. The corn which we raise as a rule will run twelve to fifteen tons of silage per acre. But with so many cows as 50 on so small acreage of ground, where the manure is returned to the farm each year, it will be possible to raise a good deal larger tonnage. We know of some who are rais- ing 25 tons of silage to the acre. Figuring 25 tons, you see it only takes 10 acres to suppty the 250 tons. Then I also figured it was possible to raise most of the com in the way of concentrates, by balancing up this com with the 30 tons of concentrated protein feeds, and also supplying protein with the clover necessarily used in crop rotation, and also having from ten to fifteen tons of alfalfa hay, it would be possible to supply not only the roughage, but a balanced ration. Question : Do you expect to raise it on the average Iowa farm ? Mr. Van Pelt: I would not expect to raise it on the average Iowa farm. Question: How would you cure it? Mr. Van Pelt : That is quite a subject for the Iowa farmer, because of climatic conditions. There is a way, however, it can be cured, even in seasons, such as we have had the past year. By cutting in the morning and allowing it to cure until noon or slightly afternoon, then shocking it up, allowing it to remain under that cover for a week or ten days. I am satisfied there is no better way on earth to make clover hay or alfalfa hay. The finest hay I ever fed or saw was alfalfa hay raised in Colorado and cured by this same method — cut in the morning and in the afternoon cocked up, and then after a week it was baled and shipped east; when it was taken out of the bale it was just as green and nice as could be. Question : On the average farm, would it be economical to put that expense on curing this hay ? Mr. Van Pelt : Not on an average farm ; but where a man has devoted all his efforts on such a farm, in the manner I have indi- cated, it will be possible for him to put up his hay in that way. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 83 Question: Will you please repeat the amount of profits under the two methods you speak of ? Mr. Van Pelt : The profits in the first instance were $1,627.62 ; in the second instance, the profits were $3,596.50. Question: How would you first obtain that supply of cows suitable for such an operation ; how would you keep up your supply after you started? Mr. Van Pelt : That is a very important question, also quite a perplexing question. It is much easier to select good cows from a herd of pure bred cattle than it is of grade cattle. If one wishes to stock up his farm with grade cows, he has quite a difficult task, because in many instances it is difficult for him to determine the value of these cows; it necessitates traveling around. One way is to buy them on the market. This fall I was on the Chicago market. I saw there a good number of dairy cows, as one would judge them, simply seeing them. At the same time these cows are quite expen- sive. Probably a better way would be to simply go through the country and pick them up here and there. As a matter of fact, in certain vicinities it is possible to buy exceedingly good grade cows. For instance, you go into the vicinity of a breeder of pure bred cows. He has sold to the neighborhood his bulls and bred their cows for them. I know a vicinity where a great many graded cows soM for $100 apiece. Then there are different methods of keijping up a herd. The dairymen in the Elgin district, close to Chicago, buy cows somewhat of a beefy nature; they milk them until they are no longer profitable, and they are fattened for the market and sold at beef prices. Then their cows that are springers, or fresh are put in the place of those, and this is the manner in which a great many progressive dairymen are doing. But the time for this is almost past, because, as I said before, these grade cows are selling for such enormous prices. To keep up a herd of pure bred sires, the heifer calves that are dropped on the farm, are of much merit, so that they can be raised much more cheaply than they can be purchased. In this way the owner of them would at the same time know what their ancestry has been and what they have done. In this manner it is possible for the perpetuator of the farm to re- ject the calves of poor cows. Question: If you raised the calves, wouldn't you have to make allowance for raising them until they began to produce, and you would have to make allowance for the young cows not producing with a fully developed cow? 84 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Me. Van Pelt: Yes, that is something that needs to be taken into consideration. It struck me very forcible in figuring out the earning capacity of an 80-acre farm. Of course, after the calves get past the age of six months — at the same time the calves do not need as much heavy feeding, and they can be running in the pas- ture in the summer time. It would be possible to raise even more silage. As I said before, this is a line to itself. We would also need to figure the profits as well as the cost of raising. Question : Of course, if you wanted to keep 50 cows up, wouldn't you have from 15 to 25 young stuff, from calves to 3 years old? Mr. Van Pelt: Yes, sir. Question : Could you keep so many cows, if you kept them on this 80? Mr. Van Pelt : No ; unless you had side-lines, you would have to have a larger farm. Question: Have you ever tried the sugar cane for silage? Mr. Van Pelt : Personally I never have. Those who have tried do not like it as well as corn, for the reason that it forms more lactic acid, and is not so palatable as com. Question : Have you tried sugar cane in its raw state ? Mr, Van Pelt : I have fed some. It has this one thing to recom- mend it, that it is very palatable when put up in the form of hay. That is another thing regarding the two methods of curing : it can be shocked for fodder, and corn should be put in the silage. Any animal needs a certain amount of dried matter before it is possible to get it out of the silo. So that fed in the raw state, sugar cane is quite valuable as a food. But the farmers say that sorghum is quite hard upon the land. Question: I don't know whether I got a clear understanding. I had the impression that 50 cows was the full limit of the capacity of an 80-acre farm ; you spoke of the milk being worth 25 cents. Did you intend that the other feed should be purchased or produced outside of that farm; that the farm doesn't produce feed for the pigs and calves? Mr. Van Pelt : Yes, that is true. I figured for the calves to be sold at weaning time. Question : And the feed outside of the milk, should have to be purchased outside of the product of the farm ? EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 85 Mr. Van Pelt : Yes, sir. Regarding the amount of cows that could be kept there. I did not make a direct statement, because, really the possibilities of an 80-acre farm are, as I believe, greatly larger than I made them. I think that 50 could be kept very easily where concentrated foods are purchased. Question: What provision would you make to replace those cows ? Mr. Van Pelt : As I said before, they can be replaced in dif- ferent ways. He can raise the calves on some other place, or else when his cows go dry, he can sell them and buy more. Question: In your figures did you take that into account? Mr. Van Pelt : Yes, I took that into account to the extent that I charged up interest against the cows. I charged one dollar per year insurance against the cow^ ; that probably w^ouldn 't cover more than accidents or deaths; but, as a rule, if one wanted to sell those cows at the end of the period of lactation, it would be possible for him to replace them for the prices received for them. There might necessarily need to be some provision made, however, for other ex- penses. A Member : It is my opinion, in replacing these cows, that you haven 't taken nearly enough into account to replace them — to either raise the calves, or go out and sell those cows and rebuy others. That is the most expensive thing in the whole business. If you are going to raise the calves, you don't get as good a calf as you got a cow, only occasionally, and it takes three or four or five years to get them ready to milk. Mr. Van Pelt : As a rule breeders try hard to improve each generation. As you say, there are a great many disappointments, a great many calves we think should be most excellent milkers, when they come at their milking age, they are not what we expected. But it isn't necessary to wait four or five years on a calf to become a profitable milker. If they are profitable at all, they should be profitable at 214 to 3 years old. Mr. Reeves: "While they are a source of profit, they wouldn't come up to the mature cow ; you would have to cut your figures con- siderable A three-year old cow is not much better than a two-year old. Mr. Van Pelt: Heifers should produce, and in many instances do produce more butter fat than I have estimated. Really I con- sider the average amount of butter produced by the Iowa cow is 86 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. much below what I stated. We have a heifer at the College, barely two years old and that heifer is this year going to make 350 pounds of butter fat, and really, her care is ordinary, for the reason that we have not been prepared to give her the best attention. Pure bred cows under the same conditions are going to make between 400 and 500 pounds. There is that one thing — there might neces- sarily be some expense necessitated in exchanging these cows for fresh ones; but there are the two methods, the manager can either sell his calves or exchange the dry cows for fresh ones. It is possi- ble that in some instances he would have to pay more for the fresh cow than he gets for the dry. In many instances it will be possible for him to sell that cow for even more than necessary. Mr. Reeves : I have found, in my experience, it is quite a prob- lem to get anywhere near as much for the worn out cow; some of them, when they are worn out, they are all gone. Mr. Van Pelt: Of course, a person wouldn't dare wear his cows out that way. If she were only a five-year-old cow, then he couldn't expect a second calf; he would only have the first calf, providing he had a springer. Following out that system, she is simply milked as long as she is profitable for the one period of lactation ; then she is sold on the market. Question : "Would you recommend selling a 350-pound cow ? Mr. Van Pelt : No. Some provision would necessarily be made for raising those calves; but these calves would need to be raised on some other farm, unless the 80-acre farm was farmed more in- tensely than I have figured. So that if you wish to raise those calves, it would be possible to go and raise them on the roughage, and the profits could remain the same, because when you raise these calves, and she reaches the salable age, she is worth all she has cost. In other words, if you sell her at weaning time for $5, that is all the value she is to you at that time. But if you put more money into her and grow her into a mature cow, and she is worth more money; you have got a profit there. A Member -. I think in making an estimate on an 80-acre farm, you should raise those calves yourself and take out enough when those are old, and sell them as canners. Mr. Van Pelt: That simply would be another way of getting at the figures. Question : How about the milking machines ? EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 87 Mr. Van Pelt : The milking machine is still in the experimental stage. The best man on that subject is probably ]\Ir. Scribner, of Wisconsin. His opinion is where heifers are broke with the first calf, they do reasonably well, but in cows who have formed the habit of being milked by hand, they do not respond readily to the milk- ing machine. Question : In your figures, what is the percentage of butter fat ? Mr. Van Pelt : I took five per cent. Ql^estion : Can 3^ou find a creamery that will give you a five per cent test? Mr. Van Pelt : I can find plenty of cows that give five per cent milk. The President: Our next subject is entitled, "Sugar Beet In- dustry in Iowa," by Earl C. Moore, Secretary Iowa Sugar Factory, "Waverly, Iowa. SUGAR BEET INDUSTRY IN IOWA. E. C. IIOORE, WAVERLY, IOWA. I infer that the invitation extended to the Iowa Sugar Co. that their representative meet with the State Agricultural Society at Des Moines was given rather with a view of learning something of the manufacture of sugar than the question of beet culture with which I assume every one of you is more or less familiar. The important feature in the success of beet sugar manufacture is the question of profit to the farmer, and the manufacturer who does not inform himself as to the conditions of agriculture in the immediate locality of his factory and who does not co-operate with the farmer in every step is not likely to make a success of his factory. You will understand that the success of the beet sugar industry is so interwoven with the farmers profits that the factory can not exist unless it develops that the growing of beets is profitable to the farmer. It is impossible in the short time alotted to give you more than the outlines of the possibilities of beet culture in Iowa and we must to a certain extent depend on. the experience of other states as the factory established at "Waverly has not yet been demonstrated as an entire success. That is, one year's experience is not sufficient for a grower to know whether or not he wants to continue the culture. From the side of the investor we have demonstrated our faith in the ultimate outcome by providing the cash for the construction of the factory. We believe that you have the fertility of soil, the average favorable amount of precipitation, and most necessary the sunshine and cool nights during the maturing season. It must not be forgotten, however, that a crop brings to the farmer $60 to $125 per acre necessarily demands 88 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. more attention than one that brings $8 to $15, and the most serious obstacle to the development of the industry is, no doubt, the extreme scarcity of the farm laborer. The experience of sugar factories in other states has demonstrated beyond contradiction that the establishment of the sugar industry attracts farm labor which is generally available for other crops than sugar beets. In general these are employes of the packing house, the heads of which families are employed during the winter in the cities and gravitate to the fields in search of employment for themselves and families during the summer. You will understand that in the growing of beets there is certain hand labor required. First the beets are drilled in rows from 20 to 24 inches apart at the option of the grower. The drill used plants four rows at a time using from 15 to 20 pounds of seed per acre. Upon their development to the fourth leaf they are blocked and thinned so that one plant stands by itself about 8 or 10 inches apart in each row. In the meantime a one horse cultivator cultivating two rows at a time is used to keep down the weeds between the rows. The cultivator is used until the leaves lap in the rows. After the blocking and thinning is done the field is hoed and later in the season is gone over a second time with the hoe, killing the weeds that are left. After the beets are matured a beet lifter lifts them from the ground and the hand labor contractor tops the beets, throws them in piles and covers them with the tops and they are ready to deliver to the factory. When properly covered, ordinary frosts do not hurt the beets and thousands of tons of frozen beets are made into sugar every year. You will understand that between these operations the labor con- tractor has considerable time when, as practice shows, he is engaged by the farmer to assist in other work. Often these families locate in the immediate vicinity of the factory. Of some 60 families brought to the Waverly factory this year about 20 per cent have become permanent residents, and the tendency is, as I have intimated, the gradual drift- ing to the beet section of the necessary farm labor. I might say that this hand labor we contract for $20 per acre to those knowing a sufficient number of acres to warrant the employment of a family. I naturally drift toward the cultivation of the beet, but I suppose you want to hear something about the sugar itself. "Sugar is one of the most recently acquired, the most rapidly increas- ing and one of the most important articles of diet. From its earliest mention until the time of Queen Elizabeth sugar was used only in the arts and sciences and was sold at about $1 per pound. The four decades following the issuance of a decree by the first Napoleon ap- propriating one million francs for experimental work in connection with the development of the sugar beet were only important in increasing the quality, for in the year 1840 95 per cent of the world's sugar was made from cane." About one million tons were used in 1840. Since 1840 the increase in consumption has amounted to 150 per cent per decade and now amounts to 12,000,000 tons, 60 per cent of which comes from beets, and the people of the world annually expend $1,250,000,000 for sugar. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 89 Europe has 1,500 sugar factories, scattered over all but two European nations. In 1864 the United States consumed 18 pounds per capita, while last year our consumption was 76 pounds, as compared to 90 pounds in Great Britain and 7 pounds in Italy. In 1888 the production of beet sugar in the United States reached 1,000 tons for the first time in our history. When the present tariff bill was enacted ten years ago we had six beet sugar factories in the United States which produced 40,000 tons of beet sugar. Last year we had 63 factories in operation and produced 483,612 tons of sugar sur- passing for the first time the cane sugar output. Last year the American farmer received nearly $25,000,000 as his share of the beet crop and as much more went to laborers and other em- ployees of the factories, the coal mines, the railroads, the lime kilns and numerous other classes of American industries. Our Agricultural De- partment now classes it as the seventh most important agricultural product. . The retail price of sugar in New York averages cheaper than the re- tail prices In Berlin, Paris, Vienna or St. Petersburg, the commercial centers of the world's greatest beet sugar producing countries. If by fostering this great industry, an unjust burden has been laid upon any citizen of any state in the union, the figures do not show it. The state of Iowa will consume the product of sixteen factories such as we have at Waverly, so you will understand the market is at our door. Factories in successful operation will produce about 200 lbs. of sugar to each ton of beets, and the state of Iowa with its 2,225,000 people, re- quires 85,000 tons of sugar annually, 850,000 tons of beets or the product of 85,000 acres, figuring 10 tons as an average, although the average should be considerable more than that. The state of Michigan in 1906 exceeded 12 tons average. Over 110,000 acres were grown by 27,000 farmers. Speaking of Michigan, the industry in that state was started in 1897, when one factory was built at Bay City with a slicing capacity of 500 tons daily, exactly the same capacity as the one we have built at Waverly. At this present time there are sixteen factories in active and successful operation, and do the farmers of Iowa admit that the land in Michigan is more fertile, that its sunshine is more bright, or that its farmers are more intelligent than those of Iowa, or are the farmers of Iowa content with smaller profits, or do they believe they can pay the Interest on present values of land by growing oats and corn? My faith Is that eventually, in order for the fertile acres of Iowa to produce for their owners their full fruition, they must resort to more intense cultivation and a more careful tillage and more particularly a rotation of crops. To return to the manufacture of sugar. I have already shown you that the need exists and that the opportunity is here. The factory is the medium whereby the consumer is placed in more direct communication with the producer. In one door it takes the beets from the farmer, pay- ing him $5.00 per ton, it works up the ton of beets through the factory and produces sugar which it sells to the grocer, receiving approximately $9.00. Between these two figures they must pay for the coal, for the 90 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cooperage or package in which the sugar is placed, the lime rock and the coke, they must satisfy the labor that manipulates the beets, they must pay for the wear and tear on their machinery, with all its incidentals, and they must at the same time maintain an intelligent field force who are intended to assist the farmer in the proper cultivation of his beets. It will not be necessary to continue to instruct the farmer, as two or three years' cultivation will put them in possession of all we know about the cultivation. In addition to the hand labor which I have already specified, the proper cultivation of beets demands, first, the preparation of the ground and the seeding, sufficient cultivation through the growing season so that the subjection of the weeds is assured, the lifting of the roots after they are matured with a beet lifter, and the hauling of the beets to the sheds or cars. It is estimated that $30 per acre, which includes the contract hand labor, should cover the entire cost of cultivation and hauling, figur- ing the latter at an extreme of 50 cents per ton. So that a crop of six tons will cover all the necessary expenses of raising an acre of beets. The seed is furnished by the factory at cost, 10 cents per lb. The average receipts for the farmer in Michigan is $48 per acre, while in Colorado it is $75 per acre. After the beets are placed in the sheds they are floated in flumes to the factory, where they are sliced into long, thin cossetts, when they are placed in the diffusion battery and the sugar extracted from the slices. The resulting juice is treated with milk of lime and carbonic acid gas to eliminate the solid impurities, after which the production of sugar simply means the elimination of the water by evaporation. There are, of course, many steps in the process necessary to purify the juice, eliminating all salts and pectic substances. It is popularly supposed that cane sugar is in some way superior to beet sugar, but I venture to say there is no one whj by any process either chemical or otherwise, can demonstrate any difference. Sugar is a chemical product of a definite crystallization and there is no difference whatever in the cane and beet sugars, and they are sold in the market side by side. After the juice is extracted from the cossetts the residuum becomes a valuable stock food, rich in protein, and when fed with other feed rations gives results that can not be obtained with any other feed in the same space of time. Milch cows will produce more and better milk and stock can be fattened with one-third less the amount of grain. The Iowa farmer is faced with a weed condition that is extremely dangerous. Long continued cultivation of corn which permits the growth and ripening of weeds in the hills after the crop is laid by has filled the soil with seeds of all sorts of noxious vegetation. The cultivation of beets is one of the steps necessary to eliminate this condition, and I think you will agree with me that any steps in this direction are proper for the farmer to consider. I understand that some farmers have been reduced to the point of three years cultivation of fields in order to de- stroy quack-grass without any return whatever. The German Agricultural Society has made a study of the cultivation of beets covering fifty years and in one of their recent reports they make the statement that if a farmer received no returns whatever for his EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART III. 91 beets that the cultivation given the beets benefits the land to an extent that the increase in succeeding crops will more than offset the cultivation. They state that the use of the sugar beet as a rotating crop increases the acreage production of wheat 24 per cent, barley 25 per cent, rye 15 per cent, peas 86 per cent and potatoes 102 per cent, oats 30 per cent. Beets require a moderately fertile soil. They can not be grown on light sandy ridges, nor in peat, nor in sour bottom land. The plant is very hardy and is not materially affected by hailstorms, drouth, nor heavy rains if the drainage is such that the land is not soured. The price is fixed and is not affected by too productive a year and it is the only crop grown by the farmer which has an assured market price before the seed goes in the ground. It is not necessary to construct cribs or barns to store the crop. In the event of a heavy surplus it may be necsesary to pit, in which case the factories allow the farmer for his extra work. Freight rates have been made by the railroads so that shipments can be profitably made to factories within a radius of 150 miles, the factories generally assuming all freight in excess of 50 cents per ton. The cost of construction of factories approximates $100,000 for each 100 tons slicing capacity, with a minimum of $500,000. I have tried to give you a general idea of the method of cultivation, as well as the maiufacture of sugar, and I will be glad to explain any one of the items further or to answer any questions pertaining to the business. The President : The paper is open for discussion or any ques- tions that any one may wish to ask. Question: Do I understand you furnish the labor or hands? Mr. Moore : "We furnish the hands to the fanner where we can get a family ; the contractor will furnish that labor for $20 per acre. We had no trouble about getting help. The reason for that is this : take these men working in the packing houses, take it in the sum- mer, their children tw^elve to fifteen years of age have as much of an earning capacity as a woman. We have had several families at Waverly during the summer, the men of which families during the past summer earned enough to support them, and they went back to Omaha with from $350 to $400, as the wages of that family. That is why we are able to get this help, because, as you see, they have a chance to earn more money than in any other way. The men and women generally do the blocking with the hoe, and the children do the thinning ; they are small and active and can get over the ground very readily. Question: Do I understand you induce a farmer to put in as much as 25 acres? 'Mr. Moore: We do not advise that. There are cases where a man has exceptionally good ground, and he will put in 25 acres; in that case, we furnish the help. 92 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Question: Do you agree to send a family and pay the room rent? Mr. Moore : As a general thing, the home they live in is gener- ally furnished by the grower. It is through the warm season, and you don 't have to fight the cold. We have had no trouble in finding houses to put these people into. Question : Do they ever live in tents ? ]\Ir. Moore : Sometimes they do. Question : What kind of families do you get ? Mr. Moore : We had some good German families we got. For several years we have been taking this help to J\Iichigan. For the last few years there has been quite an emigration of Russians into Michigan, and for that reason we have the pick of the families; we get the best families. As a general thing a farmer will take an acre or two of beets. We have had any number of farmers tell us they were able to handle one or two or three acres, and it does not interfere with their other work. The beet growers get the pulp without any extra charge. That makes a very fine stock food, the farmer paying the freight. Question: Does it come out dry? ]\Ir. Moore : When it comes out there is a moisture in it, but it can be covered up, and with the weather we have, it will keep aU through the winter. There is more or less moisture to it ; it does not become perfectly dry. It might freeze on the outside on the pile ; the cattle will eat it, even in a frozen state. Prof. Curtiss: About what acreage have you now? Mr. Moore : We figured on having 5,000 acres. We failed on that this year, it having been a wet season. In some places the weeds got so bad they outgrew the beets. The beet is a very hardy plant. Question: You asked the question as to whether the fertile Iowa soil couldn't produce more than the sandy soil and ridges of Michigan; isn't an admixture of sand the most favorable? Mr. Moore : Not particularly. Secretary Wilson claims we could produce 20 tons of beets. We have had a great faith in Iowa, and have thought if IMichigan could produce beets, Iowa cer- tainly could, because we have claimed all the time our soil was richer and better. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 93 Question: How have they turned out? Mr. Moore: We had beets this year that approached close to $85 per acre. We have had 22 and 23-acre pieces that went better than $42. Last year the farmers were told to plow deep, the ordi- nary plowing has been five to six inches, and some of the farmers lost their crops last year on that account, although we had farmers last year who raised in 10-acre fields beets that averaged better than 17 tons. We have had two or three acre fields that went 22 to 24 tons. Question: Wouldn't that indicate that a man w^ho has a little piece would take the better care of his beets? Mr. Moore: You take it, where a small piece is taken in con- nection with the other farm work, it gets better care. Where a man has a big piece and the rain comes on to him, the piece gets a little too big for him, whereas in a smaller piece they are able to take care of it and get it cleaned up. The trouble this year was the rains came on in July and where they had large pieces, they be- came discouraged. A Member: Can you tell what I have raised on a small patch of sugar beets. I remember the last crop I raised I had i/4 acre. I took a small sled and marked it out; it was never thinned. I cultivated it with a corn plow three times, and pulled out of it three 26-inch boxes. Mr. Moore : You pl^-nted them as wide as corn, but they wasn't thinned at all? ]\Ir. Reeves: That would be about five tons. I have grown sugar beets for the last ten years. I started in ten years ago with the idea of getting a factory at Waverly, and that it was a practical thing for the farmer. On the start it is somewhat difficult ; but when you get along, probably five acres will be what the average farmer will get along with. You can hire the children from the town, as they are loose from school about the time they are needed, and it is a good thing to set them to work ; the little chaps will earn a dollar a day. All the good to the community cannot be figured by the profit the farmer gets from the beets, because more than that amount has gone into the pockets of the laborers. The children wouldn't be doing anything except running the streets or up and down the river and fields, committing depredations. If you have an industry like this in your community, they are learning some- thing useful ; it makes them more manly and womanly. You have 94 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. noticed this sample of sugar here — I don 't know whether any of my beets went into that or not — I have heard it said that beet sugar was inferior to cane sugar. One of the things that have been charged against it is that it wouldn't make jell; you couldn't make jell by using beet sugar. Here is a sample made from apples last Friday; my folks undertook, to make a little of it to illustrate whether it will make jell. Now, you know, it takes some time to harden jell. I would like to have you make an examination of these samples of beet sugar. From an examination of this jell you will find that it can be made from beet sugar; in fact it is equal in every respect to the cane sugar. I spoke a moment ago about deep plowing. The people from Michigan told us that the ground should be plowed deep, because they had a clay subsoil, and the reason we fell down the first year on a number of pieces was on account of taking that advice. Our soil here is loose enough so we don't need to go as deep as they do. Adjumment taken until 2 o'clock p.m. PROCEEDINGS OF THE Joint Session of the Annual State Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Pro- ducers Association HELD AT Savery Convention Room at the Savery Hotel, Des Moines, Iowa, on December 10, 1907, beginning at 2 o'clock, P. M. The meeting was called to order by President Sykes of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association. The President : The time has arrived for us to begin our pro- gram. I suppose you all understand that this is a joint session of the State Department of Agriculture and the Corn Belt Meat Pro- ducers' Association this afternoon. The first subject is entitled, "Sheep Husbandry on High Priced Farm Lands," by Geo. H. McKerrow, President of the Wisconsin State Board of Agriculture. I desire to state that Mr. McKerrow was unable to get here, but wrote us, that he would furnish a sub- stitute better than himself, in the form of his son, Wm. A. McKer- row, who has charge of the sheep upon their farm. SHEEP HUSBANDRY ON HIGH PRICED FARM LANDS. WM. A. MC KERROW, PEWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Iowa State Farmers' Insti- tute and Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association: It is quite a privilege for me to come here and talk to such a noble body of men, gathered together from all over the State of Iowa. We know that Iowa is noted for the greatness of her beef and pork producing industry, but the sheep end of it seems to be, possibly, slighted. We (95) 96 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. know, however, that the sheep part is increasing and that Iowa will be a great sheep country. In fact, Southern Iowa, I believe, is now increasing her flocks and the value of her flocks on high priced land — we must increase the value of flocks rather than increase the numbers. The sheep husbandry of the United States has made the greatest advance of any of the live stock industries the past ten years. And why shouldn't it? That we are destined to become the greatest sheep raising and mutton consuming country in the world, is as safe a prediction, as that we are rapidly and surely becoming one of the richest and most powerful nations on the globe. We have territory enough to sustain half the sheep in the world without unbalancing our system of mixed husbandry. Within our great commonwealth we have varied conditions of climate and forage growth for any and every known breed of sheep. If England can furnish environment enough to sustain twenty- five or thirty distinct breeds, our great country should produce every known breed in the world. We know we have the resources, but what of the results. We must give diligent thought to selection, care and mating of our flocks, in order to produce the most mutton with the least cost. Let us compare the cost of production of mutton with beef — and this I have from a talk given by Prof. Curtiss four or five years ago, from an experiment carried on at your station, and I think the best comparison we have from any college, and the Ames College is one of the leading colleges in the Union. From this experiment, carried on at Ames, we have the following : One hundred and nine sheep were fed ninety days, and given 34,501 pounds of feed, grain and hay. They fed 34,501 pounds of feed and produced 4678 pounds of mutton, giving us the ratio of 1 : : 1 31-100. For every pound of mutton produced, 1.31 pounds of feed was consumed, at a cost of 2.93 cents per pound of feed, at market value, which was a little more than farmers would realize, This experiment included representatives from each breed of sheep. The best work they could obtain the same winter with cattle, was with a bunch of grade Hereford steers coming two years old, fed on similar food rations. In that experiment it required 8.9 pounds of this feed to produce one pound of beef, covering a period of one year's feeding. It is estimated the average amount of feed to produce one pound of beef at the different experiment stations and similar places where experiments have been conducted in the United States EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 97 is 10.25 pounds of feed. At the difference in price of mutton and beef, we would figure a greater profit in mutton production than beef. Now, what is essential in mutton production ? Let us consider the feeding of the flock. To have a flock do well and produce the best class of mutton, a variety of food is necessary, technically speaking, a balanced ration. All meat producers know that, in order to get the best results they must have a balanced ration. For a balanced ration for sheep in the winter season — the season of dry foods — we should have some succulence. Such foods as roots, ensilage, or something that will take their place is necessary. Economical feeding is very important. There is no class of grain or fodder cheaper than corn or corn fodder. They can be used very well in making up a balanced ration, although we must balance up with protein and succulent feeds. We can make mutton very cheap in the fall of the year by grow- ing root crops and rape, and it is of especial importance in dry weather. In growing your animals, there is one thing we should bear in mind, and that is, to feed bone and muscle forming foods. In the early life of the animal it should be so fed that bone and muscle development is certain, or you will never get a perfectly well developed animal. We should watch the lambs to see that they are kept growing. In order to get the best results from your lamb crop, it is necessary to commence a long time before they are born, that is, you want the mother fat when they are born, and a good strong flow of milk, which should be kept up through the season. Ewes are great milkers, far exceeding the milking capacity of the cow, and much richer. Remember, and feed for milk production, bj^ using rich protein feeds, such as clover, linseed cake, alfa^lfa and bran — corn will not answer at this period. About the time a lamb is a week old it is looking around for something to eat. Then give it a chance ; make a lamb creep, con- sisting of a slatted gate, making a small enclosure, in a corner of your bam or yard for the lambs to go into at will. Feed them a little oats and bran ; clean your trough out at least once a day, and put in fresh feed ; construct a small hay rack in the creep and feed the brightest and best hay you have. One of the greatest enemies the sheepmen has in raising mut- ton, is the internal parasites — stomach, tape and other worms. 7 98 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. This trouble can be prevented rather than cured. We use the hurdles, a system carried on almost exclusively in Great Britain, with excellent results. By using this method you have your lambs on fresh feed every day. They do not follow the ewes and become infested. If you do not use hurdles, keep your lambs on fresh pasture — clover if possible — and be prepared for the dry season. This season is when the rape crop is very important. Rape comes up in great wealth, and will make mutton for nothing. You can sow it in your corn fields at the last cultivation ; this will be ready by the first of September or whenever your corn is harvested. Per- haps the best method for an Iowa farmer to follow would be to plow up a piece of sod after haying and sow rape. Don't miss sowing rape ; it is your cheapest and best fall feed. Wean your lambs and keep them doing well; put them on your best clover pasture. Don 't have them follow older sheep that might be infected with disease. One thing I wish to speak of and that is the breeding of the flock. Good breeders all recognize the value of a sire in building up a herd or flock. Our western breeders are willing to buy a carload of good rams (pure bred) with breeding that will tell on their flocks, rather than use a scrub sire at one-fourth the cost. People speak of the sire as half the flock. This is true when both sire and dam are equally well bred; pure bred and strongly bred, so they will have an equal influence on the offspring. But when one side is scrub or grade, the saying is not true, and from this source the average farmer must start his herd, or flock. If the female side of the flock is scrub, then the pure bred sire becomes all the flock, so far as blood lines of improvement are concerned. This is considering the first cross. In the second cross, he becomes a little less than all, and as the grade of the flock rises, the sire becomes less and less, until when graded up to the practical standard of pure bred, then your sire gets to be half of the flock. Therefore, the selection of the sire is of the greatest importance to the flock. Select accord- ing to your demand, but, by all means select one with great constitutional vigor and as near correct mutton conformation as possible, and then get breed type. I should say first of all, select for mutton conformation and breeding. The care of the sire at the breeding season is important. See that he is not going back in condition while in service. In conclusion I might say a little more as to feed. We in Wisconsin and the people in the middle West are troubled with the EIGHTH ANiNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 99 intestinal parasites. Everybody is trying to find a remedy. We, as I spoke about, use hurdles with our flock and give the lambs fresh pastures every day. "We let the ewes follow the following day where the lambs ran the first day. Then we wean as early as possible. Our lambs are dropped in February mostly, some in March; we wean along about the middle of July; then we turn the lambs on either rape or fresh clover pasture. If farmers would do that, I do not think they would have any trouble with parasites. The trouble is that they will insist in pasturing their old blue grass, old sod pastures. Now, if there are any questions, I will be pleased to try to answer them. The President: You will understand this subject is now open for discussion or questions any one may desire to ask. Question : I would like to ask if there is any danger of lambs in clover, bloating or scouring? Mr. McKerrow: Of course, we pasture our lambs on clover; we run the hurdles on clover too. If your clover is real young and short, there isn't much danger of scouring your lambs. I will say, as soon as we wean our lambs we drench them with what is called Santovin, prepared by Stephen Pettifus & Sons, Mahusbury, England. We havn't lost any at all, from any trouble whatever. I think it acts as a good preventive from disease. Question : Have you had anj^ experience with tobacco and salt? Mr. McKerrow : No, we havn't used it. We have used nearly every other preparation, I guess. Question : What would you suggest as a preventive from these worm? Mr. McKerrow: As I have just mentioned, we have tried sev- eral remedies. The most successful, I should say, was drenching with Santovin. The President: There being nothing further, we will proceed with the next subject entitled, "Buying, Feeding and Selling the Steer for Profit," by Prof. John G. Emboden, of Decatur, 111. We are glad to be able to state we have Prof. Emboden with us this afternoon. I believe most of our farmers have read of some of his work in the different Agricultural papers over the country, and I take pleasure in introducing Prof. Emboden to you at this time. 100 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUYING, FEEDING AND SELLING THE STEER FOR PROFIT. JOHN G. EMBODEN, DECATUR, ILL. Mr. President, and Merabers of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association^ and Iowa Farmers' Institute: It affords me pleasure to meet a body of men who have at heart the agricultural and live stock interests of this great state; inter- ests that cannot profitably be separated. I don't know but this is the first time I have ever been intro- duced to an audience as a professor. I am not a professor; I am just an every-day farmer and cattle feeder. I went to the southern part of Illinois a few years ago to address an audience on cattle feeding. I was there introduced to a gentleman, who said: "I am very glad to meet you; I have heard something of you; you are a damn common looking fellow; I rather like the looks of you; you look like you had some sense." I asked him what he expected to see. He said he didn 't know but some dude fellow was coming down there to talk to us old fellows about cattle feeding. I said to him: "My brother, the dudes are about all out of the cattle feed- ing business, and if the present condition remains longer, there are some of us not dudes, who will be out of it." Your secretary, wrote and asked me to make this subject as broad as I could. So I wrote and told him we would consider, * * Buying, Feeding and Selling the Steer at a Profit. ' ' I think you will all see that this subject is broad enough to satisfy any one who has any desire to get in or stay in. If I were to tell you that in the past 25 years I have handled and fed cattle, I never bought a load of cattle too high; never fed cattle but what made a satisfactory gain ; never sold a load of cattle on the market at a low figure, you would think A Voice: That you was a liar. Mr. Emboden: Every old feeder here would think that I was either a big liar, or never fed cattle. What is the truth about it? I have bought cattle too high. I have fed them when they didn't make a satisfactory gain, and I EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 101 have sold them on a very mean margin. Now, that is the experience of every feeder who has been long in the business, and will be the experience of every feeder who remains in it. There is an element of chance in the business we cannot escape, and the man that is not willing to take some risk, will never make a cattle feeder. Buying, feeding and selling a steer for profit — not that profit we think we get when we top the market with a load of cattle — not the profit we get by a profitable experience — but that profit in dollars and cents we want and need. The question of profit in dollars and cents need not much concern the man who owns his farm, is out of debt and has money with which to buy his cattle. But with the average feeder who must borrow money to buy his cattle and pay interest, as most of us feeders must in our feeding operations, and struggling to pay for a farm and get out of debt, the question of profit is one that greatly concerns him, and should greatly concern him. The older feeders, the men who have made money in the cattle feeding business, are today practically out of business, and the feed- ing operations now on the farm, are conducted by their sons or tenants on the farm. But when the landlord advises his sons or tenants to feed cattle for profit, he must remember that conditions have greatly changed since the time he made money out of the business, and the system that was practically profitable a great many years ago won't do today. So that we must adjust ourselves to the conditions as we find them today. In every community there are men recognized as good cattle men. There are others recognized as good hog men, and others that do better with horses. Now I wouldn't advise you, if you do not like cattle, to go into the cattle feeding business. I wouldn 't advise you, if you want to get rich easy and quick, to go into the cattle feeding business. But if you like the business, and will continue at it one season after another, and handle such number of cattle as you can handle to advantage, I think the business can be made fairly profitable — and that is about all we are entitled to — a fair profit on our business enterprise; that is about all the mer- chants and business men today are doing; they are simply get- ting a fair profit on their business. That is what we feeders must be satisfied with, if we remain in the business. Now, as to the question of buying these cattle, I am often asked what kind of cattle I like to feed or handle. I tell them I like the color of a good steer; I like to feed good ones, but I would rather feed a mean one and make two dollars, than to feed a 102 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. good one and make one dollar. When I am buying cattle to put in the feed lot, while I am looking for the good one, I will buy most anj^hing I come to, provided the seller will accept my price for it. You must remember, when you are after something every- bod.Y likes — if a man has a bunch of cattle that justs suits you, you must remember that the seller has a great deal to do in naming the price, and he can generally find a buyer at his price if he has got the article which is in demand. If, on the other hand the seller has some cattle nobody wants ; they are not what you want ; they are not what your neighbor wants, the buyer has a great deal to do in naming the price, and he can often name that price at a figure that will realize him a profit in the feeding of these cattle. Now, do not understand me as advocating the breeding of common and mean cattle; it cannot profitably be done. There are three interests that have a right to share a profit in this cattle business, in the feeding of cattle. The breeder, and that is the man who keeps the cow, and if she doesn't earn any- thing but the calf, the breeder of this calf and the grower of this calf; and the man that finishes the steer, puts the finishing period on him. We all agree that each interest should share in this profit, if there is one. But conditions have been such, if the breeder and grower realizes what he considers a fair profit for him, the price is so high to the feeder that it is very hard for him to figure a profit in maturing this steer. If on the other hand, the feeder buys the steer he can realize on, the breeder and producer and grower of this steer has produced it at a loss. So it is very often the case that the feeder can buy a steer of the breed- er and grower at a price he has sustained a loss and yet may re- alize him a profit; but if each one shares in this profit, the profit will be very small to each one of us. Of course, as to the question of feeding cattle to an advan- tage, we must remember, the cost of beef production increases Avith the age of the animal and the period it has been on feed. The longer the steer has remained in the feed lot, the next hundred pounds cost more than the hundred pounds put on previously, and so on. We should remember this, that if we are buying calves and yearlings to grow on the farm, we should get just as much quality and breeding as possible ; we cannot get too much. If we must buy common and mean cattle, let the other fellow grow them and turn them on short feed. We must remember and we all know there are a great many good cattle feeders in nearly every commu- nity that have never fed a prime bullock in their life. There are EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 103 other men who have always bought prime cattle and have finished them; and I want to state here, that it is not always the cattle that top the market that make the feeder the most money. I can handle a calf and feed a calf eight or ten or twelve months, but I don't want to feed a grown steer more than from three to five months, if I want to realize a greater profit. The question of feeding after we have obtained this steer is one that we should carefully consider. Now, I am not going to talk to you about protein, carbo-hydrates and balanced rations; I don't know much about those things myself, and I leave that for those that do. But I am going to talk to you about corn and the various forms in which we put that corn to feed it. Of course, in the great corn belt of Iowa and Illinois, the feeder is extravagant in the use of corn and always will be. I want you to remember that I am speaking from the standpoint of a feeder, and not from a breeder's standpoint, and when I am talk- ing about plain and common cattle, I am often accused of advocating the handling and growing of these cattle. But I am not; you will undestand I am not. But these cattle are with us and they are going to stay with us ; they will be with us a good while yet. They must be converted into beef, if they are put on the market; they are put on the market, and that is the end of all of them. Now, considering feed cattle, I think shocked com is one of the best foods that can be given a steer. I think it is the best single feed for it, throughout the feeding period, from start to finish. As a rule, I do not believe it pays to grind corn for the cattle. I would say to feeders who have plenty of hogs follow- ing the cattle, as most feeders have, I would put the least expense possible on a bushel of corn delivered to the steer. Yet I grind about 75 per cent of all the corn I feed, and for this reason (I have a farm of 100 acres) I buy all my cattle and practically all my corn. This 100 acres of land is mostly in grass; I grow a little corn and feed out of the shock; and the system that is practicable to me and profitable to me, it might not be profitable and practicable to somebody else. Roughness is very high and has been for a number of years, in Central Illinois, and is probably here. I find that I can convert my ear corn into ground corn, cob and all. I think that 100 pounds of ground corn with the cob for the first 60 or 90 days, is worth as much as 100 pounds of clear, shelled corn for feeding cattle ; for that reason I am using ground corn principally. With ground com and cob cattle need very little if any other roughness ; they will do well without any other rough- 104 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ness whatever. I have handled a great many cattle on ground corn alone without other roughness. The economy in the use of self-feeder is quite an advantage, and it is being used with advantage by a great many feeders; feeders are using it generally with very satisfactory results. I have used it for a number of years. I would prefer, if I had a good man feeding, perfectly regular, twice a day, what the cattle would clean up; but it is pretty hard to do that, so that for a number of years I have used a self-feeder with more satisfactory results. I use in connection with ground corn, either cotton seed meal or oil cake; I think it a very profitable feed. It shortens the feeding period and gives a better finish on our cattle, which has come to be an important thing in our beef production. At the Chicago International, last week, I had a load of cattle in the short feed class, bred in New Mexico; they were in Colo- rado, and had been there a little over a year. They weighed 752 pounds when I put them on feed; I fed them 107 days; they made an average gain of 334 pounds on 107 days' feed. They ate 31 bushels of corn, 259 pounds of oil cake and 535 pounds of hay, the cost of that gain was $21.92 or $6.60 a hundred. We should remember that it is rarely the case that we can sell the gain we have produced on our cattle during the period of winter feeding, at Avhat it has cost us to produce that gain; it is very seldom we can do it on two-year old cattle; not often that we can sell the gain for what it cost to produce it. To illustrate : We buy a thousand-pound steer at $4 a hundred, or $40. We feed 50 bushels at 40 cents— $20. The steer, if he has done well, will gain 300 pounds. We sell that steer after he has been fed, at $5 a hundred. It is very evident we sold that 300 pounds of gain for $15.00. Our only profit, if we have one is on the advance of the original weight. We have in this instance, one dollar a hundred in advance, which is $10.00; deduct the $5 loss, which leaves a net profit of $5 on the steer, which, I think, is a fair average profit. As I said before, it is not often we can sell the gain for what it cost to make it. I don't think the average Illinois or Iowa feeder during the winter period of feeding, gets to exceed a 5-pound gain from a bushel of com ; I don 't think he gets to exceed 5 pounds. The question of margining our cattle is one that concerns the feeder a great deal, and I think when a man's cattle are ready to go on feed, he should consider the age and quality and the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 105 weight of his cattle, and the available feed, and his bank account. I think he should decide then when these cattle should be mar- keted and feed them accordingly, and market them when the time has expired. I invariably, when I put my cattle on feed, name the date, within a week. I will say, I move these cattle in May, or the middle of June, or first of July, and they go then. I don't wait until the cattle are ready to go, and then, as too many feeders do, write their commission firm and tell them they have some cattle now ready to market, and ask them when to be there with them, and read the daily quotations every day. and when you strike a high time, you go there — and you will find a great many fellows who have reasoned the same way you have, and they are there too. You must remember, good markets are shared by few, and the mean markets by many. It is a very expensive operation, to hold a bunch of fat cattle, waiting for a market; 30 to 60 days soon slip around, and we are producing beef pretty high, and the chances are we get on a market no better than it was 30 to 60 days earlier. I think if you would select a dozen feeders in this audience today, and let them feed cattle the next five years, and let half of them name their shipping day ahead, whether 3, 6 or 10 months, or a year, with every bunch of cattle they feed, and move those cattle on that day, they will strike as good average markets as will the other six men who have finished their cattle and then try to hit the high tide. I believe the ones who name the date and stick to it, will strike as good an average market as the man who watches the market in order to get the best of it. In regard to dehorning cattle, I think the results obtained following the taking off of the horns, justifies taking them off. That it costs feeders more to dehorn two-year old steers than at the earlier date, most of us are ready to admit. I don't think we can dehorn good strong two-year old cattle for less than $1.50 to $2.00 a head. Sometimes we dehorn cattle and it does not seem to affect them very much, and again we dehorn them under just as favorable conditions and it nearly kills them, and we sometimes lose a steer. I think the results obtained, however, justifies taking off the horns. Now, if this subject is going to be of profit to us here, I think it will be from the exchange of ideas and views on this question. I have hurriedly gone over it, and possibly haven't touched some phases of it you might like some information about. 106 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. If I am able to answer any questions, I will be glad to do it. I thank you for your attention. Question: Why is it you grind your corn and advise the other fellow not to? Mr. Emboden: For this very reason: Most farmers have more range than I have; they have more roughness and plenty of hogs to follow their cattle. I depend more on the steer alone, and make my gain, and as I said before, I think I am justified in putting the expense on a bushel of corn which another feeder situated differently would not be justified. I have but a small farm and feed about 200 cattle during the year. I find I can grind corn with a profit. With the average feeder, I say, I don't think it paiys to grind the corn. In regard to the factor of pork production in connection with beef production. I haven't said anything about that yet. Yet the gain we make in pork of the corn actually consumed by the steer, is greatly overestimated. You hear a feeder say he has fed two or three loads of cattle, that the cattle didn't do very well, hardly paid out, but I sold a thousand dollars worth of pork, hogs, and got $200 worth left. Now, he doesn't say so, but leaves the im- pression, or wants to, that this thousand dollars worth of pork has been made from the corn consumed by the cattle, and would have been an actual loss if he hadn't had the hogs. What are the facts in the matter? These hogs were worth $600.00 when they went into the feed lot, and their feed, even extra, is all charged to the steers, and of course the steers haven't made a satisfactory profit. If you are going to charge all the corn your steers and hogs eat, let us be fair, and give the steer credit for all the beef and pork that is made from this corn. I don't think the gain that the hogs actually make from the corn consumed by the cattle exceeds a pound and a half to two pounds to the bushel, with the average feeder, during the feeding period. Another thing you want to remember, when you are putting corn into that steer in that form, there isn't so very much left for the hog to feed on. I have soaked corn with very satisfactory results, and I think it increases the feeding value about 20 per cent. There isn't quite so much left for the hogs following as there is if the corn is fed whole and dry. Two years ago I had 60 head of yearlings on the pasture. That year I fed them by hand. They were given soaked corn shelled, a little ground corn and some oats; 60 head, from May until September. There was no corn wasted and they were fed regularly what they would clean up. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 107 I was feeding- them for the Show, and of course wanted to make them good. I don't think, during the entire feeding period, from May until September, there was two bushels of feed thrown out of their troughs to the hogs. The gains the hogs made on fatten- ing these 60 head of cattle during the summer was 1,780 pounds. A good many feeders would tell, you that they sold five hundred hogs out of that feed lot. And those hogs had made a growth during the summer on a good bluegrass pasture alone, besides the corn they got. So that the gain the hogs made from the corn actually consumed by the cattle is greatly overestimated. Yet the hog question is a great factor in profitable beef production, and it is almost impossible to feed cattle profitably without the hogs fol- lowing ; yet we ought to feed the cattle so as to gain most from the corn consumed by them. Question: What is your method of handling corn fodder? Mr. Emboden : I cut the corn and put it in the shock and leave it in the field until it is fed. I feed all my feed under cover. I feed all my shocked corn in the bam and the sheds. This year I have about 300 shocks of corn in the field and expect to shred it, because I don't expect to put any cattle in until February, and I will probably feed these cattle late, and I want this fodder for them during the spring. For that reason I thought I would shred it in the course of the next two weeks and put it in the barn to feed it shredded. But I would prefer to feed it whole out of the shock. I don't think it pays to shred corn to feed. The first I shredded two years ago, the weather came on a little damp and I continued shredding, and I had 110 hogs in the lot and about 70 head of cattle. After we got through, I think the second day, the whole thing was steaming; you could hardly bear your hand in it. I went, to town and took out insurance on all the cattle and hogs I had in the barn. I told the agent I had heard of spontaneous combustion and fire although I had never seen any of it. I had the building insured and wanted the contents insured; but it didn't burn. Question: Which is the most profitable, common cattle on short feed or good cattle on finished? Mr. Emboden: That is a hard ciuestion. Now, I handle a few cattle each year on long feed; they are principally Texas calves that I give ten months or a year's feed. I fed 50 head last year and made top cattle of them; sold one load at 8.90 and the other at 8.50. At the last International I had two good loads, that 108 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. fell down in the auction ring. I sold one load for 6.50 and the other for 6.30. That was no fault of the cattle. I like a few calves and yearlings, but I do not like to put all my interest in one kind of cattle. For that reason, during the spring I handle the cheaper grade cattle, and turn on shorter feed. I find that these cattle have made me more money than the cattle I have given high feed. If I would handle three bunches of cattle on short feed, not necessarily common cattle, but aged cattle, and give them short feed while I might not for a certain year's experience on the whole, I would find that the three bunches would make me much more money than one bunch given the long feed. So that I have divided my feeding inter- ests. "While I feed a bunch of calves ten or twelve months, I generally put a bunch in in Februarj^ and market about May, and put a bunch in in the summer and market in the fall. I find cattle going on feed in the summer and the market in the fall should be better quality than those in the February marketed May or June. I find the difference in the selling price of a common steer and the prime steer, handled under like conditions, is not as great as it was in the buying price. If you buy those cattle at $1 a hundred difference, when you begin the feeding period you wiU find the price at the time you go on the market wiU run about 40 to 60 cents difference. Of course, a well bred steer makes a little the best gain, but not always, and the gain made sells for a little more per hundred, but the advance, as a rule, between the buying price and the selling price on these shorter fed cattle, is greater on the common steer than on the prime steer. Question: Can you state your freight rate per hundred over the shrinkage. Mr. Emboden: My freight rate from home is about 12 cents per hundred. I buy and handle a good many cattle in the spring of the year and summer. Most cattle I buy at home are weighed at the farms and are shrunk three per cent. That is if you were feeding a bunch of cattle and I buy your cattle, I will buy them, weighed on your scales, shrunk three per cent, in the morning, out of the feed lot; generally weighed up before they get their morning feed. If I am offering to sell to a buyer, I will price him these cattle shrunk three per cent; he can weigh them any time. Of course, that is not quite answering the ques- tion. I find these cattle, average conditions, will shrink about EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 109 5 per cent. That is, if I get a 1200 pound steer, J get 36 pounds. I find that steer has shrunk about 24 pounds on an average. Oc- casionallj'' you will find a load of cattle that will weigh out, and again you will find a load of cattle, you think the conditions are just as favorable, and you have a condition you cannot account for. This matter of shrinkage we have no control over, so much depends on the conditions of the cattle weighed at home and the conditions at the market. Question : I notice these cattle you reported on made an aver- age gain of three pounds a day. Mr. Emboden: No, sir; they made nearly 3 1-8 pounds. My cattle generally make an average of 2 I/4 a day if they are fed not to exceed 5 months; if they are fed longer, they Connol: maintain that gain. These Texas cattle generally go about 11 months on feed. They make an average, one year with another of about 700 pounds. Question : Will you state your method of starting those calves ? Mr. Emboden : I received some calves yesterday, before I left home from Chicago ; they were shown at the International. They were first prize, from the Southern District of Texas, Tick country. I put out in the rack some clover hay and a little sorghum; I had cut and put about a bushel of corn in the trough; about a half bushel of oats and about a half bushel of ground corn, with a little oil cake — a bushel to 22 calves. Probably by this evening that feed will be eaten. There may be a few calves that will prob- ably not touch it at all, and the majority of them will get around the box and take a little feed, and during the day this bushel of feed will be gone. Tomorrow they will probably take a bushel and a half, and in the course of a week — I never had a bunch of calves from the range it would take over a week for all of them to go on feed, and putting out a little feed at a time, you will find the calves take readily to it, while others will be a few days or a week getting to the feed. They will all soon take to it, and I will increase the feed then, and these calves will be fed ground com with a little oats and about a half pound of oil cake until spring, and then will be put on full feed. Question: How much do they weigh? Mr. Emboden: About 400 pounds now. Question: In your experience what is the most profitable high priced feed and low priced feeders, or high priced feeders and low priced feed? 110 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Emboden: Well, there is a combination. I don't know that I ever met just that proposition. Of course, when you have got high priced feeders the common cattle have advanced a little in proportion; you often have to pay more for your common cattle than you would otherwise have to pay for them. Of course, the feeder don't get much pleasure or satisfaction in putting high priced feed into a common steer, especially during the feeding pe- riod. Sometimes, when the cattle are sold he has got some satis- faction out of it, because he has realized a profit. But you couldn 't lay down a rule and say, high priced feed on common cattle at all times would be more profitable than low priced feed on high priced cattle, because the price of feeders might be so high, and the price of finished cattle low, that you wouldn't realize a profit, even feeding these cattle a low priced feed. On the other hand, a common steer bought at a low price and the feed to feed it at a very high price, the market might be such, that he wouldn't real- ize you a profit, I want to say here, if your system of handling your feed, and market cattle has been satisfactory to you; if you realized fair profits on your investment and labor involved; if the gains have been satisfactory, and j^our profit satisfactory, I wouldn't advise you to change your method for what I may say, or anybody else may say. A Voice : It has not always been so ; that is why I am asking. Mr. Emboden : I don't know of any feeder with whom it has been so. As I said before, there is an element of chance and this we cannot escape. Question: When are you going to sell those calves you just bought? Mr. Emboden : I expect to show those calves of the Southern District, at the Chicago International, next November. Question : How much do you expect to make them weigh ? Mr. Emboden: I expect to make them weigh about 1150 at Chicago, These calves this year will weigh 1125 or 1150. Question : How do you feed cotton seed meal and oil meal ? Mr. Emboden: In connection with my corn, with ground corn or shelled corn, whatever feed I am feeding. If I am feeding broken ear corn, I put it in a wagon and pour a sack on the feed. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. Ill Question: How many pounds to the steer a day? Mr. Emboden: These short feed cattle, I gave them a pound a day 16 days in August, 2 pounds in September, 2 pounds in Octo- ber and 3 pounds in November. Question: What did you pay for those calves you just bought? Mr. Emboden : That, is a leading question. Those calves cost $25.00. Question : They are better than the ordinary run ? Mr. Emboden : 0, yes, they were selected calves at the Chicago International. Question : You are going to change your method from feeding common cattle to the nicest ones? ^Ir. Emboden: No, sir; I didn't say I have any method of feed- ing common cattle. I have always fed a few prime calves. I do not feed any year the same class of cattle during the year. I am going to put in gome in Februry, I don't know which yet. I will put in such as I at the time think I will realize the most profit on. When I buy I put in anything I find if the seller takes my price for it. If I am willing to pay 4 for a good steer and he is offering me a right mean one for 2, I will buy him. Question : You are not feeding those calves for the June mark- et? Mr. Emboden: No, sir. Question : Could you make a profit with such system of feed- ing these calves and sell them on the June market, one year with another ? Mr. Emboden : Well, conditions the last year have been such that I could. I want to say this : There are always some surprises to a feeder; some of the cattle he counted on being the best disap- point him, and other cattle he hasn't counted much on, and would like to have thrown them out of the bunch, have passed some of the other cattle and in the finishing period were in the top row. That is a common experience. Two years ago I had 51 calves out of the same herd. One morning I weighed them; I cut out 17 top calves I considered worth the most money and weighed them; I cut out the next 17 and put a ring in the right ear, and I had 16 left and put a ring in the left ear, and put them altogether, and fed them under the same conditions. Tbe con- sequences w^ere, some of the calves in the third lot had gone to the 112 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. top and two calves out of the top lot had dropped to third place. So that is a common experience. You cannot tell about the de- veloping of young animals, hoM^ they develop. Question: Do you expect to turn those young cattle on the grass this summer? Mr. Emboden: The calves, generally, I have put on the grass during the season. These I have now, I doubt very much whether I will put them out on grass. There are 30 or 40 yearlings I will probably put on grass. I want to say this to feeders putting cattle that are finished on grass : If you have a finished bunch of cattle and desire to hold them longer, I wouldn't turn them on grass; I would hold them in a dry lot. Invariably the cattle that do the best on grass, have had plenty of roughness during the winter. But I do not believe in putting really finished cattle on grass. I would let them stay in the lot. Question : These cattle you turn on grass, do you expect to feed oil meal to them? Me. Emboden: Yesr sir; I had 60 acres of bluegrass last year, and they were running to a self-feeder, ground corn frequently too. In regard to feeding oil cake, I find I can feed two or three pounds to a bunch of cattle for an indefinite period, and if you will increase this to 6 or 8 pounds, you will have to shorten your feeding period or they will quit you. A few years ^go I was feeding a part of them 3 pounds and a part 6 pounds. I got three large steers from a neighbor getting not quite full feed, I told my sons we would put them on 10 pounds of oil cake per day. We did that, and they stood it just thirty days, and dur- ing that time the steers made an average gain of over 6 pounds a day. These three large steers weighed 1470 pounds when I started them, and they made an average gain of over 6 pounds a day for 30 days, then they quit and didn't practically do anything for the next five weeks. The cattle getting six pounds stood it for 76 days and made an average gain of S% pounds a day, and they quit. I weighed those cattle up at the same time I weighed the larger steers, and I weighed them five weeks later when I shipped them, and the results w^ere about the same on each bunch, hardly a pound a day. The other cattle which had been getting three pounds a day for 5 months had made an average gain of 2 % pounds a day for the five months feeding period. So that if you will make up your mind that you want to feed five or six pounds EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 113 of oil per day, provided you will settle on how many days you will feed it, and market your cattle at that time, I think you will have satisfactory results; if you are going to feed your cattle longer, give them less oil cake. Question: Is it safe to feed these little fellows so much oil meal? Mr. Emboden: No, I don't think it is. These calves now; I will not give them over a half pound of oil cake during the winter and spring and increase it toward the end. Question: Let me ask you if you notice any difference in the flies bothering younger cattle or the older cattle? Mr. Emboden : I don't know that I have. What aged cattle I have, are fed in the drj lot. Nearly all my feeding is in the winter except the yearlings in the summer. Question: "What particular breed are the range cattle? Mr. Emboden: Principally Hereford. Question: Do you feed those calves cotton s-eed meal? Mr. Emboden: I have fed a little of it. I don't think it is as good as linseed meal. I think often there is an irritant about the cotton seed meal, and I have been using linseed meal for a num- ber of years and I prefer it. Question : I would like to ask you if you vaccinate your calves ? ]\Ir. Emboden : I never did. I have handled calves more or less for 20 years, and never had a case of the black-leg, and a great many range calves are vaccinated and great many are put on the market not vaccinated. An old feeder years ago told me to use a little saltpetre in connection with salt, that it was a sure prevention of black-leg. I don't know whether there is any merit in this or not. He used 4 ounces of saltpetre to 8 pounds of salt, and I have been using that for a number of years, and never have had a case of blackleg. There may be no merit in that; it costs but a trifle and may be worth trying. Question: Do you think it essential to feed oil meal to finish steers ? ]\Ir. Emboden: I use it when I put a bunch of age cattle in the lot ; I would like to do it as short a time as possible. I find with the addition of linseed meal or cotton seed meal, I can shorten my feed. But we must remember, corn might be at a price, or bi- 114 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. products at a certain price, and we wouldn't be justified in feeding it. The President : I am sure this discussion is very interesting and we would all like to listen to it, but on account of our limited time, it becomes necessary to close it at this time. We have cer- tainly all enjoyed the address at the hands of our friend, who has had such a Avide experience in these matters. The next subject is "Beef Production in the Corn Belt," by Prof. H. R. Smith, of Lincoln, Nebraska. BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE CORN BELT. H. R. SMITH, LINCOLN, NEB. Mr. President: I want to say, that I feel like congratulating myself that I am here in an audience of cattle men. I know you are cattle men ; I can tell a cattle man a long distance by his face. Judging from the c^uestions fired at the speaker who just pre- ceded me, I am very sure I am right in this guess. I think I have enjoyed the address as much as any of you, and feel like adding my testimony to what has already been said. In speaking of the address, there is one thing I might add to a statement made in the matter of ground feed. In our experiments at the Nebraska sta- tion, conducted during two years, we have not found it profitable to grind feed for cattle. We have found we can get a slightly larger gain by use of ground feed, but the ground corn has been worth to us about 2 cents per bushel more than unground, and that two cents won't pay for grinding. This is the result of two experiments; I won't say that it is conclusive. In an address on beef production in the corn belt, I should pre- cede my remarks with something pertaining to types, but because the time is limited, I will simply say a few words in regard to the types of cattle to feed. I was at the International last week and I learned a few things there. Nearly all of us can take away some ideas, and I also took away a hard cold. I might give you a few ideas on the run of types of cattle most sought after now. When I sat there watching the judging done, and when on Satur- day I sat there in the pavillion and saw the cattle seU, I was thor- oughly convinced of this fact : that the buyers are no longer want- ing big, heavy fat cattle ; they are paying higher prices now for medium weight cattle. I had in our own consignment a 1900 pound EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- PART III. 115 steer, a very good type ; he sold for 6I/2 ; when lighter cattle weigh- ing 1300 pounds sold for 1^2 or 8 cents. It was very noticeable in the carcass judging; it wasn't the fat carcasses that were winning the prizes; it was the cattle of medium flesh, rather low in flesh. In a talk with the judge, Mr. Durnough, from Scotland, I found further that the people across the water have changed their ideas about the fat cattle. Where, two years ago they paid the highest prices for the big, heavy cattle, they are now showing their prefer- ence in a ver>^ decided way for the very light cattle. He made the statement very clearly, that they much preferred a carcass weighing 600 or 700 ponds, than a heavj^ carcass. This was also shown in the final judgment, when the grand championship prize was given to a calf weighing about 1050. I haven 't time to discuss the question of type, I simply throw this out as a little fresh material I gathered. I will now give you some- thing along the line of our results at the Nebraska Experiment Station upon rations. I will say that our conditions are very sim- ilar to yours. I think that whatever I give you here can be applied in this state. When I first came to the state, my experience with cattle feeding had been in another state east of this. While I had fed cattle all my life, I realized in coming to a new state, it was first of all necessary to become familiar with conditions existing in that state. After traveling all over the state. I found this to be true in eastern Nebraska : The majority of the feeders there used corn and prairie hay ; some cane or straw, and a few, clover. Others were making some use of commercial feeds — oil meal and cotton seed meal; but about three-fourths of the feeders of that state were feeding corn and prairie hay. After making these observations, I began at once to put on some experiments which would show whether or not they were on the right road; whether or not the feeders of Nebraska should change their methods, because of the changed condition, and I am going to give you some observations we have made at our station along the line of rations for cattle feeding. Let me give you some idea how we carried on these tests. We have been carrying on our tests in lots of ten steers each. We selected these cattle from the range, because we wanted them under uniform conditions. We didn't like to pick up feeders here and there; we preferred to take them from the range, where they had all been handled the same way, having had no grain or previous feeding. We carried these cattle usually five or six months in length. We weighed them three or four times to begin with in successive days. 116 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and we took the average of that weight. Then we weighed them at the end of every month and got the monthly gain. They are given water once or twice a day, usually twice, and the feeds are given, as I will point out to you on these charts. I brought along some charts. The first chart I will show you deals wnth an experiment under way for three years, upon the relative economy of corn and prairie hay, and com, and alfalfa hay. In our experiment station work we do not feel at all safe in drawing conclusions from the results of a single experiment ; we prefer to carry on that test for a period of two or three years. I do not suppose you feed much prairie hay here, or alfalfa. I will say, that the Nebraska prairie hay is very similar in composition to your timothy; they are very nearly alike, and that might almost be said of alfalfa. I might say alfalfa belongs to the same family, of clover, and is similar to it. We would like to think alfalfa is ahead of clover, but have made no tests. Below you will find a chart of the experiment carried on during a period of three years: Table 1. — Corn and prairie hay versus corn and alfalfa Yearling Steers Dec, '03, to June, '04,— 24 weeks CD p ci a * 05 Two-year-old Steers Jan., '05, to July, '05,- 24 weeks a. 2 d «s u t- t^S §2 Ocd -O ft "O otf =«>• S« (11 C c« 'oO ^COB s* 02 O) Two-year-old Steers Nov., '05, to Feb., '06,— 12 weeks CS D C 1, a o t: 0,00 03 Average for 3 years IS a O A a * o tS Average initial weight per steer, lbs Average gain per day lbs. Average grain fed per day, lbs. Average hay fed per day, lbs. Grain consumed per lb. of gain, lbs Hay consumed per lb. of gain, lbs Total food consumed per lb. of gain, lbs.-. Cost of 100 lbs. gain ■fProfit or loss per head including pork pro- duced from droppings. SOI. 00 808.00 1.35 1.97 14.30 15.30 8.70 9.20 10.50 7.70 6.50 4.70 17.00 $8.27 12.40 $6.04 §$0.38 §$8.66 926.00 1.90 17.90 9.70 9.53 5.19 14.71 $8.23 }$1.13 937.00 2.30 18.60 9.20 8.14 4.03 12.16 975.00 1.20 9.47 18.22 7.87 15.16 23.03 $8.76 :$0.08 977.00 2.06 9.47 22.15 4.60 10.75 15.35 $5.49 §$3.56 901.00 1.48 13.89 12.21 9.29 8.95 18.25 $8.32 }$0.27 907.00 2.11 U.4S 13.52 6.81 6.49 13.30 •Snapped corn is the ear within the husk or shuck. The figures in the table are its shelled corn equivalent. tin computing profits all items of expense were included except the labor of feedinpr which is customarily figured as an offset to manure made. §Proflt. tLoss. It will be noticed by the chart, that the weights of the cattle vary from 800 to 975 pounds. In any single test made we aimed to EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 117 have tlie cattle about the same weight. It would not do to compare yearlings with the two-year old. In the first experiment the year- lings weighed about 800 pounds apiece. You will notice on com and prairie hay the gain was small, 1.35 ; where as on shelled com and alfalfa it was 1.97. You will notice the figures for the next two years, on shelled corn and alfalfa and snapped corn and alfalfa and snapped com and prairie hay. The average for the three years on corn and prairie hay is 1.48 ; on com and alfalfa, 2.11. The wide contrast per year in favor of the use of alfalfa is to be noticed. But what you are interested in mostly is the cost of pro- duction. Now, let me say this : the statement was made a while ago in the previous discussion that the cattle will gain 21/^ to 2% pounds per day. In this experiment where we weigh them three or four times every month, and where they are molested by visitors a good deal, we can not get the gains you can on the farm. I am not going to refer to all the figures on the foregoing chart. Now, as to the amount of grain consumed, you will see that the yearling took 14.30 pounds per day, and the next year about 18 pounds per day. Now, you are most interested in the cost of the gains. Figuring alfalfa and prairie hay each at $6 a ton, and com worth this year, 33, 35 to 39, taking an average of 36 cents per bushel. The cost of gain on com and prairie hay is $8.27, and the cost of gain on com and alfalfa is $6.04, snapped com and prairie hay, $5.49 ; corn and alfalfa, $6.29. Now, that looks like a big cost, and as the previous speaker pointed out, you cannot make a profit on cattle feed unless they are sold considerably over the cost price. You cannot aiford to feed cattle on just what they will gain ; you have got to sell them at an advance. These cattle were sold at an advance averaging $1.25 per hundred. At that advance over the cost price, the profit the first year on prairie hay and corn was 38 cents per head ; on shelled com and alfalfa $8.66, the second year on shelled corn and prairie hay there was a loss of $1.13, and on shelled corn and alfalfa, a profit of $2.86. The third year there was a loss on prairie hay of 8 cents per head. But take the average for three years and the loss on com and prairie hay is 27 cents per steer. Figuring these profits and losses, the feeds were figured at market price in the city of Lincoln ; at the farm, feeds would be consumed for less than that. A Voice : Not in this state. 118 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Prof. Smith : I want to say further that all the items of ex- penses are included in this with the exception of the labor. We did not figure the cost of labor; we figured that the cost of labor was offset by the value of the manure. In states further east they con- sider the value of manure worth much more than the labor. I feel that the manure will well offset the labor. Question clover ? What is the feed value of alfalfa over good red Prop. Smith: We have made no comparisons. I can't tell you. We hope to get some information on that point. I w411 give it as my personal opinion that in the experimental work I am convinced alfalfa is superior to clover, because it is eaten with more relish ; there is less waste. We have found that tbe cattle will sometimes leave their grain to eat alfalfa. Now, we come to another problem. Thexe is the comparative value of corn and alfalfa and corn and alfalfa and corn-stover. By corn-stover I mean the stalk without the ear. We cut the corn as soon as it is ripe, and the stover is the com stalk cured, just after the com ripens. We have two experiments, as shown by the table which follows : Table II. — Corn and alfalfa versus com, alfalfa and corn-stover: Jan., '05, to July, '05,— 24 weeks Nov., '05, to Jan., '06,— 12 weeks Average of the two Experiments 0^ ■a "3 Shelled corn, alfalfa and corn-stover ■a ass flO CB Snapped corn, alfalfa and corn-stover •a a « aS. o * o cS o S, "^ ;-— o O eS o O Average initial weight per steer, Ibs..- Average gain per dav, lbs. 937.00 2.30 18.60 9.20 8.14 4.02 12.16 $6.89 $2.86 941.00 2.40 18.40 9.90 7.89 4.56 13.45 $6.49 $3.33 977.00 2.06 9.47 22.15 4.60 10.75 15.35 $5.49 $3.56 974.00 1.96 9.61 22.45 4.90 11.44 16.34 $5.01 ^.30 957.00 2.18 14.03 15.67 6.37 7.38 13.75 $6.45 $3.21 957.00 2.18 Average grain fed per day, lbs Average roughness fed per day, Ibs... Grain consumed per lb. of gain, Ibs.- Roughness consumed per lb. of gain lbs. - _ . _.- 14.00 16.17 6.39 8.00 Total food consumed per lb. of gain, lbs. 14.39 Cost of lOO lbs. of gain $6.05 Net profit per head including pork $3.76 We have the shelled corn and alfalfa, and shelled com. alfalfa and corn-stover. In the shelled com and alfalfa we have an aver- age gain per day of 2.30 pounds. Now, when we add the rough- ness, the stover, we get a little larger gain. You will notice that the results, where we used the snapped com and alfalfa, were a EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 119 little ditferent. I dont think we can expect quite as good gains as when we use shelled com, but in the case of the snapped com we feed the husks, and they seem to be beneficial. In the second experiment where w'e used snapped com and alfalfa, we had a gain of 2.18 per day; while in snapped com, alfalfa and stover, the gains were not as great. You will notice that the average daily gain was the same. When it comes to the cost of the gain, we have a different proposition. We figure stover at $2.50 per ton, and alfalfa at $6.00. The material on our farms in Nebraska is usually wasted. They usually figure a stalk-field at 50 cents an acre. Xow, let us notice the cost gains: It is $6.89 without the stover; $6.49 with the stover. The second year it is $5.49 without the stover, and $5.01 with the stover; and the average for the two years, as shown upon the chart, is $6.45 without the stover, and $6.05 with the stover; so that we produce beef at 40 cents per hundred less if we use the corn-stover. Question : Did you figure anything on the cost of cutting 1 Prof. Smith: We figure the stover at $2.50. Now, the profits, you will see, are $2.86 per steer without the stover, and $5.32 with the stover. The next year they are $3.56 without, and $4.20 with the stover. The average for the two years was 55 cents a hundred in favor of the stover. Inasmuch as we figure stover at $2.50 a ton, it seems w^ell worth while to save the stalks and make use of them. I believe this is one of the reasons why we get better results, at least more economical beef, by the use of stover, that in feeding clear alfalfa we find the steers sometimes a little too loose, and I think that is one of the reasons for getting better results — feeding this roughness in the form of stover. I don't know but what you might have just as good results if you mixed timothy hay with alfalfa. Question: Why did you husk the corn? Prof. Smith : Why didn 't we leave it in the fodder ? I will say, in carrjdng on these experiments we have to first of all make them accurate. Question : Is shredded fodder the same thing as stover ? Prof. Smith : It would be the same thing and a little bit better. Question: To what extent is there danger of fire? Prof. Smith : There is a little danger ; if it is shredded too wet. On our old farm in Michigan we nearly always shredded our com. We waited until nearly November. I am convinced, however, it 120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. does not pay to shred for outside feeding. For inside feeding I believe it will pay to shred the fodder. Question: What do 3^on figure on silage? Prof. Smith : I don 't believe we are quite ready for silage. I don't know how it is in Iowa. While we have made no tests, I don't believe we can spend the labor and make com silage for fat- tening cattle. Question: Have you had any experience? Prop. Smith : We have made no comparisons yet on silage and corn-stover ; but so long as we can make good gains on shocked com without shredding, I don't see why we should worry about the other. I might say, though, we have also carried on for two years a test, of which I have no chart here, comparing detached corn from the stalk with corn fed on the stalk. I told you a while ago we couldn't feed it because we couldn't get the weight. The way we did that, we took the com, just as it came, weighed it and then detached the ear and weighed it. In that test, we found the results were practically the same. We only have two winter results, but I think they go to show there is no particular advantage in taking it from the stalk. I believe the better way is to let the steers take off themselves; they can do it cheaper than you can hire it done. Question: How do you feed your corn on the stalk? Prop. Smith : Our practice on the farm was always, in the fall months, to scatter it on the sod. During the winter feeding, where tht.' cattle are confined, we have fed them in racks, built so that the Cuttle can eat from both sides, with vertical slats, far enough apart to put their head through. They will eat the corn off first and tiien they will strip the leaves. They will not consume the butts; there is little nutrient value in the butt. We always charge up the whole stalk to them. These slats prevent them from pulling the corn out and tramping it under foot. I believe thoroughly in that method of feeding, inasmuch as the labor is scarce and high ; I believe in saving all the labor we can. A man with a harvester can cut six or seven acres a day. A man can put it in the barn or shock at $1.18 per acre. A good man,y people will make the argument that feeding shocked corn or stalks is not practicable, because of the labor involved. You can put your corn in the shock just as cheaply as you can put it in the crib, and you can feed it right out of the shock, as the previous gentleman suggested in his talk. Question : You don 't think there is much feed in the stalk after the leaf is stripped off? EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 121 Prof. Smith: No, sir; I do not. Question: Which would you prefer, hauling out the manure, or the shredded fodder or the whole stalks? Prof. Smith : The shredded fodder. We let our manure stand all summer, and in the fall of the year it is well rotted, and we do not really have any difficulty in hauling it out. Question : Don 't you find when it is cut that the cattle seem to eat it and like it? Prof. Smith : Yes ; they will eat it just as much where you shred it. It is no doubt better where it is shredded. If you would take the butt of the stalk and pay for having it shredded, it wouldn't be of very much value to you. It seems like a useless expense to shred the butt ; the nutrient is lacking. You can 't blame the cattle for refusing to eat it. Question : Is there any difference whether it has been stacked or not? Prop. Smith: I imagine there would be less loss in the stack; but for earl,y feeding I think it is just as well to haul it right out of the shock and feed it. Question: Isn't stacking corn fodder the meanest work you ever done ? Prof. Smith: That depends on w^hether the bundles are well made. We sometimes put it in long stacks and don't build high stacks, and have it about the height of a wagon, which makes it a good deal easier. Question : Have you had any experience in feeding sweet com fodder? Prof. Smith : No. Question : When you feed shocked corn, you have to feed a good deal of corn besides, do you not? Prof. Smith: At the beginning we feed shocked com and alfalfa. We cannot produce beef any cheaper than on that com- bination. Along towards the latter part of the feed it is well to feed some shelled com or snapped corn in addition. Speaking of the alfalfa question, I realize some of you are not growing it. We can grow it in all parts of our state, and I think you can grow it in the western part of your state. I will say this to you: I am absolutely convinced, the ciuicker you grow alfalfa, 122 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the better you are off. They are freighting it to us in the form of a meal at $20.00. Although I am inclined to think, if you have to pay $20.00 a ton for alfalfa meal, it would be just as well to keep on feeding linseed meal. Question: Do you thiuk shocked com and alfalfa hay would be better than shocked com and plenty of bluegrass? Prop. Smith : I am not prepared to say which would be the cheaper, because we have made no tests on the subject. I know this to be true — for 25 years we have fed just that combination, and always get good gains, are often able to market our cattle right off the grass and get a good fini.sh at a low cost. But for winter feeding, shocked com and alfalfa makes a good combination. Now, I am showing you a comparison of wheat bran versus lin- seed meal versus cotton seed meal. I am presupposing that we are not feeding anything but com and timothy, or corn and prairie hay, or com and stover, as illustrated by the following table : Table III. — Wheat bran versus linseed meal versus cotton-seed meal. Feb., '06, to Apr 8 weeks ., '06,- Nov., '06, to Apr., '07,— 20 weeks ^ir-ft 03 Shelled corn 90*, oil-meal 10*, prairie hay Shelled corn 90*, cotton- seed-meal 10*, prairie hay u .>■ ■^ 0 t-aa fl CS ti UU 0 1 (1 o c o Corn 90*, cotton-seed- meal 10*, corn-stover Average initial weight per steer, lbs. — -. 1146.00 1.98 25.20 5.50 12.97 2.78 15.75 $9.31 1.00 8.31 ♦$0.57 1:8 1187.00 2.52 24.60 6.80 9.77 2.70 12.47 $7.87 O.&l 7.03 *$1.43 1:7.3 1154.00 2.29 24.60 6.20 10.77 2.72 13.49 $8.50 0.68 7.91 *$0.47 1:6.8 973,00 1.76 24.97 8.91 14.19 5.06 19.25 $10.49 2.30 8.19 t$3.94 1:8.8 976.00 2.33 23 i 2 8.i', 9.88 3.85 13.73 $7.64 1.31 6.33 ♦$1.65 l:S.2 988.00 Average gain per steer per day, lbs. 2.11 Grain consumed per steer per day, lbs. — 22.83 Average roughage consumed per steer per dav, lbs.- 8.89 Grain consumed per lb. of gain, lbs. 10.83 Roughage consumed per lb. of gain, lbs. . __ 4.21 Total food consumed for 1 lb. of gain, lbs. .- .__ 15.04 Cost of 100 lbs. of gain $8.26 Value of pork produced as a by- product for 100 lbs. of gain on steers 1.86 Net cost of food per lOO lbs. of gain - _ _ _ 6.53 Net profit or loss per head in- cluding pork ___ . __ *$1.32 Nutritive ratio by lots .-_ _ _ 1:7.6 ♦Profit. tLoss. I had another chart, in which I had a comparison of com and prairie hay with oil meal, and without oil meal. I will say, that in EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 123 three years' experience, feeding corn and prairie hay with or with- out oil meal, we have been getting the best gains by the use of oil meal. We found the gains w^ere strongly in favor of the use of oil meal with prairie hay and com. Figuring the oil meal at $30.00 per ton and prairie hay at $6.00, we have been able to cheapen the cost of producing beef about 11 per cent. We figure we can afford to use oil meal when the cost does not exceed $45 per ton. Now, the table that has been last shown you, you will observe, by reference to the table, that we fed during one experiment, shelled com, 75 per cent, bran, 25 per cent, with prairie hay, and in the other column, shelled corn 90 per cent, and oil meal 10 per cent, and in the next one we have shelled corn 90 per cent, cotton seed meal 10 per cent, and of course, with prairie hay in each case. The second year the roughness was com stover, and the corn bran and oil meal in the percentage as indicated by the table. We have to use more bran, because bran is not nearly so rich in protein material. No dobbt, the reason we get so much better gains by the use of oil meal, rather than com and prairie hay alone, is because the oil meal furnishes the protein, which is lacking in corn and prairie hay or timothy hay. Now, in this comparison with wheat bran, linseed meal and cotton seed meal, the average gain per steer per day the first year is, shelled corn, bran and hay, 1.98 ; on shelled corn and oil meal, 2.52 ; shelled com and cotton seed meal, 2.29. You will notice the next year we fed those rations throughout the entire period of twenty weeks ; that year, instead of feeding prairie hay, we fed corn stover. In the cost of production, we figured oil meal at $32 a ton and bran at $15, and cotton seed meal at $32. The first year, the cost of producing 100 pounds of gain on the bran was $9.31, and on the oil meal it was $8.59. The next year, as disclosed by the table, the cost of producing 100 pounds gain on the bran was $10.49, and on the oil meal $7.64 The cost of pro- ducing gains, therefore, was greater watli bran. We have found oil meal somewhat superior to the cotton seed meal. But this experi- ment "\nll be carried on farther, and it may be we will obtain better results this winter. Question : I would like to know the percentage of protein in the cotton seed meal that you use ? Prof. Smith : It was right around 31 or 32 ; it was higher than the oil meal. Question : Did you use this in the finishing period ? 124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Prof. Smith: In one experiment we used it in the finishing period in the other during the whole period. Question : What time of the year ? Prof. Smith: In the winter. I am thoroughly of the opinion that in cattle feeding, to make it profitable, we have got to feed some form of roughness. If you should withhold roughness entire- ly from a calf, you will find it becomes sickly and they very often die. I have in mind an experiment performed when I was at school, where a steer was confined without roughness. He ate the straw under his feet; we substituted sawdust, and he ate the sawdust. Beef production, to be profitable, presupposes the utilization of a certain amount of rough feed, which the hog cannot utilize. I do not want you to think that I am saying definitely that oil meal is superior to cotton seed meal. I have simply given you the results of two experiments as indicated in these tables, at our sta- tion, and those experiments show slightly in favor of oil meal. I want you to accept that simply as the result of two experiments. I am convinced that bran is not a very satisfactory feed, espe- cially in the way we get it to-day; so much of the nutrient being taken out and going into the shorts ; the bran to-day is not what it was a few years ago. Question: I am feeding some steers weighing on an average 1100; they get all the prairie hay they want; how much oil meal would you give them? Prof. Smith : The amount of oil meal would depend on the price of the corn. The Member: The price of com is 35 cents. Prof. Smith: At that price, I would feed more oil meal. We have been feeding in this experiment about two pounds of oil meal per day. In reporting the test of ten per cent, that made it about two pounds per day. This year, with high priced corn, you might find it more profitable to increase the oil meal to 21^ pounds per day. I think two pounds a day wouldn't be far wrong. Question : About what are the protein contents in the standard oil meal? Prof. Smith : I always give that in terms of digestible protein — right around 29 per cent. Question: And in the cotton seed meal? Prop. Smith: About 31 to 32. It looks a little inconsistent to think that coton seed meal is higher in protein, and yet we have EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 125 gotten better results with the oil meal. The only explanation I can give is, that the steers relish oil meal better than cotton seed meal. We find they walk up to the racks with a little more enthusiasm, and I believe the difference we get is due to the higher palatability. Question: Which do you find is the most loosening on the bowels? Prof. Smith: I haven't noticed much difference. We do not find that in either case they are too laxative ; the bowels seem to be in good shape most of the time. Question : Have you conducted any experiments with molasses feed? Prof. Smith: No. I think we ought to deal with the form of food that is constant. When you are out of that material on the farm, then it might be well to take up secondary material. The trouble with these molasses feeds and feeds of that nature, they are not the same from one year to the other. Oil meal is con- stant, and so is bran. We will take up next a thing I think will interest you. I have shown to you, I think, by these experiments, that if you are feeding corn and prairie hay, or corn and straw, something like oil meal is desirable, or cotton seed meal. Can we get along mthout the commercial protein food, if we have alfalfa hay? I will direct your attention to the following table : Table IV. — Linseed-meal versus alfalfa. Feb., '06, to Apr., •06,-8 weeks ■e :•; C5 o oois a o o cS =- OJ — »^- == 2 S O CO cSfi ft Nov., '06, to Apr. '07,— 20 weeks -*£ a ( i, lie O ® ' .Sag o>M o aj 31 O cO cd en P« Average initial weight per steer, lbs — Average gain per steer per day, Ibs.. Grain consumed per steer per day, lbs Roughage consumed per steer per day, lbs. Grain consumed per lb. of gain, Ibs.. Roughage consumed per lb. of gain, lbs. Total food consumed for 1 lb. of gain, lbs. Cost of 100 lbs. of gain Value of pork produced as a by-prod- uct for 100 lbs. of gain on steers... Net cost of food per 100 lbs. gain Net profit per head including pork pro- duced from droppings Nutritive ratio 1187.00 2.53 24.60 9.77 2.70 12.47 $7.87 0.84 7.03 1.43 1:7.3 1164.00 2.39 23.20 976.00 2.33 23.03 8.10 10.16 8.96 i 9.88 3.55 3.85 13.71 $7.40 13.73 $7.&t 1.07 6.33 1.31 6.33 2.53 1.G5 , 1:8.7 1:8.2 1 978.00 2.42 22.33 9.77 9.22 13.25 $6.99 1.53 5.46 6.33 1:8.7 126 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. It will be noticed, that iu one case the protein was supplied in the form of a concentrate ; in the other, in the form of roughness, form- ing one-half of the whole feed. In the first column we have 90 per cent com, and the rest, 10 per cent linseed meal. In the next we have corn, 100 per cent and alfalfa hay and prairie hay equal parts. On the com, without the linsed meal, using alfalfa hay, the gain per steer per day was 2.29. In the next year, for the whole period, we get a slightly larger gain by the use of alfalfa. The cost of producing 100 pounds of gain, in the first experiment, with linseed meal, was $7.03 : the cost of producing 100 pounds without the linseed meal was $6.33. In the second experiment, the cost with linseed meal is $6.33, and with alfalfa without the meal, $5.46. We have found, therefore, that we can get good gains when alfalfa forms at least half the roughness, even though no com- mercial protein food is fed. This experiment figured out shows, that with linseed meal worth $30 per ton, as a source of protein, alfalfa is worth $13 per ton, in comparison with it. We have found that alfalfa at $13 per ton is just as valuable an adjunct to com, as linseed at $30. I have no data on clover yet. But the conclusion to be dra^^m from this is, that you can grow your own protein on the farm in the form of alfalfa or clover, a good deal cheaper for cattle, than you can buy it on the market in the shape of commercial food. Question: Have you had any experience in grinding flax? Prop. Smith : No ; we have never tried it ; but judging from the composition, I will say ground flax is just the same as linseed meal, with the exception that linseed meal has less oil and slighter higher protein contents. If I were to select from the two foods to sup- lement corn, I would select linseed meal in preference to ground flax. Question : Don 't you think that the improved machinery they now have in grinding flax, throws less feeding value in iti Prof. Smith : I don 't know, I am sure. Let me now review briefly some of the points gone over: First of all, we have shown that alfaKa, fed with corn, is very much superior to prairie hay. We may, I think, safely take it for granted, that clover fed with com is very much superior to timothy, millet or straw. The other point is this : Valuable as these protein foods are, we can get along without them, if we have clover and alfalfa. We EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 127 have been careful enough to make it pretty safe to assert, that we are producing beef in Nebraska the cheapest on a ration consisting of corn, alfalfa and the bi-product upon which the corn grows— stover. I am not prepared to say just yet which is the cheapest feed, corn on the stalk or from the stalk. I believe it is cheaper to take it from the stalk. "We have been carrying on a test this year in which we have fed a heavy feed of grain, as compared with a light feed of grain and roughness', alfalfa and stover. We have fed one lot a full feed of corn, and we fed another lot 14 pounds of corn per day. We find that on those two-year old steers, taken from the range, weighing 900 pounds to begin with, we get exactly the same gain; we get exactly the same gain during the six months on these light fed cattle that we got on the heavy fed cattle ; we got a gain of exactly 2 pounds per day. The question is, which is the more economical for the farmer, a heav}^ feed of corn, or a light feed of corn. Last year we found we made a little cheaper gain by the heavy feed ; but if alfalfa had cost $5 per ton instead of $8, the cost would have been identical. If corn had been worth 50 cents per bushel instead of 36, we would have produced gains just as cheaply on the light feed as on the heavy feed. Now, the limits are somewhere between these figures. This single experiment goes to show that high priced hay and low priced corn made a better full feed. If you have a low priced, good quality of hay, alfalfa or clover, and corn is high, make your beef on less corn and more hay, even if it takes more time. Let me say in conclusion, that I was surprised myself, when we found that we got just as good a finish on those steers which had only 14 pounds per day, as we did on the 20 pounds per day. Those steers that were fed 14 pounds per day were shipped to the Omaha market and brought just as much as the other steers did. It simply suggests to me this possibility : if we are careful to put up good quality of alfalfa or clover, and feed it right, we can make beef cheaper than we have been making it. Let us no longer neglect the roughness; do not feed some old, rotten strawstacks, but give your cattle a good quality of roughness with the corn. The President: The next on the program will be "Failure with the Oat Crop in Iowa; the Remedy," by the Hon. John Cownie. Mr. Co^vnie : Farmers of Iowa : I desire to assure you that it gives me sincere pleasure to meet so many live-stock shippers as' I 128 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. see this afternoon. For more than an average life-time, in the state of Iowa, I have been feeding and shipping stock to Chicago. Many is the night that I have spent in the caboose with fellow shippers. I have eaten with them, slept with them and drank— water it was, (Laughter.) My whole sympathies are with the feeders and ship- pers of this state. We can raise cattle and fatten them; we can raise hogs and fatten them, and we can do it, as we believe, with a profit; but when we get them to Chicago, there are other parties who have a say, and what we had figured on as a profit, we are liable to come home to figure up to loss. When I was invited to address this meeting, on the subject of the Oats Failure in Iowa, the question came to my mind, whether I would sit down and surround myself with books on agricultural chemistry and prepare an address that would appear very learned, and make you all believe I was a scientist, or whether I would drop the books and simplj^ give you some of my own personal experience. I chose the latter. I had intended to come before you and give you a talk on this sub- ject, but your secretary sent me a communication asking for a copy of the paper I was to read, and also my photograph. I was so highly honored by thinking my photograph would appear in the paper, perhaps, that I decided to write a paper, in order that my photograph might accompany it. In the criticisms I shall make in regard to the work as it is usually done in Iowa, I do not want one of you to consider for a moment that it is personal. You all do your work well. It is the man who does not attend these meetings I am referring to. But if any of you chance to find in my remarks something that fits your- selves, and that you would like to criticise me, I want you to bear in mind that my fighting weight is 238 pounds, and that I never felt better in my life than I do to-day. There is one advantage in a written paper ; you always know when to stop, and I shall stop just as soon as I get through. FAILURE WITH THE OATS CROP IN IOWA— THE REMEDY. BY JOHN COWKIE. With land rapidly advancing in value,' and the cost of operating a farm increasing from year to year, it would seem that more attention would be given to details in the growing of crops, and that scientific methods should take the place of the haphazard system that unfortunately has been altogether too common. No one familiar with the conditions as they exist will deny that the oats crop in Iowa for many years has EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAET III. 129 been far from profitable, and the object of this paper is to call attention to some of the reasons for the failure of this crop and to suggest a remedy. The physician, when called upon to visit one who is sick, makes diligent inquiry as to the condition of the patient, and endeavors to ascertain the cause of the trouble, for on the successful diagnosis of the case the re- covery largely depends. In like manner I will endeavor to point out some of the causes for the repeated failures in the oats crop, by referring to conditions that actually exist, the object of which is known to every ob- serving person. In a systematic rotation, necessary to secure the best results, the greater part of the oats crop follows corn, and it is certainly not surprising that failure should result when the conditions as regards seed, preparation of soil and other requisites are carefully considered. While in the breeding of animals and even in the selection of seed corn, care is taken to secure the best, no heed is given to the quality of the oats used for seed, the great majority of farmers not even using a fanning mill to remove the light grains and the foul seeds, but sowing the oats as they came from the threshing machine. Cattle are allowed to wade in the mud in the cornfield when the ground is soft in the spring, causing lumps to form when the ground dries, and no attempt is made to have the surface of the soil- smooth and even before seeding. The eleven-foot seeder, which is in common use, bounces over the inequalities of the ground, doing very imperfect work and distributing the seed so unevenly that no amount of after-work will secure an even and uniform stand. The seeder is followed by the disc harrow, the blades of which are dull and rusted, and the great majority of farmers have not yet learned how to use this implement in a proper manner as evidenced by the appearance of the oats field throughout the state, when the young grain shows above the ground in a rather successful attempt to imitate in living green, our national emblem, with its stars and stripes. One or at most two strokes of the harrow after discing is considered sufficient, and then the soil, the showers and the sunlight are depended upon to bring forth a bountiful yield. And with favorable climatic condi- tions an excellent crop is often secured, and the farmer, failing to realize that fortune favored him, not on account of, but in spite of his slipshod methods, congratulates himself on his success, and turns a deaf ear to all who urge more care in the preparation of the seed, and a more thor- ough cultivation of the soil. In due time the oats are cut and bound, the self-binder making this easy work in comparison with former methods, but with all the levers for the adjustment of the different parts of the harvester, too often the sheaves as they drop from the machine are fearful and wonderful in their shape and appearance. The adjustment of the reel in the varying condi- tions of the grain in going on the level and up and down hill receives scant consideration and as a result a square butted sheaf is the excep- tion instead of the rule, as it ought to be. The binder also requires a watchful eye to insure the placing of the band in the proper place, but as a rule too little heed is given to th§ handling of the levers and anything 9 130 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. but a neat, compact, square butted, well balanced, tightly bound sheaf is the result. These bundles, by courtesy called sheaves, are then thrown in a heap, known as a shock, and as a rule they are a shock to the nervous system of any one who appreciates neat, artistic work, in performing the neces- sary labor of the farm. The shocks are allowed to remain in the field, exposed to the weather, be it dry or wet, it matters not, they must wait until the threshing ma- chine arrives, be it early or late. And I need not add, for you all know, that millions of dollars have been lost to the farmers of Iowa within the last few years by the indefensible custom of threshing from the shock, rather than stacking the grain in a proper manner. Having outlined briefly the methods pursued in the production of oats, not by all the farmers of Iowa, but by the great majority, I will now call attention to a method by which far better results will be secured. In the first place good seed is imperative and the best oats that can be had should be procured and they should be thoroughly cleaned with the fanning mill, eliminating all light grains and foul seeds, leaving only for seed the plumpest and heaviest kernels. As the quality of the oats the present season is very inferior and light in weight, it might be advisable to procure seed oats from localities north of Iowa, being sure that they had been well kept, sound, of good weight, and free from foreign seeds. Oats for seed, as, in fact, all other seeds, should be harvested while they are somewhat green, as they have more vitality than when fully ripe, and if they are put in well erected open shocks as soon as cut and properly cared for, will give a much more vigorous growth than when they are allowed to stand in the field until the substance in the straw that has fed the kernel is exhausted. In man, as well as the lower animals, the young and vigorous are much more potent than the aged, and what is true in animal life is equally true in plant life. To digress while on this subject for a moment fears are entertained by many that owing to the backwardness of the season and the imma- turity of the corn crop much of the seed corn saved this season will fail to germinate. No fears need be entertained on account of the corn not being fully ripe when the stalks were killed by the early frost, provided that the seed corn was gathered prior to the middle of October and at once placed on racks and thoroughly dried by artificial heat. The most vigorous seed corn I ever saw was gathered when it was hard; roasting ears placed in a room where there was artificial heat day and night, and so thoroughly dried that the kernels resembled pebbles in hardness. Not a single kernel of that seed corn failed to germinate and produce a strong, healthy stalk, and in this connection it might be recalled that while we had probably the best corn crop in 1906 ever harvested in Iowa, the quality also of the best, largely grading No. 2 in Chicago, our seed corn the present year proved far from satisfactory, as there was not to exceed two-thirds of full stand of corn in the state. This condition no doubt resulted from neglect in saving seed corn in a proper manner and this neglect cost the farmers of Iowa millions of dollars the present year. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. ' 131 But I repeat that the immature corn of this year's crop if saved as indicated, can be depended upon to germinate 100 per cent in the spring of 1908. Those of us who never have any trouble in regard to our seed corn failing to grow, select the finest eai's we can find in the field, from the strongest and most vigorous stalks. We select it while it is yet green and fire dry it as rapidly as possible and if the oats intended for seed are selected from the best of the crop cut somewhat green, put in long shocks properly built, and in due time securely stacked, and allowed to remain in the stack two or three months before they are threshed a much better quality of seed than usually sown will be secured. With good seed thoroughly cleaned all light grains and foul seeds eliminated, the next question is the preparation of the soil. Under no circumstances should live stock be allowed in the cornstalk field when the ground is soft, and it is labor well spent to give the stalk ground a single stroke of the harrow crosswise of the rows as left when last cultivated. As usual, after the corn has received the last cultivation, the corn row is somewhat ridged, and if the oats are sown, without leveling the ground, the seed rolls to the lowest plane in the row, being too thin on the corn row and too thick in the space between. To prevent this condition, before seeding the ground should be leveled by one stroke of the disc harrow, following the corn rows as left when last cultivated and by careful driving and taking three rows at a time, the ridges will be cut down, the loose soil turned into the low places and the seed as it drops from the machine will lie where it falls, this in- suring an even distribution of the seed, which is all important in securing the best results. As to the amount of seed to be used much depends upon the condition of the soil and the weather that follows. The best crop of oats I ever raised, four bushels of seed was sown, but the growth was so heavy that had clover and timothy been sown with the oats the seed would have been wasted. Every farmer should study the condition of his soil before de- termining the amount of seed, and if clover and timothy are sown, less seed must be used than if the only requirement is a crop of oats. How- ever, I am not in favor of thin seeding, trusting to the stooling to give a sufficient stand, as the stalks directly from the seed are much more vigor- ous and far stronger than are the shoots or suckers from the parent root. After seeding the ground should be disced crosswise of the way in which the seeder was driven, and here let me enter a most vigorous protest against the common method of single discing. In use, the disc harrow throws the soil from the center towards each end, with the result that the seed is doubled at the ends with little or none left in the center, and no amount of cross harrowing will restore the seed to its proper place or leave an even surface. You have all seen the wavy appearance of our oats fields in the spring, caused by single discing, and if cross disced the result is the wavy ap- pearance both ways instead of one way. Any farmer who paints his fields in living green in this manner ought to be ashamed to show himself in public, and if he has any respect for the high calling he professes to follow he should take himself at once to some occupation where care- 132 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. less work and heedlessness will not be so indelibly stamped upon his work. By lapping the disc harrow one-half and driving carefully, allowing the outside disc to turn over the small strip left unturned in the center of the preceding round, an even uniform surface is secured, and if the seeding has been properly done there will not be a single streak in the field. But it requires careful driving to hold the outside disc exactly in line at all times, turning over the uncut center strip, for if the disc is allowed to vary, even slightly, a depression or ridge is made, proving at once the incompetency of the driver. The double discing should be followed by thorough harrowing and the more of this the better, not one or two strokes, but four, five, or half a dozen, crossing and crossing again until the ground is perfectly smooth and also well packed. In dry weather it is advisable to follow the harrow with a crusher or roller, and this is especially true if grass seed has been sown with the cats. I have already referred to the careless manner of handling, or rather the failure to handle promptly and in a proper manner the several levers of the self-binder and I will add that with standing grain the reel as a rule is allowed to hang too low and too far back to insure a square butted sheaf. Long shocks containing a dozen sheaves are to be preferred to round shocks, and in building the shock the sheaves, one in each hand, should be grasped firmly by the hands, and placing one on each side of the knee, the butts of the sheaves should be brought down with force upon the stubble. With a hand on each side, the tops of the sheaves should be brought closely together, the opening through the center of the shock be- ing of suSicient size that a twelve year old boy could crawl through without moving the sheaves. Shocks put up in this manner dry out quickly, even after a rain, thus enabling the farmer to get his stacking done at the earliest possible moment after cutting, and thus prevent loss by exposure to the weather. While threshing from the shock may save some labor, it is a pernicious practice that has cost the farmers of Iowa millions of dollars, but not- withstanding all this loss it seems that as with saving seed corn in a proper manner, some people will not learn by experience, no matter how dear it may be bought. But it is not only the loss sustained by unfa- vorable weather, but the grain threshed from the shock is never so good as when properly stacked and allowed to stand for six or eight weeks before threshing, the sweating process taking place in the stack instead of the bin. Grain well stacked and allowed to sweat and dry before threshing is invariably brighter in color and plumper in appearance than grain threshed from the shock and will keep much better in the bin, being less liable to mold and keeping free from dust. But while j'^ou are not giving audible expression to your thoughts, I know that you are agreeing with me in what I have said, but you are also saying to yourself, this is all very well, but what about oats lodging, which is the most serious condition with which we have to contend. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 133 You have often heard it said, and you may have said it yourself, "My land is too rich for oats, and that is the reason for their lodging." But let me tell you that you never harbored a greater fallacy, for the fact is your land is too poo?- and this is the reason for your oats lodging. I do not mean that the application of barnyard manure to the sail will pre- vent lodging, for it will only increase it, but your soil is lacking in an •essential element, absolutely necessary to give strength and stiffness to the straw. Those of us who remember the first grain crops produced on the Iowa prairies can readily call to mind the strong stiff straw of those early days, the crop rarely lodging on the smooth prairie, the hazel brush land being the exception. Does any one believe that our land is richer today than it was when the first crops were produced, for is it not a fact that we, have taken away from the soil many of the elements that had been accumulating for untold ages? At one time I had a field bordering on a slough, the high land having been cultivated for years, but as the water level lowered a strip about three rods in width on the side of the slough was broken up and added to the cultivated land. It being desirable to seed the field in grass, the cultivated land that had been in corn the previous year and the new land, the first crop, remember, were both seeded with oats at the same time. All the ground was well cultivated, a fine growth was secured and to within a week of the ripening of the grain there was little perceptible difference in the appearance of the oats on the new and the old land. At that time a severe thunder storm occurred, accompanied by a strong wind and a heavy rainfall that leveled the oats on the old land as if a roller had passed over them and they were all cut "one way" with the harvester. But not one single stalk of the oats on the new ground broke down, the line being as distinctly drawn as was the furrows made by the plow in breaking the sod, the straw strong and stiff, standing erect, in striking contrast with the oats lying flat on the old land. At another time I had a grove of timber standing in a cultivated field, a heavy growth of hazel brush covering part of the ground. The trees were grubbed, the hazel brush cut, piled in heaps and burned, the ground broken up and sown with oats and seeded with grass. With the excep- tion of the spots where the brush was burned all the oats lodged, the standing grain indicating the exact location without question, and the exact size of the brush pile. A neighbor attempted in the winter to move a dwelling house across one of my fields, but failed in the attempt, and the house was taken apart, the plaster being largely left on the ground. Several years afterward this field was sown in oats, and as is common, the crop lodged, the only exception being the ground on which the house was wrecked; here the oats standing erect, and the only difference as far as I could see being the old plaster left there years ago and which was still to be seen. Being by nature of an observing disposition, and a sincere desire to learn and profit by experience, I determined on a series of experiments in an endeavor to add to the soil some element that would add strength to the oats straw and prevent lodging. Hog manure consisting of the droppings and decayed corn cobs were tried upon a part of the field, horse manure on an adjoining plat, and 134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. manure from the cow yard on another plat, the field sown in oats, with the result that with the exception of the three plats that had heen manured the oats stood up well. No difference was perceptible on account of the different kinds of manure used, all three plats being so badly lodged that it was impossible to secure more than half of the crop with the harvester. It is needless to say that the corn crop that followed the oats on these plats that were manured made up for the partial loss of the crop of oats. A number of years ago we were told by some would-be scientist that what our soil needed was salt, and the Chicago packers promptly offered the refuse salt after being used in the curing of hog products at a less price than the new salt could be bought for by the barrel. Several car- loads were sold to the farmers in our neighborhood, but the results were not satisfactory. I did not purchase, believing that the salt having been used,- had lost its savor, but instead tried a quantity of new salt without any perceptible benefit. Having in my study of agricultural chemistry learned that silica gave firmness and rigidity to the stalks of grass, and the cereals, and not having at hand any powdered quartz. I tried an application of river sand to the heavy black soil, but the crop did not assimilate the cruder article, and the straw was no stronger than in other parts of the field. Following up my experience with the old plaster and the ashes of the brush heaps, I mixed sand and lime together, applying the mixture to a plat of ground, having previously tried lime, as I had sand, separate, without results in strengthening the straw. The lime and sand mixed proved of as little value as they did separate and on calling the attention of a neighbor to the former result from the old plaster and no result from the lime and sand, he reminded me that I had omitted the hair always used in plaster. On an adjoining plat of ground I applied a good coat of oak ashes that I purchased from the Amana Society in Iowa county, with the result that the oat straw was stiff er and stronger on this plat; of this there was no question. While that season all the oats stood up I was convinced that the oats straw had been strengthened by the potash in the oak ashes. It was of brighter color than the balance of the field, the grain was plumper and heavier and had it been possible to secure a supply of oak ashes at a reasonable price this experiment would have been con- tinued on a larger scale. It is well known to every student of agricultural chemistry that the three principal fertilizers are potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and if the soil is deficient in either one of these, while having the others in abundance the crop must suffer for the lack of plant food, in other words, plants require, as well as animals, a balanced ration. Much more could be written on this subject, but I have already ex- ceeded the limit I had intended and it only remains for me to repeat again that our land is not too rich to produce oats that will not lodge, but it is too poor. And to insure strong, stiff straw that will stand up we must furnish the soil with the necessary plant food, in the same manner as we feed our young animals oats, shorts and bran to make bone and muscle, reserving the corn for fattening. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART III. 135 Phosphoric acid we still have in limited quantities in our- Iowa soil, and this substance enters largely in the formation of the grain. Nitro- gen that insures the growth of the stalk we can furnish by growing clover and the application of manure. Potash to give strength to the stalk, that lodging of the grain may be in a large measure prevented, is absolutely necessary, and it is for the lack of this plant food and not be- cause our soil is too rich that the growing of oats has so often resulted in failure. It is yet doubtful whether the purchase of potash in large quantities and its application to the soil would prove profitable, with the low price that usually prevails for oats, the present season being an exception. But of the value of the suggestions in this paper as to seed, cultiva- tion, harvesting and stacking, there is no question, and the farmer who follows the advice here given will not only reap a I'ich reward, but have the consciousness that he has risen to a higher plane as a farmer than he formerly occupied, and in adding to his own wealth he is at the same time advancing one of the greatest industries of the best agricultural state In the American union. The President : This closes our program for this afternoon. I desire to say on behalf of the audience, that we thank these gentle- men most sincerely for their addresses, which have been so highly entertaining, and the discussions following have been highly appre- ciated. This meeting will reconvene this evening, at 8 o'clock, when I have no doubt a full and most interesting program will be carried out. (Adjournment taken until 8 o'clock P. M.) TUESDAY EVENING SESSION— 8 O'CLOCK P. M. . . I The President : Gentlemen, we will proceed with our evening program. I am highly pleased to announce that we have with us tonight, Dr. A. D. Melvin, head of the Animal Industry, of Wash- ington, D. C. We are glad for the privilege of having this gentle- man with us to-night. I am sure Secretary Wilson could not have pleased us better than to have sent him to address this meeting this evening. I now have the pleasure of introducing to you Dr. A. D. Melvin. 136 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ADDRESS. DR. A. D. MELVIN, CHIEF OP BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, WASHINGTON, D. C. 3Ir. President: I have been taken rather an unfair advantage of in being asked to address you gentleman. I came here to listen what you folks had to say at your meeting and to ascertain whether there was anything in the live stock industry which the department could do for you to further your interests. In the first instance, I wish to present to you the compliments of the Secretary, and assure you that he has the deepest and liveliest interest in the welfare of this Association. This is the first time I have had the opportunity of meeting with you, although in the several years that I have been connected with Secretary Wilson, he has frequently referred to this Association as one of the strongest in the live-stock industry in the United States. Mr. Wallace suggested to me that I touch upon the subject of the inspection, more particularly, the meat inspection as conducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry, and I shall therefore devote some attention to this subject, in what I may have to say to you. • There has been a great deal of interest in this question in the last couple of years, on account of the great notoriety that was given our slaughter houses and their methods, through the press, and in other ways, and nearly all of you, I presume, are familiar with the hor- rible conditions that were painted in the most lurid colors. Per- sonally, I am able to say, that this coloring was very much exag- gerated. I have been closely connected with the inspection for many years, and so far as the law has given authority to go, the inspection was well conducted, and in the houses where inspection existed, the meats were inspected in good shape. We now have authority to require modem sanitary conditions, and re-inspection of the meats during the different stages of pro- cessing, regulating the preservatives which shall be used in curing meats and the labelling of the products. Many of these labels were really misleading as to the contents. That has all been corrected, and the work was a tremendous one. Heretofore the work of inspection was not obligatory on the part of the packer, except with reference to exportation of beef. Only EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 137 those who desired an inspection had it, on account of the small ap- propriation, and some who desired it were not able to get it. The new law provides that all who do an inter-state business shall have inspection. "With respect to retail butehers and dealers supplying customers, and animals slaughtered on the farm by farmers, these exceptions are made on account of the tremendous difficulty it would entail in inspecting small houses and the slaughtering on the farms. I am fortunate in having with me some figures to show you some- thing of the magnitude of the work during the past fiscal year. There .were in all 50,953,000 animals inspected on post-mortem examinations, of which there were 7,593,000 beef cattle, 1,757,000 calves, 9,672,000 sheep, 31,639,000 swine, and 52,000 goats ; these I suppose went in with the sheep. This work was conducted at 708 different establishments, in 186 different towns, and required the employment of 2,290 persons. All final post-mortems are conducted by veterinarians, who are assisted in part by experienced employes. The final passing on whether a carcass shall be condemned or passed, is in the hands of veter- inarians. The greatest cause for condemnation in the case of cattle and sheep is tuberculosis. .39 per cent of the cattle were condemned for tuberculosis; .25 per cent in whole, and .14 per cent in part. Of the hogs there was 1.04 per cent condemned for tuberculosis. .206 per cent were condemned in whole, and in .834 per cent in part. There were, of course, a very large number of animals that were slightly affected, which were passed entire. Now, these figures represent the number condemned entirely or some portion of them, in consequence of the diseas§. Of the total number condemned of cattle 70 per cent were con- demned on account of tuberculosis ; the number of hogs condemned was 62 per cent, on account of tuberculosis. Of course, the cost of this has not been fully felt by the producer as yet. The one who sends in a lot of cattle and hogs,- — a very large proportion of them are affected with the disease and condemned, — is to-day receiving the same amount practically for his stock, as the man who sends in entirely healthy cattle. So far, there has been no discrimination made between the breeder of healthy cattle and diseased cattle — you are paying for it. You are familiar with the story of the traveling man who lost his overcoat out on a trip, and he purchased a new one and put it in his expense bill. When the bill was presented to the house, it was promptly cut out. In his next trip he was unfortunate 138 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. enough to have his overcoat stolen again, and it was again put in his expense account ; there was no overcoat in that bill, and it was allowed, but it was in there just the same. That is the way these con- demned animals are being charged up against you. You pay for them, only you do not realize it so much as if it were a direct charge. The method of ante-mortem inspection is considerably different in different localities. In Kansas City, the inspectors are sta- tioned in the stock yards, and whenever an animal is suspected of being in a condition to render it unfit for food, it is tagged, but the animal proceeds with the balance of the herd of cattle or swine to the slaughtering house which has made the purchase, and is slaught- ered there, and the remittance is accordingly, whether it is passed or condemned. Practically the same system obtains in St. Joe and Omaha, although at these two places, they have an inspector ap- pointed by, I think the Exchange and the packers jointly, who also tag the cattle and hogs. At these two places the government inspect- ors make out a report, giving the number of tagged and the reason for condemnation of the animal, and that is posted in the Exchange where every one can see whether the animal was in fact condemned or not. At Chicago, the system is very different. We have our inspectors in the yards, who inspect and tag, but through an agreement with the Exchange — I suppose you are familiar with this — these animals are then slaughtered at one particular place, and they are there inspected both by the Federal Government and the State Inspectors, and the remittance is made by the representa- tive of the Exchange to the respective commission firms. A great deal of complaint has reached the department from va- rious sources with reference to this system in vogue in Chicago, and that was one of" the reasons which brought me out here, to determine the feeling of the shippers with reference to the system in pi;actice at that point. So far as I am aware, there is no complaint in either of the large packing centers with reference to the disposal of their ante-mortem condemned animals. In the matter of meat inspection the government has gone as far as it can in that direction. It has no authority to extend the inspec- tion beyond that which is subject to interstate commerce. When an inspection is inaugurated in an establishment, all the animals pre- pared in that place are subject to the same inspection, whether for inter-state sale or export. But the government cannot go into a town like Des Mbines and establish inspection, that is, doing a sitrictly business within the state; and it is this inspection which EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 139 must be conducted by states or cities, in order to perfect the system of inspection which will protect the consumer. It seems rather ridic- ulous for the national government to inspect about five-eighths of the animals slaughtered, unless the other three-eighths are also inspected by equally competent inspectors. It is absolutely neces- sary that either cities or states take up this work and complete what the Federal Grovernment is unable to do. The department has assisted, as far as possible, in eradicating tuberculosis, and in one way, has assisted by the free distribution of tuberculin to various state and city officials. It has not been given general distribution, because it was thought better, that those desir- ing it should obtain it from their local officials. It has been alleged that tuberculin will produce tuberculosis in animals that are injected with it. I do not presume any of you are of that opinion. I may briefly state how it is prepared. The bacillus of human tu- berculosis is taken, and with it bouillon or other media is infected. This is called a culture. The bacilli grow on the top of this fluid, looking like a mould. It is kept in retorts at a certain temperature, and when it reaches a certain degree of development it is shaken up and all sterilized, completely killing any bacilli which may be pres- ent. In addition it is filtered through very fiiie porcelain filters, and this main product which is filtered out is then the tuberculin which is injected into the cattle. If they are tubercular, it will give a definite true elevation of temperature, with the exception that in advanced stages of tuberculosis, they frequently give no reaction at all; there often, however, is a sub-normal temperature. So you see, there is no. possibility for cattle obtaining tuberculosis in this manner. In the eradication of tuberculosis there is one important fact, which all of you who are so unfortunate as to have infected cattle, should bear in mind. It is the height of folly to go to the expense of destroying your diseased animals, without you thoroughly disinfect all the premises with which they may have come in contact. We have demonstrated beyond the shadow of a doubt, that a very large number of bacillis are passed, with infected animals, to the hogs that follow them and in this way readily con- tract tuberculosis. This accounts in a very large measure for the very large amount of tuberculosis in hogs, particularly in corn dis- tricts, where it is a general practice for the hogs to follow the cattle. Once tuberculosis is eradicated from the cattle herds, it will be very speedily eradicated of its own accord from hogs. This disease is really more prevalent in certain kinds of our cattle than most 140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. people imagine. Recently an exporter of high grade cattle, or, pure blooded cattle, to Argentina, required us, on account of the laws of Argentina to test these cattle that he was to ship. He bought those cattle subject to the test, and in every instance they were out of fine herds, and 50 per cent of these cattle reacted with the tuberculin test. To use his own words, the best cattle reacted. In recent work among dairy herds we found 18 per cent of the cows affected. In some instances this amounted to 100 per cent ; in others, none, and in some very low, but the average per cent was 18. These dairy men had their cattle tested under an agreement with the department, that they would, in consideration of the free test, if they reacted but didn't present any visible signs, or physical signs, either segregate them and pasteurize the milk from them, in the event of their having calves, the calves to be immediately re- moved, and those that showed physical signs of tuberculosis were to be slaughtered; that was one of the provisions. They did this of their own accord to rid themselves of the disease, and because they did not want to sell milk from such cattle to people. There has been quite an effort or agitation recently among a num- ber of breeders of high bred cattle, to establish free herds ; that is, herds that were absolutely known to be free from tuberculosis and guaranteed as such. I trust that such measures may be started, because it is only right, that any one who is selling high grade stock to go into a herd of some other man, it should be healthy. This disease has been underestimated ; it is one which has not developed very rapidly, as a rule, and the outward signs, for a long time are so slight, or often do not exist at all, so that unless one is very careful, animals may be diseased, and one not be aware of it In addition to this, we have been devoting a great deal of attention to the enforcement of the 28-hour law — that is the ordinary name for the law, although its provision allow an extension for 36 hours upon written request of the shipper. A number of convictions have been had under this law, and other prosecutions are to follow. It is thought, that by vigorous enforcement of this law, railroads would give better service in transporting to market. I believe it has improved the situation some, but has not accomplished what was expected, and it may be it would be better if a minimum rate of speed be required by the railroads in transporting live stock. This certainly would be a very humane thing. In long shipments the stock has to be loaded too often in reaching the markets. We have a great deal of work which would be of interest to you, directly, in the way of the live stock industry. Our quarantine measures require careful inspection. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 141 Much has been done in the way of dealing with and studying the manufacture of different kinds of cheese which have been made and brought in, as also our domestic cheese, as to the different ways and conditions under which it is kept in storage. In animal husbandry, we have varied experiences in cattle breed- ing, horse breeding, poultry and swine breeding, and sheep breed- ing. This is done in connection with the experiment stations of the different states. We have also constantly studied the different problems with reference to diseases .and the cause of diseases, the best methods of eradicating them, where it is possible. Out Tick eradication in the south has caused a great deal of work and been of great benefit, as far as it has been carried out. These ticks, while conveyors of dis- ease to northern cattle, are also very injurious to cattle in these southern countries. They become so numerous, they are a pest; they are blood suckers ; they deplete the animal so that in many sec- tions of the south cattle raising cannot be pursued to advantage. We have been at this work two years. The last Congress gave us $150,000; the previous one had given us $83,500, and up to date, something like 80,000 square miles has been eradicated and freed from the tick. The President : I would suggest that some of our people here are very much interested in this problem, and would no doubt like to ask some questions along the line of inspection. So I will invite "a few minutes discussion. A Member : I came here to see our Railroad Commissioners, and secure information on a proposition touched upon by the speaker. I ship in and out from the farm frequently and come in contact with the law that is called the 28-hour law. My experience has been, in shipping from Omaha to Chicago, if the railroad company exceeds the 28 hours, the conductor will come to the shipper and demand that the shipper sign an agreement releasing the railroad company from responsibility in holding the stock over and beyond 28 hours. On this point I would like to ask for information. Who is held responsible for the care and feeding and the damage to this stock, is it the shipper or the railroad company? Our Railroad Commissioners can give me no information on this point. Dr. Melvin: The law provides that live stock shall not be re- tained in cars without food, water and rest to exceed 28 hours, except in case the shipper, having made a written request to the railroad company, the time can be extended to 36 hours. Another provision is that sheep are not required to be unloaded in the night 142 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. time, but will be hauled to the first unloading point during daylight. As to who is responsible for the feed and care of the stock, it is the railroad ; it is in their possession, and if the stock does not receive food, water and rest while in their possession, they are responsible. If the owner does not take care of it, they must. Question: Who pays the bill? Dr. Melvin : I presume the shipper. Question : Do I understand you that Chicago has a different inspection on suspected animals than other markets? Dr. IMelvin: If I said that, I conveyed the wrong impression. I did not mean the inspection was different ; the manner of dispos- ing of the tagged animals is different ; the inspection itself is practi- cally the same, made at the scales at the time the animals are weighed. At Chicago it is made after the animals are weighed ; at other centers it is made before the animals are weighed. But the subsequent handling is different. At Chicago the animals are con- trolled by the state and live stock exchange, I believe, jointly; at any rate, the animals are slaughtered in one particular slaughter house under the supervision of the state inspectors, and the prod- ucts are disposed of by the representative for the Live Stock Ex- change, who remits to the various commission firms. Question : Then the exchanges at the other markets have noth- ing to do with the product after they are slaughtered? Dr. Melvin : Absolutely nothing. The animals go to the various slaughter houses that have bought the balance of the cattle or hogs, as the case may be, and their returns are made accordingly as to whether the animals were passed or condemned. A Member: I suppose you were familiar with the dispute be- tween the packers and the commission men at Chicago. At the time that quarrel was going on, the impression was quite general that a man shipping cattle had no assurance that healthy animals might not be condemned. It seems to me you would render a serv- ice to our people here by informing them whether there is any cliance for the shipper suffering because of unjust condemnation? Dr. Melvin : The inspection and disposal of any condemned ani- mals in the packing houses where we have inspection, is absolutely in the hands of the federal authorities, federal inspectors. They have no object whatever in discriminating in any way. To avoid any discrimination, it would be a very simple proposition for each shipper to tag his animals. As I understand this subject of inspec- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 143 tion was to be confined to she-cattle ; that would eliminate a very large proportion of those slaughtered. Those she-cattle could have been tagged by the shipper, and in the event any of them had been condemned by the packing houses, the inspector in charge would post in the exchange a list of those tags, and the numbers or initi- als, whatever was placed on them, showing the cause for which they were condemned, in whole or in part — and it would have been absolutely above board ; every one could have seen exactly whether his animals were condemned or not; if the number wasn't on the board, he would know they were not condemned. The President : I would like to ask if there is any reason why the same system in vogue at the other markets and centers, in regard to disposing of these sdspected animals, should not be in vogue in Chicago also. Dr. Melvin: No reason I know of. I suppose some one has a reason. Question: You mean to say the Federal Government has no reason for not putting that system in effect? Dr. Melvin : No, sir ; none whatever. Question: Is it necessary, in shipping cattle from one state to another to have them inspected? Dr. ]\Ielvin : It is in some states. Question: In shipping from Iowa to Minnesota? Dr. Melvin : In shipping from Iowa to Minnesota, so far as the Federal Government is concerned, there would be no permit re- quired, but the shipment of animals affected with contagious dis- eases or inoeculable diseases, is absolutely prohibited by law, and they couldn't be shipped under permit or any other way. This holds, with the exception of southern cattle, which are shipped and marketed for slaughter. A Member: I have had some experience with hogs in the last three or four months in our neighborhood. A disease broke out they called cholera and of course, different medicine men were on hand to sell their medicine. I had a veterinary come in and open one of them up and he found the trouble to be with their lungs. He also went across the road to another farmer and opened three in that yard that died that morning. The man took the balance and went to Chicago; they went straight. How do you account for that? 144 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Dr. JVIelvin : It is a question whether these animals were con- demned or not. There may have been some condemned and some passed. We find in some instances, particularly when they are shipping small hogs ; in some instances there will be from 90 to 100 per cent condemned when they get into the packing house. This statement I have shows that during the past fiscal year there were 4,506 hogs condemned for hog cholera; so there have been a good many practicing the same thing. A Member: We had another case, just about a year ago. A man loaded up his hogs and brought them into our town; on the road two of them died; they were thrown out of the wagon. He hauled the rest in and sold them to a butcher, and in the meantime he brought in another load and sold them to the shipper. When the shipper went to load those hogs, he noticed them staggering ; the bank was closed in the meantime, too late to pay at the bank, and so in the meantime he called and took a veterinary do^vn there, and there had three more died, and two or three more were sick. He notified this party that he would have to bum them up or bury them. Well, the party refused to do it. In the meantime there were eight of those left, but they were diseased, you could see that by their appearance, and from the way they acted. The shipper didn 't want to get into a lawsuit, and held those hogs three or four days and shipped them into Chicago. I saw the bill myself when it came back for those hogs and they went through. Dr. Melvin : I don 't know where thej'' were killed in Chicago, I am sure. Question: I understand, they could have been condemned and the shipper knew nothing about if? Dr. Melvin : He says the shipper received his pay for them. If he received the market value for them, the packer must have stood the loss. QuESTiOjs' : What is the practical method of disinfection in case of tuberculosis as to pastures? Dr. Melvin : Practically nothing. The bacilli soon dies in the sun and air. Nature itself would soon disinfect it. Question: If a cow is heavy with calf, isn't it the case they would react sometimes when they wouldn't otherwise? Dr. ]\Ielvin : Yes, sir ; we have found that to be true in a very large number of tests made. There were about three per cent really mistakes, that were made on account of advanced pregnancy. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 145 where the udder would be inflamed, and conditions of that sort ap- pear; but generally, if the veterinary is careful, he can discover the causes in these cases. Question: Isn't it also true that a cow in heat will react? Dr. Melvin : In some instances, that is one of the causes. Question: That would make it quite dangerous for a feeder to have his cattle inspected? Dr. ^Ielvin : No, he could defer the time in these particular instances and have it done at a later period, or if the test has been made, have them re-tested in the course of six or eight weeks. A Member : We had a breeder sell a young bull to go to South America ; he was tested and reacted ; a j^ear after that he was tested and passed all right. What was the cause of that ? Dr. ]\Ielvin : I w^ouldn 't be able to state. There may have been some local condition which caused the reaction in the first place : or, it might be the test wasn't carefully applied, or something of that sort. The President : I expect we had l)etter close this discussion for the present. I am sure we have all appreciated the remarks of Dr. Melvin and the information he has given us along this line. It no doubt has been very beneficial, many points having been brought out that some of us were no doubt not familiar with. The President : The next number on our program this evening is the ''Transportation Problems Affecting Iowa Agriculture," by Clifford Thorne, Washington, Iowa. Most of our people have heard of Clifi:ord Thorne. He made a record at the state house last spring, before the Iowa Railroad Com. missioners, in securing a reduction of freight rates on live stock in this state, of 18 per cent. We are glad for the record this young man has made, and I am glad to have the privilege of introducing him to you tonight. TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS AFFECTING IOWA AGRICULTI^RE. CLIFFORD THORN, WASHINGTON, IOWA. Mr. President: This is a pleasure, to have the opportunity I have this evening, and I suppose, of course, that pleasure will be all mine — like the gentleman who was requested to attend the funeral of his mother-in-law. 10 146 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The agricultural interests of this state, and the Iowa interests, are synonymous terms. At the last census the total value of farm property in this state amounted to over one billion eight hundred million dollars ; that was an increase of 66 per cent over the census ten years before, which was an increase of 50 per cent over the census returns of the decade previously. The last census returns showed the gross value of aU your agricultural products in this state, exceeded any other state in this Nation. This evening I am talking to representatives of the most impor- tant industry in the greatest agricultural state in America. My topic concerns the most widely discussed question of the day, the railroad problem. Just at this time we must keep in mind the tale of "The Goose and the Golden Egg" — during these financial troubles — and remembering that, let us consider some of the phases of our subject. The farmer occupies a peculiar relation toward the railroads. Why do you differ from other shippers? Simply, because of the character of your business. A reduction in the rates on dry goods or dressed meats, increases traffic of that character. When a man- ufacturing establishment is seeking and negotiating for a location, or new business, one of the first things the officer does, is to inves- tigate the condition of freight rates. If he can succeed in impress- ing the proper railroad official that lower rates mean more busi- ness, the factory gets a reduction. When you are negotiating for the purchase of a farm, do you investigate and find out what the rates are? Under ordinary circumstances, you do not do so. The average railroad official knows that any particular farm will pro- duce practically the same tonnage, whether Tom Jones or Nancy Hanks owns it. Another difference between the factory and the farm is, that the factory usually controls a larger amount of products under a single management. The average Iowa farm in 1900, turned out $1,598 worth of products; while the average Iowa factory turned out $11,108 worth of products. The average Illinois factory turned out 32,839 worth of products. The factory that produces products amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars, is the one that has the greatest effect on freight rates. Again, a factory can locate at strategic points. It generally lo- cates at a junction of two or more railroads. A farm is generally on one or a few roads, or some distance away from a road. Another difference between the factory and the farm is, that the factory can change its location, if the roads do not give favorable rates; it can pick up and move to some favored locality, and it EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART III. 147 generally gets the cost of removal paid by those interested in the new location. The farm cannot change its location. These differences between the factory and the farmer have had a remarkable effect on the freight rates in this section of the country. We are confronted with the fact that there are no natural laws of business which protect the farmer in regard to railroad matters. Practically every reduction that has been brought about on farm products during the past generation, has been done by government interference. Is it strange that the pioneer steps in all these move- ments for government regulation should originate wdth the farmer? It is the natural place for them to originate. And now, while you are interested, let us take a general survey of the situation, and see what problems still confront us. You have heard a great deal about rebates lately; that topic has attracted wide attention. A few years ago, a member of the Inter- state Commerce Commission, an attorney for the Cattle Raisers Association, and the governor of a great state, and several other gentlemen who command public esteem, testified before a Congres- sional Committee, that the Elkins law had destroyed all rebating. But scarcely had the sound of their voices died away, when expos- ures in New York and Wisconsin disclosed the fact that rebates amounting into the millions of dollars were still being given and received annually. While this is a great question, to my mind, there is a far greater one. I am told that the railroads are discriminating in the furnishing of cars in the state of Iowa. I know that the farmer located at the junction of two or more lines can obtain his cars much easier than the man upon a single road. When a shipper delays a car several days, he pays damages by the day. When the railroad delays the shipper several weeks by the failure to furnish cars, causing a loss of hundreds of dollars to the shipper, the railroad pays nothing. This situation is outrageous and must be rectified; and important as that question is, yet to my mind, there is still a greater one. A few months ago a prominent candidate for President of the United States, a member of the Supreme Court of the United States, and several United States Senators came out in published statements, that in their judgments the railroads of this country were not over-capitalized as a w'hole. Those gentlemen have won the confidence of the public. If their statements are correct, there is absolutely no use to make a valuation of all the railroads of the United States by the government. If their statements are not cor- rect, they should be among the first to retract them, because, the 148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. American people have made up their minds they do not propose to pay interest on watered stock. The President himself has ex- pressed that view — that "the public will not tolerate efforts to make them pay dividends on watered stock. ' ' Public interest justi- fies us in demanding to know the authorities for the statements made by these honorable gentlemen, that American railroads are not over-capitalized. Your first question is : are there any author- ities ? Not such an authority as the honorable member of the Supreme Court who sits in his office in Washington, D. C, and makes a valuation of all the railroads in the country at one huge guess. I am informed that at the present time a gentleman is em- ployed in making a valuation of all our railroads. Immediately after his task is finished he is to be given the presidency of a large eastern railroad ; and when that report comes out, it ^vill be heralded all over this country, notwithstanding his unquestioned bias. Are there any investigations actually made, of the valuations of the railroads that are unprejudiced; made by men who have gone out into the fields and obtained the real facts as they are? Yes, there are some already made. A few years ago the Texas Commission made an exhaustive investigation, and they found that the railroads in that state were capitalized at more than double their actual value. Last year the legislature of Minnesota appointed a committee to make a similar investigation. Their report shows that the railroads in that state are capitalized from 15 per cent to 400 per cent more than their actual value. One of the railroads was capitalized at five times its value, and the president of that road testified, that in some of their stock there "was what might be called water." Until we find out the actual value of railroads, how are we going to determine reasonable rates'? Even though we show the rates that the Iowa people pay are higher than those paid by the people of Illinois and Missouri how do you know the latter are not too high? Until you find out the valuation of the railroads, you are merely scratching the surface of the railroad problem. Great and important as the matter of over-capitalization is, to my mind there is still a greater one. Let us consider the matter of rates for a few minutes. Railroads are built to make money, and the way they make most of the mone.y is out of freight rates. They are sellers of transportation ; you are buyers. I have a simple business proposition I want to make which I think you will accept, no matter which side of the controversy you are on. It is this: It is to the interest of the railroads to charge just as high rates as they can, provided these rates will not interfere seriously EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 149 with business activity ; on the other hand, it is to the interest of the public generally to obtain this service for the lowest rates which do not seriously interfere with railroad activity. Here you have a plain, clear-cut conflict of interests. There is no use trying to dodge it or get around it. It seems to me that is the situation of the buyer and seller over and over again. The seller wants to get as much as he can, and the buyer wants to pay as little as he can. It is to their interest to have high rates ; to your interest to have low rates. Now, what has been the course of the history of freight rates on your farm products ? You people are interested in farms ; you have to get your product to market. If I were able to show you that you have been paying for the past seventeen years, from 30 to 50 per cent more than the Illinois farmer who lives on the same railroad, the same distance from Chicago, in the same territor^^ to get your cattle to market, wouldn 't that be something concrete and tangible 1 These matters are of importance. They affect the amount of money in circulation in our state ; they affect farm values. Let us ap- proach the question of freight rates from a purely business stand- point, leaving out all questions of general morality and politics. During the past fifteen or twenty years there has been a great many reductions on all freight rates in the country. This has been made possible ©n account of larger engines, larger cars, stronger road-beds, and general equipment. For the figures you may ex- amine the Inter-state Commerce reports and the Illinois reports on the average revenue per ton hauled. This average in the state of Illinois was 24 per cent higher in 1891 than it was in 1906. In the United States there was a 22 per cent decrease from 1890 to 1905 on all traffic. In group 6, that is the Iowa group, there has been a decrease of 25 per cent. So we have the figures ranging from 22 to 25 per cent decrease on the revenue of all tons hauled a mile in Illinois, in group 6, and in the United States. What is the situation as to your farm products'? A careful examination of the schedules in force in the state of Iowa, from Januarv' 1, 1890, to January 1, 1907, shows, that there has been absolutely no decrease upon wheat, flour, millet, flax seed, corn, barley and other grain and mill stuffs; horses, mules, cattle, calves and sheep. You are principally interested in live stock — but I want to say there was a small decrease in hogs along in 1893, and just about the same time there was an increase in cattle and sheep. This increase was made on the quiet. There is no record of any consultation whatever. Our commission, with the assistance of some learned railroad officials, when they made out the schedule 150 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. per hundred pounds, in place of the rates per car, divided the former rates by the minimum weight of the car load, instead of the average weight of the car load. It was cleverly done. I desire to heartily congratulate the shrewd officials of the railroads who manipulated the deal. Over in Illinois, when a similar change was attempted, there was an elaborate hearing held, and I hardly need add, 200 stock men were present and numerous railroads were represented, and the live stock interests of the state were amply protected. Our present commission, after a lapse of fifteen years corrected that error the past spring. I don't know upon whose shoulders to lay the blame. You have heard it said that in the state of Iowa the rates are lower than those of other states. Don't let anybody fool you by a comparison of schedules. The railroads in this state charge the full amount allowed by the maximum schedule. In Illinois more than half the traffic is carried on rates below the state schedule. The same is true in Missouri. You may also have heard that the Iowa classification is the lowest in the west. If you have lived in another state, you would have heard quite a different story. In that connection I want to read a brief sentence contained in an answer made by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, in a' case heard in Illinois last year, which is as follows : " It is admitted as a general fact that the classification of Illinois averages lower than any other classification in the Mississippi Valley." This statement was made over the signature of the officials of the road. Let us take some concrete illustrations concerning rates, that might interest you. I have placed them in the form of a table, as follows : RATES ON FRESH MEATS— BEEF, LAMB, VEAL, VENISON AND PORK LOINS. Under the State Distance Schedule of in Miles. Iowa. Illinois. 100 $32.00 $30.00 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 6 per cent 200 46.00 39.20 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 17 per cent 300 60.00 45.20 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 32 per cent RATES ON FRESH FRUITS— GRAPES, PEACHES, PEARS AND PLUMS Under the State Distance Schedule of in Miles. Iowa. Illinois. 100 $32.00 $23.40 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 36 per cent 200 46.00 30.00 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 51 per cent 300 60.00 34.00 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 76 per cent EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 151 RATES ON APPLES— (Green, by Carloads.) Under the State Distance Schedule of in Miles. Iowa. Illinois. 100 $16.80 $16.00 200 28.40 20.80 300 40.00 24.20 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 5 per cent Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 36 per cent Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 65 per cent Distance in Miles. 100 200 300 RATES ON LIVE POULTRY. Under the State Schedule of Iowa. Illinois. '$24.00 $23.40 39.20 31.00 50.00 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 2 per cent Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 22 per cent 34.00 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 47 per cent RATES ON FRESH BERRIES— (In Boxes or Crates.) Distance in Miles. 100 200 300 Under the State Schedule of Iowa. Illinois. $32.00 $24.00 46.00 31.20 ■ 60.00 36.00 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 33 per cent Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 47 per cent Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 65 per cent In handling berries, berry boxes become a necessity. RATES ON BERRY BOXES AND CRATES — (Nested in Crates or Bundles.) Under the State Distance Schedule of in Miles. Iowa. Illinois. 100 $32.00 $14.00 200 46.00 18.80 300 60.00 22.00 Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 128 per cent Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 144 per cent Iowa rate exceeds Illinois rate 172 per cent I might go on and give you hundreds of other comparisons, but what would be the use? There are thousands of rates in effect in this state. Last year President Stickney, in his address before you, estimated that if there was a rate for every town in the United States on every commodity hauled, there would be three trillion five hundred million rates in effect. What would be of value is simply this: an accurate statement as to the average revenue, the average rate on all eommodities hauled in this state. The nearest approach to this is what we call the average revenue per ton mile. I find, if the report of your Railroad Commissioners is correct, that the average revenue for every ton hauled a mile in this state is 79 per cent higher than in Illinois. Perhaps you say, conditions are different in Iowa and Illinois. Yes, that is true. But does 152 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the difference in conditions justify such an enormous variance as that? And in connection with this I want to refer to the Iowa group of states, group 6, composed of Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, that part of the Dakotas east of the ]\Iissouri River, that part of Missouri north of the ^Missouri River, and that part of Michigan north of Lake Michigan. These states are substantially similar. I find, in 1905, the average distance haul for a ton in Iowa was longer than it was in the Iowa group of states; yet, notwith- standing that fact, I find the average revenue on every ton hauled in Iowa, was 31 per cent greater than in the Iowa group of states. The last report we have from the Inter-state Commerce Commission for group 6 is for the year 1905. Let us consider the Iowa report for the year 1906. We find the average revenue for every ton hauled a mile in this state is 54 per cent higher than the average revenue for every ton hauled a mile in the Iowa group of states. These facts are appalling. For fear that the accuracy of my statement may be questioned I refer you to the 28th report of the Iowa Commission, pp. 100-101 ; 29th la. Com. Rep., pp. 98-99 ; 36th 111. Railroad & Warehouse Commission Report, page 149 ; and the 18th Annual Report, of I. C. C, pp. 70 and 98. Notwithstanding this situation in regard to the freight rates on Iowa farm products, I do not consider that the most important problem which concerns the Iowa agricultural interests at this moment; there is a still greater one. You have heard a great deal about honesty lately— and some people claim these exposures we have had have hurt business. I am not surprised at this. If one of these great big wads of concen- trated .juicy rottenness gets a puncture, it is not strange that an odor arises. Yet, after all is said and done, I do not believe the average railroad official is any more dishonest than the average politician who talks about him. The matter of honesty or dishon- esty is not peculiar to the railroad business. Of course, I don't think we should trust our railroad officials any more than we do our bank officials. I believe we should have their books examined peri- odically by experts. But there is no issue here ; there is no disagree- ment between you and them. They agree that they ought to be honest, and, I believe, after an investigation you would find that railroad men are just as honest as you are. In nine cases out of ten they are doing precisely what you would do if you were in their shoes and had their brains. But there is a far greater question, far more perplexing and pro- found. If the issue is not rebates, not discrimination, not exces- sive rates, not over-capitalization, what is it? Would you please tell EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 153 me what is the cause of these bad sores, these cancerous growths on our industrial life? Now, while we are digging down deep into all the filth and mire we have uncovered the past few years, let us get down to the cause, if we can. It may hurt some, but in the long run it is best. If one of your children should develop a persistent hacking cough, would 3^ou be content to give it an occasional dose of soothing syrup ? No ; you would want to get to the seat of the trouble and remove the cause, if you could. A few months ago I was walking down one of your streets with a representative of one of our large western railroads, and in the course of our conversation, I happened to make the remark, that there would probably be considerable rate legislation during the next few years. His reply was terse and to the point. He said: "That will all blow over in three or four years ; these things come and go in bunches, like the measles." That remark presents the gravest problem. Why is it that nothing is accomplished except in the midst of a wide-spread agitation ? The same thing that is happen- ing to-day happened away back in the Grange times, and it hap- pened again in the 80 's; and if my friend's prophecy is true, it won't happen very much longer now, but will come back some time later. Why is it that nothing can be accomplished except in times of agitation ? Where is the defect in our present system ? At present there are two agencies you resort to to protect your interests ; one is the voluntary association, and the other your railroad commissions. Voluntary associations are splendid ; they have done some magni- ficent work; their mission is fully vindicated by the work of the Com Belt Meat Producers' Association. The efforts of a voluntary association which seeks to act for vast numbers, is generally spasmodic in its activity. While interest is intense, men will join ; they will attend meetings a few times and pay a few dollars, and then they will let their membership lapse. You are all acquainted with that situation in your various com- munities. It is unfortunate, but it is human nature. Then is it just to let the burden rest upon the few? Nine-tenths of the farmers leave this matter to the state. We are organized into what we call a government. They think it is the place of the state and national government to correct and care for such things. Why is it nothing is done except by agitation ? Agitation is un- desirable ; it unsettles business, makes panics and financial troubles right along, year after year. I could never pose as a reformer. Reform is better than standing still; but progress from year to year is better than reform. 154 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. Now, while interest is keen, can we not devise some way, some method, some means that will help to protect our interests after the agitation has passed away? Where is the defect in our present methods? I believe the commission system has proven a success as a tribunal for the determination of causes brought before it by outsiders. But I say deliberately, that I believe the commission system has proven a failure in its capacity to take the initiative on behalf of the public ; and this failure can be ascribed with prac- tical certainty to the fact that we place too big a task upon our commissions. We empower them and expect them to hear eases brought before them, and we also empower and expect them to take the initiative on behalf of the state in beginning proceedings and carrying them on. In other words, we expect our commissions to be judges, and jurors and witnesses and attorneys, all rolled into lone — an absurd combination, wholly eontrarj^ to the entire spirit of Anglo-Saxon legal history; almost certain to prove a failure. And the natural result has been that these commissions have gravi- tated into judicial tribunals, or semi-judicial tribunals — many peo- ple object to the word judicial when speaking about railroad com- missions. Your present statute provides for your commission to take initia- tory steps, just as though complaint had been filed. But where have your important cases originated? The work accomplished in the 80 's did not originate with the commission; the work done when Governor Larrabee was at the State House did not originate with the commission. The work done last year in Illinois, when they effected a ten per cent reduction on practically all freight rates in that state, did not originate with the commission ; it was commenced and prosecuted to the finish by, outside sources. The express rate case now pending before your commission was practi- cally ordered by the legislature. Your commissioners have author- ity over passenger fares; the reduction in passenger rates was not effected by your commission. As I said before, this authority giv- ing the commission initiatory power is practically a dead letter in this state as well as elsewhere. Last year, when they reformed the inter-state commerce act, they specifically excepted that provision, and at the present time the Inter-state Commerce Commission has no jurisdiction to fix rates in the absence of a complaint. Gentlemen, you have elected your tribunal to hear and determine the case, where are your Avitnesses and your counsel ? It is to your interest to have low rates; to the railroad's interest to have high rates. How do you protect your interests ; how do they protect theirs? Here are a couple of paper bound pamphlets. In these EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III, 155 two volumes there are rates on from one to eight different com- modities, between over a thousand towns in Texas and neighboring states, and several thousand towns elsewhere in the country. In other words, we have in these two books several million rates. They have been agreed to by over two hundred railroads ; they are issued under the supervision of one man, Mr. Geo. W. Cahill, of St. Louis, Mo. Millions of rates on two hundred railroads under the general supervision of one man. I give you this as a simple illustration of the enormous organization which the roads in the southwest have effected. They are organized, and you are not. Each railroad has employes and counsel in every county and state which it traverses ; each railroad has representatives on committees, rate experts and rate clerks by the hundred ; they have freight traffic managers, gen- eral freight agents, etc., etc. — vast complicated machines, working in perfect unison, put together and operated by master hands at organization. The railroad interests to-day are protected by the keenest brains that money can hire. How are you protecting your interests? Did you ever investigate whether the charges you are paying are reasonable or not? When you go to buy a horse or sell a farm, you will stand and dicker and quibble by the hour, and you have been kno\^Ti to waste considerable time and nervous energy with the assessor, but when it comes to the paying of a billion dol- lars or so every year in freight rates, you, in connection with the majority of other shippers, sit around like bumps on a log and let the other fellow charge whatever he wants to. Why? Simply because, what is everybody's business is nobody's business. Do not blame the railroads for protecting their interests. The railroad officials who fails to look after the interests entrusted to him, should get his walking papers. All I desire to say to you is, that we are a bunch of big fools if we do not protect our interests. You should have rate experts just as competent and well equipped as the railroads have. There should be a transportation bureau supported by the state and responsible to the state for its work. These bureaus should make constant investigations; they should make annual reports, giving information of practical and concrete value to the shipping, manufacturing and producing interests of your state. They should give us comparisons of rates and condi- tions constantly. The Federal Government should have similar bureaus. The exposures of the past few years merely serve as eye- openers, and the lesson that we should learn is, that we must pro- vide ourselves with the facilities that will prevent the recurrence 'of these evils. Unless you take definite steps with this object in view, you will witness the same course of events which followed the 156 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Granger days, the same course of events that followed the days when Larrabee was Governor, the same course of events my friend, the railroad representative prophesied would occur. Don't deceive yourselves with the idea that you can take additional steps with ease ; they will be opposed and bitterly opposed by the very men who you would naturally expect to oppose them — the industry of which we are speaking. It is the most vast, the most complicated organi- zation that ever existed on God 's footstool. These railroads build up and tear down cities and states. At the time of the last census, the gross value of the railroads and their equipment in this country was greater than the combined value of all the live stock, all the farm implements and machinery, all the manufacturing tools and machinery, all the gold and silver bullion in this country, added to the total capital of our national banks. In 1905 the gross earnings and income above operating expenses of the railroads was greater than all the gold and silver, corn, wheat, lead and copper produced in the country. The gross earnings were four times greater than the combined customs and internal revenue of the United States government. It would take more gold than there is gold coin and bullion in circulation, together with that in the national treasury to pay the net earnings and income of the American railways for one year — and this colossal industry has been built up within the lives of many of those whom you pass on the streets. Our fathers who framed this government, never dreamed of this vast industry. We have not been studying government regulation, tariffs, banks and colonies for centuries and centuries. "We have just began the study of the regulation of these railroads. This is the greatest subject that you men of this generation have to deal with. With this stupendous task, we are but babes and sucklings. We have not learned the alphabet as yet, and there are many who are determined we shall not learn this alphabet. The vast magnitude and importance of this railroad industry justifies a department of our government second to none in the nation. It should be supplied with a force as large or larger than any other department of our government ; it should unquestionably be represented in the cabinet ; it should have branch offices in every large trade center in the United States. We have tax ferrets and revenue collectors and bank examiners by the hundred, but our freight bill is a greater tax to-day than all those put together. We should go at this railroad question, not like a mob, from time to time, reducing rates because we can, but we should build up a comprehensive, well organized system under which we can act intelligently. Until such means are provided we shall have to EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III. 157 depend solely on these voluntary assoeiations and their magnificent work. Meetings should be held everywhere in the towns and ham- lets. You should receive the support of the public press, notwith- standing the pressure which will be brought upon the editors to prevent this. Up to the present time, neither in the state or nation, have there been any additional material facilities provided above what we had in this state for the last thirty years ; facilities which experience has demonstrated are insufficient. The greatest transportation problem that confronts the agricul- tural interests of the present day, is not rebates, not discrimination, nor over-capitalization. The question before you is, how can you provide these facilities that will protect your interests in future years? You may not be able to get back millions of dollars that should have stayed on these Iowa farms, but we can save them in future years. It is well to loek the barn door, sometimes after the horse is stolen, that is, if you have another horse. If you of this generation have the genius and the foresight to grapple this tremendous question, and get things down to a prac- tical working basis, well and good; if you fail to do this, the expe- rience of the past forty years in the middle western states proves that your success will be temporary. If you fail to do this, the agitation will blow over, and public interest will die down, and we will go to sleep for another generation or so ; twenty years later we may wake up and we may not. It is up to you. The President : We have with us tonight a gentleman, while his name does not appear on the program, who represents an organiza- tion which at one time, in the state of Iowa, was very prominent; an organization which at least is remembered by our older members, and perhaps by some of the younger members — the days of the Grange in Iowa. I have the pleasure of introducing to you tonight the head lecturer of the National Grange, ^Ir. G. W. F. Gond, of New Jersey, who will address you for a few moments. ADDRESS. G. W. GOND, NEW JERSEY. Mr. President and Fellow Farmers of Iowa: I realize full well that you have listened to two able addresses this evening, and what I would have to say, perhaps, might be wearing on your nerves. Per- haps it might be well for me to say at the outset, so that no one may begin to wonder when the end will come, that what I may have to say will be brief, realizing, as I do, that I could hardly get IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. started on this great subject of organization, without occupying too much of your time this evening. The last speaker has given you some very good ideas of what you are needing in the great state of Iowa; he has ahnost made a good Grange speech, and he has pointed out the absolute necessity of something being done to right the wrongs of which he has spoken. The way we have been righting wrongs in the east, has been through organization, through organized effort. You are here representing a great industry; you are doing a great good among your people ; you are here for the purpose of pro- tecting, as it were, j^our interests. You are an organization, local in character, and you have done a great work; but suppose you had been an organization national in character, such as has been referred to by the gentleman who preceded me, as the Grange movement 25 or 30 years ago, in your state. I want to say to you, while the Grange movement might be presumed to be a dead letter to-day, for your own information, I want to say, that the Grange movement is more alive to-day than it was ever in its history — they have pro- duced results, accomplished things, in the past ten or fifteen years that Avould have been impo'ssible to accomplish without this great organization. I come to you, gentlemen, not as one who has been educated in college, or prepared for any special line of work; I come to you as a farmer of the state of New Jersey, who lives on and operates his own farm. I come here as one who has had some little experience in organizing the farmers of New Jersey, and in the state of Iowa, where I have spent some time in the past year. It was a great pleasure to me to talk to the farmers of your state, and the satisfaction of it all was, that I did not find a farmer but who agreed with me. It is true that some of them could still see the Grange skeleton ; their mistakes were f esh in the memory of those who could recall some of those mistakes. I want to say to you, the Grange of to-day is a conservative force. We are working carefully to uplift the American farmer, whether in Iowa or the eastern states. We are not antagonistic to any other industry ; we are at work, fighting for a square deal; we are working for the alleviation of the American farmer; and the past few years have demonstrated that we had to have some organization in order to control some of the conditions existing with which we are con- fronted. We have been enabled in the state of New Jersey to do things no one realized it was possible to do, in the way of securing legislation which has been a great advantage to the farmers of our state. Pardon me if I shall for the moment illustrate one practical EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAET III. 159 demonstration in our state. In 1896 the electric railways of our state were beginning to prepare themselves to carry light freight and express packages. After some of them had got their equip- ments and received their cars, the legislature happened to be in session — and in the twinkle of an eye, there was a bill passed pro- hibiting electric railways from carrying freight. We were weak at that time in our state; we had less than 2,000 members in our organization. Two years ago, some of our members began to real- ize the fact that our rights had been taken away from us. We pre- pared a bill through the organization repealing the act of 1896 and giving us what rightfully belonged to us. Some of my friends said: "What is the matter with you; do you have any idea you can get that measure passed through this legislature, that has been practically elected and controlled by the railroads of the state ? " I said: "It won't do any harm to try; it is only asking for some- thing along the line of fairness and justice and equity of what the people demand, whether farmer or business man; it is for the greatest good to the greatest number." We prepared our bill and had it introduced in the senate. It was referred to the committee on railroads and canals — a pretty tough proposition. We had a hearing — had sent word to some of the subordinate granges to be there — it was impossible for me to be there at the time. The rail- way people were there and they defeated them. They telephoned me, and I sent word back to stick to it and have another hearing, and for two of our members to go to Atlantic City, the home of the chairman of that committee, and tell him that there is an organiza- tion back of this movement, and asked one of them to come and see me. The result of this movement was, that the gentleman got busy, taking notice of his constituents. We prepared telegrams and sent them to the hundred subordinate lodges, and we prepared a letter to follow the telegrams, that there was to be a hearing, and by twelve o'clock we had over two hundred farmers, their wives and boys present at the state house — ^we had become organized; we had a set of resolutions passed by the various agricultural societies, whose executive conunittees had called them in special session, and all these resolutions were in line with the bill which was prepared. At three o'clock we marched 200 strong into the senate chamber. You should have seen the members of the legislature of the state of New Jersey sitting up and taking notice. "What is the trouble with these rubes; what are they doing here — they were there mak- ing a strenuous effort to secure the passage of the Trolley Freight Bill. The result was, when we entered the senate chamber, we filled it. Our representatives had a list of names of those who were 160 IOWA DEPAIJTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to speak for the bill. It was my privilege to be the first one to speak, and others followed me. Then after a while, one of the honorable gentlemen said, that he thought the railroads should have a chance to have a hearing, and they finally called out the name of Judge Collins, and the arguments were carried on for some time. Finally the gentleman, who had told me the week before that the bill would go to sleep at his desk, told me that it looked to him as though there had been some effort put forth and that the result of the hearing would be that it would be reported favorably. The result was the bill was passed in the senate and also in the house. If I had time I could go into detail about the various measures before congress, Grange measures. It was a Grange measure which first gave us the right for a department of agriculture, presided over by a Secretary of Agriculture. When this measure first went before congress it was laughed at. It was the Grange that secured the rural mail delivery. The Inter-state Commerce Commission is another creature of the Grange. What are you going to do about these great problems confronting you ? You want an organization of national character. Our inter- ests are identical. The Grange is working along the lines to uplift the American farmer; it has been working for the parcels post, postal savings banks, improvements of public highways, and a num- ber of other measures have been taken up and looked after by the legislative committee of the Grange. There is no important matter before congress but what they consult with the national committee of the Grange, realizing, as they do, they are the only organization that has stood the test of time. I want tQ say to you, for your own benefit, that at the present time this great national organization has a membership of approx- imately one million people, scattered over thirty states of the Union. You should have seen the demonstration in the city of Hartford, where over thirty thousand were present. I should have been glad to have welcomed you to my own state, in Atlantic City, where nearly one thousand members gathered in annual session, and the various questions discussed here were taken up. We are laying our plans, whereby we may create an increased growing sentiment among our people. We are endeavoring to wake up the farmers to a realization of the importance of their interests, so that they can be everlastinglj^ at it 365 days in the year, as we are working. In the little state of New Jersey we have 119 subordinate Granges. If the state of Iowa was as well organized as we are accordingly, EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART III. 161 you could take up any question, as if one man, and you could ac- complish things. This is why the National Grange has made such a record in the past few years. They have received recognition and responded in the various conferences and congresses during the past years. These are only a few illustrations of what may be done, by organization. Our whole purpose is continual work along con- servative lines, building up and creating public sentiment, crystal- lizing it so that it will become fixed and that it may demonstrate the power there is in organization along conservative lines. I agree with my friend who said that it is our fault as farmers — we growl about this being done and that not done — what have we done to help the matter? Some one may have written a postal card to their representative in congress or state legislature. My fellow farmers, the work we are doing is to build up American agriculture, not at the expense of any other industry ; we want all other industries to prosper, but simply want to have a share in this prosperity. It is not our intention to have this movement slumber in the great state of Iowa; it is our intention and policy to spend our efforts, time and money in this state, and see if the greatest agricul- tural state in the Union can be organized. ( Adjournment. ) 11 162 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PART IV PROCEEDINGS STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION. December 11, 1907. The State Agricultural Convention convened in the rooms of the Department of Agriculture at 9 :30 o'clock Wednesday morning, December 11th, with President Cameron in the chair. The meeting was called to order and the president appointed the following committees : Committee on Credentials: L. H. Pickard of Shelby county, E. J. Curtin of Winneshiek county and T. W. Purcell of Franklin county. Committee on Resolutions : C. W. Hoffman of Decatur county, H. S. Martin of Hardin county and A. L. Denio of Buena Vista county. Vice-President Brown was called to the chair and the president made the following address : PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. C. E. CA3IEK0N, ALTA, lA. We are again assembled in annual convention in the interests of the Department of Agriculture of Iowa. It becomes our business at this meeting to review the work of the last year and to prepare for the work for the year to come. In reviewing the work of the last year I will leave that largely with our able and efficient secretary, Mr. Simpson, as he has the data of all the business for the year in his report. I can but feel proud as a member of the directory of the Depart- ment of Agriculture for the great fair of 1907. The Iowa State Fair is the greatest agricultural fair held in the world, speaking from a strictly agricultural standpoint. There are fairs that have larger gate receipt; there are fairs that have larger gross receipts, but in exhibits that come directly from the farm, Iowa is in a class by herself; and of all the fairs I have visited there is none where the people are more interested in the products of the farm than the people of Iowa. 164 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I wish to mention a few of tlie entries in the different de- partments of the fair for 1907: Horses 1,132, cattle 1,146, sheep 586, hogs 2,264. The increase in all departments this year was about twenty per cent over any year in the past, but in our gross re- ceipts of the fair of 1907 we fell short about $6,000 of the banner year of 1906. We think we can account for that — the weather man did not treat us just right, as we had three rainy days, and the new adjust- ment in passenger rates of an advance of one cent per mile for the round trip I am satisfied cut the Iowa State Fair fifteen to twenty per cent of the gross receipts. The people of Iowa are proud of their state fair and they are loyal to it by their attendance. I am glad to see the friendly feeling that has been manifested toward it by the mem- bers of the legislature in the last few years. I know they feel a sense of pride when they visit the fair and see the magnificent equipment they have provided for showing to the world what Iowa can produce, and I hope they will continue this good work until our equipment is equal to our exhibits. New improvements have been built on the grounds the last year as follows: Swine pavilion, horse barn, water works and electric light plant. There are several needed improvements that I could recommend for the coming year, but as our means are limited I will not take the time to enumerate them, as they are beyond our reach this year. But there is one important improvement that I would recommend, and that is the building of an administration building for the convenience of all the exhibitors. We have our new and up-to-date horse barns, cattle barns and swine pavilion, but no place for the convenience of the public and the exhibitors. If we had an administration building, standing where the secretary and treasurer's office now stands, large enough to accom- modate all the superintendents of the different departments, people who have business with the various departments would find them all in one building. As the offices now are, located all over the grounds, exhibi- ors do not become acquainted, as they do not come in contact with each other, but with this new building it would be the Mecca of the fair. There is one thing which I wish to congratulate the people of Des Moines, especially the Commercial Club and the Greater Des Moines Committee, for their interest in the fair the last year and taking care of the outside people who visited the fair by appointing committees to see that they had a place to stay and giving any information they desired. The stand the fair has taken the last few years in keeping out objec- tionable shows and other undesirable features has had the approval of the press and the people generally. It has been the object of the fair management to bring the standard higher, and I am satisfied they have accomplished a great work in this line, as the reputation of the Iowa State Fair stands today at the top for clean fairs. We must provide amuse- ment features for the fair, for it takes all classes of people to make a fair. We do not aim to provide any amusement feature to take away any interest from the exhibits. We have no amusement program in the mornings, which gives the people a chance to visit all the departments of the fair and by 1:30 in the afternoon they are tired and want a rest, and it has become second nature to wend their way to the grand stand EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 165 to rest and be amused for the afternoon, and I am sure they feel better than if they tramped all day around the grounds and at night feel so tired they want to go home. But unfortunately we have not grand stand room to accommodate more than fifty per cent of the people who want to take this rest and enjoyment, and I hope some day to see a grand stand that will be in keeping with the fair and the demands of the people. The President : We will now listen to the report of the secre- tary, Mr. Simpson. Mr. Simpson : I desire to say a few words with reference to an article published in a certain newspaper of the state (it is not nec- essary to give the name, as no one but its editor takes it seriously) during the past summer. In the article the editor seemed to take delight in abusing members of the board, and calling on them for financial report, which he stated had never been made. In making such a statement he displayed his ignorance, or for reasons, known only to himself, maliciously desired to misrepresent the department. If he was at all conversant with the facts, he would have known that at each annual meeting a statement of the receipts and disbursements for the previous year has always been made by the secretary to the convention. This statement is published in the annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, the official publication of the department. He would also know that the law provides for a finance committee, appointed by the state Executive Council, to make a yearly examination of the Department of Agriculture, pre- vious to each annual meeting. This statement is published in the proceedings of the Executive Council. He would also know that the State Executive Council has regularly in its employ an expert accountant whose duties are to annually examine the accounts of the various state departments. No further comment is necessary except to state that the Year Books are for free distribution, as well as the proceedings of the State Executive Council, and may be had for the asking. SECRETARY'S REPORT. I have the pleasure to present my annual report as secretary of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture to the State Agricultural convention. The farmers of Iowa have much to be thankful for, notwithstanding the harvests have been less bountiful the past season than for 1906. While the yield of almost all farm corps was lessened by a most un- favorable crop season, first too dry and then too wet, this was over- come to a certain extent by increased prices. The currency flurry has had its effect on the live stock market, which will of necessity further 166 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. reduce the price of all farm products; this condition, however, will im- prove within a short time. There is no real cause for worry or uneasi- ness on the part of the farmer, as he is better able to withstand the present situation than other business interests. The prices received at the farm sales the past two months and the strength of the country- banks is evidence of the faith of the farmer in the future. In this report we will touch only upon the affairs of the State Board of Agriculture, as managers of the State Fair and Exposition, its finances to the close of the fiscal year, November 30th, the county and district fairs and the farmers' institutes. The Fifty-Third Annual Iowa State Fair and Exposition was suc- cessful in all departments. The number and educational value of exhibits was never before equalled, and showed a large increase over previous years. Ninety of the ninety-nine counties in the state were represented by exhibits in the various departments, supplemented by exhibits from twenty different states, and one foreign country. The exhibitors in the several departments number close to fifteen hundred, about three hundred being duplicates, or having exhibits in more than one department, thus reducing the actual number of individual exhibitors to a few less than twelve hundred. Four thousand cash prizes, aggregating in round num- bers $28,000.00 cash, were awarded in the various departments other than for speed, giving an average of about $32.00 to each exhibitor. The indi- vidual amounts received by the various exhibitors varied from $1.00 to $750.00, the smaller amount being generally in the children's and the larger in the stock departments. To show the number of exhibitors and entries in the various departments the following table is given: Department Number of Exhibitors Number of Entries Horses Cattle Swine Sheep , Poultry Agriculture Farm implements and machinery Pantry and apiary Dairy Horticulture Floriculture Art, needle and childrens' Total 84 97 267 28 86 108 299 114 112 29 22 235 1,481 1,132 1,146 2,264 586 1,378 1,021 1,417 112 489 281 2,493 12,319 You will notice that one-third of the entire number of exhibitors were in the stock departments, and eighty per cent of the stock exhibitors were from Iowa. A glance at the awards will show that the Iowa breeder received his full share of the prizes. This speaks well for the breeders of Iowa when you consider that only the stock from the herds of the more prominent breeders of other states will venture into the ring at the annual Iowa show. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 167 Forty-two Short-Horn breeders from eight different states entered 305 animals. A few years ago this list in itself would have been con- sidered an excellent show. The total number of individual cattle entered was 805, with 1,146 entries; horses, 472, with 1,132 entries; 3,000 hogs, and about 450 sheep, giving a grand total of over 4,700 animals listed for entry in the four live stock departments. As live stock is one of the chief sources of wealth for the Iowa farmer, it is the hub around which our fair must be built to give it sta- bility. The managing board of the fair has given due cognizance to this fact by so arranging the prize list that the best stock exhibit may be brought out. About seventy per cent of all cash premiums is paid out in the four stock and the poultry departments, amounting the past sea- son to over $18,000.00. Nor must one lose sight of the farm implement exhibit. This year the show covered about forty acres, and was made by about three hundred exhibitors. Inquiry of the exhibitors in this department will convince you of the interest taken in their exhibits by the visitors. Special effort has been made by the management to interest the boys and girls. For the past four years a scholarship of $200.00 cash has been given for a boys' judging contest at the fair. This was augmented this year by a second prize of $100.00 and a third of $75.00 cash pre- mium; in addition, a cooking contest for girls was inaugurated with a scholarship of $100.00 for first prize, $50.00 for second and $25.00 for third. A lively interest was taken in both these contests; in the former, thirty-eight of Iowa's best boys took part, and in the latter, ten girls. Some half dozen students now at the State College at Ames have received as- sistance through their ability to win one of these coveted prizes in the past. The amusements were of the same high standard that has char- acterized this department in the past. The attendance shows a slight decrease from 1906 — about nine per cent. This was nothing more and indeed much less than could be rea- sonably expected with a twenty-five per cent increase in railway rates and unfavorable weather during the week, there being rain on three of the five days. While the decrease in attendance was only about nine per cent, the loss on number of passengers brought in by the various railway companies was from twenty to thirty per cent (one road re- ported an increased traffic). This brings out very clearly one point, viz., that the visitor is slowly beginning to realize that it is an utter impossibility to cover the ground, to any degree of satisfaction, in one day, he therefore maKes his plans to spend two or more days at the fair. This, and the fact that the city people are awakening to the fact that the Iowa State Fair and Exposition is more than a pumpkin show, accounts for the small percentage in decreased attendance as compared with the larger f)ercentage of decrease of visitors brought in by the railroads. While the receipts from the ticket sales show a correspond- ing decrease, the receipts from other sources were slightly larger, leav- ing a net decrease of only about six per cent in the total receipts of the fair over 1906. 168 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The attendance is naturally limited to Iowa, although one sees many visitors from other states who are attracted by the large and varied exhibit. The state fair is recognized as an important educational force and is the most effective advertisng medium that the state possesses. The fame of the annual stock show at the Iowa State Pair has gone broadcast throughout the United States and Canada. It is second only to the great international show held annually at Chicago, and as a breeders' show for the four classes of live stock, viz., horses, cattle, swine and sheep, has no equal. The imperative need today in Iowa is for a thorough and concerted effort on the part of all for a greater knowledge in the methods of more intensive farming, followed with a well conducted and systematic cam- paign of advertising that will show and prove to the world the almost unlimited resources of our soil, not surpassed by any agricultural lands the world over. For many, many years all our lands have been utilized for farming purposes. This being true, there is no other alternative but for the coming young man or renter to seek new fields, as he has not been properly educated to the methods of more intensive farming. Prove to him that it is possible to produce on eighty acres what his father or grandfather produced on one hundred and sixty and see how quickly he will accept the opportunity to make his future home in Iowa. The average size of the Iowa farm at the last census was 156 acres; it should be less than this. Then again, with the smaller farm the great problem of help is practically solved. The trite saying, "all is not gold that glitters," can well be applied to much of the literature giv- ing glowing accounts of the great possibilities for farming in the semi- arid regions. Thousands of dollars are expended annually in advertising cheaper lands to attract the young man from the Iowa farm. Let us do a little advertising at home, not especially to attract those from the east, west, north or south, but to demonstrate more emphatically to our own people that by the application of more scientific and intensive farm- ing their condition will be bettered by remaining in Iowa. The loioa State Fair and Exposition is the best possible medium, through which the resources and great possibilities of our state may be advertised, for it is here, as at no other place, one may see from year to year what improve- ment is actually taking place. The work of improving the fair grounds is constantly being carried on. During the last year some substantial improvements were made. Chief among these was the new hog barn and show pavilion, erected at a cost of $77,000.00. This building is well put up, being of brick and steel, with cement floor in all of the pens. Its construction is open, thus insuring the best light and ventilation. The extreme dimensions of the barn are 35Bx522 feet, built in the shape of the letter "E"; the show pavilion is 113x200 feet; this makes a combined area of over three acres under roof, two and one-half acres in the barn and one-half in the show building. There are 1,156 pens, each 6x7 in size. The maximum capacity of the barn is over 3,000 hogs, and at this there were many dis- appointments this year, by breeders not being able to secure pens and therefore unable to bring their show hogs. There is a tendency with some of the breeders to occupy too many pens with sale hogs. While CO S CO ^ p-^s p9 P; ■^3 o o o »5 O ■<) o c Ms D cy p. p a 170 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. selling is one of the most potent factors in encouraging the breeder to bring his show stuff to the Iowa fair, the fundamental purpose of the institution is to stimulate pure breeding and to show its results; there- fore, the more breeders we can have represented the more beneficial the show will be. A system of water distribution was installed, connecting with the Des Moines water company's main at Thirtieth street. Six and eight inch mains were laid and twenty-four fire hydrants put in, which not only guarantees ample water supply for the future, but also affords splendid fire protection. About $11,600.00 was expended for this improve- ment. During the week of the fair the Des Moines fire department main- tains a sub-station on the grounds. An electric light and power plant was partially installed at an expense of $12,000.00. The necessity for maintaining a plant for this purpose arises by reason of the management having been unable to get the Edison Light company of this city to furnish the current for the neces- sary light and power. First section of the proposed new Horse Barn at the lows State Fair and Exposition grounds, erected 1907. The first section of the proposed horse barn was erected at a cost of about $10,500.00. New walks, streets and other minor improvements were made, bringing the total amount expended for improvements the past season up to over $116,000 .,00; $41,000.00 of this amount being avail- able from the state fair surplus, $75,000.00 appropriated by the last general assembly for the hog barn. During the past six years the management has put on improvements to the amount of $140,000.00 out of the receipts of the fair. The surplus, if any, is always used for bettering the exposition grounds. This money has been judiciously expended, and where most needed. The people of Iowa, especially those who attend the fair, may feel sure that all the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 171 money they expend for tickets will be used; that not needed for current expenses and premiums, in building up the institutions and adding to its permanence and utility. Three hundred thousand dollars in round numbers, has been used in bettering the facilities and grounds the last six years. The finances of the department are in excellent condition, as the re- port of the finance committee appointed by the executive council, will show. There is now in the treasury substantially $35,000.00 — $15,000.00 in the reserve fund and $20,000.00 in the working fund. The total re- ceipts from all sources at this year's fair was $104,356.75, being about six per cent less than the receipts for 1906 ($6,000.00 in actual figures). To show the constant and rapid growth of the institution, the receipts, cash premiums paid, improvements made, and the condition of the treasury at the close of each fiscal year is given for the past six years: '§s Improvements 1 m o a i en a> cc fc-O ■M t^ a a-- l4 ■3 a (U CS^ t»a >.o tf o 03 « d t» (HO "cSO 1902.. 1903* . 1904. . 1905. . 1906.. 1907*. i 63,084 59,838 66,138 84,121 110,929 104.356 S21,736 23,813 24,691 28,730 31,703 35,504 47,000 $ 37,000 $ 25,936 17,855 12,640 11,963 30,035 41,391 75,000 $159,000 $139,820 $ 62,936 17,855 59,640 11,963 30,035 116,391 $30,372 28,963 29,657 39,976 50,294 35,327 * Rainy week. It will be seen that the management has kept well within its re- sources in the expenditure of funds. In fact each year, at the first board meeting, a reserve fund of $15,000.00 is set aside for the next season to guard against any deficit and to guarantee the payment of premiums. We would also call your attention to the increased amount paid out in premiums each year. The aggregate increase paid for this purpose in the past four years has been about $48,000.00. This is in accord with the policy of the board — to increase the amount of cash premiums by a more extensive classification of the prize lists as the revenue from our fair receipts grows, keeping in mind that the Iowa State Fair and Exposition is not maintained for any pecuniary profit but for the prac- tical information received through an inspection of the exhibits. A complete statement, giving in detail the receipts and expenditures of the department for the fiscal year ending November 30, 1907, will be appended and made a part of this report. FARMERS' INSTITUTES. There were two less institutes reporting and receiving the state aid for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907, than for the preceding year. Seventy-eight of the ninety-nine counties reported as having held insti- 172 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tutes, and received the state aid through the state auditor's office to the amount of $5,566.50. Agricultural and domestic short courses were held in two or three counties, which are not recognized by the state auditor as regular institutes under the Iowa statute. Through the co-opera- tion of the extension department of the State College at Ames several additional counties will hold short courses the coming winter. Through this department of the college a great deal of assistance has been rendered the county farmers' institutes of Iowa. To encourage a better corn ex- hibit at the farmers' institutes the fair management included a class in last year's prize list for county exhibits of corn made in the name of the county by the farmers' institute. The prize was a cash offering of $200.00, divided into five premiums — one hundred, fifty, twenty-five, fifteen and ten dollars. These prizes were paid to the officers of the institutes winning, and are to be used in cash offerings on com at their next institute meeting. The Polk county institute was first in this class, Dallas county second, Story county third, Mahaska county fourth and Warren county fifth. COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS FOR 1907. Eighty-nine county and district societies reported holding fairs the past year and received the state aid to the amount of $16,932.00. This is an increase of five over the number reporting in 1906. The compara- tive financial statement will show a slight increase of average receipts, balance on hand at the close of the year, and value of property. On the other hand, it will also show a slight decrease in the average amount paid out for premiums and present indebtedness. The total amount paid out for premiums this year for eighty-six of the eighty-nine fairs re- porting (three statements not being available at the time this report was prepared) was $57,567.00, as against $59,961.00 in 1906 for the eighty-four societies reporting. The total value of fair ground property is listed at $514,496.00, as against $496,702.00 for 1906; and a total in- debtedness of $100,007.00 as against $lOo,507.00. The average value of property is given at $5,982.00, as against !t>5,913.00 for 1906. The aver- age indebtedness is $1,163.00 and for 1906, $1,232.00. The following eight fairs paid out over one thousand dollars each in premiums: I.Union district, Muscatine county $1,515.00 2. Marshall county 1,416.00 3. Clinton district, Clinton county 1,239.00 4. Clinton county 1,122.00 5. Cass county 1,037.00 6. Henry county 1,013.00 7. Kossuth county 1,011.00 8. Columbus Junction district, Louisa county 1,006.00 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 173 STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT. BECEIPTS AKD DISBURSEMENTS FOE THE FISCAL YEAE ENDING NOV. 30, 1907. RECEIPTS. Cash balance on hand Dec. 1, 1906 $ 50,294.87 From collections by superintendent of fair grounds.? 2,227.68 From state appropriation for swine barn 75,000.00 From state appropriation for insurance 1,000.00 From fees, division of horse breeding 2,092.50 From interest 1,132.16 $ 81,452.34 By receipts from 1907 State Fair exposition — From rental of space. Exposition building $ 2,107.50 From rental of space, Machinery Department. . . . 1,184.50 From rental of space, Dairy Department 693.37 From rental of space, Agricultural Department. . 263.28 From rental of stalls. Horse Department 616.00 From rental of stalls. Cattle Department 987.00 From rental of pens. Swine Department 1,175.00 From rental of pens and coops. Sheep and Poultry Departments 302.10 From rental of light and power 321.00 From sale of concessions 13,973.75 From advertising in premium list 431.00 From forage 3,548.05 From entry fees, speed department 4,350.80 From exhibitors' tickets 2,340.00 From Am. Short-Horn Ass'n special premiums. . 750.00 From Am. Hereford Ass'n special premiums 479.61 From sale of tickets 70,544.90 From miscellaneous sources, by secretary 288.89 $104,356.75 Total receipts $236,103.96 DISBURSEMENTS. To expense warrants paid — Issue of 1906 and former years $ 79.68 Issue of 1907 165,142.09 $165,221.77 To premium warrants paid — Issue of 1906 and former years $ 152.50 Issue of 1907 35,401.79 35,554.29 Total cash balance in treasury, Nov. 30, 1907 35,327.90 Total disbursements $236,103.96 174 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SUMMAET. To cash balance Nov. 30, 1907 $ 35,327.90 Unpaid expense warrants: Issue of 1906 and former years $' 35.00 Issue of 1907 7.19 $ 42.19 Unpaid premium warrants: Issue of 1906 and former years $ 31.00 Issue of 1907 103.00 $ 134.00 Total unpaid warrants 176.19 To credit profit and loss $ 35,151.71 SUMMARY BECEIPTS AND DISBUESEMENTS OF IOWA STATE FAIR, OF 1907. To total receipts $104,356.75 To total disbursements account — 1907 fair $79,151.99 To net profit, 1907 fair 25,204.76 $104,356.75 STATEMENT OF EXPENSE AND PREMIUM WARRANTS ISSUED DURING THE FISCAL YEAR, DEC. 1, 1906, TO NOV. 30, 1907. Improvements and repairs — Swine barn $77,166.86 Water distribution system 11,599.96 Electric light and power plant 11,922.45 First section of horse barn 10,327.73 Fencing 324.37 Streets 712.01 Walks 718.14 Removing old swine barns 529.22 Miscellaneous improvements — Painting $201.81 Turn stiles 299.94 Sewer 219.26 Closets 113.65 Entrances 106.90 Salary assistant foreman of improvements. 154.12 Furniture 58.41 Map of grounds 37.41 Judges' stand 54.00 Lumber 553.77 Hardware 377.99 Other building material 150.10 • Pay roll, emergency horse barns 447.32 Miscellaneous improvements and material. 453.63 $ 3,158.31 $116,459.05 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART^IV. 175 Expenses other than for improvements of fair of 1907 — Insurance $ 1,653.41 Fair ground maintenance 1,735.03 * Expenses of committee on investigation of feeds, seeds, etc 420.92 1906 bills paid in 1907 258.33 Expense of winter meeting 527.68 Clerk hire 300.00 Miscellaneous office expense 147.66 5,043.03 Expenses of 1907 fair — Postage 548.00 Advertising 4,769.85 Meetings of executive committee 748.90 Meetings of special committee 785.56 Expenses telegraph and telephone 331.98 Printing 1,621.90 Attractions 12,035.15 Board meeting 298.20 Clerk hire 2,016.15 Expenses privilege department , 525.03 Expenses forage department 3,310.16 Expenses light department 606.88 Expenses president's department 90.00 Expenses ticket department 321.50 Expenses police department 1,430.00 Expenses treasurer's department 1,001.60 Expenses gate department 1,598.50 Expenses speed department 427.10 Expenses horse department 711.25 Expenses cattle department 701.00 Expenses swine department 600.45 Expenses sheep and poultry department.. 342.20 Expenses machinery department 354.45 Expenses agricultural department 549.75 Expenses dairy department 260.45 Expenses horticultural department 128.50 Expenses floricultural department 72.50 Expenses art and needle department .... 563.80 Expenses judging contest 95.20 Expenses rest cottage 50.45 Expenses auditing committee 61.80 176 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Miscellaneous expenses — Flower beds $353.41 Track work 241.25 Stationery and other office supplies 111.02 Transportation 125.00 Scavenger work 197.70 Expenses special exhibits 137.70 Decorations 430.70 Water rental 122.86 Rental of tents , 312.05 Ribbons and badges 480.44 Merchandise 461.18 Admissions refunded 29.25 Sup't of grounds pay roll for labor, team work, etc 3,686.38 $ 6,688.94 $43,647.20 Premium awards, 1907 — On horses $4,567.00 On cattle 8,359.00 On swine 2,565.00 On sheep 1,892.00 On poultry 883.00 On agricultural products 2,745.50 On pantry products 711.00 On dairy products 615.99 On horticultural products 945.50 On floricultural products 881.80 On art and needle work 1,782.00 On scolarships 500.00 On winter corn premiums 332.00 On speed 8,725.00 $35,504.79 $ 79,151.99 Total $200,654.07 Respectfully submitted, J. C. SIMPSON, Secretary. Iowa Department of Agriculture. The President: Next in order is the report of the Treasurer. To the Board of Directors of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture: EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 177 REPORT OF TREASURER. Gentlemen: — Herewith please find report of your treasurer for the year 1907: Receipts Disbursements Cash on hand $ 50,294.87 Expense warrants $165,221.77 Gate receipts 55,010.25 Premium warrants 35.554.29 Amphitheater receipts 5,144.75 Balance 35,327.90 Bleachers receipts 526.65 Quarterstretch receipts 913.50 Evening receipts 952.25 Evening amphitheater receipts ... 4,961.75 Reserved seat receipts 1,631.75 Campers' tickets 1,404.00 Superintendent of privileges 13,973.75 Superintendent of agriculture 263.28 Superintendent of swine 1,173.00 Superintendent of sheep and poultry 302.10 Superintendent of horses 616.00 Superintendent of fine arts 2,107.50 Superintendent of dairy 693.37 Superintendent of grounds 2,227.68 Superintendent of electric light. .. 321.00 Superintendent of cattle 989.00 Superintendent of machinery 1,184.50 Secretary 91,413.01 Total $236,103.96 Total $236,103.96 Balance on hand December 1,1907. 35,327.90 Respectfully submitted, G. D. Ellyson, Treasurer. This is to certify that G. D. Ellyson had on deposit as treasurer of the State Board of Agriculture at the close of business December 1st, 1907, $15,000.00 in a savings account and $20,327.90 on open account, making a total of thirty-five thousand, three hundred and twenty-seven dollars and ninety cents ($35,327.90). D. F. Witter, Vice President. REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1907. Des Moines, Iowa, December 11, 1907. To His Excellency, Hon. Albert B. Cummins, Governor: In compliance with the instructions of the executive council we, as a committee, duly appointed to examine the books of the Department of Agriculture, for the year 1907, as provided by Section 1657-Q, supplement to the Code of 1897, beg leave to report that we have examined the ac- counts of the sources from which money received came into its treasury, and the vouchers and warrants of its expenditures, a detailed account of same being attached and made a part of this report. Your committee find that no warrants have been drawn except on duly authenticated vouchers, which are on file, duly numbered with warrant number. We also commend the secretary of this department for the efficiency of the system of bookkeeping in vogue in his office, and the accuracy of his accounts with the treasurer of said department. A. H. Grissell, C. W. Hoffman, J. C. Flenniken, Committee. 12 178 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 179 Statistical Information With Reference to Improvements at the State Fair and Exposition Park Together With a Comparative Financial Statement For Several Years. MONEY EXPENDED FOR IMPROVEMENTS UPON THE STATE FAIR GROUNDS IN THE PAST EIGHT YEARS. From special appropriations by the legislature: In the year 1902, for stock pavillion S 37,000.00 In the year 1904, for agricultural building 47,000.00 In the year 1907, for swine barn 75,000.00 Total $159,000.00-$159,000.00 From receipts of the state fair: In the year 1900 $ 8,115.59 In the year 1901 13,378. 73 In the year 1902 26,457.12 In the year 1903 17,855.77 In the year 1904 12,641. 11 In the year 1905 11,963.09 In the year 1906 30,035.33 In the year 1907 41,459.05 Total $161,935.79-$161.935.7B Total amount expended for improvements in eight years. Reserve or emergency fund created within the past six years 8320,935.79 15,000.00— 15,000.00 Total §176,935. 79-8335,939. 79 STATEMENT OF AMOUNTS PAID FOR PREMIUMS IN 1907. 1906, 1905, 1901 AND 1896 On What Account 1907 1905 1901 1896 Horses Cattle Swine Poultry Sheep All other premiums. Speed ,567, ,359 ,565, 883, ,892 ,523, ,725, Totals 1535,504.79 $31,703.94 $28,556.89 | $19, 203. 84 $16,194.79 $ 3,672.00 $ 2,941.00 8,133.00 2,525.00 904.00 1,456.00 7,801.44 7,212.50 7,274.00 2,179.00 731.50 1,496.00 6,790.39 7,145.00 $ 1,548.90 S 1,133.10 4,786.80 i 2,285.10 1,133.10 569.25 867.60 5,548.19 4,750.00 952.20 I 917.55 5,533.91 5,372.93 Increase In 1907 over 1906. Increase in 1907 over 1905. Increase in 1907 over 1901. Increase in 1907 over 1896. .S 3,800.78— 12i per cent . 6,949.83— 24 per cent . 16,300.88— 85 per cent . 19,309.73-120 per cent 180 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT Showing Receipts and Disbursements of Iowa State Fair and Other Sources and Profit of Fair for Each Year Receipts ss ctf (-1 03 o V > 4) O a*" O ctf sag Si o 2 +j 0) fl^ O V >• H $ 116.79 $ 36,622.10 8 7,000.00! 28,616.55 34,244.93 $12,000. 00 30,372.251 15,000.00 28,963.111 15,000.00 29,657.23 39,976.34 50,294.87 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 W, 712. 91 63,084.71 59.838.56 66,100.36 84,786.25 110,929.85 104,356.75 1,000.00 38,000.00 1,000.00: 48,000.00' 1,000.00 1,000.00 76,000.00 6,710.22 2,753.82 3,037.06 3,140.79 2,622.03 2,840.92 3,717.16 5,452.34 50.332.32$ 50,449.11 54,466.73! 83,083.28 104,121.77 63,979.35 116,722.39 88,627.17 115,647.01 185,809.09 138,366.70 94.351.60 145,685.50 118,284.40 155,623.35 236,103.96 S 539,809.39 $ 173,000.00,$ 23,564.12 $ 729,373.51 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 181 AGRICULTURE FOR YEARS OF 1896, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905 AND 1906. jenditures. Together With Amount Expended for Improvements, Repairs, etc., and Net. he Years Named. Disbursements Profits of Fair s 3 l^'O il 05 Is o c "^ ,^? ^ CO t- go's ttrt 0) 1 Disburse- ments other than for fair o a CO 1^ Previous year's bus- ihess or outstand'g warrants "(3 o ■a a cS o 1 o S 4) O 05 a o Q, « ,404.29 $ 15,351.06 13,925.87 20,073.34 21.989.56 28,485.42 34,408.62 40,315.60 43,647.20 $ 7,471.95 13, .378. 73 63,457.12 17,855.77 59,641.11 11,963.09 30,035.33 116,459.05 $*14,019.88S 53,247.28$ 152.84 2,313.44 48,821.87, 34,244.93 2,608.69 107,875.46; 30,372.25 1,704.83 65,363.291 28,963.11 3,195.43 116,013 64^ 29,657.23 3,345.27 78,447.87i 39,976.34 3,385.87 105,440.74! 50,294.87 5,043.03 200,654. 07j 35,327.90 S 53,400.12 S .Sfi.«22 lo's ai.8n7..S5S i 81 ,203.83 ,736.31 ,813.13 ,691.68 ,730.89 ,703.94 ,504.79 $ 16.48 118.99 25.20 14.63 139.81 112.26 176.19 83,083.28 138,366.70 94,351.60 145,685.50 118,284.40 155,623.35 236,103.96 50,712.91 63,084.71 59,838.56 66,100.36 84,786.25 110,929.85 104,356.75 33,129.70 41,809.65 45,802.69 53,177.10 63,139.51 72,459.39 79,151.99 17,58 21,27 14,03 12,82 21,64 38,47 25,20 ,384.57l$202,S45.61 8312,790.20 $ 21,546.56 8722.616.94 ■Overdraft of 1895 for $2,798.17. 182 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The President : Gentlemen, it affords me great pleasure to pre- sent to yon this morning- for an address upon ' ' The State Fair : Its Economic and Educational Value," a gentleman who has been con- nected with the State Fair of Minnesota for the last fifteen years, and for the last twelve years has been its secretary, and now is dean of the Minnesota College of Agriculture, and I feel he comes to you with experience on this subject. I present to you Mr. E. W. Eandall, of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Mr. Randall: While listening to the reports of your treasurer and secretary this morning I was reminded of a family I once knew that lived out in Stevens county, Minnesota, one of the prairie counties of that state. This was a number of years ago, before our worthy president or anyone else found it necessary to caution us against race suicide. In this particular family there were fourteen children. One of the little girls, while visiting at the house of a neighbor, was asked how many brothers and sisters she had. She answered, "I don't know; I have not been home since day before yesterday." It occurred to me that it would be unsafe for the visitor to attempt to tell anything about the growth of your State Fair. It is interesting of course to remember, as your treasurer just reminded you, that but a few years ago you had a deficiency to contend with ; that such a condition has been eliminated and you now have a surplus; that there seems to be money in the treasury. It is gratifying also that this growth has been gradual, and there- fore is substantial — a kind of growth that will continue and which will lead you to expect the same rate of increase in the future. With your permission, I will use manuscript this morning, and in doing that I hope to fare better than the clergyman I once heard of. It seems that two Presbyterian ministers exchanged pulpits. One of the ministers was very anxious to know whether he pleased the brother's congregation, and after the sermon he asked one of the elders how he liked the sermon. The elder was rather silent, but finally admitted that there were three things about the sermon which he did not like. The minister, of course, was somewhat per- plexed, but finally asked what the objections were. The elder says, "You read it." The minister braced up a little and said he was sorry that was an objection, but that it was his custom, his own people were used to it, and he hoped they would overlook that part of it, and asked what further objection he had to the sermon. The elder says, "You didn't read it well." Of course the minister was a good deal disappointed, but finally mustered up courage for the third objection, when the elder said, "It wasn't worth the readin'." EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 183 THE STATE FAIR— ITS ECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL VALUE E. W. RANDALL, DEAN MINNESOTA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. The state fair is constantly growing in usefulness and popularity. Most of the states of the Union have a fair and a number of those states not supplied are planning to organize, locate and promote such a fair in the near future. In some of the states the organization and care of the fair is left largely to private initiative but usually the enterprise is of a public character and is promoted, financed, officered and man- aged under state direction. Usually sites are well chosen, with reference to centers of population and transportation facilities, improvements are carefully made and the management is good. The fairs as a rule are succeeding. The reports of the state fairs for the last dozen years will show an almost unbroken record of growth and success. The largest and most useful fairs of today will be found in the states of Iowa, Min- nesota, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana and Texas. The well managed state fair places mile-posts along the pathway of progress and is valuable to the historian. Get a bird's-eye view of the grounds and exhibits of any state fair of fifty years ago. You will find eight-horsepower threshing machines, small plows and crude corn, hay and other kinds of farm machinery. Compare this with a view of the exhibits at any of the state fairs of today and you will have at a glance a better idea than many printed pages will be able to give. Fairs measure and mark eras of development. The state fair provides object lessons upon the resources of the state in which it is held. No one can visit your own state fair without learning of Iowa's magnificent agricultural and live stock possibilities, her coal, her manufactures, her commerce and her transportation facil- ities. Your fair is a success in portraying the resources of your state. In like manner any other state fair, if successful, will portray the re- sources of the people who have promoted it. The ingenuity, enterprise and energy of people is indicated in a state fair. Decadent, non-progressive communities, states or nations do not organize or hold fairs or expositions. Those lethargic people who are satisfied with mere existence and content with whatever is, have no heed of exhibitions, but where there is industry, intelligence, a spirit of progress and abounding life and energy, fairs will continue to grow in numbers and usefulness. The holding of a good fair in any state means that there are resources worthy of general attention and a peo- ple who know how to improve and utilize them. Fairs have educational value. It is conceded that a man, woman or child will learn more of practical and lasting value at a fair in a day than can possibly be learned elsewhere in the same length of time. A fair with an attendance of 200,000 in a week gives more days of instruc- 184 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tion than a school with an average attendance of 1,000 per day running nine months of the year. Compare the cost of maintaining such a school with the amount usually expended by a state for its fair, and the fair becomes a paragon of cheapness as well as utility. The state re- ceives no better returns for any of the money spent for education than for that invested in the fairs. But few people realize the high relative position which a properly conducted fair should occupy among educational institutions. State fairs provide holidays for the people. State fair week should be known as the holiday week of the year. There is a beneficial mingling of the people. Prejudices between city and country disappear and a feeling of mutual interest and respect takes their place. Acquaintance is greatly extended. All classes of people need respite from labor. Fairs are particularly beneficial to country people in this respect for their opportunities for recreation are not numerous. Since the days of free rural delivery and telephones farm homes are not isolated as they once were, but the need of such an outing as a fair affords will always exist and can hardly be overestimated. An institution which causes a con- siderable proportion of the people of the state to take a holiday once a year and spend a few days enjoyably, in study, in observing and touch- ing elbows with their fellows and in wholesome recreation is worth while for this reason alone. State fairs stimulate and encourage all lines of production. Well managed fairs reach and benefit all avenues of industrial life. There is no home, farm, factory or commercial enterprise that is not benefited, directly or indirectly. No farmer can examine the agricultural, horti- cultural, dairy and other products without feeling an impulse to make the results of bis own labor equal as far as possible to that which he is inspecting. It is not too much to claim that farm methods are better and that crops of grain, corn, vegetables, fruits, etc., are increased from year to year because of the comprehensive exhibits made annually at the fairs are broadened in their scope and others become fittingly repre- and study the best types of all the breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and swine as shown at the fairs and again look with complete complacency upon a lot of scrub stock at home. Initial steps toward improvement are sure to be taken and the aggregate influence of the fairs in the up- building of the live stock of the country is beyond computation. As fairs are are broadened in their scope and others become fittingly repre- sented in the exhibits, there are the same benefits for the miner, in- ventor, manufacturer or other producer as for the farmer or stock- man. In stimulating industry, fairs are exerting an ever widening influ- ence. State fairs broaden and improve markets. The general exhibition of any article of merit increases popular knowledge and demand for it and enhances price accordingly. A few years ago butter frequently sold for six to ten cents per pound. Not half as much butter was made then as now. Today creameries and good home dairies can hardly keep up with their orders and good prices are the rule. Production and price have both doubled. Improved quality is the prime reason for this wonderful change, but the steady exhibition at the fairs of the best EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 185 butter made with the machinery used in making it has been a positive influence, not only in inducing everybody to make good butter, but in calling general attention to the improved article and in creating a larger demand for it and at a much higher price. Let any new and useful article appear among the exhibits at a large fair and almost immediately there is a demand for it that will tax the capacity of its manufacturers. In no way can producers improve their markets with so little expenditure of time and money as in making suitable exhibits at state fairs. State and other fairs are of large incidental value to the cities in which they are held. The advantage in having a city overflowing with visitors during the week of a fair is large. Hotels and restaurants are taxed to their capacity and merchants are busy caring for the sudden influx of customers. These advantages, it should be remembered, are in- cidental and not primary and should be given but little attention in planning the work of a fair. They are constant, however, and are of suflBcient importance to warrant calling upon the favored city for a larger need of support, in case of need, than should be expected from one more distant, realizing only a general benefit from the fair. These inci- dental advantages s-hould never be permitted to loom large in the vision of fair managers or obscure the real purposes for which fairs should be held. Give the primary objects of a fair as much attention as possible; secondary ones will care for themselves. There should be a worthy purpose in every fair. There must be a beneficial object in view. Those who undertake the management of a fair, without well defined ideas of the substantial value of such an insti- tution, thinking only of adding another department to the political ma- chinery of the state or the creation of places for impecunious politicians, will meet with speedy disappointment. Loftier aims than these must be the rule. State fair managers should have an abiding faith in the utility of their work; they should feel that each annual exhibition has practical educational value to every one of their thousands of visitors, and vigor and earnestness will then characterize their every action. There should be a purpose even in the amusements. The races should be so planned and conducted as to encourage the breeding of better and more useful horses, and the athletic features should be so arranged as to stimulate the physical development of the people in the same manner as did the Olympian games for the inhabitants of ancient Greece. For a state fair there should be state management. Private enter- prise is insufficient. Public spirited citizens will not make sacrifices of time and money, nor will newspapers lend their unstinted aid, if, after success is achieved, there are stockholders to be benefited by a division of profits. If, however, the grounds, buildings, equipment and moneys belong to the state; if the institution be conducted solely for the general good and not in any way for personal advancement, and if, when the fairs are run at a profit, it is known that surplus funds will be used for betterments or set aside for increased premiums and a general expan- sion of the various departments, the co-operation of press and people may be depended upon and permanent success may be expected. The management must be characterized by intelligence, frankness and integrity. Men placed in charge must not only know the needs, pur- 186 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. poses and objects of the institution placed under their care, but the people of the state, who own it and in whose interest it should be managed, must be taken into their confidence. Any concealment of any of the features of management will engender suspicion which in time will re- sult in loss of interest and the ultimate failure of the fair. There must not be even a suggestion of anything covered up, for the slightest sus- picion of any wrong doing will cause the institution to suffer. Not only must the managers of a fair be competent and honest, but they must be industrious. Each member of the managing board should be in charge of a department, one in which he is interested and one for the management of which he should be held responsible. He should give personal attention to all the details of his department, and be willing to give the necessary time, thought and labor to make it successful. There are no places for drones. Those connected with fairs who are disposed to regard their duties and responsibilities lightly and whose principal efforts are expended in the distribution of passes among their acquaintances and finding jobs, or at least places on the pay roll for their friends, should be given other employment at the earliest possible op- portunity. They may be royal good fellows, but they are worth nothing to a fair. The exhibition should always be comprehensive. Those planning it should have the clearest possible conception of all the resources, in- dustries, and products interested and each should be fully represented. Manufactures, transportation, commerce, art, science — all should have a place, and the products of the mines and forests should be included. Products of the field, garden, and orchard and dairy should be lavishly shown and live stock exhibits should be complete in all departments. The various departments should receive evenly balanced attention; a few of them should not have unusual effort put upon them to the neglect and detriment of the others. The various departments when combined in one grand exhibition should have such magnitude, variety and interest as to challenge the attention of visitors and prove an inspiration and educa- tion for all of them. Give little heed to the man who speaks or writes of the decadence of state fairs. There is as much interest in them as ever and their field of usefulness is in no way circumscribed. Make the Institution worthy of the hearty co-operation, interest and support of the press and people and you will find it a more potent influence than ever in the advancement of material interests. Its utility is unquestioned. It presents an illumined record of development from year to year and portends what is to be. In this great nation are many great states — great in domain and accomplishment and possibly greater still in more abundant resources and future development. Fairs are heralds of these conditions. A comprehensive fair also interprets a state to each resi- dent thereof, creating within him a keener appreciation of home and all that home implies and gives a new inspiration to the farmer, the mer- chant, the manufacturer and those in other walks of life, suggesting loftier achievements in education and in the evolution of industrial conditions. Every worthy enterprise is given a new impetus. The spirit of a fair Is one of optimism, of hope, and of promise. It points ever forward. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 187 The President : ' ' The State Fair and Exposition, ' ' by the Hon. John Cownie, will be the next address. Mr. Cownie : As you are no doubt aware, the business in which I am now" engaged requires me to travel a great deal over the state. Our state institutions are widely scattered, and I am thus afforded an opportunity of seeing the methods that the farmers practice in agriculture in different parts of the state. I had supposed when I was at home on my own farm in Iowa county, that I had seen some of the worst work done on farms that possibly could be done, but when I travel throughout the state, I am inclined to believe that we were about as good farmers in Iowa county as can be found any- where. It was my good fortune to pass forty years of my life on a farm in Iowa county surrounded by men who had been taught agri- culture in Scotland and England, and there was always a rivalry as to who would do the work best. We had plowing contests every year, and I know if I Avere to tell some of the farmers of Iowa of the work done there, not only at contests, but all the time, they would scarcely believe it. When one goes about the state and takes notice of the poor plowing done and the poorly built, tumbled down fences on almost every hand, it certainly brings to one's mind the need of better training of our farmers. We now and then find men in our state institutions who clearly show their thorough train- ing in farming. We have had a man at one of the hospitals for the insane that turned off work equal to that of any farmer in the state of Iowa. He is insane, but he can plow. A few years ago we had a man at the state penitentiary — he never would tell me where he came from, but I am satisfied he came from England — and that man planted thirty-five acres of potatoes and I would take an oath there wasn't one inch of variation in the furrows all the way through. I was early taught to carry a rule with me to measure the width of my furrows. I was told to plow nine inches deep, and my father used to stick the rule down and if there was the slightest variation, he would say, ' ' Now, Johnnie, you 'aint getting that deep enough; this furrow here is not wide enough." Now that is the training I got in the work, and naturally I like to see work done that way yet. THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION. BY JOHN COWNIE. While we all recognize the almost marvelous growth of Iowa as an agricultural state and the progress that has been made in developing our material resources, it is particularly gratifying to know that the State 188 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Agricultural Society has kept pace with the general prosperity and was never stronger financially or in the confidence of the people than it is today. The annual exhibits of live stock, consisting of the choicest animals of the respective breeds that can be found, has done more to create an interest in the improvement of farm animals than all other agencies combined. The magnificent exhibits of farm implements and machines have en- abled the dealer and the farmer to see for themselves the large and varied lines of all the leading manufacturers, that without a fair of this kind would have been known to but a few. In poultry, dairying and horticulture everything possible has been done to educate the people to higher standards, and that success has crowned the efforts is abundantly attested by the place Iowa now holds among her sister states. In the amusement department of the fair new attractions ar* being constantly sought after and while still encouraging the fullest exhibits of live stock, dairying, horticulture, farm implements, and machinery of all kinds used on the farm, would it not be well to add some new features? I do not mean to make new departments merely for the novelty, but to add something that would be of lasting benefit to the farmers of Iowa. With this end in view I desire to offer a few suggestions in regard to some new features that would at least be of interest to the young men on the farms of Iowa, many of their fathers no doubt being convinced in their own minds that there is little for them to learn in regard to practical work on the farm that they do not already know. One feature that would prove of immense benefit would be a plowing contest every year, not for the benefit of manufacturers of plows, but to test the skill of the plowman. I am aware that many will say, "I know all about plowing, having spent my life on a farm." But let me tell you that the chances are that you never saw a well plowed field in your life and with all your experience, if you were to apply for a position on a farm where agriculture is a science, the chances are that if put to work with a plow you would not be allowed to go across the field a second time. As I travel over the state and see the farmers "plowing around the field" with the breastworks thrown up against the fences, or the huge ridge at the commencement of a land, with a ditch at the finish, with miniature hills and valleys, following each other as fast as the plow will make them, I often wonder how long it will take for the farmers of Iowa to learn that agriculture is a science. As plowing is now done on the great majority of farms, a townsman who has perhaps never seen a plow can do as good work as the man who has been plowing all his life. Is such a condition creditable to the farmers of Iowa, and does it not belittle the high calling of a farmer that he cannot do his work with the skill of an ordinary mechanic? It requires years of patient application to become an expert carpenter, blacksmith or shoemaker, and it requires just as careful training of the hand and eye to become a good plowman. Let those who have seen plowing done in a proper manner tell of the beginning of a land with the plow without the semblance of a ridge, and EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 189 that could scarcely be detected, of the straight furrows of a uniform depth and width, the surface of the plowed ground so even and uniform that a straight edge would touch every furrow when laid across the plowed ground. By all means let us have a plowing contest at our state fair, offering a good premium, not to the manufacturers of plows, but to the plowman, and the young farmers of Iowa will then see that agriculture is a science, and that it requires as much ability and skill to do the work on a farm in a proper manner as it does in any of the learned professions. No wonder our young men are leaving the farms; there is no incentive for them to remain and follow in the ruts made by their fathers. The young men of today are aspiring and they see nothing in farm work that offers an opportunity for advancement, the most ignorant hired man doing his work about as well as his employer. This condition should no longer exist and we should strive by every means in our power to raise the quality of the work upon our farms to such a high standard that our young men would see in farm life the greatest opportunities to show their skill and make them proud of the high calling of a farmer. Fence building — even the digging of post holes in a scientific manner — is something that few farmers can do. The setting of the post, the brac- ing of the end posts, the stretching of the wire, would make an excellent subject for a contest at our state fair. Everyone who has the least con- ception of a straight line and a well built fence will agree with me that the greater part of our fences are far from being a credit to their owners. The loss from injury to live stock every year is a serious matter, and the greater part of this loss would be prevented by fences properly erected and kept in good repair. The stacking of grain in such manner that the stacks would shed rain as well as the best shingle roof would be an object lesson to the farmers of Iowa, who evidently for a lack of knowledge in the art of stacking — for it is an art — follow the pernicious custom of threshing from the shock. The losses that have been sustained by allowing grain to stand in the field waiting for the threshing machine would, if prevented by proper and prompt stacking after the grain was harvested, in a few years pay and discharge in full every mortgage on every farm in Iowa. Let the fair management raise some small grain, and offer a premium for the best erected stack at the next fair, and thus create an interest in this all important worli. And what can I say of the hay and the straw stacks to be seen in Iowa — heaps of hay and straw thrown together without skill, built in such manner that the wind and the rain are invited to come in, and make themselves at home, with all the hospitality possible accorded, and the wind and the rain accept the invitation so generously extended and do go in, and not only go in, but also take possession, and the loss to the farmers of Iowa every year from this cause is incalculable. Here is one more attraction that could be added to the state fair, a con- test in stacking hay or straw, a liberal premium to be given to the one who builds the most artistic stack, and proves after heavy rains that it is absolutely water-proof. 190 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Is it any wonder that the farmers' sons are leaving the farms and seeking opportunities to test their slvill, their energy, their perse- verance and their ability to surmount obstacles, in competition with the young men raised in our towns and cities, and it must be said that the farmer's boy, trained to early rising, hard work, with a virtuous life and an earnestness and ambition that overcomes all obstacles, as a rule soon distances his competitor in the race. I offer these suggestions to the fair management, not because I desire to criticise the farmers of Iowa in their work on the farm, for having striven all my adult life to elevate and ennoble the calling of a farmer, by striving with all my might to do all the work on a farm in the best and most scientific manner, I would fain have my fellow farmers feel the same thrill of pleasure that I have felt when performing with my own hands the work of the farm and creating a thing of utility and beauty that people passing on the highway would stop and admire. But it will not only require the approval of the fair management to add these valuable attractions to our next exposition, of the best that our farms produce. We must have the hearty co-operation of the newspapers of the state, for without them to incite an interest among the farmers in this new departure, this getting out of the ruts, this effort to prove that modern agriculture is one of the fine arts, would fall flat and be an utter failure. But I depend upon the press of Iowa to champion every good cause, and one that will advance the agricultural interests of our state as noth- ing else will do, would undoubtedly receive the most cordial support of the editors and proprietors of the newspapers of the state. I remember well, when as a member of the state fair directors, calling late one night on Mr. R. P. Clarkson, editor of the Register, in an endeavor to secure his aid in bringing the state fair to the favorable attention of the people of the state. Unfortunately some things had occurred that aroused Mr. Clarkson's antagonism to one of the offlcers and the Register was far from friendly to the State Agricultural Society. In the editor's sanctum we talked over the matter for hours and at two o'clock in the morning, when I at last felt that I had accomplished my purpose, and was about to take my leave, this grand man of the most sterling integrity and unswerving devotion to the best interests of our state, grasped me by the hand, saying, "Mr. Cownie, the columns of the Register are open to you to advance the interests of the farmers of Iowa, and I will see that everything you send will appear in the Register and I will co- operate with you as far as I am able to build up the state fair." At that time my name, as also the names of the other officers of the fair association, were on notes held by a Des Moines bank for about twenty thousand dollars, private citizens carrying an indebtedness, and responsible for its payment while stewards in charge of the property of the state. That night, or rather morning, I went to the hotel with a lighter heart than I had had for many a day, assured that with the help of the press we could pay all expenses, discharge every obligation, principal and inter- est, and put the state fair on a solid foundation. Knowing as I did the financial difficulties that beset the officers of the society, myself included, EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 191 and realizing that the dawn was approaching, is it any wonder that in my heart of hearts I re verve the memory of Richard P. Clarkson? The other Des Moines newspapers heartilj' co-operated with the fair management, doing everything in their power to bring the fair out of the financial difiiculties that had beset it for years, and I cannot allow this opportunity to pass without expressing my heartfelt thanks not only to the editors of the Des Moines newspapers, but also to the editors through- out the state, for their hearty co-operation in that critical period in the affairs of the agricultural society. To bring the attention of the people of the state to the fact that a great state fair and exposition was to be held we wrote a letter to nearly every editor in Iowa, asking if they would include with one of their newspaper issues a supplement that we proposed to have printed, lauding the fair in the highest terms and inviting all the people of Iowa to attend. We received the most favorable responses to our request and we negoti- ated with the Western Newspaper Union for two hundred and fifty thou- sand printed sheets, newspaper size, to which order an additional hundred thousand was afterwards added, when we had ascertained that that num- ber would be required to supply the demand. Shortly after all the supplements had been issued we received a com- munication from the then postmaster general stating that we were violat- ing the postal rules in thus sending supplements to local newspapers to be mailed without payment of postage and asking us to desist from such infraction of the postal laws. To me the duty was assigned to reply to the postmaster general's courteous letter and I humbly apologized in be- half of the society, promising that we would desist, which we did, but three hundred and fifty thousand supplements to Iowa newspapers had been distributed among the people of our state. Now mark the result. The attendance and receipts were large be- yond our most sanguine expectations, and we were enabled to pay all the expenses of the fair and wipe out every dollar of indebtedness, principal and interest, and from that day to this the ofl&cers of the State Agri- cultural Society have not been required to pledge their personal credit for the debts of a state institution. Not only the oflBcers of the fair, but also the people of the state owe a debt of gratitude they never can repay to the editors of Iowa for their aid at a time w^hen the fate of the fair was trembling in the balance. The officers were getting uneasy at being called upon year after year to assume the obligations of an institution in which they had no more interest than any other citizen of the state, except that by the votes of their con- stituents they had been chosen to assume the responsibility of managing an institution that the best people of the state believed would conduce in no small degree in developing the agricultural resources of the state. Threats were openly made by the directors to tender their resignation each year when new notes had to be signed for money borrowed at the banks to make up the deficit in the receipts. The first duty required of me after being elected a director of the Iowa State Agricultural Society was to sign my name to notes aggregating twenty thousand dollars, and I am frank to confess that when signing my name with men of whose financial ability I was ignorant, the cold chills 192 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ran up my back and my hand trembled as I thought of the price I was paying for the honor of being a director of the Iowa state fair. But as I look back to those days of trial and final victory I esteem it as one of the most gratifying periods of my life that I served as di- rector, vice president and president of the Iowa State Agricultural Society and only severed my connection with it when it was out of debt and the foundation laid for future prosperity. All this is ancient history, well known to the former oflBcers of the so- ciety, and I only refer to it as showing that it requires united effort and hearty co-operation of the press of the state to insure a successful State Fair. The well conducted modern newspaper molds in no small degree public opinion, and he who thinks that a great enterprise can be success- fully conducted without the aid of the press has yet much to learn. Unfortunately for the fair there was some antagonism manifested to- wards the management the present year by some of the newspapers of the state, their proprietors no doubt believing that they were entitled to some more compensation for their work in behalf of the fair than ad- mission at the gate, a privilege that many are unable to accept. On the other hand the fair is a state institution, entirely different from a private enterprise, or a corporation, where the profits are to accrue to the in- dividual or the firm. No matter how great the receipts of the fair may be over the expenses, no director of the society receives more than $4.00 per day, all the profits going to the betterment of the grounds, the title to which is in the State of Iowa. Since the fair has been financially successful, great improvements have been made by the erection of new buildings, the legislature having made generous appropriations for this purpose, and these appropriations have been supplemented by the surplus left, after paying the legitimate expenses of the fair. If the State Agricultural Society had been required to pay in the past for all the complimentary notices it has received at the hands of the press it would have long since ceased to exist, and it is questionable if it could even now exist and pay even a fraction of the values it re- ceives from the press of the state. The Iowa Fair and Exposition is a state institution, its chief aim and purpose being to advance the agricultural resources of the state, and in doing so every farmer who attends these annual fairs must be stupid in- deed if he does not profit by something he has seen. To get the necessary information in regard to the fair the farmer must depend upon the enterprise of the newspapers and largely to those that are published locally, so that, in fact, he is the one that secures the greatest profit by the timely publication in his home paper of the attrac- tions offered by the state fair. And as a subscriber to a newspaper he has a right to expect that he will be kept duly informed of what is going on in his own state. When the legislature is in session he wants to know what the lawmakers are doing and the enterprising newspaper will keep him informed. In like manner he desires to know of the new attractions at the state fair, and if the suggestions made in this paper are adopted by the fair management it is only by giving them the widest publicity that they can be made a success. And I do not believe that there is a single editor of a newspaper in Iowa who will willingly withhold from his EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PAET IV. 193 readers anything that he believes will conduce to more scientific methods in performing the necessary labor on a farm. In behalf of the young farmers of this state, who are willing and anxious to get out of the old ruts, who realize that agriculture is a science and that skill and faithful application will be as well rewarded on the farm as in the business world, I appeal to the fair management to add new attractions such as I have indicated. I have referred to the young men leaving the farm and I do not blame them, for myself I would not stay one day on a farm if I could not do work with my hands in which I could take a pardonable pride and realize that farm labor was something more than drudgery that could be per- formed without skill or previous training. To you, gentlemen of the State Fair management, who are looking for attractions that are novel and attractive, I would commend the sugges- tions in this paper. And in thus affording an opportunity to the young farmers of Iowa to see for themselves that there is both science and art in farm labor well performed and in the rivalry that will be encouraged, and the interest that will be created from year to year, you will have the hearty co-operation of the press of Iowa and the best wishes of the good people of our state. The President : This will close onr program for this morning. I want to call your attention to the fact that delegates should leave their credentials at the desk. We will stand adjourned until two o'clock P. M. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION. Convention met at 1:30 P. M. pursuant to adjournment, with President Cameron in the chair. The Committee on Credentials submitted the following report, and on motion of the chairman the report was adopted : REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS. Gentlemen: We, the Committee on Credentials, report the attached list duly elected and entitled to vote in this convention. E. J. CURTIN, T. W. PURCELL, L. H. PiCKARD, C&mmittee. DELEGATES FROM COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. Buena Vista County Agricultural Society A. L. Denio, Alta Calhoun County Agricultural Society C. G. Koskey, Manson Cass County Agricultural Society E. F. Berg, Atlantic 13 194 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Massena District Fair Association D. P. Hogan, Massena Cerro Gordo County, Northern Iowa Agricultural Society G. H. Purdy, Mason City Strawberry Point District Agricultural Society J. C. Flenniken, Strawberry Point Clinton District Fair Association J. 0. Shaft, Shaffton Crawford County Agricultural Society Thos. Rae, Arion Davis 'County Agricultural Society J. M. Lain Floyd County Agricultural Society John R. Waller, Rockford Franklin County Agricultural Society Floyd Gillett, Hampton Grundy County Agricultural Society H. N. Dilly, Grundy Center Guthrie County Agricultural Society A. H. Grissell, Guthrie Center Hancock County Agricultural Society Jas. L. Manuel, Britt Hardin County Agricultural Society H. S. Martin, Eldora Henry County Agricultural Society O. N. Knight, Mt. Pleasant Iowa County Agricultural Society Alex McLennan, Marengo Victor District Agricultural Society J. P. Boiling, Victor Jackson County Agricultural Society Ed Phillips, Maquoketa What Cheer District Agricultural Society F. H. Beeman, What Cheer Kossuth County Agricultural Society A. R. Corey, Wesley Louisa County Agricultural Society E. Colton, Columbus City Columbus Junction District Fair Association T. H. Grubb, Columbus Junction Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Association. .A. S. Wold, Rock Rapids Madison County Agricultural Society Elmer Orris, Winterset Marshall County Fair Association J. B. Clausen, Marshalltown Eden District Agricultural Society H. G. Buck, Rhodes Mitchell County Agricultural Society W. H. H. Gable, Osage Monona County Fair Association John Sundeberg, Whiting Union District Agricultural Society J. A. Peters, West Liberty Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society Jas. Nowak, Malcom Sac. County Agricultural Society Phil Schaller, Sac City Shelby County Agricultural Society L. H. Pickard, Harlan Sioux County Agricultural Society J. F. Morris, Ireton Creston District Fair Association W. W. Morrow, Afton Forest City Park and Fair Association V. A. Jones, Forest City Winneshiek County Agricultural Society E. J. Curtin, Decorah Wright County Agricultural Society Sam Nelson, Clarion DELEGATES FROM COUNTIES IN WHICH NO FAIRS WERE RE- PORTED FOR THE YEAR 1907. Clarke County J. L. Long, Osceola Dallas County Chas. Rhinehart, Dallas Center Decatur County G. W. Hoffman, Leon Greene County Albert Head, Jefferson Ida County D. M. Hester, Ida Grove Montgomery County W. S. Ellis, Red Oak Polk County Lew Burnett, Des Moines EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 195 Ringgold County F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr Washington County D. J. Palmer, Washington DELEGATES FROM COUNTY FARMERS' INSTITUTES. Adair County A. C. Savage, Adair Buena Vista County S. R. Haines, Storm Lake Calhoun County Henry Parsons, Rockwell City Cerro Gordo County D. McArthur, Mason City Clinton County E. C. Forest, Miles Dallas County Geo. M. Fox, Dallas Center Dickinson County J. H. Gregory, Spirit Lake Emmet County H. W. Woods, Estherville Franklin County T. W. Purcell, Hampton Guthrie County S- J- Read, Guthrie Center Hancock County John Schwab, Corwith Ida County A. C. Garner, Ida Grove Madison County T.J. Hudson, Winterset Mahaska County F. F. Everett, Lacey Marion County George Simpson, Knoxville Marshall County E. M. Wentworth, State Center Mitchell County W. Harvey Richards, Osage Monona County O. J. Baston, Whiting Monroe County E. B. Morris, Albia Polk County W. B. Ashby, Grimes O'Brien County D. L. Packham, Paullina Sac County Harry Baxter, Sac City Story County W\ P. George, Ames Warren County E. B. Igo, Indianola Winnebago County Eugene Secor, Forest City Wright County F. A. Thayer, Dows DELEGATES FROM OTHER SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. State Historical Society Wesley Greene, Davenport IOWA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Ex-officio. State Dairy and Food Commissioner H. R. Wright, Des Moines State Veterinarian Dr. P. 0. Koto, Forest City Officers. President C. E. Cameron, Alta Vice President W. C. Brown, Clarion Treasurer G. D. Ellyson, Des Moines Secretary J. C. Simpson, Des Moines 196 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. District Members. First District R. S. Jolinston, Columbus Junction Second District C. W. Phillips, Maquoketa Third District E. M. Reeves, Waverly Fourth District R. T. St. John, Riceville Fifth District S. B. Packard, Marshalltown Sixth District T. C. Lego, What Cheer Seventh District C. F. Curtiss, Ames Eighth District John Ledgerwood, Leon Ninth District M. McDonald, Bayard Tenth District O. A. Olson, Forest City Eleventh District H. L. Pike, Whiting Mr. President: The convention will now proceed to the election of the following officers of the State Board of Agriculture: President. Vice President. Member from the First District. Member from the Third District. Member from the Fifth District. Member from the Seventh District. Member from the Ninth District. Member from the Eleventh District. The President named as tellers: T. C. Legoe of Keokuk county, Wm. Clarke of Marshall county and John McMullan of Pocahontas county. Vice-President Brown toolv the chair and called for nominations for president. Mr. Haines of Buena Vista county placed in nomi- nation for president, Mr. C. E. Cameron to succeed himself. Mr. Grissell seconded the motion and moved that the secretary be in- structed to cast the entire vote of the convention for ]Mr. Cameron. Seconded by Mr. Schaller of Sac county. Motion prevailed. The secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Cameron was declared duly elected President of the State Board of Agriculture for the ensuing year. President Cameron again took the chair and called for nomina- tions for Vice-President. Mr. T. W. Purcell of Franklin county placed in nomination Mr. W. C. Brown of Wright county to succeed himself and moved that the secretary be instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for IMr. Brown. Seconded by Mr. St. John. Motion prevailed. The secretary so cast the vote, and Mr. Brown was declared duly elected Vice-President of the State Board of Agriculture for the ensuing year; Mr. D. J. Palmer of Washington county placed in nomination for member of the board of the First District Mr. R. S. Johnston of Louisa county to succeed himself, and moved if there were no EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV. 197 further nominations that the secretary be instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Johnston. Seconded by Mr. Legoe. Motion prevailed. Secretary so cast the vote, and Mr. Johnston was declared duly elected member of the Board from the First District for the term of two years. Mr. Van Houten of Taylor county placed in nomination for mem- ber of the Board from the Third District, Mr. E. M. Reeves of Bremer county to succeed himself. Mr. McDonald seconded the nomination and moved if there were no other nominations that the rule be suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Reeves. Motion prevailed. The secretary so cast the vote, and Mr. Reeves was declared duly elected member of the Board from the Third District for the term of two years. Mr. Classen of Marshall county nominated Mr. S. B. Packard of Marshall county to succeed himself as member of the Board from the Third District. Mr. Buck of Marshall seconded the motion, and moved that the rule be susended and the secretary instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Packard. Seconded by Mr. St. John. Motion prevailed. The secretary so cast the vote, and ]\Ir. Packard was declared duly elected member of the Board from the Fifth District for the term of two years. Mr. Wentworth of Story county placed in nomination for member of the Board from the Seventh District, Mr. C. F. Curtiss of Story county to succeed himself. Mr. Grissell of Guthrie county seconded the nomination and moved that the secretary be instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Curtiss. Motion pre- vailed. The secretary so cast the vote, and Mr. Curtiss was de- clared duly elected member of the Board from the Seventh District for the term of two years. Mr. John Cownie nominated Mr. M. McDonald of Guthrie county to succeed himself as member of the Board from the Ninth District. Seconded by Mr. Schaller of Sac county, who moved that the rules be suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. McDonald. ^Motion prevailed. The secre- tary so cast the vote, and Mr. ^McDonald was declared duly elected member of the Board from the Ninth District for the term of two years.. Mr. Easton of Ida county nominated ^Ir. H. L. Pike of Monona county to succeed himself as member of the Board from the Elev- enth District. Mr. Sundberg of Ida county seconded the motion and moved that the nomination be made unanimous and the secretary instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Pike. 198 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Motion prevailed. The secretarj^ so east the vote, and ^Ir. Pike was declared duly elected member of the Board from the Eleventh Dis- trict for the term of two years. The Committee on Resolutions submitted the following report. Mr. Denio moved that the report be adopted, which was seconded by Mr. Purcell. Motion prevailed. REPORT OF COMMITTEE OS RESOLUTIONS. Your Committee on Resolutions respectfully report the following: The large attendance at this meeting indicates the continued interest that the farmers of Iowa have in agriculture, horticulture, etc. The exhibit of corn and the extensive exhibit of fruit speaks in the highest terms of the productive qualities of the soil of Iowa and this con- vention extends to the officers and directors of the State Board of Agri- culture thanks for the program arranged for this meeting. The ofScers and directors of the State Board of Agriculture are espe- cially commended for their efforts in securing the large inci-ease in exhibits and the great success of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition of 1907. This was accomplished only by extraordinary efforts of the oflBcers in working for the success of each department. Had the weather been fa- vorable we believe the fair of 1907 would have been the greatest one ever held in the United States. We hereby extend our thanks to the State Board of Agriculture for its efforts in securing the enactment of the law for the prevention of adulteration and misbranding of condimental stock foods and commercial feeding stuffs and the regulating of sales of agricultural seeds, and in se- curing the passage of other laws in the interest of agriculture. We extend our hearty thanks to the speakers who have appeared on the program, and are especially grateful to Mr. E. W. Randall of Minne- sota for his presence at the Iowa agricultui'al convention. Whereas, The present accommodations provided for the various de- partments on the State Fair Grounds are inadequate for the transaction of the business in the proper manner, as well as being extremely in- convenient for all exhibitors and patrons of the fair; therefore, be it Resolved, That we earnestly recommend the erection of a suitable Administration Building of sufficient capacity for the convenient use of all the officers and superintendents, at the earliest possible moment. Respectfully submitted, C. W. Hoffman, H. S. Martin, A. L. Denio, Committee on Resolutions. There being no further business, on motion the convention ad- journed sine die. PART V. SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMITTEE MEETINGS, 1907. EXECUTIVE COMBIITTEE MEETING. January 16, 17 and 18, 1907. Committee met on call of the president with all members present. The matter of vaudeville attractions for the State Fair of 1907 was considered but the closing of contracts was deferred until a later meeting. Bonds of the secretary and treasurer were presented and ap- proved Arrangements were made whereby the treasurer, G. D. Ellyson, agreed to pay, through the I\Iarquardt Savings Bank, four per cent interest on the $15,000.00 reserve fund and two per cent on the daily balance of the State Fair funds. Secretary notified the committee that the Greater Des Moines committee had deeded to the state the strip of land known as the Redhead Tract, lying between the south line of the Fair Grounds and the Rock Island switch. Architect 0. 0. Smith presented plans and estimates on an amphitheater and a hog barn, and the committee decided to recom- mend to the General Assembly that the appropriation for such buildings be made in the following amounts: $75,000.00 for a riS9) 200 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. steel constructed amphitheater and $75,000.00 for a hog barn and show pavillion. Secretary was instructed to have such bills prepared and introduced at the earliest possible date. Mr. A. L. Denio, Superintendent of the Speed Department, met with the committee and the speed program for 1907 was made out. The matter of fakir and novelty stands in the Agricultural build- ing was discussed and the committee agreed to abolish such con- sessions in that building. Bills to the amount of $776.72 were approved and the secretary instructed to issue warrants in payment thereof. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. February 20, 21, 22 and 23, 1907. Committee met on call of president with all members present; also the following members of the Board, R. S. Johnston of the First District, C. W. Phillips of the Second District, R. T. St. John of the Fourth District, John Ledgerwood of the Eighth Dis- trict, and 0. A. Olson of the Tenth District, also A. L. Denio, Super, intendent of the Speed Department. Mr. G. W. Bissell, the engineer employed by the board to plan a new electric lighting system, submitted a report. Action was postponed until a later meeting when a more extensive report would be submitted. Secretary presented a com classification for the Fair of 1907, also a revision of the classification for county exhibits, all of which was approved and adopted by the committee and the members present. Claims to the amount of $655.89, for which warrants had been issued since the last meeting, were approved. Members of the auditing committee being present, all bills on file were passed upon and secretary authorized to issue warrants in payment thereof. Secretary presented a classification for Suffolk Punch horses as submitted by the superintendent of the horse department, C. F. Curtiss, which was approved and ordered printed in the premium list. The executive committee, together with the other members of the board present and some men prominent in the swine breeding industry, appeared before the Senate Appropriation committee and were given a hearing on Senate File No. 94, relative to the improvements on the State Fair Grounds. The same gentlemen EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 201 appeared before the House Appropriations committee the follow- ing day in regard to the same matter. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. March 19, 20 and 21, 1907. Committee met on call of president with all members present. Representatives of a number of advertising manufacturers were present and the committee placed orders for advertising matter for the State Fair. The matter of amusements and vaudeville attractions for the State Fair was considered and contracts were closed for the follow- ing: Innes' Orchestral Band, several vaudeville acts, and the pyrotechnic show "Vesuvius" produced by the Pain Pyrotechnic Company of New York. Mr. G. W. Bissell, the electrical engineer employed to devise a new electric light system for the fair grounds, was instructed to prepare plans and specifications for a plant, such plant not to exceed an estimated cost of $10,000. The Secretary was authorized as follows : To have the architect prepare a sketch of the floor plan for the proposed new horse barns. To purchase woven wire fence sufficient to fence the land recently secured as an addition to the fair grounds. To instruct the architects to complete plans and specifications for the proposed hog barn and show pavilion. MEETING OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. April 5, 1907. Board met on call of the Executive Committee and on roll call the following members were found to be present : Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Legoe, Curtiss, Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson and Pike. The object of the meeting was to consider plans and specifications and authorize the letting of contract for the construction of the hog barn and show pavilion for which the general assembly appro- priated $75,000, also to authorize the letting of contracts for the horse bam, etc. On motion the following resolution was adopted r Resolved, That the board approve the plans for the hog bam and show pavilion submitted by Smith, "VVetherell & Gage, and that the 202 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. executive committee be and they are hereby authorized and in- structed to advertise for bids for the erection of the hog barn and show pavilion provided for by the appropriation of $75,000 granted by the Thirty-second General Assembly, and be it further Resolved, That they are hereby authorized and instructed to award contract to the lowest responsible bidder, limiting the total amount of the cost of construction, including architects' fees, to the appropriation granted for this purpose. The board on motion approved the general plan of the horse barn and authorized the executive committee, together with the Superintendent of the Horse Department, to have plans and speci- fications prepared by the architects and when completed to advertise for bids and award contract for the erection of same. On motion the salary of the Superintendent of Grounds was fixed at $1,000 per year, with the proviso that $100 additional be paid during the year 1907. Mr. G. W. Bissell submitted a report on the proposed electric light system and on motion of Mr. Johnston the executive committee was instructed and authorized as follows : To finish plans and speci- fications for the electric light plant and when same were ready to advertise for bids and award contracts, limiting the cost to $10,000. The president appointed the following Committee on Per Diem and i\Iileage : Mr. Johnston, 'Sir. Olson and Mr. Reeves. The Committee on Per Diem and ^Mileage reported as follows and on motion of ^Ir. Pike the report was adopted : Q « C. E. Cameron 3 $4.00 W. C. Brown 3 4.00 R. S. Johnston 3 4.00 C. W. Phillips 3 4.00 E. M. Reeves 3 4.00 R. T. St. John 3 4.00 S. B. Packard 3 4.00 T. C. Legoe 3 4.00 C. F. Curtiss 3 4.00 Jno. Ledgerwood 3 4.00 M. McDonald 3 4.00 O. A. Olson 3 4.00 H. L. Pike 3 4.00 < 12 140 < $14.00 $26.00 12 102 10.20 22.20 12 158 15.80 27.80 12 12.00 12 123 12.30 24.30 12 195 19.50 31.50 12 58 5.80 17.80 12 100 10.00 22.00 12 39 3.90 15.90 12 87 8.70 20.70 12 65 6.50 18.50 12 155 15.50 27.50 12 200 3. JOH H. Rei A. Ol 20.00 32.00 R. i E. I 0. $298.20 NSTON, SVES, SON, Committee. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 203 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. April 6, 1907. Committee met with all members present. Committee visited the Fair Grounds and the secretary was in- structed to authorize the Superintendent of Grounds to make the following improvements and repairs: To rebuild the south line of fence so as to include the track of land known as the Redhead Tract recently deeded to the state. To take down the old cattle shed south of cattle barn No. 10 and 13. To have the street south of the new brick dining halls graded and lay a cement sidewalk twelve feet in width along the south side of this building. To make a ditch for the construction of the water way running back of the brick dining halls. To rebuild the fence along the south side of the clover field and to make any necessary repairs of fences on the east portion of the grounds. To remove the Rock Island entrance south to the new line of fence. To complete the curbing around the triangular piece of ground north and east of the secretary's office and have same filled ready for planting. To change the course of the storm water sewer near the south en- trance, running the same farther south so that it would not come under the proposed location for the new horse barn. Secretary was authorized to close contracts with the Iowa State Letters Carriers' Band and Graham's Orchestra for engagement at the State Fair of 1907. Committee named April 24th as the date on which to receive bids for the erection and completion of the electric light plant as per the plans and specifications furnished by Mr. G. W. Bissell. Secretary was instructed to let contract for grading in connection with the new swine barn and show pavilion as per the plans and specifications shown by the architects, and if in his opinion the bids received were unreasonable, to instruct the Superintendent of Grounds to proceed with the grading at once. MINUTES IN VACATION. April 13, 1907. As per the authority and instructions of the Executive Com- mittee secretary open bids received for grading in connection with 204 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the hog bam and show pavilion. Only two bids were received, and after consulting the architects and the Superintendent of Grounds, contract was awarded to Smith & Day of Des Moines for $1,500, work to be completed within four weeks from the date of signing contract. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. April 24, 1907. Committee met as per previous agreement with all members present, also Mr. G. W. Bissell. Bids for the construction of the electric light plant were opened and the following contracts awarded : One 200 H-P engine, $1,670, Ball Engine Co. of Chicago; one 125 K. W. generator and switch- board, $1,669, Fort Wayne Electric Company of Fort Wayne, Ind. ; forty arc lamps, $15.80 each, Western Electric Co. of Chicago ; two 72" 16 ft. boilers, $2,195, allowing $520 as part payment on above price for engine and boiler in the old light plant and the boiler and pump in the pumping station, Globe Machinery & Supply Company of Des Moines. At the solicitation of the Greater Des ]\Ioines Committee, the Executive Committee agreed to allow the use of the grounds during a week or ten days in June, 1908, for the national meeting of the Dunkard church, providing the first named committee would bear all expense for preparing the grounds, the operation of the electric light plant, closets, pay for the water used, provide proper fire and police protection and leave the grounds in as good condition as they were at the beginning of the meeting, the State Board of Agriculture to be at no expense whatever in the matter. Secretary was authorized and instructed to purchase two addi- tional turnstiles. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. May 1, 1907. Committee met with all members present, also board member R. S. Johnston. Object of the meeting was to open bids for the construction of the swine bam and show pavilion and the following contracts were let: General contract, $38,235, J. B. McGorrisk of Des Moines; structural iron work, $29,300, Des ]\Ioines Bridge & Iron Works of EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART V. 205 Des Moines; sewer and catch basins, $1,490, King-Lambert Com- pany of Des Moines. Committee named May 20th the date for receiving bids for erec- tion of the horse barn. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. May 20, 1907. Committee met as per previous arrangement to receive bids for the erection of the horse barn, with all members present, also board member C. F. Curtiss. Only two bids were received and contract was awarded to Chas. Weitz' Sons for $9,651.03. Committee decided to retain the old boiler and engine in the electric light plant, having an option on same for thirty days at $200. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. June 5, 1907. Committee met with all members present. Bids were opened for the construction of the electric light and power house and the foun- dation for the boilers and engines. The bid of Chas. Weitz' Sons for $2,853.56 was accepted and architects instructed to draw up contract with Mr. Weitz as per bid. On the recommendation of ^Ir. G. W. Bissell, the proposition of the Globe ^Machinery & Supply Company to erect the smoke stack and do whatever work necessar\^ in connecting up the boilers and engines in the power house, for $260, was accepted and Secretary instructed to draw contract in accordance with such proposition. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. July 3, 1907. Committee met with all members present. Business of a general character was transacted and committee visited the Fair Grounds to inspect the improvements under way. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. July 12, 1907. Committee met with the President and Secretary present. Secretary presented an offer from W. W. Potts for laying cement floor in the pens of the new swine barn, amounting to approximately 206 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. $2,900, and contract was entered into with Mr. Potts for this work. Contract for cement walk in front of brick dining halls was let to Mr. Potts. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. August 6, 1907. Committee met with all members present, and business of a gen- eral character in connection with the fair was transacted. MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. August 23, 1907. Board met at the president's office on the Fair Grounds at eight o'clock p. m. with the following members present: Cameron, Bro'^\Ti, Simpson, Johnston, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Legoe, Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson, Pike and EUyson. General business pertaining to the opening of the fair was transacted. MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. August 29, 1907. Board met at the president's office at the Fair Grounds with the following members present: Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Ledgerwood, McDonald and Olson. The purpose of the meeting was to agree upon a settlement with Roy Knabenshue, owner of the airship which had been engaged as an attraction and which was destroj'ed by fire on Wednesday night of the fair, and such settlement was agreed upon. On motion the board adjourned. MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. August 31, 1907. Board met at the president's office on the Fair Grounds, at nine o'clock a. m. with the following members present: Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Ellyson, Johnston, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Legoe, Led- gerwood, McDonald, Olson and Pike. The following pay rolls were presented and allowed : Floriculture department, $72.50, presented by J. C. Simpson. Horticultural department, $35.00, presented by E. M. Reeves. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 207 Treasurer's department, $808.30, presented by G. D. Ellyson. Police department, $1,217.50, presented by M. McDonald. Cattle department, $623.20, presented by S. B. Packard. Horse department, $557.55, presented by J. C. Simpson. Swine department, $457.85, presented by R. S. Johnston. Privilege department, $249.03, presented by W. C. Brown. Machinery department, $245.75, presented by John Ledgerwood. Art department, $451.50, presented by T. G. Legoe. President's department, $12.00, presented by J. C. Simpson. Speed department, $296.30, presented by J. C. Simpson. Ticket department, $233.00, presented by J. C. Simpson. Forage department, $317.00, presented by J. C. Simpson. Secretary's department, $405.25, presented by J. C. Simpson. Sheep and poultry departments, $189.70, presented by H. L. Pike. Gate department, $1,475.00, presented by Mr. Olson. Agricultural department, $446.25, presented by R. T. St. John. Grounds, $91.69, presented by J. C. Simpson. Dairy department, $212.45, presented b> J. C. Simpson. The president appointed as Committee on Per Diem and Mileage, Mes.srs. Johnston. Olson and Ledgerwood. Several small bills of a general nature were presented and al- lowed by the board. Committee on Per Diem and Mileage submitted the following re- port and on motion same was adopted : Committee on per diem and mileage reported as follows: « (S ^^ ■- Bo Q K <: S < H C.E.Cameron 19 4.00 76.00 140 14.00 90.00 W. C. Brown 37 4.00 148.00 102 10.20 158.20 R.S.Johnston 19 4.00 76.00 158 15.80 91.80 C. W. Phillips 19 4.00 76.00 76.00 E.M.Reeves 18 4.00 72.00 125 12.50 84.50 R. T. St. John 21 4.00 84.00 135 19.50 103.50 S. B. Packard.. 18 4.00 72.00 58 5.80 77.80 T. C. Legoe 20 4.00 80.00 100 10.00 90.00 Chas. F. Curtiss 19 4.00 76.00 37 3.70 79.70 John Ledgerwood 25 4.00 100.00 87 8.70 108.70 M. McDonald 19 4.00 76.00 65 6.50 82.50 O.A.Olson 19 4.00 76.00 155 15.50 91.50 H.L.Pike 20 4.00 80.00 200 20.00 100.00 R. S. Johnston, 0. A. Ol.sox. John Ledgerwood, Committee. On motion of Mr. Packard the board adjourned. 208 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EXECUTIVE AND AUDITING COIklMITTEE MEETING. September 19 and 20, 1907. Executive committee met with all members present for the pur- pose of making final settlement with contractors for the swine bam, horse barn, electric light and power house and the machinery in- stalled in same. Secretan^ was instructed to issue warrants in payment of the balances shown, as follows : J. B. McGorrisk, general contractor, for swine barn: Total amount of contract $38,235.30 For extra lumber 869.18 Total $39,104.48 $39,104.48 Previously paid $28,020.40 By credits 275.00 $28,295.40 $28,295.40 Balance due $10,809.08 Des Moines Bridge & Iron company. Contract for structural iron work. Total amount of contract $29,300.00 Previously paid 28,500.00 Balance due $ 800.00 King-Lambert company. Contract for sewer. Amount of contract $ 1,490.00 Extras 67.20 Total " $ 1,557.20 $ 1,557.20 Previously paid 696.58 Balance due $ 860.62 Due architects: Swine barn, 4 per cent of $74,395.80 Horse barn, 4 per cent of 9,651.03 Power station, 4 per cent of 3, 300. .56 Four per cent of $87,347.39 $ 3,493.89 Previously paid 2,456.29 Balance due $ 1,037.60 Chas. Weitz Sons., contract for horse barn: Amount of contract $ 9,651.03 Extras 31.50 Total $ 9,682.53 $ 9,682.53 Previously paid 7,651.03 Balance due $ 2,031.50 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART V. 209 Chas. Weitz Sons, contract for electric light and power station: Amount of building contract $ 2,853.56 Addition 447.00 Total $ 3,300.56 $ 3,300.56 Previously paid $ 2,805.48 Credit by deduction 144.77 Total $ 2,950.25 $ 2,950.25 Balance due $ 350.31 Secretary was also instructed to issue warrants in payment of all bills audited by the Auditing committee. The matter of insurance on fair grounds buildings was consid- ered and Secretary was instructed to place general form insurance for three years upon the following buildings : the new horse barn, the swine bam and the show pavilion, and the electric light and power house and equipment. The Auditing committee met with members Legoe and Johnston present. Committee examined and audited all bills on file in the secretary's office to date. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. September 30, October 1, 1907. Committee met on call of the president with all members present. Business of a general character was transacted and program pre- pared for the winter meeting. MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. December 12, 1907. Board met at the office of the secretary at 9 :30 a. m., Wednesday, December 12th. Meeting was called to order by the president and the following members responded to roll call: Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Curtiss, Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson, Pike and Wright. H. L. Bosquet, Deputy Clerk of the Supreme Court, administered the oath of office to the following newly elected members : Cameron, Brown, Johnston, Reeves, Packard, Curtiss, McDonald and Pike. On motion the board proceeded to the election of secretary and treasurer. 14 210 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr, Johnston moved that J. C. Simpson be elected secretary for the ensuing year, at a salary of eighteen hundred dollars ($1,800) per annum. Seconded by Mr. St. John. Motion was made unani- mous and Mr. Simpson declared elected secretary for the ensuing year. ]Mr. Olson nominated for treasurer G. S. Gilbertson. IMr. Ledger- wood seconded the nomination and moved that same be made unanimous and the secretary instructed to cast the vote of the board for Sir. Gilbertson. Motion prevailed and Mr. Gilbertson was de- clared elected treasurer for the ensuing year. ]\Ir. Packard offered the following resolution and moved its adoption ; seconded by Mr. Curtiss : "Resolved, That the bond of the treasurer be fixed at seventy- five thousand dollars ($75,000), subject to the approval of the executive committee, and be it further "Resolved, That the salary of the treasurer shall be one hundred dollars ($100) per annum." Motion prevailed. Mr. McDonald moved that Jas. H. Deemer be elected superin- tendent of fair grounds for the ensuing year at a salary of one thousand dollars ($1,000) per annum. Seconded by Mr. St. John. Motion prevailed. On motion of Mv. Legoe, seconded by Mr. McDonald, the follow- ing marshals for the State Fair of 1908 were elected : T. D. Doke, Bloomfield; C. M. Akes, Leon; Carl Shields, Af ton ; and T. J. Hud- son, Winterset. Secretary read the report of the Executive committee, reviewing in detail the work of the said committee during the past year and the improvements made. A schedule of estimated receipts and expenditures for the year 1908 and suggestions for new improve- ments Avere presented. The report in full is on file in the record book of the department. Secretary read the resignation of J. R. Sage, Director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, to take effect December 31, 1907. Mr. Packard moved that the board recommend to the governor as Mr. Sage's successor, Geo. M. Chappel. Seconded by Sir. St. John. Motion prevailed. On motion of Mr. Ledgerwood the board adjourned until 1 :30 P. M. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART V. 211 AFTERNOON SESSION. Board met pursuant to adjournment with the following members present : Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Legoe, Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson, Pike and Wright. The board decided to open the fair one day earlier than hereto- fore, and to charge admission on Friday and Saturday the first' week of the fair. Saturday, the 22nd, was fixed as children's day. The bond of Treasurer G. S. Gilbertson for $75,000 was pre- sented, approved, by the Executive committee and filed with the treasurer of state. Compensation of marshals, police, ticket takers and ticket sellers, and other employes for the fair of 1908 was fixed at the same rate as for the previous j^ear. On motion of ]\Ir. Legoe, the board adjourned until 9 A. M. Fridav. MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. December 13, 1907. Board met at 9 o'clock A. ]\I. pursuant to adjournment with President Cameron presiding. On roll call the following members were found to be present : Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston, Reeves, St. John, Packard. Legoe, Curtiss, Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson, Pike and "Wright. The chairman of the committee on Adulteration of Foods, Seeds and other Products, reported as follows : REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS. Your committee held one meeting at Ames, June 24, and formulated plans for the investigation of the weeds of the state in public places; form (No. 1) for an. address to the people of the state and form (No. 2) question blank signed by the committee, for general circulation, alsa form (No. 3), signed by Prof. Curtiss through the Experiment Station at Ames to all county supervisors and township trustees, with return gov- ernment franked envelopes for replies. Secretary Simpson of the De- partment of Agriculture supplied your committee with 2,000 copies of 212 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. form No. 1, 1,000 copies of form No. 2 and 6,000 copies of form No. 3. A copy of each form is appended. The committee's address, form No. 1, was distributed by Mr. Wright to the press of the state and form No. 3 by Prof. Curtiss, as sub-committees. The response by the press was not what was anticipated, although quite a number of newspapers published the address. Coming under the chairman's notice, tlie Times-Republican of MarshalHown, the Ames Intelligencer and the Iowa Recorder of Greene, Butler county, have- published the address and given a stirring en- dorsement to the committee. The chairman sent a few copies of form No. 2 under cover with his correspondence to different parts of the state so as not to incur cost in postage and received replies generally to them. An examination of these shows Canada Thistle or Quack Grass is re- turned in every case and in all but two instances both these weeds are mentioned as existing by such correspondents. Mr. Wright, for the com- mittee, and Prof. Pammell, at the request of Prof. Curtiss, attended the meeting of the state association of county supervisors held at Clinton in July and secured formal action endorsing the work of this committee and promising assistance and co-operation. Reports received from the in- spectors in the employ of the food and dairy department indicate lax execution of the present laws requiring weed cutting by railroads. In this respect the Great Western, the Rock Island neglected portions of their right of way and the Cascade branch of the Milwaukee went without cutting. Report of the work undertaken by the botany department at the col- lege under the direction of Prof. Curtiss is attached, showing the returns received from the circulars of inquiry sent out and compilation for these reports showing the prevalence of noxious weeds. S. B. Packard, C. F. Curtiss, Form No. 1. H. R. Wright, COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WEED INVESTIGATION. To the Public: The State Board of Agriculture, at its last meeting, passed the following resolution: Whereas, The alarming increase of noxious weeds in the state makes it proper for the State Board of Agriculture to make an investigation with the view of ascertaining the best way to remedy these evils, and to suggest necessary legislation to impose upon the county supervisor or township trustee, or both, the authority of the law to eradicate these pests. Resolved, That the Committee on Adulteration of Foods, Seeds and Other Products are instructed to investigate the subject and to report from time to time; that the sum of five hundred dollars, or as much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated for expenses for the year of 1907. The undersigned committee, in view of the law passed regulating the sale of agricultural seeds and prohibiting their adulteration, desire to EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 213 bring to the notice of the farmers of the state the importance of this in- vestigation, to the end that all noxious weeds already existing shall be brought to the attention of the authorities and by systematic effort shall be eventually eradicated, that we may put an end to the contamination of Iowa grown agricultural seeds with foul weed seeds. With the aid of the staff of the agricultural college and the help of the farmers, county supervisors, township trustees and road supervisors, the committee expects to locate all the patches of noxious weeds, whether in public or private grounds, such weeds as Canada thistle, Russian thistle, quack grass, wild mustard and wild oats. Also, to determine the extent of the infection of the less refractory but not less mischievous weeds in the public roads and highways, such as sweet clover, squirrel-tailed grass, curled and smooth dock, bracted plantain, buckhorn, common mustard, alfalfa, field dodder, and other well known noxious or diflBcult weeds. The committee will have the services of Professor Pammell and his assistants to aid in the study of the best methods for the extermination of each particular weed of annual, biennial or perennial growth, and to recommend to the general assembly such revision of the weed laws as will effectually require the county or township authorities to inaugurate a crusade against all noxious weeds. The committee invites all the farmers' institutes, officers of county and district agricultural societies, and that most potent of all reformatory organizations, the women's clubs, to lend their services to the awakening of the public to the demands of the fair and fertile soil of Iowa, to make an end to its infection with vicious weed and the resultant seed dis- semination in the public highways, railway grounds, in private lots and public places. The committee will supply question sheets, to be filled out and re- turned. The information thus secured from farmers and others interested and informed in regard to the weeds in their respective localities will be invaluable to the committee and appreciated accordingly by them. Respectfully, S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, la. C. F. CuRTiss, Ames, la. H. R. "Wright, Des Moines, la. Form No. 2. Committee. COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WEED INVESTIGATION. Dear Sir: The information requested below will be of very great assistance in the weed investigation. Will you kindly answer the questions below as far as you are able and return to us. Yours very truly, S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, la. C. F. CuRTiss, Ames, la. H. R. Wright, Des Moines, la. Committee. 214 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1. Are any of the following named weeds, or other weeds that are dlflBcult to kill, found in your vicinity? Please check those that occur or add the names of othei's: Quack Grass Corn Cockle Wild Mustard Squirrel-tail Canada Thistle Marsh Elder Wild Oats Cocklebur Sweet Clover Curled Dock Clover Dodder Smooth Dock Alfalfa Dodder Horse Nettle Field Dodder Jimson Weed Cowbane 2. If there are any noxious weeds in your vicinity, of which you do not know the name, please send samples to Prof. L. H. Pammel, Ames, Iowa, for identification. 3. Are the weeds you have namd found in the highways? Railway right of way? Private grounds? 4. What methods that have been used to eradicate these weeds have failed ? • • 5. What methods have been used successfully? Signed Township . . . County. . . State . Date Form No. COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WEED INVESTIGATION. Iowa Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, July 20, 1907. Dear Sir: The information requested below will be of very great assistance in the weed investigation, being conducted by the Iowa Experiment Station, in co-operation with the State Department of Agriculture. Will you kindly answer the questions below as far as you are able and return to us? Yours very truly, C. F. CURTISS, Director. The remainder of form No. 3 is the same as form No. 2. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 215 TO THE COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I beg leave to report concerning the investigation ordered under your direction. During the fall about 4,000 circulars to be filled out were sent to the township trustees and county supervisors and others in the State. Of the circulars sent out we received 33.5 replies, receiving reports from sixty-nine different counties, and thirteen reports not having blanks for township and county filled out. Considering the time of the year this is a fairly good return of reports. The reports were from the counties as follows: Adams 5 Appanoose 1 Audubon 6 Benton 2 Black Hawk 1 Buchanan 8 Buena Vista ■ 2 Butler 2 Carroll 6 Cass 3 Cerro Gordo 3 Cherokee 9 Chickasaw 10 Clarke 4 Clayton 9 Clinton 2 Dallas 10 Decorah 1 Delaware 1 Dickinson 4 Dubuque 6 Fayette 3 Floyd 9 Franklin 8 Greene r .... 14 Grundy 4 Guthrie 2 Hamilton 1 Hancock 3 Henry 4 Howard 1 Humboldt 4 Ida 1 Iowa 7 Jackson 7 Jefferson 7 Johnson 4 Jones 3 Keokuk 1 Kossuth I Lee 5 Linn 16 Louisa 2 Lyon 11 Madison 5 Marion 4 Marshall 6 Mills . . 6 Monona 9 Muscatine 1 O'Brien 8 Osceola 2 Palo Alto 1 Plymouth 7 Pocahontas 1 Sac 1 Sioux 12 Story 2 Tama 1 Taylor 5 Union 1 Van Buren 8 Warren 8 Washington 1 Webster 3 Winnebago 9 Winneshiek 15 Woodbury 3 Wright 2 Counties from which no reports were received: Adair, Allamakee, Boone, Bremer, Calhoun, Cedar, Clay, Crav/ford, Davis, Des Moines, Em- met, Fremont, Hardin, Harrison, Jasper, Lucas, Mahaska, Monroe, Mitchell, Montgomery, Page, Polk, Pottawattamie, Poweshiek, Ringgold, Scott, Shelby, Wapello, Wayne, Worth. We received answers to the replies as follows: One hundred and fifty-four answered all the questions, checking the most important weeds in Question 1. Three hundred and twenty-seven checked some of the weeds given in Question 1. 216 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Three hundred and two replies were received to Question 3. Of these 264 listed certain weeds found in private grounds and 286 did the same for weeds of highways; only 138 replies were received with reference to weeds along the railways. Two hundred and thirty-nine replied with reference to the methods that were used in exterminating the weeds. In most cases the method given was that of mowing. Two hundred and fifty-five make some answer with reference to the methods that were most successful and these answers were generally the method of thorough cultivation. With reference to the answers that were returned we had a fairly good number, about 335 in all. It is of particular interest because of the number of reports received, and especially the interest taken in the weed investigation. The following is a list of the number of times each weed was re- ported: Quack grass 197, wild mustard 229, Canada thistle 160, wild oats 83, sweet clover 223, clover dodder 16, alfalfa dodder 1, field dodder 3, cowbane 18, corn cockle 25, squirrel tail 225, marsh elder 19, cocklebur 295, curled dock 115, smooth dock 130, horse nettle 81, jimpson weed 134, black- heart 1, blackweed 1, big gopher vine 1, buffalo bur 1, bull thistle 7, bur- dock 23, crabgrass 1, dandelion 3, dog fennel 3, dock 1, devil's shoestring 1, English smartweed 1, field daisy 1, foxtail 4, hemp 6, 'horse sorrel 3, heart's ease 1, horse 'weed 1, hedge mustard 2, iron weed 3, lamb's quarter 1, morning-glory 40, milkweed 6, nut grass 2, ox-eye daisy 2, plantain 2, prairie stalk 1, pepper grass 1, pigweed 1, prickly lettuce 3, Russian thistle 11, ragweed 16, redroot 1, reptop 1, smartweed 8, sorrel 2, sheepsorrel 2, sunflower 7, spiny nightshade 1, sour dock 10, sand bur 8, Spanish needle 6, tan weed 2, velvet weed 46, willow 1, water dock 1, wild artichokes 6, wild buckwheat 2, wild carrot 1, wild lettuce 2, wild parsnip 7, wild rose 2, wild rye 2, yellow dock 2. In going over this list you will notice that a number of weeds are reported much more frequently' than others, among these are the following: Cocklebur, wild mustard, squirrel-tail, sweet clover, quack grass, Canada thistle, jimpson weed, smooth dock, curled dock, wild oats, horse nettle, velvet weed, tan weed and morning-glory. You will notice also in this connection that the dodders are becoming more numerous in this state. This list does not take into account some of the very common weeds found in the state, among them the ragweed, smartweed, foxtail and a host of others. With reference to the reports of weeds on highways, sixty-seven re- port the weeds mentioned in the list as occurring along the highways, and especially important were the sweet clover, Canada thistle, quack grass, cocklebur, dock, squirrel-tail, dcdder and mustard. Seventy-eight report the weeds in the list as occurring on private grounds, making spe- cial mention of jimpson weed, cocklebur, velvet weed, smartweed, foxtail, milkweed, mustard, quack grass and Canada thistle. Only a very small number of correspondents report the presence of weeds along railroads, out of the reports received only twenty-five reported the weeds listed as oc- curring along railroads, making special mention of dock, Canada thistle and quack grass. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 217 I might add to these reports that have been received and gone through with that, take the state as a whole, we find the same general class of weeds along roadsides as are found in the fields, and that in many in- stances the fields become infested with the weeds that are permitted to grow along the roadsides. Thus in Northern Iowa, especially in the two northern tiers of counties, mustard is quite as prevalent along the road- sides as in the fields, and there is abundant opportunity for these weeds to be scattered by the snow and water in the winter and spring. In the northern part of the state, east of Kossuth county to the Mis- sissippi river and north along the line of the Chicago Northwestern rail- road, the quack grass is particularly abundant, and seems to be spread- ing at a very rapid rate. Cocklebur is particularly common in the southern half of the state and is spreading northward to a considerable extent. The common horse nettle is spreading rapidly in the southern part of the state, and within fifteen years has spread nearly to the Min- nesota line. Such weeds as ragweed, morning-glory and milkweed are native and common in the state, but cultivation has caused them to spread and become more numerous. Such weeds as squirrel-tail grass and bull thistle and foxtail, all native to Europe, have spread over the greater portion of the state of Iowa because they have such excellent means of dispersal. We have had also frequent requests for the methods and means of exterminating tan weed, which is known as Muhlenberg's smartweed. Northern nut grass, too, has been frequently reported as occurring in low grounds. I have had many requests for the identification of droopseed grass or nimble-will, which is generally mistaken for quack grass. This grass is native to the state and spreads by underground stems very much in the manner that quack grass does, except that the roots are shorter and thicker; usually, however, this weed has not given as much trouble in fields as quack grass and morning-glory. No one can question for a moment the importance of exterminating these weeds. A few dollars will exterminate a small patch of quack grass of Canadian thistle at this time, but in ten years it will require hundreds of dollars to exterminate the same weeds. Therefore, legislation along this line is urgently needed. Judging from the replies that I have received on this matter I should say that very little effort is being made, except mowing, to exterminate the weeds along the roadsides. The following methods for exterminating these weeds were elicited from the replies received: Burning of seed; the prevention of seeding; thorough cultivation; salt and sheep; summer fallow; for the dock to pull when the ground is moist or to dig down with a spade and cut it off; one writer says: "I have found no weed that does not yield to persistent and intelligent warfare against it, except the butterprint; that requires a man to camp in his field three months a year for twenty -five years." Another writer says: "A field of quack grass owned by H. L. Emmert, Sibley, Iowa, was the worst quarter sec- tion in this country. Portions of it he plowed and kept black continually; some was planted to millet and some to buckwheat. A force of men worked the worst places with forks and this year he planted most of the land to corn. A large number of teams were kept cultivating the 218 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. corn and now the land is practically free from all foul weeds." Many reports that fall plowing is inefficient, that mowing early is inefficient, that mowing before seeding is inefficient, salt brine is inefficient; that pasturing with sheep is practically successful; covering quack grass with straw is partially successful; smothering with tar paper is successful. Ck)cklebur can be exterminated by not allowing to seed for three years; wild oats after kept down for two years will be destroyed; salt is recom- mended for Canada thistle, and especially if cattle are permitted to feed in the field. Here are some suggestions for quack grass: Take up and dry on fence; cover with straw; plow continually; use millet; use buck- wheat; plant to corn; summer fallow. It appears from the above investigation that there are no uniform methods for controlling the weed problem in the state, either as to the weeds found on private premises, roadsides, or along railroads, and that all efforts made to destroy the weeds along highways are more or less spasmodic. With the increase in the price of land it will become more and more imperative that the farmers must till better and the weeds along the highways must be kept down, in order to prevent seedage in the farms adjacent. A few dollars will exterminate a weed when first observed but when it has got a stand it will take hundreds of dollars or even thousands of dollars to exterminate the same. I was told at Clinton at the meeting of the road supervisors that one farmer spent over one thousand dollars on a farm in Minnesota in exterminating quack grass. It is certainly true that the presence of weeds lessens the value of land. During the past summer I have received several communications from intended purchasers of land, who desired to know the value of land where Canada thistle and quack grass occurred, or if when present these weeds could be exterminated, and how to ex- terminate them and would I advise buying land where quack grass oc- curred in abundance. I beg leave to make this preliminary report at this time, and hope to continue the investigation and report further at some other time. C. F. CURTISS, Bv L H. Pammel. The board created a new department of the Fair, to be known as the Department of Live Stock Sanitation, with the state veter- inarian, Dr. P. 0. Koto, superintendent in charge. On motion of Mr. Johnston, August 20th to 28th inclusive, were fixed as the dates for the Iowa State Fair and Exposition of 1908. The committee on resolutions reported as follows. RESOLUTION OF RESIGNATION OF HON. J. R. SAGE. Whereas, The Iowa State Board of Agriculture, in annual meeting assembled, has been advised of the resignation of Hon. J. R. Sage, who for years has most efficiently and with much credit to himself and this board, who has annually recommended his appointment, performed the duties of director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Bureau; therefore, be it EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 219 Resolved. That it is the sense of this board in the resignation of Mr. Sage from this important office that the state of Iowa has lost a most valued servant. R. T. St. John, M. McDonald, John Ledgerwood, Committee. Mr. St. John moved the adoption of the above resolution. Sec- onded by 3Ir. Brown. Motion prevailed. Whereas, The Des Moines Commercial Club, the Greater Des Moines Committee and the East Des Moines Commercial Club rendered valuable assistance in obtaining from the Thirty-second General Assembly the ap- propriation for the purchase of additional land lying south of the State Fair grounds, and Whereas, Said committees rendered valuable assistance in caring for the visitors of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition of 1907 in establishing and maintaining bureaus of information throughout the days of the fair, therefore, be it Resolved, That the hearty thanks of the Iowa State Board of Agri- culture, in annual meeting assembled, is extended for the valuable assist- ance rendered, and be it further Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be drawn and forwarded to the committees and clubs named. R. T. St. John, M. McDonald, John Ledgerwood, Committee. On motion of Mr. St. John the foregoing resolution was unan- imously adopted. RESOLUTIONS OF CONDOLENCE AND MEMORIAL. MRS. S. B. PACKARD, MB. FBANK M. PHH^LIPS, Deceased. Whereas, During the year that is now drawing to a close the homes of two of our esteemed colleagues have been visited by the messenger of death, taking the wife of Governor Packard, and Frank M. Phillips, youngest brother of our member, Mr. Phillips; therefore, be it Resolved, That the Iowa State Board of Agriculture, in annual meet- ing assembled, do hereby extend our heartfelt sympathies to the families of the deceased in their sad bereavement. R. T. St. John, M. McDonald. John Ledgerwood, Committee. 220 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. On motion of Mr. St. John the above resolution was adopted by a rising vote. The board instructed the Executive committee to have plans and specifications prepared for an administration building on the fair grounds, advertise for bids for the construction of same and to call a board meeting to further consider the advisability of erecting such building during the season of 1908. The revision of the premium list was taken up and classifications added for Guernsey cattle and Hampshire hogs. A detailed state- ment of classifications as adopted and additional changes will be found in the premium list for 1908. On motion the board adjourned until 2 o'clock P. M. AFTERNOON SESSION. Board met pursuant to adjournment with the following members present : Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Gilbertson, Johnston, Phil- lips, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Curtiss, Ledgerwood, Olson, Pike and Wright. The president appointed as committee on Per Diem and Mileage Messrs. Ledgerwood, Pike and Johnston. Mr. Packard presented the following resolution and moved its adoption; seconded by Mr. St. John. Motion prevailed. Whekeas, The reports of federal meat inspectors show bovine tubercu- losis to prevail in scattered localities throughout the state, therefore, be it Resolved, That the State Board of Agriculture, through its secretary, Invite the management of packing houses to report, on January 1st, the number of cattle and swine having origin in Iowa which, during the pre- ceding month, have been found upon post-mortem inspection to be tubercu- lous, and that similar reports be made monthly thereafter; when practi- cable such reports to show the name of the seller and locality where the animals were produced. Resolved, That all veterinary surgeons be requested to make to the secretary of the Department of Agriculture similar reports in regard to animals which they test. Resolved, That the committee on contagious diseases be instructed to investigate and report on the best methods to be pursued to eradicate the disease from Iowa cattle and swine. Mr. Packard: It is believed that all the packing houses will co-operate with the Department of Agriculture in clearing the state of this dreadful disease. At present the packing houses, knowing the percentage of loss by tuberculosis, make their prices and amounts low, sufficient to recoup their losses. In other words, EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 221 if you and I ship and sell healthy animals our prices are cut enough lower for the purpose of making good the loss they have sustained by our neighbor's tuberculous animals that have been condemned and tanked. Second, if the stockmen utilize the time between now and Janu- ary first, there is time to stamp out tuberculosis and there will be no need of any legislation, save perhaps a law requiring a test of all registered stock brought into the state so that it may not be intro- duced. But will they? Will they undertake it, that is without legislation, to purify their herds from this disease? Its cause, probably, has been from conditions affecting the dairy herds. It may be fair to presume that the same condition will exist and the dairy people will not, unless the law compels it, clean up their herds. Therefore it is fair for us to discuss it from the standpoint of compelling by law the eradication of the disease. Third, taking into consideration the fact that some pure bred stock is infected, there is a way of dealing with it believed not to require the entire loss of the breeding animals. As I understand it, arrangements have been made with the national authorities in pure bred herds whereby the herd after being tested can be sepa- rated and quarantined by themselves. If afterward they are bred, each calf is taken from the cow immediately and not allowed to take its milk, but is put with healthy cows; the calves are raised to maturity and are free from tuberculosis. So a man would not meet' with total loss in a ease of that kind. Therefore I say that with the pure bred herd it might be that the animal could be treated in that way. I suppose in an ordinary herd the only way would be that they would have to be destroyed. For the purpose of introducing a discussion throughout the state, I want to suggest this toward the character of the legislation : Why would it not be well to enact a law requiring that cows from which milk is sold in the cities where the state now maintains an inspector, be tested for tuberculosis and no such cows allowed in the dairy herds? Why would it not be just for the law to give the packer recourse upon the dealer of diseased animals for the sum paid for thera, thus making it advantageous for the owner to stamp the disease out of his herd? Why would it not be just, when by any means the disease is discovered in any herd, for the law to require the state veterinarian to test that herd and destroy all animals infected? Why should not the local butchers be restricted to the sale of tested meat? 222 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. That is all, Mr. President, that I have to suggest in reference to this resolution. I trust there will be a general expression. Mr. Simpson : Do I understand you to say that you want only reports from the packers in Iowa of the stock killed in Iowa ? Mr. Packard: This resolution requires Iowa packers. Mr. Simpson : Do you think that will give you the information you want? Mr. Packard : I thought the other packers could not separate their stock and office records, but I should understand that the secretary in eliciting this information would be free to go not only to the veterinarians and packers in the state, but to go to any other source in the end that all information on the number and locality of the disease may be known to the State Department of Agricul- ture, and if the packers outside the state would respond to the same inquiries I think it would be quite right to request it there. Mr. Curtiss: There has been discovered recently, within the past few years, that there is an alarming increase of tuberculosis in hogs. And as nearly as can be ascertained, the hogs most seri- ously affected are those in the dairy states, like Wisconsin, Iowa and other states similarly situated. As the members of the board doubl^ess know, the packers undertook last summer to buy bulls and dairy stock and cows of that kind subject to post-mortem examination. This met with violent opposition on the part of the commission houses, and the packers finally receded from their posi- tion and have gone back to the old basis. The ground for objection that the commission houses gave was that there were so many of the smaller packing houses around and outside the city, outside of the larger packers of Chicago, which buy this stuff that it would be impossible to sell to them subject to this post-morten examina- tion, and I think there is probably some justification for this posi- tion at present. And that objection will probably exist until gov- ernment inspection is established in a larger number of houses, or practicall}^ all of the houses. The commission houses take the posi- tion that it would limit the sale of that kind of stuff to a few houses and thereby give them a monopoly. I think it is quite clearly demonstrated that those outside firms are an important factor in buying that kind of stuff, for during the period of seven weeks while this controversy was on and while the larger houses bought no stock of this kind, the commission houses refusing to sell them, they disposed of aU that kind of stock to smaller and outside firms, and after the first week the prices advanced steadily. That indi- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 223 cates that concerns aside from the larger houses were able to con- sume that kind of stock without decrease in price. I think it is unfortunate, however, that that condition exists, and I hope it may be remedied by government inspection. If some of the stock could be inspected it would trace the disease back to the producer and the burden of loss placed on the man who furnished diseased stock. That, of course would be incentive to each man w^hose herd is infected to clean up his herd and reduce the loss as much as pos- sible. There is one suggestion which Governor Packard made in the form of a question which I think we are not ready for yet ; in fact, I doubt if it would be a wise or successful policy — that is as to the state veterinarian or other veterinarians inspecting and testing a suspected herd and condemning all the animals. That would be the policy of wholesale slaughter undertaken in other states with great loss. I think a more rational and conservative policy should be adopted. It is well known that a good many of the reacting animals are not so badly diseased as to in any way impair the value of their carcass for meat, and where the test is applied the owTier ought to have the privilege of selling subject to post-mortem examination. Then the animals, although reacting, if found to be in such condition as not to render the carcass unfit for food, could be disposed of for full value. It is also well known now that tuberculosis is not a hereditary disease, and that the offspring of animals that are infected with tuberculosis may, by means of isola- tion, be raised free from the disease. This is important, of course, in case of valuable breeding herds where animals reacting can be kept separate and the offspring kept separate and raised to a healthy and sound condition. I think a large part of the disease as it exists in this and other states is undoubtedly traceable to disease existing in cattle fed on the same farm or through the milk as it comes from the creamery. This, of course, is a means of distribut- ing the disease. We conducted an experiment at Ames the past year in which it was conclusively demonstrated that milk is a means of transmitting the disease and that tuberculosis is readily com- municable through disease. There was a law passed in this state a year ago last winter requiring that all skim milk and buttermilk be returned from the creamery be Pasteurized. And I understand from ^Ir. "Wright that this law is quite generally observed. I think it is an important measure and one that ought to be fully and care- fully observed, for undoubtedly that is one of the most common means of distributins- the disease, from the fact that tuberculosis 224 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. is found in hogs more largely in the dairy districts. Of course, the disease is not confined to the dairy herds ; in fact, it is found to fully as large degree in beef herds; but I think if we can adopt some policy that we could eradicate the disease from cattle that the matter of disease in hogs, the seriousness of the disease in hogs, will largely disappear, for the average life of a hog is so short and they are so constantly changing on the farm, that if the cattle were free I think the disease would soon disappear from the hogs. Mr. St. John: I heartity concur Avith the Governor's resolu- tion, but as I understand the question of legislation from the Gov- ernor's remarks, of course, it is absolutely necessary to destroy the animals. I have given that some thought a good many years. Knowing some cases where it would be a hardship among the farmers, I believe it is just so far as my judgment goes, and believe there should be some legislation along that line. I don't believe you will ever stamp out tuberculosis in this state until some such law is enacted, for this reason — I. know of people who have herds of pure bred cattle, and being convinced that tuberculosis is prev- alent in the herds, simply keep quite, for no man knows this except the man who cares for them, until he not only makes a great damage for the state at large but also to himself; and I do not believe the state will be successful in stamping out the disease until some law is enacted to warrant the farmer to take hold of it and he will so notify the authorities and see that his herd is all right. I believe in saving all I could of them, but I do not understand the Governor to make wholesale slaughter. Mr. Packard: ^ly remarks suggested two or three ways of reaching it. First, one to demand that the cows be inspected; second, that the packers have recourse against the seller ; and third, if you do not like either of these two, would you be suited Avith one which would authorize the state veterinarian to have authority wherever it was brought to his notice that there was an infected herd to enter and destroy those that in his judgment were past cure? That would not mean to destroy any but those reacting. ]\Ir. Curtiss: The matter of legislation along this line is a pretty large subject, and this involves a matter of so much impor- tance to the live stock and agricultural interests of the state that it will have to be approached with a good deal of careful considera- tion. There is one difficulty with the method which you suggest, Governor, and that is that there is no means of detecting, except in the most advanced stages of the disease, the degree to which EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 225 this disease exists in animals. The tuberculin test will g:ive as strong a reaction in animals having minute particles of the disease as in the animals that are in an advanced stage of the disease. So there is no means of determining the stage of the disease in animals. The condition of the animal with reference to tuberculosis can only be determined, in the majority of cases at least, by post-mortem examination. So I do not think our stock breeders would stand for a system of putting the tuberculin test and condemning all the animals that react. I do not believe it would be a good policy to advocate ; but I believe we will have to approach it by more rational and conservative methods. If the government in.spection can be extended so as to be established through practically all of the packing houses, the smaller as well as the larger, it would in the first place insure wholesome and sound meat in the market. In addition to this, if we had that system it would enable the disease to be traced back to the farm where it originated and enable the stock to be sold subject to post-mortem examination. It seems to me that this is the most feasible plan of solution of this problem. If we can arrive at a system which will enable the disease to be traced back to the farm it would be very easy of solution, because the burden then falls on the man whose herd has the disease and it is to his interests to eradicate the disease. I believe pressure along this line, as well as along the other lines suggested, viz., not bringing the animals into the state without subjecting them to the test, and the test of dairy herds supplying milk to the public, would go a good way toward solving this ciuestion. I think, also, the legisla- tion concerning Pasteurization of skim milk should be made to cover buttermilk. Mr. Wright : It may be of interest to know that the law with regard to the Pasteurization of milk will not reach many of the farmers, for the reason that from six to seven tenths of the butter is made from cream that is skimmed on the farm and the skim milk never leaves the farm, so is not Pasteurized. Mr. Curtiss: There is this feature to that situation — it does not permit the disease to extend beyond that farm. Mr. Wright : So that the Pasteurization of milk is not universal in the state. There is another feature that appeals to me particu- larly, and that is that there seems to be a very great interest on the part of the people of the state who buy milk in the city in rela- tion to the health of the cows producing that milk. The number of inquiries that we have is doubling and trebling every year, and 15 226 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. there is more or less movement on foot now to enact some legisla- tion regarding cows furnishing milk to the cities. People will be interested because it will not cost them anything to secure such legislation. Another thing is that there has been a regular epi- demic in pure food matters, and when the people learn a little more about the proposition they will find that it applies principally to cheating in foods instead of to the ingredients. The stock men who will be affected financially when any such legislation occurs are very interested in that part of the legislation. There is a move- ment on foot now to require that all meat sold locally in the city of Des JMoines be inspected both before and after the killing. The Sioux City and Davenport councils have already enacted ordi- nances to that effect ; whether it will be carried out in the long run, some such thing will be carried out, and it seems to me the dairy people will get in the clear before that happens. Mr. Packard moved that the fund provided for the investigations of the committee on Foods, Seeds and Other Products be open to the committee on the Contagious Diseases when such committee was appointed. Motion prevailed. The committee on Per Diem and Mileage made the following report, and on motion of the chairman the same was adopted: Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to re- port as follows: Name. Rate. Amount. Miles. Amount. Total. C.E.Cameron $4.00 $24.00 140 $14.00 $38.00 W. C. Brown 4.00 24.00 102 10.20 34,20 R.S.Johnston 4.00 24.00 158 15.80 39.80 C. W. Phillips 4.00 24.00 24.00 E.M.Reeves 4.00 24.00 123 12.30 36.30 R. T. St. John 4.00 24.00 195 19.50 43.50 S. B. Packard 4.00 24.00 58 5.80 29.80 T C Legoe 4.00 20.00 100 10.00 30.00 Charles F. Curtiss 4.00 24.00 39 3.90 27.70 John Ledgerwood 4.00 24.00 87 8.70 32.70 M. McDonald 4.00 24.00 65 6.50 30.50 O A. Olson 4.00 24.00 155 15.50 39.50 H. L. Pike 4.00 24.00 200 20.00 44.00 John Ledgeewood, H. L. Pike, R. S. JOHNSTOX, Committee. Mr. St. John moved that the Executive committee be empowered to transact all unfinished business. Motion prevailed. The president announced the standing committees for the year 1908. (List of assignments can be found in the front pages of this volume.) On motion of Mr. Legoe the board adjourned. PART VI. PROCEEDINGS OF THE Annual Meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association 1907 BY C. C. CAELIN, SECRETARY. OFFICERS. W]M. D. McTAVISH, Presidert Coggon JOHN M. COX, Jr., Vice-President Harlan J. A. BENSON, Vice-President Primghar C. C. CARLIN, Secretary and Tbeasureb Des Moines EXECUTR'E committee. B. R. VALE Bonaparte W. Z. SWALLOW Waukee HARVEY JOHNSTON Logan The annual summer meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Asso- ciation took place at Des ^loines on Tuesday, June 11th. It was a representative gathering of men whose energies are devoted to the development of the swine breeding industry of the state of Iowa who met at the Savery house, in Des Moines, Tuesday, June 11th, the occasion being the annual summer meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association. IMore than one hundred mem- bers of the organization were in attendance, a larger number than has been present at any of the meetings of recent years. It is a gratifying promise for the future of any enterprise that those who conduct it are so nearly identified with that class of citizens upon whom depend the social, political and business integrity and honor of our great commonwealth. It is a flattering testimonial to the (227) 228 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. literary attainments of the farmers of Iowa, and an evidence of the deep consideration given the fundamental underlying principles of their business, that these men of few opportunities in the field of logic and eloquence should present a program of rare merit in its treatment of the subjects under discussion. The afternoon session was opened by Mr. Wm. D. McTavish, with the delivery of the following : PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. A retrospective view of the work accomplished by our association dur- ing the past year, and the conditions prevailing throughout the state, give just reason for thankfulness and felicitation. Although there have been some losses in the swine herds from disease, yet it has been confined to localities and has not become general. The statistics show that on Jan- uary 1, 1907, we had 8,587,500 hogs in Iowa, practically twice the number of any other state. Illinois came next with 4,449,705; Nebraska next with 4,080,000. Then Missouri with 3,454,950, and Indiana with 2,924,879, there being only three other states with 2,000,000. Texas, Kansas and Ohio; after which they drop down very rapidly. The total number of hogs in the United States was 54,794,439, so you will see that Iowa produced more than one-seventh of the number of hogs raised in the entire United States. When it comes to pork products we make a still better showing, owing to the heavier weights of our hogs, as shown by the valuation, the valuation of the hogs in Iowa being $81,552,750; those of the entire United States, $417,791,321. Thus it will be seen that Iowa produced a little more than one-fifth of the entire hog product in valuation. Notwithstand- ing this great production, we have realized five and six cents per pound right on the farms during all this time. The hog is truly "making Iowa famous," as well as wealthy. Our association is doing everything possible to promote the welfare of this great industry. Although it has done much in the past, yet there will be much more for it to do in the future which can only be accomplished by being thoroughly organized and working together in harmony. We have reason to thank our legislature for recognizing the need of providing more suitable and sanitary quarters for the great swine show at the Iowa State Fair and appropriating $75,000 for the erection of the same. This was sorely needed, not only for the better accommodation of the show, but also as a means of safeguarding the swine herds from dis- ease originating there. If a certificate of health and thorough inspection is now required of all exhibitors before coming on the grounds, there should be no bad results from this show. Much credit is due Hon. John McAllister of Linn county, who was really the father of this measure in the house. It was he who introduced the first bill a year ago last winter. The efficient work of ex-Senator Vale at the same session had much to do with the attitude the senate took towards our bill. The proficient work of Secretary Carlin and the valuable assistance of James Atkinson and W. Z. Swallow have been factors worth mentioning. We should also feel grateful to the state board of agriculture for asking for this appropria- tion. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 229 This is the first appropriation the swine breeders of Iowa ever asl5;ed the legislature to make, and I really believe that by the proper enforce- ment of a rigid inspection and requiring exhibitors to make affidavit as to the health of their herds at home, it may save the taxpayers of Iowa twice the amount of the appropriation the first year. It cannot be ex- pected that no disease will exist, but it will with proper precautions be reduced to a minimum, which was impossible before. "We are now entering upon another season, and it is only natural that we should anticipate upon what it has in store for us. The pig crop throughout the state is just reasonably good. Probably it is well that it is no better, owing to the backward condition of the grain crops, especi- ally corn. The price of hogs has miantained a high level during the past year and from present indications will continue high. The outlook for a good grade the coming season depends very much on the corn crop. With the present high range of prices a reasonably good corn crop will make the prospects for a big trade very certain. The swine men of Iowa are worthy of all the prosperity that comes to them. They are one of the factors that have made the state as great as it is. By their industry they have acquired the power of progress. As president of our organiza- tion I have no new policies to recommend. I would suggest that as indi- viduals we give the subject of tuberculosis our careful consideration and attention, keeping a very close lookout for it in our herds and breeding no animals that give any symptoms of it. This is not a note of alarm, but merely one of warning. There is no occasion for making a big fuss over this matter, such as was made a few years ago in the cattle business when whole herds were sacrificed to a test that was afterwards found to be inaccurate. But we as swine raisers owe it to ourselves and to the meat consuming public to know whether we are producing animals afflicted with this disease. As compared with other animals, and the number of hogs produced, the hog is comparatively free from it. By pay- ing a little more attention to sanitary conditions and tanking suspicious animals, it is possible to reduce it to a point where it would not be a menace. As the use of the woven wire fence increased and the range for our hogs is enlarged, with the consequent healthy exercise and pure air, it will be much easier to cope with this as well as other diseases. For the number produced, I think that Iowa now has less diseased hogs than any other commonwealth. By continuing to labor for the progress and improvement of the swine industry of our state, we will fulfill the mis- sion for which our association was organized. Following the president's address eanie the first paper on the regular program, that of ]Mr. Harvey Johnson of Logan, Iowa, whose theme was : PIGGY'S TROUBLES. To the old breeder, this subject seems like an oft told tale, for we have seen it written about and heard it talked about until it does seem threadbare, indeed; and we have long since ceased to expect anything new about it. 230 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. But every year there are young men taking up this worlc and they have not yet come in contact with these troubles to any extent, and so, while the telling and re-telling of these stories may not be of any partic- ular benefit to the old breeder, they may prove of untold value to the younger ones if they will but make use of the experience that is thus placed before them. It has been said that "man is born to trouble." This applies very aptly to little pigs, and it does not make any difference to what breed they belong; nor whether they were sired by a hog that sold for $25.00 or one that pretends to sell for $25,000.00; nor whether they have for their dam the sow that holds the world's record for a high priced sow, or whether it is the good but homely old sow that we keep in the back lot out of sight. They are all subject to the same troubles, and require the greatest watchfulness to avoid them, or to successfully treat them. Among the first troubles to appear will be sore mouths. This can often be avoided by removing the eight large teeth soon after farrowing. It is a form of blood poisoning and is usually started by lacerating each other's mouths in the struggle for location at the dinner table. When started and in bad form the proud flesh should be removed and then thproughly cleansed with a dip of carbolic solution. Next will be thumps — that trouble that always takes the prettiest and best, and the ones that we fancy are headed for the show ring. This trouble can better be avoided than treated when once acquired. I have tried a number of so-called remedies, buf there is not one of them that I would recommend. Continual watchfulness is what counts here. Every pig that shows a tendency to get too fa should be made to exercise, and if this cannot be done sufficiently it »nould be removed from the sow and kept away at least a part of eacn day. Treated in this way they will be reduced in flesh, and when that is done the danger will be past. Next will be scours, the most common and the most destructive of all the pig disorders. There are various causes for it, and fully ' as many remedies. Among the causes are: A sudden change to damp weather, wet and foul nests, overfeeding the sow, a sudden change of feed or feeding something sour. Among the remedies are: Reduce the sow's feed. If an old sow, feed less slops and more dry feeds. Feed her some parched corn, burnt flour, some soda, copperas or lime water. In our own work when a pronounced case appears we first clean the nest thoroughly, then apply air slacked lime and give fresh bedding. Then reduce the sow's feed and give her a teaspoonful of lime or copperas. In cases where the trouble seems to originate with the sow, we feed her soda or burnt flour or parched corn. In obstinate cases, those that will not yield to the usual treatment, we administer direct to the pig a dose of from three to five drops of laudanum. The young pig will not live long before it will be troubled with worms. Some are not troubled to the extent that is noticeable, and others so badly that it is very noticeable, in the loss of appetite, dead appearance of the coat and in the general unthrifty condition. The diarrhoea that often appears in pigs of from six to twelve weeks old is almost always carried by worms, and when they are destroyed the trouble disappears EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 231 at once. Worms are the cause of more troubles in pigs and young liogs than is often supposed. They get sick and die and we call it something else, when the truth is that worms did it. For treatment we have found nothing better than santonine. Take one ounce, dissolve in warm water, mix with slop and feed to seventy-five to a hundred head of pigs, de- pending on the age of the pigs. Feed it the first thing in the morning and repeat the dose in three or four days. A little further along mange will make its appearance. This is- the trouble that makes the skin look like old leather, dry and wrinkled. It is usually caused by sleeping in damp, foul nests, or by sleeping or working around manure piles. The be-^*-, treatment for this is nitrate of lead. Take one pound, dissolve in K it water and add sufficient cold water to sprinkle thoroughly one hunared pigs. Repeat in four or five days. In bad individual cases, take a scrubbing brush and thoroughly rub it in. Hot, strong soap suds applied with a- scrubbing brush is also very good. Kerosene and lard are good. Many of the dip preparations are good for mild cases, but are not as effective as the others and care must be taken when using them on young pigs. If made strong enough to be effective, they will seriously injure the eyes and give them a backset. When the pig is a little older he can expect another trouble and that is pig measles. While all do not have it, it is quite a common July and August trouble among pigs. It is known by the fevered condition and the eruptions around the eyes and back of the ears, and in bad cases covers the entire body. A mixture of lard and sulphur with a little carbolic acid added is very good. In bad cases it should be applied warm and well rubbed In with a cloth. These are the principle troubles that will come to the pig while he is small. When he has more age he will become eligible to hog cholera, swine fever and kindred ills, and this opens up a proposition that is fraught with deep mysteries, where the more we see of it the less we know about it; where a cloud seems to come into our lives and fortunes are lost. We will not touch on it for we dislike to think of it unless compelled to do so. On every farm where hogs are raised to any extent there should be a dipping vat and it should be used regularly during the summer and fall, at least once in two weeks for pigs and young hogs and once in four weeks for older ones. I know of no one thing that will do as much toward eradicating disease and all the. ills that pigs are heir to as will the intelligent use of the dipping tank. Raising pigs can very truthfully be called detail work. He who would make it a success must enjoy the work and must be willing to look after the many details that demand attention and it will pay and pay well. Some think the occupation is crowded. But for the careful, honest young man who likes stock there is now and always will be a place, whether he breed pedigreed animals or raises them for the market. While Mr. Johnson gave an excellent paper, it had additional merit in that it called out still further valuable information from men of practical experience. G. A. Munson of Maxwell, Iowa, said he had found an excellent remedy for scours to be Venetian red given in two doses of one teaspoonful each. He, however, 232 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. considered the best remedy dried blood, fed to the sow, in doses same as above. He would not otherwise change the diet or treat- ment of the sow. One gentleman asked advice a.s to the treatment of sows affected with paralysis of the hind legs. L. H. Roberts of Paton, Iowa, said the trouble was due to lack of lime in the system, and he had found a little lime water given about every two weeks to be helpful. J. A. Benson of Primghar, Iowa, said the trouble was known as motor paralysis, and that affected animals have as good ap- petites as healthy ones. He had successfully used for it powdered ginger and ^ dram powdered anise seed, fed in slop twice a day. He gets his • druggist to put it up in powders, and gets sixteen doses for twenty-five cents. He did not give this as an unfailing cure, but since he began to use it he had not known a sow so treated not to get up. A question as to the cause of the disease elicited no satisfactory reply. J. M. Stewart of Ainsworth, Iowa, being unable to attend, had forwarded to the secretary his paper on the subject. CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF LITTERS. J. M. STEWART, AINSWORTH, IOWA. The care of the litter is a subject which cannot be covered by one rule alone, as there are hardly two sows which can be handled alike at farrowing time and no two litters of pigs which require the same care to produce the desired results. One of the most essential things is to have the sow in proper condition at breeding time and to carry her along in good condition until time of farrowing. Yet you must be very careful to not overload the sow with fat, for that will make her sluggish, causing her to overlay her pigs. You must see that the sow gets plenty of exercise. It is a good plan to make her go at least twenty rods from her bed for feed and water. If she is properly fed and takes plenty of exercise you will have very little trouble at farrow- ing time. A sow in proper condition with a dry warm bed and plenty of bedding will generally take care of her own litter. Unless you spend a reasonable amount of time with the sows and gain their confidence there are very few that will peaceably permit you to handle their pigs. Sows that are easily disturbed and jump up every time you come near them had better be left entirely alone. After farrowing leave the sow as quiet as possible and give her plenty of water near at hand so she may have it as often as she wishes. I feed dry oats and bran mixed for the first few days after farrowing, then gradually mix a little chop feed in the water and add a little corn to the oats and bran, until when the pigs are about ten days old I have her on full feed. No definite rule can be laid down here, because it all depends on the size of the litter and the amount of milk given by EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 233 the sow. It is far better to underfeed than to overfeed for the first few- days, but you must feed enough to l^eep the sow quit. After the second day if the weather permits, coax the sow away from her litter and induce her to talie a little exercise each day. I generally call her out by the use of a little feed and when it is needed, clean out the pen and put in fresh bedding. Watch the pigs closely and if they begin to get too fat feed the sow less, but if they are not gettinng enough milk increase the feed. I keep the litters separated until the pigs are at least four weeks old, at which time there is little danger of them robbing one an- other. As soon as they are old enough I make them a feed pen where they can eat by themselves and then gradually shut off the feed on the sow and increase the feed for the pigs. A good clover pasture is one of the best things we can have for our pigs in central Iowa, for it gives us a protein in the cheapest way. Be careful about feeding the pigs too much corn. We have found the best feed is sweet milk, oats, mill- feed, some dry corn and whenever possible, good clover pasture. Too much corn makes the pigs fat and they do not have the bone that they should have to make a good desirable hog. After the reading- of Mr. Stewart's paper everybody wanted to tallv. Discussion ran riot, bringing in points with but remote eon- ueotiou with the subject-matter. E. Z. Russell of Blair, Nebraska, at once jumped on dangerous ground by objecting to Mr. Stewarts' advice on feeding corn. He believed that suckling pigs, running on good clover pasture, could not be given too much corn. On the point of reducing the feed of the sow at time of weaning the pigs, Mr. Munson said: "Pigs should be weaned gradually. I put my sows on dry oats and increase the feed of the pigs, and by this means naturally wean them away from the sow. Dry oats seems to give the milk a flavor that the pigs do not relish, and at the same time reduces the flow. If I am fitting a pig for a show, or fininshing it for market, I think it cannot be given too much com. But if I am developing it to use as a breeder, then the less corn the better. If you will stop to think of what corn develops you will fed less of it. On good pasture corn is of course less objectionable, but if the pig is confined to an exclusive com diet it does not develop but puts on fat. Corn is a fat producer alone, and cannot develop bone or muscle. ' ' Responding to a query as to what was the proper condition of a brood sow, Mr. Russell said: "My method of feeding sows before farrowing is simple. I feed meal, bran, shorts when I can get it, and com the re.st of the time. In feeding com I put it in the wagon and take it to the top of the hill, making them go after it and so take exercise whether they want it or not. I am not par- ticular how much corn I leave in the field and thej^ get a good deal there, but have to take exercise to get it. Exercise is one of 234 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the most important factors at farrowing time. ' ' Mr. McTavish appreciated tlie need of exercise for brood sows and obliged them to take it by making them sleep in a barn across a forty and come to the home place for feed. F. E. Luther of Grand Junction, Iowa, said that while he did not raise hogs himself, he had opportunity to see many herds, and learned that the more exercise a sow took the better for her and her litter. He thought the breders of Nebraska had in the last five years led those of Iowa on that matter. Mr. Munson reiterated some previous statements and added that the main things in keeping a sow in condition were exercise and sunshine. He has discarded oil meal for alfalfa, believing that it kept the bowels in better condition. Sows on exclusive corn are more apt to eat their pigs, as it produces a feverish condition and an abnormal appetite. His sows are given a little com in extremely cold weather. A close observation of the droppings of an animal, he said, would give a better indication of its con- dition than anything else. Aug. Sonneland thought that, rather than to adopt Mr. Mun- son's method of feeding, it would be better to move to Canada and raise bacon hogs. Com gained a champion in W. L. Willey of Menlo, Iowa, who said: "Corn will make a hog. The best hogs, I find, have been raised on the yellow com of Iowa and the yeUow com of Ne- braska. Whenever you take away the yellow com you take away the vitals of the hog. Oil meal, shorts and milk are good, and buttermilk is all right. The ultimate end of every hog is the pork barrel. I have been successful in getting sixth or seventh place at the state fair myself, but I wiU never lose sight of the pork barrel. What will mature a hog quickets? Will it be shorts and bran, or will it be com — and, yes, a little buttermilk?" H. F. Huffman of Washta, Iowa, said: "What would you think if I said I was feeding nitrogenous foods altogether? The first time I visited the farm of Uncle William Roberts I found him feeding com to his pigs. I asked him if he fed corn all the time, and said other breeders told me they fed oats and bran, etc. 'Do you know why?' he asked. 'They say that so you will do it. Then they will keep on feeding com and go into the show ring and beat you. If you have clover pasture you cannot get com enough. ' ' Mr. Luther again arose, saying. "This meeting was called to discuss the methods of raising breeding stock. Breeding stock and EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 235 stock for the pork barrel must be treated differently. If we feed all com, there will be no bone, no muscle, no pig and no hog. We must feed to produce better hogs for the future, to keep up size and quality." R. J. Harding of Macedonia, Iowa, said that corn had its place, that oil meal, bran and shorts were good, but that all go together, and no one alone should be relied upon. Mr. McTavish considered the subject an important one, and thought that as long as hogs were raised in Iowa corn would be used as feed. It is indispensable to the hog raiser. He had paid 44 cents per bushel to feed to hogs that he sold for $2.90 per hundred. He had made money on them because they had been grown on good Iowa blue grass and buttermilk — stuff raised on the farm, with the corn as a finisher. Fence farms hog tight. It is the success of the hog business in the future. Turn the pigs out in the spring and let them get that bone and muscle forming food from the grass grown on the farm with clover, and some buttermilk, and then feed them com. If you can supply the hogs with plenty of something to balance up that com you will not give too much corn and you will not have any broken down hogs. Harvey Johnson practices feeding a variety as much as possible. In winter time he provides alfalfa hay, keeping the fourth cutting for that purpose. He urged upon breeders the importance of alfalfa as a feed for brood sows. Those, however, who did not have alfalfa, should have second crop of clover. His buildings are so located that in winter the sows have access to the pastures, and in bright days they may generally be seen picking green stuff and getting exercise at the same time. He feeds plenty of oats and bran, and at night com and alfalfa, with as much of the latter as they want. In stormy weather he feeds under a shed or on a good feeding floor. Henry Door of Remsen, Iowa, put his alfalfa hay through a cutter and fed it with ground oats, as he found feeding alfalfa hay wasteful. He moistened the mixture and fed it in a trough. 0. S. Gilbert of Grundy Center, Iowa, thought breeders should raise more feed and buy less. He had been raising a mixture of wheat and oats sown in the proportions of one bushel each and raised eighty to ninety bushels per acre. He thought it better and cheaper than bought feed. Having exhausted all phases of the subject. Dr. J. H. McNeiU of the Iowa state college at Ames, was introduced a^.d delivered 236 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. his address on "The Influence of Proper Sanitary Conditions in the Prevention of Swine Diseases." THE INFLUENCE OF PROPER SANITARY CONDITIONS IN THE PREVENTION OF SWINE DISEASES. J. H. MCNEILL, AMES, IOWA. Sanitary science is the study of the causes of disease and the influ- ences which affect the operation of these causes favorably and unfavor- ably and embraces a wide range of subjects which can be dealt with in this paper only as they pertain to the conditions which operate un- favorably and predisposes to certain of the more common and fatal dis- eases of swine, both of an infectious and non-infectious nature. We have discovered that curative medicine plays but an unimportant part in the eradication of animal plagues, but that hygiene and pre- ventive medicines are vastly more important, and have wielded a greater influence than all the ills and potions given since the days of Adam. The study of the causation of disease is ever advancing into hitherto unexplored fields, and one can imagine that within the period of only a few years many new and important discoveries will have been made which are not now considered within practical solution even by the most optimistic dreamer. We no longer believe that disease is of supernatural origin, and the most of us at least do not follow the teachings of the soothsayers and priests, nor make idolotrous prayers and sacrifices when we are called upon to check the spread of an infectious disease, but on the contrary we get very busy with our coal-tar disinfectants and institute a general clean- ing up. In the early Christian ages the sign of the cross was burned upon the heads of infected or exposed animals in the hope of curing the one and preventing the illness of the others. In the middle of the 19th cen- tury, processions of Greek and Turkish priests walked barefoot through the streets of Constantinople, uttering loud peals of deliverance from the scourge that prevailed while the air was heavy and almost unbearable with the odors from the putrifying matters that filled the streets. The adoption of the principles of sanitary science for the protection of our herds and flocks has been very slow as compared to the advances made in the improvement along the lines of breeding. Nothing permanent is gained in raising a fine lot of animals and then by neglect allowing them to become infected and die from some preventable infectious disease. Why not pay some attention to the few principles that underlie this im- portant subject, and not all to selection, pedigree and performance of the individuals. We have been twenty centuries in reaching the present condition of sanitary intelligence, but even at this day some of the most important and simple sanitary measures are neglected by intelligent people, or when applied to animals are opposed for financial reasons. It is a significant fact that every attempt made on the part of sanitarians to prevent the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART YI. 237 spread of diseases among animals in this country has met with the greatest opposition among the owners of these animals. I am led to be- lieve that it is the immediate financial losses that cause this opposition, and in nearly every case we may expect a yearly visitation of the divest- ing plague and have perpetually exemplified the painful results of a penny wise and pound foolish policy. How much better would it be if so many of us were not so blind and could see that it was more economical to isolate, treat or destroy all animals diseased than to permit them to remain as disturbing centers from which the disease may be spread. The causes of disease are simple or complicated, a single factor may not in itself be sufficient to cause disease, but may, if associated with another which would have been innocuous if acting alone. We classify causes into predisposing and exciting. Predisposing causes are such as induce a condition of the system or particular organ, or group of organs, which renders them especially susceptible to disease. This may be characteristic of the race or genus of the animal, or hereditary influences, previous disease in a tissue or organ leaves for the time an im- pairment of structure which may become an essential predisposing cause. Exciting causes are the immediate factors in the causation of particular diseases. Heat, if excessive and prolonged, exerts a direct influence on the animal economy, and may become the direct cause of a number of diseases. Cold is equally detrimental and when proper housing is not provided for swine, chilling may take place, and pneumonia or pleurisy result. This is especially true where large numbers are kept together instead of having pens properly protected and large enough to hold twelve or fifteen animals. The condition of the atmosphere, when charged with offensive gases or the emenation from manure pits or other foul places, is often a direct cause of disease. The emenations from manure pits are believed to be healthy, even by some educated persons, probably it is the ammonia that reminds them of smelling salts. The vitiated air reduces the resistance of the body tissues by inducing a state in which the natural defences are weakened, and an avenue for infection established. Foul air and over- crowding are the prime factors in the production of disease, and it may be truly said that "disease and health are in the direct proportion of foul air and pure air." Darkness always deteriorates the general health and makes it possible to have corners and other places for the accumulation of filth. Light is invigorating, and it is also detrimental to the growth of germs. Hog cholera, swine plague, anthrax and tuberculosis of the infectious diseases and various other parasitic affections of the digestive and respiratory system may be transmitted through the medium of streams. It is not an easy matter to indicate the impurities of water which produce disease, aside from the use of very hard water, or one holding in sus- pension large quantities of mud and filth. These act mechanically on the digestive canal, and their results are easy of comprehension. Impure water is not conducive to good health, and anything which detracts from this in the highest obtainable degree is rendering the animal more prone to suffer from disease. 238 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The object of hygiene is to secure the greatest degrees of bodily health and vigor, because the animal will develop better and is less liable to contract disease. The water trough, the puddle, shallow and polluted well in the feed lot are the chief sources of infection, although disease germs may be carried along the course of streams from infected farms. The parasitic diseases so common in the domesticated animals and which cause such losses in young animals are largely spread by water. The ingestion of impure water contaminated by sewage has been con- demned as a prolific cause of abortion-, but it is now known that unless it carries the specific organism which enters from without, it cannot be considered as a cause of this disease. The results of recent experiments prove that contagious abortion in cows is more readily transmitted through the contamination of food by uterine exudate than any other means. Cows fed on contaminated fetal cotyledons or uterine exudate will abort. The disease may be transmitted to sows and for this reason, if for none other, hogs should not be fed on the afterbirth or dead fetus of a cow that has aborted from any cause. A circumstance not to be forgotten is that a cow that has calved a full term may nevertheless sometimes furnish a vaginal discharge that is in- fective and therefore dangerous. Parasitic Diseases. — Two divisions are made of parasitic diseases, ani- mals and vegetable. All vegetable parasites are fungi, and the animal belongs to the invertebrates. Parasites are further divided according as they live upon or within the body of the host. The part played by these organisms was for a long time not under- stood, some of them, because of their small size, as the trichina spiralis and mange mite escaped detection. The gravity of the attack from any one of the species of parasites de- pends on the relative amount of injury caused by the individual parasite, and the number of which the host may be assailed. Thus the necessity of keeping the hog sheds clean to minimize the chances of infesting the occupants. The cystic disease of the pig is caused by consuming human excreta or food contaminated by" the same. Thus the better observance of sani- tary precautions in the human population. The thorough cooking of sus- pected beef and pork will remedy this condition as far as man is con- cerned. Some parasites like the trichina spiralis and the echino-coccus cysts are so likely to undergo a constant increase in the same locality in future years, that their presence can only be looked upon as a growing menace, and should be exterminated at any cost. If a parasite must pass through a host in order to arrive at maturity, it will be necessary to determine what this host is, and institute measures to prevent the animal coming in contact with, either the host or infecting material which may be thrown off. Most parasitisms can be dealt with by changing the condition of the en- vironment, thus cutting off the next generation of the parasitic organism, this injunction is very generally ignored, and will not in the end ex- terminate the infectious principle, the thing so much desired in the ex- termination of the infesting agent. In general we may say that each kind of domestic animal has its parasites, and these may be found only EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 239 In or on this animal, and do not thrive in or on different species or soon leave them. The propagation of parasitic disease is subordinate to the condition of the existence of the parasites. The excremental contents of the intestinal canal contain Ihe eggs deposited by the worms living within the canal. The parasites of the respiratory system are expelled by coughing, and fragments or even entire worms may be thrown out, disintegrate and yield the ova or eggs, to external agents. The majority of these are destroyed by drying and many of them may have to remain for months or even years before they can reach the body of the new host, sometimes it may be the ovum itself, and at other times the hatched embryo. The length of time the embryo is confined in the egg varies with the different species. The ova of certain parasites do not develop if they are kept in a moist medium, while others on the contrary die when they are placed in a dry medium. The thickness of the shell enveloping the ova may be very thin or thick and resistant, and in the first case the ova usually hatch in the surrounding media, and infection takes place by the embryo. While on the other hand the eggs possessing a thick shell pass into the digestive canal of the host, where hatching takes place. When the embryo is thus liberated it either remains in the digestive tract or passes directly, or through the circulation, to the particular tissue or organ which favors its future development. Parasites may be transmitted from an infested animal to a healthy animal, either by immediate contract, or some intermediate bearer. Cer- tain predisposing conditions favor the propagation of parasites, and few of them are common to several species of animals. Young animals with delicate and non-resistant tissues favor the development of certain para- sites, old animals are less able to defend themselves from attacks, and the contraction and secretion of the digestive organs are less capable of expelling the organisms which may be found within. The multiplication of parasites may be favored or hindered by the state of surroundings. Crowding and dirty habitations aid in the propagation of parasites, the different seasons of the year have a direct influence, and this is especially noticeable in animals affected with mange and lice. Parasites have a varying influence on the health of their host. Autopsies performed on animals showing every sign of health may re- veal the presence of large numbers of parasites in the intestines. The damage done by parasites is not so much due to the blood abstracted as to the effect of the bite or sting, and at other times, as with the mange parasites, the nutrition of the skin is interfered with, and consequently the general health, and if the parasite infest the ear we may have serious nervous disturbances. The intestinal parasites usually exert their dele- terious effect by mechanically obstructing the intestines, and at times impairing digestion, and in extreme cases causing perforation or rupture of the organ. Parasites living in the stomach and intestines are nourished by the more or less modified alimentary matters contained in these organs. All the others derive their sustenance from the substance of their host. The majority of the parasites derive the materials for their development and maintenance from the morbid products they excite the secretion of. Those 240 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. having a digestive apparatus infest tliese materials wliile others take them through the sliin. Of the external parasites of hogs, perhaps the one most commonly met with is the hog louse, known as the Haematopinus suis. This is a large louse, the female sometimes attaining the length of a quarter of an inch. They have a long rather narrow head, and the mouth is fitted for sucking. These lice are found mostly behind the ears, about the root of the tail and in the wrinkles of the skin, although when they become numerous they may be seen anywhere along the back. They cause great irritation to the host, because of the fact that they pierce the skin with their mouth parts many tiriies each day in their efforts to secure the blood of the host. The free use of some one of the good dips will destroy these parasites. The mite or parasite which causes mange or scabies of hogs is quite frequently met with, and it is of great economic importance, because when a drove of swine becomes affected with mange they are very much reduced in vitality, and the financial loss is soinetimes quite great. The parasite known as sarcoptes scabei is quite small, although it is the largest variety of its species, the female being only about 1-45 of aa inch in length and about 1-70 of an inch in width. It is quite difficult to locate owing to the fact that it burrows into the skin, and it is only by removng the scab, scraping the skin below it clear down to the quick, and then examining the scrapings with a hand lens, that it is possible to determine definitely the presence of the parasite. The condition is at first manifested by a violent itching and inflamma- tion of the skin, seemingly first on the head, especially on the ears and around the eyes. It then spreads to the withers, croup and inner surface of the thighs, and later it invades the entire surface of the body. The presence of this parasite in the skin excites the secretion of a morbid fluid-like substance, which, together with the abundant amount of epider- mic cells, from the dry whitish-gray crusts so characteristic of sarcoptic mange. The skin beomes wrinkled, and the bristles are usually shed, and become glued together into small tufts which lie on the skin and fall off after a time. Scabies is transmitted from hog to hog either by direct contact, or through the medium of the bedding in which the hogs sleep. The disease travels slowly, but will in time, unless vigorous means of eradication is instituted, spread to the entire herd. Thorough and frequent dipping or, in bad cases, the application of turpentine eight parts and flour of sulphur one part gives good results. Of the internal parasites of hogs the trichina spiralis is a very im- portant one, as it is the cause of the disease known as trichinosis, and which disease may be readily transmitted to man through the eating of the flesh from animals affected with the parasite. The parasite (trichina spiralis) is, in case of the female, about an eighth of an inch long and quite slender. The male is only about a six- teenth of an inch long. In the adult stage they always live in the in- testines, and it is the larval form which lodges in the muscles, there be- coming encysted and remaining until the flesh is eaten by some other ani- mal. The parasite is always transmitted from one animal to another by ingestion, either of infected flesh or of excremetitious matter, in which EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 241 are the sexualized parasites or their embryos. Most frequently pigs are infected by eating the bodies of rats or mice which have been feeding upon the feces or scraps of meat of infected pigs. It is thus seen that a very important factor in the eradication of trichinosis is the extermina- tion of the rodents. Unless a large quantity of trichina are taken into the system there is not much to be seen in the line of symptoms, in fact what symptoms are manifested are not at all characteristic, as they are analogous to those manifested in simple enteritis or peritonitis. If the infection is extensive however there is great muscular pain manfested, the limbs, especially the posterior, are stiff and movements are halting and uncertain. Pigs will nearly always gradually recover and although they con- tinually carry in their muscles the encysted trichinae, this fact does not seem to interfere with their quality to lay on fat; in fact, they may fatten to an extreme degree. The parasitic affection of the bronchi and lungs is not uncommon in young and growing pigs, although almost unknown in the adult animal. It is caused by a very fine worm known as the strongylus paradoxus. The parasite is white or brownish in color. The male is from one-half to three-quarters of an inch and the female from one to one and one-fourth of an inch in length. They produce their young through the medium of eggs. The development of the parasite is probably similar to the one that causes lung disease in sheep. The eggs may be thrown out with mu- cous, and if they pass into water or moist earth they may remain in a dormant condition for months. Under certain favorable conditions the embryos, if dried up after moulting, can be preserved for a long time and revivified when again subjected to moisture. This is important as ex- plaining the destructive actions of these parasites in dry seasons, or in and around the di'y and dusty pens and feed lots, as it is then possible for the worm to enter the body in dust by inhalation, although the in- festation usually takes place through the medium of vegetation, earth or water. In preventing this disease two things must be kept in mind. First, to prevent the worms from gaining access to the system, and, second, to keep the pigs in a condition unfavorable to the destructive work of the parasite. The most important of the prophylactic measures under the first division is to prevent the animals from drinking the polluted water in infested ponds or mud holes, and contaminated food where the pens and feed lots have not been properly cleaned. If they are watered from a flowing stream, fence out all but the part where they drink, and this should be where there is a decided current, and do not water from shal- low wells that receive surface drainage. Change of pens or pasture for the young pigs is advisable. Constant access to salt is a means of de- stroying the young woi-ms as they are taken in, or the animals may be ffd liberal quantities of salt, copperas and wood ashes. The medicinal treatment does not give satisfactory results except in so far as it prevents the introduction of viable embryos. Of the parasites that affect the intestines, besides the ones already named, the echinorrhynchus gigas (or thorn headed worm) and the ascaris 16 242 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. suilla are the most important. In the mature form the echinorrhynchus infests the small intestines, particularly the duodenum. It may be found free or fixed to the mucous membrane. Because of its presence there is considerable irritation and the perforation of the intestinal wall may occur in some cases. There is scarcely ever found more than five or six of these worms in the intestines. Their presence means a serious loss not only to the breeder, but also to the packer because of the damage done to the intestine which is used in the manufacture of sausage casings. The male of this species is from two to three and the female from seven to eleven inches long. The ova are laid in the intestine of the pig and afterwards escape with the bowel discharges. They ai'e then swal- lowed by the larval form of the May beetle. It seems probable that the larval stage may be passed through in a number of invertebrates which are in turn devoured by the pig and the larva set free, and then developes into an adult worm. The symptoms are those of other intestinal worms, and little can be done in the way of treatment. By way of prevention in infected localities pigs should be shut up and their discharges burned or saturated with mercuric chloride solution to destroy the embryos as soon as hatched, and in this way the cycle of development is brolven oecause the pig will find no invertebrate which harbor the larvae. The common round worm, known scientifically as the ascaris suille, inhabits the small intestines, the male being about six inches and the fe- male about ten inches in length. The body is white, firm and pointed at both ends. They are usually found in pigs out of condition and vary in numbers from 10 to 20 for each individual. When these parasites are present in small numbers they do little harm, but when pigs are kept con- tinuously in the same pen, or when they drink water that has drained from other pens or sheds they often appear in great numbers, produce serious intestinal disorders, vomiting, emaciation, obstruction of the bow- els and a watery diarrhoea. The treatment includes both preventive and curative. Under the rules for prevention we consider the sanitary condi- tion under which the pigs are kept. Water should not be used from a shallow or contaminated well. Clean feeding floors and watering troughs should be provided, and wallow holes should not be allowed to form in the yards. One of the simple forms of treatment consists in giving tur- pentine in milk, about one teaspoonful to a pig weighing one hundred pounds. This should be given on an empty stomach, and two or three doses several hours apart. The mode of reproduction is in fact one of the principal factors that determines the condition under which parasitism shall take place. Some- times complete evolution of a species only requires one host, sometimes it demands two, successive and, in general specifically different hosts. Much interest is centered on the study of parasites because of the dan- ger of infesting man. From our knowledge of the modes of infestation we know that animals can be rendered absolutely safe from the attacks of parasites, but in order to accomplish this we must enforce cleanliness and various other sanitary measures, and see that they get pure air to breathe, water to drink and food to eat. In dealing with the parasites that infest the skin, the animals at- tacked should be isolated and the place where they occupy thoroughly EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 243 disinfected, and where possible boiling water should be used for this pur- pose, and in taking precautions against some of the parasites we should keep away the host. Following the use of vermicides all the parasites that have been expelled should be carefully collected and destroyed, by fire or boiling water, and above all tuey should not be thrown on dung heaps or any place where rain may carry them into the watering places and thus reinfest the same individuals or carry embryos to some mem- ber of the drove not infested. Of the diseases due to infection or, in other words, germ diseases, we will mention among the most important tuberculosis, necrotic stomatitis or sore mouth in pigs, and' hog cholera and swine plague. Tuberculosis in hogs occasions great losses to the swine breeders and packers. Infection usually takes place through the medium of milk com- ing from cattle suffering from tuberculosis, and one of the most fertile sources of this infection lies in the separator milk coming from creamer- ies where the milk has not been sterilized before being returned to the farm. Infection may take place through the medium of the digestive tract (which is the common port of entrance to the hog) from its eating the dung of cattle suffering from intestinal tuberculosis, of those having a bad form of tubercular broncho pneumonia, and it is quite possible that small pigs may be infected by the milk of a tubercular mother, and especially is this true when mammary tuberculosis exists. Infection may take place from the udder or teats of the mother which has been con- taminated by excreta from tuberculous cattle. The prophylactic measures recommended for the eradication of this disease among swine are, first, sterilization of all creamery milk that is used for feed, and, secondly, to prevent the hogs from running with infected or suspected cattle, and as there is no means by which we can de- termine when cattle or their feces become dangerous to the health of persons or animals, every cow should be tested with tuberculin and the disease eradicated from the herd. The result of recent expei'iments in- dicates that the frequency with which milk contains tubercle bacilli is greatly underestimated, especially when it is milked in the ordinary way from tuberculous cows with normal udders or from healthy cows kept in a tuberculous environment. Necrotic Stomatitis is a very virulent acute specific inflammation of the mouth affecting pigs. It is characterized by the production of general constitutional toxic symptoms, and locally by the formation of ulcers. The necrotic process attacks the skin around the mouth and eyes, and may gain entrance through the small wounds made on the lips or face by the other pigs of the litter when they are nursing the mother. The portion of the mouth usually involved is the region of the small tusks. The lips are usually dry, crack and large areas of skin may necrose and drop out. In some of the worst cases the process may extend to the eyes and cause total blindness. When pigs are kept up too long after farrowing in a small close dry pen, the toes, tail and ears may necrose and drop off as a result of infection with this necrosis bacillus. The best way to deal with this disease lies in disinfection, and keeping the pens and lots in a good sanitary condition, which consists in the removal of all litter from 244 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the sleeping pens, the fencing of all hog wallows and the cleaning and disinfection of the lots. Regarding hog cholera and swine plague, very little can be added to what has for some time been known regarding these two very fatal diseases of swine, except that some advance has been made by the United States department of agriculture in the production of a serum, but this is not yet established on a practical basis. Many so-called hog cholera cures are upon the market, but it is a waste of time and money to fool with them, as they have no virtue whatever. The only sensible way to deal with this very important question is to quarantine, destroy the af- fected and exposed animals and compensate the owner for his loss. The increasing sale of quack remedies brought about through the means of mendacious advertisements should be condemned. There is no mystery in connection with drugs and no omniscence in relation to disease. The public has acquired a notion that each disease has a specific cure and that something in a bottle or box is necessary and will probably be efficient. What may be in the bottle or box is to them quite immaterial so long as some printed assurance is given with it, and this simple faith in adver- tised preparations will probably exist as long as men have little scientific education and blindly act on the suggestions of others no better informed than themselves. There is but one way to combat diseases and that is the absolute de- struction of the germs. We may close our eyes to the facts and say that there is nothing in it, but if we persist in being blind we will eventually find ourselves buried under an avalanche of public opinion and hope- lessly lost to the advancement that is constantly being made. Through the educating influences of the press the lay mind is being steeped in the thoughts of our best men, and I would urge that more facts be presented along the lines of preventive medicine instead of whole columns being devoted to the discussion of subjects that the trained scientist cannot after years of patient toil solve to his satisfaction, and not until the lay mind is educated to this point shall we see the hazy dawn of a brilliant future for our live stock breeders. Responding to an inquiry on the question of the proper modes of prevention of the spread of infectious diseases, the doctor said. ' ' The only remedy is in sanitation. What we advise is to thor- oughly disinfect the places, take out the floors if they can be removed. If it is a cement floor that is all the better. Use some good coal tar disinfectant. About coal tar disinfectants — I am not here to contend or recommend but I have my preferences. If you buy coal tar disinfectants from a reliable firm you are all right, from men who make a business of it and have some fi- nancial backing and some honor. Usually in attempting to dis- infect we remove everything that wnll hold germs. If the wood is rotten or there is a lot of dirt on the floors that should be re- moved. By removing all this material, raking it up and burning EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 245 it and then going over the ground with the disinfectant with a spray pump and using lime and then white-washing after you have disinfected, we think that is all you can do. Don't think that once disinfecting lasts forever. Keep doing it. It is a good habit to disinfect from time to time. You will keep away all diseases and prevent them by using this method. If j'our pigs become affected with scabies or any of the minor skin affections make a small dip tank, or if that is too much expense, simply catch the pigs and take some disinfectant and a scrub brush and clean up their faces and heads. Get all the matter away and then paint them with a little iodine. That helps to disinfect. This should be done from time to time. At this point a somewhat scattered discussion of the presence of tuberculosis in cattle took place but as it brought out no new facts and is only indirect in its bearing upon the hog industry, it is omitted from this report. The evening session opened with a paper by R. S. Johnson of Columbus Junction, on The Iowa State Fair and Its Object: the Duties and Privileges of Exhibitors. Mr. John.ston is superintend- ent of the swine department of the Iowa state fair. THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION AND ITS OBJECT; THE DUTIES AND PRIVILEGES OF EXHIBITORS. B. S. JOHNSON, COLUMBUS JUNCTION, IOWA. I think you will agree with me that our secretary has elected a big subject for us to fire at. But one satisfaction is that we can dodge around a good deal without getting off the subject. To my mind there are four distinct subjects under the above headings, which we divided as follows: The Iowa State Fair, Its Object, the Duties of Exhibitors, and the Privileges of Exhibitors. Laclv of time has prevented me from giving the subject the careful con- sideration I would like. While I will have all the exhibitors of the Iowa State Fair in mind, I shall have those in the swine department particularly in view. Preparations are now being made for the holding of the fifty-third annual State Fair. Never in its history was there so many improvements under way in one year as at the present time. Something over one hun- dred thousand dollars will be expended in permanent improvements this year. Of this amount seventy-five thousand dollars was granted by the last Iowa legislature for the swine building, and nearly six thousand dol- lars by the same legislature for the purchase of ground upon which the swine building is being erected. The balance that is being expended is the surplus of the fair itself, which will amount to perhaps thirty thou- 246 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sand dollars. In addition to this the fair will have its fifteen thousand dollars surplus fund which will not be used. A complete system of water works has been purchased and is now in- stalled, the same to connect with the city mains. This not only insures an ample supply of water during the fair, but is a great protection in case of fire during the year. The contract has been let for an additional electric light plant, which will be a vast improvement. One of a series of large horse barns will also be built this year. A slight review of the early history of the Iowa state fair might be interesting in the way of comparison. The first fair was held in Fairfield in October, 1854. The first premium list numbered something over four hundred items and offered $1,100.00 in premiums. For comparison we will give the report of the swine de- partment of the first fair fifty-three years ago: "Class No. 15 was occupied by swine of all classes. There were eleven entries, and the board regrets that the display was so meagre in point of numbers. It is to be regretted that the farmers who have choice breeds or fine animals do not exhibit a stronger disposition to bring them to our fairs for examination and comparison. One difficulty is found in the trouble of moving them and the injury to the animals themselves, but the greater importance of improvement in swine should outweigh all minor considerations. The raising of swine is a source of immense revenue to the farmers of Iowa and no effort should be neglected to produce fine stock of this kind." No one will deny the truthfulness of the above statement, and the ap- peal to show at the state fair has certainly been answered when last year over two hundred different herds were on exhibition at the fair, containing in round numbers nearly three thousand head. As is well known, the Iowa state fair was on wheels for a time, later being held at Keokuk, then Cedar Rapids, and then at Des Moines on the west side, and was moved from there to its present location. It has been nearly twenty-five years since I first attended the Iowa state fair on the west side. At that time it was more nearly like our best county or district fairs of today. However, in the last few years it has advanced by leaps and bounds, until at the present time it is the greatest fair and exposition in the United States, especially in live stock and agricultural products. The object of the Iowa state fair has as its fundamental principle the education of the people. Many an exhibitor views the fair merely as a market place or as a means of winning a little prize money. Hundreds of fair goers see only a frolic in the event. These people being blind, see not; but thinking men who keep their eyes and the avenues to their brains open, understand that education of the farm folk is the underlying idea of the agricultural fair. The state fair is as much an educational factor for the farmer and breeder as is the agricultural college. As an educational force the state fair is as properly the subject of state aid as any other educational factor which deals with the enlightenment of the farmer and breeder. A serious mistake in the management of state affairs has been the temporary appearance of its buildings. \\Tiile the actual use EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VI. 247 248 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of these buildings is but a short time each 3^ear, yet they should be per- manently constructed and of fire-proof material. Practically all fair man- agements are now adopting the above plan. That the object of the Iowa state fair is the improvement of our stock and agricultural products we believe to be true, for in no other way would Iowa ever have achieved the high standard upon which she now rests. It is generally conceded that in no place in the world can such a swine show be seen as we annually find at the Iowa state fair, both as to numbers and quality. It has been a very interesting subject with me, both to study the exhibit and the exhibitor. I have had a young breeder suggest to me that his stock looked pretty good to him at home, but when he got to the show ring he was outclassed. I suppose some give up in dis- gust and quit, but most of them go home resolved to do better next year, and often in one year's time they are able to produce a prize winner. The object of all fairs and expositions should be self-supporting except in the building of permanent fire-proof buildings. It should be the en- deavor of the management to offer as liberal premiums as possible and to give the people the best entertainment possible. The exhibits in all de- partments should be of the best. The show in every -way should be of a clean, moral character, a place where we can take our families in absolute safety. Such I believe the Iowa state fair to be. There we should find the finest type of the various breeds of horses, cattle, swine and sheep; the best of manufactured products and the best of agricultural products. It is said that "Of all that is good Iowa affords the best." I believe this to be true. I also believe that the cream of what Iowa raises and produces can be found at the Iowa state fair. May its object be ever thus. I believe it to be the duty of exhibitors to bring nothing but worthy exhibits to the fair. There has been a little tendency in the swine depart- ment, among a few exhibitors, to bring inferior animals, with the sole idea of making sales at a price below good stuff. This, to my mind, should be discouraged among breeders. It is the duty of exhibitors to properly prepare their exhibits before starting for the fair, and to bring nothing but meritorious animals. The start from home should be made in plenty of time to get to the grounds and in quarters by Saturday evening before the fair opens. Entries of all stock should be made with the secretary by letter before leaving home. Like- wise pens should be arranged for in the same way. It is the duty of the exhibitor to keep his exhibit in the best of shape, as well as the surroundings near him, all during the fair. Thousands of visitors will pass his quarters during the week, and it is human to admire seeing a neat and clean exhibit. He should be prompt in having his ex- hibit in the ring when they are being judged. During the day there should constantly be an attendant at or near the exhibit. I believe it is the duty of exhibitors to follow the rules and instructions as laid down by the fair management. These rules are made for the best interests of all concerned. I consider it the duty of the superintendent and his assistants to look carefully after the wants and welfare of the exhibitor. Of the two hundred swine exhibitors who come annually to the Iowa state fair, I consider them a fine representative body of men and I assure EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 249 you that it has been a pleasure for roe to serve as superintendent of the department. I am glad to inform you at this time that the swine department is about to move into its new home; a home that will be a credit to this great industry. The securing of this grand new home has been a hard pull, one which took the combined efforts of all interested and I wish at this time to thank all who aided in the work. It would seem that there must be a new era dawning for those who exhibit swine at the Iowa state fair. And now a few words on the privileges of exhibitors. I suppose it is the privilege of all exhibitors to kick; yet I believe the kick of the kicker availeth little. I am also glad to say that kicks are scarce among the swine men; yet there are a few among you. I imagine the reason I was asked to speak of the privileges of exhib- itors was because there were so few of them in the old quarters, under the extremely cramped conditions, that many thought there were no privileges. There has been a rule in use for some time giving old exhibitors a right to the pens previously occupied by them. This would seem fair and just, as the exhibitor who comes regularly to the fair, year after year, and helps to support it, is entitled to some consideration. How- ever, it semed feasible this year to treat all as new exhibitors and assign them locations in the order in which they paid for pens. This was done under the direction of the executive committee, and all old exhibitors have been so notified in a letter from Secretary Simpson. It is the privilege of the exhibitor to have such information fur- nished him as he may wish as regards the department in which he is showing. He also has the privilege of disposing of his stock to the best advantage possible. We would deem it his duty to boost the fair, for he must remember that it is the fair that brings him the buyer. Again we come to the inferior sale stuff. The fair management from a financial point of view cannot furnish even the old pens at $1.00 each. The strong feature of the fair is the improvement of live stock; if nothing but sale stuff was brought to the fair we would retrograde. To some extent the management feels a privilege is being abused. When the proper standard is reached wherein there will be nothing but the highest type of animal brought to the fair, pen rent, in my opin- ion, should not be charged. A few words as regards exhibitors tickets. The ticket problem has given more trouble in the swine department than any other thing. Per- haps there may have been too much leniency under the old rule in the past. The ticket problem is a serious one with all fair managements. However, the present plans as adopted are proving reasonably satis- factory. The exhibitor should not ask the superintendent to break the rules or expect him to do something he cannot do. At the bottom of page 7 in the premium list you will find these words: "No pass out checks issued." That is the plan adopted and no superintendent can vary from that rule. Each superintendent is charged with every ticket he receives and his ticket account checked over. The exhibitors and helpers' tickets are good at the gate after nine p. m. without being taken 250 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. up, and there is a pass ticket good until 10 a. m. These are the only- pass out tickets issued and we aim to be as liberal with them as business would seem to justify. Mr. Johnston's paper did not call out any discussions but Secretary Simpson was called upon and in his remarks gave some interesting figures on the new swine pens and show pavilion. An architect's blue print showing the ground plans of the building was presented. It shows that there are 1154 pens, size 6x7 feet, and that there is an increase of two thousand square feet of floor space over the pen room in the old buildings. This it is estimated, will have a capacity for more than 3000 hogs. The new swine building is in the form of three sides of a hollow square. The total length east and Avest is 522 feet. Its width north and south 356 feet and its width throughout 107 feet. The aisles are twelve feet in width, and these are so arranged that there is plenty of room in all directions and every facility to avoid a congestion of crowds in any particular part. The pens are arranged in three double rows and two single rows running lengthwise of the build- ing. The outside of these pens will be perforated steel, giving strength and perfect ventilation with as little possible obstruction to the view as can be had. The pen partitions or divisions will be of wood of course. This building will be of brick and steel with the exception of the roof. The outside walls to be a height of four feet are of brick. Between the top of the brick wall and the roof is a clear open space of ten feet, the roof being supported by steel columns. This will afford splendid ventilation at all times and avoid the possibility of foul air or disagreeable smells in so far as that question can be disposed of. The ground space in this building covers three acres. In addition, an excellent show pavillion has been provided. This is built in the center of the square and is practically inside the show pens although under a separate roof. It is 113 feet wide and 200 feet in length and has sufficient ground space to show even the largest rings. This build- ing is constructed in the same substantial manner as the other. These new swine buildings on the Iowa state fair grounds are the largest, most substantial and most conveniently arranged of any like accommodations at any of the state fairs of the country. The plans on which they were constructed were formulated after personal inspection of the buildings in use at all the great fairs and with the particular intent to avoid any and all of the weak points there shown. While the state legislature made an appro- priation last winter for $75,000 for this building, the lowest con- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 251 tractors bid ran up to $93,000. In order therefore, to keep within the limits of the available money, the board were obliged to, for the present, eliminate the cement floor and one or two other features which the plans provide for, with the intent of completing them in these particulars another year. The plans for the accommodation of the exhibitors have been considered at every point. On the east of the building a strip of ground has been reserved for camping purposes which will ac- commodate perhaps seventy-five tents. These are on land which will not be subject to overflow as was the case on the old location and which will be as comfortable as on the higher lands up above. The swine breeders of Iowa and particularly the exhibitors at the Iowa state fair should feel very kindly toward the board of agriculture in providing this splendid building and equipment for their convenience. The published programme provided for a paper by George S. Prine of Oskaloosa, Iowa, on the subject, "Relative Value of Spring and Fall Litters." ^Ir. Prine, however, was not present and failed to make any provision. J. A. Benson of Primghar, Iowa, followed with his paper, discussing, "Which is Most Detrimental to the Business, the Breeder Who Undersells or the Boomer and High Seller?" WHICH IS THE MOST DETRIMENTAL TO THE BUSINESS— THE BREEDER WHO UNDERSELLS OR THE BOOMER AND HIGH-SELLERS. J. A. BENSON, PRIMGHAE, IOWA. The subject assigned to me for discussion with you is not new nor more pressing today than at many times before in the life of this asso- ciation, but perhaps the remunerative prices of pork and good breeding stock this year give opportunity to bring home to the beginner, or he who undersells, the detriment of the breeder who brings discredit to his breed and to the painstaking fellows by selling too low and thus show- ing a loss from his stock even in good times. It is a proper subject for discussion at your hands as the leaders of the greatest industry of the leading state, both in numbers and indi- vidual value of its swine, to save those who are awakening to the prog- ress now being made with pure-bred swine and those who are to follow you, from the financial and moral relapse which follows surely and relent- lessly the boomer if not the high-seller. I know that none of the gentlemen suggested by my subject are present, for the first named class invariably reply to the invitation of your officers, as to the advertising man or the neighbor who wants them to join a circuit of public sales, that "I can't afford it." 252 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The last named gentlemen prefer to operate upon those not so well informed as to the values, or the blessings of delivering full and satis- factory values in every sale, for the man who understands fairly well the business in which we are engaged will balance the value and im- portance of the blood and breeding productiveness to be secured with the animal offered, or sought to be sold to him, with the ability he has to place other animals with it and develop and sell the product at a profit. When these items are properly balanced no sale can be a boom sale and who can say when the price is too high? I come to these meetings each year for the direction and guidance to be obtained from my peers always present, for the inspiration and enthusiasm gleaned from an interchange of experience, and for the moral support always found in the meetings and about the halls of the Iowa State Swine Breeders' association. I come for the help I am certain to get and I cannot but feel that this association is charged with re- sponsibilities along the lines indicated that cannot be overestimated in far reaching effect on the business, and those whom we fondly hope may take your places and continue this organization faithful in the few things and master of many greater problems. I trust that in this discussion, for which I must have been selected because what I do not know about the last part of the subject is so much greater than what I do know, I shall have your liberal help, remembering our responsibilities to those whose opportunities and temptations are yet mostly before them. I assure you that rumors numerous and elusive of the things I do not know about boom sales confirms me in the belief that I shall have the advantage of a tremendous fund of mystery from which to build theories. To make my thought clearly understood I wish to put in a class distinctly recognized each one of the gentlemen named in the subject, first the lagging, indifferent, timid or disheartened breeder who undersells; second, the nervous, prancing or plunging boomer, and third, the high- seller who has high breeding, high class intelligence and training with the disposition to do his best, with a proper sense of responsibility and pride, who can properly measure the influence of small things and plac- ing a high value on his animals also make them prove they are worth it. This last breeder can sell very high perhaps, even higher than any, prices yet reported and still not be a boomer. There are many more of the first named but his operations are ham- pered by his confines of personal acquaintance, by his limitations of capital and running expenses, as often by parsimonj^ as poverty, and by the lack of attractiveness which low priced articles always have for the buyer who wishes to sell his products at a profit. The buyer of breeding swine who builds up the business is the man who aspires to produce better results in his own herd by good care and de- velopment and sees the need of the best live stock his circumstances will profitably use and who looks forward to the profit as well as the pleasure to come from his purchase and his own efforts '\ith it If pleasure should be a part of our lives then we should take pleasure in the success of our industry as well as our amusements. The power to give pleasure is everywhere made a proper object for expenditure. We EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART VI. 253 buy pictures to please the eye, we insist in buying the piano that the case shall be beautiful to look upon. It is regarded necessary for the high priced carriage horse to be a "good looker" and part of the intrinsic value of either one of these is the power to please the eye. Just so the power to please the eye is a proper quality of every pure bred animal and should be given a value in every appraisement. Most of the men who undersell do not place much value on this fleeting, immeasurable quality which must always depend something on the eye as agent for pleasure. The man who can get no pleasure from pure bred swine through his eyes will never be a successful breeder nor will he build up the business as a buyer unless forced to pay a profit to the breeder by some one who does value this power to please the eye. The man who never gets away from the pound and the price per pound in buying or selling breeding animals will always undersell and be a draw- back to progressive breeders. Another breeder who undersells is he who sees things at a distance with more or less enchantment and his own stock though good, shows all its defects to him, and he cannot properly balance its good qualities against its weaknesses hence offers his stock at prices which leave him no profit and make unjust competition for other breeders. For him such a meeting as this and tomorrow's scoring exercises should return large profit by helping him to measure with judgment what never can be measured with tape line or scales. I do not include with the breeders who undersell those who sell in- ferior, runty or ill-fed stock at low prices, for usually the stock is worth less than its selling price and libels its ancestrj\ However, the breeder who sells well grown and well bred swine without legitimate profit, to the buyer who gets from it a great profit under usual conditions has been a detriment to the business not only by causing the loss of the proper profit but by making it appear to his family and his neighbors that it does not pay to keep pure bred stock. I contend that the average breeder of swine should so conduct his business that he can sell his product on the market at meat prices and show a good profit on the cost of production up to the point of selling them for breeders. The man who pays a good price for a sire, thereby to enable him to sell the product to his fellow breeders for more money because of its reputation gained either from its ancestry or its winnings, should charge the increased outlay to "advertising or sale expenses" and see to it that the buyer pays for it when the product is sold. If money is expended for exhibiting or other advertising, it is for selling expense and should be so placed as to carry to the buyer enhanced value. The buyer gets value and his full money's worth when he pays an increased price for the properly advertised animal. The winner is worth more than before he won, even though he will get no better pigs. Those who undersell usu- ally overlook this and having a high-class product they rely upon too small a market to buy it at its worth. The better the product the more urgent the Gemand among those who buy, but the fewer the proportionate number who feel able to pay the higher price it commands. Hence, the wisdom of going out with reliable 254 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. information to a wider field for buyers who can appreciate and pay for our product. The boomer man of mystery, who is he? How shall we know him? I looked for him in the dictionary but did not find him; he is too elusive to be chained down with words, but one of the things he is supposed to do is to boom "to make a hollow sound, roar, cry." I do not know that I can make you understand how to know him for I do not always know him myself, but he is about the opposite of him who measures everything by the pound or tape line, or by the head or dozen. He details mostly those qualities which only judgment can measure and the age, weight, color and often the pedigrees of his pigs are so beautifully indefinite that two buyers at different times could never by comparing notes tell whether they were offered the same thing. They are mere tribles not worth deliver- ing to the buyer. To me the boomer makes a hollow sound when he is setting out the merits of his stock for sale, but he usually has the quintessence of the business "the pure blood" of the greatest individuals of the breed" as a basis for a value which must be above that which under- favorable circumstances (not impossible ones), his animals would show a profit upon. That is a reasonable measure of a price. If the stock sold will show a profit under favorable but not impossible circumstances then it is a legitimate sale if made without fraud and the price states in the usual measures of value. Many sales have been properly made to persons who had not the equipment to make use of the purchase under favorable circumstances and have shown a loss. Jealous breeders have made use of it to prove that any price above what they are willing or able to pay is a boom price. Some prices are made with such qualifications to the terms of sale that they can have no comparative value with a complete sale. It is not en- tirely fair to call these boom sales though it seems to me they can have no excuse except to get advertising without paying money for it. The seller and the buyer usually in such sales make the price the leading statement as though it were an excellence of the animal rather than an agreement of the parties. The detriment to come from these sales of "things heard of but not seen' is not only the financial loss to the buyer but the loss of moral strength incident to the sale, which seems either a losing purchase or a mysterious transaction. When a buyer announces an unusual price and the purchase when inspected does not exhibit qual- ities comparative to the price, when the pens, the care, the advertising are not in keeping with such a high-priced animal and the promised exhibit of the sure winner does not materialize it would seem that the purchase had been boomed. If anyone has been induced to buy upon the recommendation of that price any of the get or kin of the purchase in question that he would not have bought with a full knowledge of the animal without the price announced or with the true price given then he has probably been victim- ized by the boomer. But the boomer is not always on the selling side; oh no, the buyer wishes to make it appear that he has put forth unusual effort to improve his stock over his fellows and is not able or perhaps willing, to pay the price for whic)i truly good animals are selling. He searches for something whose breeding is from the same sources as the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 255 outstanding animal widely known, that because of its lack of favor with sire or dam or both has not received an equal share of their estates and by inferior development is not worth so much money. If he has had success in development of ill-fed animals before he may honestly be- lieve he can by painstaking care bring it out into a good animal but if he should publish the actual price he paid those to whom he wishes to sell without seeing the animal would feel sure it must be an inferior one and thus look elsewhere, so he arranges with the seller no more scrupulous, to publish a price (sometimes five times the true price), that will indi- cate a measure of great merit. He is even more detriment to the business than the high-selling boomer. It may be that these boomers are a safety valve on the business by keeping among the breeds enough really inferior animals so that there will always be need of improvement that comes only from the painstaking and intelligent development of the product of the best breeding animals, but like the hog cholera, they multiply the loss. I believe that the integrity of the breeder is a most valuable asset and should be guarded most carefully in business as much as in religion and that his advertising like his pedigrees should be beyond question. Any announcement of the price made by him or his customer will be recognized as advertising. As in athletics, we should have clean methods of advertising. Build- ing a reputation takes time and expense of energy, intelligence, stick-to- It-iveness and usually a good deal of money besides; it will be based upon our actions and professions, the real comfort and the profit of it will come after years of effort and expense. Each year's advertising of a good business carefully and honestly conducted works on through life and he who has advertised any given amount each j'ear and lived up to his advertising for fifteen years is getting about fifteen times as much results now as at the start. By advertising do not understand me to confine the term to the use of printer's ink only, though you may limit this last statement to that if you please and it will be found about correct. But I mean that when a boom price has gone on record that by its very nature it is always assailable and sooner or later, usually sooner, it is nailed in plain sight to those who can read it, and that advertisement always re- mains labeled "Visited the herd and found it not up to the advertising." The boomer is a detriment to breed and breeders to a great extent by keeping inferior animals in the herds but mostly in his effect on our standing in the court of inquiry for pigs. Boom sales are hard to conduct, buyers always feel it and often really meritorious animals sell below farmers' prices because they fear a boom wherever a high price is an- nounced. Many honest breeders pass up a good animal of popular family just because someone has "boomed" the family, but a high price for a really meritorious animal should not be even mentioned as "boomed" unless other evidence very clear is shown. Confidence in our breeders is a fundamental basis of our business and the boomer who destroys confidence takes that which can do him no good but leaves us poor indeed. I would absolve the high seller who has taken the best animals and brought out in them by painstaking care and intelligence the high develop- ment which makes them outstanding. He should not be coupled with the 256 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. boomer if he sells honestly and announces his prices nonestly. Let us have more of him and of the men who can pay high prices and go home with their purchases and take care of them as they deserve, multiply their kind and make them pay out. Always we need the high seller to set a mark of excellence in achievement and prove that it pays to excel but he should win by honest effort and methods and announce his suc- cesses rather by the merit of his contributions to the breed than by his advertising to create an unhealthy demand for stock by spurious argu- ment or promise. The boomer makes a hollow sound when he is buying and selling, roars when he is measured by good judgment, and you hear his cry when he is called to make good his representations or his notes. His business is sure to relapse and all who mingle with him are besmirched. Mr. Benson seemed to cover his subject so thoronoflily that no one was inclined to take it np further and J. R. Harding of Macedonia, Iowa, gave his methods of Care and Treatment of a Crop of Pigs for the Greatest Profit. CARE AND TREATMENT OF A CROP OF PIGS FOR THE GREATEST PROFIT. J. K. HARDIXG, MACEDONIA, IOWA. I was asked to write a paper on care and treating of a crop of pigs for the greatest profit. As I am a breeder of pure bred hogs I suppose that the intention was to treat on that class of swine, but I shall give my experience both in feeding for pork and for the development of breeding stock. My method in detail is this: The first thing is to select the sows that are to be used in producing the crop of pigs. Great care should be taken to select sows that show vigorous constitutions; sows that are a strong type of the breed we are engaged in raising. I prefer a lengthy, deep bodied sow, with a head not too broad, one which might be termed slim, as they prove better mothers than those with broad masculine heads. Then mate these sows to males that are especially ss;rong where these sows might be weak. The practice of breeding one male to the entire herd of sows regardless of their fitness is too common among the average swine raisers for the general market, and there is a great loss in the future development of the crop of pigs as the direct result of this mis- mating of sire and dam. I find there is a great difference in the de- velopment of young pigs if the dam is fed on bone and muscle making foods instead of fat reducing food. I consider that if a sow is fed right during the period from breeding until farrowing time, it means one-fourth in the future development, as pigs from sows fed as I have stated are stronger and will grow faster and have more vitality than the pigs from equally as good a sire and dam on an exclusive corn diet. At farrowing time, great care should be taken to provide dry, clean saparate quarters for each sow and if the weather is cold the bedding EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 257 should be changed every twenty-four hours after she farrows, as damp bedding in cold weather will chill the little fellows, which is the cause of most of the bowel trouble so common in young pigs. One week before farrowing I would feed sow on moist bran and one ear of corn morning and evening with just a little oil meal in each feed. I would give nothing but cold water for the first twenty-four hours after farrowing and then a little feed of bran. For the first three weeks feed light. Watch your sows and increase the feed gradually, giving a little more corn as the pigs grow. At three weeks old the sow should be on full feed with one-half of her feed corn or corn meal to keep up flesh. One of the most essential things for the well being and thrift of a crop of young pigs is plenty of sunshine and exercise. If the sunshine is lacking, the exercise is all the more necessary and if not exercised all kinds of trouble may be expected. Thumps is one of the worst of all ailments in the pig kingdom, but can generally be avoided if the little fellows are forced to exercise freely every day at three weeks old. Pro- vide a separate feeding place for them and feed them soaked oats. After they commence eating well, mix corn meal, shorts, bran, oil meal and alfalfa. Mix thoroughly and place in feeder where the little fellows can have free access to it. Have a trough that the pigs can drink at, . separate from their dam. If you have milk, give them a liberal allowance. If not, clean water with the above ration will give excellent results. As the pigs grow, if you are feeding for the market, increase the corn from one-fifth to one-half and the last month feed three parts corn, keep- ing up the other feeds, only reducing them as you increase the corn. By this method I produced a carload of hogs that averaged 300 pounds at 10 months of age and topped the Chicago market with 40*000 on sale. This is the most successful method I have tried and it has yielded the greatest profit. The only difference in feeding for breeding stock or pork produc- tion is the amount of corn fed, using less corn for breeding stock and plenty of grass for both. Mr. Harding's talk again stirred up considerable interest. Mr. Ausman questioned the advisability of giving a sow cold water to drink soon after farrowing, saying that he had been as careful not to do so as he had been to avoid heavy feeding at that time. H. C. Strater of Monroe, Iowa, said he would not give cold water for a week after farrowing and, that if the weather was cold he thought water pumped from the well or spring was about right. Alonzo Baker of Colo, Iowa, said: "I don't know as I have anything to say but I don't see the object of feeding a sow right up to the time of farrowing and just as quick as she farrows give her a different feed altogether and warm water. I have had a sow go out in the cornfield where she did not have soft feed or any care and eat and drink to suit herself. I don't know whether she made a hog of herself or not but she did come up with a litter 17 258 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of nice, smooth, thrifty pigs, better than any you ever raised with all your care. ' ' Mr. Harding said a sow should not be slopped heavily before farrowing, but if the sow had been receiving a heavy slop before farrowing, it should be continued afterwards. If however, slop had not been used before, bad results as a rule would follow, commencing afterward. Mr. Harding, being criticised for expressing his preference for a slim-headed brood sow justified his judgment by saying: "The best pig I raise every year is from just the type of sow I have described. Did you ever see an outstanding winner that was the product of a sow with a big masculine head? The point with me is to obtain the best mother, and the masculine headed sow has not been the one." He did mean the sharp nosed, peaked kind, but one of the slim type. Mr. Swallow said he got his show pigs by mating a coarse sow with a fine headed male with quality and finish. Mr. McTavish, who breds Berkshires, said that with his breed he had secured better results from sows that were quite wide between the eyes, than from the narrow faced ones. W. G. Tittsworth of Avoca, Iowa, who in the words of Artemus Ward, proved himself "an amusin' little cuss," in his humorous way got very close to the question and threw the lime light on the coarse hog-fine hog controversy. Among other things he said: "I would just like to ask what the term coarse sow means. Is it a long, thin sow that might be smooth in her hips and shoulders, or is it a large, broad backed, rough looking sow ? You talk about fine hogs, small hogs, big hogs and medium hogs. I have had some of all sizes and kinds and was not satisfied with any of them. Some were too small, some too course, some too fine some too big. I have asked Mr. Swallow a dozen times just what the medium was and never could get it out of him. The gentleman both seem to like that sow with the long head and the long neck, but I don't know which one it means. I have had sows that ate twenty-five ears of corn at once you needn't laugh at me, I fed it to them — and they were not coarse, either. In one way a man might say they were, but their hips were no wider. I don't want it understood I like a fine boned hog at all, but I don't know what the coarse one is — the one they are speaking about. I know what a coarse steer is in the market, but this hog has got me rattled. Mr. Swallow says he bought a hog that cost $100 and that is just my kind. Now that shows that he means to make light of my kind. He has driven out a pretty good hog into the ring and looked at me and said, "That is your kind, Billy," EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 259 when he knew all the time he would not get a premium. You may think I am just trying to make fun, but it is not so. I have both kinds at home. Of course I have my idea and my notion about the sow and what she ought to be, but I don't know what the others mean by a coarse sow. Is it big boned, or can it be smooth in hips and shoulders, etc., or long and thin, or deep up and down? I am a hog breeder and come here for the purpose of learning something that will make me breed better hogs than I ever did before, partly because I would like to beat the other fellow and partly because I realize the importance of the hog when you think of the difference it would make if every hog would be worth ten cents more, and it could be easily worth fifty cents more. It would mean more money than I am likely to make while I am down here. I am not a talker. I have tried it and it won't work. But when I come here I come to learn and I can't do it if the men don't talk plain They are afraid to talk straight truth because some other man might not like it. I have gone to the scoring a good many times and sat around on boxes and whittled and thought I would give a hundred doUars if I knew just what a real good hog was. It seemed to me the fellows as much as said, "Well, come on boys and let's get away from here as soon as possible." And I didn't know much more when we got through than I did before, so I never tried to score. I attended the school and tried to learn by lessons, but you would not talk. This meeting is a school of the world, not for us individ- ually but for everybody, first Iowa, then the United States, then the world. This is just a little piece of my mind as I see it. I don't know for sure about anything and tomorrow when we go over there to the scoring I hope there will be a man that will make people see and think, not one that pretends to know and see and teach people. The fee for a judge iat the state fair ought to be a couple of hundred dollars. He can teach several million people a great deal in each twelve months. We can learn which is the best hog if he will go at it right. ' ' The annual business meeting, at which is transacted such busi- ness as may come up and at which the election of officers takes place, is held on Wednesday evening of the Iowa state fair week. The June meetings are devoted solely to the discussion of matters of interest to the members. 260 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, PART VII. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION HELD AT DES MOINES, IOWA, November 20, 21, 22, 1907 OFFICEES. W. B. BARNEY, President Hampton L. S. EDWARDS, Vice Presidext Arlington W. B. JOHNSON, Secretary Des Moines F. M. BROWN, Treasurer Cedar Rapids The Iowa Dairy association met in its thirty-first annual con- vention at Des Moines, and was called to order eWdnesday evening, November 20, 1907, at 7 :30 o'clock, President W. B. Barney, in the chair. ADDRESS OP WELCOME. H. R. WRIGHT, DES MOINES. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: — I have discovered that when anyone falls down in this association I am called upon. Now I have not the slightest thing to say in the line of an address of welcome. The mayor has gone to a wedding but in view of what we know about his family I judge it is not his own wedding. The village of Des Moines, as you know, is a little out of the dairy belt. About the only real bona fide dairyman I know of In this town, besides myself, is my friend Mr. Wallace, who publishes a farm and dairy paper. The fact is the business men and the people of this city, with whom your officers have had to deal, have dealt very liberally with this (261) 262 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. association and I judge from that that they are mighty glad to have you come or they would not have put up the money to bring you here. The absence of the mayor is unavoidable, I know, on his part, and the wel- come the city will give you the next two or three days is not indicated by his unavoidable absence this evening. RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME. HON. BYEON NEWBERRY, STRAWBERRY POINT, IOWA. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: — I appreciate the honor of be- ing called upon to respond to the generous welcome to the Iowa State Dairy association, assembled here in its thirty-first annual convention. No city within the borders of our commonwealth is as well equipped to entertain conventions, or so accessible to all the people as Des Moines. The people of Iowa appreciate the fact that Des Moines is a goodly city to sojourn in even for a brief period and are proud of its recognized posi- tion in many ways as the metropolis of the state. We admire your motto "Des Moines does things." We appreciate your kindly greetings and we sincerely trust your city will continue to "do things" for the best interests of its people and the welfare of the state, I wish to congratulate the good people of this city, that you have as- sembled here, for the first time, I am told, the representatives of the great dairy interests of the state, each one of whom knows when his bread is butter side up, and who have always advocated the principle of a "square deal," that whosoever in our broad land calls for butter to ipread upon the right side of his bread, and has the price, is entitled to expect pure, wholesome butter and not a substitute of unknown quality of unwholesomeness. The members of this association, the dairyman, the creameryman, the buttermaker, the traffic solicitor, the commission man, the farmer, one and all are loyal subjects, while the people from the oldest inhabitants to the youngest child are the dependent subjects of that great and gen- erous sovereign, the old cow, the queen of the prairies. But few appreciate the extent and importance of the dairy interests of Iowa. According to the auditor's report, there are 1,418,017 cows In the state with an assessed valuation of $31,989,011. This valuation is only about $22.50 each. The actual value of the cows Is now doubtless $40,000,000. I am reminded by our excellent dairy commissioner that for the year ending July 1st last, there were 101,011 creamery patrons. The creameries received the cream from 700,000 cows. There were nearly 75,000 hand separators in operation, and the output of the creameries the past year in round numbers is 90,000,000 pounds of butter, while the estimated amount of butter made on the farms and outside the cream- eries is 65,000,000 pounds, making a total of butter produced in the state of 155,000,000,000 pounds. Any reason why our bread should not be buttered — on one side, at least? We are surely living in a land overflowing with milk and butter. The local value of the buter produced during the year at twenty-five cents EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PAJRT VII. 263 per pound, amounts to $38,750,000, to which should be added $5,000,000 as the value of the by-products, and $300,000 the value of the cheese produced, making a vast total of over $44,000,000 as the yearly revenue to the people of the state from the dairy interests. The butter exported from the state annually is approximately 100,- 000,000 pounds, having a net cash value to the dairy farmer and creamery patrons of $25,000,000. And this is substantially net profit. Go with me through the dairy sections of the state and you will find that the farmers who milks his cows has just as many hogs, just as many calves, just as much of farm products as his neighbor similarly situated, but does not milk his cows. The man who milks has his butter extra, and to the creamery patrons this means $25,000,000 net. Quite a substantial amount of pocket money, isn't it? Surely, a safer business proposition than speculating in copper and other stocks in Wall street. Numerous, just and wise laws have been enacted to protect the dairy interests. The national and state laws pertaining to oleomargarine have proven a great protection. These measures were enacted only through the diligent and persistent efforts of those staunch friends of the dairy who strenuously insisted that the imitations and substitutes should be sold under their true name and character, and that the element of fraud should be eliminated in the sale and traffic of dairy products. Under recent legislation, both state and national, we have this principle ex- tended so as to include all food products. Dairy legislation in the near future will doubtless be along the lines of sanitation on the farm and in the creamery. That cleanliness is an important element of wholesomeness must be impressed and en- forced, if need be by the strong arm of the law, on every one connected with the production of milk and butter. The element of cleanliness is not always apparent on the farm or even in the creamery. Our friend. Pro- fessor McKay, truly says: "It is just as necessary to have a law regard- ing cleanliness in milk and cream as it is to have a law regulating clean- liness in the packing houses." No food product is used to the extent or of such recognized impor- tance as milk. It is a perfect and a dependent food for the young child and an important factor in the diet of the older persons. When a child asks for milk, is he not entitled to a pure wholesome article? Shall he be given a life sustainer or a life destroyer? The supply of pure, wholesome milk to our people in both city and country is of vital impor- tance. Perhaps I may be pardoned for referring, at this time, to one of the menaces to public health that is attracting general attention, and that is the increase of tuberculosis in cattle and swine. Authorities claim that fully two per cent of cattle slaughtered are afflicted with the disease and that the increase the past six years of the disease in swine is over 800 per cent. It is conceded that bovine tuberculosis may be transmitted to swine either by feeding unpasteurized skimmed milk, by access to the droppings of tuberculous cattle or eating the carcasses of cattle that were afflicted with the disease. Veterinarians and packers claim that tuberculosis in swine is found in the dairy sections to a much greater extent than elsewhere, doubtless 264 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. owing to more milk being fed to young swine. Doctor Koto, our state veterinarian, states ttiat lie lias been furnished, the past year, by the packers and the National Bureau of Animal Industry, a list of shippers in the state, who have placed on the market a large number of tubercu- lous swine, and that in a majority of instances, where an investigation was made, he could trace the disease, among swine, to tuberculous cattle. The Thirty-first General Assembly passed a law requiring every owner or operator of a creamery to pasteurize all skimmed milk at a tempera- ture of 185 degrees Fahreinheit. Incidentally, the skimmed milk so treated would be in better condition to feed; but the primary object of the law is to prevent the spread of tuberculosis in swine and calves fed such milk. The full compliance of this wise law would be of inesti- mable value to the farmers of the state in restricting tuberculosis in swine and among cattle. The tuberculin test is conceded by all author- ities to be a satisfactory, speedy, safe and cheap method of ascertaining the presence of tuberculosis in cattle. We now have a state law requir- ing registered cattle shipped into the state for breeding or dairy pur- poss to be so tested. Is there any logical reason why milch cows and dairy herds should not be subjected to this test and all animals found by the test to be diseased be branded and kept isolated and their sale prohibited, except for slaughter purposes under state or federal inspec- tion; and the sale or use of milk from such animals prohibited? Per- haps it might be deemed advisable to pay the owner of animals slaughtered the difference between the beef value and the carcas value, in case the animal is condemned under federal inspection in the slaughter test. All authorities now claim that bovine tuberculosis may be transmitted to human beings, largely through the consumption of milk from diseased cows, but the tubercle bacilli are said not to thrive to any great extent in butter; but I aprehend that we would all prefer our butter made from pure, wholesome milk or from pasteurized cream. Cities and towns no doubt now have the power, as a regulation of public health, to require all animals within their limits to be subjected to the tuberculin test and all diseased animals quarantined, and all milk offered for sale inspected, but this power is seldom invoked. A general statue based on the high plane of the protection of the public health and the promotion of the general welfare of the people requiring all dairy herds of the state to be subjected to the tuberculin test and the animals found diseased to be branded and quarantined, with the right to the owner of selling them for slaughter purposes only, under state or federal inspection, and, if deemed advisable, payment made by the state of the difference between the beef value and the carcas value, in case the animal is condemned in the slaughter test, would seem to be the only real solution of bovine tuberculosis. The National Department of Agriculture is lending its powerful influence to restrict and stamp out the disease; surely, the state of Iowa should do its full part. With bovine tuberculosis overcome, the dis- ease in swine would soon be eradicated, while the ravishes of the great "white plague" that is a pall over many of our homes, would be greatly curtailed. Iowa has always been a progressive state. The excellent work of the dairy department of the agricultural college and the able and effici- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 265 ent service of the dairy commissioner and his capable deputy and as sistants and the painstaking labor of her .skilful buttermakers are re- sponsible to a great extent in maintaining Iowa in the forefront as a dairy state. May Iowa's dairy interests be continually enlarged and im- proved; and may this convention prove of great interest and profit to all friends of the dairy. The Chairman : We will now listen to the report of the secre- tary, Mr. W. B. Johnson. SECRETARY'S REPORT OF THE IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. W. B. JOHNSON, SECRETARY, DES MOINES. July 1st, balance in treasury $1,179.83 Checks held up '^■^^ January 1st, 1907 — Contributions to date 735.00 Advertising to date 215.00 Membership to date 208.00 Western passenger agent IIM Butter sales Q09.Q2 Interest on deposits 21.00 Overdraft on pro rata 10-28 Expense as per items ^ 923.04 Premiums paid pro rata 99^.25 For overweight on butter 27.47 Overdraft returned ^^-^^ Balance in hands of treasurer • 1,Z50M rpo^al $3,303.08 $3,303.08 The Chairman : We will now have the report of our treasurer, Mr. Frank M. Brown. TREASURER'S REPORT, IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. F. M. BROWN, TBEASTJBEE. Expenses Iowa State Dairyman's Association: W. B. Barney ^ ^-^^ S. B. Shilling ^-^^ F. M. Brown '^^■^^ Western Passenger Association l'''-^^ 20 Exchange on checks Jorgensen & Anderson ^^-^^ American Express Co j-o.-i-j- American Express Co 12.75 United States Express Co "^2.79 United States Express Co 1-^8 266 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Expense machinery hall 12.65 G. L. McKay, hotel expense 3.00 S. B. Shillin, traveling expense, Cedar Rapids 6.68 W. B. Johnson, postage 26.00 Jules Lombard 11.00 Miss McGoorty, expense 17.50 J. W. Leasure, carpenter work 15.00 Huston Printing Co 12.00 W. B. Barney, expense 6.40 Expense labor, butter hall 15.29 Expense, meeting, Waterloo 5.74 Express charges on badges .70 L. McKinnon 6.50 Exchange on checks .30 Western Passenger Association 51.25 Calder Van and Storage Co 5.25 W. B. Johnson, pro rata fund 1,030.00 Fred L. Kimball estate, printing program 185.20 International Silverware Co 23.90 Georghty & Co., badges 60.00 H. G. Van Felt, expense, Cedar Rapids 7.30 J. W. Fraser, expense. Cedar Rapids 24.65 Engraving, cups, medals and boxing same 4.20 Miss McGoorty, stenographer 75.00 Loftus Bros., signs 1.00 W. B. Johnson, salary $150, postage $1.30 151.30 W. E. Smith, expense. Cedar Rapids 25.00 — $1,953.04 Receipts of Iowa State Dairyman's Association, 1906: Cash on hand • $1,179.83 Francis D. Moulton Co 15.00 Jacob Jacobensten 5.00 Northey Refrigerator Co 10.00 Monarch Refrigerator Co 10.00 Pettit & Reed 5.00 Lesserman Bros 10.00 Chris Hanson, laboratory 10.00 Pitt, Barnum Co 5.00 Edson Bros 10.00 Johnston & Coughlin 10.00 C. H. Weaver & Co 10.00 J. B. Ford Co 20.00 Vermont Farm Machinery Co -. . . . 30.00 Jensen Manufacturing Co 10.00 Fitch Cornell Co 10.00 Wells, Richardson Co 10.00 S. B. Friday Co 5.00 De Laval Separator Co 40.00 National Creamery Supply Co. 35.00 Chicago Co-Oper. Coal Co 5.00 S. B. Friday Co., for program 5.00 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 267 Exhaust Steam Purifier Co 5.00 G. W. Kennedy 5.00 F. A. Leighton 10.00 Receipts from sale of memberships 208.00 W. B. Barney 5.00 F. W. Steinke 10.00 Waterloo Cream Separator Co 5.00 Sharpless Separator Co 20.00 Creamei-y Package Manfg. Co 45.00 J. G. Cherry Company 60.00 Spurbeck Lambert Co 15.00 Montrose Hotel 5.00 Delevan Hotel 5.00 Allison Hotel 5.00 Western Passenger Association 17.00 Jas. Roland Co., sale of butter 909.62 Howard Reynolds 10.00 Wells, Richardson Co 25.00 Diamond Crystal Salt Co 15.00 Iowa Dairy Separator Co ' 35.00 Miller, Tyson Co 15.00 City of Cedar Rapids 300.00 Fred Bishoff 10.00 Heller & Merz Co 10.00 A. H. Barber Creamery Supply Co 15.00 Worcester Salt Co 15.00 Empire Cream Separator Co 25.00 Balance pro rata fund unused 17.63 Interest to January 1st 21.00 A. R. Weims, Brush Co 10.00 Total receipts $3,303.08 Total disbursements 1,953.04 Balance, cash on hand $1,350.04 The Chairman: Tlie next on the rogram, I believe, is ap- pointment of committees. I will appoint the following: Legislative Committee — Hon. Byron Newberry, Strawberry Point; Prof. G. L. McKay, Ames; W. E. Smith, Des Moines; E. R. Shoemaker, Waterloo; F. R. Leighton, Des Moines; W. B. Barney, Hampton. Resolution Committee. — Mr. H. J. Neitert, Walker; E. M. Wentworth, State Center; S. B. Shilling, Mason City; J. J. Brunner, Charles City. Auditing Committee. — Mr. F. W. Mack, Waterloo; A. C. Drysdale, Dubuque; F. W. Stephenson, Lamont. The Chairman : The next is the address of the president. 268 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. W. B. BARNEY, HAMPTON, IOWA. This association is made up of successful business men, skilled butter- makers and experienced dairymen. I cannot hope to instruct you, and shall feel satisfied if I can interest you for a short time. Custom appears to require from your presiding officer a general report of the preceding year; with such recommendations as may be deemed best for the future. It affords me great pleasure today to congratulate you on this, your thirty-first annual meeting, on the splendid condition of our association. Your treasurer's report shows a larger balance than at any other time in the existence of the association. Your membership has increased so that it is far in advance of that of any other date. This has been accom- plished without any financial aid, so much needed, from the State. Other states are aiding their dairy associations as follows: Michigan, $500; Ohio, $850; Indiana, $500; Wisconsin, $3,000; Minnesota, $1,500; Illinois, $1,500. with a yearly appropriation of $1,500 or $2,000 this association could extend its influence in such a way as to bring returns that would repay our state ten-fold. Our meetings could be held at points where they would do the most good. They would not have to be peddled out as they are now to the cities that can help us in paying our legitimate expenses. Every man who is interested in dairying or the welfare and progress of our state should make it a point to impress upon our senators and representatives the fact that we are far behind our sister states in this matter, and that it is his duty to see that there is something done at the next meeting of our legislature. Backed by a good appropriation we could hold three or four conventions or meetings in parts of the state where they would be of the most benefit. Much work could be done in conjunction with the extension department and other work at the agri- cultural college. Nothing has so much to do with the success of your business as the cow. You will, therefore, pardon me if I give this, man's best friend, considerable attention. Are you sure that you have done your best to secure the greatest producers possible? From all over the land comes the inquiry for more and better dairy cows. How are you to get them? Prices were never higher and it is only by the introduction of the pure bred dairy sire that they are to be secured. Don't let some one who has a bull to sell lead you to believe that if you will buy of him, should he sire a male calf, it will make a fine beef steer, and, if a heifer, a profitable cow for the dairy. There is a place for all the different breeds, but this sort should have no place in the dairy. From one railroad station in Wisconsin there has been shipped in the last year $200,000 worth of dairy cows, mostly grades. Many of these EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 2(59 cows brought $75 to $100. This the result of the introduction of pure bred dairy sires for the last few years. Will steers pay any better than this even after they are fed? The demand for the dairy cow will not be supplied for some years. The west and southwest are taking them by the carload, while Mexico and Japan are sending their representatives here for our best pure breds and grades of the different dairy breeds. The yearly record of Colantha 4th's Johanna, now drawing to a close, in which she has produced 1,021.66 pounds of butter, 85.7% basis, in ten months and nine days, is another evidence of what a cow, bred for a purpose, is capable of doing, while the records of Yeksa, Sunbeam, Dolly Bloom and Loetta D. are fresh in the minds of all. I would advise, where it is pos- sible to do so, that in introducing pure bred sires a neighborhood agree on some one breed and use sires of this breed. The buyer for your sur- plus stock is much easier to attract, and the changing of bulls with a neighbor is simplified. The most common error of today is the sending of so many mature sires to the butcher's block and the use of immature bulls. It is now a well established fact that only the best results in breeding can be obtained by the use of highly developed, mature ancestry on both sides. Of the forty-three stallions that have sired more than one trotter with records of 2:10 or better, all except four were developed stallions with records, and three of the four were known to possess extreme speed and were, in fact, highly developed, although without technical records. Hereditary traits are handed down for many generations in animals. It is said of the dog, which turns round and round before lying down, that he is simply displaying a tendency he has inherited from his remote ancestry, the wild dog, that made its bed in the tall grass by turning round and round. It takes several generations of breeding to get any trait well established. The Scotch Collie might in years be bred so that he would show much the same tendencies as the hunting dog, but what would be the object when we have in the pointer those traits well es- tablished. Along this same line of reasoning, why should the dairyman take up a breed of cattle that has been bred and reared for generations for the pro- duction of beef when he has at least four dairy breeds to make his selec- tions from that have been bred for a purpose and have demonstrated their ability to pay their way and make a profit for their owners. Care and feed have as much to do with your success as the cow. Do not get the notion that you have finished your task when you have a lot of good cows about you, for you have just made a beginning. Only re- cently the Iowa cow was producing an average of 140 pounds of butter per cow. Our best authorities say now that we have her up to about 150 pounds, about half what she should produce. The dairy business in our state is only in its infancy. We little realize its possibilities. The fact that the cow returns to our land a larger per cent of fertility than any other farm animal is sure to make her a strong factor in our economic calculations in the future. The professional grain raiser and soil robber has one friend on whom he has never called in vain — the dairy cow. 270 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. At our last annual meeting there was some inclination to find fault with some of our products, especially butter from gathered cream cream- eries. There were those who intimated that our buttermakers were not as progressive as those of other states. I dislike to admit that this is so, as I believe our boys not so much at fault as their patrons who, by their lax methods, are delivering cream that is far from what it should be. The buttermaker of today must be something of an educator. The more he knows about the cow and how to feed her the better he is equipped to fill his position. The very nature of this work will not allow his spending much time with his patrons. A few instructors traveling over the state calling on the dairymen at their homes, giving advice as to the best methods of breeding, feeding, care of stock, and especially the care of the hand separator — if one is in use — would go a long way toward increasing our product and its value. About 100,000,000 pounds of butter have been shipped out of the state in the last year; $25,000,000 worth at 25 cents per pound. If, by better methods in handling the cream the value could be increased one cent per pound, which is not at all impossible, the snug sum of $1,000,000 would be realized, while the improved methods of breeding, feeding and weeding out the poor cows should add as much more, making a net gain of $2,000,000. The organization of test associations would be of great value in getting rid of the poor cow. We believe that their work among our dairymen will result in great good and profit for all. An appropriation of $10,000 by our state is none too large for the pur- pose of co-operating with the local creameries and dairymen in conduct- ing these co-operative test associations. The expenditure of the money should be under the direction of the state. One of the plans that has been looked on with much favor was that of assessing the creameries a tenth mill to help pay these instructors, who at the same time could act as inspectors. We believe a majority of the creameries were in favor of this plan; if our state would make an ap- propriation to assist in payment of these expenses. This is a matter worthy of our best thought and consideration. Our laws for the eradica- tion and suppression of tuberculosis are not what they should be. A law permitting the shipping in of untested cattle and allowing the owner to pasture them in a place adjoining those that have been tested is not a just one. Some provision should be made to compensate the owner for cattle condemned by the state. The National Dairy Show, the National Buttermakers' Asso.ciation and kindred organizations are entitled to our hearty support. One of the reasons we have not been able to get more at the hands of our lawmakers is a lack of organized effort on our part. If we will stand by these different organizations and through them make our wants known, we shall be able to accomplish much for the bet- terment of our condition in the future. When our association was invited to hold its meeting in this beautiful and thriving city our attention was attracted to you motto, "Des Moines Does Things." What better one could you have adopted? Why should we not make this our watchword? What we hope for is success. Show EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 271 me a man or organization tliat does things and does them well and you will not have to look elsewhere for the successful man. Let us keep this in mind for the next year and the Iowa State Dairymen's Associa- tion will not regret having held its meeting in the city that "does things." The Chairman: We will now hear from Hon. H. R. Wright. ADDRESS. H. R. WRIGHT, DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSIONER, DES JIOINES. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I suppose that most of you people remember my embarrassment at Cedar Rapids last year. I said I was more or less at a loss to find a proper subject to talk on on an occasion like that, but I reckon tonight I have the right subject to bring before the buttermakers and I am not so very much put out because the people of the city are not here, because the things I intended to say, if I had had the time to put them together, are things best said to you alone. Those of you who read your bibles, and I hope you all do, will re- member that early in the first book of the bible there is a reference made to the product in which we are all interested. There is a story there of how Father Abraham had a very important visitor and, like the rest of us, he put up a good feast for his guest and, while the bill of fare was not given, the one particular thing mentioned that he fed him was butter and the context showed that he produced the butter at that feast because it was a delicacj', a thing which added to the meal which he su'pplied for his honored guest. If you will read the history of the beginning of other civilized races, you will find similar accounts of the manufacture and use of butter. It is true that the civilized nations of the world are character- ized by the manner of their living in particular and in all of those cases the use of butter is one of the things which has become a necessity. So down the history of time, from Abraham to the present, butter has been considered one of the foods that all civilized people have used. Indeed, so much is this true that with us, not only now, but for the last one hundred years, butter has been considered one of the necessities of life — bread and butter — so that we are accustomed to think of having butter at our meals the same as we expect to have anything else to eat. The developments in the butter industry in the last quarter of a century have given butter a place as a commercial article which it did not have in the early times, did not have until the advent of the creamery system, refrigerator cars and methods of getting it to market and dis- tributing it to the people. But from the beginning of things down to the present time it was supposed that butter was a good article of diet, that it held an honored place in the list of foods which people usually eat and that it was nutritious and that it was wholesome. You people have heard a good deal about the quality of butter, but the phase of it that I am going to talk about has nothing to do with the question of whether it brings extras or not. We have come to the time 272 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. when there is an epidemic of tallc about our foods and a lot of people have gone nearly crazy about pure foods; there are a few who have slandered the food products of this country and in particular the product which you people make has not escaped the slanders of people whose supposed education and position and ability to be posted are not so great as they might seem to be. You have perhaps recently seen in some news- papers the story that butter is one of the filthiest articles that goes on the table. Perhaps I had better read just what was said: "Butter is fit only to be the food of scavengers. This is said of most of the butter which is consumed in this country." The article, which I will not read altogether, proceeds to say that milk is afflicted with germs of tuberculosis and various other germs. When the cream is skimmed from that milk all those germs go into the cream, and when the cream is churned into butter they are all there so that there is an extraordinary number of germs in the butter and hence butter is the filthiest article of food we have. The contrary is the fact. You people know well that you put in the cream germs for the purpose of ripening the cream; you not only accept those that are there, but you add to them, so the statement is true in a sense that there are millions of bacteria in the butter. The mistake that the scientific gentleman made when he wrote the article was to assume that all of us are so ignorant as to fancy that all bacteria must be classed with vermin, parasites, or other undesirable citizens of that kind. The thing you do to cream, when you inoculate it with the proper kind of plant to develop the flavor j^ou desire, is exactly the same as the housewife and bakers do when they mix the bread and add the yeast. When the bread is ready to go into the oven and the butter to come from the churn they are alike, for they are full of bacteria, and if one is filthy so is the other. The trouble is that bacteria is not an element of filth, but rather the contrary. The learned writer suggests also that butter is the vehicle of germs of tuberculosis and other diseases. It is unfortunately true that a great deal of milk comes from tubercular animals, and not enough has been done in the way of regulating that situation. It is true sometimes these germs get into the butter, but every student in bacteria knows that butter is not a medium in which bacteria can live. Bacteria require nitrogen for their existence, and there is little or no nitrogen in butter, and the scientific fact of the matter is that whereas when butter is churned it is full of lactic acid bacteria, and perhaps a few disease bacteria which may have got in, at the end of two or three days there are almost no live bacteria at all. The fact is the same as it is in regard to the bread. The bread goes into the oven swarming with bacteria, good bacteria, the bacteria of yeast, but the heat destroys them. The butter is manu- factured and has in it a tremendous quantity of bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, but the impossibility of their existence there destroys them within a very few days, so that the butter is almost or absolutely sterile. These are facts which bacteriologists have established hundreds of times and it does not require any expert knowledge of the subject to discover this. So that butter, instead of being the most unwholesome article of food, is one of the most wholesome articles of food we have on the market, so you may all go home with a clear conscience and sleep, knowing that EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 273 you have not shipped any tubercular bacilli to your customers in New York city whereby they will have tuberculosis or anything of the kind. The fact is the butter industry is not only a great thing commercially, but its product is one of the necessities of life, as well as a luxury. It is one of the most easily digested and most completely digested foods, its food value is greater than that of any other food put on the market pound for pound, its actual cost value compared with the price in money is not greater than the price of beef or bread or anything else of food value, so you are not only making and sending to the markets a whole- some product, but you are making and sending to the markets, at any price we have had in the last four years compared to other prices, an article which is about as cheap as anything that anybody buys, and that is the reason why people everywhere, from the time of Abraham down to the present, have estimated butter as a proper and legitimate article of food, have given it an honored place in the dietary of the family and have devoted themseles to its manufacture and sale. The ChxVirman : We have with us a gentleman that I believe you would all be glad to hear from. In view of the fact that we have this time to spare, I have been requested to call on our former president, Mr. S. B. Shilling, to say a few words to you. REMARKS BY MR. S. B. SHILLING. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I declare I do not know what to say to you. I would think, after holding the position as long as I did, you would be tired of listening to me, and another thing I think your president should have appreciated the embarrassment of my position in standing before you without notice and not have called on me to talk to you when I really do not know what I want to go after you for. There are a great many things I shall want to tell you 'before the convention is over and hope I will have an oppor- tunity to talk to you again. 1 have just been talking to Brother Olson, who is a competitor of mine, and he said this was the greatest audience that a first meeting of the Iowa convention ever had, and I believe that is right. I do not think we ever started out with a convention where the prospects were as good and where we had as large and enthusiastic an audience as we have here tonight. I want to congratulate you on that. I had some misgivings about coming to Des Moines because I thought it was almost all politics down here, but it looks as though just at present we had some dairymen, too. Now I want to say just a word about the matter that was mentioned by your president, that is about the condition of Iowa. You know I have stood before you for the last five years and have begged and pleaded and urged everybody to do something along that line; I have been down here to Des Moines and labored with the legislators until I have been afraid I would be kicked out of town, trying to get that appropriation for our association, and in many instances I did not get even a pleasant look. 18 2/4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. I have the same interest in that I have always had, we want the ap- propriation and we ought to have it, and I do not believe we ought to give up trying to get it. We have Brother Newberry interested in it and I want to say that whenever we wanted anything in the dairy line in the state of Iowa we went to him to get it for us and he has never turned us down, but we have him at our convention for the first time and I hope we can impress him with the value of this association to the dairy industry of Iowa so that he will go to work at the next session, with the help that we can give him, and see if we cannot get that $1,500 we need so badly. We need it and we are all interested in getting it. We need this money and we all know it and it is a surprise to me that the state does not see it and if it were not for the enthusiasm and the energy of the dairymen of Iowa this association would have been dead long ago from lack of support. It is a credit to the dairymen and Iowa that we have been able to keep it up and depend only on our own resources to keep it going. While I do not wish to cast any reflections on any other state, the people from the state where my competitor is located feel awfully proud of their record, but they have ten men going over the state all the time, preaching the doctrine of good dairying and the state furnishes the money for this work. It is the best investment the state of Minnesota every appropriated money for, and the only thing I can feel ashamed of tonight is the fact that the legislators of the state of Iowa cannot see that they are denying assistance to the best industry in the state, an industry that would put more dollars into the pockets of the people of the state than anything else in the state. The Chairman : I am very glad we called on Mr. Shilling, and I do not believe that there is anyone here that will regret it. We have another old war horse with us and, as it is not very late, I will call on Mr. P. H. Kieffer to address us for a few minutes. Mr. Kibffer: Mr. Chairman, I heartily thank you for this recognition and I can tell you truthfully from the bottom of my heart that I was glad to get onto Iowa soil, glad to meet the boys here tonight. I shall remain with you during the convention and know that I will enjoy it. Everybody looks natural to me and I want to congratulate you upon the large gathering that you have for the first night. I think it is the largest that we have ever had at an Iowa State dairy meeting. I think you have done well and I congratulate you all for being here. Meeting adjourned until 10 a. m. Thursday. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION. Meeting called to order at 10 :30 a. m. by President Barney. The Chairman : The first business to be taken up this morning is election of officers. The first office to be filled is that of your president. Nominations are now in order. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 275 Mr. Shoemaker, Waterloo: I take pleasure in nominating ]\Ir. W. B. Barney to succeed himself as president for the ensuing year. Nomination seconded. On motion, duly seconded, the rules were suspended and the president was elected by acclamation, Mr. Bar- ney being duly declared elected president of the Iowa Dairy Asso- ciation for the coming year. The next officer to be elected is vice president for the next year. Mr. Shilling: Mr. Chairman, it seems to me that if we were hunting for an excuse, after the glorious convention we are having at this time, to change any of the officers we would be a set of "chumps." I have always voted for the buttermakers ' interests in this organization, and the only buttermaker we have on the board of directors is Mr. Edwards, a buttermaker of Arlington, and I wish to place the name of Mr. Edwards in nomination to succeed himself as vice president of the association. Nomination seconded and on motion, duly seconded, the rules of the association were suspended, and Mr. Edwards was elected vice president of the organization by acclamation. The Chairman: The next officer to be elected is secretary for the ensuing year. Who will you have for your secretary ? Member : I move that Mr. W. B. Johnson be nominated to suc- ceed himself for the ensuing year. Nomination seconded, and on motion, duly seconded, the rules of the association were suspended and Mr. Johnson was elected by acclamation. The Chairman: Nominations are now in order for your treas- urer for the coming year. Member : Mr. President, I place in nomination the name of Mr. Odell. Nomination seconded. Mr. Clark: I feel a little the same as our friend Mr. Shilling that as long as we have a tried and true treasurer and the funds have shown that he has taken care of them in good shape, while I am a very good friend of ^Ir. Odell 's, I feel with Mr. Shilling that the old officers have done well for the last year and therefore why not continue them all for another year, and consequently I nominate Mr. P. M. Bro-^Ti of Cedar Rapids. Nomination seconded. Mr. Odell : You do not want to make any change in your pres- ent officers. They have done everything possible to assist build- ing up this association and you do not want to make any change 276 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. at all. I thank you for the compliment but I withdraw my name as a candidate. On motion, duly seconded, the rules were suspended and Mr. Brown was elected by acclamation to serve as treasurer of the Iowa State Dairy Association for the ensuing year. The Chairman: That completes the election of officers and we jvill now pass to the next number on our program, an address by Mr. Hugh Van Pelt, Professor of Dairying at Ames. We will now call on Mr. Van Pelt. We are always glad to hear him and I believe we will all profit by what he has to give us. SILOS AND SILAGE. PROF. HUGH G. VAN PELT, AMES. I am glad to speak upon silos and silage at this time because I am sure it means more to the dairy farmer of the great corn belt, of which Iowa is the heart, than most of us have any conception, and in the future the silo will mean more than it has in the past. Commercial food stuffs have been and are advancing rapidly in price. Many by-products valuable as foodstuffs for dairy cattle that a few years ago were cheap are today almost, if not quite, too expensive for the dairy feeder to consider when compiling his rations. The time is present when the farmer must rely more upon his own efforts to produce and preserve upon his own farm those foods that will supply the needs of his dairy herds. He must, in fact, practice intensive farming in the broadest sense. That which in the past was waste will in the future measure to a great extent the profits. And I dare say there is no one thing that could be added to the farm equipment that would promote intensive farming so greatly as a good, well built silo. The silo will make it possible to produce two pounds of milk where one was formerly produced, and in so doing fertilizing constituents will be made available that when returned to the land will increase the yield of grass in the same proportions. These results will be brought about, too, at a less expense than though any other methods of supply feed to the herds were resorted to. Like any other farm improvement, however, the building of a silo incurs considerable expense, yet it is quite doubtful whether or not any other building can be built that will have such a large capacity for the storage of roughage as will the silo. For instance, let us compare the space re- quired for a ton of hay as compared with a ton of corn silage. It re- quires, as you are all aware, at least 400 cubic feet of mow room for one ton of hay. For one ton of corn silage 50 cubic feet (one-eighth as much) is required. Therefore eight tons of silage requires only the same storage space as one ton of clover hay, but one ton of clover hay contains 1,680 pounds of dry matter and eight tons of corn silage contains 3,360 pounds of dry matter — just twice as much. Therefore, 200 cubic feet of space in the silo will preserve as much dry matter as 400 cubic feet in the haymow. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 277 Figuring more closely, and comparing the digestible feeding nutrients which indicate more nearly than anything else the value of a foodstuff, we find that one ton of clover hay contains 886 pounds of total digestible nutrients, eight tons of corn silage contains 2,064 pounds. Thus it is that two and one-third times as many digestible feeding nutrients can be stored in the same silo space as in the haymow. Summing up, then, we find that to furnish storage space for feed in substitute of a silo having a capacity of 100 tons of silage, a hay barn with a capacity of 800 tons would be required, or a hay barn having a capacity of 233 tons to store the same amount of digestible feeding nutrients, or a barn with a capa- city of 200 tons to store the same amount of dry matter as a silo holding 100 tons of ensilage. Determine the cost of a hay barn with a capacity of from 200 to 233 tons of clover hay, add to this the extra advantage of supplying succulense to the cow's winter ration and the real value of a 100-ton silo readily becomes apparent. In selecting the site for erecting the silo the following considerations should be kept in mind. First, the silo should not be placed in the barn where the cows are milked nor close to the milk room or the silage odors will be present to contaminate the milk at milking periods. Second, it should be so placed as to be convenient to feed from. To accomplish both these results perhaps no better plan can be practiced than to erect the silo four or five feet from one end of the feeding alley and connected to the barn with a corridor, the door of which closes tightly and pro- hibits all silage odors from entering the cow barn except at feeding times, which should always occur after milking. A third and less important consideration should be that of adding rather than detracting from the appearance of the farm buildings. When selecting the silo itself the following points should be considered: 1st. Shape. 2d. It should be of proper size in all dimensions to conform with the size of the herd to be fed from it. 3d. It should be of such a character that it will preserve the silage to best advantage. 4th. It should be built of such quality of material as will make it sub- stantial and long lived. 5th. Its cost should be in reach of the purchaser. When silos and silage first came into use in this country they were invariably built rectangular or square and shallow. Then it was neces- sary to weight the silage down to keep it from spoiling. Later it was learned that greater depth would remove the necessity of weighting, but still the silage in the corners would spoil because it could not be packed in tight enough to exclude all air. The next improvement was that of boarding across the corners, making an octagonal interior. This was bet- ter, but not yet successful and the idea of the round silo was gained, thus eliminating all corners or air space for silage to spoil and the losses in- curred by the air coming in contact with the contents of the silo were reduced to a minimum. Less lumber is required to build a circular silo of a like capacity than a square one and the material need not be so strong to prevent bulging and pulling apart, so that the circular silo is not only the more eflicient type, but should be a great deal the cheaper. 278 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. For these reasons the circular silo has become much the more popular, until at the present time we seldom see any other form being constructed. Relative to size, it should not be less than thirty feet deep, because the greater the depth the greater the downward pressure, resulting in a more efficient expulsion of air from between the particles of cut corn; and as the completeness with which the air is excluded determines the keeping quality of the silage, importance of depth is revealed. Further than this, the greater the downward pressure the greater amount of silage can be stored in a cubic foot of space. And equally important is the fact that silage capacity gained in depth rather than in diameter makes it possible for a greater depth of top surface to be fed off daily. Silage exposed to the air for two or three days begins to mould and spoil, and experience teaches us that for satisfactory results from one and one-quarter to three inches, according to climatic conditions, should be fed off of the top each day. It has been estimated that the feeding surface in the silo should be about five square feet per cow in the herd. Thus, for a herd of 30 cows 150 square feet of feeding surface or a silo 14 feet in diameter will be necessary; 40 cows, 200 square feet, or a diameter of 16 feet; and a herd of 50 cows, 250 square feet, or an inside diameter of 18 feet. Many have made the mistake of building silos with too large a diameter and have experienced a considerable loss from not being able to feed a sufficient amount from the top each day to prevent molding. It should always be kept in mind that better results will be gained from two small silos rather than one extremely large one, providing they are properly filled. The depth necessary for the silo can be readily obtained after determin- ing the proper diameter to permit the feeding of a definite number of inches in depth to each cow. For instance, two inches are to be fed off each day; 180 days feeding would require 360 inches or 30 feet in depth. In determining the material for the silo, the manner in which the silage will be preserved, the longevity of the silo and the cost should all be considered. For wooden silos it is doubtful whether or not cheaper and at the same time more efficient silos can be made than the commercial stave silo made of Oregon fir or sound northern white pine. Precau- tions should be taken, however, to demand that the staves be seasoned, free from sap and dead knots. Live knots or those found in staves that have been sawed from live trees are not so objectionable because they re- main taut in the wood for many years, and often material containing these can be bought for less money because of their presence. Of late cement silos are attracting considerable attention and undoubtedly they are the coming silo, especially on farms where plenty of good gravel is accessible. In the past their cost, together with the fact that the silage did not keep so well in them as in a wooden silo, has prohibited their use, but with improved construction devices and a knowledge gained of preparing the inner walls the cost will be lessened and methods placed in vogue for pre- serving the silage to the extent that the length of time which they will last will be a controlling factor and surely they will come into quite gen- eral use. Whether of wood or cement, the silo should rest on a strong foundation set deep enough in the ground to prevent the frost from heaving it out of EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 279 level. This foundation need not be an expensive affair, however, be- cause it can be put in with common farm help. Two foundations were put in in the following manner last year at the Iowa State College: Set a stake solidly at the point where it is desired that the center of the silo will be. Tie a rope to the stake and measure out nine inches greater than one-half the diameter that the silo is to be. Hold the rope tight and mark out a circle around the stake. Shorten the rope eighteen inches and mark out another circle in the same manner inside the first one. These two circles mark the inside and outside of the foundation wall, and by digging a trench straight down between them to the required depth the form for a concrete foundation is provided. But to fill this trench with concrete requires a great amount of cement, incurring great expense, which may be overcome by gathering up the broken rock, stones and old scraps of iron from off the farm and filling the trench half full. Make a thin mixture of one part cement and six parts sand and gravel, pour on top of the rocks and see that every crevice is filled. Sometimes it will be necessary to dash a few pails of water in to make the cement mixture find every opening. Finish filling the trench with rocks and cement as before, making the top level with cement; and after setting for twenty- four hours there will be a foundation that will stand for an indefinite length of time. Later the inside can be dug out and the dish-shaped bottom of the silo put in, but an experienced cement worker can put this in much smoother than one who has never tried it before. In the past many crops have been considered for silage purposes, but invariably it has been found that corn is far superior for the purpose. Occasionally of a wet season a crop of clover that might otherwise be lost may be saved by storing it in the form of silage. Again, it is oftentimes advisable in filling the silo with corn to put in one load of clover or cow- peas with two loads of green .corn, and in so doing a silage is made that is not only palatable, but also of a quality that conforms more closely to a balanced ration. On the whole, however, especially in the state of Iowa, where corn is the principal crop raised, this product alone will be found most satisfactory in making silage, for several reasons, the main one of which is no doubt the fact that if the corn is not put into the silo, the stalks, which represent a large percentage of the feeding value of the corn, will be wasted, while clover, alfalfa, cowpeas, etc., which might be used for silage, can be stored in a small barn or even in the stack, and as some dry foods are necessary to be fed with silage the advantage of storing these in dry form becomes apparent, because when supplied they furnish both dry matter and protein to the ration — 'the two constituents which are lacking in corn silage. Oftentimes I have been asked regarding the merits of green oats as a product for the silo, but it should be remembered that no grass with a hollow stem will make good silage because the air cannot be excluded, and one of the secrets of making good silage is to exclude the air. Sometimes it may be of advantage to drill corn for the specific purpose of making silage, yet it is doubtful whether this should be followed as a rule. It is mostly invariably the case on the Iowa farm that a portion of 280 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the corn crop does not mature so early as the remaining portion, and this crop which would otherwise be blighted by frost can be used for filling the silo and thus be of more value than it otherwise would be. In filling the silo there are many precautions which must be taken Into consideration, and it will be found that to make good silage is more difficult than to make good hay. If the corn is cut too green the silage will be very sour, not at all palatable to the cow and more of it will be left uneaten and wasted. If allowed to become too dry before putting into the silo the corn fire fangs around the edges, thus permitting the air to get in, and in this case also a large portion of the silage is wasted — 'this time because it molds and rots before the cow has a chance to eat it. In addition to this the chemist has found that a very large percentage of the valuable feeding nutrients of a plant is stored up during the first stages of maturity. Silage made from very green corn contains a very large percentage of water and a low feeding A'-alue. In view of this fact we find that to make the very best quality of silage there is a certain time to cut the corn. This occurs after the corn is dented and when it begins to glaze. At this time it will be found that two or three of the lower leaves of the cornstalk have begun to turn yellow, and when this stage has been reached operations should be begun and carried on rapidly, for frost is liable to occur at any time, and at best corn matures very quickly after it has once started. In cutting the corn for silage it is well to start the corn harvester or two or three men with corn knives a half day before the silage cutter starts, so that when operations are once be- gun the cutter may be kept going at the limit of its capacity until the silos are filled. Teams and wagons in great enough number should be provided so that the expensive power will not lay idle at any time, if the silage is to be made in the most economical manner. In former times when the green corn was elevated into the silo by a simple carrier a great amount of power was not necessary, but at the present time with the im- proved blower which is attached to the silage cutter a considerable amount of power is necessary, and it will be advisable to hire a steam engine from some one in the neighborhood who perhaps used it for threshing purposes In the summer time. If power is lacking the process of filling the silo will be extremely slow. One precaution that should be taken in filling the silo with a blower is to arrange for the cutter to stand so close to the silos that the blower pipe which conveys the corn into the silo would stand as nearly perpendicular as possible. If it slants to any large degree sufficient power cannot be used to blow the heavy green corn into the silo continuously and the blower chokes up, causing endless trouble. After the corn begins to enter the silo there should be at least two men whose duty it is to tromp the silage thoroughly in, especially around the edges and doors of the silo. If the silage is not pressed in very thoroughly the air is permitted to enter in between the particles of green corn and a large portion of the silage is spoiled before feeding time comes. Here again the advantage of having two silos instead of one becomes apparent. After one silo has been entirely filled the cutter may be moved on to the other and it filled in turn. After a couple of days it will be found that the green corn in the first silo has settled five or six feet EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 281 and by this time the cutter may be moved back to its former position and the first silo refilled. In this manner, by changing from one silo to the other, the greatest possible capacity of the silo is taken advantage of. Once the silo is full there is no reason for w^aiting longer to begin feeding the product, unless it be that the pastures are luxuriant and it is desired that the silage be kept for later winter uses. In this case some precaution should be taken to keep the top layer from decay. This is best accomplished by running some hay, straw or grass through the silage cutter and covering the green corn to a depth of 12 to 18 inches. This top layer should then be thoroughly soaked with water, using 15 or 20 barrels on a silo 18 feet in diameter. This wetting down produces decay and five or six inches of the top layer is readily rotted and seals up the sur- face in such a manner that the air will not be permitted to enter the lower parts. Unless this decay is very rapid the sealing process does not take place so readily and oftentimes three or four feet of silage is spoiled from the top downward. An additional precaution which may be taken is to sow oats thickly over the top of the silo before the water is placed in it. The heat which is brought about by the decay of the silage and moisture from the water germinates the oats so that they quickly form a dense sod on the top of the silo by their roots and in this way seal up the silo and exclude the air. In feeding the silage to cows in winter it will be found a very simple task. In the first place the silage is very palatable to the cow after she has cultivated a taste for it, and she eats it very readily. But it is under- stood by feeders in the corn belt that corn is used too exclusively for the best of results. Silage, like corn, contains a great amount of carbo- hydrates or fattening materials in proportion to the protein, which is an all important essential in the production of milk. Again, silage contains a very great amount of water and if fed by itself it is necessary for the cow to eat a very great amount of the food in order to obtain for herself a sufficient amount of dry matter. In view of these facts it becomes evi- dent that the cow should be fed other foodstuffs in conjunction with the silage which will not only supply protein to balance up the ration, but also foods that will supply dry matter in sufficient amounts to overcome to an extent the watery nature of the silage. In the countries where alfalfa hay can be successfully raised there is no better food to feed with silage. We find on one hand the silage is low in dry matter and high in carbohydrates; on the other hand we find alfalfa hay low in carbohydrates and high in dry matter and protein. Fed together in proper proportions these foods make a perfectly balanced ration and it is safe to say that a proportion which would be proper would be to allow the cow to receive all of each of these foods that she will consume. She will thus solve the problem of the balanced ration for herself even better than her feeder can do. For cows that are dry or giving a very small amount of milk no other food is necessary, but for cows that are fresh and yielding a large flow of milk some concentrates should be used, because the alfalfa contains a great amount of indigestible matter, and as before stated, silage contains a great amount of water. Because of this the cow producing a large amount of milk does not re- 282 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ceive a sufQciently large amount of actual feeding constituents unless some more concentrated foods are used. The grain ration which is fed to the cow should be balanced up as well as the roughage. Some corn meal may be used, but in small quanti- ties. A large portion of the ration should be made up of foodstuffs that are rich in protein, such as gluten feed, cottonseed meal, ground oats, middlings, union grains, distillers' grains, malt sprouts, dried brewers' grains, germ meal, shorts, or oil meal. These concentrated foods should be supplied in varying quantities according to the capacity and milk-pro- ducing ability of the individual cow under consideration. In many vicinities, however, alfalfa hay cannot be raised, and clover hay which has been properly made may be substituted by feeding a lesser amount of silage and a greater amount of hay. In this section of the country a great deal of timothy hay is used and we oftentimes find it the practice among dairymen to use it in their feeding operations. It should be re- membered, however, that timothy hay has a very low feeding value for dairy cows and experiments that have been performed lead us to believe that shredded corn fodder is almost as valuable in producing milk as is timothy hay. On the other hand, timothy hay as a rule commands a high price upon the market and for this reason, where it is possible, it should be sold and the money received expended for alfalfa or clover hay that is rich in protein and can be fed to a great deal better advantage. The main value of either timothy or shredded corn fodder when fed in conjunction with corn silage is to supply dry matter. For the cow that received all the corn silage and clover or alfalfa hay that she can con- sume needs only a small amount of expensive grain daily, and no doubt this amount would be covered with eight pounds even if she were flush in her milk producing period. Care should be exercised in the feeding of silage to prohibit con- tamination of milk. Unless it is used judiciously and in such amounts that all which is fed will be consumed, thus insuring that none of the feed will lie around the barn to mould, decay or impart odors, there will be many disadvantages in its use. Even at the present time milk con- densories are prohibiting the use of corn silage in the territory from which they draw their milk supply. This, however, is really not the fault of the silage and it should be borne in mind that it is not the silage that the cow eats that taints the milk, but the silage which is allowed to remain in the barn to contaminate the air, and thus the milk after it has been drawn from the cow, which does the harm. Extreme care should be taken to keep all odors of the silage out of the barn and milk room at milking periods. The cow should be fed silage only after milking times and then care should be taken that no more silage be given the cow than the amount which she will readily clean up, and in case any silage remains in the feed box uneaten the feeder should make it a point to remove this uneaten food before the next milking period. As soon as the milk is drawn from the cow it begins to cool rapidly and during the process of cooling it takes up odors more quickly than at any other time, so that if the air is permeated with the odor of silage it is readily seen that the milk will at once become contaminated and is really unfit for human consumption. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 283 However, if precautions are taken to keep the silage out of the barn at milking times it will be found that there is very little, if any, taint to the milk produced by silage feeding. Thus far I have spoken to you only of feeding silage during the winter months. However, there is no doubt but what its advantages are equally great for summer months. "We seldom have a year but that some time during the summer months the pastures become dry and the cows decline very greatly in their milk flow. It has long since been decided that some soiling crops should be supplied for the cows at this period, but there are many disadvantages in growing soiling crops for feed. In the first place it is very difficult to determine when the drouth and short pastures are to occur and it behooves the feeder to have green food coming on at all times during the summer and much of it cannot be used for the purpose of soiling. Where the summer feed is put into the silo it is ready for use at any period. Again, the summer rains which come make it very disagreeable to harvest the soiling crops, much time is consumed in doing so during the busy season, and furthei'more, the soiling crops change much from week to week in the stages of their maturity so that there can be little regularity in feeding these crops to the cows. On the other hand the silage which has been put into the silo the fall before during a less busy season can be fed with ease each day and the quality of the product remains stationary no matter what the climatic conditions may be. In case the season has been so favorable that no soiling crop has been necessary there is no loss, because silage once put into the silo and sealed up from the top will keep from year to year and for an indefinite length of time. In feeding other farm animals besides dairy cows the silo is equally important. This is especially true in feeding young calves through the winter months because the succulent character of the silage keeps the digestive tract of the animal in most excellent condition, as will be indi- cated by soft, pliable tough of the hair and hide of the beast. By keeping the digestive apparatus in this excellent condition the calf thrives and grows more rapidly than if it were kept entirely upon dry feed. Calling to mind the fact that Iowa stands first in the production of butter, and this year second in the production of corn, it becomes evident that the Iowa farm is not complete in its equipment unless it is provided with silos for the purpose of converting the corn into ensilage, which is one of the most productive sources of butter fat. DISCUSSION. The Chairman: Now, gentlemen, we have a little time before closing and if there is anyone here that would like to ask Prof. Van Pelt a question I am sure he will be glad to answer it. This is a matter I think of great interest to the dairymen of the state of Iowa, a matter that we should give a great deal of consideration and one I believe that should be thoroughly talked over here. Are there any questions for Mr. Van Pelt? 284 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Question : I would like to ask the professor what is his idea in making a silo of extending it down five or six feet in the ground. Would it be better than if the silo was on top of the ground ? Mr. Van Pelt : Your question was in regard to digging down into the ground and allowing the silage to be placed in there? There is one disadvantage to that. If the character of the ground is proper it is a very good thing. There is no part of the silo that can be built as cheaply as the part beneath the ground, but there is one thing that needs to be taken into consideration there and that is that the drainage of your ground must be perfect. If the water stand in the ground it is bound to soak through the walls of your silo and ruin the silage beneath the ground. Then, too, if that portion of your silo is so far beneath the ground it is difficult to pitch the silage out in the winter time, but if your silo extends down five or six feet it is all right provided your ground is well drained and no water can soak into the silo. Mr. Baer: Is it not possible to mix the cement and sand so as to exclude moisture from getting through into the silage? Mr. Van Pelt : It is very difficult with that portion of the silo below the ground. The last few years I understand that people having cement silos mix some cement with water making a wash to wash the inside of the silo, and that makes it possible to keep the water out of the silo and the silage will keep well, but my experi- ence has shown it is almost impossible to hold the water out of the silo. I know of one silo in Illinois dug down eight feet below the ground and it was impossible to keep the water out of that silo, so we simply put in a false floor and after tliat we did not use the part below the ground at all. If we had an outlet by which we could drain the water out from along the silo it would have been all right but that was impossible. Member : How would you have a wooden silo constructed, stave or frame? JMr. Van Pelt : I think a stave silo is the most economical sort of silo at the present time. They are made by manufacturers who have the machinery with which to make the staves, and when we consider the amount of material necessary for putting up a silo in any other form, as compared with the price of stave silos of good quality, undoubtedly you will find the stave silo is not only more efficient but more economical. Member : Do you have any treatment on the inside ? EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 285 Mr. Van Pelt : Paint on the outside like any other frame build- ing; they should be kept well painted on the outside but I doubt whether it is policy to treat the inside with any material. Some firms send out material with which to treat the staves but as a rule the better class of silos are not supposed to be treated with anything, in fact the manufacturers advise not treating them. Member: What is the approximate cost of a good cement silo? Mr. Van Pelt : That differs very materially with the locality in which you are located. If you are where you have access to plenty of sand and gravel, the cost would not be nearly so great as though you needed to buy it. However, where the gravel costs a dollar a yard the expense runs up pretty high. For fifteen cows you would need for two hundred forty days feeding seventy-two tons and to contain that much silage you would need a silo 15 feet in diameter and 24 feet deep. It is almost impossible to give figures on the cost of a cement silo, in fact the different cement men will give different prices and they differ greatly, but for a silo of that size, made of cement with gravel at $1.00 a yard, the cost would be between four and five hundred dollars, while the same silo of good stave material could be bought for $300 or probably less. Question: Is it necessary to have a double layer of cement or a dead air space? Mr. Van Pelt. No it is not necessary. Probably if there were a dead air space it would be better but it is not necessary. Where the silo is simply built of straight cement and then treated on the inside with cement water it will do as well as with an air space. Question : How can a silo be kept from blowing over ? Mr. Van Pelt: If your foundation is right there will be no danger of its blowing over ; but in case there is, a great many firms send out anchors with guy wires. However, if the silo has the proper diameter in proportion to the heighth I have never known of any trouble with it blowing over. Member: What do you think about the silo advertised in the Dairy Record, which does away with the wall? Prop. Van Pelt : We are trying an experiment in making silage in that way at the present time at the college. Undoubtedly there will be more waste for the reason that the outside of the pile of corn will necessarily need to rot off. To those of you who do not understand this method I might say the corn is simply cut and 286 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. piled up in circular shape in a stack, then rods are placed on top and by a system of chains and pressure the stack of green corn is drawn down very tightly; after this water is placed on the top of the com. The manufacturers advise sowing oats and the roots form a sod which prohibits the air from getting down from the top. Of course the outer butts of the corn are exposed all the time to the air. The idea of the manufacturers is that about six inches of butts will rot off and seal up the remainder and soak the silage so it will come out in the winter and spring in good shape. What the outcome of this will be I cannot at the present time say. One disadvantage I can see is that it is very difficult to make your stack straight and it is very difficult to get these bundles of corn so as to make your stack as high as you desire. The quality of the silage will be governed by the size of the stack to a great extent so it is very necessary to have a large stack both in diameter and height. If we were better prepared to make an extremely large stack there would be rather a small percentage of com wasted, but this system would not be successful for a small stack. Member: How about a steel silo? Mr. Van Pelt: The acid in the silage eats out the steel and the life of it is not long. Each year you would need to treat it with some material to keep the acid from coming in contact with the steel. Member: Would you have the inside of the foundation of a stave silo come flush with the outside of the silo? Mr. Van Pelt : It is not absolutely necessary. You may have your foundation say eighteen inches thick, your staves could set right in the center of that ; then on the inside you need to dig out a dish shape for your bottom, fill that with cement to keep the rats out and make it smooth, then have this bottom extend on to your wall three or four inches. It should not form a shelf; the inside of your silo should be absolutely smooth so the silage will settle along the edges to the best advantage. Member : That is the point I wanted to bring out. Some years ago my father built a silo in Wisconsin and made the mistake of digging down four feet in the ground and then built the silo so it left a shelf four inches wide, and that caused a great deal of trouble until we lined the inside of the silo, after which we had no more trouble. Member: Is silage good for other farm animals than cows? EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 287 Mr. Van Pelt : Yes, for almost any class of farm animals. To work horses it should not be fed to such a large extent, of course. For brood mares and brood sows it is good but should be fed in more limited quantities. Mr. Carpenter: I would like to give my experience in regard to feeding brood sows. "We built a silo of split fencing and lined it inside and out with paper between both the inside and out. We treated the inside of it with gasoline and gasoline tar, about one- third gasoline and two-thirds gasoline tar, and put it on with &, whitewash brush. We used that silo for seven years and at the time I left the farm I took my knife and went down to the bottom but it was so hard and glossy it would turn the edge of the knife. I found that solution was helpful to my silo. I believe the splitting of that fencing made it thin, leaving it only a half inch thick, and it bent around to 2x4 very readily. I believe that silo stands there today and it was built twenty years ago; it was very cheap, never bulged and was altogether very satisfactory. I had a cow by the name of Louise that we milked and weighed her milk in June and the best she ever did was to give thirty pounds a day. We experimented with that cow, fed her ensilage with a bal- anced ration, and during the same period of lactation she gave us 35 pounds of milk a day in January. I believe it is generally conceded that ensilage is almost a perfect food for the production of milk with the bovine mother. . When land is worth $100 an acre we cannot afford to farm as we did when it was worth $10. We must concentrate and the ensilage is the best food for winter feeding, and I say this from actual experience. Mr. Baer : When refilling the silo, if there as some of the silage left in the silo, would you advise removing that, or would it be all right to fill on top of it ? Mr. Van Pelt: FiU right on top of what is left. That is one thing about corn silage, once it is sealed over it is always good. Of course the portion of silage on top rots, this may be six inches or two or three feet. If it is well tramped in and weU packed down there should not be over six to nine inches of the silage spoiled. Then it is necessary, of course, to throw off that six or nine inches of spoiled silage, but you can fill on top of the rest and it makes as good silage as anything else. Member : Have you had any experience with stone silos 1 Mr. Van Pelt: No personal experience but I believe stone makes a very good silo. Of course after the stone is laid it is neces- 288 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. sary to make the inside wall perfectly smooth and the cement used for the inside of the wall should be quite strong, at least one part of cement to three parts of sand or gravel. It would last a great deal longer than a stave silo and of course would be cheaper in the long run. Of course the cost would depend on how much the rock cost and if the ma.son work was not too expensive it would probably be cheaper to build and would make as good a silo and better because it would last longer. The Chairman : I believe we will have to declare this question closed. I am sure the address and discussion has been very help- ful to all of you. This talk on silos is something that many of us needed and I will say that I heartily concur in what iMr. Carpenter said in regard to the use of coal tar and gasoline on the inside of his silo. I built a silo seven years ago and I believe there are few if any of the boards rotted at all, and I use coal tar and gasoline for the inside. Now we want to bring up one or two matters that will only take a moment and then we will adjourn. Mr. Edwards has a little matter he wishes to present to you with reference to some local secre- taries or vice presidents of this association, and we will now give him an opportunity to present his ideas. REMARKS. MR. L. S. EDWARDS, VICE PRESIDENT IOWA DAIRY ASSOCIATION. Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Convention: — In serving you as vice president for the last j'ear I have at least tried to make a study of the conditions of the buttermakers and dairymen in the state and have come to this conclusion, that we are not organized. In a sense we are not organized. We come down here to our annual meetings once a year, become enthusiastic and while we are here plan to go to work, but about the time we get ready to go to work we go home and when we are home about two weeks most of us are asleep. That is the trouble with us; we are not close enough together; we are not organized. Now I have a plan to offer. I do not care to have you take action on it now, but I want you to talk it over among yourselves. My plan is that we divide our state up into sections; I would suggest six. and that our president appoint either local secretaries or second vice presidents, as he may see fit, to take charge of these sections, have a secretary in each section and hold that secretary responsible for the work in his territory, give him charge of the local meetings and by so doing he will be in close touch with the buttermakers, can reach any of them over the telephone. In that way we can keep the local meetings going along nicely; keep in touch one with another and be waked up. Not only that, but by doing EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 289 this the local secretary can get right after the buttermaker and make each buttermaker go to every patron he has with a petition, and if we can get every patron of every creamery in the state of Iowa to sign a petition and turn it over here to our legislative committee, the legislature can- not turn us down, we will be too strong. But the trouble is, we have never been organized to go to work at this right. If we can get some good, wide- awake fellows in these different sections that will go after the butter- makers and stir up these local meetings and get these petitions out, there is no doubt about our getting an appropriation to support this organization. Our association has always been supported by the buttermakers and by their good friends, the different commercial people over the state, but it is a shame for the state of Iowa, with the amount of dairy business done in the state, that the Iowa Dairy Association has to beg for funds with which to carry on these meetings. It is a shame and disgrace to the state. The only way to avoid this is to organize, get together and go to the legislature in such a body that they cannot turn us down. There are a few minor points I might mention along with this, and that is in regard to the state meetings and the National Buttermakers' meeting. The local secretaries can do a wonderful work along this line. I know of quite a few men that are not here today because they knew of no one that could take their places. The local secretary can get in touch with the men that are idle and are willing to take the place of a buttermaker while he comes to the convention, and that will help some of the boys. Not only that, but he can get his local meetings together and get the boys lined up to come to the meeting of the state association and of the National Buttermakers' association in a body, get the boys to- gether and get {hem to work in harmony. That is the best way I know of in which to do things. I hope you will consider this and will take it up at some other meeting when we will have a little more time to consider it. I thank you. The Chairman : I wish to say I fully concur with Mr. Edwards in all he has said and I sincerely hope that you will talk this matter over and bring it up a little later. It is a matter that is worthy of consideration and I believe it is the only way to get shaped up so we can go before the legislature with any prospects of doing anything. We will now stand adjourned until 1 :30 this afternoon. THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION. Meeting called to order at 2 o'clock by President Barney. The Chairman : Gentlemen, we will open our program this aft- ernoon with an address by Chief Webster, of the Dairy Division at Washington. 19 290 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WHAT THE CREAMERY RETURNS TO THE FARMER. E. L. WEBSTER, DAIRY DIVISION, WASHINGTON, D. C. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen-. — I am certainly very glad to be able to come here and meet you and talk with you a little while about dairy matters. There are a good many things about dairying many of us do not know. I find the longer I live the less I know about things that I thought a few years ago I knew a great deal about. As a man grows older he finds some of the things he knew when younger are not alto- gether as he looked at them then. I must apologize for reading my address this afternoon because I have some figures and in order not to say what I do not want to, I have reduced it to writing. In order to intelligently discuss the return that the farmer may ex- pect from his creamery it will be necessary, first, to analyze the cost of manufacture. This cost has been variously estimated at from 1% to 5c per pound of butter, depending upon the size of the plant and the economy used in the process of manufacture. After careful analysis of a large number of records on file in the United States Department of Agriculture we found the average cost of manufacture, as reported by all creameries in Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin, to be 2.1c per pound. In order to arrive at some conclusion as to what the cost should be in a minimum plant in which the overrun would pay the operating expenses, the cream- ^eries were classified into those making an average of 75,000 pounds of butter per year, and those averaging 150,000 pounds per year. One hun- dred and thirty-eight plants averaging 75,000 pounds, made butter at a cost of 2.78c per pound; 46 plants, averaging 150,000 pounds butter per year, made butter at a cost of 1.88c. As no attempt was made to select plants particularly well managed, these averages cover everything report- ing of approximately this output per year. There are many creameries in operation making less than 75,000 pounds of butter per year, but for this discussion it was considered best to take that size of plant in which 18.5 per cent overrun would be sure to pay the operating expenses: Table No. I. 74,062-lb. Plant— _148,125-lb. Plant— Buttermaker % 900 $1,000 Package 370 740 Coal 150 200 Salt 40 75 Color 10 20 Acid 5 10 Moisture test 5 10 Helper 150 250 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 291 Drayage 79 100 Secretary 180 200 Other officers 85 95 Printing and stationery 25 25 Butter for contests 35 • 35 Convention expenses 25 25 Total $2,059 $2,785 Average cost in 138 plants averaging 75,000 lbs 2.78c per lb. Average cost in 46 plants averaging 150,000 lbs 1.88c per lb. Table 1 will give an idea as to how the cost is distributed. Attention is particularly called to two items which usually do not appear in the expense account of a creamery — these are $35, which has been allowed for butter sent to contests of various kinds, and $25, which is allowed for the convention expenses of the secretary or manager of the creamery. It is believed that these two items are legitimate expenses and should be paid by the patrons of the co-operative creamery, or by the owners of an individual plant. This table also shows that the total cost of man- ufacture in a 75,000 lb. plant is $2,059, while that of the 150,000 lb. plant is $2,785. It is believed that this allowance is ample to cover all the legitimate expenses of operating creameries of this size. The figures are based on the operation of a whole milk plant. The cost will not be so great in a plant receiving a large amount of cream or In which the total receipts are from cream deliveries. Table No. II. Smallest creamery in which the overrun will pay operating expenses — 500 cows 125 lbs. butter fat each per year 62,500 lbs. butter fat per year. 18% per cent overrun 11,562 lbs. butter in overrun 62,500 lbs. butter fat 74,062 lbs. butter 2.78c per lb. for making $2,059 — Cost to maintain plant. 11,562 lbs. of butter must bring $2,059 to pay cost of making, 17.8c per lb. Table 2 shows the business done in a small creamery in which the overrun will pay the operating expenses. It is assumed that 500 cows giving an average of 125 pounds of butter fat per year would supply this creamery, which is a very low average yield per cow, much lower than it should be. These cows will produce annually 62,500 pounds of butter fat. If the average overrun of 18.5 per cent is used as a calculating basis there will be made from this butter fat 74,062 pounds of butter, of which 11,562 pounds are overrun. If the cost of manufacture in a plant of this size, as shown in Table 1, is 2.78c per pound, this would make a 292 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. total cost of $2,059 for operating the plant. In order that the 11,562 pounds of butter should bring $2,059 it would have to net the creamery 17.8c per pound. These estimates were made at this low price in order to prove that there has not been a time since 1897 when a creamery of this size would not pay expenses from the overrun. At present prices the overrun from a creamery supplied by 400 cows would accomplish* the same results. Table No. III. Comparison with creamery double the size of minimum — 1,000 cows producing 125 lbs. each equal 125,000 pounds. 500 cows producing 250 lbs. each equal 125,000 pounds. 125,000 lbs. butter fat per year 18% per cent overrun 23,125 lbs. butter in overrun 125,000 lbs. butter fat 148,125 lbs. butter 1.88c per lb. for making $ 2,785 — Cost to maintain plant 23,125 lbs. butter at 17.8c per lb $4,116 Which leaves a balance of (above cost of operation) 1,331 For the sake of comparison, Table 3 shows double the amount of butter manufactured in one year. To do this would require 1,000 cows, giving 125 pounds of butter each, or 500 cows giving 250 pounds each, or 750 cows giving 166 pounds each. In this one statement there is text for a whole sermon as to ways and means of increasing the yield per cow, and the income of the farmer. But as this has no place in this particular discussion, nothing more will be said upon this subject. Prom 125,000 pounds of butter fat 148,125 pounds of butter would be made, giving an overrun of 23,125 pounds. The cost of manufacture, as shown in Table 1, is 1.88c per pound, making a total cost of $2,785. If the overrun were valued at the same figure as that used in Table 2, 17.8c per pound, it would bring $4,116, or $1,331 above the cost of manu- facture. If this buter were sold at the average price for the first nine months of the year 1907, it would bring $3,648 above the cost of manu- facture. In a co-operative creamery this amount is usually distributed pro rata to the farmers and brings the price which they receive from to 1 to 2 cents above the prevailing market price for butter. In various sections of the country the question has arisen from time to time as to which is the more profitable, to make butter or to sell cream to a' central plant. Buyers representing large interests have offered to buy the cream received at various creameries, claiming that they could pay enough to make it a profitable venture for the creamery. Proposi- tions of this kind are often made to the smaller creameries and consid- erable argument is brought to bear that it is foolish to pay the expense EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 293 of churning when the cream could be sold at a figure which would not only save this expense but net them a profit in addition. A9 this is a matter of vital interest to the farmers selling cream it is thought best to give a few comparisons to show whether or not a small creamery can better afford to sell its cream or make butter. Taking the minimum plant in which the operating expenses will be paid by the overrun, 62,500 pounds of butter fat at 23c in New York, would bring a gross return of $14,375, as shown in Table 4. We will further assume that there is to be no deterioration in the quality of the cream and that the plant is to be kept up to its maximum condition and that in order to do this the buttermaker, or a man equally as good, will have to be retained to re- ceive and forward the cream. I think it is a conservative statement that it will cost the creamery company not less than l^/^c a pound to receive and forward this cream, make out the checks and handle all the business incidental to a creamery. At this rate it would cost $937 to operate the plant on this basis, giving a net return to the creamery of $13,438. TABLE NO. IV. Suppose New York quotations are 23c. Suppose New York quotations are offered for butter fat F. 0. B. place of shipment. 62,500 lbs. butter fat at 23c $14,375 937 equals cost of handling at l%c per lb. $13,438 equals net returns 62,500 lbs. butter fat, plus 11,562 lbs. overrun, equals 74,062 lbs. butter 24c per lb. equals 23c, plus Ic premium $17,774 gross returns, less 2,059 cost of maintaining plant $15,715 returns, less 1,777 freight and commission $13,938 net returns 13,438 net returns from selling cream $ 500 difference in favor of running creamery. In case of the 150,000 plant the saving would be $2,335 in favor of churning. If this cream were churned into butter at the plant, 74,062 pounds would be made. From a large number of reports on file it is fair to state that the average, first class butter brings on the New York market or any other good market, a gross return of Ic above the highest quo- tation for extras. Assuming that this is true, in this particular case, the 294 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. gross returns for the cream would be $17,774, deducting from this the cost of maintaining the plant, $2,059, this leaves $15,715. From this there must still be deducted freight and commission, which would amount to at least 2.4c per pound, or a total of $1,777. This would leave a net return for the butter of $13,938, which would be $500 more than would be received for the cream, had it been sold for 23c per pound. In the case of a plant of double this size, the saving would be $2,335 in favor of churning. A creamery manager may well consider whether it is profitable for him to close down his creamery and sell cream, should such a proposition be made him. The calculation cannot stop with the loss of a few dollars between the price received for the cream and that received for the butter for the first year. As soon as the local creamery begins to sell its cream to outside parties the door is opened for all sorts of competition, the result of which is almost sure to ruin the creamery. Competition between cream buyers in many sections is very keen and all sorts of methods are resorted to to secure the goods. The usual prices are raised and sometimes tests and weights are juggled. The incentive that is given a farmer to produce a good article of cream is largely removed because he no longer sees the result of his cream in butter. With the local creamery there is a certain pride in the neighborhood which assists in keeping up the quality of the product. This is par- ticularly true if the creamery is a co-operative one and the farmer feels that the product is a part of his own work and he has a pride in know- ing that it will bring the highest market price and that his creamery will bring the most returns to himself and his neighbors. As has been previously stated, there is a large number of creameries reporting to the U. S. Department of Agriculture every month, on blanks which give a complete statement of the business done, the overrun ob- tained, the prices received for butter and the prices paid for butter fat, and, in case of co-operative creameries, the expenss of operation. TABLE No. V. Comparative Prices For 1907. Month Average of Creameries Get- ting 18.5!i Over- run or Better o 3 C It o Z d V *2 CO aj a D-S C h Ci d o u a > < OS 4) 22 January 144 126 108 89 82 156 145 200 152 32.56 34.84 31.05 30.98 25.07 25.11 25.89 26.54 29.95 30.80 32.54 30.61 30.69 25.07 23.60 24.70 24.76 27.68 28.47 February 29.40 March 28.20 April. 27.07 May 21.20 June 19.67 July 21.06 Angust 21.30 Saptember 23.63 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII, 295 There have been compiled from these statements the figures shown in the first part of Table 5. Only those creameries making an average of 18.5 per cent or more, overrun have been considered in these aver- ages. The creameries making these reports are situated in Iowa, Minne- sota and Wisconsin. Many of them are very small plants, and a few quite large. The average amount paid to the farmers is interesting when compared with the New York quotations for the same months. In gath- ering these statistics it was difficult to secure information from the large centralized creameries. They considered that it was no business of the U. S. Department of Agriculture as to what they paid to the farmers for cream as received for their butter. As a result they have not been urged to make reports but, incidentally, a report has come into our hands showing what one of the large creameries paid during the first nine months of 1907. TABLE No. VI. Difference in Prices. Month Individual Creameries Paid Over New York Quotations Centralizer Paid Less Than New York Quo- tations Difference in Favor of Individual January February March April May June July August September.., Averages 1.76 2.30 .44 .29 Same 1.51 1.19 1.78 2.27 1.28 2.33 3.14 2.41 2.62 3.87 3.93 3.64 3.46 4.15 3.39 4.09 5.44 2.85 3.91 3.87 5.44 4.83 5.24 6.42 4.67 Table 6 shows the difference between the price actually paid by the small creameries and the New York quotations, and that paid by the central plant in question and the New York quotations. It will be noted here that the small creameries paid an average of 1.28c above the New York quotations and that the centralizer in question paid 3.39c less than the New York quotation, or 4.67c less than the amount paid by the small creameries. It has been asserted that the prices offered by the central creameries in Iowa and other northern states compare more favorably with the prices paid by the coperative and individual creameries in those states than this table seems to indicate. This probably is true, as the prices are given for the particular centralizer in a more southern state where there are practically no co-operative creameries and not over 50 or 60 creameries of any kind in existence, with 90 per cent of those central- izers on a greater or lesser scale. My personal knowledge of the locality where these prices were paid leads me to believe that were there an appreciable number of active, aggressive co-operative creameries in that state, the prices paid would be materially advanced. That there are many localities in the state under consideration where co-operative creameries could exist there is no doubt. 296 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. With these facts before them the farmers of Iowa should consider well whether they want to control the situation by owning their own creameries, or allow the cream to go to plants which are entirely beyond their control and from which returns may not be equal to the returns made by the smaller creameries. Another fact gathered from the reports received from the creanjeries is worthy of attention in this connection. There has been each month compiled a comparative statement of those creameries making less than 18.5 per cent overrun and those making more. There was a remarkable uniformity in the variations in prices that these creameries were able to pay to the farmers. For the nine months of this year the difference in the returns to the farmers between those getting less than 18.5 . per cent and those getting more than 18.5 per cent overrun varied more than 1 to 2c per pound, and averaged in most months about l%c more per pound of butter fat received by farmers patronizing creameries in which the overrun was more than 18.5 per cent. Table VII. Returns to farmers from different overrun on 23c New York market, Ic premium: Creamery receiving 125,000 lbs. butter fat getting 13 per cent overrun, pays 22.18c. Creameries receiving 125,000 lbs. butter fat getting 18.5 per cent over- run, pays .23.36c. Creameries receiving 125,000 lbs. butter fat getting 23 per cent overrun, pays 24.34c. Creameries receiving 62,500 lbs. butter fat getting 13 per cent overrun, pays 21.14c. Creameries receiving 62,500 lbs. butter fat getting 18.5 per cent over- run, pays 22.30c. Creameries receiving 62,500 lbs. butter fat getting 23 per cent overrun, pays 23.27c. A large centralizer getting not less than 23 per cent overrun pays 19.60c. This centralizer pays 1.51c less than small creamery with 13 per cent overrun and pays 4.74c less than average creamery getting 23 per cent overrun. The farmer pays the difference. In order to give these figures some meaning, we will again take for consideration two creameries, one receiving 62,500 pounds of butter fat and the other double that amount, 125,000 pounds, as shown in Table 7. Assuming that the New York price is 23c and that the average premium is Ic, these creameries would get 24c gross for their product, from which, of course, must be deducted the freight and commission. A creamery receiving 125,000 pounds of butter fat and getting a 13 per cent overrun could pay on this basis 22.18c per pound. The creamery getting 18.5 per cent overrun could pay 23.36c, while the creamery getting 23 per cent overrun could pay 24.34c, which would be 1.34c above the quotation for butter. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 297 In case of the smaller creamery it would be, for the 13 per cent over- run, 21.14c; 18.5 per cent overrun, 23.30c; and for the 23 per cent overrun, 23.27c. You will note in each case that the creamery getting only 13 per cent overrun pays more than 2c less per pound than that getting 23 per cent overrun, and more than Ic less than those getting 18.5 per cent overrun. These estimates are based on evidence gathered from reports and while they may appear theoretical they are very close to the actual facts shown in these reports. At the same time, while these creameries could pay these amounts, the statistics from the central plant before referred to, show that with a 23c market and with an over- run of not less than 23 per cent they paid but 19.6c per pound, 1.5c less than the small creamery with the 13 per cent overrun and 4.74c less than the larger creamery getting 23 per cent overrun. These figures are not given with any spirit of "knocking" on the large centralizers of the country. They are simply facts, gathered from re- ports to the Dairy Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and should be placed before the farmers and creamery men of the country so that they may know what the actual condition is. I do not claim that the centralizing creameries could pay as much as small creameries, for the reason that their cost of operation is a great deal more. It seems that the only legitimate way in which the creamery situation can be considered is on the basis of a net return to the farmer in every case. If the farmers can organize and operate their own business and save from 114c to 4%c per pound on his butter fat, it would seem to be a wise business proposition on his part to do so. If the community can- not support a creamery, there being too few cows, less than 400 as a minimum estimate, the farmer will, of necessity, have to ship his cream to some point where it can be churned, and for these farmers the cen- tralized creameries are a necessity. On a number of occasions the question has been raised whether or not the butter made in the centralized creameries will bring as much as that made in the small creaemery. Those interested in the large plants have persistently claimed that they could get full market value for their butter. TABLE No. VIII. Average Elgin prices January 1 to September 30, 1907 ^ 27.58^ Average New York prices January 1 to September 30, 1907 27.83^ One large Centralizer gets net he under Elgin. Any creamery making good butter gets New York + 10. Commission and freight on butter at 27. 83^ + Ic premium equals 2.59c!. 28.830 - 2. 59C equals 26.24?. Centralizer gets 27.08c. Creamery getting 50,000 pounds butter fat and making 18.5? orerrun can pay on this basis 26.980 Centralizer did pay 24.430 Or 2.55^ less than a 400-cow creamery could pay. For purposes of comparison of values Table 8 is given. The average Elgin prices from January 1 to September 1, 1907, was 27.58c, the average New York price for the same period was 27.83c. The United States De- partment of Agriculture is in possession of figures which show that 298 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. one concern got on track at the place of their factory i/^c under Elgin. Any creamery making Extras or Specials, if it properly understand its business, can get Ic above the New York market or its equivalent in any large market. The New Yorlc market averaged 27.83c for the last nine months, to which Ic premium must be added. The commission, freight and drayage average about 2.59c. Deducting this from the quotation, plus the premium, would leave a net return of 26.24c. According to the state- ment of the centralizer in question its net return would be 27.08c. As- suming that the smallest creamery could operate profitably at present prices 400 cows and 50,000 pounds of butter fat per annum. If this creamery got an average overrun of 18.5 per cent on the previous basis of cost it could pay to its patrons 26.98c per pound. As a matter of fact, from the prices given by the centralizer in ques- tion, it paid 24.43c, or 2.55c less than a 400 cow creamery could pay. The cost of operation in this small creamery could be nearly doubled and still the same price be paid to the farmer as those paid by the cen- tralizer. There are approximately 500,000,000 pounds of creamery butter made in the United States annually. Two alternatives naturally present them- selves to those interested in the development of the creamery business of the country. If a well organized co-operative or individual creamery can pay, as shown in previous statements they are paying, 4.64c per pound more than some of the leading centralizers can pay, which is the better policy, to develop the co-operative and small individual creamery, or to develop the centralizer system to such a degree that it will supersede the co-operative and individual creameries. It is true that large amounts of money are invested at the present time in central plants, but their investment is only a very small frac- tion of the investment of the farmer. The investments in hand sepa- rators of those farmers who patronize central creameries alonfe represent more value than the entire property used by the centralizers. That system should assuredly stand which will give the farmers the great- est net return. Where there are less than 400 cows in the community the only way for the farmer to sell his produce is through the cen- tralizing plant, large or small, until the time shall come when there shall be enough stock and suflBcient itnerest to organize and build a co-opera- tive plant. When that time comes the farmers can assuredly very materially in- crease the interest on their investment by operating their own plant. This statement has been made a number of times by those who are in- terested in the centralizing system. They cannot deny the fact, and yet in the face of this, it will be found that there is scarcely a community in Minnesota, Iowa or Wisconsin, or in any of the butter states in which there are not at present active agencies being established for the purchase of cream and its shipment to centralizing plants. Statistics amply show that active co-operation amongst the farmers increases their economic wealth. Let us see if the centralizing system has developed or is developing the dairy industry in such a way that this result is secured. In 1905 creameries, cheese factories and condenseries paid the farmers of the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 299 United States 31.3 per cent more for milk than they did in 1900. If the dairy industry is developing normally and equally in all parts of the country we would expect to find the greatest proportional increase in those sections where dairying was in its earlier stages. Let us compare the conditions in a section in which the co-operative and the individual system has been developed and maintained with a neighboring section in which the central system has superseded the smaller creameries. In the five years from 1900 to 1905 the number of creameries, cheese fac- tories and milk condenseries in Michigan increased 29.7 per cent. In Wisconsin the number of similar establishments increased 16.9 per cent in the same period and in Minnesota there was an increase of 12.6 per cent. These are typical co-operative creamery states in which the central system has made little headway. For comparison, let us consider the neighboring dairy states of Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska. In 1900 the Iowa creameries were almost entirely on the co-operative or individual basis and paid to the farmers only a little less than was paid in the neighboring state of Wisconsin. In the following five years the centralizers encroached on the smaller creameries until the number of establishments was reduced 53.7 per cent. In Kan- sas and Nebraska dairying was less fully developed and the central system almost completely superseded the small plants. In Kansas the decrease in numbers of establishments was 47.4 per cent and in Nebraska 57 per cent for five years following 1900. Now let us see in which of these sections dairying has made the most progress. In Michigan the farmers received from creameries, cheese factories and condenseries 116 per cent more in 1905 than in 1900. In Wisconsin the increase was 58.4 per cent. In Minnesota the increase for these five years was 54.9 per cent, an average for the three of 64.5 per cent. In Iowa, where the cen- tral system had in this period to some extent displaced the smaller in- dividual creameries, the amount received by farmers from creameries, cheese factories and condenseries decreased 5 per cent. This is notwith- standing the fact that there has been a steady increase in the price of dairy products. In Nebraska and Kansas dairying should show for this period a greater percentage increase than the older, more completely developed states. In Nebraska we find an increase of 44 per cent and in Kansas a gain of only 6.3 per cent, or an average for the three of oaly 2.2 per cent. The increase in Nebraska is due very materially to the develop- ment of the large central plants at Omaha. Much of the credit of this increase should go to Iowa, instead. Which system has been more favorable to the development of the dairy interests? The farmers of Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska might aptly quote from the famous speech of Patrick Henry: "You say we are weak, but when will be stronger?" 300 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MICHIGAN. Changes in Number of Creameries, Cheese Factories and Condenseries Change in Amounts Paid for Material by Creameries, Cheese Factories and Condenseries 4) .D a u si « a 3 o a < 1905 371 286 1905 7,027,263 1900 1900 "3,274,264 85 = 29.75^ increase 3,742,999 = 116« increase WISCONSIN. 1905 2,360 2,018 1905 1900 26,406,185 1900 16,623,859 342 = 16.H increase 9,783,226 = 58.4?^ increase MINNESOTA. 1905 771 596 1905 11,139,565 1900 1900 7,188,711 75 = 12.65^ increase 3,950,854 = 54.9* increase IOWA. 1900 907 655 352 = 53.7^ decrease 1900 13,601,556 1905 1905 12,895,630 605,926 = 5i decrease NEBRASKA. 1900 93 40 1905. 2,671,978 1905 . . 1900 1,854,228 53 = 51^ decrease 817,750 = 44* increase , KANSAS. 1900 171 90 1905 3,255,735 1905 1900 3,062,335 81 = 47.4^ decrease 193,400 = 6.3* increase I could close with no more fitting statement than that made by Presi- dent Roosevelt in his speech at Lansing, Mich., before the Agricultural College, on May 31, of this year, in which he states as follows: "The people of our farming regions must be able to combine among themselves, as the most effective means of protecting their industry from the highly organized interests which now surround them on every side. A vast field is open for work by co-operative associations of farmers in dealing with the relation of the farm to transportation and to the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 301 distribution and manufacture of raw materials. It is only through such combinations that American farmers can develop to the full their economic and social power." The Chairman: Is there anyone here that would like to ask Professor Webster a question 1 This is a matter that I think is of great importance and I feel certain that he will be glad to answer any questions you may ask. Gov. Hoard : I would like to have considered for a moment two propositions which Professor Webster did not consider, concerning the reflex effect of the two systems upon the welfare of the dairy interests of this country. First, the co-operative system is like the country district schoolhouse, it is an educational center Think what the educational interests of this country would be if you should destroy the country district school, depending only upon the universities ! Why, the foundation of all the educations of this country^ lies right there in the country district school. De- stroy the root, and where would the branch be ? The promotion of dairy education among the very men that need it most is wonder- fully accelerated by the fact of the local creamery. The fact that those men are brought into contact with each other each day and in contrastive contact, so that A can talk with B and B with C, and do that kind of co-operative reasoning which is at the bottom of all progress, is brought out by the local creamery. Abrogate that, remove the whole point of comparison and the co-operative or communial effect and what is the result then upon the promotion of dairy education and understanding. Second, you very well now, you men in Iowa, something of the contest we had from 1900 to 1902 or from 1899 to 1902 in Washing- ton on the oleomargarine question. Your humble servant was then President of the National Dairy Union and knows something of the roots of this question. The creameries of the United States were the centers from which could radiate information and under- standing upon this point, which could be brought to bear upon the political understanding of the members of Congress. Where would we have been at that time if we could not reach the farmer? There was about $20,000 spent in double postal cards; on one half was printed what the farmer was asked to say to his member of Cong- ress, on the other half, using his own language, and it had a tre- mendous effect. How would we have reached this great sentiment of the country and thus arrested the progress of a counterfeit and fraud if we could not have had these centers to which we could appeal. These creameries are like culture spots in the study of 302 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. bacteriology, from which spring- the bacterial effect all around, and I want to say to you that the difficulty today with the average farmer is that the man is dealing with a million dollar proposition with a fifteen cent understanding. Prof. Webster: Right in connection with what Governor Hoard has said about the oleomargarine situation, you know the beef men all over the country stated they would have to cut so much off the price of their beef if the oleomargarine bill was passed. Let me gay to you that before the Nebraska Railway Co. in Ne- braska the question was up for influencing the dairy business, and certain creamery interests told the farmers if they did not do what they wanted them to do, they would cut off their pay roll at the creamery. The co-operative creameries do not want to be in a position to say that to the farmers. Member: I have had some actual experience in the creamery line and in the co-operative business. I was interested in a co- operative creamery- and own that creamery at the present time, am operating it now and have been operating it for several years, and I belive it is actually the farmers' fault when they leave their own creamery and ship their cream to the centralizers and it is only going to be a short time until their creamery is gone and, as Mr. Webster said, they will get at least four cents less on the mar- ket for their product. The thing for the farmers to do is to stick to their own creameries and stay with them. Keep it well in mind that it will be to your benefit to do so. Prof. Bowers: In Mr. Webster's comparison he has taken a number of creameries from Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin, but he always took those creameries that showed an average of 18^ per cent. What percentage of the creameries in Iowa, Wisconsin and ]\Iinnesota that have reported has he used for his comparison with the central plants? I ask this for this reason, I believe if he made a comparison with the central plants with some of our poorly constructed, poorly managed co-operative creameries he would probably have shown figures as startling as is shown on the chart here today, and I think there is a great deal of oppor- tunity for the department to work up a comparison with the poorly managed creamery and the better managed creamery and it would perhaps show a little more fairness towards the centralizing plants. I am not a friend of the centralizers ; I am a friend for everything that makes for progress in dairjdug but at the same time I like to see just a little more fair play to the centralizing plants. I think the time will come when the co-operative creameries, when they EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 303 have adopted some of the better business methods, of the straight- forward, honest business methods of the centralized plants, that there will be no question but that they can compete and compete successfully with any centralizing plant in the business. I do not know whether you have any figures, Mr Webster, that would show up more clearly the average earnings made by the small creamery. Mr. Webster: The one that showed 13 per cent overrun in a small creamery manufacturing 75,000 lbs. of butter, would be an average of the condition of the poorer creameries reported to us. We divided the creameries into two classes, those getting less than 18% per cent and more than 18% per cent, and the average over- run of these is less than 13 per cent; the average overrun of those getting more than ISi/o per cent is 21% per cent. I would not insult the intelligence of the men in the centralized creameries by comparing them with poorly managed creameries. We must compare them with well managed creameries to get like results. At the same time I showed you actual facts as they exist in the territory where centralizers fix the price. They pay less than every poorly managed creamery you spoke of at the present time. Prof. Bowers: The point is we want to have efficient, strong co-operative creameries. I think a lot are mismanaged and perhaps we might emphasize that a little more. As to getting 13 per cent overrun, I do not think it is possible to get 13 per cent overrun in any creamery unless it is a whole milk plant where they lose a lot of fat in the skim milk and butter milk. The fact that you have put a 13 per cent overrun there would show that while those cream- eries might be only geting a 13 per cent overrun, it might be due to over-reading the tests. All these are points that should be em- phasized in that direction. Prop. Webster: That is another question entirely and for the sake of this argument I tried to eliminate that feature. I could talk half the afternoon as to what the poor creameries ought to do, but at the same time if a difference of four cents per pound exists between what the centralizing plants are paying and the better class of co-operative creameries are paying, it would mean about twenty million dollars a year, and the very worst we could say of the situation, should all the creameries get these small overruns, it would only lose the farmer from three to five million dollars a year, so it is really much smaller in comparison than the other thing I have been talking to you about this afternoon. I have given 304 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. you these facts simply to get you thinking about this situation and encourage you in the belief that the small creamery will predomi- nate and eventually, as in the ease in Vermont where the first cen- tralizer was ever started it has been put out of business to-day by the co-operative creameries in that territory. The economical pro- position is absolutely WTong. If you double the cost of manufac- ture by the central system it is a wrong proposition and a well managed co-operative creamery, as you say, can walk them out and are doing it in different parts of the country. Mr. Hubbell : Have you figures to show that the large central- izers pay the same price in all communities? Prof. Webster: A centralizer told me that "because of com- petition we have to pay more in some places than in others." The Chairman : This is a very interesting subject and we would be glad to give you all the afternoon if we had tlie time to devote to this subject, but we will have to pass on to the next. I had in mind quite a number of things that I wanted to say in introducing the gentleman that will next address you, but I don't know of anything I could say that will add to his reputation and luster as a man who has stood for the last thirty years or thirty-five years for the dairy cow. I became acquainted with Governor Hoard about twenty-five years ago. In my work traveling through Wisconsin I made Fort Atkinson and Governor Hoard was then publishing the Jefferson County Union, and I think his influence has had more to do with whatever I had to do with dairying and the cattle interests than almost any other man. I was struggling then to get a few hundred dollars together to get started in the dairy business and I do not know that I ever called at Fort Atkin- son that I did not go in and have a talk with the gentleman that will now address you, Governor Hoard. DAIRY FARMING. W. D. HOARD, FORT ATKINSON, WIS. Mr. President, Oentlemen of the Convention: — I am in some respects like my friend, Professor Webster; I have reduced what I want to say to you to writing for two purposes, — one for your sake that you may not be inflicted upon by an interminable talk, the other for my sake that I can say as little as possible. As much as we may strive to exalt the creamery or the cheese factory, still there remains this great, everlasting truth that we cannot go ahead of the proposition with any safety to ourselves. It is given to but few men to act the part of a Sherman, guide men from their base of supplies. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 305 march to the sea and live off the country. The farmer is the primal proposition and a good many years ago I saw it and pretty much all I have tried to do has been to get the farmer to see the truth that I saw in the distance. I hear a great deal of complaint about poor creameries; I never saw one that existed in an intelligent farm neighborhood. Never. An intelligent community of farmers will not have a poor creamery, and show me a first class creamery anywhere in the country and I will show you a first class intelligence on the part of the men who support it; therefore, to get at the root of the matter to elevate the dairy interests, to increase the efficiency of the creamery and cheese factory, we must apply our thought and purpose to the real foundation of the work. I am going to talk to you today upon the general question of dairy farming. I might put it under a different head, but this is good enough. I am a good deal in the condition of the old German who remarked about his wife: "She pe not so very handsome and she pe not so very smart, but Gott in Himmel she is the best I haf py me." I have been a close student of dairying, particularly from the farm end, for nearly fifty years. Fifty-six years ago I commenced the work — a boy. It was a fortunate thing I fell into the hands of a good man. I left my little country district school; had to go to work as a hired man on the farm and I fell into the hands of a man by the name of Simmons, who had fifty cows, and he encouraged me to come and work for him, and I worked for him most of the time until I was twenty-one. He taught me to make butter and cheese and to care for his farm and left it in my hands the last two years, and I had to manage this farm for him. I came west in 1857, in the midst of that great panic, the worst panic that this country ever saw, when not only business went to pieces, but money went to pieces and I cut wood in the woods on the Beaver Dam river in Wisconsin for twenty-five cents a cord. I could earn fifty cents a day. Think of it. young men who are groaning and complaining about hard times, when 1 was paid my fifty cents a day, three dollars a week, I did not know the next morning whether that money was worth anything. Think of it. Take courage, oh you sons of the soil; you know but very little of what this country has gone through to evolve this present condition. We call these hard times, we think now we are in the midst of a panic. I have been a close student of dairying, particularly from the farm end, for nearly fifty years. In all this time I have been greatly impressed with the fact of the ignorance of men who keep cows, concerning what I may call the foundation principles of dairy practice. My greatest hindrance has been my own ignorance. In my lecture work in most every state of the union and in Canada, in my study and work as editor of a dairy paper, and on my dairy farm with a herd of forty registered cows, everywhere has this question of the necessity of more and better light, better understanding of plain simple dairy truth been constantly before my eyes. Everywhere do I see farmers struggling to win success with cows, and everywhere do I see only a very meager reward. All the time I have been convinced that there is from 100 to 600 per cent more net 20 306 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. profit for any farmer to receive if lie will but cast aside his prejudice and indifference and look at the question in its right light. The more I investigate this question of net profit the more astounded do I become at the tremendous difference that exists between the men who think and those who will not think. Here is an illustration: There are two patrons of the Hoard's creameries living a half mile apart. One has thirty cows and the other nineteen. To the man with the thirty cows the creamery paid the sum of $35.00 per cow for the milk of one year. To the man with the nineteen cows was paid $60.00 per cow. It cost each of those men $30,00 a piece to keep their cows for "the year. One man got $30.00 above the cost of keeping; the other man got $5.00. Thirty dollars is 600 per cent more than five dollars. Think of what an interest that is. What was the matter of the five dollar man? A lack of dairy understanding. What did it do? It caused, first, poor cows; second, poor stabling; third, poor feeding. The best cow in the world could not do good work unless well cared for and rightly fed. I used to spend hours with that five dollar man to get him to see the truth about himself, his ideas and his methods. He would not read or inform himself. He was trying to do his work with too little exercise of brains. There were three factors or causes for that man's loss of good reward; poor thinking is first. Now that caused poor cows; caused him to provide poor stabling and poor feeding. Did you ever think of what would happen if a man went on to the race track with a 2,000-pound draft horse to compete with a thoroughbred trotter? Would such a man get any sympathy from the crowd if he lost his money, which he would be sure to do? All over Iowa, as well as other states, do we see farmers working hard to win on this dairy race track, with just about such an equipment of ideas, cattle and fitness of things. In my cow census work, from the Atlantic states to the Mississippi river, I am overwhelmed with the poverty of ideas, cattle and care that farmers invest in this business; and I am amazed that they do not see where the trouble lies. Let me explain what a cow census is. I send an expert into a creamery neighborhood to investigate the year's business of 100 farmers who have been patrons of a creamery for a full year. I want to dig down to the very bottom of each farmer's business. The expert is to find how many cows he m^ilked for the year; of what breed they are; how they were fed, stabled and cared for; and finally what was the cost of keeping those cows for a year, counting pasturage at $5.00. After all this knowledge has been obtained, at the farm end, he goes to the creamery and finds how much milk was received and how much cash the patron got for the year. Then he figures up from that how much the patron's cows earned at the creamery, for every dollar spent in feed. Lastly he inquires into how the farmer fed his own mind; whether he was a reader of dairy papers. This was to find whether he took any pains to be a well informed dairy farmer and note what effect that had on his fortune. Then the expert writes ten letters to Hoard's Dairyman describing the work of ten patrons in each letter. These patrons are described by number from 1 to 100, and not by name. Now, you see that from 100 average patrons I can obtain a very fair idea of what the great body of dairy farmers in a state are doing. In EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 307 Iowa two of these cow censuses have been taken of 100 herds each. The first was taken in 1900, the last was taken in 1906. Each farmer may learn his own number if he desires it, but not his neighbor's number. Heretofore all that has been done to get at the real truth of what the farmers were getting from their cows at the creamery has been the poorest kind of guess-work. Creameries are not organized to help the farmer look into the conduct of his end of the business, and besides most of the time he does not care to know. But every creamery ought to be a dairy center from which should radiate all the knowledge and information it is capable of giving back to the patrons. Think of what a flood of light would be poured out of the creameries of Iowa upon its patrons if a thorough cow census was taken each year by each creamery and the farmers had a chance to see squarely and truth- fully (1) what their own cows were earning for every dollar spent in feed; (2) what their neighbors' cows were earning. Don't you think it would stir thousands of farmers to change their ideas, their cows and their methods? It would be a great thing for the creameries, too, but they do not see it. They will twist and wring to get an additional patron, but they will not do a thing in a practical way to greatly increase the amount of milk that will come from their present patronage. That is something so close to their feet that they do not want to see it. Meanwhile the patrons are getting only about a tenth they might get at the same expenditure for feed and the creamery is complaining of small profits. Let me read you some of the deductions from the last Iowa cow census. IOWA COW CENSUS FOR 1906. Summary of 100 Herds. Territory: Three counties in Northeast Iowa, including patrons of eight creameries, average price of butter fat 22.7 cents per pound. Of these 100 herds 83, numbering 890 cows, are of the dual purpose type, 633 of these are earning a profit above their feed. Twenty-five of these herds, numbering 257 cows, over 33 per cent, are not paying for their feed. Seventeen herds, numbering 172 cows, are of the dairy type; of these 16 herds, numbering 163 cows, are earning a profit above the cost of their feed. But one herd, consisting of 9 cows, of this group, failed to pay a profit. The average cost of keeping the dairy bred cows was $28.33 per cow. The cost of keeping the dual purpose cows was $27.23. The production of the dairy bred cows over the dual purpose was 68.1 pounds of butter fat, or $13.91. But four herds fed ensilage. They made $16.37 per head more net profit. The 172 dairy bred cows, 9 of which did not pay for their feed, produced $19.58 more net profit than the 890 dual purpose cows. That is a fact worth considering, when just the difference in breeding will make 172 cows earn $19.58 more net profit than 890 dual purpose cows. Now we come to the effect of reading dairy papers in its influence on a dairy farmer's profits. Fifty of these farmers read such papers. 308 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. How did it affect their profits? They returned 24 cents more for each $1.00 spent in feed and their reading reduced the food cost of the butter fat over 2^^ cents a pound. The average cost of keeping both dairy bred and dual purpose was $25.23. I told you that the mere act of reading on dairy subjects added 24 cents more for each $1.00 spent in feed, multiply $28.23 by 24 and you have $6.77. Did it pay these men to spend a dollar on the enlightment of their minds? Does it pay to buy $6.77 for one dollar? Yet nearly one-half of these 100 farmers do not believe it pays to buy $6.77 for one dollar. Of the forty-six farmers who did not read dairy literature nineteen did not get enough from their cows to pay for the keeping. Of the fifty-four who did read only six did not receive enough from their cows to pay for their keeping. Now here is the actual condition of things in one of the most prosper- ous dairy sections of Iowa. Does it afford any food for thought and ac- tion? It should. Never again ought we to hear an Iowa patron of a creamery say, "It don't pay to breed in dairy blood," or "It don't pay to read a good dairy paper." Understand that this cow census work has been done in twelve states, from Connecticut and New Hampshire to Iowa and Minnesota. Everywhere is it shown beyond a shadow of objection that the farmer who reads on this dairy question, who thereby is made to think, is en- dowed with a greater profit-making judgment. The question for you in Iowa is just the same as it is in Wisconsin. Don't think for a moment it is not. When once you become a patron of a creamery you are subject to all the items of dairy expense. What are these items? (1) The feed of the cow. (2) The labor of preparing her food, of milking and caring for her. (3) The expense of proper stabling, for if you do not keep her com- fortable you are losing money in milk. (4) The expense of taking her milk or cream to the creamery. In none of these items are you a whit different than are the special purpose dairymen of Wisconsin. When it costs you as much to be a patron of a creamery as it does the Wisconsin patron is it not time 3^ou looked at the question in the light of a larger profit? To secure that profit you must use the best cow you can get, and you must make your- self as intelligent on dairy principles as you can. When you are faced that way you will see clearly the truth of what I am saying to you. Let me give you an illustration of what it means to one county in Wisconsin to be filled with a lot of farmers who breed and milk dairy cows and who read more dairy literature than the farmers of any other county, I believe, in the United States. The county of Jefferson is 24 miles square. The cows in this county, largely Holstein, Guernsey and Jersey grades, earn over $2,000,000 cash annually. The butter production is 250 pounds per cow. In addition to this is the pork and veal crop from the use of the skim milk. This makes the average cash value of product over $60 per cow a year. But this is not all. Over $500,000 worth of dairy cows and heifers are sold from that county annually. Buyers come there from all over the United States and as far away as Mexico because they can buy cattle bred from EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 309 registered dairy sires. Don't you think it has paid these Jefferson county farmers to read, think and act, especially on dairy lines? I have no ob- jection to beef farming. All I claim is that if the farmer is subjecting himself to the expense of a creamery patron he should have the most profitable cow he can get and be himself as intelligent in his administra- tion of a dairy farm as he can be. Farmers do not read and reason enough on this question. They hold to worn out ideas of management: they waste an enormous amount of labor and time in methods that no well posted dairy farmer in the country would use. It would pay the creamery patrons of Iowa wonderfully well to visit the town of Lake Mills, Wis., and see how those German dairy farmers manage. There every farmer, I believe, but five, has a silo. Every bit of the corn crop is saved when at its highest feeding value. Compare that with the thou- of dairy intelligence; larger dairy profit to stop these fearful leaks, sands of acres of wasted corn fodder in Iowa and Illinois. It is the part resolutely lay hold of two points; the improvement of their cows by the What a dairy state Iowa could become if her creamery patrons would infusion of dairy blood, and the improvement of their minds and judg- ments concerning dairy problems. The average farmer does not allow itpn^s pj^eq ui sivdA. 8Ag :^u^ds pBti i -jbaisub Jjaqi s-bav „89s puB ^ibai. hiai himself to learn much in any other way than by what he sees. When I first began my campaign for alfalfa eight years ago I could not make a single one of my neighbors believe what I said about it. "We of the plant on city lots, trying to find out a method whereby I could make it survive in the severe climate of Wisconsin. Then I planted ten acres on my farm. It was two years before the farmers would consent to try it in half acre and acre patches. Now there are hundreds of acres of this most valuable forage plant growing in that county. The past season I harvested in three crops from 30 acres what I could have sold for $2,700. The farmer must become a better student of the business of farming. More than that, he must demand that the elements of agriculture shall be taught in all the country schools so that when his sons come to the years of understanding they can understand better than he does what is taught in books and papers. Hundreds of farmers have said to me in effect, "I would like to read these things, but I cannot understand the terms that are used, and what is the use?" If they had been taught the meaning of these terms in the country school as they were the terms of arithmetic they would not be hampered as they are now. Every farmer owes it to his son that he escape that bondage. Make the country school a great lever to lift up agriculture and your children "will rise up and call you blessed " The ChxUrman: Gentlemen, I am sure you have all enjoyed this splendid address and it is a talk that we have much need of in our state and that was one of the reasons that your Executive com- mittee asked Governor Hoard to be with us to-day. We have just a little more time for discussion of this matter if there is anyone here that would like to ask the governor any questions. 310 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Shilling : Governor Hoard, what do you do to get alfalfa — how do you get it started ? Gov. Hoard : I hung like a dog to the roots until I found out how. Every mistake I made was worth just as much to me as a success, but with my neighbors, if they lost one crop it set them back about five or six years and they were only encouraged to renew their ex- perimental work by seeing the success that I was having. One Ger- man had four acres of as beautiful stand of alfalfa as I have ever seen. About the first of September it was dry pasture, green and beautiful, and he turned his herd of cows on it. I came by about two hours after he had done that and said, "Chris, for God's sake, what do you do that for? Why do you turn your cows on this alfalfa?" "Oh," he said, "Mr. Hoard, what does a newspaper man know about farming?" "Well," I said, "you fry in your own fat and you will know how much it takes. You go ahead, Chris, and next spring you wdll see no alfalfa." "Oh, I know better than that," but next spring, as I told him, the alfalfa was gone and the neighbors began to joke him, "Chris, why don't you raise alfalfa?" "Oh, you cannot grow dat alfalfa in this county. No. " " Well, but Hoard grows it. Why don 't you grow it ? You ought to know as much as a newspaper man. ' ' I had told some of them his answer to me. Finally, after he had followed this thing down (don't you see that it is the only way we learn) he came down to me one day and said, "I want to talk mit you on dat alfalfa. " " Well, Chris, have you concluded you would like to talk a little ? " " Sure. ' ' I said, ' ' I tried to have you stop. I had learned by hard experience that you must not cut alfalfa but must let it have its full growth. Indeed you must not cut it late; you must always cut it early so the next crop will come on early and the next crop and never cut the fourth crop. You put the cows on when it was tender and young, and you killed it. That was one point that was wrong; the other was the preparation of the soil. The soil must be prepared nicely." I think the ideal way as we found it in Wisconsin, if you are going to sow a piece of alfalfa and you can get at it early enough in the fall to prepare the ground give it a heavy dressing of manure, turn that manure under and let the land alone. Next spring go on it with the disc harrow and work it three or four times, as much as with a grain crop ; get the soil in nice condition. The object of letting it stay in the winter is it firms the land and alfalfa delights very much in a firm soil, a good deal like wheat. Then go on and sow the alfalfa, about twenty pounds of good seed to the acre, with three peeks of barley if you EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 311 want to get something for a nurse crop or weeds, and I can get more out of a nurse crop than out of weeds. Cut the barley early and let the alfalfa alone from that time on. If the weeds come up pay no attention to them. The next year three cuttings of alfalfa will kill the weeds. In addition to this, if you are in a section of the country where the bacterial condition of the soil is not favorable to alfalfa, get from some old alfalfa grower about three or four hundred pounds of soil and scatter it over the land when you sow your alfalfa in the spring. Now, gentlemen, this alfalfa is a wonderful crop. With thirty- five pounds of corn ensilage and ten pounds of alfalfa hay I can almost close the circuit in a perfect ration and all I need as a key- stone is just 50 per cent of the usual grain ration. My cows are going through the advanced register today on thirty pounds of ensilage and five to ten pounds of alfalfa hay, four pounds ajx fiakes and one pound of ground meal. That is a heavier ration than I would feed if they were not going through the advanced register, but if I had no alfalfa I would be feeding from eight to ten pounds of grain ration a day, so the alfalfa enables me to cut down one-half the cost of my grain ration. Let me give you an illustration drawn from my own experience. I have a herd of forty registered cows. Last year from thirty-seven of them (that was the size of the herd) they gave me 7,499 pounds of milk, making an average of 425 pounds of butter or $101 worth of butter; counting the skim milk worth $16.20 per cow, the average would be $117.20 per cow, and the keeping cost me $34.25. Cast up the balance yourselves. Mr. Winkjer: Does alfalfa fed to cows have any influence on the quality of the milk? Gov. Hoard: Only to increase the amount. It produces no flavor or anything of that kind. Mr. Ball: Have you a recipe you could give us to get good alfalfa? We would like to know how to get it. Gov. Hoard : I can give you no answer to that except to say that it is a good deal like Christianity, it is exceedingly fine when you •get it. Member: What is the comparative value of an acre of clover and an acre of alfalfa? Gov. Hoard: I will come at that from two standpoints. The alfalfa contains 11 per cent of digestible protein, and that is the element you always want; the clover contains 6.8 per cent, nearly ^12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. one-half that. With the clover you do fairly well if you get two crops ; with the alfalfa you can safely get three crops. The aver- age production with me is over five tons per acre; the average production of clover is rarely more than two tons to two and a half tons per acre. These facts will answer your question. The feed- ing value of alfalfa is wonderful, wonderful. I have for several years kept my brood sows, from the time they were shut up in the fall until they farrowed in the sring, on nothing but alfalfa hay. I, like most of you farmers, found myself confronted with a great loss of young pigs, they were becoming weak and seemed to have very little hold on life. I began to reason on this thing, and tried to reason back to the roots of the thing. I found first that every little pig is a mass of protein. The original protoplasm is protein and so on up until you come to this little pig, and that mother is called on to produce from six to ten little bodies of protein and the farmer is not wise enough to give her the material to make it from, he gives her carbonaceous food, gives her corn, and the result is that the little fellows are weak, have not a strong hold pn life. I changed this and my foreman was scared about it, said the sows were starved. I went away to Texas and he used to write me every week and finally wrote me and said, "I am astonished at the way the sows have thrived. They ate their ration of alfalfa every day and was given their drink, which consisted mainly of water ; if there was a surplus of skim milk they got that but there was not much with all the calves and small pigs to feed. Those sows went through ; that was my first year feeding alfalfa, and they gave me seventy-eight pigs; I reared seventy-five, fattened them and sold them, and from that day to this every fall I put my brood sows upon that ration and I have the strongest, most vigorous little fellows that I have ever had in my experience. So much for the feeding power of this forage, and everyi;hing eats it. Why, my hens are in the alfalfa meadow all the summer long pick- ing alfalfa leaves and they are very fond of the leaves that are brushed off on the bam floor. If you take them and soak them until they are soft the hens will eat that alfalfa leaf. These things are given to us, as Paul says, for our understanding and I find my- self a most earnest student of them because they are worth a lot to me aside from their financial value. Mr. Nichols : Are there not some of the alfalfa growers in Wis- consin that have alfalfa seed for sale? Gov. Hoard: No alfalfa seed is grown this side of the Rocky Mountains. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 313 Mr. Nichols: lou prefer sowing your nurse crop around the Arst of August? Gov. Hoard : That depends on your latitude. The latest I have ever sown was when I took off a crop of canning peas for the can- ning factory and sowed the first of July; they barely struggled through, but I understand from Mr. "Wallace that you can sow here in August very favorably. You can grow alfalfa all over Iowa. Mr. Haugdahl: What is the nature of your soil? Gov. Hoard : A heavy clay on my farm fifty feet deep. Heavy clay and hard gravel. I have followed the alfalfa root down twelve feet. jMember: How long will you let the field grow alfalfa before you take it off? Gov. Hoard: June grass gets in in six years; my rotation is a five-year rotation. Two years ago we had a very severe ice storm in ]\Iarch and it killed the clover and killed the alfalfa except the new seeding. I had about eight acres of new seeding that went through. "Why I don't know. Mr. Nichols: Will you tell the cause of blight in alfalfa in Iowa, as sometimes occurs? Gov. Hoard : I think it is usually due to a lack of the bacterial content in the soil of Iowa. Mr. Nichols: I put some bacteria in the soil but it blighted. The Chairman: We have with us another student of alfalfa that wants to say just a word. Uncle Henry Wallace will say a few words to us and then we will close this discussion. Henry Wallace: Governor Hoard has told you he traced the roots of alfalfa down fifteen feet, but that is nothing like the story I heard in Kansas. I was there one day and heard one man say he tracked it down thirty feet along an old well, another sixty feet, another 129 feet 6 inches, and they asked me what I knew about it, and I said I knew nothing but I had been over in Europe that sum- mer and called at Lord Roseberry's place and saw the finest piece of alfalfa I had ever seen. I asked what that would yield and was told 650 bushels to the acre. On the way back I fell in with an Irishman and asked him to give me the four different meanings of the word aye. "Aye — I believe; aye, I am surprised; aye, I am astonished; aye — I am something of a liar myself." But what I rose to say was this, Governor Hoard lives in Wiscon- sin and most of us live in Iowa, and on account of the quack grass 314 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and other fall weeds that come up you had better thoroughly work your land. You can grow early oats if you get them off by the first of July, then disc your land every week until your neighbors call you a fool, then disc once more and keep on that way until the middle of August, then sow your field and a nurse crop for the fall of the year and let it alone but it is difficult to get your man to prepare the ground thoroughly; the neighbors come along and laugh at him and he will quit. Prepare the ground long enough to get the weeds that come in the fall and in the spring killed; you want it so your wife can sow radishes or garden truck ; then cover it lightly with seed, harrow it out and absolutely let it alone. Then the next year you can cut three times, but do not cut four times. We put alfalfa on the land south of town here. I told the man in June to put the brood sows in there but not to give them any com. It is absolutely true you can keep sows on alfalfa alone. I said, "Put them on that and let them have alfalfa and put the pigs in this other field, ' 'but he put eighty pigs to the acre on the first field, then eighty pigs to the acre on the other field, and they left it as bare as a barn floor and of course about half that alfalfa died. You can grow alfalfa on any ground fairly well drained in the state of Iowa. You can do that but the main thing is to have your ground prepared. The greatest trouble we have had is with blue grass white clover and I do not know whether we can overcome that or not. At North Platte we had a field of alfalfa of poor stand. "We resowed it; when two years old I told the man to go and disc that until he could not see any alfalfa and he did so. My son was out there afterwards and he said I have ruined that alfalfa field. My son said, ' ' I believe you have, ' ' but that was the best alfalfa we ever had. After it once get started you cannot Mil it. I am not an alfalfa crank and do not want you to be. You are going to have trouble and there are reasons why you should be a little careful and go slow. You will have trouble with curing it and you will have to adopt the governor's method of putting it up and sometimes you cannot do it that way, so go slow and use it for hog pasture. Put in enough brood sows to keep it nibbled back. Sow it and keep it mowed, then cut that up and let your brood sows have it in the winter ; let your hens have it and then when you find you can do more, do more, but go slowly. Mr. Shoemaker : I would like to say a few words on a subject besides alfalfa. While it is not in keeping with the custom of this organization to decide at this time where you mil hold your next EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 315 annual meeting, I want to extend to you the heartiest invitation I can to come to Waterloo next year. This invitation I bring in behalf of the Chamber of Commerce and the Board of Trade in Waterloo, in behalf of the various manufacturers of creamery and dairy supplies of Waterloo, in behalf of the enterprising hotel peo- ple of Waterloo, in behalf of the dairy and creamery paper pub- lished in Waterloo, and in behalf of the whole town. If that is not strong enough, I will do what I can to get the W. C. T. U. and Sunday schools to join in the invitation. Since you met with us last we have grown some, our hotel capac- ity is at least doubled and we are still building. I feel we are advantageously located for holding a meeting of this sort, have ample railroad facilities, and we assure you if you come to Water- loo next year we will do our best to show you the greatest convention you have ever seen, and when I say that I realize we have "to go some" to beat this. Mr. Ejefper : As a member of this association I am very much pleased to hear this invitation extended from Waterloo to us to meet there next year. We have not had Waterloo make any claim for this convention for the past two years but I am glad that they are again in position to ask us to meet there. I can say that when we had our last meeting in Waterloo, I had the honor of being your seeretar\' and that the committee that extended the invitation and made the promises to us carried out their promises in full and did more than we expected them to do, and I assure everyone here and can guarantee that if you hold a meeting there next year, being centrally located in the dairy district as Waterloo is, you wiU have one of the largest meetings this association has ever had. The Chairman : Gentlemen, permit me to thank you, in behalf of the Dairymen's Association, for your kind invitation. We well remember the cordial reception we got at Waterloo and I assure you that we will take the matter under advisement. We will now stand adjourned until this evening. THURSDAY EVENING SESSION. Meeting called to order at 8 P. M. President Barney in the chair. The Chairman : We will open our program with an address by Professor G. L. McKay, on General Dairying. 316 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. GENERAL DAIRYING. PEOFESSOE G. L. M'KAY, AMES, IOWA. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am pleased to be with you again at an Iowa convention, although I told your secretary when he asked me to address you that I would prefer to have the time taken up by some of our new men that we have not had the opportunity of meeting often. It is the interchange of ideas that stimulates any industry and brings out the real pith. Very few people, I believe, outside of those directly interested, realize the magnitude of the dairy industry of this country. If by some chance a gold or silver mine were discovered in any part of this state the news would be flashed across the continent almost in- stantaneously and yet we might truly say that the man who owns an Iowa farm has a gold mine at his back door. The value of the dairy industry of this state alone is greater than all the gold and silver pro- duced in the United States and Alaska annually, and the value of our dairy products, as a country, is one and a half times greater than all the gold and silver produced in the world and the bulk of the dairy products is made in seven states. "Wealth may be defined as anything that ad- ministers to the wants or happiness of man and the ownership and pos- session of which may be transferred from one person to another. Its original sources are the sun, soil, air, water, plants, animals and labor. It is the task of the agriculturist to so manage these agents and agencies as to obtain the largest and best services for himself and fellows from them. The outcome of true culture is the exercise of intelligent pur- pose in the activities of life; and that in his occupation should stamp the farmer as the man of real culture. When we look over the lists of the world's surplus products we find that farmers are nearly all doing the same thing. They are putting their surplus products in the same granaries of the world, and those granaries, or markets, are setting' the prices for all. Prices in London, Denmark, Australia and New York are practically the same, less the difference in freights, quality and tariff, unless some shortage occurs. Cheap trans- portation has brought all civilized countries into close competition, par- ticularly is this true in dairying. Butter, being a condensed product, can be transported to the leading markets of the world at very little cost. While dairying is one of the most profitable agricultural pursuits, for some unknown reason it is not keeping pace, in this country, with the increase of population. Unless some radical changes take place we may be compelled in the near future to import butter and cheese to supply the home markets and this would be an unfortunate state of affairs, as there is no market equal to our own. There is not a nation on the face of the globe where the laboring man is more able and willing to buy the best that the country affords than in EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 317 the United States. This means that the demand is constantly increasing for high grade goods. Are we dairymen meeting the expectations of the consumers? I must answer this question in the negative. Basing my judgment on the quality of butter that I have seen during the past few years, in the various contests that I have had the honor to officiate as judge, I would say that our butter is slowly deteriorating in quality. So much so that we should call a halt and seriously consider this question. If by some chance the American tariff on butter should be wiped out and we had high prices, as at the present time, our markets would be flooded with foreign makes of high grade butter, and much of the butter made at home would not be able to hold its own in competition with the same. The dairy business is in rather a chaotic state. You who have trav- eled over the great Canadian Rockies will remember that you came to a place known as the "Great Divide." Here a raise of 1,300 feet is made in ten miles and the trains have to be pushed up to the summit by three or four engines. Down the mountain rushes a stream, formed from the melting snow, which divides into equal parts, one part flowing on to the pleasant Pacific, while the other slowly works its way to the stormy At- lantic. No one looking on can fail to observe how the division weakened the force of the stream. Today I believe the dairymen of this country have reached this divide, so to speak. We find the centralized plants arrayed against the co-operative and individual creameries, and the in- dividual and co-operative creameries are arrayed against the central plants. Thus the dairy forces of the country are divided and neither faction can see any good in the other. What we need is united action and more intelligent methods. The dairy schools have been training men for years to the best of their ability, but these men are unable to cope with the existing conditions. I think I am safe in saying that 75 per cent of our buttermakers can produce first class butter if the raw material is all right. They may not be able to produce butter that will score 97 or 98, but they can produce butter that will score 93 or 94, and the maker who can do this will have no difliculty in holding his position. We have been for years, as it were, trying to purify the stream by working at the lower end when the source of contamination was at the head. The great work of the future must be done on the farm, not only in the use of more sanitary methods in the care of milk and cream, but the question of feeding, breeding and barn construction, as well as testing for the purpose of weeding out the poor cows, must claim our attention. The European countries that have made the greatest success in dairying are the countries that keep a num- ber of field workers or instructors. Last year our convention passed a resolution favoring a tax of .2 of a mill on every pound of butter manufactured in all creameries of our state. This tax would have given us a fund sufficient to have placed fifteen men in the field as instructors. Now I do not mean by instructors merely men who could go into a creamery and make a good tub of butter. No workman, no matter how skilled he may be, can turn out a first class article if the raw material is faulty. The kind of men we need at the present time for instructors are men who have had a thorough training along the scientific side of dairying as well as the practical side. We 318 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. want men who understand feeding, breeding and who have a thorough knowledge of the best sanitary methods of caring for millv and cream. I would have such men inspect milk and cream as delivered to our creameries, then I would have them visit those patrons that were send- ing the poorest milk or cream and instruct them how to improve their goods. It might be necessary for a man to spend a few weeks at one creamery, but such work would have a lasting benefit on the community. There is no denying the fact that since the introduction of the hand separator the quality of our butter has greatly deteriorated. Now the hand separator is here to stay, and the sooner we adopt methods to meet these conditions the better it will be for the dairy industry. H. R. Wright, State Dairy Commissioner, and I took up a correspondence with the different creameries to ascertain their views about paying such a. tax. Possibly about four-fifths of the creamery men responded favorably. Among this number were practically the best creamery men of the state. A. few, however, opposed the proposition quite strongly, therefore we deemed it unwise to press such a measure. It is quite a common thing at the present time to find a variation in the price of butter from 1 cent to 3 cents per pound, therefore the fraction of .2 of a mill would be so small that it would not be missed by any creamery in the state. If the creameries are willing to contribute this amount the state should contribute an equal amount. Place fifteen instructors in the state and divide the state into districts and I believe the work of these instructors would increase the revenue of our dairy industry from $5,000,000 to $10,000,000 annually in five years. To some this statement might be considered a great exaggeration, but in my judgment it is a very conservative estimate when you take into consideration the actual amount of butter, per cow, produced in our state. It is our boasted pride that we make more butter than any state in the union, but if this butter is not made at a profit it avails us noth- ing. Our agricultural resources are equal, if not superior, to any state or to any country. Why, do you know that in some of the European countries they are dairying successfully on land worth from $300 to $1,000 per acre? The difference is right here; they are dairying in- telligently with good cows. Their average is nearly 300 pounds per cow, .while ours is about 140 pounds per cow. We need a great awakening, among the producers of this state along intelligent lines of dairying. The test associations, for the weeding out of poor cows, have wrought wonders. These associations originated in Denmark some twelve years ago; since then they have spread rapidly over European countries, Canada and some of our own states. In Germany they have 67 test associations and their average milk production is 7,600 pounds per cow, or a gain of 1,380 pounds per cow in five years, or a difference in profit of $14.00 per cow. This is the result of intelligence. The milk production of Ger- many, where they have test associations, is a little more than twice the amount received by the average Iowa farmer per cow. An increased profit of $14.00 per cow would mean to Iowa an increase of over $14,000,- 000. We have in this state, it is estimated, 1,250,000 cows, therefore it is reasonable to suppose that at least 1,000,000 would be giving milk. It will be seen from the German statistics of the work of the test associa- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 319 tions that their average butter production per cow was about 275 pounds. Thus at the end of five years we find that the yield per cow has in- creased from 275 pounds to 336 pounds, basing the test on an average of 3.80. If our average is only 140 pounds per cow, then how much easier it would be to make an increase of 61 pounds per cow. It is not so much the question today of keeping more cows as it is of keeping better cows and caring for them intelligently. Possibly we do not have 25 farmers in the state of Iowa that keep a record of their cows and in so doing know what each cow is producing. That is, they do not know if she is simply a boarder or if she is bringing in profitable returns. How long do you suppose one of our business firms could exist if they carried on their business in such a haphazard manner? A great deal of discussion has taken place in our dairy and agricultural journals regarding the merits and demerits of the dual purpose cow and the so-called special dairy type. The more important questions should be what returns does a cow give for the food and care she gets? It is immaterial what breed of cows you get unless they are provided with proper shelter to protect them from the inclement weather and also provided with succulent feed they will not produce economically. All animals, man included, sooner or later, adjust themselves to their environment. This was brought quite clearly to my mind while visiting the Isle of Man a few years ago. The sheep in that rocky, almost barren country were about one-half the size of the sheep here. They had adjusted themselves to their country. They were especially adapted for seeking their living on the rocky cliffs. A cow is only a machine for transforming the rougher foods, such as corn, fodder, and other grains, into finer or finished products that we call milk and cream. The efficiency of any machine depends largely on the care and attention it receives. Therefore it would be absurd to expect a cow that was partly starved or fed on unsuitable foods for milk produc- tion, to compete successfully with a cow that was receiving proper care and attention. The Babcock test and a pair of scales have been recom- mended for years, as the only sure means for determining the value of a cow, but I maintain they are not the only requisites. When the Good Master came to the fig tree and found no fruit He did not condemn it. but gave it another chance under better conditions, and then if it did not produce fruit it was to be hewn down and cast into the fire. Therefore, before we condemn a cow we should be sure that we have done our part. We might say it is largely a question of the man behind the gun. This reminds me of a little incident that occurred while traveling through Germany some years ago with a professional violin player. One day we had occasion to call upon an old German farmer and found him with his son trying to produce some music upon an old violin. After listening to him awhile my friend took the violin and played as only an expert can, when the German suddenly exclaimed, "By shiminy, that violin is worth five times as much as I thought it was." I presume many farmers have felt the same after disposing of a cow to some one who, by care and attention, has developed all her powers. When Denmark changed from a beef-producing country to a dairy country, be- cause dairying gave them greater returns than they were getting from 320 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. beef production, they did not sell off all their cows and buy new ones, but built up their herds by using good dairy sires. In many cases the farm- ers of a community clubbed together and brought in good sires. It is needless for me to say that the results obtained in that country showed the wisdom of their course. We do not need to go to Europe to find the possibilities of good dairy- ing, as we have herds in this state that are making from 300 to 400 pounds of butter per cow, but these men are following up-to-date, in- telligent dairy methods. Mr. Gillett of Rosendale, Wisconsin, told me a few weeks ago that one of his famous Holstein cows would give over 1,000 pounds butter fat in ten months, thus breaking all previous records, and he has a number of other cows in his herd making marvelous records. This is only one instance of the many that I might quote showing the effect of intelligent feeding, breeding and caring for a herd. While we boast of the great dairy resources of our state, it must be admitted, to our shame, that our state has done less to aid the dairy association in developing the dairy resources of our state than any state in the union, that makes any pretense of dairying. The chief reason that this con- vention is held in Des Moines, outside of the fact that it is an ideal city for such a purpose, is that your commercial club was able to aid the dairy association financially, thus making it possible to hold such a meeting. This organization depends entirely on charity, or contributions from the public. Our secretary is actually compelled to seek aid from the com- mission men of New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and other cities and the supply men of the country, to furnish him with sufficient funds to hold a convention in the state of Iowa. Practically all our neighboring states are receiving from $1,500 to $2,500 per year and this enables them to rent halls, take in speakers from other states and to give premiums with- out compelling makers to contribute a tub of butter if they wish to exhibit. This association should be in a position to hold one or two meet- ings every year and to hold them" in parts of the state where they would do the most good, regardless of the population or contributions that might come from any city. An organization that represents at least $40,000,000 annually should not be an object of charity. I am not a politician in any sense of the term, but I would say that if the dairymen expect to get aid like other states have they will have to organize in every county where dairying is carried on, and not only or- ganize, but let their wants be known to their representative. The lack of organization is manifested everywhere among dairymen. When the present dairy standards in the new pure food bill were prepared it was not considered necessary to consult a dairyman of the United States. A few chemists got together and formulated the present standards. If such standards had been enforced it would have meant a loss of hundreds of thousands of dollars to this state alone. State Dairy Commissioner Wright, with a few others and myself, had the temerity to go down to Washington and enter our protest to Secretary Wilson against the en- forcement of such an unreasonable standard. It^ is a good thing for the farmers of this country and the dairymen, especially, that we have such a broad, liberal-minded statesman holding the chair of secretary of agri- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 321 culture. Secretary Wilson deserves the thanks of all the dairymen of this country for the stand he took in their behalf. The Creamery Journal and New York Produce Review also deserve the thanks of the dairymen for the stand they took in regard to the butter standards. While government aid is beneficial, we must not look en- tirely to it for support. You have all heard the story of the farmer and the lark. How a mother lark hovering over her little ones whose nest was in a field of grain heard the farmer say to his son, "We must get Mr. to cut this field of grain." The lark heard, but paid no at- tention, but some days after this she heard the farmer say to his son, "We must cut this grain," then she proceeded to remove her brood to new quarters at once. So whenever we want to make a success in any line of business we must apply individuality and create enthusiasm and the business will succeed then, and not until then. Too many of our cream- eries lack individuality oj- are run on the Rip Van Winkle plan. The buildings are dilapidated and the buttermaker twenty years behind the times, or in other words they are dead and are just waiting for the bug-a-boo man, the central plant man, to come and perform the last funeral rites. This reminds one of a little incident that occurred in one of the western towns. The people had worked up quite a lot of enthusi- asm about building a fence around their cemetery. The mayor of the town called a meeting of the citizens in regard to the matter of funds and some discussion arose as to the amount necessary. A little Irishman got up and said, "Does yer honor know of anyone in this cemetery that wants to get out?" and the mayor answered "No." Then he said, "Does you know of anyone out that wants to get in — if not, then what is the need of a fence" When a creamery is run down and all life seems gone it is dead to the public and there is certainly no need of a fence to keep the public out. A mistake that many of our co-operative and individual plants make is in not painting the buildings and keeping things up-to-date and letting the public know that they are alive. In appointing directors it is well to select men who have made their own business a success. Another important point is that the secretary should insist on having a weekly report from the buttermaker, showing the amount of butter fat received and the amount of finished butter made, thus keeping tab on the business continually. I have a letter in my pocket at the present time from a maker asking me to explain why their creamery did not get any overrun during the month of August. The only information the writer gave me was that they were using a Disbrow churn. Now how could such a creamery compete with one that was getting 18 or 20 per cent over- run and some a little more? Now, this is the kind of business that is forcing some of our co-operative creameries to the wall. It would be utterly impossible for anyone to make butter and not have an overrun if accurate work was done in testing and weighing, as the majority of you know that the Babcock test merely gives the butter fat. In the fin- ished butter we have from 10 to 16 per cent water and from 1 to 3 per cent salt and from 1 to 2 per cent casein or curd, therefore we must have an overrun. A good, well-regulated co-operative creamery that makes from forty tubs per week and up can and should be able to pay more 21 322 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. than any other concern. Two things are essential for the success of anj' business — quality and quantity — and these are the important factors that makers and directors must look after if they wish success. ADDRESS. MR. FRANK L. ODELL, ASSISTANT DAIRY COMMISSIONER. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: We hope this thirty-first an- nual convention will go down in history for being one of the best of its kind ever held; to be remarkable for its exhibit of butter and cream- ery supplies; remarkable for its educational features and record of at- tendance; that each and every year these meetings may excel the others; that peace, harmony and good will may abound; that it may continue in that high class manner so that every buttermaker, creamery man, supply man, commission merchant, transportation agent may look forward to the coming events of the Iowa State Dairy Association to be one of the crowning points in their lives. This is not an imaginary picture, but a real live issue, an issue that has the heart and soul of the institution at stake. Do you know I feel just about as good as a fellow of my size is al- lowed to feel? Just to think, we have tubs of butter on exhibition at this convention Who says, "What's the matter with Iowa?" Who says, "What's the mat- ter with Iowa buttermakers?" I say they are a great, loyal set of fellows and they have expressed their loyalty by sending to this convention tubs of butter, which has almost eclipsed any previous record of the Iowa State Dairymen's Association. What would this convention be without the buttermakers? What would this convention be without the little twenty-pound tub, the con- tents of which is a "free gift" to the maintaining and sustaining of this institution and represents from the giver the art and skill of his handi- work. It also represents labor and toil, which goes to make up one of the chief industries we have in this great state of ours. Do we appreciate these things? Do we appreciate the fact that the buttermakers of Iowa have helped sustain this institution for thirty-one years, and without the aid of one cent from the state? The legislatures in some of our sister states helps to sustain their dairy associations, but Iowa has nothing of the kind. And in view of these facts the Iowa State Dairymen's Association has a goodly sum of money in their treasury, which partially represents the "loyalty" and "generosity" from the buttermakers of Iowa. I say again, do we appreci- ate these things? If we do let us show them that we do; let us cheer them on to victory. Usually about all the praise mortal man gets here below is when the last sad rites are being paid over his funeral casket, but here today we have the living with us. If we are ever going to pay them homage let us do it right now, here in this convention hall. Inspiration is the stepping-stone to success. If we are inspired with uur work, nu matter in what vocation of life it happens to be, the chances EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 323 are 3 to 1 chat we will succeed. And where there is union there is strength. Now, if we are inspired with our work and every buttermaker, creameryman and dairyman would join hands and say, we are going to work together, to further the interest in dairying, we could elect the next legislature. If everyone who is interested in dairying would join hands and stand at arms length we would have a circle that would reach nearly around the state. What an army there is of us. Are we going to keep abreast with the sweeping tide of progress? Are we going to keep alongside our sister states in the advancement and building up of our dairy interests? Then let us all get into the boat. There is an oar for every buttermaker, there is an oar for every secretary and dairyman, there is an oar for every one who wishes to help "build up'' one of the greatest industries we have in this state of ours. I wish to pay a compliment to a few of our senators and representa- tives who have stood by the dairy department in time of need, and through their effort we are thankful for what we have, but we want the big majority of them on our side. Iowa's dairy department has an annual appropriation of $20,000; it should be $35,000; then we could get an addition to our force. We also should have $1,500 for the support of the Iowa State Dairymen's As- sociation. We often read and hear it remarked, "What's the matter with Iowa?" the state abounding with beautiful homes and thriving cities, a land of plenty and luxury. But if one should ask what's the matter with Iowa and her six hundred creameries our loyal pride and ambi- tion would take a jolt. The rank and file of Iowa's loyal creameries and dairymen are trying hard to guide the ship over rough seas and milky waves to a harbor sheltered with more dairy laws, but legislation is indifferent to her dairy interests. That's whats the matter. Why not say, what's the matter with Iowa's legislature relative to her dairy interests? A state that manufactures nearly 100,000,000 pounds of butter and brings into her coffers nearly $28,000,000 each year, with its 600 creameries and only two inspectors to lend their help and assistance to build up this great work. It is plain to be seen what the matter is. Committees have frequently met with this honorable body and pleaded for their cause, asking for more money that the dairy department might be strengthened, and, useless as it may seem, there is still hope. If the creamerymen and buttermakers in the state would put forth every effort to try and elect men at our next legislature who will sup- port us and be in favor of voting for larger appropriations for the dairy department, we could show what's the matter with Iowa. Commence agitating the question now. We want to be leaders, and we can be lead- ers if we could get the support. In 1908 we have the next primaries. Previous to these creamerymen and buttermakers should ascertain whether or not the candidates for election are friendly to the dairy interests, and if so, pledge them their support. If they seem indifferent defeat them if possible. Dairymen should be I'ecognized and they will be if they go after it in politics. 324 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. To carry on this work it is necessary to have funds. If every cream- ery in the state would contribute $5 to $10 each, employ a man to look after this work, to secure the name of every man who patronizes a cream- ery, circulate printed matter calling attention to the need of more dairy inspectors to visit the farms, then go to the primaries and vote for the men that will support them in the next general assembly we might be able to get the needed appropriations. Representatives are elected to represent the people and if the people ask for this class of legislation they will be apt to get it. If they do not ask for anything it is certain they will get nothing. A great many creameries are asking for inspectors to come and stay with them three or four days, go with them over their routes to help get a better quality of cream. This is exactly what should be done. It is the beginning at the foundation of the whole evil. This is impossible with the present force. If this was done we would not get around once in five years to all the creameries. Iowa should have more inspectors; without them we can do no more than has been done. In union there is strength, and if we unite our- selves in one common cause we will have a very different answer to the question, "What's the matter with Iowa?" The value of thought brings us in touch with another question. We have a number of creameries that you might call weak creameries. They represent a part of the number we have on the list. These cream- eries are in need of help. Help to bring them up to a more solid work- ing basis. The point is, are we going to give them state aid? Aid that will bring them up to this basis. The present force is not strong enough in numbers to spare the time. The state of Minnesota has nine in- spectors and Wisconsin has about the same number. Iowa should have at least six, then we could commence to show you improvements in Iowa butter. If we could improve the value of our butter one-quarter cent a pound it would mean $250,000 a year; if we could improve it one-half cent a pound it would mean $500,000 a year, and it has been estimated that the loss from poor grade of cows and the loss from poor grade of milk and cream delivered to the creameries brings up the grand total to five or six million dollars a year. This includes all the dairy states. The question now before us is this: Would an investment of a few thousand dollars, in addition to what we have to put an additional force in the field, bring results that would be beneficial? I may be overenthusiastic in this matter, but I want to see Iowa at the front. Even if this convention does not take any action along the topic just discussed it may bring the thought forcibly enough among the creamery and dairymen to ascertain if the candidates for the next elec- tion are friendly to our interests. I have made a few trips in the rural districts to find out the condi- tions and it is enough to satisfy me that two-thirds of the trouble re- sulting from low grades of butter is from the cream coming from unclean places and from dirty and unwashed separators. I have found hand separators that were so filthy dirty and the place where they were kept so cussed rotten that I would compare an old "swill pail" and a hog pen a decent place besides them. Tell me how a buttermaker is going to EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 325 make good butter from this kind of "stuff." I call it "stuff" and I think this is a mild definition for it, and to add more fuel to the fire there is always some fellow that will buy stuff of this kind, and the fellow that sells it has no inclination to clean up, nor will he until forced to by some inspector or some one who has authority. I want to say a few words in regard to "creamery records." It is very essential that the buttermaker keep a daily record of his work — essential in more ways than one. A buttermaker that keeps a record of his every- day work is one of the successful ones. The one thing I want to impress upon the buttermakers is to test every churning for moisture or butter fat, mark every tub and keep a record of it. The government inspectors are taking samples of butter everywhere, in the markets, in the cars or any place they can find it. These samples are tested for moisture and if found in excess of the law you are asked to dig up. If you do not have any record of this butter all you can do is to "look wise" and do as "Uncle Sam" tells you. On the other hand, if you have tested this butter, got a record of it, put the date the butter was made on the tub and the number, you can say to Uncle Sam, show me. Ask him to tell you the date that butter was made and the number of the tub, and your record will go as far in court as the other fellows. If you have no records you will be like the boy that lost his dog. When asked to describe it he said he could not. It was just a dog. There are a number of different methods on the market for testing butter and every creamery should provide for one of these and see that their buttermaker keeps a record of every churning. If he should have more work than he can do give him more help. It will pay you to do this. It may save you a fine of several hundred dollars or it may make you several hundred dollars, for when the buttermaker commences to use the test he may find he is not incorporating enough water and by its daily use may increase the overrun 2 or 3 per cent. I would like to urge more of the buttermakers to join the scoring contest. If you are having trouble to keep your grade up we want to know it. Possibly we could help you. At any rate, seeing the butter once a month would give us a better idea where to work. Covering as much territory as we have to, it is impossible to call on all the creameries as often as we should. The Chairman : We put the buttermakers off this afternoon and I have an apology to offer them for not having announced the scores, and in view of that fact I think we had better take that up now. IVIr. Johnson will read the scores at this time. Whole Milk Class— A. M. Whitney, Whittemore, Iowa, 97 1^; G. A. Newell, Irvington, Iowa, 91 y^. Gathered Cream Class — Watson Schech, Volga City, 97; A. M. Franzen, Lynn Grove, 96. Educational Scoring Contest — F. W. Stephenson, La Mont, first, com- ing nearest to the official score. 326 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Our worthy vice president also wins second in the scoring contest and third place in the whole milk class with a score of 97%. The Chairman : We will now listen to Mr. W. C. Taber, of New York City, on ' ' The Past and Present Methods of Quoting the New York Butter Markets." PAST AND PRESENT METHODS OF QUOTING THE NEW YORK BUTTER MARKETS. W. C. TABEE, NEW YOEK PRODUCE EEVIEW, NEW YOEK. Mr. President and Members of the Iowa State Dairy Association: If I understand correctly the invitation of your secretary, it was not that I should attempt an exhaustive discussion of the relative merits of any particular methods of quoting the butter market, but rather to talk to you in the most conversational manner as to how values have been, and are now, established in the great market of New York, where two to two and a quarter million tubs of butter are sold annually. Permit me, however, to suggest that you are vitally interested in the matter of quotations — how they are made, by whom, and their reliability at all times — as they affect the relations between the producers and dis- tributers of a very considerable part of the butter product of this country. The old idea that quotations of any article should represent as nearly as possible the real selling value has lost none of its force, and whenever there is any deviation from that path the situation should be so fully explained that no one may be deceived; and even then I question the wisdom of making merely a settling price for the convenience of the trade, which at times will be widely at variance with the rates that buy- ers would willingly pay over the trier. It may be interesting to trace back a little of the history of market reporting in New York. In 1855 the American Agriculturist began pub- lishing a brief report of the produce markets under the direction of Solon Robinson, who made a personal canvass of the market once a week. A few years later the work was transferred to Clarkson Taber, who enlarged the scope of the reports, and shortly afterwards started a similar depart- ment for the Tribune. In 1858 Benjamin Turner began the publication of the Producer's Price Current, issuing one edition a week, and almost from the start this little sheet found its way into produce circles far and near. As the years passed buyers and sellers alike came to look upon these quotations as a clear index of market conditions, and they were sent to shippers in all parts of the country. In 1882 the Price Current was made a daily publication and the work of reporting the markets passed into the hands of younger men who had been in training, and the high standing of the market report was not only maintained, but because of the accuracy of the prices quoted therein it became the basis upon which a very considerable part of the wholesale business was done. The con- venience of using these figures for settlement with the creameries, as well as with the buyers who were distributing the product to the consum- ing trade, was recognized and in this easy way of doing business may be EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 327 found one of the steps that led to the destructive premium system which has been such a stumbling block to the trade. But changes were coming in the methods of distribution and rapidly the business was drifting from commission to merchandise. The men who were buying or contracting for the goods felt that however much de- pendence could be placed upon this published report of the market, there was too much at stake to leave the matter entirely to the investigation and judgment of any one man. Along with this was the apparent need of establishing a price early in the day, as the jobbing trade had come to depend upon a quotation for the settlement of both their buying and selling prices. The next step in this movement was the appointment by the New York Mercantile Exchange of a quotation committee composed of eleven members of the Exchange, and later increased to fifteen. It was my privilege to be a member of that committee, with a voice in all its discussions, but not a vote. For four years quotations in New York were established by that com- mittee. The record of its work is so well known that no extended review is necessary now. During the first year the figures given out each day were very closely in line with selling values, but as competition in the trade became stronger and the premiums paid shippers increased a tendency to more conservative quotations was apparent and by slow but sure steps the committee drifted away from the current selling prices on the street to a merely settling basis. Sometimes this was a rate at which the finest goods could be bought on the market, but more gener- ally one-half cent, and at times one cent or even more below what buyers had to pay. You will recall the fact that when you picked up your morn- ing paper to see what the market for butter was in New York you would read: "Official price 25 cents; street price, 25 1^ to 26 cents." The daily press gave their reporters notice not to follow the official figures only as they reflected the actual situation, and the Associated Press wires in- cluded both the official and street prices. Now the men who made these quotations had not the slightest inten- tion of being dishonest. Under the peculiar methods of doing business they felt justified in fixing quotations in accordance with the premium system under which they were working, and in most instances the ship- pers of butter got every dollar they were entitled to. Some of us knew the system was wrong and we could not therefore get reconciled to it. But the persistent underquoting of the market finally aroused the jobr bing interest, which is equally as strong on the Exchange as the receiving interest, and the opposition to these methods culminated in the famous Martin suit, a supreme court injunction restraining the Exchange from issuing quotations that are not based upon actual selling values, and the disbanding of all quotation committees. These steps followed in rapid suc- cession and they left the trade in almost as chaotic condition as was this old world when the Almighty called it into form. Immediately on the suspension of the official quotations the work was taken up by the re- porters who had previously had the matter in charge and the Producers' Price Current again became the recognized authority on the market. But I would not pass from the methods that were in vogue during those four years without saying that I believe it quite possible for a rep- 328 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. resentative committee to quote prices every day of the year in accordance with the spirit of the injunction. It is reasonably easy for any well posted operator to Tinoiv what the market really is, not what somebody thinks it is or ought to be, and when personal interests, spite, jealousy and unfairness are put aside right conclusions must follow. Turning from the work of the quotation committee, which ceased on August 12, 1907, when the supreme court injunction went into effect, let us consider briefly the system which is now employed. If you will kindly forget the part that I have in making these quotations I will take you around the market and show you how the reporter digs out the informa- tion that is needful to a proper understanding of values. It is Monday morning and the closing quotation on Saturday was 30 14 cents. The reporter joins seventy-five to one hundred of the receivers and jobbers of butter at 10 o'clock on the floor of the Mercantile Ex- change. The receipts of the day as posted on the bulletin are studied and frequently information as to whether the stock has arrived and is ready for delivery is obtained from the fast freight line agents, most of whom have just come from the unloading depots. Telegraphic reports from other distributing points and country markets are read and their in- fluence on the position here weighed carefully. However big we may consider ourselves, it is safe to say that no important market can run long without being influenced to some extent by what is going on at other points. Then follows a discussion as to the situation, the force and character of the demand, advices of supplies in transit and the prices at which buyers and sellers are willing to do business. When trade is mov- ing along smoothly the demand absorbing the available supply, quite early in the day, it is clear that there will be no change in quotations. This was the concensus of opinion by those who were on 'change that morning, and by eleven to eleven thirty the reporter starts down the street, visiting anywhere from fifteen to thirty of the stores to see whether buyers are taking hold, and if the early impressions of the market are borne out by actual trading. He meets perhaps a dozen buyers and is shown tickets of purchases, some with the price left open, but with the understanding that it will be whatever is quoted, and others at a definite price. By twelve thirty or one p. m. there is no longer any question about the market and the reporter goes to the office, prepares his copy for the printer, and between two and three o'clock the Price Current is ready for distribution. Tuesday morning the posted receipts are heavy and the tone changes a little. In a half hour the reporter is accosted by four or five of the largest buyers with a query as to "How it looks," "Do you think there will be any change," etc. He has already found a slight difference of opinion among the receivers, so his reply to the buyers is, "I wish you would see the men from whom you usually get your goods and then come and let me know what price you can buy at." In a short time they begin coming back and all have the same story to tell — "we can buy easily at yesterday's price, but no less." Later investigation on the street develops the same situation and the quotations are left unchanged. Wednesday still shows a little unsettled feeling, which become more pronounced on Thursday, when it is seen that stock is not selling up as EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 329 closely as before, and on Friday evidences of weakness come to the sur- face. Most every one argued, however, that notwithstanding the high price the future of the market looks good. Saturday is a short business day. Merchants as a rule do not expect large trading and they are anxious to get their letters out of the way as soon as possible. "Let it go un- changed for the day," was the talk up to ten thirty a. m., when a large receiver joins the crowd on 'change and at once advocates a decline of one-half cent. "1 have accumulated 1,000 tubs of fine fresh butter within the past four days and I'll sell specials at 30 cents to any one," was the way he went at it. "Do you mean that?" said another prominent re- ceiver. "I certainly do," was the reply. "Then I'll follow, who will buy specials at 30 cents?" In five minutes everything had changed. The price had broken one-half cent and the reporter recorded the fact at once. It is Monday morning again, receipts are still heavy, plenty of stock left over and everywhere there was pressure to sell. "Better ease off another one-half cent" was the first suggestion, and it found so general favor that receivers determined to try it out on that basis. But the market did not work right, and the next day about a dozen operators got at the reporter and insisted that he should cut the quotations one cent and so declare his purpose at once. Then followed a half hour of hot dis- cussion. The reporter maintained the position that he was not making the market, that it was not his province to quote a lower price until receivers were willing to sell. Over and over again he asked the receivers if they would sell at 28i/^c, and the reply came back, "yes, if you quote it," which was an unsafe proposition for the reporter to stand on. "I am offered my selection at 28i/^c if you will quote it," volunteered several buyers, to which reply was made, "buy your goods, show me the tickets and I'll know what to quote." The situation was so unsettled that the reporter had to go down the street with the price left open, to be de- termined by actual business, which later, left no doubt of the market being one cent lower than the day before. This decline seemed to be sufficient for the moment, and for the remainder of the week the re- porter could find so little variation in the transactions that he felt justi- fied in maintaining the quotation of 28i^c. But subsequent events proved that these few days were but a lull before a fiercer storm. Another week opens with the most conflicting opinions. It soon leaked out that two or three big houses were getting carload after car- load of consigned goods from a western market, financial matters began to play an important part, and new and unlooked for elements were thrown into the market, which caused a feeling that something serious would happen. From the start values began to tumble. Open offers to sell at Ic decline soon convinced most receivers that unless quotations were lowered at once buyers would refuse to operate beyond the most pressing needs, and no one was in humor to accumulate stock on which not a dollar could be borrowed from any warehouse or bank in the city. Now for the part that the reporter had to play. He was taken aside by a prominent receiver and this sort of advice was gratuitously given: "You occupy a position of great importance just now. Whether you like it or not, you are no longer merely a commercial reporter. Your work is so closely linked with our interests that you must take a 330 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. broad view of the butter situation and not be governed solely by the business of a single day. Whatever you do, always be on the con- servative side of the market." Sounds like good advice, does it not? But why should a reporter lean to either side of the market? What possible excuse can he give to any fair minded man for ignoring the bulk of the daily business, and to make an arbitrary quotation because he or any considerable number of operators feel that it will be the best for the trade? Market values like water sooner or later will find their own level, and the controlling factors in the final analysis are the supply and demand. The moment a reporter fails to have important transactions on which to base his quotations he is as helpless as a ship in a storm without a rudder or compass. To get at the actual business is the re- porter's most difficult task. Thirty years of the closest acquaintance with the trade has placed him in possession of the best sources of infor- mation, but at times the most reliable merchant does not care to open his books or give away certain information that is so essential to a correct understanding of the market. Besides, some men will lie, and their names are not always on the black list that the reporter carries in his vest pocket. A few staunch friends — men who are doing business every day and who are honest to the core — have to be relied on when other avenues of information are temporarily closed. But, I have not completed the story of that eventful week. The quotation of 27i^c, which was made on Monday, held only a day or two, then there was a drop to 26 1/2 c, later to 25i^c, and on Saturday to 25c — a slump of 3i^c a pound for the week, or a matter of $2.10 a tub. I fear that I have wearied you with so long a recital of the way quotations are now made in New York, but I want to assure you that every effort is being made to represent as nearly as possible the open wholesale prices of all grades of butter. Whatever criticisms may be hurled at the reporter, any fair minded man will recognize that it is the reporter's duty to reflect the market after it has been made by actual business; that the receivers can and must determine the prices at which they are willing to sell butter, and in this way make a market which the reporter must quote. There are special channels into which some stock will go at an advance over the quotations no matter what figure is given, but the price at which large buyers can secure supplies on the open market will hereafter be the basis of the quotations. And let me say to you, farther, that this system of quoting gives fuller recognition to fancy butter. Already there is a noticeable discrimination in quality, and this will gradually become more pronounced. , Buttermakers of the state of Iowa, you will now have a greater in- centive to make fancy butter. Go back to your creameries from this convention with the determination burned deep into your souls that you will raise the quality of your product to a higher standard. Member: I want to ask if there ever was an agreement among the commission merchants of New York to return any premium? Mr. Taber: There never has been any agreement between the commission merchants regarding that matter. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 331 The Chairman: It has been suggested that, in recognition of the services rendered this association by ]\Ir. Jules Lumbard at various times for the last twenty-five years, he be made a life mem- ber of the association and a gold medal properly inscribed be pre- sented to him. I would like to hear from you on the subject. Mr. S. B. Shilling: I do not believe there is a member of the Iowa Dairy Association that does not appreciate what Mr. Jules Lumbard has done for us in the past and I want to say to you this, that while I am in favor of the gold medal that our president has suggested, and the life membership which I know would please him, I know that Mr. Lumbard is in straightened circumstances financially to-day, and he needs something more than a gold medal and a life membership in this association. Now I speak with actual knowledge on the subject and it seems to me it would be a pleasure for the members of this association to individually make a con- tribution of what they can afford to go to this man. If there has ever in the world been a friend to this association Mr. Lumbard has been, and I know I will not have to stand here and plead in vain for a small contribution from every one of you to give him. If I did not know the circumstances of the gentleman and was not positive of the statements I make to you, I would not make them in this way. Inside of the last year he had a benefit given him in the city of Chicago by his old friends, and he has not a dollar in the world excepting a small pension from the Pennsylvania road to support him to-day. He has none of the luxuries of life, simply enough to live on and it seems to me, in recognition of the services he has rendered to this association, we should give him something more substantial than a gold medal and a life membership in the association. Just one thing more I want to say. This has been recognized by other states, and two other states, at least, during the last year have done what we should have done before they did, because he first recognized the state of Iowa, but two other states have made this contribution at their annual convention. The Chairman: I am quite in accord with doing just as Mr. Shilling has suggested, but I also think he should have the gold medal and the life membership and I will entertain a motion to that effect, if some one will offer it. Mr. Shilling : I had not thought of any plan, but I move, I\Ir. Chairman, that the association vote to give Mr. Jules Lumbard a life membership in the association along with a gold medal, and 332 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. that we individually contribute to the amount that we feel we can give in a voluntary contribution to him. Motion seconded by ]\Ir. Wright and unanimously carried. A collection as taken up which resulted in a sum close to $100 being taken up for the benefit of Mr. Lumbard, and Mr. S. B. Shil- ling was appointed to present the purse to Mr. Lumbard. The Chairman : We are fortunate this evening in having with us President Storms, of the Ames Agricultural College, who will now address you for a few minutes. REMARKS. PRESIDENT STORMS. AMES, IOWA. Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Association: — I have not the faintest idea why my friend Mr. Wentworth should have laid his hand on me when I entered the room a few minutes ago and threatened to bring me here before you. I am sure it could not have been a malicious purpose as I call him friend and still believe he is a friend. I did feel a little bit strange in this company until just this moment, but the taking up of a collection makes me feel quite at home. For several years I have faced audiences from this room and from this platform, but never a better looking audience than this, never one more intelligent, never ap- parently one more righteous, never one more in earnest. Naturally I ought to feel at home and then I have somehow a very deep interest in this association and the interest there which you will understand because I was born on a dairy farm and I have been connected with one at long range ever since. You are dealing, gentlemen, with one of the fundamental and grow- ing and important industries upon which our civilization and prosperity depends. I have had the fortune, good or ill, of falling in more or less with men who are interested in the financial situation and I am always glad to realize that' our prosperity and our success does not depend upon the fluctuating markets of Wall street, but it does depend upon the farm and upon the interests largely which you represent who are gathered in this association tonight. Possibly in just four minutes, for I understand that is my limit, I may be allowed to suggest to you that we have a double interest in your association and in you personally. We are connected at Ames with college and with station interests, and if there is any man who ought to be widely concerned in the affairs of the world it is the man connected with educational work. They used to say to me that a lawyer needed to know two things, viz., the law and every- thing else, and an educator, especially if he be interested in the newer developments of educational work, needs to be in touch with two worlds, the world of intellectual interest and the world of industrial interest. We never could live, we would be in a vacuum at an institution like the one at Ames, were it not for vital and constant and ever increasing of im- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAET VII. 333 portant relations with the industrial people and industrial interests of the great state with which we are connected. It is our business to take the choicest product of our homes, the boys and girls, and in their edu- cation, we trust not in any way inferior in quality or in extent to that which is given in any institution, to so lead them in their educational work that they shall have an intelligent interest in the industrial affairs of the world in which they must live; and it is gratifying to know that when young men and women go out from that institution and others like it they find a place ready for them in the world of affairs. Industrial efficiency is the key word of our school for as we shall be able to progress in the actual industrial efficiency of the individual man and woman, too, shall we be able to keep step with our own progress in other respects. We are educating all the time to wider and more varied interests that require wider ministry. Every man in the humblest home today has needs, such as he considers needs at least, which would have been luxuries to his grandfather, and your children have needs which to you are the greatest of luxury, so we must have a like advancement in industrial efficiency so there shall be ability to meet the important needs. You in this association are aiming to increase the industral product of the acre, the industrial efficiency of the boy and man and the girl. You are working at two problems just as we are. We want to keep in close touch with you, with your homes and with your interests. We want our young men and young women to be in close contact with the problems with which we are dealing. We aim to have it so and are glad to know when it comes to matters of contest in school and knowledge and application of knowledge, that the student of the college is not second to any. We are glad to have this affiliated relation. We want your interest and support and we want your presence whenever you can give it to us. We are engaged in many phases of the problem in which you are interested, and we want you to know, while you do not always understand just what we are aiming at, we are trying to do something nearly the same as you are and hope sometimes to hit the mark. I am very glad, indeed, to have this very pleasant privilege of meet- ing you men. Some of you I recognize and others I do not, but not so much personally as the fact that I do happen to be connected in a sort of way, as the head janitor, you know, with the institution which is your institution and which is interested in the same problems with which you are dealing. Mk. Edwards : I spoke to you this morning about this division of the state into different sections and the appointment of local secre- taries in the different divisions. I promised to bring this up later on, after you had time to consider the matter. I am going to leave it to the association as to what to do. If you feel it is the proper thing to do, you can appoint a committee to make this division and allow your secretary to appoint the local secretaries, or follow any plan you desire. I would like to hear from some others in regard to this. 334 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The Chairman: If any of you think this is a good plan and will authorize your board to do something with reference to this matter I think it can be attended to through them, if we have not the time to attend to it tonight ; or possibly it might be well to bring it up in the morning. Has any one any suggestions to offer? Mr. Kieffer: With relation to these district meetings, as the members present at this meeting are not in position to name officers for these different districts, I believe it would be best for us to leave this at the present time with the executive conunittee of the Iowa State Dairy Association, they to select the officers for the different districts, and I beg to offer that as a motion. Motion seconded and carried. The Chairman : Now we will have just a few words from Mr. Shilling before we adjorn. REMARKS. MR. S. B. SHILLING, CHICAGO, ILL. Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Convention: — I feel as though it is almost an imposition for me to stand before this audience, which has been here for such a long time today, but if you will give me five minutes I will say all I want to and quit. There are two things I want to bring before you this evening because they are matters of importance; important to you and important to the dairy interests and to everybody connected with the dairy industry. The first I want to speak to you about is the oleomargarine situation, and I will only say this about it to you: You know the situation as well as we; you know the high price of butter has aroused a feeling of an- tagonism to the law that has protected us. So strong is this feeling that a movement has been started in the Retail Grocers' Association for the purpose of securing a repeal of our law. I was called before the officers of the association this last week and was questioned in regard to the matter and warned at last that they had taken measures to appoint a man to go to Washington during the present winter, for the purpose of securing a low tax or an original package. I want to say to you on that score, do not forget the National Dairy Union, because we are capable of protect- ing your interests in the future, providing you stand back of us, as you have in the past. I am positive of my position when I say this to you, because we know our strength and the backing we have in congress, but we have to have you back of us to prevent any action being taken. Another thing I want to bring before you is the National Butter- makers' Association. We have a common organization and it seems to me as though it would be almost useless for me to stand before an audience of buttermakers in the state of Iowa and urge them to be loyal to their own institution. I believe it is unnecessary to do that because I feel that you are going to stand by it. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 335 Our convention is in March, at St. Paul. St. Paul has offered us $4,000 to come there with our next convention, and if we accept that $4,000 we will have to reciprocate something. Where they are so liberal as to offer us in cold cash $4,000, we owe them something in return. The National Creamery Buttermakers' Association belongs to you, it is your organiza- tion; it is exactly what you make it and I know the loyalty of the boys of the state of Iowa, they have never shirked a duty, and I just want to say that I have already attended three state conventions and have a pledge from all three of a certain amount of butter, but I am going to expect something handsome from Iowa and I have a reason for ex- pecting it. The state of South Dakota, where I attended the convention three weeks ago, with 126 creameries in the state pledged 75 tubs of butter; I was next in Minnesota. We expect great things of Minnesota; it is a great state, but they have pledged us 400 tubs for that convention, and it will be no surprise to me if they make it 500; 500 tubs, my com- petitor, Mr. Olson, says. I do not want to put it to you too strong, it is your organization and we want you to support it. I live in Iowa. I am not a Chicago citizen; I live in Iowa today as much as ever and I am just as proud of anything Iowa does as ever, although I am out of the state a great deal of the time and live in Chi- cago three-quarters of the time, but I want to say to you that we have nothing in Chicago that comes up to the building they offer us in St. Paul for this convention. We are going to give you the best conven- tion in St. Paul next March that has ever been held anywhere; we are going to give you the biggest one with the grandest attractions that has ever been held, and I know the loyalty of the buttermakers of the state of Iowa will cause them to stand by their institution and give it the support they have never given to any organization heretofore. I thank you. J. J. Brunner : I noticed this afternoon that some of the butter- makers had gone home and I heard them say that they wanted to see their butter before leaving, therefore I move that hereafter the butter room be opened the second day of the convention after the afternoon session. Motion seconded and carried. Meeting adjourned to 9 o'clock Friday morning. FRIDAY MORNING SESSION. Meeting called to order at 9 A. INI. by President Barney. The Chairman : The first topic on our program this morning is an address, "The Management of a Co-operative Creamery," by Mr. Ross, of Clarksville. 336 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THE MANAGEMENT OF A CO-OPERATIVE CREAMERY. J. J. ROSS, CLARKSVILLE. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen; Members of the Iowa State Dairy Association:— When our worthy secretary asked me if I would ac- cept a place on the program, taking for my subject "The Management of the Co-Operate Creamery," I at first felt like declining the invitation, for I thought the subject was far too important to be intrusted to one with my limited experience and ability; however, after thinking it over I decided to try and possibly I might throw out a few hints that might be of interest to some. It seems to me that there never was a time in the history of the creamery business when the co-opefative creameries were in such need of successful management as at the present time, especially in localities where competition with the larger concerns is so keen, where the co- operative creameries are obliged to be successful or go out of business, and I sincerely think that if a co-operative creamery is run successfully they need have no fear of any centralized creamery or condensed milk factory freezing them out. As I said before the subject is very broad and important and I will try in a brief way to tell you how I manage a creamery and make it a success. In the first place it is necessary in all co-operative creameries to have a board of directors, a secretary, treasurer; usually the president may be one of the members of the board of directors, and right here I would suggest to limit the board of directors to three or not more than five members, as there seems to be less friction and more harmony among the board of directors where there are only three members. The board of directors should have jurisdiction over all the business of the creamery, but the management of the creamery should be placed in the care of one competent man, either the secretary or one authorized to do the business, and on whom rests the responsibility of making a success, or otherwise, of the co-operative crfeamery. His duties are many and he should be untiring in his efforts and striving all the time if he would keep harmony and good will among the patrons and all interested. The manager should understand the creamery business thoroughly and not depend too much on the buttermaker. He should insist upon having a daily report of the business done at the creamery, and in that way he would know at night the exact condition of the business, the same as the banker or the successful merchant. Since the question of moisture control came up it is all the more im- portant that a record of the daily make be kept — in that way the man- ager knows exactly how many pounds of butter fat has been taken in, and has a good idea of how much butter will be churned from the same. In our creamery we make a report of the fuel consumed daily and all EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART VII. 337 the expense of running the creamery is shown on the daily report, and at the end of the month the manager submits a monthly report of business done at the creamery for the month to the board of directors, who in turn audits his accounts. In this way the manager is in touch with the working at the creamery, and the board of directors are in touch with the manager, and the books are closed each month. It is not only necessary for the manager to keep in touch with all the workings at the creamery, taut on him rests the responsibility of keep- ing in line the patrons of the creamery, and I am sure those of you who have been in this position will agree with me that this is no small responsibility. In his dealings with the patrons he must be careful, accurate and prompt, treating all courteously. Should he make an error, be prompt to correct it and treat all with respect — above all be per- fectly honorable and in this way you will gain the confidence of the patrons that will be unshaken. I find it necessary and very profitable to get out among the patrons and get acquainted — take an interest in their business, instruct them in the handling and care of milk and cream, and invariably after such visits you will be well paid by having better cream and milk delivered and the patrons seem to respect you more for taking an interest in their welfare. The manager should also be very close to the buttermaker. In fact, the success of the creamery rests a great deal on the buttermaker. He should be diligent, honest and up to date, one that understands thor- oughly his work in the manufacture of good butter, and I would say that such a man is more valuable to the co-operative creamery at $100 per month than a great many buttermakers I know of that are working for $60 per month. I think where a great many of the co-operative creameries make a mistake is by thinking some other man will do the work just as well and will let the old buttermaker go because the centralized creamery offers him more money. I sincerely believe that if the co-operative creameries were as careful to employ only first class buttermakers, regardless of the price necessary to secure them, as are the larger concerns, it would mean a great saving to the creameries and a higher average price paid for butter fat. When you secure such a man give him complete charge of the creamery plant, authorizing him to maintain right and justice to all and insisting on all connected with him in doing their work promptly. Take him into your confidence; consult him in regard to selling the butter, etc., and in all changes or improvements in the plant. With this confidence existing it will inspire the buttermaker to perform his duties to the very best of his ability. I think a very important factor in the success of the co-operative creamery is in marketing the butter. Be sure the commission house to whom you ship is responsible and ascertain through them the require- ments of the market. Try to furnish at all times as near as possible the goods that will give the best satisfaction. By this method you will make a reputation for the goods, and they will sell more readily and at a better price than if you were not particular. I firmly believe in keeping 22 338 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the quality of butter to the highest standard possible, though it is neces- sary sometimes to lose a little in quantity. We had an experience along this line this summer. A neighboring creamery started up and fought for business, regardless of quality. They would receive cream that we rejected. In the course of time they were getting a nice run and they marketed the butter in a market where they supposed quality cut no figure, but Instead of getting a premium, they were unable even to get top. The result was they were compelled to pay a great deal less for butter fat. Finally the commission house advised them to ship else- where. They tried different markets and at last suspended business. In a report to the creditors it was claimed that poor sales were the direct cause of suspension. Sometimes, I think, it is well to divide shipments to see how weights, etc., compare, but as a rule, I think, if you stand by your commission house so they can get a reputation on this certain brand of goods, I think they can do better for you a great deal, than by changing around. I have at least had the experience of a trial for I have made weekly shipments to the same commission house for the past ten years and would say that I have found them entirely satis- factory. Of course it is necessary to secure a reliable house. In conclusion, let me say that the manager of a successful co-oper- ative creamery finds something doing all the time, from visiting the patron on the farm, where the raw material is produced, to the finished product delivered to the consumer's market, and I think were it not for the encouragement we receive from our national and state governments some of us would feel like laying down. I feel like commending the work of Chief Webster, especially in sending out blanks to secretaries and managers of creameries for monthly reports. In this way they seem to' be more interested and become better informed as to the workings of the creamery. We also feel very grateful to our State Dairy Department for the in- struction and help we are permitted to receive. The only regret we have is that we do not see them more often. And I sincerely hope that ere long our state legislators will see the great need of more help for this department and will appropriate sufficient funds so that we may be kept somewhere near abreast of our neighboring states in the way of more creamery inspectors. But, Brother Buttermakers and Creamery Managers, until we get such help as we are urgently in need of we must shoulder the responsibility ourselves and now as we go to our respective homes from this the greatest meeting that the Iowa State Dairy As- sociation has every known and filled with enthusiasm from having listened to addresses by Chief Webster, Ex-Governor Hoard, Professor McKay and others, let us strive to interest our patrons to better dairying; try to educate them along the lines that they seem to be the most in need of and I think from the remarks of Professor McKay that we butter- makers need to be very careful if we would keep the reputation on our butter up or rather get it back to the standard to which is expected of us. Let each one of us try and do the very best we can to make a tub of butter and send it to St. Paul to the National Creamery Buttermakers' Association in March, even though some of our butter did not score as EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 339 high as we thought it would; do not be discouraged; try again and pos- sibly we may stand higher next time. I thank you. The Chairman : If there are no questions we will pass on to the next on our program, which will be an address by Mr. N. H. Trim- ble, of Alden. ADDRESS. N. H. TRIMBLE, ALDEN, IOWA. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: — If they had allowed me to make my speech or address before Mr. Ross I might have been able to say something. Mr. Ross told you a good deal about what a butter- maker should do. He said when the secretary asked him to make an ad- dress on the management of a co-operative creamery he was going to decline. Well, the secretary did not use me that way; I did not know that I was going to speak until I read it in the Marshalltown Times- Republican; saw my name there for an address on the manufacture of butter from the manufacturers' standpoint. I suppose because I was so well acquainted with President Barney, Secretary Johnson and Brown the treasurer they knew that Trimble was pretty good natured. Presi- dent Barney and Mr. Brown were down at a picnic we had in June and we gave them a good time, as we always try to do down there, and if they comei back we will give them another good time and we are capable of doing it in Alden. We have a little creamery up there doing a small business on the co- operative plan. I have been buttermaker there for almost seven years and my wife says I am going to stay there for seven years more. The manager is here and I suppose he has something to say about that, but I am going to say a few things on the manufacture of butter from the manufacturer's standpoint. Those of us who were fortunate enough a year ago to hear Mr. Wright's speech at Cedar Rapids heard him use such an expression as this: "Of all there is good Iowa affords the best, of all there is best Iowa produces the most," and there is one thing we can say, we have one of the best dairy commissioners, if not the best, in the United States. He did not exaggerate any when he said that we produce good dairy commissioners. Then we have a dairy school that in my opinion is the best in the United States. I am very much interested in the school at Ames. I have been there for only a short course myself, but during that course I learned a good deal about mak- ing butter, and there is no excuse for any buttermaker in the state of Iowa to plead ignorance or, as Professor McKay said last night, to be twenty years behind the times, and he seemed to blame the buttermaker for all that. In a creamery managed in the way suggested by Mr. Ross a buttermaker would have no excuse for poor goods for he would have a manager who would give him the machinery necessary to run it; he would have all the modern equipments for making butter. I know of creameries that claim to be too poor to get up to date machinery and 340 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the buttermaker is struggling along without the proper machinery to work with, and in that case I do not think the buttei'maker is altogether to blame. I believe in making the butter we should first begin at the farm end of it. Professor McKaj' intimated that last night. If he cannot get good raw material no man on earth can make good butter. A few years ago when I was running a whole milk plant I did not know a third as much about making butter as I do now; it was my first year making butter and I have a score in New York city yet on ninety tubs, a tub of each day's make, and it scored 98. 1 evidently have not scored 90 at this convention for mj' name is not on the list, and yet I do not feel at all bad about it. I have fallen down before and expect to fall down again, but I expect to keep on making butter because I love the busi- ness. To begin at the farm, I think it is the duty of every buttermaker to become acquainted with his patrons, talk to them, visit with them. We may not have much time to visit, a man that is making a ton of butter a day has very little time to go in the country and visit his patrons, but most of the patrons come to our creameries once a week anyway, and that is quite often for some of them to deliver cream, but they come there once a week and you can talk to them and be friendly with them. Never be out of humor. That is pretty hard to practice. The machinery may not run right and we are liable to go edgewise. I think that some- times happens to every buttermaker; I am not going to brag any at all, but a man told me one day last summer that he had known me for five years and never saw me out of humor. Well, I used to get out of humor and I used to go out to the boiler and start a fire or something of that kind until I cooled off, but I have no outlet now because we are running the creamery by motor, so I have to keep cool. After you become ac- quainted with your patrons talk to them, advise them about the kind of milk and cream they are bringing to the creamery, tell them it is to their own advantage to bring good milk and cream, cream I would say at our creamery, because that is what we are mostly receiving. We have ten milk patrons and 290 cream patrons. You can handle most men in this way and they will listen to you. Occasionally you come across a man that you have to handle without gloves. I had a little experience this fall. We had a man that had been bringing rotten cream; we are not supposed to take rotten cream, that is, if the dairy commissioner finds it out, but this man brought cream all summer that was not good. On the 18th of September, pay day, he came in and poured his cream into the weigh can and I said to him, "Do you think that is good?" "Yes," he said, "that is fine." 1 said, "Well, you nor any other man can make good butter out of that; it is hardly fit for a hog. What have you been doing with your cream since the 5th of the month?" He said, "I churned some." We have not seen that man since. I had to use him just a little bit rough, but he is an exception. I have had other instances where by speaking to a man in a kindly way and being good natured with him would get him to deliver good stuff out of which I could make good butter. The next step is the weigh can. I believe in the buttermaker being at the weigh can just as much as possible. In the seven years I have EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 341 been at Alden I have had just one boy that could weigh to suit me, and that is my own boy. He is at Ames now and going to stay there for the next three years if nothing happens. He weighs, and I think the man- ager will bear me out in the statement that the patrons like him and if anything goes wrong he calls me. I like to be at the weigh can, where I can meet the farmers. We have farmers that have not been in our creamery for over a year and they come to the creamery every other day. They will come there and fill up their skim milk cans, or if they bring cream, go away. We enlarged our creamery this spring and one man was in there the day before yesterday. He said, "I have not been in here since you built on," and he was a stockholder, too. After you get through at the weigh can go to the starter can. I have been called a crank on starter; perhaps I am. I have been making butter twelve years and I think twelve batches of butter would take in all I ever made without a starter. I made starter when there was no starter can that I knew of. I believe I got the first Haugdahl starter can that was made. It had a wooden bottom in it and I think about the second day the wood spread and the bottom and whole thing was gone; it leaked. That did not discourage me. Make a starter and if you do not know how to make a starter go to the college and have Prof. Bouske teach you how to make a starter; it will only take a few days to learn how and it will bring up the grade of your butter. Some of you may ask why my butter did not score more than 90 here if I had a good starter. I had a good starter, but I may have had some of that old cream. I did not aim to, but likely got it. At the short course at Ames in the winter you can learn how to make a starter. I was told not long ago about a man about whom we boast a good deal in Iowa, who got a starter can; he used Ericsson culture, pasteurized his milk in the starter can, put the culture right in the starter can and let it stand there until it got sour; then he used a pail of that starter every day for a week. Now if any man on earth with any judgment thinks that will make good butter he is mistaken. After we have a good starter we want to come to the cream vat. If you have an open vat you can make good butter with it if you try. The supply houses will tell you one kind or another is best; I do not know which is best; I am not prepared to say; I never used any until the last few days, but be sure and ripen your cream. Now I am not going to ad- vise you to do as Mortenson, of Portland, did. He came to a cr^mery where I was making butter and remained there eleven days and he would sit up with the cream until 2 o'clock in the morning or get it just right before he would leave. I sat up with him during that time until way into the night to get the cream right and I told him if I had to make butter that way I would quit the business in twenty-four hours. There is a lot of hand separator cream that is ready to churn when it is re- ceived at the creamery. In that case I cool it down to 48 and hold it over until I get ready to churn. Then comes the last operation, the churning of it. Prof. McKay said something last night about a man churning in a Disbrow churn at 56 to 58 and not getting any overrun. Well, I can churn at 56 in the Disbrow churn and I will not tell you what overrun I could get if I wanted to. We have to be a little careful now since the moisture question has come 342 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. up. My conscience used to trouble me, or perhaps it was not my con- science, for they say when a man makes butter he has no conscience, but the manager and I used to tallc about selling water in New York city for butter and we decided it was not right. Then the time came when every- body was doing it and our creamery, with the others, had to fall in line or go out of business. The centralizing plants had us scared to death, but we have no fear of them now, not the slightest, because, as we heard several times yesterday, if a co-operative creamery is run on the right plan no centralizer on earth can beat it in price. A co-operative creamery can pay from three to five cents more in spite of anything the centralizer can do, even if they sell 23 per cent to 25 per cent of water, as I have heard of them doing. I have tested butter that I churned that had 23 per cent of water, but I was very careful to see there was only one churning like that. With the apparatus we have today, the Gray and Irish moisture tests, and the right kind of bottle, we can come very close to telling what we are doing each day. Churn your butter at 52 in the summer, work it enough and salt right, but remember about the package. Have the pack- age appear right. Then Mr. Ross said something about marking the tubs. Well, I used 'to do that; do yet when I have a churning of butter that I think it very bad. I do not claim to make the butter that I did five years ago. Seven years ago, when I first came to Alden, we were getting thirty thousand pounds of milk a day. Now if we get eight hundred pounds in three days we think we are doing well. We are making more butter to- day than we did then. We as buttermakers must keep abreast of the times and not get twenty years behind, as Prof. McKay said last night. There is no excuse for falling behind. We must keep abreast of the times, and if we have a poor batch of butter mark it and notify your commission house to look out for whatever mark you put on that particular package, and in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, indeed, I might say in the one hundred cases, you will lose nothing on the butter. The commission house that is hand- ling your goods will see you through on it. We have a commission house, or the commission house has us, to which we have been shipping goods during the entire time I have made butter with the exception of a ship- ment or two that we would send somewhere else for experiment, but we would come back home again. I do not know whether we will ever quit that hpuse or not; certainly will not if I have anything to say about it. Notify your house if you have butter that is off grade and give them a fair show. Be careful about your refrigerator. I saw some score cards the other day in a whole milk creamery and I noticed on four or five of the cards "mouldy tubs." I do not know that the buttermaker is to blame for that. That does not have much to do with the manufacture of butter, but it has something to do with the finished product. Be careful of your tubs, soak them right, pack them neatly, do your work well, as though you were do- ing it for yourself. Be careful about expense. Chief Webster told us yesterday about it costing 1% cents to manufacture butter. It cost us a little over 1 cent a pound to manufacture our butter during the month of October. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART VII. 343 The co-operative creamery will pay a bigger price if it is properly managed; the patrons will get New York price or one or two cents above; I have heard of as high as five cents about New York being paid. I don't know just how that was done, but some do it. But if the creamery is well managed the patrons will stay by the home plant, and I think in ninety- nine cases in one hundred the buttermaker is responsible for the success of the co-operative creamery. Another thing, I see Prof. Bower back there. Last fall he went out soliciting cream for the state college and he said if he went into a com- munity where the patrons had confidence in the buttermaker he could not touch them with a ten-foot pole; he could not buy cream there at all; but in a neighborhood where they had no confidence in the buttermaker he could get all the cream he wanted. The Chairman: Gentlemen, I am sure Mr. Trimble has done very well. I don't know whether the influence the treasurer and myself had on him at the picnic had anything to do with it or not, but they certainly do treat one well at Alden, they know how to treat people. Are there any questions anyone would like to ask Mr. Trimble? Member: I would like to ask Mr. Trimble if he ever saw any cream that the patrons thought was bad? In my experience of twelve years I have never found a customer that would admit his cream was bad ? Mr. Trimble : I had a case of that kind come up this summer. A man living within two miles of town came twice a week. He sent his little daughter, a girl of about ten years, over. We are good natured over there and would lift the cream and empty it and send the can back in the buggy. I wanted to get a chance to tell that man his cream was not good but I did not say any thing to the little girl. The man came over one' morning, poured his cream into the weigh can, (by the way, I have a strainer in the weigh can), the top of his cream remained in there and the bottom was whey. I said, "William, what do you think about that cream? Just smell your can." He said, "It is rotten." He was honest and he ac- knowledged it and I have had good cream from that patron ever since. The Chairman : We will now hear from Professor Bower, Assis- tant Professor in dairying at Ames. SOME STANDARDS IN DAIRYING. JOHN BOWER, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN DAIRYING, AMES. Mr. Chairman: It was with both pleasure and pride that I responded to the call of your secretary to address the members of the dairymen's 344 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. association of the state of Iowa. It is a pleasure to be here because of a natural liking for association with dairymen wherever found and it is a source of pride because I feel honored to be thought worthy of filling so important a position as speaker before such an intelligent audience. Nor do I use the word intelligent in a flattering sense, for dairymen, wherever found, and those who attend such meetings as these in particular, stand head and shoulders above those who are content to work, irrespective of what progress is going on about them, irrespective of any interest other than petty interests which come within their own narrow horizon. You are a force in progressive dairying. You represent as individuals, and collectively as members of this association, what might be termed the forward movement or vanguard in everything which makes for improve- ment. To a large extent the future of dairying lies in your hands. As an association you mould opinion, influence in no small degree the char- acter of legislation respecting things vital in dairying, create sentiment either for or against the industry whose foundation is that queen among animals, the dairy cow. It is right then that we, as members of this association, should have a keen appreciation of our position, should have such standards of thought and action that they with whom we come in contact, moved by our ideas, enthused with our enthusiasm, will place dairying where it ought to be, in forefront of agricultural thought and agricultural endeavor in this most productive of all states, the state of Iowa. Instead of being considered a side issue, a tail end, tacked to other industries, or linked in unfortunate alliance with anV other industry, dairying should stand out pre-eminently the chief of all, the most profitable of all industries, providing for its pa- trons not only hire for their labor, but something of the better things, the comforts and blessings of life. Self-sufficiency should be then one of the leading standards held before the dairymen of this country. If we as dairymen are content to count dairying as of secondary importance in- stead of that position that it should hold as an industry of primal im- portance because of fundamental economic principles involved, how much more will others, not interested in dairying, be willing to consider it as a side issue of no value except as a minor factor in other schemes of agriculture. We must be willing to stand on our own feet, fight our own battles, unmoved by any interests except those that will place dairying in its proper position among the activities of agriculture in this state. To do this it is essential that dairying should have as its creed two outstanding features, the purity of its products and honesty and integrity of purpose of its partisans. It should have as its advocates men of under- standing, men impelled to work in its behalf because of a consciousness of its possibility, not only as affecting their further prosperity, but as affecting the prosperity of their fellow men and this state to which we are proud to belong, and where else can such men be found if not among those here before me? Yet you know and I know that there are many among us who are not alive to the best interest of dairying, who are will- ing to sacrifice the good of the industry and with it their own best interest for immediate private gains? We, who are familiar with conditions as they exist throughout our state, are aware that at least purity of our products is not always the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 345 guiding principles which direct our efforts. We are aware also that questionably honest practices are the rule of some. In the keenness of competition which now exists quality seems to be forgotten. The cry comes, how can we make a good grade of butter from the cream we are now receiving. Makers and managers are willing to go to almost any limit if they can cover up or hide from the consumers of butter the decomposed condition in which much of the cream is now received. How many makers are engaged in creameries, guaranteeing "extras" out of cream, some of which is scarce fit for the "swill barrel," let alone human consumption. Cream two, three, yes, ten days old, is be- ing made into butter notwithstanding everything scieifce has to teach us in regard to possibility of ptomaine poisons as produced in old cream and milk, notwithstanding other fermentations which so far as we know or care are a menace to public health. Pasteurization is being used not as a scientific process in the manufacture of butter of good quality, but rather as a "cure all" for the indifferent quality of cream now received. Surely it is not too much to say that such standards as motives of action are not conducive to the best interests of dairying. Instead of working for quality in the raw material we seem to be content to doctor up, what cannot be doctored without in some way working to the detri- ment of the industry. Whatever comes we must not give up until we in Iowa have raised the standard of quality from its present rather unde- sirable position. To do this we must have better raw material. To get this better raw material should be then our purpose rather than in im- proving what after all cannot be permanently improved, this low grade cream that is now being received. We cannot make gold out of silver ore, much less can we honestly place before the consuming public a high grade butter made out of raw material which is of very questionable qual- ity, made so by fermentations which show very clearly that the cream was produced under careless, if not unclean and even filthy conditions. There are managers and directors who feel sore if we do not make a high grade quality of butter out of a low grade quality of raw material. Gentlemen, it can't be done, and the sooner we realize this the better. Taste some of the cream and one would require to have a strong stomach if he would retain any portion of such stuff. Yet we are forced to receive it as it is, make it into butter as best we can and in some instances place it in a beautifully illustrated carton, on one side of which a herd of cows is seen to graze peacefully in clover, kne'e deep, by a clear limpid brook babbling peacefully. On the other side we read that this special brand is made of pasteurized cream, guaranteed to be pure, sweet and clean, while inside is found a grade of butter which, to tell the truth, we are heartily ashamed of. Such practices are a menace to the industry and unworthy of a dairyman. Nor is this all. Most of us know of men, if they are worthy of the name of men, who, when a patron of another creamery comes to him with cream, "boosts the reading," so to speak, as he chuckles to himself, "I guess I fixed the other maker that time." Others there are who are small enough, 2x4, and mean enough to "cut" the tests that he may show an overrun that he has not brains enough to obtain by any other means, justifying himself that it is a co-operative creamery anyway and it all 346 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. goes the same road. Others, too, there are who pay reasonable prices where competition compels it, but who are actually stealing from the pa- tron whom he has in his power. Still others there are who are willfully and with purpose aforethought still loading their butter with water to an extent beyond the standard set by law, trusting that the revenue oflBcer may not reach them. Such men are unwilling to compete on a fair and open basis, but are willing to shelter themselves behind their rascality, which they call business perception. This may sound to some as an exaggerated condition of affairs brought about by the present competition. 'Tis true that the major portion, the great bulk of the industry in this state, is on firm, honest basis, and we as dairymen are proud of it. On the other hand there is much that adds to the discouragement of increased dairying throughout the state. Pa- trons have the right to honest weights and honest tests whether it comes from a centralized plant, a private creamery or a co-operative one, from agent or anyone engaged in the testing of cream. Over reading and under reading are alike to be condemned as being inimical if not fatal to interests represented here today. It affects the competition between manu- facturers very vitally. One per cent may not mean much to you or to me here, yet one per cent on the 25 per cent cream may increase or de- crease the overrun 5 per cent and either put us out of business or place us in a position to crush out honest competition. It also affects the rela- tions existing between manufacturer and producer. The producers are not getting correct tests, and I fear that there are many instances where they do not, not because of any intentional dishonesty on the part of the oper- ator, but because of ignorance of principles and practices involved in the correct manipulation of the Babcock test, there can be but distrust and dissatisfaction in place of that co-operation and harmony that should and ought to exist. I can recall in our work with the short course men an instance where as much as 5 per cent difference was made by four men in testing cream out of the same sample. Fancy, if you will, what sort of tests are now being handed out to the producers of Iowa by agents who have never received any special training in the sampling and testing of cream and who are not suflBciently interested to know just how variations in test affects the producer and the manufacturer and dairying in gen- eral in this as well as other states. An intelligent appreciation of the correct value of testing in its relation to progress in dairying cannot be too strongly emphasized. I fear in some of our creameries that the pro- ducer has some justice in his accusation that the Babcock test is largely a matter of guess-work, if not actual stealing. What standard shall you and I adopt in regard to this important question? What standard shall you and I insist shall be enforced in this state of Iowa? The producer has also the right to fair returns for his product. I fear he does not always get it. Now, I am not one who would confine the income of in- vestors to a paltry 3 and 4 per cent interest on money invested. They should have over and above the man who sits in his chair and lends his money out under safe security. To the shrewd business men of foresight, faith and initiative who are willing to risk their time and money through years of depression as well as prosperity, I take off my hat and would grant them all that they are entitled to for their courage and enterprise. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 347 But I fear that there are some of our producers who are not receiving all that they are entitled to. Advantage is taken of the position of the producer, advantages are taken of his ignorance of values as related to dairy products, of his ignorance of factors in creamery management. It would seem that if we are to encourage dairying in this state, if we are to arouse any sort of interest in districts where little or none exists, we should be willing to so exert ourselves to manufacture in the greatest possible quantity conducive with best quality the raw material given into our hands, to so manage our business that we can, while obtaining for ourselves the maximum lawful and just returns for labor and capital in- vested, give to the producer every cent possible. Not only must we en- courage dairying by cultivating in a greater degree that spirit of confi- dence between producer and manufacturer that is so essential to in- creased business enterprise, but we must, to a still greater degree, en- courage dairying by stimulating increased interest in better cows. If you can get your patrons to see the importance of proper breeding, weed- ing and feeding you have in part solved the question of quality and in no small degree done away with that harrowing competition between neigh- boring creameries by supplying close at hand the necessary raw material. You as makers and managers should also be fully informed as to the* latest triumphs in dairy production. Are you aware that there is a cow, Colantha's 4th Johanna, who bids fair to beat all official records of pro- duction, even that wonderful record of Yexka Sunbeam, of over 1,000 pounds butter in one year? Are you aware that there are a large number of cows which have produced over 500 pounds butter fat per year? Do you know that there are dairy herds of 30 cows and more which pro- duce over 450 pounds butter fat per cow per year? Are you familiar with the high prices that are being paid for dairy excellence as it is found in individual animals when $10,000, $15,000 and $20,000 is not considered too much to pay for blood of the right strain? Knowing these things, are you making use of these facts to stimulate the dairymen of your district to still greater achievements in dairy production? On the other hand, do you know that of the many cows that are being milked in this state nearly 500,000, or one-third, are being kept at a loss? What are you doing to aid the producers of this state to get rid of these parasites? Are you advocating the beef cow, the dual purpose cow, or the special dairy cow to the producers of this state? I can understand why breeders of pure beef stock are advocating the former two types, but I can- not understand why dairymen, wherever found, should not advocate the special dairy cow. With land worth $100 to $125 per acre, she alone at ruling market prices can return to her owner a margin of profit over and above value of money invested in land and labor. She can, in a single year, if she is the right type and handled in a proper manner, produce in value, in butter fat and skim milk, as much as the selling price of two steers, in many cases ten times the profit. Not only that, but she can do it over again the next year. Many of us are afraid to mention a special dairy cow to our patrons much less advocate them. It would seem as if we were ashamed of her. Is it any wonder then that she is ignored by those not so well informed as we are or should be in matters pertaining to dairying? 348 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. It would seem then that there are at least three lines of advance that we as dairymen may undertake, first, improvement in quality; second, improvement in and enforcement of such legislation as will encourage dairying through guaranteeing to manufacturers a just and even basis of competition, and to the producer fair and honorable treatment; thirdly, by arranging a campaign in favor of the special dairy cow. The last Is In our own hands; the first and second are only in part under our control. It would seem as if we had given up the fight for quality. We would seem to have been beaten back by the tide of competition. It would look like as if Iowa is to take a back seat to Minnesota, Wisconsin and other progressive states. Such states are, through their respective governments, employing trained men whose business it is to aid the dairymen of the state by enforcing laws which are a credit to the legislators of those states. In the province of Ontario, Canada, there are a force of Instructor in- spectors ten times as large as poor Iowa can afford whose duty it Is to enforce laws which might be called drastic in Iowa, but wihch are pro- ducing a cheese which is without equal for quality anywhere. Is Iowa to stand still in this matter? We have a few able men, 'tis true, such men as Mr. Wright and his secretary, Mr. Smith, Mr. Johnson and Mr. Odell, we are proud of, and well we may be, but they are not enough. If we can improve the quality of our butter to the extent of 1 cent per pound it means $1,200,000 to the state of Iowa. I think It is possible In many Instances to improve It 5 cents per pound and at the same time to encourage consumption 20 per cent by supplying a better quality, besides relieving we poor buttermakers of the job of making butter out of cream which is already made, so far as its quality is concerned. I would we had with us some of the legislators of Iowa. If we could only get them infected with the dairy microbe, that they would be so impressed with the imperative necessity of this matter that they would divert from the treasury sufficient funds to employ at least a dozen men to enforce such laws as are absolutely essential, what a change there would be in dairying In Iowa. If we turn to those countries where greatest progress has been made In dairying, as Denmark, Australia, New Zealand, we find that government inspectors and co-operation is the writing that Is found on the wall. That writing spelled success to them; it would spell success to us, and place Iowa in the forefront of the states as the most economical producer of dairy products of the highest possible quality. As members of the Iowa Dairymen's Association let us do everything in our power to build dairy- ing on a firm and sure foundation, backing in every way possible every- thing that tends to Improvement in quality, supporting the enforcement of such laws as are essential in fair and open competition, encouraging dairying everywhere by submitting in no undecisive manner its ad- vantages over other phases of agriculture, not neglecting to impress the need of dairying with a dairy cow even in Iowa. The Chairman : Are there any questions ? If not, we will pro- ceed with the program and will now listen to an address on ' ' Breed- ing up the Dairy Herd," by Mr. P. J. Julian, of Algona. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 349 BREEDING UP THE DAIRY HERD. p. J. JULIAN, ALGONA, IOWA. Mr. President, Fellow Dairy Farmers of Iowa: Between myself and the newspaper men the address I had prepared for this occasion has dis- appeared, so I will be obliged to give you what is called an impromptu address. When a man enters upon any proposition or trade it seems to me that he should give considerable thought, time and study to that proposition or trade. Before I go on I would like to know how many real farmers I have in the audience. How many men in this audience are milking cows at the present time? Well there are a few, but not as many as we ought to have in the country surrounding Des Moines. As my subject pertains to you especially, it would seem to me that the dairy farmer or the farmer milking, no matter how many cows, should be here to hear what can be said on the subject, because, as I said before, when he or anyobdy else enters on a trade or proposition, he should study^ up everything per- taining to that before engaging in that occupation, so as to be as well posted as it is possible to be. Now then, when a farmer enters on the production of milk the first thing that suggests itself to him is what kind of cows am I going to keep? What am I after, fun or profit? Now there is no one that thinks it much fun to milk cows twice a day, night and morning, year in and year out, but you can have more fun if you milk the dual purpose cow than you can if you milk the special purpose cow, because the dual purpose cow does not give much milk for a long time and you can have lots of fun during that time, while on the other hand the special purpose cow is pegging away all the time and at the end of the year you will have a profit and if a profit does not make a man feel good I don't know what does. Now in selection of the dairy cow you want to look first to type. I am aware that there is a sentiment prevailing largely in the minds of Iowa people that the dual purpose cow is the cow for Iowa. That has been instilled and pounded into their minds for all time by the editorial press because they could raise a steer beef for less, losing sight of the fact that butter and milk was the main object they were striving for. Now it is true that in times past and perhaps up until very recently the dual purpose cow had a place on the farm in Iowa. Lands were cheap, grass was plenty, and the fact is that not more than twenty years ago a man could keep all the cattle he wanted at the expense of herding, hiring a herdsman or paying 40 or 50 cents a head to keep those cattle five months in the year, and the other seven months he could keep them on coarse forage that cost him practically nothing, because I have within the past twenty years put up hay on other people's land, people who had it for speculation, for the cost of labor, and at that rate a man could milk 350 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. almost any kind of a cow and make money. I have taken considerable pains to investigate the price of lands in other countries to ascertain what they are doing on those high priced lands. I find in Holland that land is worth from $500 to $1,200 an acre; in the Island of Jersey and Guernsey land is worth from $600 to $1,750 an acre. Now it occurred to me that the men in those places must be doing some extra work in order to make land as valuable as that, so I went a little farther and tried to find out what those men were doing to make land so valuable that they could command from $600 to $1,750 an acre, and I found in all cases that dairying is the principal occupation of those people. Here in Iowa we have land worth from $50 to $150 an acre, and yet those people in Hol- land and the Islands of Jersey and Guernsey are competing with the mar- kets of the world, are buying Iowa grain, paying the freight from here to Ayrshire cow "Croftjane Dinah 19th", owned by W. P. Schank, Cruon, N. Y. Holland, Guernsey and Jersey and shipping their butter into the London markets in competition with our American butter. How are they doing it? Are they doing it with those dual purpose cows that the agricultural press of Iowa and the agricultural college of Iowa have been advocating so long? Not a bit of it; they would not think of such a thing. They have dairy breeds there that were established before the time of Julius Ceasar and they have been going along in that same line ever since, and here in this country we have been trying to milk cows from a breed or breeds that for one hundred or more years have been made for the beef block. How are we to expect to make money milking cows out of such animals as that? I yield in admiration to no man for those grand beef animals I have seen down at the International Stock Shows at Chicago, animals that are EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAET VII. 351 bred as the best talent in the country can breed them, grand animals they are; but I say keep those things distinct, you beef men, raise your beef animals, but you dairymen, find your special purpose cow and stick to her. I make bold to make this statement, although I am aware that the agricultural press in this state are to a large extent opposed to it, that the special purpose dairy cow, regardless of her calf, we will not take her calf into consideration at all, will make you more profit, more clear profit, than the combined annual production of milk or butter and your steer calf for one year. I say I make bold to make this statement that there is more clear profit in the production of butter and milk alone from the special purpose dairy cow than there is in the combined product of your milk and butter and your steer calf from your dual purpose cow. Now then, why go to work and spend time and money and profit taking care of a whole lot of calves and yearlings up to two years old and then find you could have made more money by not employing so much help or doing so much work yourself to take care of those steer calves, when you could have made more money taking care of the special purpose cows? I said the agricultural press of this state was antagonistic to the special purpose cow, but I want to make one exception that I know of to that. There is a little paper printed down here in Waterloo; it is not very big, but it contains the very essence of dairy thought. I am speaking of Kimball's Dairy Farmer, and that, in combination with Hoard's Dairy- man, will give a dairyman the literature he needs to build up one of the special dairy herds, give him the knowledge he needs, give him the under- standing he needs, and if he takes both those papers and studies them carefully and goes according to the light that is given him there I will guarantee that in the course of ten years he will have a herd of cows that no matter how hard the times are or how high the price of labor is he will come out on the right side of the ledger at the end of the year, and you cannot say that of your dual purpose cow. I heard a statement here last year by my good friend. Dairy and Food Commissioner Wright, and it seems to me he rather exulted in the statement that the dairy cow of Iowa had made 140 pounds of butter on the average during the year. Just think of it! If I did not make more than 140 pounds of butter a year off my herd I would be in the poor house after a while, because I would gradually go down and down. Do you know while I am away I have hired a man to take my place doing chores, and he will not milk, and I am paying that fellow $2.00 a day and his board to do ordinary chores? Can we stand that kind of work with the dual purpose cow? Then again, look here. If 140 pounds is the average how many cows are there under that? There are a whole lot above that, but how many are there under that? How many cows are you milking that will not give you more than three or four thousand pounds of milk a year? It does not matter whether you are selling your milk or making it into butter, the amount of milk you make and the per cent of butter fat in the milk determines the price of butter and the amount of milk you are selling determines the profit you will get by the price you get and the number of pounds of milk you get. Governor Hoard said here yesterday that he made nearly eight thousand pounds of milk out of 352 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. his Guernsey cows. Now, I am no breed man; that is, I do not believe in praising up a breed that I am using and I'unning down every other breed. We have five or six grand breeds of dairy cattle. He has a Guernsey herd that is a full blooded herd. I think he said his annual production of butter amounted to about $101.00 a year; then he values his skim milk at 15 cents per hundred, bringing up the annual production of his herd to $117.50. Mr. Griswold, at La Crosse, Wis., has bred Guernsey cattle that he graded up to an -annual production on butter alone of $100 a year, taken from the creamery report. Is there any dual purpose cow in the state of Iowa that will do that? I have read the statement in Wallace's Farmer that there are herds of cattle in this state that will produce beef animals and also produce 300 pounds of butter a year. I challenge the statement. I would like to Gurnsey cow "Meistress Joe", owned by Charles S. Besley, Edison Park, III. have any man or number of men make a sworn statement, taken from the creamery books and showing the number of cows they milk, as to what they are doing, because I do not believe there is a herd of full blooded beef animals in the state of Iowa that will give 300 pounds of butter a year. A number of years ago, when I first started in the cow business in Iowa, I was fortunate in picking up a few cows of the dual purpose type to milk. We had a sire in that county that would give grand good milkers, a shorthorn registered bull, but he never gave a steer calf that was worth taking to Chicago any more than our dairy steer calves were, but he was a good begetter of heifers and cows. The first cow I bought of this sire was in the spring and I turned her out on grass, gave her a little screenings, but nothing very heavy, but that old cow, under the condi- tions I raised her, came through in the spring and gave me over twelve EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 353 pounds of butter a week. That was pretty good. Then I found I could buy six more from the same sire and I bought them and those cows gave me grand results. If I could have continued on that line and raised cows equal to them that breed would have been fine, but I bought some calves along with those cows, bred to a beef sire. The calves were from a beef sire and I raised them up, took great pride in them, worked over them a great deal, took a great deal of care of them and fed them along dairy lines. They were fine looking animals; men would drive along the road and say, "Those are the finest looking animals I ever saw," but when those calves came in there was not one of them worth spending your time milking them. I kept them all until the second year and bred them to the best bull I could find, but I was just as bad or worse off than before. A dairy cow has two purposes, one in the milk that she will produce and the amount of butter fat, and the other is the traits that she can hand down to her offspring. The first dies when the cow dies and if she has not the trait to pass on then her value is gone when she is dead; but there is an inherent value in that cow and that is the reason the special dairy cow, of the full blood at least and the high grade, is worth more money than another cow that will give equal production, but has not the characteristic to pass on to her offspring. That is the kind of cow you want. If we are to make money out of dairy cows in this state we will have to raise our annual production considerably over 140 pounds of butter a year. As Governor Hoard said, in Jefferson county, Wiscon- sin, his home county, with the Guernsey, Jersey and Holstine breeds, they have raised the annual production to over 250 pounds of butter a year. How are they doing it? Using the dairy sire exclusively and raising the heifer calves. Those men will tell you to look at the rough food we raise in Iowa. It puts me to my wits end to know how to raise the rough food my cattle consume. A dairy calf will consume more rough food than any beef animal I ever saw. That is what we want; we want to make a big digestive tract for the food to pass through, and there is nothing like good clover hay and rough food to feed to those dairy heifers and dairy cows. The dairy cow will consume more rough food than any animal on earth of the milking type. Do you know I think the time is passing when we are going to have our big corn fields, with forty per cent of the value of the corn plant left out in the field, to be worth perhaps 50 cents an acre for cattle to pick over? We have got to stop that and we are going to do it by the silo. We cannot afford, with land worth $100 or more per acre, to allow nearly half of this valuable product to lie out of doors. The other day when I came down on the train corn was standing in many places and I saw cattle out in the corn fields with the snow coming down, the worst pos- sible thing that could happen to a dairy cow. When I left home after dinner my cattle had been out to drink and were back in the barn lying down. There will be no stop in the production of milk in that herd if the man in charge will take anywhere near the care I did, and when I 23 354 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. get home the cows will be giving the same amount of milk they did when I left. It is up to you, farmers. Are you going to get the cow that will keep on giving milk the year round by proper selection, feed and care, and do away with the dual purpose cow? Now, then, in taking up the subject of breeding up a dairy herd, the first thing you want to give your attention to is selection of a sire. That is the first thing that must be done. I want you to do this, want you to study all the dairy literature you can, learn everything about the dairy business you can, make up your mind which breed you like best, then buy the very best sire of that breed you can get. Write to some good breeder or a half dozen of them if you desire, and tell them what you want; tell them you want a sire from one of the best cows they have. See that she has a good udder and teats, for I tell you that is a mighty important matter. If you sit down to milk a cow and she is short teated and her back is out of shape it is not a very desirable job, and the sire from such a dam as that is apt to carry that trait on. You want to see that your sire is dammed by a cow that has a good udder and teats and is a large producer; the larger the better. That is where a lot of you farmers make a mistake in selecting your dairy sire; you are looking for something cheap instead of something good. Now you will never get the best without paying a fair equivalent for it; if you want something good you must expect to pay a fair price for it, and I can name you breed- ers of dairy cattle in this state who are paying $500 or $600 to get a sire, and how can you expect to get an animal from such a sire as that for a song? It cannot be done. The sires from which you want to get your heifers ought to be worth more money than those that you can pick up around the country are worth. I will say right here that there is no breeder in the state of Iowa or anywhere else that can go to work and carefully select a herd of cows, put in the time required, and every two or three years buy a new sire at a price of possibly not less than $500 and afford to let you have anything under $100. It cannot be done and the breeders make money, and you cannot afford to buy one worth less money than that; you cannot afford to keep one for less money. As I said, the sire is the principal thing. The next thing I would do would be to take such cows as I had in the herd. The average farmer will not bother much with the milk scale and the Babcock test. I do not do it as much as I really ought to, but once a week you can weigh the milk and two or three times during the season you can take a sample of the milk to your buttermaker and get him to test it for you. Pay him a little for doing that so as to be on the right side of him. It will help him out; his time is worth something. Get him to test your milk for you and take a fair sample from each cow; pour it from one vessel to another, stir it up or do something and take a fair sample. The butter- maker will give you a tablet that will keep the milk sweet until you get it to him in a bottle. Milk those cows until you find which cows are losing you money, and when you find out that the quicker you sell your poor cows the better. If you have cows that are going to come out even, if you have not too many, it might be well to keep them a while. They pay their board and you have the fertilizer to help you out. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 355 If you use this special purpose sire j'ou do not want to bother with the steer calf. I do not claim those steers will make good beef; once in a while you get a fine steer, but it is not very often. We special dairymen might as well say because we have a good beef calf now and then that we have a good beef breed, as the beef man to say he has good cows for milk. I would veal these steer calves and raise the heifer calves and give them the best care possible. I have rarely ever left the calf with the mother more than a day or two, sometimes not more than the first day, because I have the cow where I can look after her, in a good box stall. I place her there by herself some time before she freshens, except in the summer. I watch her closely. When the calf arrives, if everything is all right, I let her stay a day or two, depending on the cow's udder; if her udder is bad I let the calf stay a little longer, because it aids me, but the sooner you get the calf on milk the better. Do not give it too much at a time. By that I mean, two or three quarts three or four times a day, depending on the calf. Do not vary the amount; that is where many farmers make a mistake and the first thing they know they have trouble on their hands. Measure or weigh every drop of milk you give the calf; feed it for a while two or three times a day. After ten days dispense with the three times a day and feed it twice. When about two weeks old your calf will nibble at something; then have a little hay there, just enough so they can nibble at it and clean it up; then put a little meal in their manger, after they have drank their milk. Keep a little iu the trough; do not put enough in so they will nose it over and over and keep it be- fore them all the time; just give them enough to eat and clean up in a short time and no more. Now I am not one of those that want to see a dairy heifer or calf a clothes rack. There is no need of it. W. J. Gillette, of Rosendale, Wis., the greatest dairyman of the United States, because he has produced the most wonderful cow the world has ever seen, says, "Flesh does not hurt a milk cow." You can feed a calf corn and ruin her for a dairy cow, but feed it plenty of oats, clover hay and some bran and you will raise a calf that will have a good deal of flesh, but still constitutional develop- ment, and when she comes to milk I believe you will have a better ani- mal than if you try to stint that calf along. I do not believe in doing anything of the kind. I know some breeders say that is the way to do, but I do not believe you can raise a calf any more than you can a boy or girl without giving them plenty of good wholesome food and all they want. If you have a spring calf I would not turn it out on the grans. I never could raise a calf where I turned it on grass and fed it milk at the same time; then along comes the fly season and you do not want that calf ate up by flies. You want a good, well ventilated stall to keep your calves in during the day and let them out at night, and after the flies have gnoe those calves are big enough and strong enough to go on the grass, but you must also keep up the bran and oat feed all winter, plenty of good clover hay, silage and all that. Those are all good so keep them going. I would rather raise a fall calf than a spring calf for this reason: That you feed the fall calf right through the winter; in the barn give him proper care, let him out in the sun, and when grass comes in the spring 356 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. he is going right on to grass, the natural diet for him, and you will have no more trouble until next winter caring for the calf, providing you have plenty of grass. When the calf is about to become a mother I would continue along in the line of feeding good wholesome dairy foods, and I do not mean by that that you have to give the heifer high priced stuff. You want to get great udder development and you can do your part with that, too, by feeding oats, bran, a little oil meal, or something of that kind, feeding along the lines that will develop that cow and give great udder develop- ment, and when she. becomes fresh you are going to have a grade cow that I would almost guarantee, providing your sire is a prepotent one, that the poorest one of those heifers will produce practically as much as one of the best cows that you have in the barn. When you continue right along in this line, and if you feel that you cannot afford to buy a new sire, continue with this same sire on those heifers for a second genera- tion, and if the sire is prepotent, if he has the right stamp that you want, he will transmit those qualities to his heifers in an intense form and you will build up your dairy herd in that way better than any other I know of, but by all means do not continue this sire any farther. Buy a new sire and when you buy a new one buy the best you can get, get a better one than the first you bought. Continue in that line and I will guarantee you will have a herd you will take pride in because there is profit in it for you; you will be willing to spend time and care in taking care of those animals because you will know at the end of the year the balance will be on the right side of the ledger. I thank you. ]\Iember : I want to ask one thing in reference to breeding. Mr. Julian made the statement that a cow would transmit her good qualities to her offspring. I do not understand it that way. I understand that the characteristics of the sire predominate at all times and unless you have a good milking sire the daughters of a good cow will not have the traits of their mother. Mr. Julian : I think you will admit if you have a cow that is a large producer and if she is mated with certain animals, she will transmit those qualities in combination \^dth the sire to a greater extent than another animal that has not those large milk producing qualities. I understand the sire predominates but we do not know all about that. Some of the best authorities think that about 60 per cent of the sire and 40 per cent of the dam. I tell you there are a whole lot of those things that we do not understand but I will say that I would rather take a sire from a large producer and breed him in a herd of small producing cows and I will get better results in his offspring than I would to take a sire from a low producing dam and also grand dam a low producer and put him into a herd of large producing cows. The Chmrman : Now, gentlemen, there is a matter that I wish to bring before you this morning which is later to come before our EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VII. 357 executive committee. We have the authority to fix the salary of our secretary. Mr. Johnson took the place of Mr. Kieffer a few years ago and at that time ]\Ir. Kieffer 's salary was $300. Mr. Johnson continued the year out at $150. What I want an opinion on is how much we are to pay our secretary, and I will entertain a motion as to what it shall be from this time forward. Mr. Wentworth: Mr. Chairman, I move that the salary be- fixed at $150, as stated, from this time forward. Motion seconded and unanimously carried. The Chairman : I will now call for the report of the resolutions committee. RESOLUTIONS. Resolved, That we express our appreciation of the generous offer of the city of St. Paul to the National Creamery Buttermakers' Association, endorse the action of the executive committee in selecting St. Paul as the place of holding the next annual meeting and pledge our hearty support to this organization. Resolved, That the thanks and appreciation of the association be ex- tended to the State Dairy and Food Department for their continued ef- fective work in the interest of the creameries of Iowa. Whereas, The Iowa State Dairy Association receives no support from the state, while other dairy states are annually given large and increas- ing appropriations, and, Whereas, The needs of the association work and work of dairying in general in Iowa require immediate and ample financial assistance; be it Resolved, That we petition the Iowa state legislature for appropria- tions as follows: $3,000 for the Iowa State Dairy Association and $15,000 for the use of the State Dairy and Food Department, in increasing the number of instructors and otherwise extending their work. Resolved, That we are opposed to the enactment of the law conveying special privileges to any class or working to the disadvantage of the local merchants, as proposed in the suggestion of Postmaster General Meyer for a parcel post law. Resolved, That we express our appreciation of the good work of the Iowa State College, congratulate them on their splendid dairy equipment and pledge our co-operation in carrying out the work of the dairy de- partment and the dairy farm on specialized dairy lines. Resolved, That we believe that the best interests of the dairy industry would be served by making the dairy division of the bureau of animal industry a separate and distinct bureau, under the United States depart- ment of agriculture. Resolved, That our heartfelt thanks are hereby extended to the city of Des Moines, the ofBcers of the association, Jules Lumbard, Edward C. Lytton, Miss Kleo Odell, the creamery and dairy press and all who have contributed to the success of this meeting. 358 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Resolved, That we appreciate the good work of the National Dairy Union in their fight to protect the sale of pure butter and hereby pledge the organization our future support. Whereas, The present trend of the dairy business in the state of Iowa is towards the centralizing of the creamery interests in a few hands, which we deem to be against the best interests of the. producer and consumer through smaller returns to the producer and poorer quality to the con- sumer, be it Resolved, That we express our heartfelt thanks to Secretary Wilson and his assistants in the dairy division for collecting and giving out in- formation as to the facts in this connection from all parts of the country, and for the presentaton of these facts by the chief of the dairy depart- ment at this convention. (Signed) E. R. Shoemaker, J. J. Bkunnee, S. B. Shilling, E. M. Wentwokth; Committee. On motion, duly seconded, the resolution was adopted. The meeting stood adjourned, and arrangements having been made, a number of buttermakers visited the Agricultural College at Ames. PART VIII EXTRACTS FROM STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER'S REPORT OF 1907. TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL H. R. WRIGHT, Commissioner CONDITIONS OF THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. There have been no extraordinary changes in the dairy and creamery conditions in Iowa during the last twelve months, other than might easily have been forecasted a year ago. The change from the whole-milk system to the hand and sepai-ator and gathered cream system has con- tinued to a marked degree and the patronage of the so-called centralizing creameries has increased in the aggregate. The strife between centraliza- tion and the system of local co-operative creameries has become more in- tense. As heretofore pointed out, nearly one-half of the area of this State is without local creameries, and the farmers in those sections must of necessity patronize the central plants. There is no point in Iowa more than seventy miles by rail from at least two central plants, and consider- able quantities of cream are shipped out of the State to Minneapolis, Chicago, Omaha and St. Joseph, Mo. Considerable quantities are shipped into the State from Northern Missouri and from South Dakota and North- eastern Nebraska. The movement of cream on passenger trains in this State has become a matter of very great moment both to the railroads and to the larger creameries. The combined efforts of the dairy forces, of the college, of this de- partment, of the Farmers' Institutes of the State, and of the creameries themselves, have in the last several years very greatly improved existing conditions. The change from the whole-milk to the gathered cream sys- tem resulted disastrously to the quality and value of butter made, but gradually the quality has become better and the last year has seen a (359) 360 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. considerable improvement — partly because of legislation, but largely be- cause of the efforts of the creameries themselves and still more for the reason that the shipment of cream long distances has been lessened in this State to a very marked degree. A continued improvement in the character of dairy buildings, machinery and surroundings is noted to a greater degree each year. THE WORK OF ASSISTANT DAIRY COMMISSIONERS. The work of the assistant dairy commissioners during the past twelve months has been along lines of sanitation, and of investigating the condi- tions in relation to the policies of the various creameries as affecting their profits or losses. Some astonishing things have been discovered in rela- tion to the overrun. One of them is that very few creameries actually know what their overrun is. The books of various creameries show an overrun all the way from nothing at all to 30 per cent, and the butter shows an overrun from 10 to 25 per cent or more. It is quite evident that a difference of 5 per cent in the overrun of the average creamery, whose business is nearly $40,000, amounts to a very considerable sum of money and the efforts of this department have been to insist upon it that the buttermaker and secretary know actually what the overrun is, that it should be as high a figure as is consistent with honesty and safety under the laws and that it should be a real overrun and not an apparent one secured by low testing, or other means not legitimate. The work ' of the assistant commissioners is suggested more at length in the discus- sions following. OLEOMARGARINE. As suggested in report of last year, manufacturers of oleomargarine are more than ever pushing the sale of the uncolored product on its merits. While there are still innumerable instances where oleomargarine is sold or furnished to the consumer as butter, it is true that a very large number of retail dealers are attempting to sell oleomargarine for what it is, and in strict compliance with the law. The statistics given below show considerable increase in the manufacture of oleomargarine for the year ending June 30, 1907. The following table shows the production of oleomargarine in the United States for the last six years. The year ends in each case June 30th: 1902 128,316,472 1903 71,804,102 1904 48,071,480 1905 49,880,982 1906 53,146,659 1907 68,988,630 The prevailing high price of butter for the last eighteen months has been a great factor in this increase, and the fact must be recognized that when butter retails at from thirty to thirty-five cents a pound the legitimate demand for oleomargarine is necessarily increased. This is particularly evidenced at the present writing (Nov. 1, 1907), by the in- creased number of retail dealers' licenses issued in this State. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- PART VIII. 361 The best argument at the command of the dealer in oleomargarine is the presence on the market of butter of poor quality. The next best argument is the presence of too many so-called pound bricks of butter actually weighing an ounce or more short in weight. The dealer in butter who sells a product of poor quality or a short weight package is the greatest enemy that the butter industry has at the present time. His practices, besides being dishonest, make possible too often successful competition by the dealer in oleomargarine. Successful prosecutions for violation of the oleomargarine law have been undertaken at Centerville, Burlington and Waterloo, and one un- successful prosecution at Ottumwa. SANITATION. Section 2522 of the Code provides: "Every person or corporation, or the employe of such person or corporation, who operates a creamery, cheese or condensed milk factory, or re-works or packs butter, shall main- tain his premises and utensils in a clean and hygienic condition. * * * Whoever shall violate any provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than thirty days." Under this section, fines have been inflicted on one buttermaker and upon the secretary of another creamery. A careful reading of the above quoted statute shows that the responsibility for cleanliness in the creamery rests equally upon the buttermaker and his helpers, and the secretary, or manager, or proprietor. The assistant commissioners have done a great deal of effective work among the creameries by insisting in a great many cases upon a radical change of conditions on pain of prosecution, and this policy of the department will be further carried out in the future. There is never any excuse for unsanitary conditions in a creamery, and such conditions are the more inexcusable under present prosperous business conditions. The law above quoted was intended to insure the consumer of Iowa butter that it is made in a cleanly place. A good many of our creameries were built a number of years ago and ought now to be replaced with new and more substantial and permanent buildings. A very large number of creameries have been this year replaced with buildings composed of buildings made with brick or cement, and the tendency towards better buildings is more marked every year. There are two things absolutely essential to the highest degree of cleanliness and sanitation in every creamery. They are: First, a ce- ment floor; second, proper drainage. Unfortunately, a great many cream- eries are so located that there is not sufficient fall to permit of proper drainage. Some of our creameries under such conditions have put in a septic tank and the results have been very successful. This department will be glad to furnish information and plans for such a system of caring for the drainage on request from officers of any creamery. TESTING CREAM. . Innumerable complaints come to this department concerning the samp- ling and testing of cream by cream haulers, cream purchasing agents, 362 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the creameries themselves and nearly all of these complaints allege that the inaccuracies arise either from the dfesire to cheat the seller of cream either on weight or on test, or a desire to win away the patrons of a creamery by giving higher tests or higher prices than the facts or condi- tions warrant. The testing of cream may be, and usually is, as cer- tainly correct as the weighing of it, but carelessness in sampling, in- accuracy in weighing the sample for the test, too high temperature of fat column when the test is read, and inaccurate measurement of the fat column, all lead to wrong results. The carelessness exhibited by a good many users of the Babcock tests is little short of actual criminality. Un- fortunately, it is impossible under our present statute to convict the tester for such carelessness in the test. It is necessary to show that the inaccurate results arise from actual intention to deceive or fraud, and in most cases it is almost impossible to bring any positive, affirmative evi- dence of such intention, even though the results are clearly shown as they would be if such criminal intention were actually present. The dairy law requires the operator of the test to "produce correct measure- ments of butterfat." It also puts upon the operator "the burden of es- tablishing the use of reliable tests and the results therefrom." This is another way of saying that if the patron sues the creamery man for shortage in tests and payment, the burden of proof is upon the operator of the test to show that the results arrived at were correct. Unfortunately the amounts involved are always so small that the expense of a suit pro- hibits bringing it. Cream is the one product which the farmer sells of which he does not know the actual value with very close approximation. His other products, whether sold by weight or number, are such that he knows with very close accuracy what the weight or count should be, but usually when he sells his cream he not only doesn't know the weight of the cream, but is unable to ascertain the test even approximately, and he usually permits the buyer to fix the price. There are two ways in which he can protect himself. One is to learn how the sample must be taken in order to be accurate, and then insist that the sample shall be taken and the test made and read in his presence; the other is to secure a test machine and other necessary apparatus and chemicals to make the test and then weigh, sample and test all his cream before the same is sold, so that he will know accurately how many pounds of butterfat is delivered. There have been serious suggestions that proper legislation be had and system devised for examination and license for users of the Bab- cock test. A part of the system would necessarily be authority lodged in some proper person for revocation of the license when it is shown that tests arrived at were not accurate. Whether such arbitrary regulation should be made is a question for consideration for dairy and cream people before the meeting of the legislature in 1909. PURCHASE OR SALE OF UNWHOLESOME MILK OR CREAM. (From Chapter 10, Title XXIV, Code as Amended.) Section 4989. Sale of impure or skimmed milk — skimmed milk cheese — labeling — purchase of unwholesome milk or cream. If any person shall sell, exchange or expose for sale or exchange or deliver or bring to an- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART VIII. 363 other, for domestic or potable use, or to be converted into any product of human food, any unclean, impure, unhealthy, adulterated, unwholesome or skimmed milk, or milk from which has been held back what is com- monly known as strippings, or milk taken from an animal having disease, sickness, ulcers, abscess or running sore, or which has been taken from the animal within fifteen days before or five days after parturition; or if any person shall purchase, to be converted into any product of human food, any unclean, unhealthful, adulterated or unwholesome milk or cream, or shall manufacture any such milk or cream into any product of human food, * * * he shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars, and be liable for double damages to the person or persons upon whom such frauds shall be committed. * * * Attention is called to the fact that the above law provides the same penalty for the purchase by manufacturers of butter as for the sale of unwholesome milk or cream. Six successful prosecutions under this statute have been undertaken during the last year. The larger receivers of cream report; that conditions have very greatly improved within the last twelve months. They have uniformly taken advantage of the law to press upon the shipper the absolute necessity of sending in cream that is fit for making into butter and the net results have been the improve- ment mentioned. WATER IN BUTTER. The increased activity of internal revenue officials among creameries has been one of the incidents of the last season. The presence of more than the legal maximum of 16 per cent of water in butter is so flagrant an offense, and the sale of such butter such an inexcusable blunder, that one can not sympathize much with the creamery manager or creamery buttermaker who gets into the net of the internal revenue official. De- spite the efforts of the dairy papers, the officers of this department, and others interested in the welfare of the industry, the buttermaker who actually tests every churning of his butter for water is the exception and not the rule; and the manager who insists that his buttermaker shall so test every churning on pain of discharge has not been discovered. It may be of service to have it stated here that a number of Iowa creameries have been assessed from $250 to much greater amounts, which they have paid; that an official of another state paid $1,600 for sale of butter containing too much water; and that practically all makes of but- ter are being examined in the markets by internal revenue officials to see if they violate the law; that if the make of a creamery shows more than 16 per cent of water at any time it is almost certain to be discovered and the penalty inflicted upon the creamery management; that the rea- son why these cases and penalties are not more exploited in the dairy papers is because the penalties are inflicted by the internal revenue offi- cials in the way of license fees required and payments of tax at the rate of ten cents a pound upon the butter seized, and there is no publicity as there would be if the creamery manager were prosecuted and fined in open court. However, those who imagine that the internal revenue officials are not active in the enforcement of this law are wholly deceived as 364 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to the facts. The law is a proper one and the department having its en- forcement is competent and energetic. The effect of recent agitation for a proper amount of overrun in creameries has resulted in too many cases in efforts on the part of the buttermaker to increase the amount of water present and that without taking any pains to know how much water is present in the butter when it is shipped to market. Assistant dairy commissioners have tested butter at various creameries and have found butter containing all the way from 7 per cent to 28 per cent of water, and in every case where abnormal quantities of water have been discovered, the buttermaker was wholly ignorant of the fact and asserted that his overrun as shown by the secre- tary's books was only about what it ought to be. Such condition of ig- norance will certainly result in the payment of penalties for violation of the national law relating to water in butter. There are three forms of apparatus now sold by all creamery supply firms for determining the amount of water in butter — the Gray's moisture test, the Irish test and the butter test bottle. None of these pieces of apparatus is found to give absolutely accurate results in the hands of buttermakers generally, but they do give results sufficiently accurate so that the buttermaker can avoid loss in the way of small overrun on the one hand and penalties for manufacture of butter adulterated with water on the other. The creamery manager should furnish the buttermaker with proper apparatus for testing his butter, and should then insist, on pain of discharge, that every churning of butter be tested for water content before it leaves the factory. The business of the average creamery in this State amounts to about $10 or $12 a day, or $30,000 or $40,000 a year. A loss of even one per cent makes a considerable sum of money. The detection of a single shipment of butter containing too much moisture may cost the creamery a very large sum of money, and to neglect pre- cautions against possibilities of this kind amounts to a betrayal of the interests of the patrons of the creamery. COAL TAR COLORS IN BUTTER. For fifteen or twenty years coal tar colors have been used to a very large extent in the manufacture of butter. There has always been more or less of a prejudice existing in the minds of a good many people against the use of these colors in any food product. There has never been a prosecution for sale of butter containing one of these products in any state so far as known to this department, and there is not a particle of evidence that butter so colored ever did injure the consumer or that it could injure him. However, it is perfectly well known that certain coal tar colors used in other food products were of a slightly poisonous nature, and one or two of the States, for the sake of consistency, have by law prohibited the use of coal tar colors in every food product. Under au- thority of the national food law the Board of Food and Drug Inspection on July 13, 1907, in Food Inspection Decision 76, says: "The use in food for any purpose of any mineral dye or any coal tar dye, except those coal tar dyes hereinafter listed, will be grounds for prosecution. Pending further investigations now under way and the announcement thereof, the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 365 coal tar dyes hereinafter named, made specifically for use in foods, may be used in foods." The colors named as permitted in food products are none of them colors which have been used or probably would be used in a butter color, so that the practical effect of this decision is to prohibit the use of coal tar colors in butter. The national law is a law relating to interstate commerce, and it applies to practically all the butter manu- factured in creameries in this State for the reason that ninety per cent of it is shipped to points outside the State of Iowa. It is therefore quite apparent that coal tar colors in butter can no longer be used without fear of prosecution by the Board of Food and Drug Inspection at Washington. There is nothing in the State food or dairy law and nothing in the national law to prevent the coloring of butter with harmless color, and buttermakers and creamerymen should secure from manufacturers of color offered to them a guaranty not only that the color itself is legally sold under the food law, but that it is such a color as may be legally used in the butter to be made. TUBERCULOSIS. Reference is again made to law requiring the pasteurization of skimmed milk before the same is returned by the creamery to the patrons. The law reads as follows: Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa: Section 1. That every owner, manager, or operator of a creamery shall before delivering to any person any skimmed milk cause the same to be pasteurized at a temperature of at least one hundred and eighty-five (185) degrees Fahrenheit. Sec. 2. Whoever violates the provision of this act shall, upon con- viction, be liable to a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars." The following is a quotation from Bulletin No. 92, Iowa Experiment Station : "With the probable exception of hog cholera, there is no disease more dreaded among swine growers than tuberculosis. The disease is of fre- quent occurrence and according to statistics the numbers of animals so affected is annually on the increase, particularly in dairy sections. Pack- ers are most rigid in their inspections in an attempt to protect the pork consuming public, even going so far as not to buy hogs from localities known to have had a considerable number of swine affected with the disease. The carcass of an infected animal is utterly unfit for human food. Compared with this phase of the subject the thrift of the hogs is unimportant to say the least, as this only reduces the feeders' profit. It is the health of the public that must be guarded. A knowledge of the source of infection and of the extent to which the disease is rapidly spreading is, therefore, of primary importance to those engaged in checking its advance. "It is known that the same bacilli which produces tuberculosis in cattle also produces the disease in hogs. The exact extent to which cattle are responsible for its presence among hogs is, however, not known. Di- rect hereditary transmission among swine rarely ever occurs according to European investigators, who are unanimous in the theory that the 366 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. disease is caused by infection of dairy products containing the tubercle bacilli. Instances are common where droves of hogs, which at some time in their lives had been fed whole milk, skim milk or buttermilk, when slaughtered, showed a large proportion of the number to be infected with tuberculosis. This is proved by the fact that tuberculosis prevails mostly where the dairy industry is the most extensive, namely, northern Ger- many and Denmark. It is a difficult matter to find hogs raised under common farm conditions that have not been at some time in their lives fed cow's milk. It is thus apparent that the consensus of opinion has some foundation when it is generally believed that cow's milk is re- sponsible for the rapid spread of this disease to the swine herds of the country. "The subjecting of milk intended for hog feeding to 176 degrees of heat, or 'pasteurization,' to kill any tubercle bacilli that might be present is now a common practice on the modern dairy farm and at the leading creameries. There is a desire with many to know whether there is any practical necessity of this pasteurization in this State. The only answer to the question is the results of actual experimental investigations into the transmissibility of the disease to hogs from cow's milk." An experiment in feeding pasteurized milk to two separate lots of pigs and milk infected with tuberculosis germs to two other lots was carried on for a period of about eight months. The pigs at the beginning were free from tuberculosis. Of the twenty pigs fed infected milk every one was found upon slaughter to have acquired disease of tuberculosis, while of the twenty pigs fed on pasteurized milk only two showed slight traces of the disease. The swine industry in this State is of such great importance that every effort ought to be made to protect it from loss by disease. The pasteuriza- tion of skimmed milk at the creamery, as shown by the foregoing experi- ment, is effective in preventing the spread of tuberculosis among swine. For a creamery to refuse to obey the law requiring such pasteurization is to disregard the interests of the whole community, and those of the patrons of the creamery in particular. A considerable number of prose- cutions has been undertaken in cases where the creameries have not been pasteurizing the skimmed milk. The matter is of such very great im- portance that this department will continue to make prosecutions for failure to comply with this statute wherever it is possible to secure evi- dence of such violation. During the year there have been fines inflicted for violation of the statute in relation to the pasteurization of skimmed milk upon creamery managers at Ackley, Harlan, Bristow, Ladora and Ottoson. BUTTER PRICES. Below is given a table showing New York prices on butter of the high- est grade by months for the last eleven years. The average price for 1896 was about the same as that for 1897 given below and these two years mark the lowest prices for butter in the last twenty years. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART VIII. 367 TABLE No. L Showing average monthly price of fancy western creamery butter in New- York market. Cm o c« 10 O 1 00 %^ ^^ □ D a 41 0 ga 0 (hCS z 0) to d 0 oS .0 0 P. Z i u % 0 0 U Adair -. Adams -— 5 3 8 1 1,003 293 1,441 5 3 8 1,139 312 1,846 6,740 2,472 13,074 Audubon 7 4 10 1 4 5 6 12 4 5 2 4 4 2 7 1 .. 1 2 2 1 .- 1,020 488 390 59 119 270 1,063 595 2,759 1,877 192 165 1,133 140 496 8 4 15 1 23 7 6 19 4 4 2 4 4 2 10 1,351 553 1,723 59 1,786 1,273 1,130 2,076 3,604 1,742 192 271 1,3:36 290 1,626 11,200 3.600 Black Hawk - . .. - . 13,258 Boone Bremer 309 19,884 13,790 Buena Vista .. . - - 10,162 Butler -- 18,499 Calhoun - 39,020 Carroll 15,932 1,520 2,247 10,777 1,800 Cliickasaw 13,719 Clarke Clay - 7 10 6 1 4 1 1 3 1 2 740 1,758 720 1,500 833 7 11 6 1 4 990 2,873 514 1,241 912 8,22-5 Clavton - -_ - - - . -- 21,528 Clinton -- -— 3,160 10,000 Dallas 4,100 Delaware 12 1 1,030 17 2,223 18,433 Dickinson Dubuque Emmet Fayette Floyd 6 15 6 7 5 4 i 2 1 1 1 1 566 2,080 337 835 373 351 6 20 7 20 5 5 612 2,827 485 2,615 795 1,179 5.165 20,945 4,229 23,870 5,621 8,855 1 7 6 4 7 11 -. 1 2 2 15 639 586 492 807 1,128 1 8 7 3 7 11 59 1,069 1,090 585 907 1,512 500 8,636 8,496 3,700 7,686 12,494 5 8 1 7 11 2 3 ... 367 629 386 297 1,524 93 396 "1^504" 6 8 1 7 11 2 3 ... 886 727 393 613 1,748 152 1,457 "2413' 5,600 6.445 Ida 2,500 4,711 Jackson Jasper 13,506 1,195 1,940 Jones "19^042 372 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE No. Ill— Continued. County ■2 2 ^ to O m 4) a o I- u *:; o (S ■ V v O t4 in ^§ t.1 rp b 0 en « IS d o £^? rt "t: "so 0.T3 fH Oi ■oK O 0_i ft5 ot, a a? . lU C . o - tot. o tH ce oa a Z Z Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa Lucas Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery . Muscatine O'Brien Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas -— Polk Pottawattamie Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren _— Wapello Warren Washington .. Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek .- Woodbury Worth Wright Total 1,143 1,500 1,770 1 1 i 1 1 4 11 1 1 2 7 6 1 350 450 321 e50 141 90 i5 856 495 1,750 483 544 489 5,900 275 1,005 905 580 650 1,523 610 550 1,998 2,075 1,214 100 1,700 800 536 1,773 6,000 534 864 74,906 1,706 1,750 2,915 720 450 545 1,826 147 130 lao 649 528 1,900 1,317 655 449 5,910 300 1,665 961 653 591 1,593 1,093 525 1,998 2,150 1,184 100 1,700 900 1,150 2,684 6,200 705 857 101,011 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 373 Table showing number of pounds of milk received, number of pounds of cream received, pounds of butter made and pounds sold to patrons in Iowa so far as reported by the creameries. County C u o a o S 3 Z. — s m to > a o P 0) o t- P 5 1) u a 0^ X > Co 3 a) V 3 O P Ph o 2 o IB a, a 2 o « •a eS 0^ 30 Oh Adair _ . . _ 5 3 8 1,277,087 506,182 2,781,215 594,456 7,022,104 1,041,147 206,433 1,911,747 20,050 7,117 24,304 19,520 3,192 Allamakee . 40,333 Appanoose Audubon 8 4 15 1 24 6 19 4 5 2 4 5 2 10 11 7 1 5 13,416,647 1,162,625 37,535,478 335,820 70,011,567 31,479,929 143,167 40,334,33o 2,264,001 18,000 3,104,541 1,731,133 3,214,654 49,327 633,457 563,744 3,680,180 2,296,658 4,168,793 3,960,203 6.52,92.) 787,583 4,389,613 326,000 2,544,612 1,637,933 518,946 2,144,320 27,204 3,101,934 1,570,562 1,067,995 2,306,882 1,987,433 1,490,880 210,034 279,616 1,145,510 120,000 1,859,679 65,592 2,285 149,470 1,354 248,109 122,608 15,072 158,436 3,560 7,130 520 6,054 9,053 6,000 137,874 16,630 Benton „_ 7,050 Black Hawk — -. - 377,579 Boone , 2,850 Bremer _. _- _ _ 97,. 509 69,834 Biiena Vista .„ - ._ 3,812 Butler - 87,719 Calhoun - -— — - - — - 22,179 Carroll 9,683 Cass — _ - . _- . _ _ 9i2 Cedar _ 922,664 1,158,860 5,500 24,335,101 "5^360^170 15,018,828 2,831,141 58,151 Cerro Gordo . _- _ __ 78,949 Cherokee .- 3,000 Chickasaw - 24,680 Clarke — - - — — Clay - . 2,135,751 7,400,860 1,150,310 1,767,372 1,664,663 851,855 2,694,935 418,039 774, a5i 648,629 43,475 65,673 14,299 11,801 Clayton 38,787 Clinton 2,494 Crawford -- Dallas 1,487,625 12,584 45,031 Davis . Decatur Delaware 17 35,465,198 4,808,916 2,875,738 200,451 123,407 Dickinson __ 6 19 20 5 5 757,998 18,867,113 6,622,133 61,827,805 1,073,933 4,700,391 1,911,389 5,880,091 874,827 3,001,831 2,729,250 2,280,170 601,747 2,416,473 576,907 3,758,482 795,327 887,406 23,887 79,765 45,368 261,474 52,801 28,671 16,311 Dubuque _- _. 290,418 Emmet . 2,710 Fayette Flovd 144.080 11,944 Franklin . 55,420 Fremont — . Greene 1 8 4 7 11 527,353 16,895,353 4,555,077 4,705,429 1,904,459 8,667,277 10,397 2,590,335 2,711,608 1,098,268 2,922,845 4,172,173 13,124 1,472,535 1,0.51,837 557,215 996,425 1,. 583, 709 522 77,711 31,447 8,381 29,845 93,698 Grundy ._ 64,203 Guthrie _ .. ._ — - 24,478 Hamilton 1,628 Hancock - 9,430 Hardin - 30,425 Harrison .— -- Henry .. Howard .. 6 8 1 7 11 2 3 6,431,512 3,165,207 96,000 8,189,463 6,714,977 1,990,579 847,948 2,277,479 1,947,578 849,720 981,825 4,243,470 362,411 1,466,524 787,094 692,672 326,714 609,684 1,475,839 182,990 362,496 34,856 45,6(M 1,470 58,561 31,980 9,859 10,060 12.568 Humboldt 10,763 Ida Iowa _- . _- ._ 160,969 Jackson __ _ ._ 25,348 Jasper . __. . .- 44,678 Jefferson . 42,104 Jones 11 23,341,426 5,867,730 2,859,316 115,802 91,383 374 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. County 60 a o a 4> U t-i a> Q a z a " P O f- Pounds of cream received u O |l o 2 o a> oD a 2 0 Keokuk Kossuth Lee 20 1 13 18,912,437 300,000 16,589,392 4,504,182 1,440,000 5,236,835 2,226,227 "'i^897^290" 165,097 53I733" 105,233 Linn 363,403 Louisa Lucas Lvon - 3 1 3 1,454,170 1,094,938 829^008' 446,000 1,412,672 414.217 250^483" 160,500 439,678 4,000 43^586' 11,000 34^628 15,616 120,332 Madison Mahaska - -— . Marion Marshall .. . 1,728,653 12,ia5 Mills Mitchell 10 1 1 334,495 60ii069" 6,761,631 391,137 161,272 1,574,937 98,408 70,715 73,7.54 305 1,178 259,397 117 Monroe Montgomery _. 14,794 Muscatine - 1 5 5 213,577 2,367,238 1,354,818 51,775 918,152 405,168 1,570 11,564 7,174 18,700 11,362 4,206 O'Brien Osceola _- . 209,708 306,657 Page .- Palo Alto 14 4 4 4 1 5 24,097,788 97,606 1,641,510 1,723,547 1,033,179 17,107,117 1,599,935 648,923 354,628 4,172,472 60,000 1,264,155 165,817 13,509 9,381 45,911 15,956 4,135 983,377 60,000 212,300 Plymouth Pocahontas _. . — Polk 877,590 1,500,000 378,831 Pottawattamie -- Poweshiek 6,795,898 3,600 Ringgold Sac 8 3 6 6 9 3 3 3 969,747 10,401 3,336,317 2,269,936 748,038 1,712,378 4,399,703 1,543,803 741,437 5,300,000 3,160,611 806,415 355,537 583,383 1,743,093 1,012,2.59 342,981 1,383,859 981,067 28,074 3.50 21,303 22,316 91,628 1,842 11,000 1,608 5.320 163, .520 5,733 15,569 20,. 599 5,101 13,624 2,778 Scott Shelby .. .. Sioux _. -.. _. . Storv - 11,680,530 551,575 Tama Tavlor .. ... Union Van Buren 4,300 Wapello . . . 2 650,658 1,212,442 318,074 5,400 18.179 Warren W^ashington 1 1 1 7 13 1 7 6 300,000 3,344,920 1,700,000 3,114,311 8,913,000 15,005,4.50 1,881,783 8,014,933 83,210 671,976 455,358 1,496,772 3,433,028 6,200,376 843,633 819,596 12,216 12,000 Wayne Webster Winnebago „- 19,673,586 106,458 16,692 4,000 54,229 33,911 23,537 16 680 Winneshiek . .. . . Woodburv _ ._ .. 4,000,000 6,908,770 512,117 226,000 7,234 47,120 Worth Wright . Total 503 581,436,806 235,376,278 89,936,982 3,317,848 5,063,625 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 375 CREAMERY BUTTER MANUFACTURED. In the following table is given the amount of creamery butter made for the respective years. The amounts are partly estimated in the fol- lowing manner: The average amount obtained by dividing the total butter by the number of creameries so reporting is multiplied by the total number of churning stations. It has never been possible to get a full and complete report of absolutely all the creameries. In making average mentioned above the amount made by the large centralizing creameries and the number of them is subtracted before the average is attempted, so that there are no unusual or uncertain factors in the figures given. The make of the centralizing creameries is, however, included in the total: 1897 — 88,900,000 1898 87,704,214 1899 , 87,972,470 1900 84,965,062 1901 82,706,944 1902 — 77,885,696 1903 64,565,970 1904 . 70,000,000 1905 82,707,588 1906 91,202,a54 1907 -- 91,164,363 COMPABISONS. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 Total No. of creameries and skim sta.'s Ownership. Individual — -. Co-operative Stock company State property 954 967 994 960 919 792 691 655 596 594 187 319 87 1 RAILROAD BUTTER SHIPMENTS. The following table shows the number of pounds of butter, net,shipped from each county in the State to points outside the State, which is found by subtracting sixteen per cent of the gross weight as reported by the railroads of the State. This department is under obligations to the freight oflBcials of the different railroads for furnishing us these figures: 376 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Table showing net pounds of butter shipped out of the state, as reported by the railroads, for the year ending September 30, 1907. Counties 1906 1907 Increase Decrease Adair .- - 1,079,890 85,444 1,468,626 32,797 1,188,008 793,839 1,480,132 53,466 3,473,678 3,098,132 1,331,824 3,333,328 1,531,481 3,030,441 286,452 290,940 884,721 612,881 2,468,370 10,967 1,218,797 2,373,250 1,137,963 1,093,109 647,464 973,566 105,324 85,444 1,573,193 35,868 1,124,303 241,756 989,073 115,3.50 2,773,413 1,886,103 1,128,072 1,722,565 1,400,018 1,888,055 203,379 177,725 1,185,823 508,939 2,056,017 11,051 935,814 2,418,368 1,019,196 942,591 937,234 546 163 3,799,336 359,284 583,516 2,223,196 771,489 2,517,736 761,792 588,481 5,716 80,352 895,148 864,650 874,014 963,934 1,728,263 26,788 38,620 794,768 684,713 277,505 246,7:59 1,592,207 128,772 134,599 21,679 4,630,275 40,305 1,758,215 3,503,813 1,607,382 8,217 103,567 3,071 61,702 Benton - 552,083 Black Hawk 511,059 61,784 299,734 1,212,029 Buena Vista 193,752 Butler -- 510,663 Calhoun 131,463 Carroll - - 132,386 Cass _ 83,073 Cedar - - ..- .. . 113,215 Cerro Gordo 301,103 Cherokee -_ - 43,942 Chickasaw -- ._ 412,353 Clarke 84 45^18' Clav .. 282,983 Clavton Clinton . „_ .- _ 118,767 Crawford _ _. _ __ 150,518 Dallas - 289,760 546 Davis - - _- -- -- Decatur 14,496 2,740,132 250,565 739,938 3,371,330 644,165 2,766,049 777,435 122,854 14,333 59,214 8,719 Des Moines Dickinson - . . 146,422 Dubuque -- 48,134 Emmet . — _ 127,324 Favette - 248,313 Floyd -- .- -- -_ 15,633 Franklin — - - -- 465,62rr 5,716 Fremont - - Greene _. 137,579 844,965 896,143 1,400,683 888,937 1,784,853 36,345 12,458 808,384 657,326 431,692 653,054 1,594,125 87,169 146,734 43,250 3,752,833 194,030 2,433,053 3,993,365 1,734,959 14,009 57,227 Grundy -. _ - _ __ _ 50,183 31,493 Hamilton _ „ .. 74^97' 526.669 Hancock .- Hardin 56,590 9,557 Harrison - - Henry . .„ ._. 26,162 Howard -„ - _ . _ .. 11,616 Humboldt -- .— 27,386 Ida 154,187 406,315 1 918 Iowa -- — - - -- -- - Jackson . Jasper .-. -- -.. 39,603 Jefferson -. -- „- — - ._ 12,135 21,571 Johnson Jones . - -- .. . __ _. ._ 877,442 Keokuk ._ 153,725 664,838 489,552 127,577 5,793 Kossuth - . _ Lee Linn . Louisa -- -- Lucas " Lvon _.. 1,016 1,013 jMadison 3,561 3,561 EIGHTH ANxVUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 377 1906 1907 Increase Decrease Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery .- Muscatine O'Brien Osceola Pa aged stallion class the blue ribbon was given to Gold Dust Abdallah, which satisfied the audience, the remark being made that "He's the very image of old Justin Morgan himself." An American Carriage Horse in action. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK— PART IX. 395 SADDLERS AND DRIVEES. The standard bred trotters were judged by W. A. Dobson. The class was as good as in former years, but did not attract the attention that the wallv, trot and canter classes did, nor the high school horses. The high school horses furnished a fine show and were greatly appreciated by the crowds. The new class of American carriage horses were entered this year and showed some very commendable animals. OTHER CLASSES. The heavy and light harness classes were well filled and there was also a splendid showing of Shetland ponies, Geo. Heyl, of Illinois, and Cassidy & Thompson of Iowa being the principal exhibitors in this division. Harness horses were also in evidence, this department of the show stowing improvement and attracting much attention. S. F. Williams and H. L. Orcutt were the only exhibitors of mules, Williams winning on heavy mules and Orcutt on the light. McLay Bros, won first on single mare or gelding in the draft horse classes. THE HOG SHOW. The Iowa hog show seems to be bounded only by the limitations of space. Each year exhibitors are turned away for lack of pens. This year, with a mammoth new building built especially to accommodate the largest hog show in the world, the story is the same. Even before the building was near completed many were turned away because they could not be accommodated with pens. The new building contains 1,154 pens, 7x7 feet all under one roof. If the exhibitors brought mostly young pigs the capacity would be around 3,500 head, but this year there were more mature hogs on exhibition than usual, and considering that some who secured pens did not exhibit, the number in the pens was about the same as last year, which was in the neighborhood of 3,000. Of course much of this was sale stuff, and not all of it by any means of a character that should be admitted to valuable space at the state fair. Sales as far as learned were fairly good on the better class of stuff and a number of breeders paid fancy prices for stock of exceptional merit. The common stuff, especially that lacking size and bone to meet the farmer's requirements, was slow sale. There were large exhibits, as usual, of Duroc- Jerseys and Poland- Chinas, and about the usual number of Chester Whites and Berkshires. In the bacon breeds there was a good showing of Tamworth, and also of the large Yorkshires, and a small exhibit of Hampshires. The char- acter of the exhibits throughout was better than usual. The hog show was doubly pleasing this year, both to the exhibitor and to the visitor, because of the splendid new building in which the hogs were quartered and the big judging pavilion in which the prizes were awarded. These are the newest, largest and undoubtedly the best build- ings of the kind in existence. These improvements have been needed for some time and are very much appreciated by the swine breeders in par- ticular. At the annual meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders, held on the 396 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. grounds during fair week, resolutions were passed expressing themselves as well pleased with the improvements and heartily thanking the state fair management, the State Board of Agriculture, and the legislature for providing such splendid improvements. rOLAND-CIIINAS. The Poland-China show this year was very much a repetition of what it is every year — a show in numbers and great in quality, with the prize winners of the early maturity, quality type, and, as usual, at Des Moines, quality predominating regardless of size and bone. In this re- spect the Poland winners differ from the prize winners of the other breeds, the Polands as a rule having more quality and less size and bone than the winners of other breeds. The Polands are noted for early maturity and quality, although many breeders are breeding the large, heavy boned type of Polands. Both types were represented at the fair this year, as usual, but the large type was not the winning type. Breeders of this type complain that size and bone are not duly considered at the Iowa State Fair, but that brings up the question of whether the judge should make his awards in accordance with the requirements of the trade, and particularly the farmer's trade, or whether he should award the prizes to the hogs with the most quality and finish and having the best show yard confirmation. Of course the latter qualities are more readily found in the small, early maturing type of hog. Mr. Wilson Rowe, superintendent of the hog department at Ames, made the awards this year. He started in by selecting for first place a hog of the smaller type, with much quality and finish and of unquestioned show yard conformation, and his judging all through was consistent, his type being practically the same all through, although most of the winners had more length than the hog he selected to head the first class he judged. Those who secure their herd headers of the type that won the prizes will lose nothing in quality or fancy points, but those who v.ish to breed for more size and bone will hardly select this type. The Poland exhibit this year was not the largest that has been seen in Des Moines, which was due to the fact that a numlier of exhibitors were crowded out because the pens were all taken before they made appli- cation. For this reason, too. some old exhibitors were missed. THE DUROC JERSEYS. For the first time in the history of the Iowa State Fair the red hogs outnumbered the blacks. From the insignificant showing that this breed made a decade ago, when the Duroc Jersey exhibit was stuck off in one corner only to be poked fun at by the exhibitors of other breeds, the red hog show has steadily grown from year to year until now it is the big end of the biggest hog show on earth and the principal exhibit at nearly every hog show in the corn belt. While the increase in numbers has been very marked from year to year the improvement in the breed has also been very noticeable. A decade ago the specimens on exhibition were nearly all of the rough, coarse type, while the prize winners at the present time have so much more quality and finish that they almost look like another breed. Yet the type is still the lengthy, good boned type that made the breed popular. Of course there are exceptions, and EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 397 enough of them to put the breeder on his guard to not sacrifice size and bone for quality. It must be said to the credit of the judge in this great showing of red hogs that, while he did not always give satisfaction, the type he almost invariably selected was the lengthy, good boned type. Duroc Jersey breeders are to be congratulated on the splendid show- ing of this popular breed at Des Moines last week, not only for the numl;er of Durocs on exhibition but also for the good type of their show hogs in general, and especially for the large number of good, big smooth ones in the older classes. There were more good boars over twelve months old than were ever seen together before, and the classes were remarkable for the good ones clear down the line. The pig classes brought out a number that were overfitted and down on their feet, which is always the case, and not all the overdone ones were in the pig classes, either. The sow classes were strong and the l)rizes were pretfy well divided up. CHESTER WHITES. This breed made a very creditable showing, .as usual, although in numbers the Chesters never make nearly so big a showing as the Durocs or Polands. However, the fair goer who is always looking for the biggest hog on the grounds can usually find him among the Chesters. This year one of the winners weighed 980 jiounds, and was in rather thin condition. The Chester White sweepstakes boar of a year ago was on the same big order, and as long as the prize winners are of this big type there is no danger of the breed becoming extinct, and the farmer or breeder who selects his boar from this type will lose nothing in size, bone or prolific- ness. Not all the old exhibitors usually found at the Iowa State Fair were represented, but there were new exhibitors to take their places. L.\rvGE YORKSniUES. While the showing of this mammoth breed of bacon hogs was not large, it was good for an "all Iowa" exhibit, at'.d indicates a growing interest in this popular bacon breed in Iowa. TAMWOHTIIS. Not since the St. Louis Exposition has there been such a showing of Tamworths, and the St. Louis show excelled the Des Moines show in numbers only and not in quality. The exhibit offered the Iowa farmer at the fair a good opportunity to study at close range some of the best specimens of this long-nosed, long-legged, and long-bodied bacon breed of hogs. While the Tamworth is a long, slim, hungry-looking fellow, he develops as much size and bone as any breed. BERKSHIRES. The Berkshire show Vv'as not what one would expect to find at a state fair that makes the biggest hog show in the world. There were no ex- hibitors from outside the State and only a half dozen exhibitors all told. The show, however, brought out some splendid specimens of the breed. SHEEP SHOW. The sheep pens were well filled and offered a good showing. 398 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The Homestead, Des Moines, Iowa. The corn-belt state fair circuit for 1907 was opened last week at Des Moines, Iowa, having been placed first on the circuit two years ago by the state fair association. Advanced predictions indicated that the fair would eclipse all former records, and in some respects this was the result. Never before did the fair at Des Moines open under more favorable auspices, and seldom has it closed, having to its credit more things accomplished. The attendance was cut somewhat and the pleasure of sight-seeing marred by an unusually severe mid-week storm. Even with this to work against, however, the total receipts of the fair ap- proached within a very few thousand dollars of the record made in 1906. The actual income from all sources amounted to practically $100,000. Although there is at the present time some magnificent equipment on the Iowa State Fair ground, the experience of last week revealed more than ever the need of still more. Canvas makes but a flimsy protection to high-priced manufactured goods, and it is marvelous how manufacturing concerns have continued to exhibit under such unfavor- able conditions. There should be erected in the immediate future a so-called manufacturers' building, and the State can make no better in- vestment than to appropriate money for this purpose, if possible, at the next session of the legislature. Iowa's sister State, Minnesota, is far in the lead in this regard in the provision that has been made for exhibiting manufactured goods on the state fair ground. It is like repeating an old tale to bring up again the matter of an amphitheatre, but this year, even with a somewhat lessened attendance compared with 1906, revealed the great need for a new structure of this character. It is here where the State has actually been parsimonous. The people are demanding amphitheater accommodations and they are able and willing to pay for it. The receipts from this source, if a suitable structure were erected, would do much toward making other needed improvements, but trailing along as we are now the people are disappointed every day of the fair on account of lack of accommodations in this regard, while at the same time there is lost to the State a handsome annual revenue. The need for the two improvements mentioned is so great as to make it appear entirely feasible that the legislature should meet both at the next session. The improvements made from the earnings of the fair and from money appropriated by the State during the past year proved to be exceedingly well adapted to the end which they were intended to serve. The new swine pavilion, for which swine men have so persistently fought for EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 399 years, seemed to perfectly meet the needs of exhibitors as well as visitors. It is light, roomy, well ventilated and convenient and, without question, it stands in a class by itself among pavilions of its kind. To say that applications were made for every pen in this mammoth structure four weeks in advance of the show gives some indication as to the size and im- portance of Iowa's swine industry. Another pavilion of its size could be filled and there were not a few who expressed themselves during the week as believing that the State eventually should make provision for all those who desire to enter. For the present we take it upon ourselves to express for the swine men of the corn belt the fullest and keenest appre- ciation for what the State has done during the last year for this depart- ment. We heard not a single criticism of the new building, so that the State for its liberality, as v/ell as to the architect and to the builder, swine exhibitors are truly grateful. It is hoped that out of the receipts of the 1907 fair there will be found an amount sufficient to place seats in the swine judging pavilion. This will add immensely to the comfort of those who are interested in this department and it will make it more convenient for exhibitors. According to the present arrangement there is necessarily a little confusion in the judging ring on account of the pres- ence of too many visitors. The opportunity for seeing from the sides is naturally so poor in the absence of raised seats as to make it difficult to keep exhibitors and interested parties from the ring. With the instal- ment of seats, however, a new rule should be put in force whereby only those who are actually showing hogs, as well as properly credentialed newspaper men, should be allowed in. Only in this way can the judging of the swine be made educational to the greatest possible extent. The state fair grounds were never in better shape than they were this year and they were never better kept during the week. On account of the storm the entertainment features of the fair were interfered with con- siderably, but sightseers, as a body, were not knockers this year. The burning of the airship by coming in contact with a live wire, put an end to one of the much-advertised features of the fair, but no one is es- pecially to blame, as the disaster was due entirely to the storm. The races also were interfered with and yet the race program was practically carried out, though scarcely in order as to the day indicated on the pro- gram. The entertaining features in general were up-to-date and whole- some and in this regard Iowa's example might well be followed by other states. The elimination of fakes and fakers has not detracted from the fair's revenue, but their absence has contributed immensely to the whole- someness of the fair. In county exhibits Iowa, from the standpoint of numbers, has never made the display that is usually made in sister states. This year the number of entries was less than usual, there being only one county exhibit from the northern section of the State. This was made by Mr. F. S. Ross, who brought a fine collection of farm and garden products. Mr. Ross has been a faithful exhibitor and it is singular that not another county in northern Iowa should take up this matter and compete for the liberal prizes that are offered in this class. In the central district there 400 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. were but two county exhibits, one from Polk, prepared by Mr. Fred Hethershaw, who won first; and the other from Delaware, prepared and- installed by the well-known exhibition man, L. G. Clute. These exhibits were tasteful in design, while the quality of the products shown were high-class in every detail. In the southern district Lucas county was en- tered by the Messrs. Plow; Cass by Mr. C. Malone; Warren by Mr. Shet- terly. The latter two counties were tied for first money and the first named county placed second. The exhibits made were creditable in every way and few features of the fair attracted more favorable comment. Agricultural hall this year held more than its usual quota of educa- tional exhibits. The agronomy and soils department of the Iowa Agri- cultural College had installed exhibits that attracted much attention. In addition to making a show of the best corn that has been exhibited during the last few years, the result of various experiments was illustrated in a graphic manner. For instance, piles of corn showed the difference in the product from a single car, this varying in some cases as much as 100 per cent. It indicated plainer than any words could convey that there is a marked difference in the yielding ability of two ears of corn that look nearly alike. Then there was the illustrated exhibit in which the yield was shown when corn is planted in different thicknesses. The yield in 1906 from one kernel per hill was fortj^-two bushels; one and one-half kernels fifty-two bushels; two kernels sixty-four bushels; two and one- half kernels sixty-nine bushels; three kernels seventy-three bushels; three and one-half kernels seventy-four bushels; four kernels seventy-five bush- els; four and one-half kernels seventy-six bushels, and five kernels sev- enty-seven bushels. These results were the average made from ten county experiment stations in the year mentioned. Another feature in the Agri- cultural hall was the exhibit of Garton Bros., of Warrington, England. This notable firm of grain improvers made their appearance in America for the first time with samples of their grain which they have improved in such a marked degree during the last twenty-five years. They were mak- ing a specialty of oats, both the spring and winter varieties, and no de- partment in the Agricultural hall attracted more attention than the sam- ples of grain shown by this firm. The Garton Bros, are of the opinion that the corn belt needs regenerated grain; that is, grain that has been improved by crossing and selection. The work in England has resulted in increasing the yield as much as fifty per cent, and the possibility of attaining a similar result in the corn belt seems feasible. The judging contest between young men under twenty-one years old in competition for scholarships offered by the agricultural society to the Iowa Agricultural College continue to be popular. This year thirty-three young men were on hand to judge the live stock and the corn. The winners of first and second premiums are given a $200 and $100 scholar- ship, respectively, third getting $25 and fourth a Scotch collie pup. A contest was also conducted for j^oung women by the Iowa Agricultural College. There were nine contestants, each being called on to mix and bake a tin of biscuits and cook a porterhouse steak. This was followed by each giving written reasons for the various steps of the operation. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 401 This contest terminated satisfactorily in every way and it is altogether likely that the department of agriculture will add a new building in the very near future so that it may be greatly enlarged. Illinois fair has made this a feature for many years and much good has been accomplished by way of disseminating sound principles relating to cooking, sanitation and the care of the sick. It is hardly possible to give credit to all those who contributed to make the fair the great success that it proved to be. The city railway never handled the crowds better, and we believe that the citizens' committee of Des Moines made good their promise to care for those who made applica- tion for lodging and for board. Des Moines had room for all visitors and every precaution was taken to prevent strangers from being hoodwinked. Considering the large number to be cared for, we believe that the city is entitled to no small degree of credit for the record made. Officers of the fair have profited each year by the last year's experience, and the manage- ment this year not only in a general way, but in detail, was better than ever. Things were made convenient for exhibitors, there being less than the usual amount of red tape that is found at the average fair, while visitors wore handled as if they were in the hands of their friends. Of course the management is greatly handicapped by lack of a proper amphi- theater to care for the crowd, and we repeat that the State should over- come this difficulty by making a suitable appropriation for a new structure of this character. CATTLE. SHOKT-IIORNS. The Short-horns make important history at the Iowa State Fair each year, as it is the first fair in the great corn belt circuit. The history made last week by this notable breed will always remain an important page in the annals of the red, white and roan. There were upwards of 300 animals of this breed entered and more than 275 actually on exhibi- tion. This number exceeds any former record at the Iowa fair, being practically, equal to the record of the 1906 International. Some idea of the merit of this class may be conveyed by staling that in 1906 Mr. F. A. Edwards, of Webster City, won third on the Cruickshank bull, Secret Viscount. This year the same bull was up again in fully as good form and stood in tenth position. This was largely due to the competition found in new material introduced this year. HEREPORDS. The white face contingent was not as much in evidence as has been seen on Iowa grounds. Some good Herefords were on exhibition, however, from "Wisconsin, Indiana and Missouri, as well as a number of Iowa herds. ABERDEEN ANGUS. The Aberdeen Angus show was confined almost exclusively to Iowa. The old guard of Angus breeders from the Hawkeye state were nearly all out. 26 402 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. GALLOWAYS. The shaggy-coated Galloways were more numerous this year than usual and made a better showing than they have at this fair for a number of years. The females among the Galloways were exceptionally good; in fact, the best ever seen on the fair grounds. Some of the bulls were good and rated well up with the females, but did not rank so uniformly good. It was the general comment by the breeders of the other beef breeds that the Galloways were certainly making a creditable showing. POLLED DUKHAMS. There were five herds of Polled Durham cattle shown at the Iowa State Fair this year. Although the number in any one class was not large, yet competition was not lacking and the prize winners in most cases were animals of more than ordinary merit. RED POLLS. The exhibitors of Red Polls were Chas. Graff, Bancroft, Neb.; W. S. Hill, Alexandria, S. D.; Frank J. Clouss, Clare, Iowa, and B. A. Samuel- son, Kalona, Iowa. JERSEYS. A splendid exhibit was made in the Jerseys this year and keen com- petition was the rule in every class. Hunter & Smith, of Beatrice, Neb., were there with their renowned herd and carried off some of the best premiums, winning sweepstakes on their yearling bull, Guenon's Cham- pion Lad. HOLSTEINS. There were three herds of Holsteins shown, the following being the ex- hibitors: W. B. Barney & Co., Hampton, Iowa; C. F. Stone, Peabody, Kan., and A. Winter, Boyden, Iowa. HORSES. With the addition of Lefebure and Garner, the exhibitors of this popu- lar breed were quite the same as in the Percherons. The bulk of the showing, however, was in the stallion classes, there being two extra good classes of these. Judge W. E. Pritchard, who also officiated in the Shire classes, had charge of the placing. Some very excellent individuals were shown here, and in spite of the smallness in numbers it was better in general quality than that of the 1906 fair. A total of forty-four head made up the entries which appeared in the ring, there being one or two empty classes. Lefebure, of Fairfax, had the largest exhibit and took away the most prizes. As a general thing the animals shown seemed to possess more quality than in previous years, although, as is often found in Belgian classes, there were some quite lacking in quality. The big, drafty fellows seemed to attract the eye of the visitors and with their great size, good feet and the ease with which they move over the ground, size con- sidered, made them deserving all the attentign given them. No wonder EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 403 a great many farmers use them on their farm mares to give size to the progeny. Taken as a whole, considering numbers, quality and absence of "tail enders," this year's showing should be considered superior to that of 1906. THE CLYDESDALES. Among the Clydes, as last year, were numbered many very good, use- ful animals, which would undoubtedly have won in much stronger com- pany. Some mighty weighty individuals were entered, as shown by the fact that some of these entries in the breeding classes were shown in draft classes, and carried off the lion's share of the ribbons. A Clyde of weight, with the style of the breed, when shown in heavy work harness, is as pretty a picture as lovers of heavy horses would care to see. W. V. Hixon, of Marengo, an Iowa breeder, had some very good entries. ■ His horses competed quite favorably with the cream of the outside firms. Some old familiar horses of last year's fair circuit were here, but not always were they so fortunate as then. The judge, Robt. Ogilvie, of Chi- cago, fixed the rings according to his usual satisfactory custom. PEBCHKRONS. While not advertised as the attraction of this year's fair, as was the case last year, the showing of the French breed was in some ways su- perior to that of a year ago. In 1906 the stallion classes were larger and in most cases the competition was more keen, although the judge stated that the class of three-year-old stallions was the most difficult one he had ever passed on. This year's most prominent feature in Percheron division was the excellent showing made in the mare classes. Not only were they good from point of numbers, but they were of a higher class than at previous Iowa fairs. Not all the firms which showed last year came back, but their places were creditably filled by new ones. Messrs. Burgess & Son of Wenona, 111., and Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, of Bushnell, III., both of whom have been well known exhibitors of Clydesdales and Shires, were here with excellent individuals of the Percheron breed. Another newcomer was the Singmaster firm, from Keota, Iowa. These firms brought over an excellent importation this season and made a good bid for honors in nearly every class. The Keota firm are not strictly newcomers, but have not shown in recent fairs. H. G. McMillan, Iowa's old, reliable breeder, from Rock Rapids, deserves special mention for his excellent string of home-bred animals, particularly his mares. Nebraska and Min- nesota, in addition to Iowa and Illinois, were also well represented. Alex Galbraith, of Janesville, Wis., did the judging and was busily engaged throughout the entire three days. The Perpherons were the only breed which lasted through the three days of the horse judging. Almost a hun- dred head made up the showing of this breed, lacking but two of the round hundred. The English horses did not come up to the other heavier breeds in point of number and several classes had only one entry, but quality never was higher. The aged stallion class was strong. 404 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Glorious Red Cloud, a gocd representative of the American carriage class. AMERICAN COACH HORSES. This is a new classification, given this year for the first time in any American horse show. Professor Curtiss, who is interested in the pro- duction of a new breed, distinctly American, of the coach horse, made this class for the purpose of arousing new interest in light horse produc- tion. W. A. Robson, than whom there are few better judges of coachers in this immediate section of America, passed on the division. He could, however, find no animal which was of the type desired for the classifica- tion, the result being that in most cases only second awards had to satisfy the best in each class. It is to be hoped that in the future more interest will be taken in these horses and, if other fairs wore to add a like divis- ion to their list, a co-operation with the breeding experiment would be established, thereby helping greatly those most interested in the above mentioned experiment. HACKNEYS. While Iowa is strong in other classes than light horses, this fact did not mean that classy entries were not on hand in the Hackney classes this year. Although only seven divisions were made In this class, each ring brought out some good types. Queen of Diamonds, coming from Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, at Bushnell, 111., was an exceptionally fine example of the best in the Hackney breed. She awoke the audience to the fact that "something was doing" when she was taken out to act. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 405 STANDARD BRED TROTTERS. A goodly number of standard bred trotters were entered for the con- test, although but a few actually entered the ring. Part of the exhibits were judged in the pavilion, the others being taken out in front of the amphitheater. W. 0. Dobson was judge. Horses of excellent quality were shown, all of good conformation and showing plenty of capacity for speed. In the aged stallion class it was indeed an aged one which won. Hail Cloud, the well-known old sire, it being placed first, at the age of sixteen years. >. D -« o n ►-03 CO -J - Q. p. n -, ce o 03 o o tz *^ Only three classes of Morgans were shown, but there were some good ones among them. The judge, Mr. Bell, from the Bureau of Animal In- dustry at Washington, seemed, in the aged stallion class, to pick the more coachy type In preference to that generally accepted as the old Morgan 406 IOWA DEPAIJTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. type. Gretna Farm, of Wheaton, 111., had some beautiful animals of great quality and finish, winning first and second both in aged stallion class. S. B. Mills, of Ames, Iowa, had some good ones in the mare classes. Perry Wood, of Marne, Iowa, had a very beautiful little black, quite a typical Morgan in form, which won third in aged stallion class. HABNESS HORSES, AMERICAN OB FOREIGN BRED. Matched heavy or coach team was won by Garner, of Des Moines, on a beautifully matched pair, with excellent appointment. Second went to R. Boude, Story City, Iowa, on a pair of chestnuts not so well matched nor so stylish actors. John Garrison came next with a pair of sorrels of good style and somewhat deficient in high quality as found in the win- ning pair. For single animal only one entry showed, that of J. P. Garri- son, who was awarded a blue, and who then took Judge W. A. Dobson, of Marion, Iowa, out of the ring in his gig, and the horse fair at Des Moines was finished. DRAFT GELDINGS OR MARES. There was a small showing in this class, McLay Bros, and Finch Bros, having the only entries, McLay Bros, winning first on single animal over 1,750 pounds, and Finch Bros, taking first and second. In the class for animals under that weight McLay Bros, took first and second. A pair of McLay's mares took first in pair 3,400 pounds. No pairs shown under that weight nor were there any entries in four or six-horse teams. R. B. Ogilvie was judge. gentlemen's DBIVERS, ROADSTERS. Only two classes were entered in, but some excellent horses were shown. In driving team, pairs, to pole, Clara E. Monahan, of Des Moines, was first with a beautifully matched pair of blacks, with good type and swinging, rapid action. J. R. Peak drove the second pair, the chief char- acter of which was their speed. Third was won by Shaw Bros., of Mitch- ellville, Iowa, with Miss Macklin and Baby Alice, while W. L. Moles, of Bayard, Iowa, finished up fourth with a pair of useful sorrels. Single driver to harness went to Peak on Vivian M., second to Thos. Bass on Petra M., third to Peak on Noretta and fourth to Black Bess, owned by Clara E. Monahan, of Des Moines. These entries were placed by W. A. Dobson, of Marion, Iowa. THE SHETLANDS. John Garrison, who judged ponies from Shetland, passed on more in- dividuals than were numbered in some of the larger breeds. These diminutive fellows were quartered in the small hog pavilion, but attracted, it is safe to say, a maximum of interest from the children, and not a little from their elders. Every class in the ring was exceptionally well filled and a great deal of deliberation was necessary in some cases to make the awards correctly. MULES. Only six mules were shown, S. T. Williams and H. L. Orcutt making the entries. In class for mules four years or over, Williams won with a large gray. Mule two years old and under three, H. L. Orcutt took first. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 407 Mine mule fifteen liands or over was won by H. L. Orcutt, lie taking first and second. Best mule, any age, went to Orcutt. In pair of mules over 2,400 pounds, only a second was given, that being won by Williams, who also got only a second with a single entry in class for pair mules any age or weight. Pair under 2,400 pounds was won by Orcutt, who was allowed only a second by Judge W. J. Rutherford, of Winnepeg, Canada. SWINE. DUROC JERSEYS. Probably the largest and best show of this breed that was ever wit- nessed was made last week on the Iowa State Fair grounds. With nearly 1,200 animals in the pens it assumed the proportions of what might have been expected of a corn-belt exposition of the breed. Something like 330 were brought out in the individual classes, to say nothing of the numbers in the group classes. Those who came to see the exhibit were much im- pressed with the headway being made by this breed and no doubt scores of converts returned home with the expectation of helping the breeder on to greater popularity. Breeders spared neither time nor expense to bring the best from the best herds in the land together. Ohio and Illinois sent herds of conservative types, while Nebraska came over with big ones and of splendid merit. Ribbons were pretty well scattered, and .1. E. Drake, of Yellow Springs, Ohio, who placed them, worked hard to please all interested. He was very particular in passing by no defects and with a few exceptions, in both the boar and sow classes, awards met the ap- proval of ringsiders until the selection of a champion boar. It was gener- ally expected that this prize would fall to Iowa. However, this hope failed to materialize. Never before were classes so large and so uni- formly good. With the one exception of the second boar class, the whole space of the new pavilion was frequently required. The proportion of males to females was about equal and in the under six months old class of boars seventy-six were shown, while sixty gilt came out in the females of this age. One of the features of the show was the strong backs, but good feet and pasterns were altogether too uncommon in view of the fact that the supporters of the breed claim this to be one of its strong points. Every person interested in the future popularity of the breed should use their influence to impress upon exhibitors the importance of showing only sure-footed animals. Much good judgment was shown by breeders in fit- ting and animals loaded with uncomfortable rolls of fat were few. This was gratifying. POLAND CHINAS. Wilson Rowe, of Ames, Iowa, who made the awards on this breed, found the show so good that he took a day and a half to judge it. His type of Poland is a hog of medium size, with abundance of quality. Speci- mens of the highest type were found at the top in the awards. The plac- ing was generally conceded as consistent. Plenty of material was on hand and from the abundance it was not a little difficult to select the seven tops. Classes, barring the groups, averaged three times the number for which 408 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ribbons were provided. In the ten classes for single animals something like 250 animals came under the eye of the judge. Something like 950, all told, were on the ground. Few animals were overfitted this year and few were not fitted enough. Trim, neat-bodied forms were the rule in the classes under two years; and even in the aged classes this was generally true. The weather was cool most of the week and stock suffered little from heat. The pavilion arrangement was also conducive to comfort — a fact universally appreciated by breeders. The representation of herds was wide, coming from all parts of the corn belt and as far east as the Hoosier state, from whence came a splendid bunch of animals sired by L. & W.'s Perfection. They excited favorable comment for their size and quality. CHESTER WHITES. The Chester White show was sirictly one of the home-breds. A careful estimate placed the number on the grounds at 460 head. It was probably a better exhibit than has been seen at any of the past fairs. Much inter- est was shown by visitors and stockmen and a great many prophesied a rapid gain in the popularity of the breed. There were good reasons to substantiate this belief, too. The quality of the show was good and met with general approval by those particularly interested either in herds at home or at the show. Practically every exhibitor sent out something for competition. Humbert & White, of Nashua, and New Hampton, Iowa, came with over a half hundred and got a proportionate share of the rib- bons, as the awards indicate. ^ Duke Of Czdar Hbghts df689, 'm Sc CHAMPION IOWA STATE FAlPl mi First prize and champion Berksliire boar, exhibited at Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907, by H. U. Hainline, Orient, Iowa. £IQHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAET IX. 409 BERKSHIEES. The Berkshire exhibit was a creditable one from all standpoints con- sidering the position of the breed in the corn belt. While small in num- bers, some animals of notable merit were found in many of the classes. TAMWORTHS. Approximately seventy head were on exhibition. Considerable interest was shown in the exhibit by visitors and many questions were asked. Tamworth breeders can, however, greatly increase the popularity of the breed by more publicity. LARGE YORKSHIRES. The largest number of Large Yorkshires were on exhibition this year that have ever been shown in Iowa, there being between ninety and 100 animals shown. The Yorkshire exhibit throughout was wonderfully uni- form and no department of the hogs attracted more attention than this. SHEEP. The exhibit of sheep was one of the largest on the grounds and gave the public a very good idea of what breeders and importers are doing in the way of improvement. Without an exception worthy of note the animals shown were in creditable shape, which speaks well, especially for home breeders, who have not in the past met outside competition quite as successfully as this year. Farmers' Tribune, Sioux City, Iowa. The fifty-third Iowa State Fair, the greatest live stock exposition ever held in Iowa, yes, the greatest show of pure-bred live stock ever held in the world, came to a close on Friday, August 30. It was a proud day for the Hawkeye State; it was a proud day for Iowa farmers and breeders, as well as for breeders from other states, for all rejoiced in Iowa's continued progress and permanent prosperity. To say that the fair was "better than ever" or "bigger than ever" would not express the superiority of the 1907 show over those of former years. It was more than that; it was the greatest show of horses, cattle, hogs and sheep ever gathered together under one management. It was magnificent in proportions, superior In quality and educational in the fullest sense of the word. It told a living, breathing story of man's wonderful progress in making more useful and more valuable to him the beasts of burden and the milk and meat pro- ducing animals. It told a great story of intelligent, well-directed effort, successful effort, on the part of our great breeders in the animal as well as in the plant world. It excited the admiration of the old and inspired the young. It taught in a practical, forceful manner the power of mind over matter; that physical efforts properly directed by mental force, fore- thought, determination and action bring success. It called attention to the worth of friendly rivalry in competition and indeed taught a lesson to the thoughtful that might well be applied to the more serious questions confronting the American people of today. Rivalry for honors in the 410 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. show yard was keen, competition severe, yet everyone was satisfied with the outcome. All had absolute confidence in the integrity of the judges and those in charge of the show. Merit counts in the American show ring, nothing else has standing. While it is not to be assumed that every individual showman thought his animal or animals got full credit for their worth, their good qualities and beauty of form, while it is not asserted that some honors might not have been placed dii3ferently and perhaps pleased a few people better, every exhibitor felt that such difference of opinion as might exist in a few cases were not due to mistakes on the part of the judges, but rather to different points of view of individuals. Exhibitors and breeders left the grounds feeling satisfied that honors won were justly won and that they had been earned. Farmers returned to their homes with clearer and better defined ideas concerning animal form and function, with a fuller comprehension of the benefit derived from the feeding and breeding of pure-bred live stock and many with a strong de- termination that the best, not necessarily the most expensive, is none too good for the farmer who tills the soil on the high-priced corn belt farms. Young men, farmers of the future, went back brim full of pulsing ambi- tion to dream of new herds, new studs and flocks to be started at some future day. In short, the great fair spoke in no uncertain tones of the un- told value to the State, and of the large returns the State annually derives from the few hundred thousand dollars invested in land and permanent improvements on the fair grounds. Nowhere can the State invest money to better advantage than in the building up of educational institutions, and included among these in- stitutions is the great State fair, which in some respects is really the great- est of all. The State fair is not a school for the young so much as it is for the adult, the man and woman of experience from the practical walks of life. Iowa is recognized everywhere as the greatest agricultural State in the Union. It is but fitting that she should build up the greatest fair of any State but this cannot be done without a most liberal policy on the part of the legislature. There are still many things needed to en- able the fair management to take care of the ever increasing number of exhibitors who desire to bring their stock to compete for honors at the State fair. It is almost impossible to comprehend the tremendous growth and development that has taken place in Iowa and the surronding states during recent years. It was thought, for example, that when the $80,000 hog pavilion, completed just before this year's fair, was being planned that it would be large enough to accommodate all the hogs that would be brought to the show for many years to come. Such was not the case, however. It is large enough to accommodate about 3,000 hogs. It held 3,200 this year but between 500 and 700 head were turned away because of lack of space. Had the pavilion been built twice its present size, large enough to accommodate 6,000 hogs, it would have been none too large. This has been the experience, not only of the Iowa State Fair, but at otlier state fairs as well for the past decade. Accommo- dations provided have always been too small. EIGHTH ANNUA! YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 411 One of the things that is needed by the Iowa State Fair, and very much needed, is a grand stand for the accommodation of the people. A first class grand stand would also be a money maker for the fair association, and in a few years would pay for itself. The present grand stand is only half large enough to accommodate the ever increasing crowds, besides it is old and unsafe. Thousands of people refuse to patronize it for fear it will break down. New and up-to-date horse barns are also needed and should by all means be provided for the next year's exhibition. The present barns are old, out of date and not in keeping with the high class horses that must be housed in them. They are poorly ventilated, the roofs leak and in fact, they are inferior in the fullest sense of the word to say the least. The horse industry is one of the most profitable industries for the farmer of the corn belt and should be encouraged by the State as much as possible. Kentuck Belle and foal, a typical brood mare of the American carriage type. This year's horse show was the greatest that has ever been held on the Iowa State Fair grounds. It was the greatest horse show in fact that has ever been held in this or any other country. The high class mare exhibited this year far out-numbered those of the International exposition last winter. "This Is the greatest show of draft horses that has ever been exhibited at any fair or exposition in the world," said Prof. C. F. Curtiss, superintendent of the horse department. Similar expressions were heard on every hand from leading American horse 412 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. breeders as well as from importers. It is a notable fact that one of the greatest Percheron brood mares that has recently been imported and that won all the prizes at the leading shows in France was ont- stripped by an American-bred mare that took first in her class and the championship prize. This again called attention to the fact that the day is passed when it is necessary for us to go to France or any other foreign country to secure the best horses. American-bred horses are today not only equal to imported horses, but they are actually superior, as this and other shows have demonstrated heretofore. In view of this it is time for American farmers to patronize breeders of American bred horses as well as American-bred cattle and to realize that we have as good, if not better, live stock in this country than can be found anywhere in the world. The cattle show was also immense. The Shorthorns were especially strong and it was considered on every hand that this breed made the largest and best show ever seen. The classes were large and the quality of the animals unsurpassed. The Hereford show was fully as large as last year and the quality of the cattle, taking the show as a whole, superior. The breed was complimented by producing the cham- pion steer of the show. Fair Lad 1st. The Angus cattle were out in their best clothes; they were in fine show condition and excited the usual admiration of the spectators in the show pavilion. Perhaps the Angus show was not quite as large as it has been in former years but the quality was there. SWINE. The hog exhibition was magnificent. There was no less than 3,200 porcine beauties in the new pavilion, which is the finest structure of its kind in the world. Every breeder seemed entirely satisfied with the magnificent accommodations provided for their swine. The hogs did not suffer from the heat in spite of the fact that over 3,000 were gathered under one roof, and in spite of the fact that the weather was hot and sultry all through the fair. It was due to the unique manner in which the building is constructed that the pens remain cool and perfectly sanitary at all times. The only objection to the pavilion is that it is too small. It should have been built twice its present size. Pro- vision must be made in the vei-y near future, either for enlarging the building, or for the construction of another one of equal size. First class accommodation must be provided for the Iowa mortgage lifter. It is due to swine breeders that they should have the best accommo- dations for their stock. There is no class of men that do more for the up-building of the State than do the breeders of swine. Iowa pro- duces more swine than any other two states in the Union. Hogs in Iowa have increased from January 1, 1897, to January 1, 1907, from 3,738,000 to 8,585,000. Breeders' Gazette, Chicago, Illinois. Nothing troubled the Iowa State Fair last week except a deficit of room and a surplus of water. It takes a lot of water to run a big fair EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 413 ground, but it is wanted from the ground, not from the clouds. Iowa aforetime has demonstrated its ability to rise superior to the elements, and here was another proof. Preparation had been made for an exhibit of surpassing excellence in most departments, and all other conditions con- joined to write new records concerning this great display of live stock and machinery, but it seems impossible to turn off the faucets of the sky this season. They like water in the Hawkeyo State. By statutory enactment they have recorded their preference for that fluid over others of more harmful character, but there nevertheless is a place for every- thing, and the place for rain is not on a fair ground. Writing at this early date, it is impossible to submit anything lilie a summary of the week's attendance, but the promise of the preliminary preparation days, when thousands of people flocked to the grounds, was much marred by the rains on Monday, Wednesday and Thursday. About midnight on Wednesday a windstorm and a deluge joined forces over the grounds and after a number of tents had been torn from their moorings the exhibits they contained were waterlogged. The airship and the captive balloon went up — in flames, kindled by contact of the gasbags with a live electric light wire. Between two and three inches of water fell. The country round about was in a panic the next morning over the swollen streams and the engines which pulled the excursion trains into the city consumed little coal in handling the few country people who ventured away from home. The surrounding section of the State was deluged. Gate receipts were materially reduced for the week, which is unfortunate indeed, as the fair needs every penny it can acquire through earnings and appropriations. The Iowa State Fair resembles somewhat a lad in his last summer's pants. The work of rebuilding outgrown and antiquated quarters goes bravely on, however, and the realization of hopes and plans is clearly to be seen. Never was the money's worth better obtained than in the use of the stock judging pavilion this year. Those who had shown on its site a quarter of a century ago, on a railed-in grass plot, appreciate its comfort, its convenience and its protection not only to the stock, but to the thousands of men, women and children who sought its friendly portals when the pelting rain drove them to seek shelter. Its inadequacy in size was again demonstrated. The attractions of the arena were quite sufficient to keep the seats and promenades full the week long, saying nothing of the demands on the pavilion for shelter dur- ing showers. We were all of too small faith when the pavilion was built only a few years ago. Nothing remains but to follow the example of Illinois and knock out the end of the building and enlarge it fully one-third if not one-half. That the horizon of the fair manager has materially broadened in recent years finds unimpeachable proof in the magnificent swine depart- ment which greets exhibitors at Des Moines. Iowa farmer's banks accounts are bottomed on corn and hogs. The swine show on this fair grounds has for years been unexcelled and seemingly unapproachable. Its housing might have been called a joke, if it were not a serious matter. Some 414 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. years ago the swine department was rebuilt, and a nice little exhi- bition pavilion erected. When the first class came to be judged, it was found that a very small per cent of the entries could be accommo- dated in the pavilion! The new pavilion will hold them for a while. In the big square there is room to add another row of pens, but when that is done the board certainly will have met all reasonable demands on it for accommodations for this exhibit. It is not incumbent on any fair management to furnish costly quarters for sale stock. Enough has been done when show stock has been comfortably housed. Our pictures preclude the necessity of description of the architecture or arrangement of the new swine department. Up to date it has cost around $77,000, and when the judging pavilion is seated and all finishing touches added about $20,000 more will have been expended. The Iowa State Pair does not anticipate its income from receipts or appropria- tions, hence when funds available for the swine department were ex- hausted, it left the plans uncompleted. Fair goers who respect them- selves, their safety, their comfort and the decencies of travel sufficiently to pass by the congested trolly cars and use the capital Rock Island train service to the grounds, will remember a vacant strip between the train sheds and the entrance to the fair. That land has been added to the grounds, and on the east of the main entrance the new swine Qe- partment has been placed. The buildings cover about three and one-half acres, with about one-half acre in a fine high and light show pavilion. The pavilion and pens are built of steel and vitrified brick, with gravel roofs. The pens count up 1,154 and around 3,200 hogs filled them, with something over 1,000 hog entries rejected on account of lack of room. These new swine quarters are not only unique; they are grand. Light and ventilation have been sought, along with permanency of construction, and all these ends have been finely attained. Criticism may perhaps be directed at the placing of the show pavilion at one side of the quadrangle formed by the pens. It puts it rather far away from quite a number of the pens, and makes it a long drive, especially if the going happens to be muddy. The desire to obtain ample light and ventilation in the pens led to this placing of the big building. An- other row of pens can be built north of it, and thus fill the square, when the approaches to the pavilion can be roofed over for wet weather. Certain it is that no fair ground boasts so large, so convenient, so costly an equipment for its swine department. In one season it goes far to dim the memory of the nightmare conditions which have attended this de- partment for a quarter of a century. Eight acres were added by the purchase of the new land, and directly across the main street to the west of the swine department, a new sheep department will be built on similar lines, although not so extensive a scale. Temporary sheds were needed up on the hillside this year to accommodate the overflow exhibit of sheep, and a new home will assuredly bring out yet more numerous entries. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 415 A sample of the projected rebuilding of the horse department is furnished by the new barn, of steel and vitrified brick construction, that now stands not far from the swine department. It is 73x128 feet, and contains 88 stalls, five feet in width, and with oak posts and iron mangers and hay racks. The plans of the board contemplate spending about $100,000 in rebuilding the horse department, and the first new stable is gratifying assurance of the permanency, safety, comfort and convenience of the equipment. Water and light, essentials to the satisfactory occupancy of a fair grounds, have received the attention of the board. The old pumping station and tank have been abandoned and connection made with the Des Moines water works system. Twenty-eight fire hydrants have been scattered about the grounds, and around $12,000 expended in bringing in the city water and giving fire pressure protection. An "all-hog" policy on the part of the electric light plant in Des Moines prevented connection with that system, and hence the first section of fair ground lighting plant was installed, at a cost of about $12,000. It is planned eventually to expend about $32,000 on this plant and in wiring buildings, so that each one may be outlined in globes of fire. The profit of this costly system of night decoration has been amply proved in hundreds of electric parks and pleasure resorts the country over, and the value of night performances as gate-receipt pullers has been clearly proved to the managers of this fair, so that they are preparing to make the grounds beautiful by night, in order that they may possess greater drawing power. Counting the $2,000 expended in repairs which are scarcely preceptible to the eye — so hidden, says Secretary Simpson, that he has to point them out to members of the board — the managers of the Iowa State Fair expended in permanent improvements last year approximately $115,000. They evidently got their money's worth. And this is just the beginning. A big, new steel grandstand will prove the greatest dividend payer of any improvement, so far as receipts are con- cerned, and it will be provided by next fair time. This will necessitate moving the race track, as it encroaches on space imperatively de- manded by a rapidly expanding implement department. It is a par- ticularly pleasing operation to watch Iowa State Fair grounds grow. Its managers are men who know how to cultivate its growth. Even the most careless visitor must have been deeply impressed by the exhibit of machinery; 1,212 exhibitors covered 60 acres with their displays. This is an increase of more than 100 exhibitors over the 1906 number and many an applicant for space had to be turned away for lack of room. The removal of the race track farther to the north and west will relinquish ground available for the desired expansion of the machinery department. When President Cleveland informed lowans years ago on the occasion of a visit to that State that it was an agricultural State, they were inclined to resent his lack of knowledge of their manufacturing industries, important at that time, but vastly more so now. Many of the towns and cities of the Hawkeye State boast manu- facturing plants, and it has assumed a position of much importance 416 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in the trade. Especially is this true of implements designed for farm work. A canvass of the exhibitors at Des Moines reveals the fact that greater interest than ever was taken last week by the farmer visitor in the display of implements and farm machinery at the fair. It is early in any year for an impressive display of corn at this fair, and only "roasting ears" would have been available this time. The display in the fine new horticultural and agricultural building was rather meagre, but the products of last year's fields were available for ex- hibition and for decorative purposes. Much of the fruit was nipped by the late frosts, but the long tables of attractive apples indicated that green apple pie has not entirely passed out of the bill of fare of the Iowa farmer. A significant feature that demands comment was the number of advertising displays of grains and grasses from various sections west and north, appealing to the Iowa farmer. He has no one but himself to blame for this "proselyting." He has spent so many millions of dollars the past ten years in western or northwestern lands, either for speculative purposes or future homes, that the land boomers of those regions have learned thoroughly his opulence and seem to have im- bibed an idea that he is dissatisfied with his conditions. Canada, the Dakotas, Colorado and Nebraska were among the sections which sought to draw the Iowa farmer by their displays of products, while down under a tent, amid the sideshows, was a tempting display of farm products from the Texas Panhandle, erstwhile producer of horns and hides! Verily, westward the star of agriculture takes its way. Live stock is the main theme of the Iowa State Fair. Around this exhibit the enterprise revolves. The interest in pedigree stock breeding sprang quickly to the front in this State early upon the introduction of improved blood to this country, and its herds, flocks and studs have been brought to a commanding position of importance. Added to this fact is the fondness which many prominent exhibitors in other states have for this fair. They like the country, they like the classification and prizes, they like the conduct of the fair, and inasmuch as it opens the circuit for the season, it is not strange that accommodations have for many years overflowed. At Des Moines the circuit divides, and part of the showmen take up their journey toward Hamline and part toward Lincoln, while a number of the home exhibitors either begin their rounds at the local fairs or retire with their taste of State fair experience. The cattle exhibit was large and excellent on the whole. Short-horns readily took the lead in numbers, outranking in that respect any ex- hibition of the breed that this country has seen, but the average quality suffered somewhat from this very fact. Herefords were in comparatively small numbers but of admirable quality for the most part, and the Aberdeen-Angus sustained in the female classes the traditions of the breed on these grounds, albeit bulls were nothing to brag of as a lot. In the minor breeds some interesting exhibits were presented, and taken altogether the cattle section was quite satisfactory. Draft horses made impressive display, especially in the female classes. Nothing is more gratifying than this indubitable evidence of expanding EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 417 interest in draft liorse breeding, to whicti feature must be added tlie pleasing fact that home-bred mares in several classes were good enough to be set ahead of imported females that had won distinction in French shows. Swine overflowed even the extensive new accommodations. The red hogs executed a flank movement on their rivals through early entries, and when the pens were filled nearly half of them took on that hue suggestive of a blistered harvest field face. Sheep required emergency accommodations, and made a very interesting presentation, although interest in this section of the show is decidedly less than in any other live stock department. Evidently the golden-hoofed animal does not enter closely into the economic calculations of the Iowa farmer. THE CATTLE DEPARTMENT. Some few changes in classification were made with a view of adding strength to this department. Breeders of Ayrshire and Dutch Belted cattle asked representation on the list and it was granted, provided three herds of each breed would make entries; but the required number did not fill, hence those breeds were missing from the show. The division of the yearling classes in the beef breeds into juniors and seniors was gratifying to exhibitors, and indeed in some breeds it was fairly de- manded by the numerous entries. Governor Packard and his efficient assistants kept things moving promptly, and only in the Short-horn section, where entries were in disconcerting numbers, was there any drag in the programme. Keen interest was manifested throughout the week in the ring work, and those fortunate enough to get admitted to the arena some- times so far forgot themselves in their desire to get as good a look as the judges, as to impede the work of those officials. Horses held the ring in the morning hours, and at 1 p. m. the herdsmen took up their march toward the arena at the heads of their carefully-groomed cliarges, and their session lasted well on toward six in the evening, watched to the last by large companies of spectators. Only the dis- reputable weather dimmed the glories of the 1907 show at Des Moines. THE SHORT-HORNS. Several of the leading exhibitors whose herds set the standard of our fall shows have acquired the Iowa fair habit, and presented the strength of the Short-horn exhibit at this time. In addition to this feature, which in Itself give assurance of one of our most satisfactory show seasons for this breed, the offer of prize money limited to Iowa breeders brought out the overflowing classes which in one or two rings of single animals totaled over thirty entries, and which filled the arena when the group prizes came to be judged. For the most part the presence of these home entries did not add strength to the exhibit. Indeed, it brought out many an animal never intended by nature or by prepara- tion for a place on any show ground, and which could not by any possible course of reasoning be thought to lend that impressiveness to such an exhibit which lends converts to the breed. 27 418 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. THE BULL CLASSES. From the unusually uniform company or fifteen aged bulls (which evoked commendation that was finally crystallized into a megaphone announcement, credited to Senator T. J. Wornall and R. B. Ogilvie, that in excellence these bulls surpasses those of similar age seen at the English Royal show in June) Whitehall Marshall emerged the winner. Kentucky bluegrass evidently agrees with him, as he is again grand champion, although the runners up for this honor, the heads of the younger bull classes, numbered some surprisingly flash youngsters.. Du- bious looks grew to dissenting headshakes as Good Choice was left above Whitehall King, and it would be no difficult matter to rank Scot- tish Champion ahead of Scotch Mist. Avondale did not need the help of the judge among the two-year-olds, as his position was assured both by his outstanding character and the mediocre character of the rest of the com- pany. The senior yearlings required small attention after Anoka Sultan and Gondomar had been placed. The white bull has made much growth and is very attractive despite some palpable v/eaknesses. The tone changes when the junior yearlings are reached. No less than sixteen of them contained high promise for future show yard exhibitions. Premier in name the fleshily-marked roan from Flynn Farm was handily premier in this company of superior young bulls. There was a lot of contest up top in this class. When thirty-two senior bull calves assembled Mr. Dus- tin called for reinforcements, and Mr. Mitchell gave him the benefit of his counsel — which v/as not always taken — in the remaining classes. Quite a lot of Sultans and Marshalls will be found scattered through the prize list. Whether the winner here will make good his name of Marshall's Best must be left to the verdict of time, but he has a pretty good lap already to his credit in the race for that honor. THE FEMALES IN THE RING. A score of cows presented almost all conditions,' from dairy shape to staleness. There was plenty of the latter, indeed bloom was quite want- ing in most instances. A couple of very choice ones In type were the reds Cherry Lass and Lovely of Grassmere, a pair of sweet character and breeding type. Cherry Lass brought with her the pledge of greater usefulnes than show yard performance, as her heifer calf is among the tasty ones. But both of them have been too long at the game. They should have been ranked together, as the low-set thick roan Anoka Broad- hooks is of a little different stamp and looked odd between them. She was in real bloom but some deficiencies of form scored against her. The big company of two-year-olds passed up the grand champion in Missie of Brondale 12th which seems to have restrained her too forward growth of last year and made her form in keeping with it. She cer- tainly carries much show yard strength this year. Superior sweetness is found in Clara Belle, and form and substance enough to give her clear title to second place. Browndale Julia presented a very attractive front and Grace carries much substance in blocky form. Some good heifers were further down the line but this company did not hold much of show yard excellence outside the winners. Among the score of senior EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 419 yearlings it looked for a time as if Elmendorf Farm did not need on this occasion the heifer Anoka Gloster 2d which it had endeavored to buy, as that farm's Sinnissippi Rose 2d stood at the top of the line an • ominously long time, but finally the proper rating was accorded. De- lightful has ample scale and very attractive eveness. The junior year- lings succeeded in going the seniors one better in numbers, and Senator Wornall was not content without the two leading positions in this comely company. Of the beautiful light roans Rose O'Day and Maid Marian the latter was rather generally preferred for pride of place, but the judicial talent decreed otherwise, and as it was all in the family there was little to say. Sweet Duchess of Gloster has plenty of depth but lacks width through the heart. No great violence would have been done the equities if she and Ramsden Flower had been further down on the list. Numerically and perhaps in quality the senior yearlings capped the climax No less than thirty-seven asked position, among them several "dumplings" just over the age limit that were seriously handi- capped among the older ones. Mr. Harding declares Sultan's Athene is the best calf he ever exhibited, and an argument is scarcely possible on that proposition. She is about the acme of youthful feminine Short- horn excellence. The home rating and the judicial allotment between Poppy Girl and Demure (the latter the calf shown at the heels of the first prize cow) do not agree, but it is all in the Tomson family, and these beautiful calves were separated on the list only by the precocious little Lady Rosita, which is just within the limits in age, and one the eye lingers on in delight. The juniors were an admirable company, and it was nip and tuck between Rosetta of Grassland and Princess Royal with plenty of argument in favor of the foi'uier named "dumpling," which is strongly reminiscent of the famous Dewdrop; but the taller calf finally headed the list. TUB HEREFOBDS. A comparatively small but altogether excellent exhibit of the "white- faces" came from the herds of the following named exhibitors: Cargill & Price, Lacrosse, Wis.; W. S. Van Natta & Son, Fowler, Ind., G. W. Way & Son, New Sharon, Iowa; James E. Logan, Kansas City, Mo.; Dale & Wright, of Iowa; J. J. Early of Missouri; Ben Broughton and Dorr & Redhead of Iowa. The awards were placed by Prof. Andrew Boss, of the Minnesota Agricultural College, St. Anthony's Park. THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS. It could not be claimed that the male section of this breed was up to its standard at this fair, although it developed a clinking good two- year-old as the grand champion, and numbered among the youngsters some promising material. In the female classes, after the aged cows were passed, the tone took on its accustomed quality, and some decidedly attractive presentations of "doddie" flesh and bloom were in evidence. Prof. W. J. Kennedy, of Ames, rated the contestants. Jim Delaney, the aged bull, is in capital form this year with a lot of flesh smoothly carried, but still wanting the balance of heft in the hind parts. The two-year-old Glenfoil Thickset 2d lacks little of satisfying a high ideal in Angus bulls. 420 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. He is the right stamp and meets inspection in most parts besides carry- ing very attractive bloom. Two of the senior yearling bulls were de- servedly sent to the barn as so far below show yard standard as to re- move them from title to recognition. Glenfoil Rose has been very active in acquiring ribbons and continues to accumulate them, although it cannot be said that she carries quite the bloom that a high class show cow of the breed should present. She holds her form quite well and is a beautifully-fronted broad-bosomed, wide- ribbed matron. She is somewhat fresher than her companions however, all of which have been asked to do the trick too often. It was some better among the two-year-olds, and the senior yearlings contained quite a sprinkling of beauties. Pride McHenry 5:3d and Gaylawn Bonnie are splendid representatives of the breed. Among the junior heifers the (iJhampion polled durham bull, "Roan Hero fi313," shown at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907, by Shaver & Deuker. judge found his grand champion female — Queen Lass of Alta 3d — a rare combination of Angus excellencies, and he did not hesitate to assign her the crowning honors against older ones forward in the contest. A lot of real "black diamonds" had a setting in the ring for senior heifers. THE POLLED UURIIAMS. Since the establishment of a classification for Polled Durhams at the Iowa State Fair two years ago this hornless type of Short-horn has been making friends in Iowa. Especially favorable was the impression made by the exhibit this year. Numbers considered, no breed was more creditably represented. The usual ringside comment that Polled Durhams EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 421 are improving rapidly was distinctly empliatic on this occasion. Per- haps the chief flaw in the exhibit as a whole was the tendency toward unovenness of flesh covering in the older animals. Several entries, how- ever, were not to be faulted in this direction. Altogether the display marked another upward step in the stride of Polled Durhams toward meeting the demand for which the type was evolved. In the aged bulls Roan Hero was the outstanding entry. He was presented in pleasing foi'm, and is one of the smoothest bulls of his age. Big in girth, short-legged and strongly backed he is a show bull from head to tail. Young Fairbanks is a rugged big-framed sort, nicely fitted and even in his lines. His white hind feet give his red body color a dashy showy effect. A bull with an outcome is Iowa Chief, and Orange Boy is a big one for his age. Both added much strength to the yearling class. THE RED POLLS. Breeders rejiresenting three states made a creditable exhibit of Red Polled cattle. It was fully up to the high standard which they have set at this fair from year to year. Especially noteworthy is the uniformly good condition in which the animals were presented. Rarely have we seen a better fitted collection of Red Polls. Prof. James W. Wilson, director of the South Dakota Experiment Sta- tion, Brookings, made the awards, following closely and with well balanced judgment the new standard and scale of points recently published by the Red Polled Cattle Club. As heretofore the females made a better impression than the bulls, the younger stock of the former sex showing strongly. One Price is by odds the largest Red Polled bull that has been seen in years. He combines a comely massiveness with remarkable smoothness and impressive bull character. A bull with a bolder crest and strength of head and front is not often uncovered. The new standard calls for bulls weighing from 1,800 to 2,200 pounds. If One Price were fitted up to near his limit he would exceed the maximum by several hundred pounds. He is distinctly on the beef side, although his dairy indications commend him as a double-decker sort. In the two-year-olds Nelson illustrated quite satis- factorily the beef-and-milk type. Of the half dozen yearlings Ivanhoe gained premier place by virtue of his superior milk indications. Nine bull calves presented a variety of types and sizes. Burke, smooth as an egg and capitally finished for the show ring, is a prospect to watch. Lyman, a half-brother, is built along the same approved lines. Eight aged cows were a pleasing class, with Daisy Princess as their leader in honors. At least three standard dual-purpose cows distinguished this collection, and they were recognized by the judge. Ruperta and Ruberta are ample in size with excellent udders and veins. Moppet is equally strong in this respect. Inez headed the two-year-olds. This is at once the Red Polled sensation of the year. The beef-and-milk idea in one hide has rarely had a more striking illustration. Ten yearlings aver- aged high in their conformity to the standard, a couple of South Dakota entries having some advantage in condition. Rosalind is not so showy 422 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. as Queen, but the judge found more to commend her when he looked for dairy possibilities. THE GALLOWAYS. Improvement in condition was noted in the exhibit of Galloways. Numerically, the show was probably not so strong as it has been on sev- eral occasions at Des Moines. Some breeders, however, persist in show- ing animals that are ill prepared to make friends for the breed. Most of the classes included several substandard sorts that needed a deal more fitting. The tops of the rings were uniformly satisfactory. Especially strong were the aged cows, four distinguished showyard winners com- peting. Females made a better impression than the bulls. Scottish Samson was the bull show in himself. He is particularly big and bold in front, with unusual girth, and is finished smoothly to the tailhead. A little bareness over his shoulders represents a breed defect which Gallo- way men are eliminating. He is low enough and of striking masculine presence. The yearling bulls were a mixed lot of various types and lack- ing in condition. Four fairly good senior bull calves were shown. Lady Charlotte is not so large a cow as some of her companions in the aged class, but she is a beautifully finished matron back to the hooks. All of these show ring winners have been seen in better form than they pre- sented here. Evaline 2d of Avondale did not keep her top line as even as it has been. Favorite 16th of Locheukit excelled in depth of flesh. The senior heifer calves were a star feature, with Vala and Vada palpably at the front. Of this comely pair the second would best suit breeders who are seeking to improve the breed strictly along beef lines. GALLOWAY STEEKS. A few Galloway steers were shown by C. D. McPherson of Iowa and G. W. Lindsey of Nebraska. Mr. Thompson, who judged the breeding classes of Galloways, declined to award prizes on several of the entries. Only two animals received prizes. Buster Brown, owned by Mr. Mc- Pherson, was given first in the two-year-old class and Red Cloud Chief, owned by Mr. Lindsey, first In the yearling class. The latter also was made champion of the breed. GRADE AND CROSS-BRED STEERS. Some capital material for the International was uncovered in the show of grade and cross-bred steers. Some of them will stand a lot of fitting for that show, but others are already in good form. Grade and cross-bred Short-horns made a conspicuously strong showing in this section. E. T. Davis, Iowa City, la.; Prof. W. J. Rutherford, Winnipeg, Ont., and C. B. Dustin, Summer Hill, 111., were the judges. In the two- year-olds J. R. Peak & Son of Illinois were first on Joker, a grade Short- horn; Silas Igo, Palmyra, la., second on a grade Angus, and C. A. Saunders, Manilla, la., third on a grade Short-horn. In yearlings Peak was first on Robin, grade Short-horn, Cargill & Price, Lacrosse, Wis., second on Bonnie, grade Hereford, and Saunders third on Ike, grade Short-horn. In calves My Choice, grade Angus shown by Col. Igo, was first Metz Jo, grade Angus shown by W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa, second. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 423 and Peak's grade Short-horn, My Surprise, third. My Choice was the champion grade or cross-bred steer. In groups Pealv was first, Igo second and Saunders third. The grand champion steer of the show was Fair Lad 1st, pure-bred Hereford, shown by Cargill & Price, and the grand champion group was shown by the same firm, the entries being pure-bred Herefords. p "1 •-; a> P ?r o n (-t o ^ J n> a P p 3 o « 4 424 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THE IIOLSTEIN-FEIESIANS. W. B. Barney & Co., Hampton, la., and C. F. Stone of Kansas for several years have been trying conclusions at Des Moines with their Holsteiu-Friesians. They were on hand again this year and some spice was added to the contests by the entries of August Winter of Iowa. Last year the Kansas cattle carried away the bulk of the top prizes; it was different last week, the Barney entries having the best of the show- ing. And the judge in both cases was F. H. Scribner, Rosendale, Wis., who always does his work with painstaking care. There was consider- able difference in the condition of the two herds, the Kansas entries losing in several instances on account of inadequate preparation. Jewel of Home Farm, now eleven years old and champion in many stout shows, was sent out to add new honors to his list. The old bull still looks fine in the arena, and the judge could not find a better bull in the exhibit. The bulls did not average up with the females. Partheuea Hengerveld led aged cows and gained the championship with equal freedom. Consid- ering her age — eleven years — she is a surprise. Her veins, udder and great capacity meet critical requirements. She is a rare old cow. Sissy Baker Netherland carries a standard Holstein-Friesian udder with well placed teats of good size, and they do not breed them to score higher in what breeders call quality. THE JERSEYS. One of the best small exhibits of Jerseys that have been made in years represented the old-established herds of Mrs. S. B. Thomas of Missouri, Dixon & Deaner of Wisconsin, Hunkydory Farm, Bella, Iowa, and Hunter & Smith of Nebraska. A sprinkling of imported entries served as an educational contrast with the more rugged home-bred animals. Almost without exception the cattle were beautifully finished. It was a quality lot of very impressive individuality. Mr. Scribner tied the ribbons. Emanon retains his bloom and shows as formidably as ever. Cotillion's Bachelor is a good pattern of nice finish. The top of the bulls was Guenon's Champion Lad, one of the outstanding representatives of the breed. He is a cracking good yearling of style, quality and balance. "He handles as good as he looks" was the judge's laconic estimate. The nine aged cows were a study in Jersey type. Imp. Sultan's Won- der has long been a winner in the strongest shows. She is a grand old cow of the Island stamp throughout, but the judge prefers more constitu- tion and capacity. He therefore placed Morey's Golden Lass at the head of this attractive company of matrons. She is naturally less refined than her foreign adversary, but she is in no sense coarse. Her udder con- forms right up to the standard, being exceptionally well balanced, and the teats are of ample size and perfectly placed. One of the most satis- factory types seen in the show was presented in Silver Coo, carrying a remarkably well developed udder. THE SWINE SHOW. A big exhibit of hogs was expected. The new pavillion invited a veri- table avalanche of porkers, and they came from all sections of Iowa and EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 425 from several other states as well, more than 200 herds being represented. Some less than 1,000 entries were rejected on account of want of pens, leaving about 3,200 hogs to make the show. Applicants for pens were served in the order of their requests, first come being first served. Duroc- Jersey breeders took advantage of this situation and were fortunate in securing a lion's share of the space in the new pavilion. By actual count the breeds numbered as follows: Duroc-Jerseys, 1,125; Poland-Chinas, 969; Chester Whites, 471; Berkshires, 130; Large Yorkshires. 97; Tam- worths, 53. Poland-Chinas were not so strong as a year ago at Dos Moines. They were not so well fitted. Indeed, the exhibit contained a considerable sprinkling of hogs that had no business in the ring. The prize-winners, however, averaged high, probably as good as the breed affords. The aged boars made an excellent impression. Seldom has a more uniformly high- class lot of matured boars- of this breed been seen. Wilson Rowe, Ames, la., distributed the ribbons. Each class was little short of sensational in Duroc-Jerseys. Never has this breed made such a stout display of its merits. Never have its breed- ers taken such pains to fit their hogs for the showyard. From the aged boars, of which there were twenty-one good ones shown, down to the pigs, the classes fairly teemed with well fitted hogs. There was not a weak spot in the display. J. B. Drake, Yellow Springs, 0., essayed the big task of allotting the prizes. His work was done with much credit. Berkshires made a small showing, and the percentage of good ones fell below that of the other kind. The chief strength of the show was in the younger classes. N. H. Gentry, Scdalia, Mo., awarded the prizes. He also judged the Chester Whites, which made perhaps the best exhibit in the history of the breed. Certainly there never has been a better fitted lot of Chester Wliites than those which breeders presented on this oc- casion. Large Yorkshires and Tamworths were well represented, the entries coming almost entirely from Iowa. In the former breed Prof. James Atkinson and B. F. Davidson, both of Iowa, won most of the prizes, the latter securing most of the top honors. Frank Thornber of Illinois had the best of it in Tamworths, though the prizes were well distributed among other exhibitors, including C. C. Roup, J. W. Justice, E. O. Thomas and Nye Patterson, all of Iowa. Prof. J. J. Ferguson, with Swift & Co., Chicago, judged these two bacon breeds. THE SHOW OF SHEEP. About 40 per cent larger than a year ago is the best word from the sheep pens at the Iowa State Fair this year. All the breeds for which classifications have been provided were represented, though in several of them competition was lacking. So substantial has been the gain in the number of entries of sheep that the management of the fair already is planning larger and better accommodations for this class of stock. Pres- ent quarters are not only inadequate, but unsuited to the purpose in case of rain and storm, as last week. A delay of more than a day in the 426 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. judging of Cotswolds was occasioned by the rain leaking and blowing through the pens and wetting their fleeces. There was a healthy, en- thusiastic tone to the trading consummated by flockmasters during the fair. A Prize Winner at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907. SHKOPSHIRES. It was probably the stoutest show of Shropshires that has been seen in years at a State fair. Imported and home-bred sheep in the finest bloom which fitters can give competed, making every class highly interesting and instructive to spectators. Prof. J. A. McLean of the Iowa State Col- lege, Ames, was the judge. THE HORSE DEPARTMENT. Much of the interest in the live stock section inhered in the draft horse exhibit. It occupied the morning hours and the pavilion was always full of interested spectators, while as many as could crowd along the arena rail held tenaciously onto their positions. In this department, under the direction of Prof. C. F. Curtiss of Ames, a class for American carriage horses has been added and four more classes have been given to saddle horses. The ponies have received additional recognition, and in all the more important classes cash prizes have been increased from three to five and six. Stall fees in this section have been reduced about 50 per cent since the last fair and altogether the conduct of the department has been •quite in keeping with the needs of exhibitors. The judging has been EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 427 brought forward to Monday, the opening day, and in most cases each breed has had a judge of its own. The parades of horses in front of the grandstand each afternoon were highly interesting features of the en- tertainment provided for the crowds. THE PERCHERONS. An exhibit of history-maldng character came forward under these col- ors. There have been stronger rings of aged stallions, but it quite taxed memory to recall so uniformly excellent a collection of three-year-olds — a class so even in strength and so free from sub-standard animals. All through the male classes there was a capital exhibit, and it is hazarding nothing to write that so great a show of Percheron females has not before been assembled in America. Herein is found great cause for congratula- tion, and the results of the contest emphasize again what is so generally known, that we can breed the big horses just as good on this side as on the other, if we have the right material. The adjudications fell to the seasoned and discriminating eye of Alexander Galbraith, Janesville, Wis., and left small ground for criticism or revision. Among the aged stallions Mr. McMillan's well known Olbert was the leader. He is somewhat drawn of middle, but an all round estimate would set him at the head, with his grand size and bone and his free stride. The Singmasters' gray Alger, second at Nogent this year, was counted on to win this class, but many of the importations of the season have shipped quite badly and he was among those that have had trouble. He will need time to pull himself together again, when he should certainly prove a very formidable contestant in any company. Banquet has a grand top, a draft horse middle and back and Guignol is also splendid in his top and an easy goer. The three-year-olds numbered twenty and cut out the work for the judge a plenty. The Singmasters were particu- larly stout in this sensational company and three of their colts landed on the prize list. No attempt at individual comment is made, but the class is left with a repetition of the compliment that it was of very unusual excellence. The two-year-olds appeared to be quite well grown, some of them so far forward that the "vets" took a look at their teeth, but none was disqualified. In the collection of aged mares there appeared two Paris winners in the pair with which the Singmasters got second and third honors here. The pick of the company was found in the beautiful black Victorine, which Mr. McMillan bred — one of the real Percheron type, with sym- metrical body, rare quality and superb finish, and a weight around a ton. The Singmasters were in the front rank among the three-year-olds with capital specimens of the breed, winning the blue ribbon, while the red went to Patterson & Erickson of Minnesota on a choice filly. The two- year-olds continued the excellence of the females and its head also came from the Singmaster farm, a black of most admirable sort. The second prize filly in this class was also of splendid character. Along down the lines, through all the group prizes and specials, appeared the most gratifj'- ing evidences of a determination to acquire the best of the French stocks of mares and of marked success in mating them. 428 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CLYDESDALES. Speaking of a clean, attractive standard exhibit of any breed, ttie Clydesdales presented it here. It was almost uniformly a capital illustra- tion of the excellencies to which breeders have bent their efforts for many years. The Scotch foot and feather were in palpable evidence and in addition form and substance took on approved draft horse standard. Num- bers were sufRcient to give proof of continued interest in the breed, which was accentuated by the very impressive displays of mares and fillies. Clydesdale breeders have long prided themselves on the accuracy of action which they have developed in their horses, and it was particularly appar- ent in the contestants in this arena. Exhibitors had the benefit of the services as judge of R. B. Ogilvie, secretary of the American Clydesdale Association, Chicago, and the ratings were made with his accustomed accuracy. It was a very impressive company of aged stallions and was headed by the International winner. Baron Doune, a stallion of well-marked bal- ance of parts from head to heels, and one which should prove of much value in service. Prince Punctual, which has size and distinct masculine character, and stands over a lot of ground in impressive draft horse fash- ion, might have been higher in the running under other estimates, but there were some points of strength in Ethelbert on which to hang the de- cision as recorded. Baron Nisbet was somewhat wanting in condition, else his rank would have been more prominent; he is one to wait for. The three-year-olds were an excellent lot. Among the mares there was much gayety and snap and ample draft form and power. Not in recent years has the breed given so pleasing an exhibit in the female classes, down to the foals. It afforded no little comfort to the Clydesdale con- tingent to see so fetching a display of mares and fillies. A continuance of the exhibit of the quality-character displayed by the Shires at this show will win great extension of favor for the breed. It is to be hoped that we have done with the importation of the post-legged kinky-haired kind. Judging from the very attractive character of the lot seen at Des Moines, the old-fashioned sort is now only a memory, so far as the latter-day importations are concerned. The judge, W. E. Prich- ard, Ottawa, 111., was greatly pleased with this feature of the exhibit and was free in his commendation of it — a valuable tribute from so reputable a judge. There could be no questioning the title of Premvictor to pride of place in the company of aged stallions, as he is in very attractive bloom. He has had a large season and needs not the prestige of his exhibition in the consignment sent last year by the King and Lord Rothschild to give him prominence this year. Broughton Mormaco is a very massive brown, distinctly better in his forelegs than the blue ribbon stallion, and altogether a drafty clean-legged sort. Girton Senator is an upstanding unfurnished black of grand presence and the way he mai'ked it off up and down the arena when the Highland bagpipers entered was a caution. The three-year-olds combined a lot of weight with pleasing quality, and almost without exception presented feet and legs that were acceptable. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 429 Dunsmore Rector is one to watch out for, as he is destined for high ranlv by reason of his toppiness, his substance and his stout and clean under- pinning. The right sort of bone and feather is found in the black two- year-old Beachendon Fascination, and he has the body that fills the eye. It was the same story here — bigness of hoof, length and set of pasterns, flatness of cannon bones and a nice quality of hair. Mares were in small numbers, but among them the three-year-old Prospect Gloaming must be mentioned as one of the best that has crossed the water. THE BEXQIANS. Importers of Belgians are wise in their day and generation. They evinced the most accurate knowledge of the tastes of the American breed- er of draft horses and are exerting themselves to meet it. It is not strange that this breed has grown rapidly in popular favor. When such bulk and power can be brought into the ring on such acceptable under- pinning it is bound to meet with favor. Certainly exhibitors are to be congratulated on the showing they presented to this ring of the Belgian horses. It is to be regretted that a couple of the three-year-olds and one two-year-old were disqualified by the official veterinarians as over age. They belonged to W. W. Garner. The roan Robert horse of Finch Bros, has developed into a magnificent specimen of the breed and made an im- pressive winning here. Another red roan that holds high promise is the two-year-old shown by the same exhibitors. A good representative of Ihe American carriage horse. AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES. The new class for American Carriage Horses, for trotting-bred horses of suitable size and conformation, had a lot of entries, and few blue rib- 430 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. bons. The judge, W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa, a dealer in carriage horses, could not find one worthy of a blue ribbon in the first seven classes before him. In a foal he finallj^ came upon one that he believed would make a good seller in heavy leather if he developed according to promise and showed sufiicient action. HACKNEYS. Only a few Hackneys were shown, but they included Prickwillow Connaught and Queen of Diamonds, two of the top-notchers in this coun- try. John Garrison, of Des Moines, judged them. MORGAN HORSES. When the blue ribbon was awarded to the high-headed, long-backed, wasp-waisted, spindle-shanked leggy Golddust Abdallah, an aged Morgan stallion, the dust of Justin Morgan must have collected itself into form and rolled over in its grave. There was a real old-fashioned Morgan in the ring and he was third prize. Mr. Bell, of the animal husbandry divis- ion of the department of agriculture, made the awards. The passing of the Morgan could not have been more plainly proved than in this class. SADDLE HORSES. Some fair good specimens of the gaited saddle horses were shown and judged by A. W. Hawley, Pioneer, la. The handsome cup, offered by the American Saddle Horse Breeders' Association for the best stallion, mare or gelding, was won by the ever-youthful and brilliant Jack o' Diamonds. SHETLAND PONIES. An astonishing exhibit of these diminutive ponies was made, the aged stallion and the aged mare rings numbering a score each. Some very capital specimens appeared throughout the class, and very few poor ones were to be found. The usual variation in height was apparent, but for the most part the exhibit was pleasing and indicates clearly the very large interest at present manifested in the breeding and use of Shetlands. Eight pairs of ponies in harness were in the ring. Tioentieth Gentury Farmer, Omaha, Nebraska. The Iowa State Fair of 1907 has come and gone, recording one of the greatest agricultural events of the twentieth century. The Iowa State Fair has probably no equal in the United States as an agricultural show and exposition, covering as it does so completely the varied and diversi- fied industries of general agriculture, as found today in the great grain growing and live stock producing agricultural belt of America. The Iowa State Fair is the product of the Iowa State Board of Agri- culture, an organization of the people, in whose hands have been entrusted the administering of the agricultural exhibition interests of the State. That this trust has been well reposed and that efiicient and trustworthj^ men have been selected for the active duties of carrying out the great objects and aims of the organization, in furthering the work of agriculture by agricultural education, is fully verified by the rapid and permanent growth of this fair. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 431 "Iowa is a great State," is the oft-repeated expression of the lowan. There is, however, a truism in the expression, no matter in what words clothed or how vain and boastful this self-evident truth is announced. Iowa has in recent years developed in agricultural conditions far beyond the average State. It has not alone developed in its soil producing ability, but it has developed along with this every kindred interest and industry, until its manufacturing and business standing is on the same high plane of prosperity. "lOWA IS A GREAT STATE." Iowa is today an active producing district of country. Few states have a smaller area of waste lands. Each year its farms are receiving more attention in kinds of crops produced, and better tillage. The voice of the scientific agriculturist and farm crops educator is being heard and his suggestions and admonitions heeded. The State is growing more populous through its division of large farms into smaller holdings. Its villages, towns and cities are building, improving and widening out as the in- creased production from the farms demands. The farm being the basis of all business prosperity, in its increased or decreased producing ability will rest the success or failure of business enterprise, dependent thereon. Again we join with the lowan in the most friendly and earnest expres- sion, "Iowa is a great State." Iowa in its State fair grounds and location has planned well. Too much credit cannot be given to the promoters of the new fair grounds, where the fair has been held for several years. The distance from the city of Des Moines is not objectionable; the large acreage is not exces- sive, as the various demands of this show enterprise keeps crowding farther and farther back each year. It is only a matter of a few years at its present rate of growth until the entire space within the gates will be fitted up and occupied with some form of exhibition, concession or State fair building. The transportation plans and facilities of street car and railroad trains for carrying the people to and from the fair grounds could not well be improved upon. It is safe, rapid and well handled by every interest concerned in the transportation traffic. The fair grounds depots, plat- forms and enclosures offer protection to the crowds so that an accident is almost an impossibility. LIBERTY OF THE SIGHTSEER. When the crowds are once within the gates they are free to roam at will over the hundreds of acres of beautifully shaded and grassed lawn, with streets, walks and drives leading to all pai-ts of the fair grounds. No annoying signs, "Keep off the grass," are to be seen anywhere. The stranger within the gates can walk on the beautiful sward to his heart's content; he can lay down, roll over and go to sleep if he chooses; no one to fear, no one to make him afraid. There are, however, in sight everywhere on the grounds, big, uniformed policemen, but their clubs hang peacefully by their sides, and their pleasant, courteous manner in- vites questions, which they delight in answering, and otherwise assist the weary sightseer in finding his objective points of interest on the fair grounds. 432 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The Iowa State Fair grounds are each year adding new features of interest by the erection of one or two new buildings, to relieve the cramped condition of some department that has not room for its exhibit or the building not in accord with the general plan of architecture on the grounds. The feature of sensation this year in building is the new hog barn. This is without question the largest exhibition hog barn in the world. It will accommodate approximately 3,000 hogs and may be added to, so as to accommodate the possibilities of increased exhibition demand for all time to come. It is not only large, but it is conveniently laid off into streets and blocks and lettered so that each exhibitor may be readily lo- cated when his correct address is known. The building is airy, cool and well lighted. It is highly satisfactory to the hog men for whom it was built. It is the greatest advertisement the Iowa State Fair has ever had in the way of fair grounds improvements. It was provided by an appropriation of $75,000 by the last legislature after an urgent demand of the swine growers of the State. GKEAT IIOG EXHIBITION CENTER. Iowa is the greatest hog producing State of the Union. It is not only a hog exhibition State, demanding large space at its fair for the exhibition of its pure bred herds, but it is also a popular Slate away from homo, in its hog producing and hog breeding interests. Large numbers of good ex- hibition hogs come to the Iowa State Fair from all over the hog raising districts of the United States. It is the general and local exhibition in- terests that combine to make the Iowa State Fair the great hog exhibition center. In hog produclion Iowa, in comparisou with the five leading hog grow- ing states on January 1, 1907, stands as follows: Iowa, 8,584,500 head; Illinois, 4,4^9,705 head; Nebraska, 4,080,000 head; Missouri, 3,544,950 head; Indiana 2.924.S79 head. It will be observed that Iowa has almost double the hog lopulatioa of any other State and more than the combined popu- lation of the next two leading states, Illinois and Nebraska. These figures will in a measure explain Iowa's position as a hog exhibition State and why it deserves just such a $75,009 hog barn on its State Fair grounds The interest in the swine department of this fair has been steadily in- creasing and exhibitors have been added each year for a dozen or more years in such numbers as to plainly indicate a healthy growth in the pure bred interests of the State. The number of hogs exhibited last year, 1906, as compared with the present year, 1907, were: Poland-Chinas, 1,162; Duroc- Jerseys, 1,001; all other breeds, 705; total, 2,868. This year: Po- land-Chinas, 950; Duroc-Jerseys, 1,180; all other breeds, 706; total, 2,836. The present year's show was represented by 206 owners, individuals and firms. HORSES CAPTURE THE VISITORS. The horse department was, as usual, full, and a great attraction. In the judging pavilion the audience was greater during this entire show than the seating capacity of the building could accommodate. The large string of finely-groomed horses, with their flash and dazzle of ribbons and EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 433 splendor, seemed to captivate the visitors and they never grew weary of their seat in the horse show. Every conceivable style and breed of horse was to be seen that was worth looking at, from the immature little Shet- land pony up to the great draft horse of a ton or more in weight. The American-bred horse and the American breeder met the importer and the imported in the same ring on the same terms of show ring de- mands as have prevailed, and are still the friends and admirers of their former fancy, notwithstanding an adverse distribution of the blue, the red, the yellow and the purple may have been ordered. The horse show is a great feature at the Iowa State Fair and especially has the heavy horse of the draft type been an especial favorite with the Iowa farmer and Iowa buyer. Iowa has become largely interested in the production of draft horses. This is one of the rapidly developing industries of the American carriage liorse "Wilbrino Boy" owned by E.J. Bronhard, Colo, Iowa. State, and no district of country is better prepared today to give this feature of live stock production attention than is Iowa. The cattle show was not only interesting in point of numbers entered, but in quality and show ring finish; there was more than the usual appre- ciative comment from the visitors. A fine, well conditioned lot of show stock meets with the quiet approbation of thousands of sightseers, and may be seen to count for nothing in the light of show ring appreciation, yet there is an impression carried away which helps form public senti- ment that reverts to the good of the live stock industry. The Short-horn cattle were In numbers and interest in the lead with the breeders and exhibitors. The very strong classes that were shown excited 28 434 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. great interest among the visitors and a great deal of guessing was in- dulged in as to what animals would be selected as the prize winners by the expert judges. The beef breeds were all strongly backed by their fanciers and the best breed is still a matter of dispute with the best cattle judges of the country. The show ring has never fully settled this ques- tion and never will, notwithstanding its great influence in moulding public opinion. The fine show of breeding cattle that is made at the Iowa State Fair and the great number of good herds that stand to the credit of the State, is again reflected in a more convincing and practical demonstration of beef cattle improvement, by the superior quality of its common farm herds that are to be seen by the stranger as he travels over the State. State fairs are not all a key to the State improvement and State condi- tions, but Iowa's State fair is. CATTLE AND HOGS AT IOWA FAIR. So that our readers may have a clear idea of the growth of the cattle and hog show at the Iowa State Fair we print tables showing the number exhibited for the last six years: Cattle 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 106 138 176 123 41 121 101 51 36 160 24 89 85 43 80 250 ♦Polled Durhams 43 Herefords. 69 108 62 42 ios 91 45 40 68 105 57 47 80 Aberdeen- Angus 95 61 Red Polled 53 Total 387 419 453 473 481 582 * Polled Durhams were shown with Short-horns prior to 1905. Hogs 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 Duroc-Jersey 403 777 366 168 853 1,074 435 209 5 886 980 409 92 56 768 1,071 469 107 1,001 1,162 462 169 35 41 1,180 Poland-China 950 Chester White 474 Berkshire 73 Yorkshire 69 Tamworth. 88 2 Total. 1,174 2,576 2,423 2,415 2,870 2,836 IMPORTED MUTTON SHEEP THE FAD. The sheep department of this fair has been steadily improving in numbers and quality of animals exhibited, until it has attained a standing among the good sheep shows of the country. In the mutton breeds there was an exceptionally good lot of animals, especially in the Shropshire, Oxford and Hampshire classes was the show close and evenly contested by half a dozen leading exhibitors of the country. The imported mutton sheep is the fad now among breeders and handlers and their growth and show ring preparation is hard to excel. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 435 The prefix "Imp." stands for much at the present time with the breeder and dealer in this class of sheep. It means about 100 per cent added in price over the American-bred sheep of same quality. English imported is the desirable animal. The Canadian is not valued much above the home-grown American, unless of greatly superior quality. The prices now prevailing for rams of breeding age is anywhere from $100 to $150, depending, of course, on the quality and finish of the animal and the elasticity of the conscience of the seller. Most breeders buy reputation now days, when getting a breeding ani- mal, and are willing to pay a good price for it. It is a good thing for a breeder to have, especially when it can be used as a commodity in the market. It is often cheaper to buy it in the purchase of a good animal than to attempt to breed up to it. SOME OF THE DISADVANTAGES. The fine wool classes were not well filled, there being little competi- tion in the American Merino and Delaine Merino class. The throwing of these two breeds of sheep together as one class worked a great disad- vantage to the exhibitors and judge, as they are directly opposite in style and finish, and cannot show together in fairness any more than the coach horse and the saddle horse. The showing of outdoor field sheep was another feature of disadvantage that one breeder saw fit to add to his chances of defeat, which are always suflnciently strong in the show ring under the best system of care and attention. The Rambouillet, or French Merino class, was well represented with the usual well-fitted and half-fitted representatives in the ring. The varia- tion that this breed of Merinos encourage and maintain in breeding char- acter, both in form and fleece, gives rise to much difference of opinion as to which should be encouraged. The desirability of a strong-charac- tered animal as a breeder, with heavy, close turned horn, broad head, short, strong neck with some folds about the neck, and heavy dewlap, are recognized properties with experienced breeders in maintaining den- sity of fleece and guarding degeneracy of the one important property of this breed, a large, desirable fleece of excellent wool. So desirable have been these qualities in the Rambouillet sheep that over-zealous breeders, it is feared, have gone out of the beaten path of close adherence to family blood and breeding and introduced American Merino blood as a quick and sure way of attaining the desired end. This method, however, carries with it some danger of overdoing the work and producing in the cross a sheep of decidedly American Merino character. A better sheep in many cases than either of the breeds distinct. The machinery department affords one of the most generally interest- ing features of the fair. This department has outgrown State fair limits, practically, and might be classed a machinery exposition. It would re- quire several days' constant travel to even take a peep at the thousands of things that are on display in this division of the fair grounds. When one stops to consider what constitutes this great exhibit that takes many heavily laden freight trains to bring to the Iowa State Fair, there may be some realization of what is to be seen there. Added to the immensity of this great display the fact that it is almost entirely an ex- 436 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. hibit of farm machinery, farm implements, farm tools and appliances of one kind or another for the aid of farm operations, the mind then be- gins to comprehend the importance of the farm. The increased interest on the part of manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery may be guessed at, when we say that in addition to the large acreage platted and staked for machinery last year and which ac- commodated one of the largest machinery exhibits ever made at a State fair, up to that date, required an additional five acres for the show of 1907. In addition the open ground which is filled with tents and tempo- rary sheds and buildings for housing these displays, there is a regular machinery town built. It is laid off in streets where permanent machin- ery exhibition halls are erected and equipped with all the comforts of the modern State fair building. The State fair management owns four very large buildings in this section from which exhibition space is sold at so much per square foot floor space. There are in addition to these more than a score of exhibition buildings erected and owned by manufacturers from various parts of the country, who use them each year free of rent or charge of any kind. A special attraction in the machinery department is the Pittsburg Steel Wire Pence company, manufacturing wire fencing; welding the wires by electricity instead of looping or weaving the wires. The novelty of this work is the attraction. The machine which is used weighs eight tons and is said to have incurred an expense of $3,000 to put it in operation on the Iowa fair grounds. This is only one of the many interesting and startling features of manufacture that is being carried on for the en- tertainment and edification of the visitor. The Iowa Agricultural College made quite an educational exhibit under the auspices of the experiment station, with Professors Beech and Little in charge. They showed up some fifty varieties of apples from the sta- tion. Some of these were Russians that had been imported by Professor Budd away back in the '80s and had been tried and tested over a large extent of territory and were proven to have much value. Others were hybrids and seedlings and were produced by different plant breeders and also the outgrowth of the work of the experiment station. They exhibited many varieties of plums, many of them showed crosses with very marked distinction, and one could see that with the line of work in hand by the college that great good would l)e accomplished in the future in building up fixed types of fruits adapted to our different soils and climatic conditions, that we even have in Iowa. Professor Beech exhibited some fine samples of the Craghead gooseberry, which is attracting a good deal of attention at the present time in Utah and western states. It is no doubt a hybrid, but shows strong markings of the native wild gooseberry, only in size it is larger than Downing, perfectly smooth, with a very thin skin, with a delicate pulp and few seeds. The professor thinks that it is worthy of trial by the fruit growers and experiment stations of our State. H^ thinks there is no doubt but what it will prove hardy and if it does it will prove an acquisition to our small fruit list. The Beta grape which was exhibited will also have a great future for planting away up in the Da- kotas and Minnesota. It is only an improved, large variety of wild grape, but it is so compact in bunch, healthy of vine and foliage, and able to EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 437 stand very low degrees of temperature, that we see no reason why grape growing cannot be pushed a degree further north, with the great possibil- ity of some hybrids of this variety adding others to the list. From what we could see and learn the Iowa experiment station is doing great work. DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY. The experiment station of the Iowa Agricultural College made a very fine artistic display in the agronomy department, which was composed largely of specimens of corn that had taken premiums in different corn shows and fairs in the last year. But they had in evidence their many prizes and trophies which had been awarded this department in the last few years. Professor Bowman and his able corps of assistants were there explaining to the farmers that it was not expected of each farmer that he would run a scientific experiment station, but by the proper selection of seeds of different kinds that the farm crops could be doubled many times from 30 to 50 per cent. They showed their experience in wheat growing, different grasses and other farm products. The good derived by farmers in coming in contact with these gentlemen is not to be calcu- lated in dollars and cents, and pays Iowa or any State many fold the money expended in giving back to the people the information that they want along these lines. The artistic corn displays in this department were very large and some of them very fine, indeed, and it was the opin- ion of the experts in corn growing and breeding that the corn display was one of the best ever shown and gave evidence of high degree of work In this line. It was highly spoken of by experts. CATTLE DEPARTMENT. SIIORT-nORNS. This year's Short-horn show at the Iowa fair was by unanimous vote by far the greatest and best ever witnessed by visitors at that great ex- position. It outnumbered last year's exhibit by nearly 100 head and at the same time there was greater merit throughout. The long classes of beautiful beefy forms clad in rich robes of red, white and roan were in- deed an impressive sight that will long remain in the memory of Iowa fair visitors who admire good cattle. While Iowa made the largest con- tributions, the five other states represented made competition pretty -hot for the former, who frequently had to be satisfied with the money awarded for Iowa breeders only. There were some notable exceptions, however, as the list of awards will show. On frequent occasions the judge found his task exceedingly difficult and, after the first few classes had been disposed of, Mr. E. B. Mitchell was called in to assist. HEREFORDS. "What's the matter with the Hereford breeders?" was a question fre- quently asked at the ring side. Somehow the classes as they passed seemed to leave the impression that the Hereford end of the show was far below the standard that had been set at stock shows in previous years. 438 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. There is no doubting that the breeders of this race of cattle have the "goods," but they certainly failed to bring them out in sufficient number on this occasion. True, there were several very acceptable individuals, but the tailenders were usually very weak. It is to be expected that the Hereford men will realize that thei'e is danger of allowing the favorite breed of a multitude to sink into undeserved obscurity through lack of proper exhibitions. ABERDEEN-ANGUS. This is the breed in which Iowa alone can make a great showing with- out the aid of other states. Of the twelve exhibitors only one was from another state, and yet the show was a very good one, with the exception of a few classes. The bulls were somewhat of a disappointment, but when the female classes began to appear the Angus side of the pavilion immediately attracted its share of attention. On the whole the breeders of the famous "doddies" have reason to congratulate themselves on the splendid showing. The exhibit was somewhat larger than last year, but there was probably a slight falling off in average quality. GALLOWAYS. A decided improvement was noted in the Galloway show over that of last year. There were more of them and they were better. Another commendable feature was the good condition in which most of the entries appeared. This is a matter on which Galloway breeders had previously been subject to adverse criticism, and it is well for them and their breed that the fault has been remedied for the present season. The judging was very carefully done and seemed to give universal satisfaction. RED POLLED. Considering the fact that only four herds were represented, the Red Polled contingent was as good as could reasonably be expected. The ex- hibit lacked somewhat in the uniformity that usually prevailed, but aver- aged very well. As usual, the judge had difficulty in placing the awards in the "double decker" rings, where evidence of meat and milk producing capacity is desired in proper combination. POLLED DURHAM. The breeders of Polled Durhams came out stronger than usual. Had some of the cattle been fed a little more liberally they would have strengthened some of the classes very materially. A select few stood out rather prominently because of individual merit and proper fitting. JERSEYS. The Jersey exhibitors, although few in number, showed a very choice lot of cattle. This was especially true of the female classes, where a high average quality usually prevailed. Hunter & Smith of Beatrice, Neb., led in the winnings. HOLSTEINS-FRIESIANS. While a few high class Holstein-Friesians appeared, the exhibit as a whole scarcely did the breed justice. Only three exhibitors were present EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 439 and, with the exception of the aged cows, the classes were small and usu- ally ragged. HORSE DEPARTMENT. PERCHERONS. There was a splendid showing in the Percheron classes. There was a falling off in numbers from last year's entries, but nevertheless there was quality in abundance. Several importers that are in the habit of showing at the Iowa fair did not appear on this occasion. Conse- quently some of the stallion classes were scarcely as strong as they have been on previous occasions. The splendid exhibit of mares and Ameri- can-bred horses is worthy of comment here. There were indications of increasing interest in the horse-breeding industry and the product of some of the breeding farms in several instances proved to be superior to their imported competitors. BELGIANS. The aged Belgian stallions and the three-year-olds, as well, were an extraordinary bunch of heavy drafters. Powerful horses stood in line, with great bone and muscular development that could not fail to attract the visitor interested in draft horses. Beyond the two classes mentioned only a few individuals were entered. The awards were made in an able manner by W. E. Pritchard of Ottawa, 111. CLYDESDALES. The character of the rather small Clydesdale exhibit was unusually good. A few specimens represented almost the highest type of the breed and there were few of the ordinary sort. It was a show that made a good impression by virtue of its quality rather than magnitude. Some ex- cellent American-bred horses were shown. There were only five exhibitors of Shires, with a total of thirty-three head. It was a fairly good show, in spite of these facts. There was . plenty of competition in the stallion classes and it took a good horse to win a blue ribbon or even a red. It was frequently observed that several of the winning horses showed much more quality than is usually found in horses of such weight. Certainly some of the leading stallions did not lack in cleanness of bone. SWINE DEPARTMENT. The hearts of swine breeders were made glad at sight of the new swine pens and judging pnvilion. Last year they were obliged to house their magnificent stock in poorly constructed sheds and flimsy pens and in or- der to have room for it were compelled in many instances to place five times as many hogs In a pen as should be placed there for the comfort and good of the hogs. 440 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The new sheds are not surpassed by any in the world and the only criti- cism which can be made is that an additional shed might have been placed along the vacant side. This would have necessitated the building of the pavilion in the center of the court, but ample room would have been left for the exercise of the hogs. Some of the additional room might have been used this year, for we are told by the superintendent of swine that he was obliged to turn down many applications for pens because of the lack of same. Last year the hogs for judging were placed in hurdles scattered promis- cuously over several acres of ground, among sheds and tents, and along the paths. The judges were compelled to do their work with hundreds of people gathered around the hurdles. This year the new pavilion gave a pleasant change. A fence separated the workers from the sight- seers and work was carried on with comfort during the hard rains which frequently visited the fair. Iowa is to be congratulated on its new swine buildings. The number of hogs on the ground this year was not as great by thirty- six as last year. There were the same number of breeders showing as last year. We have prepared a table for reference which we think breed- ers will find interesting. It shows at a glance the number of breeders making exhibits, and the number of hogs shown in each breed during the last three years. The Duroc-Jersey gained in number this year while the Poland-China lost. Last year witnessed the showing of two new breeds, the Yorkshires asd Tarn worths, while this year brought in one more, the Hampshires. Following we print the table: Hogs 1905 * t 1906 * t 1907 * t Duroc-Jersey 51 85 25 6 768 1,071 107 81 97 22 8 2 2 1,001 1,162 462 107 35 41 91 83 24 5 4 5 1 213 1,180 Poland China 950 Chester White 474 Berkshire 73 Yorkshire 68 Tamworth. 88 Hampsliire 2 Totals 170 2,415 212 2,863 2,835 Total for 1904, 2,423; 1903, 2,576. The general impression prevailed that the show was of better quality than last year. Some strong hogs appeared in every breed, while in the two large breeds many excellent ones were shown. All told it is probably the greatest and best hog show of the year. A ribbon won at the Iowa fair is not to be overlooked in breeding circles. DUEOC-JERSEYS. The Duroc- Jerseys led in numbers. It has been increasing in numbers and quality for several years and this year was no exception to the rule. Everywhere were heard remarks as to the excellency of the showing as a whole and the outstanding breed characteristics of many of the individuals. The very first showing set the tongues of the onlookers wagging with wonder. Twenty-two big Duroc boars over 2 years old were walked into EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 441 the ring, and for the most part they were a fine lot, well finished and well balanced. The senior yearlings did not make such a good showing and was perhaps as weak as any of the classes shown. A judge untried in western fields, in the person of Mr. Drake, did the work. His work was consistent and on the whole satisfactory. There is always an element of dissatisfaction in every large ring, and it is probable there always will be as long as man is human. Kruger Lad was a remarkable boar and had a strong following for the championship, but the judge saw more good points in Red Wonder. The red men are happy and say next year will see them still stronger in numbers and quality. All the Duroc exhibitors were from Iowa but eleven. Nebraska, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio were represented. THE POLAND-CHINAS. Taken as a whole the Poland-China show was about the same as last year, which means that it was a fine showing. Many Poland-China friends were disappointed, however, and called the show only average. The cham- pion boar was very smooth and of the compact order. He was not an Iowa product. He was sold during the fair for $.5,000. The young boars showed up stronger than last year and the same was true of the young sows. There were not as many Poland-China breeders present as usual, nor as many of the breed. This was also rather a disappointment to the friends of this great lard producer. CHESTER WHITES. Next in order or importance, as far as numbers go, and in points of ex- cellence, come the Chester Whites. More and better hogs and more ex- hibitors sums it up fairly well. Mr. Gentry, who judged this class, was not sparing in his compliments to the breeders. Humbert & White again carried off many important ribbons. Their exhibit showed the customary bloom and finish. The Chester White men may well feel proud, for their herds were complimented on all sides. BERK SHIRES. The Berkshire show would be classed by the college youth as "rotten." In our comments on this class last year we gave our readers the word of the Iowa Berkshire breeders that they were going to show the other breeds in 1907. Last year they had eight exhibitors, with 167 hogs. This year there were five exhibitors, with seventy-three hogs. Last year the quality was average to good. This year it was poor to average. The judge was a Berkshire man, but had very few words of praise for the showing at Iowa. It was one of the poorest showings he was ever called upon to judge. If the Iowa Berkshire men want to keep in the procession they should make an effort next year to bring the best hogs of the State out. All the exhibitors this year were from Iowa. 442 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MEETING OF THE EX-OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. President's Office, State Fair Grounds. August 27, 1907. Pursuant to a call issued by Hon. E. F. Brockway and others the following ex-offieers and directors of the Iowa State Fair met at the president's office to form an association: L. S. Coffin, Fort Dodge; N. S. Ketehum, MarshalltowTi ; M. J. Wragg, Des Moines; Albert Head, Jefferson, L. H. Piekard, Harlan, Geo. C. Duffield, Keosauqua ; Al. L. Plummer, Altoona ; W. W. Morrow, Af ton ; John A. Evans, J. P. Manatry, Fairfield; J. D. Brown, Leon; C. S. Wells, Knoxville; E. F. Brockway, Letts; G. W. Franklin, Des Moines; John Cownie, Des Moines ; B. J. Moore, Dunlap ; A. H. Grisell, Guthrie Center. On motion John Cownie was made president of the meeting and A. H. Grissell secretary. The meeting then re- solved itself into a series of reminiscences by the following: John A. Evans talked of the contrast in the times now and when he was president. Geo. Duffield spoke of the growth of the fair since the first one was held in Fairfield, and which he attended, and all since. J. D. Brown and L. S. Coffin spoke of the location of the fair on its present site, and the objections made thereto. Captain Head spoke of the growth of the fair and its benefit to the farmers of the state. N. S. Ketehum gave a reminiscent talk which was interesting. E. F. Brockway gave an account of the trial of the fair in its early da}^ and the adverse legislation of 1874, and con- trasted it with the present attitude of the general assembly towards the fair. A motion was made and carried that this organization be permanent and that the temporary officers be the permanent ones, which was carried. On motion each Wednesday of the fair was to be set aside for the meeting of this association, place to be designated by the president of the fair. W. W. Morrow, in behalf of the fair, assured this association that every courtesy would be extended to them. A. H. Grissell, Secretary. John Cownii}. President. AWARDS In Live Stock Departments Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 HORSE DEPARTMENT. SUPKRINTENDENT C. F. CURTISS. STANDARD BRED. EXHIBITORS. Tom Bass, Mexico, Missouri; E. J. Brouliard, Colo, Iowa; John W. Bruere, Tracy, Iowa; Cassidy & Tliompson, Jamaica, Iowa; Fred Craw- ford, Des Moines, Iowa; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; A. T. Cole, Wheaton, Illinois; W. H. Davis, Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. Grey, Mechanics- ville, Iowa; W. A. Heck, West Liberty, Iowa; Tom James, Des Moines, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; W. L. Moles, Bayard, Iowa; Clara E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; J. A. Minteer, Van Meter, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Shaw Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa; Otto Shroeder, Des Moines, Iowa; James Watt, Des Moines, Iowa; Wilson Bros., Menlo, Iowa; J. P. Wilson, Indianola, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa. Stallion Four Years Old and Over— First, Hail Cloud 23606, James Watt; second, McNaught 37375, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Barondale 20184, Tom James; fourth, Iowa Sphinx, Jr. 33654, Wilson Bros.; fifth, Kokane 40095, A. T. Cole. Stallion Over Three and Under Four— First, Red Francis, J. R. Peak & Son; second. Prince IXL 43530, J. A. Minteer; third, Golddust-Abdallah 43052, A. T. Cole; fourth. Elastic, Jr., Cassidy & Thompson. Stallion Over Tivo and Under Three — First, Jerry Devon 42679, W. L. Moles; second, Malta Vita, J. R. Peak & Son. Stallion Over One and Under Two— First, J. A. Mason; sec- ond, Orange Leaf, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Tom James. (443) 444 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. "Kokaae" a prize winner in the American carriage class at the Iowa State Fair and and Exposition 1907. Horse Foal — First, E. J. Brouhard; second, E. J. Brouliard. Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Vivian M., Vol. 17, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Petra M., Tom Bass; third, Noretta, Vol. 17, J. R. Peak & Son. Filly Over Three and Under Four Years — First, Marian, Vol. 17, J. R. Peak & Son. Filly Over Tivo Years and Under Three — First, Lindy Girl, Vol. 17, J. R. Peak & Son; second. Lady Hail, Otto Shroeder; third, Baby Axineer, Vol. 17, Shaw Bros. Filly Over One Year and Under Two — Noretta 2d, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Tom James. Mare Foal — First, May Hail, Fred Crawford; second, Anna Boyde, J. A. Mason; third, Lena Rivers, J. A. Mason. Get of Stallion — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Jas. Watt. Produce of Mare — First, J. R. Peak & Sou; second, Shaw Bros.; third, Tom James. AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES. EXHIBITOES. Tom Bass, Mexico, Missouri; E. J. Brouhard, Colo, Iowa; John W. Bruere, Tracy, Iowa; A. T. Cole, Wheaton, Illinois; W. H. Davis, Des Moines, Iowa; E. J. Hadley, Grinnell, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- FART IX. 445 S. B. Mills, Ames, Iowa; J. A. Minteer, Van Meter, Iowa; Clara E. Mona- han, Des Moines, Iowa; J. J. Lyncs, Plainfield, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Shaw Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa; James Watt, Des Moines, Iowa; Wilson Bros., Menlo, Iowa; J. P. Wilson, Indianola, Iowa. AWAEDS. Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa. Stallion Four Years Old and Over — Second, McNaught 37375, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Ellerslie Russell, E. J. Hadley. Stallion Three Years and Under Four — Second, Golddust-Abdallah 43052, A. T. Cole; third, Prince I. X. L., J. A. Minteer. Mare Four Years Old and Over — Second, Vivian M., J. R. Peak & Son. Mare Three Years and Under Four — Second, Marion, J. R. Peak & Son. Mare Two Years and Under Three — Second, Lovey, J. R. Peak & Son. Mare One Year and Under Two — Second, Cousin Elizabeth, A. T. Cole; third, Minnie Winburn, A. T. Cole. "Burnle Brino", a prize winner at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition, in the American carriage class. Mare or Stallion Foal — Second, Burnie Brino, E. J. Brouhard; third, Lena Rivers, J, A. Mason. 446 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Oct of Stallion — Third, J. R. Peak & Son. Produce of Mare — Third, J. R. Pealt & Son. Pair of Mares or Geldings — Third, Lovely Lady and Boo Peelv, J. R. Peak & Son. GENTLEMEN'S DRIVING HORSES. EXHIBITOES. Tom Bass, Mexico, Missouri; R. Bonds, Story City, Iowa; John W. Bruere, Tracy, Iowa; W. W. Garner, Des Moines, Iowa; J. F. Garrison, Des Moines, Iowa; J. J. Lynes, Plainfleld, Iowa; W. L. Moles, Bayard, Iowa; Clara E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; Tom James, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Shaw Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa; James Watt, Des Moines; Wilson Bros., Menlo, Iowa. Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa. Driving Team (pair) to Pole — First, Black Bess and Melrose, Clara E. Monahan; second, Noretta and Vivian, J. R. Peak & Son; third. Miss Macklin and Baby Alice, Shaw Bros.; fourth, Bellmont and Clermont, W. L. Moles. Single Driver to Harness — First, Vivian M., J. R. Peak & Son; second, Petra M., Tom Bass; third, Noretta, Vol. 17, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth. Black Bess, Clara E. Monahan. HARNESS HORSES, AMERICAN OR FOREIGN BRED. EXHIBITOBS. R. B. Brown, Newton, Iowa; R. Bonde, Story City, Iowa; W. W. Garner, Des Moines, Iowa; J. F. Garrison, Des Moines, Iowa; Clara B. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Shaw Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; Wil- son Bros., Menlo, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. A. Dobson, Marion, Iowa. Matched Heavy Carriage or Coach Team — First, Pet and Flora, W. W. Garner; second, R. Bonde; third, J. F. Garrison; fourth, Midnight and Duster Maid, Wilson Bros. Single Heavy Harness Mare or Gelding — First, J. F. Gar- rison. SADDLE HORSES. exhibitors. Tom Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Ed Clapper, Unionville, Missouri; R. W. Crumpacker, Unionville, Missouri; A. S. Harris, Mystic, Iowa; Tom H. Jones, Lucerne, Missouri; Clara E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; L. F. Potter, Harlan, Iowa; A. J. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 447 Richardson, Mystic, Iowa; W. 0. Robbins, Unionville, Missouri; Marlt H. Whitcomb, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Judge A. W. Hawley, Pioneer, Iowa. AWARDS. Oelding Four Years or Over — First, Jack 0' Diamond 1794, Tom Bass; second. Top Notch, A. S. Harris; third, Oakland Chief, A. J. Richardson; fourth, Harold Diamond, Ed Clapper. Stallion Four Yeais Old or Over — First, Grand McDonald, Tom Bass; second, Reckless Squirrel, Tom H. Jones; third, Cleburn Denmark, Ed Clapper; fourth, S. Russell, Clara E. Monahan. Stallion Three Tears and Under Four — First, McLeod, Mark H. Whit- comb; second, Dick Nailer, Tom Bass; third. Rex Le Grand Diamond, A. J. Harris. Mare Four Years Old or Over — First, Eunice, Tom H. Jones; second, Melrose, Clara E. Monahan; third, Bessie Lee, L. F. Potter; fourth. Affable, Mark H. Whitcomb. Mare Three Years Old and Under — First, Mamie, Tom Bass; second, Cherry, Mary H. Whitcomb. Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding — Jack O' Diamonds, Tom Bass. WALK, TROT OR CANTER. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Louis A., Tom Bass; second, Melrose, Clara E. Monahan; third, Harold Diamond, Ed Clapper; fourth, McLeod, Mark H. Whitcomb. COMBINED HARNESS .\ND GAITED SADDLE HORSES. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Grand McDonald, Tom Bass; second, S. Russell, Clara E. Monahan; third. Reckless Squirrel, Tom H. Jones. HIGH SCHOOL HORSES. stallion. Mare or Gelding — First, Louis A., Tom Bass; second, McLeod, Mark H. Whitcomb; third, Cleburn Denmark, Ed Clapper. SPECIAL CHAMPIONSHIPS. (Silver Cup). Offered by the American Saddle Horse Breeders' Association. Best Five-Gaited Saddle Stallion, Mare or Gelding — Jack O' Diamonds, Tom Bass. SHETLAND PONIES. EXHIBITORS. Cassidy & Thompson, Jamaica, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; John Donhowe, Story City, Iowa; W. W. Garner, Des Moines, Iowa; Hanna & Bellamy, Harvey, Iowa; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, Illinois; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; J. F. Pease, Earlham, Iowa; W. T. Roberts & Son, Luther, Iowa. 448 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. Judge J. F. Gaerison, Des Moines, Iowa. Stallion Three Years Old or Over — First, David Harum 4146, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Peter the Great, W. W. Garner; third, McDougal 5697, Geo. A. Heyl; fourth, Anton 4342, John Donhowe. Stallion Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Dandy, H. C. Davis; second. Dale Harnett, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Teddy, Geo. A. Heyl. Stallion Foal — First, Bob, John Donhowe; second, Colonel Harum, J. F. Pease; third, H. C. Davis. Mare Three Years Old or Over — First, Lucy Lee, Geo. A. Heyl; second. Cockatoo 2385, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Maud D., John Donhowe; fourth, Topsy 6424, John Donhowe. Mai-e Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Garceful Harum, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Gladis Harum, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Gertie Harum, Geo. A. Heyl. Mare Foal — Lady, John Donhowe; second, Nettie, John Donhowe; third, Queenetta Harum, Geo. A. Heyl. Shetland Pony in Harness — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Peter the Great, W. W. Garner; fourth, Geo. A. Heyl. Pair of Shetland Ponies in Harness — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Geo. A. Heyl; third. Pearl and Gladys, W. T. Roberts & Son; fourth, Midget and Dandy, H. C. Davis. Four-in-Hand Shetland — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Geo. A. Heyl; third, H. C. Davis. Tandem Team of Shetlands — First, — Geo. A. Heyl; second, Geo. A. Heyl; third, H. C. Davis. Shetland Pony Under Saddle — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second. Pearl, W. T. Roberts & Son; third, Teddis, John Donhowe; fourth. Jolly Boy, J. F. Pease. Shetland Stallion and Four of His Get — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, John Donhowe; third, Cassidy & Thompson. Grand Display — Best five animals bi'ed by exhibitor: First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, John Donhowe; third, Cassidy & Thompson. MORGANS. EXHIBIl'ORS. C. T. Ay res, Osceola, Iowa; Cassidy & Thompson, Jamaica, Iowa; A. T. Cole, Wheaton, Illinois; J. J. Lynes, Plainfiold, Iowa; S. B. Mills, Ames, Iowa; P. F. Smith, Montezuma, Iowa; Perry Wood, Marne, Iowa. Judge. G. A. Bell. StaUion Three Tears Old and Over — First, Golddust-Abdallah, A. T. Cole; second, Kokane, A. T. Cole; third, Green Mountain Boy, Perry Wood. Stallion Under Three Tears Old — First, Dart 5130, J. J. Lynes. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 449 "Dart" Morgan stallion, first prize winner in class lor stallion under three years old at Iowa State Fair and Exposition. Mare Three Years Old and Over — First, Nellie, S. B. Mills; second, Nettie, S. B. Mills-; third. Lady Morgan, C. T. Ayres. Mare Under Three Years — First, Princess, S. B. Mills; second, Grace Roach,- J. J. Lynes; third, Jessie Hudson, Vol. 3, J. J. Lynes. HACKNEY. EXHIBITORS. Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona. Illinois; Alex Galbraith & Son, Janes- ville. Wis.; Leitch & Hathaway, Lafayette, Indiana; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois. .A. WARDS. JvDGE J. F. Garriso", Des Moines, Iowa Stallion Four Years Old and Over — First, Prickwillow Cannaught (7573), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Hockwold Bordeaux (8190), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Ely Imperial (9208), Tru- mans' Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Ely Ringleader 8130, Finch Bros. Stallion Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Bally Blaze, Tru- mans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Troutback, Finch Bros. Stallion Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Glassmoor Prince (10013), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Ely's First Choice, Finch Bros. 29 450 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Imported Hackney stallion, "Prickwillow Canuaught" first prize winner at Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907. Mare Over Four Tears Old — First, Queen of Diamonds (17565), Tru- mans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Copalder Firefly (17887), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm. Filly Over Three Tears and Under Four — First, Truman's Beauty, Tru- mans' Pioneer Stud Farm. Grand Display — Best five animals owned by exhibitor: First, Tru- mans' Pioneer Stud Farm. CLYDESDALE. EXHIBITOES. Alex Galbraith & Son, Janesville, Wisconsin; W. V. Hixson, Marengo, Iowa; Leitch & Hathaway, Lafayette, Illinois; McLay Bros., Janesville, Wisconsin; James Pedley, Algona, Iowa; Frank P. Shekelton, Lawler, Iowa; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Illinois; J. T. Stratton, Collins, Iowa. Judge R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, Illinois. 8talUon Four Tears Old and Over — First, Baron Doune 12613 (13254), Frank P. Shekelton; second, Ethelbert 12025, A. G. Soderberg; third, Prince Punctual 9644, McLay Bros.; fourth. Baron Nisbet 12563, McLay Bros.; fifth, Milton 13020, A. G. Soderberg; sixth, Rosemack 10406, W. V. Hixson. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART IX. 451 Stallion Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Baron Clifton 12611 (13252), W. V. Hlxson; second, Belleflower 13199, McLay Bros.; third, Black Acme 12855, A. G. Soderberg. Stallion Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Golden Prince 12346, McLay Bros.; second, Merryman 13628, McLay Bros.; third, March On 2d 12486, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Sefton 12331, W. V. Hlxson. Stallion Over One Year and Under Two — First, Royal Gordon, McLay Bros.; second. Black Prince 13018, A. G. Soderberg. Horse Foal — First, W. V. Hlxson; second. King Charming, James Pedley. "Queen ot the Clydes" Mare four years old, prize winner at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition, shown by James Pedley, Algona. Stallion Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Prince Punctual 9644, McLay Bros.; second, Rosemack 10406, W. V. Hlxson. Stallion Under Three Years, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Golden Prince 12346, McLay Bros.; second, Royal Gordon 12979; third, March On 2d 12486, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, W. V. Hixson. Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Princess Handsome 9758, McLay Bros.; second. Princess Goodwin 9849, McLay Bros.; third, Osco Sweet- ness 11114, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Queen of the Clydes 10934, James Pedley. Filly Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Mayoress 12582, Mc- Lay Bros.; second, Osco Bloss 12056, A. G. Soderberg; third. Lady Ele- gant 11846, W. V. Hixson. Filly Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Palmerston's Darling 12332, W. V. Hixson; second, Bessie Sorbie 13213, McLay Bros. 452 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Filly Over One Tear and Under Two — First, Peach Blossom 12584, "W. V. Hixson; second, A. G. Soderberg; third, Fair Helen 12973, McLay Bros. Mare Foal — First, Princess Refiner 13183, J. F. Stratton; second, W. V. Hixson; third, W. V. Hixson. Mare Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Princess Hand- some 9758, McLay Bros.; second. Princess Goodwin, 9849, McLay Bros.; third, Osco Sweetness 11117, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Osco Bloss 12056, A. G. Soderberg. Mare Under Three Years, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Peach Blossom 12584, W. V. Hixson; second, Palmerston's Darling 12332, W. V. Hixson; third. Princess Refiner 13183, J. F. Stratton; fourth. Fair Helen 12973, McLay Bros. Get of Stallion — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, W. V. Hixson. Produce of Mare — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, McLay Bros.; third, W. V. Hixson. Grand Display — Four animals bred by exhibitor: First, McLay Bros.; second, W. V. Hixson; third, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, W. V. Hixson. ENGLISH SHIRE. EXHIBITOES. B. M. Boyer, Farmington, Iowa; R. B. Brown, Newton, Iowa; Robert Burgess & Son, Wenona, Illinois; Crawford & GriflBn, Newton, Iowa; Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois; Alex Galbraith & Son, Janesville, Wis- consin; Leitch & Hathaway, Lafayette, Illinois; Singmaster Bros., Keota, Iowa; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Illinois; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bush- nell, Illinois; Chas. J. Winter, Washington, Iowa. f W. E. Pkitchard, Ottawa, Illinois. J^''^^^ i W. J. Kennedy. Stallion Foxir Years Old and Over — First, Prem victor 8645 (19947), Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Broughton Mormaco (21215), Trumans' Pio- neer Stud Farm; third, Girton Senator (20519), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Wiseman (24812), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; fifth, Dearnsdale Pilot 9033 (23216), Robert Burgess & Son; sixth, Saxon Jet 21843, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm. Stallion Over Three Years and U'nder Four — First, Dunsmore Rector (23277), Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Armthrope (23953), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; third. Bury Client (23112), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Moulton Florizel 23514, Finch Bros.; fifth, Crossmoor Masterman (23205), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm. Stallion Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Beachendon Fasci- nation (23985), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Boro Regent (24051), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Keota Boxer 2d 8760, Singmaster Bros. Stallion Over One Year and Under Two — First, Surveyor (24818), Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Moulton Dandy, Vol. 29, Finch Bros. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 453 Stallion Under Three Tears Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Keota Boxer 2d 8760, Singmaster Bros.; second, Keota Addison 8762, Singmaster Bros.; third. Pinch's Buster Brown 8322, Finch Bros.; fourth, Lawrence 9112, Robt. Burgess. Mare Over Four Tears Old — First, Osco Spinet 7084, A. G. Soderberg. Filly Over Three Tears and Under Four — First, Prospect Gloaming, Vol. 27, Finch Bros.; second, Osco Sylvia 8206, A. G. Soderberg. Filly Over Two Tears and Under Three — First, Lady B. 8249, Finch Bros. Filly Over One Tear and Under Two — First, Queen of the Roses 8728, A. G. Soderberg; second, Cottered Princess, A. G. Soderberg. Mare Over Three Tears Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Cottered Prin- cess, A. G. Soderberg; second, Osco Spinet 7084, A. G. Soderberg. Mare Under Three Tears Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Finch Bros.; second, Cottered Princess, A. G. Soderberg.' Oet of Stallion — First, Finch Bros. Produce of Mare — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, R. B. Brown. Grand Display — Four animals bred by exhibitor: First, Finch Bros. PERCHERON AND FRENCH DRAFT. EXHIBITX)ES. Robert Burgess & Son, Wenona, Illinois; Cresap Bros., Altoona, Iowa; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; Loren Dun- bar, Earlham, Iowa; Erickson & Patterson, Worthington, Minnesota; Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois; S. B. Frey, Ames, Iowa; W. W. Garner, Des Moines, Iowa; Geo. W. Guthrie, Newton, Iowa; J. G. Hurst, Norwalk, Iowa; Leitch & Hathaway, Lafayette, Illinois; Lewis Bros. & Rickert, Marshall town, Iowa; McLaughlin Bros., Columbus, Ohio; H. G. McMillan, Rock Rapids, Iowa; Maasdam & Wheeler, Fairfield, Iowa; W. H. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; F. 0. Nutting, Indianola, Iowa; Rhea Bros., Arlington, Nebraska; Singmaster Bros., Keota, Iowa; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; J. P. Wilson, Indianola, Iowa. Judge Ales Galbraith, Janesville, Wisconsin. Stallion Four Tears Old and Over — First, Albert 42815, H. G. McMillan; second, Alger (58071), Singmaster Bros.; third. Banquet (58755), Robt. Burgess & Son; fifth, Arago (59553), Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm; fifth, Guignol (57894) 50531, W. W. Garner; sixth, Carlo 41774, Rhea Bros. Stallion Over Three Tears and Under Four — First, Favori 47075 (63822), Singmaster Bros.; second, Santeur (62250), Robt. Burgess & Son; third, Reveur 47065 (63816), Singmaster Bros.; fourth, Serpolin 47074 (63378), Singmaster Bros.; fifth, Turcos 48449, Crawford & Griffin. Stallion Over Two Tears and Under Three — First, Loualaba 68247, Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Lyndon 50635, Robt. Burgess & Son; third, Maraicher (65504), Singmaster Bros. 454 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Stallion Over One Year and Under Two — First, Helmar, Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Colonel Lapin 45474, Geo. W. Guthrie; third, Gadsden 46783, Patterson & Erickson. Stallion Foal — First, Best 50666, Patterson & Erickson; second. Coco 2d, F. 0. Nutting & Son; third, Altoona, H. C. Davis. Stallion Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Toreador 46269, H. G. McMillan; second, Moneil 45590, S. B. Frey; third. Black Dandy 40772, F. 0. Nutting & Son. Stallion Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Lyndon 50635, Robt. Burgess & Son; second, King Midas 50651, H. G. McMillan; third, Charlatan 50652, H. G. McMillan; fourth, Keota Saul 49088, Sing- master Bros. Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Victorine 31378, H. G. McMillan; second, Ukraine 46231 (46344), Singmaster Bros.; third, Ubrique 46232 (46347), Singmaster Bros.; fourth. Amy 19304, Patterson & Erickson. Filly Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Coulisse 62284, Sing- master Bros.; second, D'Elda 41966, Patterson & Erickson; third, Bi- chette 46227 (62605), Singmaster Bros. Filly Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Gaufrette (67534), Sing- master Bros.; second, Blondy 44086, Patterson & Erickson; third. Lady Delphine 46864, Robt. Burgess & Son. Filly Over One Year and Under Two — First, Adelaide 50646, H. G. Mc- Millan; second, Sybil 46789, Patterson & Erickson; third. Alma 50636, Robt. Burgess & Son. Mare Foal — First, Myrtle Belle 49521, J. P. Wilson; second, W. H. Mason; third. Jewel 50253, Cresap Bros. Mare Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Victorine 31378, H. G. McMillan; second, lolanthe 40925, H. G. McMillan; third, Cosette 41969, Patterson & Erickson; fourth, Uva 41972, Patterson & Erickson. Mare Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Sarah 44079, Patterson & Erickson; second, Adelaide 50646, H. G. McMillan; third, Aima 50636, Robt. Burgess & Son; fourth, Beatrice 44070, Patterson & Erickson. Get of Stallion — First, H. G. McMillan; second, H. G. McMillan; third, Patterson & Erickson. Produce of Mare — First, H. G. McMillan; second, Robt. Burgess & Son; third, Crawford & Griflln. Grand Display — Four animals bred by exhibitor: First, H. G. McMil- lan; second, H. G. McMillan; third, Patterson & Erickson. SPECIAL CHAMPIONSHIPS GOLD MEDAL EESEBVE EIBBON. Offered by the Percheron Society of America. Best American Bred Stallion, Any Age — First, Crawford & GriflBn; second, Rhea Bros. Best American Bred Mare, Any Age — First, H. G. McMillan; second, H. G. McMillan. Champion Stallion — First, H. G. McMillan; second, Robt. Burgess & Son. Champion Mare — H. G. McMillan. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 455 Best Five Stallions — Robt. Burgess & Son. Best Three Mares — H. G. McMillan. Best Stallion and Four Mares, Any Age, Owned ty Exhibitor — H. G. McMillan. SPECIAL CHAMPIONSHIPS GOLD MEDAL RESERVE RIBBON. Offered by the Percheron Registry Co. Champion Group — Five or more animals belonging to one exhibitor: Robt. Burgess & Son. BELGIAN. EXHIBITOBS. Robt. Burgess & Son, Wenona, Illinois; Crawford & GriflBn, Newton, Iowa; Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois; W. W. Garner, Des Moines, Iowa; G. W. Grigsby, Sheldahl, Iowa; Henry Lefebure, Fairfax, Iowa; J. A. Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushn'^ll, Illinois; C. E. Weston, Manning, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. E. Pritchard, Ottawa, Illinois. Stallion Four Years Old and Over — First, Robert De Scailmond 29576, Finch Bros.; second, Monte Carlo (30396), Henry Lefebure; third. Cham- pagne Mecht (25514), C. E. Weston; fourth, Martin Duhazoir, G. W. Grigsby; fifth, Coco-de-Pousset (41848), Henry Lefebure; sixth. Sultan (37480), Robt. Burgess & Son. Stallion Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Lingot d'Or (37466), Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Baron De Dender 37468, Finch Bros., third; Monaco-de-Thor (39692), Henry Lefebure; fourth. Prosit 2568, Crawford & Griffin; fifth, Bruno de Hubaumont (38490), Robt. Burgess & Son. Stallion Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Caesar Crags 58367, Finch Bros.; second, Bizar 1994, Henry Lefebure. Stallion Over One Year and Under Two — First, Geant de Rhode, Vol. 15, Henry Lefebure; second, Grenadier, Vol. 15, Henry Lefebure. Stallion Foal — First, Lucifer, Henry Lefebure. Stallion Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Bizar 1994, Henry Lefebure; second, Lucifer, Henry Lefebure. Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Lisa de Wales 48781, Finch Bros.; second, Fauvette 118, Henry Lefebure; third, Tillyette 190, Henry Lefebure. Filly Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Madam II. 55719, J. A. Loughridge. Filly Over Two Years and Under Three — First, Plane, Henry Lefebure. Filly Over One Year and Under Tioo — Rosetta, Vol. 15, Henry Lefe- bure; second, Follette, Henry Lefebure; third, Mirza, Vol. 15, Henry Lefebure. Mare Foal — First, Mignonette, Henry Lefebure. Mare Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Fauvette 118, Henry Lefebure; second, Tillyette 190, Henry Lefebure. 456 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mare Under Three Tears Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Follette, Henry Lefebure; second, Mignonette, Henry Lefebure. Get of Stallion — First, Finch Bros. Produce of Mare — First, Henry Lefebure. Grand Display — Four animals bred by exhibitor: First, Henry Lefe- bure. DRAFT GELDINGS OR MARES. EXHIBITORS. Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois; W. V. Hixson, Marengo, Iowa; J. A. Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; McLay Bros., Janesville, Wisconsin; H. G. McMillan, Rock Rapids, Iowa; F. 0. Nutting, Indianola, Iowa; James Pedley, Algona, Iowa; J. T. Stratton, Collins, Iowa; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; J. P. Wilson, Indianola, Iowa. Judge R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, Illinois. Single Mare or Gelding Under 1,150 Paunds — First, McLay Bros.; sec- ond, James Pedley; third. Finch Bros. Single Mare or Gelding Oi>er 1,150 Pounds — First, McLay Bros.; second. Finch Bros.; third, Finch Bros. Pair of Mares or Geldings Under 3,500 Pounds — First, Finch Bros. Pair of Mares or Geldings Over 3,500 Pounds — First, Finch Bros. Four-Horse Team — Finch Bros. MULES. EXHIBITOES. H. L. Orcutt, Monroe, Iowa; F. F. Williams, Des Moines, Iowa. Mule Four Years Old or Over — First, F. F. Williams. Mule Two Years Old and Under Three — H. L. Orcutt. Mine Mtde, Fifteen Hands or Over — First, H. L. Orcutt; second, H. L. Orcutt. Mule Any Age — H. L. Orcutt. Pair of Mules Over 2,400 Pounds — F. F. Williams. Pair of Mules Under 2,400 Potinds — H. L. Orcutt. Pair of Mules, Any Age or Weight — F. F. Williams. CATTLE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, Iowa. SHORT-HORNS. EXHIBITORS. 0. V. Battles, Maquoketa, Iowa; R. E. Baldwin, Osceola, Iowa; Bellows Bros., Maryville, Missouri; E. W. Bowen, Delphi, Indiana; G. H. Burge, EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 457 Mount Vernon, Iowa; R. B. Brown, Newton, Iowa; Carpenter & Ross, Mansfield, Ohio; John Cresswell, Hillsboro, Iowa; C. W. Daws & Son, Harlan, Iowa; Elmendorf Farm, Lexington, Kentucky; F. A. Edwards, Webster City, Iowa; Ernest Funke, Greenfield, Iowa; Forest & Dunham, Miles, Iowa; Flynn Farm Co., Des Moines, Iowa; John Gedney & Son, Numa, Iowa; W. E. Graham, Prairie City, Iowa; A. F. Graves, King City, Missouri; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wisconsin; G. F. Hart, Summerfield, Kansas; Herr Bros. & Reynolds, Lodi, Wisconsin; J. T. Judge, Carroll, Iowa; R. W. Livingston, Monroe, Iowa; C. F. Mitchell & Son, Farragut, Iowa; H. D. Parsons, Newton, Iowa; G. E. Paul, Haverhill, Iowa; J. M. Pease & A. J. Pinck, Colfax, Iowa; H. Pritchard & Son, Avoca, Iowa; J, H. Richards, Batavia, Iowa; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; Shadewell Stock Farm, Carthage, Missouri; John E. Smith, Laurel, Iowa; 0. 0. Smith, Des Moines, Iowa; Aug. Sonneland, Harlan, Iowa; T. K. Tomson & Sons, Dover, Kansas; M. A. Wagner, Fremont, Ohio; C. R. Warren, Glenwood, Iowa; R. E. Watts & Sons, Miles, Iowa; J. G. Westrope, Harlan, Iowa; G. H. Whitem, Emerson, Iowa; Miles Wilson, Numa, Iowa; T. J. Wornall & Sons, Liberty, Missouri; J. S. Zook & Son, Fontanelle, Iowa. Judge C. B. Dustix, Summer Hill, Illinois. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Whitehall Marshall 209776, Elm- endorf Farm; second. Good Choice 227852, Bellows Bros.; third, White- hall King 222724, F. W. Harding; fourth, Scotch Mist 224249, Carpenter & Ross; fifth, Scottish Champion 224435, H. D. Parsons; sixth, Archer 205740, T. K. Tomson & Sons. Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Avondale 245144, Carpen- ter & Ross; second. Hopeful Knight 244229, G. H. Purge; third. Champion of Lyndale 265011, A. F. Graves; fourth. Banner's Victor 242584, C. R. Warren; fifth. Contractor Banner Bearer 250894, G. H. White; sixth, Mysie's Lancaster 250737, R. W. Livingston. Senior Yearling Bull — First, Anoka Sultan 264212, F. W. Harding; second, Gondomar 253394, C. F. Mitchell & Son; third. Nonpareil Prince 262931, C. W. Daws & Son. Junior Yearling Bull — First, Premier 280263, Flynn Farm Co.; second, Red Sultan 269243, F. W. Harding; third, Carless Conqueror 2d 265303, T. J. Wornall & Sons. Senior Bull Calf— First, Marshall's Best 285233, F. W. Harding; second. Royal Kintore 281530, Herr Bros. & Reynolds; third. Temptation 285244, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fourth, Bruce 285232, F. W. Harding; fifth. Clear the Way 2d, J. T. Judge; sixth, Mario's Champion 278776, Elmendorf Farm. Junior Bull Calf— First, Marshall Bold 285234, F. W. Harding; second. May King 280869, T. J. Wornall & Sons; third. Royal Archer 285243, T. K. Tomson & Sons. Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Cherry Lass, Vol. 60, T. K. Tom- son & Sons; second, Anoka Broadhooks, F. W. Harding; third. Lovely of Grassmire, Elmendorf Farm; fourth, Helen of Troy, Herr Bros. & Reynolds; fifth, Sonerila 12th, C. A. Saunders; sixth, Fenimore Princess, F. A. Edwards. 458 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Missie of Browndale 12th, F. W. Harding; second, Clara Belle, Vol. 64, Bellows Bros.; third, Browndale Julia, Carpenter & Ross; fourth, Grace, Vol. 66, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fifth, Sarah McCubbing, Vol. 64, Flynn Farm Co.; sixth, Lovely- Belle, Elmendorf Farm. Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Anoka Gloster 2d, F. W. Harding; sec- ond, Sinnissippi Rose 2d, Elmendorf Farm; third, Delightful, Vol. 68, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fourth, Victoria Countess, F. A. Edwards; fifth, Mina Princess 4th, Vol. 71, Carpenter & Ross; sixth, Sinnissippi Butterfly, Elm- endorf Farm. Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Rose O'Day, T. J. Wornall & Sons; sec- ond. Maid Marian, T. J. Wornall & Sons; third. Sweet D. of Gloster, Vol. 68, Carpenter & Ross; fourth, Ramsden Flower, F. W. Harding; fifth, Hampton's Queen Beauty 2d, Vol. 68, Bellows Bros.; sixth, Annagather, Vol. 68, Carpenter & Ross. Senior Heifer Calf — First, Sultan's Athene 15141, F. W. Harding; sec- ond, Poppy Girl 15155, T. K. Tomson & Sons; third, Rosita, Elmendorf Farm; fourth, Christmas Lassie 15153, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fifth, Elmen- dorf Lassie, Elmendorf Farm; sixth. Merry Lady, Vol. 70, Bellows Bros. Junior Heifer Calf — First, Princess Royal, Herr Bros. & Reynolds; sec- ond, Rosetta of Grassland 10019, T. J. Wornall; third, Lady Flora, Herr Bros. & Reynolds; fourth, Queenly Malaka, H. D. Parsons; fifth. Prudence, Elmendorf Farm; sixth. Bridesmaid, Elmendorf Farm. ExJiihitor's Herd — First, F. W. Harding; second, Elmendorf Farm; third, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fourth. Carpenter & Ross; fifth, Bellows Bros. Breeder's Young Herd — First, F. W. Harding; second. Bellows Bros.; third, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fourth, Flynn Farm Co.; fifth, Herr Bros. & Reynolds. Calf Herd — First, T. K. Tomson & Sons; second, F. W. Harding; third, Herr Bros. & Reynolds; fourth, H. D. Parsons; fifth, Flynn Farm Co. Get of Sire — First, F. W. Harding; second. Bellows Bros ; third, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fourth, F. W. Harding; fifth. Bellows Bros. Produce of Cow — First, Carpenter & Ross; second, F. W. Harding; third, T. J. Wornall & Sons; fourth, T. K. Tomson & Sons; fifth, Herr Bros. & Reynolds. Senior Champion Bull — Whitehall Marshall 209776, Elmendorf Farm. Junior Champion Bull — Premier 280263, Flynn Farm Co. Senior Champion Cow — Missie of Browndale 12th, F. W. Harding. Junior Champion Heifer — Rose O'Day, T. J. Wornall. Grand Champion Bull — Whitehall Marshall 209776, Elmendorf Farm. Grand Champion Female — Missie of Browndale 12th, F. W. Harding. IOWA SPECIALS. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Scottish Champion 224435, H. D. Parsons; second. Clear the Way 231482, J. T. Judge; third, Victor of Ever- green Park 4th 184631, John Gedney & Son; fourth. Secret Viscount 212705, P. A. Edwards; fifth. Silver Star 232024, R. B. Brown. Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Banner's Victor 242584, C. R. Warren; second. Contractor Banner Bearer 250894, G. H. White; third, Mysie's Lancaster 250737, R. W. Livingston. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 459 Senior Yearling Bull — First, Nonpareil Prince 262931, C. W. Daws & Son; second, Gloster Marshall 263130, O. O. Smith; third, Hampton's Counsellor 264533, G. H. White; fourth, Prince Lavender, J. G. Westrope. Junior Yearling Bull — First, See A Cumberland 267738; C. A. Saunders; second, Scottish President, 261716, J. M. Pease & A. J. Pinck; third, Mc- Dougal 282341, G. H. Purge. Senior Bull Calf — First, Clear the Way 2d, J. T. Judge; second. Pine- hurst Champion 285286, C. W. Daws & Son; third, Nonpareil Prince, Vol. 71, Flynn Farm Co.; fourth, King, C. A. Saunders; fifth, Jessie's Boy, J. G. Westrope. .Junior Bull Calf — First, Prince F. 2d, Vol. 71, Flynn Farm Co.; second, Lovat Lad, H. D. Parsons; third, Scottish Clement, H. D. Parsons. Goto Three Years Old or Over — First, Sonerila 12th, C. A. Saunders; second, Fenimore Princess, F. A. Edwards; third. Choice Blythsome, H. D. Parsons; fourth. Roan Princess, C. A. Saunders; fifth, Sapho, Vol. 47, Flynn Farm Co. Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Sarah McCubbing, Vol. 64, Flynn Farm Co.; second. Fashion's Roan, Vol. 70, R. E. Watts & Son; third, Independence Lady 4th, C. A. Saunders; fourth, Pleasant Ridge Athene, F. A. Edwards; fifth, Daisy 2d, G. H. White. Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Victoria Countess, F. A. Edwards; sec- ond, Poppy 7th, Vol. 70, Flynn Farm Co.; third, Rock Dale Duchess 2d, C. A. Saunders; fourth, Florella, Vol. 68, G. H. Purge; fifth, Sweet Violet 12136, R. E. Watts & Sons. Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Dora 5th, H. D. Parsons; second, Miss Ida 6th, C. A. Saunders; third. Countess Cumberland, C. A. Saunders; fourth, Sweet Briar D., Vol. 70, Flynn Farm Co. Senior Heifer Calf — First, Scottish Rose 12228, Forest & Dunham; sec- ond, Bernice, F. A. Edwards; third, Malaka's Marian, H. D. Parsons; fourth. Dainty Girl, H. D. Parsons; fifth, Janette's Beauty, Ernst Funke. Junior Heifer Calf — First, Queenly Malaka, H. D. Parsons; second^ Miss Ramsden 20th, Ernst Funke; third, Veronica 5th, J. T. Judge; fourth, Acacia 13th, Ernst Funke. Exhibitor's Herd — First, H. D. Parsons; second, C. A. Saunders; third, G. H. Burge. Breeder's Young Herd — First, Flynn Farm Co.; second, C. A. Saunders; third, H. D. Parsons. Get of Sire — First, H. D. Parsons; second, C. A. Saunders; third, G. H. Burge. Produce of Cow — First, H. D. Parsons; second, G. H. Burge; third, C. W. Daws & Son. Senior Champion Bull — Scottish Champion 224435, H. D. Parsons. Junior Champion Bull — Clear the Way 2d, J. T. Judge. Senior Champion Cow — Sonerila 12th, C. A. Saunders. Junior Champion Heifer — Victoria Countess, F. A. Edwards. Grand Champion Bull — Scottish Champion 224435, H. D. Parsons. Grand Champion Female — Victoria Countess, F. A. Edwards. 460 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. rv Grand Champion Cow Victoria Countess In the Short Horns for Iowa cattle at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907. Shown by F. A. Edwards, Webster City. HEREFORD. EXHIBITOES. Ben Broughton, Lake View, Iowa; Cargill & McMillan, La Crosse, Wis- consin; Carrothers Bros., Ryan, Iowa; Dale & Wight, Pleasanton, Iowa; J. J. Early, Baring, Missouri; Jas. E. Logan, Kansas City, Missouri; W. S. Van Natta & Son, Fowler, Indiana; G. W. Way & Son, New Sharon, Iowa; Hugh Whiteford, Guilford, Missouri. Judge Andrew Boss, St. Anthony Park, Minnesota. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Privateer 2d 182143, Cargill & McMillan; second. Sunny South 121189, J. J. Early; third, Dudley 176275, Ben Broughton; fourth. Beau Brummel 4th 194318, G. W. Way & Son; fifth, General Grove 137741, J. J. Early. Bull Tico Years Old and Under Three — First, Bonnie Brae 3d 203317, Cargill & McMillan; second, Prime Lad 9th 213963, W. S. VanNatta & Son; third. Preceptor 232358, Dale & Wight; fourth. Young Beau Brum- mel 207148, Jas. E. Logan. Senior Yearling Bull— First, Bonnie Brae 6th 230547, Cargill & Mc- Millan; second, Sunset King 228551, Jas. E. Logan; third, Beaumont Jr. 233039, Ben Broughton. Junior Yearling Bull— First, Beau Brummel 13th 238389, G. W. Way & Son; second, Beau Brummel 10th 238386, G. W. Way & Son; third, Beau Brummel 9th 238385, G. W. Way & Son. Senior Bull Calf — First, Princepts 11th 264204, Cargill & McMillan; second. Prime Lad 38th 261816, W. S. VanNatta & Son; third, Keystone EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 461 King 248135, Jas. E. Logan; fourth, March Lad 261699, W. S. VanNatta & Son; fifth, Zilcaade 260258, J. J. Early; sixth. Early Reaper, 260249, J. J. Early. Junior Bull Calf — First, Castor 259475, Jas. E. Logan; second, Prin- cepts 15th 268046, Cargill & McMillan; third, Bonnie Brae 12th 268042, Cargill & McMillan. Coiv Three Years Old or Over — First, Princess 197988, W. S. VanNatta & Son; second, Twilight 167464, Cargill & McMillan; third, Kiowa 163892, G. W. Way & Son; fourth, Hesiod Maiden 139853, J. J. Early; fifth, Dulci 189225, Ben Broughton; sixth, Nettie 1st 169808, J. J. Early. Heifer Two Years Old or Under Three — First, Magnonette 209141, Car- gill & McMillan; second. Pretty Face 207319, W. S. VanNatta & Son; third, Ethel 2d 203170, Cargill & McMillan; fourth, Linzette 2d, W. S. VanNatta & Son; fifth. Bright Countess 5th 254965, G. W. Way & Son; sixth. Lady Dudley 201821, Ben Broughton. Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Miss Filler 2d 230514, Cargill & Mc- Millan; second, Margaret 234336, W. S. VanNatta & Son; third, Mary. Gertrude 219966, Jas. E. Logan; fourth, Laurie Lass 234334, W. S. Van- Natta & Son; fifth. Bonny Lucy 6th 254964, G. W. Way & Son; sixth, Geneva 236958, Ben Broughton. Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Miss Filler 5th 230517, Cargill & Mc- Millan; second, Miss Filler 6th 239659, Cargill & McMillan; third. Lassie 234333, W. S. VanNatta & Son; fourth, Fredonia 231970, Jas. E. Logan; fifth. Beau Anna 238380, G. W. Way & Son; sixth, Kiowa 2d 238393, G. W. Way & Son. Senior Heifer Calf— First, Princess 2d 264207, Cargill & McMillan; sec- ond. Princess 3d 264208, Cargill & McMillan; third, Leona 261811, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, Miss Roseberry 251471, Jas. E. Logan; fifth. Princess 4th 264209, Cargill & McMillan; sixth. Sister Margaret 261817, W. S. VanNatta & Son. Junior Heifer Calf — First, Princess 7th 267032, Cargill & McMillan; second, Susan 270994, W. S. VanNatta & Son; third, Princess 8th 267033, Cargill & McMillan; fourth, Jessica 259478, Jas. E. Logan; fifth, Sunny Maiden 268466, J. J. Early; sixth, Mirthful 270803, Ben Broughton. Exhihitor's Herd — First, Cargill & McMillan; second, W. S. VanNatta & Son; third, G. W. Way & Son; fourth, Ben Broughton. Breeder's Young Herd — First, Cargill & McMillan; second, W. S. Van- Natta & Son; third, Jas. E. Logan; fourth, W. S. VanNatta & Son; fifth, G. W. Way & Son. Calf Herd— First, Cargill & McMillan; second, W. S. VanNatta; third, Jas. E. Logan. Get of Sire — First, W. S. VanNatta & Son; second, Jas. E. Logan; third, Cargill & McMillan; fourth, W. S. VanNatta & Son; fifth, J. J. Early. Produce of Coiv — First, Cargill & McMillan; second, W. S. VanNatta & Son; third, W. S. VanNatta & Son; fourth, Cargill & McMillan; fifth, Jas. E. Logan. Champion Bull, Any Age — Cargill & McMillan. Champion Cote, Any Age — Cargill & McMillan. 462 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. IOWA SPECIAXS. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Dudley 176275, Ben Broughton; second, Beau Brummel 4th 194318, G. W. Way & Son. Bull Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Preceptor 232358, Dale & Wright. Senior Yearling Bull — First, Beaumont, Jr. 233039, Ben Broughton. Junior Yearling Bull— First, Beau Brummel 9th 238385, G. W. Way & Son. Senior Bull Calf — First, Gem 265739, Ben Broughton; second, Vern 256742, Ben Broughton. Junior Bull Calf— First, Iowa Brummel 268357, G. W. Way & Son. Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Kiowa 163892, G. W. Way & Son; second, Dulci 189225, Ben Broughton. Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Bright Countess 5th 254965, G. W. Way & Son; second, Lady Dudley 201821, Ben Broughton. Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Bonny Lucy 6th 254964, G. W. Way & Son; second, Geneva 236958, Ben Broughton; third. Dimples 236954, Ben Broughton. Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Beau Anna 238380, G. W. Way & Son; second, Kiowa 2d 238393, G. W. Way & Son; third, Lady Audley 236960, Ben Broughton. Senior Heifer Calf— First, Golden Leaf 4th 257494, G. W. Way & Son; second, Ruth Anna 4th 257495, G. W. Way & Son. Junior Heifer Calf — First, Mirthful 270803, Ben Broughton; second, Ben Broughton. Exhibitor's Herd — First, G. W. Way & Son; second, Ben Broughton. Breeder's Young Herd — First, G. W. Way & Son; second, Ben Brough- ton. Get of Sire — First, G. W. Way & Son; second, Ben Broughton. Produce of Cow — First, C. W. Way & Son; second, Ben Broughton. Champion Bull, Any Age — Dudley 176275, Ben Broughton. Champion Cow, Any Age — Kiowa 163892, G. W. Way & Son. ABERDEEN-ANGUS. EXHIBITORS. 0. V. Battles, Maquoketa, Iowa; A. C. Binnie, Alta, Iowa; Oliver Ham- mers, Malvern, Iowa; J. J. Hasbrouck, Humeston, Iowa; H. J. Hess. Waterloo, Iowa; Silas Igo, Palmyra, Iowa; Albert Lust, Monroe, Iowa; Geo. Lust, Monroe, Iowa; W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa; McDonald & Brantley, Princeton, Missouri; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; Chas. J. Off, Peoria, Illinois; Rosenfeld & Severly, Kelley, Iowa; Wurzbacher & Merrit, Morley, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Jim Delaney 62767, A. C. Binnie, second, McDonald's Las 66952, W. J. Miller. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PAET IX. 463 Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Glenfoil Thickset 2nd 88142, O. V. Battles; second, Woodlawn Elfin 90063, Silas Igo; third, Star of Denison 82426; W. A. McHenry; fourth. Lord Ellemere 84115, Wurzbacher & Merrit; fifth, Eglamour of Quietdale 82111, H. J. Hess; sixth. King McDonald 80599, W. J. Miller. Senior Yearling Bull — First, Golden Gleam 93256, O. V. Battles; second, Prince Pico 93306, W. A. McHenry. Junior Yearling Bull — First, Dalgarno 94796, H. J. Hess; second. Black- bird Barney 93324, W. A. McHenry; third, Bonnie Ben Royal 95006, A. C. Binnie. Senior Bull Calf — First, Autocrat 104127, W. A. McHenry; second, Black King of Homedale 2d 104254, Silas Igo; third. Royal Barbara, A. C. Binnie; fourth, Sir Blackwood 105816, Oliver Hammers; fifth. Idealist 106034, J. J. Hasbrouck; sixth, Sir Novice 2d, W. J. Miller. Junior Bull Calf — First, Laird Ellemere, A. C. Binnie; second, Peter Pan, Rosenfeld & Siverly; third, Ogarita's Prince, McDonald & Brantley. Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Glenfoil Rose 63489, W. A. Mc- Henry; second, Eileen Lass 73102, O. V. Battles; third, Snowflake 2d of Kirkbridge 64016, W. J. Miller; fourth, Mina of Alta 5th 73111, A. C. Binnie; fifth, Gussie of Kirkbridge 64008, W. J. Miller; sixth. Pride of Fashion 68592, H. J. Hess. Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Glenfoil Queen 2d 88143, 0. V. Battles; second, Abbess McHenry 6th 82419, W. A. McHenry; third, Home View Lady Idessa 2d 68247, H. J. Hess; fourth, Blackbird Lassie of Alta 83368, A. C. Binnie; fifth. Pride McHenry 45th 82421, W. A. McHenry; sixth, Queen of Cherokee 10th 83078, W. J. Miller. Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Pride McHenry 53d 93305, W. A. Mc- Henry; second, Gaylawn Bonnie Lass 100608, O. V. Battles; third, Enna Lassie 2d 90052, A. C. Binnie; fourth. Coquette Lass of Alta 95003, A. C. Binnie; fifth. Queen of Hillhurst 92910, McDonald & Brantley; sixth, Duchess 3d of Mt. Vernon 96652, Oliver Hammers. Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Queen Lass of Alta 3d 95007, A. C. Bin- nie; second. Blackbird Lady 4th 95005, O. V. Battles; third, Blackbird McHenry 66th 93314, W. A. McHenry; fourth. Home Dale Erica 3d 98818, Silas Igo; fifth, Snowflake's Queen 94354, W. J. Miller; sixth. Black Darling C. 96123, O. V. Battles. Senior Heifer Calf— First, Brookside Quality Queen 2d 102335, 0. V. Battles; second, Eza Lass, A. C. Binnie; third. Blackbird McHenry 67th 104119, W. A. McHenry; fourth. Queen 11th of Mount Vernon 105812, Oliver Hammers; fifth. Queen 12th of Mount Vernon 105814; sixth, Pre- mier Queen, McDonald & Brantley. Junior Heifer Calf— First, Blackbird of Quietdale 6th 105554, H. J. Hess; second. Pride McHenry 62d 104113, W. A. McHenry; third, Esthonia of Alta, A. C. Binnie; fourth, Snowflake's Queen 2d, W. J. Miller; fifth, Blackbird 5th of Alta, A. C. Binnie; sixth, Metz Erica, W. J. Miller. Exhibitor's Herd — First, O. V. Battles; second, A. C. Binnie; third, W. A. McHenry; fourth, W. J. Miller; fifth, H. J. Hess; sixth, W. J. Miller. Breeder's Young Herd — First, W. A. McHenry; second, A. C. Binnie; third, H. J. Hess; fourth, W. J. Miller; fifth, Oliver Hammers; sixth, McDonald & Brantley. 464 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Calf Herd — First, A. C. Binnie; second, W. J. Miller; third, Oliver Hammers. Get of Sire — First, A. C. Binnie; second, Silas Igo; third, W. A. Mc- Henry; fourth, W. J. Miller; fifth, O. V. Battles. Produce of Cow — First, A. C. Binnie; second, W. A. McHenry; third, W. A. McHenry; fourth, A. C. Binnie; fifth, O. V. Battles; sixth, W. J. Miller. Champion Bull, Any Agre— Glenfoil Thickset 2d 88142, 0. V. Battles. Champion Cow, Any Age — Queen Lass of Alta 3d 95007, A. C. Binnie. GALLOWAY. EXHIBITORS. A. G. Abney, North Loup, Nebraska; J. E. Bales & Son, Stockport, Iowa; A. F. Craymer, Morris, Illinois; C. S. Hechtner, Princeton, Illinois; G. W. Lindsey, Red Cloud, Nebraska. Judge A. M. Thompson, Nashua, Missouri. Bull Three Tears Old or Over — First, Scottish Samson 23542, A. F. Craymer; second, Wild's McDougal 24673, J. E. Bales & Son. Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Standard Favorite 25550, C. S. Hechtner; second, Sioux of Graybill 30276, G. W. Lindsay; third, Ned of Red Cloud 26253, A. G. Abney. Bull One Tear Old and Under Two — First, Dorothea's Prince 28813; second. Maple's Favorite 29045, C. S. Hechtner; third, Graham 5th 28885, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, Osage Chief 29576, G. W. Lindsay; fifth, Hardy Jim 29793, A. G. Abney; sixth, Gaudee of Rivers 28774, A. F. Craymer. Senior Bull Calf — First, Observer of Red Cloud 30518, G. W. Lindsay; second, Fitz-James of Rivers 30637, A. F. Craymer; third, Roderick of Rivers 30638; fourth. Earl of Maples 30656, C. S. Hechtner. Junior Bull Calf — First, Canty Lad 2d, J. E. Bales & Son; second. Pride, G. W. Lindsay; third, Duke of North Loup 30599, A. G. Abney. Coic Three Tears Old or Over — First, Lady Charlotte 24814, G. W. Lind- say; second. Myrtle of Avondale 24942, C. S. Hechtner; third, Evaline 2d of Avondale 20124, A. F. Craymer; fourth. Favorite 16th of Lockinkit 21205, G. W. Lindsay; fifth. Graceful 3d of Garliestown 19297, J. E. Bales & Son; sixth, Jessie A. 21918, A. G. Abney. Heifer Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Druid's Lelia 26218, C. S. Hechtner; second, Hawkeye Lady 27121, J. E. Bales & Son; third. Standard's Pet 27190, A. F. Craj^mer; fourth. Mischief of Rivers 27191, A. F. Craymer; fifth. Appointee 30181, G. W. Lindsay; sixth, Tillie Bell 6th 28177, A. G. Abney. Senior Tearling Heifer — First, Druid's Lelia 2d 29214, C. S. Hechtner; second, Annie Davids 5th 28780, J. E. Bales & Son; third, Vinola 3d of Maples 28855, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, Darletta of Rivers 28762, A. F. Craymer. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 465 ! i' f ■ Ik r » 1 A, fl r 1 m ^Si ^^^P i First prize Junior yearling Galloway heifer, "Lady Graceful," Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907, shown by J. E. Bales & Son. Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Lady Graceful 28783, J. E. Bales & Sou; secoud, Cora of Maples 30642, C. S. Hechtner; third, Princess Graceful 28781, J. E. Bales & Son; fourth, Defender's Pet 28761, A. P; Craymer; fifth, Lady Elgin 28843, G. W. Lindsay; sixth, Orcela, G. W. Lindsay. Senior Heifer Calf — First, Vala, J. E. Bales & Son; second, Vada, J. E. Bales & Son; third, Orlinda 29384, G. W. Lindsay; fourth. Careful of Maples 28856, C. S. Hechtner; fifth, Olive 2d 29395, G. W. Lindsay; sixth, Orange Blossom 29394, G. W. Lindsay. Junior Heifer Calf — First, Eva of Maples 30644, C. S. Hechtner; second, Lily May, J. E. Bales; third, Grace of Rivers 30635, A. F. Craymer; fourth, Lily Gay, J. E. Bales & Son; fifth, Pride of the Valley, G. W. Lindsay. Exhibitor's Herd — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, J. E. Bales & Son; third, A. F. Craymer; fourth, G. W. Lindsay. Breeder's Young Herd — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, J. E. Bales & Son; third, G. W. Lindsay; fourth, A. F. Craymer. Calf Here/— First. J. E. Bales & Son; second, G. W. Lindsay; third, A. F. Craymer. Get of Sire — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, J. E. Bales & Son; third, G. W. Lindsay; fourth, J. E. Bales & Son; fifth, A. F. Craymer. Produce of Cow — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, J. E. Bales & Son; third, J. E. Bales & Son; fourth, A. F. Craymer; fifth, G. W. Lindsay. Champion Bull, Any Age — Scottish Samson 23542, A. F. Craymer. Champion Core. Any Age — Lady Charlotte 24814, G. W. Lindsay. 30 466 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. RED POLLED. EXHIBITORS. Frank J. Clouss, Clare, Iowa; Chas. Graff, Bancroft, Nebraska; W. S. Hill, Alexandria, South Dakota; B. A. Samuelson, Kiron, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge James W. Wilson, Brookings, South Dakota. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, One Price 8522, Chas. Graff; second, Jeff 9400, Frank J. Clouss. Bull Two Tears Old and Under— First, Nelson 14070, W. S. Hill; sec- ond, Logan 13500, Frank J. Clouss. Red Polled Bull exhibited at Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907, by Frank J. Closs, Clare, Iowa. Bull One Year Old and Under Two — First, Ivanhoe 14372, W. S. Hill; second. Improver 15961, B. A. Samuelson; third, Dexter 16225, Chas. Graff; fourth, Dorsey 15694, W. S. Hill; fifth, Bart 15880, Frank J. Clouss; sixth, Ben 15881, Frank J. Clouss. Bull Calf Under One Year— First, Burke 16055, W. S. Hill; second, Oscar 16658, B. A. Samuelson; third, Lyman 16054, W. S. Hill; fourth, Joe 15065, B. A. Samuelson; fifth, Victor, Vol. 20, B. A. Samuelson; sixth, Roby's Sport 16649, Frank J. Clouss. Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Daisy Princess 13369, W. S. Hill; second, Ruperta 18993, Chas. Graff; third, Ruberta 22307, Chas. Graff; fourth. Moppet 18692, W. S. Hill; fifth. Saucy 14234, Frank J. Clouss; sixth, Cresco Ray 5th 23459, Frank J. Clouss. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 467 Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Inez 23477, W. S. Hill; second, Lucy 24979, Frank J. Clouss; third, Doretha 23517, Frank J. Clouss; fourth. Garnet 23475, W. S. Hill; fifth, Floss 24527, Chas. Graff; sixth, Molly 25394, Chas. Graff. Heifer One Year Old and Under Two— First, Sula 26261, W. S. Hill; second. Buttercup 24686, W. S. Hill; third, Inas 25786, Chas. Graff; fourth, Fanny 27075, Chas. Graff; fifth. Darling 24967, Frank J. Clouss; sixth, Mandellne 24971, Frank J. Clouss. Heifer Calf Under One Year— First, Rosalind 26262, W. S. Hill; second, Queen 26613, B. A. Samuelson; third, Miss Saucy 26676, Frank J. Clouss; fourth, Ina 26250, W. S. Hill; fifth, Faydora 2d, Chas. Graff; sixth, Grace 26686, Frank J. Clouss. Exhibitor's Herd — First, W. S. Hill; second, Chas. Graff; third, Frank J. Clouss; fourth, Frank J. Clouss. Breeder's Young Herd — First, W. S. Hill; second, B. A. Samuelson. Get of Sire— First, Frank J. Clouss; second, W. S. Hill; third, B. A. Samuelson; fourth, Chas. Graff; fifth, B. A. Samuelson. Produce of Cow— First, W. S. Hill; second, W. S. Hill; third, W. S. Hill; fourth, Chas. Graff; fifth, B. A. Samuelson. Champion Bull, Any Age — One Price 8522, Chas. Graff. Champion Coio, Any Age — Inez 23477, W. S. Hill. POLLED DURHAM. EXHIBITOBS. L. S. Huntley, Chariton, Iowa; J. H. Jenning, Streator, Illinois; Wm. Smiley, Albany, Wisconsin; Shaver & Deuker, Kalona, Iowa; David Weath- erby, Denison, Iowa; Jas. Wilson & Sons, Avoca, Iowa. Judge E. T. Davis, Iowa City, Iowa. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Roan Hero 3613, Shaver & Deukef; second. Marshal of Orange 2758, James Wilson & Sons; third, Carrie's Son 2241, L. S. Huntley. Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Young Fairbanks 5274, David Weatherby; second, Champion of Iowa 4739, James Wilson & Sons; third, John D. 5273, David Weatherby. Bull One Year Old and Under Two — First, Iowa Chief 5721, James Wilson & Sons; second, Orange Boy 5105, James Wilson & Sons; third, Amity Bence 5879, L. S. Huntley. Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Lord Brant 5749, James Wilson & Sons; second, Oscar, Shaver & Deuker; third, Amity Major 5881, L. S. Huntley. Coio Three Years Old or Over — First, Royal Flora, Vol. 3, Shaver & Deuker; second, Brunett's Birdie, "Vol. 4, L. S. Huntley; third. Vellum 41st, Vol. 4, James Wilson & Sons. Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Scottish Belle 4th, Vol. 4, Shaver & Deuker; second, Strathearn Queen 62d, Vol. 4, James Wilson & Sons; third, Guyola, Vol. 4, L. S. Huntley. 468 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Heifer One Year Old and Under Two — First, Royal Queen, Vol. 4, Shaver & Deuker; second, Lily Brant 68th, Vol. 4, James Wilson &_Sons; Maryland Queen, David Weatherby. Heifer Calf Under One Year— First, Victoria 89, Vol. 4, James Wilson & Sons; second, Scotch Belle oth. Vol. 4, Shaver & Deuker; third. Butter- fly 82d, Vol. 4, James Wilson & Sons. Exhibitor's Herd — First, Shaver & Deuker; second, James Wilson & Sons; third, Wm. Smiley. Breeder's Young Herd — First, James Wilson & Sons; second, Wm. Smiley. Get of Sire— First, James Wilson & Sons; second," L. S. Huntley; third, Wm. Smiley. Produce of Cow — First, James Wilson & Sons; second, James Wilson & Sons; third. Shaver & Deuker. Champion Bull, Any Age — Roan Hero 3613, Shaver & Deuker. Champion Cote, Any Age — Royal Flora, Vol. 3, Shaver & Deuker. HOLSTEIN. EXHIBITORS. W. B. Barney & Co., Hampton, Iowa; C. F. Stone, Peabody, Kansas; August Winter, Boyden, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge F. H. Scribxer, Rosendale, Wisconsin. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Jewel of Home Farm 24340. W. B. Barney & Co.; second, Ethel's Alexander 2d, Sir Netherland 26423, C. F. Stone Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Captain Wayne 40453, W. B. Barney & Co.; second, Empress Laddie 2d 38529, August Winter. Bull One Year Old and Under Ttvo — First, Karel Netherland De Kol 41760, C. F. Stone; second, Wit Gem Colantha, W. B. Barney & Co. Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Sir Colantha Gem 46947, W. B. Bar- ney & Co.; second, De Kol Paul Empress 47367, August Winter; third, Henry Empress Laddie 47366, August Winter. Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Parthenea Hengerveld 46004, W. B. Barney & Co.; second. Queen Josephine :Mechtchilde 48655, C. F. Stone; third. Lady Truth, C. F. Stone; fourth, Colantha's Florence Herbert 5th 61231, W. B. Barney & Co.; fifth, Wayne Lady Mechtchilde 52790, C. F. Stone Heifer Tico Years Old and Under Three — First, Empress Gerben of Home Farm 3d 79243, W. B. Barney & Co.; second, Josephine Gerben De Kol Wartena 78622, C. F. Stone; third, Tinnie De Kol 79198, August Winter; fourth, Sophia Elgin 83444, August Winter; fifth, Magaretha Friedericke De Kol, August Winter. Heifer One Year Old and Under Two (In Milk)— First, Sissy Baker NetherlancJ 94909, C. F. Stone; second. Lady Myrtle De Kol 86698, W. B. Barney & Co.; third, Josephine Gerben Netherland 88432, C. F. Stone. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 469 Heifer One Tear Old and Under Two (Dry) — First, Melva 4th's Tritor- nia 2(1 89802, W. B. Barney & Co.; second. Princess Netherland Colantha 89564, W. B. Barney & Co.; third, Lily Henry De Kol, August Winter; fourth, Snowflock Netlierland 89483, August Winter. Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Wit Duchess Abelvirk, W. B. Bar- ney & Co.; second, Shadybrook Lady Parthenea Henry 95632, C. F. Stone; third. Lady Truth's Gerben Alexander 95630, C. F. Stone; fourth. Em- press Duchess Gem 94512, W. B. Barney & Co.; fifth, Wayne Lady of Rosedale 95631, C. F. Stone. Exhibitor's Herd — First,. W. B. Barney & Co.; second, C. F. Stone; third, August Winter. Breeder's Young Herd — First, W. B. Barney & Co.; second, C. F. Stone; third, August Winter. Get of Sire — First, W. B. Barney & Co.; second, W. B. Barney & Co.; third, C. F. Stone; fourth, August Winter; fifth, August Winter. Produce of Coiv — First, C. F. Stone; second, W. B. Barney & Co.; third, C. F. Stone; fourth, August Winter; fifth, August Winter. Champion Bull, Any Age — Jewel of Home Farm 24340, W. B. Barney & Co. Champion Cow, Any Age — Parthenea Hengerveld 46004, W. B. Barney & Co. JERSEY. EXHIBITORS. Dixon & Deaner, Brandon. Wisconsin; Hunkydory Farm, Pella, Iowa; Hunter & Smith, Beatrice, Nebraska; Mrs. S. B. Thomas, St. Joseph, Mis- souri. AWARDS. Judge F. H. Scbibnee, Rosendale, Wisconsin. Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Emanon 52299, Hunter & Smith; second, Zelay's Fancy Lad 65883, Dixon & Deaner; third. Gold Link's Gold Boy 61897, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Vic's Successor 68163, Hunter & Smith; fifth, Hunkydory King 73399, Hunkydory Farm. Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Catillion's Bachelor 73836, Hunter & Smith. Bull One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, Guenon's Champion Lad 73959, Hunter & Smith; second, Gorgeous' Uncle Peter, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; third. Coin Harvey, Hunkydory Farm. Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Uncle Peter's Successor 77042, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; second, Golden Reverie's Lad, Dixon & Deaner; third, St. Paul, Dixon & Deaner; fourth, Libbie's Golden Lad, Dixon & Deaner; fifth, Victoria's Central Lad, Hunter & Smith. Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Morey's Golden Lass 168471, Dixon & Deaner; second. Sultan's Wonder Imp. 168524, Hunter & Smith; third, Uncle Peter's Fawn 181811, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Georgeous' Nigretta 177201, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fifth, Beechfield's Francis 192138, Dixon & Deaner. 470 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUHB. Heifer Two Tears Old and Under Three — First, Uncle Peter's Prim- rose 190607, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; second. Uncle Peter's Belle 190608, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; third, Sultan's Lady Wonder 199588, Hunter & Smith; fourth, Lorena Golden Lady 199581, Dixon & Deaner; fifth. Fox's Antoin- ette 186799, Hunkydory Farm. Heifer One Tear Old and Under Two (In Milk) — First, Victoria's Fair Lady, Hunter & Smith; second. Uncle Peter's Elfin, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; third, Victoria's Gem of St. Lambert 207505, Hunter & Smith; fourth, Silver Coo 198362, Hunkydory Farm. Heifer One Tear Old and Under Two (Dry) — First, Frinklin's Golden Beauty, Dixon & Deaner; second. Uncle Peter's Carnation 207955, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; third, Fancy Brier 2d, Hunter & Smith; fourth, Linda's Golden Lady 199196, Dixon & Deaner; fifth, Mary Belinda 208251, Hunky- dory Farm. Heifer Calf Under One Tear — First, Brandon Pet, Dixon & Deaner; second. Uncle Peter's Blue Belle 207957, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; third, Gold Boy's Coldstream 207956, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Victoria's Vera Vexer, Hunter & Smith; fifth, Emanon's Love, Hunter & Smith. Exhibitor's Herd — First, Dixon & Deaner; second, Hunter & Smith; third, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Hunkydory Farm. Breeder's Toung Herd — First, Hunter & Smith; second, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; third, Dixon & Deaner; fourth, Hunkydory Farm. Get of Sire — First, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; second. Hunter & Smith; third, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Dixon & Deaner. Produce of Cow — First, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; second, Dixon & Deaner; third, Mrs. S. B. Thomas; fourth, Hunter & Smith; fifth, Dixon & Deaner. Champion Bull, Any Age — Guenon's Champion Lad 73959, Hunter & Smith. Champion Cow, Any Age — Morey's Golden Lass 168471, Dixon & Deaner. TEST OF MILCH COWS. EXHIBITOBS. C. F. Stone, Peabody, Kansas; W. B. Barney & Co., Hampton, Iowa; Dixon & Deaner, Brandon, Wisconsin; August Winter, Boyden, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge H. G. VaxPelt, Ames, Iowa. Test of Milch Cows — First, Nellie Elgin 62189, August Winter; sec- ond, Parthenea Hengerveld 46004, W. B. Barney & Co.; third, Mary Choraline Mercedes 50380, August Winter. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 471 Name of Cow and Owner ^^ a 3 Ss u (SO a) as 2t- 0? Fir. 3 sa ?^a mS 03 P3 d, CO Nellie Elgin 62189, August Winter, Boyden, Iowa Parthenia Hengerveld 46004, W. B. Barney Co., Hampton, Iowa Mary Cboraline Mercedes 50306, August Winter, Boyden, Iowa Lady Truth Gerben Mathilda, C. F. Stone, Pea- body, Kansas Lizetta DeKol 74154, August Winter, Boyden, Iowa Marge Elgin 67677, August Winter, Boyden, Iowa Queen Josephine Meclithilde 488.55, C. F. Stone, Peat)ody, Kansas Colantha Florence Herbert 5th 61231, W. B. Barney Co., Hampton, Iowa 112 110 110.5 100 103 94.2 81.6 78.6 2.8 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.93 3.23 2.8 3.18 $.795 108.8 .218 i.OSSi .7595 106.96 .214 2.984 .746 107.52 .215 2.99 .747 97.01 .194 3.727 2.755 .682 .689 99.27 91.44 .198 .183 2.62 .655 78.98 .158 2.17 .543 76.47 .153 $1,013 .974 .955 .941 .881 .872 .814 .695 Hugh G. Vax Pelt, Director of Test. FAT CATTLE— SHORT-HORNS. EXHIBITORS. J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; Shadewell Stock Farm, Carthage, Missouri; Elmendorf Farm, Lexing- ton, Kentucky. AWARDS. Judge C. B. Dustin, Summer Hill, Illinois. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First, First, John Peter, J. R. Peak & Son; second, George P., C. A. Saunders; third. Line of Scott, J. R. Peak. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First, Look Me Over, C. A. Saunders; second, Bob Winkle, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Frank Beesure, J. R. Peak & Son. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, Look at Me, C. A. Saunders; second, Kentucky Cardinal, Elmendorf Farm; third, Brilliancy, Elmendorf Farm. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Look Me Over, C. A. Saunders. Champion Group of Three Head Oioned by One Exhibitor — First, C. A. Saunders; second, J. R. Peak & Son; third, J. R. Peak & Son. FAT CATTLE— HEREFORDS. EXHIBia-OBS. Cargill & McMillan, LaCrosse, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge Andrew Boss, St. Anthony Park, Minnesota. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First, Fair Lad 1st 203171, Cargill & McMillan. 472 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Two — Fulfiller 6th 230511, Cargill & McMillan. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Tear — First, Pioneer 256688, Cargill & McMillan. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Fair Lad 1st 203171, Car- gill & McMillan. Champion Group of Three Head Otvned by Exhibitor — First, Cargill & McMillan. FAT CATTLE— ABERDEEN ANGUS. EXHIBITORS. Silas Igo, Palmyra, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; Chas. J. Off, Peoria, Illinois; Rosenfeld & Siverly, Kelly, Iowa. Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, South Oaks Chance 1383, W. J. Miller. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Tivo — First, Rol- licker 1473, Rosenfeld & Siverly; second, Metz Prince 2d 1450, W. J. Miller; third. Home Dale Defender, Silas Igo. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, Metz Prince 3d, W. J. Miller. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Rollicker 1473, Rosenfeld & Siverly. Champion Group of Three Head Owned by Exhibitor — W. J. Miller. FAT CATTLE— GALLOWAYS. exhibitors. G. W. Lindsey, Red Cloud, Nebraska; C. D. McPherson, Fairfield, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge A. M. Thompson. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Buster Brown 27244, C. D. McPherson. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Red Cloud Chief, G. W. Lindsay. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Red Cloud Chief, G. W. Lindsay. FAT CATTLE— GRADES AND CROSS BREEDS. exhibitors. A. G. Abney, North Loup, Nebraska; Cargill & McMillan, LaCrosse, Wisconsin; Carrothers Bros., Ryan, Iowa; Door & Redhead, Des Moines, Iowa; Silas Igo, Palmyra, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; J. R. Peak EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 473 & Son, "Winchester, Illinois; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; David Weatherby, Denison, Iowa. AWARDS. / W. J. Rutherford, Winnipeg, Canada. •^^^^^ t C. B. DusTiN, Summer Hill, Illinois. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Tioo Years and Under Three — First, Joker, J. R. Peak & Son; second. Sunshine 2d, Silas Igo; third, John, C. A. Saunders; fourth. Wild Tom, W. J. Miller; fifth. White Foot, A. G. Abney. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Robin J. R. Peak & Son; second, Bonnie, Cargill & McMillan; third, Ike, C. A. Saunders. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, My Choice, Silas Igo; second, Metz Joe, W. J. Miller; third, My Surprise, J. B. Peak & Son. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heiger — First, My Choice, Silas Igo. Champion Group of Three Oivned by One Exhibitor — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Silas Igo; third, C. A. Saunders. FAT CATTLE— GRAND CHAMPION. EXBUBITOES. Cargill & McMillan, LaCrosse, Wisconsin; Silas Igo, Palmyra, Iowa; G. W. Lindsey, Red Cloud, Nebraska; Rosenfeld & Siverly, Kelly, Iowa; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa. Judges . W. J. Rutherford, Winnipeg, Canada. C. B. DusTix, Summer Hill, Illinois. Steer, spayed or Martin heifer, any age or breed, limited to sweep- stakes or champion steers, spayed or Martin heifers winning in pure bred Short-horn, Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, Galloway and the grade and cross- bred sections. Fair Lad 1st 203171, Cargill & McMillan. FAT CATTLE— GRAND CHAMPION GROUP. EXHIBITORS. Cargill & McMillan, LaCrosse, Wisconsin; J. R. Peak & Son, Win- chester, Illinois; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa. -, , f W. J. Rutherford, Winnipeg, Canada. '^^^^^^^ \ C. B. Dustin, Summer Hill. Illinois. Grand champion group of three steers, spayed or Martin heifers, con- sisting of one steer, spayed or Martin heifer two years and under three, one one year and under two, and one under one year, owned by one ex- 474 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. hibitor. Competition limited to the champion groups in Short-horns, Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, Galloway and grade and cross-bred sections. Awarded to Cargill & McMillan. SWINE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction. POLAND CHINA. EXHIBITOKS. Chas Ash, West Union, Iowa; A. J. Banks, Montour, Iowa; M. W. Bate- man, Monroe, Iowa; John Bell, Wellman, Iowa; J. B. Blackley, Crown Point, Indiana; Henry Bowman, Monroe, Iowa; S. N. Boyd, Russell, Iowa; H. G. Boyer, Lovilla, Iowa; J. F. Bonner, Panora, Iowa; F. L. Brumback, Cissna Park, Illinois; F. L. Bunton, West Union, Iowa; S. P. Chiles, Fair- field, Iowa; S. P. Chiles & F. D. Winn, Fairfield, Iowa; J. I. Davis, Mount Hammill, Iowa; A. W. DeWitt, Russell, Iowa; J. R. Elben & Sons, Massena, Iowa; J. T. Elerback, Beatrice, Nebraska; J. H. Fawcett, Woodstock, Illi- nois; O. L. Fay, Oneida, Illinois; R. H. Fitchenmiller, Farmington, Iowa; John Francis & Sons, New Lenox, Illinois; J. M. Frey & Sons, Wadena, Iowa; G. Friday & Sons, Sigourney, Iowa; J. Walter Garvey, Thayer, Illionis; Gates Bros., Ravenwood, Missouri; John H. Gibbens, North English, Iowa; M. J. Giblin, Parnell, Iowa; A. Glenn, Chicago, Illinois; J. A. Goltry, Russell, Iowa; B. L. Gosick, Fairfield, Iowa; Hanson, Black & Gaffery, Holbrook, Iowa; W. H. Harrison, Wright, Jowa; J. H. Harvey & Son, Marysville, Missouri; Hemmerling & Palmer, Dike, Iowa; A. W. Holland, New London, Iowa; J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa; M. C. Howard, Grand Junction, Iowa; L. Hunsberger, Elgin, Iowa; B. F. Ishmael, Laredo, Missouri; Harvey Johnson, Logan, Iowa F. D. Kenworthy, Avon, Iowa; Wm. Kirk, Logan, Iowa; Chas. A. Lewis, Beatrice, Nebraska; Lingenfelter & West, Altoona, Iowa; Jas. W. Locke & Co., Remington, Indiana; J. L. Logg, Maxwell, Iowa; A. J. Lytle, Oska- loosa, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; N. F. Miller, Knoxville, Iowa; B. M. & A. D. Mitchell, Reinbeck, Iowa; Moon & Brown, Cromwell, Iowa; Morris Bros. & Nicholson, Lohrville, Iowa; D. S. Needham, Woodward, Iowa; O'Donnell & McCoy, Colo, Iowa; F. N. Orr, Albia, Iowa; E. G. Pace, Muscatine, Iowa; J. M Pease & A. J. Pinck, Colfax, Iowa; Wm. Pedrick & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; G. A. Perry, Knoxville, Iowa; M. D. Porter, Van- dalia, Missouri; Geo. Preston, West Branch, Iowa; J. S. Price. Musca- tine, Iowa; Probert Bros., Wadena, Iowa; C. L. Prouty, Council Bluffs, Iowa; C. W. Ramsey, Oakley, Iowa; B. T. Ray & B. O. Hunt, Ravens- wood, Missouri; Andrew Rossow, Lohrville, Iowa; P. F. Sanders, Sig- ourney, Iowa; Al Schwaller, Burlington, Iowa; E. A. Seaba, Sigourney, Iowa; Mark I. Shaw, Monroe, Iowa; Smith & Fay, Oneida, Illinois; Chas. H. Stone, Muscatine, Iowa; W. G. Stevenson, Knoxville, Iowa; Strater Bros., Monroe, Iowa; W. Z. Swallow & Son, Waukee, Iowa; Dr. R. W. Thomas, St. Joseph, Missouri; A. G. Tweed, LeGrand, Iowa; E. G. Tweed, LeGrand, Iowa; M. M. Unterkirchner, Wever, Iowa; R. C. Walker, EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IXi 475 Augusta, Illinois; J. H. Watson, Madrid, Iowa; Wellington & Arbuckle, Hope, Indiana; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; G. H. White, Emerson, Iowa; Oliver Whiteman, Biggsville, Illinois; Wm. Wingate, Trenton, Missouri; F. D. Winn, Randolph, Missouri; Frank Wolgamuth, Elgin, Iowa. Judge Wilson Rowe, Ames, Iowa. Boar Two Years Old or Over — First, Oliver Whitman; second, J. R. Eblen & Sons; third, F. N. Orr; fourth. Moon & Brown; fifth, G. H. White; sixth, M. D. Porter; seventh, Chas. A. Lewis. Boar Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, Frank Wolgamuth; second, S. P. Chiles; tiiird, H. G. Boyer; fourth, L. Hunsberger; fifth, F. L. Bunton; sixth, F. L. Brumback; seventh, Chas. A. Lewis. Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, J. Walter Garvey; second, A. W. Holland; third, Dr. R. W. Thomas; fourth, Chas. A. Lewis; fifth, John H. Gibbens; sixth, Al Schwaller; seventh, 0. L. Fay. Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, J. W. Fawcett; second, Wellington & Arbuckle; third, W. Z. Swallow; fourth, M. M. Unterkirch- ner; fifth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; sixth, Harvey Johnson; seventh, Dr. R. W. Thomas. Boar Under Six Months — First, Wm. Wingate; second, B. L. Gosick; third. S. P. Chiles & F. D. Winn; fourth, S. P. Chiles & F. D. Winn; fifth, Wm. Wingate; sixth, J. S. Fawcett & Sons; seventh, Geo. Preston. Sow Two Years Old or Over — First, Hemmerling & Palmer; second, W. Z. Swallow; third, Wm. Kirk; fourth, A. W. DeWitt; fifth, E. G. Tweed; sixth, E. G. Tweed; seventh, Chas. A. Lewis. Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, F. D. Winn; second, F. D. Winn; third, Wellington & Arbuckle; fourth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; fifth, E. G. Pace; sixth, Hammerling & Palmer; seventh, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, F. D. Winn; second, F. D. Winn; third, E. M. & A. D. Mitchell; fourth, B. L. Gosick; fifth, Wellington & Arbuckle; sixth, F. D. Winn; seventh, Jas. W. Locke & Co. Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First, Wellington & Arbuckle, second, J. H. Fawcett; third. Dr. R. W. Thomas; fourth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; fifth, O'Donnell & McCoy; sixth, Wellington & Arbuckle; seventh, Wellington & Arbuckle. Sow Under Six Months — First, S. P. Chiles; second, S. P. Chiles; third, Wellington & Arbuckle; fourth, Wellington & Arbuckle; fifth, Jas W. Locke; sixth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; seventh, Probert Bros. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, F. D. Winn; second, A. W. Holland; third, Wellington & Arbuckle; fourth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; fifth, Hammerling & Palmer; sixth, Chas. A. Lewis; seventh, W. Z. Swallow & Son. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, J. H. Fawcett; second, Wellington & Arbuckle; third, Jas. W. Locke & Son; fourth, Al Schwaller; fifth, E. G. Tweed; sixth. Dr. R. W. Thomas; seventh, J. T. Elerback. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First, F. D. Winn; second, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; third, Hammerling & Palmer. 476 .IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Boar and Three Sows Under One Tear Bred by Exhibitor — First, J. H. Fawcett; second, Wellington & Arbuckle; third, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; fourth, Al Sch waller; fifth, E. G. Tweed; sixth, Dr. R. W. Thomas; sev- enth, J. T. Elerback. Get of Sire— First, F. D. Winn; second, J. H. Fawcett; third, Welling- ton & Arbuckle; fourth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; fifth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; sixth, Al Schwaller; seventh, Dr. R. W. Thomas. Produce of Sow — First, S. P. Chiles; second, S. P. Chiles & F. D. Winn; third, Geo. Preston; fourth, Jas. W. Locke & Co.; fifth, Wm. Pedrick & Son; sixth, Wm. Pedrick & Son; seventh, C. W. Ramsey. Champion Boar Any Age — Frank Wolgamuth. Champion Sow Any Age — F. D. Winn. Champion Boar Any Age Bred by Exhibitor — J. Walter Garvey. Champion Sow Any Age Bred by Exhibitor — F. D. Winn. BERKSHIRES. EXHIBITOBS. H. U. Hainline, Orient, Iowa; Houghton & Braman, Marshalltown, Iowa; C. D. Johnson, Nashua, Iowa; W. O. Knapp, Guthrie Center, Iowa; John C. Miller, Harlan, Iowa; Miller & Deitrich, Menlo, Iowa. AWABDS. Judge N. G. Gentry, Sedalia, Missouri. Boar Three Years Old or Over — First, H. U. Hainline; second, C. D. Johnson; third, Miller & Deitrich; fourth, Houghton & Braman; fifth, Houghton & Braman. Boar Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, C. D. Johnson; second, Houghton & Braman. Boar One Year Old and Under Eighteen Months — First, C. D. Johnson; second, C. D. Johnson; third, Houghton & Braman. Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, C.' D. Johnson; second, H. U. Hainline; third, H. U. Hainline, fourth, Miller & Deitrich; fifth, Miller & Deitrich. Boar Under Six Months — First, Miller & Deitrich; second, H. U. Hain- line; third, C. D. Johnson; fourth, H. U. Hainline; fifth. Miller & Deitrich. Sow Two Years Old and Over — First, H. U. Hainline; second, C. D. Johnson; third, John C. Miller; fourth, Houghton & Braman. Sow Eighteen Months and Under Tico Years — First, C. D. Johnson; secoHd, John C. Miller. Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, C. D. Johnson; second, C. D, Johnson; third, C. D. Johnson; fourth, Houghton & Braman; fifth, John C. Miller. Soto Six Months and Under One Year — First, C. D. Johnson; second, Miller & Deitrich; third, fourth and fifth, H. U. Hainline. Sow Under Six Months — First, Miller & Deitrich; second Miller & Dei- trich; third, H. U. Hainline; fourth and fifth, C. D. Johnson. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 477 Boar and Three Sotcs Over One Tear — First and second, C. D. Johnson; third, John C. Miller; fourth, Houghton & Braman. Boar and Three Sous Under One Tear — First, C. D. Johnson; second, Miller & Deitrich; third and fourth, H. U. Mainline; fifth, Houghton & Braman. Boar and Three Soivs Over One Tear Bred by Exhibitor — First, C. D. Johnson; second, Houghton & Braman. Boar and Three Soivs Under One Tear Bred by Exhibitor — First, C. D. Johnson; second. Miller & Deitrich; third H. U. Hainline; fourth, H. U. Hainline; fifth, Houghton & Braman. Get of Sire — First and second, C. D. Johnson; third. Miller & Deitrich; fourth, H. U. Hainline; fifth. Miller & Deitrich. Produce of Soic — First, Miller & Deitrich; second, H. U. Hainline; third, C. D. Johnson. MODEL H. 5Th 90593. CHAMPJOH^^mMD Cm/^PfOJ^^OWA STATE SAIR JSOI '^jJ Berkshire sow exhibited at Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907 by H. U. Hainline, Orient, Iowa. Champion Boar Any Age — H. U. Hainline. Champion Sow Any Age — H. U. Hainline. Champion Boar Any Age Bred by Exhibitor — C. D. Johnson. Champion Soic Any Age Bred by Exhibitor — H. U. Hainline. CHESTER WHITE. EXHIBITOES. Allen Bros., Russell, Iowa; J. L. Barber, Harlan, Iowa; W. T. Barr, Ames, Iowa; B. M. Boyer, Farmington, Iowa; E. J. Brouhard, Colo, Iowa; G. T. Clark, Bella, Iowa; W. H. Dunbar, Jefferson, Iowa; B. M. Eastburn. 478 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Hillsboro, Iowa; A. B. Heath, Newell, Iowa; W. F. Hemmerling, Dike, Iowa; J. W. Holowell, Fairfield, Iowa; Humbert & White, Nashua, Iowa; A. J. Johnson, Brighton, Iowa; Geo. H. Lawshe, Harlan, Iowa; E. J. Leavens, Shell Rock, Iowa; J. A. Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; J. H. Mahanna, North English, Iowa; Wm. Michael, Selma, Iowa; S. B. Mills, Ames, Iowa; E. L. Nagle & Son, Deep River, Iowa; H. L. Orcutt, Monroe, Iowa; O. Osborne, Maxwell, Iowa; N. A. Ranck & Co., Niota, Iowa; Clark Richard- son, Pella, Iowa; S. W. Stevens, Collins, Iowa; Wm. Whitted, Monroe, Iowa. AWABDS. Judge N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Missouri. Boar Two Years Old or Over — First, H. L. Orcutt; second, S. W. Stevens; third, Humbert & White; fourth, A. B. Heath; fifth, E. L. Nagle & Son; sixth, J. W. Holowell; seventh Humbert & White. Boar Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, Humbert & White; second, Humbert & White; third, Wm. Michael; fourth, N. A. Ranck & Co.; fifth, A. J. Johnson; sixth, Humbert & White; seventh, W. T. Barr. Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, W. F. Hemmerling; second and third, Humbert & White; fourth, E. J. Brouhard; fifth, Allen Bros.; sixth, J. L. Barber; seventh, E. J. Brouhard. Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First and second, Humbert & White; third and fourth, W. P. Hemmerling; fifth and sixth, Humbert & White; seventh, J. L. Barber. Boar Under Six Months — First and second, J. H. Mahanna, third, W. H. Dunbar; fourth, E. L. Nagle & Son; fifth, J. L. Barber; sixth, W. T. Barr; seventh, Allen Bros. Sow Two Years Old or Over — First, J. L. Barber; second, Humbert & White; third, W. F. Hemmerling; fourth, Humbert & White, fifth and sixth, J. L. Barber. Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First and second, Hum- bert & White; third, J. L. Barber; fourth, Humbert & White. Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — Frst, J. L. Barber; second and third, Humbert & White; fourth, J. L. Barber; fifth, Humbert & White; sixth and seventh, Geo. H. Lawshe. Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First and second, Humbert & White; third, J. L. Barber; fourth, W. F. Hemmerling; fifth, Humbert & White; sixth, E. L. Nagle & Sons; seventh, N. A. Ranck & Co. Sow Under Six Months — First and second, J. A. Loughridge; third, W. T. Barr; fourth, J. A. Loughridge; fifth, W. T. Barr; sixth, J. L. Barber; seventh, E. J. Brouhard. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First and second, Humbert & White; third and fourth, J. L. Barber. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First and second, Humbert & White; third, W. F. Hemmerling; fourth, J. H. Mahanna; fifth, J. L. Barber; sixth, J. A. Loughridge; seventh, W. T. Barr. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First and second, Humbert & White; third, J. L. Barber. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 479 Boar and Three Sows Under One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First and second, Humbert & White; third, W. F. Hemmerling; fourth, J. H. Ma- hanna; fifth, J. L. Barber; sixth, J. A. Loughridge; seventh, W. T. Barr. Get of Sire — First and second, Humbert & White; third, W. F. Hem- merling; fourth, J. H. Mahanna; fifth, J. L. Barber; sixth, J. A. Lough- ridge; seventh, W. T. Barr. Prodxice of Sow — First, J. H. Mahanna; second, .J. A. Loughridge; third, W. T. Barr; fourth, A. B. Heath; fifth, Allen Bros.; sixth, Wm. Whitted; seventh, J. L. Barber. Champion Boar, Any Age — H. L. Orcutt. Champion Sow, Any Age — J. L. Barber. Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — H. L. Orcutt. Champion Sow, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Humbert & White. DUROC JERSEY. EXHIBITORS. Edw. Aldrich, Rosemond, Illinois; H. S. Allen, Russell, Iowa; A. P. Alsin, Boone, Iowa; Geo. Askren, Tingley, Iowa; L. Baker, Mingo, Iowa; Balmot & Son, Mason City, Iowa; E. & C. V. Beaver, Anita, Iowa; W. R. Bennethum, Madrid, Iowa; Reynold Blafield, Central City, Iowa; O. H. Chitty, Toledo, Iowa; S. G. Collicot, Lake City, Iowa; Comer & Gilliland, Carlinville, Illinois; E. J. Compton, Newell, Iowa; J. A. Cottingham, In- dianola, Iowa; E. E. Courtright & Son, Pilot Mound, Iowa; M. C. Cramer, Monroe, Iowa; H. G. Davidson, Brooklyn, Iowa; U. G. Davidson, Manson, Iowa; John Dulaney, Blair, Nebraska; Easton Bros., Galva, Iowa; Sher- man Edwards, Bondurant, Iowa; M. M. Elmendorf, Lacona, Iowa; F. Fowler & Son, Menlo, Iowa; S. P. Freed, Ames, Iowa; F. B. Garrett, Lohr- ville, Iowa; F. W. Geno, Sigourney, Iowa; S. A. & G. A. Grimes, Russell, Iowa; Hanks & Bishop, New London, Iowa; R. J. Harding, Macedonia, Iowa; W. J. Hartung, Maxwell, Iowa; John Henderson, Panora, Iowa; Mrs. F. H. Herring, Kalona, Iowa; Dwight Hills, Cedar Falls, Iowa; G. W. Hockett, Manning, Iowa; G. N. Hoffman, Sigourney, Iowa; W. H. Hudson, Lohrville, Iowa; Claude Huffman. Scranton, Iowa; Edw. Hummer, Iowa City, Iowa; Ira Jackson, Tippecanoe City, Ohio; Johnson Bros. & New- kirk, Brooklyn and Rose Hill, Iowa; John Justice, Ankeny, Iowa; W. D. Kail, Carlisle, Iowa; 0. A. Kilpatrick, Harlan, Iowa; W. F. Kilpatrick, Harlan, Iowa; Kilpatrick & Wilson, Bethany, Nebraska; Geo. Kopf, Far- rar, Iowa; H. W. Lineweaver, South English, Iowa; C. E. Longnecker, Maxwell, Iowa; Geo. L. Lust, Monroe, Iowa; C. A. McCune, Menlo, Iowa; Chas. G. McGinnis, Nevinville, Iowa; S. J. Madison, Nevinville, Iowa; Geo. Manfold, Shannon City, Iowa; B. C. Martz, Polk City, Iowa; May & Porter, Remington, Indiana; E. D. Michael, Selma, Iowa; Geo. H. Miller, Chariton, Iowa; C. R. Mills, Central City, Iowa; M. S. Moats & Son, Ran- dolph, Nebraska; O. L. Mossman, Polk City, Iowa; A. W. H. Orr, Lorimer, Iowa; O. Osborn, Maxwell, Iowa; O. E. Osborn, Weston, Iowa; J. M. Pease & A. J. Pinck, Colfax, Iowa; Gus A. Pederson, Ocheyedan, Iowa; D. J. Pollock, Thayer, Iowa; A. E. Pousch, Chariton, Iowa; W. J. Prather, 480 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Russell, Iowa; W. A. Rankin, Carson, Iowa; A. J. & C. H. Reiser, Sanborn, Iowa; Austin Renshaw, Blair, Nebraska; L. H. Roberts & Son, Paton, Iowa; W. H. Rodenbough, Macedonia, Iowa; E. J. Russell, Blair, Nebraska; Sexsmith & Strong, Greenfield, Iowa; J. C. Smith, Eagle Grove, Iowa; Aug. Sonneland, Harlan, Iowa; Aug. Sonneland & A. Voge, Harlan, Iowa; C. M. Stout, Rose Hill, Iowa; Ed Stout, Rose Hill, Iowa; G. W. .Stout, Rose Hill, Iowa; W. F. Stout, Delta, Iowa; J. Stroh, DeWitt, Nebraska; A. T. Sundell, Paton, Iowa; F. S. Taylor, Wellman, Iowa; Taylor & Allen, Humeston, Iowa; G. W. Trone & Son, Rushville, Indiana; C. E. Veak, Essex, Iowa; Aug. N. Voge, Portsmouth, Iowa; A. N. Voge & A. Sonneland, Portsmouth, Iowa; J. E. Wehr, Portsmouth, Iowa; Weighton & Ashby, Audubon, Iowa; Roy West, Bondurant, Iowa; West & Jones, Bondurant and Berwick, Iowa; White & Dewey, Shannon City, Iowa; W. L. Wiley, Menlo, Iowa; C. A. Wright, Rosendale, Missouri; W\ L. Wright, Jr., Rosen- dale, Missouri. AWARDS. Judge J. E. Drake, Yellow Springs, Ohio. Boar Tiso Years Old or Over — First, G. W. Hockett; second, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; third, E. J. 'Russell; fourth, S. P. Freed; fifth, M. S. Moats & Son; sixth, L. H. Roberts & Son; seventh, E. J. Russell. Boar Eighteen Months and Under Ttco Tears — First, A. N. Voge & A. Sonneland; second, Ira Jackson; third, R. J. Harding; fourth. Hanks & Bishop. Boar One Tear and Under Eighteen Months — First, Comer & Qilliland; second and third, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; fourth, 0. E. Osborn; fifth, Gus A. Pederson; sixth, Hanks & Bishop; seventh, Kilpatrick & Wilson. Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, Ira Jackson; second, R. J. Harding; third, H. W. Lineweaver; fourth, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; fifth, W. F. Stout; sixth, A. T. Sundell; seventh, W. H. Rodenbough. Boar Under Six Months — First, F. Fowler & Son; second, O. A. Kil- patrick; third, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; fourth, Edw. Aldrich; fifth, W. P. Kilpatrick; sixth, Sexsmith & Strong; seventh, W. H. Rodenbough. Sow Two Tears Old or Over — First, Ira Jackson; second, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; third, W. F. Kilpatrick; fourth, L. H. Roberts & Son; fifth, L. H. Roberts & Son; sixth, G. W. Hockett; seventh, Claude Huffman. Sow Eighteen Months and Under Tivo Years — First, F. E. Garrett; sec- ond, O. E. Osborn; third, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; fourth, A. E. Pousch; fifth, Balmot & Son; sixth, Ira Jackson; seventh, Easton Bros. Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, F. E. Garrett; sec- ond, G. W. Hockett; third, Aug. N. Voge; fourth, Johnson Bros. & New- kirk; fifth, Easton Bros.; sixth, L. H. Roberts & Son; seventh, A. T. Sun- dell. Soiv Six Months and Under One Year — First, W. H. Rodenbough; sec- ond, Ira Jackson; third, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; fourth, W. F. Kil- patrick; fifth, Roy West; sixth, R. J. Harding; seventh, A. T. Suudall. Sow Under Six Months — First, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; second. Easton Bros.; third, Geo. Manfold; fourth, G. \Y. Trone & Son; fifth. Hanks & Bishop; sixth, Mrs. F. H. Herring; seventh, F. Fowler & Son. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 481 Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, G. W. Hockett; second, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; third, L. H. Roberts & Son; fourth, O. E. Os- borne; fifth, Ira Jackson; sixth, L. H. Roberts & Son; seventh, Johnson Bros. & Newkirli. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Ira Jackson; second, R. J. Harding; third and fourth, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; fifth, W. F. Stout; sixth, A. T. Sundell; seventh, W. J. Prather. Boar and Three Soios Over One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First, John- son Bros. & Newkirk; second, O. B. Osborne; third, Johnson Bros. & New- Ivirk; fourtli, Ira Jackson; fifth, H. S. Allen; sixth, Easton Bros.; sev- enth, E. J. Compton. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First, Ira Jackson; second, R. J. Harding; third and fourth, Johnson Bros. & New- kirk; fifth, F. Fowler & Son; sixth, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; seventh, G. W. Trone & Son. Get of Sire — First, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; second, Ira Jackson; third, E. J. Russell; fourth, R. J. Harding; fifth, L. H. Roberts & Son; sixth, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; seventh, G. W. Trone & Son. Produce of Soic — First, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; second, G. W. Trone & Son; third, Geo. Manfold; fourth, J. A. Cottingham; fifth, W. F. Stout; sixth, Sexsmith & Strong; seventh, W. F. Kilpatrick. Champion Boar, Any Age — Comer & Gilliland. Champion Sow, Any Age — F. E. Garrett. Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Johnson Bros. & Newkirk. Champion Soiv, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Johnson Bros. & Newkirk. LARGE YORKSHIRE. EXHIBITORS. Jas. Atkinson, Des Moines, Iowa; B. F. Davidson, Menlo, Iowa; Mike Messenger, Dale, Iowa; J. L. Todd & Son, Woodward. AWARDS. Judge J. J. Ferguson, Chicago, Illinois. Boar Tioo Years Old or Over — First, Jas. Atliinson; second, B. F. David- son. Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, B. F. Davidson; second and third, J. L. Todd & Son. Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First and second, B. F. David- son; third, Jas. Atkinson; fourth, B. F. Davidson; fifth, Jas. Atkinson. Boar Under Six Months — First, second, third and fourth, B. F. David- son; fifth, Jas. Atkinson. Sow Two Years Old or Over — First and second, B. F. Davidson; third and fourth, Jas. Atkinson; fifth, B. F. Davidson. Sow Eighteen Months and Under One Year — First, J. L. Todd & Son. Sotv One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, B. F. Davidson; second, J. L. Todd & Son; third, B. F. Davidson; fourth, Mike Messenger; fifth, J. L. Todd & Son. 31 482 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First and second, Jas. Atkinson; third, fourth and fifth, B. F. Davidson. Sow Under Six Months — First and second, B. F. Davidson; third ana fourth, Jas. Atkinson; fifth, B. F. Davidson. Boar and Three Sows Over One Tear — First, Jas. Atkinson; second, B. F. Davidson; third, J. L. Todd & Son; fourth, Mike Messenger. Boar and Three Sows Under One Tear — First and second, B. F. David- son; third, Jas. Atkinson; fourth, J. L. Todd & Son. Boar and Three So^vs Over One Tear Bred by E xhibitor— First, Mike Messenger. Boar and Three Sows Under One Tear Bred by Exhibitor — First and second, B. F. Davidson; third, Jas. Atkinson; fourth, J. L. Todd & Son. Get of Sire — First and second, B. F. Davidson; third, Jas. Atkinson; fourth, J. L. Todd & Son. Produce of Sow — First, B. F. Davidson; second, Jas. Atliinson; third, B. F. Davidson; fourth, J. L. Todd & Son; fifth, Mike Messenger. Champion Boar, Any Age — Jas. Atlvinson. Champion Sow, Any Age — B. F. Davidson. Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — B. F. Davidson. Champion Sow, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — B. F. Davidson. TAM WORTH. EXHIBITORS. J. W. Justice, Kalona, Iowa; Nye Patterson, Kalona, Iowa; C. C. Roup, Kalona, Iowa; Dr. E. O. Thomas, Kalona, Iowa; Frank Thorntaer, Carth- age, Illinois. AV^^AKDS. Judge J. J. Fergusox, Chicago, Illinois. Boar Two Tears Old or Over — First, Frank Thornber; second, J. W. Justice; third, Frank Thornber. Boar Eighteen Months and Under One Tear — First, Nye Patterson. Boar One Tear and Under Eighteen Months — First, C. C. Roup; second, J. W. Justice; third, Frank Thornber; fourth, J. W. Justice. Boar Six Months and Under One Tear — First, Frank Thornber; second, J. W. Justice; third, C. C. Roup; fourth, Frank Thornber. Boar Under Six Months — First, Dr. E. 0. Thomas; second and third, J. W. Justice; fourth, Nye Patterson; fifth, Frank Thornber. Sow Tioo Tears Old or Over — First, C. C. Roup; second and third, Frank Thornber; fourth, J. W. Justice. Sow Eighteen Months and Under Tivo Tears — First, Frank Thornber; second, C. C. Roup. Sow One Tear and Under Eighteen Months — First, Frank Thornber; second, C. C. Roup; third, J. W. Justice; fourth, Frank Thornber; fifth, Nye Patterson. Sow Six Months and Under One Tear — First, C. C. Roup; second, Frank Thornber; third, C. C. Roup. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 483 Sow Under Six Months — First, Frank Thornber; second. Dr. E. O. Thomas; third, J. W. Justice; fourth, J. W. Justice; fifth, C. C. Roup. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, Frank Thornber; second, C. C. Roup; third, J. W. Justice. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Frank Thornber; second, J. W. Justice; third, Nye Patterson. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year Bred by Exhibitor — -First and second, Frank Thornber. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First, J. W. Justice; second, Nye Patterson; third, Frank Thornber. Get of Sire — First, Frank Thornber; second, J. W. Justice; third, C. C. Roup; fourth, Nye Patterson; fifth, Frank Thornber. Produce of Sow — First, J. W. Justice; second, Nye Patterson; third, Frank Thornber; fourth, C. C. Roup. Champion Boar Any Age — Frank Thornber. Champion Sow, Any Age — C. C. Roup. Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Dr. E. O. Thomas. Champion Sow, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — C. C. Roup. SHEEP DEPARTMENT. SxjPERiNTENDEXT H. L. PiKE, Whiting, Iowa. MERINOS, AMERICAN, SPANISH OR DELAINE. EXHIBITORS. E. M. Moore, Orchard Lake, Michigan; M. L. Wheeler, Belknap, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge G. W. Hervey, Omaha, Nebraska. Ram Tico Years Old or Over — First, E. M. Moore; second, M. L. Wheeler; third, E. M. Moore. Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First and second, E. M. Moore. Ram Lamb — First and second, E. M. Moore. Ewe Tico Years Old or Over — First, second and third, E. M. Moore. Etve One Year Old and Under Tico — First, second and third, E. M. Moore. Ewe Lamb — First and second, E. M. Moore. Get of Sire — E. M. Moore. Flock — First and second, E. M. Moore. Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — E. M. Moore. i Champion Pure Bred Eice, Any Age — E. M. Moore. RAMBOUILLET. EXHIBITORS. P. Clark & Son, Cable, Ohio; Dixon & Deaner, Brandon, Wisconsin; E. M. Moore, Orchard Lake, Michigan; M. L. Wheeler, Belknap, Iowa; Robt. Taylor, Abbott, Nebraska. 484 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AWARDS. Judge G. W. Hervey, Omaha, Nebraska. Ram Two Tears Old or Over — First, Robt. Taylor; second, Dixon & Deaner; third, B. M. Moore. Ram One Year Old and Under Tico — First, E. M. Moore; second, Dixon & Deaner; third, E. M. Moore. Ram Lamb — First, P. Clark & Son; second, Robt. Taylor; third, E. M. Moore. Ewe Two Years or Over — First and second, E. M. Moore; third, Dixon & Deaner. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Robt. Taylor; third, Dixon & Deaner. Ewe Lamb — First, E. M. Moore; second, R. Clark & Son; third, E. M. Moore. Get of Sire— First, P. Clark & Son; second, Robt. Taylor. Flock — First, Robt. Taylor; second, Dixon & Deaner. Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Robt. Taylor. Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Robt. Taylor. COTSWOLDS. EXHIBITORS. F. H. Coriell, Stockport, Iowa; F. W. Harding, Waujvesha, Wisconsin; Lewis Bros., Camp Point, Illinois. AWARDS. Judge Howard A. Chandler, Chariton, Iowa. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Lewis Bros.; second. F. W. Hard- ing; third, Lewis Bros. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Lewis Bros.; second and third, F. W. Harding. Ram Lamb — First, F. W. Harding; second, Lewis Bros.; third, F. W. Harding. Ewe Two Years Old and Over — First and second, F. W. Harding; third, Lewis Bros. Ewe One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, F. W. Harding; second, Lewis Bros.; third, F. W. Harding. Ewe Lamb — First, Lewis Bros.; second and third, F. W. Harding. Get of Sire — First, Lewis Bros.; second, F. W. Harding. Elock — First, Lewis Bros.; second, F. W. Harding. Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Lewis Bros. Champion Pure Bred Eioe, Any Age — F. W. Harding. LEICESTERS. exhibitors. Robt. Taylor, Abbott. Nebraska. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 485 Judge G. W. Hebvey, Omaha, Nebraska. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Robt. Taylor. Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First and second, Robt. Taylor. Ram Lamb — First and second, Robt. Taylor. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Robt. Taylor. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Robt. Taylor. Ewe Lamb — First and second, Robt. Taylor. Get of Sire — First, Robt. Taylor. Flock — First and second, Robt. Taylor. Champion Pure Bred Ram,, Any Age — Robt. Taylor. Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Robt. Taylor. LINCOLNS. EXHIBITOBS. Alex A. Arnold & Sons, Galesville, Wisconsin. AWABDS. Judge G. W. Hebvey, Omaha, Nebraska. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, second and third, Arnold & Sons. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, second and third, Arnold Sons. Ram Lamb — First, second and third, Arnold & Sons. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, second and third, Arnold & Sons. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Arnold & Sons. Ewe Lamb — First and second, Arnold & Sons. Oet of Sire — Arnold & Sons. Flock — First and second, Arnold & Sons. Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Arnold & Sons. Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Arnold & Sons. HAMPSHIRE DOWNS. EXHIBITOBS. Alex A. Arnold & Sons, Galesville, Wisconsin; Blanchar Bros., Winne- bago, Minnesota; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wisconsin; Robt. Taylor, Abbott, Nebraska. AWABDS. Judge Howabd A. Chandler, Chariton, Iowa. Ram Tico Years Old or Over — First, F. W. Harding; second and third, Renk Bros. Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, Renk Bros.; second, P. W. Harding; third, Renk Bros. 486 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Champion Hampshire Down ram one year old and under two shown at Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907, by Renk Bros. Ram Lamb — First, F. W. Harding; second, F. W. Harding; third, Renk Bros. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Renk Bros.; second and third, F. W. Harding. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. W. Harding; second, Renk Bros.; third, F. W. Harding. Ewe Laml) — First and second, Renk Bros.; third, F. W. Harding. Get of Sire — First, Robt. Taylor; second, Alex A. Arnold & Sons. Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Renk Bros. Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Renk Bros. SHROPSHIRES. EXHIBITORS. Blanchar Bros., "Winnebago, Minnesota; Chandler Bros., Chariton, Iowa; Dixon & Deaner, Brandon, Wisconsin; J. S. Fawcett & Sons, Springdale, Iowa; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, AVisconsin ; Kaufman Bros., Monroe, EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 487 Iowa; F. P. McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa; Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee, Wisconsin; O. H. Peasley & Son, Indianola, lov/a; Plumly Bros., Spring- ville, Iowa; Renlv Bros., Sun Prairie, Wisconsin; C. J. Wilkinson, Colfax, Iowa. Judge J. A. McLean, Ames, Iowa. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, Chandler Bros.; third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Ram One Year Old and Under Tico — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, F. AV. Harding. Ram Lamb — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, Renk Bros. Ewe Tico Years Old or Over — First, Renk Bros.; second, F. W. Hard- ing; third. Chandler Bros. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; sec- ond, Renk Bros.; third, F. W. Harding. Eice Laml) — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second. Chandler Bros.; third, Renk Bros. Get of Sire — First, Chandler Bros.; second, O. H. Peasley & Son. Flock — Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Champion Pure Bred Ravi, Any Age — Chandler Bros. ChavifAon Pure Bred Ewe. Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Champion Shropshire ram shown by Chandler Bros, at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907. 488 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTXIEIE. SPECIAL PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SHEOPSHIEE REGISTRY ASSOCIATION. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Geo. Mc- Kerrow & Sons; third, Blanchar Bros. Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, Blanchar Bros.; second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, Plumly Bros. Ram, Lamb — First, second and third, O. H. Peasley & Son. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Plumly Bros.; third, Kaufman Bros. Ewe One Year Old and Under Tivo — First and second, Blanchar Bros.; third, Plumly Bros. Eioe Lamb — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, Plumly Bros.; third, O. H. Peasley; fourth, Plumly Bros. Champion Ram, Any Age — Chandler Bros. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Chandler Bros. Get of Sire — First, O. H. Peasley & Son; second, Plumly Bros.; third, Blanchar Bros. Flock — First, Blanchar Bros.; second, Plumly Bros.; third, 0. H. Peas- ley. IOWA SHROPSHIRES. EXHIBITORS. Chandler Bros., Chariton, Iowa; W. L. Farmer, Indianola, Iowa; J. S. Fawcett & Sons, Springdale, Iowa; Kaufman Bros., Monroe, Iowa; F. P. McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa; 0. H. Peasley & Son, Indianola, Iowa; Plumly Bros., Springville, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge J. A. McLean, Ames, Iowa. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, 0. H. Peasley & Son; second, Kauf- man Bros.; third, J. S. Fawcett & Son; fourth, Plumly Bros.; fifth, F. P. McAdoo. Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, Plumly Bros.; second, O. H. Peasley & Son; third and fourth, Plumly Bros.; fifth, F. P. McAdoo; sixth, J. S. Fawcett & Son; seventh, O. H. Peasley & Son. Ra77i Lamb — First, second, third and fourth, 0. H. Peasley & Son; fifth, J. S. Fawcett & Son; sixth, W. L. Farmer; seventh, J. S. Fawcett & Son. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Plumly Bros.; third, F. P. McAdoo; fifth, J. S. Fawcett & Son; sixth, O. H. Peasley & Son; seventh, Plumly Bros. Ewe One Year Old and Under Tioo — First, second and third, Plumly Bros.; fourth, O. H. Peasley & Son; fifth and sixth, J. S. Fawcett & Son; seventh, W. L. Farmer. Ewe Lamb — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, Plumly Bros.; third, 0. H. Peasley & Son; fourth and fifth, Plumly Bros.; sixth and seventh, Kaufman Bros. Get of Sire — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, 0. H. Peasley & Son; third, Plumly Bros. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 489 Flock — First, Plumly Bros.; second, O. H. Peasley & Son; third, J. S. Fawcett & Sons. Champion Ram, Any Age — 0. H. Peasley & Son. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Chandler Bros. OXFORD DOWNS. EXHIBITOBS. F. H. Coriell, Stockport, Iowa; John Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa; F. P. McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa; Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee, Wisconsin; W. W. Waltmire, Peculiar, Missouri. Judge J. A. McLean, Ames, Iowa. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, F. H. Coriell; third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Ram One Year Old and Under Ttvo — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, F. H. Coriell. Ram Lamb — First, W. W. Waltmire; second and third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, W. W. Waltmire; second, Geo. Mc- Kerrow & Sons; third, W. W. Waltmire. Etve One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, F. R. Coriell. Ewe Lamb — First and second, W. W. Waltmire; third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Get of Sire — First, John Graham & Son. Flock — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, W. W. Waltmire. Champion Pure Bred Ram of Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Champion Pure Bred Eice of Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons. IOWA OXFORD DOWNS. EXHIBITORS. F. H. Coriell, Stockport, Iowa; John Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa; F. P. McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge. . . . -. J. A. McLean, Ames, Iowa. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, John Graham. Ram One Year Old and Under Ttoo — First and second, John Graham & Son. Ram Lamb — First, F. P. McAdoo; second, F. H. Coriell; third, John Graham & Son. Ewe Txoo Years Old or Over — First, John Graham & Son. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, John Graham & Son. 490 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Ewe Lamb — First, F. H. Coriell; second and third, John Graham & Son. Get of Sire — First, John Graham & Son; second, F. H. Coriell. Flock — John Graliam & Son. Chavipion Ram, Any Age — John Graham & Son. Champion Eive, Any Age — John Graham & Son. SOUTHDOWNS. EXHIBITORS. Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge G. W. Hekvey, Omaha, Nebraska. Ram Tivo Tears Old or Over — First and second, Geo. IMcKerrow & Sons. Ram One Year Old and Under Tico — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Ravi Lamb — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Ewe Tivo Years Old or Over — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Ewe One Year Old and Under Tivo — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Eioe Lamb — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Flock — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Charnpion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons. DORSETS. EXHIBITORS. Harry H. Wheeler, Elburn, Illinois. AWARDS. Judge G. W. Hervey, Omaha, Nebraska. Ram, Two Years Old or Over — First, Harry H. Wheeler. Ram One Tear and Under Two — First, Harry H. Wheeler. Ram Lamb — First, Harry H. Wheeler. Ewe Two Years Old and Under Two — First, Harry H. Wheeler. Ewe Lamb — First, Harry H. Wheeler. Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Harry H. Wheeler. Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Harry H. Wheeler. CHEVIOTS. EXHIBITORS. M. P. & S. E. Lantz, Carlock, Illinois; G. W. Parnell, Wingate, Indiana. AWARDS. Judge Howard A. Chandler, Chariton, Iowa. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, G. W. Parnell; third, M. P. & S. E. Lantz. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 491 Ravi One Yeai- Old and Under Two — First, G. W. Parnell; second and third, il. P. & S. E. Lantz. Ram Lamb — First, M. P. & S. E. Lantz; second, G. W. Parnell; third, M. P. & S. E. Lantz. Ewe Ttvo Years Old or Over — M. P. & S. E. Lantz; second and third, G. W. Parnell. Eice One Year Old and Under Two — First, G. W. Parnell; second, M. P. & S. E. Lantz; third, G. W. Parnell. Eice Lamb — First, M. P. & S. E. Lantz; second, G. W. Parnell; third, M. P. and S. E. Lantz. Get of Sire— First, M. P. & S. E. Lantz; second, G. W. Parnell. i^'Zocfc— First, G. W. Parnell; second, M. P. & S. E. Lantz. Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — G. W. Parnell. Champion Pure Bred Eice, Any Age — M. P. & S. E. Lantz. POULTRY DEPARTMENT. SuPERixTE>-uENT H. L. PiKE, Whitiug, lowa. AMERICANS. EXHIBITOKS. Allen Bros., Russell, Iowa; A. L. Anderson, Indiauola, Iowa; Mrs. N. B. Ashby, Des Moines, Iowa; Barker Bros., Indianola, Iowa; C. A. Bloom, Ohio, Illinois; Marion Bruce, Rolfe, Iowa; Floyd BroUier, Stuart, Iowa; M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Robt. S. Cooper, Winterset, Iowa; Dr. H. E. Say, Durant, Iowa; John Duff, Winterset, Iowa; Dr. M. M. Evans, Le- Grand, Iowa; Ewing Poultry Farm, Carlisle, Iowa; C. J. Fisher,. Des Moines, Iowa; A. E. Goodman, Indianola, Iowa; Alma Hanson, Dean, Iowa; Hanson Bros., Dean, Iowa; F. H. Hall, Des Moines, Iowa; W. A. Hartman, Winterset, Iowa; W. 0. Harvey, Des Moines, Iowa; F. H. HoU- way, Lytton, Iowa; J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa; Hunkydory Farm, Pella, Iowa; F. W. Johnson, Luther, Iowa; Geo. Judd, Des Moines, Iowa; F. L. Lambert, Des Moines, Iowa; J. S. Mares, Cedar Falls, Iowa; Geo. L. Marsh, Waterloo, Iowa; Dr. N. E. Meghill, Marshalltown, Iowa; F. M. Molby, Creston, Iowa; Ralph I. Moore, Newton, Iowa; North Hill Poultry Farm, Creston, Iowa; D. M. Palmer, Rolfe, Iowa; S. H. Page, Waverly, Iowa; Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa; Peterson Bros., Indianola, Iowa; Elliott Purmort, Des Moines, Iowa; J. E. Rawson, Cambridge, Iowa; H. H. Rich, Des Moines, Iowa; J. W. Rodebaugh, Indianola, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; Chas. Scroufe, Rolfe, Iowa; Fred Sherman, Rolfe, Iowa; H. A. Smith, Deep River, Iowa; Anthony Stocker, Des Moines, Iowa; G. W. Stout, Rose Hill, Iowa; F. Summey, Monroe, Iowa; Mrs. Clem Thompson, Albia, Iowa; F. J. Tishenbaumer, Gilmore City, Iowa; H. A. Trimble, Indianola, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloom- field, Iowa; Chas. A. Waymen, Carlisle, Iowa. 492 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. [ F. H. Shellabaeger, West Liberty, Iowa. Judges \ W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa. B. P. Eock Cock — First and second, S. H. Page; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, J. R. Hoover & Sons. B. P. Rock Hen — First and second, S. H. Page; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, G. W. Stout. B. P. Rock Cockerel— First and second, S. H. Page; third, G. W. Stout; fourth, S. H. Page. B. P. Rock Pullet — First, S. H. Page; second, M. H. Buck; third and fourth, G. W. Stout. Buff P. Rock Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, H. H. Rich; third, F. H. Hall; fourth, Ewing Poultry Farm. Buff P. Rock HcH— First, H. H. Rich; second, F. H. Hall; third, H. H. Rich; fourth, Ewing Poultry Farm. Buff P. Rock Cockerel — First, F. H. Hall; second, E. G. Roberts; third, H. H. Rich. Buff P. Rock, Pullet — First, second and third, H. H. Rich. W. P. Rock Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. H. Hollway; third, Ewing Poultry Farm; fourth, Chas. Scroufe. W. P. Rock Hen — First, Barker Bros.; second, E. G. PtOberts; third, Hunkydory Farm; fourth, J. W. Rodebaugh. W. P. Rock Cockerel — First, Hunkydory Farm; second and third, F. H. Hollway; fourth, Chas. A. Waymen. W. P. Rock Pullet — First, Hunkydory Farm; second, F. H. Hollway; third, Chas. A. Waymen; fourth, Chas. Scroufe. P. P. Rock Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Allen Bros.; third, E. G. Roberts. P. P. Rock Hen — First, Allen Bros.; second and third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, Allen Bros. P. P. Rock Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts. P. P. Rock Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Parlridge Wyandotte Cock — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, E. G. Roberts; third, Allen Bros. Partridge Wyandotte Hen — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, Dr. N. E. Meghill; third and fourth, Allen Bros. Partridge Wyandotte Cockerel — First, F. F. & "V. G. Warner; second. Dr. N. E. Meghill; third, E. G. Roberts. Partridge Wyandotte Pullet — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner; third, E. G. Roberts. 8. L. Wyandotte Cock — First, Walter Perkins; second. E. G. Roberts; third, F. W. Johnson; fourth, A. L. Anderson. 8. L. Wyandotte Hen — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, F. W. John- son; third, A. L. Anderson; fourth, E. G. Roberts. S. L. Wyandotte Cockerel — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, E. G. Roberts; third, John Duff; fourth, Walter Perkins. 8. L. Wyandotte Pullet— First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, John Duff; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, Peterson Bros. 8. P. Wyandotte Cock— First, E. G. Roberts. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 493 S. P. Wyandotte Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. S. P. Wyandotte Cockerel — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, E. G. Roberts. S. P. Wyandotte Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts. Golden Wyandotte Cock — First, Peterson Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts; third, A. L. Anderson. Golden Wyandotte Hen — First. E. G. Roberts; second, Peterson Bros.; third, A. L. Anderson. Golden Wyandotte Cockerel — First, Peterson Bros.; second, E. G. Rob- erts. Golden Wyandotte Pullet — First, Peterson Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts. White Wyandotte Cock — First, Geo. L. Marsh; second, E. G. Roberts; third, Mrs. N. B. Ashby; fourth, W. O. Harvey. White Wyandotte Cockerel — First and second, W. 0. Harvey; third, Mrs. N. B. Ashby; fourth, Anthony Stocker. White Wyandotte Pallet — First. Mrs. N. B. Ashby; second, Anthony Stocker; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, Mrs. Clem Thompson. Buff Wyandotte CocA:— First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner; third, A. L. Anderson; fourth, C. J. Fisher. Buff Wyandotte Hen — First, A. E. Goodman; second, C. A. Bloom; third, C. J. Fisher; fourth, Peterson Bros. Buff Wyandotte Cockerel — First, M. H. Buck; second and third, C. J. Fisher; fourth, C. A. Bloom. Buff Wyandotte Pullet — First and second, C. A. Bloom; third, M. H. Buck; fourth, C. A. Bloom. Black Java Cock — First, E. G. Roberts. Black Java Hen — First, E. G. Roberts. Black Java Cockerel — First. E. G. Roberts. Black Java Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts. Orpington Cock — First, Dr. M. M. Evans; second and third. Dr. H. E. Day; fourth, Ewing Poultry Farm. Orpine/ton Hen — First and second, Dr. H. E. Day; third, J. R. Hoover & Sons; fourth, D. M. Palmer. Orpington Cockerel — First, J. R. Hoover & Sons; second, Robt. S. Cooper; third and fourth, J. R. Hoover & Sons. Orpington Pullet — First and second, Geo. Judd; third, D. M. Palmer; fourth, Robt. S. Cooper. Rose Comh R. I. Red Cock — First, Marion Bruce. Rose Comb R. I. Red Hen — First, F. J. Tishenbaumer; second and third, Marion Bruce. Rose Comb R. I. Red Cockerel — First, F. J. Tishenbaumer; second, E. G. Roberts; third, Hanson Bros.; fourth, J. E. Rawson. Rose Comb R. I. Red Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Marion Bruce; third, J. E. Rawson; fourth, Marion Bruce. Single Comb R. I. Red Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. E. Mares; third, Elliott Purmort; fourth, J. W. Rodebaugh. Single Comb R. I. Red Hen — First, J. C. Mares; second, E. G. Roberts; third, Elliott Purmort. 494 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Single Comb R. I. Red CocJcerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. C. Mares; third, J. W. Rodebaugh; fourth, Elliott Purmort. Single Comb R. I. Red Pullet — First, J. W. Rodebaugh; second, J. C. Mares; third, E. G. Roberts. Silver Gi~ay Dorking Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Gray Dorking Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Gray Dorking Cockerels-First, E. G. Roberts. Silver Gray Dorking Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts. ASIATICS. EXHIBITOKS. Mrs. E. M. Brinkler, Stuart, Iowa; Floyd Brollier, Stuart, Iowa; M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; R. T. Cameron, Ottumwa, Iowa; Dr. L. D. Car- penter, Indianola, Iowa; Hanson Bros., Dean, Iowa; Wm. Hewitt, Indian- ola, Iowa; J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa; F. W. Johnson, Luther, Iowa; L. M. McKay, Des Moines, Iowa; Dr. N. E. Meghill, Marshalltown, Iowa; Osborne Bros., Des Moines, Iowa; Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; R. E. West, Bondurant, Iowa; F. M. Ziegler & Son, Muscatine, Iowa. Light Brahma Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. T. Cameron; third Dr. N. E. Meghill. Light Brahma Hen — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second and third, R. T. Cameron; fourth, J. R. Hoover & Sons. Liglit Brahma Cockerel — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, R. T. Cam- eron; third, Hanson Bros. Light Brahma Pullet — Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, R. T. Cameron; third, Hanson Bros. Dark Brahma Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck Dark Brahma Hen — First and second, M. H. Buck. Dark Brahma Cockerel — First, M. H. Buck. Dark Brahma Pullet — First, M. H. Buck. Buft Cochin Cock — Dr. L. D. Carpenter, second, J. R. Hoover & Sons; third, Dr. L. D. Carpenter; fourth, Floyd Brollier. Buft Cochin Hen — First and second. Dr. L. D. Carpenter; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, Floyd Brollier. Buft Cochin Cockerel — First, Floyd Brollier; second, F. W. Johnson. Buft Cochin Pullet — First, Floyd Brollier; second, F. W. Johnson. Partridge Cochin Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second Osborn Bros. Partridge Cochin Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Osborn Bros. Partridge Cochin Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Wm. Hewitt; third, M. H. Buck. Partridge Cochin Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck; third, Wm. Hewitt; fourth, Mrs. E. M. Brinkler. Black Lang Shan Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second R. E West; third, Walter Perkins. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 495 Black Langshan Hen — First, F. M. Zeigler & Son; second, E. G. Roberts; third, Hanson Bros.; fourth, F. M. Zeigler & Son. Black Langshan Cockerel — First and second, R. E. West; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, F. M. Zeigler & Son. Black Langshan Pullet — First and second, F. M. Zeigler & Son; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, Walter Perkins. MEDITERRANEANS. EXHIBITORS. A. E. Banta, Wheatland, Iowa; Barker Bros., Indianola, Iowa; M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; W\ O. Coon, Des Moines, Iowa; W. A. Harvey, Winterset, Iowa; W. 0. Harvey, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Hoover & Sons, Oskaloosa, Iowa; F. W. Johnson, Luther, low-a; T. L. Lambert, Des Moines, Iowa; John C. Miller, Harlan, Iowa; J. L. Moore, Rolfe, Iowa; Osborn Bros., Des Moines, Iowa; Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa; Peterson Bros., Indianola, Iowa; John D. Reeler, Mason City, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; J. W. Rodebaugh, Indianola, Iowa; Mrs. S. P. Rodgers, Pleasanton, low'a; Anthony Stocker, Des Moines, Iowa; W. T. Wilkinson, Des Moines, Iowa. /Sf. C. Broion Leghorn Cock — First, A. E. Banta; second, F. W. Johnson; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, M. H. Buck. S. C. Broicn Leghorn Hen — First, A, E. Banta; second, F. W. Johnson; third, M. H. Buck. S. C. Broicn Leghorn Cockerel — First, A. B. Banta; second, E. G. Rob-, erts; third, W. 0. Coon; fourth, M. H. Buck. S. C. Broicn Leghorn Pullet — First, A. E. Banta; second, M. H. Buck; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, F. W. Johnson. R. C. Brown Leghorn Cock — First, J. R. Hoover & Sons. R. C. Broion Leghorn Hen — First, Barker Bros.; second, J. R. Hoover & Sons; third, M. H. Buck; fourth, Peterson Bros. R. C. Brown Leghorn Cockerel — First, Barker Bros.; second, M. H. Buck. R. C. Broicn Leghorn Pullet — First, Barker Bros.; second, M. H. Buck. S. C. White Leghorn Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, W. O. Harvey; third. Barker Bros. S. C. White Leghorn Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Barker Bros.; third, W. O Harvey; fourth, Barker Bros. &'. C. White Leghorn Cockerel — First, Peterson Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts; third. Barker Bros.; fourth, W. A. Hartman. 8. C. White Leghorn Pullet — First, W. 0. Harvey; second, E. G. Roberts; third, W. O. Harvey; fourth, Barker Bros. R. C. White Leghorn Cock — First, John D. Reeler; second, E. G. Rob- erts; third, M. H. Buck; fourth, Mrs. S. P. Rodgers. R. C. White Leghorn Hen — First. Mrs. S. P. Rodgers; second E. G. Roberts; third, Mrs. S. P. Rodgers; fourth, J. L. Moore. 496 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. R. C. White Leghorn Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. L. Moore; third, John D. Reeler; fourth, J. L. Moore. R. C. White Leghorn Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. L. Moore; third, John D. Reeler; fourth, J. L. Moore. Biiff Leghorn Cock — First, B. G. Roberts; second, Osborn Bros.; third, E. G. Roberts. Buff Leghorn Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts; third, Osborn Bros. Buff Leghorn Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Buff Leghorn Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Black Minorca Cock — First, E. G. Roberts. Black Minorca Hen — First, E. G. Roberts. Black Minorca Cockerel — First, J. W. Rodebaugh; second, E. G. Rob- erts. Black Minorca Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. W. Rodebaugh. Blue Andalusian Cock — First, E. G. Roberts. Bhte Andalusian Hen — First, E. G. Roberts. Blue Andalusian Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts. Blue Andalusian Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts. POLISH. EXHIBITORS. M. H. Bucli, Prairie City, Iowa; Osborn Bros., Des Moines, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atliinson, Wisconsin. AWARDS. W. C. B. Polish Cock — First, Osborn Bros.; second, E. G. Roberts. TF. C. B. Polish Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Osborn Bros. W. C. B. Polish Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts. W. C. B. Polish Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts. Golden Polish G. or P. Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Golden Polish G. or P. Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Golden Polish G. or P. Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Golden Polish B. or P. Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Polish B. or P. Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Polish B. or P. Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Polish B. or P. Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts. Silver Polish B. or P. Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts. HAMBURG. EXHIBITORS. M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Miss L. Coolc, Morning Sun, Iowa; Osborn Bros., Des Moines, Iowa; Peterson Bros., Indianola, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 497 (S. -S. Hamburg Cock — First, Miss L. Coolc; second. Peterson Bros. S. S. Hamburg Hen — First and second, Miss L. Cook; third and fourth, Osborn Bros. l>ler Old — First, J. C. Watts; second and third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Bronze Hen Old — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, J. C. Watts; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Bronze Gobbler Young — First and second, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Bronze Hen Young — First and second, F. F. & V. G. Warner. White Holland Gobbler Old — First, Mrs. F. H. Jewell; second, Hanson Bros.; third, M. H. Buck. White Holland Gobbler Young— Yirst, F. F. & V. G. Warner. White Holland Hen Young — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Narragansett Gobbler Old — First, E. G. Roberts. Narragansett Hen Old — First, E. G. Roberts. Narragansett Cobbler Young — First, M. H. Buck; second, E. G. Roberts. Narragansett Hen Young — First, M. H. Buck; second, E. G. Roberts. GEESE. EXHIBITORS. Floyd Brollier, Stuart, Iowa; M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Hanson Bros., Dean, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; Harry H. Wheeler, Elburn, Illinois. AWARDS. Toulouse Gander Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Floyd Brollier. Toulouse Gander Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Floyd Brollier; third and fourth, Hanson Bros. Toulouse Goose Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Floyd Brollier. Toulouse Goose Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Floyd Brollier; third and fourth, Hanson Bros. Embden Gander Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Harry H. Wheeler. Embden Gander Young — First, Floyd Brollier. Embden Goose Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Harry H. Wheeler; third, Floyd Brollier. Embden Goose Young — First, Floyd Brollier. 500 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DUCKS. EXHIBITORS. Floyd Brollier, Stuart, Iowa; M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Mrs. F. C. Ericksen, Reinbeck, Iowa; Hanson Bros., Dean, Iowa; Geo. L. Marsh, Waterloo, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; F. F. & V. G. Warner. AWARDS. Aylesbury Drake Old — First, E. G. Roberts. Aylesbury Drake Young — First, B. G. Roberts. Aylesbury Duck Old — First, E. G. Roberts. Aylesbury Duck Young — First, E. G. Roberts. Pekin Drake Old — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Pekin Drake Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third, F. F. & V. G. Warner; fourth, Hanson Bros. Pekin Duck Old — First, Mrs. F. C. Ericksen; second and third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Pekin Duck Young — First, Mrs. F. C. Ericksen; second and tliird, F. F. & V. G. Warner; fourth, Hanson Bros. Rouen Drake Old — First, E. G. Roberts. Rouen Drake Young — First, E. G. Roberts. Rouen Duck Old — First, E. G. Roberts. Rouen Duck Young — E. G. Roberts. White Muscovey Drake Old — First, M. H. Buclv; second, E. G. Roberts. White Muscovey Drake Young — First, E. G. Roberts. White Muscovey Duck Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck. White Muscovey Duck Young — First, E. G. Roberts. Colored Muscovey Drake Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck. Colored Muscovey Drake Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck. Colored Muscovey Duck Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck. Colored Muscovey Duck Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, M. H. Buck. BREEDING PENS. AWARDS. B. P. Rock Fowls — First, S. H. Page; second, M. H. Buck; third, G. W. Stout; fourth, F. W. Johnson. B. P. Rock Chicks — First, G. W. Stout; second and third, S. H. Page; fourth, W. A. Hartman. Buff P. Rock Folds — First, H. H. Rich; second, M. H. Buck; third, H. H. Rich. Buff P. Rock Chicks— First and second, H. H. Rich; third, M. H. Buck. White P. Rock Foivls — First, Chas. A. Waymen; second, Chas. Scroufe; third, Hunkydory Farm. White P. Rock Chicks— First, F. H. Hollway; second, Chas. A. Way- men; third, W. T. Wilkinson; fourth, Chas. Scroufe. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 501 Silver Wyandotte Fowls — First, Walter Perkins; second, F. F. & V. G. "Warner. Silver Wyandotte Chicks — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, John Duff; third, Walter Perkins. Golden Wyandotte Foivls— First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; E. G. Roberts; third, Peterson Bros. Golden Wyandotte Chicks — First, Peterson Bros.; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner. White Wyandotte Fowls — First, Geo. L. Marsh; second, M. H. Buck; third, Mrs. N. B. Ashby; fourth, F. F. & V. G. Warner. White Wyandotte Chicks — First, Mrs. N. B. Ashby; second, North Hill Poultry Farm. Buff Wyandotte Fowls — First, A. E. Goodman; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner; third, E. G. Roberts. Buff Wyandotte Chicks — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, C. J. Fisher. Partridge Wyandotte Fowls — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner; third, A. B. Adams. Partridge Wyandotte Chicks — Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner. 8. P. Wyandotte Fowls — First, E. G. Roberts. R. C. R. I. Red Chicks — First, J. E. Rawson; second, Hanson Bros.; third, Mrs. 0. B. Hudson. S. C. R. I. Red Fowls— First, J. C. Mares. S. C. R. I. Red Chicks — First, J. C. Mares; second, Elliott Purmort. Light Brahma Fowls — First Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, E. G. Roberts; third, J. R. Hoover & Sons; fourth. Dr. H. E. Day. Light Brahma Chicks — First, Dr. N. E. Meghill; second, R. T. Cameron. Dark Brahma Fowls — First, M. H. Buck. Dark Brahma Chicks — First, M. H. Buck. Buff Cochin Fowls — First, Dr. L. D. Carpenter; second, E. G. Roberts; third, J. R. Hoover & Sons; fourth, Floyd Brollier. Buff Cochin Chicks — First, F. W. Johnson; second, Floyd Brollier. Par'tridge Cochin Fowls — First, Mrs. E. M. Brinckler; second, M. H. Buck. Partridge Cochin Chicks — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Mrs. E. M. Brinckler. Bulf Orpington Fowls — First, Dr. H. E. Day; second, J. R. Hoover & Sons; third, D. M. Palmer. Buff Orpington Chicks — First, F. M. Molby; second, D. M. Palmer; third, Ewing Poultry Farm; fourth, Floyd Brollier. Black Langshan Fowls — First, Walter Perkins; second, E. G. Roberts; third, R. E. West; fourth, F. M. Ziegler & Son. Black Langshan Chicks — First, R. E. West; second, F. M. Ziegler & Son. S. C. White Leghorn Fmcls — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Walter Perkins; third, Barker Bros.; fourth, Peterson Bros. iS. C. White Leghorn Chicks — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Barker Bros.; third, Peterson Bros. 502 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. R. C. White Leghorn FoicJs — First, John D. Reeler; second, M. H. Buck; third, Mrs. S. P. Rogers. R. C. White Leghorn Chicks — First, J. L. Moore; second, John D. Reeler. 8. C. Broivn Leghorn Fowls — First, Wes Patterson; second and third, W. 0. Coon; fourth, F. W. Johnson. 8. C. Brown Leghorn Chicks — First, Wes Patterson; second, A. E. Banta; third, M. H. Buck; fourth, Peterson Bros. R. C. Brown Leghorn Fowls — First, M. H. Buck; second, Barker Bros. R. C. Brown Leghorn Chicks — -First, Barker Bros. Black Minorca Fowls — First, E. G. Roberts. Black Minorca Chicks — First, J. W. Rodebaugh. 8. 8. Hamburg Fowls — First, Miss L. Cook. 8. 8. Hamburg Chicks — First, Miss L. Cook; second, Osborn Bros. Golden Seabright Bantam Foicls — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. L. Moore. Golden 8eabright Bantam Chicks — First, M. H. Buck; second, E. G. Roberts; third, J. L. Moore. Buff Cochin Bantam Fowls — First, E. G. Roberts; second, H. H. Rich. Buff Cochin Bantam Chicks — First, M. H. Buck. PIGEONS. EXHIBITORS. M. H. Buclc, Prairie City, Iowa; W. Mat Head, Jefferson, Iowa; Hunky- dory Farm, Pella, Iowa; Peterson Bros., Indianola, Iowa; Everett Sher- wood, Des Moines, Iowa. Pair Homing Pigeons — First, Peterson Bros.; second, W. Mat Head; third, Peterson Bros. Pair Fantail Pigeons — First and second, Everett Sherwood; third and fourth, W. Mat Head. Pair 8wellow Pigeons — First, W. Mat Head. 'Pair Tumbler Pigeons — First, W. Mat Head. Pair Turbit Pigeons — First, Peterson Bros. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 503 SCORING IN BOYS' LIVE STOCK AND CORN JUDGING CONTEST, IOWA STATE FAIR, 1907, FOR IOWA STATE COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP. Address o a u o s: 4 49 45 78 5i 79 67 44 .35 37 67 .52 52 28 59 58 91 37 69 60 32 45 48 43 62 .57 33 47 52i 46! 49, 53 46l 41: .531 52 .52 j 52 50' 49, 54! 76 72 57 i 49 49 46 53' 46: 36 50| 34 54 506|173i579i 40712.3i!530J 415 108^1 52:3i 403 112.\ -ilSS 372 13(31 ■iOS'-, 395 I02I 497i 385100 ,494 340147 !487 359 124i 483>. 354 124 J478 365113 478 mi 116 365,103 364 104 363 I 99i ai6|ll3 33911081 353 81 314|1191 321 105 324 1 101 309ill0 301 117 .300112 342 65i 297 "97 394 309 711 3801 310 63 i373 294 69 i363 257 881 1 34.51 477 471 468 4621 459 4471 437 43:B1 426 425 419 418 412 4071 2.51 93 302 371 246 90i 344 3391 336j Per cent of highest, 72.4. Per cent of lowest, 42.1. J. A. McLBAN. Superintendent of Contest. SCORING IN GIRLS' COOKING CONTEST, IOWA STATE FAIR, 1907, FOR IOWA STATE COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP. Address 20 40 Method Finished Product Florence Dunham Margaret J. Gray... Velda J. Wilson Emma Tellier Edith C. Bliss Nellie R. Pattersou- Grace R. Scott Gladys Gormley Mary Day Jessie Mae Roberts.. Ames Aines Sigourney HnmboMt Diagonal R. No. 1. Burt Griswold Bondnrant Afton Luther 8 9 (17) 16 8 9 (17) 17 7 8 (1.5) 18 S 8 (16) 17 8 7 (1.5) 18 0 8 (13) 14 6 6 (12) 14 5 '3 (11) 13 7 7 (14) 13 6 7 (13) 13 18 (34) 17 (34) 18 (38) 161(3.31) iri(35i) 17 (31) 17 (.31) 15 (28) 18 (31) 15 (28) 91 89 88 871 74 73 69 65 61 MISS MARY RAUSCH, Superintendent of Contest. Winners of the Scholarships in the boys corn and stock judging cogtest and girls cooking contest at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition 1907. Girls— 1. Florence Dunham Ames, first. 5. Margaret J. Gray, Ames, second. Boys— 6. Howard Vaughn, Marion, first. 4. Carl N. Kennedy, Ankney, second. 2. IvanO. Hasbrouck, Humeston, third, 3. Willie Lynes, Plain- field, fourth. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 505 AWARDS-MATURE CORN SHOW IN CONNEGTIOX WITH State Farmer's Institute and Agricultural Convention DES MOINES, DECEMBER 10-11, 1907 Northern District: Division No. 1—Ten Ears Yellow Corn— $10; $8; $6; $4. First, Geo. M. Allee, Newell; second, Victor Felter, Quinby; third, J. W. Eral, Pocahontas; fourth, A. J. Doore, Greene. Division No. 2— One Ear Yellow Corn — $6; $5; $4; $3. First, H. L. Felter, Washta; second, J. J. Allee, Newell; third, Geo. M. Allee, Newell; fourth, J. W. Eral, Pocahontas. Division No. 3— Ten Ears White Corn — $10; $8; $6; $4. First, Henry George, West Union; second, A. J. Doore, Greene; third, W. P. Dawson, Quinby; fourth, T. F. Cook, Durango. Division No. 4 — One Ear White Corn — $6; $5; $4. First, Henry George, West Union; second, D. Mc Arthur, Mason City; third, T. F. Cook, Durango. Central District: Division No. 5— Ten Ears Yellow Corn— $10; $8; $6; $4; $4; $2; $2; $2. First, R. H. Ghormely, Bondurant; second, Edison Bennett, Ames; third, 0. J. Easton, Whiting; fourth, 0. Osburn, Maxwell; fifth, Asa Turner, Farrar; sixth, D. G. Wilson, Panora; seventh, Ray Bennett, Ames; eighth, A. L. Garrett, Altoona. Division No. 6— One Ear Yellow Corn — $6; $5; $4; $4; $2; $2; $2. First, C. D. Schaal, Polk City; second, Fred Hethershaw, Des Moines; third, Edison Bennett, Ames; fourth, L. Brier, Des Moines; fifth, J. J. Proudfet, Altoona; sixth, E. W. Wilson, Panora; seventh, 0. J. Easton, Whiting. Division No. 1—Ten Ears White Corn— ^10; $8; $6; $4; $2; $2. First, Chas. O. Garrett, Mitchellville; second, C. O. Garrett, Adelphi; third, N. J. Harris, Des Moines; fourth, J. B. Cook, Epworth; fifth, H. V. Hethershaw, Des Moines; sixth, F. M. Mercer, Victor. Division No. 8-— One Ear White Corn — $6; $5; $4; $3; $2. First, C. O. Garrett, Adelphi; second, Chas. O. Garrett, Mitchellville; third, Fred Hethershaw, Des Moines; fourth, D. A. Marts, Polk City; fifth, F. M. Mercer, Victor. Southern District: Division No. 9— Ten Ears Yelloiv Cor?i— $10; $8; $6; $4; $2. First, W. A. Hook, Packwood; second, Samuel Shakespear, Lamoni; third. Bill Moyher, Villisca; fourth. Thos. Thompson; Villisca; fifth, M. Shivvers & Son, Knoxville. 506 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Division No. 10— One Ear Telloiv Corn— $6; $5; $4; $3; $2. First and second, J. F. C. Finnell, Hamburg; third, W. A. Hook, Packwood; fourth, J. C. Frame, Salem; fifth, Ned G. Olliver, Pack- wood. Division No. 11— Ten Ears White Corn— $10; $8; $6; $4; $2. First, Lenus Hagglund, Essex; second, T. D. White, Oskaloosa; third, Eli Wright, Winterset; fourth, J. C. Frame, Salem; fifth, J. L. Crawford, Winterset. Division No. 12— One Ear White Corn— $6; $5; $4; $3. First, Charley Willhoit, Oskaloosa; second, J. C. Frame, Salem; third, W. A. Hook, Packwood; fourth, Lenus Hagglund, Essex. Sweepstakes for State: Ten Ears Yellow Corn — $5. Won by W. A. Hook, Packwood. One Ear Yellow Corn — $5. Won by J. F. C. Finnell, Hamburg. Ten Ears White Corn — $5. Won by Lenus Hagglund, Essex. One Ear White Corn — $5. Won by C. O. Garrett, AdelphL Grand Sweepstakes: Ten Ears any Variety — $5. Won by W. A. Hook, Packwood. One Ear any Yariety — $5. Won by J. F. C. Finnell, Hamburg. PART X. Papers on Live Stock, Agricultural and Miscellaneous Topics FROM BULLETINS, AGRICULTURAL PRESS AND Papers Read Before County Farmers Institutes THE MAN WHO WORKS WITH HIS HANDS. ADDRESS OF PRESmENT ROOSEVELT AT THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE FOUNDING OF AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES, AT LANSING, MICHIGAN, MAY 31, 1907. The fiftieth anniversary of the founding of this college is an event of national significance, for Michigan was the first state in the Union to found this, the first agricultural college in America. The nation is to be congratulated on the fact that the congress at Washington has repeatedly enacted laws designed to aid the several states in establishing and maintaining agricultural and mechanical colleges. I greet all such colleges, through their representatives who have gathered here today, and bid them godspeed in their work. I no less heartily invoke success for the mechanical and agricultural schools; and I wish to say that I have heard particularly good reports of the Minnesota Agricultural High School for the way in which it sends its graduates back to the farms to work as practical farmers. OUR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AND WHAT IT LACKS. As a people there is nothing in which we take a juster pride than our educational system. It is not our boast that every boy or girl has the chance to get a school training; and we feel it is a prime national duty to furnish this training free, because only thereby can we secure the proper type of citizenship in the average American. Our public schools (507J 508 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and our colleges have done their work well, and there is no class of our citizens deserving of heartier praise than the men and women who teach in them. Nevertheless, for at least a generation we have been waking to the knowledge that there must be additional education beyond that provided in the public school, as it is managed today. Our school system has hitherto been well-nigh wholly lacking on the side of industrial training, of the training which fits a man for the shop and the farm. This is a most serious lack, for no one can look at the peoples of manldnd as they stand at present without realizing that industrial training is one of the most potent factors in national development. We of the United States must develop a system under which each individual citizen shall be trained so as to be effective individually as an economic unit, and fit to be organized with his fellows so that he and they can work in eflBcient fashion together. This question is vital to our future progress, and public attention should be focused upon it. Surely it is eminently in accord with the principles of our democratic life that we should fur- nish the highest average industrial training for the ordinary skilled workman. But it is a curious thing that in industrial training we have tended to devote our energies to producing high-grade men at the top rather than in the ranks. Our engineering schools, for instance, com- pare favorably with the best in Europe, whereas we have done almost nothing to equip the private soldiers of the industrial army — the me- chanic, the metal-worker, the carpenter. Indeed, too often our schools train away from the shop and the forge; and this fact, together with the abandonment of the old apprentice system, has resulted in such an ab- sence of facilities for providing trained journeymen that in many of our trades almost all the recruits among the workmen are foreigners. Surely this means that there must be some systematic method provided for training young men in the trades, and that this must be co-ordinated with the public school system. No industrial school can turn out a fin- ished journeyman; but it can furnish the material out of which a finished journeyman can be made, just as an engineering school furnishes the training which eables its graduates speedily to become engineers. We hear a great deal of the need of protecting our workingmen from competition with pauper labor. I have very little fear of the competi- tion of pauper labor. The nations with pauper labor are not the for- midable industrial competitors of this country. What the American workingman has to fear is the competition of the highly skilled working- man of the countries of greatest industrial efficiency. By the tariff and by our immigration laws we can always protect ourselves against the competition of pauper labor here at home; but when we contend for the markets of the world we can get no protection, and we shall then find that our most formidable competitors are the nations in which there is the most highly developed business ability, the most highly developed industrial skill; and these are the qualities which we must ourselves develop. DIGNITY AND lilPORTANCE OF LABOR. We have been fond as a nation of speaking of the dignity of labor, meaning thereby manual labor. Personally I don't think that we begin EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 509 to understand what a high place manual labor should take; and it never can take this high place unless it offers scope for the best type of man. We have tended to regard education as a matter of the head only, and the result is that a great many of our people, themselves the sons of men who worked with their hands, seem to think that they rise in the world if they get into a position where they do no hard manual work whatever; where their hands will grow soft, and their working clothes will be kept clean. Such a conception is both false and mischievous. There are, of course, kinds of labor where the work must be purely mental, and there are other kinds of labor where, under existing con- ditions, very little demand indeed is made upon the mind, though I am glad to say that I think the proportion of men engaged in this kind of work is diminishing. But in any healthy community, in any commu- nity wit hthe great solid qualities which alone make a really great nation, the bulk of the people should do work which makes demands upon both the body and the mind. Progress can not permanently con- sist in the abandonment of physical labor, but in the development of physical labor so that it shall represent more and more the work of the trained mind in the trained body. To provide such training, to encour- age in every way the production of the men whom it alone can produce, is to show that as a nation we have a true conception of the dignity and importance of labor. The calling of the skilled tiller of the soil, the calling of the skilled mechanic, should alike be recognized as professions, just as emphatically as the callings of lawyer, of doctor, of banker, merchant or clerk. The printer, the electrical worker, the house painter, the foundry man, should be trained just as carefully as the stenographer or the drug clerk. They should be trained alike in head and in hand. They should get over the idea that to earn twelve dollars a week and call it "salary" is better than to earn twenty-five dollars a week and call it "wages." The young man who has the courage and the ability to refuse to enter the crowded field of the so-called professions and to take to constructive industry is almost sure of an ample reward in earnings, in health, in opportunity to marry early, and to establish a home with rea- sonable freedom from worry. We need the training, the manual dexter- ity, and industrial intelligence which can be best given in a good agri- cultural, or building, or textile, or watch-making, or engraving, or me- chanical school. It should be one of our prime objects to put the me- chanic, the wage-worker who works with his hands, and who ought to work in a constantly larger degree with his head, on a higher plane of efficiency and reward, so as to increase his effectiveness in the economic world, and therefore the dignity, the remuneration and the power of his position in the social world. To train boys and girls in merely literary accomplishments to the total exclusion of industrial, manual, and technical training tends to unfit them for industrial work; and in real life most work is industrial. The problem of furnishing well-trained ci'aftsmen, or rather journey- men fitted in the end to become such, is not simple — few problems are simple in the actual process of their solution — and much care and fore- thought and practical common sense will be needed, in order to work It out in a fairly satisfactory manner. It should appeal to all our citizens. 510 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I am glad that societies have already been formed to promote industrial education, and that their membership includes manufacturers and leaders of labor unions, educators and publicists, men of all conditions who are interested in education and in industry. It is such co-operation that offers most hope for a satisfactory solution of the question as to what is the best form of industrial school, as to the means by which it may be ar- ticulated with the public school system, and as to the way to secure for the boys trained therein the opportunity to acquire in the industries the practical skill which alone can make them finished journeymen. THE FABMEE IN RELATION TO THE WELFARE OF THE WHOLE COUNTRY. There is but one person whose welfare is as vital to the welfare of the whole country as is that of the wage-worker who does manual labor; and that is the tiller of the soil — the farmer. If there is one lesson taught by history it is that the permanent greatness of any state must ultimately depend more upon the character of its country population than upon anything else. No growth of cities, no growth of wealth, c? make up for a loss in either the number or the character of the farming population. In the United States more than in almost any other country, we should realize this and should prize our country population. When this nation began its independent existence it was as a nation of farmers. The towns were small and were for the most part mere sea coast trading and fishing ports. The chief industry of the country was agriculture, and the ordinary citizen was in some way connected with it. In every great crisis of the past a peculiar dependence has had to be placed upon the farming population; and this dependence has hitherto been justified. But it can not be justified in the future if agriculture is permitted to sink in the scale as compared with other employments. We can not afford to lose that pre-eminently typical American, the farmer who owns his own farm. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING RVRAL POPULATIONS. Yet it would be idle to deny that in the last half century there has been in the eastern half of our country a falling off in the relative con- dition of the tillers of the soil, although signs are multiplying that the nation has waked up to the danger and is preparing to grapple effect- ively with it. East of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio and the Potomac there has been on the whole an actual shrinkage in the num- ber of the farming population since the civil war. In the states of this section there has been a growth of population — in some an enormous growth — but the growth has taken place in the cities, and especially in the larger cities. This has been due to certain economic factors, such as the extension of railroads, the development of machinery, and the openings for industrial success afforded by the unprecedented growth of cities. The increased facility of communication has resulted in the withdrawal from rural communities of most of the small, widely dis- tributed manufacturing and commercial operations of former times, and the substitution therefor of the centralized commercial and manufacturing industries of the cities. The chief offset to the various tendencies which have told against the farm has hitherto come in the rise of the physical sciences and their EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 511 application to agricultural practices or to the rendering of country con- ditions more easy and pleasant. But these countervailing forces are as yet in their infancy. As compared with a few decades ago, the social or community life of country people in the east compares less well than it formerly did with that of the dwellers in cities. Many country com- munities have lost their social coherence, their sense of community interest. In such communities the country church, for instance, has gone backward both as a social and a religious factor. Now, we can not too strongly insist upon the fact that it is quite as unfortunate to have any social as any economic falling off. It would be a calamity to have our farms occupied by a lower type of people than the hard- working, self-respecting, independent, and essentially manly men and womanly women who have hitherto constituted the most typically Ameri- can, and on the whole the most valuable, element in our entire nation. Ambitious native-born young men and women who now tend away from the farm must be brought back to it, and therefore they must have social as well as economic opportunities. Everything should be done to encour- age the growth in the open farming country of such institutional and social movements as will meet the demand of the best type of farmers. There should be libraries, assembly halls, social organizations of all kinds. The school building, and the teacher in the school building should, through- out the country districts, be of the very highest type, able to fit the boys and girls not merely to live in, but thoroughly to enjoy and to make the most of the country. The country church must be revived. All kinds of agencies, from rural free delivery to the bicycle and the telephone, should be utilized to the utmost; good roads should be favored; every- thing should be done to make it easier for the farmer to lead the most active and effective intellectual, political, and economic life. There are regions of large extent where all this, or most of this, has already been realized; and while this is perhaps especially true of great tracts of farming country west of the Mississippi, with some of which I have a fairly intimate personal knowledge, it is no less true of other great tracts of country east of the Mississippi. In these regions the church and the school flourish as never before; there is a more success- ful and more varied farming industry; the social advantages and oppor- tunities are greater than ever before; life is fuller, happier, more useful; and though the work is more effective than ever, and in a way quite as hard, it is carried on so as to give more scope for well-used leisure. My plea is that we shall all try to make more nearly universal the condi- tions that now obtain in the most favored localities. ■pBOGKESS IX AGEICULTXJRAL SCIEJ^^CE. Nothing in the way of scientific work can' ever take the place of business management on a farm. We ought all of us to teach ourselves as much as possible; but we can also all of us learn from others; and the farmer can best learn how to manage his farm even better than he now does by practice, under intelligent supervision, on his own soil in such a way as to increase his income. This is the kind of teaching which has been carried on in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas by Doctor Knapp, of the national department of agriculture. But much has 512 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. been accomplished by the growth of what is broadly designated as agri- cultural science. This has been developed with remarkable rapidity during the last quarter of a century, and the benefit to agriculture has been great. As was inevitable, there was much error and much repeti- tion of work in the early application of money to the needs of agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations alike by the nation and the several states. Much has been accomplished; but much more can be accomplished in the future. The prime need must always be for real research, resulting in scientific conclusions of proved soundness. Both the farmer and the legislature must beware of invariably demanding immediate returns from investments in research efforts. It is probably one of our faults as a nation that we are too impatient to wait a suflB- cient length of time to accomplish the best results; and in agriculture effective research often, although not always, involves slow and long- continued effort if the results are to be trustworthy. While applied science in agriculture as elsewhere must be judged largely from the standpoint of its actual return in dollars, yet the farmers no more than anyone else can afford to ignore the large results that can be enjoyed because of broader knowledge. The farmer must prepare for using the knowledge that can be obtained through agricultural colleges by Insist- ing upon a constantly more practical curriculum in the schools in which his children are taught. He must not lose his independence, his ini- tiative, his rugged self-sufficiency; and yet he must learn to work in the heartiest co-operation with his fellows. EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICTXLTTJRE. The corner stones of our unexampled prosperity are, on the one hand, the production of raw material, and its manufacture and distribution on the other. These two great groups of subjects are reprsented in the na- tional government principally by the departments of agriculture and of commerce and labor. The production of raw material from the surface of the earth is the sphere in which the department of agriculture has hitherto achieved such notable results. Of all the executive departments there is no other, not even the postoffice, which comes into more direct and beneficient contact with the daily life of the people than the depart- ment of agriculture, and none whose yield of practical benefits is greater in proportion to the public money expended. But great as its services have been in the past, the department of agriculture has a still larger field of usefulness ahead. It has been deal- ing with growing crops. It must hereafter deal also with living men. Hitherto agricultural research, instruction and agitation have been di- rected almost exclusively toward the production of wealth from the soil. It is time to adopt in addition a new point of view. Hereafter another great task before the national department of agriculture and the similar agencies of the various states must be to foster agriculture for its social results, or, in other words, to assist in bringing about the best kind of life on the farm for the sake of producing the best kind of men. The government must recognize the far-reaching importance of the study and treatment of the problems of farm life alike from the social and the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 513 economic standpoints; and the federal and state department of agriculture should co-operate at every point. The farm grows the raw material for the food and clothing of all our citizens; it supports directly almost half of them; and nearly half the children of the United States are born and brought up on farms. How can the life of the farm family be made less solitary, fuller of oppor- tunity, freer from drudgery, more comfortable, happier and more attract- ive? Such a result is most earnestly to be desired. How can life on the farm be kept on the highest level, and where it is not already on that level, be so improved, dignified and brightened as to awaken and keep alive the pride and loyalty of the farmer's boys and girls, of the farmer's wife, and of the farmer himself? How can a compelling desire to live on the farm be aroused in the children that are born on the farm. All these questions are of vital importance not only to the farmer, but to the whole nation; and the department of agriculture must do its share in answering them. The drift toward the city is largely determined by the superior social opportunities to be enjoyed there, by the greater vividness and move- ment of city life. Considered from the point of view of national effi- ciency, the problem of the farm is as much a problem of attractiveness as it is a problem of prosperity. It has ceased to be merely a problem of growing wheat and corn and cattle. The problem of production has not ceased to be fundamental, but it is no longer final; just as learning to read and write and cipher are fundamental, but are no longer the final ends of education. We hope ultimately to double the average yield of wheat and corn per acre; it will be a great achievement; but it is even more important to double the desirability, comfort and standing of the farmer's life. • We must consider, then, not merely how to produce, but also how production affects the producer. In the past we have given but scant attention to the social side of farm life. We should study much more closely than has yet been done the social organization of the country, and inquire whether its institutions are now really as useful to the farmer as they should be, or whether they should not be given a new direction and a new impulse, for no farmer's life should lie merely within the boundary of his farm. This study must be of the east and the west, the north and the south; for the needs vary from place to place. First in importance, of course, comes the effort to secure the mastery of production. Great strides toward this end have already been taken over the larger part of the United States; much remains to be done, but much has been done; and the debt of the nation to the various agencies of agricultural improvement for so great an advance is not to be over- stated. But we can not halt here. The benefits of high social organiza- tion include such advantages as ease of communication, better educational facilities, increased comfort of living, and those opportunities for social and intellectual life and intercourse, of special value to the young people and to the women, which are as yet chiefly to be had in centers of popu- lation. All this must be brought within the reach of the farmers who 33 514 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. live on the farms, of the men whose labor feeds and clothes the towns and cities. BENEFITS RESULTING FROM CO-OPERATIOX. Farmers must learn the vital need of co-operation with one another. Next to this comes co-operation with the government, and the government can best give its aid through associations of farmers rather than through the individual farmer; for there is no greater agricultural problem than that of delivering to the farmer the large body of agricultural knowledge which has been accumulated by the national and state governments and by the agricultural colleges and schools. Nowhere has the government worked to better advantage than in the south, where the work done by the department of agriculture in connection with the cotton growers of the southwestern states has been phenomenal in its value. The farmers in the region affected by the boll weevil, in the course of the efforts to fight it, have succeeded in developing a most scientific husbandry, so that in many places the boll weevil became a blessing in disguise. Not only did the industry of farming become of very much greater economic value in its direct results, but it became immensely more interesting to thou- sands of families. The meetings at which the new subjects of interest were discussed grew to have a distinct social value, while with the farmers were joined The merchants and bankers of the neighborhood. It is needless to say that every such successful effort to organize the farmer gives a great stimulus to the admirable educational work which is being done in the southern states, as elsewhere, to prepare young people for an agricultural life. It is greatly to be wished that the communities whence these students are drawn and to which they either return or should return could be cooperatively organized; that is, that associations of farmers could be organized, primarily for business purposes,, but also with social ends in view. This would mean that the returned students from the institutions of technical learning would find their environment prepared to profit to the utmost by the improvements in technical methods which they had learned. The people of our farming regions must be able to combine among themselves, as the most efficient means of protecting their industry from the highly organized interests which now surround them on every side. A vast field is open for work by co-operative associations of farm- ers in dealing with the relation of the farm to transportation and to the distribution and manufacture of raw materials. It is only through such combination that American farmers can develop to the full their eco- nomic and social power. Combination of this kind has, in Denmark, for instance, resulted in bringing the people back to the land, and has enabled the Danish peasant to compete in extraordinary fashion, not only at home, but in foreign countries, with all rivals. KIND OF EDUCATION NEEDED. Agricultural colleges and farmers' institutes have done much in instruction and inspiration; they have stood for the nobility of labor and the necessity of keeping the muscles and the brain in training for industry. They have developed technical departments of high practical EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 515 value. They seek to provide for the people on the farms an equipment so broad and thorough as to fit them for the highest requirements of our citizenship; so that they can establish and maintain country homes of the best type, and create and sustain a country civilization more than equal to that of the city. The men they train must be able to meet the strongest business competition, at home or abroad, and they can do this only if they are trained, not alone in the various lines of husbandry, but in successful economic management. These colleges, like the state experiment stations, should carefully study and make known the needs of each section, and should try to provide remedies for what is wrong. The education to be obtained in these colleges should create as inti- mate relationship as is possible between the theory of learning and the facts of actual life. Educational establishments should produce highly trained scholars, of course; but in a country like ours, where the educa- tional establishments are so numerous, it is folly to think that their main purpose is to produce these highly trained scholars. Without in the least disparaging scholarship and learning — on the contrary, while giving hearty and ungrudging admiration and support to the comparatively few whose primary work should be creative scholarship — it must be remembered that the ordinary graduate of our colleges should be and must be, primarily, a man and not a scholar. Education should not confine itself to books. It must train executive power, and try to create that right public opinion which is the most potent factor in the proper solution of all political and social questions. Book-learning is very important, but it is by no means everything; and we shall never get the right idea of education until we definitely understand that a man may be well trained in book-learning and yet, in the proper sense of the word, and for all practical purposes, be utterly uneducated; while a man of comparatively little book-learning may, nevertheless, in essentials have a good education. IMPROVEJIENT OP CONDITIONS AFFECTING COUNTRY LIFE. It is true that agriculture in the United States has reached a very high level of prosperity; but we can not afford to disregard the signs which teach us that there are influences operating against the establish- ment or retention of our country life upon a really sound basis. The overextensive and wasteful cultivation of pioneer days must stop and give place to a more economical system. Not only the physical but the ethical needs of the people of the country districts must be con- sidered. In our country life there must be social and intellectual ad- vantages as well as a fair standard of physical comfort. There must be in the country, as in the town, a multiplication of movements for intellectual advancement and social betterment. We must try to raise the average of farm life, and we must also try to develop it so that it shall offer exceptional chances for the exceptional man. Of course the essential things after all are those which concern all of us as men and women, no matter whether we live in the town or the country, and no matter what our occupations may be. The root prob- lems are much the same for all of us, widely though they may differ in outward manifestation. The most important conditions that tell for happiness within the home are the same for the town and the country; 516 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and the relations between employer and employee are not always satis- factory on the farm any more than in the factory. All over the country there is a constant cor.iplaint of paucity of farm labor. Without at- tempj:ing to go into all ihe features of this question I would like to point out that you can never get the right kind, the best kind, of labor if you offer employment only for a few months, for no man worth anything will permanently accept a system which leaves him in idleness for half the year. A WORD REGARDING THE FARMER'S FAMILY. And most important of all, I wanr to say a special word on behalf of the one who is too often the very hardest worked laborer on the farm — the farmer's wife. Reform, like charity, while it should not end at home, should certainly begin there; and the man, whether he lives on a farm or in a town, who is anxious to see better social and economic conditions prevail through the country at large, should be exceedingly care- ful that they prevail first as regards his own womankind. I emphatically believe that for the great majority of women the really indispensable in- dustry in which they should engage is the industry of the home. There are exceptions, of course; but exactly as the first duty of the normal man is the duty of being the home maker, so the first duty of the normal woman is to be the home keeper; and exactly as no other learning is as important for the average man as the learning which will teach him how to make his livelihood, so no other learning is as important for the aver- age woman as the learning which will make her a good housewife and mother. But this does not mean that she should be an overworked drudge. I have hearty sympathy with the movement to better the con- dition of the average tiller of the soil, or of the average wageworker, and I have an even heartier sympathy and applause for the movement which is to better the condition of their i-espective wives. There is plenty that is hard and rough and disagreeable in the necessary work of actual life; and under the best circumstances, and no matter how tender and con- siderate the husband, the wife will have at least her full share of worlv and worry and anxiety; but if the man is worth his salt he will try to take as much as possible of the burden off the shoulders of his help- mate. There is nothing Utopian in the movement; all that is necessary is to strive toward raising the average, both of men and women, to the level on which the highest type of family now stands, among American farmers, among American skilled mechanics, among American citizens generally; for in all the world there is no better and healthier home life. no finer factory of individual character, nothing more representative of wliat is best and most characteristic in American life than that which exists in the higher type of American family; and this higher type of family is to be found everywhere among us, and is the property of no special group of citizens. The best crop is the crop of children; the best products of the farm are the men and women raised thereon; and the most instructive and practical treatise on farming, necessary though they be, are no more necessary than the books which teach us our duty to our neighbor, and above all to the neighbor who is of our own household. You young EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 517 men and women of the agricultural and industrial colleges and schools — and, for that matter, you who go to any college or school — must have some time for light reading; and there is some light reading quite as useful as heavy reading, provided, of course, that you do not read in a spirt of mere vacuity. Aside from the great classics, and thinking only of the many healthy and stimulating books of the day, it is easy to pick out many which can really serve as tracts, because they possess what many avowed tracts and treatises do not, the prime quality of being in- teresting. You will learn the root principles of self help and helpfulness towards others from "Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch," just as much as from any formal treatise on charity; you will learn as much sound social and industrial doctrine from Octave Thanet's stories of farmers and wageworkers as from avowed sociological and economic studies; and I cordially recommend the first chapter of "Aunt Jane of Kentucky" for use as a tract in all families where the men folks tend to selfish or thoughtless or overbearing disregard of the rights of their womenkind. Do not misunderstand me. I have not the slightest sympathy with those hysterical and foolish creatures who wish women to attain to easy lives by shirking their duties. I have as hearty a contempt for the woman who shirks her duty of bearing and rearing the children, of doing her full housewife's work, as I have for the man who is an idler, who shirks his duty of earning a living for himself and for his house- hold, or who is selfish or brutal toward his wife and children. I believe in the happiness that comes from the performance of duty, not from the avoidance of duty. But I believe also in trying, each of us, as strength is given us, to bear one another's burdens; and this especially in our own homes. No outside training, no co-operation, no government aid or direction can take the place of a strong and upright character; of goodness of heart combined with clearness of head and that strength and toughness of fiber necessary to wring success from a rough w6rk-a- day world. Nothing outside of home can take the place of home. The school is an invaluable adjunct to the home, but it is a wretched sub- stitute for it. The family relation is the most fundamental, the most important of all relations. No leader in church or state, in science or art or industry, however great his achievement, does work which com- pares in importance with that of the father and the mother, "who are the first of sovereigns and the most divine of priests." THE TWO WEEKS' ANNUAL SHORT COURSE AT THE IOWA STATE COLLEGE. A total enrollment of 748 students was registered in the eighth annual short course of the Iowa State College at Ames. This was practically the same number in attendance a year ago. Without a doubt the crowd would have swelled to a larger size if untoward financial conditions had not come upon the whole country just previous to thife meeting. The interest was keen in all branches of agricultural study, with live stock and grain drawing the most devotees, as usual. The dairy course showed a healthy increase over twelve months ago. In place of the 518 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 519 special course in horticulture and forestry, which had only a small pa- tronage last year, daily one-hour lectures on these two subjects and the additional subjects of rural engineering and soils were given to all students. This was a good precedent to establish and gave great satis- faction to all, for these industries are really only of minor importance in Iowa. The domestic science registry bespoke 50 present for the two weeks' work along this line. Some of the talks in this department, how- ever, were at times listened to by 200 ladies. The latter branch of the short course is assuming greater interest each year it is offered. In many ways it was a cosmopolitan assemblage of farmers and their wives, a truly good representation of Iowa agricultural intelligence and enterprise. A growing number of this class of Iowa people encourage this latest Iowa idea with their presence. To show how the influence of the work is spreading and how the gospel of the short course is expanding throughout the state, it is interesting to note that the most prominent and best farmers of the state come back each year with a party or club of their neighbors. These men devote themselves faithfully and earnestly to the work in hand. Men who have amassed fortunes are among this number and they emphatically state that the increased knowledge that they gather enables them not only to direct their work far more profitably, but to add to life's duties a tinge of pleasure. The class of men found at the annual short course are of the type which has been responsible for the past development of the farm interests of the state. Engage them in conversation for even a few minutes and it will be discovered that they are the men who stand out as safe, ener- getic and honored citizens, actuated by a desire to help their neighbors as well as themselves. They extend their influence in a modest way in their own communities and as a whole they are of the type of citizens who are constantly striving to leave the world better for their having lived and been a factor in its work. An outstanding good collection of live stock and small grains, a practi- cal creamery course and a daily evening program of well known agri- cultural speakers were the attractions which drew the large crowd. The attendance gathered from all parts of the State and was most noteworthy for the large number of young men. This was perhaps due to the com- petition for the Armour and Rosenbaum scholarships, which were com- peted for at the close of the short course by 52 of the young men who were under 21 years of age. A sprinkling of second year students and of graduates of the regular four-year course was also noticed. Several men with degrees from other institutions were present. No matter what the class, condition or age of the short course students, they took great inter- est in studying what had been assembled in Ames for their benefit in the way of winners of America's best show rings and the best grains of the great expositions. Dean Curtiss had arranged a practical course in agri- culture and his efforts were well repaid by a goodly crowd. Naturally the greatest emphasis was placed upon live stock and this year the work in judging breeding and feeding was at high tide. Splendid animals were assembled by Professor W. J. Kennedy and as a whole they probably will rank as the best live stock exhibit that ever graced a win- 520 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ter school. The first work of this cource was with 29 sheep picked out of a flock of 1,100 owned by Chandler Bros. The college flock was also drawn upon for types in the wool and mutton work. An outstanding individual in this collection was a champion wether from the herd of King Edward VII., which later in the meat demonstration was pro- nounced by John Gosling as the model animal. The cattle exhibit, in addition to animals from the college herd, was assisted by the presence of Short-horns from Flynn Bros, and Mansfield & Harmon. The Angus classes were strengthened by nine individuals from the herd of O. V. Battles. The dairy classes were handled by Pro- fessor H. G. Van Pelt and consisted of lectures and demonstrations of the different dairy breeds. This year the horses represented more breeds than ever before and there was every type of desirable western animal. The college furnished the draft mares from its own stables — Clydesdales and Shires and the Clydesdale stallion Kuroki. He was supported by stallions of the Perch- eron, Belgian, German Coach and Hackney breeds from the barns of A. B. Holbert. Three of the prize winning Berkshire barrows at the International had been returned for short course work and furnished good classes of typical fat hogs. Breeding classes of Duroc Jersey sows, Poland-China sows, Berkshire sows and Chester White gilts were also considered. York- shires were used to emphasize the bacon type, which is not so well known in Iowa as is the fat hog type. In the meat demonstration John Gosling dwelt on the merits of Iowa fattened beef, pork and mutton. Little Jack, a Hereford-Angus cross shown at Chicago, was the principal exhibit in this class. In contrast to his well-proportioned lean and beautifully marbled cuts were cuts from the same parts of a medium good steer and a canner. Mr. Gosling pro- nounced Little Jack one of the finest quality animals on foot that he ever saw and the slaughter proved that his judgment was good. The educa- tional features of this demonstration cannot be overlooked. As an aid to both the breeder and feeder it has no equal and the work of John Gos- ling has made many a man a better stock judge and many a feeder a wiser man. A very interesting feature was the lectures of Dr. J. H. Mc- Neil and his assistants on conformation and soundness, diseases of ani- mals and general bacterial diseases. The pre-eminence of Iowa as a corn state was evident as one looked upon the students who were busying themselves with learning more of this great cereal. The second week was given to the same kind of work with small grains. Lectures on alfalfa, Mendel's law, eradication of weeds, seed testing and handling of small crops varied the laboratory work in this course. Professor M. L. Bowman, assisted by Professor B. W. Crossley and the members of the two champion grain judging teams, did the teaching work in this course. The 400 members of the Iowa Corn Growers' Association, which holds its annual meeting at Ames dur- ign the short course, were the backbone of the agronomy crowd. This association distributed $5,000 in prize money. The grand championship for ten ears was won by C. R. Bishop, an amateur exhibitor, who also captured the Whiting trophy. The grand champion single ear, shown by EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 521 ,/\- 'i 522 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. J. A. Mason, won the Allee trophy, a $150 painting by Montgomery. At the annual auction sale of this association something over $1,000 was taken in for seed corn values. While no extraordinary prices were re- ceived for any single ear exhibits, the grand champion single ear bring- ing only $26, against $150 last year, the steady uniformity of prices given for the large exhibits of seed corn was the feature which brought a steady level of prices. The best 100 ears of corn were shown by Edson Bennett, who last year exhibited the best 10 ears of corn, any variety. The best 50 ears of Legal Tender corn were shown by a son of D. B. Nims. In a class of 90 students who took the examination for certificates as corn judges, J. W. Coverdale of Elmwood was first. "The Wallaces' Farmer Cup," for the best corn judging done by club of five, was awarded to the Packwood Corn Club of Packwood. All the short course students assembled in the college chapel to hear such men as Assistant Secretary Willet M. Hays of the United States agricultural department, the noted Angus breeder, O. E. Bradfute, of Ce- darville, Ohio; Mrs. Caroline M. Hunt of the University of Michigan, Miss Jessie Field, the energetic and pushing county superintendent of schools of Page county; Editor James Atkinson of the Des Moines Home- stead; President Asa Turner of the Iowa Corn Growers' Association; J. C. Simpson of the Iowa State Fair, Dean Waters of Missouri Agricultural College, and Professor C. F. Curtiss talk on subjects in which all had a mutual interest. These talks were full of inspiration and practical ex- perience and the hearing of them is sure to redound to the promotion of the highest ideals of farming and the country home. At the election of officers John Sundberg of Whiting, Iowa, was made president; J. W. Coverdale, Elmwood, Iowa, vice president; B. W. Crossley, Ames, Iowa,- secretary, and Fred McCulloch, Hartwick, Iowa, membership secretary and treasurer. The ticket of vice presidents for the following year are: District 1. Geo. M. Allee, Newell. District 2. M. S. Nelson, Goldfield. District 3. A. E. Quaife, Ionia. ^ District 4. Paul C. Ta£f, Panora. District 5. C. O. Garrett, Mltchellville. District 6. L. C. Hutcheson, West Branch. District 7. F. H. Klopping, Neola. District 8. Fred Wooley, Garden Grove. ' District 9. W. A. Hooli, Paeliwood. Iowa won in the aggregate about $2,000 of the Armour and Rosenbaum scholarships money offered by the 1907 International Live Stock Expo- sition on its live stock exhibits and team judging work. Dean Curtiss distributed this money to short course students in the form of six Armour and one Rosenbaum scholarships based on their proficiency in judging four classes of corn and eight of stock — two classes each of sheep, swine, cattle and horses and one class each of the following varieties of corn, Reid's Yellow Dent, Leaming Boone County White and Silver Mine. The Armour scholarships, valued at $250 each, were awarded to Walter Cooper, Knierim, age 19; H. B. Cornwell, Ankeny, age 19; Frank Sanders, Hartley, age 19; B. C. Brown, Anamosa, age 17; Harry Steenboch, Peri- sia, age 20, and Ray Gatewood, Packwood, age 18. The Rosenbaum EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 523 524 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. scholarship was awarded to Thomas Burford, Des Moines, age 20. The conditions of the competition for the Armour scholarships were that the young men were to be under 21 years of age and of limited means which would render them incapable of getting through college on their own resources. The contest was limited to students who had not at- tended an agricultural college course previously. There were no restric- tions as to financial standing in connection with the distribution of the Rosenbaum scholarship. The tribute paid to the work of Dean Charles F. Curtiss and his as- sistants by the Breeders' Gazette, is worth repeating. "Iowa ideas are growing. Some are fruiting in economic reforms, others in the improve- ment of farm crops and farm practices. It is fitting that a farm state should be the incubator of helpful ideas for agricultural people. The Iowa Agricultural College at Ames has fairly inoculated the State with the virus which compels farmers to think, to plan, to improve and to help one another." "THE SHORT COURSE AT AMES." Miss Mahel C. Peters, Sac City, Iowa, tefore Sac County Farmers' Institute. I arrived in Ames about dusk and took the electric motor, which rapidly carried me to the college grounds. I was shown to Margaret Hall, where I was to receive room and board while there, which is a very home- like place. The next morning when daylight appeared I was very favor- ably impressed with the location. We were told to get goods for a shirt waist before we came to our worlv at 9 o'clock. The mornings of the first few days were spent in each girl making herself a shirt waist, with Miss Donovan as instructor. The afternoons of those days were spent in the chemical laboratory working out some experiments in chemistry, very much like I had in my chemistry work here in the academy last year, only it had more bearing on foods. Mr. Mitchell was instructor in this work. On Saturday our work in the cooking department commenced. The mornings were spent in the cooking laboratory throughout the remainder of the short course. At 9 o'clock every morning we assembled in Clio Hall and listened to a half-hour talk from Mrs. Feulhing, which was very instructive. From there we went to the cooking laboratory, which is on the third floor in Mai'garet Hall. Here there are three kitchens, a dining room and a pantry. Very cheerful, tidily kept rooms. Each kitchen is provided with several tables, in each three or four drawers containing cooking utensils. The short course students were equally divided among these three kitchens, with an instructor presiding over each kitchen. Three or four girls were assigned a place at each table. Each girl had at her place a little gas stove on which to do her cooking and a drawer con- taining her cooking utensils. As soon as we had taken our places at the table a printed slip was passed to each containing recipes of the cooking for that day. Every one went immediately to work. After the cooking was done the dish washing came, as usual. There was a certain order in which these utensils were to be kept. After these were put EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 525 526 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. away you were supposed to sit down until your instructor came and viewed your work. If it was properly done and everything in order you were excused, if^not, you were told wherein it failed and expected to put it in order. Dish towels were to be hung up neatly and while at work you must keep your table tidy. One thing that I very much liked about the work there was the strong emphasis placed upon order, which I consider is one of the first principles of good housekeeping in the true sense of the word. The first morning was spent in cooking vegetables, the next cereals, the two following days the cooking of meats, next the cooking for the sick and the last day fruits. Here we learned many ways of cooking and serving, some very apetizing and attractive dishes, and obtained some very helpful ideas, some new and some old. I will give a few of them, which might be of benefit to some of you. Pepper is a superfluous article of diet, there being no nutrition what- ever in it. Scientific cooks use less spices. The day is coming when we will have less and less highly spiced foods. We must eat what we can procure and what satisfies every need of the body. Prepare your foods, not in the easiest way, but the most palatable and nutritious. The basis of palatable foods is sanitary cooking, and the cooking of our foods the proper length of time for each article, and in the proper manner. They advised cornmeal, oatmeal and vitos as the nutritious breakfast foods. The reason so many people do not like breakfast foods is because they are not thoroughly cooked and not served in an appetizing way. Oat- meal is of very high food value. Mrs. Feuling says: "I have never found a more appetizing, palatable and nutritious dish than the breakfast foods when properly cooked and properly served." Long cooking is very impor- tant. They may be served with cream and sugar and an addition of jelly or fruit, if so desired. The uncooked breakfast foods are not of very high food value for the bulk and are high priced and are for lazy people. There is more nurition in yellow cornmeal than in white. So much lies in the way an egg is cooked in respect to its digestability. They should never be cooked at boiling temperature. Have been tested in test tubes with the strongest of acids and found absolutely indigestible when cooked at the boiling point. This is the way they advise cooking them: Take one pint of boiling water to each egg; take off the stove, then drop in the eggs and let stand ten minutes for a soft, nice, creamy egg, for a firm egg, twenty minutes. Use forethought about your meals, meats especially, vegetables some- times, cereals always. The chief principles in meat cooking lies in what it is to be used for. If for meat sear it over by using boiling water to keep the juices within, and if for soup use cold water. Cook all meats at a temperature above the boiling point and longer than the ordinary recipe. Have your frying pan hot before putting meat into it. Never stick a fork into frying meat, as it permits the juices to escape, but slip the fork under and turn it over. When planning a meal one should use good taste in the appearance of the table, serving what will give a contrast of colors. As an illus- tration carrots and potatoes at the same meal make a pretty contrast. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 527 They taught the importance of serving articles that were the most pala- table together. They also brought forth the importance of economy in cooking by making over into tasty and palatable dishes what was left. We obtained some very practical and tasty recipes. In this school they are not taught paultry fashion, either in cooking or serving. One of the greatest treats of the short course was Mrs. Blair from the domestic art department of Minnesota. We all looked forward to her talks from day to day. In her talks she dwelt largely upon home deco- rations and dress. She says: "The greatest art of housekeeping is sim- plicity." She advocates having tasty, plain and neat furnishings in the home. In the sitting room restful pictures, and above all things have it comfortable. In the dining room have a few tastily kept plants, con- venient kitchen and flowers in the back yard. Will give you the article she gave us on dining room cheer. "One set of fine, spotless table linen, sprinkled, not too thickly, with pretty glass, china and silver and well lighted with brightness, tempered to the right consistency not to dazzle. To this adtl a few sunny faces, some good conversation, spiced with gayety. The unpalatable, distasteful portions having been previously eliminated. Then quietly and by degrees add food which has been carefully and daintily prepared and arranged. Over all scatter little flecks of kindness and courtesy till an inward glow is produced and keep at this point from half an hour to an hour or longer." Taking up the subject of dress, she says: "Do not follow fashions and fads, but wear what is becoming, small figured goods always being in good taste." She does not consider silk in good taste for children. In her talk she referred to people who considered their appearance consisted in the amount of money expended in their dress, making very forcible the fact that it is not so much the expense they put in their apparel as it is in having them tasty, neat and care in putting them on, and that they are neatly attired throughout. They wish the girls in their schools of domestic economy to dress neat and plain. Another good talk which we had was by Miss Fields, a county superin- tendent, who stated that it was injurious to the minds of the children to have teachers from the city go into the country to teach the schools; that they were blue, oh, so blue, and lonesome; this was contagious and culti- vated discontent among the children. She had had such teachers in her county who had come to her and said they could not do anything with those unruly boys and made a failure and gave it up. She then sent a country girl to take her place, who interested the children by making flower beds, etc., making the grounds attractive, interesting them on agri- cultural lines, which brought about happiness and contentment. And she heard no more of those unruly boys and it proved a success. She also stated that we often read in the paper that Mr. and Mrs. So-and-So had moved to town so that their children may have better educational ad- vantages. She fully expects to see the day come when you will read in the paper Mr. and Mrs. So-and-So has' moved into their beautiful country home so that their children may have better educational advantages. She says that she believes it more since she has been to the short course at Ames and sees what kind of farmers Iowa has and what influence they 528 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. can have at the capitol down here at Des Moines. She stated that her sympathies and feelings were with the country. They have a very pleasant campus at Ames and Margaret Hall makes a very pleasant home for the young ladies and the Y. M. C. A. building for the young men. They also have social events in connection with the work there. Mrs. A. B. Storms very kindly entertained the girls of the short course one evening at her home, which we greatly appreciated. Among the many courses offered at this school is a four years' course in domestic science. If one is choosing a college course I consider this course at Ames a very much more practical course for the average young lady than many of the courses. I fully believe that one of the highest callings for a young lady is to be a good housekeeper, which, I judge from their talk, many of the teachers there are. I consider this year's method of their short course an improvement on former years, as heretofore they had demonstration work done by the teachers, while this year each student did actual laboratory work. They expect next year to give a second year's work on the short course, which is another improvement. There were between 40 and 50 young ladies taking the short course this year and next year I hope to see twice that number, as I consider it very beneficial and I believe the day is coming when there is going to be more attention given to this subject. WHO SHOULD BUY IMPROVED BREEDING STOCK? Wallaces' Farmer. It is not every farmer who should attend public sales to buy breeding stock. The scrub farmer, the farmer who has made no better than the ordinary provision for the pasturing, feeding, and sheltering of stock, has no business to buy improved stock. The scrub is a hardy fellow, can stand almost anything, is satisfied with little, and is worth little. Hence the proper kind of stock for the scrub farmer is scrub stock. The scrub farmer who is accustomed to raising scrub stock is a direct menace to the breeding interests, and it is unfortunate for any breeder of improved stock to sell them to the man who cannot give them improved care. For this improvement has been made by better feeding and better housing as well as by careful observance of the laws of heredity or breed- ing. If they are taken out of this better environment they will naturally degenerate into scrubs, and worse than scrubs; for they do not have the vitality of the scrub and hence succumb the more quickly to the hard, scrub conditions. The man who undertakes to invest in improved cattle before he has im- proved pastures and sufficient buildings makes a mistake which he will sooner or later find to be very costly. Farmers who have improved pas- tures very often make an almost equally costly mistake in the line of shelter. They have paid big money for improved stock, have pasture and feed enough; but, like the pious old lady who filled her pastor's cup up EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 529 with molasses on the theory that nothing was too good for the preacher, they have built costly buildings without providing for ventilation and sunlight, which are quite as essential to improved stock as improved feed. Improved stock requires good buildings, but housing which does not supply ventilation and sunlight is not good housing, and will sooner or later bring trouble to the man who undertakes to work a miracle by growing improved stock under these conditions. The reason why farmers have graded up their hogs until in the corn belt they are almost all practically pure bred is because it has been com- paratively easy to provide the proper feed and proper housing as well as to buj' improved sires. Who, then, should buy improved stock? Every man who has improved his pastures and provided proper housing? It is not every man who should buy improved stock for the purpose of establishing a breeding herd, especially in cattle or horses. He should confine his purchases at first to the sire and note the results. If he has provided the proper en- vironment, he will be astonished at the results of the first cross. He will find this first cross capable of very great but not nearly the proportionate improvement. After he has graded up it will be time for him to buy a few pure bred females and lay the foundation of a pure bred herd. The breeding interests have suffered great loss in past years by the purchase of pure bred females by farmers who have not yet learned the art of growing high grade stock. These females have degenerated by adapting themselves to the poor environment, and this man, who might possibly have become the continued patron of larger and better breeders, becomes disgusted with the pure bred business and concludes that the grade is the best after all; and so it is for him, but not necessarily for the man who has advanced far enough to furnish pure bred conditions. In buying pure bred cattle at the various sales the farmer should use wise discrimination. He should not for a moment allow himself to be infected with the color craze or any other fad. What he is after is qual- ity, which does not lie in the color of the hair, though it should be of the color recognized in the breed. Neither should he allow himself to be infected with the fad of paying big prices for any particular fancy breed- ing that may happen to be the rage. He should by all means buy cattle of sound pedigree. Farmers should use wise discrimination in selecting the type of cattle for which their farms are fitted. A great many of our readers are more or less engaged in dairying. In buying Short-horns they should pay especial attention to the milking qualities of the dams and grandams of the sire. It is not easy to get this information except so far as the type of the animal reveals it, which it does not always do with certainty. There is no danger in buying Short-horns of getting sires from cows that give too much milk; the more the better. Neither is there any danger in buying Herefords or any other breed of getting them from cows that are too heavy milkers; the more the better. Breeders of the distinctly beef breeds recognize this by their use of nurse cows, "wet nurses," to push forward their show stock to the greatest possible extent. Where the farmer is buying with the intention of letting the calves run with the 34 530 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cows, this is not a matter of so great importance; but even here, unless he is on the range, there is no danger of getting a cow that gives too much milk. Who, then, should buy improved live stock for breeding? Every man who is fit to handle them wisely. The breeding interests are not benefited but injured by the purchase of improved cattle by men who are not themselves improved up to the point where they can take care of them. No man, however, who has good grass such as can be grown on land worth from fifty to one hundred dollars an acre should for a single moment be satisfied with scrub or low grade cattle. To be satisfied with this means impoverishment sooner or later. No man should be satisfied to buy a poor individual, no matter what its pedigree may be. The condition of the animal is a better testimony to the pedigree than the paper on which it is written. If it has the right breeding and the right care it will be a good individual. If it has the right breeding and not the right care it will not. No matter how good the individual and the care, or how perfect the environment, the animal will not be what it should be unless it has been born right and is descended from good parentage on both sides. The high price of land in the corn belt is a most potent and weighty reason for buying the best kind of live stock now offered at public sale. Neither the scrpb nor the low grade sire nor the poorly fed individual, no matter how good its pedigree, will pay interest on these high priced lands. Every animal fit to eat the grass or grains that grow on these high priced lands must be well bred, at least on one side, and then it must have that human environment that will supplement the natural and artificial environment, and thus bring out the latent capacities to their utmost extent. Our hogs are pretty well bred up. The same may be said of our sheep. Now may there be "a long pull and a strong pull and a pull all together." to grade up the cattle on these western prairies and thus get full value out of the grains and grasses which we are growing at such a large expendi- ture for high priced machinery and labor. OIPROVED STOCK ON $100 LAND. Wallaces' Farmer. As land advances in price the kind of live stock that can be kept at a profit becomes a matter for very careful study. When land was worth fifteen to twenty dollars, or when there was free range, it was quite pos- sible to make good money by keeping a cow for the chance of a calf. The man who kept a scrub bull might then be regarded as unwise, but not alto- gether foolish. As land advances in price, even though there should be a correspond- ing advance in the price of beef, it becomes important to use only the machine for converting the grains and grasses into beef that will do it to the best advantage. The high grade animal or the pure bred may not make any more pounds of beef per ton of corn or hay; for the making of the pounds depends not upon breeding, but upon the capacity of diges- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAH BOOK-PART X. 531 tion and assimilation, which may be quite as high in the scrub as in the pure bred. The unfortunate thing, however, is that these pounds wall not sell, and when scrub beef will sell at three to four cents well bred beef, properly fed, may sell at from six to seven cents. Therefore, the one may be grown at a loss and the other at a very considerable profit. For a long time agricultural papers have been preaching the gospel that the scrub will have to go; but their gospel, if heard, has not always been practiced. Fortunately, the forces of nature help the advocates of any good cause, whether it be reform in agriculture or in politics or in the lives of men. These high prices of land are compelling farmers to think more carefully than they ever did before of the advantages of well bred stock of whatever kind. Farming has become more diversified than it has ever been before. We are discovering that the farm, with its environment and its im- provements, especially the man who manages it, may be adapted to feed- ing beef cattle, or growing hogs, or feeding sheep, or to dairying; and it is wisdom to select the kind of stock to which the fai-m is best adapted, but particularly to which the farmer is adapted. It is very much easier to change fields and modify the buildings to accommodate the man who runs the farm, whether owner or renter, than it is to make a man over. This, however, is not enough. When any kind of live stock is selected, for instance cattle, as the main product of the farm, then it becomes necessary to decide whether they shall be grown and fed, or purchased and fed for beef production; or if they are to be used exclusively for milk production; or if they are to be used for combined beef and milk production. This having been decided, the question of the kind of stock they should use, especially the kind they should grow, and consequently the kind of sires they should purchase, will determine itself. As farms advance in value and in price, an increasing number of them must be used for both milk and beef production and fewer of them for the exclusive growing and feeding of beef cattle. This will not pre- vent an Incrase in the number of farms devoted to special purpose dairy- ing. These two increases will go side by side, together with feeding operations, while the growing of calves exclusively for beef must in the very nature of things be confined to lower priced lands. This inevitable drift of things, the result of the advancing price of land, should lead breeders to modify where necessary their methods of breeding, and particularly so in the case of cattle that are used both for dairying and for beef production. The growers of exclusively beef cattle will not need to make any changes, nor will the growers of special purpose dairy cows; but the growers of improved cattle that are capable of being used profitably for this double purpose will need to make some changes which we have been suggesting to them for a number of years. It is very important that breeders of this class pay special attention to the development of the milking qualities in such breeds as the Short- horn, Red Poll, Polled Durham and Brown Swiss; nor would any harm come to the breeders of Herefords, Aberdeen Angus, and beef Short-horns through increasing the milking qualities of these breeds. It is a noticeable thing that in many cases the steers that have won prizes 532 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. at the great shows of the past have had for dams phenomenal milkers, so that it was not necessary to furnish a nurse cow to help out the dam. We have always regretted that some of the breeders of Red Polls and Polled Durhams have endeavored to make special purpose beef cattle out of these breeds. In doing so they bring themselves into sharp com- petition with the special beef breeds; and to do this effectively they pur- chase sires of pronounced beef qualities, and thus get away from what is really the special purpose in the development of these breeds. The development of the habit of milking is quite as important as the inheritance of milking qualities; and to this end the cows intended for the production of bulls to head these dual purpose herds should be milked and thus form the habit. The fact is that it is milking that develops milk cows, just as it is the practicing of the teachings of the Master that develops followers of the Nazerene. No matter what milk- ing qualities may be transmitted, no matter how great the potency is in this line, unless the habit is formed the potency will not be trans- mitted very effectively. This will require a change in the methods of the breeders of these breeds that are valuable for what is known as the dual purpose, and which we prefer to describe as the special purpose cow for the quarter of half section farm, where it is necessary not merely to obtain the quantity and quality of milk, but to provide packages in which the rougli- age of the farm can be profitably transported to market ; in other words, to condense freights. They must henceforth be able to state not merely that a cow is a good milker, but how good a milker she is. We confess we are rather tired of hearing at breeders' meetings the praise of the dual purpose cow sung without any proof of it. It is not enough to be able to say: "The dam of this bull is a splendid milker," or "Why, it is hard to keep her udder from spoiling." or "She gives enough milk for two calves," or, "She milks up to the time of calving." If this is true, then it is possible to furnish the proof. There are so many men that like to blow their own horns that buyers may well be excused from believing unless the seller has the actual proof of it. as demonstrated by the weighing and testing of the milk. Changes in our agricultural and animal industry are not introduced by the blast of the trumpet. They come gradually, as the changes in the seasons come; but the man who will study the development of agriculture can scarcely fail to see that this change is coming, and that breeders of breeds of cattle that are capable of being used for dual purpose must aim to meet that double purpose, and to meet it in an intelligent way, and in a way that will be convincing to the customer. This change has been coming for some time. It will come more rapidly in the two or three years to come than it did in the past; for experience is furnishing accumulated evidence every year that farms now given over to exclusive corn growing, especially the best corn lands in Illinois and Iowa, must hereafter be devoted to growing stock — horses, hogs, sheep, or cattle. Inasmuch as it does not pay to keep a brood mare for the chance of a colt, the profitable growing of horses is limited to the number of brood EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 533 mares that can be worked on the farm, and hence they cannot make much headway in getting rid of the grasses that must be grown in the rotation on the quarter section farm. Hogs will of course be grown in increasing numbers, but the hog is not primarily a grass-eating animal, and hence he cannot get away with the pastures that the rotation ab- solutely requires. Sheep will do better; but the parasitic enemies of sheep will prevent their being grown in sufficient numbers on a grass farm in the humid states to meet the requirements of the needed ro- tation. Hence the only thing left is cattle, either to be grown for the chance of a calf, or to be purchased elsewhere and fed out. or to be kept for both milk and beef production. Breeders should therefore listen to the voice of the corn root louse, the corn root worm, the corn root borer, and the mold that is affecting the corn fields in so many sections this year, pleading with farmers to adopt systems of rotation, and then supply these farms with live stock adapted to that purpose. THE OVERHEATED HORSE. By A. S. Alexander, Breeders' Gazette. It puzzles many a farmer to explain why some horses seem es- pecially prone to heat exhaustion or sunstroke and they are also at a loss to know how to ward off the attack or to treat it intelligently when first observed. It may therefore be of interest to explain that apparently every horse attacked with sunstroke is ailing the day of attack and otherwise would not be affected. If this be not so it certainly is difficult to explain just why one horse suffers out of a number kept in the same stable and fed and managed alike; but if we keep a careful watch over the horses in our care it becomes possible in many instances to de- tect slight departures from normal conditions which may be taken as premonitory of serious trouble if not checked in time. Inability to stand work in hot weather, when not due to a previous attack of heat exhaustion, seems dependent upon disturbance of the digestive organs. Indigestion, in short, usually is present when a horse suddenly shows the symptoms of distress which are characteristic of heat exhaustion and which precede sunstroke or "heat apoplexy" as it might better be termed. This indigestion does not always appear immediately before or just at the time of the attack; it may come on gradually, or has been chronic in the subject attacked and quiet unfits him for hard work in the field during the heated term, did the owner but recognize the trouble and appreciate the danger it entails. The horse affected with indigestion of chronic form sheds late or tardily, has a tightness of Skin indicating emaciation or lack of perfect health and often the hajr remains long and course and tends to stand on end while the ribs are too apparent and the horse lacks spirit, vigor, appetite and staying qualities. Such symptoms, however, may be indica- tive of several different ailments, or indeed of almost any depleting sickness the nature of which is not patent to the eye of the attendant. Any one of these weakening maladies renders a horse peculiarly subject to sunstroke so that its known presence should make the owner or at- 534 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tendant especially careful of his charge during any prolonged spell of ex- tremely hot, muggy, fatiguing weather. But most often indigestion is the trouble leading up to heat exhaustion and its presence is proved if the horse shows in addition to general signs of ill health, or apart from the chronic symptoms, a sudden or continued lack of normal consistency, color, and odor in the manure he passes. Instead of the feces coming away in balls of golden yellow color and devoid of other than the com- paratively slight and not offensive odor, it is voided in slushy masses of abnormally pale color and highly offensive smell; or it may come away in slime-covered, clay-colored or almost white balls, or in the liquid state characteristic of diarrhoea. Whether these signs of derangement of the digestive organs are seen for some time or suddenly they make it cer- tain that the affected animal is unfit for work in the fields if the weather is extraordinarily hot or if he is put to work at such times it will be at the risk of an attack of heat exhaustion, if indeed, a preliminary attack has not caused the derangement in cases where nothing was apparently wrong when the horse started the day's work. Indigestion, such as we have outlined, is induced by keeping work horses in badly ventilated, dirty stables; paying no attention to groom- ing; overworking the horses in times of stress; allowing too little time for the proper mastication of food at the noon hour; giving cool water too seldom and then in too large quantities, or too soon after a meal; feeding corn during hot weather or giving bran mashes to horses not ac- customed to such food or allowing them to eat cut grass that has heated, or feeding new oats or new hay before they have become fit by aging or in too large quantities without accustoming the horse to the change. In other words, almost anything that disturbs the general health of the horse will affect his digestive organs in hot weather and such disturbance, therefore, makes him subject to heat exhaustion. This being the case the greatest possible attention should be paid by every farmer and horse- man to the general health of his horses during the heated term of the summer, and especially if much hard work has to be done in the fields. Thorough grooming at least once a day by keeping the pores of the skin unclogged and giving the sweat glands a proper chance to work perfectly; allowing the horse sufficient time to chew his food well and therefore prepare it for perfect digestion; giving him cool, pure water often, but not immediately after feeding, to provide for the extra de- mands made upon the liquids of the body during hot weather; sur- rounding him with all possible comforts in his stable, such as fresh air, freedom from irritating gases and flies, providing clean and sufficient bedding, shading the windows to prevent direct sunlight from injuring the eyes, keeping the feed boxes and mangers clean and sweet and removing all food that is not eaten up clean at each meal — all of these things help to keep a horse healthy and prevent trouble in hot weather and who can deny that they are the richly deserved right of every hard worked horse? At the first sign of derangement of the digestive organs cut down the grain ration and see that all food used is sound and free from mould or other taint. Allow free access to rock salt and mix powdered wood charcoal, or a mixture of that and bicarbonate of soda, freely in the food EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 535 twice daily. If the manure is pale in color and offensive in odor give half an ounce of hyposulphite of soda twice daily in the food or dis- solved in the drinking water, if the horse will take it that way. If the dung comes in balls but clay-colored and slimy give an ounce of glauber salts twice daily in the food or drinking water until improvement is seen; then once daily until conditions are normal. If much gas is passed with the feces, or at any time during the day, give charcoal freely and add hyposulphite of soda. If the horse pants at work and has dry, hot skin and is easily exhausted, so that the owner concludes that some- time or other he has been "overhet," work him early in the morning and late in the afternoon or evening, but not in the middle hours of the day; keep his head shaded, but do not burden it with a big soggy, heavy, dirty sponge which is not protective but adds much to the misery of the horse. Air should pass freely under anything used to protect the poll of the horse's head while at work in the field. Then too, if the easily tired horse has a thick, coarse coat of hair clip it off at once as this will tend to prevent exhaustion and at the same time prevent "summer itch." Despite all that can be done to prevent, a horse will now and then succumb to the heat and the attack is ushered in by sudden stopping of the sweat, lagging, panting, distension of the nostrils, redness of the lining membranes of the eyelids and nostrils, passing of gas or thin feces, bloating, staggering, stumbling, weakness, and finally falling and un- consciousness. At the first sign of any one of these symptoms or the combination unhitch the horse, remove his harness, get him into a shady place, under a dense tree where there is a draft of air by preference, and as soon as possible sprinkle him from head to foot with cold water from a sprink- ling can, keep cold wet swabs to the poll of his head and give him large, frequent doses of any stimulant that can be had, but do not bleed him or administer dangerous drugs like tincture of aconite, acetanilid, or strychnia. In severe cases the veterinarian should be called as soon as the horse has been treated as we have suggested and we feel sure that by following the advice given as to the prevention and giving first aid intelligently and promptly when needed losses from sunstroke will be materially lessened in our farming districts. THE DRAFT HORSE. Chas. E. Baklicin, Spencer. Iowa, before Clay County Farmers' Institute. It seems to me that we farmers have a just claim on this one class of horses. He is the product of the farm and the best friend we have on the farm. He plows our land, plants and sows our seed, tills our soil, keeps down the weeds and corrupt vegetation, harvests and hauls our grain to market. All these things he does and many more. What is more wonderful, there is never any complaint on his part. The draft horse is truly our "Beast of Burden." 536 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. What is understood bj' the draft horse? Does it mean the 2,000 pound horse? Does it mean the Percheron, Shire, Clyde, Belgian or any particular breed of heavy horses? No, it doesn't mean any one breed but all of them. When we say draft horse we do not refer to trotting horse, runner, or bucking broncho. We mean the horse that every honest farmer loves best. The draft horse that we, as farmers, think so much of, need not necessarily be a pure-bred horse, but he ought to be a well fed horse. Well fed and not pure-bred is far better than pure-bred and not well fed. As to the best weight for a draft farm horse, there is a wide dif- ference of opinion. Some men prefer the heaviest horse they can raise, from 1,700 to 1,800 pounds in weight. Others prefer those ranging from 1,400 pounds to 1,600 pounds; and still others cling to the 1,200 to 1,400 pound horse. In my opinion the last class when regarded as an all around general farm horse has far more admirers than the heavier types. There is very little if any work for horses on the farm that can not be done by a good 1,200 pound horse and as a general rule when it comes to making needed trips of a farmer to town or elsewhere on the road the lighter draft horse has the advantage. But there is another side to the question, viz., the selling value. Other points being equal, the man with the heavier type of draft horse is hunted by the horsebuyer while the man with the smaller type is hunting a buyer, and it is needless to say that when a dealer finds a good heavy draft horse he will leave a nice little sum of money. If a farmer has a surplus of good heavy draft horses he need not be burdened by their presence as he can always sell them to good advantage. This is not always true of the smaller draft horse. There is another argument in favor of the smaller type. It requires less feed to grow and keep a smaller horse. As a rule horses require feed in proportion to their size and in feeding five or six horses for a year with grain at present prices, a difference of a few ears of corn to each horse every feed is no small item, although a farmer ordinarily would not stop to consider these facts. All things considered I think it is best to raise as heavy a draft horse as you can. As to the best breed of draft horses to raise, there is another wide difference of opinion among farmers. Each and every breed has its ad- mirers and good qualities. Personally I think that ordinary mares should be bred to a stallion that will give the colt good heavy bone and limbs. I do not like to see heavy horses with small bones in their limbs. They can not endure with the heavy boned horse. I have seen some very good results from crossing ordinary draft mares with pure-bred Shire stallions, also from the same class of mares to the pure-bred Belgian stallion and in fact the same can be said in reference to the other pure-bred draft stallions. I do not wish to be understood as saying that when you have made a certain cross with a pure-bred stallion you have made the horse. The colt must be grown. We should begin to grow the colt before he sees the light of day. The way to begin is to take good care of the mare and give her plenty of the proper kind of feed. For the farmer who EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 537 does not buy feed but depends upon what he raises on his farm. I think oats are about the best feed for the brood mare. Always be kind and gentle to the brood mare. If you are otherwise she may become very nervous. When the colt is old enough and will eat oats, do not be stingy with them. Ten dollars' worth of oats at the present prices will go a long way toward giving him all the oats he will eat during the first winter, and the first winter with a colt comes very near determining his fate. If he is half starved, gets lousy, etc., it is next to impossible for him to ever make the horse he would make with extra care during his first year. Of course you can not do it all during the first year, you should be just as particular with him each year until maturity. The draft colt as a rule is easily broken but should become accustomed to being handled from the very start. Halter them when only a few days old and keep them familiar with the halter and you will avoid a great deal of trouble that you otherwise would experience if he is left until he is two or three years of age. Train your draft horses before they are matured. Will it pay the average farmer to keep pure-bred draft mares? How is this question to be answered? Can you, farmer friends, answer it? No, we can not. We can not because the average farmer is not keeping pure-bred mares, consequently our answer would be only guess work. We can only give our opinions and that is what I shall en- deavor to do. The average farmer! Who is the average farmer? He is the farmer, generally who does not have eight hundred, ten hundred or twelve hun- dred dollars to invest in two or three pure-bred draft mares and wait from three to five years for any returns on the investment. There are several reasons why the average farmer does not invest in pure-bred draft mares. In the first place if he has a few hundred dollars lying idle he can invest where he can get quicker returns. Secondly, there are great risks to run. Your mares are liable to get in a barbed wire fence and lose their lives. There is great danger of loss at foaling time. You may lose the mare, or you may lose her foal, or you may lose them both. It may seem strange to some people that the average farmer is not keeping pure-bred draft mares just the same as he is keeping pure-bred cattle and pure-bred hogs. But it is not so strange when one stops to consider the question. While it requires less capital to engage in raisng pure bred cattle and still less to raise pure-bred hogs, it is a safer proposition and the returns come sooner. The price of horses fluctuates more than on other stock, but when a farmer once enters into the business of raising pure-bred draft horses he should make up his mind to stay right by it. When we consider that $1,000 put into a couple of pure-bred draft mares, some extra money in the proper kind of fences, etc., and wait four or five years for any returns, knowing as we do, that the same money invested in cattle, sheep, hogs or poultry will give quick and cer- tain profits, is it any wonder that there are so few average farmers branching out into this kind of business. 538 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I think the very best way for the average farmer to keep pure-bred draft mares is to begin with one mare and build up from this. It would seem slow at first, but after a few years he would be greatly surprised at his success. Commence with an extra good mare right on the start and when she Is found to produce extra good colts, then never part with her at any price unless you know where you can replace her with a better one. To be sure the first cost will be greater than it would be for a grade draft mare that would be practically as good an individual but when the first cost is met there will be no more expense than there would be in raising colts from a grade draft mare. Coming back to the question again "Will it pay the average farmer to keep pure-bred draft mare," my opinion is that it would not pay every farmer to keep them as they are not all adapted for raising pure- bred horses. But I do think that it would pay a few average farmers in every community, who are good horsemen, to keep pure-bred draft mares and raise pure-bred draft horses. SENSE WANTED IN BUYING SHORT-HORNS. Breeders'' Gazette. We referred recently to a mistake often made by those who are seek- ing the popular Scotch blood in connection with Short-horn breeding. That this blood should be in such demand is no mystery. It was resorted to a quarter of a centurj^ ago as the only available means of checking the apparently irresistable onslaught of the Herefords and Black Polls through- out the cornbelt and on the range. The tenant farmers of Aberdeen- shire, who had for so many years been pursuing the even tenor of their way unmindful of the fads and fashions followed by their fellow breeders in England and the States, succeeded in evolving a well established type of Short-horns distinguished as a rule for early maturity, quick feeding quality, depth of flesh, and, strange to say, in many cases retaining one of the original excellencies of the breed, the milking habit. Since the early SO's these north country Short-horns have been carry- ing practically all before them at the great American breeding shows. Moreover, they have practically revolutionized the type of Short-horn steers coming to market; the big, upstanding 2,000-pounders of the old day have given place, largely through the use of this same Scotch blood, to a type of animals approximating the best "baby beef" standards now demanded by feeders and butchers alike. One need in fact but turn to the record of the last International exposition to find ample justification for the high regard in which this Scotch blood is still held; but too much popularity often carries with itself the germs of its own downfall. When any strain of blood becomes in such general demand that every animal produced by it, good, bad or indifferent, is retained religiously for reproductive purposes, trouble is surely brewing for somebody. The Scotch Short-horns are being subjected to this ordeal at the present time. As has often been said, the weeds produced by any crop should be freely discarded. The trouble in this case arises from the fact that EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 539 the best specimens of Scotch breeding are quickly picked up by the more prominent breeders and exhibitors, who have ample funds to enable them to skim the cream, leaving thin milk for those who do not feel able to invest so much in the richer product. In other words, there are not enough good Short-horns of the so-called "pure" or "straight" Scotch breeding to go half way around. As a matter of fact the bulls of this blood have now been used in America so long that it is not difficult to find cattle that have been so strongly topped out with Aberdeenshire bulls that the progeny is, for all practical purposes, just as useful as animals tracing in all directions to the original Scottish stock. It is most la- mentable that better judgment is not used in this matter. It is ob- viously good sense for a buyer of limited means to purchase one of the so-called Scotch-topped American-bred animals if he be a good individual and carries upward of 85 per cent of the desired blood, in preference to picking up one that can be rated as "pure" Scotch but which at the same time may be wanting in the first essentials of a good Short-horn. The more frequent use of the tabulated pedigree will tend to a more rational balancing of values in these cases and we commend it to all who are starting out to buy a bull. If any proof is needed to show that Scotch cattle carrying so-called "outcrosses" should not be turned down simply on that account, it is afforded in abundance by reference to the breeding of the champion animals in the Short-horn class at the late International exposition. The great senior champion bull Whitehall Marshall 209776, bred by Mr. Kelly and shown by Mr. Harding, is out of a so-called straight Scotch cow, imp. Missie 167th, bred by the late Mr. Marr. His sire, Whitehall Sultan, famous throughout all America not only as a show bull but as one of the most extraordinary stock-getters of the present day, while bred by Mr. Dean Willis, the great manipulator of the Cruickshank blood in the south of England, receives through his sire, Bapton Sultan 163570, several in- fusions of the blood of English cattle that never saw Aberdeenshire. As a matter of fact Mr. Willis — who as a constructive breeder of Short-horns probably has no peer on either side of the water at the present time — has had marked success in outcrossing the Scotch cattle that form the foundation of his great herd. Now nobody in America will regard these infusions of English Short- horn blood as detracting five cents' worth from the admitted value of Mr. Harding's splendid bull; that is to say, if an outcross is put in by a man residing anywhere in Great Britain, Ireland or any other country across the sea, "it goes" without any question from anybody on this side of the water; but if any American breeder, no matter how intelligent or experienced, has the courage to pursue a similar course and secures like results, his work is criticised, his animals are sacrificed when they come into the sale ring and he is either driven back into the "straight" and narrow path marked out for him by our "purists," or he quits the business in disgust. In other words we allow old country breeders greater liberties than we permit ourselves to indulge in. The English or Scotch breeders can pick their bulls anywhere in the Kingdom, without regard to their breeding, and we on this side accept the cross, whatever it may be, without a murmer, even though it may have been put on by the most in- 540 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. significant tenant farmer to be found in any out-of-the-way corner of His Majesty's dominions. The most inexperienced breeder in Great Britain is allowed to do that which the oldest and most eminent men in the pro- fession in America are apparently not permitted to do. This is of course putting a premium on British enterprise and feedom and placing these same essential qualities among our own people under a heavy discount. What must be the inevitable result of this policy? It comes simply to this: that so long as we discriminate thus unfairly against ourselves we shall have to continue indefinitely to go abroad after cattle where the conditions are such that they can be bred man- fashion. Our own policy would be well suited to a class of small boys. In other words it is childish, and we will never have any great original constructive work in our own country until we learn to recognize good results however obtained. Another striking illustration of the fact that there is good blood other than the Scotch in the herd book that should be recognized and not ignored is seen in the case of the champion cow of the International, Mr. Clark's great Welcome of Meadow Lawn 9th. Anyone who will take the trouble to tabulate her pedigree will find about as good a mixture as can be made. Scotch bulls predominate, but you will also run quicldy into Bates-Duchess blood. The case of Mr. Renick's junior champion bull Signet, blending the Marr and Duthie blood with that of "Uncle Abe's" fine old Bates crossed American stock, affords further striking demonstration of the truth of our contention. Many of the other winners were of course squarely within Scotch lines in all directions, but the fact that they were all outclassed in the opinion of the judges by the three outcrossed ani- mals just mentioned should give some pause to those who are disposed to be hypercritical on this subject of the . blood of thousands of good Short-horns that have been produced in England or the United States. AS TO BREEDING SHORT-HORNS. John Dryden, Whitby Co., Out. in Breeders' Gazette. I read with much satisfaction the article entitled "Sense Wanted in Buying Short-horns." It touches a most important question concerning which all has not yet been told. I dare not consent to the declaration that every outcross mingled with the standard blood of the herd will be successful. That depends on so many things, all different in each herd, that he who can wisely weigh the constituent parts and with an unerring intuition come to the right conclusion as shown by results deserves the highest praise. Where the breeders in America have erred according to my judge- ment is in the use of the term "pure Scotch." Nothing could be more misleading. It means that all Short-horns bred and reared in Scotland are of equal value. The managing editor of the Gazette knows, for he has stated it in his interesting history of the breed, that all Short-horns in Scotland are not equal in prepotent value; that large numbers ought to be labeled Scotch weeds instead of pure Scotch. It is obvious that no breeder is or can be benefited by transporting them across the sea. The EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 541 editor knows also, and I know from personal visits, that the Scotch blood which has since been utilized to change the type from a slow-maturing tallow-bearing carcass to one more fleshy and ready for the block, at a much less age emanated from one single herd. Moreover, the cattle most in demand by many of the best breeders in that country now carry the most of that blood. But there are to be found hosts of Short-horns in that counti^' with scarcely a trace of it. Now to label all promiscuously pure Scotch and thus leave the impression that it is equally prepotent is entirely misleading. You are quite right when you say that many of these so-called "pure Scotch" are neither in quality nor probable prepotency equal to many of the bulls seemingly neglected because of so-called outcrosses. The whole thing is based on mere names which when analyzed have in them neither "rhyme nor reason" nor meaning, and I do not wonder that you plead: "Let us have more sense in buying Short-horns." It is well known that the late Mr. Cruickshank, long before he parted with his Short-horns, felt that the time had arrived when some outside blood of a similar character should be judiciously intermingled with the Sittyton strains, but the American cry for "pure Cruickshank" at that time forbade him doing it. If he felt it necessary then, how much more is it years after his retirement as a breeder? But who dares to do it now? Most breeders fear the force of public opinion. There is great need of boldness, even though you may know that you are right. We seem to be ever and anon going back to the theory which ruined the Bates Short- horns; to study out only the breeding as represented in the pedigree and if it read right no need to study the individual animals. To put it a little plainer: It was an effort to make pedigrees instead of producing superior cattle. At that time the cry was "pure Bates." It failed utterly and the whole structure fell with a crash probably never to rise again. But they were not all bad cattle and I agree that mingled with the best of the Scotch blood before applying the cross you are liable to improve rather than injure the cattle of the present day. Who ought to start public opinion in the right direction? I answer, a journal like The Gazette. Because I believe you are right I am willing to stand be- hind you. Nay, more than that, I have not hesitated to put it into prac- tice even years ago. At that time Cruickshank-bred cattle were, as I be- lieved, becoming too small and too weak in reproducing powers. Too many were non-breeders and others irregular breeders. We could not then import on account of foot and mouth diseases, so I selected a Canadian bull of similar characteristics whose dam and sire were both by Cruickshank bulls, but in their foundation of different blood. Would this mix satisfactorily? It certainly did. This bull gave me size, vigor of constitution, regular breeders and good milkers. But this bull had one weakness; his head was not ideal and his horns were too strong and not well placed. These are minor points which we have now overcome.' What I want to say is that many point to this bull in the pedigree ex- pressing great regret that it does not read "straight Cruickshank." My answer is that I have better and more useful cattle and I know I am right. I have used "more sense" and therefore T rejoice that The Gazette has come to my help in forming public opinion which will enable 542 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. us all to stand for better cattle, which must mean in reality "better pedigrees." May I offer another suggestion? It is that we should have annually more history of leading Short-horns. Let it take the form of a book of actual photographs, accompanied by the pedigree, also prizes won, if any, and a fair and full description. Such a book would be valuable for refer- ence in after years and greatly help the breeder of the future in studying the proper mixture of blood to attain his ideal. To be certain of im- provement it must be clear, not merely that the blood runs steadily along one line, thus making it prepotent, but that the individual animals were each superior. Otherwise you will find no prepotent strength or ex- cellence, but in its place weakness and inferiority. At that stage the end of your "pure" this or that, be it Bates, Booth, Scotch or Cruick- shank, is very near. PREPARATION OF CATTLE FOR SHOWS. Breeders' Gazette. Among the most famous and most successful of the world's cattle feed- ers Wm. Watson stands in a conspicuous position. He was born in May, 1827, and was the eldest son of Hugh Watson of Keillor, Scotland, whose fame as the eldest great improver of the Angus cattle is world wide in its extent. Mr. Watson claimed to have been raised up on the milk of the historical Aberdeen-Angus "Prima" cow, "Old Grannie." He received the full benefit of a liberal education at the leading seminaries in England and Scotland; but when seventeen years of age and after a two years' study in Edin- burg university, he bade a farewell to classics. Born a stockman, his indulgent father gave him ample scope for his talents and handed him over for several years to the tuition of such eminent breeders as Bates, John and Robert Booth, Maynard, Torr, William Wetherell and Earl Spencer, under whose training he soon became deeply versed in Short- horn lore and general cattle management. To his father and Jonas Webb he practically owed his knowledge of sheep and he stoutly maintained that they understood the management and handling of the flock better than any other breeder he had ever met. For eighteen years Mr. Watson was the manager of his father's herd of Keillor "doddies," renting also a farm on his own account where he bred Angus cattle, sheep and horses. He was widely sought after in all the three kingdoms. In 1865 he left his native heath for the colonies, landing in New Zealand. On arrival he was appointed and for several years was manager of the Clydevale ranch, where general agriculture and breeding of live stock of all kinds was carried on upon a princely scale. Anxious for variety and fresh knowledge he next steered his bark for Australia, where he spent twelve months devoted exclusively to traveling and inquiring into all the live stock industries that continent could boast. Leaving Australia, he crossed the Pacific, landing in San Fran- cisco, taking a stockman's glance in passing at the Fiji and Sandwich Islands. On American soil he was first appointed by the San Francisco EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 543 Wool Growing Association as manager of the Santa Cruz range, with 50,000 head of sheep in charge, taut tiring of isolation he sought a new home in Oregon, where, under Messrs. Reid & Ladd of Portland, he built up a magnificent establishment, stocking it with all the good things that money could buy. We next find him manager of several live stock es- tablishments in the western states and Canada, and he was chosen by T. W. Harvey of Chicago as manager of the Turlington herds and flocks. Under his fostering care and fame of that establishment steadily increased and "Uncle Willie's" great victories in 1897 at the fat stock shows of Kansas City and Chicago with Turlington entries he had fed form an im- portant part of fat stock show history. He there gained sixty-one out of sixty-three awards — a record unprecedented. Mr. Watson was the only man within our knowledge who has ever made the rounds of the world in the capacity of judge of stock and as an exhibitor, having gained laurels in both capacities on three continents. Mr. Watson died November 1, 1897, in the employ of A. P. Grout, Win- chester, Illinois, a "doddie" enthusiast to the very last, although he vas one of the most unique characters ever known to the live stock world, a man of vast value in his lifetime to the beef cattle and mutton and sheep industries. His success as a feeder was outstanding and yielding to repeated re- quests for a full statement of his methods he gave this to the world in the Gazette of December 26, 1888. His methods have formed the basis of the education of many of our successful cattle feeders the past twenty years. In response to a request we print Mr. Watson's statement in full: ''Introduction. — As an introduction I may say the first step is to breed the animal right; it matters little what you feed, if you have not the right sort to consume it. Before commencing training the first point to inquire into is whether the animal be worthy or not to entitled the owner to lavish the expense and trouble on him so necessary to bring him out a prize winner in first class company. If you have a doubt about it throw him aside at once; if it is in the animal go at him and lose not a day nor an hour in sending him to the front. "Formation — Before the calf is a week old a practical eye can tell whether he is likely to turn out a good one or not. Get its bone forma- tion right at birth, then you have a foundation to build on; if faulty at start, then your pillar is worthless; no feed will upset the bone structure. Suppose the calf pleases your eye, say about two weeks after birth, by his general character, style and proportions. First see that he has the sweet countenance and honest, broad face so marked in early maturing animals; then see that he is fully built behind the shoulder, just under the heart; if he is hollow there reject him. Then from hip bone center to bone of tail (center) he should measure the same number of inches as across the loin and from hip bone to hip bone. The bones on either side the tail should be set a good width apart; from the hip bones forward to the shoulders should be as broad as possible, with a little spring out or nar- rowing as may be. At once reject a calf narrow over the loin; as Mr. McComble used to express it, get them "well ribbed home" — compact; pay marked attention to the straightness and soundness of the hind legs, for as they give way, so will the back in proportion. 544 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. "As to the formation of shoulders there is much diversity of opinion. Some contend for the oblique shoulder like that of the horse, others again are in favor of the more upright or roomy shoulders. I myself think the truth lies midway between the two extremes of opinion. Shoulders closely laid back like a race horse's do not seem to me to be the right sort to admit of the free and thick growth of the best beef, while one that is moderately oblique and not tied up at the top of the blades, but rather loose and open, can fill up to perfect form, and give room for the development of the choicest meat. I always observe that it is the animals with rather free shoulders that have the heaviest forequarters. Let the vertebrae, or backbone, be a little higher than the scapula, or shoulder blade, then you are certain of beautiful crops and as a general rule a smooth, full chine. "Feeding. — Feeding at the present date is more an art than a science. There are hosts of undiscovered facts in regard to it which, if known and rightly used, would redound to the advantage of stockmen. I am not a scientific man, merely a practical one; but as feeding is a branch of agri- culture I feel convinced that before arriving at success we farmers and stock-raisers must know something of agricultural chemistry, and before we can study it successfully we must know at least the rudiments of chemistry itself. By a little research we can learn to class the protein or muscle-forming foods from the carbo-hydrate or fat-forming elements. After mastering this most essential point then you can form your proper nutritive ratio, which means the bulk of the digestible protein in com- parison to the digestible carbo-hydrates and fat. Much can be learned by taking the monthly live weight of your cattle. If you have had occasion to make a change of feed your scales will prove truthful and you can learn at once whether that change has been to your advantage or not. Remember the true feeding value of an article of cattle food can be de- termined only by actual trial, for in the long run there is no chemist like digestion. "In feeding we must all be aware that as a general rule farmers make the feeding day too short, consequently the night too long. I mean by that the animals are only fed three times daily — say at 6 or 7 in the morning, at 12 noon, and between 5 and 6 in the evening. Now cattle to be made most of — I speak of show cattle especially — ought to be fed four times a day, viz.: at 5 a. m.. at 11 a. m., at 4 p. m., and a good hot supper at 8 o'clock at night. The ingredients for supper should be the same in substance as those which I am about to detail. The several items should be measured into a pail, adding flaxseed and molasses gravy, and over all let there be a handful of finely cut hay chaff, so as to absorb all steam. Now pour on boiling water and cover well with a sack, so as to prevent evaporation and waste. Before feeding mix the chaff with the mess. Do this about 4 o'clock in the afternoon and the mush will be in a nice milk-warm state for feeding by 8 at night. The cattle will eat it greedily and rest till 5 the following morning. Always put a little sweet hay beside the animal, so that he may eat if he feels so inclined. If you have a number of cattle in training it will be found most convenient to have a large water-tight feed box for scalding the meals. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 545 "Feed in Small Compass. — The minute subdivision of food enables the stomach to contain at least 25 per cent more in quantity than with loose hay or large roots, so always present your food in the smallest possible compass requiring the least mastication. Every half hour saved in feed- ing is so much added to rest — a most important item in fattening. Dry, finely cut chaff mixed with the meals will prevent laxity and flatulence, producing also a sufficient and healthy excitation to the stomach, while it will afford to the gastric juices a ready access to every part of the mass of food. Cattle lay on a much larger quantity of flesh in comfort- able quarters than they do in cold. This is consistent with the well- known fact that the rapid abstraction of caloric by a cold atmosphere renders necessary a large quantity of food to keep up the supply of carbon; but while there is warmth there must be ventilation. It may be interesting to my readers to know how closely my system of feeding agrees with the German standards. I present a table giving the average amount of digestible matter in the food used. PERCENTAGE OP DICxESTIBLE MATTER IN POODS USED IN lOO POUNDS. Feeding Stuffs. Protein Carbohy- drates Fat Oats -- 9.5 9.2 8.-I: 12.6 9.7 19.7 18.9 44.4 &4.9 64.9 44.1 63.2 55.0 19.9 4.8 4.8 38.5 3.9 Wheat - - - 1.4 4.7 Bran -- -- -- 2.9 1.3 Peas and beans Flaxseed -- _. -_ . _ 1.5 32.4 Beets ...... 1.2 6.9 Chaff-clover _ 1.2 From this table we construct the second which presents the amount of protein, carbo-hydrates, and fats in the several food articles. AMOUNT OF FOOD GIVEN A 1.200 POUND STEER DAILY. Feeding Stuffs. No. lbs. Protein Carbohy- drates Fat Oats - - -- .380 .368 .sm .504 .388 .788 .189 1.78 2.60 2.60 1.76 2.53 2.20 .20 .60 .19 .54 .153 Wheat .053 Corn - _. _ . . .188 Bran „. . .. .- _. .113 Barley .. .. ., _.. .. . .052 Peas and beans Flaxseed -. -- — _- . . .. _ .. .060 Molasses Beets .- --_ ._ _ .. _ .018 .276 Chaff .. .. .1)48 34 3.277 16.00 1.000 "It will be seen that our 1,200-pound steer consumes daily 3 277 pounds of protein, 16 pounds of carbo-hydrates and 1 pound of fat. Prom this we calculate that for each 1.000 pounds weight of animal fed we supply 2.73 pounds of protein, 13.33 pounds of carbo-hydrates and 0.83 pounds of fat. This agrees so closely with the German standard that it might appear that I had got my ideas of the proper portions from them. This is not so, as it ;S5 546 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. is only a few months ago that I learned the German standard, whereas I have worked on my principle for many years, and as yet I see no good reason for change in favor of the German. "Frequency in Feeding. — Frequency in feeding with as much variety as possible in the bill of fare and no greater 'quantity given at each time than will be directly consumed are in my belief the first principles to successful feeding. To supply more than will be eaten at once is not only wasteful, but it encourages the animal to become dainty of its food, which bad habit in the end prevents the eating of a proper quantity. As soon as the animal has finished feeding let the man in charge clean most scrupulously the feed boxes, as daintily fed animals loathe food that has been blown upon. It is seldom two animals feed alike, so the herds- man or feeder must study exactly the quantity each animal will consume. If they do not get sufiicient they will remain restless and not lay on fiesh as they ought to; if they are overfed they become disgusted and refuse to eat. Many animals, if judiciously handled, will eat a heaped pailful of my mixture four times a day; that is, from eighteen to twenty pounds at each feed. "It is very necessary to question your stockman daily as to the condi- tion and health of the animals, as they are apt to forget to tell you if an animal shows any deviation from his healthy habit&. Should sickness appear, avoid as much as possible the use of medicines. Overfeeding is generally the cause of sickness in pampered animals, and in such cases a good dose of flaxseed oil will give relief, but there is nothing to compare with diet. Keep the animals short of feed for a day or two and they will soon return to their normal state. ''Feed Ration. — Now for the main point — the feeding ingredients. In order to make the calculation simple of the measurement and mixing of the several meals we will consider their relative weights by the pound as follows: 1st. One pound oats, crushed. 2d. One pound barley, crushed. 3d. One pound maize, or Indian corn, crushed into meal. 4th. One pound wheat, crushed. 5th and 6th. One-half pound peas, One-half pound beans, crushed into meal. (One pound peas can take the place of both.) 7th. One pound bran. , 8th and 9th. One pound best flaxseed, ground into flour and one pint molasses; mix both together for soup, and divide into four portions, one-quarter for each feed. 10th. One double-handful of sweet hay chaff given in every feed, so as to promote digestion and rumination. 11th. One double-handful of pulped roots— about four pounds — in every feed, mixed with the grains. "Mix all thoroughly together, and feed the animals four times a day, according to appetite and constitution. Water four times daily, and always before feeding; never fail to take the chill off the water during winter; let the temperature be about 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Make soup of the flaxseed and molasses; put as much water in a pail as you think will be necessary to saturate the entire mess of meal, etc., EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 547 with the soup, taking care not to make the meals sloppy. After thoroughly mixing the soup with the meals your ration is fit for use. "Preparation of Gruel. — In preparing the flaxseed gruel the proper way is to drop the flour with one hand into a pail with sufficient water for admixture, all the time stirring with the other hand to prevent lumping; allow the flaxseed plenty of time to soak and become jelly-like. Once a day will be sufficient for the preparation of the jelly or gruel in cold weather, but in warm weather twice a day will be found necessary on account of souring. Keep the soup pails sweet and clean. Before adding the flaxseed gruel to the grains, add the molasses allowance at the rate of one-quarter pound for each animal at a feed, stirring the two well together; now pour the contents over the feed and mix most thoroughly; cover up with sacking and kneed well down before feeding. Again rub the compound well through your hands; by this time it ought to have soaked for several hours, and should feel gritty and dry to the touch. As soon as you have fed the animals at once get ready the forth- coming feed, mixing in the usual manner, thereby giving the grains sufficient time to absorb the soup and cause slight frementation. If an animal will consume more than one pound of flaxseed and one pint of molasses daily, then by all means let him have it, taking care not to overfeed, in case of their becoming too laxative. I never use oil-cake for show-yard preparation; as a general rule it is much adulterated and the precentage of oil is very low. Flaxseed contains all its original 'good properties. From observation I have found one pound of flax- seed equal to about four pounds of average cake. "It is almost needless to add that all feed-stuffs must be of the best quality. Never think of expense; if you do you will never make a successful exhibitor. It is unnecessary to measure out the daily pro- portions of meal, etc., for each animal; the better plan is to weigh a week's supply at a time and sack it up. Be most particular as to mixing so that each animal may get equal proportions of the several ingredients. I never use condiments. One of the foremost secrets in feeding is to make a food both palatable and digestible; it is not the total amount of food eaten, but the amount of digestible matter which it contains, that determines the food value of a ration. Mixing as I do I am con- fident it renders the mass more easy of digestion, enabling the animal to extract the maximum of nutritive material the ration contains. Owing to the high percentage of protein or muscle forming elements in bran and shorts, some may suppose I have been rather sparse with them in the feed mixture, but you must consider that the cattle have the full benefit of the bran or husk from the ground wheat in addition to the prescribed allowance. As for the shorts I consider that contained in the bran and wheat quite sufficient. Shorts, like oatmeal, are very free from crude material such as the skin or husk of the grain, con- sequently they are much more indigestible, and, therefore, cannot give results equal to the wheat with its shell, or peas and oats with their rougher skins. "Surnmer Treatment. — In summer give the animals a moderate al- lowance of cut-clover or green corn-fodder. 548 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. "Roots. — These give a great stimulus to feeding and digestion, yet I would not use them to excess. A few judiciously fed as a relish or appetizer to the meals is, I think, sufficient. There is little solid matter in turnips. Analysis teaches us that turnips contain 90 to 92 per cent of water, and mangolds 88 per cent; so a bullock as they used to be fed in my younger day in Scotland, consuming 150 pounds of turnips daily, was compelled to take thirteen and a half gallons of water with fifteen pounds of dry food. With cold weather and roots at a very low temperature, imagine what an absorption of caloric must be taken from the stomach and system of the ox, which has to raise to the digestive temperature thirteen and a half gallons of water at 40 or 50 degrees. Before long ensilage will take the place of roots. "Water. — As I have stated, you should offer the stock water four times daily. Always water before feeding, never after; and let me here advise that wherever at all practical every one handling stock should take off the chill from the drinking water during the winter months. Heating apparatus is now contained in small space, and is moderate in price. "Exercise. — It is a general practice among exhibitors of stock to run their show cattle at pasture during the night, instead of keeping them in roomy, well-littered boxes and soiling them in moderation with clover and other green feed. This turning-out system I thoroughly condemn; it is the cause of great bodily waste and loss of fat; yet at times there may be some special reason for it, such as an animal's going off his feed or becoming rickety on his legs. My system is to keep the animals in boxes all day and turn them into an open court for two hours in the cool of the evening; then they will give themselves abundant exercise and be glad to return to their boxes with a keen appetite for their hot supper. When out take care they do not get access to anything they can eat. A show animal should never be allowed to consume any food except what is laid before him. By exercising in a yard they have no opportunity of resting on the cold ground, of ex- posures to cold dews, or wet nights, or filling themselves with washy grass, depriving them of their appetite and keeping them from con- suming a full amount of grain-feed. I consider that keeping cattle housed by day and night is one of the great secrets of getting them in first-class form. Have their beds well littered and comfortable for them on their return to their boxes, so that they may enjoy their rest and groan that sweet music of contentment so charming to the breeder's ear. "Calf Feeding. — In forcing a calf there is no way so satisfactory as abundance of milk, pure and simple, from the udder. If the calf's dam has not sufficient to raise him or her to perfection then have a nurse in addition; if one is not sufficient give two, and if necessary add a third. Always teach your show calves to steal; that is, to suckle every cow they are offered. The advantage of this is evident. When required they will take to any cow, whereas if you confine them to one nurse and wish to add to their milk they will, after four or six months of age, invariably refuse the fresh udder. Teach them to steal and all udders are alike to them. Be particular as to the formation EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- PART X. 549 and quality of the calf's dam. Always test the dam's or nurse's milk to see if it is sufficiently rich; if not, change at once. Some feed by hand. This system has one great advantage. You can carry on the feeding as long as you please, and can enrich the milk by adding scalded oil-cake, flaxseed tea, eggs, or molasses, yet I put most faith in suckling the youngster till he is eight or ten months old. Wean your calves by degrees; that is, if they have the use of two nurses deprive them of only one at a time. Feed the calf judiciously and frequently, giving small quantities at a time; rather under than overfeed. Give them the same mixture that I have prescribed for the show animals. Let them have flaxseed gruel and molasses gravy in their ration, taking care not to overfeed and induce scouring. "Feet. — Be most particular about the feet of your show animals. Overgrown hoofs are a great eye-sore and excessive growth invariably throws the animals off their hocks and hind legs. Feet should be fre- quently dressed and kept in good shape. The tools necessary are a heavy wooden mallet, an inch and a half chisel, a blacksmith's re- pairing knife, and a strong rasp or flle. "Salt, Chalk, and Turf. — Never allow the animals to be without a lump of rock salt within reach; also a lump of chalk. We all know the beneflt of salt. It replaces the saline matter washed from the system thi'ough various channels. It also greatly increases the flow of saliva, therefore hastens fattening. Chalk counteracts acidity of the stomach, which animals are subject to when housed and kept on rich feed; and as the animals are deprived of access to earth or dirt you will find that the best substitute is to provide them with a piece of fresh turf twice a week, which they will greedily eat. "Temperature. — Cattle thrive amazingly well at a temperature ranging from 45 to 50 degrees in winter. At 10 degrees higher they generally sweat profusely. A thermometer ought to be in every stable. "Clipping. — When you have a few choice animals feeding during the winter months for any particular purpose, such as exhibition, it is a great advantage to have them clipped closely down their backs in a line with the lower part of their hip bones, and continuing along the upper part of the neck. Where warmly housed you will find this adds greatly to the comfort of the cattle; it will prevent profuse sweating and make easy the destruction of lice or other vermin. "Flies. — Where you have plenty of food, warmth, and stock, you will have abundance of flies. During y season cattle do little good unless you at once check the nuisance. There is nothing so perfect in its results as darkness. "Shoiving in the Arena. — Some time previous to exhibition be careful to train your stock to lead well and show themselves off to the greatest advantage. The nearer an ox is made to stand in his natural state the better — few can improve on Nature. Generally cattle in the show- ring are twisted into every conceivable shape. With their heads high in the air, their backs are consequently down, and their hind legs stretched far from under them. This false and airy position no doubt proves attractive to outsiders, but to the experienced judge it con- 550 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. stitutes a great eyesore. It may be you occasionally hide a fault, but as a rule for every one you hide you add two. "Grooming. — Grooming is as necessary with show-cattle as with horses. No matter how you feed, if you neglect elbow grease you will never join the front ranks, that is if the cattle are to show to perfection. In the case of cattle, grooming need not be commenced until within three months of the date of show. The cattle, it is presumed, have for several months previous been well fed and kept clean. In this condition to begin with, three months thorough grooming should put them in form. Half the game in showing cattle is to have them good in their coats, and stock-owners who fail to handle their animals so as to make them look their very best need not expect to win against those who do. Provide a warm rug, the same as is used for horse clothing; if one is not sufficient take two. Unless the weather is very cold the blankets do not require to be on all the time; they can be taken off during the night or during exercise. If the blankets are kept on fourteen hours daily they will soon do their work in taking the old hair off. If the weather is not frosty a good washing with carbolic soap and tepid water should be given at the commencement of the sheeting period; this will help to lessen the dandruff in the hide. If the bedding be well looked after once a month will be often enough to wash. "A dandy brush, a thoroughly good soft brush, a chamois skin or piece .of thick flannel, are the tools for putting on a polish, and the skin be- comes soft under their treatment. A currycomb should never be used except for the purpose of combing down the hind parts when necessary, as the comb, except when very lightly applied, is certain to scratch and irritate the skin. In rubbing with the cloth it must be done quickly. It takes an enormous amount of work to make the skins of cattle shine, but nothing else will do it. For putting on the final touch no brush or cloth can equal the bare hand, hand-rubbing will also remove the old coat quicker than either comb or brush. Some fancy they can, with one washing and a few times grooming, do all that can be done, but this is a mistake. There is the greatest difference imaginable between the one that has been prepared by months of labor and the other hastily got up. The one article is genuine and will last, the other will fade between the stall and the ring. "Advice. — I advise every exhibitor not only to be the feeder but the breeder of the animals he exhibits; then he has no divided honors, but harvests the full fruits of his enterprise. Masters, encourage a deserv- ing feeder or herdsman; you are in a great measure in their power; show them you appreciate the struggle they are making for you. A few kind words, instead of grumbling, will often prove more acceptable to a faithful conscientious man than pecuniary reward. Master and man must work hand in hand. If the herdsman's labors are duly recognized, depend on it he will do his duty by you. Many of them are men of marked intelligence, anxious to attain eminence in their sphere of life. Lastly commence training your show animals in early youth, and in feeding let your motto be, Give the stomach a chance." EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 551 FEEDING AND MARKETING CATTLE. One thousand stockmen from Missouri, Illinois and Iowa, feeding and marketing each year 2,000,000 cattle, have given to Dr. H. J. Waters, dean of the Missouri agricultural college, the results of their experiences. These experiences extend over a period of twenty years. Dr. Waters has carefully summarized them for the use of the students and practical feeders, and the results cover the entire range of feeding cattle for the market in the middle west. "The professional feeder," said Dr. Waters, "is among the most intelli- gent of farmers, is a specialist in this particular branch of agriculture, has opportunities for checking up his observations and judgment with accurate data that men in other lines of farming do not have. He buys his cattle by weight, and has, therefore, an accurate knowledge of cattle at the time he begins his feeding operations. He always sells them by weight, and has, therefore, the weight of his cattle at the close and can easily determine quite accurately the gain. Furthermore, he buys a large portion, and frequently all of the feed used, which enable him to determine with a fair degree of accuracy the amount of feed con- sumed. As an experimenter he is forced by the varying supply of different kinds of feed to vary the material fed from season to season, and hence one season, while he may naturally prefer a certain kind of grain or hay the supply is inadequate or the price is too high, and he adopts another. Normally he may prefer to feed his corn whole, but the price may be such as to warrant him in grinding it, and so on throughout the entire range of feeding. These conditions justify giving the conclusions of the practical feeder the greatest weight. The 1,000 men from whom the in- formation has been secured include many of the largest feeders in three states. Twenty questions were asked of the practical feeders. They included questions as to the length of the feeding period, most profitable seasons for feeding, winter feeding, shelters, varieties of feed, daily gain, margin of cost price necessary to make profitable, age of steers, method of feeding, experiences with various kinds of feed. Beef Steer Most Profita'ble. — The most profitable class of cattle pro- duced in Missouri, according to the answers of Dr. Water's questions, is the so-called dressed-beef steer, weighing from 1,200 to 1,400 pounds on the market. This is primarily because of the steady and uniform de- mand for cattle of this class on the market, rather than because this particular age or weight of cattle were produced more cheaply than lighter and younger ones. There has been during the past twenty-five or thirty years a marked change in the market demands of cattle. Formerly, added to the diflBculties of making the cattle fat, was the further disadvantage that light weights would not bring as good a price as heavier weights. 552 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Most of the feeders interviewed prefer cattle in the two-year- old form. This is evidenced by their stating that the average length of feeding period was six months, which is about the time required to make two-year-old cattle prime, is longer than is necessary for three- year-olds and is too short for yearlings or calves. It is further evidenced by the average weight which they considered they had found most profitable, viz., approximately 1,350 pounds. This is too light for three- year-olds and too heavy for yearlings or calves. Then, again, the question put to them directly as to whether they had found 1,500 or 1,600 pound steers profitable as a rule, out of 721 replies, in round numbers, 70 per cent answered in the negative. All of this is further confirmed by the answer to the question direct as to what age they usually put their cattle on full feed. A study of this age summary is exceedingly interesting and instructive, as the results are very striking. For example, out of a total of 680 replies from Missouri, 257 or nearly 40 per cent, gave two years as the age at which their cattle were put on full feed, which would mean with a six months' feeding period, as was reported by them in answer to previous questions, thirty-months-old cattle when finished and ready for market. Thirteen per cent gave two and one-half years of age, and eleven per cent gave essentially the same answer, namely, "between two and three years, of age," as their preference. Thus more than 62 per cent of the Missouri feeders reported that they put their cattle on feed at between two and three years, as contrasted with less than four per cent who put them on feed as calves and less than four per cent who put them on fee3 at one and one-half years of age. What is true of reports from Missouri is essentially true of Iowa and Illinois. Tetidency to Baby Beef. — Whatever may be said about the production of baby beef, the feeders of the corn belt are not yet making baby beef. There has been, however, a very strong tendency in this direction within the last third of a century. \ Baby beef is quite another thing from what it was even twenty-five years ago. Then a 30-months' old steer, weighing 1,400 pounds would have been classed as baby beef, and it would really have been a baby compared with the three, four and five year old bullocks then stan- dard on the market, weighing from 1,600 to 1,800 or even 2,000 pounds, thick, fat and hard. G. A. Bradford, a veteran feeder of Boone county, re- ports the sale in the early 60's of a car load of cattle, weighing an average of more than 2,500 pounds, for $11 per hundred, and adds that at that time the larger and older the cattle the higher price they brought. Our point of view has changed radically. The market demands have been revolutionized. These huge bullocks are no longer on the market and would be no longer in demand if presented. We have been gradually hastening our cattle to market, cutting down their ages and weights, until a twelve-months'-old steer, weighing 800 to 900 pounds, will bring as high a price as any other age and weight, provided he is fat and pro- vided such calves be not offered in too great numbers. Size and weight do not any longer constitute a limitation to baby-beef production. Accord- ing to our present interpretation of baby beef no steer would be so classed outside of his yearling form, and as a rule, the maximum weight is from 1,100 to 1,300 pounds. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART X. 553 This means that the feeding operation must begin with the calf at weaning time and continue without internn tlon until the calf is fat. Some even go farther and begin the feeding poriod as soon as the calf is old enough to eat and while it is still running with its dam, and place these animals on the market fully fat at the beginning of June or July, fourteen or fifteen months of age, and weighing from 800 to 1,100 pounds. Heavy Cattle Made. — There are a number of reasons why the breeder still insists on making rather heavier cattle, notwithstanding the fact that it costs considerably more to carry them to this age and that it costs somewhat more per pound to finish them after they are brought to this point. First is the fact that the cattle feeder is, as a rule, not a cattle raiser. At least he raises a very small portion of the cattle he feeds. The cattle raiser, on the other hand, is, as a rule, not a cattle feeder, seldom feeding even those of his own raising. The raising of cattle and the fitting of them for the market are two separate and independent operations, conducted as a rule by two different men, each operating independently of the other and the one not especially interested in the scope or outcome of the other's operations. The cattle feeder is interested in the cattle raiser only to the extent of having him supply him with animals of the proper quality and at such prices as will enable him to fit them for market with a profit. This means that under the conditions prevailing in the feeder and stocker market, in recent years at least, the younger animal in an unfinished condition sell for enough more per pound to, in a considerable measure, counter- balance any advantage it maj^ possess in the cost required to make it fat. Or, stated differently, the older animals may be bought for enough less per pound to overcome a considerable part of the excess cost per pound required to finish them for the market. Or, in feeders' parlance, the margin of profit in feeding older cattle is greater than in feeding younger ones. This may be illustrated by statistics furnished Dr. Waters by a number of experienced feeders in Central Missouri who were interviewed on this point. Taking calves as a quality which in the fall (October 1) would be worth say five cents per pound, or would bring twenty-five per head, as a basis, cattle of the different ages could be bought, one year with another, at the following prices: Yearlings, $3.75 per hundred; two-year-olds, $4.00 per hundred; three-year-olds, $4.25 per hundred. These same cattle the next spring would stand the feeder, in the judg- ment of these men, on the basis of the same market as in the fall, as follows: Yearling (which are the calves referred to above), $5.00 per hundred; two-year-olds, $4.50 per hundred; three-year-olds, from $4.75 to $5.00 per hundred. Older, Less Fat Required. — According to Dr. Waters, it seems to be a well-established law in the cattle trade that the older and larger the animal is the less fat beyond a certain point it is required to sell well up toward the top of the market for its class. It not infrequently occurs that heavy three-year-olds will bring the top of the market with heavy cattle, while a yearling equally as fat would not sell within fifty cents of the market and might even be classed on the market as a well-advanced feeder rather than as a fat steer. One cannot fail to be impressed with 554 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the unanimity with which these men agree that the so-called dressed beef steer, or the two-year-old, weighing from 1,300 to 1,400 pounds is in the most active demand and sells at a better price one day with another, year after year, than any other age or weight of similar quality and of equal finish. It is furthermore significant that the feeder has said with striking unanimity that the two-year-old steer weighing be- tween 1,300 and 1,400 pounds has returned him the greatest profit. If the raiser and feeder of cattle were the same man, it would be but a short time until the cattle would be going to market at from fourteen to eighteen months of age, instead of from thirty to thirty-six months of age, under the conditions now prevailing in the corn belt. Already there has been a marked tendency on the part of the farmer of the high priced land in the corn belt to go out of the business of raising beef cat- tle. This has been practically true under the influence of the high prices of corn that have prevailed in recent years, and a steady advance in the price of land and labor. This. is very strikingly true of the best corn regions of Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa, and has forced the feeder to rely more and more upon western or range cattle, which in the mean- time have been greatly improved in quality, so that a two-year-old range steer now is as large and almost as mature in form as was the three or four-year-old steer of twenty years ago from the same region. The season of the year exercises a profound influence upon the economy with which steers may be made fat. Few feeders express a preference for winter feeding. More than half the feeders express an unqualified preference for summer feeding; thirteen per cent prefer spring and sum- mer; eight per cent prefer summer and fall; eleven per cent prefer fall. Thus practically ninety per cent express a preference for feeding other than winter, which, broadly speaking, means a preference for sum- mer feeding. The advantages of summer over winter feeding are sum- marized by Dr. Waters thus: 1. Gains made in summer require less grain. 2. The gains are made more rapidly, so that the animal is finished in less time. 3 Steers may be made thick and prime on corn and grass in summer, without the use of expensive supplementary feeds like cotton-seed meal or linseed meal, and will carry to market a lustrous coat. It is impos- sible by the use of corn and such roughage as timothy or prairie hay to bring animals within a reasonable time to anything like the degree of fat- ness that may be easily made with corn and grass, and they will never carry the blood that is put on by full feeding of pasture. Presumably the green grass contains suflScient protein to give the high finish and excellent coat required of animals that bring a high price. To approxi- mate this finish in winter feeding requires the use of a considerable quantity of expensive grain like cotton-seed meal or linseed meal, or the use of clover, cowpea or alfalfa hay or roughage. 4. More Profltahle in Summer. — The hog makes larger gains and shows a much lower death rate in summer than in winter feeding. 5. There is a considerable saving in labor in summer feeding over winter feeding in view of the fact that only the grain has to be hauled and in view of the further fact that as a rule the steers need to be fed EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 555 but once a day, either about sunrise or sunset. To offset this, however, labor on the average farm is scarce and much higher priced in summer than in winter. The manure is scattered by the cattle themselves and the hauling of it but upon the ground is dispensed with. Grass is cheaper than hay, as has already been pointed out and make better gains. The handling of the roughage is likewise disposed of. In the latitude of Missouri the winter weather is quite variable and this is particularly true of February to the middle of April. It is par- ticularly costly to attempt to finish cattle in this season. Fairly rapid and economical gains can be made in this variable weather on those cattle that have been freshly put on feed, but when the steers approach the finishing period, when their appetities become dainty and when at best it is diflicult to induce them to eat enough to make substantial and economical gains, the disturbance of the weather is particularly noticeable and ofttimes when cattle are almost finished they will stand for thirty and sometimes sixty days without making scarcely any gain at all. This is quite likely to be true if the lots are muddy and if the roughness is not particularly palatable and is fed in the open, where it is drenched with rain soon after it is put in the rack. The most favorable portion of the winter season for feeding is in the late autumn and during December and January, unless these months be wet or variable. Many of the most successful feeders do not finish their cattle in these unfavorable parts of the winter, but utilize them for get- ting the cattle started or "warmed up," as they express it. These replies, received from the 1,000 Missouri, Illinois and Iowa stockmen, will be summarized by Dr. Waters in a bulletin to be issued, showing the results of experience in beef production in the corn belt, together with a summary of some of the feeding experiments conducted in the Missouri Agricultural college experiment station. AUCTIONS OF PURE-BRED BEEF CATTLE IN 1907. (From the Breeders' Gaette.) Annual summary of the public sales of pure-bred beef cattle held in the United States during 1907. SHORT HORNS. Date Jan. 16 Jan. 23 Jan. 29 Feb. 20 Feb. 22 Feb. 21 Mar. 1 Mar. 5 Mar. 12-13 Mar. 14 Mar. 20 Mar. 21 Mar. 28 Apr. 2 Apr. 9 Apr. 10 Apr. U Apr. 18 Seller and Place Kind of ■ •a Total Aver- Sale Price Prlce Comb .. 64 $5,528 $ 86.40 Comb -- 46 6,734 146.40 Draft .. 32 6,020 188.15 Draft - 40 5,115 127.85 Draft — 40 2,943 72.00 Comb „ 60 3,900 65.00 Comb .- 51 8,925 175.00 Draft — 39 3,982 102.35 Disp 90 18,290 203.20 Disp -— 27 3,118 115.50 Comb — 39 3,440 88.20 Draft — 47 5,&35 158.00 Draft .. 54 17,605 325.90 Disp _— 24 3,280 136.65 Draft — 38 12,075 317.70 Draft — 48 18,025 375.00 Disp — 32 8,630 2(70.00 Comb - 37 6.060 163.80 Various breeders, Grinnell, Iowa „ Various breeders, Denver Colo. F. A. Edwards, Webster City Iowa J. F. Stodder and others, Wichita. Kan. .. J. II. Denher, Cascade, Iowa Jo Daviess Co. (111.) Cattle Breeders' Asso elation. Galena, 111. Good, Ryden, & Failon, Galesburg, 111 J. A. Countryman & Son, Rochelle, 111 ('. R. Steele, Ireton, Iowa Carrier & Son, Newton, Iowa Various breeders. Ft. Worth, Tex T. K. Thompson & Sons, Manhattan, Kan... N. P. Clarke, So. Omaha, Neb. W. M. Randel, Bainbridge, Ind. 11. F. Brown, Minneapolis, Minn. ^-._- F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wis H. S. Bright, Versailles, Ky. Hill, Hanna and Cowley, Fredonia, Kan 556 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AUCTION OF BEEF CATTLE-CONTINUED. Apr. 22 Alay 8 May 10 May 23 May 24 May 39 May 31 May 31 June 4 June 11 June 12 June 13 June 13 June 20 June 21 Aug. 15 Sept. 3 Sept. 5 Sept. 10 Sept. 11 Sept. 17 Sept. 26 Oct. 1 Oct. 2 Oct. 2 Oct. 2 Oct. 3 Oct. 7 Oct. 8 Oct. 9 Oct. 10 Oct. 10 Oct. 11 Oct. 15 Oct. 17 Oct. 17 Oct. 17 Oct. 18 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 Oct. 23 Oct. 23 Oct. 25 Oct. 26 Oct. 26 Oct. 29 Oct. 30 Oct. 30 Oct. 31 Nov. 5 ?Jov. 6 Nov. 7 Vov. 8 Vov. 9 Nov. 9 Nov. 13 Mov. 14 Nov. 19 )iov. 22 Nov. 23 Nov. 27 Dec. 3 Dec. 11 Dec. 10-11 Dec. Dee. 12 12 Seller and Place Kind ot Sale Geo. Botiiwell, Hamilton, Mo. A. Chrystal, Marshall, xMich. Various breeders, Indianapolis, Ind. I'^orbes, Prather & Hanua, Chicago J. W. Palmer & Sou, Albion, Ind. Harvey, Wray, Maryville, Mo. W. A. B'orsythe, Greenwood, Mo. H. G. Teel, Rushville, 111. M. E. Jones, Williamsville, 111. Franli O. Lowden, Chicago Various breeders, Rossville, Ind. Thomas, Jameson & Mitchell, Kansas City Andrew Wilson, Argenta, 111. S. K. Quick & Sons, Indianapolis Jos. Duncan, Osborn, Mo. .. NV. M. Dewess & Son, Monticello, 111. \V. H. Schafer, Keensburg, 111 Various breeders, Hamline, Minn. C. C. Bigler & Sons, Victor, Iowa Various breeders, Victor, Iowa Dr. H. K. Givens, Fayette, Mo. C. L. McClellan, Lowden, Iowa Jeffrey & Wallace, Ainsworth, Iowa Woods Investment Co., So. Omaha, Neb. __ G. P. Tyrrell & Son, Oxford Junction, Iowa J. M. Stewart, Ainsworth, Iowa Gray & Ricliey, Columbus Junction, Iowa . L. B. Converse, Maryville, Mo. Ira Cottiugham, Eden, 111. F. A. Schafer & Son, Estherville, Iowa N. P. Ewing, McLean, 111. Burge & Brown, Mt. Vernon, Iowa Dr. J. S. Wilson, Macy, Ind. J. A. Kilgour, Stei-ling, 111. Various breeders, Kansas City Hale and others, Anamosa, Iowa C. A. Branson, Cadiz, Ohio Dawdy & Son, Galesburg, 111. W. H. Michael. Lowell, Ind. Walpole Bros., Rock Valley, Iowa W. J. McLean, Rock Valley, Iowa Forest & Dunham, Miles. Iowa Hart-Alexander, Edinburg, 111. . __ . J. H. Miller, Shelbyville, 111 Green Bros and others. Farmland, Ind. .lohn Rasmess, Lake City, Iowa Hector Cowan, Paullina, Iowa - _ _ Renick-Hall, Paris, Ky. H. G. McMillan, Rock Rapids, Iowa E. D. Ludwlg, Sabetlia, Kan. Purdy Bros., Kansas City Flynn Farm Co., Des Moines, Iowa N. A. Lind, Rolfe, Iowa Anton Williams, Gilmore City, Iowa F.M. Marshall, Kansas City Howard Cattle Co., Newman, Cal. _ Dr. A. C. Berry, Unionville, Mo. B. H. Hakes, Williamsburg, Iowa .. Thompson-Cookson, West Liberta, Iowa_ Innes & May, Granville Center, Pa. Isaac Argenbright, Blandinsville, 111. Various breeders, Chicago McDermott, Anita, Iowa E. Funke, Greenfield, Iowa Hancher and others, Rolfe, Iowa Various breeders, Freeport, 111. Disp . Draft Comb Comb Disp . Disp . Draft Disp . Draft Draft Comb Draft Draft Disp . Draft Disp . Draft Comb Draft Comb Draft Draft Draft Comb Draft Draft Comb Disp . Draft Draft Disp . Comb Draft Draft Comb Comb Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Comb Draft Comb Draft Draft Comb Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Draft Disp . Draft Draft Draft Comb Draft Disp _ Comb Draft Disp - Comb Comb .•o Total ^C/3 Price 59 9,400 7i 17,680 44 4,930 34 9,935 33 3,775 45 4,500 41 5,450 44 2,650 41 12,635 61 38,635 40 3,537 51 10,330 37 4,100 40 4,.5 276. CO 180.00 65.00 109.45 86.00 142.25 294.45 251.20 95.50 154.40 86.40 110.95 149.25 125.00 1S3.00 83.50 276.50 168.80 150.70 100.00 77.25 3,608 head sold for i&5r?,799; an average of $160.15. *Polled Durhams included. HEREFORDS. Jan. 17 .Tan. 22 Jan. 22-25 Jan. 23 Hooiier Farm Co., Spencer, Ind. Disp Various breeders, Denver, Colo. Comb Various breeders, Denver, Colo Comb ._ Various breeders. Wyoming, 111 j Comb . 35 4,340 48 5,640 64 8,036 21 1,313 12t.00 117.65 125.60 62.00 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 557 AUCTIONS OF BEEF CATTLE-HEREFORDS-CONTINUED. Date Jan. 23 Feb. 1 Feb. 12 Feb. 21 Feb. 21 Mar. 7 Mar. 12-14 Mar. 28 Apr. 3 Apr. 4 Apr. 4 Apr. 9 May 2 May 15 June 13 June 20 July 9 Sept. 4 Sept. 27 Oct. 15 Oct. 22 Oct. 23 Dec. i Nov. 26 Nov. 28 Seller and Place D. W. Ohl, Iowa City. Iowa Avery & Hines Co., East St. Louis Various breeders, Chicago Jo Daviess Co. (111.) Cattle Breeders' Asso- ciation, Galena, 111. Various breeders, Wichita, Kan. G. W. Graves, Bunljer Hill, Ind. Various breeders, Kansas City F. A. Nave, Attica, Ind. Edmonds, Shade & Co., and Stanton Breed- imr Farm Co., Sioux City, Iowa W. G. Swinney, Kansas City G. J. Anstey, So. Omaha, Neb. Giltner Bros., Nashville, Tenn. Gudgell & Simpson, Kansas City Mrs. K. W. Cross, Emporia, Kan. G. H. Hoxie, Thornton, 111. Sotham Co., Kankakee, 111. Sotham Co.,* Kankakee, 111 Various breeders, Hamline, Minn. F. D. Woods, Muscatine, Iowa Various breeders, Kansas City Ilemenway and others. Steward, 111. Jliuier Bros., Craig, Neb. Various breeders, Chicago W. W. Wheeler, Harlan, Iowa M. Boyd Co.,* Windsor, Ont. Kind ot ."O Total Sale Zee Price Draft - ■60 3,040 Disp ... 63 7,980 Comb .- 5:1 5,74-3 Comb .. 4 277 Comb .. 37 2,3:il Disp ... 47 5,190 Comb .. l:il 13,815 Draft - 70 16,065 Draft .. 38 4,570 Disp ... GO 6,&95 Draft .- 46 4, a)) Draft .. 43 7,G88 Draft .- 47 7.0:» Disp .__ 64 8,2)0 Draft .. 42 12,970 Comb .. 31 2,480 Draft .. 13 2,915 Comb .. 54 3,19(5 Draft .- 88 4,810 Comlj .. 51 7,5<30 Comb .. 48 5,300 Draft .- 37 4,775 Comb .. 46 6,220 Draft .. 20 2,154 Draft .. 37 3,500 1,358 head sold for $168,009; an average of $123.70. *PoIled Herefords. ABERDEEN-ANGUS. Jan. 16 Jan. 17 Feb. 15 Apr. 24 May 1 Mav 28 June 4 June 5 June 6 June 19 June 25-26 Aug. 22 Oct. 29 Oct. 30 Nov. 5 Nov. 20 Nov. 21 Dec. 5 H. J. Hess, Waterloo, Iowa A. G. Leonard, Chicago Rosenfeld & Siverly, Kelley Iowa Allison, Fisher and Freeman, Homer, 111. Various breeders, Chicago C. J. Martin, Adaza, Iowa Lakeside Farm, Storm Lake, Iowa A. C. Binnie, Alta, Iowa James Williams, Marcus, Iowa Various breeders, Kankakee, 111. L. H. Kerrick, Bloomington, 111. A. P. Grout, Winchester, 111. Miller-McMurray, Newton, Iowa AV. H. Goodwine and others, Chicago ... J. O. Strubinger, Barry, 111. Collins-Dysart, Nachusa, 111. W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa Various breeders, Chicago Draft Disp . Disp . Comb Comb Draft Draft Draft Draft Comb Disp . Draft Comb Comb Disp Disp . Draft Comb 47 7,05.5 50 4,135 40 4,630 62 5,860 66 6,470 52 14,020 48 4,2(35 38 11,610 43 6,580 46 3,385 243 25, 4»; 40 6,080 34 4,440 66 6,120 56 8,409 82 5,:330 44 14,250 62 12,730 1,119 head sold for $150,795; an average of $134.75. GALLOWAYS. .Jan. 24 18 6 Various breeders. Various breeders. Various breeders, Chicago .- Comb -. Comb -. Comb .. S5 48 40 4,181 5,955 6,970 126.70 Oct. Kansas City . .. . 121.05 Dec. Chicago 174.. 35 123 head sold for $17,106; an average of $139.05. POLLED DURHAMS. June 18 June 19 Nov. 23 F. S. Hines, Indianapolis Hadley and Marvin, Indianapolis Wash. Cortner, Farmland, Ind. .. Disp . Draft Draft 29 5,545 40 5,990 37 2,294 191.00 138.00 62.00 106 head sold for $13,829; an average of $130.35. RED POLLS. Apr. 3 Borden Stock Farm, Chicago Apr. i Geo. H. Smith, Chicago Dec. 6 I Various breeders, Chicago 97 head sold for $8,113; an average of $83.65. Disp . Disp . Comb 47 3,985 29 2,068 21 2,040 558 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. SSSSS8 ■* W Q "to vft ifl ?^ t- W 1-H vft -* ^a rH i-H Ci rH rH iH €^ i d2 g|gg|?? -*"« r-7 tn go^ gg^«co^ m c §2gS88 >S g^^'^Sg ^^ i-( tH i-l i-i iH * 1 ,755 ,481 933 133 286 48 1 o§ asS N T-H 01 §§53"^^" m in 1ft urj lO lO O t- CO C^OO I>00 iH rH -H rt (?5 rt -^S €6- « C: ^ O ^ -^ B ^2 j^ t^gg M3. o Oi 0-:; M r-l -1 0-5 g^il'"^-^ Z®* IB . (B g^g^.^s 2^s"i^d a g ««■ .-0 rH M A ^ do 55 o-^ A 00 TtTr-Tr-T m S53S^"^ « . « sggs^s §?3^^^S8 o ^rt rH .H rH "d COCO 05 M ^ !> SgSi-H K S cn 05 ois eCr-T r-T "> 0-® ZO «1 g® 00 CO M CO n i 1 1 j { 1 i i 1 1 i i M w I 1 ! 1 i ' a 1 1 til m 6. i i§ la i O 1 1 bB ; is 1 1 fl J3 1 < Short-hor Hereford Aberdeen Galloway Polled D Red Poll EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 559 A SUCCESSFUL HOG AND SEED-CORN FARM. TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 212, By W. J. Spillman. Nearly all highly successful farms are unique in their management. In the absence of a science of farm management they represent systems wrought out by men of unusual energy and intelligence, who have gone resolutely about discovering and utilizing the full possibilities of their farms. These men have been governed largely by chance in the locations chosen, and to some extent in the type of farming followed. Hence it Is they are distributed here and there over nearly' the entire country and represent every type of farming that can be made highly profitable. From such men, who utilize the full possibilities of their land with a given system of farming, we are learning the facts which, when properly classified, will constitute the science of farm management. Although such farms are widely distributed they are seldom plenti- ful in any section. Few men have comprehended a system of farming fully and developed it to its full possibilities. Cropping systems are seldom planned with a view to keeping the land busy and to meeting the exact requirements for highest success in the system followed. But when problems of this kind have been successfully met on a given farm, that farm becomes an object lesson of inestimable value to every farmer in the country. The lesson taught is not so much how to work to a given system as it is how to meet the problems that present them- selves. Such farms demonstrate the great value of intelligent man- agement as compared with hard work applied unintelligently. Their success, when the cause of it is understood, lends encouragement to other intelligent men. THE SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT. The farm here described is that of Mr. W. H. Rowe. It is located in west-central Illinois, on dark prairie loam, and is devoted to hog raising and the production of fine seed corn. For roughage the hogs are pro- vided with clover pasture in summer and soy bean or clover hay in winter. They are fed grain every day in the year. Before the business of growing seed corn was undertaken the amount of corn raised was nearly sufficient for the needs of the farm. At present a considerable quantity of grain and mill feed is bought to replace the seed corn sold and to supply the demands made by the increased number of stock kept. The cropping system followed for several years past is as follows: (1) Corn (four-fifths) and soy beans (one-fifth); (2) corn; (3) oats; (4) clover. Eighty acres of land in 4 equal fields are devoted to this rotation. The soy beans are cut for hay, which is fed to the hogs in winter. The clover is used for hog pasture. The oats are used as feed for the work stock and hogs. What hay is needed is bought. Not much is needed, 560 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. however, in addition to the soy-bean hay, corn stover, and sheaf oats or oat straw produced on the farm. Last year 450 bushels of seed corn were sold at an average price of $1.82 per bushel. The remainder of the crop Is fed, any deficiency being made up by purchase. This system has been in vogue without essential change for ten years. Adjacent land, poorly managed, produces probably 35 bushels of corn per acre. During the past four years the average yield of corn on this farm has been 80 2-5 bushels per acre. During the past few years oats have lodged more or less, and Mr. Rowe is seeking a substitute for this crop.a The yield of oats this year was 50 bushels per acre. On another simi- lar farm owned by Mr. Rowe the yield was 63 bushels. The oats on the home farm were pastured to some extent this spring, because of a partial failure of the clover pastures. No commercial fertilizers have been used until this year, when a carload of ground phosphate rock was bought. It would seem that the system of cropping and the use made of these crops have so added to the nitrogen content of the soil as to render the plant food supply somewhat unbalanced for oats, though not for corn, as the corn crop can utilize the nitrogen to better advantage than oats. The 80 acres are divided into 4 equal fields, all fenced hog tight. The fences consist of 5-foot woven wire, with a barbed-wire above it around part of the farm. The 4 fields meet at the center of the farm, where there is a well, a small feed yard for use in winter, and a shed for storing feeding troughs, etc., in summer. The feed yard is partially floored so that the hogs may eat without standing in mud during unfavorable weather in winter. In addition to the 80 acres in the rotation, there are 31 acres of timber, 10 acres of permanent bluegrass sod (for 5 horses, 2 cows, and the brood sows in winter), and 10 acres devoted to orchard, garden, yards, and barn lot, making 131 acres in all. Fifteen brood sows are kept. These are well-bred Duroc-Jerseys, a breed especially adapted to the production of large, late-maturing hogs. These sows farrow once a year, early in April, or after danger of severe winter weather is past. They raise 8 pigs to the litter on the average. In spring the 20-acre clover field is divided into 2 parts by means of a temporary wire fence 30 inches high. One part contains 12 acres and the other 8. One hundred and twenty yearling hogs, weighing about 200 pounds each, are placed in the 12-acre inclosure in early spring and re- main until they are sent to market about August 1 to 10. The 15 sows and 120 pigs are turned into the 8-acre division, where they remain till the large hogs on the 12-acre division are marketed, when they are al- lowed the run of the whole 20 acres. At first each sow and her litter receives 3 pounds of corn a day. Sometimes a little oats is substituted for part of the corn. The amount of grain is gradually increased until by fall each sow and litter receives about 17 pounds a day. The sows are allowed to wean the pigs of their own accord. At one side of the field a pen is constructed in such manner as to admit the pigs, but not the sows (fig. 1, B), and the pigs may thus be fed separately so as to insure their getting a proper share of the feed o See proposed change In the cropping system, p. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 5G1 By the end of summer the pigs weigh about 100 to 125 pounds each, most of this gain being due to clover. On the approach of winter the sows are removed to the bluegrass pasture previously mentioned, where they are confined on 2 acres of land, with suitable shelters provided. The pigs are then penned on about 4 acres of the clover sod next the central well. The shelters which stood ■ in the field during summer are moved to this pen. The brood sows are fed in winter about 4 pounds a day of mixed grains. Last winter this consisted of ground rye, shorts, oil meal and corn. In the absence of rye, bran is used. They are also fed clover hay, a small crop of which is cut from the clover pastures. This amount of feed keeps them in thrifty condition, but does not fatten them. The pigs in winter are fed soy-bean hay and an average of about 5 pounds of grain per head per day. During a portion of the time this grain consists of a mixture of about 3l^ pounds of corn, % pound of shorts and % pound of oil meal per head per day. The amount fed is less in early winter and gradually increases as the pigs increase in size. By spring these pigs weigh 200 to 225 pounds each. When clover pasture becomes available in spring these yearling hogs are turned into the 12-acre inclosure, while the sows and their new litters are given the remaining 8 acres. While the clover is at its best each of the 120 large hogs receives about 2i/^ pounds of grain daily. This amount is gradually increased until by August 1, when the large hogs are marketed, each is receiving about 4 pounds a day. The daily average for this period is about 3% pounds. When sent to market these hogs weigh 325 to 350 pounds each. They are a fine, uniform lot, and always bring top prices in their class. One of the most interesting features of this system is the fact that the hogs are kept until they are 16 months old and reach the large size just mentioned. The reasons for this are as follows: The clover furnishes most feed the first half of summer, and the double number of hogs on hand at this time makes it possible to utilize this growth to best advantage. Again, pigs handled as these are, if sold at 200 pounds, will have made a large proportion of their growth during winter on expensive grain feed, while by keeping them till mid- summer a larger proportion of the gain is made from clover, which is cheaper than grain. These points have received careful consideration by Mr. Rowe, and he believes he makes more profit by producing these large hogs under his system than he could make from the same area of land by selling the hogs earlier. He is undoubtedly correct in this. However, this would not be true for sections where good winter pasture can be made available. In this case it would doubtless pay better to secure two litters of pigs a year and sell them at not much over 200 pounds weight. When the large hogs go to market the sows and pigs are given the run of the whole 20 acres. A little later, when the oats have been re- moved from the field, the pigs are also allowed access to the new seeding of clover if this is rendered desirable by the condition of the older clover field. 36 562 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The temporary fence between the 12 and 8-acre divisions of the clover field consists of ordinary hog wire fastened to driven posts. These posts may be set at any time during the fall or winter when the ground is in proper condition. E E E £ E E c D C F G F Fig. 1— Arrangement of shelter houses in the field. A A Is the partition fence that separates the yearling hogs from the sows and pigs. B is the special pen in which the small pigs get their grain. C, C are two shelter houses, 8 by 14 feet; they stand facing each other, about 70 feet apart. D is a temporary shed, covered with straw, which furnishes ample shade in hot weather. E, E, E, E, E, E are small A-shaped houses, each large enough for sleeping quarters for a sow and her litter. Most of the sows sleep in the shelters C, C, or under the open shed D. F, F are shelter houses, 8 by 14 feet, like C, C, for the yearling .hogs. G is shed similar to D. SHELTERS. The arrangement of the shelters during summer, when the hogs are on clover sod, is shown in figure 1. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 563 During summer the grain is fed mostly in the vicinity of the shel- ters. If the feeding ground becomes muddy, the grain is distributed in a new place. In winter a good deal of mill stuff is fed, as previously stated (6 1-3 tons last winter). For this purpose troughs are placed on the wooden floor in the small feed lot at the center of the farm. The con- struction of these troughs (fig. 2) shows how carefully Mr. Rowe and his son, who has been an instructor in one of the short courses of the agricultural department of the University of Illinois, have worked out their problems. Troughs enough are pro- vided so that for 100-pound pigs each pig has 18 inches standing room at the side of the trough. As the pigs increase in weight this allowance of space increases to 24 inches for 200-pound hogs. The center board (fig. 2, b) prevents the hogs from getting their feet into the troughs, but does not inter- fere with their eating. It also prevents fighting across the trough. When the pigs are placed in their winter quarters (on about 4 acres of clover sod), the shelter houses are moved thither. Corn stover is used for bedding. The larger shelters are 8 by 14 feet, 7 feet high in front and 4 feet in the rear. They are built on skids made of 2 by 8 inch stuff that act as sled runners and permit the buildings to be drawn from one location to another. The skids are so attached that when they decay new ones can be put in place. The corners are braced inside to prevent racking when the buildings are moved. There are no floors, but there Is a cross sill at the center which practically makes two sleeping compartments. The front ig open below, with two swinging doors above that can be pushed inward and fastened to the roof in good weather, thus letting in the sunshine. In winter the houses face to the south. The walls are battened inside. To prevent the wind from overturning these shelters each building is anchored to a post driven close beside it. These structures cost about $20 each. The small A-houses are 6i/^ by 8 feet in size and iVz feet high. They rest on a frame of 6-inch boards, to which they are securely fastened. These boards are the only parts of the structures that are in contact with the ground, and can easily be replaced when they decay. One end of the shelter is left open. The cost of these small shelters is about $7 each. WATERING DEVICE. The device used for watering the hogs is exceptionally well adapted to the purpose in the absence of a natural water supply. In fact, it is perhaps more desirable than ponds or even running streams on the score of cleanliness and decreased liability to infectious diseases. A sled large Fig. 2.— Cross section of hog trough for winter feeding. a, o are guy wires, which hold the 2 by 12 inch board (6) in in place. There are three of these wires on a 16-foot trough. The crosspiece (c) is made from 2 by 4 inch stufl, as a support for 6. There are Ave of these to each trough. The bottom of the feed box d is made from 2 by 12 inch ma- terial and the sides e, e from 2 by 8 inch planks. 564 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. enough to hold an ordinary barrel is covered with a heavy water-tight floor boarded up water-tight 4 inches around the edges. The barrel is provided with a large bung or wooden stopper in the upper head in order that it may readily be filled with water. A half-inch hole is bored in the side of the barrel about 3 inches from the bottom (i. e., the open- ing is 3 inches from the floor on which the barrel stands). The lower hole being stopped, the barrel is filled with water. The large bung is then inserted air-tight. The sled is now drawn to the field, near the shelter houses, and the small stopper is removed. The water runs out, filling the shallow box forming the top of the sled to the level of the small opening in the barrel. The hogs may drink at any corner of the box. As the water is consumed more runs out. Two such barrels are placed in each inclosure, and filled once or twice a day or as often as they become empty. New barrels are frequently not air-tight. To remedy this defect, when the openings which admit the air are not plainly visible the barrels are given a good coat of paint. This usually stops all small crevices. If a single coat of paint does not accomplish the desired result another is added, and so on till the barrel holds water and excludes air. SOY BEANS. The practice which led to the introduction of soy beans into the crop- ping system is of interest. The hogs in winter are penned on about 4 acres of the clover sod. During the winter the soil of this pen, or lot, becomes more or less puddled and is rather difficult to bring into condi- tion for a good seed bed in spring. This can be accomplished, however, by continued stirring and clod crushing. But this takes time, and ne- cessitates late planting. Here was a need for a crop that could be planted in late spring or early summer and yet fit into the general farm scheme. Several crops were tried, and a variety of soy bean known as the "Yellow Dwarf" was selected as most suitable for the purpose. In a letter to the writer concerning this crop Mr. Rowe says: "We have some- times fed down our soy beans, but now we cut them to feed in winter and have them cover a long period. We grow the Yellow Dwarf, but are making some experiments with other varieties, and may change when we think we have something better. We plant in June; the first week in June is an excellent time, but there may be good reason for deferring it if the land is not in good order or is weedy. On weedy land it is best to destroy as many crops of weeds as possible before planting. We planted this year the last week in June, and the beans have matured nicely." The reader should not infer that this farm is weedy. Mr. Rowe has such an abhorrence of weeds that an acre of land having on it a dozen weeds would be considered weedy. The writer did not see a weed in the 4 acres of soy beans the latter part of July this year. The soy beans are drilled in rows 20 inches apart, the amount of seed used per acre being one-third to one-half bushel. They are given the best of cultivation. CORN. The average yield of corn on this farm for the past four years has been 80 2-5 bushels per acre. The manner of preparing corn land and the sub- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 565 sequent cultivation accounts in part for this very satisfactory yield. Mr. Howe's cornfields in July of this year were the cleanest the writer has ever seen. In preparing the land for corn sometimes one and sometimes the other of the two methods described below is followed, depending on the condition of the soil: First Method. — Disk, lapping one-half; harrow; disk and harrow again in the same manner; repeat if there is time to do so. Second Method. — Disk, lapping one-half; break with ordinary turning plow, then harrow twice before planting. Cultivation. — The following is as outline of the subsequent tillage; harrow after planting, before the corn is up. After the corn is up, go over the land with a rotary hoe; then cultivate twice with rear shovels next the row and once with front shovels next the row. After this, culti- vate between the rows with a one-horse cultivator at intervals of about two weeks till the first week in August. The cultivation should be shallow, so as not to disturb the roots of the corn. If any weeds survive this treatment they are removed with a hand hoe. Breeding Seed Corn. — The most careful methods of breeding seed corn are practiced. In the breeding plat every alternate row is detasseled to insure cross-pollination. This insures seed of high vitality on the de- tassled stalks. Each year the choicest plants are selected for planting the breeding plat the next year. FEEDING VALUE OF EACH CEOP. Mr. Rowe believes that when fed without waste a bushel of corn will produce 10 pounds of increase in live weight in hogs; an acre of clover, 400 pounds; and an acre of soy beans, 600 pounds. This agrees fairly well with the best estimates that can be made from the data given above as to the amount of grain fed, as may be seen from what follows: Grain and mill feed used annually: Pounds. 15 litters, 6J months during summer (estimated 7 pounds a day per litter) 20,790 120 pigs, 5J mouths during winter, at 5 pounds per day 100,200 130 yearlings, 120 days during summer, at 3J pounds per day 50,000 Total grain and mill feed 170,990 Estimated production of pork: 170,990 pounds of corn equals 3,050 bushels, which, as 10 pounds of pork per bushel, would produce 30,530 18i acres of clover,* at 400 pounds of pork per acre, would produce 7,400 4 acres of soy beans, at 600 pounds of pork per acre 2,400 Total estimated production of pork 40,330 Actual results in pork: 120 hogs, averaging 337 pounds 40,440 Difference in favor of actual results 110 The actual results are seen to differ only one-fourth of 1 per cent from the estimated total product. This shows that Mr. Rowe's estimates of the feeding value of these crops is very accurate. PROPOSED CHANGE IN CROPPING SYSTEM. It has already been stated that oats are not a satisfactory crop on this farm. In a recent letter the owner says: "We think now we shall change •From the 20 acres of clover 1^ is deducted for the 15 sows which made no gain. 566 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. our rotation and have one division in alfalfa, running a rotation of corn, corn, clover on three fields; or we may use soy beans and omit the clover." If alfalfa proves to be a satisfactory crop on this land, the clover can de dispensed with, as alfalfa is a better hog pasture than clover. Mr. Rowe's plan is to leave the alfalfa down as long as it thrives, then set a new field in this crop and plow up the old one. The alfalfa will thus ro- tate slowly around the farm without interfering with the three-year rota- tion, SUBSTITUTES USED WHEN CLOVEE FAILS. The clover fails to catch about once in five years on the average. It failed completely in 1901 and partially this year (1906). In 1901 it was replaced by rye sown in the fall, oats and rape sown in early spring, and soy beans sown in late spring. This year a light seeding of oats and rape was added to the clover sod. When the pastures are short the deficiency is made up by feeding more grain. One man is hired by the year and another from spring until late fall, about nine months in all. When the temporary employee is a good hand, employment is found elsewhere for him for the winter months, so that he may be available the next year. Mr. Charles Rowe, the son of the proprietor, when at home, takes an active part in the work of the farm. This labor is not at all confined to the home farm, however, as Mr. Rowe owns three other farms. He estimates that the labor used on the home farm, in addition to that done by himself and son, amounts to about one and a half men for the year. The wages paid are $22 a month and board. The work stock consists of one team of mules, one team of horses and one driving horse. FINANCIAL RESULTS. During the past ten years the owner of this farm has been able to buy another similar farm of 96 acres a few miles away, paying over $100 an acre for it. Exactly the same system has been instituted on the new farm with highly satisfactory results. This second farm is in charge of an intelligent hired man, who gets good wages and a small percentage of the profits. The owner and his son superintend both farms very closely and the son does much of the work on the home farm. The father does his share also, but not so large a proportion of the work as he formerly did. He also owns another farm some miles away, too far to be managed di- rectly by the owner. During the present summer an 80-acre farm near by has been added to his holdings. Eight acres of this are to be put down in permanent pasture and the remaining 72 acres divided into four equal fields, to be managed exactly like the home farm. Last year 450 bushels of pedigreed seed corn were sold from the home farm and a like amount from one of the other farms. On a neighboring farm under Mr. Rowe's direction 200 bushels more were grown. The aver- age price received was $1.82 per bushel. As already stated, about 120 head of hogs are sold annually from the home farm, A like number is EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X, . 567 sold from the other farm. The average annual result from the home farm are shown in the following table: 120 hogs, at 337 pounds weight pounds 40,440 40,440 pounds, at 6 cents* $2,426 450 bushels of seed corn, at $1.82 819 Gross income $3,245 646 bushels corn, bought at 40 cents $ 258 6i tons mill feed, bought at $20 127 Wages and board of of 11 men 576 Total outlay $ 961 Available for general expenses, family income, etc $ 2,284 From this net income should be deducted an amount sufficient to cover insurance on buildings and loss from deterioration of buildings and other improvements, farm machinery, work horses, etc. The remainder repre- sents (1) interest on the investment, (2) wages for the labor of Mr. Rowe and members of his family, and (3) clear profit. It is evident that quite a large part of Mr. Rowe's success is due to the production of high-bred seed corn and the sale of the same at more than four times the price of ordinary marketable corn. This is the result of Mr. Rowe's intelligence, enterprise and business ability. His success in this line can be duplicated by many other farmers either in the produc- tion of high-bred seed of some farm crop or in some other special line of production. However, it may be instructive to eliminate the production and sale of seed corn and see what would be his success if he restricted his efforts to hog farming. Since Mr. Rowe is a man who understands fully the possibilities of his farm, it is fair to assume that if he depended entirely on hogs for his income he would keep as many hogs as his system of farming would per- mit. At present the number of hogs kept is limited by the area of clover pasture. Now, by adopting two two-year rotations of corn and clover, sowing clover in the corn at the last cultivation — a practice which is en- tirely feasible — he could double his area of clover pasture, thus doubling the number of hogs kept. Presumably, he would also insert 4 acres of soy beans in the other cornfield in order to have hay for winter feed. He would thus have 32 acres for corn on which he would produce 2,560 bush- els. As he would need 6,152 bushels for feeding his hogs, it would be necessary for him to buy 3,592 bushels. Figuring the financial results on this basis we have the following: Hogs, aiO, averaging 337 pounds, or 80,880 pounds, live weight, at 6 cents per pound $ 4,852.00 Corn bought, 3,593 bushels, at 40 cents $1,436.80 Mill feed bought, 13 3-3 tons, at $30 254.00 Wages and board of two hands 768.00 Total outlay 2,458.80 Net income $ 3,393.20 It is here seen that the net profit would be slightly larger than under the system actually in vogue. In discussing this point with the owner of *The price received this year was over 6 cents a pound live weight. With hogs at 5 cents a pound the net income would be $1,767. 568 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the farm, it developed that the reason why the system just outlined is not followed is the ever-present danger from hog cholera. Because of occa- sional losses from this disease the system which includes the production of seed corn would, Mr. Rowe believes, in the long run prove to be more profitable than the one in which hogs represent the sole source of income. CONCLUSION. There is much satisfaction in contemplating the methods and results on this farm. The influence of the agricultural college is distinctly seen. Sound judgment and good management are apparent. Presumably, every farm in the United States, barring differences in soils, could be made as profitable if all our farmers knew how to farm as well and had the necessary executive ability. The object of this and other similar articles is to aid in giving others a knowledge of the essential details of manage- ment required for such success. Unfortunately executive ability can not so easily be acquired; yet there are thousands of farmers who are today running unprofitable farms who lack only the knowledge of how to farm in order to succeed as this farmer has. The one ever-present element of danger in hog raising is the liability of loss from cholera. The farm described has met such losses. During the present year only 90 hogs were sold from each of the farms because the numbers had recently been depleted by cholera. This disease is probably carried from farm to farm by farmers themselves as often as in any other manner. In a field or lot of sick hogs the soil becomes infested with the germs. These are carried on men's shoes, on wagon tires and in other similar ways from one farm to another. Strict quarantine will frequently carry a herd of hogs safely through an epidemic of cholera, but there is at present no satisfactory way of avoiding this disease. The farmer who depends largely on hogs for his income must therefore be prepared to meet occasional losses from this cause. FEEDING HOGS FOR PROFIT. Fred Vi'atson, Spencer, Iowa, Before Clay County Farmers' Institute. We must bear in mind the old adage, "There is no excellence without great labor," and paying attention to the little details in hog raising, as in every other work in life, constitutes the difference between successful and unsuccessful hog raising. If we would feed hogs for profit we must have a profitable type of hogs with which to begin. Taking it for granted then that we have got the foundation stock of hogs or brood sows, having chosen the breed of hogs that comes nearest to suiting our fancy, we must then procure a male animal that is equally as good in the standard of excellence. If possible select one that is good in points in which your brood sows are deficient. Get one as gentle in disposition as possible. The male hog should have good breed characteristics, should have good back, good feet, standing pretty well upon toes, good heart girth, indicat- ing constitution and quality. Moreover he should be long and deep in EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART X. 569 body, even in width and smooth in the side. The length of body must be obtained in the proper place, namely, from the rear of the shoulder to the back end of the hog, with as much length as possible from the back end of the rump to the front end of the loin. The shoulder should not be overly thick nor the neck or snout be too long, but it goes without saying that the ham cannot be too good. The young sows that you wish to use as brood sows should be sepa- rated from the hogs you wish to fatten for the market. At least by the first of November, and fed less corn and more oats, thus acquiring more muscle and larger bone. It is very necessary that the sows have plenty of exercise during the winter months. If they are prevented from get- ting too fat they will be more liable to exercise themselves. The best time perhaps to have the sows farrow is from the middle of April to the first of May, but if you see that you will not have feed enough to keep your pigs in a good thriving condition until you raise some more feed it is better to have your sows come in later than this, for a well fed June pig win make a much more profitable pig than a starved April pig, and he will be ready for the market just as soon and the chances are a little sooner than the starved April pig. Now as farrowing time draws near we should prepare to give the little baby piggies a warm, dry and comfortable reception by having suitable dry and sunshiny quarters for them. If you have difficulty in getting the sow into this place you have prepared for her procure a bushel basket and place it over her head. By so doing she will begin to back up, or perhaps whirl around a few times. Now remove the basket and the chances are she will go in the direction you wish her to go. If not repeat the operation, but by all means be gentle with her. Do not get her excited, for you cannot be too careful with her at this time. There should be no noise in the farrowing quarters, as the sows at this time are exceedingly nervous. If the weather is very cold do not leave the pen long at a time. The little pigs should be picked up and placed in a bushel basket with some dry chaffy straw in the bottom, carried to warm quarters for an hour or so and then returned to their mother. Fortunate is the swine raiser if his sows far- row at or near the same time, as this lessenes the chance of his having many runts to contend with during the season. When the little fellows are about four weeks old they will be large enough to eat a little and they will eat shelled corn as soon or sooner than any grain you can give them. There should be a small pen made for them to prevent the sows getting their feed. If you have skim milk this is an excellent feed for either pigs or sows, and I doubt if there is any better. But they should be taught to eat oats while they are young, lest they refuse to eat them when the cows go dry and the milk supply low. Good oats constitute the best substitute for milk. The dam should be fed oats once a day while she is nursing the pigs, but if you have plenty of skim milk she will raise her pigs very nicely on that, and corn. The sow should be fed about the same kind of feed a week or ten days before she farrows that you expect to feed her after she farrows, thus avoiding sudden changes of feed, as this is fatal to little .pigs. I have found it advisable not to give the sow anything to drink for at least twenty-four hours after farrowing. At that time she may be 570 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. given a little lukewarm water, or better still, a little warm milk; 36 hours after she may be given a very light feed of oats or mill feed, but be sure to increase the feed gradually to avoid trouble. We should never feed sour milk or any sour feed until the pigs are eight or nine weeks old and even then given gradually. Care must be taken to give the sows and pigs plenty of exercise; if not the pigs are liable to get the thumps and die. Do not overfeed the sows while the pigs are small, as the result, you are aware, is to dry up the sow, and then you will begin to wonder what is making the little pigs squeal, when the chances are the little fellows are not getting enough to eat. The pigs may be weaned at 10 weeks old or even sooner if a second crop is desired. It is exceedingly difficult to raise fall pigs unless you can have September or early October pigs for the reason that they do not get strong enough to withstand the cold weather. Get the sows and pigs on grass as soon as possible. Clover pasture, in my experience, has proven best. By all means keep the pij-' growing. Pigs are very fond of pumpkins and I believe they are good for them. They seem to take the place of oats. Those fed with corn in the fall, when you are getting them on to full feed, produce excellent results. Pigs and hogs require salt once a week, and when you are crowding them very hard they will bear salting twice a week. Perhaps the best way to give them the salt is by mixing the salt with wood ashes, but if you have not wood ashes they can be salted by scattering the salt in a discarded pig trough and then by putting a few oats over the top of it. They will not get more salt than is good for them. The salt aids diges- tion and at the same time causes them to drink more slop. Now I think the best time to feed fattening hogs their regular feed of oats is before you feed them their corn in the morning. This seems to put a saliva in the hog's mouth and aids very materially in digesting the feed of corn that is to follow a little later. We should be regular in the time of feeding and also never feed more than they will eat up clean. I believe a hog to be the most profitable should be ready for market at 8 months old and he should weigh from 225 to 250 pounds at that age. THE RED HOG. George D. Black, in Breeders' Gazette. The rise and progress of the Duroc-Jersey is a rather striking phe- nomenon in the realm of animal industry. Not very many years ago it was so uncommon at the fairs as to be an object of curiosity. The claim made for it then was that it was remarkably prolific and hardy, but the types varied and were not very prepossessing at best. The specimens that I saw ten years ago wei'e coarse in form and hair, and presented a poor picture compared with the Poland-China at that time. As one looked at them there seemed little likelihood that here was a hog that in ten years would be widely spread over the United States, would bring EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 571 the highest prices for fancy specimens and be ahead of several other long- time favorites. Yet the red hog is not a recent production in this country. It reaches back at least to 1823. At that time there were a few red hogs in New York, called, so the legend goes, Duroc, from a famous stallion in the state by that name. Just why they were so called does not appear in the tradition any further than that the owner of the stallion had some of these hogs. About this time, or a few years thereafter, there were red hogs in New Jersey, evidently of Spanish origin. They were of enormous size, weights of mature specimens ranging high. The New York hogs were finer in bone, easier to fatten, but not so large. Evidently further along these two strains were blended and the result has come down to us in the Duroc-Jersey as we have it today. But the red hog of today is a vastly improved animal compared with Its ancestors. While retaining in a large measure the constitutional viril- ity and thriftiness of the early eastern hogs, it has been grown more and more to a certain type, till today there is no hog in America, perhaps, more definitely established in breed qualities. It is true that sometimes you come across red hogs that are like the olden type that used to be on exhibition, coarse, slow to mature, hard feeders; but they are never seen in herds of careful breeders. The well bred Duroc- Jerseys of today is an excellent grower, easily fattened at any age and as attractive as any other hog that goes into the show room. Without in any way minimizing the good qualities of other breeds there are certain things which may be confidently claimed for the Duroc- Jersey. One of these is prolificacy. I think it is generally conceded that in this respect this breed has no superior and few equals. It is seldom that a Duroc-Jersey breeder has any cause to complain that his litters are too small. My own experience has been that the litters are generally too large to be raised, and with only one occasional exception the number raised is all that could be desired. The Duroc dam is a good mother, a good milker as we say of cows, and for this reason she is able to take care of a large number. This prolificacy is owing to the wonderful con- stitutional vigor of the red hog, and as long as it is maintained the power of reproduction will continue. Another quality that is marked in this breed is docility. This is the general verdict of red hog breeders. The Duroc-Jersey is naturally quiet and gentle and easily handled. Nearly all in my own herd can be petted just as one pets a dog. This is a point of immense value in farrowing sows, as every one of experience knows full well. I am sure it saves us a large number of pigs every year. Moreover, the feeder learns that the quiet, docile hogs gain faster than the wild, nervous ones. But who wants any animals around him that are resolutely determined to reject all over- tures of kindness and are averse to the friendly touch? Half the pleasure one gets out of the little world of animals around him on his farm is in the friendly relation which he sustains with them in the world of animal life. A real stockman lives in a good fellowship with his animals, like the Scotchman with his cattle and the Frenchman or Arab with his horse. Whenever you see a farmer whose sole interest in his stock is in the money he can make out of it he is sure to be a poor stockman. He has no 572 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. sympathy with their sufferings and no pity for their foibles. The man who said that the more he saw of men the better he liked dogs did not say a smart thing; in fact, he said a very silly thing; but the man who is much with chickens and sheep and hogs and horses and does not have a growing interest in them, does not find the study of them increasingly attractive, is unfortunately lacking in one of the prime qualities of a husbandman, or, what is of more importance, in one of the prime qualities of human sympathy. The more one sees of men the more he ought to like animals, but not because he likes men less. The more he sees of animals the more he ought to be in sympathy with all life, most of all human life. If one is in the Duroc-Jersey business — that is, the pure-bred business — he must give some attention to the fancy points of the hog. That is, he must get and keep the approved type as nearly as possible, and this means a certain amount of care in regard to the things that constitute elegance in the Duroc-Jersey. And yet I am moved to say that that statement needs to be taken with considerable caution, in view of the fact that there is a manifest tendency often to sacrifice utility points to fancy qualities. This is seen in several lines of breeding — in poultry, in cattle and in hogs. For instance, I read the other day an article from a noted breeder of Barred Plymouth Rocks, in which he compared the finest specimens of that breed today with the best of ten years ago, and he went on to say that a marvelous progress has been made in that time in this great American fowl, that in the next ten years a like development may be expected, and that indeed there is no limit to be set to what might be done. But he is in error. There is a law which the economist calls the law of diminishing returns that puts its decree of limitation upon what can be done. For instance, it is good to exercise, it promotes strength and health and long life, but one can exercise till he passes the pivotal point and then it becomes a menace to health and life. Eating gives strength to a certain point, but carried beyond that it induces disease and death. People wonder often whether there is any limit to the speed at which a train of cars may be run. It can reach the point at which the expenditure of force and the risks are too great to be profitable. This law is in force in breeding. There are limits to fine breeding. You can push the demand for fancy points, for certain elegant qualities, till you pass the point of progress when the animal suffers a loss in stamina and a consequent loss in the power of reproduction. The show room and the sale room and the ambition to produce some- thing just a little more elegant than anybody else are things that threaten the virility of the red hog, as they have already worked harm in other breeds. The Duroc-Jersey can be made to reach the overripe stage when elegant specimens will vex their owners with litters of from three to five pigs. The red hog first of all must have a good back and loin, good legs and feet. These are the foundation, and no number of merely pretty points can make amends there. The Duroc-Jersey should carry its size throughout from head to tail, should stand up well on its feet; its back should be arched enough to indicate strength, and there should be every indication of constitutional vigor. Another thing that needs careful EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 573 watching is length. I find some breeders forgetting that the red hog is one of generous length. Little dumpy brood sows are never satisfactory, and they are out of place in this breed. I should avoid the other extreme of breeding for length until I had a herd of hard feeders on my hands. I should maintain as much length as I could do with quick response to generous feeding. After these elemental things have been settled the breeder may turn his attention to color, eye, ear and tail; and in what I say about fancy points let it be remembered that I assume that these primary things are kept first in importance. It is difficult to describe a color. We can do it only by comparison, and then it is seldom accurate. The color which has proved to be the most satisfactory to the majority of red hog breeders is a rich glistening brilliant red. The standard calls for a "cherry red," but cherry red is a very dark red, darker indeed than the generally approved Duroc- Jersey color. Sometimes one hears it said, under a misapprehension, that the approved, standard color is cherry. Now there is a difference between cherry and cherry red. Cherry is a light red and cherry red is a dark red. Neither one is the ideal Duroc-Jersey color. It is rather between the two, but whatever the distinctions, it is to be borne In mind that the color is not yellow, nor buff, nor straw, nor brown, but red. The Duroc-Jersey is a red hog. In a color like red, which is bound to vary even with the most careful breeding, the tastes of breeders diverge somewhat, but it will be found that the safest, soundest and most attractive color, and the one most in demand, is a medium rich red. The breeder that sticks to that color will always find himself on sure ground, and his stock will be in demand if it is meritorious in other respects. The head of a fancy Duroc-Jersey is rather small, wide between the eyes, slightly dished (a little more than the Poland-China and less than the Berkshire), heavy jowl, large eyes and tapering nose. The ear is rather small, pointing outward from the head and drooping downward from about one-third the length of the ear from the point. It is true that this sort of an ear is a rather distinguishing mark of the breed and should be maintained when it can be done without sacrificing more important things. The head (including the ear) indicates the nervous quality of the hog and so is an index of its power of assimilation. The Duroc-Jersey with an ideal head is always an easy feeder. Finally I want to say that the red hog breeders should keep in lively remembrance the fact that the final test of any breed of hogs is its market value. If it fails to be valuable to the men who grow the world's pork it is doomed, no matter how elegant and fine it may be. Hobbies in breeding are things to fight shy of. The show room and the sale room have their dangers. Daintiness, smoothness, beauty can be had sometimes at too great a cost of virility. The Duroc-Jersey is a wonderfully virile, prolific, useful hog, but it may be injured by its friends. Never sacrifice the elemental things to the mere fancy, though fancy points are all right if the foundation on which they are built is sound. 574 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. HOW TO RAISE HOGS SUCCESSFULLY. John F. Myerly, Deep River, Iowa, before Poweshiek County Institute. The necessity of housing swine by artificial methods comes principally from two causes: First, the natural protection furnished by the forest has generally been removed; and, second, the hog is becoming more of a creature of civilization, which is taking from him the necessity of rustling for his feed, which is likewise lessening his aiblity to withstand an excess of rain, snow, cold and even sunshine. It is a fact that hogs which are not housed in some manner will not only make small growth at high cost, but also are much more liable to diseases of all kinds. By housing I do not mean confinement, as exercise is always needed. The two common forms of housing, which in slightly modified ways fit nearly all conditions, are the large stationary house and the portable house. In the large stationary house we get the most floor space under cover at the least cost. A permanent building is generally built near other stock buildings, thus bringing the feeding work all together. This building can be so arranged with loft that all kinds of feed and bedding can be conveniently located where needed. But the fact that the building is stationary calls for a lot or yard in which the grass is soon killed. It generally becomes rooted up and filled with hog wallows. A permanent building calls for a strong structure and the use of much lumber, which makes it difficult to disinfect thoroughly. It is almost impossible to make one house, no matter how large, to accommodate hogs of all ages. The most needed use for a well-built hog house comes at farrowing time. Now, if the structure be a large one with stalls for each sow, the first one which farrows may do all right, but if another follows soon this second sow is generally disturbed by the squeals and noises arising from the pen where the other pigs are. To me this fact is one of the greatest drawbacks to the stationary house. How often we have heard men say: "That sow got restless and killed all her pigs," when the cause for it was a squeal from a pig in another pen near by. MAKING PORK QUICKLY. When my pigs are three weeks old I place a shallow trough near that of the mother, put a little shipstuff and skim milk in it, give them a little soaked corn near by and in a short time they will learn to come and eat by themselves. At eight weeks old they will be able to feed themselves and in this way will receive no check at weaning. From this time on the pigs should be pushed as rapidly as possible, for the sooner they will weigh 250 pounds the more profit there is in them. Hog raising is seldom profitable unless you have plenty of good pasture. I do not feed them all the corn they will eat while on clover, for if they eat too much they will not eat enough clover. Of course, clover will EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 575 not last all season, but by the time the clover is gone they will be big fellows and ready for a full feed of corn, which is the cheapest feed for us to finish them with. No matter what the subsequent use of the pig on the farm is to be, his early development should be carefully guarded. As compared with other farm animals, the pig is obliged to sustain a heavy weight on his feet and legs. This suggests the advisability of giving considerable thought to the proper development of bone and muscle. Milk is the natural food for the young pig, and that of the mother should, as the pigs grow older, be supplemented with skim milk from the dairy. In case this is not available, a good substitute will be found in fine wheat middlings. Not only is it advisable to feed the young pig skim milk, or some other feed well calculated to make bone and muscle, because of the necessity of having strong feet and legs, but because the flesh of the pig is perhaps as much or more susceptible to influence from, feed than that of any other farm animal. That is, feed the young and growing pig a nitrogenous ration like an abundance of skim milk or middlings and a superior flesh is produced. THE DIPPING OF SHEEP. By W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa, in Iowa State Register and Farmer. The strongest argument for the dipping of sheep lies in the fact that it is the best way of freeing them from external parasites. This is so generally accepted that it is only necessary to mention it. Sheep are very frequently troubled with red lice which can hardly be seen, and yet they cause the sheep unlimited annoyance. Dipping will completely destroy these. Ticks cause the farm flocks of this country untold annoy- ance, and for these dipping is thoroughly effective. Ticks and red lice do more damage than we are aware of, because the evidences of the annoyance that they give the sheep are not so marked as in some other troubles, but they are none the less a severe check to their well-doing. Dipping, followed faithfully each year, will completely remove the baneful results from the presence of these parasites. For the eradication of scab, thorough dipping stands first among remedial measures. While the destruction of these pests is usually the mainly accepted argu- ment for dipping, yet there are others that, grouped together, make a more favorable indorsement for the operation. Among these may be briefly mentioned cleansing the skin, cleaning the wool, and, particularly, encouraging the best growth of the latter. To get the fullest returns in these directions, the dipping should be done twice each year — in the spring shortly after shearing, and again in the fall just before the advent of winter. Shortly after shearing it is an advantage to dip the flock thoroughly so as to cleanse the skin. This not only adds to the thrift of the sheep and the lambs, but in all instances it favors the growth of wool and secretion of yolk. Not only is the growth of wool better from it, but it adds indirectly to the function of the fleece as a protection to the sheep. The fleece of a sheep that has been dipped is more likely to remain intact 576 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. throughout the season, as there is no cause for the sheep rubbing or otherwise breaking the compactness of it. Another advantage to the fleece that seems to follow dipping at this time is that it seems to lessen the tendency for the sheep to lose their wool in spots too early in the season. When the fleece is clean and healthy it seems to continue growing longer and the wool does not peel in patches. Dipping in the fall is more for the purpose of removing from the fleece such foreign matter as may have been gathered during the summer, and also freeing it from any of the parasites that prove such an annoyance during the winter season. Even under the best conditions the fleece is likely to become filled with sand and other foreign matter, which during the winter would produce such irritation as causes the sheep to rub against sharp surfaces and destroy the compactness of the fleece. By dipping them late in the fall, when the ground is frozen, and then keeping them away from the straw stacks, feeding them in racks that prevent the chaff from falling into the wool, it is possible to put a clip on the market in the spring just as clean as if the sheep had been washed previous to being shorn. It is hard to measure the damage that is done to the fleece alone, to say nothing of the thrift of the sheep, by overlooking dipping in the fall. It is quite common to see sheep in the ordinary markets of the counrty with fleece badly broken by tearing at them, rubbing under wagons, or through some such means, through the endeavors to get rid of the irritation of the dirt that was left in the fleece. Such fleeces are likely to become cotted, especially if the sheep have not been dipped in the spring so as to encourage the secretion of yolk. A fibre of wool is covered with scales that overlap each other similarly to the shingles on a roof. To keep these scales down and to prevent them from warping just as shingles would do, there must be a liberal supply of yolk in the fleece. If this yolk is not secreted, owing to the unthrifty condition of the skin, the scales rise and the fibres become matted, and finally so bad as to be known as cotted. Fleeces of this kind sell for three or four cents per pound less than they otherwise would on the general market. The fleece of a sheep that has not been dipped — one that is dirty or discolored — also sells three or four cents per pound less in the Chicago market than the fleece of a sheep that has been cleaned by dipping. These are facts that may be verifled every spring in the Chicago market. This difference, applied to a fleece, would pay for the dipping of more than a dozen sheep. While the foregoing applies especially to breeding flocks, there are just as forcible reasons for dipping feeders. In feeding sheep it is of prime importance to have them reach as rapidly as possible that sappy and thrifty condition which is conducive to good gains. Dipping will hasten this, and it also removes the risk of unlimited losses through an outbreak of scab. It is good policy to take it for granted that the feeders are in ni'ed of dipping, rather than wait tor the evidences of it, which usually come when the sheep should go to market. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 577 THE UNIVERSAL SHEEP— A SCHEDULE OF ITS REQUISITES AND MANY ADVANTAGES. Howard A. Chandler. Every farmer or breeder has his own ideas about the sort of live stock he admires. All who are acquainted with the sheep industry have pictured in their minds an ideal sheep. Through exhibiting at the fairs and meeting all sorts of buyers both there and at our farm, we find that the general trend of ideas is toward much the same sheep. In speaking of "The Universal Sheep" we do not mean the sheep that is raised every- where, but rather the sort of sheep that would be bred if all breeders could nearly approach their desires. Such a sheep, we think, would be of rather exceptional size, with a straight back and wide hind end, heavy bone and a dense fleece of good length. That would be very close to it. Experience is the teacher that gives most farmers their lessons, and it is a good teacher, too. Size is to be desired for several reasons. On most farms the flock is let have the run pretty well all over and in the autumn or winter the lambs are sold. Sheep which will mature to a greater weight during that length of time are the ones which the farmer will want to produce. There is plenty of grass, weeds, etc., and even though the larger sheep does consume more feed, he is the right one. For "The Universal Sheep" perhaps there are more farmers who would choose the rather too large sheep than there are farmers who would choose the sheep with under- size. A good big sheep is all right and we all admire him, but there is a limit and other things must be considered. The straight back is desirable, but there are other things about it to consider. We do not want an arched back like in the hog. This will bring back the subject of size. When we find the exceptionally large sheep, as a rule, they are coarse. The back may be straight, but it is bare, even though the sheep is fat. The large sheep has bareness throughout. What is wanted in the packing house are the lambs with large amounts of natural flesh; well covered with lean meat all over. Get this desirable covering of flesh and then what size you may wish for. HOW TO EXAMINE SHEEP. The way to determine the amount of flesh upon the back, loin, etc., is to take the hand flat and commence on top of the shoulder. Pass down- ward and ascertain the covering on the shoulder. Bring the hand along the back and besides learning the flesh covering you will know of the atraightness. After passing the loin take both hands and find the width of loin and also ascertain the depth. Also notice how w«ll the general width is carried back to the tail-head. Passing on down to the hind quarters, with your hands learn the filling of meat there. Remember that 37 578 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the back and hind quarter make the highest priced cuts of mutton. Don't think that the buyers on the market will not pay more for the good ones than they will for the common sort. It is true that a few years ago sheep were sold in quite mixed bunches, but the sheep industry is on a different footing now and market receipts are sold exactly for what they are. Some lambs may go at $5 and others at $7.25 per cut the same day. This desirable mutton form can be bred in sheep of good size, but rarely in the monsters of each breed. UTILITY OF STRONG BONE. Although bone is not eaten, it seems desirable in the breeder's flock. For the real mutton sheep to dress out the highest per cent of meat, it is desirable to have the bone as light as possible. But the breeder must maintain bone of good size in the flock or sometime he will have a few sheep which would not be able to carry their weight when fattened. Of course, we must bar against the extremely heavy bone, because that would mean carelessness throughout. To have the wool dense and of good length is a prime requisite. Although the breeders in the corn belt must pay close attention to the mutton qualities in their flocks, a good fleece can also be added. The Merino need not be introduced for this purpose. By careful selection rams of the English mutton breeds can be obtained which have extremely heavy fleeces and very dense. There is a great variation in fleeces, and when making selection of your flock- header it is well not to be too easily satisfied. The fleece should be of good length and the fibre dense. Density means the number of fibres to the square inch. Of course, they cannot be counted, but you can easily ascertain the density by the hand with fingers close together. Take the hand full of wool on the side of the different sheep and you will find that there is lots more wool in your hand on some sheep than on others. Notice carefully the wool covering the belly. We must guard against bareness there for several reasons: Proper wool will increase the weight of fleece and also serve as protection from cold when the sheep is lying on wet ground, etc. A good, heavy fleece can be produced on mutton sheep of the highest type and we must still strive to have that sort. Not only does it increase your profits at home, but it increases the price of the lambs you send to market. In our large market centers sheep pelts are considered quite an item, and the lambs with heavy, dense fleeces will outsell the others. BUGGED CONSTITUTION REQUIRED. There is one very important thing which has not been mentioned and which is ofttimes never thought of or taken into consideration by the breeder or buyer. That is constitution. You cannot make an engine do its work without steam, and to produce the steam there must be a big boiler. A good sheep cannot be produced without the proper assimilation of large quantities of food and the correct action of the blood throughout the body. This cannot be done unless the sheep has a large, deep chest, giving plenty of room for the proper action of the heart and digestive organs. The sheep must have a strong constitution in order that it may give the best results either in the breeding pen or in the feed lot. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 579 Weak sheep cannot produce good, strong lambs, neither can they give good returns in the feed lot. The healthy, strong constitutioned sheep has much different appearance and general make-up than the weak one. In examination of a sheep I always start at the end of the nose and work back. The indications of strong constitution are: A wide, well-opened nostril, a short, broad head, width and depth of chest, fullness behind the shoulder both on top and at the side, well-sprung ribs coming wide out from the backbone. Such a sheep has room for the vital organs to perform their work in a proper manner. Neither the breeder nor the feeder can afford to lose sight of constitution in his sheep, because his profits will be cut short from what they would have been just as much as the sheep lack in constitution from what they should be. VALTJE OF PEDIGREE. After you have correct sheep selected for individuality, it is well to look to their breeding. The old saying that "blood will tell" is a very true one. Pedigree is a list of an animal's ancestors. A sheep with a "short pedigree" might be a good one, but his ancestors of rather inferior quality. The sheep with the "long pedigree" has noted ancestors for many generations. When placed in the breeding flock the characteristics of the ancestors are sure to be in evidence in a greater or less degree. There- fore, the lambs from the well-bred ram will be uniform and show the results of years of careful breeding. The lambs from the ram with the "short pedigree" will also copy after their ancestors and some will show that inferiority that was in those ancestors. Therefore, the lambs from this ram are more liable to be a "mixed lot" than those from the ram with better breeding. The same facts will come about year after year. It pays to be careful in the blood lines you introduce either into grade or pure-bred flocks. The mutton buyers on the market always pay a premium for the uniform lots. Considering that the universal sheep of today is the big fellow with a dense fleece of good length, heavy bone, a straight back and wide, well- filled hind quarter, we wish to add that a great improvement for the industry will have been accomplished when we add to these qualities the all-important ones of constitution, covering over all parts with natural flesh of lean meat, and pedigree which will help us maintain the good qualities in a uniform manner throughout. INFLUENCE OF THE RAM ON PROLIFICACY. FroTTi the Ruralist. The question of the relative influence of the ram and ewe on prolificacy has been much debated. The controversy has waxed fierce and warm, and what has been the outcome? It has lingered largely on the question, first, as to whether the male can create increased prolification in the female, as the outcome of a single mating; and, second, as to whether the male can transmit an increased tendency in the female progeny to the same because of inheritance. Id the controversy some have claimed, and confidently, 580 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. that the male exercises no influence on prolificacy. Others claim that the male does exercise an influence that is far-reaching. Some go to the length of saying that the influence thus exerted is as great as that exerted by the female, but a majority of those who hold to the view that males do exercise such an influence are ready to concede that this influence is less than that exerted by females. In the present discussion the question will first be examined as to whether the male does influence j)rolificacy in procreation; and, second, what is the relative strength of the influence compared with that of the female. Of course, a negative conclusion as to the question first discussed would preclude the necessity for discussing that other question. With quadruped females capable of producing more than one at a birth, and which produce one in some instances and two in others, the different results are the outcome of some influence exerted on procreation in the dam rather than the result of chance. It is evident that such influence comes entirely from the dam or entirely from the sire or partly from both, or it comes from one or more of the sources named, aided by external conditions such as food and environment. The ewe capable of bearing twins does not always produce twins. Why should there be such variation? The sow capable of producing twelve pigs at a birth, as Sihown by the fact of such production, in another instance will produce but six pigs at a birth. Why should that be? That the female does exert an important influence on prolificacy is universally conceded. Some ewes produce only one lamb at a birth, while others produce two, though mated to the same ram for successive years. It may be asked, then, does not this prove that the ram does not influence prolificacy? I answer no. The most that it can prove is that the ram does not exercise as much influence on prolificacy as the dam. Such evidence is negative rather than positive, for the same ram mated with other ewes will in some instances result in but one at a birth and in other instances in twins, which at least makes it possible, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that the ram does exert an influence on prolificacy. It has been noticed that when but one ram is used in a flock the propor- tion of twins from the earlier births is greater than from those later. From this it has been argued that this result follows from the greater vigor possessed by the ram. But if vigor in the ram influences prolificacy then, by parity of reasoning it does in the ewe, hence it is conceivable the result stated may come partly or chiefly or even wholly from the ewe, as the more vigorous among the ewes come first into heat. But it is almost certain that some of the influence resulting in plural births comes from the ram, as, if the said ram, enfeebled by excess of service, was then turned in to mate with the ewes of another flock, equal in prolificacy and vigor to the former, it is almost certain that a less proportion of twins would be produced in the earlier births. It is also true that Poland- China sows enfeebled by injudicious management when mated with Poland-China boars similarly enfeebled will produce fewer at a birth than if mated with vigorous Tamworth sires. This at least is the result of limited observation. If it could be sustained by facts the result of well conducted experiments, it would settle the question, at least as to the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 581 fact that the male does exercise some influence in prolificacy, but it would not determine the degree of such influence. From the argument given above, therefore, it would be correct to say that it is extremely probable that the male does exercise an influence on prolificacy. But the argument thus far has only recognized vigor as the source of such increased prolificacy. To this may be added judicious feeding. The ewe pastured on rape or roots for some time before mating will be more prolific than the ewe confined to dry prairie grasses. Likewise the sow habitually fed on a variety of succulent foods will be more prolific than the sow fed habitually on corn. It is taken for granted, then, that vigor and food do exercise an influence on prolificacy. No one well informed on these questions will deny this. And it is almost certain that these influences are so operative through the male as well as through the female. Once grant that the male does exert such influence as the outcome of judicious feeding, and it is then not difficult to show that this influence on the part of the male will be strengthened or weakened, as the case may be, by inheritance. Some persons claim that the female influences only certain parts of the organization and that transmission in the male influences certain other parts. This I do not subscribe to. It has never been proved. Until it is proved, the conclusion is justifiable that the Influence of both parents extends to every feature of the organization, including breeding tendencies, not necessarily in equal degrees nor always in the same degree. Now, if this is true, and I believe it true, then it follows that the power to transmit tendencies to prolificacy or the opposite inheres in both male and female as the result of inheritance. No one will doubt this in the case of the female, but many do doubt it in the case of the male. If it is true that the male does exert influence on every part of the organization, including capabilities in the line of per- formance as well as physical features, then it is true that the male, as the result of inheritance, does transmit tendencies to increased pro- lificacy, the influences that govern reproduction being so effected by the degree of this inheritance, but this may to some extent be modified by the influences of quality in foods and by vigor inherited or acquired. To increase prolificacy in ewes, therefore, it would be in order to choose rams from ancestry that have produced twins for generations previously. From what has been said, it will be obvious that though males should have the power to transmit tendencies to prolificacies as well as to beget prolificacy in the female, it will be impossible to determine the degree of the influence which they will thus exert, absolutely or relatively, since, as previously intimated, it will be a varying quantity because of the influence from the various sources mentioned, but it is to be expected that the influ- ence on increased prolificacy will be greatest when the influence exerted by the male and female operate in conjunction rather than in opposition. In other words, when both ram and ewe come of ancestry noted for prolificacy, than when such inheritance belongs only to one parent. BREEDING OR FEEDING. Howard A. Chandler. There are what you might call two different kinds of sheepmen: the breeders and the feeders. Of course, all breeders are feeders, because 582 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. they give food to their flocks; but all feeders are not breeders. Those men who have practiced both phases of the subject know how it goes; but here let us repeat a few facts about both sides, for the beginner. In all paths of life the industrious man wishes to do all he can, but because you are a successful master of a medium-sized breeding flock it does not mean that you can make a "pot full of money" on a big drove of feeding lambs. The life of a breeder is a steady one, and your energy is rewarded with steady increase. Any farmer can take a small bunch of ewes and turn them in some little pasture and soon he has a flock. Not every beginner can make a success of going to market and buying a big bunch of lambs and bringing them home to fatten and keep for a raise in the market. Sheep breeding is an industry which any farmer can enter into, and the field is large and there is room for all the expansion that anyone's energy could desire. Suppose you start with a small flock of grades and have a desire to some day reach the height of success. The amount to be invested in a bunch of grades would be small, so nearly anyone can begin wlio desires to. Now, supposing you have started with your little bunch of grades. The first spring your crop of wool did not amount to such a large pile, so you sold it with your neighbor when he sold his. This money is placed in the sheep treasury to pay feed bills and it will pay it for the whole year. If your lambs have come early, perhaps you sold a part of them for "early lambs" along in June. Now there is more money for the sheep treasury. Soon it is time to buy a ram, and as your ideals have been high you have decided to get one of the very best obtainable. So you write to several of the oldest and most reliable flockmasters and get description and prices. Some rams are priced much higher than others, but the owners assure you that there is a vast difference in their size, quality and breeding. Finally you make your decision and send the draft for a neat little sum. In a few days the ram comes and Is admired by all who see him. They all say he is about the best sheep they have ever seen, but most of them think "that fellow is crazy for paying so much for a ram. Who ever heard of paying over $15 for one?" The next spring your lambs are the best in the neighborhood and the other farmers commence wondering if it really does pay to use good rams. By the time you are ready to sell your ram there are three or four fellows after him. You have had two crops of lambs from him and sell at a good price. Now you have added some of his best ewe lambs to the breeding flock, and when you buy another ram must have a still better one. By this time the wether lambs that have been sold have placed quite a pile to the credit of the flock in the bank. You want to still improve your flock, so you decide this time to visit one of the best breeders and importers. You go and have a thorough look through the flock and learn all you can. Finding a few ewes and a ram pretty well to your ideal, you purchase them. Now you have a little flock of pure- breds started. The next autumn you sell off your grades and add more registered ones. Now you are a pure-bred breeder and have quite good knowledge of producing the good ones. Some ram lambs are sold to neighbor breeders. The next season you show at the county fairs, but EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 583 some fellow beats you in part of the classes. You decide right there that "he won't do it again." The next year you have your flock in better form and have bought a show sheep or two. This time you did well and also had good sales. Soon you will have quite a bunch of rams and perhaps a few ewes to sell, and then you advertise in some of the papers. Soon you have large numbers of sale sheep and are advertising more extensively. Your name is becoming known among the breeders and you will soon be selling to pure-bred breeders. In this business you can go on and on and strive for higher ideals. The words just read will give you an idea of what success any indus- trious farmer can attain. Fully that rapid advancement has been made by many a young fellow, and that shows that it can be done. Or the following up of grade breeding can be practiced with large returns. Now let us. view the feeding proposition. First of all, you must be a good sheep judge before you are capable of purchasing a bunch of feeding lambs. Lambs must be properly bought, fed and marketed, and the time for it all is so short that it takes a veteran to make the success. The right quality of lambs in proper condition must be purchased, and then only experienced feeders can properly feed them for the greatest returns. Knowing the market enables the veteran to get his lambs on the market at the proper season. The farmer who has a little money and goes off to the market and buys a bunch of lambs, brings them home and does not properly care for them, and then markets them at a wrong season, will usually come out "at the little end of the horn," as the old saying is. Feeding market lambs is a business by itself and should be done by those who know how. It is true that not all make a success at it. But any farmer who succeeds at anything will get along all right with a flock of breeding sheep. Don't try to do it all, because there are other business men in the world beside yourself. Put forth your extra energy in making the breeding flock better and you will be well repaid for all your time. It is a good thing not to be satisfied, but to be always working higher. Make what you have better instead of trying to branch out too wide. Get some of those old culls out of the flock and replace them with the best that can be obtained. Breeding sheep and not feeding is the steady, profitable business for all farmers. Be sure to get good ones when you are starting, and they will yield the largest returns and will also afford you much pleasure and encouragement. It is scrub sheep that make men "tired of them." The good ones are welcomed anywhere, and the little breeding flock will yield larger returns on the investment than in anything else. FOUNDING A PURE BRED FLOCK. From the Ruralist. To become successful in the breeding of pure breds we must go to work with all our energy and with an aim for the top of the ladder of success. A successful shepherd always has a love for his sheep and is always on the alert to know of any news or ways of improvement of the 684 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sheep industry. By this way he becomes well acquainted with other sheepmen, thereby opening the doors to better shepherding whenever such a chance comes his way. But before the flock is founded, as a rule, the beginner often questions himself and probably many of his neighbors as to which breed he would like best. Before a decision can be made, careful study should be made of the many involving factors. One of the greatest questions is, "Which breed would be the most profitable to me?" It certainly is well to choose a breed that you would enjoy raising, yet it vould hardly be advisable to commence with a breed for which there is little or no demand. Right here is where the Shropshire leads all other breeds. It is the most universal breed almost the world over and there is always strong demand for good representatives of the Shropshire breed. But the best way for the novice to find out which breed sells best is to go to the fairs and to read the leading journals pertaining to sheep husbandry and it will soon be quite easily determined what breed does best and what breed sells best in the locality in which the flock is to be founded. Of course, if the breeder intends to build up a wide reputation he must, in order to receive the largest possible profits, choose a breed for which there is universal demand, because the increase from a large flock could not all be sold in hardly any immediate vicinity. Now that the breed has been chosen, comes another important factor — that of proper selection. The beginner, before he commences to purchase, should have a correct idea of just what his desires are. Constitution, natural cover- ings of flesh and breed type are three of the most essential points to keep in view at all times. To have the greatest success in the sheep industry the beginner must choose only those sheep which have strong constitutions, for it is this that insures thrift and vigorous production. Much emphasis must be placed upon breed types, because no breeder can derive the greatest benefits either in the sale or show ring unless his sheep show strength of character and true breed type. If Shropshires have been chosen study the Shropshire standard and adhere closely to it. Be sure that each individual has good mutton form and a dense fleece of good length all over and under the body, and then get as many fancy points as possible, such as exceptional wool covering on head, the color of nose and legs, etc. But whatever the chosen breed may be, learn the breed characteristics and then go ahead accordingly. In buying the foundation flock it is never best to be in a hurry. Take your time and find out what several different good breeders have to offer and then you can much oftener find sheep which come close to your chosen ideal. Never buy inferior sheep simply because they are cheaper than the good ones. When you begin with the inferior ones it takes many, many years to get rid of this undesirable blood, while on the other hand, if the foundation flock has been good, it would always be more pleasure to care for them and also to receive the profits derived from the flock. After the ewes and ram have been selected and the flock is founded, there are many things that will have to be considered, such as feeding, the shelter and the selling, all of which count a great deal in the profits to be derived from the flock. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 585 First, and also one of the most essential points, is the feed. No good stockman will dispute that good feeding is one of the most essential points, in fact as important as good breeding. Without good feed no progress can be made, and it also stops the progress that has been made. But with good fed and plenty of it, or high feeding coupled with good sound judgment, every chance for improvement is pushed to the greatest possible extent. A very large per cent of pure-bred stock are hindered more today from the lack of good feed than from any other one cause, or spoiled by over- feeding. In order to be a good feeder one must know what to feed as well as how much to feed. Corn should be fed very sparingly to breeding flocks. Plenty of clover, hay and corn fodder in the rack and oats, with a small ration of bran, and a liberal supply of roots come nearer being an ideal feed. A very large quantity of Ruta-bagas can be raised on a small patch of ground. We believe that every sheep owner should raise at least a few bushels per sheep to feed for the winter feed. Corn is all right to use as part of the ration for fattening stock, but even for rams we are fitting for sale we do not like too much corn. It does not make them as strong for the breeding season as oats and oil meal. Breeders as a rule want to send their rams out in the best possible shape, but we would rather see one a few pounds less in weight with a good strong constitution than a big blubbery fellow that is not capable of siring a strong, robust lot of lambs. Here lies the main trouble in buying flock-heading rams, especially with rams just imported. They have as a rule been fed so high that care must be taken in reducing them to breeding condition. Plenty of exercise and cooling foods such as roots and brans are good to reduce the flesh of the ram, but the grain ration must not be discon- tinued entirely. Ewes that have been highly fitted rarely prove to be good breeders. A great deal could be written on feeds, and also in the manner of feeding, but the beginner must learn gradually from every available source. Visiting a flock of some well-known and reliable breeder is time and money well spent. Some breeders do not lay enough stress on good shelter. We think it very important and prefer a closed shed with plenty of ventilation. It must be kept clean and well bedded, also disinfected once in a while with a good dip. We never intentionally let our sheep get wet. Cold rains are our chief cause of annoyance in this line, and it certainly causes their systems to get out of condition. After being in such a storm it is impossible to find as many clear pink skins as before. In the winter, when much shedding is called for, we see that the flock receives plenty of exercise each day. Once in a great while it is so wet and stormy we do not let our sheep out, but these are exceptions in Iowa's climate. It is not a great while after a flock is founded till a few rams and ewes are ready to sell. Then comes the idea of showing at the fairs; also advertising in a good sheep paper. When fitting for fairs every effort must be made "to win." To be defeated does some beginners more good than to 586 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. win. It stirs them to more rapid improvements and to come better fitted next season. Anyone founding a floclv and caring for them as outlined in this article will find a ready sale for his surplus stock at good figures. But start a good flock of ewes, and give plenty of good feed, shelter and advertising and you will enjoy the sheep business as long as you live, and then your boys and girls will gladly succeed you. FEEDING THE EWE FLOCK AT MATING TIME. ''The Ruralist." Now is a time when the breeding flock should be receiving good care and feed, while ofttimes it is the case that they are most neglected. The flock is just let run on the same pasture that they have been on all summer. Such a method would err quite a ways from the best. The flock at this time of the year should be on a new patch of clover or some- thing that way. The ewes should be gaining in flesh at the time of theic mating with the ram, in order that they may have the correct beginning for raising a good strong lot of lambs the coming spring. It will always be noted that ewes which have had good feed will rear a larger number of stronger lambs than the poorly fed ones. Besides the run of good clover, it is well to give a small allowance of oats. Cut pumpkins up fine and cover them well with oats and you have a most excellent fall feed for sheep in connection with their pasture. When given such feed the ewes will get nice and smooth and plump, thereby pleasing the eye and pocketbook of any good shepherd. Ewes should be kept in strong condi- tion all the year around, because the lamb is draining their systems to a certain degree at all times. Some breeders have the idea that breeding ewes should be thin, some exceptionally thin, in order that they may raise the best lambs. Yet it has been demonstrated time and time again that the best feeders are the most successful in live stock circles. The breeder who doesn't feed his ewes well will wonder why his ewes did not drop a large number of twins, or why his ewes do not give a liberal flow of milk for the little lambs, while the good feeder and careful shepherd will be rejoicing over his large number of lambs and how strong th? y are and how they start right to growing. The sheep breeder has his choice of the above two circumstances and now is the time to commence for results. Feed the ewes well in the fall and get them well prepared for winter, and then when winter comes keep them right on going by feeding clover, fodder, oats and bran and whatever other strength-giving foods that are at hand, but it is always well to avoid feeding much corn to breeding sheep. Many of the best shepherds are careful to remove a majority of the corn from fodder given the flock. Corn tends to fatten, and it is not fat that is desired. The aim should be to keep the flock in perfect bloom, strong and full of vigor at all times. The good and judicious feeder always has a good demand for his surplus stock at good prices and most certainly receives good pay for his work and feed expended. There is a large reward awaiting the man who will produce EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 587 better sheep than have ever been produced, and, although it would be hard to reach that goal, the nearer you approach it the larger the profits. GESTATION TABLE. Farmers' Trihune. Here is a gestation table arranged for convenient farm use. The first column gives the date of service. The columns headed "mares," "cows," etc., give on the same line the date when the progeny may be expected from such service. For example: If the date of service of a mare is January 1 she will foal December 6. A cow served on the same date would calve October 10, and so on for ewes and sows. The table follows: Time of Service Marea 340 Days Cows 283 Days Ewes 150 Days Sows 112 Days Jan. 1 _«- Jan. 6 Jan. 11 Jan. 16 Jan. 21 Jan. 96 Jan. 31 Feb. 5 Feb. 10 Feb. 15 Feb. 20 Feb. 25 March 2 March 7 March 12 :. March 17 March 22 March 27 April 1 April 6 April U April 16 April 21 April 26 May 1 May S May U May 16 May 21 May 28 May a Tune 5 June 10 Tune 15 June 20 Tune 25 Tune 30 Tuly 5 Tuly 10 Tuly 15 July 30 July 25 July 30 -Vug. 4 Aug. 9 Aug. 14 Aug. 19 Aug. 24 Aug. 29 Sept. 3 Sept. 8 Sept. 13 Sept. IS Dec. 6 Dec. 11 Dec. 16 Dec. 21 Dec. 26 Dec. 31 Jau. 5 Jan. 10 Jan. 15 Jan. 20- Jan. 25 Jau. 30 Feb. 4 — Feb. 9 Feb. 14 Feb. 19 Feb. 24 March 1 March 6 March 11 March 16 March 21 March 26 March 31 April 5 April 10 April 15 April 20 April 25 April 30 May 5 May 10 May 15 May 20 May 25 May 30— - June 4 June 9 June 14 June 19 June 24., June 29 July 4 July 9 .Tuly 14 July 19 .Tuly 24 July 29 Aug. 3 Aug. 9 Aug. 13 Aug. 18 Aug. 23 Oct. 10 Oct. 15 Oct. 20 Oct. 25 Oct. 30. Nov. 4 Nov. 9 Nov. 14 Nov. 19 Nov. 24 Nov. 29 Dec. 4 Dec. 9 Dec. 14 Dec. 19 Dec. 24 Dec. 29 Jan. 3 Jau. 8 Jan. 13 .Tan. 18 Jan. 23 Jan. 28 Feb. 2 Feb. 7 Feb. 12 Feb. 17 Feb. 22 Feb. 27 March 4 March 9 March 14 March 19 March 24 March 29 April 3 April 8 .Vpril 13 April 18 April 23 April 28 May 3 May 8 May 1.3 May 18 Mav 23 May 28 June 2 June 7 June 12 .Tune 17 June 22 June 27 May June June June June June June July July July July July July Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. 30.- 4.. 9.. 14.- 19-- 24- 29-. 4.. 9.. IL- 19.. 24-. 29.. .3. 8. IS- IS. 2:?- 28- 2. 7- 12- 17. 22- 27. 2_. 7- 12-- 17.. 2a. . 27.- 1. 6. 11. 16. 21. 26. 1.. 6.. 11-. 16.. 21-- 23.. 31-- 5-- 10.. 15.. 20.- 25.. 30.- 4.. 9.- 14- April 22 April 27 May 2 May 7 May 13 May 17 May 23 May 27 June 1 June 6 June 11 June 16 June 21 June 26 July 1 July 6 July 11 July 16 .Tuly 21 July 26 July 31 Aug. 5 Aug. 10 Aug. 15 Aug. 20 Aug. 25 Aug. 30 Sept. 4 Sept. 9 Sept. 14 Sept. 19 Sept. 2t Sept. 29 Oct. 4 Oct. 9 Oct. 14 Oct. 19 Oct. 24 Oct. 29 Nov. 3 Nov. 8 Nov. 18 Nov. 18 Nov. 23 Nov. 28 Dec. 3 Dec. 8 Dec. 13 Dw. 18 Dec. 23 Dec. 28 Jan. 2 Jan. 7 588 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Tflmeiol Service Mares 340 Days Sept. 28'.— Sept. 28 Oct. 3 Oct. 8 Oct. 13 Oct. 18- Oct. 23 Oct. 28- Nov. 2 Nov. 7 Nov. 12 Nov. 17 Nov. 22 Nov. 28 Dec. 2 Dec. 7- Dec. 12 Dec. 17- Dec. 22 Dec. 27 Dec. 31-- - Aug. 28- Sept. 2- Sept. 7- Sept. 12. Sept. 17. Sept. 22- Sept. 27. Oct. 2- Oct. 7.. Oct. 13.. Oct. 17.. Oct. 32.. Oct. 27.. Nov. 1. Nov. 6. Nov. 11. Nov. 16. Nov. 21. Nov. 36- Dec. I.- Dec. 5.. Cows 283 Days Ewes 150 Days Sows 112 Days July 3.. July 7.. July 12.. July 17.. .Tuly 22.. .July 27.. Aug. 1-- Aug. 6.. Aug. 11-- Aug. 16.. Aug 21.. Aug. 26-. Aug. 31.. Sept. 5. Sept. 10. Sept. 15. Sept. 20- Sept. 25. Sept. 30. Oct. 5.. Oct. 9.- Peb. 19... Feb. 2t.-. March 1. March 6. March 11. March 16- March 21- March 26. March 31. April 5.. April 10.. April 15.. April 20.. April 25— April 30.. May 5... May 10... May 15... May 20... May 25-.. May 29... .Jan. 12 Jan. 17 Jan. 22 Jan. 27 Feb. 1 F'eb. 6 Feb. 11 Feb. 16 Feb. 21 Feb. 26 March 3 March 8 March 13 March 18 March 23 March 28 April 3 April 7 April 12 April 17 April 21 COST VS. VALUE OP A GOOD DAIRY SIRE. Wilbur J. Fraser, Chief of Dairy Husbandry, University of Illinois, in Wallaces' Farmer. A few poor cows may do little permanent harm to the dairy herd, but a poor sire will do untold damage. Frequently dairymen hold the penny so close to the eye it is impossible to see the dollar a little farther off, and this is just what a man is doing who has a good dairy herd of grade cows and thinks he is economizing by buying a poor or even common sire. If the good pure-bred sire improves the milking capacity of his daughters only one and one-half pounds of milk at a milking, above the production of their dams, this would mean an increase of 900 pounds of milk for the ten months or 300 days an ordinary cow should give milk. The daughter would also be a much more persistent milker; that is, would give milk for a longer time in the year, and she would regain her flow of milk better after an unavoidable shortage of feed as In a summer drouth. These daughters may certainly be credited with 1,000 pounds more milk per year than their dams produced. At the low estimate of $1 per 100 pounds this extra amount of milk would be worth $10 per year. The average cow is a good producer for at least six years, or until she is eight years old. It will on the average be four years after pur- chasing the sire before his first daughters will have brought in the first extra $10. Eight dollars and twenty-three cents kept at compound interest for these four years at 5 per cent will equal $10, so the daughter's improvement or increase of income the first year is worth $8.23 at the time her sire is purchased. The cash value of the daughter's improve- ment (inherited from the sire) figured in the same way for each of the six years she gives milk is shown in the following table: Improvement first year $ 8.23 Improvement second year 7.83 Improvement third year 7.46 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 589 Improvement fourth year 7.11 Improvement fifth year 6.77 Improvement sixth year 6.45 Improvement for six years $13. 8j The total increased income of a cow over her dam by having a good sire is therefore $43.85. In an ordinary dairy herd of thirty-five to forty cows an average of seventeen heifers per year should be obtained, and twelve of these should be worth raising, making it easily possible for a bull to earn twelve times $43.85, or $526 per year. This would amount to $1,578 in the three years that a bull is ordinarily kept in service. Cost of providing every heifer one good parent: Pure bred. Scrub. Cost of sire $150.00 | 30.00 Interest, three years, 5 per cent 22. lO 4.50 Cost of keeping three years 100.00 100. CO Risk, three years , 50.00 10.00 Total expense, three years $322.50 $144.50 Value at end of three years 100.00 30.00 $222.50 $1U.50 114.50 Extra cost good sire, three years $108.00 Extra cost good sire, one year aiS-OO Extra cost good sire, one daughter 3.00 Considering the male calves as worth no more than if sired by a scrub, it would then cost $36 to provide one good pure-bred parent for the twelve heifer calves which are raised each year, or $3 per heifer. Where else can such an investment be found? Thj'ee -dollars expended brings in an average return of over $7 per year for six years, or $43.85 in all. This makes a clear addition of $43.85 to the income of each daughter, or a net profit of $40.85 and of $1,470 for thirty-six daughters in the three years. Here is nearly 1,000 per cent profit on the investment. The original cost of the good sire looks very small beside the $1,470. It really pays, as nothing else on the farm pays, to put $150 into the right kind of a dairy sire that will return practically ten times $150 within three years. An examination of details will show these estimates to be conservative. There is plenty of margin left for failures and unfavorable conditions. One thousand pounds of milk per year is a conservative estimate of the improvement of the daughter's production to credit to a good sire, but the details of figuring it may be varied to suit conditions in different herds and different localities. One hundred and fifty dollars is certainly a liberal allowance for the purchase of a pure-bred sire, and results here named are based upon having a first-class animal at the head of a herd. A herd of only thirty-five or forty cows is taken for illustration, while a vigorous sire properly fed and exercised is sufficient for a herd of forty-five to fifty cows, providing he is not allowed to run with them. There is another distinct improvement of the good sire's daughter besides her milk production; it is the improvement of her b^cod or breeding, as the result of which her daughters will he better milk producers. This blood 590 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. impovement of all the daughters accumulated through a series of years means a remarkable increase in the efficiency of the herd. It is the common experience of all dairymen who have used a really good improved dairy sire that the investment has made them royal r(»turns. The $150 cost price looks "too big" only to the narrow vision that cannot see the natural improvement of the herd certain to follow. Many a dairyman might have reason to say that he cannot afford to pay a big price for a fine cow, but the same argument does not apply at all to the purchase of an improved bull, because the sire's influence spreads so much farther and faster than that of the cow. If the heifer calves are to be raised for dairy cows there is absolutely no business or reason on earth for keeping a scrub bull. The dairymen who think there is pay a heavy price annually for maintaining that tradi- tion. The scrub bull is the most expensive and extravagant piece of cattle flesh on any farm. He does not stop at being merely worthless, but will lose the farmer the price of two or three good bulls every year he is kept. The dairyman could not afford to keep a scrub bull if the animal were given to him, if he were paid for boarding the beast and given a premium of $100 per year for using him. The presence of the scrub sire in so many Illinois herds — many times without a single qualification except that he is a male — is an offense and disgrace to the dairy business and a plain advertisement of the dairyman's thoughtless bid for failure. The only thing on earth the scrub sire is good for is sausage, and it is high time that this plain and simple truth was given practical acceptance on every dairy farm. By all means get a good dairy sire, if you have to sell two or three cows to do it. The improved sire is without question the most economical investment in any dairy herd. THE GENERAL PURPOSE COW. C. B. Enowles, La Porte City, Iowa, before Black Hawk County Farmers' Institute. In approaching a subject like this, "Which is the better for the farmers of this community to breed, the general purpose or the dairy breed of cattle?" one is bound to try to generalize the conditions surrounding the average herd of cattle and their respective owners, all the while contem- plating what is or should be the most profitable purpose for which these cattle are raised and kept. In looking the ground over and reviewing the cow history of this section we find that the larger droves of the past were a very indifferent class indeed of native or "scrub" cattle, as they were termed at times. They were raised mostly for beef, with just enough milking done to supply the table with those things of which milk, butter and cream were the component parts and inspire the barefoot boy with cheeks of tan with a mad desire to enlist or go to sea or some other equally safe and congenial place where the sloppy surroundings of the cow-shed were conspicuous by their absence. And if there is any one thing about the farm that is calculated to make a boy want to turn pirate EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 591 it is manipulating tlie mammary glands of a refractory female bovine by the light of the pale moon or a vile smelling lantern under the conditions that used to prevail in this section. Entering into the proposition in the first place was the cow of uncertain lineage who gave at best but a portion of the mess required today. This creature, whose breeding was mainly just "cow," was not exactly a thing of beauty and a joy forever in all ways, but she got there just the same in many and was really the general purpose cow in the widest sense, for did she not provide us both beef and milk for our inner man, leather and tallow to shoe us and lighten our ways; but also was she not the mother of the ox whose very name furnished our early pedagogues such an excellent word with which to start us on the sea of knowledge? I believe that the word cat is used since oxen have gone out of fashion. And what could we have done without that self-same ox wherewith to scratch these wide, expansive prairies of Iowa and tickle the face of Mother Earth until she laughed with ever-Increasing bountiful harvests and got into the Iowa habit of bumper crops that are renowned the world over? All honor to the cow of our daddies; she was a diligent, faithful, dear old creature in many ways, and filled her place nobly, raising descendants who have in many instances been worthy of their breeding, lining their owners' pockets while helping to lift mortgages, clothe children, enlarge farms, pay preachers and provide for old age and dependent relatives. A glance back down the vista of vanished years, searching for past experiences that will guide us in our search for the ideal cow of the future, reveals the fact that conditions have changed so that we must of necessity have something different from the critter who very properly was the mother of a sturdy race of work-oxen and furnished the table with cow delicacies. With very little and poor shelter, ofttimes tethered to the lee side of a threadbare haystack in winter and running at large in summer — and when we say running you may take it literally, for didn't old Tige or Rover, as the case may be, stimulate their lagging tendencies in the Junetime of that summer long ago as they were driven up from the woods or dogged out of the corn upon occasions when they had crawled the wormiest kind of a worm fence? What would you expect such a condition of things to produce in the way of a milk cow? A good one? Not on your life. Imagine one of our placid demeanored cows of today, with the generous milk veins and pendant udder, racing and tearing over stumps and stones, across half-cleared patches, swimming creeks and wallowing through mud to the merry tune of some savage biting cur who was apt to deprive such as he was able to outrun of their sole defense from the attacks of flies, gnats and mosquitoes, leaving only a stump whose frequently resounding thwack on the cranium of her milker was the only protest she was able to offer for such curtailing. Would such treatment improve her disposition or milk-giving qualities, think you? No! But in the past the creature that was able to withstand such strenuous shocks served many and eflBcient purposes in the economy of the community. But today conditions have changed and are so different, land values are so much higher, range even in the extreme west is so reduced and everything so specialized in all lines of business that to 592 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. succeed as the general manager of a bunch of cows one must study the actual conditions surrounding them in detail and select a breed which will produce what he finds will be the most in demand and consequently the most profitable. In this community there seems to be a steady demand for both beef and butter, and I suspect that like conditions prevail in most farm districts that are in easy reach of creameries and centers of population and the production of both is not only profitable but necessary. We have now reached the dividing of the ways and upon admitting that there is a place for both the beef and dairy types here the only question remaining for us to answer is if both are to be secured from one breed, as the little Devon or Brown Swiss, or perhaps some milking strain of some beef breed, or shall the milk producer keep the special dairy cow, as the Jersey, Guernsey, Holstein or Ayrshire, and allow his neighbor who grows some beef to keep the large, fine-looking beef breeds, all the while smiling at the delicate, modest herds of high-strung fawn-like creatures whose palling qualities are their main recommendation to consideration and referring to their owners as men who haven't money enough to buy cows and are ashamed to milk goats. On large farms, where considerable quantities of feed are produced or can be bought cheap, where forage is abundant and whose owners coft- template fattening many steers, thus converting this cheap feed into beef, it is perhaps better to raise the dual purpose cow, but if beef is to be the only end why not cleave to one of the many excellent beef breeds with which we are so well supplied? In the case just spoken of don't try the Jersey, as she might have calves, and the calves might be steer calves; which I find for some strange reason to be 'persona non grata" in the feed lot. I remember hearing a pillar of respectability offer a Jersey heifer's calf for $2 and upon the transfer taking place the purchaser raised his voice in lamentation when he found that he was the possessor of a Jersey steer. He was promptly informed that he had been told in the first place that it was a Jersey heifer's calf and that the question of sex had not been referred to. On the other hand, the small farmer who milks cows as a business and is not prepared to give steers the whole course from the cradle to the grave had better keep an exclusive dairy breed and try to sell his steer calves to the folks across the river or any one who thinks he can produce beef from them at a profit. He will find his little cow as big in the bucket as the biggest beef bred animal if not more so, weight considered; and certainly more profitable for milk as she has a far smaller body to be carried over the dry seasons, and the periods of drouth are apt to be shorter and less often. Gov. Hoard whose utter- ances have ever been "cow gospel to the dairy man," is authority for the statement that somewhere near 60 per cent to 65 per cent of the feed consumed must, under the best of conditions, go to the keeping up of the repair of the bodily tissues of the cow and the milk must be made from the remaining 35 per cent to 40 per cent. It follows that with the lighter dairy cow there is less feed needed to maintain the animal itself, while with the highly specialized milk producing apparatus and shorter period of vacation it produces in the whole year a quantity of EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 593 milk far in excess of the beef bred cow from wherever she comes when weights of cows are compared. Many of our leading agriculturists who have for years advocated the dual purpose cow are abandoning their positions on the subject and have given up in despair the breeding of cows combining both character- istics. Witness the lamentable collapse of the Red Poll boom which has proven a very indifferent beef as well as milk animal. It is so often found that where both these opposite tendencies are at work in the same breed that it is almost impossible to be sure that the heifer shall be a good milker and the steer shall be a good beef animal. The results seem to be very uncertain and more than one farmer has imparted to me in confidence that though he has always kept his best milkers for breeding purposes, somehow it seemed as though his heifers never would quite come up to the standard of the old cows. I have in mind as I speak one who to my knowledge had several excellent milkers, some ten years ago, the descendants of which today on his place are very indifferent in milk producers. But after all has been said the blooded beef bred cow that is milked some has a place and quite an important one as the matron of and the instructor in primary methods to her vast family that produces the steers required to furnish our cuisine with the juicy roasts and savory steaks, soups and stews that seem to be ever in more demand as the bonds of the Anglo-American alliance tighten. She belongs where land is cheap and forage abundant and where some way of harvesting the rich succulent grasses of the plains and producing from them a product in a condensed and convenient form for shipment to a distant market is essential. But as the value of land rises we will gradually drift into more dairy- ing with better dairy methods. On high priced land it seems almost impossible to keep up the fertility of the soil and produce sufficient to pay taxes and interest on the money invested without milking cows. But regardless of the breed the farmer of the future will have to know just what each cow is doing for her country and weed out all drones. He will have learned that proper milk producing feed in sufficient quantities, correctly balanced, is essential to produce a profitable in- crease over just living in which all the feed given is thrown away. His methods of feeding and caring for cows will be vastly in advance of ours and he will use the scale and weigh sheet at each milking of each cow. Frequent tests of the cream content and actual butter pos- sible to produce from each cow's milk will be made. When the question of severing connection with one of these faithful, well kept cows is taken up her past record will be gone over in detail and if it is one at which she can point with pride perhaps it may lengthen her term of office as one of our milk producers. This is said to be one of the secrets of the success in breeding dairy cows on the island of Jersey, where about ten thousand cattle are kept on the island of only about ten thousand acres extent. They are ever selling their best and producing still better. 38 594 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF 'AGRICULTURE. I have sometimes thought that perhaps part of the hustle to maturity on the part of the Jersey calf was ifs effort to get big soon to avoid its early diet as soon as possible. It seems that cod-liver oil forms quite a part of its early food on its native heath. This may account in part for the scarcity of consumption among Jersey cattle. BUILDING UP A DAIRY HERD. From Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. ISl/. By Mr. Eclivard Van Alstyne, Denmark, N. Y. I want to talk to you in a very practical way, to, I presume, a com- pany of very practical men. I suppose the aim of this address is that we may obtain a more profitable cow in our dairy. And in what I have to say to-day, as well as to-morrow, I wish you to understand that it is not to the wealthy man, the man with unlimited means at his command to purchase the very best that money can buy, that I am talking; he is not the man that I have in view at all; he is a very popular factor in society, but the man whose every wish is obtainable is not the man that I have in sight. It is the ordinary man, like myself. I say this because I think it will be best for us to clearly understand one another. I think that we to-day want a better dairy cow than ever before. I say that, because I fear that in many instances the farmer is keeping his cows with but little profit. What is the profit on the dairy cow? Is it that she simply pays for he keep, and makes a minimum of profit? That is not going to pay off the mortgage, and clothe the children, on the farm. The first thing we expect of a cow is that she will pay interest on the money invested in her. If we take three or five hundred dollars to the savings bank, we get three and one-half per cent interest, without the trouble of working for it. If we put it out at interest, we get from five to six per cent; as you increase the risk, you increase the interest. When we Invest it in a cow, three and one-half per cent is not enough, nor five, nor six per cent, because we are not sure that we can get it back when we want it. I find that in a herd of twenty-five cows it is necessary to replace at least five each year to keep the herd in good condition. Some of them may go barren, and some of them may lose part of the udder, one may die. So I figure that on the money invested in the dairy cow, I should have at least ten per cent to equal the interest on the same amount of money invested elsewhere. So if we pay fifty dollars for a cow we should have at least five dollars profit on her. The next practical thought is her feed. As I said before, she should pay for her keep before we begin to make any profit on her. And the labor; what does it cost to milk her three hundred days in the year, Sundays and holidays included? At least ten dollars more on that. So I figure that I must have at least ten dollars over and above the cost of her feed, and the interest on the money invested in her, be- fore I begin to make money on her. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 595 Now, we have to have a better dairy cow, and I am very sure that it is not of any particular breed. A man starts out thinking he is going to make money right out of this particular breed, or that one. Now, let me say that each particular breed have their use for special purposes. I want to make myself clear on this point, because you may infer from what I say later on, that I am not a believer in pure bred cattle for the ordinary man. Yet I am a most firm believer. I believe firmly that all the best things we have in our dairy herd today are the result of careful breeding. We will take the superb Holstein, which for two thou- sand years has been bred in Freisland, Holland, where she is given a large amount of rather bulky feed, with a view to producing large quan- tities of milk, without reference to quality, and in which purpose they have succeeded. The Holstein will produce a quart of milk — regardless of its interest — on the feed given her cheaper than any other cow. Then we will take the Jerseys and Guernseys, bred on the rocky Channel Islands, milk high in fat and other solids and yellow, more scant in quantity than is that of the Holstein. They have not been bred so much to produce a large quantity of milk, as to produce one high in fat with a large globule, easily churned when made into butter. They have succeeded in that as the Holstein breeders have succeeded in their object. The Channel Island cattle produce a pound of butter cheaper than any other cows on earth. Not only because she produces butter cheaper, but because she produces a better butter. That is where many have fallen down. At the Buffalo exposition it cost for food, for the Holstein cattle to make a pound of butter, about twelve cents. The Channel Island cattle, butter for food costs about nine cents. You can't improve on the cream or butter of the Channel Island cattle, be- cause they are bred for that purpose. I will illustrate this: Those of you who were at the Exposition will remember that we had a small dairy-room that was often at a temperature of seventy degrees. On those hot day we took the ci'eam from any other breed than the Channel Island cattle, and churned it at sixty degrees, we had grease pure and simple. We had to take such cream and reduce it to a temperature of forty, and then churn it for two hours, before we had butter, and then we often had to set the butter away for twenty-four hours before it was hard enough to print. We could take cream from the Channel Island cattle, churn it at between fifty and sixty, take it out of the churn and print it and set it up on the form no matter what the tem- perature. Therefore I say that the Holstein is not the cow for the man who wants to make butter for the market. The man who wants rich milk or who wants to make butter is a very foolish man if he attempts to make it from any other breed than those bred for that pur- pose. But there is a cow between the two, the Ayrshire, from Ayr, in Scotland, where they have not so much feed to give her, and she has had to hustle for her living. She gives a large supply of milk, with about four per cent fat. For the man who wants a good milk, and fair quality, where the feed supply is not abundant the Ayrshire is the cow. Again, the man who wants to make beef is very foolish if he attempts to make it from any other breed than those bred for that purpose, such as the Short-horns or Hereford. You see I am not a believer in the dual pur- 596 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. pose cow. You say you want a cow on which you can make a little on the milk, a little on the butter, and a little on the carcass, but you can't do that and not lose in every respect. I will take for illustration, the Holstein, the extreme dairy breed, and the Hereford or Short-horn, the extreme beef bred. We will put both on the market, both equally well fed, and weighing the same, and the Hereford will bring from one-half cent to one cent per pound more than the other. Why? Because the Hol- stein is developed in the lower portion of the body and the other up where the cuts are worth the least, in the back and loins. Again, the man who attempts to use the beef cow in the dairy, is as foolish as the man who would hunt birds with a bull dog. Get cows of the type that will fit your needs. "I thought," you will say, "you said you were going to talk to the average farmer, and now you tell us to go to an importer and buy our stock." Yes, if you have plenty of money which most of us haven't. We have come to the point where most of us realize that we must have a better dairy cow, and that a cow that has been bred for a particular purpose. What shall we do? We go to a man who has good pure bred cows for sale, and select some that we think will answer our purpose and find that they will cost from one hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars each, and we can't afford to take them. The animals are worth it, but we simply can't afford to pay the price. What then? We have our heads set on pure bred stock, and we go down the line until we find something that fits our pocketbook, and we say "these are pure bred?" And they answer "Oh, yes." "They are registered?" "Oh, yes." And we buy them, and take home the man's culls. He wouldn't have sold them at that price if they had not been culls. I repeat that these animals have been bred for the particular pur- pose for wjiich we want them. When we have made up our minds we want a large supply of milk, and have plenty of feed, then we take the Holstein; if butter, then we take the Channel Island cattle; if better milk, and hilly pastures, then we take the Ayrshire, and if moat, then we take the Hereford or Short-horn. A good cow is cheaper at sixty dollars than a poor one is at ten. I am going to describe the requirements of a good cow a little later. With the best grade of the particular type desired, we will get a bull of the breed we want. Let me emphasize the importance of a good bull. The importance of pure breed, I don't think we emphasize that as we should. When we consider the breeding of animals, the strain of the sire should be very carefully noted. Why, gentlemen, what is a pure bred animal? It is simply one that has been bred in a certain line so long that the type has become fixed. There is always a tendency to go back to the characteristics of the ancestors, and the better these characteristics and the longer they have been bred, the nearer we get to the animals we want, and the more certain we are of producing the tendencies of that line. The more we breed, indiscriminately, the more likely we are to go back to the original ten- dencies. To illustrate this, let us take the human family, and go right back to the Jew. Since the days when Abraham went out from Ur of Chaklea and went whither he knew not, down through the centuries, there has been the Jew, and to-day when for more than two thousand years he has had no country, he is as separate and distinct as he was EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 597 four thousand years ago in Palestine. You can pick him out to-day by his facial characteristics, and by the same characteristics which Jacob exhibited when he entered into that cattle deal with Laban, and in Jos- eph, when he got up that coi'ner in grain. Scan their names and you will find them foremost in finance, in music^ in trade and in politics. They are masters of whatever they undertake. Why does the Jew suc- ceed in spite of the persecutions he has endured? Because he is smarter than the other fellow. It is just this: The marriage of Jew with Jew, the breeding of the racial characteristics, until we know to a certainty when we see a Jewish family, that the child is going to be the same Jew that his parents are. And this is the way our type of domestic animals is fixed. You will buy a sire of the best breed. I believe it is more necessary for me to have a good sire in my herd of grades, with his breeding capacity proven, than it is for my neighbor, who is breeding pure breeds entirely. He has the pure blood in his cows. You get a grade sire, the descendant of pure blood on one side and of anything on the other; you breed him with a good cow, and you say he will reproduce the traits of his pure breeding; how do you know this? There is always a tendency to go back to the traits of the ancestors, but how do you know that he will not produce the bad traits, instead of the good ones? He is just as likely to do so. Then comes the cross-bred, the result of breeding two pure breeds to- gether. For instance, I will take a Holstein that gives plenty of milk, but it is not rich, and I will breed him with a Jersey who has plenty of richness but not so much milk, and then I will have the excellencies of the two? What is the result? I get the quantity of the Jersey and the richness of the Holstein. It is the old story of avatism, the going back to the original tendencies of the ancestors. Darwin in his "Origin of Species" claimed this, and made the statement that all breeds of pigeons could be traced back to the old Blue Mediterranean pigeon. To prove it, he crosed the Pouter and the Fan Tail and what did he get but the blue tail feathers of the Mediterranean pigeon. We see the same thing in our cross-breeding. When we bring together two pure breeds, we increase, for some unknown reason, the tendency to get the bad qualities of both lines. I can bring this right down to you. It is not the simon pure negro that causes the most trouble; it is the mulatto, who de- velopes the worst traits of both his black and white ancestors. We have the same thing in the Indian. Up in New York, we have not many Indians, but we still have a few, who are a conglomeration of the old Six Nations mixed with whites, combining the evil traits of the white blood in them, with the same traits of their red blood. They are the laziest and most shiftless beings on earth. They won't work if the can beg or steal. I could not help, at the Exposition, but compare them with the real simon pure Indian of the plains. You know they had an Indian village there. These were dignified, a fine type of pure breeding, the other, the evil product of the two races. Perhaps I am spending too much time on this, but I realize the importance of it. We had first the grade sire, then the cross-bred sire, but what we want is a pure sire. So we get one, and use him with the herd, and if his 598 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. calves are what they should be, and he proves to be a good animal, we will keep him just so long as he is serviceable. There is more deterioration to be laid to the yearling than from most any other cause. "We want the strength and stamina of fully matured ancestors. I prefer to have a bull eight or nine years old; I never know just what he is going to do until he is four years old. I sacrificed one of the best bulls that I ever had when he was three years old, and never knew it until his daughters came to milk. So I have learned to keep my sires just as long as they are serviceable. With grades, I would use a bull with his daughters. You will say this is incestuous breeding. That is true, but when we bring these two lines of blood together we get three-quarters of the line-blood that we want. If there are no weaknesses in either sire or dam there will be little to fear from such a course. And when we buy again, buy a bull that is bred along that line. That is where many a farmer makes a fearful mistake; he would like a little more size, so he takes another breed to get it; he would like a little more butter, so he goes to the Jerseys to get it, and perhaps he would like a little more beef, so he goes to the Hereford to get it. He is like the woodchoppers; they were Canucks, their work was cold, and they gen- erally wanted a little something to warm them up. On one occasion they tried to tell the landlord at the tavern what they wanted; they didn't know the name, so the Canuck said: "You take a little whiskey to make it strong, and a little water to make it weak; a little lemon to make it sour, and a little sugar to make it sweet." "Oh," said the land- lord, "that is a flip." An so it is with our farmer. You get a little Holstein for the milk, and a little Jersey for the cream, and a little Short-horn for the beef, and you have a "flip" every time, and if I want to see poor cattle, I will go to the place where they have followed this course. When I went into breeding, I raised all my heifer calves. But there was something wrong; I didn't get results; so I said "I will have to be more careful," and I selected them only from the best cows, and I got nearer what I wanted, but I still drew a good many blanks, until I began to examine the calves themselves. Now it is a fact that a good many heifer calves fail to be as good as their dams. Do you ever think how much we ask of the dairy cow? We ask her in twelve months to support herself, to reproduce herself, and give us an amount of milk often equal to the weight of her body. Now I have begun to examine my calves, and if I flnd a calf that is weak, and aenemic, I don't try to raise it, and this you can tell by looking at the calf. Open its mouth and look at its teeth, and if you find only four of the milk teeth, that calf is not worth raising. Why? That mother had too much of a strain on her, and she was not able to put strength and stamina into the calf she was raising. I have raised some of these calves, and they have always been a disappointment. Then I examined the naval, and the teats; one of the tests of a good udder is to have the teats placed right. This fall I was a judge at a fair up in my state, and man brought in a heifer. She v.as a fine Jersey, and I thought "that is the prize winner, sure," until I examined her udder and found two of the teats joined together. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IX. 599 I asked him why he raised her, and he said he never looked at that; he had never seen it. Now, when a calf passes muster, then we keep it, but do not forget that their value as cows will depend largely upon their treatment for the first two years. They must be well cared for. After the first few months it is better to turn them out and let them work a little for their feed; it helps to develop them. They should have a large stomach, for it shows great storage capacity, even if it makes them appear pot-bellied. They must have a place where to carry the feed. I was at Moorestown, New Jersey, last winter, to see a herd of cattle that were large producers. I saw nothing abnormal about the cows ex- cept that they all seemed unusually large, and that many of the two- year-old heifers were larger than those two and a half and three years old as usually seen of that breed. I could not understand it until they told me that they fed those calves on milk until the were a year old. Now, then, we have selected our stock, and are breeding along that line year after year. We have found what we want, and we will go on breeding along that line, and in ten or twelve years we will have a herd that is nearly equal to pure bred. They are really pure bred, only they can't be registered. When we are adding to our stock we will get In one or two good pure bred females, and at the end of ten or twelve years we will have a herd of fine, pure bred stock, and when we come to sell them we can get better prices for them. Now, all good cows have certain points. What are they? To show them I have had the picture made. It is a very fair picture of a good grade cow I had. First, let us see the characteristics of the cow of way back. Now, the cow that Adam had after he left horticulture, was not much of a cow. What was she? Well, she was fitted for her work. She had to live out in the jungle, and fight for her existence with the wild beasts, and it was a case of the survival of the fittest. She had to fight her way through the heavy brush and overhanging trees. Let us see her characteristics: A small barrel, for she had only what food she found closed ribbed for protection; a small udder; a short neck and heavy horns, characteristic of the fighter. We should call that a very sorry cow, but she was probably the best suited to the times and her environment. Now, as to the points of the good cow: We cannot fail to be impressed by her girth through here (the body), by the large nostril, and bright eye. The animal that has a prominent and snappy bright eye is the one that is likely to have a good consti- tution. The large wide nostril means a good pair of lungs; and a heart that is doing its duty. Then we have the thin head, with light horn, and prominent pointed shoulder; the sharp, not flat back, widespread at the haunch, to insure easy delivery of the calf; ribs well set; high pelvic arch, long tail. What has the tail to do with It? Only this, that tail Is the extension of the spinal column, and a long tall Indicates a strong nerve force. We can just as well breed good udders and easy milkers as the con- trary. I have to-day descendants of the fourth generation of easy milking cow, and they have all more or less of her tendencies. Then I 600 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. have two or three heifers descended from a cow that was not an easy milker, and I don't raise any more of them. Life is too short. Then comes a large, crooked, milk vein. Some people are rather inclined to ridicule that, but I have found it a good test. It shows the flow of blood from the udder to the heart. Now, when there is not much milk, there is not much blood there. What I lay most stress on is the hole in the end of it; if the hole is large, it indicates that it is built to carry plenty of blood. We will probably find this larger on the left side than on the right. These are always things that are present in a good dairy cow, and they are characteristic of a good dairy cow. We find the same characteristics in the sire. I want the head and neck to be thin. I want him to have the same arched spine, and the same contour here as in the cow, and I want to find four good, rudimentary teats in the sire, which are well placed. I lay great stress on their being placed, because the sire reproduces himself, and you will find four times out of five that the teats of the heifer are much the same as the rudimentary teats of the sire. Then I like to see a good milk vein. Then I take the loose skin at the flank and stretch it; if it stretches out long an flexible, it is a good indi- cation of the udder on his heifers. I was judging at a fair up in Washington County, my state, and there was a farmer there who was in the habit of carrying off the prizes each year, and I gave him a premium for one or two of his cows, but none for his heifers, and none for his sire. He came to me and said, "I wish you would tell me why you turned down my bull and my heifers," well, we brought out the bull; I could not find in him any of the rudimentary lines. He said he never knew of the existence of anything like that. Then we looked at the heif- ers; not one of them had an udder bigger than a sheep, and he said he was disappointed in them, but didn't know the reason. He didn't take offense at being turned down, but declared his intention of trying to breed along the lines I had pointed out to him. In this case, the sire simply reproduced himself. I want a good bull with good ancestry; the best I can get; but when we get to a place where we must choose between a bull with a good registered ancestry of performances and is not himself a good specimen, and one who is a good individual, I would rather have a bull that has the record of performance every time than the one with no known ancestry, but a good individual. Keep a record of his milk strain and breed from that. Give me a bull with an ancestry of producers, and he will produce himself in his descendants. Given these things, I know we can develop a herd of better quality and better producers than we can in any other way. The Chairman — We might devote a few minutes to the discussion of Mr. "Van Alstyne's address. Mr. Rodgers — What effect would it have on the cream where a farmer keeps one-half Holstein and one-half Jersey cows? Would it churn together properly? Mr. Van Alstyne — Yes; there would not be so much loss if separated by machine. Of course, we know that cream passes in the separator as rapidly as the gravity allows", and the butter globules would not be mixed EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 601 with those of the Jersey, and it would not turn out quite so rich. And there is another point: what mal-ces a good ration for the Holstein will not malve a good ration for the Jersey. So I would rather have them one grade. Now, a man may have to keep a Holstein and a Jersey if he sells the milk, to make it a little rich. I have heard people say that the butter of the Holstein was of excellent flavor, while that of the Jersey was not so ideally flavored. That is not so at all. It is due to the feed and to the manipulation of the cream. Mr. McCrcary — A yellow skin on the animal, would that count in its favor? Mr. Van Alstyne — A yellow skin on a Holstein, as well as on any other animal, will be a good indication that there is some butter fat there, but it is not always a sure indication. Now, for instance, the Guernsey cream is more highly colored than that of the Jersey, yet the Jersey has the richer skin, but has not, consequently, the richer cream. A better way, I have found, is to turn back the ears and if they are oily, and to look again at the shoulder, and again at the end of the tail, and if you find there an oily substance the milk will be pretty sure to be rich in butter fat. The Chairman — Do you consider the Ayrshire a good dairy cow? Mr. Van Alstyne — Yes; I do. When a man wants a cream of 4 i/^ per cent or a little better, present, I believe that the Ayrshire is better for that purpose than any other, but it seems to me that she is not as highly appreciated as she should be. I suppose the reason for that is that she has been a good cow and they have been satisfied to keep her and not attempt to put her to the front. Mr. Herr — Is it not one objection to the Ayrshire that her teats are very slender, making her hard to milk? Mr. Yan Alstyne — Well, yes; the Ayrshire in Scotland is milked by the women, and time is not valued, so that the teats are very slender, but in the last ten years her teats have been very much improved. Mr. Snavely — Is not the Ayrshire coming to the front during the last few years? Mr. Van Alstyne — I want to say this; and I don't want anyone to think that I am opposed to the Holstein, because I think the Holstein is the best cow in the country today, but I have seen a good many indications in our country, where they make cheese to a large extent, that would seem to show that the Holstein is taking second place. I should be sorry to see it, but just as sure as he sun rises tomorrow morning, in a few years you will see the Ayrshire displacing the Holstein in our country. Mr. Chubbiick — How about the Brown Swiss? She is a good cow, and some of my friends here are perhaps aware of it; she gives as much milk as the Holstein, and nearly as rich as the Jersey, and has a heavy carcass. I don't believe in going abroad when you have your choice of the best at home. TESTING CATTLE WITH TUBERCULIN. Breeder.^' Gazette. Any intelligent person can test cattle- with tuberculin after receiving the necessary instructions, but it requires a considerable degree of skill 602 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and some experience properly to determine the presence or absence of the disease. If you cannot command the services of a graduate veterinarian to do the work you should not hesitate to do it yourself, and to that end the following instructions will be found useful: In the first place, the quality of the tuberculin to be used is all- important, and there is much distressing evidence to show that commercial tuberculin is not always reliable, but frequently fails to detect the presence of the disease, and owing to this cause the disease has for years spread gradually in many a fine herd, whereas by use of govern- ment tuberculin its presence might have been instantly detected and the plague promptly stamped out. The tuberculin should be fresh as well as reliable, and then should be used intelligently. If old it may be inert or weak and so prove useless as a detecting agent; if used unintelligently it may fail to detect the disease or apparently detect it when really absent. Tuberculin acts by causing a marked, gradual increase in the tem- perature of the tuberculous cow tested, and after attaining the maximum the temperature as gradually falls. A very sudden rise and a fall that is sudden, each within a short period of time, scarcely can be considered perfectly indicative of tuberculosis. Before accepting such spasmodic increases as indicative of the disease all circumstances and conditions affecting the animal at the time should be carefully taken into account, and it is in this phase of the work that experience and special skill are most required. For the work of testing one requires, in addition to the supply of reliable tuberculin, a strong clinical thermometer, several short, sharp hollow needles of comparatively large calibre and a strong graduated hypodermic syringe. All of these may be purchased from any dealer in veterinary instruments. Before commencing the test the cows should be accustomed to the stable, if they have been running out of doors, and should have quited down and become accustomed to their new quarters if shipped in from a distance. It is best not to test cattle in hot weather, as their temperature is very easily affected by heat and indeed by all marked extraneous, internal and incidental influences such as change of food, fright, drinking of cold water, change of milkers, coming in heat, nearing calving time or effects of calving or retention of afterbirth. It is well, therefore, not to test a cow that is in any way sick, in heat, nearing calving, just calved, retaining her afterbirth, affected with garget or greatly excited and, therefore, showing an abnormally high temperature from any cause or one of those mentioned. When all is in readines for the test preliminary temperatures of each cow should be taken by inserting the thermometer in the rectum for not less than five minutes. The mercury in the thermometer is first to be shaken down to 100 Fahr. and on removal the column is to be carefully read and the reading set down on a card or paper opposite the cow's name. The first temperature is to be taken before 8 o'clock a. m., the second at noon and the third at 6 p. m. or thereabouts, and these three temperatures show the average normal temperature of the cow before injection of the tuberculin. No cow that shows a temperature of EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 603 103 Fahr. should be tested with tuberculin, as this temperature taay be considered indicative of some disturbed condition of the body which will interfere with testing and possibly lead to wrong deductions from the test. Having set down the three preliminary temperature readings to determine the normal temperature before testing, the tuberculin is to be injected at 9 or 10 p. m. of the same day. The customary dose of tuberculin is two cubic centimeters, or half a cubic centimeter for each 500 pounds of live weight. It is well to increase the dose for heavy cattle in the ratio indicated, a ton bull taking four cubic centimeters but no animal (adult) taking less than two cubic centi- meters. It also is a good plan to give all suspicious appearing animals an extra large dose, as it is a well proved fact that the more infection from tuberculosis there is in an animal the less may be the reaction or rise in temperature following the use of tuberculin. Indeed an animal may be so thoroughly impregnated with the bacilli of the disease that tuberculin has no effect, but in all such cases the experienced veterinarian should be able confidently to determine the presence of the disease by physical examination. The method of injection is simply to insert the hollow needle in the thin skin of the animal's neck or back of the shoulder; then, making sure that the point of the needle is free from the tissues underlying the skin, slowly inject the tuberculin. The needle, syringe and skin should be perfectly cleansed before operating. Next day, commencing at 6 o'clock, the temperature of each cow should be taken every two hours and set down on the chart opposite the pre- liminary temperatures of the previous day. The cows need not be fed or watered until all of the necessary temperatures have been taken, but they should have been fully fed and watered just before or after the injection of tuberculin the night before, and some practitioners believe in allowing a little feed and a swallow or two of water after taking the first morning temperature. The cows are to be kept in the stable until the test is complete. If a cow's temperature the next morning after injecting tuberculin is found to have risen one and one-half degrees above the normal tem- perature of the previous day, to have stayed up for some time and then gradually declined to the normal temperature, she is to be considered "suspicious" and should be held for a retest in three months. If a cow's temperature rises two or more degrees above normal in the same manner as that just indicated she is to be considered tuberculous and dealt with accordingly, but unless she is physically affected or has tubercular hardening of the udder she should be isolated and tested again in three months. Only those animals which react decidedly and at the same time are quite evidently diseased should be slaughtered or shipped to the city for slaughter under government inspection, but all reacting cattle should be kept separate from the well cattle and their milk should not be used for man, beast or poultry. Reliable tuberculin affords us a safe and fairly certain means of detecting the presence of the disease and there is already considerable data to prove that the new method of inocculating against tuberculosis as proposed by VonBehring is a success. 604 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUILDINGS, SHEDS AND YARDS FOR POULTRY. By W. J. Kennedy. Ames, Iowa, in Iowa State Register and Farmer. Poultry, like other classes of live stock on the farm, requires suitable protection if we are to look for the greatest gains from our flock. The many different forms of houses — to suit the fancier, specialist and farmer ■where only a few fowls comparatively are kept — though differing some- what in size, design, materials used, convenience and cost, must be in the main constructed upon the same general principles if the greatest success in the end is attained. Successful results have been achieved in, so many different kinds of houses that it would be impossible in this article to describe them, so we shall content ourselves with the outline of a few of the principles that prevail in all well-managed poultry houses. In the first place, all are agreed that a poultry house should stand on high, dry ground — preferably a gravelly or sandy knoll, as such locations easily drain themselves. If such are not to be had, then the scraper should be used to make a slightly elevated spot on which to build. If advantage can be taken of a windbreak or a location behind other build- ings, so as to protect it from the cold north and west winds, all the better. Successful poultry raising so far as housing is concerned makes the following demands: That there be furnished a large amount of room, light, warmth, pure air, dryness, freedom from draughts, roosts, nests, comfort and cleanliness. The sheds, if such are provided, and the yards should furnish ample space for exercise. Room. — Fowls should not be crowded nor Is it wise to keep them in very large flocks — much success has been achieved where only 15 to 25 hens were kept in a bunch while success has attended also the bunching of from 60 to 70. It is safer to deal in the smaller numbers, as one is less apt to experience the losses that sometimes result from housing in the larger flocks. If but one room is provided, each fowl should have from 10 to 15 square feet of floor space. If roosting and scratching pens are in separate apartments each fowl should have 5 to 6 square feet of floor space in the roosting pen and 10 to 12 in the scratching pen. Provide a roosting space of 7 to 8 inches for the smaller Mediterranean fowls, such as the Leghorns, 8 to 10 for Rocks and Wyandottes, and 10 to 12 for the larger Asiatic breeds — the Brahmas and Cochins. In the yard in summer from 100 to 150 square feet of grass should be allotted each fowl. Light.— Sunlight purifies the floors, roosts and drop boards and helps to keep the fowls in a vigorous, healthy condition. In order to make provision for a large admission of sunlight at least one-third of the south and east sides should be glass. The windows, if placed high up, will allow the winter sun to do its most effective work in shining into the remotest corners of the house. In some cases windows are placed in the roof of the scratching pens. Warmth. — The roosting apartment must be warm and comfortable for the fowls while at rest. In order to make the roosting apartment warm EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 605 a small part may be curtained off from the rest of the house so that the heat from the fowls' bodies will warm it sufficiently. The scratching or exercising part should be light and cool, but free from draughts. Pure Air. — Ventilation must be secured, as fowls cannot remain in a healthy condition in foul, damp, stagnant air. But in securing change of air we must be careful to prevent draughts, especially in those apartments where the fowls roost. Roosts. — Roosts should be made of 2x3's. They should be planed off smooth, rounded slightly on the upper corners and should be free from splits or cracks, as vermin lodge in these crevices and are hard to dis- lodge. The roosts should be placed low — not more than 3 feet from the floor — and should be at least 18 to 20 inches from the wall. If more than one roost is used, all should be on a level, for if you put one higher than another the fowls will crowd for the higher roost. Low roosts are easier to mount and to fly from. A drop board should be placed under the roosts 20 inches in width for single roosts and 36 inches for two roosts. This must be made of planed inch lumber, so that it can be easily cleaned at least twice a week. The nests can be placed under the drop board. They must be 15 inches wide and 18 inches deep. Hens like to steal away in a quiet place to lay, so it is best to leave the opening on the side next to the wall. A little drop door may be arranged on the back from which to gather the eggs. Roosts, nests and drop boards should be so arranged that all can be taken out easily should you wish to give the quarters a thorough cleaning. The inside must be whitewashed now and again. This will add to the appearance as well as imprison vermin that may be lurking about in the crevices. A ground floor serves a good purpose. Raise it 4 to 5 inches above the ground outside. Put in 3 Inches of coal ashes or gravel and fill in the remainder with sand, or make it entirely of sand. In August the upper 2 inches of sand may be removed and the space filled in again with fresh material. Let this be done early, so that the fioor may be well dried out before the poultry have to be inclosed. The sand floor should then be covered with chaffed clover hay, alfalfa or straw, which must be frequently renewed. As has been already mentioned, the drop board and roosts should be put in so that they may be easily taken out for cleaning and a sun bath. The partitions ought to be made of matched lumber to about 4 feet in height, and the remainder of wire netting. Each partition should have a door large enough for a person to walk through. Down at the bottom of the wall, leading from the pen to the yard or scratching pen, there should be a small opening, 10x12 inches, through which the hens may pass in and out. A cheap, convenient, suitable house for the ordinary farm is made somewhat as follows: It is made in the form of a lean-to 16 feet long, 10 feet wide, 8 feet high at front and 4 at rear. The frame is made of 2x8 scantling. It is single-boarded and battened all around except in the little roosting compartment farthest from the door. This part is made warm by means of paper and matched lumber on the outside, and in front of the roosts there is hung a canvas drop curtain which in severe weather may 606 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. be lowered to keep in the heat generated by the fowls themselves. A door is left in the corner, and this doorway has hung over it a piece of sacking or something of that nature. In the upper front is a large window for the admission of light. A pen of this kind has given excellent satis- faction for the production of winter eggs, the hens continuing to lay except in the severest snap. Large yards are necessary for the poultry to run in during the summer months, if they must be confined. Let the yard be at least 50 feet long by 30 feet wide. If there are trees in this yard, all the better, as they will provide the shade that is required during the hot weather. The yard may be fenced with wire netting 6 feet high for the larger fowls, while at least a 7 or 8-foot fence will be required for the lighter breeds. The yard should be well grassed, clean and supplied with pure water for drinking purposes. FEED STUFFS SUITABLE FOR POULTRY. By W. /. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa, in Iowa State Register and Farmer. "Out of nothing nothing can come," is a maxim which has long since been recognized as a basic fact. Perhaps in the feeding of no other class of live stock is this so true as in the case of the poultry flock. No person can successfully feed a flock of poultry, whether for meat or egg produc- tion7 unless he or she has a clear conception of what constituents are demanded of the fowl in the building up of the body work or in the production of the egg. This must flrst be ascertained, and then the rations should be made up of those feeding stuffs which will supply the necessary compounds at the very lowest possible cost. It might also be added that concentrated feeding stuffs are very- necessary, as fowls are not capable of assimilating those feeding stuffs which are of a bulky nature. A study of the composition of the body and feathers of a fowl shows clearly that they consist of water, ash, protein and fat. Thus it is clear that the rations fed must contain the compounds that will supply these. Almost one-half of the dry matter in the body of the fowl is protein, and about 8 per cent is ash. investigations made by Jeneter at the New York experiment station show that the body of a Leghorn hen — body, blood, bones, feathers and viscera — contains 55.8 per cent water, 21.6 per cent protein, 3.8 per cent ash and 17 per cent fat. The composition of a fresh egg shows it to be made up of shell, 11.4 per cent; water, 65.7 per cent; fat, 8.9 per cent; protein, between 11 and 13 per cent. Of the total dry matter in an egg, including the shell, there is 35.6 per cent ash, 25.9 per cent fat and from 33 to 38 per cent protein. A study of the above analyses will show clearly the importance of supplying a liberal allowance of both protein and ash matter in the rations of poultry. While a considerable amount of fat is contained in the body composil^n, this is amply supplied in the ordinary grains which are to be had on any farm, all of which contain an abundance of carbohydrates and fat — the source from which body fat is supplied. With the protein and ash matter this is not the case, as the ordinary grains, as a rule, are seriously lacking in these compounds. This being true, the poultry feeder EIGHTH ANNUAI YEAR BOOK— PART X. 607 must make up this deficiency from some other source which will supply the same in a palatable and concentrated form at a minimum cost. A gneat variety of feeding stuffs may be used to good advantage at the different seasons of the year. So far as possible those grown on the farm or those which can be had at any of the feed stores should constitute the major portion of the ration. These should be supplemented by the use of concentrated feeding stuffs which contain a high percentage of both protein and ash matter. Animal Feeds. — The by-products of the packing houses furnish by all odds the most valuable and economical source from which to secure the necessary protein and a large amount of the ash matter. These consist of highly nitrogenous feeding stuffs, made from meat scraps, dried blood and dried fish. Blood meal, for instance, is a concentrated food, con- taining a large percentage of protein. The method of preparing the same is so complete that it is absolutely free from any source of infection. When fed in mashes it gives excellent results in the feeding of growing chickens and laying hens. This is especially true when fed in conjunction with corn meal and the other common farm grains. Meat meal may also be used to good advantage in the feeding of the hen flock for egg produc- tion, but is not so good as the blood meal for chickens, due to the fact that it is composed of more bulky material. Bone Meal. — Bone meal made from the steamed bones is also much relished and serves an excellent purpose in supplying ash matter. Raw bones, when ground up fine, make a very desirable food. Some form of bone meal should always be supplied to the hen flock. Lime. — A large amount of lime is utilized by laying hens in the manu- facture of shells. This can be furnished them during the summer or winter, if confined, by giving them finely powdered oyster shells, lime, previously dried egg shells, or beef bone, finely ground. The egg-eating habit is oftentimes forced upon hens by our failing to furnish them with the necessary elements for the structure of the shell. Milk. — Both sour skim milk and buttermilk are excellent feeds for fattening poultry or for laying hens. Whenever obtainable they should be fed, as no other feeding stuff has ever been found that will satisfactorily take the place of these feeds. Vegetable Food. — In compounding a ration for fowls, vegetable foods, such as cabbage, turnips, mangels, carrots, clover and alfalfa, serve an exceedingly valuable purpose in supplying the bulk and succulence. They also may be used to good advantage in inducing regular and abundant exercise. For instance, a cabbage may be suspended from the ceiling so that it will hang above the floor within reaching distance of the fowls. In this way they are induced to take exercise. Turnips and other roots may be suspended in a like manner, or they may be fastened on a nail on the wall. Clover and alfalfa make a valuable litter and also furnish some food in the leaves, which are greedily eaten by the hens during the winter season. Graiyis. — A wide range of grains may be used to good advantage in the feeding of the poultry flock. The kinds to use are those which are most easily and cheaply obtained. For the laying hen wheat is the food par excellence. From the standpoint of fattening corn is a most excellent 608 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. . food. It should always be fed in the cracked or ground state. The ground corn can be fed to best advantage in mashes with other grains, while cracked corn gives best results, especially when fed to laying hens, when it is scattered in the litter, as the hens must scratch for the same, thus securing exercise. Buckwheat partakes somewhat of the nature of corn and is a good fattening food. In order to accustom hens to it it is well to boil it the first two or three times. After that they will usually take to it readily. Bran and shorts both serve an excellent purpose in a poultry ration, in that besides furnishing growing material they tend to keep the digestive system in a good, healthy condition. Oats with the hulls on are somewhat bulky, and on this account are not so desirable, but when hulled the oat grain for growing or fattening poultry gives excellent results. It causes a development of firm flesh which is so desirable in all poultry markets. Barley, on account of its coarse hulls, is better to be ground and fed in mashes with other grains. It, too, is somewhat of a fattening food, thus should not be used extensively in the feeding of the laying flock. Cooked barley, fed occasionally during the winter season, gives good results. Peas are used extensively in the fattening of poultry. For laying pur- poses they are not very desirable. For fattening purposes cooked pea meal has few equals. There are many seeds, too, around the farm that can be used to good advantage in the feeding of poultry. It should always be kept in mind that variety in the rations is the secret of much of the success in poultry feeding. Oi'it.- — As a hen has no teeth, her food is masticated in what we call the gizzard. This is a strong muscular sack with a strong membraneous lining. This sack contains numerous small, sharp, hard stones, which serve to crush and grind up the food that must pass through it. When hens are confined they should be furnished with gravel or some other substance from which they can secure the necessary "grit" with which to grind food. Pure fresh water should be supplied in abundance at all times. In conclusion, the writer must again urge the importance of supplying plenty of protein and ash compounds. CARE OF THE CHICKS. J. F. Scfiureman, Editor Comercial Poultry. It would almost seem that at this day and age it would be superfluous to try to advance any now thoughts, methods or theories in regard to the proper care of the young chicks. It would seem that after the years of careful investigation and thought that have been given the subject it would be thoroughly mastered and that there would be no need for further investigation or discussion. But such is not the case, by any means. In fact there is not today a subject pertaining to poultry culture that EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 609 needs more thorough, painstaking investigation and discussion than this one — "The Care of the Chicks." The above statement is substantiated by the fact that not more than 50 per cent of the chicks that are hatched the country over ever reach maturity or even marketable age. In fact we believe it safe to say that nearly 50 per cent of the chicks hatched each year die before they are four weeks old. If this is true — and we believe it is — it seems to us no further argument is needed to prove that the careful investigation of this subject is of the utmost importance. It is a comparatively easy matter to hatch almost any number of chicks, but an entirely different matter to raise the larger per cent of them to maturity. There are almost numberless causes for the great mortality among the chicks each season, among which may be mentioned lack of inherited vitality, improper feeding, bowel trouble, lice, exposure, white diarrhoea, etc., and occasionally the little fellows die off from causes that are not explainable. In a majority of cases the trouble is due to either carelessness or ignorance on the part of the caretaker, and the lives of the chicks are simply sacrificed, while in other cases they die in spite of the fact that they receive the very best of care and attention. Even those who have made a scientific study of the matter covering a period of years tell us that ocasionally their chicks die from causes that are inexplainable. How many of our readers can tell us the cause of white diarrhoea in little chicks? We venture to say that not one poultryman in a thousand can tell with any degree of certainty what causes it, though there are hundreds who will make a guess at it. Numerous theories have been advanced, and numerous remedies recommended, but we have yet to hear of a sure cure for the disease when once it gets a foothold in a flock of chicks. Prof. James E. Rice, of Cornell University, has for several years been making a careful study of the cause and cure — or prevention — of the numerous diseases that cause the death of hundreds of thousands of chicks yearly, and his investigations have led him to believe that one great cause of mortality is the failure on the part of the digestive organs of the chicks to properly digest the yolk of the egg remaining in their bodies at the time of hatching. Mr. Rice says: "If we can solve this one problem — the cause of the anaemic condition of chicks that follows this failure to absorb the yolk of the egg — more money will be saved in one year to the farmers and poultry raisers of New York state than it costs to run the State Agricultural College for ten years." Mr. Rice says he is confident that environment has little, if anything, to do with the disease, as has been generally supposed. When he first began his investigations this theory was worked upon and followed up, but as the investigation progressed it was found that the same conditions existed under almost any and all circumstances — in dry places, in damp places, in light brooding houses and in dark brooding houses; in fact he found no conditions under which this trouble did not exist. Mr. Rice is 39 610 IOWA DEPAIJTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. confident, however, that the investigations being conducted will ultimately solve the problem. While there are some causes of mortality among the chicks that baffle even the experts, there are other causes that are easily overcome if a little care and common sense will be exercised. For instance, there is no good reason why chicks should be lacking in inherited vitality, if the ancestral stock has been properly bred and nourished; but some people are foolish enough to imagine that they can get strong chicks from weak, emaciated, anaemic, inbred stock, and are surprised when they get only half a hatch (or less) of puny, weak, undersized chicks with barely enough life and strength to get clear of the shell. Within twenty-four hours they begin to die off, and it's dollars to doughnuts that not one of them will be alive a fortnight after hatching. It takes good, rich, red blood in the parent stock to produce strong offspring, and without this inheritance the chicks are bound to be weaklings, totally unfit to success- fully wage the battle for existence and growth and development. When it comes to the proper feeding of chicks there is no need for anyone remaining ignorant on this subject, as it has practically been reduced to a science and the poultry papers are full of it. Not all writers agree in every detail, but the methods employed by the successful, up-to- date poultry men and women are essentially the same. The dry feeding method is the proper one today — and the successful one — although occa- sionally we find those who still stick to the old methods of our grand- mothers and feed mushes and mashes and other soft food. Something like a year ago we wrote an editorial on "Getting Back to Nature," in which we advocated the rearing of the chicks along lines and under conditions similar to those surrounding the young of the wild birds of the prairie and forest. We said then — and still believe — that we coddle and pamper the chicks altogether too much. Our very treatment of them ofttimes has a tendency to make them delicate and proves a handicap rather than a help to the little fellows. The newly hatched chicks of the prairie hen, the grouse, the quail, etc., have no soft mashes prepared for them, but pick up dry seeds, bugs, worms, tender grass shoots, etc., and they live and thrive and mature into strong, healthy, vigorous birds. We can imitate Nature's way of feeding by giving our chicks foods similar to the above, instead of wet mashes, corn meal mush, etc., which often becomes sour and unwholesome before it is eaten up, and more often sours in the crops of the little fellows, causing all kinds of trouble. It must be borne in mind that the baby chicks are delicate little things, at best, and that they need not only warmth and protection, but foods that are best suited to their needs and somewhat limited powers of digestion and assimilation during the first few days of their existence. Appreciating the importance of this subject and the value of a free and full discussion of the same, the publishers of Commercial Poultry have arranged with successful poultry men and women in every part of the country to furnish us articles for publication, and the first installment appears in this number as a symposium on "Care of the Chicks." It con- sists of articles from nine different states, viz.: Maine, Massachusetts, Virginia, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana, Ohio. Nebraska and Washington. In our April and May numbers articles on the same subject will appear from EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 611 poultry men and women in other states, so that the entire country will be covered. The writers of these articles are practical and successful poultry raisers, and not theorists. This series of articles will be worth ten times a year's subscription to Commercial Poultry, but nothing is too good for our readers. COST OF FILLING SILOS. IJ. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 292, by Lyman Carrier. The data contained in the following pages were gathered in the months of September of 1905 and 1906. The writer visited all of the thirty-one farms mentioned in this paper and took notes on the number and arrangement of men and teams, the machinery used and the length of time taken, and he also made measurements of the silos, etc. Information in regard to the quantities of twine and fuel used and the number of acres cut was given by each individual farmer. It was thought advisable to confine this inquiry to localities in which the silo has been in use for several years. The places chosen were in Jefferson and Fond du Lac counties, Wisconsin, and in Branch and Lewanee counties, Michigan. METHODS EMPLOYED. The methods employed by the different farmers in filling their silos varied greatly, no two being exactly alike. This was occasioned largely by scarcity of help or teams and by the kind of machinery used. With a few exceptions the different methods may be classified in three groups: (1) The most common practice was to have one man with three horses on a corn harvester cutting corn in the field; two men to load the wagons in the field; three or four men with teams, depending on the distance from the field to the silo, to haul the corn to the cutter; one man to run the engine when steam was used for power, and, occasionally, when gasoline engines were used, one man to feed the cutter and one man in the silo to spread and tramp the silage. Each teamster pitched off his own load. This makes a crew of eight or nine men, exclusive of the man who tends the engine. (2) In cases where there is a shortage of teams the following method is generally practiced. One man, with three horses, cuts the corn; two men load the wagons in the field; two men, or boys, with teams, haul the corn to the cutter; one man unloads the wagons; one man feeds and one man works in the silo. As soon as a load arrives at the cutter the teamster changes his team for an empty wagon and goes back to the field after another load. When a wagon is unloaded it is run out of the way by hand. With this method boys who are not strong enough to handle the green corn can be utilized to drive the teams. This method requires a crew of six men and two boys, exclusive of the engine tender. (3) When enough horses are available and help is scarce, the following arrangement of men and teams is a good one. One man, with three 612 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. horses, runs the harvester in the field; four men with teams haul the corn to the silo; one man feeds and one spreads the corn in the silo. Low trucks or wagons with racks suspended below the axles should be used, so that the teamsters can put on their own loads. This requires a crew of seven men, besides the engineer. Table 1 gives a comparison of these three methods. Table 1. — Number and Aerangement of Men Employed in Filling Silos by Various Methods. Kind of Work Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 Operating binder Loading wagons Driving teams Unloading wagons Feeding cutter In silo Total number of men. Number of teams hauling 1 2 3 on Teamsters 1 1 8 or 9 3 or 4 1 2 2 (boys) 1 1 1 1 0 4 Teamsters 1 1 The difference between methods is in the arrangement for loading, hauling and unloadi-ig. When there is a sufficient number of teams the teamsters do their own loading and unloading. When teams are scarce two loaders and one unloader are needed; but boys may drive the teams to and from the field. In figuring out the cost of filling the silos were measured and the amounts of silage determined from King's tables. It must be borne in mind that these weights are for cured silage. The actual weights of green corn put in the silos would be from 15 to 2.5 per cent greater than those mentioned. The cost of labor varied considerably. In order to compare the different methods a uniform rate of 15 cents an hour was made for men and the same for a team of two horses. Engine hire was rated at $4.50 a day, which includes the engineer. This may be too high in the case of gasoline engines, as they did not require attention all of the time; yet they caused more delays from getting out of order than did the steam engines, which probably offset the difference in attention demanded. Twine was rated at 11 1-2 cents a pound, coal at $5 a ton and gasoline • at 13 cents a gallon. No charge was made for wear and tear on machinery or for boarding the help. Nearly every one of these men owned his silage cutter. The others depended on hiring cutters. The charge for an engine, engineer, silage cutter and one man to feed is usually $10 a day. Ten hours were considered a day's work. No deductions were made for delays unless the helpers were set at some other work. The average quantity of silage cut daily by each man was computed by dividing the number of tons of silage cut by the total hours worked and multiplying the result by ten. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 613 m >f H O 55 O o BJiq 9ni3n3 SUIB8X JOQBl J0aBA8I9 JO pniH jno JO qjSnaT jap •nii^o JO qiSnai lanj JO paiji aniSua jo azig anting jo pniji Sutjano s^Bp JO jaqtnnN 8JDB jati piajA aBoi jad s.\ -ijnBnb ^iiBa -UBtlt) iClIBa -OBnt) IBIOX 'inBq JO mSnai OIJBJ JO -OK CO CO ^. '". "\ "". CO in cc c^ fC r^ O O W ssss ? gg ^ r^ r^ f^ »~ « 00 00 00 ^ 2 feg »-l o o g 22 g 2feg2 gg -.§ IT ■^ 1-H s t- M r-l « O Ifi l« e» §ggS§g§§§gg3g8gg§8gg§gggggS8«gg §ggggggggggS§g3gg3SS3gg3ggg3gg3 SS C«lCCM«i>CD-#C0u!5'*00O'^COl>C0"*C'CD00':DO«OO«C000i-^ ^22538 r-l«)«rH«>-'>OM>^OSp-ftr 5*'-'^©M"^5'"^"''f~SpoQ-*"gpoMirccir>Mop-*^r«lPWt^1CWitP3W'>-K» Kf^rKiewcw .iftCOt^iniT'OOCOCC'tC'MOOOlftOif^OOCg^^^^lftCOlCi/^OCDeCCOCCit- ,u:?O!£)««C'O0>iCQOC4O«OWC«iO<: ? O Oi COOO C^i m m ift ift CO t^ t- irt cj ift tr? in t^ t- lo b- lr^mlOlft 2 "^ ^ lO P <^ b- ■* -^ r-( W t- o6^ 064 ^^55r-(rHWiH ift CJ'OinCD'HJc0'*C0-^C0C0'^ 55meocoo*4dOOc^'5 00i^coi^iC'C)coOiOi>0'i>ooooo-+ooinino agOrhoc:l-?o■^ooOcocOOcsfcO(WT-HC^ilncoI>S-*''*coco^Hln*>'^<^® o55 rH (?> rH rH rH rH rH CO c5 rH rH CO 00 rH ># rH rH CD rH rH rH CO rH rH isss oooooooo:r: Or-jc^jco-^mtT'b-oocto ^s? i «eSS«M 614 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The average yield of silage per acre was 9.01 tons. The average cost per ton of silage was 64 cents. The average amount of silage cut daily per man was 4.9 tons. The average cost per acre for putting the corn in the silo was $5.98. AKEANGEMENT OF LABOE. The following table shows the distribution of the men employed in cutting, loading, hauling, feeding, etc.: Table 3.— Arrangement of Labor in Filling Silos on Thirty-One Farms. Curing a Corn 60(0 X Pitching Off to o 0) a C0 m o Remarks O 6 d 0) o C 382 •a a a ■;:! t< 0^' S5 S K ^ 35 Pi< W H 1 3 2 3 Teamsters. 1 0 0 7 2 3 1 1 3 1 1 8 3 3 3 i 1 1 1 11 Teamsters helped unload. 4 3 3 i Teamsters. 1 1 10 5 3 3 3 Teamsters. 1 1 9 6 3 3 3 Teamsters. 1 1 9 7 i 0 4 Teamsters. 1 1 8 Changed teams on binder ev- ery hour. 8 3 1 3 Teamsters. 1 1 8 9 3 2 3 Teamsters. 1 1 9 10 3 2 3 Teamsters. •3 3 U 11 3 3 3 Teamsters. 1 0 8 Had man in silo last two days 13 3 2 3 1 1 1 8 One boy drove team. 13 3 3 6 Teamsters. 1 1 13 14 3 2 4 Teamsters. 1 1 10 15 3 3 3 Teamsters. 1 1 10 16 3 3 5 Teamsters. *2 2 14 Did not use any twine. 17 3 3 4 Teamsters. 0 3 11 Engineer helped feed the cutter. 18 3 2 3 1 1 1 9 Two men in silo last two days 19 3 3 3 Teamsters. *2 2 12 20 3 0 3 1 0 1 6 21 3 3 3 Teamsters. *3 0 8 23 3 3 4 Teamsters. 1 2 11 23 3 2 2 1 1 1 9 Zi 3 2 2 1 1 1 8 One boy drove team. 35 3 2 4 Teamsters. 1 2 13 Binder failed; cut mostly by hand. 26 3 2 4 Teamsters. 1 2 11 One man in silo first day. 27 3 1 3 Teamsters. 1 1 8 28 3 4 4 Teamsters. •3 3 14 29 3 2 ? 1 1 1 9 30 2 4 1 4 Teamsters. 1 1 10 Three teams hauling first 2i days. 31 1 3 3 4 Teamsters. •2 2 1 13 •Cutter did not have self-feeding attachment. The question at once arises. Why can some farmers fill their silos at a cost of 46 cents a ton while it costs others 86 cents? Quite often the higher cost is due to unavoidable causes, such as long hauls, lodged and tangled corn, and accidents to machinery. In many cases, however, a poor arrangement of the help is responsible for the extra expense. The best method is that in which the working force is the most evenly balanced; that is, where all are working continually. It is not necessary that men and teams should be rushed to their fullest extent in order to get the work done cheaply. Some of the most expensive work was conducted with the greatest furore and hurry. The scheme where all are working EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 615 and no one is hindered by the others is the most economical. Too many- men in the field for the number at the cutter, or vice versa, and too large a crew for the size of the silage cutter are common sources of loss. Two or three men and teams with loaded wagons waiting their turns to unload, a similar condition in the field where they are waiting to be loaded, or a delay owing to a lack of teams represents a decided loss of valuable time. The factor that controls the size of the crew is the capacity of the silage cutter. At farm No. 28 too many men were employed (see Table 3). If there had been only two men instead of four pitching on in the field, three men instead of four with teams hauling, and one man instead of two in the silo, just as much silage could have been cut in the same length of time. The cutter was of medium size — too small for the number of men supposed to be at work. Deducting the wages of the four men and one team that were not needed would lower the cost of filling at this place from 80 cents to 64 cents a ton. A small cutter may be used almost as economically as a large one, but most farmers wish to get the silo filling done as quickly as possible and so prefer the larger machines. There was only 2 cents per ton difference between the cost on farms 7 and 8, yet at No. 7 a new machine with an 18-inch cylinder was used, while at No. 8 a 13-inch cylinder machine that had been in service eighteen years was still in use. SIZE OF LOADS. There seems to be an inverse ratio between the size of loads hauled and the cost per ton for filling. It is unfortunate that a record of the total number of loads was not kept for each farm. The importance of this feature was not fully appreciated at the beginning of the study. The table below gives the average size of load of ten farms where such a record was kept. As before stated, the weights given are for cured silage and are not the weights of the green corn as it comes from the field. Table 4. — Relation of Size of Loads to Total Cost of Silage. Number of Farm Size of Loads Cost Per Ton of Silage Number of Farm 1 Cost Size of 1 Per Ton Loads of 1 Silage 1 . Tons. 1.37 1.54 1.00 1.16 .94 $0.46 .48 .51 .56 .62 16— — Tons. 0.72 $0-63 2 19 .76 .67 26 .75 .90 .77 .77 10.- - - fB tt .80 15 .m The extra large loads hauled at farm No. 2 kept the cost remarkably low. There was only one team with two wagohs hauling. Had smaller loads been drawn, the help of the eight men employed could not have been utilized to good advantage. ■ The men, teams and machinery at farm No. 14, where the cost was 60 cents, were almost identically the same as those at No. 26, where the cost was 77 cents. No record was kept of the total number of loads hauled at these two farms, but the loads at farm No. 26 were much smaller than those at No. 14, owing to a steep 616 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. hill that had to be climbed to reach the cutter. It is difficult to explain in any other way the difference in cost of 17 cents a ton at these two farms. CEOPS USED. At farm No. 22 a 20-acre field of alfalfa was ready to cut at silo-filling time. The owner tried the experiment of putting the green alfalfa in the silo, mixing it with corn. The alfalfa was cut with a mowing machine and raked into windrows with a 2-horse hayrake. One man with a team was set to hauling the alfalfa while three were hauling corn. It is not a difficult matter for one man to put on a load of this green stuff alone. The man who did this work would bring in five big loads a day^ estimated at two tons each. The three men and teams hauling corn, with two loaders in the field, would draw from 35 to 40 loads in that time. The silo was an extra large one, over 38 feet in diameter, and so the two crops were quite evenly mixed. Corn alone was used at all of the other farms. There is considerable difference of opinion as to the relative value of different varieties of corn for silage. Some farmers grow very large southern kinds that do not. mature grain in latitudes as far north as Michigan and Wisconsin. Others prefer the ordinary dent sorts which produce a large percentage of grain. The total amount of digestible matter per acre is about the same, whether it is a large ensilage corn or the ordinary field variety, the difference in bulk being mostly water. Some farmers combine the two by planting one part of some large southern variety and two parts of common field corn. This is said to make a very satisfactory silage. CONDITION OF THE CROPS WHEN CUT. A few years ago it was thought necessary to ensilage corn in an immature state in order to have it keep. This made a sour silage with a strong pungent odor. The consensus of opinion now favors letting the corn go until the grain is fully matured. In ordinary seasons there is a period, lasting but a few days, in which the corn ears are ripe and the leaves and stalks are green. This is the ideal time for putting it in the silo. If the corn is allowed to mature beyond this stage water should be added to the cut material at filling time to prevent "fire fanging" of the silage. The results of many chemical analyses show that the food materials in the corn plant increase very rapidly as the plant approaches maturity, and do not reach their maximum until it is fully ripe. Most feeders prefer the silage made from mature corn because it contains less acid and possesses a milder odor than it does when cut in a greener condition. EQUIPMENT HARVESTERS. With the price of labor high and help difficult to obtain it becomes necessary to take advantage of all the labor-saving machinery possible. The corn binder has come to be almost indispensable at silo-filling time. Most of the farmers whose work is described herein own their own harvesters. The others were able to hire them. The cost of cutting corn with a machine is about the same as when it is cut by hand and laid in small bunches on the ground. But there is EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 617 a considerable saving of time in handling bundles rather than loose stalks. It takes fully twice as long to unload the same quantity of corn when loose as when in bundles. At farm No. 16 (Table 2) the corn was cut with a harvester, but no twine was used. It is evident that the increased cost of labor more than offset the saving of three or four cents per ton of silage for twine. Several inventors are trying to construct a corn harvester with an elevator attachment to load the corn as soon as cut on a wagon driven alongside. Some of these machines give promise of success. WAGONS. Until a loader has been perfected the style of wagon used in hauling needs careful consideration. The rack should be as low as possible. A low, solid-wheeled truck gives good satisfaction on smooth, level farms, with short hauls. The draft is too heavy for other conditions. The rack that is quite commonly used in Wisconsin consists of two 4-by-6-inch bed pieces, 18 or 20 feet in length, bolted together at one end to form a V. On top of these timbers is built a rack 6 feet in width. The bottom of this rack is about 8 feet long. The end boards are 4 feet high, built flaring so they do not quite touch the wheels. The apex of the V is suspended below the front axle of an ordinary farm wagon by means of a long kingbolt. The other ends are attached below the hind axle by U-shaped clevises. This rack can be easily made. The materials needed in its construction are 80 board feet of 4-by-6-inch plank, 96 feet of boards 1 by 12 inches, 22 feet of lumber 2 by 4 inches, one long kingbolt, two stirrup rods and bolts and nails. Hauling green corn is heavy, tiresome work, and too much attention cannot be paid to details of method in order to avoid unnecessary lifting. Before the advent of the corn harvester, when the corn was cut by hand and hauled unbound, it was a common practice to have the cutter set on a platform about 2^/^ feet above the ground. A man could pick up an armful of corn on the wagon and, stepping on the platform, place it on the feeding table. With the corn bound in bundles this arrange- ment causes much extra labor; nevertheless many farmers still keep the cutter upon the platform and lift the corn up to it when they could much more easily drop it on the table if the cutter were down on the ground. SILAGE CUTTERS. There are several first-class silage cutters on the market — machines that will cut the corn as fast as two men can pitch it on the table. The self-feeding table that is found on most of the modern cutters saves the labor of at least one man. This table should be long enough to hold two bundles of corn lapped at the bands. ELEVATORS. There are two types of elevators in general use. One is the old-style slat, or rattle carrier, and the other is the blower, in which the cut corn is forced up through a tube by means of a current of air. The chief objection to the blower machine is that it takes so much power to run it. While the blower requires more power to operate than does the slat 618 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. carrier, very few blowers require more than a 12-horsepower engine. With but one exception the power used on any one of these 31 farms would have been sufficient to run a medium-sized blower machine, and in most cases would have handled the largest machines without any trouble. It is interesting to note that blower machines were used by the five men having the lowest cost per ton of silage. Where the carrier elevators were used it cost on an average 65 cents per ton to fill the silo, while it cost those who used the blower elevators 61 cents. A carrier unless covered on top and fitted with a return trough underneath is very untidy, especially during windy weather. At one place there was litter to the depth of half a foot about the silo that had blown out of the carrier. This trouble is avoided by the use of the blowers. The blower pipe should stand as nearly perpendicular as possible. In one case that was called to the writer's attention a blower at first proved unsatisfactory. The trouble lay in having the cutter set too far from the silo, with the pipe leaning at an angle of 30 degrees from the per- pendicular. The pipe clogged frequently, and a 12-horsepower engine was insufficient to handle the cutter when it was crowded to anything like its full capacity. After two days of annoyance and discouragement the owner changed the position of the machine, putting it close to the silo. The difference could be noticed at once. There was no further trouble from lack of power, and it was impossible to clog the pipe by overfeeding. SILAGE DISTRIBUTERS. In a silo more than 36 feet in depth it is not necessary to have a man to tramp the cut corn. If the surface is leveled two or three times a day while filling, the silage will pack sufficiently to keep. But there is one objection to doing this. If the cut corn is allowed to pile up in the form of a cone, the heavier parts will roll to the outside of the pile and the grain and leaves will not be evenly mixed. Several devices have been invented for distributing the cut material in the silo, but few of them are successful. One of the most satisfactory distributers where a blower is used consists of two boards, 8 or 10 inches wide and about half as long as the diameter of the silo, nailed together at right angles to form a trough. A 12-inch board is nailed over one end of this trough, the other end being left open. For use, the trough is sus- pended from the roof with the open side downward and the closed end to- ward the center of the silo. The open end rests above the top of the blower pipe. As the cut material leaves the pipe it follows along this trough until it strikes the closed end; then it is scattered about the silo. If a little care is exercised in adjusting this device, it will give very good results. PABTNERSHIP ARRANGEMENTS AMONG FARMERS. The high cost of machinery for cutting silage and the difficulty in se- curing help prevent many farmers from building silos. It is highly im- portant to be able to get an outfit when it is needed. An early frost or a spell of hot, dry weather may so affect the crop that it is necessary to fill the silo several days before the usual time. For this reason a man should own his cutter and engine, especially if enough silage is cut each year to warrant this outlay of capital. It is usually easier to hire an engine than EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 619 it is a cutter. For this reason many buy the latter and depend on being able to rent the former when it is needed. The next best arrangement to owning an outfit individually is for two or three farmers in the same neighborhood to buy the necessary machinery in partnership. The owners of farms Nos. 14, 17. and 26 bought a silage cutter to- gether. At filling time each man furnishes two laborers and one team while the others are filling. By varying the seeding time in the spring they have been able to control the time of harvesting so that all three get their silos filled with corn in good condition. THE SILO FOR IOWA FARMS. Martin Rittenhour. loica State Register and Farmer. I believe I voice the opinion of all when I say that in this day of ad- vancement and with high-priced land we can ill afford to take a backward step. I wish to say a few words about siloG and their importance to the Iowa farmer. It is a well known fact that we take to new things very slowly and we are all too slow in availing ourselves of such improvements over old methods that appear to be beneficial. In my opinion nothing can be of more real value to the modern farmer who owns his farm than the silo. It was some years before I could convince myself that the silo was the thing for me to build on my farm. I studied silos, made inquiries about them and finally I visited a farm where a farmer had had one for three or four years and in talking to him I became fully convinced that prosper- ity and a silo went hand in hand. Deciding to build one 1 built a silo sixteen feet in diameter and thirty feet high, not including the foundation. For machinery to fill it I used a self-feed cutter with a 36-foot elevator run by a gasoline engine. With this machine we can cut and, elevate from six to eight tons per hour. If I have to haul the corn very far I use four teams and five wagons, with one man in the field to help load and one in the silo to help pack the cut corn. After having had some experience I believe it a most excellent plan to keep the silage well tramped. It begins to ferment in two or three days. In filling I fill the silo as full as I can and then in a few days 1 fill it again after it has become settled. For teams, men and gasoline it costs me about $30 per day. It requires about one and one-half days to fill it at first and about a half day to complete it after it has settled. My silo will hold about one hundred tons of silage and it costs me about $70 to put it up and care for that amount of first class feed. It requires from ten to twelve acres to fill the silo and the nearer the corn is to ma- turity the better the silage for feed. Moisture is necessary to preserve the silage and if the silo is filled in a dry time or when the corn is very ripe water will have to be supplied, which is most conveniently done by pumping it into the elevator as the cut corn is being elevated. A good time to fill a silo is of a damp day when it is too wet to thresh. I regard the feeding qualities of silage the very best cheap feed we can provide. It has given me the best results when fed with a grain ra- tion, but 1 have been fairly successful in feeding it alone. WTien my stock has plenty of it they care but very little for hay. I feed it to all kinds of stock, even the hogs seem to relish and enjoy a ration of silage. 620 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. With good silage I know we can produce beef at a profit, for it saves a good deal of heavy expense for so much valuable feed. I have not car- ried on any carefully conducted experiments with feeding silage, but judg- ing by the condition of the stock it seems to fill the bill all right. Prom tests made, it is safe to conclude that silage is a good feed as well as a cheap one, and is so easily available for immediate use that for stock raising it is of the best. With me a well-filled silo for winter the feed problem is solved and it is always ready and available. During the cold- est of the winter the silage will freeze around the walls of the silo, but as soon as warmer weather prevails the silage will thaw out and drop down, and as far as I have been able to observe there is no difference in its feeding value. Stock seem to relish it either way. The question for many to solve is, "Can I afford to build a silo?" Of course this depends on several things. A silo will not furnish the brains to fill it or to feed out the silage. I believe it is a mistake to plant the corn so thick that ears will be scarce. Without ears I regard silage very poor feed. When the corn has few ears or is immature the sugar turns to acid and does not make an ideal feed. One stalk with a good ear on it is worth four stalks without ears. OATS. V.\RIETIES, SEED, SJIUT, SEED-BED, SEEDING. From Bulletin No. 96, Experiment Station, Iowa State College of Agri- culture and Mechanic Arts. The past season had a most unfavorable influence upon the oat crop of the state. The scarcity of suitable seed oats is very forcibly brought to the attention when we consider that there is not enough of the 1907 crop of standard weight (32 lbs. per bu.) to sow the fields that will go into oats this spring. The oats are extremely light, being from 30 to 50 per cent hull, and average from 16 to 25 pounds per bushel. There are comparatively few exceptions where they weigh more than the maximum given. Percentage of Hull in Oats Grown in Favorable And Unfavor- able Seasons. Favorable 1906 Unfavorable 1907 Variety u C u a si Kherson — . 36 35 35 36 33 3^ 31 36 3:3 34 35 32 31 36 28 28 28 28 31 32 27 35 25 32 31 28 36 36 3o 24i 22i 24 23^ 18 19 20 19 20i 17 m 16 20 19 34 35 39 40 39 41 45 39 49 43 45 50 43 45 49 Joanette Green Russian _. Early Champion White Russian Irish Victor National Myrick Wisconsin No. 4 Early Gotham Silvermine -_ . . ._ Minnesota No. 6 Siberian _ Dun Tartar King EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 621 The question confronting a very large number of Iowa farmers is, "What am I to do for seed oats this spring?" It is to be noted that Iowa devotes on an average 4,144,463 acres annually to oats having an average yield of 29.5 bushels per acre, a total of 123,422,880 bushels worth $35,764,205.00. *IOWA'S OAT CROP, 1903-1907. Year M BS 4) O < a) a ■a Average price per bushel 2 a « o tS > 1903 . 3,822,822 4,018,980 4, 177, .545 4,166,800 4,536,170 35.9 29.4 33.8 34.0 34.5 99,012,660 118,435,570 146,439,240 143,036,530 111,190,400 $ .30 .26 .25 .27 .39 $39,703,987 30,793,284 36,60^,810 38,. 349, 878 43,384,263 1904 1905 .-- 1906 1907 - Average 4,144,463 29.5 123,422,880 .294 $^5,764, 205 *Year Book, Iowa Dept. of Agriculture. The past season has been a very exceptional one. It has influenced to a marked degree all varieties of oats. Those which have proven the best in yield during a period of years with favorable conditions, though affected by the unfavorable conditions of the past season, have stood the test, proving to be varieties of high yielding value. The oat crop is one of the most neglected. The matter of special varieties, preparing the seed, treatment for smut, and proper preparation of the seed bed is generally overlooked. This kind of management has re- sulted in a low income per acre until it has become common to hear the ex- pression that "Oats are not a paying crop but are necessary for a rotation." It is the purpose of this bulletin to assist farmers in selecting their seed oats, treating the seed, and preparing the seed bed. Proper at- tention to these matters will add millions of bushels annually to the Income of the state. THE VARIETY TEST. During the past ten years 70 varieties of oats have been grown at the Iowa Experiment Station. These have been raised on plats of equal size and of as nearly equal fertility as the Station fields will permit; so that the unprofitable kinds could be weeded out and a higher average maintained. This average deals with both yield and quality and the varieties dropped have been discarded for low yield, poor quality or lack of power to resist disease and drought. The number of days growth required by these varieties ranges from 90 to 110. While it may be said that early oats are usually the best yielders, still some of the medium varieties ripening in from 95 to 100 days have done fully as well, and in some seasons have even exceeded them. The comparative yield of these two groups is largely a matter of season and depends upon the weather conditions at the time of flowering and filling. In years like 1906, with its splendid growing season, the best medium varieties out-yield the earlier ones. In seasons with very hot. 622 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. wet weather during the flowering period, the earlier oats may be out of danger before these evil conditions arise. In order to be safe it is recommended that the farmer raise a field of each, an early and a medium variety. There is also the advantage of distributing the labor at harvest time and of not being obliged to cut part of the crop after it is dead ripe and shattering badly. How the Test Was Conducted. — The original test was started with 13 varieties in 1898. During the five years 1898 to 1902, inclusive, this number was increased to 36. Of these, 23 give sufl&cient data to war- rant the drawing of some conclusions. The results of these years work will be found in the tibles on pages 624 to 627.* Of these varieties only six have continued through the last five years (1903-1907), and of these six only one, Silvermine, can be said to have held a place as a leading oat of the state. These are seen in the following table: AVERAGE FOR FIVE YEARS, 1898-1902. Variety bote <» Early Champion 7-12 7-26 7-24 7-25 7-24 7-26 51.6 49.7 49.6 49.0 46.8 40.0 3U Siberian Green Mountain Joauette Silvermine - - .. 29 30 29i White Russian 273 During the last five years (1903-1907) 44 varieties have been grown. Some of these have only been raised one year and do not have suffi- cient data for conclusions, but there are 25 with more than a two year record. These are arranged in tabular form on pages 628 to 631, and their average on page 628. Of the six original varieties still grown at the Station, the Silvermine now has a place at the top of the list in the average of the last three years yields. The second place has been taken by the Kherson, a Turkestan (60 day) oat, first raised at Ames in 1903. In the average for four years and for five years the Kherson has outranked the Silver- mine in yield. The two may be considered of equal value from the standpoint of yield. Silvermine ripens in from 95 to 100 days; the Kherson in from 90 to 95 days. *The same number is retained by a variety tbrougliout five years. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 623 The relative merits of the oats we have been growing for the last three years is well set forth in the following chart showing the average yield for the last five, four and three years respectively: AVERAGE YIELD OF OATS FOR FIVE, FOUR AND THREE YEARS AT AMES. Five Year9-1903-1907 Variety «=* :oa Four Years— 1904-1907 Variety Three Years— 1905-1907 Variety ^s Kherson Silvermine -- Joanette W. Alaska - Early Champ Siberian 54.9 303 47.1 m 45.1 29 42.8 31J 42.3 m 41.7 24? Kherson Silvermine Wis. No. 4 W. Russian _- Minn. No. 36. National .Toanette W. Alaska Minn. No. 6 Irish Victor .. Early Champ Siberian 32.4 55.8 52.1 50.9 50.9 19.8 49.8 49.7 48.6 47.5 4S.8 42.5 Tartar King Silvermine Kherson Wis. No. 4 W. Russian National Minn. No. 26 .Toanete Irish Victor Minn. No. 6 W. Alaska 60 Day Siberian Early Champ. Russ. (Brnner) Tartar King Danish White Tartar Canadian Sparrowbill Dun 29J 30i 31J 281 301 27i 29i 2ri 2S\ 32J 30 273 3IJ 27 28] 26 27 30J 23 26 The average yield of oats for the state during the period of time shown in the chart above has been: For 5 years, 1903-1907 inclusive 29.6 bu. For 4 years, 1904-1907 inclusive 30.4 bu. For 3 years, 1905-1907 inclusive 30.7bu. The average yield of all varieties at the Experiment Station for three years, 1905-1907 inclusive, has been 47.7 bushels. This includes 20 varieties, ranging from 62.5 to 26.2 bushels per acre. From these figures it may be seen that, after considering all other factors that influence yield, the general use of a superior variety of oats would add from eight to ten bushels to every acre grown. 624 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VARIETY TEST OF OATS. FIVE years' average— 1898-1902 inxlcsive. Maturity Yield Variety a (D p. n ■a %'^ h C to O 4) ca'O >* SJ -J < Z 5" ^=' 1. Early Champion 2. Earlj' Dawson 6. Black Kussian 1. Dep't Imp. No. 534 5. Texas Ked Rustproof -- t>. Dep't Imp. No. 541 7. Dep't Imp. No. 533 8. Dep't Imp. No. 545 9. New Salt Lake 10. Siberian 11. Imp. Clydesdale 12. White Belgian 13. Lincoln 14. Illinois l'>. Nebraska Goldmine 16. Green Mountain 17. Silvermine 18. White Swede 19. Joanette 20. White Russian 21. New Zealand Rustproof 22. New Zealand 23. Probesteier 4 7- 6-00 7-21-02 4 7-11-01 7-25-02 4 7-11-01 7-28-02 3 7-14-0O 7-29-02 4 7- 5-01 7-28-02 3 7-14-01 7-2J-02 3 7-14-01 7-29-02 2 7-12-00 7-30-02 7-19-00 7-29-02 7-19-00 7-29-Oa 7-17-00 7-30-02 7-17-00 7-28-02 7-18-0O 7-29-03 7-18-0O 7-29-02 7-18-0O 7-30-02 7-20-00 7-30-02 7-17-0O 7-29-02 7-19-00 7-?.>-02 7-19-0O 7-31-02 7-2301 7-31-02 3 7-23-01 7-30-99 3 7-21-00 7-31-02 2 7-25-00 7-29-99 7-12 7-17 7-18 7-19 7-19 7-20 7-20 7-21 7-23 7-23 7-23 7-23 7-23 7-24 7-24 7-2 i 7-24 7-^ 7-25 7-26 7-26 7-27 7-27 99 97 99 102 101 106 104 103 104 103 103 104 107 101 lot 101 105 107 101 110 104 31i 304 29 28i 28i 2Ji 273 25 27i 29 311 28 29 29J 28 30 29i 27J 29i 273 2Si 25i 24| EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 625 VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1899. Variety Maturity Yield p'O 01 P3 .Sfs Early Champion Early Dawson Black Russian Dep't Imp. No. 534 Texas Red Rustproof Dep't Imp. No. 511 Dep't Imp. No. 533 Dep't Imp. No. 515 New Salt Lake Siberian Imp. Clydesdale White Belgian Lincoln Illinois Nebraska Goldmine Green Mountain Silver mine White Swede .loanette White ■ Russian New Zealand Rustproof New Zealand Probesteier Dep't Imp. No. 546 Dep't Imp. No. 527 Dep't Imp. No. 538 Dep't Imp. No. 613 Dep't Imp. No. 536 Dep't Imp. No. 617 Dep't Imp. No. 613 Black Tartarian Russian Dep't Imp. No. 3800- Russian Dep't Imp. No. 2963. Domestic Clydesdale 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-34 4-15 4-23 4-23 4-23 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-22 4-23 4-22 4-24 4-22 4-24 4-22 4-15 4-18 4-18 4-15 7-12 7-19 7-20 7-24 7-23 7-31 7-25 7-23 7-25 7-25 7-25 7-27 7-25 7-25 7-27 7-30 7-29 7-39 7-26 '7"24' 101 100 99 lOO 101 99 101 101 101 103 101 101 103 106 105 105 102 ioo' 63.5 59.1 61.3 73.0 64.5 81.0 54.8 63.2 54.5 58.1 54.3 60.0 47.6 45.5 58.0 52.5 68.0 48.3 54.5 36.3 30.0 48.3 42.6 71.8 67.5 57.2 56.4 51.6 35.5 a5.4 26.9 34.0 21.2 6.0 28 25 26 25 25i 24 34 22 25 28 25 34 25V 26 26 25 25 25J 22 23 26 24 25 25i 30J 261 22i 26 22 29 21 18 40 626 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1900. Variety Early Champion Early Dawson Black Russian Dep't Imp. No. 534 Texas Red Rustproof Dep't Imp. No. 541 Dep't Imp. No. 533 Dep't Imp. No. 545 New Salt Lake Siberian Imp. Clydesdale White Belgian Lincoln Illinois Nebraska Goldmine Green Mountain Silvermine White Swede .Toanette White Russian New Zealand Rustproof New Zealand Probesteier Dep't Imp. No. 538 Dep't Imp. No. 617 Dep't Imp. No. 546 Dep't Imp. No. 536 Dep't Imp. No. 527 Dep't Imp. No. 612 Dep't Imp. No. 613 Russian Dep't Imp. No. 3963 Russian Dep't Imp. Imp. No. 2800. Maturity 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 4-14 z Yield m o si ^ n a- 7- 6 83 47.8 7-12 87 53.8 7-15 92 40.0 7-14 89 48.8 7-16 93 47.5 7-18 95 50.3 7-16 93 54.1. 7-13 87 72.5 7-19 96 63.1 7-19 96 57.7 7-17 94 48.4 7-17 94 47.3 7-18 95 55.3 7-18 95 55.6 7-18 95 58.4 7-20 97 62.5 7-17 94 49.4 7-19 96 61.9 7-19 06 44.4 7-25 102 42.2 7-24 101 26.9 7-21 98 40.0 7-35 102 27.8 7-13 88 53.4 7-20 97 53.5 7-15 92 50.0 7-13 88 49.7 7-18 95 47.8 7-17 94 46.9 7-18 95 36.9 7-13 88 36.9 7-13 88 33.7 31| 29 27 29i 24^ 291 281 25 25J 271 28i 24^ 39 29 231 311 36J 34 271 27i 26i 2^ 25 23i 27 2^ 26J 27i 284 29 26% 28| EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 627 VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1901. Variety Maturity Yie a ^ Q. u. U Z'i m u Green Mountain . — _ — . _. 23 IT. IS Silvermine White Swede '. . 28 19 Joanette .. .. 274 ?0 White Russian . 231 23. New Zealand Sweden Dep't Imp. No. 5471 — _ 25i 27 Goldflnder . 23 Pioneer . 20 Garton's Tartar King . . _. . 21i 628 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VARIETY TEST OF OATS. FIVE YEARS AVERAGE — 1903-1907 INCLUSIVE. Variety Maturity is « a m O CO ;3 U P P. 03 ^. Sixty Day White Alaslia — Early Cliampion - Ktierson Green Mountain . Wisconsin No. l Minnesota No. 6 . Tartar King Canadian Myrick Early Gotham __- Minnesota No. 26 Silvermine Green Russian .-. National Irish Victor Russian (Bruner) Danish Siberian Joanette White Bonanza .. Dun Sparrowbill White Tartar White Russian --. .s 7- 8-06 5 7- 8-06 5 7- 8-06 .•> 7- 8-OS 3 7-13-04 4 7-16-04 4 7-17-04 !> 7-1S-06 3 7-18-06 2 7-18-»3 2 7-2O-06 4 7-1800 5 7-18-05 2 7-20-06 4 7-20-Ot 4 7-18-06 3 7-18-06 3 7-22-06 5 7-20-06 5 7-22-06 3 7-10-04 3 7-23-07 3 7-22-0'3 3 7-25-06 4 7-2.5-06 7-18-07 7-23-03 7-19-07 7-21-03 7-23-03 7-25-07 7-25-07 7-24-Or 7-25-07 7-26-07 7-24-07 7-25-07 7-25-05 7-23-07 7-25-07 7-29-05 7-26-07 7-25-07 7-29-0.5 7-29-05 7-20-05 7-29-a5 7-31-05 7-31-05 8- 2-Qi 7-14 93 3 48.3 7-15 93 5 42.8 7-15 92 5 42.3 7-16 94 5 54.9 7-17 95 3 43.8 7-21 101 4 52.1 7-21 101 4 48.3 7-21 100 4 37.7 7-21 lOO 3 37.4 7-22 90 2 55.2 7-22 lOO 2 51.8 7-23 101 4 50.9 7-22 lOO 5 47.1 7-23 98 2 50.7 7-23 101 4 49.8 7-23 103 4 47.5 7-23 100 3 46.7 7-24 ia3 3 42.0 7-2 1 101 5 41.7 7-25 las 5 45.1 7-25 104 3 42.5 7-26 104 3 36.2 7-27 105 3 31.2 7-29 107 S 41.8 7-30 109 4 50.9 30 31i 30i 30^ 313 29 28i 26 30i 25 25 27 28V 23^ 30i 27 27 26 241 29 25i 28 23 27 29i VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1903. Variety Maturity Resistance Yield o m o O 4) n (U p 3 a to 3 « •o o 60 •a o 0) m 0) pa u a> a— 9 White Alaska .. 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 4-18 7-23 7-18 7-21 7-23 7-24 7-21 7-25 7-25 7-20 7-23 7-25 7-25 7-23 96 91 94 96 97 97 98 98 93 96 98 98 96 7 60 18 20 35 18 8 8 80 45 18 12 35 15.0 36.2 2.5.0 31.2 3 4 5 Green Mountain - - 8 Tartar King . 13 Silvermine - 11.2 38.7 26.0 35.0 31.1 30.0 19 Siberian — . ?0 •Toanette .— _ — . -- Early. Dawson Pioneer Lincoln ___ Goklflnder Danbury __. ._ . 1 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X, 629 VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1904. Variety Maturity Resistance Yield a 0 B cS Q z 3 B CO -ts. X 3 s ■d o m o in National 30 16. Irish Victor Siberian _. 24 16 90 Joanette _- _ 28 ?1 White Bonanza - . — . 27 ?.5 White Russian ... .. _ 31 Rustless -- - 31 Lincoln .- .. 25 Variety Maturity Resistance a ^ a Li ^ o ® », 4-> m Li S n! 3 &o (U O H 3 S es ct 3-3 c» K CO G Q 2 - Ti National _- - _ -- 1.0 light 1R Irish Victor 33" 17 Russian (Bruner) ""7^0" 1.0 0. ""g'.q" 34 IS Danish Siberian - -- iq 10 light io" 3? 90 Joanette Dun -.-.....- 35 «?. 31 9?. Sparrowbill White Tartar 9<) ?4 3? ?T White Russian _. — . „. _._ 10.0 15 36 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 631 VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1907. Variety Maturity , D. Z Resistance •o V " ^j s tc m ic ■a s S o O) K m .J ■* ■* ■* » Yield '- 2.— . 00 CJ , a 05 ^ 1. Sixty Day 2. White Alaska 3. Early Champion 4. Kherson 6. Wisconsin No. i 7. Minnesota No. t> 3. Tartar King 9. Canadian 10. Myrick U. Early Gotham -. 12. Minnesota No. 2(3 13. Silvermine U. Green Russian -. 15. National 16. Irish Victor 17. Russian (Bruner) 18. Danish 19. Siberian 20. Joanette 21. White Bonanza -. 22. Dun 23. Sparrowbill 24. White Tartar 25. White Russian — New Sixty Day Kan. Sixty Day Red Texas -^ American Banner .Johnson Dom. Clydesdale Probesteier Portland Black Beauty Imp. Clydesdale Lincoln G. G. Side Oats Welcome 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-13 4-13 4-13 4-13 4-15 4-13 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-13 4-13 4-13 4-13 4-15 4-13 4-11 4-13 4-13 4-13 4-13 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-U 4-10 4-13 4-13 4-13 4-11 4-13 4-11 4-10 4-10 7-18 7-18 7-19 7-19 J-25 7-2.5 7-24 7-25 7-26 7-24 7-25 7-24 7-26 7-25 7-25 7-28 7-25 7-25 7-26 7-27 7-23 7-27 7-30 7-30 7-18 7-18 7-21 7-31 7-24 7-27 7-25 7-23 7-29 7-25 7-23 7-29 7-23 94 94 95 95 103 103 100 108 102 103 101 lOO 102 103 103 104 103 101 104 107 101 105 108 108 101 111 105 105 103 101 109 103 103 110 103 0. 0. 0. 1.0 0. 0. 1.5 0. 0. 1.2 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 3.7 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.5 0. 0. 4.0 1.0 0. 0. 8.5 0. 0. 0. 1.8 0. 0. 0. 4.9 79 78 9S 71 1 81 73 64 87 74 76 71 64 20 24 53 2 2 81 51 57 83 83 72 93 89 80 76 74 23 15 33 36 14 20 10 8 14 9 15 1 15 12 17 10 7 9 13 12 31 8 7 5 4 44 9 15 18 12 31 24 18 19 60 57 25 28 23i 24J 20i 0 16 19J 23 19 17 20i 24 19 18 15i 20 2^ 18 19 13 18i 18 25 24 30 22J 163 19 17* ISh 0 17i 2 : 18 8 I 15J 3 17 PREPARING THE SEED. The practice of securing seed oats from the bin is both undesirable and expensive. It is not uncommon for an endgate seeder to be backed up to a bin and loaded with oats that have not been rehandled since coming from the thresher. An exceedingly small percentage of the oats used for seed have been sufficiently fanned and cleaned. Seldom are they run through the machine more than once. Once is not enough to make the proper separations. A third and fourth time through is often necessary. It may be conservatively said that from 25 to 40 per cent of the oats gen- erally used for seed should have been eliminated. Take a handfull of oats and examine them carefully. A large percentage will be found to be small or of just medium size, and many extremely light because they are largely composed of hull. By thoroughly fanning and grading, the light oats will be fanned out. The larger, heavier grains should be retained for seed, and the small and medium sized ones may be fed. Oats for seed purposes should never weigh less than 28 pounds per 632 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. bushel. This may be considered low for the best results. Undoubtedly a large amount of seed oats will be used this season that has been grown outside the state. In such case, care should be taken that they are properly cleaned and free from objectionable weed seeds. Seed secured from the north may, under ordinary conditions, be expected to give satisfaction (especially so this season). Oats from the irrigated regions have not been tested sufficiently by this Station to permit their being recommended for use in this district. SMUT ADVANTAGES OF TREATMENT. The occurrence of smut in the oat crop of the state is a serious prob- lem and its effect is greatly underestimated. Comparatively few farm- ers give this disease any attention whatever, and it is apparent that every smutted head is an absolute loss. In the years 1904-1906-1907 circulars were sent out to the members of the Iowa Corn Growers' Association and the Short Course students of the college, asking that they calculate the percentages of smut in the crops of the ensuing season. The following replies were received: In 1904 131 farmers 13 treated for smut In 1906 84 farmers 7 treated for smut In 1907 147 farmers 33 treated for smut These counts represent: 19(M 321 fields of which 30 were treated for smut 1906 89 fields of which 8 were treated for smut 1907 248 fields of which 17 were treated for smut The treatment of oats for smut with formalin is a simple process and its effect as it is used by different farmers may be seen in the following tables : Post Office Variety « S 1907 Gamble, T. H Miller, B. A Iowa Experiment Station... Iowa Experiment Station... Iowa Experiment Station... George, B. T... Miller, W. J Bberle, J. H Hodson, .1. L Behrens, O. C NefC, C. H Bennington, G. W Bates, H. A Hofier, J. T Mead A. E 1906 Saunders, J. F 1905 Iowa Experiment Station... Iowa Experiment Station... 1904 Bailey, .7. H Ward. Walter E Humboldt ... Kalona Ames Ames Ames Janesville Ankeny Manilla Agency Volga Liscomb Volga Algona Nora Springs Manchester . Rudd Ames Ames Diagonal Kiron Big 4 Progress Wisconsin No. 4. Silvermine Kherson Early Champion . Early Champion Kherson 80th Century Early Champion . Early Champion . White Early Champion .Toanette White Russian . Early Champion Average 0. 0.6 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.3 0. 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0. 0.4 1.3 0. 0.6 2.7 2.7 0.4 0. 0.3 0.5 1.4 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.5 4.1 4.2 6.1 6.3 0. 2.4 5.4 5.4 3.9 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 633 The following table shows the comparative results obtained in 1907 in 40 fields, 20 of which were treated and 20 not treated. Treated Not Treated a d Variety 3 S CO ■ •* s 13 a ■d M Variety s CO -* 1 White Russian 2.7 2.7 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 21 22 23 24 2.5 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Green Russian 4th July Early Champion Early Champion 4th July Swedish Select June Green Russian _. 11 7 ?. Klierson 11 6 R Silvermine — . -- - --. 9 7 4 ,5 Golden Silvermine - - . 8.8 8 1 fi Minnesota No. 26 7 9 7 7 5 8 Yellow Swedish Select . . . „. 7.5 9 Early Champion 7 2 10 n Early Champion Silvermine 7.2 7 1 12 Early Champion _ -- — _ - 6 9 1R Early Champion 6 7 14 15 Silvermine White Gem . . Early Champion 6.2 6 1 Ifi Early Champion Early Champion 4th July Early Champion Early Champion Average 5 9 17 18 19 90 Early Champion Lincoln Early Champion Silvermine — 5.9 5.9 5.8 5 4 Average 0.6 7.9 The average of the 80 fields given above shows tliat the treated fields have an average of 0.5 percent smut while those that were not treated have more than ten times that amount (5.9 per cent) or an actual loss of 5.4 per cent of the crop. This means a loss of 1.6 bushels per acre when it would have cost but 8 cents per acre for treatment. "When this is figured up to a 40-acre field we find the farmer has sold 64 bushels of oats for about $3.00. The formalin treatment for smut in oats is inexpensive. It is given in detail in Bulletin 89, la. Exp. Station, which may be had on application. PREPARATION OF THE SEED. This is a much neglected operation, in fact, the practice very gen- erally carried on is not to first prepare the seed bed before the oats are put in, but rather to sow the grain, then disc and harrow that the seed may be covered. This will be shown by the following table which has been compiled from answers received by the Department of Soils to a circular letter sent out to the farmers of Iowa in 1905, inquiring as to the preparation of the seed bed. Four hundred and fifty-two replies were received: 3.4 per 3.5 per 21.4 per 71.7 per 13.3 per 16.7 per 70. per 9.2 per 11. per cent cent cent cent cent cent cent cent cent Put oats on other than stalk grounds Raked and burned corn stalks Broke stalks Neither broke, harrowed nor burned stalks Disced ground before sowing the oats Disced both before and after sowing Disced after sowing oats Harrowed both before and after sowing Harrowed ground before sowing 634 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 97.5 per cent Harrowed after sowing 3.7 per cent Harrowed small grain after it was up 0. per cent No one reported rolling small grain It will be observed that practically all sow oats on stalk ground and that 71 per cent sow on unprepared stalk ground. Almost all harrow in the oats after seeding, while 70 per cent disc the ground after sowing. The burning of the stalks may be considered a wasteful practice. Our soils in general are in need of humus making material. A good sharp disc will cut the stalks up very well. However, it will have to be admitted that the seed bed can be put in a much more satisfactory con- dition for receiving the seed, insuring a more even stand, when the stalks have been broken down, raked and burned. Many stalks interfere with an even covering of the seed, especially where the stalks have not been pastured and are heavy. If the disc be sharp much of this trouble can be eliminated. To prepare a suitable seed bed for oats, corn stalk ground should be disced at least twice, lapping the disc half, and in addition to this it will pay to double harrow. Some seasons may require more discing. Seldom can the seed bed be prepared with less. The disc drill will be found especially suited for putting in oats on stalk ground. As to whether the ground should be harrowed afterward depends largely upon conditions. In general it is not necessary when a good seed bed has been prepared before hand. It is essential that the seed be covered, and as evenly as possible, at a depth of from li^ to 2% inches. A deep seed bed is not recommended, as oats respond better to one more firm; 3 to 3% inches in depth is sufficient. It is all important that the seed bed for oats be properly prepared for oats before the oats are put in. BATE OF SEEDING. The amount of seed which should be sown on an acre will vary some- what with the land and method of seeding. In all the experiments car- ried on at this Station with reference to rate of seeding, a disc-drill has been used. It will be seen by the following table that three bushels per acre has, in every instance but one, given us a heavier yield than has a less amount. The table shows the results for three years work with an early and a medium variety: Six Experiments Showing The Effect of "Rate of Seeding" Upon Yield of Oats. Rate Per Acre 1899 1906 19 d pX « o d m 9) 043 a o S d o OS " 5 u t- J- V > •T, ^ M ft 3a «p 3 a up tf n ^ CQ ^ 2i 21 54.3 35.6 25 22 46.4 24.2 22 21 Average 44.9 m 35.3 m In addition to the above advantages secured by drilling over sowing broadcast, the drill has a decided advantage when oats are used as a nurse crop. Grass seeder attachments may be purchased with the drill. By drilling north and south the rays of the sun can more easily reach the young clover and timothy plants than when the grain has been sown broadcast. This is very helpful in producing plants that are stronger and more vigorous. CONCLUSION. Iowa raises on an average of 29.5 bushels of oats per acre. The highest yield in five years has been 34 bushels. The result of the work at this Station shows that the yield of oats in Iowa can be substantially increased. By the use of better varieties, a better quality of seed, treatment for smut, better preparation of seed bed and drilling, this average should be raised to more than 40 bushels per acre. Oats would not then be merely "A crop necessary for rotation." 636 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AMOUNT OF OATS TO SOW PER ACRE. Farmers' Tribune. There is considerable difference of opinion among farmers as to the amount of oats to sow to the acre in order to obtain the best results. It is true that no set rule can be laid down as to the exact amount of seed to sow for the reason that the quality of the seed, the manner in which the seed bed has been prepared, and the fertility of the soil are factors all of which have more or less influence on this 'question. We are Inclined to think however, that it is a subject which might profitably be studied by our experiment stations with a view of obtaining in- formation on the effect of thick and thin seeding on the quality of the straw and upon such other characteristics as go to make up a first-class crop. Generally speaking, the less the amount of seed sown, the more the plants tiller, and the greater the amount of seed sown the less the tillering. In other words. Nature attempts to bring about a full stand. Judging from the results obtained by the Garton Bros., of England, it would appear that we are not sowing enough seed per acre in this country. The Garton Bros, sow from four to five bushels of oats per acre, and we understand that they claim to obtain a stiffer straw from thick seeding, their theory being that plants which come direct from seeds produce a stiffer straw than suckers or tillers. Our experiment stations have investigated this question to some extent with some of the other grains but it appears to us that it has not been so fully in- vestigated in the case of oats as the importance of the subject seems to warrant. Mr. C. H. Fuller, a farmer at Ottosen, Iowa, is a believer in thick seeding of oats. He has done a little experimenting along this line on his own hook, and in a recent letter sends us the following information for the benefit of our readers: A few years ago, my brother bought a farm adjoining mine. He moved to this county (Humboldt) from the eastern part of the state, and clainmed that 2.5 bushels of seed was enough for an acre of oats. I said 'sow more' because it had been my experience that heavier seeding gave a better yield. Our conversation resulted in making a test of the matter. We laid off a piece of uniform ground on my brother's farm and seeded three strips of oats along side of each other. This resulted in obtaining the following yields in the fall: With two and one-half bushels of seed per acre, we received 35 bushels of oats in the fall; with three bushels per acre, we obtained a yield of 49 bushels and with three and one-half bushels per acre, a yield of 65 bushels. This experiment was repeated the following year and the results were: From two and one half bushels of seed per acre, a crop of 32.5 bushels was harvested; from three bushels per acre, 45 bushels was har- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 637 vested; from three and one-half bushels, 61 bushels, and from four, 65 bushels. "The third year I purchased four bushels of Big Four oats of a seedsman in Wisconsin, and sowed them on one acre of ground with the result that I harvested 140 bushels in the fall. The year following this experiment, I seeded 13 acres to Big Four oats at the rate of four bushels per acre, and harvested a crop of 80 bushels in the fall. From these and other facts that I have gathered on my own and my brother's farms, I have reached the conclusion that the best results are obtained by sowing three and one-half bushels of well cleaned oats per acre or four bushels of uncleaned seed. I -do not, however, advise any man to sow uncleaned seed; good seed graders and fanning mills can now be obtained at small cost and they will pay for themselves, on the average farm, in a year's time." It will be seen from the above that our correspondent, as an average of the first two years' trial, obtained at harvest time per bushel of seed sown, the following yields: 13.5, 15.7, 18 and 16.3 bushels, when the following number of bushels of seed per acre was used: 2i/^, 3, 3% and 4. In view of the fact that much of the land in Iowa is getting too rich for profitable oat culture, it would undoubtedly pay our readers to in- vestigate this question of thick and medium heavy seeding on a small scale for themselves. We should be pleased to hear from those who have facts at hand showing how much seed per acre to sow and what effect thin and thick seeding has upon the quality of the straw, as well as upon the yield of grain. OATS IN THE CORN BELT. Wallace's Farmer. The com belt proper, broadly defined as the corn surplus states, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska, or those portions of the corn surplus states which actually produce a surplus, is not and never will be a first-class oats country for the reason that the climatic requirements of corn and oats are markedly different. Hence it is a common saying among farmers in those states that you cannot expect a bumper crop of corn and a bumper crop of oats in the same season. The hot weather which is necessary to produce a bumper crop of corn tends to decrease the crop of oats, while the cool weather required for the development of a first-class crop of oats is fatal to a first-class crop of corn. The land cannot well be too rich for a crop of corn; and, there- fore, the methods which farmers employ to maintain their lands in a very high state of fertility renders a crop of oats following very liable to lodge. While this section of the country can never be a first-class oats country, it is exceedingly important to grow the largest amount of oats possible, at least until we are able to substitute to a large extent some other crop such as winter wheat for the oats. How to improve the oats crop under the climatic conditions existing in this territory is therefore one of the 638 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. most perplexing problems with which the corn belt farmer has to deal, and we will discuss the various methods briefly. The first thing toward enabling farmers to get the most out of the oats crop is to persuade the grain dealers to buy oats on their merits instead of by an arbitrary standard. There is very little inducement for the farmer to improve the quality of his oats if the grain dealers at the stations pay the same price for oats that weigh thirty-two pounds that they pay for oats weighing twenty-four pounds per bushel. The farmer says, "What's the use of my trying to produce oats of a fine quality if I get no greater price for them than the farmer who gives the subject no special atten- tion? We have known dealers in a year when oats ran from twenty- four to thirty-two pounds to fix twenty-eight pounds as the standard and pay the same price for the extremes. This is the same foolish policy, ruinous to all concerned, that was followed by the country stores before the advent of the creamery, when they paid the "same old price" for grease that they did for farmers' butter fit to grace the table of royalty. It is the same policy as was followed by the early buyers of cattle who paid a uniform price for yearlings without any special reference to weight or quality. There are several methods by which the quality and quantity of oats can be very materially increased in the corn belt states. Just which one of them fS the best is not yet certainly known. There is one method, however, which can always be followed to great advantage, and that is to separate the heavy oats in any sample from the light, and then sow only the very best, always treating them for smut. Not more than two-thirds of the ordinary sample of oats is fit for seed. The smaller seed should be sieved out, and the lighter seed, irrespective of size, blown out, for the simple reason that these will produce weak and very likely immature plants, and thus deteriorate the quality without increasing the quantity. One method worthy of more extensive trial than it has been given that of procuring seed from the oats country proper, that is, the latitude of Minnesota, northern Wisconsin and North Dakota. The basis of the theory is that in these sections, on account of the climate, oats secure their highest development; and that if oats are brought down to a less favorable climate they will retain their vitality for two or three years, of course giving an increased yield and of better quality. We would like very much if those who have tried this method would give us an accurate report of the results. Another method is to secure oats from countries of similar climate, on the theory that having been grown for a very long period in that climate they have adapted themselves to it, and hence will give a greater yield than varieties that must become acclimated before they can produce the best results. As illustrations of this method we might cite the introduc- tion of the Kherson oats into western Kansas and Nebraska, and the good results which have followed from their introduction into the more humid climates of Iowa and Illinois. Similar results have followed from the in- troduction of Turkish Red wheat, Manshury barley, Turkestan alfalfa and various fruits from the more northerly sections of the fruit belt in Europe. We believe that the introduction of such varieties, followed by careful selection, will lead to a very considerable increase of oats in the corn belt. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 639 Another method is that of the gradual acclimation of oats that have already become acclimated to a warmer climate and are capable of re- sisting the rusts, smuts, and blights which so seriously interfere with the yield of oats in a climate adapted to the growth of corn. The Kansas Experiment Station, for example, has found the Texas Red oats and other varieties from Tennessee to be the best yielders in the experiments con- ducted with oats at that station for three years. It further notes that the Texas Red has improved in quality after being under cultivation some years at Manhattan, yielding much better on three-year trials than some of the improved varieties brought from North Dakota and almost as well as Kherson oats brought from the Nebraska Experiment Station. Still another method is that of cross-breeding. This method is prac- ticable only at the experiment stations, one object of cross-breeding being to take advantage of the variations produced by that method, and another to secure greater vitality by crossing with wild types. We were greatly interested recently in studying samples of improved oats from the Garton plant breeding establishment near Liverpool, Eng- land, and particularly in a type of hulless oats produced by crossing the British oats on a wild Chinese hulless type. Photographs were made of each of the successive crosses. The result was a type of hulless oats practically destitute of the hairs found on all of our common varieties of oats, which give the bitter taste to oat meal made from them. The im- provement made in various grains, and especially in oats, at that estab- lishment furnishes most conclusive proof that our plant breeders by adopting the same methods can produce some very surprising results. A still further method of improvement would be the development of winter oats suitable to the latitude of the corn belt. Winter oats are grown successfully in the cotton belt. OAT HAY. Wallaces' Farmer. We are sometimes asked whether, in case there is a short hay crop, it is advisable to use oats for a hay crop. Why not? Oats is a grass and can be used quite as well as timothy. Where a man has no timothy meadow and has plenty of oats, about the best thing he can do is to cut that oats when it is in the dough stage and make it into hay — not in the hard dough stage, but the soft dough, when you can take a grain of oats and mash it between your fingers. It should be cured just like any other hay, but it should not be put in the barn. Why? Because if you do j^ou will find by next spring that you have the biggest stock of mice on hand that you have ever had. Put it in the stack, cover it with slough grass or corn fodder, and keep plenty of cats. There are other conditions when it is desirable to make oats into hay. For example, if your land is too rich to grow oats, which it is apt to be when you have plenty of stock and haul out the manure; or when the land is naturally rich and the season favorable to lodging, especially when you 640 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. have seeded to timothy and clover. Under these circumstances we would not hesitate to mow the oats and use them for hay, curing them precisely as we would timothy and clover. In the more eastern portions of our territory and in the more northern portions, where there are heavy dews and less sun heat during the day, farmers cure them in the cock. This is all right, but the cock should not be allowed to stand any longer than is necessary where the land has been seeded to clover and timothy, for the reason that while timothy will not be seriously injured, the clover under the cock will undoubtedly be killed. Even when the oats do not lodge, if the season is dry and on examina- tion it is found that the clover is becoming yellow and delicate looking, and you are anxious to have a good crop of clover, then you had better mow the oats and cure them for hay. In fact, we believe that the man who has plenty of dairy cows and young stock will make quite as much net profit from his oats by making them into hay at the soft dough stage as he would if he went to the additional expense of cutting and thrashing. ALFALFA AS A FOOD AND HOW TO GROW IT. Wm. B. Goodrich, Climbing Hill, Iowa, Before Woodbury County Farmers' Institute. The value of alfalfa is but little realized by the farmers of Iowa as a class, and in my opinion but few of the small number who are raising it fully appreciate its great usefulness and the extent to which its general and intelligent cultivation would add to the wealth of the farmers of this part of the State. Its importance is by no means limited to its use as feed for live stock. Its wonderful ability as a feeder and builder of the soil is found to be more and more appreciated as its cultivation is extended and its effect on the soil observed. Nitrogen is one of the most necessary elements of fertility, and the most expensive. Alfalfa gathers it from the air for its own use and stores a surplus in the soil for the benefit of other crops which may follow on the same land. Its roots, penetrating the soil to great depths, bring up mineral elements of plant food, leaving them near the surface, and also draw up an immense amount of moisture. The surface soil of an alfalfa field becomes so moist that the space between the plants is frequently covered with moss. The mechanical effect of these roots on the subsoil is very beneficial, es- pecially where it is of a clayey or of a compact nature, by making it more porous for the passage of air and water. The decay of these roots, and the leaves which fall to the ground at each cutting add a large amount of. necessary humus to the soil. Further than this the barnyard manure where alfalfa is fed is a richer fertilizer than that from any other forage crop and will be of greater benefit to the soil when returned to it. This question of restoring fertility to our soils is one of growing import- ance, and one to which we must turn our serious attention, for it is the keynote of successful agriculture. No soil, however rich in a virgin state. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 64L is inexhaustible, and the longer its resources are drawn upon without compensation the greater will be the difficulty of restoring it when it finally refuses to yield an adequate return for its cultivation. To be sure, we have valleys that are annually enriched by the wash from higher land, and will never grow poorer so long as the higher land has fertility to supply it. But what of this higher land? It is being robbed both by nature and by the short-sighted farmer and the time has already arrived at some of it, here in Woodbury county, must be fed and nursed back to a more productive state or it will not pay for the labor of farming. The fact that alfalfa will produce twice as many tons of hay per acre as any other forage plant we can grow here and that it has a greater value per ton, thus enabling us to keep more stock on a given amount of land to help sustain its fertility, added to its power to build up the soil while growing, proves its great value for this purpose. When we further consider that at the same time our live stock return us a greater net profit because of the cheapness and excellence of alfalfa as a feed, the conclusion is that when its .value is appreciated and its cultivation under- stood it must become one of our staple crops. Well cured alfalfa contains more feeding value per ton, especially pro- tein (which so many of our other feeds lack) than any other hay. All kinds of live stock relish it and do well on it, including hogs and poultry. It is especially valuable to the dairyman and the cattle feeder, as with it a balanced ration can be made without buying high-priced oil meal or other concentrates. Any well drained land in Woodbury county that will grow fair corn will grow good alfalfa. The thin soil of our ridges will yield big crops of it if well manured before sowing, but if the ground is poor it will be a slow process getting it started. We have always practiced sowing alfalfa in the spring. The land intended for alfalfa is planted to corn the previous year and kept as clean from weeds as possible. In the spring all stalks and trash are removed and the ground leveled, stirring the soil no more than is necessary to do this, or to cover the small grain which we usually sow for a nurse crop. The disc drill is an ideal tool for putting in alfalfa. When this tool is used 15 to 18 pounds of seed to the acre is enough. If sowed broadcast and harrowed in I would advise 20 pounds and if the seed does not all sprout when tested add enough to make up for the poor seed, but it is more satisfactory to have good seed. We use either oats or barley for a nurse crop. When oats is used we sow one and one-half to two bushels per acre and cut it for hay as soon as it is headed. Last year we sowed five pecks of barley per acre on rich ground and allowed it to ripen, but as a rule it is dangerous to the young alfalfa to let the nurse crop ripen. After the nurse crop is removed we leave all after growth for winter protection. As early as possible in the spring, some day when the stubble is dry and the ground moist, we burn it off to get rid of the trash. Alfalfa will yield three and sometimes four crops a year here. It should be cut as soon as it fairly begins to blossom. When you find by looking at the crown of the plant, at the ground, that the next growth is starting, it is 41 642 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ready to cut. The aftermath in the fall should be left for protection and stock kept off at all times. Do not cut the last crop later than the middle of September. It is easier to make first-class alfalfa hay in all kinds of weather than any other kind of tame hay we grow here. This statement may cause some surprise and there may be some inclined to dispute it from their own experience, but I believe no one who has practiced the right method will question its truth. I will endeavor to describe in detail how we haye handled it with uniform success during the past five seasons, which, I think, you will agree have not been without an abundance of rain during the alfalfa haying season. We always take off the dividing board of our mower. This is an important point. I wish to impress on you that it is essential to success that the cut alfalfa must lay in an even, thin layer on the ground so that it may dry sufficiently for raking as evenly as pos- sible. This is especially important if rain should fall soon after cut- ting. If it lies as it falls it will dry as quickly as though cut after the rain and without damage, provided it had not already dried too much before the rain, whereas, if the dividing board is used the thick ridges and bunches made by it will not be in condition to rake for from one to three days, and in the meantime the balance has been parched to a crisp, and perhaps another rain falls and it is all seriously damaged. We never cut more at one time than we can put into cocks before it is dry enough for the leaves to break. The secret of success lies in never letting alfalfa get dry until after it is in the mow or stack. On a good drying day the morning's cutting can be raked and cocked in the after- noon. We have sometimes handled it three hours after cutting. If very heavy when raked small cocks should be made and it will take a little longer for it to get dry enough for the stack or mow, but the quality of hay will not suffer. In cutting it is not necessary to wait for dew or rain to dry off, as with clover, as it does not mat to the ground, but lies loose enough for air to pass through. Windrows should not be made too large; in a good crop they should only be about 10 steps apart. We put two or two and one-half dumps of the rake in a cock, and never bunch it with the rake, but make neat, round-topped cocks by stacking one forkful on top of another. Alfalfa handles so nicely that this work can be done very rapidly, especially by making rather small cocks, which are the best in every way. We never risk any hay in the windrow. If it is to be rained on before it is cocked up we prefer it in the swath. Therefore, if the weather is threatening we only rake a little at a time and never leave any windrows over night. When safely in the cock we consider it practically secure. No ordinary wind will disturb it nor rain damage it to any extent if it is left alone. It should never be touched after a rain until the weather has settled and it has dried out so that by turning the cocks upside down in the morning they will do to put in the same day. If the cocks are not too large all the surplus moisture will be found next to the ground and will evaporate very rapidly when exposed to the sun and wind. They will be set and firm, shaped like half an orange and a man can turn over a row of them as fast as he can walk across the field. If more are turned over than can be put in that day the rest can be turned EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 643 upright in a few minutes and will be in nearly as good shape as if never disturbed. Alfalfa hay made in this way retains all its leaves (the most valuable part), is bright green, and is as much better than the bleached, leafless stems put up by more careless methods and often with as much, or more, labor, as bright well cured corn fodder is better than weather-beaten stalks we saw in the fields along the road today. To the skeptical, who are looking for the easy way and think this in- volves too much labor, I will only say try it; especially if you have al- ready had some sad experience following some other method. Remember, never let one part of the work get ahead of another. Get the hay into the cock as soon as possible after it is cut and never tear those cocks to pieces until you are ready to puf the hay in immediately. WAGES ON THE FARM. The Orange Judd Farmer has collected reports on wages paid farm hands in the principal agricultural states for the last three years with the results shown in the following table: State 1906 1905 1904 Illinois $20 to $32 20 to 28 20 to 30 20 to 28 22 to 30 23 to 36 18 to 23 23 to 30 18 to 25 20 to 35 15 to 25 20 to 30 18 to 30 16 to 22 20 to 30 22 to 30 20 to 30 25 to 30 $20 to $30 20 to 25 18 to 24 18 to 22 20 to 25 20 to 25 15 to 21 20 to 28 18 to 24 20 to 28 15 to 22 18 to 28 18 to 25 15 to 20 20 to 25 20 to 26 18 to 26 24 to 27 $20 to $30 Iowa 20 to 24 Nebraska 18 to 22 Indiana 16 to 21 Minnesota 20 to 25 Michigan 18 to 23 Missouri 18 to 20 Wisconsin 20 to 25 Kansas 18 to 22 North Dakota 20 to 26 Pennsylvania 15 to 20 Oklahoma 15 to 25 New York 18 to 25 New Jersea 14 to 18 Massachusetts 18 to 24 Vermont 20 to 22 Connecticut 16 to 22 Maine 23 to 25 EVERGREENS IN IOWA. Seymour G. Piatt, Oelwein, Iowa, in Iowa State Register and Farmer. The evergreen, as its name implies, is the tree for all the year around. It does not serve us for but a part of the year like the fruit tree, nor like other deciduous trees which are stripped of their foliage after the kill- ing frosts of autumn have made their first few visits. The evergreen re- mains through frost and snows to break the fierce attacks of the west- ern winter winds. Who has not observed what a protection in the cold- est windy days of winter a well-grown evergreen windbreak affords? It is surprising that in a prairie state like Iowa not more evergreen windbreaks are planted. The climate, the soil, the moisture and all the es- sentials for evergreen growing are found here. However, close attention and hard labor must be combined with nature to secure desirable re- 644 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. suits. Since we can not place the blame upon nature for our failures in growing evergreens, we must find someone else that is culpable. The three reasons for so few successful windbreaks may be these: First, a large number of Iowa farms are rented; second, a great many farmers have not been educated to appreciate the value of windbreaks, and, third, the farmers who set out evergreens often fail to give them proper care at the right time. Too many farm owners, who rent their farms, say that it does not pay to set out evergreens because the renters will not take care of them. If they but knew how much a windbreak adds to the value of a farm, simply as a protection and an ornament, they would be very willing to set the trees themselves and care for them. There are many farmers who do not know the use and the value of trees. They know that trees will break the wind, that trees around farm build- ings will keep them warmer than buildings in the open, and that trees make lumber and firewood. Few understand the influence of trees upon the evaporation or the cultivation of moisture, or the influence on temper- ature in the time of cold winds of winter and hot and dry winds of sum- mer. No one can fully appreciate the value of trees unless he understands the scientific problems in which they are involved. If these reasons are not valid as to why there are not more windbreaks in Iowa, there is still a greater reason, and that is found in the lack of care and attention after the trees have been planted. A man may buy the best grade of evergreens, set them in his richest soil and fence out the poultry and stock, but if his efforts end there his success is in danger. In the busy rush with farm crops the farmer too often neglects mulching his evergreens and water- ing them in dry seasons. 'Tis only a little work if done at the proper time that will insure success provided the rest of the work has been carefully done. The kind of trees is the question that troubles many, while others bare- ly give it a second thought. Most buyers want a tree that will grow fast and will give quick returns on the investment, and they do not stop to think that the fast-growing tree is the shortest lived and usually of the poorest quality. For quick growing trees which will do well on coarse and gravelly soils the Scotch pine can be recommended. It reaches a height of 25 to 30 feet in from ten to fifteen years, according to the kind of soil and the amount of moisture. At maturity it is a coarse, open tree with crooked trunk and irregular branches. It should be planted with other higher growing trees so that after these have grown large enough the Scotch pine may be cut out. The Austrian pine is a more valuable tree, because it is more regular and straighter in its habit of growth and equally as hardy. Its color is a darker green and the leaves are longer. Perhaps the two most common and most largely planted evergreens in this State are the white pine and the Norway spruce. Both are long lived trees, very hardy and sturdy growers in proper conditions. The white pine is considered among the best of windbreak trees because of its density of foliage, its height and symmetry. It branches low and is wide spread- ing, making a solid, compact windbreak. The Norway spruce, while not so long lived, perhaps is more hardy when young and not so tender rooted. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK— PART X. 445 It is quite good as an ornamental tree owing to its regularity of branches which gives it a symmetrical form. The white spruce is a tree of good quality, since it branches low, close and even. The arborvitae, flat-leaved tree is used in windbreaks to some extent with taller growing trees. It does very well in low, wet, heavy soils. It is largely used in hedges because it stands severe pruning and fills out well. For ornamental lawn trees the Silver fir and the Colorado blue spruce are among the best. Their bright, fresh, green foliage makes them cheerful and attractive. There are many other varieties of good qualities, but these named are among the best and will serve for all general purposes on the Iowa farm. Having decided upon the kind of evergreens that best suit his condi- tion, the farmer should next have a knowledge of the best methods of set- ting the trees, and how to care for them afterward. In all cases it is best to prepare the ground before the evergreens are delivered at the farm. For windbreaks the land should be well plowed and then furrows made for the rows. Furrowing is not practical for trees under two feet high, but for larger trees it facilitates the work of digging the holes. By all means have the rows straight and even. The trees should be set a few inches deeper than in the nursery. Give the roots plenty of room and be sure to firm the soil about them. If the earth is dry give each tree a half pail of water after the first few shovelfuls of dirt have been packed about the roots. One precaution in setting evergreens is to expose but one at a time. Do not string them out like a row of fence posts and then plant them afterwards, but get the tree into the ground as soon as pos- sible after taking from the packing in which the trees were shipped. The T)est method, and the one most usually followed, is to raise pota- toes, corn or other annual crops along with the evergreens until they have reached a considerable size. The advantage of this method is that the ground between the rows does not go to waste, and at the same time the evergreens get the necessary cultivation. Another plan quite often followed is to mulch the trees heavily with straw or coarse manure. This has a tendency to make the trees shallow-rooted, for they will not send their roots downward, as they do when frequently cultivated. Either of these plans worked out alone will not give the best results. Cultivate in the growing season of early summer and after the drier weather comes on. Give the trees a heavy mulching. During the first years evergreens need water if there are not good rains every two weeks. Water when they need it and give them plenty. The best time for water- ing is late in the afternoon or evening. With good trees to start with, rich soil and plenty of rainfall, and then a little hard work and careful thinking, the Iowa farmer can have a wind- break of which any man may well be proud. DOES IT PAY TO SPRAY? By Prof. S. A. Beach, Iowa State Register and Farmer. In answer to this question we invite our readers to read carefully the accompanying report of an experiment in spraying apples conducted by Prof. S. A. Beach of Ames the past season: 646 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF A&RICULTURE. The work was done at the Trigg orchard, located at Rockford, Floyd county. There are 2,900 trees in this orchard. They were planted in 1895 and 1896, which makes them now ten and eleven years old. They are mostly of the Wealthy and Patten Greening varieties. In 1905 the Patten Greening bore a good crop and perhaps for this reason they did not set very much fruit last season. So far as can be determined the crop of Wealthy in 1905 was largely destroyed by the scab fungus. In 1905 the Wealthy set considerably more fruit than the Patten Greening, but not a good crop. The average yield for the orchard was less than one-fifth bushel per tree, while in one of the plots under experiment the yield averaged two bushels per tree. Had the entire orchard yielded propor- tionately as much as this experiment plot it would have produced over 5,000 bushels instead of less than 500. This would have made the spray- ing much more profitable, for the cost of spraying the whole crop would have been but little greater than the cost of spraying the small crop which the orchard produced. The entire orchard was sprayed with the exception of the plots of trees called I and IV, which were located in a portion of the orchard where there appeared to be the best prospect for a good crop of fruit. Each of these plots contained fifteen trees. Plot I contained six Patten Greening and nine Wealthy trees. Plot IV contained three Patten Green- ing and twelve Wealthy trees. The corresponding sprayed plots were num- bered II, III and V. Plot II lay immediately south of plot I and con- tained likewise six Patten Greening and nine Wealthy trees. Plot III lay immediately north and plot V immediately south of plot IV. Like plot IV, they each contained three Patten Greening and twelve Wealthy trees. The first spraying was given just before the blossoms opened, the second just after the blossoms fell, and the third from June 21st to June 25th. About the first of August the fourth spraying was made to combat the second brood of the codlin moth. The materials used were Bordeaux mixture, paris green and arsenate of lead. All of the trees except the checks were sprayed each time except at the last treatment, when only those havipg more than a hatful of apples were sprayed. TOTAL YIELDS COMPARED. Taking into account all grades of fruit, a comparison of the sprayed plats with unsprayed plats shows in every case a decided increase in the total yield of the sprayed trees. A comparison of plot I and plot II shows that the yield of the sprayed Patten Greening was 164 per cent tha the unsprayed, and the yield of the sprayed Wealthy was 123 per cent that of the corresponding unsprayed Wealthy. When the unsprayed plf^t IV is likewise compared with the corresponding sprayed plats III and V it is seen that the yield of the sprayed Patten Greening is respectively 422 per cent and 255 per cent that of the unsprayed, while the yield of the sprayed Wealthy is respectively 546 per cent and 653 per cent of that of the unsprayed Wealthy. In other words, sprayed Wealthy yielded in one case five and one-half times as much, in another case six and one-half times as much, and in the third case twelve and one-half times as much as the corresponding unsprayed Wealthy, while sprayed Patten Greening EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 647 yielded one and one-half, two and one-half and four and one-half times as much, respectively, as the corresponding unsprayed Patten Greening. The total yield of both Patten Greening and Wealthy fruit is shown in the following table: GRAND TOTAL PATTEN GEEENINQ AND WKALTHY. YIELD PLAT BUSH. PER CENT. Plat I, unsprayed 5.75 100 Plat II, sprayed 23.33 406 Plat III, sprayed 28.06 529 Plat IV, unsprayed 5.31 100 Plat V, sprayed 28.5 537 The total yield of sprayed plat II is 406 per cent of that of the corre- sponding unsprayed plat; the yield of sprayed plat III is 529 per cent and that of sprayed plat V is 537 per cent of that of the corresponding un- sprayed plat. GRADES OF FRUIT COMPARED. But the benefits of the treatment were not confined to increasing the yield. Not only was there more fruit and finer fruit where the trees were sprayed, but the fruit hung to the trees better. The amount and per- centage of dropped and picked fruit are set forth in the following state- ment. The fruit was not graded into firsts and seconds, but the great su- periority of the sprayed fruit over corresponding grades of the unsprayed fruit was apparent to everyone who examined the crop. Patten Greening. yield of patten greening and wealthy under experiment in the trigg ORCHARD. Plat 2 Yield Bushels Dropped Picked Total Per Cent Dropped Picked Plat I, unsprayed.. Plat II, sprayed Plat III, sprayed... Plat IV, unsprayed Plat V, sprayed Plat I, unsprayed. Plat II, sprayed Plat III, sprayed... Plat IV, unsprayed Plat V, sprayed 2. 2.87 1.8 1.12 1.75 2.5 4.5 5.75 .43 2.25 4.5 7.37 7.55 1.55 4. 44.4 38.9 23.8 72.3 43.8 55.6 61.1 76.2 27.7 56.2 WEALTHY 8.41 12.5 3. 16.5 .56 7.5 .75 1.25 15.91 20.5 3.75 24.5 54.4 52.9 61.0 80.0 67.3 45.6 47.1 39.0 20.0 32.7 In every instance the percentage of dropped fruit was greater on the un- sprayed plats than it was on the corresponding sprayed plats. This dif- ference at least in the case of Wealthy from plats I and II, where it amounted to only one and one-half bushels in a hundred, but Wealthy in 648 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. plats IV and V showed a difference of about thirteen bushels in a hundred and in plats IV and III a difference of nineteen bushels in a hundred in favor of sprayed fruit. Patten Greening showed a difference in plats I and II of five bushels, in plats IV and V of twenty-eight and one-half bushels and in plats IV and III of forty-eight and one-half bushels in a hundred in favor of the sprayed fruit. Note that these comparisons have no reference to the relative amounts of the yield of the different plats, but refer to the percentages of picked and dropped fruit in the total yields regardless of the amount of that yield. It is interesting to observe in this connection that the Patten Greening fruit hung to the trees much better than did the fruit of the Wealthy. In plat III, which was sprayed, Wealthy showed 61 per cent of dropped fruit, while Patten Greening showed 24 per cent. In plat IV, which was un- sprayed, the percentage of dropped Patten Greening rose to 72 per cent and that of Wealthy to 80 per cent. The highest percentage of dropped fruit on any of the sprayed plats was found in plat V, where 44 per cent of the Patten Greening and 67 per cent of the Wealthy dropped. This leads me to raise the question whether it would not be a good practice in handling varieties like the Wealthy and Patten Greening to make at least two pickings, one when the earliest ripening fruit first reaches marketable condition and the other when the most of the later ripening fruit is in prime condition. I am of the opinion that in large commercial orchards of these varieties it would pay to make at least two pickings. A study of this experiment leads to the following conclusions: First — Where an orchard is badly infested with the apple scab and has not been previously sprayed it should have two thorough treatments before the blossoms open instead of one, the first to be given when the green tips of the leaves first push through the bud scales, the second just before the blossoms open. Second — It is best to make the treatments very thorough and timely. Third — In Iowa it pays to spray for the second brood of the codlin moth. Besides the two treatments which should be given before the blossoms open as indicated above, the control of scab and codlin moth requires that the orchard be sprayed just after the blossoms fall and again in from ten to fourteen days. The season's spraying operations will then include the following line of treatment: _ 1. When the leaf buds are opening. 2. Just before blooming. 3. Just after blooming. 4. About two weeks after the third treatment. 5. The last of July or first of August. In all of this work it is best to use liquid Bordeaux mixture with paris green or some other effective poison. HORTICULTURE. Mr. Buffln, Estherville, Iowa, before Dickinson County Farmers' Institute. Volumes have been written on this topic and still it is not exhausted. It ranks second to none, save, perhaps, agriculture, of which it is practi- cally a branch. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 649 We, in our county, are practically on the horizon of fruit growing. We have just begun to see victory ahead. Thirty years ago some of our early settlers from the east were determined to have their own fruit and to many of these we are indebted for many valuable lessons both in failures to be avoided and success to be made use of. Listen to them for a moment. They will tell you of their trials, of the ravages of prairie fires, of deep snows and of the jack rabbits eating the tops off the trees, of their blasted hopes when, after years of care and labor, their trees turned out, in many instances, to be of worthless sorts, often resulting from dealing with fake tree agents and sometimes in using poor judgment in selecting. Coming down to the present, we are situated in one of the best counties of northwestern Iowa for growing apples. If you will consider, acre for acre, we have no crops that pays better returns than our apple orchard, considering the amount of labor expended. Add to this the care and man- agement used in the east and what are our possibilities? We don't grow apples here. We plant a tree and let it take care of itself and expect a crop. Our friends in southern Iowa, Missouri and all of the other apple-growing states are fighting the enemy of the apples with profit. It has been repeatedly said by several different persons that the apple exhibit at your state fair last fall was far superior to that at the Minne- sota state fair. I believe that our lakes have something to do with our fruit growing; that is, I believe many varieties can be grown near these that cannot be made a success 15 or 20 miles from them on open prairie. It is well known that there is a location southwest of Minneapolis, near Lake Minnetonka, that almost any kind of fruit that will grow in Iowa will succeed, and I believe that the conditions are similar here around our lakes and streams. I once asked Prof. Budd of Ames what he thought of our county for growing apples and he replied something like ■this : "I believe there is no better place in Iowa to grow fine apples of high color than along the banks of the Little Sioux and in the vicinity of the lakes of Dickinson county, of such varieties as are adapted to your climate." From what I see and have learned from actual planting I am con- vinced that no one need be alarmed if his land is level or nearly so if well drained. However, I would prefer rolling, if handy. I would not want to plant on land with any appearance of alkali or blue clay near the surface. This is found in places in the southern part of the county. Land that will grow good corn will grow good apples or other fruit. Plant with a view to the future. Aim high. It is no disgrace if you do not quite reach the mark. If you wish to plant thick plant your trees thicker in the rows north and south. But leave room east and west for plowing and working the soil the first few years to some other crop. This will give you room to get through some day to spray your trees and room to drive out with your load of apples. Trees planted about 16 by 24 is about right to my mind. Plant less crabs and more of something salable. I find I have something like 60 sorts in my orchard, which is about 57 or 58 too many for profit. It pays 650 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to take pains in planting. Marie off your ground, get your rows marked out straight so it will not make you cross eyed to cultivate along the row. Dig a good-sized hole and when you think you have done it about right get down in the hole and spade it up a spade depth deeper. This will loosen the earth so new roots will penetrate to moisture. Plant the tree as soon as the hole is dug, while the earth is yet moist, and it will need no watering. Always keep the roots moist. Stand your tree up in the hole, leaning to the one o'clock sun, and work fine moist earth in among the roots. Fill in till the hole is nearly full, then tramp with the feet till the ground is very firm. Then fill up till level and leave loose. Planted in this way they will need no watering; 99 per cent or better should grow. It is well to trim the top back at planting time. Know what you are planting. If for family use you may plant several sorts, but if for market plant such as there will be a demand for. Our fruit crop last fall taught many lessons. About the time the Duch- ess apples were maturing I looked into the market question somewhat and wrote some commission houses that there were some surplus apples at Milford. They requested to know when the fruit would be ready to ship and as a result a commission man from Mason City, Duluth and two from Minneapolis were on the ground on short notice. Likewise when the Wealthy were ready buyers were plentiful. A cold storage firm in Kansas wrote me to know if I could furnish them twelve carloads of Wealthy at a good figure. The only requirements were that they had been sprayed and were sound fruit. Here is a hint to our local storage plant. Get busy next time and store the best fruit. I understand two or three carloads of Spirit Lake Wealthy apples are in storage at Mason City at the present time. These ought to be here. I think we should look into the matter of spraying more thoroughly. I am satisfied we have got to come to it and that if properly done it will pay a large dividend. I found a great difference in my trees that were sprayed last season. I am not an agent nor have no axe to grind for any spray company, but think it is a mistake for the average farmer to attempt to mix his own spray. I find I get better results from the ready prepared mixtures. Am sorry I cannot be at your institute and learn from your experiences along this line. I have only touched on a few lines in horticulture. Much might be said of other fruits and varieties, but I know well that the subject is in good hands when entrusted to Mr. BufRn. THE IMPROVEMENT OF CORN THROUGH BREEDING. By W. A. Hook in Iowa State Register and Farmer. (This article was the first prize winner in the Iowa corn growers' contest, written from the viewpoint of the breeders). The greatest improvement in our corn must come through increased yields as associated with better quality. The knowledge of this needed improvement is spreading rapidly through the agency of natural forces, EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 651 chief among which is the continual increase in the price of our best corn lands, bringing with it higher rentals and taxes, causing the corn grower and breeder alike to exert all their energy and skill to meet the new conditions. The breeder, so far as he himself is concerned, will soon adapt himself to the change, but the average farmer must change his methods or else he will be compelled to give up corn growing to some other fellow who can, by his skill and good management, make the land pay a profit. It should be the purpose of every breeder to try to reach all those farmers in his community who are raising the low yields of corn. Some, of course, will not thank him for advice, but most of them will be ready and willing to grasp any new ideas that will help them in increasing the value of their crops. He should demonstrate by actual practice the value of intelligent methods and at harvest time show results that will convince the most skeptical. To accomplish this end a breeding plot should be operated by the breeder and at harvest time a picnic planned in order to get a crowd of farmers together to see the results. In this plot should be planted sev- eral ears in separate rows. One of the highest yielding varieties should be used. The ears should all have been strong in vitality as shown by the germination test and should be uniform in appearance. The yields can then be noted and the need of careful selection of seed made apparent. Seed from the highest yielding rows should be planted in the general field the following year, while the best ears of the same rows should be kept for the breeding plot. If a part of the parent ears have been kept they will be of great help in comparing results. In this way the move toward better methods can be started and in a few years great good will be accomplished. After the corn is harvested and the results recorded the seed should be hung up under an open shed to dry. This should be done in the presence of the visitors and at the same time they should be instructed that, after a month's drying naturally, the corn should be stored in a dry place where it would be safe from the ravages of mice and rats. Impress on their minds that it should be the purpose of every corn grower to hang up more seed than is necessary to plant his crop. This method gives a chance to eliminate those ears that are undesirable, after a closer inspection has been made as to the depth and shape of the kernel or as to its germinat- ing power. A germination box should be ready for opening on this day so that a study of the method of testing each ear separately could be made. Most any average farmer could readily see that by numbering the ears to correspond with the squares in the box would be all that is necessary in obtaining the germinating power of each and every ear tested. Make plain to them that kernels from all sides of the ear should be tested and explain that a large box is not best for use in this work as the center of the box would not get enough air for strong, vigorous germination. A half hour's sfiidy of a box opened for inspection in this way would suffice to convince most any one of the need for testing his seed corn. Another thing that the breeder should be instrumental in bringing about is a corn show at the nearest village. He can get the merchants. 652 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. through the advertisement they will get, to donate the premiums. Do not give money premiums, but let the dealers donate some article that they handle and then average the premiums so the values will be in about the proportion of $5, $2.50, $1 and 50 cents. No definite number of classes need be represented, but make as many classes as your premiums will warrant. The main good that will come from a contest of this kind will be the education of farmers in the different varieties and the inspiration he will absorb by being thrown into contact with other growers who may or may not have better corn than himself. Always get an expert judge (from the State college if possible), to judge the corn and let him give a talk on corn. The picnic gathering and the corn show will work wonders in the improvement of corn during the next few years, and it is one of the main stimuli that urges each and every grower on to greater effort, resulting in permanent good to the community and to the nation at large. No breeder can contribute to the permanent improvement of corn and follow the "scoop shovel" method in saving seed corn for future sale. Neither can he afford to sell it shelled, for corn that is not fit to be shown in the ear should never be planted for seed. Not more than 10 per cent of the crop should be kept for seed, depending somewhat on the season. No breeder should sell for seed any corn that he would not plant himself in his general field. There should be a corn breeder in every community and it would not be long before there would follow systematic breeding for high yields prac- ticed on many farms. I do not think that it is necessary for the breeder to go further than to breed for high yield of superior quality ustil he has enlisted a large share of his neighbors in the cause. Too many are chasing vague fancies in breeding for show qualities alone. I do not be- lieve, from the results of my experiment plot this year, that high yield and show quality are in any way associated for this reason: My highest yielding row did not yield a single show ear, while the next highest yielder produced ten show ears on fifty-three hils. Two of the low yielding ears produced a like number of show ears, while the finest ear planted in the plot did not reproduce itself once. Some breeders are breeding for high feeding values, but I believe that a large amount of the results thus accomplished are soon lost when corn is turned to other men for seed purposes. What the great need for im- provement in corn, at the present time is, is not so much higher feeding value or greater show quality, but higher yields of mature corn, and the only way this can be accomplished is by enlisting the corn breeders in the work and through them reach the man who is raising the small yields. He is the farmer we must stimulate to greater effort if we expect to ma- terially increase the average yields of corn in the corn belt. Such then should be the purpose of every corn breeder and, while his methods might be dissimilar to those of other breeders, any system of breeding that will increase the yield of corn will be very beneficial to the community. The great good that will surely come to the breeder, who is devoting his life work for the benefit of his neighbor farmers, will not be that of financial gain, but will be that of the satisfaction of doing good for the benefit of others; and this result alone would well repay him for his work. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 653 COST OF AN ACRE OF CORN. From Illinois Farmers' Bulletin No. 10. EACH ITEM OF PRODUCTION FIGURED OUl^-^SIMPLE AND PRACTICAI- SYSTEM OF FARM BOOKKEEPING. Joseph R. Fulkerson, of Hazel Dell Stock Farm, Jerseyville, III. It is not always the man who knows the most who makes the greatest success, but the man who thinks. It is necessary to read, and as a rule the one who reads the most thinks the most. The day of haphazard farm- ing by plenty of brawn and no brains has gone by. No two farms are exactly alike. Every farm is a separate and distinct problem, to be worked out by itself. So much depends upon the man. LUMBER DEALER KNEW EVERY ITEM OP COST. A man said the other day, "Lumber is high." But a lumber dealer re- plied that lumber had been too low and now simply had advanced along with pork, corn and wheat. He was able to tell to a penny the cost of the timber, the labor and freight rates; what it cost him to haul and skid the logs; to put them over the saw; to stack and load the lumber and to deliver it to the market; and what per cent of culls had to be reckoned upon. That was a man who thinks. He knew exactly what it cost to produce the lumber he was selling. I wonder if a boy here knows what it cost per acre for seed corn last year; what it cost to plow the ground, to work it down, to cultivate it; and what, from a previous record, will be the probable cost to husk and deliver this corn. It is necessary that the farmer keep accounts and know the cost of production, that he may be able to figure out methods of cheaper production. The man who finds that there is "no money in farming" and says, "I'm going to quit," doesn't think or he doesn't keep accounts. FINDING THE COST PER DAY OF MAN AND TEAM We will first study what a man and team are worth per day. There are four Sundays in a month and probably two other days on which the man will not work. It took me three years to figure out the cost of a horse's work. I found that the average price of farm horses was $125.00, and figured that they were good for ten years' work, and worth $50.00 when 15 years old. You know what corn, oats and hay you feed the horses. I gave them the usual amount of hay and then took it out of the mangers and weighed it. A certain amount must be counted for the horses' feed in the stalk field or the pasture. In Massachusetts or Penn- sylvania the cost of the horse is figured at 40 to 50 cents a day. Here 654 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the horse costs about one-half of that, as horses, feed and pasture are cheaper. The horse includes the use of the harness and the repair bills. I found that it cost 22 cents a day to keep a horse and figured the man at $1.35 — $1.80 per day for man and team. That is the cost to us. It may cost more or less upon other farms and under other conditions. It is almost impossible to get the exact cost, but if we make an effort to do so we will come a great deal nearer to it than by guessing. ADDING UP EVERY ITEJI OF LABOR. We keep a work book at Hazel Dell farm. It takes but five or ten minutes to write it up every evening. This diary gives the name of each man who worked and states the kind of work, how long he worked and in what field. Here is a sample record: "John Jackson cultivated corn, field number 3, second time over, two horses, half day; started binder and cut wheat in field number 5. three horses, half day." By running over this book at the end of the season we can easily get the number of days spent in working each field and with the price per man and per horse, can figure the cost of the crop grown in that field. There is certain labor on the farm which must be charged to the place as a general expense, and not per acre to any crop. For instance, a forty- acre field of corn may have four sides fenced. This fence is not for the benefit of the corn, but for the purpose of keeping live stock, and it should be charged to the live stock. We found it was more expensive to rake and burn stalks than it was to disk the land. COST OF PRODUCING ONE ACRE OF CORN. We have found, by the careful figuring of every item, the average cost for three years of growing an acre of corn, as follows: Work with the stalks $ . 12 Plowing 80 Working the ground 60 Planting 18 Seed 15 Cultivating 1.07 Husking 1.72 Wear and repair 40 Total $5.04 Credit to stalk-fleld 60 Net cost of one acre of corn $4.44 These accounts, kept similarly, will vary in different sections of the State, as the cost of labor varies, the average being higher in the northern and lowed in the southern part. We never haul an ear of corn to market and so I have put in nothing for marketing the corn. Another three years the cost might vary somewhat from the above, but not very much. We must have land upon which to grow corn and should figure rent or interest upon this investment, in addition to the above labor. But do not put this too high. The safer investment always bears a low rate of interest. Similar figures for a crop of wheat are as follows: EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 655 Plowing $ .78 Working the ground 94 Seed 87 Drilling 19 Harvesting 77 Wear and repair 34 Threshing 2. 48 Total $6.37 Credit the stubble-fleld 26 Net cost of one acre of wheat $6.12 JIANNEB OF KEEPING THE FEED BOOK. To get at the cost of making beef and pork a feed book is kept. It is written up every Saturday night and shows the average amount and kind of feed consumed "by each bunch of live stock and the number of animals in each bunch during the week. From this we can figure very close to the cost of the animals at marketing time. Following is a sample record from this book: "Fifty-six steers were on grass in east pasture, getting sixteen baskets of broken corn per day. Two milk cows and nine with eleven calves in lot and upper pasture; five ears each twice a day to the milk cows." "When the steers are fed the corn is weighed in the bulk and figured at seventy pounds to the bushel. THE DAY BOOK AND ITS ENTRIES. Our object in farm bookkeeping is to get the business record in such shape that it will be simple, condensed and plain. We want to do the minimum of writing and yet have the ledger show every transaction at a glance without referring to several other books. "We use simply a day book and ledger of the single entry form kept by the double entry system. Our day book is a "counter book," or "order book," for writing with pencil, and costs but 5 or 10 cents. The day's transactions should be recorded every evening, and for this it is not necessary to get pen and ink, or even to wash one's hands. When convenient, the oftener the better, these items should be posted to their proper accounts in the ledger. Following are some samples of the day book entries: March. Sold to Jas. Wilson— 12 fat shoats, 10 months old; average 236 ® $5.90; check deposited Gave John Allen- Check for 257 bushels corn ® 40c 3 calves e $10.00 Amount of check Sold Wm. Barton- Team of horses— Jim and Molly— to be paid in corn. 1,000 bushels e 40c Wm. Barton delivered— 1 ,008 bushels corn ® 40c J. R. F. paid him cash to balance account 00 OO The Above Accounts Transferred to the Ledger. 656 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CASH 1906 March To hogs— 12 shoata to Wilson; 236 & $5.90 By corn— 257 bushels of Allen O 40c. . By cattle— 3 calves ot Allen & $10.00. . 167 102 80 CATTLE. 1906 7 To cash 3 calves of Allen & $10. 00 30 00 CORN. 1906 March To cash— 257 bushels of Allen © 40c Horses— 1,000 bushels of Barton @ 40c To J. R. F.— 8 bushels of Barton ® 40c.... 102 80 400 00 3 20 HOGS. 1906 March 6 By cash— 12 shoats to Wilson; 236 e $5.90. HORSES. 167 08 1906 March 16 By corn— 1,000 bushels received of Barton— "Jim & Molly" 400 00 J. R. FULKERSON. 1906 March 16 By corn— Paid Barton for 8 bushels extra on horse trade 3 90 WHAT THESE ENTBIES MEAN. The third item of the above day book entries (March 10) is simply a memorandum of the trade that was made, and does not appear on the ledger until the transaction is completed (March 16). As you will see, every item on the ledger shows exactly what it is the moment you open the book, without referring to the day book, while the ordinary double entry form is not much more than an index referring to the pages of the day book for the real account of the transaction. In addition to the ledger accounts here given, a separate record is kept of the oats, wheat, hay, chickens and labor, as well as the accounts of any merchant or other business man dealt with. NO LEDGER ACCOUNT WITH INDIVIDUAL LABOEEES. All bills and labor accounts are paid in checks payable to order, thus saving inconvenience or trouble is case a check is lost, and making it unnecessary to take a receipt. All labor is paid every Saturday night, the time being taken directly from the work book. This saves keeping the ledger account with every EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 657 hired man, and no misunderstanding can arise as to tlie number of days' worlv. ANNUAL INVENTORY. On Feb. 1 of each year we pay all outstanding bills and make an effort to settle with every person having an account with us. We measure all hay, corn and other grain on hand and estimate its value according to the local market; estimate the value of horses, tools, machinery, etc.; weigh all cattle and hogs and figure them at city market prices, less freight. Brood sows, being heavy at this season, are not marketable, so are not weighed, but are listed at $15.00 each, regardless of the market. We think this a minimum price should we ever sell out entirely, and as we try to have the same number of brood sows on hand every spring, that item remains practically unchanged from year to year and does not atfect the net results. Feb. 1 is chosen for this inventory because most merchants can have their bills ready at that time, and there are no growing crops except wheat. Everything on the farm is then in the most condensed form. SWEET CORN CANNING IN IOWA. Wallaces' Farmer. A can of sweet corn is rather a prosaic and insignificant thing in itself, but the economic value of our corn canning industry runs up into the millions of dollars every year. It may be news to many that Iowa leads the Union in the production of canned sweet corn. The next time you open a can of "sugar corn" for corn oysters, corn fritters, escalloped corn, or some other delicious dish, it will perhaps add a bit of spice to this humble article of food if you know something of its "life history," in which some 200 or 300 people have a part. In the typical Iowa country village of Grimes is located a factory devoted to the sweet corn canning industry. The factory is up-to-date, successful, and may be taken as an example of the high-grade canneries of the state. This is a stock com- pany and most of the stock is held in Grimes or by the farmers near Grimes, which makes the plant pretty much of a mutual affair. A description of the methods there employed, when supplemented with the views given herewith, gives one a very clear idea of the whole process. In the spring the acreage is contracted for, the present price being $8 a ton net husked corn for Evergreen and $11 for Country Gentleman. About 700 acres is needed to keep the factory going properly during the canning season, and this season extends over three to five weeks, depend- ing on the season. The acreage per farm varies from ninety acres for the largest patron down to small patches of two or three acres, but about twenty to thirty acres is found most profitable for the average grower. More than this necessitates too much hired help at harvest time in order to secure the crop in prime condition. Good seed is of vital importance and is hard to obtain on the general market. During recent 42 658 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. patrons with choice seed at a nominal price. A few acres of corn is bought from several of the best sweet corn growers. The matured seed is carefully sorted and stored in heated rooms to prevent freezing, and in the spring resorted, the tips and butts shelled off, the ears tested, and only the best sold for seed. There is now no trouble with poor seed, but under the old plan where each man saved his own or bought it wherever he could there was each year a large acreage with weak stand or to be replanted because of poor seed. Sweet corn seed seems more susceptible to severe freezing than field corn. Under the best of conditions it does not sprout as readily nor grow as vigorously, hence the double importance of good seed. Rich, clean land gives the best results. In general, land that grows the best field corn grows the best sweet corn. The cultivation is practically the same, with the exception that an ideal seed bed is more important with sweet corn because of its slower and more delicate growth at first. It must be kept free from weeds at any cost to be profitable, and an extra plowing pays well. The planting is thick, about five stalks to a hill on the best land. The planting begins about the first of May and extends till about the 10th of June. This gives a succession of fields ripening in the fall and distributes the harvesting over three or four weeks. The earliest fields are in choice roasting ear and ready for canning about the middle of August. The corn is snapped and hauled to the factory, where it is weighed and tested. The test consists of taking a measure of the snapped corn, husking out and weighing the ears suitable for canning, and thus determine the per cent of net husked corn in the load. A test of 75 to 80 is considered good, but this depends a great deal upon how close the corn is snapped and upon how carefully the corn is selected in the field. No matter at what season the harvesting is done, there is always a greater or less per cent of immature ears and ears that are past the best stage for canning. A careful snapper will leave most of these ears in the field, and they add a great deal to the feeding value of the fodder, besides saving unnecessary labor in snapping and handling. Where labor could be secured at a reasonable price it would no doubt pay to make two gatherings, but. practically all the large growers make one gathering, as nearly as possible when the most ears are prime. The general average yield is around two to two and one-half tons net per acre. On good land well farmed three to four tons is not uncommon, and ocasionally a field runs even higher. Three tons is considered a good crop. Besides this, the fodder is worth $1.00 to $1.50 in the field, or $3.00 cut and shocked, so in average years sweet corn is a paying crop; in fact, one of the best crops on the farm up to a certain limit. The advantages of growing sweet corn are that it is a profitable cash crop; it distributes the work of corn gathering over the fall; it produces a large amount of high-grade fodder, stock preferring it to field corn or sorghum; the stubble field makes an ideal seed bed for winter wheat and permits of reasonably early planting. The closer the fields to the factory the more profitable the crop, because the gathering and hauling are big items of expense. Little is grown over three miles out, and practically none over five miles out. A good man in heavy corn can snap and haul EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 659 three to four tons close in per day, while two to three tons is good work out a couple of miles. A man with team is paid $1.35 a net ton for close work and $1.50 for a mile or two out. The snapped corn is scooped from the wagons into both sides of the long open husking shed and twenty or thirty wagons unloading and waiting at one time is a common sight. The husking is mostly done by women and children, who receive three cents a bushel for the work. An extra good husker can husk fifty bushels a day, but most of them run around twenty-five to forty. The husked corn is dumped into a long conveyor, which is simply a long open box with an endless belt in the bottom and running the full Jength of the shed. Another carrier takes the corn from the conveyor to the cutting machines on the third fioor of the factory. Along this conveyor are stationed ten to fourteen sorters, depending on the quality of the corn coming in, whose duty it is to pick out any ears not strictly choice, and very little else gets past the sharp eyes and nimble fingers of these sorters. Some factories are not so particular about sorting and use only a few hands at the conveyor, hence their output is nearly all one grade. After the choicest corn has been "run up," the balance is again dumped on the conveyor and resorted. The ears unfit for canning are thrown out into a refuse pile which is sold back to the growers at $1.00 a load and makes a cheap feed for stock. All the corn that is a little too green or too hard or otherwise not suitable for the choicest grade is then run up into "seconds" and sold at a lower price than the choicest "firsts." These "seconds" are handled chiefly by grocers whose trade demands cheap goods and also to feature as "bargains" for the benefit of the well-meaning but sometimes short-sighted bargain hunter. Take it from us, dear reader, the best is the cheapest in canned goods; don't buy any "bargains" in cheap foodstuffs of any kind unless you absolutely know you are getting a high-grade article. The husks are raked into another conveyor and carried out to the husk pile. Patrons are permitted to haul away all the husks they wish free of charge and the balance is stacked into a huge pile. This pile heats and silos nicely, and except for a foot or so spoiling on the outside, it comes out green and sweet ensilage in the winter and sells readily to dairymen at $1.00 a load. The husked corn as it is carried up to the cutting machines is washed by a spray of water and then dumped into chutes over the cutters. A girl at each side of the machines, which are fitted with a double set of knives, feeds the corn into the knives. These knives are set to cut the kernel about through the middle and the ear is then forced between scrapers that scrape out the pulp and leave the indigestible hull on the cob. The trade demands a kernel that is visible but small, not too green and not overripe. The cobs are carried out to the cob dump and hauled off in manure spreaders and scattered on the fields for fertilizers, and some of the patrons haul them back for feeding purposes. After leaving the cutting machines the work of canning is nearly automatic. The cut corn drops through a chute to the second floor and passes through the "silker," a machine that takes out the silks and tiny strips of husks and also strains out the tips of ears, pieces of cob, etc. 660 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. From the silking machine it passes to the mixer, where it is mixed with the "syrup," composed of granulated sugar, salt and water. This mixing is done automatically and with absolute accuracy. Some folks have the impression that some sort of an acid or preserving compound is used to keep the corn sweet in the cans, but this is not true. The "syrup" simply flavors the product and adds plumpness or tone to wilted kernels. The cooking is the real secret of preservation. From the mixer the corn goes to the preliminary cooker, where it is raised to a temperature of 175 degrees, which is as hot as can be used and make the solder on the caps work. This first cooking is really a process of primary sterilization. The corn is then automatically filled into the cans, which are capped by hand, soldered and tipped by machinery, and stacked into open steel baskets that hold 1,000 cans each. The filled baskets are then conveyed to the cooking retorts, where the sealed cans are steam cooked for about one hour at a temperature of 250 degrees. This cooking is a very important process. The heat must be kept steady and the cooking stopped promptly at the proper time or a low-grade product results. Overcooking makes brown corn and undercooking would promote spoilage. The only reason the factory can put up corn that keeps and the housewife can't is simply because she is not equipped to maintain the corn at the high temperature necessary to perfect keeping. The whole secret of perfect keeping nicely flavored corn is proper cook- ing and the right amount of syrup. From the cooking retorts the filled baskets pass through a long cooling tank into the store room and the cans are filled into cases and stored. After the season is over the cans are labeled and packed into cases ready for shipment. This work is usually done as the stock is shipped so the labels are fresh and clean and also to save extra handling. The finished product wholesales at 50 to 65 cents per dozen cans. There is a fair margin of profit in the latter figure, but none for high-grade goods at the former price. The market is vast, but in recent years the demand has not been equal to the supply and many small factories have been closed on account of low prices. New markets and an increased demand have this year advanced prices to a point where most of the factories are making money. Nearly every small town is sooner or later enthused with the possi- bilities of a canning factory, but an enterprise of this magnitude cannot be successful at every point. First it requires heavy financial backing. Take the Grimes factory, for instance. This is a two-line factory; that is, there are two complete sets of machines in the mixing, filling and soldering departments. The plant and machinery represent an expendi- ture of over $35,000. A good season means an output of a million to a million and a half cans, this year about one and one-third millions. The can bill alone is over $20,000. Cases represent $6,000 more, labels $2,500, raw product $16,000. The pay roll during the season is $6,000, besides the salaries of the superintendent and the regular employes during the year and extras during the shipping season. Add to this insurance, interest on investment, repairs and incidentals, and it requires nearly $100,000 to swing the enterprise. A one-line plant would require more than half as much, because each additional line does not double the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 661 expense of investment, pay roll, etc., but does double the capacity of the plant. Sufficient acreage for a full season's run must be assured; the financial success of the business depends upon a large output, since the margin of profit is small. There are not many mixed canning factories in Iowa, because the Iowa farmer and his high-priced hired man do not take kindly to raising tomatoes, peas, beans and other truck. Sweet corn must be the main canning crop in most localities, perhaps supplemented in a small way by some of the other canned products. The hearty co-operation of the growers is vitally essential. Careful management and efficient and abundant labor is essential. The Grimes factory employs 200 to 300 hands, and that in a small town means a lot of folks for a month's business each year. Here the farmers' families and the townsfolk all turn out and earn spending money and money for school supplies and winter clothes. It is "fashionable" to work at the factory, and young and old lend a willing hand. Wages vary from 10 to 40 cents an hour for time work, depending on the work, and the piece workers are paid good wages. This factory has been operating five years and the school children and dozens of others look forward each year to the "run" to earn a tidy sum. School begins when the "run" is over. Not every town will give a canning factory that kind of support. There is always employment outside the "run" for a few steady hands in making up boxes, labeling, shipping, unloading crates and cans, repairing, and other odd jobs. THE CARE OF FARM MACHINERY. H. M. Bainer, Colorado Agricultural College, in Wallaces' Farmer. There is perhaps no other source of loss so great to the average farmer as that produced by lack of the proper care of farm machinery. As a general rule, the prosperity of a farmer may be estimated by the way he cares for his machinery. Poor care indicates shiftlessness, waste, lack of energy, and that the owner must necessarily buy more tools and implements in a short time. Good care, on the other hand, indicates prosperity, development, bank deposits and the buying of less machinery. The American farmer buys annually $100,000,000 worth of farm machinery. According to statements made by different manufacturing companies, the farmer would not have to buy over one-half this amount of machinery, provided it received the proper care. A season without shelter detracts more from the value of farm machinery than the wear caused by its use during the same season. Every owner of farm machinery should be able to understand and properly adjust it. Every implement should be looked over carefully before it is used, to see that all bolts are tightened and all moving parts work freely. Moving parts on new machinery frequently run hard on account of paint in the bearings. This paint can be easily removed by the use of kerosene or one-half kerosene and one-half machine oil mixed. New 662 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. machinery should be carefully examined every day, as bolts often work loose or boxes may fit too tightly, causing them to heat. When the work with a certain machine has been finished it should be thoroughly cleaned and all parts that are liable to rust should be carefully wiped with an oiled rag or waste. They should then be stored in a shed of some kind, rather than left in the corner of a field or under a tree where the chickens roost on them. With good care and housing an ordinary grain binder on the average 160-acre grain farm will last from twelve to sixteen years. In comparison with this, a binder doing no more work, without extra care or housing, will last but from five to eight years. Records show that many farmers have kept their tools in constant use by good care for more than twice the average life of the machine. We will assume that a farmer starts in farming with $1,000 invested in new machinery and that if sheltered and well cared for it will last ten years and if not sheltered only five years. If the implements stand out in the weather it will cost another $1,000 to replace them at the end of five years. The compound interest on this amount for five years at 5 per cent amounts to $276.28, or the total amount of money paid out for machinery with its interest amounts to $1,276.28. A good tool shed large enough for this machinery can be built for $200. The compound interest on this amount for ten years at 5 per cent equals $125.60, or the shed may be considered to have cost $325.60 at the end of ten years. After paying for the shed it leaves us at the end of the ten years a balance of $950.68 in favor of housing the machinery, and the shed is perhaps good for ten years more use. THE COST OF HOUSING FARM MACHINERY. Wallaces' Farmer. E. A. White, in the Illinois Agriculturist, gives some interesting figures on housing farm machinery, as follows: "On the average farm we will usually find the following tools: Three gang plows $ 60 $ 180 One -walking plow 16 16 One 20-foot harrow 22 22 One roller 25 25 One disk harrow 30 30 Onediskdrill 80 80 One corn planter 40 40 Three two-row cultivators 40 120 One mower 43 43 One hay rake 25 25 One side delivery rake 50 50 One hay loader 50 50 One binder (8 feet) 125 125 One manure spreader 120 120 Three wagons 70 210 One hay rack 20 20 One double carriage 135 135 Two single carriages 100 200 One cart 25 25 Total SI, 516 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 663 "The machinery necessary to operate the average farm successfully costs about $1,516. A shed 70x30 feet would house every tool in the above list. Building the shed without a floor, setting the posts in cement blocks one foot square, and putting doors on both sides, would cost $492.60, or, in round numbers, $500. "The question simply resolves itself into this query of farm economics: Is it cheaper to have $1,516 worth of necessary machinery in a shed worth $500 or leave it exposed to the deteriorating action of the weather? We will assume that the shed will last fifty years, which is not unreason- able, and will have to be painted five times during that period. We will also allow $300 for new roofs and other repairs. Our expenses per year would then be as follows: Interest on S500, at 5 per cent $25.00 Depreciation of shed 10.00 Painting 2.50 Roofing and other repairs 6.00 Total S43.50 "For $43.50 per year $1,516 worth of machinery can be housed. If these machines are left out of doors they will depreciate 10 per cent (and that is putting it mildly) of their value per year, or $151.60. It is thus readily seen that it is neater, cheaper, more convenient and more business- like in every respect to build a machinery shed and then see that the tools are put inside when not in use. Simply by having the shed to house the machinery we are making a great saving, namely, the difference between $151.60 and $43.50, or $108.10. A paying proposition, to say the least." SCALES ON THE FARM. Breeders' Gazette. Guesswork has cost farmers a deal of money. Years ago it was a pardonable business breach; it is not today. In the experimental stage of farm scales, when these inventions were very costly and the necessity of conducting farming operations on a strictly economic basis was little appreciated, the sale of live stock and farm produce at guessed weights was among the unavoidable evils. Experienced buyers with eyes trained in the calculation of animal avoirdupois almost invariably had the better of sellers. Usually the buyer greatly underestimated weights and the seller went to a similar extreme in the other direction, with the result that in effecting a compromise large advantages quite uniformly accrued to the clever buyer. Many a farmer, for example, has sold hogs at guessed weights and the next day been humiliated to learn that the buyer sold them off the scales at advances ranging from 20 to 50 pounds per head. It is singular that while farmers esteem themselves highly as guessers of the weights of farm animals, and many times seem more interested in their heft than in breed character or perfection of feeder type, their cocksure estimates are often ridiculous when compared with the readings of the scale beam. It is not within the ability of the eye 664 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to measure the weight of a beast with sufficient accuracy to make the plan commercially prudent. While the eye of the master fattens his cattle, it is not to be relied on in fixing their weights for sale. In an age that teems with perfected inventions designed to place farm- ing on a business footing, any sort of guesswork in this field is inexcusable. Everything that the farmer sells by weight should be weighed on his own scales. Upon the facts furnished by them he can make accurate deals. If he has first-class farm scales he can swear by them, and their determinations will be respected by purchasers of his goods. Such scales are now within the reach of almost all farmers. Not to own one is an extravagance. Experience yields the emphatic verdict that business-like farming can not be conducted without them. Economists who with breadth and balance interpret modern industrial developments and deduce principles with which to guide practice, agree that the largest net profits come from full equipments operated by skilled labor under wise direction. Farming is an exceedingly complex art. It therefore requires complexity of mechanical organization and equipment •involving the use of those machines and devices which not only reduce labor but enhance its efficiency. Like many other accessories useful to the farmer, scales may be classed as indispensable luxuries. They accompany and promote careful business methods in every department of agricultural activity. They are eflBcient means to exact ends. So important and definite are the results from their use that farmers rightly consider them investments. The classification is sound. An investment implies subsequent returns repre- senting a fair rate of interest on the capital involved. Scales put to the dozens of uses within their sphere on any stock farm will in a short time wipe out their first cost and for years afterward pay a handsome usury on the original outlay. Any standard agricultural tool or machine after it pays for itself becomes an actual creator of net wealth. Scales will offset their cost about as quickly as any device used on the farm. By increasing the equipment of the farm we increase its productive capacity and enlarge the possibilities of clear profit. Crudity in agri- culture practices war against maximum returns. We can get along without certain machines and appliances, but we can augment profits by using them. Inadequate equipment may confer fair rewards, but a com- plete outfit will place the largest end in reach. From the most enlight- ened point of view, investments in those tools and devices which consti- tute a complete mechanical outfit for a farm are fundamentally sound. No outfit can be complete if it lack a standard farm scale. In the course of a year there are hundreds of questions that can be submitted to the scales. Are the cattle making profitable gains? Are the hogs fattening satisfactorily? Is the corn weighing out? What is the yield of the meadow? Is that draft well grown for his age? Scales will yield money-making information almost every day on the stock farm. This explains the remarkable activity which prevails in the scale manufacturing plants of the country. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 665 ECONOMY IN FARM OPERATIONS. Breeders' Gazette. I sometimes really wonder if there are any of us who do not take many more steps each day than we need, to do our regular daily work. Is it not too true that we often go about our work in a roundabout man- ner when we could save time and energy by using a little forethought? "We allow our season's work to come upon us unprepared and then hurriedly plan some temporary arrangements which usually stand indefi- nitely, however inconvenient they may prove to be. Perhaps in the spring we discover the ground in condition to turn and suddenly remember the plowshares are dull and the harness needs oil and rivets. In the fall maybe rough weather sets in and the feed lot and racks are not in shape to use. Now from my first statement I would not have you think that I am at all in sympathy with any short-cut method if it comes at the expense of efficiency. I never yet have seen any pressing the button system for doing the chores around the barn that impressed me as being altogether satisfactory. I remember when my older brother and I were small we were entrusted with the milking of several cows. Not being particularly fond of this kind of work, as it sometimes happens with boys, a notion crept into our heads that it would mean a great saving of labor if we could draw all the milk from but two teats of each cow and still get the same amount; four were more than a cow needed anyway — for any sensi- ble boy need not be told that a cow's udder is one undivided vessel. Accordingly, unbeknown to my father, we tried the experiment on one of the cows for two weeks with dire results, when we were compelled to abandon the experiment and very nearly the cow. But you see we were trying to improve upon one of Nature's ways of doing things, which are invariably far ahead of anything that man can devise. Suppose we are feeding a bunch of steers on shock corn from the field and want to feed twice a day. It is so easy to set aside a lot for the purpose, patch up a few boxes and begin operations. Then it follows that the team must stand in the barn with the harness on all day and be hitched up again at night to haul feed, or perhaps they are busy in the field when they must drop their work for the feeding. Only a few hours' work in the fall would put a partition through that lot, which no doubt is too large anyway, and thereby one round in the morning would place feed in the racks on one side for morning and the other side for night; then at feeding time in the evening all that is necessary is opening a gate and the work is done. This necessitates a few more racks, but this outlay is not to be compared with the saving of time from their use. I have used this plan for several years and find that one round will bring very nicely enough fed for twenty head of cattle. 666 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I always aim to have a nice bunch of early fall pigs to follow the cattle when the older ones have gone to market, and it is a joy to me to watch them as they diligently look after the waste and to notice how fast they grow; but for various reasons we are not feeding cattle this winter and so we have had to handle our pigs differently. After the clover pasture gave out I added a slop of middlings to balance their corn and this is the way I have arranged it. I am not fortunate enough to have any fancy hoghouse on the place, but I judge one who could not make money today raising hogs without an expensive hoghouse ought to hire out to someone who can. There is a nice barn, however, with a shed 30x40 feet in one end of the basement. I fenced off one-fourth of this for my slopping and feeding pen. I placed two troughs lengthwise of this pen and with my box of middlings in one corner, a tank of water in another, a salt bucket hung on a pin and the pig creep closed I can prepare the slop undisturbed and with a minimum amount of time and labor. I have always observed that when we have things handy we usually attend to our stock just a little better. I dislike so much to see pigs root pretty golden ears of corn around in the mud or on a dirty floor, and at best it is difficult to prevent this wholly in rainy muddy weather. The thought struck me some time ago that if self-feeders work so well for lambs, why not for pigs? I made one, hitched the power to the sheller and ran through about 40 bushels of corn. This feeder is about 27 inches wide, 12 inches deep and 6 Inches high and is set in one corner of my slopping pen, fastened to the wall. It works like a charm and I wonder why I never thought of it before. Someone says the pigs get too much corn. I think not; they will always squeal for their slop with water at their side. I never could figure any profit in limiting the feed to a maintenance ration for pigs anyway. No crowding and fighting, no feet in the trough. They begin when they wish and quit when they wish and I never had pigs do better. The power and sheller had been standing idle for some time, but now with a little time occasionally we can keep forty-eight shoats going and the beauty of it all is that the feed is always fresh and clean and always on tap. THE HABITS OF THE BEE AND SOME MISAPPREHENSIONS. From Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 148. By Everett F. Phillips, Ph. D., (Fellow for Research in Zoology, University of Pennsylvania). Of all animals, aside from man himself, there are very few that have been the object of more admiration and interest to men of every age than the common honey bee. The domestic animals have, of course, been the objects of much study, but it is much to be doubted whether they surpass the bee in interest. On account of its value to man as a honey producer, as well as because of its most interesting habits, but few insects are as well known as is the hive bee. Apis mellifera. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 667 It may be profitable for us to review together for a short time some of the things that we know about bees, and it has occurred to me that possibly it might be even more profitable to find out what we do not know. There yet remains much to be done along the line of observations on the habits of the bee, and lest we forget that we do not yet know all that is to be known, let us first examine the difliculties in the way of observation and then hastily review our present knowledge in so far as our time will allow. First of all, let us give credit to the men who in the past have spent their time in observation, for by their labor we of the present are enabled to read in a short time the results of years of work and profit in the practical work of apiculture by their recorded results. He would be an ignorant bee-keeper indeed who would fail to acknowledge his debt of gratitude to the men who have worked on the habits of the bee, for api- culture is founded on their work and would not exist today as a science were it not for such workers. The name of Aristotle, Swammerdam, Reaumur, Bonnet, Schirach, Huber and others well known to you must ever be venerated by beekeepers for the light these men threw on the activities in the hive. Huber, with his loss of sight, stands out among these as an example of a man who could do work of the greatest value in spite of an afiliction which would make most men of little value to mankind at large. Later we come to the names of Dzierzon, the founder of the theory of Parthenogenesis, Von Berlepsch, Von Siebold and "Weie- mann. We must also include Langstroth, Cowan and possibly Cheshire in the list, for they have done much in apiculture. There are many more men whose work has helped, but we cannot enumerate all of them. I regret to say that relatively few Amer^ans have done much toward a scientific study of the bee, but what this nation lacks on that side has been more than made up in practical appliances and methods. The source to which every beekeeper should go for a knowledge of the habits of the bee is not a book written by any of the men that I have named, nor of any other man, but the one place to study the habits is beside a bee hive. First-hand information, properly obtained, is worth more than any amount of second-hand facts, and here, as everywhere, we can profitably follow the advice of the celebrated naturalist Agassiz, "Study Nature, not Books." The study of the behavior of animals is not easy. I am well aware that many persons think that they could not want an easier task than to study the habits of the bee, but there are difliculties which make such work very trying and unsatisfactory. In the first place, it is often hard to see just what a bee is doing. Let us take as an example what happens when we shake the bees from a frame in front of the hive entrance. In a short time a few bees nearest the entrance turn their heads toward the opening and begin to fan their wings; others soon do the same, and before long almost every bee is fanning as if its very life depended on it. Gradually they begin to move toward the entrance and enter the hive. Every beekeeper has seen this repeatedly, especially when hiving a swarm, but how many could tell what is going on among the bees? This action has been referred to as the "joyful hum" of the bees as expressive of their pleasure at finding 668 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. again the hive in which they belong. Others have said that the noise of those nearest the hive is heard by the bees farther away, and they know where the colony is located. Whether bees can hear or not is a question which need not be discussed here, but these conclusions are inaccurate because the observations are incomplete. If you will care- fully notice this particular action at the next opportunity you will see that the abdomen is raised to an angle of about forty-five degrees and that the last segment is bent down, exposing a light yellow strip between it and the next anterior segment. On this yellow area there appears a glistening drop of some fluid, and when the bee begins to fan a very peculiar odor is easily detected even by the human nose. Bees are, as is well known, governed largely by scent, and this particular action consists in the fanning back of the odor produced by this liquid. The difficulty in earlier observations was that the whole attitude and action was not observed, and consequently the conclusions were incorrect. It is not so much because this is hard to see, but because the observers were satisfied with a partial observation, that we long remained ignorant of this important habit. We pride ourselves on our ability to see things, yet any person who has investigated the subject knows how difficult it is to get two people to tell the same story concerning any observation; and this is not because their eyes do not see alike, but because they perceive only part of the event and let their imaginations fill up the gaps. In no place is this human fault more noticeable than in work on observation of habits, and as a result I feel free to say that this is one of the most difficult problems in the study of animals. A second difficulty is that of giving reasons for the things observed. We are not satisfied with meje observations of actions unless we can see why they are performed, for otherwise the action is meaningless. Since the bee is constructed on a plan so totally different from ourselves, we often are unable to interpret the habits and doubtless many important things are still unknown for this reason. A third difficulty, and one to which too much attention cannot be called, is the difficulty of distinguishing between verifiable and unverifiable truth. As an example, let us take the action of the worker bees toward the queen. The actual observation is this: The workers surround the qUeen on the comb and touch her with their antennae. Whenever she approaches a worker as she moves over the comb the worker turns toward her and at once begins touching her with its antennae. So much all observers see, but here they separate. One says the workers hold the queen in greatest respect and that they care for her and caress her because they know that on her depends the life of the colony; another observer denies all ability of a worker bee to feel any affection or similar emotion. Now who is right? No one can tell, for at the present time this is unverifiable. The actual movements are verifiable by any observer, but when we try to explain the inner feelings of an insect we enter the realm of unverifiable truth, where our imaginations are our only guides, and consequently our results are worse than worthless. This is the rock on which many observers of bees are shipwrecked. If only there were some way to eradicate the unverifiable statements from the books on bees what a marvelous advance it would be. The very best writers EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 669 are at fault here and scarcely a bee journal appears that does not contain some such statements. As another example of this, allow me to quote from one of the more recent works, the author of which may perhaps remain unmentioned. "The antennae, in some mysterious way, afford means of communica- tion. By them the bee says all it feels to its friends and relatives. "Watch two bees meet on a window frame; they instantly cross feelers, and if they come from the same hive there ensues such an outpouring of bee talk, such a tremor of crossed antennae, such an evident condition of excitement all through their bodies, as might well fill the most practised gossip with envy. "One can imagine the graphic terms in which they relate the recent awful experience of their capture, how they were suddenly and rudely jerked from a sweet blossom, and after indescribable shaking about in a strange thing made of bands too close together for them to get through and too tough for them to bite through, finally found themselves, as they supposed, free. "The joy after the fear! but alas, their happiness was of short dura- tion; for when they attempted to return to the clover field visible in the distance, they found themselves suddenly checked in mid-career by what seemed a wall of thickened air, a strange, hard, cold, transparant night- mare or a barrier which they could see through but could not pass. "Poor little bees. No wonder their antennae fly in the discussion of such strange facts, and how fortunate that the ears of the ogre, their captor, are not attuned to the remarks of their antennae, as they express their opinion concerning him morally, mentally and physically." Truly this author has wandered far afield in the realm of the unverl- flable! I am not one of those who would eliminate all the poetic from our daily life, nor would I fetter the imagination as long as it leads to the truth, but to put such an array of obvious fabrication into a book which is intended to instruct us on bees is far from justifiable. It is just this sort of thing which has caused many persons to look with dis- favor on much of the so-called "Nature Study" of our schools. It is really a pity that this author did not discover that there are more won- derful facts concerning the bee which were verifiable than any which were concocted to fill the book. The three things which I have mentioned are difficulties which even men have who are well trained in observation. It takes much practice before the observations made by any person are of any value, and if we could but prevent people from publishing their results until they really know how to observe, what a blessing it would be to apiculture. There are other obstacles which we continually meet, such as the tendency to generalize from one or two observations, and the drawing of wrong con- clusions because of bad logic. "We may find examples of these later, but there is one other grave fault of which I wish to speak before leaving this subject. I refer to the use of the word "instinct." I have no desire at this time to go into a discussion of the causes and nature of insTincts. An instinct may be defined as a natural impulse, leading animals, even prior to all experience, to perform certain actions tending to 'the welfare of the individual or the perpetuation of the 670 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. species, apparently without understanding tl^e object at which it may be supposed to aim or without deliberating as to the best methods to employ. There are many actions of the bee which are carried out by newly hatched bees and for which we can see no cause. The difficulty here is that whenever an observer comes across an action which he cannot understand, and for which he can find no method of formation, he throws it into the general pile of "instincts" without further effort to find a cause. Is it not evident that what we so often call instincts are but actions which we do not understand? I believe, and I am not alone in my belief, that every instinct has a physical cause in the structure of the animal or its environment, and unless we do our utmost to arrive at the ultimate cause of these actions we have not finished our problem. There is a tendency for all men to think that when they have a name for a thing and can use the word fluently that they understand all the details of the question, but we must constantly avoid this. As an example of this, let us take the duties of the bees at different ages. Briefly, they work as follows: For the first day or two the young bees do not work, on account of their weak condition, but they soon take up the duties inside the hive, such as wax-building, nursing the developing larvae, cleaning the hive, etc. Later, generally when about sixteen to nineteen days old, they begin to fly from the hive and ordinarily never do any of the inside work of the hive which they did before. Of course, it must be under- stood that varying conditions may change their actions, but this is what normally happens. Young bees do, of course, fly from the hive in what is called their exercise flight on warm afternoons, but they do not go so far from the hive but that they can be guided back by their sense of smell. "Why do they go through this cycle? We can, of course, say that instinct impels them to do all these things, but how much more do we know about it when we have given a name to the impulse unless we look farther? I have not investigated this problem very much, and do not wish it understood that I think that I have arrived at the ultimate and complete cause of this cycle of action, but certain facts seem to me to indicate that there is an organic cause back of all this. The large compound eyes, as well as the ocelli of the young bees, are covered with fine hairs, each one of which' is much longer than a single unit of the eye. These hairs are not sensory, as Cheshire claims, since they are in no way con- nected with the nervous system. I can also see no reason why they should be considered as protective, since the chitinous lens of the eye is very dense and seemingly needs no protection of this kind. These hairs come off gradually and by the time the bee is ready to fly they are nearly all gone. 1 do not wish to make the mistake of failing to distin- guish between accompanying and casual factors, but I am inclined to the belief that these hairs on the young bees so obscure their vision that they do not fly from the hive to forage because they cannot see clearly enough to do so. As we know, young bees do fly for exercise, but, as before men- tioned, only so far that they might be guided back by scent. Whether my view is correct or most erroneous, all must admit that it is no worse than the position of the man who says that it is all due to EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 671 instinct, for he doesn't know anything about it and I profess to know but little. That bees as well as other animals do certain things instinctively is too evident to be discussed, but what we now need, above all else, in the study of habits is to recognize the fact that the word "instinct" is too often a confession of ignorance and we must look for other and more fundamental causes where possible. I have enumerated at some length the difficulties and liabilities of error in a study of the habits of the bee, and if I could but impress on every beekeeper the fact that these really exist I would be thankful. On the other hand, I know of no more favorable animal for study than the honey bee, and if I spend more time on the difficulties than on the advantages it is because the favorable side is better known. The work of others in the past makes it possible for us to begin where they left off, and this advantage applies particularly to work on bees, where so much has already been done. The interest which we have in the bee from a commercial standpoint makes the work easier, for a person working on bees is doing something of interest to many people, and but few of us have reached that height of scientific perfection where we do not care for at least some popular interest in our work. Lastly, the numerous modern appliances of apiculture make it possible for us to study bees under many varied conditions, and these changed conditions bring out peculiarities in the habits which would not be seen, except with difficulty, under ordinary conditions. Movable frames, observation hives, mating nuclei, and swarm boxes are of inestimable value in the study of habits. In discussing the habits of the bee it is hard to know where to begin. Perhaps there is no better way to arrange what is to be said than to follow a colony through a season, taking up the various phases of their activities in the order in which they occur in nature. We can thus avoid unnecessary repetition and still get in all the desired points. In the spring of the year the colony consists of a queen, whose duties consist in laying the eggs in the cells of the comb, and many workers or undeveloped females. At this time there are no males or drones. During the winter the bees remain quiet, and the queen lays no eggs, so that in the spring there are no developing bees in the hive. The supply of honey is then also low, for they have eaten their stores all winter and none has been collected and placed in the cells. As soon as the days are warm enough the bees begin to fly from the hive in search of the earliest spring flowers. From these flowers they collect nectar, which is transformed into honey, and pollen, which they carry to the hive on the pollen baskets on the third pair of legs. The nectar is taken into the bee's mouth and then passes to an enlargement of the alimentary canal, known as the honey-stomach, where it is acted upon by certain juices secreted by the bee. On its arrival in the hive the bee places its head in one of the cells of the comb and deposits there the nectar which it has carried in. By this time the nectar has been partially transformed into honey, and the process is completed by the bees by fanning the cells to evaporate the excess of moisture which still remains. When a cell has been filled with the thick honey the workers cover it with a thin 672 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sheet of wax, unless it is to be eaten at once. The pollen is also deposited in cells, but is rarely mixed with honey. The little pellets which the bees carry in are packed tightly into cells, and if a cell of pollen be dug out of the comb one can usually see the layers made by the different pellets. This collecting of nectar and pollen continues throughout the summer and ceases only with the death of the last flowers in the autumn. Almost as soon as the honey and pollen begin to come in, the queen of the colony begins to lay eggs in the cells in the center combs. The title of ■queen has been given to the female bee which normally lays all the eggs of the colony, under the supposition that she governs the colony and directs its activities. This we now know to be an error, but the name still remains Her one duty in life is that of egg-laying. She is most carefully watched over by the workers, and is constantly surrounded by a circle of attend- ants who feed her and touch her with their antennae; but she in no way dictates what shall take place in the hive. The eggs are laid in the bot- tom of the hexagonal cells, being attached by one end to the center of the base. The first eggs laid develop into workers, and are deposited in cells one-fifth of an inch across. As the colony increases in size by the hatching of these workers, and as the stores of honey and pollen increase, the queen begins to lay in larger cells measuring one-fourth of an inch across, and from the eggs laid in these cells drones develop. The size of the cell does not determine the sex, as will be explained later; but the queen almost invariably lays the worker eggs in the smaller cells and the drone eggs in the larger ones. As these male eggs develop and hatch, drones begin in the colony, generally about the first of May in temperate climates. The eggs do not develop directly into adult bees, as might be inferred from what has just been said; but after three days there hatches from the egg a small white worm-like larva. For several days the larvae are fed by the workers, and the amount of food consumed is truly remarkable. The larva grows rapidly, until it fills the entire cell in which it lives, and then the workers cover the cell with a cap of wax while the larva inside spins a delicate cocoon under the cap. The worker brood can at once be distinguished from the drone brood by the fact that the workers place a flat cap over worker brood and a high arched cap over drone brood; and this often is of great help to the beekeeper in enabling him to determine at once what kind of brood any hive contains. Twenty-one days from the time the egg is laid the young worker bee emerges from its cell, having gone through some wonderful transformations during the time it was sealed up, this stage being known as the pupa stage. For drones the time is twenty-four days. About the time the drones begin to appear, the inmates of the hive begin to prepare for swarming, which to anyone watching the habits of bees is one of the most interesting things that takes place in the colony. The workers now begin to make queen cells. In our previous descrip- tion of the development of the young from the egg nothing was said about the queen, and there are some decided differences in her growth which we will now take up. As was stated earlier, the queen and the workers are all females. Schirach, an old authority on bees, discovered that the bees can take a EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 673 young worker larva soon after it hatches from the egg, and, by giving It special food, royal jelly, all during its larval life, and, by constructing for it a special cell, make of the otherwise worker larva a fully developed queen. This it is that the workers of a colony do when they are pre- paring to swarm. Several young worker larvae are chosen as the material for queen-rearing, generally located near the margin of the comb. The workers now begin to feed these chosen larvas an extra amount of food, and at the same time the sides of the cells containing them are remod- eled and enlarged by the destruction of surrounding cells. The queen (or royal) cell is nearly horizontal at the top, like the other cells of the comb, and projects beyond them; later the workers construct another portion of the cell into which the queen larva moves. This is an acorn-shaped cell placed vertically on ihe comb, about as large as three ordinary cells. As the cell is being built the queen larva continues to grow until the time comes for her to be sealed up and enter the pupa state. Although it takes the worker twenty-one days to complete its development, the queen passes through all the stages and reaches a considerably larger size in but sixteen days. Before leaving the subject of the raising of queens, it might be well to state that if, for some reason, a queen is killed in the hive, or by chance gets lost, the workers can at any time replace her by the same method, provided, of course, they have worker larvae on which to work. In the same way they will replace or supersede an old queen when she begins to show signs of decreased power of egg-laying, so that this peculiar performance is not characteristic of swarming only. In the swarming season, at about the time the new queens are ready to leave their cells, the old queen leaves the hive and takes with her a part of the workers, this being known as "swarming." This generally takes place in the morning of a warm, pleasant day. It may as well be confessed that we know very little about this remarkable instinct of the bee. In the first place, under ordinary conditions, the old queen would not allow queen cells to be constructed in her colony, nor has anyone told us why she allows it now. Neither do we know what starts the actual swarming, nor which bees, workers or queen, first set the hive in motion. We are equally ignorant of what is the thing which compels certain bees to leave with the old queen and why the others stay in the old hive with the young queen. Since the prevention or control of swarming is such an important problem in practical apiculture, the value of research along this line is evident. Since our original hive has now divided, let us follow the swarm with the old queen and later return to the old hive to observe the actions of that. In the hands of a beekeeper the departing swarm may be put into another hive, provided he wishes to increase the number of his colonies; but in nature the swarm will find an old hollow tree or some similar place in which to establish itself. The bees, before leaving their old hive, fill themselves with honey until the abdomen is greatly distended, and for this reason it is not necessary for them to collect nectar for a day or two, for they have other work to do. Some of the bees begin to clean up the new quarters and get it fit for occupancy; but most of them 43 674 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. begin the construction of new combs. To do this they suspend themselves in curtains from the top of the hive and remain motionless for some time. The wax used in building comb is secreted by the workesr in eight small pockets on the lower side of the abdomen while they thus hang in curtains. Finally, after considerable wax has been thus formed, they begin to build. The small flakes of wax are passed forward to the mouth, there mixed with a salivary secretion to make them pliable, and then are placed against the top of the hive. Other workers then come and place their small contributions of wax on those first deposited, and this continues until the combs are finished. There is more to comb- building than the mere sticking on of wax plates, however; and nothing in all bee habits is more wonderful than the beautiful plan on which they build the comb. The cells are hexagonal in shape, so that each cell in the center of the comb is surrounded by six others; nor is this the only remarkable thing in their architecture, for each comb is composed of a double row of cells, the base of each cell being formed of three parts, each one of which is likewise a part of a separate cell on the other side of the comb. By this method the bees obtain the greatest possible capacity for their cells with the least expenditure of wax. The accuracy of the cells of the comb has in all ages been an object of admiration of naturalists and beekeepers; and while the degree of perfection assigned to these cells has undoubtedly been over-stated by most writers, yet we cannot but admire and wonder at the remarkable instinct, almost border- ing on intelligence, which enables the bees to build cells so well suited to their purpose. As soon as there are some cells constructed, and even before they are entirely completed, the queen begins to lay eggs, and the workers begin to collect stores of honey and pollen. They also collect in considerable quantity a wax-like substance from various trees, commonly called propolis, with which the inside of the hive is made tight, closing up all openings except the one which serves as an entrance. In this way the new swarm prepares for itself an abode like the one it left; and by sealing up the crevices and gathering stores it prepares for the coming winter. We may now return to the colony which remained after the swarming took place to see what happens there. The colony left in the old hive retains all the brood and honey stores, and has a newly hatched' queen. There is then no necessity for wax building nor for sealing up the hive; but this colony is already in a normal condition except that the queen is not yet ready to perform her duties, and she will receive our attention now. A very young queen receives little attention from the workers, but goes about the combs practically unattended. When about five days old (the exact time depending on the weather), in the afternoon, the virgin queen flies from the hive to mate with a drone. She first takes several short, preparatory flights to get her hive located so that she may find it on her return, and finally she flies upward in constantly enlarging circles, high in the air. Thus far she may be easily followed; but few have been fortunate enough to observe the actual mating. Sometimes the mating takes place at a lower point, and a few men have recorded the fact of witnessing the completion of the mating flight. The queen, on leaving EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 675 the hive, in some way attracts a great many drones to her from all parts of the apiary, provided her hive is located in a bee-yard, and the swiftest and strongest is successful in the race. The other drones often follow the queen back to her hive, and for an hour or two remain on the outside of the hive after she has entered, but later they return to their former hives. The queen returns from the mating flight in about half an hour, carrying with her the generative organs of the male, which is killed during the union of the two. Near the posterior end of the queen is a small sac, which, before the flight, is filled with a clear liquid, but after her return this sac is filled with an opaque fluid; and it is the reception of this opaque substance which is the essential thing in mating. This liquid contains millions of spermatozoa, or male sex cells, each one of which is capable of fertilizing an egg as it glides past the opening of the sac. This supply of spermatozoa is almost always sufficient to supply the eggs laid by a queen for three or four years — it rarely happening that she mates a second time before laying. Since a queen can, during her lifetime, lay a total of 500,000 eggs, most of which receive one of these spermatozoa, it will be seen that the apparatus for preserving them is very perfect, since the queen cannot generate more and they do not divide or increase in number in any way. The mating of queen and drone never occurs in the hive, but always in the air, on the wing. This fact prevents what is known as in-and-in breeding; for if the queen mated in her hive she would receive sperma- tozoa from her brothers, and we know that such close breeding is unde- sirable in all forms of life. The cause of the undesirable results of in-breeding are yet a mystery; but we do know that they follow, and this habit of the queen of mating outside the hive renders close crossing less probable. After the queen has returned to her hive the workers remove the male organs. These parts of the male are not absorbed by the queen, as is sometimes claimed; but the spermatozoa contained in them are taken into the spermatheca and the rest dries up and is re- moved. Almost as soon as the queen returns from her flight there is a difference in the treatment which she receives from the workers. It happens at times that she is not received kindly after taking her flight, and may be killed by the workers, which do not recognize her as their queen, probably on account of some new odor which she has acquired during her absence. This is rare, however, for ordinarily she is the object of much attention on her return. From this time on, whenever she stops for a moment on the comb, either to deposit an egg or to rest, she is surrounded by the workers. In about two days after mating the young queen begins to lay, and this one duty she performs until her death, never again leaving the hive except with a swarm. The colony with the young queen is now in the same condition as the one which left the hive, both having laying queens, combs, brood and a sealed hive. Their histories, under normal circumstances, are then prac- tically the same. Both prepare for winter, and the following spring both cast swarms again, and so the cycle is repeated. Such is the activity of bees under favorable conditions; but, needless to say, this ideal is not always realized, and we will now follow colonies under other conditions. 676 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Let us take a colony with a virgin queen like the one left after a swarm is cast. It sometimes happens that the queen is defective in some way so that she cannot fly from her hive to meet a drone. This may be caused by mutilated or weak wings, or possibly the queen shows no disposition to fly. On the other hand, the weather may not be favorable for her flight, or there may be no drones in the air when she does fly. Evidently any of these conditions will prevent mating; and when this occurs we are enabled to see one of the most remarkable phenomena of the hive. The observer who wishes to study this phase of bee activity may bring about the same conditions bj^ cutting off the wings of the queen or by covering the entrance of the hive with perforated zinc so that it is not necessary to depend on chance to bring about what we are now to observe. If a queen remains unmated for a period of three weeks she is incapable of mating and loses all desire to leave the hive to meet a drone. After that time she may begin to lay eggs, but, strangely enough, these eggs produce nothing but drones and the queen is then what is known as a "drone layer." Obviously then, drones are produced from eggs which have not been fertilized. Not all unmated queens become drone layers; in fact, many queens die if not mated, and many others never lay at all; but if any eggs are laid they produce only drones. From my own experi- ence in trying to bring about this condition I can say that the person wishing to verify the statements made concerning this strange phenome- non should start several virgin queens in hives and possibly one or two will lay. This introduces us to one of the most remarkable phenomena which Is known to occur in nature, but it is not characteristic of bees alone. In the vast majority of cases in the animal kingdom eggs disintegrate unless fertilized by spermatozoa of the same species. Just why fertiliza- tion is necessary is still a disputed point among scientists; but we know that it is necessary in most cases. To the development of egg without the usual fertilization the name "Parthenogenesis" is applied. The parthenogentic development of drones was first completely described by Johannes Dzierzon, a priest of Karlsmarkt, Germany, and a beekeeper of long experience. It has since been verified by many workers on the subject. As the eggs pass down the oviduct on their way from the ovaries of the queen they pass the opening of the spermatheca, and if the egg is to become a female it receives from this spermatheca one, and only one, spermatozoon; if it is to become a drone it receives no spermatozoon, and consequently remains unfertilized, as do all the eggs of a drone layer. A normally mated queen rarely lays a drone egg in a worker cell, or vice versa, provided both kinds of cells are present, and consequently we are forced to the conclusion, as much as we dislike to admit it, that the queen in some way can control the laying of eggs of different sex, but how this is done is a mystery. I say we dislike to admit this because it is entirely beyond our comprehension and as stated in the earlier part of this talk, one of the difficulties in recording observa- tion is the giving of reasons for things observed. Another fact which supports the theory of parthenogenesis is that workers in a colony which is hopelessly queenless will often begin to lay EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 677 eggs. As we have said, workers as well as queens are females, but they are incapable of mating, and the eggs laid by them produce nothing but drones. This statement of the theory of parthenogenesis or the "Theory of Dzierzon," as it is commonly called, differs from the usual statements of the theory that find place in the books on apiculture. The Theory of Dzierzon can be divided into two parts. (1) Drone eggs are unfertilized, while female eggs are fertilized. To this part all observations lead us to subscribe. (2) All the eggs in the ovary of the queen are male eggs and the fertilization of the egg changes its sex and it becomes female. The latter portion of the theory is not founded on actual observation but on logic only, and not on sound logic either. Let us state the theory in a different manner. Male eggs are unfertilized and female eggs are fertilized. As far as we can see this is the only difference between them, and since we can see no other difference this must be the thing which changes the sex. Is it not clear that the conclusion does not necessarily follow, for is it not possible that there is some difference between these eggs not yet observed, which is the all-determining factor, rather than that fertilization is? Fertilization may have nothing to do with sex-determination: (1) Nowhere else is the animal kingdom, except in animals exhibiting parthe- nogenesis, is it claimed that fertilization has any influence on sex. (2) The ants, which were formerly considered to be similar to the bee in their parthenogenesis, sometimes, according to some recent work, have females produced from unfertilized eggs. (3) In the vast majority of cases where the problem of sex has been investigated there is strong evi- dence that the sex of the offspring is determined before the egg leaves the ovary. (4) Certain observations made during the past two summers tend to show that there is some other difference between male and fe- male eggs. In studying the problem of parthenogenesis I was struck by the illogical conclusion concerning sex, and to test the theory spent some considerable time in observations on the subject. I found that many of the eggs laid by a drone-laying queen never develop at all. According to the theory as propounded by Dzierzon and his followers, all the eggs in the ovary are male and if they are unfertilized all should develop and become drones. But all do not develop. I have observed drone-laying queens in one-frame observation hives, and in eight-frame hives, and in all my ob- servations there were always a considerable number of eggs which dried up and did not develop. Of course, all that did develop became drones. From these facts it is possible that the sex may be determined in the ovaries before fertilization. Male eggs do not require fertilization, and therefore can develop when laid by a drone-layer, but the female eggs of a drone-layer require fertilization, and since they do not get it they die. I am as yet unable to give an exact ratio between the number of eggs which develop and those that do not, owing to difBculties in observation, but of the fact that some do not develop I am sure. Of course, it will be recognized that this is but a theory with a somewhat small basis of fact, but the facts observed seem to me to be enough to throw doubt on the second part of the Dzierzon theory — that 678 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sex depends on fertilization. For fear of being misunderstood, let me repeat that my observations confirm the view that drone eggs are un- fertilized, so that the first part of the Dzierzon theory remains un- challenged, as far as I am concerned. The entire subject of the parthe- nogenetic development of the drones is still but little understood. A few facts are well known, but around these facts there has been woven a mass of good and bad guesses which must be cleared up. If the theory could be stripped of these surmises, the whole subject would be much clearer; and one who undertakes to work on this line must drop all but well-verified facts. There is one other line of work on bees in which I have been inter- ested for some time and on which there is yet considerable work to be done. According to the views of the majority of zoologists, the varia- tion of animals is the result of crossing of two lines of heridity. In other words, worker bees would tend to vary all the way between their two parents, while drones would tend to be like their single parent. This is certainly logical, but by this time we know that it is not possible to figure out in advance what animals are going to do. To test this I have measured something over a thousand each of drones and workers. In this work I chose certain characters on the wings, for reasons which need not be discussed here. Briefly my results are as follows: Drones vary considerably more than workers, rather than less, as we would logically conclude; and furthermore, this variation depends more on the environment under which they are raised than on any inherited tendency. Some as yet unpublished measurements confirm this view most strongly. I have mentioned but relatively few of the habits of the bee, and if I seem to have taken the view that our present knowledge is meager I hope you will overlook it if you think me pessimistic. The study of the habits of the bee are of the utmost importance to apiculture and since so much remains undetermined, let us hope that many will be enough interested to take up the work. My acquaintance among bee-keepers is not as wide as I would wish, but let me say that the best and most successful that I know are the ones who most carefully study their bees. On this account I urge the necessity for still more work on the habits. I have carefully avoided a discussion of modern appliances in bee- keeping, and especially cut very short any mention of queen rearing, since this subject will be ably discussed tomorrow by a man who knows that subject better than I do. It is not because I undervalue the practical side of bee-keeping that I have confined my remarks to more theoretical matters, but because I fear that most apiarists rather undervalue the so- called theoretical work concerning the bee. I hold that one depends on the other and neither one alone will ever be a full success. This is my justification in giving expression to the views and facts here spoken. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 679 FOUL BROOD AND OTHER DISEASES OF BEES. By Hon. N. E. France, Wisconsin State Inspector of Apiaries, Platteville, Wisconsin. Foul Brood — Bacillus alvei is a fatal and contagious disease among bees, dreaded most of all by beekeepers. The germs of disease are either given to the young larval bee in its food when it hatches from the egg of the queen bee, or it may be by contagion from a diseased colony, or if the queen deposits eggs, or the worker bees store honey or pollen in such combs. If in any one of the above cases the disease will soon appear, and as the germs increase with great rapidity, going from one little cell to another, colony to colony of bees, and then to all the neighboring apiaries, thus soon leaving whole apiaries with only diseased combs to inoculate others. The island of Syria in three years lost all of its great apiaries from foul brood. Dzierzou in 1868 lost his entire apiary of 500 colonies. Cowan, the editor of the British Bee Journal, recently wrote: "The only visible hindrance to the rapid expansion of the bee Industry is the prevalence of foul brood, which is so rapidly spreading over the country as to make beekeeping a hazardous occupation." Canada's foul brood inspector, in 1890 to 1892, reported 2,395 cases, and in a later report for 1893 to 1898, that 40 per cent of the colonies inspected were diseased. In Wisconsin I know of several quite large piles of empty hives, where all the bees have died from foul brood; also many other apiaries where said disease had gotten strong foothold. By the kindness of the Wis- consin beekeepers, in most cases, I have, during the last eight years, gotten several counties free from disease, and at the present writing. May 27, 1905, have the disease under control. Foul brood is often im- ported into Wisconsin, so we must expect new cases until all states have such laws as will prevent it. Arizona, New York, California, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Ohio and Texas have county inspectors. Wis- consin, Illinois and Michigan have State inspectors. Copy of Wisconsin laws are now pending in legislatures of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maine, Minnesota, South Dakota, Idaho and Washington. CAUSES OF FOTjX BROOD. Causes of Foul Brood — 1. Not from chilled, pickled, starved or any form of dead brood. But such conditions are most favorable for growth of disease. Foul brood germs do not float in the air. If they did why would not every brood cell in an infected hive become diseased? 2. Bees sold, having disease, and new locations thus inoculated. 3. Combs, or implements from one apiary used by others in their apiaries. 680 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 4. Robber bees, getting honey from infected combs — greatest danger. 5 Buying queen bees from infected apiaries. To be perfectly safe in this deal, on arrival of queen place her alone in a clean queen cage with plenty of good honey. Introduce her in this last cage and burn the just received cage and attendant bees and no evil results, even from such queens out of infected hives. EXPERIMENTS. Experiments — 1. A Wisconsin beekeeper had foul brood among his bees so bad that he lost 200 colonies with it before cured. Having an extractor, wax press, etc., at home, he placed the bees in boxes while he boiled the hives, extracted the honey from all the combs and boiled the honey, also all combs making beeswax into comb foundation. He then placed the bees in their same hives on foundation made from in- fected combs, and fed the infected BOILED honey. Ten years has passed and no signs of disease there since. (2) Dried Scales — If the disease has reached advanced stages all of any danger of disease. To prove this I took a quantity of badly in- fected combs, rendered the wax myself, and had two of the extensive manufacturers of' comb foundation make into foundation this lot of wax. Then selected twenty of the best apiaries in Wisconsin, where no disease ever was known, and in sixty-two colonies placed this foundation. Five years have passed and no signs of disease in any of those hives. (3) Honey or wax from a sun heat extractor is not safe to use until same is boiled. SYMPTOMS OF FOXJL BROOD. (1) Brood in combs badly scattered, many empty cells, cappings dark and sunken, some with holes in cappings, part of the brood hatching while others are dead. The dead larvae of a dark brown color, or blackish, ac- cording to age. The lightest colored will upon inserting a toothpick draw out much like rubber or glue and at that stage has most odor, much like stale glue when warm. (2) Dried Scales — If the disease has reached advanced stages all of above conditions will be easily seen. According to its age of development there will be either the shapeless mass of dark brown matter on the lower side wall of the cell or the dried scale. This scale nearly black and dried hard to wall of comb as thin as side wall of the cell. The head of the bee often dies in a small bunch and turned up some. In size, about half size of pin head. HOW TO DETECT FOTIL BBOOD. Take out carefully the oldest hatching brood in the hive and first see if the cappings are smooth or sunken and scattered, with some having small holes in the cappings. This is more noticeable in old black combs. Now bring the brood comb right side up to the level of your chin, tip the top of the comb towards you so your view strikes the lower walls of brood cells about one-third distance from front. Next turn your body so that bright cTaylight comes over your shoulder and shines in each cell where your view of suspected disease is found. Gas or electric light will not take the place of sunshine or strong daylight. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK-PART X. 681 On the lower side wall, just back from front end of the cells, will be seen the apparently dead foul brood, nearly black, with a sharp pointed head slightly turned up. The body portion o'f the bee flattened to a mere black lining of its cell, no thicker than one side wall of the comb cells. The other side walls and bottom of the cell look clean. The scales, if present as described, are a sure proof of foul brood. Such infected combs must be burned or melted in boiling water, thus killing all disease and saving the wax. Diseased combs melted by sunshine heat will not kill all disease. I always use abundance of boiling water in saving wax from old combs. I first melt the combs in large kettle of boiling water, and when all melted and well stirred, is then strained through the wax press, thus saving everything of any value. TREATMENT. McEvoy Treatment — In the honey season when the bees are gathering honey freely remove the combs in the evening and shake the bees into their own hives; give them frames with comb foundation starters and let them build combs for four days. The bees will make the starters into comb during the four days and store the diseased honey in them which they took with them from the old comb. Then in the evening of the fourth day take out the new combs and give them comb foundation (full sheets) to work out, and then the cure will be complete. By this method of treatment all the diseased honey is removed from the bees before the full sheets of foundation are worked out. All the old foul brood combs must be burned or carefully made into wax after they are removed from the hives, and all the new combs made out of the starters during the four days must be burned or made into wax on account of the diseased honey that would be stored in them. All the curing or treating of dis- eased colonies should be done in the evening, so as not to have any robbing done, or cause any of the bees from the diseased colonies to mix and go with the bees of healthy colonies. By doing all the work in the evening it gives the bees a chance to settle down nicely before morn- ing and then there is no confusion or trouble. TO PREVENT SWARMING OUT WHEN TREATED. This same method of curing colonies of foul brood can be carried on at any time from May to October, when the bees are not getting any honey, by feeding plenty of sugar syrup in the evenings to take the place of the honey flow. It v/ill start the bees robbing and spread the disease, to work with foul brood colonies in warm days when the bees are not gath- ering honey, and for that reason all work must be done in the evening when no bees are flying. When the diseased colonies are weak in bees put the bees two, three or four colonies together, so as to get a good sized swarm to start the cure with, as it does not pay to spend time fussing with little weak colonies. When the bees are not gathering honey any apiary can be cured of foul brood by removing the diseased combs in the evening and giving the bees frames with comb foundation starters on. Then also in the evening feed the bees plenty of sugar syrup and they will draw out the foundation and store the diseased honey which they took with them from the old combs; on the fourth evening remove the new combs made 682 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. out of the starters and give the bees full sheets of comb foundation and feed plenty of sugar syrup each evening until every colony is in first class order. Make the syrup out of granulated sugar, putting one pound of water to every pound of sugar, and bring it to a boil. As previously stated, old combs must be burned or made into wax and so must all new combs made during the four days. No colony is cured of foul brood by the use of any drug. All the difference from the McEvoy treatment that I practice — I dig a deep pit on level ground near the diseased apiary and after getting a fire in the pit such diseased combs, frames, etc., as are to be burned are burned in this pit in the evening and then the fresh earth from the pit returned to cover all from sight. Often I use some kerosene oil, a little at a time being poured on old brood combs or those having much honey in, as they are hard to burn. If diseased combs with honey in are burned on the surface of the soil there is great danger; the honey when heated a little will run like water on the soil and in the morning the robber bees will be busy taking home the diseased honey that was not heated enough to kill germs of foul brood. I also cage the queen while the bees are on the five or six strips of foundation. It helps to keep the colony from deserting the hive and going to other colonies. I do not believe in or practice burning any property, such as hives, bees, beeswax or honey that can be safely treated and saved. Many times it is poor economy to save all and as so many beekeepers are not so situated as to keep all diseased material from robber bees while taking care of it, I take charge of the treatment, using my wax press to save all the beeswax that would have been wasted. NEEDS OF THE RURAL SCHOOLS. Miss Mary Riley, Spencer, Iowa, Before Clay County Farmers Institute: The student of our educational history cannot fail to be impressed with the wonderful progress made in the past century in the development of our public school system, and yet, with its marvelous growth and its limitless possibilities for the future have some element of weakness that in many cases are impairing its usefulness. Its founders did not intend that it become a place of leisure, but a place where brain, if not brawn, should receive some degree of development. It is conceded, I think, that the object of the public school is to train for citizenship. This is true of the rural schools as well as the graded schools. But the rural school advancement has not kept pace with the wonderful progress of the sec- ondary schools and colleges. For one thing, the rural school has made little preparation regarding the health of the child. There are very few rural school buildings in the State of Iowa today in the construction of which any special attention has been paid to the proper heating, lighting and ventilation. The only respect in which most of the rural school buildings differ is in length, breadth and height. So much do they resemble one another in style of architecture that the horse of any county superintendent will soon recog- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 683 nize a country school house at sight and turn in without any guidance. Inside is found many times an old stove standing in the center of the room that roasts the children sitting near by, while those farther away are nearly freezing; windows on opposite sides lighting the room by cross lights, which are occasionally raised or lowered to supply a little fresh air. These are the common provisions made for the heating, light- ing and ventilating of the school room. At a very little extra expense a jacketed stove, a double flue, one for smoke and one for an outlet for foul air, and high windows on one side and rear of building could be provided, which would add much to the health and comfort of teachers and pupils. I think the time has come when a law should be placed on the statute books fixing the maximum requirements in the construction of a rural school building, and making it mandatory that some provision be made for the proper heating, light- ing and ventilating of the building. "Cleanliness is next to Godliness" is an old maxim and measured by this standard I am sorry to say that many, if not most, of our country schools have wandered far away from Godliness. Some of the schools, I am sure, have not had a thorough scrubbing and cleaning for years. What we need today is not so much additions to the course of study as we do more attention to the simple things connected with the everyday life and experience of the pupils in the schools. It has been truthfully said: the public school is the place to which we should turn our chief attention in the effort to promote a more beautiful public life in America. The school house and the school grounds should be as beautiful as any home in the country, and the child should be surrounded with neatness and beauty from first to last. Trained in the habit of seeing the good and beautiful and knowing it, he will come instinctively to hate ugliness and deformity wherever he sees it, whether it be physical or moral. Dozens of our school houses present unsightly appearances. Many of the future citizens of this republic are getting their education under most un- favorable conditions. I do not know of anything that needs the attention of the country people more today than the healthfulness, cleanliness and beautifying of the school house and its surroundings. It is within the power of pupils, parents, teachers and all friends of education to change these conditions until we shall have everywhere attractive buildings, standing on attractive grounds, leading attractive pupils and attractive teachers to higher ideals of beauty and order. Have the advantages for the education of the farm boy and girl kept pace with the advancement in all other lines of society? Is the little schoolhouse with its poor equipment — in some places I have found only one map to aid in the teaching of geography and that a map of Iowa furnished by the' railroad commissioners, no dictionary, no chart, a few painted boards across one end of the room the only blackboard, with the poorly brained teachers in many instances, with very poor work in the common branches — are these sufficient to meet the demands of today for the common school education? Have you not reached the period where nothing short of a well-equipped schoolhouse, a first-class teacher and a course of study to meet the de- mands of the times are a necessity for your children? 684 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. One of the great needs in the country schools today is a public opinion which will demand a high grade of service and willingly pay for it, one which will equip the school for its work as well as the modern farm is equipped for its work. Another need is a supply of efllcient teachers, teachers of culture, training and character, teachers whose whole hearts are in the work. A few years ago a State superintendent in our State asserted that we had 5,000 teachers in Iowa who had no farther training than that gained from the country schools. No doubt some of these people are by nature good teachers and do good work, but what shall be said of the schools of a majority of these teachers? A competent teacher at $60 per month will accomplish three times as much as an incompetent one at $30 per month. Waste in time is not the most serious thing with children in a poorly conducted school. Low ideals of duty and of the value of effort are far greater evils than loss of time alone. A noted educator has said, "You call no uneducated quack or charlatan to perform surgery upon the bodies of your children lest they may be deformed, crippled or maimed physically all their lives. Let us take equal care that we entrust the development of the mental faculties to skilled instructors of magnanimous character, that the mentabilities of your children may not be mutilated, deformed and crippled to halt and limp through all the centuries of their never- ending lives. The deformed body will die and be forever put out of sight under the ground, but a mind made monstrous by bad teaching dies not, but stalks forever among the ages, an immortal mockery of the divine image." But you say we must take the teachers we can get. How can we better conditions? Teachers are very scarce now. The secret and the solution of the whole thing is in the wages paid the teachers. When uneducated, unskilled laborers are paid from $30 to $40 per month and board besides for farm or any other kind of labor it is very unreasonable to expect to get educated labor for the same wage and pay for board. It has been suggested that our financial prosperity causes our peda- gogical poverty. Many who used to desire positions as a means of liveli- hood are no longer under the necessity of working for the salary offered. Public opinion yet tolerates the filling by very young women of the ordinary positions while they are awaiting new honors, but ridicules the young man who teaches in a country school unless he does it as a make- shift while he is preparing himself for a life work. The reason for all this is not that the work itself is debasing, but that the financial results are inadequate and belittling. Not until the remuneration is put upon a basis that will compare with other professions, not until the skilled teacher is paid fully as much as the unskilled laborer, not until as desirable a livelihood, not for a year, but for life, as is found elsewhere Is assured, can we expect fully prepared, professional teachers. This wage must be increased to a point that will restore honor to the work, to a point where men as well as women will respond to the call, to a point where a family and not the individual alone may derive support. The brevity of the term in our rural schools also affects the problem. Few of us can afford to be idle four or five months of the year. This EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 685 would not matter for hibernating animals, but for men and women cloth- ing and food must be had for the whole twelve months. Success along any line cannot be secured unless one gives his whole time to his work. Who knows a man who is a success as a farmer six month of the year and success as a merchant, a druggist, a banker or a politician the other six months? No. No man is so constituted that he can be jumping from one vocation to another every six months and still be a leader in any profession. Men may be interested in many kinds of business and succeed in all, but no man can be six months this, two months that and four months something else, and still retain a mastery or leadership in anything. No more can a teacher be seven or eight months in a school room and the other four or five in the hammock, or the kitchen, or a clerk. A teacher must be a teacher all the time, just as a doctor must be a doctor or a lawyer be a lawyer all the time. Each may and should have a short vacation, but should not engage in a new line of work. Our rural schools should run not less than nine months each year. Why should the pupils in the cities and towns be given better school privileges than the pupils in the country? But there is yet another reason for the scarcity of teach- ers, and a reason for which the parent is directly responsible, and that is the lack of co-operation between the home and the school. If I were asked to name the one greatest need of the rural schools I would un- hesitatingly say it is the need of a more sympathetic understanding be- tween the parent and the teacher. That the teacher will make mistakes is a foregone conclusion. That she will sometimes misunderstand the pupils under her charge is equally certain. Children are sometimes misunderstood in their own homes. How many of you who so severely censure the teacher for an occasional mis- take have made any attempt to assist her in understanding the mental makeup of your child? How many of you who do so recognize the fact that the environment of the school room is different from that of the home, and that, therefore, the teacher may not always be able to employ your methods in dealing with your child? How many of you realize that offenses which would be trivial in the home become serious matters in the school room because of the crowded conditions, the pressure of time, the stress of work and the different natures of the children therein? How many of you realize that an accumulation of small offenses becomes as serious as a great offense? How many of you are training your child in insincerity and falsehood by allowing him to work you with their talk of abuse at school which they know well you will make little effort to verify. Just the other day a parent came to the office highly excited over the shortcomings of one of the teachers. After listening to his story I said, "You know all these charges are true, of course; you have been to the school and Investigated the conditions?" I was not surprised at the reply, "Oh, no, but my child told me so." Subsequent investigation on my part showed there was very little ground for the charges made. How many of you allow your children to speak in disrespectful terms of the teacher at home? How many of you extend the same courtesy and consideration to the teacher that you do to your other friends? How many of you praise the teacher's virtues as loudly as you condemn her 683 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. faults? Not long ago a teacher in a very troublesome school said to me, "I just hate teaching in the country. The parents critisise the teachers so that the children hate her before they even start into school. Think, parents, what an injustice you are doing, not only to the teacher, but to your own child. The bugbear in the eyes of the rural teacher is, I am sorry to say, the average parent. So many parents interfere with the management of the country school without properly understanding condi- tions, insisting upon his child passing on, covering ground regardless of what he is getting out of it. In many cases the young teacher does not dare put the child in the class where he properly belongs for fear of in- curring the displeasure of the parents. It used to be regarded as a privilege to attend the public school of the past, but in modern times the pupils seem to feel in many cases that his presence honors the teacher and often threatens to deprive her of that honor if she attempts to include him in any regulation that is not exactly to his liking. This is a wrong sentiment, parents, and you are responsible for it. How often we hear the question asked of a child, "Well, .John, what did your teacher do to you today?" implying that some injustice had been done him. Or, "Well, John, how do you like your teacher?" Would it not sometimes be wiser to ask, "Well, John, how does your teacher like you?" Do not make him feel that he is always the one to be pleased. Have him know that he, too, must stand in judgment. All teachers are not perfect by any means. They need your assistance, advice or suggestions and need to know what the trouble is with their work. If your child is having trouble in school call on the teacher out of school hours, have a friendly talk with her in regard to the trouble, remember there is no one beside yourself more interested in your child's welfare than the teacher. Work with the teacher instead of against her and you will soon see the improvement in your child, both mentally and morally. Again, parents often tell children they do not need to study certain branches required by the teacher. This, too, is wrong. When a pupil enters school he is expected to follow the course of study. He is not thought to have the knowledge necessary to decide what studies are for his future good. How can a child tell what is best for him? Why should he be a law unto himself? The experiences of the past century should certainly have thrown some light on the relative value of studies usually taught in the public schools. Why should any boy be permitted to study hard on what is easy and give up that which is difficult. If we go to a physician we do not tell him how he must treat our ill. If we go to a lawyer we do not dictate how he shall try our case. These men are professional men who are supposed to know best what can and should be done in the line of their life work. It is the same way with teachers. Your children go to them for instruction and the teachers, not the children, should lay down the rules of conduct so far as school work or school results are concerned. Otherwise you have no right to hold the teachers accountable for results. Education should be a training for life, a preparation for future work. The leading educators all see the great necessity for co-operation between EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 687 the home and the school in order that the best results may be obtained. Then, for the sake of your child, make a friend of his teacher, visit the school, take an interest in the child's school life and do not criticise the teacher in his presence, even though you feel that circumstances jus- tify you in so doing. I cannot close without urging upon you the advisability of putting into the rural schools the topics directly relating to agricultural and farm life. If the boys and girls are to know the value of their native soil and how best to make use of their environment, where can they better begin to learn these things than in the public schools? Over fifty per cent of the population are educated in rural schools. The greater part of these leave school and follow the pursuit of agriculture. This is a matter then in which we all feel a deep interest. There is, therefore, much cause for congratulation that in so many different states and under such a variety of conditions honest and substantial efforts are being made to test the usefulness of agricultural instruction as a means of improving country life and perpetuating agricultural prosperity. AGRICULTURE IN COUNTRY SCHOOLS. How Page County, Iowa, is Starting the Work. By Jessie Field, County Superintendent. One of the best farming communities in the State, four thousand bright country boys and birls, two hundred loyal and enthusiastic teachers, a large number of progressive farmers, and Professor Holden and the rest of the splendid extension department at Ames, have beea the assets and the inspiration for the agricultural work that has been done in the com- mon schools of Page county. The work began in March, 1907, at a county educational rally. Pro- fessor Holden was present and in talking to the rural teachers suggested that it would be a good plan for a few of the strongest and most successful teachers, who were really interested in the work, to meet again and make some definite plans for work to be done that spring. These teachers were selected the following week by the county superintendent. They were teachers who had the respect and confidence of the communities in which they taught and who were sure to "make good" in introducing the new agriculture into their schools. Teachers who had good control of their schools, yet held the friendship and confidence of their pupils. These teachers would introduce agriculture in a sane and practical way that all who knew of it would believe it to be a move in the right direc- tion. The teachers — fourteen in number — met with Professor Holden the Sat- urday following the county rally. Professor Holden came in with some cornstalks under his arm and spent several hours with the teachers plan- ning for work to be done. Corn was examined and the germination test box explained. There was informality and enthusiasm in the highest de- gree. Before leaving everyone present had caught from Professor Holden 688 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the spirit that is proud to be seen carrying cornstalks. They took this spirit back to their schools. Seed corn tests were most successfully car- ried out. Some school gardens were made, and work along some other lines carried out. One day of the teachers' institute was set apart for the report of these teachers on the work done. There was also an address and some actual milk testing by professor Holden and plans were outlined for the agricul- tural work of the coming year. The reports were most interesting. There was the teacher whose boys had walked five miles in a snow storm to secure the sawdust for the germination box. One who had used his lap- robe on a cold drive home to wrap the precious box and save it from freezing. A brave girl teacher had gone back to her school after supper to build up the fire and keep the temperature of the room even. Several instances were reported of patrons who had been inclined to scoff at first, but who have become more deeply interested in this work and in all the work of the school than ever before. Germination tests in the schools resulted in germination tests in homes where this had never been done before. At the close of this afternoon conference practically every teacher in the county had caught the spirit and was anxious to take up the work, too. They realized that it could be done; that the children enjoyed the new world it opened up to them; that untold good would result from it to the neighborhoods in which they taught. In fact, one very successful grade teacher came to the county superintendent and said: "How it does make me want to be a country teacher." Yes, it is true that just at this transi- tional period the country teacher has wonderful opportunities; she is free to carry out her own plans and ideas and her influence will reach far in the making of the splendid country school of the future. This fall the first work taken up was in regard to the harvesting and storing of seed corn. On the basis of material furnished by the extension department at Ames — I always want to spell the "Extension Department" with large letters, for it is always such a great and splendid help — enough circulars were sent to each teacher to furnish every child with one, which was to be taken home after being considered at school. It was suggested to the teachers that they have each child go into his father's cornfield and pick the best ear of corn he could find and bring it to school with him, where it should be labeled and hung up to dry in the approved man- ner. After this was done Bulletin No. 77 on "The Selecting and Pre- paring of Seed Corn" was sent to each teacher and the corn is being care- fully studied. Very often the first question that greets the county su- perintendent at inttermission is from some bright boy or girl who asks, "WTiich ear is the best? We have been waiting to ask you." Before planting time each school will have a germination test, using this corn. A number of schools also have taken up the study of weeds. They have learned to recognize the common weeds, made collections of seeds, and studied the best methods of exterminating them. We expect to do more thorough work in this later on. The superintendent has purchased a Babcock milk tester and a complete testing outfit, including a convenient portable case. This is being passed to different schools, both in the country and towns, who wish to learn EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 689 how to test milk. The demand for it is great. There is a wonderful field of work in this line and the general weeding out of worthless cows could be secured through the schools more quickly and effectively than in any other way. Not all boys are born scholars, but there is not a boy alive who cannot be interested in a Babcock tester and in working with it he will learn more practical knowledge, gain more in accuracy of judgment, than from all the text-books he has ever been compelled to pore over. This account of our work in Page county would not be complete, or at least the boys and girls.in the schools would not think so, unless something were told about "their tulip beds." Three thousand tulip bulbs were divided among the schools of the county, with directions as to the plant- ing and caring for them. The pupils themselves, under the direction of their teachers, planted the bulbs with due regard to soil and drainage. Now, under a covering of leaves, the bulbs are preparing for their bright burst of blossoms which will help beautify every school ground next spring. Tulips were chosen because they are sure to blossom and to blos- som before the schools are out in the spring. Also because it was hoped a bright tulip bed in every school ground would help in the campaign for better and more attractive school houses and grounds. "We feel that we have made only a beginning, and can see far greater things to be accomplished in the future along these lines. But we have tried to make our beginning of the kind that counts; to take up the work in a common sense, practical way; to keep close to the ground and get some result from our work; and, above all, to create a public sentiment that will appreciate the value and vital importance of such work in the training of boys and girls. Already there is a greater interest shown in the schools because these things are being considered. Ian MacLaren said just before his death, "I'll tell you the problem of Iowa is not a political or industrial one; it is the problem of the bairns scattered over your prairies." A weak ear of corn — a nubbin — you can sort out and throw to one side, but if the training of the boys and girls in our commonwealth does not bring out the very best in even the weak- est of them, if it does not fit them to deal intelligently and successfully with the very problems they are to meet, then it is time that we made it such that it will do this. That is why we believe thoroughly in this line of work in Page county. RURAL EDUCATION. From Pennsylvania DEPAETiiENT of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 157. By Dr. A. C. True, Director Experiment Station, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture: Washington, D. C. Ladies and Gentlemen: It gives me a great deal of pleasure to come to Pennsylvania and, in some slight measure, get in touch with your Farmers' Institute work. You have given me an important subject to discuss, but I shall hardly undertake at this late hour to more than touch upon certain phases of it. 44 690 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Fortunately, we have had brought before us tonight already the three great elements that enter Into education — the church, that appeals to the spiritual life of man; the school, that teaches him how to think and act as a rational being, and the family, wherein he works out day by day the plan of life. All these things must enter into life and unto the educa- tion of the man on the farm, as well as the man in town. Before taking up the question of normal schools we will look at the training of the different branches of these educational institutions. Rural education is a particular subject, and we must have different kinds of institutions to make a full system of rural education. Within the past week I have attended the semi-centennial of the first agricultural college of this country and we have had brought before us very vividly the cause of forwarding the work of our agricultural colleges, which stand at the head of our system of rural education. We are training laborers for the upbuilding of the nation along agriculture lines. We will have a great place in the world along these lines, and this is only one plea among many in the claim for rural education. Today I spent a few hours at the National Farm School, near Doyles- town, in this State, where we have an institution which is training city boys to be farmers. Now, that is an important evolution, and it seems to me they are doing it very well there to a limited number of boys from the town. There is, as you know, a considerable movement of the people from the city to the country, and we will all undoubtedly agree that there is a place for this farm school for city boys, but in between the agricultural college and this farm school for city people there is a great loss to our country people, and we must have other institutions to give them the education they need to fit them for country life, and so I wish to speak tonight briefly concerning this phase of rural education, which we should have in connection with the common schools and the secondary schools. It will not be necessary now to state why we should have a change in the common schools of the country, but I will say simply that the chief preliminary is to so grade our common schools that they will adapt them- selves to the education, the elementary educational study of the modern phases of country life. The conditions under which you are farming, as the older members of this assembly at least will strongly recognize, are quite different from the conditions which existed in the country in past years. Now, to make these country schools what they should be, it is not, in my judgment, necessary that we reorganize our school system. We should rather build on what we already have, and make such changes from time to time as will strengthen our schools and make them better adapted to modern conditions. Some of the changes, however, which I think will necessarily come in the character of these schools are very important in their character. For example, the course of study in our country schools has been one that has tended to draw people away from the country into the city. That has come about naturally enough, because the teachers in these schools have mostly been educated along these lines which are best adapted to city conditions, and we must change that; we must bring into these schools teachers in touch with country life; and country condi- tions, and we must so grade our schools that they will tend to the pro- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 691 motion of country life, rather tlian be the instrument for taking people as rapidly as possible away from the country. There must be, and will come a general improvement in the country elementary schools. There must be some regrouping to make them more efficient. We have heard a great deal about the consolidation of schools. Now, there is no magic in that, and I do not think it is a panacea for the ills of our country schools, but it seems to me that in thinking about that we must face the situation as it is. If we could have the ungraded school with forty or fifty scholars, as they used to have it in the old days, and with a well educated man as the teacher of that school, who had the power to inspire his pupils and direct them in useful lines, then we should not need to propose that we re-group our schools, but, actually, we have schools that are so small that it is not possible in that condition to grade them properly, and because they are so small, because the districts are so small from which the children come, it naturally fol- lows that it would be too expensive to bring the best type of teachers into such cases, and whatever sentiment we may have about the old-time country school, that should not, I think, stand in the way of our re- grouping these schools, consolidating them if you will, is order to make them the best kind of schools, and then we can give more attention to- ward making the situation as it already exists in the schools contributory to agriculture and country life. There is no doubt but that the ordinary studies of reading, arthmetic and geography may be so arranged as to be primarily connected with the work and life on the farm, and when that is done we should change the curriculum so as to make much better schools than we have today, and I think that is possible in these days, and bring into our country schools when they are properly reorganized and provided with good teachers a certain element of nature study, and of agriculture, which will be very helpful in instilling the proper spirit in these schools and in turning the attention of the children to the newer ideas in agriculture to the new, progressive agriculture, and leading them to see that in agriculture itself are found many subjects of study which will be useful to them in their future life, and benefit them in many ways. I think we should do something to promote the teaching of the ele- ments of agriculture in the public schools and through the association of agricultural colleges and experiment stations, working in harmony with the national experiment station, there has been produced a set of working materials which may be used in elementary schools. I have here a bul- letin which we have just issued, entitled "Experiments in Elementary Ag- riculture." Now, I cannot go into this subject, but I shall be very glad to have you take the number and if you are interested in the matter write to the office of the experiment station for a copy. It is Bulletin 186, of the office of experiment stations, the title being "Exercises in Elementary Agriculture." Now, in this bulletin we have tried to show what may be done with the simplest kind of apparatus, much of which can be made by any boy who can use an ordinary knife, and making the exercises of such character as will be suitable to the common schools. These exercises, I might say, we do not claim any particular originality for. They have been gathered from various sources and most of them have been suc- cessfully used in schools. Now, we do not expect that exercises like that 692 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. can be used in the poorest type of country schools. If you have a school building which it is impossible to heat in winter, of course you can't grow plants in the winter. Some of the exercises can be used in city schools. To make good use of these exercises in a complete way you must have a schoolho.use that is fairly warm through the week and other things of that sort. Then, of course, this is not material which can be used with very young children. It is really intended to be used in a common school which is graded to a certain extent at least, in the seventh or eighth grade. That is, for children anywhere from twelve to fifteen years of age. I don't think I will take the time any more to go into the matter to call attention to its imperfections. Of course, this work has been taken up in "a, great many places already. Then, a number of good elementary text-books have been prepared and I am informed on good authority that one of these text-books has already reached an edition of 200,000 copies, and I know it is being used very extensively, and with very considerable success in a number of states. Of course, in elementary schools we can do but little in teaching that which relates directly to agriculture, so we must supplement the elementary school as far as possible with the high school. Now, the high school is practically a new institution in this country, although it is fa- vored with a considerable number of pupils. If you had gone back, I think, about fifteen years you would have found the number of pupils at- tending high school in this country, but then the high schools were chiefly in the larger cities and did not exceed 200,000 of the entire popu- lation. In the course of the next ten years the number had risen to over 600,000 and today we have probably 800,000 students in our high schools. That shows how rapidly people have taken to the idea that the public should support elementary education. Now, if secondary education is a good thing for the city people, I think a fair presumption would be that it is a good Oing for the country people also. Now, the city high schools have been more and more modified to suit the conditions of city life, until today, in many of our cities, we have not only the ordinary elementary studies in the high school, but we have a high school business course, and a domestic course, and a scientific course, and a manual training course, and these are growing more and more popular. Now, in the same way we must have this specialized edu- cation for our country people. "We must introduce into these schools spe- cial studies on the conditions of country life, and in these schools we can teach a considerable amount of agriculture, and subjects relating thereto, and there is no doubt about it; it can be done successfully. It has been done in other countries, and the system of secondary agricultural educa- tion now existing in a number of European countries is thoroughly suc- cessful. All the students of education that have looked into this matter are, I 'think, agreed on this point. We are beginning to organize such schools in this country. There have been organized, I think, eight. We have them connected with our agricultural colleges and we have also in a number of places rural high schools. I cannot enter into a discussion of the best plan. Indeed, I am not sur that there is a best plan. The probability is that we shall come to have high schools with different agricultural courses, graded according to the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 693 different conditions in those regions and states. The main point is to get a fundamental elementary education along agricultural lines. We have recently been interested in the department of agriculture, in an effort made last year to establish a secondary agricultural school in a rural com- munity in Maryland, and it may be of some interest to you, if you have not followed that movement, to learn something about that school, which is a little different in some respects from other schools of the same class. There was a rural community in Maryland which found itself without high school advantages and the people began to be waked up and of their own motion want the high school. They took up the question with the school commissioners and the more they talked about it the more they thought they wanted to have agriculture taught in their schools. So they called upon the department of agriculture at Washington and also upon the Maryland Agricultural College, and we found there the first man, a man who had already had experience in teaching agriculture in secondary schools, and so there was established at Calvert, Cecil county, Maryland, a school known as the Calvert Agricultural High School, and Mr. H. 0. Sampson was made the teacher. Now, this finally became a town enterprise, and local people put money into it, the county commissioners making an appropriation, to get the school established. They were also fortunate in finding a build- ing ready for their enterprise, which had been used as a denominational school, and which they were able to obtain at a nominal rent. The school opened on the first Monday in November with thirty-two pupils enrolled, in age from twelve to eighteen year. They were arranged in two classes, the one with what would be the first year in a literary high school, and the other with what would be the seventh grade as a preparatory class. It was thought that one teacher would be enough, but the attendance increased so fast that they were soon obliged to secure an assistant teacher, the attendance finally reaching fifty-two. This is simply an example to show you what can be done where the people are interested in agricultural education. That school has the ordi- nary high school course — a considerable amount of English and math- ematics, some literature, and science and history. In the last two years they have either a modern language, German, perhaps, or Latin, if they prefer it, and after the pupils have completed the course they are en- titled to admission to the Maryland Agricultural College. Now, the agri- cultural part of the work includes text-book studies, talks by the teacher supplementing this, and also demonstrations and experiments in practical" agriculture, tree-growing and pruning, corn growing, stock judging, and so far as possible, the ordinary studies are so planned as to co-relate with the agricultural studies, so that with arithmetic and physical geography they also have agricultural work. Then, during the first year, special prizes were offered to create more interest in agriculture. Then an agri- cultural program was given, in which outside speakers tried to interest the people in Farmers'- institutes. This was held in a little town about four miles from the school, and the school went out there in big farm wagons and the boys showed how they could judge corn and stock. Now, one of the most interesting things about this school is the number of pupils who took no interest in the ordinary school course, but when they 694 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. found something doing in regard to agriculture, they came to school and became greatly interested, and more than this, the establishment of this school has led to the organization of a large number of elementary classes in agriculture in the surrounding schools. I wish I had the opportunity and could go into this matter further with you, and tell you more about this school, but that will be impossible at this time. We will, of course, be glad to give you any information about this matter if you will write us about it. These are, in a general way, the lines in which I think we ought to work; that is, first in elementary schools, then by the establishment of these secondary schools, in which agriculture shall be taught, and which shall be chiefly a preparation for actual farm life, and, of course, if you once get these secondary schools, they will be a good preparation for our agricultural colleges. Now, as to the situation here in Pennsylvania, I have given it a little attention and I think you are ready for the advance movement along the line of rural education. You have, I understand, made a very large ap- propriation for schools, and for good roads. Now, these two things go to- gether. You have your high schools, which you can proceed to reor- ganize for agriculture, and you are reorganizing your agricultural college with the idea of making it more eflBcient as a college, and of allying it more closely with the educational system of the school, so it will be able to help in this movement for the improvement of rural education. You are bringing into this State, to the head of the agriculture at your State college, one of the best teachers of agriculture in this country, and I am sure if you are loyal to him, he will do a great work here in reorganizing along these lines. The United States has been doing its part to help you by increasing the national appropriations to the agricultural colleges and schools, and to what better use can these appropriations be put than to training the teachers for these elementary and secondary schools, and I understand that the colleges in this State, like the colleges in other states, is considering a plan now for carrying out that part of the work. Among other things I understand you are thinking of summer schools for teachers. Now, it is possible for the intelligent teacher in a summer school course to go through all the exercises that are contained in this bulletin, and that is enough for a year's work in elementary agriculture, so it is possible to help your teachers very greatly if they will attend these summer sessions at the agricultural college and get in line with this movement in education. At this late hour I will not undertake to go further into this matter. I thank you for your patient attention and shall be glad, through the office of the experiment stations, to give you any information which you judge may be useful to you in this great work. THE SUCCESSFUL FARMER'S EDUCATION. Froji Pennsylvania Depaetment of Ageicultube, Bxjixetin No. 157. By Prof. Wm. G. Owens, Lewisburg, Pa. Before trying to discuss the subject, it will be necessary to determine what we mean by a successful farmer. Is he a success who knows not EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 695 what goes on in the great world around him, who living in the Twentieth century uses implements of the Nineteenth and the methods of the Middle Ages? Is that man a success who, working early and late, without taking time to enjoy life as he goes along, becomes so overpowered with greed for gain that never a kind word is spoken or a gracious act per- formed unless he can see a dollar in it? Or could you call that man a success who, by fair means and foul, has added acre to acre, farm to farm, until he owns a vast tract of land? Is he who makes a simple living only or he who acquires wealth always a success? The questions are a sufficient answer. Whom then can we call a successful farmer? He is the best farmer, as he is the best citizen and the best man, who can make the best use of every opportunity that presents itself, who uses his brain to save his back, who is interested in and is kind and helpful to his fellow-man; who makes a cheerful home where wife and children are contented and happy, enjoying to the full the many good things Providence has placed within his grasp. What things are required of a successful farmer? The demands today are varied and numerous, and to prepare for them requires an education of no mean type. The competition of the times and the scarcity of help require that the farmer should be able to use the latest and most improved machinery in all branches of farm work. Most trades today are specializing, each man is doing a small part of the work in any industry, but with the farmer it is just the reverse. There was a day when the mechanic in the shop was a man of varied accomplishments. He could run any machine in the shop or do any kind of work. Now he runs but one machine. The day was when a shoemaker made shoes; now he only repairs them. The shoe is made by many different hands, each doing but a small part of the work on each shoe. From Monday morning till Saturday night the man at the last does nofbing but drive pegs until it becomes second nature to him and requires no mental effort on his part, but he moves like an automaton. The watchmaker once made watches, cutting out every wheel, fashioning every part, and the watch had some individuality, but now brass rods are fed into a machine and at the other end come out wheels cut and polished, ready to be assembled into a watch. Ten thousand of them, all alike, interchangeable of course, therefore easy to repair. But in a thousand no one could discover a difference except in the number stamped on each. All character and individuality has gone not only in the watch but in the watchmaker as well. The same has happened in nearly every trade. The individual has become a machine or the machine has taken his place. On the farm how different? While there has been a change it has been in the opposite direction, to broaden the farmer's sphere of action and make him a more all-round man. Fifty years ago the farmer alone, or with the help of a blacksmith, could make most of the tools used oa the farm. The plow, harrow and plank drag, the sickle, scythe, wagon and home-made rake, and the fork and flail comprised the farmer's tools. Things so simple required but little skill to keep them in repair. There- fore it was supposed that anyone could be a farmer, and that he needed no education. Then a little scratching brought abundant crops from a 696 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. virgin soil. But now how changed. What knowledge and skill are required of the farmer today when he must use and keep in repair disc and sulky plows, patent harrows, drills and rollers, binders and threshing machines, hay elevators and silage cutters, engines which take the place of an ox and horsepower, and a score of other things of which our grandfathers never dreamed. To successfully handle these machines requires a skill far surpassing that required by the so-called mechanic in the shop, who only runs one machine or does one operation day after day for months and years. The farmer of today must be versed in prac- tical mechanics. When the binder breaks he must know how to fix it. Many farmers are near water power which could be converted into elec- trical, to be used in house and barn. Or the alcohol engine may soon be a factor on every farm, and the farmer must understand them all. As help becomes more scarce these sources of energy must be employed. The farmer of the future must understand breeding. He will not raise scrub stock as his father does today. No other calling would or could stand such a drain as the profitless cow and hen impose upon the farmer today. When the farmers realize that today half the cows in the United States do not pay their keep, and that it is within his power to make each one yield a handsome profit, then he will begin to do something to improve his stock. The scrub cow belongs properly to the scrub farmer, and that man had better move to town. Of course a high breed cow or horse will not stand abuse like a scrub, but needs intelligent care. This can only be possible through a knowledge of animal physiology. If he goes into the raising of fruit he finds as much need of brains as in any other branch of farm industry. The varieties suited to his soil, climate and market, the insect and fungus pests and how to keep them under control, the proper culture and marketing of fruit all call for an ample supply of brain power. In the feeding of both cattle and land the farmer in Pennsylvania is so well protected by the law that he need not be cheated in what he buys, nor wasteful in what he uses, but to calculate a balanced ration for field and feed room requires that the farmer should have some idea of chemistry. To produce, keep and suc- cessfully put upon the market the various mill products and to properly construct his home and other buildings, it is almost necessary for the farmer to be a sanitary engineer. If the consumers in our cities only knew how much of the value and the enjoyable quality was lost and how much filth and other poisonous material was introduced through the improper handling of the dairy products they would think twice before they buy. The farmer must also be a business man. Not only must he be able to produce in the most economical manner something which will bring the highest price, but he must be able to put it on the market in the most acceptable manner. He must also be an experimenter. From the first paper presented at this institute we have been constantly told that the men who are successful are those who experiment, observe, ply nature with questions and are able to get from nature the correct answer. That this is no easy task is seen by the fact that college pro- fessors and experiment station experts often hold opposite views on the same subject, and the institute lecturer is often at a loss to know what is the truth or the best practice. He must keep account of what it costs EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 697 to produce, and he must have the nerve to cut off or change that which does not realize a profit. Not only this, but as the making of money is not the final end of the farmer's existence, though an important one, there must be a broad and kindly spirit which will enable the farmer to enjoy life and help others to do the same. The rural delivery enables the farmer to have his daily paper at his noon-day meal and so keep in touch with all the world. He must be prepared to act on the school board, or go to the Legislature if his neighbors think best, and be a leader in the community. If these points which I have mentioned are essential to a farmer's success from a financial, social and political standpoint, what kind of an education will he require? I can imagine someone saying, "That would mean a college education, with half a dozen years in the graduate schools." While I do not agree with the sentiment that a college education will ruin a good farmer, and would go so far in the opposite direction as to say that every good farmer would be improved by a college education, nevertheless I believe that public schools should furnish an opportunity to every farmer's boy and girl to get all the schooling necessary for a successful life upon the farm. What the country boy needs is thorough grounding In the rudimentary elements of knowledge in the several branches of science. Where did the leaders who do the actual work in the cities come from? In the vast majority of cases from the country. That he can acquire and use this knowledge is abundantly proven when we look at the leaders in every branch of life today who have come from the farm. No calling is without them, no trade could get along without having its ranks constantly recruited from the country. The education which this condition demands is a thorough common school course devoted mainly to those branches which the schools will use in later life. But you ask. Is such a course possible for a farmer's boy and girl in a rural community? I answer yes; it is. The farmer's boy and girl are entitled to just the same advantages that the children in the towns and cities enjoy; first, because the farmers are the great producers of the wealth. They take it first hand from the earth. As most all other branches of industry are dependent, directly or indirectly, on the farm, what would become of the town if the farmer should disappear? Why do we have great railroads, which have turned themselves into gigantic trusts, if not to haul the produce from the farm? Mills and factories are built to work up the farm products. The iron and steel industries exert to a large extent to house, transport and manufacture that which is yielded by the farm. Let one crop fail over an extended area and every trade and occupation feels the effects. A failure of a single staple crop would mean failure and widespread ruin. Should not, then, those who manage the most important factor in the country's prosperity receive the best education possible? Today every town and village has its high school, and in the cities many of them are better than the colleges were a few years ago, but the country, on which the nation depends for its prosperity, has the same old school that was the pride of the community a century ago. It has the shortest term and the poorest schools. The teachers are the cheapest, and often the most inefficient, the schoolhouse poorer still, while the equipment is the least the law allows. The millions in the 698 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. city depend upon the farm, yet every man's child has the opportunity to get a good education except the farmer's. It has long been the disgrace of the country districts that the cattle and horses are better provided for and trained than the children. Farmers who have ventilators in their barns have been known as school directors to vote against putting modern heating and ventilating systems in the schoolhouse because it cost too much. A few months in the year when the weather is the coldest and mud and snow the deepest is the only time the country children have a chance to prepare for life's work. As a second reason, it may become necessary in the near future as a means of self-preservation. A few years ago Dr. Vv'illiam Cook, in a lecture before a British association, showed by statistics that as man advances in civilization he requires a wheat diet, that about all the land adapted to the growth of wheat is under cultivation, and that unless more grain can be raised per acre the wheat crop will soon be below the demand. He suggested the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen as the remedy. May it not be possible that a cheap source of nitrogen will not alone solve the problem? Would not inore intelligent farmers who could under- stand and apply the laws of nature be a more likely solution than the mere cheapening of a fertilizer? If what I have said is true the suc- cessful farmer's education demands that the future farmer and his wife should be educated in the elementary principles of mechanics and elec- tricity, to understand the machines which he has to handle, and enough chemistry must be added to enable him to understand and work out a balanced ration or a fertilizer; bacteriology and sanitary science so that he may combat the lower enemies which are on every hand; mathematics and bookeeping sufficient so that he can keep account of the profit and loss account; enough of nature study that he may find pleasure as well as profit in observing what is going on around him and make and interpret such experiments as will improve his crop production. Enough independ- ence should be installed that the young man may think for himself and be able to cut loose from the methods used by the forefathers and try up-to-date methods; enough history, literature and art to make the farmer's boy and girl appreciate the surroundings in which they live and the country life around them, so that they will appreciate their surroundings and not be in a hurry to go to the cities where they can make a few more dollars. This, it seems to me, is what the successful farmer's education demands. This, I realize, would necessitate a great change in our common school system, but you see with few exceptions it is only trying to teach the children what the Farmers' Institutes are trying to teach the farmer and his wife. We all realize that "it is hard to teach old dogs new tricks." The time to inoculate new ideas is during the years of school life. Then all could be reached. What a small percentage of the farmers now get any benefit from the instruction which the state so liberally supplies in the institutes. Centralizing rural schools would be necessary. The cost of education, in the long run it would be an investment that would pay well and of which we could well be proud. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 699 A Memeber: I would like to ask a question. In the township high schools, which are coming, would you omit literature, Latin, algebra, geometry, etc.? Professor Oioens: As far as literature Is concerned, no; so far as Latin is concerned, yes; I would substitute French or German or some other modern language for it. I think geometry should be omitted, but I would put in algebra. My reason is this: By taking French or German one can read some of the best literature in these languages and get the same exercise for his brain as he would get with Latin. The same thing applies to algebra. Some of the best problems are worked out by algebra. As for geometry, it is not so much in demand. This covers what I think we are trying to teach at institutes. Now, you get the farmer to understand that he is not a slave, that life is not only a matter of money, and you lift him out of the rut and put him on a higher plane of living. To do this you need literature. It will help to keep the young men on the farm, and our girls will not care to rush into the factory, where they may not make quite as much as they do in the kitchen, but where they have no brain work. It does not take nearly so much brains to make a stock- ing as to make a cake. If a girl works in the kitchen she has to use her brains; she has to make a cake; then she has to make bread, and so on. THE FARMER'S BOY AND WHAT BECOMES OF HIM. A. M. Leichliter, Spencer, Iowa, Before Clay County Farmers' Institute. He is a factor that has to be reckoned with. He is by no means a nonentity, and must not be treated as such. He is very much in evidence on the farm, and oftentimes elsewhere. By birthright he belongs to the farm, and by the right of inheritance or succession the farm ought some day to belong to him. Whether it does or not will depend upon himself more than upon luck or chance or upon any other person. There comes a time early in the life of every boy when he knows a great deal. He cannot learn very much, for he already knows everything that is really worth knowing. About this time he begins to wonder why Father is always scolding him about the way he does his work, and why Mother is everlastingly lecturing him about his personal habits and his company. In fact, he comes to think of himself as a very much abused person. He reflects upon the drudgery of the farm. He envies the town boy his good clothes, soft hands and easy ways, and comes to the con- clusion that he was never cut out for the farm. He therefore resolves that just as soon as he is of age, or, better still for him, as soon as he can buy his time, he will quit the farm and seek his fortune in the city. It is often disastrous enough for the father, after years of economy and discipline on the farm, and after accumulating a modest competence, to leave the farm, move to town and take up the role of the idler, but for that boy, without the fortune, without the discipline, and often unaware of the many temptations and pitfalls in the city, such a career is extremely hazardous and often disastrously so. But "that farmer's boy" is just like any other real live boy. He has desires, ambitions and hopes that must be satisfied. He has industry. 700 IQWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. push and energy which must have an outlet. He has genius and inventive powers which must have a scope. Give the boy a chance is as wholesome advice today as it was when it was first given. But of what does that chance consist, and where is it found. At the present time, when vast fortunes are made in a day and often lost in an hour, the question should confront everyone, Along what line shall my efforts be expended and where shall the field of my operations be? The get-rick-quick schemes may be very fascinating, but they are extremely deceptive and dangerous. It is therefore wise for the boy to seek or have sought for him that line of business that will be safe. So farm life may seem irksome and plodding to the boy, and he may be enticed to the city to try his fortune, forgetting that in such a career he has the sharpest competition by competitors who have been long in the business. On the farm the only real competition he has is the example of the thrifty farmer who is only an incentive by his successful methods to help the boy to succeed. But it may not be best for our farmer boy to stay on the farm. He may have real talent along other lines, and if it be bad policy to spoil a good farmer to make a poor preacher, teacher or business man, it cer- tainly is just as bad policy to spoil a good preacher, artisan or inventor to make a poor farmer, for a boy whose genius is crying out for liberty of action along some other line will make nothing but a poor farmer. What, then, shall be done with that boy"' First try to find out what he has real talent for. Then develop that talent and help him get to the top. But at any rate give him a liberal education. If he is a farmer it will do him no harm to go through high school and college. Just recently someone has published the result of extensive investigation in which he declares that in all branches of indus- try the facts show that college men attain a greater degree of success than those without a college education. In the present day a fair knowl- edge of the common branches, mathematics and bookkeeping are almost indispensable to the farmer. Then he needs to learn soil properties and their adaptability to different crops. These things he may learn by experi- menting on the farm, but he will learn them much more quickly and thoroughly under proper teachers in the proper schools. Some months ago the Young People's Weekly told us of a man bowed down under the weight of debt and hard work, while the soil of his little farm yielded less bountifully year by year, while the mortgage grew no less. But one day his son John came home from Agricultural College to help his father and assume the heavy responsibilities, and the father, worn out, eagerly submitted to John's new methods. It was soon found that the farm which formerly had yielded a very light crop was now yielding three times as much and of a far superior quality. What is most needed by the farmers today is not more farming, but better farming; not more land, but a better use of what they already have; more care in the selection of profitable crops and stock and in cutting out the unprofit- able; better cultivation and more fertilization. Once wheat was grown here in abundance; now there is scarcely any grown, simply because experience has taught the farmers that it doesn't any longer pay. The years to come may and undoubtedly will reveal the fact that some of EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 701 the things now raised on the farm and some of the methods employed now will no longer pay. The boy ought to be taught these things. Above all, teach him the sanctity and blessing of his calling as a farmer, and that in times of financial disaster the farmer "surest sits and fears no fall." KEEPING THE BOY ON THE FARM. Breeders' Gazette. A few days ago I overheard a conversation between two lads of some fifteen or sixteen years, sons of two prominent farmers who have large fields overflowing with the fruits of nature and teeming with golden grain. One of the boys was stating to the other what he was going to buy with the money which he was soon to obtain from the sale of an aged sow and her six young ones. The boy said his father allowed him the privilege of rearing and of having "for his very own" several pets each year, and the pets were usually young pigs which were weakly and would soon have died had the boy not rescued them and raised them by hand. In this way he acquired quite a great deal of spending money and generally put it to a good use, investing in other lines of farmer boy business which his father always referred him to. But alas for the other boy! It seemed to him that no matter how dili- gently and faithfully he worked, and how fond he was of a pet that he could sell and have money, his father would never give him a pet, nor even a tiny runt, and generally remarked when the boy would ask for some spending money, that "his boy spent more money for foolishness than he had during his whole life." The facts seem to show that but few were the nickels and dimes that this prominent farmer gave to his son. The lad was not satisfied, and no one could blame him, for when a boy works hard all day from 5 in the morning till 7 at night he feels that his work should be appreciated and that he should have some slight recompense for his labor. I do not insinuate that he should be paid a regular amount for his work, as he is not a hired man by any means; but this particular lad would have felt better, had a greater respect for his father, worked better and, last but not least, would have stayed on his father's farm longer, if he had been allowed to have a part of the gains from the farm. It would have made him feel that in later years, when he was in the very prime of life and his father being old and unfit to manage the farm, it would be his duty to stay and manage in his father's place. But where one will stay hundreds will leave for the city, the factory, the mill — any place almost where they can feel that their labor is worth a just and liberal pay. It is no wonder then that farmers are often heard to say: "I do not know what's getting into my son John's head; he acts like he does not care whether he works or not." But the old farmer cannot awaken to the fact, it seems, that times have changed since he was a young man, and the young man of today should be equal to and in some cases ahead of the old man of fifty years ago. It is true that the farm may be left to him when his father is gone, but would not he work better, feel better 702 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and take better care of the estate if he had been allowed to help earn it instead of getting it given to him? The outside world appeals to a healthy, ambitious young man, and it should, but in a way that comparison between the farm and the city will bring out the advantages of both. While it is true that our country's greatest men have come from the farm, it is also equally true that the farm has use for these bright and energetic young men. The time is coming, if indeed it is not already here, when it will take a man of considerable education and business ability to be a farmer, and why not give the young man a chance, from the very first school — the home? There is no more independent and healthful occupation than that of farming, and if this be so it would be to the father's, the boy's and the whole world's benefit to keep the boy on the farm. Give him an opportunity and watch him develop and I am sure he will "do his best and leave the rest to Providence." SOIL MANAGEMENT IN RELATION TO THE PERMANENT PASTURE. By W. H. Stevenson, Iowa Agricultural College, in Wallaces' Farmer. Within recent years so much has been spoken and written regarding the relation of crop rotation to the maintenance of the fertility of the soil that many farmers who own high-priced land now question the advisability of keeping their permanent pastures. Much effort and several years' time are required to secure a first-class blue grass pasture, and therefore it is well worth while to attempt to understand the true relation of the permanent pasture to the other features of the farm befoi-e the plow is permitted to turn over a well-established sod. In the first place, there are many farms on which there is land which is well suited to permanent pasture but which is not desirable or profit- able for rotation; such areas, for instance, as hilly land or land that Is broken up by wet spots; land with sandy or gravelly out-crops; land which is subject to periodical overflow and that which is so located with respect to the improvements on the farm that it cannot be economically culti- vated, rt is nearly always a mistake involving financial loss to change areas of this kind from pasture into cultivated fields. On lands of this class the permanent pasture is of special value for the reason that corn, valuable as it is for feeding purposes, is not a complete ration. The breeding stock, the young animals and the dairy cows on our farms must have a variety of feed stuffs if they are to be kept thrifty and in the most profitable condition. And high-priced land, high-priced labor and high-priced feed products of all kinds make it essential that the cost of maintaining this stock in this condition be made cheaper by means of the rations which are used and the methods of handling which are em- ployed. We believe that the permanent pasture affords the most practical means of accomplishing this end; first, because a good pasture furnishes, at a comparatively low cost, the constituents which balance the corn ration, and, secondly, because such a pasture makes it possible to extend the grazing season from two to three months in the year, except for dairy EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 703 cows — a condition which lessens the amount of labor expended in care- taking, and which tends always to pi'omote the health and vigor of the animals. No doubt the majority of land owners agree with this proposition that a considerable area may with profit be devoted to the permanent pasture on farms which are more or less broken, but there are a goodly number who contend that land which is worth a hundred dollars per acre is worth too much to be kept down in grass. For two reasons we are convinced that a first-class pasture will pay on hundred dollar land. In Great Britain land which is worth three or four times this amount is devoted to grass crops at a profit; second, when a considerable area of our farm lands is kept seeded down and relatively less is used for corn and small grain production we are following lines of soil management which more than any others tend to maintain our farms in a high state of productive capacity. So much regarding the value of the pasture as an investment. It is well to note, however, that only well-kept pastures are profitable on high-priced land. But far too many pastures, possibly 75 per cent of the entire number, are not well kept. As a rule, the farmer gives less attention to the work of maintaining his grazing lands in good condition than he gives to any other portion of his farm. Consequently many pastures are poorly drained, have a poor stand of grass, are overrun with weeds at certain times of the year and yield crops which are very far short of those which the same land is capable of yielding under proper systems of soil management. But, fortunately, it is possible to improve these pastures. Thousands and thousands of acres of pasture land need drainage. It is difficult to understand why so many land owners persistently fail to tile drain their wet pastures. Pasture lands respond to drainage just as cer- tainly and with as great profit as cultivated lands. Sweet, palatable grass, in maximum quantities, is found only in well-drained pastures. Therefore In many instances adequate drainage should be the first step in the line of improvement. Again, many pastures have a poor stand of grass, in many cases not to exceed a half stand. Neglect, a lack of plant food, and too close grazing very often bring a pasture into this condition. An earnest effort should be made to improve the stand without delay, for a poor stand of grass, like a poor stand of corn, cuts down the profits to a greater extent than is understood by the average farmer. In order to get grass on the bare spots where weeds have taken possession and on places where the grass is thin and lacks vigor, do not plow up the entire pasture with the thought of reseeding with blue grass and other grasses. The chances are that the old pasture, if properly treated, will be superior in a year or two to the new pasture after the lapse of one or two decades. The better plan is to thoroughly disk and harrow the spots which are weedy or thin; do this in the spring, just as soon as the frost is out of the ground. There should be no half-way work with these implements, but the surface of the ground should be thoroughly cut up and loosened. In other words, a first-class seed bed should be prepared. This treatment of the land will not destroy the sod, although it may seem greatly injured But this is not enough. Additional treatment is essential for the best results. Clover 704 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and timothy seed and alsike should be sown on the disked area at the rate of two or three pounds to the acre. An improved condition will be noted in a few weeks. The blue grass starts with increased vigor and the other grasses rapidly thicken the stand and afford many a palatable mouthful of nutritious feed. A portion of an old blue grass pasture which was sod-bound and which yielded very light crops was treated in this way by the owner a few years ago. The field was not pastured heavily for a time; it is estimated that the productive capacity was nearly doubled the first season and that the land was brought into a condition which would tend to maintain some such increase for many years to follow. The treatment which was given this Illinois pasture was not expensive, but it was effective. Cannot thousands of other pastures be improved with equal success? The disking and harrowing loosen and mellow the soil, thus making possible a more free circulation of air, the grasses crowd out the weeds and furnish valuable forage, and the clover furnishes the blue grass a more or less liberal supply of nitrogen and there are not many old pastures which are not in need of this element of plant food. These facts seem to warrant two conclusions: The permanent pasture, when kept in good physical condition, with a perfect stand of grass, and when not pastured too closely, is one of the most profitable parts of the farm, even though the land is valued at one hundred dollars an acre. Secondly, continued neglect makes it an unprofitable area. No doubt the better method of soil management in the latter case would be to abandon all idea of keeping a pennanent pasture and to bring the land under rotation. RESTORING AND MAINTAINING THE FERTILITY OF AN IOWA FARM. William I. Raymond, St. Charles, loiva. Before Madison County Farmers' Institute. That old proverb, "Necessity is the mother of invention," I feel, applies to me to a certain extent. Perhaps if it had been quoted, "Necessity is the mother of investigation," it would better have applied to my particular case. As for myself, there is not much invention in my make-up; but I find it quite a pleasure, and perhaps profitable, to investigates by reading and putting into practice what others have invented or discovered. Therefore, as we found ourselves some years ago located on a run-down and impoverished farm we saw that something must be done; and so, if it be in my power to interest you for a few minutes on this topic, you see it is the surroundings I find myself placed in which must get the credit. We are all familiar with the term crop rotation, but perhaps we are not all so well posted on just what the f^al meaning of the term implies, or the alleged benefits to be derived from its practice. Scientific men find that one crop takes a certain element from the soil; another crop takes another, or a certain number of other elements, and so on. Therefore, it will be seen that by changing and having a knowledge of what elements it takes to grow a certain crop, and also a knowledge of the elements of growth contained in fertile soil, it is possible EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- PART X. 705 to follow one crop with another which takes different properties of fertility than the preceding one, with benefit to the crop as well as to the pro- ducer. But if it were so that there were only a certain amount of fertility or elements of crop growth stored in a given soil and there was no way of getting an additional supply, even by rotating intelligently, we would soon be, as the boys say, "up against it." But we find the soil is not the only storehouse of fertility — the very air is a vast storehouse of cer- tain elements of growth, which we may, and do, draw upon to our benefit, more or less, as we undersfand the structure or elements of the different crops. To illustrate: As you perhaps know, wheat, Indian corn, oats, etc., draw their elements of growth almost entirely from the soil, while the scientists tell us, and we find it works out in practice, that that list of crops called the legumes — clover, cow peas, etc., draw the most of their substance from the air and not only make the present crop but store up certain elements in the soil for the use of the future crops of corn, wheat and such crops as do not draw fertility from the air. Now we are told by our experiment stations (and we know it ourselves if we only stop to think of it) that even an intelligent system of crop rotation is only a clever trick on the part of the farmer to draw the supply of available fertility stored in the soil out the quicker. In that case, what is the remedy? Do not sell anything off of the farm that can be fed at home. Do not sell your raw material, but sell the finished product. You would think the manufacturer needed a conservator appointed who would sell his raw material as soon as he received it, instead of making it into a finished product. We find by reading the station bulletins that when we sell one ton of corn we sell in it fertilizing ingredients which if purchased in the form of commercial fertilizer would cost us $3.78; one ton of timothy hay, $5.10; one ton of wheat, $7.91; one ton of clover hay, $9.07, etc. Now, if these crops are fed to animals upon the farm it is found in the mature animals, which are neither gaining or losing in weight, that they return to the soil practically all the fertilizing ingredients contained in the food con- sumed; growing animals and milk cows, from 50 to 85 per cent; fattening or working animals, 90 to 95 per cent. Now, to go a step farther; if it pays to feed what we grow upon our farms it pays to huy additional feeds and fed them for the manurial benefits to be derived, for it is assumed that we will get a profit from the feed bought, through marketing the animal, besides being ahead on the fertilizing question. To guide us a little on what feed to purchase, from a fertilizing stand- point— that is, to see what kinds of feed give us the most manurial value for our money — let us again consult the bulletins and quote: "As regards the value of manure produced, the concentrated feeding stuffs, such as meat scrap, cotton-seed meal, linseed meal and wheat bran stand first; the leguminous plants (clover, peas, etc.) second; the grasses, third; cereals (oats, corn, etc.), fourth; and root crops, such as turnips, beets and mangle-wurzels, last." And, by the way, the feeds which we find have the largest manurial value have also the largest protein content, which food element is the most expensive for the farmer in Iowa to obtain. 45 706 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. It builds lean meat and muscle; also the hide, hair, etc., or, in other words, the growth of the animal. ■ Now, after studying out an intelligent rotation of crops especially adapted to our particular soil, and feeding it to farm animals that are adapted to give us the largest return for the money invested, both in money and fertilizer, then, if any foods are purchased which cannot be grown at home, buy those which are known to return, after being fed, the largest amount of fertilizer for the money invested in the feed. Then, after doing all this, see to it that every particle of manure is saved and applied back to the soil, the quicker the better. Draw it out every day if possible, and if it is undertaken you will be surprised to find how nearly you can accomplish what you undertake. And another point in this connection: Commercial fertilizers if purchased and applied fall short of the benefits to be derived from farm manure. They supply ele- ments of fertility, nothing more, while barn manure contains the same elements of fertility (if properly taken care of or applied when first made), besides having the additional effect of being mechanical in its action, inasmuch as it adds huynus or vegetable matter to the soil, which, by the way, is what is lacking in the most of our depleted soils, rather than the fertility. The humus makes a heavy, compact soil light and pliable, lets in the air, enables it to take up more water, also to hold moisture longer during drouth, etc. If you will bear with me a few minutes longer I will try to give you a working plan as to how the above theories, or truths, rather, are applied to one Iowa farm. Said farm is divided into three fields where all tilled crops are raised, besides there being a permanent pasture for cows and horses; also hog pasture which will enter into the rotation if need be. Every morning, when the weather permits, which is, happily, most of the time, the team is hitched to the spreader, the barn is cleaned into it and the manure hauled at once to the field, which is in meadow to be followed by a crop of corn the following year. We have a field of corn each year, one of oats or barley and one of clover. It takes three years to complete the rotation. We find that first the oats, being a shallow-rooted crop and drawing lightly on fertility, do fairly well on a run down soil; the clover crop which follows takes nitrogen, a very essential element of fertility, from the air and deposits it in the soil; the roots also grow to a great depth and aid greatly in opening up the subsoil so that drainage is increased; then, when this field receives its coat of manure we have added all the elements of crop growth, also the much needed humus. We feed everything raised on the place, besides buying considerable supplementary feeds whic"h we find have the most protein and manure value. We stable or house all animals and save all the manure possible, with the result that in a comparatively short time our farm, from being called the worst f armed-out farm in the country (it being one of the oldest) will now produce crops with the newer farms, and while still gaining in fertility, under the present system, it has and is producing an income equal to the best. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 707 A GOOD SEED BED FOR CORN AND HOW OBTAINED. By A. Member, Before Linn County Farmers' Institute. It has been said, "The first reform needed in American Agriculture is to feed the soil better, and the next reform is to till it better," and in these days of high-priced land it is surely the better plan to try to produce morn corn per acre than to produce more acres of corn. Agricultural writers are trying to impress upon our minds the im- portance of good seed corn. Our institute speakers are also trying to force the same fact home to us, but no matter how good the seed it must be planted in a good sed bed to bring proper results. The ground must be well prepared or it will be impossible to get an even stand, and young corn plants will not thrive among clods or where the soil is not in good tilth. An ideal seed bed for corn is one where there is an abundance of plant food and where the soil is in good physical condition (mellow, free from lumps, porous and warm). To get this ideal seed bed we must practice a rotation of crops with clover in the rotation. The clover plant is a great soil restorer and renovater. It takes nitrogen from the air and stores it in the soil for the use of the future corn plant. Its roots delve deep into the earth and bring up plant food from below, and when the roots decay places are left for water and air to enter the ground and get the soil in the best of physical condition. In plowing a piece of land for corn it is not as important to plow at some particular depth as it is to do a good job of plowing. The man who "cuts and covers" when plowing will not have an ideal seed bed. Fall plowing is preferable to spring plowing, except in certain circumstances. Rolling land, if plowed in the fall, washes badly with the spring rains, and some stiff clay soils when fall plowed "run together." Under those circumstances it is better to plow in the spring. One of the best means of getting a good seed bed is to harrow down the newly plowed ground each day after the plow. Harrowing after the plow fines the soil and conserves moisture and does much to keep the ground from being cloddy. Many farmers nowadays have a light section of a harrow attached to their plows and harrow as they plow, and that certainly is a method that is worthy of imitation. In preparing a field for corn which was in corn the year previous it is important that the field be thoroughly disced before the plow. The stalks should be cut up by the disc and plowed under instead of being burned, as there is need of humus or decayed vegetable matter in the soil. Discing breaks the surface crust so that when turned by the plow a better connection is made with the lower soil, allowing the moisture from below to work up freely to the young corn roots. 708 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Fall plowing should be disced as soon as dry enough, in the spring, so as to break the crust and keep the soil from baking and becoming hard and lumpy and out of condition. If the ground gets packed by rains before planting time it should be loosened with the disc before seed is placed in the ground, as corn needs a loose porous seed bed. Do not start the planter till the ground is in first-class condition, and do not be afraid of working the ground too much. The nearer ground can be gotten into garden condition the better will be the yield of corn. Frequent stirring of the surface warms the soil. At one of our experi- ment stations, by a thermometer test, it was found that a piece of cold ground cultivated with the disc was much warmer than another along- side which had not been stirred at all, and this fact is surely a good argu- ment in favor of frequent stirring of the soil, as corn in the early stages of its growth needs all the warmth that can be obtained for it. In conclusion I will say that "in a nutshell" the way to obtain a good seed bed is to have good soil, well plowed, followed by plenty of work with harrow, disc, float or other implements, and mixing the whole thing with brains. THE MORNING-GLORY. Wallaces' Farmer. Morning-glory and bindweed, which is frequently mistaken for morning- glory, belong to a class of weeds which spread from the root as well as from the seed. Cuting off the tops even at the very surface of the ground does not kill them. The ordinary shovel plow cultivator, while killing them in one place, is very apt to plant them in another by carrying the underground rootstocks from one part of the field to another on the shovel. This is one of a most difficult class of weeds to manage. They can be killed out by strangulation; that is, by preventing the leaves from having access to the air. The rootstocks, not being fed, will necessarily die. They usually give the greatest trouble in the corn field, and when the field becomes foul give very serious trouble in wheat or oats that follow corn. They can best be attacked in the corn field by a thorough prepara- tion of the seed bed and shallow cultivation. The tools used should be such as would shave them off just below the surface of the ground and leave them on the surface near where they grew. A surface cultivator, or what are known as "glory" blades, and similar devices, that can be attached to any cultivator, is the best thing to use where the field is infested with morning-glories. When the time comes that farmers have their fields sheep-tight and hog-tight the morning-glory problem will cease to vex us; for either sheep or hogs, if given the opportunity, will strangle them more surely and cheaply than any other process we know of. Some thirty years ago we broke up a bottom farm, a portion of which was badly infested with morning-glories. We made that portion of it a hog pasture, and while the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 709 morning-glories grew luxuriantly for years just outside the fence, they never gave us any trouble inside. We will get rid of a good many of our bad weeds when we reach the point of having our fields properly fenced, so that we can utilize them for hogs or sheep when weeds of this kind multiply. Morning-glories prefer good land, but will thrive on poor land, mainly because they are more hardy than the common grasses and multiply even on poor land because the slight growth of other grasses gives them room to grow. THE COST OF PRODUCING FARM PRODUCTS IN MINNESOTA. Wallaces' Farmer. There is a great lack of knowledge at the present time concerning the cost of production on the farm. In fact, most farmers know only in a general way what it costs them to operate their farms from year to year Neither are there many reliable statistics which can be applied to th& actual working conditions of the farm. At a considerable cost of timb and money the Minnesota Experiment Station, in co-operation with thb United States Department of Agriculture, have compiled rather extensive data concerning the cost of producing the various farm products and the cost of the various farm operations. Their data covers a period of three years and was secured from representative farmers from three sections of the state. This data will not apply to sections other than those similar to the upper Mississippi valley, but is of interest to all, as it is compre- hensive and can be made valuable to both the tenant and the landlord. We give the gist of their investigations. The average length of the working day for men on the farms at North- field, southeastern Minnesota, is 8.59 hours for the week days and 2.89 hours for Sundays; and at Halstad, in northwestern Minnesota, 7.43 hours for the week days and 2.19 hours for Sundays. The average length of the working day for horses at Northfield, southeastern Minnesota, is 3.08 hours, and at Halstad, northwestern Minnesota, 3.30 hours. The cash value per hour of farm labor ranges from 9 cents in the winter months to 14 cents in the seasons of greatest activity, and an average of all months is approximately 12 cents per hour. Cash value of farm labor is based upon wages paid to men hired by the month or season, plus the cost of their board. The cost of board on farms is approximately $11.00 per month, or 37 1/^ cents per day. The average cash value per hour of horse labor on farms is approxi- mately 7% cents. Cash value of horse labor is based upon the cost to the farmer of maintaining the horse. The total cost of feeding and maintaining a farm horse for one year, including interest on investment and depreciation, is from $75 to $90. The total cost per acre of producing the staple crops of ear corn, fodder corn, hay, oats, barley and wheat is as follows: Northfield, southeastern Minnesota, corn, husked from standing stalks, $11.77; fodder corn, $12.20; clover and timothy hay, $6.97; wild hay, $5.85; oats, $9.48; and barley, $9.13. Marshall, southwestern Minnesota, corn, husked from the standing stalks, $9.96; wild hay, $5.18; oats, $8.83; barley, $8.58; and wheat, $7.89. 710 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Halstad, northwestern Minnesota, fodder corn (shocked in the field), $8.08; wild hay, $2.87; oats, $6.31; barley, $6.41; and wheat, $6.26. Large farm in northwestern Minnesota, fodder (shocked in the field), $7.52; wild hay $2.29; oats, $5.88; barley, $5.97; and wheat, $5.82. The total cost per bushel of thrashing wheat from the shock at Halstad, northwestern Minnesota, is 7.4 cents, and when stacked and stack-thrashed, 10.1 cents. Oats when thrashed from the shock at Northfield, southeastern Minnesota, cost 4.3 cents per bushel to thrash, and when stacked and stack-thrashed, 5.2 cents per bushel. Thrashing oats from the shock at Halstad, northwestern Minnesota, cost 3.6 cents per bushel, and stacking and stack-thrashing 4.9 cents per bushel. Barley, thrashed from the shock at Northfield, southeastern Minnesota, cost 4.8 cents per bushel, and when stacked and stack-thrashed, 5.9 cents; and at Halstad, northwestern Minnesota, barley cost 4.4 cents to thrash from the shock, and when stacTted and stack-thrashed 5.4 cents. For the majority of farmers stacking and stack-thrashing the grain crops is advisable, particularly so in those localities where labor is scarce and thrashing machinery not readily available. Well stacked grain is cheap insurance against bleached, sprouted and bin-burned grain, and helps toward early fall plowing. The cost per acre for producing winter forage for cattle in the form of mixed clover and timothy hay is $6.97; field cured fodder corn, $12.20; and the corn silage $I?.21, at Northfield, southeastern Minnesota. The use of the more expensive forage crops is profitable only where farms are located close to large cities, where the cattle to be fed are highly bred and highly productive, and when the soil is productive and the crop so well handled as to yield maximum yields of forage (four to five tons per acre of field cured fodder corn and fourteen to fifteen tons per acre of corn silage). Mixed clover and timothy hay, alsike and alfalfa are un- doubtedly the most profitable forage crops for a vast majority of the farms of the upper Mississippi valley. The cost per acre of raising field corn at Northfield, southeastern Min- nesota, and cutting and shocking the corn and shredding and husking by machinery is $14.74. The cost of raising field corn and husking the ears from the standing stalks is $11.77 per acre, and a crop of thickly planted fodder corn can be raised and the fodder hauled into the barn for $12.20 per acre. The most profitable plan of growing a given acreage of corn, partly for grain and partly for forage, in that agricultural region is to devote a small portion of the corn ground to thickly planted fodder corn and the remainder of the acreage to corn grown for ears which are to be husked from the standing stalks, and the stalks pastured off by cattle. Shred- ding corn stover is a costly practice that should be resorted to only in case the hay crop is badly weathered or other unforeseen conditions demand an additional supply of winter forage. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK—PART X. 711 METHODS OP DESTROYING RATS. U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 297 — By David E. Lantz. The brown or Norway rat (Mus norvegicus) is the worst mammal pest in the United States, the losses from its depredations amounting to many millions of dollars yearly — to more, indeed, than the losses from all other injurious mammals combined.* In addition to its destructive habits, this rat is now known to be an active agent in disseminating infectious diseases, a fact which renders measures for its destruction doubly important. Introduced into America about the year 1775, the brown rat has supplanted and nearly exterminated its less robust relative, the black rat, and despite the incessant warfare of man has extended its range and steadily increased in numbers. Its dominance is due to its great fecundity and its ability to adapt itself to all sorts of conditions. It breeds three or four times a year and produces from 6 to 12, and even more, young at a litter. Young females breed when only 4 or 5 months old. The species is practically omniverous, feeding upon all kinds of animal and vegetable matter. It makes its home in the open fields, the hedge row, and the river bank, as well as in stone walls, piers, and all kinds of buildings. It destroys grains when newly planted, while growing, and in the shock, stack, mow, crib, granary, mill, elevator, or ship's hold, and also in the bin and feed trough. It invades store and warehouse and destroys fur, laces, silks, carpets, leather goods, and groceries. It attacks fruits, vegetables, and meats in the markets, and destroys by pollution ten times as much as it actually eats. It carries disease germs from house to house and bubonic plague from city to city. It causes disastrous con- flagrations; floods houses by gnawing lead water pipes; ruins artificial ponds and embankments by burrowing; destroys the farmers' pigs, eggs, and young poultry; eats the eggs and j^oung of song and game birds; and damages foundations, floors, doors, and furnishings of dwellings. METHODS OF DESTEOYING RATS. A compilation of all the methods of destroying rats practiced in his- toric times would fill a volume. Unfortunately, the greater number of them are worthless or impracticable. Few have more than temporary effect upon their numbers, and even the best of them fail unless per- sistently applied. Conditions vary so much that no one method of dealing a Several gpecies of rats are known as ' ' house rats , ' ' including the black rat {Mus rattus) , the roof rat (Mus alexandrinus) , and the brown rat (Af«s norvegicus) . Of these, the last is the commonest and most widespread in this country. Not one of these is a native, but all were imported from the Old World. As their habits in gen- eral are similar, the instructions given in the bulletin apply alike to all. 712 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. with this pest is applicable in all cases. Among the more important meas- ures to be recommended for actively combating the brown rat are: (1) Poisons; (2) traps; (3) ferrets; (4) fumigation; and (5) rat-proof con- struction of buildings. POISONING. Barium Carbonate. — One of the cheapest and most effective poisons for rats and mice is barium carbonate, or barytes. This mineral has the advantage of being without taste or smell; and, in the small quantities used in poisoning rats and mice, is harmless to larger animals. Its action on rodents is slow, but reasonably sure, and has the further advantage that the animals before dying, if exit be possible, usually leave the prem- ises in search of water. Its employment in houses, therefore, is rarely followed by the annoying odor which attends the use of more violent poisons. The poison may be fed in the form of a dough made of one-fifth barytes and four-fifths meal, but a more convenient bait is ordinary oatmeal, with about one-eighth of its bulk of barytes, mixed with water into a stiff dough; or the barytes may be spread upon bread and butter or moistened toast. The prepared bait should be placed in rat runs, a small quantity at a place. If a single application of the poison fails to drive all rats from the premises, it should be repeated with a change of bait. Strychnine. — Strychnine is a more virulent poison, but its action is so rapid that the animals often die upon the premises, a circumstance which prohibits its use in occupied dwellings. Elsewhere strychnine may be employed with great success. Dry strychnine crystals may be inserted in small pieces of raw meat, Vienna sausage, or toasted cheese, and these placed in the rat runs; or oatmeal may be wet with a strychnine sirup, and small quantities laid out in the same way. Strychnine sirup is prepared as follows: Dissolve a half ounce of strychnia sulphate in a pint of boiling water; add a pint of thick sugar sirup and stir thoroughly. A smaller quantity of the poison may be pre- pared with a proportional quantity of water. In preparing the bait it is necessary that all the oatmeal should be moistened with sirup. Wheat is the most convenient alternative bait. It should be soaked over night in the strychnine sirup. Other Poisons. — The two poisons most commonly used for rats and mice are arsenic and phosphorus, nearly all commercial preparations con- taining one or the other as a basis. While experiments prove that rats have great powers of resistance to arsenic, it may sometimes be used advantageously as an alternative poison. Preparations of phosphorus sold by druggists are often too weak to be effective; and home-made mixtures, when of sufficient strength, are dangerous, as rats may carry the baits into walls or crannies and thus cause fires. For these and other reasons the Biological Survey does not recommend preparations containing phos- phorus. Poison in the Poultry House. — For poisoning rats in buildings and yards occupied by poultry, the following method is recommended: Two wooden boxes should be used, one considerably larger than the other, and each having two or more holes in the sides large enough to admit rats. The poisoned bait should be placed on the bottom and near the middle EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X, 713 of the larger box, and the smaller box should then be inverted over it. Rats thus have free access to the bait, but fowls are excluded. Trapping, if persistently followed, is one of the most effective methods of destroying rats. The improved modern traps with a wire fall released by a baited trigger and driven by a coiled spring have marked advantages over the old forms, and many of them may be used at the same time. These traps, sometimes called guillotine traps, are of many designs, but the more simply constructed are to be preferred. Probably those made entirely of metal are the best, as they are less likely to absorb and retain odors. In illustration of the effectiveness of traps, it may be related that a year or two ago a large department store in Washington experienced heavy losses of gloves, lace curtains, and other merchandise from rat depredations. For several months the damage amounted to from $10 to $30 nightly. After many unsuccessful attempts to abate the nuisance the managers were advised to try the improved traps. As a result 136 rats were killed during the first twenty nights, when the losses practically ceased, and the method has been continued in. the store ever since with satisfactory results. Guillotine traps should be baited with small pieces of Vienna sausage (Wienerwurst) or bacon. The trigger wire should be bent inward to bring the bait into proper position to permit the fall to strike the rat in the neck. Other excellent baits for rats are oatmeal, toasted cheese, toasted bread (buttered), and sunflower or pumpkin seeds. When seed, grain, or meal is used with a guillotine trap, it may be placed on the trigger plate, or the trigger wire may be bent outward and the bait sprinkled under it. Wire cage traps (French) also are useful for catching rats, but in the long run the kinds recommended above are much more effective. While trapping, all other food should be removed and the trap bait should be changed often. Rats are very suspicious, and baits and traps should be handled as little as possible. Increased success may be secured both in trapping and poisoning if the rats are fed for a night or two with the kinds of food to be used for bait. USE OF FERRETS AND DOGS. A ferret is useful for the purpose of driving rats out of burrows and other hiding places so that dogs can capture them. An experienced per- son with dogs and ferrets trained to work together can kill many rats when they are numerous. But the amateur ferreter is likely to be greatly disappointed. In the rice fields of the far east the natives build numerous piles of brush and rice straw and leave them for several days until many rats have taken shelter in them. A portable bamboo inclosure several feet in height is then set up around each pile in succession and the straw and brush are thrown out over the top while dogs and men kill the trapped rodents. Large numbers are killed in this way, and the plan with modi- fications may be utilized in America with satisfactory results. A wire 714 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. netting of fine mesh may be used for the inclosure. The scheme is applicable at the removal of grain, straw, or hay stacks, as well as brush piles. FUMIGATION. Rats may be destroyed in their burrows in the fields, and, still more important, in levees and rice-field dikes, by the use of carbon bisulphid. A wad of cotton or other absorbent material is saturated with the liquid and pushed into the burrow, the opening being packed with soil to prevent escape of the gas. All animals in the burrow are asphyxiated. Fumiga- tion about buildings is not so effective, as the gas cannot readily be confined. BAT-PEOOF CONSTRUCTION. The best way of excluding rats from buildings, whether in the city or country, is by the use of cement in construction. As the advantages of this material are coming to be generally understood, its use is rapidly extending to all kinds of building. Dwellings, dairies, barns, stables, chicken houses, ice houses, bridges, dams, silos, tanks, citerns, root-cellars, hotbeds, sidewalks, and curbs are now often made wholly of concrete. In constructing dwelling houses the additional cost of making the foundations- rat-proof is slight as compared with the advantages. The cellar walls should have concrete footings and the walls themselves be laid in cement mortar. The cellar floor should be of "medium" rather than "lean" con- crete, and all water and drain pipes should be surrounded with concrete. Even an old cellar may be made rat-proof at comparatively small expense. Rat holes may be permanently closed by a mixture of cement, sand, and broken glass or sharp bits of stone. Rat-proof granaries, corn cribs, and poultry houses may be constructed by a liberal use of concrete in the foundations and floors. Rats, mice, and sparrows may be excluded from corncribs by the use of either an inner or an outer covering of fine mesh wire netting suffi- ciently heavy to resist the teeth of rats. The common custom of setting corncribs upon posts with inverted pans at the top often fails because the posts are not long enough to insure that the lower cracks of the structure are beyond jumping reach of rats. The posts should project at least three feet above the surface of the ground. NATURAL ENEMIES OF BATS. The value of carnivorous mammals and the larger birds of prey in destroying rats should be more fully recognized, especially by the farmer and the game preserver. Chief among the animals that are useful in destroying these rodents are the fox, skunk, and weasel, and the larger species of owls and hawks. Rats destroy more poultry and game, both eggs and young chicks, than all the birds and wild mammals named com- bined, yet some of our most useful birds of prey and carnivorous mam- mals are persecuted almost to the point of extinction. An enlightened public sentiment should cause the repeal of all bounties on these animals, and afford protection to the majority of them. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 715 CONCLUSIOiSrS. By the persistent use of traps, occasional resort to poison, and the exercise of forethought in the construction of farm buildings so as to minimize the opportunities for harborage, farmers and others may prevent the greater part of the loss and annoyance they now experience from rat depredations. The same statement applies in great measure to city and village conditions. Hence co-operation in the warfare on rats is particu- larly Important and cannot be too strongly urged. THE VALUE OF THE AGRICULTURAL NEWSPAPER TO THE SWINE BREEDER. Henry Wallace, Before the Iowa Duroc Breeders' Meeting. This topic is not of my own choosing, and I am not sure that I know what was in the minds of the gentlemen who selected it. A paper on this topic could have been more properly prepared by one of the swine breeders, who naturally would be the best judge of the value to him of the agricultural paper. To ask the editor of an agricultural paper to talk of the vaule of his or any other publication to the swine breeders puts him in the position of sounding his own praises, blowing his own horn, which the natural modesty of the average agricultural editor forbids. He is not accustomed to taking one of the pages of his paper to tell its readers how good it is; but permits his light to shine, satisfied that those who see the rays will not need any advertisement of the fact. Not knowing exactly what was in the mind of the person who sug- gested the topic, I avail myself of the opportunity to state the position of the up-to-date agricultural paper in relation not merely to the swine breeding industry but to the live stock industry in general. You are probably well aware that if the agricultural newspaper were to consider its own profit and loss account for the current year it would change the entire conduct of the paper. It would aim to secure as large a circulation as possible, publish such reading matter as would interest the greatest possible number of farmers, and then sell adver- tising space only to general advertisers, who are willing to give consider- able more for the space than the live stock breeders can afford to give or should be asked to give. This advertising can be secured at about on- third of the expense of live stock advertising. For live stock ad- vertising necessitates the employment of experts, who can become ex- perts only after a thorough training and years of experience. When expert they command among the highest salaries connected with the busi- ness, and a higher salary than most other traveling salesmen. The live stock advertising solicitor is much more than a seller of advertising space. He must not only understand the different breeds of live stock, but he must be well posted on pedigrees. He must be a judge of the individual and the breeding. He must have a thorough knowledge of human nature; must be a pleasant fellow in the home. He must be able to talk offhand of the lovliness of the daughter, the promise of the son, and 716 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the charms of the younger children. He must be able to point out the superior qualities of the head of the herd and of the matrons; and must be able to mention them all by name when he meets the men to whom he wishes to sell advertising space. The large expense connected with securing live stock advertising is due not merely to the expense of employing solicitors, but involves large expense in the way of traveling. Securing the contract requires one trip; the writing up- of the herd just prior to the sale requires a second trip; and where the sale is large enough to justify it still further expense is incurred in attending and reporting the sale. Securing the advertisements of hog sales is more expensive than cattle or horse sales, for the reason that the amount involved is always less and hence involves a much larger proportionate cost. Furthermore, it is subject to cancellation at the appearance of disease even after a large portion of the expense has been incurred. I wish to state this frankly, because I think there is a misappre- hension on the part of many breeders, and especially swine breeders, on this point. If an agricultural paper was to make money-making its chief end and was looking for immediate returns, the largest revenues could be obtained by omitting advertisements of live stock altogether and confining the editorial matter to such of the common things of agriculture as would be appreciated by the largest number of sub- scribers. From this point of view — when a paper is conducted on this line — in order to get circulation it can afford to sell the paper at a nominal price; and, if the PostoflBce Department premitted it, to give it away altogether. If I am asked, therefore, how it comes that the editors of papers that deal largely in live stock advertising are so magnanimous and self- sacrificing as to forego immediate profits and incur such large expense, I will give the reason frankly: They realize that by devoting large space to live stock and to the illustrations which are necessary in teaching the principles of animal husbandry, they lay broad and deep the foundation of future success. The agricultural newspapers realize that the permanent prosperity of the country will never be secured by ex- clusive grain growing; that exclusive grain growing is simply soil robbing, and that the art of exclusive grain growing is the art of the soil robber, while successful stock growing involves a knowledge of the science of agriculture, maintaining the fertility of the land and increasing it as far as possible; thus making grain growing in so far as it is carried on much more profitable in the end. In fact, no state and no country has ever been permanently prosperous or can be permanently prosperous unless live stock has a large place in its agriculture. Agricultural newspapers of the better class understand this and therefore, are willing to take live stock advertising at rates which fur- nish the minimum of profit when the expense is taken into account; be- cause they know they are laying the foundation for the permanent prosperity of the country and the permanent success of their patrons. I think I have fairly stated the position of the agricultural papers which aim at permanent success. They realize that this permanent success can be secured only by the permanent prosperity of the country, and EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 717 that this permanent prosperity can rest on no other foundation than that of the permanence of the fertility of the soil. Speaking now particularly of swine breeding as distinct from the breeding of other classes of live stock, it is well to notice that the average swine breeder has before him this problem: To grow the maxium corn crop and best hog pastures at the minimum of expense; to feed this grass and grain grown on the farm in the form of the best bal- anced ration possible to swine bred to make the best possible use of this balanced ration. To grow these grains and grasses, to feed them in the proper proportions to the class of hogs that will make the best use of them, and sell these hogs at the minimum of expense and the maximum of profit, is the mission of almost every swine breeder, the only practi- cal exception being those who buy their grain instead of growing it. In the solution of this problem the agricultural paper can give more eflScient help to the swine breeder than any other publication known to mortal man. The swine breeder, unfortunately, is often disposed to look up- on the agricultural paper as simply an advertising medium, a means by which he can sell his stock to the best advantage. This is a very narrow view. For the breeder must grow his stock before he can sell it. He must secure the best strains if he expects to market his hogs to the best advantage. He must feed his crops in the form of properly balanced rations. He must grow his own feed if he is to secure it at the minimum of expense and at the same time maintain the fertility of his land, in order that he may grow more and greater crops. Now the growing of the corn crop involves a good deal more than the preparation of the seed bed, the selection of the seed corn, the culti- vation and harvesting of the crop. It involves a knowledge of the rotation of crops; a knowledge of the various forms of insect life in- jurious to the corn plant. It involves the whole question of breeding corn as well as of breeding live stock. If for no other reason than that of aiding him to grow corn the swine breeder who would succeed should secure the best agricultural paper or papers available, and study them with the greatest care. An agricultural paper which devotes much space to live stock matters is often of greater value to the swine grower in teaching him how to grow the grain and feed it than in helping him through its advertising pages to dispose of his surplus stock. The agricultural paper can be of great help to the swine breeders in suggesting the best methods of balancing rations. Ordinarily swine breeders are" well up on the question of balanced rations. Sometimes, in fact, they are much better posted on the subject than they would have us believe. I remember of visiting a herd one time which the owner assured me had been raised on corn and water. I knew he was lying to me at the time, but said nothing until I had an opportunity to examine his swill barrel. I found that it differed very much from the ordinary swill barrel in that there was no swilly smell about it. I found it contained an admirable mixture of wheat and oats and oil meal, and I know not what, but evidently a balanced ration that would make any well bred or ill bred pig's mouth water, and like the wine 718 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Solomon tells about, evidentlj^ went down so smoothly as to "make even the lips of him that was asleep to speak." None the less the up-to-date agricultural paper can be of value to even the most advanced swine breeders by calling their attention to the results of experiments conducted at various experiment stations at an expense which the* farmer or breeder could not afford to undertake, giving the results of varied rations, whether grown on the farm or pur- chased in the market. Ordinarily the swine breeder must buy more or less concentrates, and the agricultural paper can give him valuable pointers as to the kind it is best for him to buy, if given the prices of grains and of these concentrates at the nearest railroad station. The reports of state, interstate, international, and foreign shows, which can be found only in first-class agricultural and live stock papers, are of inestimable value to the swine breeder, and he can well afford to subscribe for these papers if for no other purpose than to read the show reports and reports of sales, and to study the picture with an eye trained by experience, to detect high quality in his favorite breed of stock. The agricultural newspaper is of great value to the up-to-date swine breeder in disposing of his stock. If a man is going into the business of swine breeding he should go into it for blood and with a determination to succeed. As long as he has any stock to sell, even if he does not ex- pect to sell beyond the limits of his own and adjoining counties, he should have a yearly card in his favorite agricultural paper. This is to apprise his fellow citizens far and near that he is in the business. Very often the farmer — who, after all, is the best customer of the swine breeder — can find quite as good stock and quite as well bred in the herd of some small breeder near home as he can in the herd of some larger breeder at a distance. The small breeder should therefore, put up his sign where it can be seen by the farmers of his own and ad- joining states, and give them to understand that he is in the race and expects to stay in and achieve success. When it comes to a public sale he should use discretion in placing his advertisement. The amount of money which can profitably be spent in advertising must be determined according to circumstances in each individual case. The man who has been in the business a long time and has established a reputation as a breeder of good hogs can afford to advertise more liberally than the young breeder. On the other hand, unless the latter advertises freely he will never estblish a reputation. The important thing is to have hogs of the right sort to sell. If you are sure you have these, do not hesitate to advertise freely. In selecting the papers to be used, keep always in mind that the object in advertising is to reach the men who are likely to buy hogs. The swine breeders may receive very great help from the solicitors and agents of an agricultural paper in the way of recognizing the de- fects of his herd and individual animals. If he really wishes to know wherein his herd fails he should plainly so state to the solicitor and convince him that he is in earnest and not fishing for compliments. An honest advertising solicitor will frankly tell him what to him seem to be the defects of his herd, and suggest how they may be remedied. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAH BOOK— PART X. 719 He will sometimes say: "I came here to solicit your advertisement and incidently acquaint myself with the merits of your herd, but I do not believe that under the circumstances I can render you the services you might expect." It is a foolish breeder who will take offense at this. The wise one will think all the better of a solicitor who has the candor and courage to tell him the truth. In this way the agricultural paper through its solicitors can be immensely helpful, especially to the young breeder who has it in him to succeed in producing swine of the highest quality, but has not yet reached the goal. While the agricultural newspapers can be of great advantage to the swine breeding interests, it can also do untold injury by praising a herd or strain far beyond its merits, and thus lulling the breeder into a false security, doing this for immediate profit to the paper and not to the industry. Again, it may do untold injury by booming one particular strain or breeder and speaking sligntingly or derogatorily of other strains or other breeders. The solicitor who will do this should be promptly dismissed. For the mission of the paper is not to build up any one individual but to build up the industry. Agricultural newspapers sometimes do untold injury to the industry by encouraging booms, by permitting their solicitors to carry ficticious bids to sales, and by aiding breeders to unload stock at higher prices than their merits justify. Especially is the agricultural paper an enemy to the swine breeding industry if it encourages boom prices for any particular strain, however meritorious that strain may be. For boom prices for hogs of particular strains that have won favor in the eyes of judges of live stock are the sure percursor of disaster to the entire swine breeding industry. For all the good qualities of the swine are not in any one strain or breed. No man has a corner on porcine merits. We always fear for the welfare of any breed when a boom sets in; for we know as certainly as that the sun will rise that when speculators get hold of any particular breed, or any particular strain or family of that breed, that breed or strain or family will in a short time be in disfavor with the farmers who breed and feed the vast majority of the swine population of the country. When speculators come in, good stock goes out. No breed or strain or family or swine can stand un- usual prosperity any better than the breeder himself. I may perhaps have surprised you by some of my suggestions; but 1 am sure that you do not expect me to say anything but what seems to me to be the truth on this or any other question. HOW TO IMPROVE PASTURES. Wallaces' Farmer Farmers seem to be satisfied with but small returns from their per- manent pastures. They piously and meekly take what comes, doubtless feeling that because they have expended no labor upon them they are entitled to no great reward. They seem to Imagine that the pasture is resting, and while it is resting it would hardly be right to make it worlv. 720 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Pastures are just like farmers and other people. They rest best not by idleness or doing little, but by change of work; and if a field is resting by growing grass instead of grain, it should work just as hard as when growing grain, and will work quite as effectively if properly managed. You ask how to manage it? First, no field ought to be turned out to rest without a good stand of grass. To ask a field to produce a large crop of grass without the tools to work with. How much we would sow depends altogether on the thickness or thinness of the stand. The first thing to do is to cover it over this winter with a coat of manure put on with a spreader. Five or six loads per acre will be enough. That manure will grow on the ground and will double itself in the next year. We do not want the above statement to be taken in all its literality. There will be no more loads on top of the ground than there was before; but manure being vegetable matter and grass being vegetable matter, the increase in the grass roots from the added fertilitj'- will actually double the amount of vegetable matter applied in the manure. Don't turn your cattle out on the average pasture as soon as they can see anything green. If you have a blue grass pasture that has been allowed to grow along in the fall and has been covered with snow you can turn on your cattle as soon as the grass begins to grow. They will take the old grass and the young together and be ready to shed off from two to four weeks earlier than cattle that are kept in a dry lot and fed on dry food. But if you have no old grass on the pasture, let the grass have a chance to furnish a full bite before you turn on your cattle. If you keep your pastures gnawed down from the time the first grass begins to show until June you must not expect very much pasture the rest of the year. Let your crop have time to grow before you harvest it with your cattle. Next, don't overpasture. That is a besetting sin of farmers. In a visit to our old home we passed through a pasture that had been leased to a couple of sons of a pretty wise old farmer. Meeting us one day, he asked how the grass was on the pasture. We told him that con- sidering the acreage, the number of cattle, and the condition of the grass, the steers would not be fit for market very soon. The old gentle- man studied a little, and then replied: "If my b-oys s-see a s-stalk of t-timothy g-growing, t-think t-they must g-go to the b-bank and b-borrow a hundred d-dollars to g-get a car load of c-cattle to eat it!" Give the pasture tools to work with in the shape of a full stand. Give it manure with which to feed the grass roots. Don't harvest it too soon, and don't pasture it too short during the dry summer season, and you will get about twice as much value from your pasture as the ordinary farmer does WASTE ON THE FARM. D. C. Hall. How to prevent waste on the farm is the constant aim and en- deavor of every conscientious farmer, who farms not merely because EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 721 he is compelled to do so for a living but because he enjoys the work and seeks thereby to make himself a successful and self-respecting mem- ber of community. The broader phase of the topic might and would naturally include every subject for discussion on this program. The more limited view is the one undoubtedly intended, however, and the one I shall attempt to discuss. Some of the every day wastes occurring on the average farm make a constant drain on its revenue which so often means the margin between success and failure. A few of these items of waste, then, I shall mention, often leaving the remedies to be inferred, sometimes hinting at possible remedies. The first I wish to make is care of farm machinery. These ma- chines which it becomes necessary for a farmer to purchase in order to carry on modern farming successfully are expensive and should be kept in working order for as long a time as possible. There are two ways in which this may be done. In the first place by careful housing when not in use, and again and more important by careful and thought- ful handling while in use. In the housing of machinery care should be taken that all the parts be put away together and in such a manner that they may be easily accessible at any time. If this is not possible then they should be put away in the fall with the idea of the order of removal for the spring work ever in mind. It often happens that enough time is wasted in getting ill arranged machinery out of a ma- chine house to pay for their loss due to their laying out over winter. One often hears the remark about a machine, "Any one can run that; all you have to do is drive," and similiar statements. This is far from the truth. The very simplest machine must be used with an accompani- ment of brains or the work will be poor and the machine will suffer. "Lost a burr, lost a bolt, broke this or that," is a common expression as the man returns from the field, a waste of half an hour, often due to a lack of proper attention before starting out. I have seen windmills go through the winter without oil and the owners wonder why there was so little wind. Much waste may be avoided through this one item of machinery alone with frequent applications of oil and constant appli- cation of brains. There are two ways of wasting the grain used as feed (and I believe that all grain raised on the farm should be fed on that farm). One is by feeding it and the other is by not feeding it. There is now and then a farmer who wastes his feed given to horses, cattle or hogs by giving more than the animal requires for its best development. I know a man who started to feed his calves a certain amount of feed each day without any regard to the amount they required, with the result that what was left soon spoiled each successive feed until the calves would have none of it, and he was brought forcibly to the realization of the fact that he must study the needs of his stock more closely. So rarely does this occur, however, that it is like a green oasis in a sandy desert when compared with the great multitude of farmers who let their stock shift for themselves during the winter, losing the gains made while on summer pasture and that they should make in the winter. This, 46 722 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. it seems to me, is the most foolish of all wastes and cannot be too strongly condemned. In this connection let me say, in regard to o-verstocking the pastures, it will pay much better in the long run to cut down the amount of stock to suit the size and condition of the pasture than to attempt to carry a larger amount through the summer on little and through the winter on nothing. I never could see how an old cow could chew her cud all winter with nothing to eat unless she had contracted the habit. Then don't waste the growing ability of your stock by saving the feed. Stock of any kind should have as nearly as possible a balanced ration if we expect to get the full value from the feed and then not waste any. In other words, they should receive all the essential food properties in about the right proportion. Grain is often wasted in handling also. Not long ago I saw a man haul about five bushel of oats from the granary to another building and drive away leaving a half bushel on the ground. For waste of this kind there is no excuse save pure carelessness, and such men think more of their ease than of their success, or more likely do not think at all. Another great waste on the farm is with regard to buildings and fences. The farmer must be ever watchful to keep them in repair, for what can give a farm so forsaken an appearance as to see fences sagging, posts broken, and wires broken and down, while the buildings are un- painted and delapidated? This may be convenient for the neighbors whose stock runs loose on the highway, but means money out of the pocket of the fellow who feeds it. Keep the buildings and fences in repair. It takes but little time when a board first comes loose to put it back in place, but if neglected i,t soon gathers together others of its kind and before long the building will be beyond the need of repair. One of the most valuable products of the farm is its manure, yet how often is this asset neglected or disregarded altogether. The waste of this item alone on some places would if judiciously utilized make of the dependant renters successful farmers and often independant land owners in a few years time. There is a partial and a total loss of the soil building properties of manure depending on the method used in handling it. And in this connection I cannot do better than call your attention to the experiments conducted at the Ohio experiment station. The results of the experiments are briefly as follows: Manure hauled from the stalls and spread with a spreader at the rate of eight tons per acre gave an increased crop yield of $23.70, or a net value for the manure of $2.96 per ton. Where the manure was hauled out in the spring from the yard all conditions being the same, the net gain was but $2.15, or a loss of 81 cents per ton. Further estimates indicate that the manure if left through spring and summer and hauled after harvest would be worth not to exceed $1.50 per ton, or a loss of nearly half. These figures speak for themselves and no further comment seems necessary. All these points and more will occur to the mind of the average farmer upon a casual glance at the subject, but the greater avenue of EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 723 waste is that of time, the most valuable asset on any farm. Any man can see buildings decay, feed go to waste or machinery constantly de- preciate unnecessarily, but it is so easy to let a little time slip by unaccounted for and unimproved that it becomes the greatest enemy of success on the farm. There is a prevalent idea among so many farmers with but a small amount of stock that as soon as the fall work is done and the grain all hauled to town that they are at liberty to hibernate for the winter months, only coming out of cold weather quarters oc- casionally to look around and see if everything is alive. If the average city business man should pursue such a course it would soon mean ruin and bankruptcy. Is it to be wondered at, then, that such farmers are compelled to move from farm to farm each succeeding year with less to move each spring save the debt? These winter months which are so often wasted should be devoted to at least two things: (1) — Careful attention should be given to all stock on the place to see that they have every possible advantage in the way of food, water and comfortable sleeping quarters, and if they must shift for themselves at any time during the year let them do it in the summer when feed is to be had for the picking. In other words, give your stock a square deal and it will make you some money. And again the winter season is the time to get ready for the spring and summer work. "In time of peace prepare for war" is advice particularly pertinent to the farmer. All seed for spring planting should be carefully selected and cleaned, machines should be overhauled and repaired, feed for spring and summer use should be placed most conveniently for saving time in the busy season, and all the plans for the summer's work should be carefully worked out. This leads me to speak of the lack of system on many farms as an aid to the waste of time. Work by a carefully arranged plan instead of leaving every phase of the work to be prepared for after it is time to do it. Too much time is spent in town and this is double waste, since it adds to the expense and diminishes the revenue to be derived by the man who is always on the job. The question of hired help must almost be considered under this head also, and is one which is constantly facing many farmers. Now I am a hired man myself and shall speak with that idea always in mind. For the man who goes out to work on the farm for wages, willing to give his employer honest, intelligent service, 1 have the greatest respect. But the time server who makes it his boast that he will not work hard enough to hurt himself, or that he will do just what he is paid for doing and no more, or who entertains similar ideas and who constantly attempts to slight his work and do as little as possible for the most pay, that kind of a man is an expensive luxury to have on the farm even if he works for his board, for his own time is largely wasted and much of his employer's time is wasted in looking after his work. May not the arrangement and management of the crops be such that the farmer will be able to handle them with the minimum of hired help? Especially if he has taken advantage of the winter months in getting ready for and planning his summer's work. 724 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Other items of waste, such as wasted land along line hedges, wasted poultry possibilities, wasted fuel material, the waste through the farm kitchen, etc., might well be considered but I have already taken too much of your time. It is not that the farmer does not recognize these avenues of waste, for he knows that they exist, and just a little extra effort and careful thoughtful attention is all that is required to check them or put a stop to them so far as is possible. And now with a few pertinent proverbs for the producer I close: Do it now. An ounce of prevention is worth a ton of regret. A place for everything and everything back to its place. He that wasteth while he farms will want when he moves to town. A calf in the pasture is worth two on the right of way. The meek shall inherit the earth, but the wise farmer shall reap the products of its fertility. The words of the wise are as jewels. Read your farm papers that you may become rich. A nail in time saves nine and often more. The soil is the basis for all wealth. Give back to it that you may receive more abundantly. Consider the hired man: he chores not, neither does he sweat, yet the farmer with all his broad acres cannot afford a driving horse like his. BENEFITS DERIVED FROM FARMERS' INSTITUTES. Mrs. Martha F. Thornton, Ankney, loica, Before PolJc County Farmers' Institute. The question is frequently asked, what benefits do we receive frorn the farmers' institute? In a farm paper of recent date I was reading that "Wherever a farmers' institute is held that has well trained speakers, finely equipped, expert, enthusiastic lecturers, agreeable and capable man- agers, comfortable suroundings, and a live, wide-awake up-to-date pro- gram, there will be expected in that community an interest, intelluctual and practical that will not die out with the close of the institute session." If the best results are to be obtained, all old shop worn goods must be gotten rid of regardless of cost. Nothing except clean, fresh up-to-date material can be permitted in the modern institute. Every institute ought to be a show window that will be remembered, an exhibition never to be forgotten by the community that beheld it, and impression ought to be made that will never be obliterated or cease to influence for good those who have received them. Those having control of the institute will make it their chief concern to see that there is presented to the audience something new and useful to think about and that it is served up in an agreeable and interesting way. It is a conceeded fact that the men of the community have become much interested and the results are they have improved their talents in acquiring more information, EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 725 and to deny our farmers raise better grain and more of it, they have better and higher grade stocli. Almost any farmer is willing to tell the methods he has used that has brought the best results and by this exchange of thought and practical demonstration the good ideas are passed along and even the spirit of friendship has well been cultivated. But how is it with the women? These institutes have caused a radical change from some cause. The first institute that was held in Ankney, seven years ago last March, was attended in the morning ses- sion by about twelve men and two women, and the women were ex-Mayor Allen's wife and myself. Today it takes the greater part of this hall to give room for the women. We are glad they have become interested, many of them are on the anxious seat, really desirous of obtaining new knowledge in this field of work. B. L. Hathaway, says in Rural Home, "The constant study of other methods and the careful observation and thinking necessary to adapt varying ends to one's own condition will do more to broaden the mind and develop the thinking qualities in the good farmer and his wife than any other agency under heaven." "We are glad that so many of our women have abandoned old methods that new labor saving machines (but not as many as should be) have been installed in the homes, saving both time and strength, and we all realize that time is money to the women, the same as it is to the man. Life is too short to make many mistakes, and as we travel this road but once, we can not go back and make repairs. The idea held good a half century ago "that we did not need anything for recreation, that a change of work was as good as a rest, but we are glad that idea has been exploded, and every woman in attendance at this institute will go home with some new thought to help her over some of the hard places, and will work with such willing hands, that she will never know that she lost a day's work she will be so full of new ideas, new thoughts and suggestions that the work will slip through her hands almost unheeded. You interest a child in a new story and it seemingly forgets it is tired or sleepy. We are only grown up children, and like them want to be entertained. F. Hopkinson Smith, says: "We should never forget, that the one and only one thing that makes us all better than a machine is our imagination." Grandma Beaumont, when she celebrated her one hundreth anniver- sary at the old peoples' home, was asked the secret of her long and happy life, answered, "Don't worry, keep busy and think of other people • rather than yourself." How many of us come here today to impart something to this institute, that would do good to many, or have we come only to absorb. Have we not learned by coming to the institute year after year that there are those that have been trying to improve their talents. Some may have greater talents than others, but if I improve my two talents, my rewards will be as great as yours with ten talents. And we are all responsible for what we do not do, as for what we do do. Let every one here add their mite to help make this intsitute a success. We know that a prize at the end of the race is a great 726 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. incentive to work. I would suggest that we have a membership roll for the women and have an annual membership fee and all competitors for prizes to be paid up members, and in this way we will have what money we need and not be under the necessity of some one going around to solicit friends. We like to be a little independent. Ella Wheeler Wilcox wrote a little poem on leaning and lifting my sis- ters. Which are you, a leaner or lifter? Let us encourage every one who is willing to make an effort to either improve themselves or help lift up some one else and not be contented with ourselves until we have done all we can. I do not recommend this way for our institute alone, but in our church work, our homes, our schools or wherever anything can be made better, so that it will bear the test of criticism, but let the critic use kind- ness, not doing anything that would wound. We may get valuable sug- gestions and helps from others, yet it is your mind, your brains, your efforts, the right application of your knowledge, that will bring you true success. And with intelligent co-operation with the many that are ad- vancing new and profitable ideas we may in a measure be assured of a reward. This institute work is a great and good work and far reaching in its influence. It has been said that the sliding along the line of least resistance will end up in oblivion. Are we going to look for the easiest places to fill or shall we take hold of any and everything that is in reason that comes our way and stay by it until success perches on our banner. Let us work with all earnestness to improve our surroundings, help build up our homes, our schools, our churches, in fact, our community and leave a good imprint on our future institutes. With the ample amount of material at command and a systematic ar- rangement of subjects for discussion a two or three days' institute can be held both with pleasure and profit. "LIFT WHERE YOU STAND." Mrs. A. P. Ines, Algona, Iowa, Before Kosstith County Farmers' Institute. Lord Macauley has said, "A people that takes no pride in the noble achievements of their ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be remembered by remote generations." A record of bare facts by them- selves does not constitute history. Such a record may be of value, but to attain the dignity of history we must have social events and evolution de- tailed with considerable fullness, and the growth of society from one phase to another, distinctly traced and recorded. We only know that this is a progressive age by comparing it with the past. And to whom can we give the credit for the up-to-date condition of things? Surely not to the younger generation of which the young man is a member. He may yet place his shoulder to the wheel of progress and a half century hence he, too, may be able to boast that he had helped to move the world along. History teaches everything, even the great future. To study it is to fa- miliarize ourselves with the whole realm of art, philosophy, science and biography. Never before have events moved more rapidly than they are moving today. We are making history as rapidly as ever before. In the EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 727 field of agriculture as great changes are taking place as elsewhere. Yet with all these advantages and privileges there is still room for improve- ment. The day has gone by when farmers will be satisfied with mere hard work. The day is gone by when a farmer's boy or girl ought to be expected to live in surroundings as devoid of comforts as many of their parents lived in. No, if the farmer's boy or girl stays on the farm, if they enjoy life there, it will be because their surroundings are such as make life enjoyable. Few indeed are the influences that are stronger than the influences of home. So it is the duty of every farmer to make those influences good, to place his children in such an environment that they shall go out fitted for hard and faithful work in whatever they may undertake, so that they may look back upon their home as a place of pleasant associations and sur- roundings, a place which is truly an incentive for good. The present need then for many farmers is along the line of those things which add to the beauty and attractiveness of the farm home. Many are realizing this and are acting accordingly, but more should be done. We are fairly well supplied with labor-saving machinery, good buildings and other practical devices, yet we must not forget that other side of our nature which demands attention and without the development of which we can- not become well rounded and broad-minded men and women. The longest rainy day and evening vanishes if the table is covered with papers, magazines and good books. One may go into many farm homes and find the Chicago or Des Moines daily, stock and farm papers and also religious papers. All these are good. Every boy and girl should be encouraged to read the newspapers. There are many who object to this and give good reasons, but much of the news of today will be the history of tomorrow, social, financial and legislative. There is certainly much in our daily papers neither elevating nor instructive; in fact, very objectionable, but with proper training the child soon knows the good from the bad, the true from the false and early in years learns to follow the great moves of the world and loses all interest in the petty worthless affairs that have little or no impression upon the canvas of life. In addition to this, magazines that review and discuss the questions that are stirring the minds of the people should be found in every home. In these days of clubbing rates a few dollars go a long way in supplying a number of the best magazines of the day. There are very few farmers who are not able to add each year a few new volumes to their library; by doing this an atmosphere is given a home that it can attain in no other way and will serve as a magnet to keep and hold the rising genera- tion to the farms and no matter where their lots may be cast they will not be strangers in a strange land, for their reading has kept them in touch with all people and all lands. When studying the life of a nation, race or clan how anxious we are to know something of the homes of the people in whom we are interested. There is no surer index to the intelligence, culture and tastes of a people than the homes they maintain and from which they send representatives. Every advancement of the human race has been marked by the bettering of its habitation, in our own land from the wigwam of the red man to the 728 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. palatial homes of the twentieth century. Sixty years ago log cabins dotted our prairies of the west. Today houses with conveniences undreamed of by our ancestors are found on many farms. There is nothing that adds' to or detracts more from the life of the farmer and his family than the home and all the environments and influences that go to make that home. The poet has sung of the meadows, brooks, hills and trees and in his imagination he smells the fragrance of the new mown hay and the fresh perfume of wild flowers and sees the glistening of the jeweled dew in the grass, and so on. But we who have spent our lives on the farm know that this is the poetry of farm life and that most of it is prose. Yet there is no life that so nearly reaches an ideal one as that of a farmer. No vocation has as great an unfolding, enlarging, cultivating, educative, elevating process as its results. Then why shouldn't the home and its surroundings be an ideal one. Outside of the immediate home no feature of country life helps or hinders the making of an ideal home as the school, where the most vigor- ous hours of the child's days are spent. The farmer has the entire re- sponsibility of the making of this school. The welfare of our country school is said to effect more homes directly or indirectly than the educa- tional system of the towns and cities. Were the farmers' school tax three times what it is now he couldn't put his money where he would realize one-third as much from the investment as when used for the bettering of his school. There is growing interest in the improvement of the rural schools, but owing to the conservativeness of the farmer himself improvement has been slow. When we know that in many states eighty-five per cent of the children of the country schools never pass beyond the boundaries of the school district so far as school training is concerned it is time to ask are these children getting the best there is to be obtained along the lines of instruction and training? The character of the home life on the farms of future generations dpends upon this instruction and training. With the uniform course of study now used there is no reason why a good business education with the realities of a larger life should not be given every boy and girl. To accomplish this, adequate compensation must be given to justify teachers to qualify themselves not simply to meet the requirements of the superintendent, but to acquire breadth and depth in training that will make that teacher an inspiration to the farmer's chil- dren to aspire towards the best things of life, to that which will develop them into citizens who will stand for what is noble, good and true, who will have a wider outlook and who will be in sympathy with all that is best and richest in country life. It has been a hard matter to arouse the average farmer to the im- portance of requiring a thorough preparation of those who desire to be teachers in our country schools, but in no other way can our rural schools be made what they should be. The consolidated school plan may be the future solution of this question, but the present must be dealt with in some other way. In a recent conversation with one who has had a life- long experience in furthering the education of boys and girls from city and country schools he declared the pupils whose fundamental training EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 729 had been received at the home ou the farm was well adapted to concen- trate and hold the wind to his task, be it long or short, interesting or tire- some to him. This may be accounted for by knowing that every child at an early age is given his work. Usually made responsible for the life and well being of some plant or animal, from this beginning they soon feel the responsibility of several plants and animals resting upon them, and so on until they learn to devote all the energy they possess upon any charge given them, caring for animals or plant life, translating a sentence in Latin or solving a problem in geometry and finally as men and women meeting successfully all requirements of the world, be it in the line of finance, state affairs or leading armies to victory. When that patient, persistent Scotch tenant farmer, Amos Cruickshank, began his work of creating modern and more practical type of cattle, up amid the bleak hillsides of his native country, he lifted higher where he stood than his fellow breeders. Close application, intelligent methods and persistence of purpose evolved at the end of twenty years a breed of cattle recognized the world over. "When the late M. W. Dunham, as a young farmer, saw the first Percheron horse brought into Illinois he be- came impressed with the possibilities and the immense value to the farm- ing interests of improving the horses of the United States. This led to the establishment of a princely estate which stands as a beacon light in American agriculture. When that veteran Clydesdale breeder, Colonel Holloway, bought the first Clydesdale he already had in mind the type of draft horses which was later to command the admiration and approval of two continents. When James Reid, then an obscure farmer, conceived the possibility of creating a more profitable and pure bred type of seed corn he lifted where he stood in the improvement of this great staple crop of the Mississippi valley. There are many new problems before the young farmer today. The work calls for the highest talent and the best training available. The oflBcers of our county fair believe thoroughly in lifting where they stand. See the decided improvement on our picturesque fair grounds. These grounds are the most beautiful and complete of any in the State and additions constantly are being made that add to their beauty and convenience. The new barns are the pride of the cattle and horse men. Floral hall, the finest in northern Iowa. The ladies' rest cottage a blessing of which any fair can well be proud. What a blessing this fair has been to the farmers. It has been the high school, the college or the university for many of us. All the year we have been living in the narrow circle of our own small community and have been traveling in the same old rut. But the announcement of the county fair arouses us from our bed of con- tentment, and we go forth to see better animals than we have seen in many a day, to examine the fruits of the fields and the latest improve- ment in farm machinery, and best of all, to just mingle with the crowd, where we shake hands with old acquaintances and form new friendships. And we go home with new inspirations and aspirations, feeling better and bigger and broader, learning lessons which we can carry home and put into practice on the farm. 730 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The ubiquitous falvir was much in evidence, but a decided change for the better is noticed in the character of the side shows. The best part of most of them, however, can be seen on the outside of the canvas, which is evident they are not as clean and unobjectionable as they might be. How many sandwiches and ice cream cornucopias were consumed during the week we have not been able to ascertain. You might think that the Kossuth county diet consisted of sandwiches and ice cream unless you tried the church ladies' spread, which was quite like home. The live stock, perhaps, attracted more working farmers than any other feature of the fair. This year it was well up to the previous offerings in quality and numbers. Draft horses made a fine showing; light horses and ponies also were well represented. Sheep, hogs, fat cattle, dairy breeds and poultry had high scoring animals in every class, and taken together made an educational influence which cannot be measured. The seed corn show was very complete, even the boys taking an active part. You who viewed the tables groaning under the weight of luscious fruit told that the old saying is true that "horticulture is the refinement of agriculture and a willing guide for its regeneration." Paintings and flowers, fancy articles, domestic department, educational and pantry stores all shared alike the admiration of the visitors, showing there is one kind of educa- tion that is rapidly growing in popularity, namely, the useful education. After leaving the fair grounds last September we felt there was on thing lacking. No lecture or classes had been conducted pointing to the visitors the points of difference and advantages of each type shown. Now we are proud of our splendid college of agriculture and we are glad of the short course that is fitting our men and women for better work. But we find so few farmers or their wives are able or so disposed to attend the short course held at Ames college every year. Would it not be practicable to conduct a short course in all departments at our county fair, calling it the local agricultural school. A corn judging de- partment conducted by an expert from our state college at Ames. A live stock judging course will also be included and for this purpose some of the very best herds from our own county and adjoining counties can be used for instruction purposes. There ought also to be included in this short course a course in domestic science under the supervision of some instructor from the agricultural college. I believe that a few hours daily during the four days of our county fair would be the beginning of a new era for the farm woman and one that is worth the best efforts of every woman interested in the uplift of home life in our midst. If the educa- tion of right living teaches better and easier ways of doing things, if it helps to economize our household expen-ses and to secure better results for our labor, if it saves time and strength and means better health and brighter intellects and a more wholesome family life then it is surely worth trying for. When this short course is an established fact at our county fair such side show as "Nova, She Eats Mud," and the "French Theater" will be a thing of the past, and the young men and women will feel that a better and larger life is coming their way. In the doing and accomplishment of this the home life on the farm will be such an at- tractive one that the question of how to educate our young men and women to stay on the farm will be settled and settled right. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 731 THE DIGNITY OF LABOR. Mrs. Thos, Eain, Algona, Iowa, Before Kossuth County Farmers' Institute. We live in a day when the poet and the philosopher have combined to sound the praise and dignity of labor. Idleness is no longer deemed honorable; work is the new patent of nobility. We live in an age of industry. In an age that demands the union of brain and muscle to supply the call for men of mechanical and con- structive ability. The present tendency of nearly all school life is to fit the boy for a pro- fessional career; we shrink from the rough edges of life, those things that temper the will and purify the soul. For the average boy who becomes an average man great advantages are now open to him. If we make the most of the period in which we live we should absorb and apply the spirit of that age. We are in an age of practical doings and expect practical results. Though most of you have performed manual labor, which ran some- thing like this, trying to raise more corn to feed more hogs, to buy more land and this same routine year after year, few of us have had the ad- vantage of manual training, that developing of the combined efforts of brain and hands. Manual training departments are being started in all parts of the country, some of them on a very limited scale, but conveying the right principle, and this would not be so were it not for the unsup- plied demand for the tranaed brain and hands. The child interested in manual training has a definite standard; that standard is his ideal. The man interested in dairying has his standard, be it Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney or Holstein. Train for practical work, but train for ideals as well. This training gives us a people not only more practical for domestic life and better skilled in trades, but also gives us citizens of an entirely different in- tellectual fibre. It also cultivates a habit of observation, a knowledge of the difference between accuracy and inaccuracy. We have big respect for the vigorous one in work. Energy is essential to an active life. American manufacturers claim they cannot secure Ameri- can skilled workmen to meet the development of American opportunities, and many of their competent workmen are foreigners, skillful in their work, but ignorant of our language and customs. While the professions are overcrowded the mining, the chemical and the constructive fields are unsupplied with skilled labor, though the salaries exceed many of the professions. Education is no longer just one narrow thing. True education de- velops our usefulness, trains our mind to find the truth, trains our hands to do the work. Why do we call Lincoln an educated man? Is it because he struck the shackles from 4,000,000 slaves? No. Because his heart was right to 732 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. feel; his brain was clear to think; his hand was powerful and skillful to do. How came he to be educated? By being directed by a loving and righteous stepmother to love the right and the good; by striving at all times to know the truth in every situation; by working industriously to be of the highest service to his fellow men. It was in the school of labor which he dignified that he was educated; it was not in the school of learning. No honest work is degrading; the only disgrace comes from the manner in which it is performed. The works of the head, the hand and the heart all are alike necessary, all are alike honorable. There is no more dignified or wholesome way of earning a living than by forming a partnership with the forces of nature. "There are millions of positions in the busy world today. Each a drudge to him who holds it, but to him who doesn't, play; Each believes that his real calling is along some other line Than the one at which he's working — take, for instance, your's and mine. Many a farmer's broken hearted that in youth he missed his call, While that same unhappy farmer may be the envy of us all." If you want to dignify any calling put the stamp of public opinion upon it. You put the stamp of approval upon a farmer's vocation when you put the science of agriculture in our schools. You may think that science does not apply to the practical farmer, that there is ngthing of value in book farming. But science is simply the truth — the facts and the prin- ciples discolsed by the most complete experience of practical men. The useful man is he who contributes to the general welfare. An eminent writer makes one of his characters give it as his opinion, "that whoever could make two ears of corn, or two blades of grass to grow on a spot of ground where only one grew before would deserve better of mankind and do more essential service to his country, than the whole race of politicians put together." Dean Swift's imaginary char- acter was very must disposed to find fault with politicians, but he was evidently sound on the relation of corn and grass to human happiness. We tend to strive for learning beyond our surroundings, we are not satisfied with small development we want big results. We may -make drudgery of our work, or we may combine the Intellect with the working of the hand. How many of us as we watch the growing of a plant from a tiny seed to its maturity can tell the conditions necessary for its development, though plant life is our daily companion. We may demonstrate a problem but can we tell how the soil can be better tilled in order to conserve its fertility. Henry Wallace says the farmer of this century is a land robber. If we do not educate our farmers our fertile fields will become, not in our day, but come it will, as barren as the farms of New England. There must be a permanent agriculture to support a prosperous com- munity. Land should not only maintain its productiveness it should increase its productiveness, and the 'knowledge of how to secure this may come to us through our Agricultural institutions and in this instructive world of nature, our daily associate, we may be able to see more than EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. 733 only trees, only clods in fields, only labor for which we expect a recom- pense. For through those schools the student not only receives a knowl- edge of the laws of nature but also a practical knowledge of the appli- cation of science in relation to life thereby fitting himself to be useful to mankind. The present and the future, demand men prepared to solve the great- est of problems, the problems which concern the living natural features of our time. Tillers of the soil have too low an estimate of the standard of their work, they lack a manly pride, they are not proud of being agri- culturists the oldest of occupations imbedded in the very structure of the earth. For a time we have favored the people who work chiefly with the brain, the lawyer is an interpreter of some laws that men behind him have made. A banker is an interpreter of financial laws that men behind him have made, a farmer is an interpreter of the laws of nature a force before which all men bow in subgujation. 'Tis true his work may not be what we consider clean, but all matter is clean when in its proper sphere, and the soiled clothes and marked hands have always been and always will be, the genuine badges of creative toil. We are told that farmers are today our leisure class, not our idle class, but our liesure class. The awful competition, the swift pace at which the professional man and the business man lives is out of the range of the farmer, for he can still control his time to a certain extent. But our development is incomplete if we ignore our hours of leisure and demand activity of muscle as the highest of ideals, leisure is beneficial to all when used wisely, it broadens our ideas, it quickens our thoughts, it brings us in contact with new principles and with many classes who in various ways are working for the benefit of humanity. "A certain merchant placed a blackboard in his store, and asked his customers to write their names upon it, and after the name to write what they were doing for humanity. First came a lawyer and he wrote, "I plead for all." Next came a doctor who wrote, "I prescribe for all." The third was a minister and he said, "I pray for all." Then came a farmer who after writing his name, thought awhile, then put down, "I pay for all." Well, that may be the farmer's especial gift, and he is given plenty of chance to cultivate it, still we call the farmers the independent class, but after all no class is wholly independent. Do not hold up before young eyes the almighty dollar as a scale by which to measure the length and breadth of labor but rather, teach the results of conscientious thought and toil, will daily gain in force and Influence, while the minted coin diminishes in value by constant circu- lation. Life presents varied demands. You cannot make the best kind of a citizen out of a man who thinks his calling the only one worthy of consideration, so there is need of studies dealing with topics of general interest. When we add to the knowledge of these, training in some es- pecial line, we may feel well equipped for some position. Educate for the fulfilling of some vocation, not for the getting of vacations. 734 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The world of mechanics is asking for the vigorous educated man who is capable of performing brainy labor. We are in a period of con- struction work, greater than that performed by the ancient Romans. As a nation we are building, building as no nation ever built before. The most remarkable railroad in the world is in operation for 81 miles, and most of the construction work is done which will unite Florida and Key West by rail. Cars run on a track 31 feet above high water, and passengers may sit in the windows of Pullman coaches in all serenity, and have an opportunity to seeing how the Atlantic ocean looks in a gale. Experts who have studied this work consider it the most ingenious piece of engineering of modern times. It is being built under the super- vision of J. C. Meredith, an Iowa man educated at the Agricultural College at Ames. In many respects this work is considered more difficult than the Panama Canal. It was not only necessary to bring all the workmen from distant sources of supply but they must be lodged and fed in enor- mous floating dormitories, which were anchored from place to place as the work progressed. The owner of this road sees a vision of the future. He- sees the commercial growth which is following the independence of Cuba, that with transportation her products may be distributed over the United States and her natural resources is atracting millions of capital. Beyond is dawning a vast industrial opening of South America and Mexico. Our own Northwest has scarcely started to grow in a practical way. To meet this progression various methods for the better industrial education of the youth of our country are being discussed by educators. All agree on the necessity for better mechanical training but they differ widely on the methods. Brain training is well, but that is only a part of a balanced educa- tion. When we consider that we have two channels of expression, one being the tongue and the other the hand, we may believe the statement that we have undertrained the hand and overtrained the tongue. Ability to work out ideas that can be expressed by objects made by the hand gives the world the men and women who have done most to beautify our lives. Men in every age of the world have scorned the idler and if we judge by the fruits of idleness, no honor comes to him who shirks his duty. W%at stores of wisdom, what breadth of knowledge, labor brings. Learning is not an instinct, and we shall never get beyond the need of having more and more, for knowledge is boundless in extent, and may- be a power when properly organized and under control; but he who excels must work for it, and J)y his labor he becomes dignified. A single practical life has more than once changed the aspect of the whole civilized world. A poor drudging mechanic has by his invention of a machine, or by the application of a force, more than once doubled the energy and wealth of mankind. Steam was as mighty in the days of Solomon as it was when brought under the control of man and yoked to an engine to do the world's work. Electricity played through the heavens since the dawn of the world wait- ing for some practical mind to harness it. Our field of labor is widening. Now industries are constantly being organized, educated labor is demand- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAK BOOK-PART X. 735 ing its proper place — and in many ways pays handsomely — in money — in strength in life in the open — in eonstructiveness — in invention. No real successes are won without patience and labor. It is lesson after lesson with the scholar, it is venture after venture with the mer- chant, it is trial after trial with the inventor, it is failure after failure with him, who still persevering wins the goal for which he strives. The world honors honest labor, but despises the idler. WHAT THE INVESTIGATOR HAS FOUND OUT. From Illinois Farmers' Bulletin No. 10. ' YKA.RS OF Tests That Have Solved Practical Problems of the Farm. Testing Each Ear of Seed Corn. — The value of applying the germiaa- tion test to each individual ear of seed corn was well demonstrated in the testing of ten lots of from 43 to 414 ears. The average results were as follows: The composite test of all ears showed 84.6 per cent of germination. When the poor ears, as indicated by the test, were dis- carded, the germination of the good ears averaged 93.7 per cent, while the discarded ears averaged only 60.4 per cent. The rejection of those poor ears, made possible only through a separate test of each ear, made a notable improvement in the seed corn and in the stand of the plants grown from that seed. Best Planting Time is May 4 to May 25. — The best time for planting corn has been carefully tested for eight years, with the following average yields per acre from the plantings at the dates named: Corn pllanted April 22 to 26 yielded 48 bushels per acre; April 27 to May 4, 60 bushels; May 4 to 11, 62 bushels; May 11 to 18, 62 bushels; May 19 to 25, 61 bushels; May 26 to .June 1, 56 bushels. Succeeding weeks yielded respectively 50, 39 and 21 bushels per acre. The results show that there was very little difference in the yield of corn planted during the three weeks from May 4 to May 25. The lesson is that it is not necessary to plant corn the first fair day. The farmer would better take plenty of time to prepare the seed bed thoroughly and get the ground mellow and finely pulverized. Changing the Height of Ears Upon the Stalk. — It has been clearly proven that the height of ears upon the stalk of corn may be changed either upward or downward by breeding from respectively high or low ears. Five years' breeding from high ears resulted in producing ears of the following average heights: In 1903, 54.4 inches; 1904, 50.2 Inches; 1905, 63.2 inches; 1906, 56.3 inches; 1907, 72.3 inches. Breeding in the opposite direction, that is, from low ears, produced five successive crops in which the ears averaged respectively 42.8 inches, 35 inches, 41.6 inches, 26.6 inches, 33.3 inches. Here is a difference the fifth year of 39 inches between the high ears and the low ears as the result of seed selection, and the average difference for the whole five years is moi-e than 23 inches. 736 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Shallow Cultivation Increases Yield Four Bushels. — In a five-year series of tests comparing shallow cultivation of corn with deep cultivation the results were an average yield of 70-3 bushels per acre for the former and 66.7 bushels per acre for the latter — an average increase of 3.6 bushels due to shallow cultivation. Drilling Oats Increases the Yield Four Biishels per Acre. — In ten com- parisons of sowing oats broadcast and drilling them in, there was a dif- ference in yield of four bushels per acre in favor of drilling. Large Seed Increases the Yield. — Results from the Ontario Experiment Farm were quoted to show the benefit of using seed of large size. Seven crops of oats showed an average yield of 62 bushels per acre from large seed and of 47 bushels per acre from small seed — a difference of 15 bushels per acre in favor of large seed. As the average of six years' work witli winter wheat the large seed increased the yield from 40 to 47 bushels per acre. The same number of experiments with field peas resulted in an average increase of five bushels per acre due solely to large seed. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X. IBJox pazjaiaif }oa i-li-li-liHi-(rHi-tr-li-ti-(C5Cs»C4C4c^fl^Ke^OiW«COCO 000>AOi5u-'U^i-HOOC5csCOCDC<«0-^Soo-*(Niri*Si-HC»-iftOOT CO -^ vc tr ir O t^ O O i^ i^ i-H ^^ ir -rr i-^ ^-^ w f- '^' >i* t-! u* 1— o CO u- '£* oJ co u* oo O Cl o c^ "^ ^- O rH ift 0 0*^*^*0 06 i? oo r-( O i> 2^ >l^ c^ c^ ;S}:c :§g OJ C) CO «■ fi^* O "*■ ir o CQ "8«S' jaaj iiBH o o oS 5 00 10 IT o «~- SS8 I88S © o e« I e« o ■ W O l-H I IH iH 1-1 I gg^ ss;c; 88 »8Bisod pue l^uis|:i (M Ci ci C. CO I rH ^' ^ snoau -BiiaosjiM Xjjino.i B33pnf 'cocccctocD-TOirc^ccioir>c;oii^-^OMm»r'Ci ss »^ 00 o cs o t o c: o o I — f -f 00 S N o: o ir I? cc o ^ ■* 1 o C4 i-i t* o o o sja^sadS a :: •* -^ Si ■^ Jt fr •* S t^ C-M e»0!OOT-!t-c;coc: . c^ 00 •* CO 10 S t-** « § & S IBIOX )8tP§S^?l?28888S_£Sa_8:r8S8i;S5}CgSg?8S I-H C^ f-H 1 t- t- ir t-cc 1 jaqio paesaa; djqe -jaquiaiv pie ajBJS 1 ( ( in g?!? i is i i 1 1 i^ SS^"^ 1 1 C: 1 1 1 1 !«■ 1 1-^ »j 8 1 *i 5 1- M -^ l^ 1- ffj 50<^OOOQCOO< . . a = odgS?g88S 8 8FS88 8888 8888^5 88 ■ i*- It* ir in iT I"" o i*" i(" K* t- i t- ir ir- - i-- 1 u* ir »r -^j ec u* m i> t^ 1-- t-» X ■^Vrrr""?-c:4ia . £ c a- C c- ■■'■• " -t •clfc&S rHWCO-*'lO«Dl^OOC:Or-(C^ u- ^- f^ cr -r- ^ ,— c * r cT cc Si C-. « ' 47 738 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 02 < H o o H a H -»i H CO < O jaqranNl g5SS^55S§S5!9S^!§^^55SSgffiSSSfe£?SSggSSS IBJOX paztois-ii jon sasu9dx8 jamo aSBjsod puB Sntsji ■J9APE 'SnuuiJd snoan -BitaDSfHi jSjJinoj ujoo 833pnf sjaJiBads cnc*ccint*00OTCCO4t~ lO *5 1-1 •* fl 8 to o>ft ggSf ooooooioooooo i-HrHlNi-l rH r-i Oi i~t OO ;g8 SggSS OOOtO*'* 3888 m O »< "* I ) (V5 g i g88ggSggS^88888SSgS8tf??g888 i-H I— lO^OO mi— li— I iHi— t»H SS??§!8SJSS58ge e» ir i-H 5 ■^ Oi C: lA S^8? : t- 00 © < sS §c ;8S .HK-Wi^-MNMl i(-0J^©^C^0 W lO t* t- 0> C- 00 t* t* t-i>t-c^t-THii50Da>irEc«5O5co 00 iH rH rH eaoanos aatijo poBsaaj dms -jaqiuaH 53 iS^S ei I 00 iAoooaoino©©©©'^©ooos?«>©©co©©©©o©©o©o© I^©t^0O©^~©0Sc:©C4©©©©O©CCOrHOO0©©l^©©©©© ptB ajBis (M ift f IT" lt iT" <:d c:i^c:u^iir^irc:iAiCt-»cooif^irirtiC^" Mr IT i^ m t._t■-t^t*t•'^-tf^t-t^»Hcc^^'^t'^^^^-cct'^-■^^^l^i:-^^^-^-^-^-^-^^^-^^^- O rt rt o cS ^-, , HX! >-.g^ jdqiunN ■ IP ^ (•- GO C: O ri c? t EFGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 7.";) ooooo-^ooSooc iH r-liH 6i « oi S gs *oot>(r)Oiod but acreage light; yield seven to twelve bushels per acre. Buckwheat — Good crop; nearly all ripened although some late. Millet — Fine crop; mostly cut for hay. Sorghum — None. Timothy — Good crops but weather damaged much hay. Cix)VER — Average crop. Prairie Hay — Average crop. Potatoes — Fine on sandy or well drained land; some rot on mucky soil; acreage light. Vegetables — Average or better. Apples — Some orchards extra good, others very light to total failure on account of late spring frosts; probably two-thirds average crop in the county at large. 0THE2J Fruits — Small fruits very light, owing to continued summer rains. Cattle — Average crop or better; prices good; many brought in to feed. Horses — High in price but sellers scarce. The county has been scoured by foreign buyers and A No. 1 horses went at seller's price. Swine — Pretty well sold out at this date; high prices prevailed and soft corn crop made farmers cautious. Stockers about average in num- ber; fat stock below the average in numbers at this time of the year. Sheep — Very few kept here. Poultry- — High in price and crop about the average in numbers and quality. Bees — Average yield of honey and hives in good shape for winter; hives usually very strong. Drainage — More drainage every year; tile factories are behind with orders and many farmers cannot get tile this year. Other Industries — Two tile factories running at full capacity most of the time; self propelling dredges manufactured and operated, also ditchers. Lands — Selling no lower although sales have been slow on account of continuous rains. Report of Fair — Held at Britt, September 4-6; attendance good, per- formance satisfactory; gate receipts, etc., ahead of expenditures. HARDIN. H. S. Martin, Eldora, September 21, 1907. Corn- — Stand about three-fourths. Oats — Light. Wheat — Fair. Millet — Good. 49 770 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Timothy — Fair. Clover — Light. Potatoes — Poor. Vegetables — Average. Apples — Light crop. Other Fruits — Grapes good, others light. Cattle — Average condition. Horses — In good condition. SwiiNE — Healthy. Sheep — Good. Lands — Prices high. Report of Fair — Held at Eidora, September 3-6. HARRISON. W. H. Withrow, Missouri Valley, Octouer 2G, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Seiason — ^Owning to frequent rains in the early spring, planting was done quite late; corn crop will be about the usual average, with a larger acreage. Corn — Crop will be about an average compared with former years. Oats — Yield not up to the average; quality fair. Wheat — An increased acreage; yield and 'quality good, especially with fall wheat; prospects good for increased acreage next year. Rye— Acreage averages with former years; quality and yield only fair. Barley — Acreage about the same as in former years, with average yield and quality. Flax — Very little raised. Buckwheat- — Usual yield and quality; not much raised. Millet — Good crop on high lands, but light on low lands owing to too much early rain. Sorghum — Usual acreage and average yield. Timothy — Crop about an average with former years with somewhat increased acreage. Clover — Good yield on well drained land; nor good in low lands. Prairie Hay — A very large crop in drained lands; not so good on low lands. Potatoes — Not as good quality as usual to this soil; acreage about an average; quantity not an average. Vegetables — Very good quality but yield only about one-third of that of 1906, owing to late spring frosts. Other Fruits — Not quite up to the usual production. Cattle — Have done very well; not much summer feeding, majority of feeders prefering winter feeding. Houses — County not overstocked with horses, but improvement in breeding shown each year; producers are beginning to realize there is more profit in raising well bred stock. Swine — The usual number raised, but cholera has created havoc in some parts of the county. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 771 Sheep — Very few farmers interested in slieep raising or feeding, but those few are feeding about tlie usual number. Poultry — A good year for poultry and good home demand for well fed stock; apparently not much interest in raising fancy poultry. Bees — "Very little attention given to this industry, although it has proved profitable to those interested. Drainage — Drainage system is nearly completed and the good effects will be very noticeable next year in the western part of the county. Lands^ — Values remain steady, ranging from $50 to $100 per acre; quite a number of sales to eastern parties who will hold for increased prices. Report of Fair — Held at Missouri Valley on September 17-19; weather was fine; entries of agricultural products very light; all premiums have been paid in full and all of the outstanding indebtedness will be wiped out. HENRY. O. N. Knight, Mt. Pleasant, October, 1907. General Conditkjn of Crops and Season — Weather conditions were gen- erally good, except for harvest when it was too wet, and much small grain was lost on that account; a great season for grass and the fall has been ideal for ripening corn. Corn — Yield about seventy per cent. Numerous replantings required to get a good stand, but many acres of late corn has matured be- yond expectations and the quality is very good. Oats — Unusually large acreage but wet weather during harvested dam- aged the crop badly; generally light in weight and yield about two-thirds of an average crop. Wheat- — Not extensively raised, but yield and quality good. Rye — Not extensively raised but crop was considered very good. Barley — Acreage small, but generally satisfactory. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Acreage small but yield heavy. Sorghum — Good, though but few acres planted. Timothy' — An excellent crop. Clover — Very good and a heavy second crop. Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass is our main pasturage and is always good. Potatoes— Small acreage and only two-thirds crop. Vegetables — Not quite up to the average. Apples — A failure. Othesj Fruits — A few peaches and grapes; a fair crop of berries. ' Cattle — Not extensively fed in this county, but they are generally in good condition as pastures have been good. Houses — An exceptional good class of draft horses in this county and some very good roadsters; saddle horses are scarce. Farmers are taking more interest in breeding. 772 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Sheep — Are numerous in this county; in good demand and bring a very high price. Swine — A big crop of spring pigs and they are generally in a healthy thriving condition. Poultry — Is universally raised and return good profit. Bees — Few kept. Drainage — Good; much tiling is being done in this county. Other Industries — Tile and brick works and numerous stone quarries, all doing a prosperous business. Lands— Command good prices; many farms sold at $150 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Mt. Pleasant August 13-16 and was a very suc- cessful and satisfactory meeting. Exhibit of fruits and farm products light on account of lateness of season, but a good showing in all classes of live stock; racing was exceptionally good. Inclement weather some- what interferred with the attendance on Thursday but the receipts for the week covered all premiums and purses and left a good surplus in the treasury. HENRY. Will D. Garmoe, Winfield, October 15, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Cold late spring caused seed- ing to be delayed and resulted in a poor stand of corn and oats. Corn — Will make a fair yield of medium quality. Oats — Not up to the average either in quality or -quantity. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — Only small quantity sown. Barley — Little sown. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Acreage very small. Millet — Small acreage; good yield. Sorghum — Small amount planted but a fair yield. Timothy- — Good quality; heavy yield. Clover — Crop very heavy. Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass pastures have been of excel- lent growth. Potatoes — Good quality but only about half a crop. Vegetablies — Generally good in quality but a short crop. Apples — Very few and quality poor. Other Fruits — All fruit crops short on account of cold backward spring and late frosts. Cattle — In good condition. Horses — In good condition except where distemper has been prevalent. Swine — About the average number raised; generally in good condition but a few reports of cholera. Sheep — Good and generally healthy; farmers are increasing their flocks. Poultry — Large number raised; fancy stock increasing. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK- PART XI. 773 Bkes — Very few kept. DuAiNAGE — Good; most of the land thoroughly tiled. Other Industkies — Are in a prosperous condition. Lands — Have steadily increased in value; being generally level and well tiled are not affected by drouth or wet; prices range from $60 to $100 per acre. Repokt of Fair — Held at Winfield, September 17-20. This was the second year under the new management; exhibits in live stock generally good, but short in agricultural products and fruits. The attendance was the largest in years. HUMBOLDT. Jt UN Cunningham, Humboldt, Septemder 24, 1007. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops are below the average on account of the backward spring and heavy rains In June. A destruc- tive hailstorm occurred in July. Corn — Backward; if no killing frosts occur before October 10th the corn will be of fair quality though below average yield. Oats — Light in weight and yield. Wheat — Yield and quality fair. Rye — None grown. Barlev — Very little grown; yield and quality good. Flax — None grown. Buckwheat — None grown. Millet — Very little grown but a fair crop. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Light yield. Clover — Light yield. Prairie Hay — Light yield. Other Grains and Gkasstiis — A little alfalfa was grown and made a good crop. Potatoes — Yield below the average; quality good. Vegetables — Light crop. Apples — Good except in the district visited by hail. Other Fruits — Light yield. • Cattle — In good condition; prices good. Horses — In good condition; prices very high. Swine — Good crop and free from disease. Sheep — Good crop and free from disease. Poultry— Rather light crop; no disease. Bees — Have done fairly well. Drainage — A large amount of public drainage being done by the county and considerable private work started. Other Industries — In a flourishing condition. Lands — Moving slowly; prices range from $60 to $100 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Humboldt September 10-13; the best ever held here; large attendance. Exhibits in all lines except agricultural products the largest in the history of the fair. 774 • IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. IOWA. Alex McLennan, Makengo, October 23 1907. General Condition of Chops and Season — The quality of crops in gen- eral not good on account of cold wet spring and late frosts; considerable fall plowing being done; fall pastures good and stock in good condition. Corn — About seventy-five per cent of crop, of mixed quality; much had to be replanted. About two-thirds of the crop was out of danger of the frost on September 24th; balance more or less harmed; will be chaffy. Oats— Light in yield and quality; average about twenty-four bushels per acre; good harvesting weather; straw and grain look bright. Wheat — But very little grown; yield from ten to twenty bushels per acre; of excellent quality. Rye — Very little grown; good yield and quality. Barley — About the usual acreage; fair quality. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little grown. Millet — Very little grown. Sorghum— Very little grown but quality good. Timothy — Very short on account of cold wet spring; qual'ty of hay and seed excellent but yielded light. Clover — Not much harvested except for hay; a good year for clover and last spring's seeding is exceptionally good. Prairie Hay— None in the county. Potatoes — Very small yield but of excellent quality; many shipped in and are selling at seventy-five cents per bushel. Vegetables — About the average amount raised and quality very good. Apples — Very scarce on account of late frosts in the spring; some late apples and of good quality. Other Fruits — Peaches good in most localities where grown; not many trees in the county although the number is increasing. Light crop of plums and cherries on account of late frosts. Cattle — Larger number than usual on exhibition at our fair and of better breeding and quality; Aberdeen Angus, Herefords and Short-horns predominate. General condition good, better than last year; fall pastures good and cattle will be in fine shape for the winter. Horses — Good demand and higher prices for good horses than for a number of years; there is a tendency among the farmers to raise more horses and raise only the best. Many western horses shipped in and met with ready sale at good prices. Swine — Pig crop fair; better than last year; all well bred. No cholera in the county and prices are good. Sheep — Not generally raised among the farmers. Poultry — Increasing interest taken in poultry raising; large number on exhibition. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 775 Bkes — Very few stands in the county. Drainage — Considerable wet land has been reclaimed in the past year, both by machinery and hand tiling; increase considerable over last year's work. Other Ixdustrie.s — Woolen and flouring mills report increase over last year's business and are behind with orders. Canning factories did not do as well on account of unfavorable season. Creameries have done an ex- ceptional business this year. Brick and tile factories rei)ort good business and are behind with orders. Laxos — Improvement in methods of cultivation and more attention be- ing given to fertilizing. The use of manure spreaders increased one hun- dred per cent over last year. More intensive farming practiced by the farmers. Building improvements on the increase. Farm lands range in price from $75.00 to $150 per acre. Report of Pair — Held at Marengo, September 10-13. Ideal weather and very large attendance. Largest exhibit of stock, poultry and ma- chinery ever on the grounds; exhibit of farm products light on account of lateness of the season; exhibit of fine arts the finest ever on the grounds. More new features in entertainment and instruction than ever before. IOWA. J. P. Bowling, Victor, September 16, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season backward. Corn — Acreage not as large as last year. If frost holds off corn will make a fair crop of fair quality. Oats — Poor quality and small yield. Wheat — Not much raised but quality good. Rye — Fair crop and of fair quality. Barley — Fair in quantity and quality. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Very little raised. Sorghum — Very little raised. Timothy — Good crop and of good quality. Clover — Good crop and of good quality. Prairie Hay — Good crop. Potatoes — Very light crop. Vecetarles — Good. Apples — Fair. Other Fruits — Poor. Cattle — Good price. Horses — Scarce, and prices high. SwiNE — Good prices, and good reports from all over the county. Sheep — Not many raised. Poultry — Good prices. Bees — None kept. Lands — Good prices prevail. Report of Pair — Held at Victor, August 13 to 15. 77G IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IOWA. Chas. Fletcher, Williamsburg, October 15, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Not up to normal in this section; spring too cold. Corn was of slow growth in the early part of the season and weeds alomst took possession of some fields. Corn — Early corn planted on favorable ground yielded about a normal crop, but farmers generally report the yield uneven and light in yield. Oats — Not up to normal in either yield or quality. Wheat — Very little sown in this section. Rye — None sown. Barley — None sown. Flax — None sown. Timothy — Crop was exceptionally good, especially in quality. Clover — About normal. Prairie Hay — Scarcely any in the county. Potatoes — A poor yield both in quality and quantity. Apples — Light crop owing to late frosts in the spring. Cattle — The splendid showing at our fair indicates a growing interest in this branch of farm industry. Horses — Good; many sold. Swine — Farmers make a specialty of this industry; Duroc Jersey, Pol- and China and Chester White breeds prevail. Sheep — ^Very few raised. Poultry — An increased interest in this industry and both poultry and eggs are brought to market in large quantities. Lands — Prices range from ^80 to $160 per acre, according to the lo- cality and improvements. Report of Fair — Held at Williamsburg September 3-6 and was a pleasing and successful meeting. Exhibits in all departments were good and there seems to be a growing interest in the fair as an educa- tional factor. JACKSON. B. D. Ely, Maquoketa, September 8, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season has been wet and backward. Corn — Will be a short crop on account of wet backward spring. Oats — Will be the shortest crop and the poorest quality ever known in this county. Wheat — Not much sown but yield was of fairly good quality. Rye — Very little sown. Barley — Fair yield and good quality. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 777 Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. MiLLET^ — Very little sown. Sorghum — Not much raised in this county. Timothy — Very good crop both in quality and yield. Clover — Big crop. PRAUtiE HAY — None grown. Potatoes — Very good yield and quality, but some complaint of rot on account of wet weather. Vegetables — Grood. Apples — A failure. Other fruits — Very good crop of blackberries but no other fruits. Cattle — County well stocked with the best grade. Horses — High prices have induced farmers to raise more colts than formerly. Swine— Large number raised and no disease reported. Sheep — Very few raised. Poultry — A growing industry in this county; exhibit at the fair larger and better than ever before. Bees — A great many kept and a large amount of honey was shipped this year. Drainage— Have good natural drainage. Other industries — The burning of lime is about the only other in- dustry in this county. Lands — Increasing in price every year; farms being sold for $125 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Maquoketa, September 3-6. Most successful fair ever held. Exhibits were a little light in some departments; races were good. The weather was fine and the attendance the largest on record for this fair. JASPER. E. L .McMuRRAY, Newton, October 1, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — GrOod. Corn — Full crop. Oats — Light. Wheat — Small acreage. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — Very little raised. Flax — Very little raised. Timothy — Good crop. Clover — Good crop. Prairie Hay — Good crop. Potatoes — Fair crop. Vegetables — Crop short. Apples — Crop short. Report of Fair — Held at Newton, September 9 to 12. 778 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. JEFFERSON. D. R. Bka'ity, Fairfield, Octoiser, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Good. Oats— Fair; damaged by rain. Wheat — Good although acreage small. Rye — Fair; small acreage sown. Barlbty — Ver-y little sown. Flax — None sown. ■ Buckwheat — Small acreage. Millet — Fair crop. Sorghum — Fair crop. Timothy — Good. Clover — Good. Prairie Hay' — None. Vegetables — Good. Applets — Very light crop and poor quality. Other fruits — Berries a good crop. Cattle — Good. Horses — Good quality. Swine — Good quality and plenty of them. Sheep — Very few kept. Poultry — Good; many raised. Other Industries — Hay tools and wagon factory, iron foundry and many smaller factories, all in a flourishing condition. LANDS^Prices high. Report of Fair — Held at Fairfield, September 10 to 13; weather fine and the fair fairly well patronized; good show of horses, hogs and cattle. JONES. J. J. LoL'iiER, Monticello, October, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair; all crops more or less affected by the late, rainy season. Corn — Average crop; some will be a little soft. Oats — Small yield, light in quality. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — ^Very little raised. Barley' — Quality very good. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Fair, EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 779 SoRGUuii — Little planted. Timothy — Good crop, plenty of hay. Clover — Good crop. Prairie Hay — Little if any. Other Grains and Grasses — Grass in abundance the entire season. Potatoes — Poor yield; too much moisture. Vegetables — Below the average. Apples — Very few. Other Fruits — Poorest in years excepting an abundance of grapes. Cattle — In fine condition owing to abundance of feed. Horses — Good demand and raising of same profitable. Swine — Large crop of pigs. Sheep — Few if any raised in this commiuiity. Poultry — Good prices prevail and a goodly number raised. Bees — A good year; yield of honey large. Drainage — A great deal of tile being laid. Other Industries — Thriving. Lands — Steadily increasing in value. Report of Fair — Held at Monticello, September 2 to 6. Most suc- cessful fair in the history of the association. Agricultural exhibits light. JONES. L W. Russell, Anamosa, October, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — ^Very wet season. Corn — About three-fourths of a crop; quality only fair. Oats — Very small crop; poor quality. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — Very little raised. Barley' — Very little raised. Flax — None. Buckwheat — None. Millet — None. Sorghum — None. Timothy — Good crop and good quality. Clover — Good crop and good quality. Prairie Hay'^ — None. Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures fine. Potatoes — Crop and quality fair. Vegetables — Fair. Apples — None. Cattle — A good year for cattle. Horses — In good condition. Swine — Good. Sheep — Very few. Poultry-' — Good year. Bees — Very few kept. Drainage — Good. 780 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Report of Fair— Held at Anamosa, August 26 to 30. Good attenance considering that the weather was rainy the entire week Exhibits in the stock departments and floral hall were exceptionally strong, as were also the free attractions. Under the circumstances the fair was a grand success. KEOKUK. Geo. a. Poff, What Cheer, October 14, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair. Corn — Fair crop; average from forty to fifty bushels per acre. Oats — Will average from twenty to thirty bushels to the acre, and much of it is poor quality. Wheat — Small acreage; average yield fifteen to twenty-five bushels. Rye — Small crop. Barley — Small acreage but good crops; yield about twenty bushels per acre. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None. Millet — Small acreage. Sorghum — Very little. Timothy — Good crop and fine quality. Clover — Good; will average two tons to the acre. Prairie Hay — Good yield and good quality. Other G«ains and Grasses — Good; fall pastures very good. Potatoes — Will yield from seventy-five to eighty bushels per acre. Vegetables — Very plentiful and of good quality. Apples — Fair crop and selling at a good price. Other Fruits — A good yield. Cattle — Cattle are in fine condition; several large herds of fine stock. Horses — Doing well; a number of breeders and dealers in imported stock in this county. Swine — A great many raised and of the best breeds. Sheep — Doing well, although not so many raised as in former years. Poultry — This industry is increasing and is fast becoming a very profitable one for the farmer. Bees — An average crop of honey. Drainage — A great deal of tiling is being done. Lands — Sell for $75 to $110 per acre, according to improvements. Report of Fair — Held at What Cheer, September 23 to 26. With the exception of one day the weather was very unfavorable. Large exhibit of horses, cattle and swine; races were the best for several years and the attractions first class. Fifteen hundred dollars was expended for improvements on the grounds during the year. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI, 781 KOSSUTH. T. H. Wadsworth, Algona, Septemher 23, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — A cold, wet season, un- favorable for growing crops. Corn — Quite a good crop of corn will be gathered; better than antici- pated a month ago. Oats — Yield from twenty to thirty-five bushels per acre but rather light in weight. . Wheat — Little raised. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — An average crop. Flax — Very little raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — An average crop. Sorghum — Good crop. Timothy — Good crop. Clover — A good average yield. Prairie Hay — A good average crop. Potatoes — Yielding very well, but some complaint of rot. Vegetables — A good display at the fair. Apples — A good crop of summer and fall apples. Other Fruits — Not as good as usual. Cattle — Are looking fine; some fine pure bred cattle on exhibition at the fair. Horses — Not as plentiful as a few years ago but are of good quality. A good show of horses at the fair. Swine — A good many in the county; a fine show of exceptionally good swine at the fair. Sheep — Sheep raising is not followed to any great extent, yet there are some very good sheep in the county. -- Poultry — Quality improving. Bees — Have done well. Drainage — Much drainage being done, both with tile and large open ditches. Lands — Not much being sold but prices have advanced over those of former years. Report of Fair — Held at Algona, Septemebr 10 to 13. A great success; the weather was pleasant and the attendance large. A new amphitheatre, a horse barn and a hog house were built this year. LEE. Chris Haffner, Donnellson, September 30 1907. General Condition of Chops and Season — Forepart of the season was cold and wet; crops fair but backward on account of unseasonable weather. Corn — Fair to good. 782 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Oats — Yield light and quality poor. Wheat — Yield good but somewhat damaged by wet weather. Rye — Good quality and good yield. Baeley — None raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None. Millet — None. Sorghum — Fair crop. Timothy— Yield good; quality only fair. Clover — Light crop. Prairie Hay — None. Potatoes — Fair crop and of good quality. Vegetables — Good. Apples — A total failure. Other Fruits — None. Cattle — Short-horn and Polled Angus breeds predominate. Horses — Roadsters and Percherons predominate. Swine — Duroc Jersey, Poland China and Chester White breeds pre- dominate. Sheep — Shropshire and Delaines predominate. Poultry — All kinds raised in large quantities Bees — ^Very few kept. Drainage— Good. Lands — Range in price from $80 to $125 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Donnellson, September 4 to 6. Exhibits were very good in all departments. The weather was exceptionally favorable the entire week and the attendance large. The fair was a success in every particular. LEE. John Walljasper, West Point, September 23, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Unfavorable; a late back- ward spring and too much rain during harvest. Corn — Late in maturing; much replanting was necessary; estimated yield three-fourths of a crop. Oats — Fairly good; average crop. Wheat — Very good but somewhat damaged by wet weather at harvest; average in yield and about the average in quality. Rye — Very good. Barley — Very little sown. Flax — None sown. Buckwheat — Small acreage; average crop. Millet — Very little Sown. Sorghum — Not much planted; season too wet. Timothy — A good average crop of hay. Clover — Good. Praihie Hay — None. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 783 Potatoes — Poor in quality and quantity. Vegetables — Fair yield; quality good. Apples — Crop a failure on account of late spring frosts. Other Frxhts — Light yield. Cattle — Many high grade cattle in this vicinity, for which the fairs are responsible; the state fair educates the breeders and the county and district fairs educate the other farmers in this line. Horses — Horses have grown in importance the past five years and prices are high. Many western horses have been sold here on account of prices being too high for good and well bred horses. Swine — This industry is greatly responsible for the present pros- perity; prices are good and there is little disease. Poultry — Quality is improving. Bees — Did well Drainage — Much tiling being laid in the level lands. Other Industries — Thriving; plenty of room for more factories. Lands — Prices steadily advancing. Report of Fair — Held at West Point, August 20 to 22. Attendance was somewhat reduced on account of the farmers being too busy with de- layed harvests to attend. The horse and cattle exhibits were fair; the swine, sheep and poultry exhibits first class; races were the best ever held on our grounds. All in all our fair was a success. LINN. E. E. Henderson, Central City, October 4, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season very wet; corn and all grains very weedy. Corn — Not over three-fourths stand; fairly well matured; less than usual cut for fodder. Oats — Very light yield and of poor quality. Wheat — None raised. Rye — Very little raised; light yield. Barley — Pair average yield. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little grown; light yield. Millet — Good; small acreage. Sorghum — Very little raised. Timothy — Fair average yield of good quality. Cix)ver — Fair crop; spring seeding doing fine. Prairie Hay — Very little raised; light yield and not very good quality. Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass pastures in fine condition. Potatoes — Fair in quality and yield. Apples — Poor crop. Cattle — In splendid condition; pastures have been good. This is a dairy country and nearly all farmers sell milk or cream to local creameries. Horses — In good demand; good ones are scarce and prices are high. Swine — Average in number; no sickness reported. 784 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Sheep — This industry is increasing; mostly high grade flocks. Bees — Poor season for bees. Lanus — Very few farms offered for sale; values range from $75 to $100 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Central City, September 10 to 13. Splendid Weather; largest attendance and largest exhibits in several years; purely an agricultural fair, with no racing. LOUISA. A. H. RuNDORFF, Wapello, October 30, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair. Corn — Fair. Oats — Not very good. Wheat — Very good; better than average. Rye — Very fair. Barley — None raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. MiLLET^ — Good average crop. SoROHUM — Light crop. TmoTH Y — Fai r. Clover — Good average crop. Prarie Hay — None. Potatoes — Light crop. Vegetables — Fair, except cabbage. Apples — None. Other Fruits — Fair crop of small fruits. Cattle — Many stock cattle; few dairy cattle. Horses — Good horses scarce; prices high. Swine — Many spring pigs. Sheep — Very few kept. Poultry' — An abundance; prices high. Drainage — Much tiling is being done. Lands — High prices prevail. Report of Fair — Held at Wapello, September 25 to 27. On account of iinfavorable weather the fair was not a financial success. LOUISA. J. R. Smith, Columbus Junction, September. 28, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — General condition is good; too much rain in the early part of the season prevented the necessary cultivation of growing crops in many cases. Corn — In prime condition on high rolling lands and safe from danger of frost; on low lands the crop is injured by excessive rains. Oats — Yield in measured bushels was up to the average, but of light weight; small injury by green bugs. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 785 Wheat — Wheat growing has been somewhat neglected but acreage is largely increasing; mostly winter varieties; yield and quality good. Rye — Is steadily grown on the lighter soils. Yield about normal. Barley — Fair; but little grown except with oats for feed. Flax — None grown. Buckwheat — Good. Millet — Very rank growth. Sorghum — Fair. Timothy — Excellent; the principal hay crop, generally grown with clover. Clover — Good. Prairik Hay- — But little grown; tendency increases to run to weeds. Potatoes — On loose dry soil, quality good but yield small; on heavy moist land the crop is poor. Ve(ietai5Les — Have done well. Apples — Very nearly a failure, both in quality and quantity. Other Fruits — Very nearly a failure. Cattle — Have done well; appearances indicate that not the usual number will be fed on account of high price of stock for feeding and the price of corn. Horses — One of the leading industries; condition of stock good; prices firm. Swine — General condition good; some isolated cases of cholera re- l)ortcd in a few localities. Sheep — Not grown in large numbers but in good condition. Poultry— A large and profitable industry; condition good. Bees — Have not done well. Drainage — Some extensive drainage systems are in process of con- struction in the county. Tile drainage is steadily increasing. Other Industries — Two pearl button factories and a canning factory in the county. Lands — Not so much cha.nging hands as formerly; prices firm. Report of Fair — Held at Columbus Junction, August 27 to 30. The attendance was good, but exhibit of stock was not up to that of former years. Receipts will about equal the expenses. LYON. A. S. Wold, Rock Rapids, October 22, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops generally good. The season has been favorable and farmers have been able to attend to their crops in proper time. Corn — Acreage large and conditions have been very favorable for its growth and maturity; average yield thirty-five bushels per acre; quality good. Oats — Y'ield good, but light in weight; average forty bushels per acre. Wheat — Acreage small; quality good, yield an average of twelve bush- els per acre. 50 786 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Rye — ^Very little raised; yield about forty bushels per acre. Barley — Yield good; quality first class; averages thirty bushels per acre. Flax — Very little raised; yield twelve bushels per acre. Buckwheat — Small acreage. Millet — Yield good. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Large acreage and good crop; acreage increasing every year. Clover — More clover being sown each year; crop this season was very heavy. Prairie Hay — Small acreage. Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures did well this season. Potatoes — Acreage large; quality first class and yield very large; will ship four hundred car loads this year. Vegetables — Matured in good season and were of the best quality. Apples — A large yield of all varieties; quality good; some being shipped. Other Fruits — All kinds of small fruits, including grapes and plums, yielded a large and excellent crop. Cattle — In fine condition; a majority of the farmers have dairy herds; feeders will be fully up to last year's number. Horses — Scarce and high in price; many colts being raised; a number of high class pure bred stallions in the county. Swine — Have done well; prices high and there is a big demand for shoats; no disease reported. Sheep — This industry is increasing; many pure bred flocks In the county, also a great many western sheep being fed. PoLTLTRY — A profitable industry and more attention is being paid to the better breeds than in former years. Bees — A paying industry and increasing each year. Drainage — Natural conditions very good, but farmers are doing a great deal of sub-drainage, making it possible to cultivate all the flat and slough lands, thereby increasing the value of the farms. Lands — Deep black loam with heavy yellow clay subsoil. Will stand considerable rain and requires more than the ordinary dry weather to aifect crops; prices range from $65 to $100 per acre. Report of Fair— Held at Rock Rapids, September 3 to 6. The weather was favorable and the fair a grand success. Entries in all departments were heavy, especially in the horse department. Extensive improvements in the way of buildings were made this year and prospects for the future of the fair were never brighter. MADISON. Elmer Orris, Winterset, October 31, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season— Good. Season fair. Oats — Light crop. About 25 per cent of average yield. Corn — About 90 per cent of an average yield. Wheat — Not much raised. Fair yield. Rye — About 75 per cent of an average y'*>ld. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 787 Baeley — Not much raised. *Fair yield. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — None raised. Sorghum — Good yield and quality, but very little raised. Timothy — An average yield. Clover — Good. Prairie Hay — None to cut in this locality. Potatoes — Light crop. Vegeta bles — Goo d . Apples — About one-half the usual yield. Other Fruits — Light yield. Report of Fair — Held at Winterset September 24 to 27. Had the best exhibit ever held in the county in all classes, but weather was against us and on account of rain and lack of attendance the last day we had hard work to meet the indebtedness of the society which was brought about by improvements. MAHASKA. T. S. OsBOENE, New Sharon, September 25, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops were fair. Season about two weeks late in opening up. ■ Corn — Good crop. Nearly all out of the way of frost. Oats — Poor yield and quality. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — Small acreage, but good quality. Barley — Fair crop. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat^— None raised. Millet — None raised. Sorghum — Only small patches raised; late in maturing. Timothy — Splendid yield, good quality and good price. Clover — Extra good hay crop, but poor prospects for seed. Prairie Hay — Not any to cut in this locality. Potatoes — Small acreage, but a fair yield. Vegetables — Generally good. Apples — Poor quality and small yield. Other Fruits- — Good. Cattle — Feeders are looking forward and making preparations for early feeding, with prospects of getting good prices. Horses — Out of sight in price. Most of the breeders are raising draft horses. SwiNE^ — Cholera has been causing some heavy losses, but we have it well eliminated at present. Prices have been good. Sheep — Good demand for sheep in this locality and they bring a good price. Poultry — None better. Bees — Not many here. 788 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. Drainage — Practically all farms are well tiled out. Lands — Price ranges from $100 to $125 per acre. Report of Fair — Held September 17 to 20 at New Sharon. Good attend- ance, paid all premiums in full and had some money left in the treasury. Best showing of live stock in the history of the association. MARION. T. D. TicE, Pella, October 26, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — The backward season affected the crops. Corn — An average crop. Oats — Very light. Wheat — Average; little sown. Rye — Average. Barley — Average. Sorghum — Good average crop. Timothy — Crop about seventy-five per cent. Other Grains and Grasses — Fair. Potatoes — Half a crop. Vegetables — Half a crop. Apples — Light crop. Other Fruits — None. . Cattle — Eighty per cent; farmers selling freely on account of high price of land. Horses — Eighty per cent; prices high; marketed as soon as possible. Swine — Ninety per cent; some sickness. Sheep — One hundred per cent; seem to be on the increase. Poultry — Ninety per cent; in good demand. Bees — Did not do well, owing to unfavorable season. Drainage — Compares with former years; about seventy-five per cent. Other Industries — Prosperous. Lands — Increasing in value; prices range from $75 to $125. Report of Fair — Held at Pella, September 24 to 27. Weather un- favorable. Small debt after payment of premiums and expenses. Every department was well represented except the horse department. MARSHALL. W. M. Clark, Marshalltown, October 15, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been back- ward and crops are below the average. Corn — A very poor stand; crop will not average over sixty-five per cent of the usual yield. Oats — Light in weight; yield thirty to thirty-five bushels per acre. WiiELiT — Yield of winter wheat twenty-two to twentynfive bushels per acre; spring wheat eighteen to twenty bushels. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 789 Rye — Very little raised. Barley — But little raised; quality fair. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Small acreage; quality and yield good. Sorghum — Only a small quantity raised for local consumption; dam- aged by early frost. Timothy — A fair yield of hay and of good quality. Clover — About the average; light yield of seed. Prairie Hay — None. Potatoes — A good average yield and of nice size and quality. Vegetables — Good. Apples — A light crop but of fair quality. Other Fruits — Below the average; plums and cherries a failure; some peaches raised as an experiment, with excellent results. Cattle — Are looking well and healthy. Horses — More attention being paid to the breeding of draft horses for eastern markets; prices high. Swine — One of the leading industries in the county; many fine herds of pure bred swine and in a healthy condition. Shebs" — Number of sheep raised is increasing and proving a profit- able investment for the farmer. Poultry — Large numbers raised; prices of eggs and poultry high. Bees — None kept for commercial purposes. Drainage — Some drains being constructed along the bottom lands adjacent to the Iowa river, with very beneficial results; a large drain is now under construction in Marshall and Story counties. Other Industries — Manufacturing of buggies, furnaces, iron and steel bridges, gasoline engines, steam governors and many other articles are on the increase and proving profitable to the manufacturers. Lands — Land is steadily increasing In value; farms with good improve- ments are selling from $90 to $125 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Marshalltown, September 16 to 20. Exhibits crowded every available space, especially in the swine and fruit depart- ments; in the latter department several varieties of peaches as well as perpetual bearing strawberries were exhibited. Attendance was large, the weather fine, and all premiums were paid in full at the close of the fair. MARSHALL. H. F. Stouffer, Rhodes, October 15, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — The general average of crops is fair and of good quality considering the unfavorable season; work was retarded first by the late season then by wet weather, and as early frost did considerable damage. Corn — Acreage above the average; crop about seventy -five per cent of the average; a rather poor stand in some places. Oats — Yield light and of poor quality; in places badly damaged by rust. Wheat — Very little raised; yield and quality good. Rye — Very little raised. 790 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Barley — Acreage small but yielded well. Flax — None. Buckwheat — None. Millet — But little raised. Sorghum — Very little raised, but good. Timothy — A good average crop and of fine quality; put up generally in good shape. Clover — Probably below the average; much of the new seeding winter- killed; second crop not as heavy as usual. Prairie Hay — Very little in this district. Other Grains and Grasses — Above the normal. Potatoes — Yield rather light; quality good. Vegetables — Good, both in yield and quality. Apples — Rather light yield, except early fall apples, winter apples about an average yield. Other Fruits — Most small fruits were good, especially grapes; a very light crop of plums. Cattle — Many pure bred cattle in this community; also a great many feeders. A fine season for pastures and cattle are in good condition. Horses — This district is well stocked with good horses; heavy draft horses are principally bred; prices have been good and more attention is being paid to this branch of stock raising. Swine — District well stocked with good hogs and good prices have ruled the past year; some disease among the new crop. Sheep — Doing well and free from disease; few sheep raised but many shipped in for feeding. Poultry — Poultry raising is extensively carried on in this section; present season has been fair for this industry, although some loss on young stock on account of wet weather. Bees — But few kept; a poor season for honey. Drainage — Tiling has been carried on to a large extent all over the district; the county ditch now under construction will greatly improve several hundred acres of wet lands. Other Industries — Little attention is given to other industries than farming and stock raising; several brick and tile factories, a plant for cement fence posts, and some canning factories in the district. Lands — Farms generally well improved and in a good state of culti- vation; some farms sold for $100 to $150 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Rhodes, October 1 to 3; rain somewhat in- terferred with the attendance but exhibits were good, especially in cattle, horse and swine departments. MILLS. J. T. Ward, Malvern, September 25, 1907. Gene^ial Condition of Crops and Season — Season two weeks late; most crops good. Corn — Good, average from forty to seventy bushels per acre. Oats — Poor, from eighteen to thirty bushels per acre. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 791 Wheat — Good. Rye — Yield from eighteen to thirty bushels per acre. Barley — Yield about thirty bushels per acre. Flax — ^None sown. Buckwheat — But little grown. Millet — Very good. Sorghum — None raised. TIMOTHY' — Good quality and yielded from one to three tons per acre. Cix)VER — 'Good yield and good quality. Prairie Hay' — Best in years and put up in good condition. Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa quite good, three crops cut. Potatoes — Yield and quality poor; price from seventy-five cents to one dollar per bushel. Vegetables — Only fair. Apples — Very scarce and of poor quality; two to five dollars a barrel. Other Fruits — Scarce, except berries. Catti.e — In fine condition but few in the feed yards, plenty in the pastures. Horses — In fine shape with most of the heavy drafters shipped out. Swine — Plenty of young pigs; some disease. Sheep — Very few raised. Poultry' — A good supply and in good condition. Bees — Very few raised. Drainage — Very little tiling needed. Other Industries — All branches report a good year. Lands — Prices range from $75 to $150 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Malvern, August 6 to 9; stock exhibit and races good but too early for farm products. Attendance fairly good and everyone pleased, though receipts did not quite meet the expenditures. MITCHELL. H. H. Gable, Osage, October 19, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — All crops fairly good; season unfavorable for crops in general. Corn — Season very unfavorable, a large per cent of the corn did not mature; acreage not as large as usual; yield only fair. Oats — Crop rather light. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — Average crop. Barley — Small acreage; quality good. Flax — Rather light crop; acreage small. Buckwheat — Crop and yield good. Millet — Good crop. Sorghum — Not much raised. ' Timothy — Good crop. Clover — Good average crop. Prairie Hay — Not much grown. 792 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Other Grains amd Grasses — Crop good. Potatoes — A good yield and quality good. Vegetables — An excellent crop. Apples — A fine crop, many barrels shipped to other markets. 0THE31 Fruits — Only a fair yield of small varieties. Cattle — In excellent condition; nearly all the farmers of the county are breeders of pure bred cattle, the Short-horn breed predominating. Horses — Continued activity is noted in breeding and raising horses; prices continue high. Swine — A steady increase in number raised; no disease reported. Sheep — Many raised and proving very profitable. Poultry — A growing industry and quite profitable. Bees — Very few kept and did poorly the past season. Drainage — Natural conditions very good, although some tiling is being done to a very good advantage. Lands — A great demand for farm lands in this county by eastern farmers, with prices gradually on the increase. Report of Fair — Held at Osage, September 17 to 20. Attendance good although the weather was somewhat unfavorable. Every department was well filled with fine exhibits and the fair was a success in every particular. The single judge system is used in the stock departments and gives satisfaction. MONONA. A. W. Burgess, Onawa, September 25, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season was dry and warm in March, dry and cold in April, no moisture until May 15th. Corn — Fairly good yield; acreage about the same as in 1906. Oats — Good quality; twenty to forty bushels per acre. Wheat — Winter wheat good, yield twenty to forty bushels; spring wheat fair quality, ten to twenty bushels. Rye— None raised. Barley — Very little raised. Flax — None. Buckwheat — None. Millet — None threshed. Sorghum — None. Timothy — None threshed. Clover — None threshed. Prairie HAY^Yield and quality good. •; Potatoes — Acreage smaller than 1906; quality good. Vegetables — Good crops of nearly all kinds. Apples — Good yield and fairly good quality. Other Fruits — Plums and grapes plentiful. Cattle — About the same as 1906. Horses — About the same- as 1906 and quality improving. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 793 Swine — About the same as 1906; some cholera in different parts of the county. Sheep — Very few raised. Poultry — A slight increase in the number raised. Bees — Average crop of honey; quality good. Drainage — Our county is awakening to the importance of drainage and many ditches and cutoffs in the river are being made; big drainage canal under way. Lands — Prices increasing; land selling near town for $125 to $150 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Onawa, September 3 to 6. Fairly good weather and good attendance; more interest being displayed in the suc- cess of the fair. MUSCATINE. W. H. Shipman, West Liberty, October 26, 1907. Geneiral Condition of Crops and Season — The first part of the sea- son was backward, cold and wet and crops show the effect of it. Corn — Shows the effect of backward season in yield and quality. Some very good corn, but low ground produced nothing. Oats — Poor quality and light. ^ Wheat — None raised. Rye — Very little raised but of fair quality. Barley — Very good crop and of a good quality. Flax — None raised. BucKWHEAT^Very little raised but of fair quality. Millet— Only a few scattering pieces raised. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Quality very good, but a short crop. Clover — An average crop, but weather unfavorable for curing. Potatoes — Late potatoes good. The early varieties made a short crop. Appi-es — A short crop and the quality not up to average. Cattle — Among the beef breeds the Short-horns predominate. The demand and better price for milk and butter is causing the farmers to become interested in dairy breeds. Horses — Breeders are improving the grade, by keeping better mares and securing the service of good stallions. There is a noticeable interest in the driving breeds, and the price for all kinds of horses are high. Swine — An average litter of pigs and no disease. Breed is being improved. Sheep — Better breeds are taking the place of grades. Poultry — The farmer's wife looks after the "Great American Hen" and the hen takes good care of the farmer's wife. Drainage — The advanced price of land has caused the farmers to lay considerable tile, and the county is expending money on county ditches. Other Industries — The condensed milk factory at this point has made a good market and good price for all the milk produced in this locality. 794 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Repokt of Fair — Held at Muscatine August 17 to 20. Attendance close to a record. Our early dates and late season made the display in farm products light, but in every other department the show was good. We had an especially good show of the single drivers, and had a good list of entries in the speed department and some very good racing. We use the single expert judge in all departments and find it satisfactory. MUSCATINE. H. WrLDASiN, Wn.TON Junction. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season has been too wet and backward for good crops. Corn — About sixty per cent of a full crop. Oats — About fifty per cent of a full crop. Wheat — Very little grown. Rye — About seventy-five per cent of a full crop. Barley — About sixty per cent of a full crop. Flax — None grown. Buckwheat — Very little grown. Millet — Practically none grown. Sorghum — Fair. Timothy — Good. Clover — Good. Prairie Hay— None. Potatoes — Fifty per cent of a full crop. Vegetables — Fair. Apples — Very small yield. Swine — Large number of spring pigs. Poultry — More poultry raised this year than usual. Report of Fair — Held at Wilton Junction, September 17 to 19. O'BRIEN. Ray R. Crum, Sutherland, October 7, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — The acreage of corn and oats is greater, but on account of the backward season the yield will not be as great as that of 1906. Farmers are doing considerable fall plowing. Corn — Acreage large, but yield will fall short of that for 1906. Quality is good and will average about forty to sixty bushels per acre. Oats — Large acreage, light in weight and will average about thirty bushels per acre. Wheat — No winter wheat raised. Small acreage but good yield of spring wheat. Rye — None raised. Barley — Fair yield, but small acreage. Flax — None raised. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 795 Buckwheat — Practically none raised. Millet — Small amount produced, but of good quality. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Very good quality and an average yield. Clover — Fair crop, not well filled out. Prairie Hay — Good yield and good quality. Other Grains and Grasses — The pasturage was good for summer and fall, but backward in the spring. Potatoes — Good quality and good yield. Vegetables — Plentiful. Apples — The quality is not up to standard, but every mature orchard seems to be well filled. Other Fruits — Strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, grapes, pears and peaches were very light yield. Cattlf: — There will be a large number of cattle fed this year. Horses — Are not so plentiful and are high in price. Swine — Cholera is depleting the herds and shoats are high priced. Sheep — Are quite plentiful and the better breeds are much in evidence. Poultry — Plentiful and some very fine flocks. Bees — Not many in this county. Drainage — Well tiled out. Lands — Price ranges from $65 to $135 per acre, rents from $3 to $5 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Sutherland, September 3 to 6. Good exhibits and a success as a fair. OBRIEN. Joe Morton, Sheldon, September 28, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — The general condition of crops is below the average, about seventy-five per cent of a usual crop. The season was cold, wet and backward. Corn — Fair quality, and about seventy-five per cent of an average crop. Oats — Poor quality, and about sixty per cent of a full crop. Wheat — Poor quality, and forty per cent of the usual crop. Rye — None raised. Barley — Fair quality, and about sixty per cent of full crop. Flax — Average crop and of a good quality. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Average crop and good quality. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Average crop and of good quality. Clover — Average crop and a fair quality. Prairie Hay' — Average crop. Potatoes — Good crop and good quality. Vegetables — Good. 796 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Apples — Good quality and a big crop. Otiiek Fruits — Small fruit very poor crop. Cattle — Usual number raised in the county. Horses — Increase in number of horses. Swine — Large increase in number of swine. Poultry — General increase. Bees — Have done well, good yield of honey. Drainage — Considerable tileing and ditching done the past year. Lands — ^Value Increased, average price $75.00 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Sheldon, August 2-9. Large attendance, good exhibits and attractions, races were well filled and were enjoyed by the people. PAGE. J. C. Beckner, Clarinda, October 15, 1907. Corn — Fair. Oats — ^Very poor. Wheat — Average crop. Rye — Average crop. Barley — Average crop. Flax — None raised. Timothy — Fair yield. Pbaieie Hay — Good yield. Potatoes — Poor. Vegetables — Fair. Apples — Poor yield. Other Fruits — Strawberries, raspberries and blackberries average crop. Cattle — Average number of cattle in the county. Horses — There seems to be a few more colts than usual. Swine — Average number of swine. Sheiep — About the usual number. Poultry — About the same in this vicinitj'. PAGE. A. W. Goldberg, Shenandoah, October 17, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good in every respect ex- cepting light oats. Corn — Very good. Oats — Light. Wheat — Above average. Rye — Good. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 797 Barley — Not much raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raisod. Millet — None raised. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Light yield. Clover — Fair yield. Prairie Hay — Not much to cut in this county. Potatoes — Medium yield and a good quality. Vegetables — Fairly good. Apples— Poor. Other Fruits — Poor. Cattle — Good supply and high priced. Horses — High priced. Swine — Average number. Sheep — Not many in the county. Poultry — Extra good. Bees — Fairly good. Drainage — Well drained out. Lands — High priced, and gradually on the raise. Report of Fair — Held at Shenandoah, August 12-16. Large attendance. Program carried out to the letter and everybody felt gratified with the result. Voted extension of charter for twenty years. PALO ALTO. F. H. Wexls, Emmetsbubg, October 22, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — The dry warm weather in the early spring put the land in such shape that it could be cultivated and crops put in. May and June were cold and wet, damaging corn, small grain and fruit. September and October have been dry and corn ripened nicely. Small grains of all kinds are of light weight and will average about sixty per cent of a full crop. Corn will average little over one- half a crop and the quality varies according to drainage, etc. Corn — Wet weather during cultivating season done great damage to the corn crop. Figuring total acreage planted it will average little better than fifty per cent of a full crop. Oats — Will average about 26 pounds per bushel and the yield was from twenty to forty bushels per acre. Wheat — ^Very little raised, yield about fourteen bushels per acre. Rye — ^Very little raised. Barley — Barley was the best small grain crop this year, yielding from thirty to forty bushels per acre. The quality good, but badly colored. Flax — Not much raised. Buckwheat — ^None raised. 798 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MrLLET — On high ground very good, but on low ground in most cases a total failure. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Good quality averaging from one and one-half to two and one-half tons per acre. Well cured and very little rained on. Clover — Old clover is good crop, but new seeding very light. Prairie Hay — Good yield and nearly all cut in season to make good salable hay. PoTATOES^ — Potatoes are yielding fairly well, but are rotting on ac- count of wet weather. Most of the potatoes are free from scab and the later varieties are nearly all sound. Vegetables — Large crop and good quality. Apples — The apple crop is large. Wealthy, Snow, Plumb Cider and Hass of large size and well colored. Walbridge and Famouse small and pale. Other Fruits — Plumbs were a failure on account of frost. Rasp- berries a small crop, and gooseberries about an average crop. Cattle — We have many herds that are headed by prize takers and in- dividual animals that are good enough to be shown at the large shows. Horses- — At least six car loads of draft horses varying in price from $125 to $200 each have been shipped out of this county. Swine — Chester White, Duroc Jersey and Poland China are the leaders among our farmers. Our farmers are dipping their hogs which proves to be successful method of keeping out cholera. Sheep — This branch of stock raising is in its infancy in this county. Poultry — Much money is lost by neglecting the poultry. Bb:es — None kept. Drainage — This county has twenty-three drainage districts established or in the course of establishment, and large tracts of land otherwise un- productive are being made ready for cultivation. Lands — Are selling quite readily at prices ranging from $45.00 to $80 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Emmetsburg, September 17-20. Attendance was good, and the exhibits of horses, cattle, swine and agricultural pro- ducts were the best in the history of our fair. POCAHONTAS. John Forbes, Fonda, October 18, 1907. Genhsal Condition of Crops and Season — Below the average of formal- years. Corn — The yield will not be as large as last season, will average about thirty-five bushels per acre. Oats — ^Quality very poor, about half a crop. Wheat — Not much raised in this county. Rye — Yield good, but very little raised. Barley — Good quality and fair yield. Flax — Very little raised. Buckwheat — Small acreage, but good yield. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 799 Millet — Good. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Fair yield. Clover — Fair crop. Prairie Hay — Liglitcr crop than last season. Potatoes — Yield about an average, good quality. Vegetables — Good. Apples — The largest and best crop ever raised in the county. Other Fruits — Good crop. Cattle — Are doing well and in good condition for winter. Very few on feed. Horses — Command a good price, and are scarce. Swine — About the usual number raised, some dying with cholera. Sheep — Increased number and doing well. Poultry — Great many raised and doing well. Bees — Good. Drainage — More tiling and ditching has been done this season than ever before. Lands — Advancing .in price and a great many sales reported. Report of Fair — Held at Fonda, August 6-9. Weather very threatening first two days, but on a whole a larger attendance than for many years. POTTAWATTAMIE. Caleb Smith, Avoca, October , 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops were about an aver- age with former years. Dry weather during June and July retarded the growth of young clover, grass and pasture. Favorable season for har- vesting hay. Corn — About an average crop. Considerable replanting being done and a thin stand. Oats — An average yield, but of light weight. Wheat — Both winter and spring wheat raised, but average not up to former years. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — Good quality but very little raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Light yield, but of good quality. Clover — Yield medium, but of good quality. Prairie Hay- — Average yield, quality good. Potatoes — On account of dry weather the yield was light, but quality was good. Vegetables — Season was a little too dry, but of good quality. Apples — Early varieties yielded a good crop, but the late ones hardly enough for home consumption. Other Fruits — Cherries, plums, blackberries and strawberries were plentiful and of good quality. Some peaches grown. 800 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. Cattle — Receive a great deal attention and a majority of the slock raisers have a pure bred at the head of their herd. Dairying is carried on extensively in this vicinity. Horses— Command a good price and have done well. More interest is being paid to the care and breeding of horses than formerly. Sheep— Very few raised, but more interest taken in them than in the past. Poultry— A growing industry, carried on mostly by the farmer's wives and daughters. Lands — Advancing in price. Good land two to four miles from town selling at $125 to $130 per acre. Report of Fair— Held at Avoca, September 10-13. The gate receipts show a larger attendance than any other meeting in the history of the Association. The stock exhibits were better than usual and exhibitors and horsemen were well pleased with the treatment they received. POWESHISK. James Nowak, Malcom, October 28, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season was very late and backward, fruits of all kinds were killed by late frosts. Corn — Planting was late and the acreage less than usual on account of the wet weather. Owing to early frosts some corn will be soft. Yield thirty-two and a half bushels per acre. Oats — ^Yield light, quality poor; price high. Wheat — Medium crop of fair quality. Price $1.00 per bushel. Rye — Very good fair crop; good price. Barley — Fair in quality, yield and price. Flax — ^Very little raised. Buckwheat — Fairly good. Millet — ^Very good. Sorghum — Fair crop, good quality. Timothy — Fair crop and good price. Clover — Good crop and good prices. Prairie Hay — Fair crop and good quality; price very good. Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures have been excellent since the middle of August; plenty of rain. Potatoes — ^Very good yield; good quality. Price seventy-five cents per bushel. Vegetable's — ^Very scarce on account of late spring. Apples — Very light crop and quality not first class; prices high. Other Fruits — Light yield. Cattle — Have done well. Supply about normal. Prices high. ■ Horses — Prices higher than last year. Good horses command quick sale and high prices. Swine — Have not done as well as last year. Some cholera reported since September 15th. Prices high. Sheep — Have had a good year; prices good. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 801 Poultry — Poultry higher in price than ever before; eggs high in price all season. Bees — Light crop of honey. Drainage — Much tiling being laid every year. The new road law is a success where put in operation. Lands — Good farms are selling at from $100 to $140 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Malcolm, August 20-22. The weather was fine but the attendance was somewhat diminshed owing to the farmers being engaged in threshing. Exhibits in general were good; racing was excellent and the people were satisfied with the management of the fair. A fine new swine barn was erected during the past season at a cost of several hundred dollars. POWESHIEK. I. S. Bailey, Jr., Grinnell, September 23, 1908. General Condition of Crops and Season — Condition of crops fair; sea- son was backward and a large amount of rainfall during the summer months. Corn — About two-thirds of a crop. Not all out of danger of frosts at this writing; about two weeks needed to ripen it properly. Oats — Very poor crop; light in weight, yielding from ten to thirty bushels per acre. Wheat — Very poor crop of wheat; yield about ten to fifteen bushels per acre. Rye — Very fair crop of rye. Barley — Fair crop. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised; fair crop. Millet — Good crop. Sorghum — Good crop, but very little raised. Timothy' — Good crop and put up in good condition. Clover — Good, and put up in good condition. Prairie Hay — None raised. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Good; not as large acreage as usual. Vegetables — Good. Apples — ^Very poor crop. Other Fruits — Very poor. Cattle — Fine condition; pastures have been .excellent throughout the season. Horses — In fine condition. Swine — Good condition; not as many on hand as at this time a year ago. Sheep — Good condition small flocks. Poultry — In good condition, many raised and prices high. Bees — In good condition and a large amount of honey secured this season. 51 802 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Deainage — Large amount of tile being used each year, bringing into cultivation many hundreds of acres of our best land. Other Industries — Manufacturing industries increasing from year to year. Lands— Selling from $90 to $228.50 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Grinnell, September 3-5, 1907. Weather good and attendance large; exhibits larger than ever before. SAC. Ed Welch, Jr., Sac City, September 27, 1907. Corn — Fair. Oats — Light. Wheat — Fair. Rye — Light. Barley — Light. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Fair. Millet — Good. Sorghum — Fair. Timothy — Light. Clover — Light. Prairie Hay — Fair. Potatoes— Fair. Vegetables — Quite good. Apples — Average crop. Other Fruits — Light yield. Cattle — Generally in good condition; quite a number have died with "Black Leg"; vaccination has checked the disease in most of the herds. Horses — Good condition. Swine — Considerable sickness among the swine in this locality, caused by worms and kidney trouble. Sheep — Good. Poultry — Good. Bees — Good. Drainage — Considerable tiling and drainage work done past season. Other iNousTRiES-^Canning factory at this point canned 1,250,000 cans of corn. Cement tile factory furnish a large number of drain tile and a fine durable stone. Report of Fair — Held at Sac City, August 13-16. SHELBY. W. E. Cooper, Harlan, October 14, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Somewhat below the aver- age. The early spring was dry and cold retarding the growth of all kinds of crops. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 803 Corn — A fair stand with about the usual acreage. Good quality, with but few fields injured by the frost. Yield a little below that of last year. Oats — Below the average both in quality and quantity. Early oats almost a failure, and late oats about two-thirds of a crop. Wheat — Fair quality. About the usual acreage and yield. Rye — Not much sown except for hog pasture. Barley — About the usual yield and of good quality. Acreage not up to former years. Flax — Not much sown. Buckwheat — Good yield but very little sown. Millet — Small acreage. Sorghum — Small amount raised average quality. Timothy — About one-half crop, but of good quality. Clover — The crop for hay was good, but not much cut for seed. Potatoes — Good quality, about one-half crop, and price double from last year. Vegetables — All an average crop. Apples — Y'ield below the average, but of good quality. Other Fruits — Light crop. Cattle — Not as many steers on feed as usual. Our farmers have some very fine herds of pure bred cattle, some of which are the finest in th*^ state. Horses — High prices for horses has stimulated the breeders to raise more colts than In former years. All standard breeds are represented. Buyers are busy picking up horses for the eastern market. Swine — The number of spring pigs a little below the average. Not much disease among the hogs in this county. Sheep — Very few in the county. Poultry — Plentiful and high priced. Bees — Not many in the county. Drainage — Good. Other Industries — Brick plant, gas engine factory, loom factory, rug factory and canning factory located at the county seat furnish employ- ment for about one hundred men. Lands — Advancing in price, market value fully $10 per acre more than last year. Report of Fair — Held at Harlan, September 17-20. Attendance largest in history of the association. The fair was a success in every particular, largest and best exhibit of stock and the fastest field of horses ever on the grounds. SIOUX. H. Slikkerveer, Orange City, October 17, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops below the average. The early spring was dry and then it came on wet and cold and done considerable damage to corn and other crops. Corn — "Will yield from thirty to forty bushels per acre. 804 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Oats — Very light in weight, will yield from twenty to forty bushels per acre. Wheat — Will average about twelve bushels per acre. Rye — None raised in this locality this year. Baeley — Will yield from twenty-eight to thirty bushels per acre. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat— None grown. Millet — Average crop. Sorghum — Small acreage, but yielded a good crop. Timothy — Above the average crop. Clover — Above the average crop. Prairie Hay — Very little to cut except low land hay. Other Graixs axd Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Below the average. Vegetables — Very good. Apples — Poor quality and about sixty per cent of a full crop. Other Fruits — Below the average. Cattle — In good condition. Horses — Have done well. Swine — Number of pigs a little below the average and some cholera in different localities. Sheep — Have done well and are in good condition. PoL^LTRY" — Have done fairly well this year. Bees — Have not done as well as usual, not very much honey. Drainage — Natural condition, and nature of soil are such that do not require much drainage. Other Industries — Dairy farming and gardening have been profitable the past season. Lands — Good demand for land, and price ranges from $85 to $100 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Orange City, September 18-20. The attendance was the largest in the history of our society. All the exhibits were good with the exception of the cattle exhibit which was not quite up to the average. The last day of the fair was designated as "Holden Day" and Prof. Holden of Ames delivered one of his splendid lectures on corn which was instructive and pleasing to our farmers. Racing and other attractions were good and all those in attendance were well pleased with the fair. We allow no gambling or games of chance of any kind on the grounds. STORY. F. H. Greenawalt, Ne\'ada, October 23, 1907. Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been favorable, al- though not a banner year. We will have a fine crop. Corn — Average number of acres planted. Inclined to be soft, but will mature fairly well. Will yield about forty-five to fifty bushels per acre Oats — Usual acreage. Will yield about twenty-five bushels per acre, but are light in weight. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 805 Wheat — Very little raised. Small acreage of winter wheat and went as high as forty bushels to the acre. Rye — Small acreage, but will yield well. Barley — None raised. Buckwheat- — None raised. Millet — Only small patches raised. SoKGHUM — Small acreage raised. Timothy — Small acreage. Clover — Good crop. Prairie Hay — Good crop, but less of it to cut each year. Potatoes — Not as good as usual, will yield about one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five bushels per acre. Vegetables — Good crop. Apples — Good crop. Other Fruits — Short crop. Cattle — An exceptionally fine lot of well bred cattle raised this year. Horses — There is a large number of good horses in the county. ' Swine — We have lost about one-half of our hogs from cholera. Sheep — Have done well. Poultry — A greater number of chickens are being raised each year. Many farmers raise from 500 to 1,000 and a few as many as 2,000 each year. Bees — Did not do well. Drainage — The county is becoming thoroughly tiled, and several large open ditches have been put in during the past few years. Lands — Increasing in value. Sales run from $100 to $137 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Nevada, September 24-27. Good attendance. We had a good fair and it was a financial success. We run a purely agri- cultural fair, no races. TAMA. A. G. Smith, Toledo, October , 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — On account of the cold wet weather during May and June the wheat and barley crops are the only ones that made creditable showing. Corn — Larger acreage planted than last year, but on account of so much being drowned out on low and wet lands the acreage to be harvested will be about the same as last season. Cold weather and rain during the months of May and June made a poor stand and will reduce the yield to about forty-five bushels per acre. Oats — Damaged by hot weather and rain during time they were ripen- ing. Will average about twenty bushels per acre. Wheat — Not a general crop in this locality. Spring wheat averagea about fifteen bushels per acre and was of good quality; winter not as good quality and averaged about twenty bushels. Barley- — About the usual acreage and yield about twenty-five bushels per acre. Slightly colored and weighed about forty-three pounds to the bushel. 806 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Flax — Practically none raised in the county. Buckwheat — But little raised in this section. Millet— Only a few patches and a general thing they were caught by the frost. SoEGHTJM — Very little grown. Timothy — Good yield and of a good quality. Clo\t:r — Old clover badly winter killed, but yielded well where not killed. 1907 seeding good stand. Praieie Hay — Practically none in the county. Potatoes — Generally good quality but inferior yield. Selling for double the price they brought last season. Vegetables — Fair yield; damaged some by hail during month of July. Tomatoes were slow to ripen. Apples — Almost a failure, but bring good price. Other Fruits — Small yield. Few plums or cherries. Early grapes ripened evenly, but the later ones were damaged by hail and ripened un- even; Cattle — In good condition and are bringing good prices. Horses — In good condition, and a large number of colts were raised. Good prices are being paid for all grades. Swine — No epidemic. Not quite the usual number of pigs raised. Prices good. Sheep — Gradual increase in number and of a good breed. Poultry — Heavy rains during the months of May and June were fatal to about thirty-five per cent of chickens hatched. Eggs brought a good price all the season. Bees — Have not produced the usual amount of honey. Drainage — A large amount of tile has been laid during the past season. Other Industries — The usual amount of corn cannned and about two- thirds the usual amount of tomatoes. Lands— ^Show an increase of ten or fifteen per cent in value. Report of Fair — Held at Toledo, September 24-27. Pair entries in ihorse, cattle, swine, sheep and poultry departments. Creditable exhibits in all other departments. Receipts were about equal to expenses. If the rain had held off that drove the crowd away the last days of the fair we would have had a nice balance in the treasury to make some mucli needed improvements. TAYLOR. P. N. Lewis, Bedford, September 14, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Very backward. Corn — About two-thirds of a full crop and late in maturing. Oats — Light weight and about one-half a crop. Wheat — Grood average crop for this locality. Rye — An average crop. Barley — Very little raised. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 807 Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — Good crop. SoRGHTJM — Good crop. Timothy — Fair crop. Prairie Hay — Not much to cut in thiis locality. Potatoes — About one-half crop. Vegetables — Good average crop. Apples — Very poor crop. Other Fruits — About one-fourth crop. Cattle — Number and condition compares favorably with former years. Horses — Good breeds are being raised and command good prices. Swine — Very good. Sheep — Very good. Poultry — Extra good. Bees — About the average amount of honey produced. Drainage — Poo r . Lands — Gradually increasing in value. Report of Fair — Held at Bedford, September 3-6. Good attendance, good exhibits and a success financially. UNION. J. M. McCoRNACK, Creston, October 2, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — All crops will fall slightly below an average crop. Dry weather early in the season cut the hay crop short and retarded the growth of all crops. Corn — Little more than an average acreage, and it is estimated that it will be an average yield. Quality is good. Oats — The yield is not quite up to the average. Wheat — Slight increase in acreage and a fair yield. Rye — Fair yield on acreage sown, but not much raised in this county. Barley — None raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — A fair yield on the small patches that were sown. Millet — The yield is above the average, but very little sown. Sorghum — Good yield, but very little grown. Timothy — Late rains this season resulted in a light crop, although the ■quality is good. Clover — An excellent crop of fall clover, although little of it was cut for seed. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grains and Grasses — Some attention is being paid to alfalfa, but it has not been tried long enough to determine whether it will be a profitable crop. Potatoes — Good quality and a little above the average yield. Vegetables — An excellent crop of all kinds of vegetables. Apples — Almost an entire failure on account of frost. 808 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Othee Fruits — Large amount of small fruit grown. Cattle — Number slightly below an average. In excellent condition and much attention is being paid to the breeding of better cattle in this section. HoESES — There is an increase in the number of foals and horses in the county, and a great many are being shipped to the eastern markets at very good prices. Attention is being paid to better breeds of draft horses. Swine — Attention is being paid to better breeds of swine. Number of swine in the county is slightly below the average. Sheep — Large number are being shipped in for feeding purposes, and a greater number are being raised locally than in past years. PouLTEY — Largely on the increase with good results to the producer and greater profits for the money invested than any other product from the farm. Bees — But little attention is being paid to the bee industry. Drainage — More tiling is being done than in any one season in the past. Other Industries — Dairying is largely on the increase. Lands — During the past year there has been a good demand for lands and the price has made a steady increase. Report of Fair — Held at Creston, August 20-23. Attendance very light. Good live stock exhibit, but lack of interest shown by the farmers in the agricultural exhibits. VAN BUREN. D. A. Miller, Milton, Octobee 1, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Fine crop excepting low lands. Oats — More than average yield. Wheat — Above average. Rye — An excellent crop. Barley — Not much grown. Flax — Not much grown. Buckwheat — Fair crop. Millet — Excellent yield. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — About one-half crop. Clover — Below average. Prairie Hay— Good crop. Potatoes — About one-half crop. Vegetables — Good . Apples — Almost a failure. Other Fruits — Almost a failure excepting small fruits which were good. Cattle — Up to the average number and condition. Horses — Good condition and usual number. Swine — Good. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 809 Sheep — Good. Poultry — More raised each season. Drainage — Excellent. Lands — All advancing -in value. Report of Fair — Held at Milton, September 17-20. One of the most successful fairs ever held by association. WAPELLO. H. R. Baker, Eldon, October 10, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season very unfavorable during spring months on account of cold wet weather; later part of season more favorable and crops are good. Corn — Large acreage and the indications are that it will yield from thirty to sixty bushels per acre. Oats — Fair yield and good prices. Wheat — Small acreage, but yield and quality good. Rye — Very little raised; yield and quality good. Barley — Very little raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very little grown. Millet — What little there was sown made a good crop. Sorghum — Small amount sown for feed and yielded well. Timothy — Good crop, but weather was unfavorable about harvest time and considerable of it damaged. Clover — Good crop. Splendid second growth although there was not much cut for seed. Prairie Hay — Very little to cut in this locality. Other Grains and Grasses — Some are experimenting with alfalfa and it is doing well. Potatoes — Fair crop and of good quality. Vegetables — Very good crop. Apples — Scarce and high in price. Other Fruits — Very little raised on account of late frosts during the spring. Cattle — Are in better than average condition on account of excellent fall pasture. Also a noticable improvement in breeding. Horses — In good condition, and good animals command a good price. Swine — Large number raised and are in a healthy condition. Sheep — Not many raised in this locality. Bees — Poor season for the production of honey. PoLXTRY — Raised quite extensively and there is a noticable improve- ment in breeding. Drainage — More than the usual amount of tile laid during the past season. Lands — Price ranges from $40 to $125 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Eldon, September 4-6. Attendance not quite up to average. 810 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. WARREN. Lee Talbott, Indianola, September 23, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been a fairly favorable one, and all crops will be up to the average. Corn — A very good crop. Oats — Fair crop. Early varieties light in weight. Late oats much best crop this year. Wheat — A very good crop of both winter and spring wheat. Rye — Small acreage, but good yield and quality. Barley — Very little grown. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None grown. Millet — None raised. Sorghum — Very little grown. Timothy — Good yield and was put up in good condition. Clover — First cutting not put up in good condition. Second crop good. Prairie Hay — Small acreage, but quality good. Potatoes — Early potatoes good, late crop light. Vegetables — All varieties yielded well. Apples — A very light yield and of poor quality. Other Fruits — Cherries and plums almost a failure, other small fruits a good crop. Cattle — Farms are well stocked with good breeds of cattle. The pasturage has been good all season and cattle have done exceptionally well. Horses — Large number of the heavy draft breeds raised in this county and shipped to the eastern markets. Swine — Usual number in the county and are free from disease. Sheep — A few are raised in the county and seem to be doing well. Poultry — Raised in large numbers by all classes of farmers. Bees — Only a few kept. Have done well this season. Drainage — Farms are as a general thing well drained. Lands — Selling from $60 to $125 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Indianola, September 3-6. Good attendance. All departments were well filled with exhibits. WAYNE. Edd Aten, Humeston, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season was backward In the early spring, but all crops are up to the average. Corn — ^Yield and quality was very good excepting a few fields that were replanted in June. Some fields yielded seventy-five bushels per acre. Oats — Early oats made the best crop and would weigh out. Average yield from twenty to forty bushels per acre. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 811 Wheat — Not raised to any great extent. Twenty bushels per acre consdered a good crop. Rye — Small acreage, but yielded a very good crop. Baeley — Very little raised. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — Very good, but not much raised. Millet — Only small patches, but yielded a good crop. Sorghum — Not much raised. Timothy — Good yield and was put up under favorable conditions. Clover — Farmers begin to realize the value of clover. Acreage small, but yielded well. Pkairie Hay' — Most of the land is under cultivation consequently not much to cut. Other Grains and Grasses — Excellent crop of blue grass. Potatoes — About an average crop, and are selling at seventy-five cents per bushel. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Fair crop. Plenty of winter apples. Other Fruits — Fair crop. Good yield of grapes. Cattle — Large number of young cattle raised past year. In good con- dition and is our principal industry. Horses — Large number raised for the eastern markets and nearly all from well bred stallions. Swine — Large number of the good breeds raised, and are free from disease. Sheep — More interest shown in raising sheep, and they have done well the past season. Poultry — Have yielded a better profit on the amount of money in- vested than any product on the farm. Bees — Have done fairly well. Drainage — Not much needed in this locality. Lands — Command good prices and are steadily increasing in value. WINNEBAGO. J. A. Peters, Forest City, October 19, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Some very wet periods, and the temperature was considerable below the normal every month during the growing season. All crops will be just about up to the average. Corn — More attention is being paid to breeding up seed com. Will average about thirty-five bushels per acre. Oats — Light in weight and yield, run about twenty-five bushels per acre. Wheat — Good quality, but very little raised. Rye — Not much raised. Barley — Exceptionally good quality and fair yield. Flax — None raised. 812 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Buckwheat — ^Very little raised. Millet — Small acreage, but good yield. Sorghum — Very little raised except for fodder which yielded well. Timothy — Yielded about two tons per acre, and about five bushels of seed per acre. Clover — None raised for seed. Hay crop good. Prairie Hay — Yielded two tons per acre and of fine quality. Potatoes — Average yield and bring a good price. Vegetables — An average yield. Apples — About 10,000 bushels were marketed this season. Wealthy, Hibernal, Northwest Greenings, Patons Greenings and Longfield prin- cipal varieties. Other Fruits — Small fruits and berries were an average crop. Cattle — Herds show more attention is being paid to breeding. Horses — Are in great demand and our farmers are raising a great many colts. SwixE — Principal breeds are Poland China, Berkshire and Dujoc Jerseys. Sheep — Only a few are raised in this locality. Poultry — A greater interest is being taken in full bloods. Bees — Only a few aparies. Poor season for bees. Drainage — Many large county ditches are being put in and a large number of tile are being laid. Lands — Taking value of land into consideration, the prices paid for land in this county are lower than in any of the surrounding counties. Report of Fair — Held at Forest City, October 1 to 3. Rain on entry day kept away several exhibitors, but nevertheless the exhibits were the finest we ever had. We will be able to pay out in full without leaving much, if any, deficit. WINNEBAGO. J. P. BOYD, BUTFALO CENTER, OCTOBER 15, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Taken as a whole the season was quite a favorable one. Corn — Sixty-five per cent of average crop, with fifty per cent matured before frost. Oats — About sixty-five per cent of of an average crop, testing from twenty to thirty pounds. Wheat — About eighty-five per cent of an average crop. Rye — Practically none grown. Barley — Very little grown though an average crop. Flax — Small acreage with an average crop. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Small acreage but the yield was heavy. Sorghum — Practically none raised. Timothy — Average crop of hay and fully as good as last year, about half the amount cut for seed as last year. CLo^^:R — Average crop cut for hay, practically none cut for seed. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 813 Prairie Hay — Exceptionally good. Potatoes — Yield per acre very large and of good quality. Vegetables — All kinds did exceptionally well. Apples — Yielded a large crop although very few are raised in this part of the county. Cattle — Number raised is increasing each year, noticable improve- ment in the breeding. Horses — Have done well; better grades are being raised each year. SwixE — A big increase in swine raising with improvement in tne grade of stock. Sheep — Very few here but of good breeding. Poultry — All grades raised extensively. Bees — Honey crop good but the industry is not engaged in extensively. Drainage — A great interest is being taken in drainage and several county drainage districts have been established. Lands — While we have as good land as can be found for agricultural purposes; the price is very cheap considering other localities. Report of Fair — Held at Buffalo Center, September 24 to 26. Ex- hibits and races were good. The attendance was good and the fair was a success financially the first time for several years. WINNESHIEK. E. A. Waterbury, Decorah, September 30, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops generally fair; sea- son cold, wet and backward. Corn — About two-thirds of an average crop; some not matured yet. Oats — About half a crop and light weight. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — Only raised for feed. Barley — Fair crop; average yield and fine quality. Flax — Good crop and good quality. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — None raised. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Fair crop and fine quality. Clover — Not a successful crop, winter killed. Other Grains and Grasses — Fair crop. Potatoes — Good yield but considerable complaint of rot. Vegetables — Good yield and fine quality. Apples — Big crop of summer apples; winter apples a fair crop and fair quality. Other Fruits — Good crop, fair quality. Cattle — Fine condition; prices high. Horses — Scarce; market twenty-five per cent higher than one year ago. Swine — No disease reported; prices range from $5.00 to $5.75. Sheep — Not many raised; condition good; prices high. Poultry — Plenty of poultry and in fine condition; prices high. 814 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Bees — Honey scarce and high. Drainage— County very rough and thoroughly drained naturally. Othee Industries — Everything prosperous; no failures. Lands— Prices range from$50 to $80 per acre. Report of Fair— Held at Decorah, September 10 to 13. Fine weather; good attendance; most successful fair in years. All premiums and expenses paid in full and surplus left. WORTH. E. H. MnxER, NoETHwooD, October 3, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops medium; season wet and cold. Corn — Poor and damaged by frost. Oats — Light in yield and weight. Wheat — Not much raised but good quality. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — Fair yield but poor quality. Flax — Medium crop. Buckwheat — Injured by frost. Millet — Good crop. Sorghum — None. Timothy — Medium crop. Clover — Only average. Prairie Hay — Only medium. Potatoes — Yielded fairly well but are rotting. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Good in quality and quantity. Cattle — Average number; quality improving. Horses — Scarce and high. Swine — Good; average number. Sheep — Not many raised. Poultry — PI enti f ul . Bees — Have done poorly. Drainage — Farmers are just beginning to tile and much will be done next year. Lands — Not advancing but holding their own. Report of Fair — Held at Northwood, September 23 to 25. Weather somewhat unfavorable for good attendance. Hope to pay all premiums. WRIGHT. 0. P. Morton, Clarion, October 1, 1907. General Condition of Crops and Season — Spring was cold and dry and vegetation was very late; heavy rains and destructive hailstorms In July and killing frost September 25th. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI. 815 Corn — Fields weedy and crop late; not over elghty-per cent matured at time of frost; about sixty per cent of a full crop. Oats — Averaged twenty-five bushels per acre and tested twenty-seven pounds. Wheat — Yielded thirteen bushels per acre of No. 3 grade. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — Yielded twenty-four bushels per acre . Flax — Very little raised. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Little raised. Sorghum — Little raised. Timothy — Seventy-five per cent of crop. Clover — Good full crop but owing to frequent rains was put up in poor condition. Prairie Hay — Eighty-five per cent of full crop, good quality. Potatoes — Will make eighty per cent of a full crop. Vegetables — Fairly good. Apples — Good crop of Wealthy apples but other varieties poor; crop sixty-five per cent of crop. Other Fruits — Plums and cherries almost a failure, other fruits gen- erally good. Cattle — Healthy and in good condition. Horses — Good condition. Swine — Generally healthy; about seventy -five per cent of pig crop. Sheep — Healthy. Poultry — Crop was late but the average number of chickens raised; turkey crop light. Bees — A poor season for honey. Drainage — A large number of drains are being constructed and over twenty county ditches have been dug or are contracted for varying In' length from three to twenty-nine miles. Lands — Not much land changing hands but sales have been made recently at prices ranging from $52.50 to $100 per acre. Report of Fair — Held at Clarion, September 3 to 6, with good ex- hibits and attractions; receipts suflBcient to pay expenses. 816 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1907 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF COUNTY AND DIS County or District Receipts Adair Adair District Adams Allamaliee Audubon Benton Black Hawli— La Porte City District Boone Boone — Driving Park Association Buclianan Buena Vista Butler Calhoun Cass Cass— Massena District Cedar— Tipton Fair Association Cerro Gordo — Northern la. Agr'l Soc. Chicksaw— Big Four Fair Clayton Clayton— Strawberry Point District- Clayton— Elkader Association Clinton Clinton — Clinton District Crawford Davis Delaware Emmet— Bstherville Society Fayette Floyd Franklin Guthrie Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Henry- Winfield Association Humboldt Iowa Iowa — Victor District Iowa — Williamsburg Association Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jones Jones — Anamosa Association Keokuk— What Cheer District Kossuth Lee Lee — West Point District Linn — Wapsie Valley Association .- Louisa — Wapello District Louisa— Columbus Junction District Lyon Madison Mahaska — New Sharon District Marion — Lake Prairie District Marshall Marsall— Eden District Mills Mitchell Jlonona Muscatine — Union District Muscatine — Wilton Association O'Brien O'Brien— Sheldon District Page— Clarinda Association Page — Shenandoah Association Palo Alto « a (8 a osi 279.80 268. 3S 364,28 25.40 11.49 85.15 44.88 144.40 1,170.87 393.99 22.71 71.69 199.64 136.94 153.35 2.65 64.74 24.61 60.50 46.85 7.70 13.49 11.51 209.00 131.14 68.08 300.00 247.51 358.10 132.54 39 60 195 56 20.20 21.41 769.. 38 442.11 44.11 1,123.04 124.31 358.38 115.70 433.87 391.66 128.56 « 2 S o S o — a fci 2,506.30 882.85 3,525.00 2,523,90 3,145.93 1,987.68 1,232.20 936.40 1,962.95 6,207.40 3,920.98 2,896.40 3,736.07 3,196.89 2,515.15 7,917.33 3,191.95 3,610.75 3,126.46 2,972.95 4,4.53.13 6,174.03 1,014.80 3,147.68 3,202.65 1,697.03 3,721.31 3,201.62 2,553.39 2,510.15 2,286.55 1,573.75 5,038.90 2,671.65 6,63;. 8,1 3,281.44 2,338.74 3,223.82 1,874.00 2,727.85 5,537.50 4,002.40 3,0)0.00 4,837.20 6,521.20 3,788.71 9,118.20 2.157.55 2,524.77 3,577.10 2.423.95 3,161.00 11,541.14 3,498.32 3,527.50 3,055.38 8,457.23 1,007.90 3,442.65 3,655.80 2, .308. 00 4,637.80 2,709.66 3,111.38 5, (.33.25 5,574.&4 6,484.45 2.042.95 4) 0.2 2 ft(8 200.00 159.86 200.00 160.60 200.00 126.80 200.00 112.80 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 92.10 200.00 151.60 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 139.38 200.00 200.00 18). 80 200.00 200.00 200.00 173.18 160.00 200.00 201.00 200.00 200.00 151.10 200.00 200.00 200.00 197.58 125.87 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 196.73 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 183.90 706. :» 042.71 0O4.8J 9.50.82 710.21 114.48 432.20 0i9.20 162.95 432.80 132.47 181.55 980.95 541.29 715.15 117.3:5 562.82 204.74 .349.17 244.64 S52.77 510.97 106.90 3!7.a8 383. 9 8)7.03 074.63 404.27 818.13 710.15 450.54 773.75 299.40 908.30 841.51 497.93 538.74 411.51 343.00 058.9) 835.53 502.40 537.. 51 349.40 853.74 082.31 513.76 375.33 672.05 777.10 623.95 361.00 510.. 50 140.43 771.61 255. .38 780.27 207.90 766.96 214.18 508.00 827.80 906.38 427.08 067.12 166.50 813.01 226.85 EIGHTH AN^'UAL YEAR BOOK— PART Xf. TRICT FAIRS IN IOWA RECEIVING STATE AID 1907 817 Disbursements 5 g i* ^ 5 r, C »3 :3 as o Profit and Loss Assets and Liabil- ities O . n >'0 O 1,705.24 633.73 555.41 1,3&5.40 1,093.98 885.54 $ 635.00 !$ 1,045.00 1,038.25 1,309.15 640.00 518.54 399.65 698.50 401.50 520.19 317.00 2,888.78 1,033.38 3,298.91 3,825.15 2,923.33 1,842.54 9,33 705.89 125.67 786.89 271.94 $ 182.48 $ 6,300.00 $ 1,270.00 10,000.00 4,000.00 6,000.00 6,000.00 700.00 2.000.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 950.00 25 3,645.60 26 27 666.10 371.97 1,465.55 2,664.35 2,462.06 2,005.46 1,314.88 2,049.53 1,684.90 4,573.11 1,215.2.5 3,213.22 1,533.60 1,678.69 3.967.91 3,743.81 514.00 1,340.33 1,196.98 1,114.10 3,434.67 1,613.36 3,307.93 1,196.85 1,163.03 867.20 3,100.00 1,033.67 3,648.50 1,161.77 1,229.77 1,473.40 1,121.00 1,498.00 3,201.56 1,597.29 811.23 3,553.00 5,162.88 3,210.00 6,857.18 846.52 1,052.33 2,464.04 1,820.11 1,425.00 7,561.70 2,005.12 1,817.67 2,467.64 3,985.37 507.21 1,354.86 2,938.03 710.00 1,452.98 1,175.44 3,056.80 2,863.97 2,756.97 5,146.84 879.10 52 85.00 500.00 2,775.00 790.50 270.00 1,150.00 757.99 1,002.00 1,221.00 610.00 1,105.00 1,347.50 1,270.00 1,385.00 225.00 1,215.00 758.00 442.75 1,000.00 120.00 800.00 508. .50 442.14 1,800.00 1,0.50.00 2,6.50.00 1,272.00 736.00 1,500.00 722.00 727.00 3,270.00 1,5-53.00 3,060.00 835.00 1,067.50 1,500.00 1,610.00 860.00 1,285.00 465.00 990.00 2,981.00 1,200.00 1,350.00 388.50 2,018..50 i,8so"oo 178.00 1,088.75 1,770.00 1,268.00 1.55.00 1,642.50 888.00 1,. 575. 90 888.00 613.70 282.00 613.91 936.00 676.65 605.00 1,037.05 537.25 561.33 913.80 856.00 740.35 655.25 642.55 1,122.30 1,239.75 230.25 892.35 379.00 .573.75 779.75 731.85 664.25 635.15 348.45 540.18 852.25 474.. 50 1,013.70 948.10 727.55 433.95 400.00 639.30 734.20 862.97 717.50 385.25 .568.80 .526.50 1,011.95 493.95 314.68 975.95 681.10 1,006.75 705.00 903.30 .597.87 .578.80 1,416.75 595.. 50 532.10 .540.10 509.25 1,515.50 491.80 534.95 571.25 682.00 880.20 459.75 1,364.80 1,153.97 3,079.46 6,375.35 3,929.23 2,880.46 3,501.93 3,344.77 3,348.23 6,707.91 2,071.25 3,563.51 3,293.85 3,568.74 6,360.21 6,368.56 969.25 3,347.68 2,.333.98 1,687.85 3,657.17 3,345.11 2,992.17 2,622.00 2,019.98 1,849.52 4,752.25 3,558.17 6,312.20 3,381.87 3,693.32 3,406.35 3,243.00 3,864.30 5,205.76 4,013.26 3,608.73 4,753.25 6,799.18 4, 2.36.. 50 9,479.13 2,200.47 3,652.01 3,439.99 2,966.21 3,421.75 11,247.70 4,108.42 3,765.54 3,432.94 7,420.62 i,io3.n 3,766.96 3,656.13 2,308.00 4,738.48 2,935.24 3,746.75 5,077.72 4,326.97 7,602.94 3,226.85 67.40 83.49 57.45 203.24 301.09 479.03 196.52 1,409.42 1,491.57 6,000.00 12,000.00 8,. 500.00 15,000.00 4,500.00 7, .500.00 8,000.00 3,911.34 6,000.00 2,400.00 4,000.00 1,173.. 53 400.00 1,600.00 2,900.00 "s^oooTod 142.41 137.65 324.10 1,507.44 6,000.00 3,000.00 4,500.00 8,000.00 5,.5OO.0O 10,034.10 3,000.00 1,150.00 3,965.00 1,600.00 29.41 209.18 417.49 59.16 "ss'is" 430.53 7,000.00 5,000.00 10,000.00 5,000.00 6,000.00 7,000.00 9.50. OO 1,870.04 1,200.00 547.15 350.13 .529.39 116.03 194.69 629.83 489.14 ".593^1.5 54.56 34.63 174.86 20.04 337.11 342.26 60.75 1,262.80 32.01 6.07 "2^359.65 105.19 5.58.05 200.00 89.33 989.40 1,839.53 28.86 319.67 3,000.00 5,000.00 10,000.00 12,000.00 6,000.00 3,000.00 4,500.00 2,000.00 4,500.00 10,000.00 6,000.00 7,000.00 4,500.00 12,000.00 5,000.00 1,. 500. 00 2,000.00 4,400.00 4,500.00 5,000.00 7,000.00 16, 861. .52 6,000.00 6,600.00 7,800.00 5,534.46 2,400.00 5,000.00 4,000.00 12,000.00 5,000.00 1,500.00 3,125.00 3,000.00 10,000.00 12,000.00 i29 .30 i31 32 133 fH .35 36 37 38 1,500.00.39 .550.00 40 1,100.00 1,100.00 6,400.00 "2J5oTo6 2,400.00 1,800.00 3,700.00 2,. 313. 93 141 3,000.00 42 1,300.00 43 1,600.00 44 ,45 2,100.00 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 53 57 58 .504.04 59 711.76 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 2,000.00 400.00 731.56 3,000.00 1,200.00 818 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 1907 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF COUNTY AND DIS County or District Receipts 70 Pocaontas— Big Four District 71 Pottawattamie 72 Poweshiek at Malcom 73 Poweshiek at Grinnell 74 Sac 75 Shelby 76 ; Sioux 77 , Story 78 ! Taraa 79 Taylor 80 Union— Creston District 81 Van Bnren— Milton District 82 Wapello— Eldon Big Four Ass'n 83 Warren Si Winnebago— Forest City Association 85 Winnebago— Buffalo Center Ass'n— Winneshiek Worth Wright 48.64 618.31 200.92 97.20 80.95 195.78 200.51 485.82 11.20 Total For comparison with 1906 statement; 84 Fairs reporting — 3.53 87.51 $ 11,338.32 $ 20,061.26 ^ m ft o O S tn oj a, 5a £ 5,320.20 3,933.88 3.010.83 3,838.20 4,315.55 4,068.68 1,565.77 2,379.85 2,328.53 2,269.87 4,097.30 1,930.35 4,010.60 3,941.90 1,280.29 1,202.20 2,954.86 1,606.05 2,072.75 $298,725.41 $279,427.42 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 173.46 200.00 187.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 73.64 200.00 200.00 174.30 $ 16,532.61 $ 16,596.23 5,568.84 4,752.19 3,411.75 4,038.20 4,489.01 4,385.88 1,833.74 2,775.63 2,729.04 2,469.87 4,783.12 2,141.55 4,210.60 4,141.90 1,521.90 1,275.84 3,158.39 1,893.56 2,246.95 $ 326,596.34 $ 316,084.91 EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI. 819 TRICT FAIRS IN IOWA RECEIVING STATE AID 1907— CONTINUED Disbursements Profit and Loss Assets and Liabil- ities Miscella- neous ex- pense 1) a =8 gas P O ) o o , Iiprnn 1787 Vanvert 41724 1W Flascoe 46220 — . 1990 Sound Currency 8639— Matchless 8340 Toneham Laddie 5393 (17041) Lord Pinley 43576 Velox R. 43574 Latier F. 43575 Shire ^^m Hudson Shire 128 3556 3557 P5.5S La Porte City- Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo Dunkerton Hudson Shire Trotter Trotter Trotter P5.50 Extelle 26839 Trotter 2560 3561 2900 3355 Camden W. 36231 Allertonian 36131 Marquis De Warelles 2244 (33608) Porcaro 15245 Trotter Trotter Belgian French Draft 3391 3542 3740 Waterloo Cedar Falls Hudson Directum Centlivre 45440 Prince of Denmark 40817 Roval Buster 8641 Welcome 47972 Trotter Trotter Shire 3936 Cedar Falls Waterloo Cedar Falls Cedar Falls Cedar Falls Waterloo Cedar Falls 4005 2474 Bolivien 42076 (63855)— Duncan 20584 _. _ Percheron 4058 4061 Black Hawk Prince 45640 Utell 22850 — - Percheron Trotter 4042 Monarch 51631 - Percheron Red Rob 44135 Trotter BOONE COUNTY 190 .T. B. Tremain W. B. Donelson. - W. B. Donelson--- G. H. Zimbelman. Geo. D. Muench-- .T. R. Doran J. R. Doran N. C. Petty N. C. Petty N. C. Petty S. S. Gilbreath— S. S. Gilbreath— A. W. Williams-- E. D. Bryant E. D. Bryant .J. E. Smith Geo. F. & Theo. F. Freie R. H. Reynoldson Clinton McCaskey August Peterson-. Geo. Freie A. W. Williams- Henry .T. Lark-— H. J. Lark James Neild Boone — — Ogden Ogden The Idol 36083 - Trotter 202 203 Herode de Fosteau 1466 (25494) Boulet Gouy 1465 (25510) -A.llerston 12862 Belgian Belgian 237 Boone Ogden Trotter 368 Iowa Boy 9285 French Draft 4.33 Beaver .. Charmante 14544 La Fayette 12050 French Draft 434 French Draft 677 678 679 Pilot Mound Pilot Mound Pilot Mound — . Pilot Mound Pilot Mound Pilot :Mound — Madrid Fitch Dandruff Cure Boy 0901 Villebon II 40668 Bumper 1865 Trotter Percheron Belgian 811 812 1127 1470 Count Shaw 43072 Argus Du Fagot 39434- Keota Spurgeon 27696— Ostendo 1065 (21594) Bismark 13298 Trotter Belgian Percheron Belgian 1492 Madrid French Draft 1547 Illustre 10237 French Draft 1603 Athos II (919)- - Belgian 1617 2113 Madrid Ogden Britian Yet 10113 Flamand 1970 . . Clydesdale Belgian 2146 Madrid (Vol. 12, p. 555) Keota Sharp 27686 Shiloh 46858 Dick 16729 Edelweise 14658 Budweiser 14660 Colonel 12585 Percheron 2182 Ogden -- - -. - Percheron 2190 2225 Pilot Mound Ogden Trotter French Draft 3226 Ogden — French Draft 2403 Ogden Clydesdale 53 834 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BOONE COUNTY— Continued ^3 65 trie J. M. Baker Y e 1 1 e r Belgian JNIanson . Jollev Butor (46127) Pereheron 37 Rutland Prince 6223 Shire 85 Horse Co. — Yetter _.. Charles Quint 18192 Belgian 411 J. W. Lockie W. H. Kent John Baughmen— Pomeroy Manson .. Manson . Allereo .3.5459 Trotter 915 Brown Ben 6249 Shire 1021 St. Laurent 13509 French Draft W99. Elsen Bros. Manson . Mouvement 25593 Pereheron (44687) vr£i Weise & Co Manson .. Mouton D' Heure 1096.. Belgian (21096) 963 A. A. Wells Somers .. Colonel Berry 33720 Trotter 962 A. A. Wells. Somers .. Tic Tac 28141 (44773) Pereheron 1175 J. H. Van Meter. ^lanson _ Ponca Van 39834 Trotter 1176 J. H. Lish Manson . Dr. Dunkle 40620 Trotter 1179 L. E. Pierce Rockwell City... Marmotte 26142 (44048) Pereheron 1212 W. Q. Stewart Rockwell City .. Rockwell Boy 41851 Trotter 1436 A. F. Ramthun..- Rockwell City... Dogue 43910 (60856) Pereheron IbU E. S. Carmean Lake Citj Surprise 25300 Pereheron 164« Pomeroy Horse Co. - Pomerov Citadin (48476) 1649 John Doyle Pomeroy Custine 6.587 (9970) Pereheron 1753 0. H. Snyder Manson _ Black Reaper 4.3.314 Pereheron 1754 O. H. Snyder Manson . Victor 24008 (44560) Pereheron 1779 Knierim Belgian Horse Co. Knierim . Daniel 1182 (17830) Belgian 2124 A. M. Pierce Rockwell City... Dauphin 3346 (30648)— Belgian 2385 J. H. Hildreth... Rockwell City Bedwell Tom 8435 (22102) Lake City Matchless Shire 2511 J. W. Bravton Rockwell City... Shire 2517 Lake City Pereh- 7288 eron Horse Co— Lake Citv Emerv 3.3740 (46207). .. Pereheron 2539 F. W.- Arney Lake City Prince Model 44268 Pereheron 2540 F. W. Arney Lake City Tom Tom 44269 Pereheron 2641 F. W. Arney Lake City Scarabe's Model 43701 . Pereheron 2542 F. W. Arney Lake City Togo 44270 _- Pereheron 2855 Hutcliinson & .Ja- cobs Lake City Horse Co. Lake City Tacticien 2481 French Coach EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 837 CALHOUN county-Continued Si Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 2887 J. E. Barr & Wm. Winkleman Lohrville Pepin De Leernes 1756 (21650) Belgian inm W. D. Plttman... Lake City Mahomet Royalist 4861. Shire 55905 W. D. Pittman... Lake City Eden Chief 8713 (19580). Shire SRKM W. D. Pittman— Lake City Mahomet Boaz 4928 Shire 1020 Nordhansen & Schmidt Manson . . Waterloo 12661 French Draft 3229 George Moss & Cain & Son Lohrville ... Llynelys Ladd 7098 (17450) Shire 3299 C. W. Titus & Son Yetter Pink Major 43927 34fi8 Smiley Francis Jolley Colonel 32306 (44313) Keota Sorrento 27693 3469 Smiley Francis - Jolley 3614 John Knoke & Geo. Baskervell- Bristol Bristol de Lange 2514. (32962) Belgian 3661 W. D. Pittman... Lake City— Boaz II 9090 Shire 406? John Doan - - Rockwell City . Black Frenchman 11643 French Draft 4083 J. W. Bravton Rockwell City— . Diaz 45550 ... 4^41 Lent & Petrie H. G. Fillenworth Manson Saxwood 31794 Trotter 4288 Rockwell City Doctor Sennett 25423..- Trotter 4303 Garrett & Hud- son -- . Lohrville Jollev — ... Major III 45591 2743 J. P. Hammond-- Regent 27845 (43562) CARROLL COUNTY 32 29 810 1245 1246 1562 1639 1690 1695 65 2227 2661 2684 2446 2543 2741 2798 2799 2809 1466 2869 2903 3308 3307 3446 3518 2171 330 4054 2877 4242 4253 4387 J. Coder Henry Torpy Jos. Wilson Wm. Heuton Wm. Heuton Julian Township Horse Co. Wm. Rupiper Henrj- George L W. Schu- macher Wm. Wiese Herman F. Von Glan A. Kessler Hy Dammann A. E. Bolton H. E. Brown Lefingwell Horse Co. — R. S. Keat D. P. Copp Phillip Schloisman Mike Fritz T. M. Campbell- Manning Norman Horse Co. C. H. Johnson Glidden Horse Co- Geo. M. Schu- macher John H. Ginn David Ferguson.. - Henry Moeller Stork & Vonnahme Roscoe Bros W. J. .Tohnston.- Eischeid & Pott- hofif J. H. Kohorst Glidden Red Wallace 22369 Trotter Manning | Brilliant 1849 Belgian Manning Bolibar 19335 I Percheron Glidden ! Tobe II 746 | French Draft Glidden Docelle 1246 | Percheron Coon Rapids ... Hercule De Courtrai Belgian 1439 (25364) Carroll ' Malborough 830 (13010). Belgian Coon Rapids .-. What You Want Jr Percheron 29165 Carroll La Fleur 10900 French Draft Manning Diemede 18548 Percheron Breda | Grison (28932) Carroll ! Moltka .39075 Manning Coriza 41830 (56193) Glidden Regent II 10843... Coon Rapids _„ Bertrand 13582 Glidden Manning Carroll Belgian Trotter Percheron French Draft Percheron Cedar 27303 (45840) Percheron Faro de Rotheaux 2438 Belgian (Vol. 12, p. 484) Carnot (13561) Percheron Carroll - ) Croquemitaine (52402)-. Percheron Arcadia i Grandini 21988 (42783). Percheron Coon Rapids ...1 Nobility 2.31 Suffolk Manning i Conqueror 9107 Glidden Glidden Carroll Glidden Carroll Manning Breda Carroll Coon Rapids Halbur Sultan -47715 .. Acadia Claudius 27617 Demus 43616 Chapeau 31437 (48688).. Rohan 15856 Benour 21956 Porus 11943 (5979) Allison 20290 Rattler Yet 10810 Riposteur 27422 (44782). Juneau 21142 French Draft Percheron Percheron French Draft Trotter French Draft Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Percheron Percheron I Percheron 838 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CASS COUNTY 520 348 224 179 241 273 284 583 651 650 608 607 412 766 739 831 1062 878 1156 1215 1214 1213 1229 1396 Name of Stallion Breed A. P. Cuykendall Chas. Denne Caledonia Shire Horse Co A. P. Cuykendall J. H. Schofield & Oliver Manison.. J. P. Brunner— Alex Dallas— R. A. Berry Turner Bros Turner Bros Perry Woods Perry Woods—,—. Anita Horse Co — J. A. Nelson Geo. C. Lindeman Ray McClintock Atlantic ' Westside Referee 250- Atlantic Ciceron 31105 (46917)— Griswold Stuntney Zephyr 8366.. (22841) Atlantic - West Side Sultan 230.. Griswold i Colosse 12458 _.. Griswold .- ! Rex 1591 (1618) Atlantic — ! Peter Kane 36969 Atlantic ! Knottinglet Referee j (22501) Griswold Prince B. 10731 Griswold Major P. 11233 Marne Green Mountain Boy Marne ! Banqueter 38881 Anita I Merrimac 11952 Atlantic Lewis — Griswold B. D. Ruff Frert Lassen G. E. McDermott J. F. Gissibl Alfred Bailey Alfred Baiely- Wm. Hopley. Peter Biggs... 1423 1 Watt Devore- 1538 1597 W. B. Berry. F. H. & M. Trailer 1781 2101 78 2298 2444 2449 2582 2698 2718 2719 2720 2721 2771 2781 697 1149 2984 3109 3106 3224 8246 3452 3640 3642 3862 1274 4272 4273 S721 4319 2697 2725 1181 738 Atlantic Atlantic Anita -. Anita -- Anita -- Anita — Atlantic Anita .— Massena Atlantic M. L. Northrop- Caledonin Belgian Horse Co. ... S. L. Harrison — Geo. Smith E. F. Moon Prank Ruchs... H. C. Wohlenhaus Otto Lassen Cheney & Bell— Chenev & Bell — Cheney & Bell... Cheney & Bell... V. B. Mayherry.. Wm. Toepfer Colwell & Brown. James Duncan Gene Pierce Peter Hopley & Son A. R. Brown Wilson Bros. Marne Lewis Griswold Marne Atlantic Atlantic Massena Griswold Cumberland Massena Massena Massena Massena Atlantic Atlantic Atlantic Atlantic Cumberland Fred Steinke G. J. Pellett- M. O. Trailer W. M. Burnslde.. M. A. Bell W. H. Mauk A. Caywood A. Caywood E. A. Taylor G. E. Bshelman. Metz Bros. Hansen Bros. — H. G. Highley... . Emil Rabe --, ... Lewis Anita Anita Atlantic Atlantic Marne Lewis Atlantic Lewis Cumberland Cumberland Anita Griswold ... Anita Anita Anita Lusnonnais 40874 (55255) Banker Boy 21153 Archie Greenlander — 38704 Pat King 35906 Captaine (.51649) Napoleon Boy 45204 Defender's Best 11646..- The Master of Stair.. . 11607 Laird of Anita 12157 — Orlando (2078.5) Plough Boy II 5135 Luzignan 21778 (43899).. Stuntney Blake II 6652- (20061) Northolme Gipsey King 8197 (22639) Joe Bailey 8003 Suffolk Percheron Shire Suffolk French Draft German Coach Trotter Shire Clydesdale Clydesdale Morgan Trotter Clydesdale Percheron Tudor II 2572 (29482)..- Conway Brilliant 904— Beecher 14292 Young Hylas 43703 Julius 2529 (33670) Bouvois 41876 Roy 7859 Montekuma 34968 RoYSton Prince 11635... Herault 14972 Orlando 42842 Leloir 41835 (54790) Patriote 27823 (44454)-.. Bishop Jr. 38199 Duke of Creston 10949. Oriola 1567 Percheron Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Clydesdale Clydesdale Shire Shire Percheron Shire Shire Shire Belgian Belgian French Draft Trotter Belgian Percheron Shire Trotter French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter French Draft German Coach Griswold Janus 3899 Baba 41824 (60746) Prince Kirtlebridge.. 9221 Prince L. 2606 Noxall R. 0.565 Harold Melrose 15274.. Lumps 27290 Leslie Farghar 42555.. Greviste 30617 (43717). Buffalo Bill 2406 (37402) Gav 20787 Orlando 42842 Stuntney Royal Don... 5748 Piston 2414 (37398) Happy Thought 11761.. Moulton Sir Peter (22957) Black Prince 21415- German Coach Percheron Clydesdale Shetland Pony Trotter Thoroughbred Trotter Trotter Percheron Belgian Percheron Percheron Shire Belgian Clvdesdale Shire Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 839 CEDAR COUNTY p Name of Owner Postofnce Name of Stallion Breed 390 Mechanicsville .. Mechanicsville — Sandscale Mafeking .. 7111 (19100) I. D. 36221 Shire 391 Trotter 218 Downey Draft Horse Co. F. T.f. Emerson-— A. J. Sawyer F. W. Bilers J. J. Jackson Jno. Wilier. Jr Sam McAfee C. E. Kohl Glen Linden Shire Horse Co— B. Kook B Kook Negrillon 2C105 (54340). King Richard 5975 Maple Dick 12917 .Tim Corbet Jr. 7387 Howard Black 38488 Tipton Major 5454 Delamere Combination 7357 (1672) Horbling Field Mar- shal 7112 (18814) Blaisdon Vulcan 7113— (18529) Pleasant Hill King 26380 Albert 32350 (48457) Rustique 27152 (48366)— Leander 12450 - 323 Clarence .- - . 545 563 West Branch .. Tipton — French Draft Shire 720 857 Mechanicsville — Tipton Trotter Shire 832 870 1162 1817 1318 Mechanicsville — Mechanicsville — Stanwood Shire Shire Shire Durant Percheron 1233 Rustique Hors« Co Stanwood We.st Branch — Tipton Percheron 1491 1478 2166 2179 2975 Leander Horse Co Chas. Alason A. .T. Glick O. R. Click C. L. & C. D. Peck French Draft Cephas 10771 — Trotter Clarence Clarence Mechanicsville .. West Branch — . West Branch — Lowden _ . Click's Plunger 41589.— Auctioneer 30234 Winton Duke 2975 Old Tar 15701 Percheron Percheron Shire 3136 3135 3324 3323 3314 3396 3395 F. M. Gray F. M. Gray C. L. iMcClellan— C. L. McClellan— W. S. Spears Fred Schmidt M e c h a nicsville Percheron Horse Co. — French Draft Billy J. Bryan 15702— Farceur 9247 (6426) Bright Gamaleon 44187. Farmers Profit 7106 Sergent 27189 (44292) — Clenenceau 31247 (48713) Acelyte 41375 (54915)— Tipton 41117 - French Draft Percheron Trotter Stanwood Clarence Shire Percheron Mechanicsville -. Stanwood Mechanicsville — Clarence Downey Percheron 3668 3683 4302 H. S. Hoy man & Son Duane Risrby L. P. Yocum & Son - Percheron Bed Amber 44098 Sebatier 50766 (64448)... Taylor the Great 47101. Trotter 4347 Downey Draft Horse Co. Chas. W. De Percheron 4365 Tipton -— Trotter CERRO GORDO COUNTY 578 579 580 690 1580 1627 16461 1679 1756 3286 2287 2313 2314 2415 1S35 8094 3093 C. H. Merchant... C. H. Merchant... C. H. Merchant-. Neils Brown A. M. Avery P. Murphy James Ferrier Wetter, Latimer, Crotty Horse Co C. Bryant L. G. Parker L. G. Parker Robt. Carr Robt. Carr. L. G. Parker Rockwell Horse Co. Mason City Mason City Mason City Thornton ... Mason City Dougherty . Mason City Rockwell ... Mason City Mason City Mason City Mason City Mason City Mason City Rockwell T. B. Morse | Rock Falls Paul Bros. Thornton .. August Hanson & Paul Bros Thornton .. C. M. Baker j Mason City Sir George 2736 Shire Victor M. 8386 Shire Maxmillion 7744 Shire Caesar 27831 (48382) Percheron Abe Lincoln 8400 Shire Beauregard 40407 Percheron Pipestone Bill 41406 Percheron Bolero 40391 (56731) 'Percheron Connaught 2779 |Shire Rex 50294 |Percheron Rouser .35826 i Percheron Robert Patch 41405 Trotter Barondean 36317 Peer 40418 Clos Vougeot 2203 (33310) Keota Narragansett (31831) Calleo 42180 Renouvean 1063 (21582). Frank 9523 Trotter Percheron Belgian Percheron Trotter Belgian French Draft 840 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. CERRO GORDO COUNTY— Continted Name of Owner Van Note Bros Van Note Bros T. M. Dresbach— Fred Ebanit Mason City Bur- chinal & Rock- well Belgian Horse Co. Grant McGowan. Grant McGowan. Grant McGowan. Grant McGowan. Poetofflce Name of Stallion Mason City Mason City Mason City Meservy Rockwell Mason City Mason City Mason City Mason City Armour 42089 Buster Brown 44364. Reno 48783 Mountain 40688 Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Cognac de Bovesse 1451 1 Belgian (25332) [ Decided 30183 Percheron Win .51627 Percheron Right 51626 Percheron Prize 51625 Percheron CHEROKEE COUNTY 157 1819 J. J. Richardson. F. W. & C. H. Peck Marcus Cherokee Larrabee Bloc 24705 Percheron Sultan 44330 (56244) Baccarat 20398.- Marquis de Wytschacto 482 (35416) Moquart 1353 (16790) Polo 44135 (51875) Cadet de Mouchon 1750 (2.3852) Pichegru 13035 Percheron 2143 2168 F. F. Lowell Maple Valley Belgian Horse Co. C. P. Spinharney C. P. Spinharney John Soukup W. J. Dawson W. P. Green G. W. Harrison.. G. W. Harrison.. T. B. Linton L. H. Ducommun. J. A. Kelly. - Geo. Hirschman.. Fred Furkly E. V. Ferrin Cleghorn Horse Co. . . Percheron Belgian 2191 2192 2194 Cherokee Cherokee Marcus _ _ Belgian Percheron Belgian 2197 Washta French Draft 2404 Washta - (51163) P. Farmers Profit 27915 Walpole 245.54 Percheron 2551 25.52 Trotter Washta ... Mongout 27375 (44592)- Branchwood 24164 Brilliant List 47328 Malmaison 41864 Saphir 33834 (46498) Corbon 33056 Percheron 2783 2796 2963 3005 3006 3007 3105 Aurelia Cleghorn Larrabee Marcus Marcus Marcus Cleghorn Washta Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Gold Bug 21127 Cambodge 29492 (44914). Chalet 40672 (55519) Carnaval 2107 (29873) Sans-Facon 33333 (46882) Sandy 46213 Mouton 46707 - Percheron 3114 W. P. Green P. L. Draper Geo. Bower S. G. Dawson G. W. Brown L. M. Miller A. A. Goodburn— Geo. Lockwood— Percheron a558 3637 4043 Larrabee Cherokee Washta Belgian Percheron Percheron 4291 Percheron 4265 Marcus . . Tassin .33850 (45149) Almond 25317 Percheron 4131 4149 Cherokee Major B. 48091 CHICKASAW COUNTY 487 F. P. Shekleton.. Lawler Matchless McKinley... 11798 Clydesdale 486 F. P. Shekleton.. Lawler .Tohn Lawler 11797 Clydesdale 4A5 F. P. Shekleton.. Lawler Newton Masher 76.54 Shire 484 F. P. Shekleton.. Lawler Rockwell 19843 Percheron 576 W. S. Thorn Gilbert Touney... Fredericksburg . Lawler Faor 33136 Percheron 94 Roy Benton 8368 Shire 108 W. B. Porter New Hampton... Boyer 10522 Trotter 283 North Washing- ton Horse Co... No. Washington Tiflis 23227 (41397) Percheron 2 L. C. Goodsell... Nashua Sesostrls 27871 (43661).. Percheron 426 Bassett Perch- eron Horse Co.. New Hampton.. Rejoni 45011 Percheron fiW X. F. Mishak.... P. M. Smith Ionia Ionia Farmer 10119 Clydesdale 7.57 King 12856 Percheron 719 Smith Bros Fredericksburg.. Sherman 33339 Percheron 914 J. F. Cagley- Nashua Billy M. 5113 . Morgan 1080 Dan Hickok Ionia Ralock 43341 Trotter EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. CHICKASAW COUNTY— Continued 841 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed ins8 M. B. Farr Alex Shekleton New Hampton Belgian Horse Co. - Nashua Obus 27803 (4^548) Cedric MacNeil 10049... Beduoin 1256 (23802) Lapin (58301) 104fi Lawler Clydesdale Belgian 1357 New Hampton - ■Jerico 1224 Mike Whalen Mike "Whalen S. A. Shekleton.. - S. A. Shekleton... C. F. McNevin... Otto Koerth F. P. Shekleton.. F. P. Shekleton-. X. F. Mishak Frank Leightman. James Ramsey F. P. Shekleton.. F. P. Shekleton- X. F. ?ilishak...- J. T. Huffman Jno. Clemens & Co. 1225 •Terico . Bangala 856 (11890) Sable Prince 11.300 Prince Telectable 11831 Rob JfcNevins :J4289 Russell Ago 44463 Wm. McKinley 12372... Black Major II 4.5437... Francois II 40111 Gamzoo 34363 . Belgian 1399 Lawler . . . 1400 Lawler . .. 1S78 Lawler .. Trotter 2219 Ionia Trotter 1498 Lawler Cl.vdesdale 1499 Lawler Percheron 17»4 Ionia Percheron 1750 New Hampton— Lawler Trotter 1837 Silver Royal 4a539 Robin Rant 14645 De Soto 47227 Trotter 2237 Lawler French Draft 2236 Lawler Percheron 226.*) Ionia _ . Fleuris 14845 (61659)P.. Nedrow 41809 Ray Westfall 9651 Mae Niven 8655 French Draft 2782 Percheron 2838 New Hampton... Clydesdale Clydesdale 2902 Thos. H. Smith... S. E. Johnson F. P. Shekleton-. F. P. Shekleton.. F. P. Shekleton.- L. B. Scales R. W. Donovan.. J. R. Whitcomb.- Frank P. Shekle- ton ... 3129 New Hampton.. - Clapet 11050 Percheron 3143 Prince Discoverer 9746.. Crouse 47105 - . . Clydesdale 3142 Lawler Percheron 3141 Lawler Quarius 43267 Percheron 3190 Nashua _ Donshaw a5979 „ Trotter 3194 8210 3282 Lawler Fredericksburg . Billy Bryan 13135 D'Aplomb 21604 (43071).. Baron Doune 12613 (13254) Aristide 50502 (64237) Coran 2344 (32554) Sethos 246.54 (436.57) Cecil Twig 42112 Conway Albert 933 Clydesdale Percheron 1947 3464 Peter Birgen J. R. Hickok New Hampton Horse Co. C. B. Sullivan J. W. Pierce J. W. Pierce Frank P. Shekle- ton New Hampton... Ionia - Percheron Belgian 3545 3570 360 3602 New Hampton.— Fredericksburg . Republic Republic Percheron Trotter Belgian Percheron 3662 Trojan 49404 Percheron 3663 Frank P. Shekle- ton -- Barney's Chief 10848 Pothuau 50548 (62463)... Der Captain 464.5 Prince Hilton 40795 Turner (2155) Clydesdale Percheron German Coach 1936 4nS7 Alta Vista Draft Horse Improve- ment Co. X. F. Mishak J. T. Huffman Peter Birgen F r e d ericks- burg Shire Horse Co. - Alta Vista Ionia — . 1305 Ionia Percheron 1898 New Hampton- Fredericksburg . New Hampton- New Hampton... Holstein Coach 4230 Kendal Budgeon 6514 (Vol. 24) Trojan 31389 Shire 1689 F. P. Wentz Miller & Kenyon. Percheron 4489 Mark Del 24914 Trotter CLARKE COUNTY 156 J. A. & A. A. Carson . Woodburn Osceola 234 213 459 A. H. Griffin Murray Percheron Horse Co Osceola Murray 38 Charles Swick Thos. Johnson W. G. Hindes Hart Bros. Hart Bros Milton L. Evans- Lewis Bros ... . Osceola .. 440 Murray 669 Murray . 6Sf? Osceola ... . . 681 413 Osceola — Murray .... . ion Osceola Bardolph 13566 „ French Draft Hampfleld Samson 71.53 Shire Martello 17988 (.37347)... Percheron Makir 28441 (46877) Percheron Hoverton Iron Duke French Draft 13366 Doctor D. 41505 Trotter The Spartan 34175 Trotter Vincennes 50195 (59558).! Percheron Ducal 50194 (60035) Percheron Cenright 6966 Clydesdale The Black Prince 9345.. Clydesdale 842 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CLARKE COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion 1096 1135 1684 1685 1800 1816 1815 1829 1862 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 18.53 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2031 2039 2033 2034 2085 2086 2103 2121 10.57 2214 2216 2215 2248 2277 2291 2369 2370 2371 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2.379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2623 2702 2811 3059 3149 G. C. Lucas G. P. Rhodes David Mitchell David Mitchell Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros- — Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros— Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros — Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros S. S. Critchfield- Hart Bros Robinson & Grif- fin David Mitchell Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hines Bros Hart Bros Wra. Ritchie, Ed Husted & J. B. Hazlett Hart Bros— - Hart Bros- Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros Hart Bros D. B. Hedge B. C. Staley C. B. Shinn Clark Co. Horse Co. .T. E. Perry Hart Bros Hopeville Woodburn Murray — Murray _.. Osceola .— Osceola .— Osceola ... Osceola .— Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola .— Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Woodburn Osceola ... Osceola ... Murray .. Osceola .. Osceola .. Osceola .. Murray .. Osceola .. Murray .. Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Osceola ... Walter J. 20225 Caro (Vol. 7) Teddy Roosevelt 1067... Duke 5002 Ducal 50311 Abbot 50387 Joe-Banker .50386 .Joseph the Banker 8347 Roublard 50436 (62775).. Joe Bailey 50886 Spark .50289 Du-Rock .50312 — Victor Gilbert 50621 Ralph 50253 Jerry Johnson 50252 Hempfleld Samson 50250 Ducal 50674 Rataplan 50620 (60462).. Mulot 50834 (5.3778) CattU 50424 (51569) Granit 50427 (64873) Panquert 50435 (552.55)..- Souaze 50437 (64787) Maubert 50431 (57853)... Mosnil 50433 (55589) Mastique 50430 (64774).. Slather 8396 Osceola Sampson 8695.. Champion 50287 Spring-Up 50703 — Senitor 50702 Tableau de Aspe 2378. (29916) Slasher 50288 Victor-Gilbert 50730 Ferry Oak 8441 (23918). Osceola Banker 50746... Osceola Boy 50747 Balandard 22664 (42798). Jerry Johnson 12218 Aloes 50217 (55899) Jim Jam 32838 Lucky Lad of Town's End 898 (9329) Royal II 7085... Ralph 50819 Osceola Rampton 8852.. Durock 50203 Feramorz 12594 Stuntney George 8860.. (24653) Stuntney Shem 8861 (22835) Mistral 5089O (62275) Beatrix 50882 (62373) Dartagnon 50866 (60097). Xavier .50895 (61805) Biffin 50884 (53737) Raab 50893 (.58383) Turenne 50897 (58865) Pvthon 50893 (60409) Afifuteur .50881 (64666)... Benjamin 50883 (54566).. Damier 50885 (64212) Domino .50887 (64195) Horoff 50889 (60458) Mogol 50891 (62665) Loyalty 11978 Conway Prince 978 Courgeon 24268 (44031).. Percheron Zulman 12368 (5957B).. French Draft Banker 50980 i Percheron Trotter Oldenburg Coach Belgian Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Shire Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron Hackney Shire Percheron Shire Percheron French Draft Shire _ '(*! - ■ Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft Belgian EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART Xll. 843 CLARKE county-Continued 4)2 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion 3148 3147 3256 3257 3266 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271 3272 3273 3274 3275 3276 3311 3310 3369 3381 3526 3547 3675 3852 3897 4002 3437 3921 4137 4136 4195 439 4435 4437 235 Hart Hart J. A. J. A. Hart Hart Hart Hart Hart Hart Hart Hart Hart Hart Hart Hart Bros-. Bros-- Voris. Voris. Bros-- Bros.. Bros-- Bros-- Bros-- Bros-- Bros-- Bros— Bros-- Bros.- Bros-- Bros-. Hart Bros- Hart Bros Hart Bros J. E. Reese & J. TV. Kent Baldwin, Reed & Ayers Hart Bros Sinnott & Forney C. T. Ayers R. B. Bartlett— Milton Evans E. G. Paul Hart Bros Hart Bros J. G. Carns— Roy Sink W. C. Hindes- Hart Bros C. B. Shinn— Osceola Banker Joseph 9021 Osceola Harts Thumper 9020 Woodburn Hobson 9734 Woodburn Iowa 5452 Osceola .- Planquin 51035 (58803).. Osceola Francillon 51028 (G2502). Osceola Busserre 51027 (62238).. Osceola Jupiter 51031 (56613) Osceola Riflard 51036 (62337) Osceola Turbigo 51038 (56820)... Osceola Guignol 51030 (63699) Osceola Fripon 51029 (51263) Osceola Limier 51033 (62294") Osceola Orphelin 51034 (60S69).. Osceola .— - Marescot 51033 (62809).. Osceola Sultan de Thy 2624 (34638) Osceola Neron d' Ormei 2663— (20794) Osceola 1 Grimaud 41197 (60489) .. Osceola j Camille 51026 (58952)—.. ■Woodburn Coco 8826 Osceola Robo 11944 (.5966). Osceola „ Hero-Ben 51086 .. Osceola _! Kernal 52062 Osceola Caten 49509 Hopeville .. Murray Osceola Osceola Osceola Breed Murray . Hopeville Murray . Osceola .. Osceola .. Norwood Brilliant 49330 Eavineer 330S4 Powerful 40993 Marengo 51439 (67312)... Marnix de Destel 2894.. (41522) Sampson 51513 Colonel Duroc 37967 Nemerod 51710 (60354)... Le Bon IX 9344 (23426) Ranger 6470 Shire Shire French Draft Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Belgian Percheron Trotting Percheron Shire I Shire CLAY COUNTY 424 508 Clausen & Jones.. A. A. Reynolds... F. J. Clarke C. I. Ginger Spencer Draft Horse Co. Harmony, Green- ville & Douglas Horse Co Alonzo Jones J. W. & Frank McDowell Royal Horse Co... Frank ISIcDowelL. Frank :McDowen- Frank McDowelL. Stouffer, Peterson & Erfmever I. N. Reed Spencer Draft Peterson Spencer ... Stockwell IV 6858 (iJOOSS) Jonas 41868 (55201) Silver Moak 40733 Sam H. ;^5S80. Monaco 1185 (19354) Romarin 27435 (43618).. Jumbo G. 8314 Shire Percheron 1002 1460 1561 Fostoria Langdon Spencer Trotter Percheron Belgian 1659 2028 Greenville Peterson Greenville Peterson Spencer . Percheron Shire 2230 2353 2518 Bolsinger 33323 Pepin 29490 (45751) Favorette 40658 Nogentais 23198 (43781). Kenmor 23023 Trotter Percheron Percheron 2519 Spencer .. _ Percheron 2-5")4 Spencer .. Percheron 1272 Fostoria Webb - Urson 2837 French Coach 2980 Audley Boy 7154 (Vol. 25) Armagh 2523 .. ... Shire 2990 Spencer Dickens Dickens Webb Spencer Peterson Dickens Spencer Belgian Percheron Clydesdale 3050 3171 E. U. Roberts J. H. Everett H. H. Mills Miles Becket W. H. Brown J. C. Clark Slater & Gillespie. (Vol. 13, p. 543) Tricolet 50650 (60116)... Improver 4017 3312 Reno 35761 Percheron 4039 Compton 42965 . Percheron 2283 Knute 18964 Percheron 4262 4369 Black Prince 50389 Biscaien 25707 (43007)... Percheron Percheron 844 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CLAYTON COUNTY •-2 Name of Owner Postofflce 146 522 523 958 1386 1458 1832 2241 2242 2397 2544 2926 3262 3292 3429 3430 3472 3354 85491 1201 4086 4119 Koontz Bros J. L. Schneider— J. L. Schneider — Joseph Cain Pettit & Koontz— Smith & Kahl- baum Kaiser Bros Wm. Koth & Co. A. A. Kishman & A. Henkes G. E. Bachtell— Jas. Grain Jas. Grain Geo. Voshell Garnavillo Shire Hoi-se Go. Mrs. E. E. Mey- ers Hurley & Meyer.. Henry Jennings, J. C. & Wm. Probert Jno. L. Schneider. Elkport Percheron Horse Go M. S. Welch J. M. Donnelly-— H. C. Bothmer Co Humphrey St Leahy Gordon White — Percheron Horse Co. C. H. Donahe J. L. Bno L. Bosener Meder & Donaho Uonona ■Elkader Elkader Elkader Monona Elkader St. Olaf Farmersburg Farmersburg Volga - - Volga Volga Volga Garnavillo Elkader Volga — Volga — Elkader Elkport Volga Bloom'ton, Wis Clayton Name of Stallion Buzot de Picton (29360). Triton 42875 (44805) Clarion De Bel Air 1721 (29522) Iron Duke 29304 Royal Emblem 43208 David De Voile 1347 (24318) Torpilleur 42832 Larbin 42881 (54647) LeFertois 26296 (18836). Star Onward 31514 — Mercure 25721 (43490) — . Laddie 45427 Jabot 41034 (.53708) Magnum Bonum IV— 7928 (18901) Chabrol 26076 (44799) — Elvenden First Lord- 8583 (23919) Pete 48051 Saxon Billy 9026 (20882) Montague 25357 Penrose 6174 Earl King 21817 Allen Gilbert 42183 Paul 1944 Gatuamet 31792- Volga Volga - Clayton Young Cherrl 25884. Mederville ! La Salle 21566 Laun^ - I Black King 45.303. Guttenbnrg Clipper of Fairfield—. 39809 Mederville Bury Colonel 6168 (17220) Breed Belgian Percheron Belgian Percheron Trotter Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron Shire Percheron Shire Percheron Shetland Pony Trotter Trotter French Coach Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Shire CLINTON COUNTY 527 525 526 .528 513 529 790 10,50 1051 994 1372 1544 1.5.56 1985 2438 2714 1041 2822 2821 3083 3156 3906 4042 3618 4157 4127 A. W. Johnson. -- A. W. Johnson--- A. W. .Johnson.-- A. W. Johnson--- J. B. Shannon A. W. Johnson--- Center Grove Horse Co. George Corbin George Corbin Peter Frett Chris Lund Grand Mound Horse Co O. G. Henyon Wm. Burk-- Wm. Tinnefeldt— Hicks Bros A. W. .Tohnson-- Brindisi Perch- eron Horse Co-. Eugen Hanssen— J. O. Ott— - Wm. F. Heinke-- A. W. Johnson A. W. Jolinson A. W. Johnson A. W. Johnson A. W. Johnson De Witt De Witt De Witt Valespir 11318 Bordelon 38677 Border Wilkes 29022 De Witt Margot 278t6 (47048) De Witt I Sebastian 13886 De Witt I Enfield Stylish Chief— ; 7935 (21404) Charlotte Frank 9926 Calamus — Calamus .— Brown . Blwood Grand Mound Clinton Charlotte Lost Nation _. Elwood De Witt Bryant - Bryant - Baldwin . Delmar . De Witt Witt Witt Witt Witt De De De De Babeuf 44307 (51767) Simon De Rosoux 1839. (25366) Africander (4.5089) Apollon (19098) Pedro 28621 -. C. H. 33188 Brulot 41504 (.59670) Colson (62987) Lion de Buzet (.30272)- Dewey Boy 39220 Brindisi 22723 (43414)-- Stanlaws 47.59 Glendale Major 42438-.. Vergoin 35101 (45656)—. Paul 51533 Lew Karr 44300 Keota Bmmett 8371 Decide 47084 (62936) — - Invite 51872 (64997) French Draft Trotter Trotter Percheron French Draft Shire French Draft Percheron Belgian Percheron Belgian Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Belgian Trotter Percheron Shetland Pony Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Shire Percheron Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. CRAWFORD COUNTY 845 O Name of Owner PostofQce Name of Stallion Breed 200 980 981 983 983 965 1151 133-t 1004 1488 1656 1&40 2391 2494 2648 2672 2673 2566 1940 2882 3035 3140 3166 3253 3264 I 3512 3513 1 3522 3544 3612 4060 3397 ! 4227 303 170O L. P. Rose Peter J. Eggers.. I Peter .T. Eggers. I Peter J. Eggers.. Schlichta Bros. B. B. White— W. H. Lamb- R. Knaul Ricketts Horse Co Fred Coleman. Peter Jensen_-_ Ida and Sac County Perch eron Horse Co... Chris Koock Henry N. KuehL. F. J. Smitli Kemp & Killeen.. .Tames Killeen H. C. Pithan & Herman Garbe.- H. H. Chapman & H. J. McGill- Adolf Meyer, Sr-_ W. V. Whaley— C. A. Saunders-— J. B. Gardner... Hugh Dnugherty-- P. A. Klinkefus— T. M. Sheridan_.- T. J. Kenney James Mitchell-. . L. P. Rose Schmadke Bros-. L. P. Rose Tom Ransom Albert Peterson.. - F. W. Miller Ellsle Brokelsly.- Charter Oak Denison Denison Denison Denison Manilla Denison Denison Ricketts Charter Oak . Charter Oak . Kiron Boyer Schleswig ... Charter Oak West Side .. West Side .. Charter Oak Vail Charter Oak Dow City ... Manilla Manilla Manilla Manilla Vail Vail West Side .. Charter Oak Denison Charter Oak Denison Dow City Manilla Vail General 186 Archie 34897 Corbett 42790 Mont Dor 8977 Vulcan 2<)S41 Young Maakoff 9651 Decorah Jr. 32331_. Absola 43175 Zephir d'Herlaimont-- (Vol. 13, p. 478) Victor Dewey 45479 Energy 745 (4788) Feder 40143 (51266) Bismark de Braibnt..- 1703 (25394) Beau Souvenir (15014).. Parnell Beauty 9179 Victor 11478 Arizona 13138 Michaux 14893 Tarascon 50552 (55555).. Salvator 50219 (80080)___ Iowa Wonder 44 (1672) Flanche 46431 (53966)... Mastique II De Vlier- ingen 1976 (28098) Titus 1735 (8969).. Sultan 285 1 Gravier 28479 (45129) Iowa Ranger 30713 JIatinal 25708 (44350). Tammo (12103) Colenso 1402 (25004).. Piston 40908 (46721) Harry Judge 34560 Godolphin 4S874 Bon Atas 77.54 Hanksoid 33113 Oldenburg Coach Percheron Percheron French Draft Percheron French Draft Trotter Trotter Belgian Percheron Belgian Percheron Belgian Belgian Clydesdale French Draft French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron Suffolk Percheron Belgian German Coach Suffolk Percheron Trotter Percheron German Coach Belgian Percheron Trotter Percheron Shire Trotter DALLAS COUNTY 131 226 253 317 318 324 336 287 652 50 637 636 768 658 409 767 1056 1136 1199 1401 1480 J. B. Saum Martin Russell Belgian Horse Co Leon Mills J. R. Mills W. B. Fritz. T. P. Gushing Thos. Eckert Stoots & Kline.- J. H. Andrew R. S. Barr.. R. S. Barr Robt. Burchfleld.. W. S. Robinson.. De Soto Shire Horse Co J. F. Turner Wm. A. Warford. Dawson Draft Horse Co T. A. Thornburg. C. B. Pierce D. C. Kelly M. B. Boll Woodward .. Dallas Center Redfleld Perry Perry Dexter Booneville ... Woodward ... Redfleld Dexter Adel A del Linden Dexter De Soto Linden Linden Dawson Linden Woodward ... Dallas Center Waukee Sans Tache 22012 Percheron (43146) Wenona Regent 225^4.. I Percheron Saint Martin (29462)__-iBelgian Banner 13189 iFrench Draft Narcisse 21992 (42440).., Percheron Sergeant Major 8292 ' Shire (21849) Scarclifif Sweep (8173) -.| Shire Jules 647 iBelgian Carral (54564) 'Percheron Earl Royal .37070 iTrotter Dan McCloud 43139. iTrotter Colonel McCoy 33112 Trotter Rex Legrand 1993 Jim Kelly 43068. Halstead Duke 7352 (20537) Facteur 26913 (4.5803).- Grant 9138 Fairfleld Stormer .5673.. Maynard 10022 Major De Beaumont.. (20760) Laurens 41030 Flashlight Prince 7701.. Saddle Horse Trotter Shire Percheron French Draft Shire French Draft Belgian Percheron Shire 846 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DALLAS COUiNTY— Continued fez Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 1489 1675 Perry Belgian Horse Co John Bair John Bair Beflgian Horse Co. A. W. Dickerson. J. R. Mills J. R. Mills J. R. Mills... Leon Mills Perry Perry Vulcan 2235 (25410) Dewev 10974 Belgian French Draft 1676 17S6 Perry Dexter Woodward Perry Perry Perry Perry Adel Woodward Adel Van Meter Dallas Center ... Dexter Van Meter Dexter Woodward Perry Perry Perry Woodward :Minburn Bouton Minburn Perry Waukee Adel -. Booneville Dallas Center .. Minburn Dawson ' Bouton Minburn Bataclan 30587 (48721)- Coco (10448) Percheron Belgian 1826 1836 Hero-Ben 50251 Salem 15092 . Percheron French Draft 1835 Minot 15090 French Draft 1834 Conrad 15087 French Draft 1833 Constant 15086 Rapin 24496 (42413) Abel 677 (581).. .. French Draft 1840 2218 Emery Skinner W. B. DuToit Blwood Beaseley.. H. C. Addy I. C. Stine Theodore Quick... J. A. Minteer J. H. Andrew C. H. Green C. W. Council C. W. Council R. C. Taylor John J. Wolber... Roy R. Bstls C. H. Gardiner.. - R. K. Purviance.. Henry Schnoor Ortonville Horse Co. Percheron German Coach 2674 Linwood 22566 . ... Percheron ^61 Yacca 35903 Trotter 2569 Iowa Chief 2.569 . Shire 2734 2827 3388 Tuduc 14991 (57768P) Prince I. X. L. 43530... Victor 24128 French Draft Trotter Percheron 3402 3433 Ted 45859 Pimeto 18761 Percheron Trotter 3432 Drifton 12165 . Trotter 3434 3489 a541 Taylor W. 42190 Major Murray 4597 Nick 46503 Trotter Shire Percheron 3562 3616 Nobelmann (Vol. 7)— French 15730 .. Oldenburg Coach French Draft 3891 Proflt 7296 Shire 4024 Ronflant 51434 (61553) Castor 41848 (62526) Demblon 1327 (13188) Molitor 44035 Percheron 2319 4225 4269 C. M. Badger A. B. McCleeary. J. H. Royle Belgian Horse Co R. S. Witter Crawford Bros W. N. Crawford.. Percheron Belgian Percheron 4274 4307 4355 4356 Gaspard de Liroux (26910) Avenir de Thines 3008 (34174) Rubis de Berlin 1355.. . (23076) Dance 12934 (.53888)P Belgian Belgian Belgian French Draft DAVIS COUNTY 252 W. E. Irvin J. D. Baughman.. Jno. Augspurger.. E. S. Stockman... E. S. Stockman.. B. F. Ritz Wm. G. Brown... L. C. Warthen W. C. Baughman. W. C. Baughman. W. C. Baughman. W. C. Baughman. Albert Munn Peter B. Horn W. W. Powers... J. W. McConnell. N. B. Merry James McGowan.. James McGowan.. James McGowan.. P. G. Martin A. L. Watson I. C. Evans J. & M. Ho ran C. F. Davis C. F. Davis J. M. Peden N. M. Peden Chas. Daugherty.. R. No. 1, Floris- Pulaski ... - Enterprise 4047 .. 294 Lightfoot 13749 ... French Draft 333 Pulaski Titus 4669 557 Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Pulaski Togo 13764 French Draft 556 Tedv-R 34522 592 Fletcher 29112 70O Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Pulaski Merak 9672 . 972 904 Troubadour 26061 (46815) Colonel 13015 Percheron 905 Pulaski Lerov II 14182 French Draft 906 Pulaski Initial 20030 Grand Papillon 29761... Ma.ior R. 10394 Brilliant 27209 .. . 907 1085 1079 Pulaski Belknap Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Drakesville Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Pulaski Trov Percheron French Draft 1054 Jericarde 21857 .. . 884 Lorin 2.3700 . Percheron French Draft Trotter Trotter Trotter Percheron 1165 Jerome 9819 ... 1475 1476 Baron Laddie 39865 Motell 40427 .- 1477 1721 2322 Reed Bismont 34102 Ecumeur 28457 (45983).. Delcarde (7510) . 2386 Andrew Carnagie 44363. Samson 10395 2388 Flofis .. French Draft Percheron Percheron French Draft 2679 2680 2806 Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Floris Beaucamp 19938 Cap Sheaf II 43525 Noceur 11326 26911P (45829) Gaylord 11867 Theadore 34783 8807 2817 Ploris Bloomfleld Percheron French Draft Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 847 DAVIS COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner FostofQce Name of Stallion Breed W93 I. C. Evans Wm. J. Plank— L. W. Cruikshank A. A. Morgan A. M. Swift Cronk & Wise C. B. Swartzen- druver --. — Troy Picador 4038.5 Daniel 13002 Big Fox 12798... Indi 30823 2943 3013 Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Bloomfleld Pulaski Bloomfleld Bunch Bloomfleld Lunsford Bloomfleld Troy . French Draft Trotter Trotter 3117 31fi.5 Bonnie Dillon 30589 Uncle Bob 9958 .. Trotter French Draft 839 Demon II 19407 Renebel 36731 Caserio 43348 (52417) S. B. H. 26654 Topsman 12-561 Mosco 41954 -.- Paul .50480 Turbulant 47078 (63496). Demon's Dictator .53150 SeliP'flvi .513J8 (6?!804) Vfvr Geo. Baird- Trotter 3363 34.53 34.S4 a539 36.54 W. S. McFarlin- L. E. Cambron U. W. Boatman.. P. C. Martin I. C. Evans L. C. & Walter Warthen . Percheron Thoroughbred French Draft Percheron Percheron 36G5 Bloomfleld Ashgrove 4079 4353 J. F. Albright Albert Munn Albert Munn Percheron 4a52 Belknap - - Brilliant III 14183 French Draft DECATUR COUNTY .589 J. W. Mather Lamoni Gienbrino 30412 Trotter 565 J. S. Beavers Woodland Willingham Lad 59^... (184.53) Shire fW) A. Noble Decatur .. Joe Banker 6976 .. . Shire 663 Pleasanton Horse Co. Pleasanton Manuel (51817) Percheron 984 E. P. Hamilton.. Garden Grove _. Ferndale 10529 French Draft 985 E. P. Hamilton.. Garden Grove .. Creston Jerry 6205 Shire 986 E. P. Hamilton.. Garden Grove .. Harbison 29900 Trotter 1264 W. M. Frost Leon Souldern Vulcan 7501... (200.38) Shire 1358 X. L. Chase Garden Grove .. Prince of Norwood 1358 French Draft 1504 C. B. Thompson. Leon Major McKinley Jr. 955 Belgian 1135 Wm. Goodman . Leon Admiral Sampson 24957 Percheron 2137 Wm. Goodman B. Gregorv Leon Augerau 44037 Percheron 2246 Weldon Glendive .50155 Percheron 2393 Leon Vampar 24.560 (43505) Percheron 2321 Van Wert Perch- eron Horse Co.— Van Wert Vaillant 50642 (55506) Percheron 2333 Andover Draft Horse Co. H. L. Coontz Lamoni . . ... Pekin 1701 (17450) Bury Ironclad 6692 Belgian 488 Woodland . Shire (20332) ?447 Geo. P. Britt..— Leon Horse Co.— Leon -- Osceola Champion 11597 Luron D'Orbais 2257—. (Vol. 12) French Draft 1661 Leon Belgian ?«?9 A. A. Rew 0. W. Hood Lamoni . . Prince Henry 8207 Nougat 22658 (43653)... Shire 2908 Le Roy Percheron 2937 Chas. Boor & E. H. Abraith Theo. Brenizer Eden Prairie Le Rov Mirko 640 (3934) Faro d'Estinnes 2220... (29510) Belgian 3046 Belgian 3086 Shire Horse Co.. Leon -. . Highland Laddie 7950.. (22976) Shire 2158 Ernest Prang. Turbott & Morri- Decatur - Port Arthur 41412 (61936) Percheron 3373 son Wilber Prall B. E. Rushing W. H. Hazlet Weldon . Hernande 12778 Wilesman 21078 Jeff G. 32150 Eastwood Field Mar- shal 8991 (24217) French Draft 3401 Trotter 3551 Le Roy Trotter .3.563 Leon Shire 3576 John P. Kline R. J. Critchfleld- R. .1. Critchfleld. Chas. E. Hall.... Weldon Beaudoin 10341 (13923).. Nickson Sprague 44368. Prince Imperial 20640.. Marquant 32430 (48896) Percheron a590 Weldon Trotter 3591 Weldon Percheron 3606 Weldon Percheron 1724 N. L. Chase Garden Grove Marquis Dewey 11047... Clvdesdale 2249 Otis Deisher Woodland Eastern Craftsman 6240 (19575) Shire 3996 E. P. Hamilton— Garden Grove .. Jumbo 51260 Percheron 3997 E. P. Hamilton.. Garden Grove .. Boliver .51261 Percheron 848 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DECATUR county-Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 3998 4207 4409 E. P. Hamilton.. S. P. Rogers Truman's Pioneer Stud - Keeper Wm. Camp Garden Grove — Pleasanton Leon Dale 51259 Tellico II 15022 8190 Hockwold Bordeaux Pereheron French Draft Hacljney DELAWARE COUNTY E. W. Cook Enterprise Horse Co. Henry Goodhlle.. Henry Percival— . W. A. Lang «& Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. "W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. B. Van Al- styne H. Pugh H. Pugh Ryan Horse Co.- F. W. Smith Geo. Coldsbor- ough A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert-... A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert.- A. B. Holbert.- A. B. Holbert— A. B. Holbert.. A. B. Holbert.. Manchester Ryan Manchester Manchester Conway Hercule 878. Mouton (53341) Commodore Dewey 8883 Ideal D. 14562 Greeley Black Diamond 43423. Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Manchester Ryan Ryan Ryan Manchester Dundee Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley G reeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Zurich De Ronquieres 2233 (27594) Marquis De Velroux.. (Vol. 13, p. 513) Cacas Wild (32040) Mouflfle (37362) Bourguinon (36950) Mikado (36916) Werther (Vol. 13, p. 287) Vaillant De Letrud. (37360) Bijou Du Moulin (36608) Roustan (33822) Osceola Prince 5988 Bahno 38751 Favorite 30151 Gelif 27100 (45.385) Capricorne 34719 (44606). Lexington Macey 36408. Clamart (57369) Tonsin (28530) Stuntney Arsaces (23729) Stuntney Sagamore ... (23828) Rip Van Winkle (23640) Stuntney Button (23743) Mark Time (23487) Redlvneli Mentor (22716) Cherry Fnrmer (23155) Tansor Prince (22848).. Stone Asliton Nabob.. _ (2.37.30) Troag Conqueror (2.3931) Boxeur D'Oplinter 2384 (3.3012) Bebe De Hex 2383 (33352) CresuR D'Ap 2385 (.36920) Pierrot De Kemexhe.. 2.390 ("37428) Zut 2393 (.30746) Brigadier 2380 (25144).. Belgian Pereheron Clydesdale Trotter Pereheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Shire Trotter Pereheron Pereheron Pereheron Trotter Pereheron Belgian Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Shire Belsrian Belgian Belgian Belgian Bi'lirian Belgian EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XI J. 849 DELAWARE COUNTY— Continted A. B. Holbert— - A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert.— A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert-— A. H. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. H. Holbert— A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert Wm. J. Claus_... A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert— A. B. Holbert— A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert— A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert.— A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert-... A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert-— A. B. Holbert- — Greeley _- — . Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley - Greeley Greeley i . . . ....:vt-i-=a Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greelej' DeLaware Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Bourguignon 2382 (Vol. 13, p. 698) Capitaine De Questenne 2474 (28324) Joubert D'Enixhe 2476- (Vol. 13, p. 46!)) Midas 2480 (Vol. 13, p. 935) Ortoni 2481 (Vol. 13, p. 020) Bruno De Hartenge 2472 (Vol. 13, p. 528) Syveton 2483 (Vol. 13, p. 619) Marin II 2479 (36496) Barard Bier.«e 2473 (34696) Le Dernier 2478 (35462)- Teutone (2154) Triumpf (2153) Trompeter (2152) Rittmeister (2085) Goldfellow 3507 AValdeiuar 2507 Conseil 50515 (63464) Milan 50543 (59935) Cliamant 50512 (59938)- .Toe Anderson 40174 Arlequin 50503 (63524). Tartarin 50553 (55554) — Idem 50530 (03371) Lutteur 50539 (57156) — Avenir D' Erbi 2381 (29458) Grain D'Or D'Awans — 2387 (32418) Hercule De Vald (33290) Puissant (33288) Biocarde 50625 (63288)- Coquet .50626 (64336)— Krasis 50630 (63367) — Louvigny .50531 (63539) Martinet 50532 (5890.5)- Herien .50629 (63373)— Glorieux .50628 (56537) Pollux .50633 (.58788)- — Rosier .50635 (55147) Eldorado 50637 (60095)- Retour .50634 (61618) Turbot .50555 (56725) letere -50533 (63373)—- Liao 50537 (62479) Lusignan 505.38 (62499) Marceau .50541 (62874)_ Mathurin 50513 (59438) Madrid 50510 (5.3077). — Pomard 50517 (55815). Philosophe 50546 (61833). Roiissillon 50550 (621.5')) Ramoneur 50519 (62475) Telephone 50551 (60100)- Talma .50551 (62500) Vainqueur 50557 (54331)- Vallon .50559 (63026) Vibrant 50560 (59941) Turco 50556 (62731) Armor 50505 (62317) Amiral .50501 (61713) Arlequin .50504 (6.3767) — Bardoux 505,36 (62831) Bataclan -50506 (62478)-- Brillant 50508 (5:?950) Cointeyr 50511 (52724) Bii^cuit 5O507 (63791) Castor 50510 (59937) Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Holstein Coach Holstein Coach Holstein Coach German Coach German Coach Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Perclieron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron 54 850 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DELAWARE COUNTY-Continued o Name of Owner Postoffice Name of Stallion Breed 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2278 2419 a420 2421 2423 2423 2424 2425 2426 2663 1575 2565 2733 2801 2927 W88 3016 1878 3787 3788 3789 3790 3791 3792 3793 3794 3795 3799 3800 A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A, B. Holbert A. B. Holbert—- A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert-— A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert— A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert Peter jMilroy — - Peter Milroy Peter Milroy — Peter Milroy Peter Milroy .T. 1). Moulton A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert—. A. B. Holbert—- A. B. Holbert Barry ville Horse | Co. Henry Goodhile— L. C. Reardon— John Rosa F. L. Carpenter. A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert L. B. Stanger A. B. Holbert Edward Cook 1 A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert-... A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert Greeley Greeley Greeley _. Greeley -. Greeley -- Greeley -- Greeley -- Greeley -- Greeley -. Greeley -- Greeley -_ Greeley -- Greeley -- Greeley -- Greeley .- Greeley .. Greeley — Greeley _. Greeley -. Greeley — Greeley — Greeley Hopkinton Hopkinton Hopkinton Hopkinton Hopkinton Hopkinton Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Rvan Manchester Hopkinton Masonville Almoral Station Greeley Greeley Hopkinton Greeley — Manchester Greeley Greeley Oreeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley . Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Cabaster 50509 (63079)— Considerant 50516 (60081) Costo 50517 (63970) Chatlet 50513 (,57372) Docteiir 50520 (64995) Derval 50519 ('62567) Eclat 50521 (63212) Ecorpain 50522 (62488)— Edison .50523 C63119) Estival 50521 (63653) Etudiant .50535 (63073) — Facteur 50536 (64154) Fierot .50527 (62666) Flerridalenzen 50528 ._ (63948) Hafley 50532 (61724) Farino 50665 (62885) Racine 50636 (60813) Passe Partout 2389 (.35570) Garcon de Bothey 2386 (Vol. 13, p. 600) Valerien 50558 (62497)— Pedro 50545 (55549) Guignol 50531 (57894) Hero 23943 Sampson 26539 Bravo 22166 La-Forte 34839 Castelar I 29842 Friedland (45001) Stuntney Bulbo 888 (9557) Blanch Bombey 890 (955t) Ely Orel 884 (9209) Misty Morn 885 (9344)__ B. B. Crispy 886 (9113) Duke of the Hills 882- (9199) Priory Prince 887 (9556) Stuntney Extradition 883 (9031) Mercure 24743 (44097)— .1. S. Ricker 37168 Marcara Charming 10837 Perche 36562 16185 .Tann de Tenv (32016)- Regulus 43894 Joubert II (Vol. 12, p. 847) Primo 25604 (44596) Baron Willerby 889— (87.30) Sultan de Kemexhe 2391 (37430) Orangiste .51470 (68735) _ Rambean 51472 (68895)- :\Iagenta 51474 (69199) — !\Iadere 51475 (67094) — Petard .51473 (68511) Flambard 51495 C5'y86t_ Robespierre 51481 (65817) Polichinette 51482 — (67786) Franiboisy .51483 (65709) Lapin .51486 (65185) Boulanger 51496 (58992) Roitlet 51499 (61904)-- Cnba 51476 (68674) Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Percheron Trotter Clydesdale Percheron and French Draft Belgian Perclieron Belgian Percheron Hackney Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 851 DELAWARE COUNTY-Continued 3801 3802 3803 3804 3805 3806 3807 3808 3809 3810 3811 3812 3813 3814 3815 3816 3817 3818 3819 3820 3822 3823 3824 3844 3843 3842 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. Holbert.. Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert-- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert— Holbert— Holbert— Holbert- Holbert— Holbert- Holbert— A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert— 3841 A. B. Holbert- 3840 A. B. Holbert— 3839 A. B. Holbert- — . 3838 A. B. Holbert. — . S835 A. B. Holbert- smi A. B. Holbert- 3833 A. B. Holbert- 3832 A. B. Holbert- 38:n A. B. Holbert- 38:» A. B. Holbert- ;«29 A. B. Holbert- 3828 A. B. Holbert- 3827 A. B. Holbert :«26 A. B. Holbert 3858 A. B. Holbert- 3895 W. A Co. W. A Lang & 3866 Lang ^ Co. W. A 3867 Lang <^ Co. W. A Co. W. A 3868 Lang & 3869 Lang &. Co. . W. A Co. W. A 3870 Lang & 3871 . Lang & Co. W. A 3872 Lang & Co. . W. A Co. W. A 3873 Lang & 3874 Lang & Co. W. A. 3875 Lang & Co. - 3327 D. W. Barr Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley . Greeley Manchester Matinal 51477 (65767) Brilliant 514S7 (68Wa) — Zoubec 51510 (0G462) Bonsfari 51505 (66463) — Lacepede 51583 (68299) — Montjoie 51507 (67405).. Rivarol 51509 (66465)... .Tosias 51504 (66166)... . Aspect 51484 (66466) Boileau 51508 (66469) Polyte 51480 (66877) Bruyant 51502 (65044) Petard 51478 (6683.3) Voloinbert 51530 (65716). Rivoli 51471 (66676) Bolero 51525 (66356) Robinot 51529 (56255)... Laghouat 5152S (68305).. Crack 51527 (68372) Colflchet 51536 (61600)___ Stnntney Benedict 1000 (8660) Ely Dane 997 (9206) Witcham Swell 998 ... (9986) Putney Prospect 999.. (9380) Major de Gerbehaye. 2997 (38598) Premus de Vlad 2999. (41918) Orpheon de Marais 2998 Sultan Du Marais 3003 Hercule de la Dendre 2995 Carnot de Vlad 2993. Sultan de Vlad 3002.. (41920) Vainquerur de Ninove 3004 (41924) Samson D' Anseghem 3000 Rentier 4537 Partner 4535 Victor 4533 Reve D' Or 4531 Recke 4549 Trojan 4547 Uhland 4545 Takt 4543 Ubier 4541 Pascha 4539 Seemann 4591 Chambol 3113 (31960).... Millardaire .3116 (41954). Milton 3117 (40160) .Toker 3021 (51964) Blanc Bee D'Oudou- mont 3111 Bandouin 3109 (41524) Ideal 3019 Zlnger 3119 Forton de Lierde 3115_. Pomme d' Or 3118 (51966) Lionel 3577 (41956) Dr. Hardie 43521 Percheron Pereheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian German German German German German German German German German German German Belgian Belgian [Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Trotter Coach Coach Coach Coach Coach Coach Coach Coach Coach Coach Coach 852 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DELAWARE COUNTY— Continued 3357 3457 1049 3571 3573 3655 3710 3713 3713 3714 3715 3716 3717 3718 3719 3720 3721 3709 3708 3707 3706 3705 3704 3703 3701 3737 3736 3735 3734 3733 3739 3731 3730 3739 3727 3726 3725 3734 3723 3728 3743 3744 3753 3754 3755 3756 3757 3758 Name of Owner W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. G. H. Utley H. C. Smith Thorpe Bros. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang Co. W. A. Lang & ■ Co. "W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang Co. W. A. Lang & Co. A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holhert- A. B. Holhert- A. B. Holhort. A. B. Holbert A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. Holhert-- Holbert-- Holbert-- Holbert-- Holbert-- Holbert.- Holbert-- Holbert- Holbert.- HolbM-t_- Holhprt-. Holbert-- Holbert-. Holbert-- Holbert- Holbert- Holbert-. Postofflce Greeley Greeley Greeley Manchester Manchester Manchester Greeley Greeley Gi'eeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Name of Stallion Breed Royal King 977C (10276) Perfection 4852S Sceptique 44308 (60627)- Hazlett 29287 Ardell Simmons 38461- Grimaux 29511 (45374)- Aiglon 2898 (41870) Fripon de Gammerages 2903 (412G8) Moiiton de Lexhy 2907 (382:36) Loufogue 2906 Lillois 2904 (33210)- Moutou de Bierset 2108 Philippe 2909 (41894) — Thomas 2910 (41872) Leon de Trop 2905 (41456) Garibaldi de Rouvroy 2903 Bouquet de Dhuy 2900 (39163) Aspic 51232 (61814) Gourmand 51239 (67885) Dubreuil 51236 (61800)- Cerbere 51234 (62771) — Etonne 51237 (68563) Agrach 51231 (65131) Dartagnan 51235 (65756) Phine 51240 (63336) April 51235 (a9683) Banqueteur 51236 (62976) Caprice 51238 (59096) Dore 51239 (64514) Prince 51243 (63150) Bon Espoie 51237 (63332) Monaco 51242 (60109) Renault 51244 (63945) Imaret 51240 (6.3355) Trotteur 2701 (35938) Ivoire de Wieken 2696-- (.38106) Clovis 2693 (41824) Bilou de Ter 2692 (33630) :Ntikado 2698 (41748) Garibaldi 2695 (41820)-- Ravin 51477 (68421) Stigmnte 51446 (66205)_- Brillant de Malaxhe.- 30.33 (41934) Insolent .3034 (37386) Narius de Bove 3035_- (39240) Avenir de Bove 3033 Yunis 3038 Renard 3036 (41940)- Clydesdale Percheron Pereheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Pereheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Percheron Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. DELAWARE COUNTY— Continued 853 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 3759 3767 3769 3770 3771 3773 3773 3774 3775 3776 3777 3778 3779 3780 3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786 3916 3915 3914 3913 3912 3911 I 3919 3909 3908 3907 3927 3928 3955 4000 1551 4015 4017 4224 4193 4200 4187 4186 4169 4168 575 933 4313 4345 B. Holbert- B. Holbert.. B. Holbert.- B. Holbert.. B. Holbert.. B. Holbert- B. Holbert-. B. Holbert-. B. Holbert.. B. Holbert.. B. Holbert— B. Holbert— B. Holbert- B. Holbert- B. Holbert— B. Holbert— B. Holbert— B. Holbert— B. Holbert- B. Holbert- B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert... A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert— A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert- A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert—. A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert Henry Goodhile.. I. C. Odell A. B. Holbert A. B. Holbert W. A. Lang A Co. C. H. Hull Geo. B. Lane & Son — Geo. B. Lane & Sons Geo. & J. B. Nie- man Geo. & J. B. Nie- man W. A. Lang & Co. W. A. Lang & Co. Geo. & J. B. Nie- man A. B. Holbert Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greele.y Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Manchester Greeley Greeley Greeley Greeley Hopkinton Masonville Masonville Earlville -. Earlville .. Greeley Greeley Earlville Greeley - Tambour 3037 (41942).— Sohlat 4523 Fulminate 51466 (66.385). Marcara 51485 (66464). Albain 51479 (66227) Litliium .51498 (63937)-- Pauhard 51488 (66456)-. Leon 51489 (65542) Neptune 51493 (60632)-- KoliO 51492 (67810) Lubin 51494 (68568) Patraque 51491 (65437)-- Kroumir 51490 (65686)... Marius 51511 (68702) Batar-lan 51500 (63511).. Due 51501 (60024) Forban 51508 (66969) Darius 51467 (65549) Kalirtor 51468 (65508) Ajose 51469 (66225) Stuntney Dunneford... 1005 (9910) Witclaam Gabriel 1006 (9984) Stuntney Nigger 1013- i (9919) Stnutney Changeable . 1012 (9909) Royal Coronet 1011 (8262) I Wintringham A. I. 1010 (8338) Wood Paragon 1009 Belgian Gorman Coach Percheron Perclieron Percheron Percheron Perclieron Percheron Percheron Percheron Perclieron Percheron Perclieron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Pei'cheron Hackney Hackney Hackney Golden Dream 1007.. (10036) .Tack Tar 1003 (10034) Amber 1001 (10037) King George 1004 I (10035) Wharram Wanderer . 1002 (9971) Baron Drege 1449 (25334) Diomede 3337 Barney's Prince 10851. Fos 9605 Greeley 3164 Golden Dream 3170... Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Hackney Belgian French Coach Clydesdale Shire French Coach Belgian Pachs 2913 (15714) Belgian Alcos 47680 Trotter Duke 50227 Dick 50226 Philiste 27S1 Bistouri 53120 (6640O). Percheron Percheron French Coach Percheron Sultani 4.5123 (56900) i Percheron Captain de Luttre 2232, Belgian (Vol. 12, p. 286) I Sir Thomas Lipton 6475 Shire Jaubert II 3184 Belgian (Vol. 13, p. 847) I 851 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DES MOINES COUNTY O Name of Owner PostofBce Name of Stallion Breed 165 164 163 82 1228 795 2251 2407 2360 860 3445 3583 4093 Henry Broder .— j Henry Broder Henry Broder -—i ■James D. Smyth_| .Tames D. Smj'th- .John Sutcliff Henry Heibner .. Clyde Featberby.. .T. H. Thie ' Burlington Percheron Horse Co. E. W. Romiller-— .T. R. Lamme Chas. Nealey Mediapolis Mediapolis ilediapolis Burlington Burlington Sperry Danville __ Yarmouth . Middletown Burlington Danville Middletown Danville _— Major 41821 Percheron Alger 23049 (42014) Percheron Fusain 42804 (58230) [Percheron Entertainer 26774 I Trotter King Entertainer 0706— I Trotter Selim 8970 -._ j French Draft Hard to Get 1.350 (7356); Shire Menominee 8531 (23494) Autumn Haze 21682 Cheri 9.319 Clermont 9997 St. Dillion 38375. .Tumbo 34605 Shire Trotter French Draft French Draft Trotter Percheron DICKINSON COUNTY .518 G. B. Wilson ... _ Milford Ludovicus 6412 (8932).. Percheron 373 J. H. Mills... Lake Park Ignace 22888 (42345) Percheron 355 P S Mott Spirit Lake Spirit Lake Trim .32061 .. no G. R. Bryan Superior 30324 Percheron 1K1 D. V. Palmer .. Lake Park Red Ensign ISasO Trotter 204 Clark L. Nicol... Milford Prince of Clayton 4698. Clydesdale 4.37 G. N. Welch Milford King Capoul 38364 Trotter 574 H. H. & B. H. Overhoeker P. Hagerty Milford .. .- Verona Matchless 6483.. lams' Bon Ton 17443 Shire 406 Hagerty Percheron 893 F. N. Reese & C. M. Varney.. Terril Talisman 27116 (45621).. Percheron 797 D. V. Palmer Lake Park Butor 25152 (44160) Percheron 2475 Geo. Heldridge Milford Radis 29506 (48415) Percheron 2476 Geo. Heldridge... Milford Rainbow (8222) Percheron 2547 .Tas. Chapman Terril Adrien 29536 (46939) Percheron 2555 D. V. Palmer Lake Park King Jloak Jr. 42203... Trotter 838 A. R. Vangren- dren Lake Park :Milford Wenona Marmion 4768.. Christopher C. 31413... Sampson 22284 Shire 2358 E. F. Miller Hugh Elliott Trotter 2881 Lake Park Percheron .■^895 G. W. & C. C. Heldridge . Milford Heldridge's Conquest .. 3894 G. W. & C. C. .52410 Heldridge Milford Heldridge's Medhurst . Percheron .52414 4035 D. V. Palmer D. V. Palmer Lake Park Lake Park •Tustin 29671 3697 Wrestler Jr. 29323 Trotter 3893 .Tames Chapman Terril Heldridge's Midas 52409 Percheron 1045 D. S. Blakey Spirit Lake Jacques 29716 Percheron 4080 P. S. Mott Spirit Lake Clovis 27093 (45307) Percheron 2491 H. H. Overrocker. C. F. Hanson Milford King Edward 6947 Prince of Richland 11912 Shire 4228 Superior Clydesdale 4208 Henry C. Floss Terril Iveota Haute 24840 . Percheron 4205 Heldridge Bros. .. C. L. Nichol .... Milford Silent M. 31415 Trotter .3091 Miltord Brown L. 3454.3. ... Trotter 2592 G. P. Wilson Milford Black Lad 13512 (48980) French Draft DUBUQUE COUNTY 952 953 954 1055 M. .T. Noonan M. J. Noonan M. J. Noonan Thos. F. Con- nollv _ Bernard Bernard Bernard Bernard Bernard Farley Croiseur 24675 (45290).. Martial 42724 (60151) Briard 10794 (12252) Midnight 44254 Caesar (60O96) Goldzil 23277 Percheron Percheron Percheron 1249 1344 Jno. Connolly Connelly & Kel- ley F. P. Kern Anton B. Kern C. D. Mills Jno. Breitbach .. Percheron Trotter 1364 1366 1453 Dyersville New Vienna Peosta Danton 1258 (24346) Barn de Thisnes 1181. (17890) Charley M. 171.37 Militor 29986 (45039) Belgian Belgian Trotter 1465 Peosta Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 855 DUBUQUE COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion 1979 1978 1977 2489 1914 The Cascade Horse Co. The Cascade Horse Co. The Cascade Horse Co. J. J. Hittemiller- Richardsville & Holy Cross Horse Co. 2617 M. F. Barrett— 2618 'M. F. Barrett— 2619 , M. F. Barrett— 2620 i M. F. Barrett— 2625 Frank Kunkel — 2626 , Frank Kunkel — I 2649 Ira Murphy 2864 1886 940 3356 2'W5 I Ben Witter 2823 Farley Belgian Horse Co. .Tacob Foxen New Vienna and Peters burg Horse Breeders' Association R. J. Kennedy-— Dyersville Horse Co. 3502 Tames "Wilson 4033 ! Petersburg Horse Co. 4076 ' Ben Witter 3864 Luxem,burg Bel- gian Horse Breeders' Ass'n_- 3487 Hickory Valley Horse Co. 4403 John Brietback, _ Cascade — Keota Dairy mple 31847. Cascade Jolly 5230 Cascade j Tam O'Shanter 8018 Dyersville ! Tom Sherwood 35157 N. Buena Vista Cascade _. Cascade — Cascade -. Cascade _. Dyersville Dyersville Dubuque Specht's Ferry- Farley -— Dyersville D.versville Zwingle — Dyersville Sultan Rion 2392 (Vol. 14, p. 483) Keota Miteau 18871 Archer 41143 (60113) Spender 43919 (5!'747) Trois-Sous 1444 (25308). Abseon 1551 (21364) Gugus de la Bruvere-. 1653 (18990) Baron Nitron 5202 32190 Herisson 46044 (62164)—. Belle Face 1254 (12918)- Laboureur II 1262—^— (21720) Gustave 2475 (34418). Prince II (36894) Farley Farley Specht's Ferry- Luxemburs Dyersville Peosta — Courageux 31286 (48933) Woodrain 41652 Brabander 3112 (51958). Glencow 49728 (61640)- Gusse de Genlv 3015 (34560) Eclatant 14800 (6401) Banquit 50787 (58755)... Percheron Shire Clydesdale Trotter Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Morgan Trotter Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Percheron Trotter Belgian Percheron Belgian French Draft Percheron EMMETT COUNTY 397 Taylor & Kenline Bros. Wallingford Highland Dandv 22542.. Percheron 297 B. H. Knipe Armstrong The Parrot 34862. Trotter 298 B. H. Knipe T. E. Kent Armstrong Estherville Bo.ss 20815 Percheron 310 Grand Victor 30645 - . Percheron 862 A. J. White Estherville Paul 248 - Oldenburg Coach 1011 Mathews & Dun- das Armstrong Ormeau 22800 (42922) Percheron 959 Estherville and Superior Horse Co. Estherville Ussy 29561 Percheron 1241 J. D. Weir J. D. Weir Huntington Huntington Khedive 11651 French Draft 1242 Gallopore 32604 Percheron 1421 R. E. Woods G. W. Small Estherville Estherville Pvthian 3640 - - 2491 King Edward 6947 Shire 371 Robt. West & Walter Willett - Estherville Cvclone 833 Belgian 863 Robt. & F. L. West - -.- Petronius 21143 301 Robt. West Estherville Pluton II 1209 (21736)— Belgian 2445 Felix Kriebs Huntington Bud 11652 French Draft ?777 G. E. Moore Wallingford Docile 42910 Percheron 2778 G. E. Moore Wallingford Armando 46270 - Percheron 2779 G. E. Moore Wallingford Pathologist 42202 Trotter 2780 G. E. Moore Wallingford Franklin Audubon 38936 Trotter 1240 Ben Johnson Plunger 32603 Percheron 3092 G. E. Moore Wallingford Howard Torke 40259 Trotter 4041 G. W. Gideen Emmet Co. Baron de Sartalard... Belgian 4292 W. H. McClure— Dolliver King 13722 Clydesdale 4444 E. S. Elsworth Est. Dolliver Golden King 13136 Clydesdale 856 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FAYETTE COUNTY fez o Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallioa Breed 296 a 573 Ashbaugh Bros. . ,1. C. DaruelL — R. & L. Oldfather John Peters Belgian Draft Horse Co. G. A. Wescott— J. B. &' C. W. Maynard Randalia Arlington Brillando 29729 — Kansas King 13813 Triomphe (59513) Bou Courage 42879 (57093) Pleiu D'Or 949 (16836)- Red Stripe 39043 Eris 2070 (16702) AUerian 21724 Percheron Percheron Percheron 1208 1209 1255 Hawkeye Arlington Randalia West Union __- West Union --- West Union --_ West Union .-_ Westgate Belgian Trotter Belgian 1296 1297 1298 1299 lilO 1687 1706 1707 1708 1709 1981 G. D. Darnall— G. D. Daruall G. D. Daruall G. D. Darnall Allen Doty J. S. McSweeney- B. L. Nus E. L. Nus E. L. Nus E. L. Nus Westgate Horse Co. Trotter American Russell 21723 Goldflre 31395 J. A. B. D. 40744 Baron 521 - . Trotter Trotter Trotter Cliquant 31281 (46680)- Brown AVilliam 45816.- William Adelbert 790O— Demblon de Dick (32920) Botha de Wyn (33298)- Telemaque du Hazoir-- (•28346) Calvado 42500 Perclieron Arlington Arlington Arlington Arlington Westgate Percheron Shire Belgian Belgian Belgian 1986 Fred Field E. L. Nus Shaffer & Hum- Percheron 2029 Arlington West Union Big Ben 43401 Percheron 2245 A'igoureux 27390 (48267) Cavalier 16207 -- - Percheron 2342 F. W. Keil Henry Reicks Waucoma Horse Breeders' Ass'n. Geo. Connell J. W. Whitely Horse Co. C. R. Ashbaugh & S. C. Stewart Gunder Horse Co. E. T. Foley E. L. Nus .T. I. Phillips—- H. C. Gosse E. L. Nus W. E. Howard-- L. V. Hiimplire.V- E. U. Farr Belgian Draft Horse Co. Oscar GliniP Alpha Percheron Horse Co. Elgian Belgian Horse Co. Chas. Gabel Percheron 2068 2524 2616 St. Lucas Waucoma Favette Martin d'Enixhe 2298- (36640) Ravault 11285 (3477) Fanchon 14108 (6279)B- Leopard of Oakhurst- 8455 (21596) Avalon 45047 Belgian French Draft French Draft 1699 Fayette Shire 3080 Maynard Elgin 31.37 Vigoureux 27127 (4691.5)- Leon de Zellick (29564)- Qualitv 1.5766 Percheron 3160 3214 West Union Arlington Belgian French Draft 3263 Marcus 43052 R4m Oelwein - — Geant de Don 2666 (21912) Woodford 15275 Belgian 3504 Arlington Elgin - Percheron .S635 Pedro 49240 4007 AVest Union AVaucoma Hawkeye Arlington -~.-— AVest Union Elgin Voltaire 49243 - Percheron 140O 4075 747 Prince Telectable 11831_ Piston de Felny 2753-- (40020) Athel 17537 - Clydesdale Belgian Trotter 4:r,4 3922 Matelot 51665 (51468) Sans Pariel 2210 (29606) Lunesdale Matchless _- 6773 (19803) Percheron Belgian Shire 2944 Hawkeye FLOYD COUNTY 134 135 276 275 274 273 694 826 1039 1303 1307 G. E. Andree G. E. Andree Henry Moll Henry ^Moll Henry AIoll Henry AIoll .Tolin Bisliop ^I a r b 1 e Rock Horse Co. Albert Gates Fred C. Krueger. Fred C. Krueger. Charles Citv — Charles Citv — Rockford Rockford Rockford Rockford Nora Springs -- Marble Rock Alarble Rock Charles Citv Charles City Rene II 21276 (42468)- Rompart 26915 (45839) Floyd .lim 43950 Aiglon 26585 Sampson .31414 Molke XV 2299 Cleanthe Jr. 28127 Bambinos 25024 (43012) Hercule 43747 (55020)-- Durbin 32181 New Cut 6900 Percheron Perclieron Percheron Perclieron Percheron German Coach Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Shire EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. FLOYD COUNTY— Continued 857 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed Fred C. Krueger. Fred C. Krueger. Fred C. Krueger. Carbeiner & Bar- ber Carbeiner & Bar- ber F. H. Leaman F. H. Leaman L. M. Smith L. V. Humphrey- Fred C. Krueger. Fred C. Krueger. Fred C. Krueger. Fred C. Krueger. H. J. Stoenker Henry Moll Wm. Boyer C. M. Anderson.. H. J. Stoecker— . Charles City — Charles City — Charles City ___ Marble Rock — Marble Rock .. Rockford Rockford Marble Rock West Union Cliarles City Charles City Charles City Charles City Cliarles City Rockford Cliarles City Charles City Charles City General Dewey 2047 Belgian (.■i'«24) ! Captain Jr. 1431 1 French Coach Intrepide 645 I French Coach Gaston Hemel (15918)- Evade de Peponghen. 1887 (28074) Success 4478 Voltaire 22526 Ferris 25102 Forton de Zuevy (16362) Latourna 41879 La Mont 42155 Lavern 42039 Voyageur 41599 Quivit 2431 (36386) Loubet 48225 Jay 41881 Monarch 2.5428 Lafayette 43797 Belgian Belgian Percheron Percheron Trotter Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron FRANKLIN COUNTY 1422 West Side Horse Co. — - - Sheffield Murrow Free Lance 7752 Emit Ever sole 21620 Elder Pom Pom 6599.. Shire 1170 C J. Bigg Sheffield . Trotter 1138 J. S. Mulkins.— Hampton Shire (19587) 707 H. H. Marble Hampton Foudryeur 2202 (267.56).. Belgian 1610 Henrv Pralle Latimer Keota Allen .5802 Shire 1611 Fahrniann Sons & Paullus Latimer Garby 22666 (43490) Percheron 1637 1758 .\. M. Craighton. Chas. Harrison, P. J. Monahan Hampton Sir Wilfred 9538 Clydesdale & A. D. Stilson Hampton Barbazo (6010) French Draft 2520 Geo. O'Terrill J. D. & P. Es- Sheffield Victor 43608 Percheron 2521 Sheffield - Colin 27.551 (48309) Percheron ?577 J. P. Brown Hampton King 22597 Percheron 2695 N. Thomas H. W. Ihlings-— Sheffield Montrave Rupert 10.551- Consonant (Vol. 7) CIvdesdale 2792 Geneva -. German Coach 2853 H. R. Esslinger.. Chapin . Amboy 14.330 „ French Draft 1871 A. C. F. Vov Ackley — Horbling Shamrock ... Shire 8364 (23929) 1945 .John P Peters Acklev Volta .50561 (62453). .. Percheron 2910 G. H. Washburn. Hampton Ben Storing 4841 Morgan 3419 N. J. Thomas _. Chapin French Rival 8948 French Draft 4084 N. J. Thomas.- Chapin — General 50088 _ Percheron 4329 J. C. Arends _.- Alexander Bilbouquet 22638 (42566) Percheron 4279 O. E. Benson Geneva Carlos 22615 - Percheron FREMONT COUNTY L. Chambers L. Chambers L. Chambers 0. E. Coulter .— Wm. C. Johnson. Wm. C. Johnson. A. M. McMahill. S. A. Chambers, Secv 1. E. Burdick & W. H. Wadell— Lee Jleek Bartlett . Bartlett . Bartlett _ Farragut Randolph Randolph Tabor — Halle 198 - i Oldenburg Coach Sir .Tacques 16018 'Belgian Apollo 3247 Shetland Roosevelt 35683 Percheron Bob Chariton 31430 Trotter Roscoe II 19422 Percheron Cyrano (43606) Percheron .Vnderson j Tullus 214 Oldenburg Coach I Farragut ! Balanfal 35379 [Percheron Riverton i Roosevelt 33172 1 Percheron 858 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FREMONT COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 987 1065 2153 Fred H. Martin.. Jas. H. Miller- Pleasant G r 0 V ei Percheron Horse Co. Percheron Knox Horse Co. Clover Wave Horse Co. C. W. Dodd Sidney Prince 50265 Pacifldue 40395 (48534).. Sansonnet 41411 (57672). Duguesclin 41422 (57775) Lilas 40291 (57378) King of Iowa -5648 Mickey 45595 Percheron Farragut Percheron Percheron 2a5i Percheron 3030 34^5 3892 4252 Hamburg Randolph TJnnf1r>lnll Percheron Shire Percheron R. E. Waderquist Randolph Rejouis 54429 (67282). — Percheron GREENE COUNTY 564 9 408 407 1216 Schneider Bros... W. W. Anderson- Ira Batcheller Albert Head L. L. Wright & J. E. Hammar.. E. H. Jackson-.- Thos. Toyne, Sr. Wm. Grivey Percheron Horse Co Grand Junction. Scranton Paton Zanoni (25506) LaPerchie 30869 Sound Money 7050 Chief Ambassador 37525 Collegian 41317 Belgian Percheron Shire Jefferson - - Scranton Jefferson - Trotter Percheron 1397 1553 1614 Constantine 20381 AVayside Tarbroech ... 9838 Breteuil 24815 (44482)... Marius de Lil 1373 (19784) Prince 10236 Percheron Clydesdale Dana Percheron 1632 .Jefferson Churdan _- Churdan - -- Churdan •Jefferson - Cooper - - Belgian C Picht French Draft 1625 C Picht Gerant 32351 (42893) George 40782 . . . Percheron 1647 1698 1374 R. N. Flack Michael Coyne ... Harry W. Cole F. B. Anderson.— R. N. Flack G. A. Wiggins C. A. Flack Chas. Holmes Grand Junction Horse Co. D. W. Holmes-— D. R. Rittgers-.. Kendriek Perch- eron Horse Co-- Cornelius Picht . S. D. Newcomb— S. D. Newcomb-. •Toe Bridgett Peter Renburg — Chas. Holmes AV. J. Custer Foster Bruntlett - L. H. Roberts Jas. E. Moss .Tames E. Moss Harvey Wise Harvey Wise Harry B. Cole Chas. James Hatfield & Fleck. J. W. Hillman-— A. S. Burk— C. C. Berclay E. C. Elmore D. R. Rittgers Cedar Percheron Norman Horse Co. Percheron Admiral Sampson 19976. Nicodemus 21754 Gervais 47758 (.5541.5).— Attaban de Givry 2282— (A'ol. 13) Iving Leopold 862 Electeur 50858 (55883).... Bambin 21363 (41034) Bonneval II 32327 (45505) Lewiston 33861 Percheron Percheron 2326 2066 2478 Jefferson Churdan Cooper . _ Percheron Belgian Belgian 2527 2593 Grand Junction. Rippey Percheron Percheron 2858 2978 Grand Junction. Scranton Rippey Percheron Trotter 3008 Echo's Chief 4590 (13036) Lambert 44955 (.52685).. Monarch 15404 Shire 3012 3022 Scranton Churdan Adaza Percheron French Draft 3023 Bleu 2061 (29620) Belgian 3024 Thomas 14103 (6282)B— Guyanolus 42981 Robespierre 32336 Keota Turo 18330 Domino 12169 French Draft 3218 32.51 Jefferson Paton - Trotter Percheron 3300 Rippev - - Percheron 3336 Jefferson Scranton Paton French Draft 3465 3578 Keota Ralph 27651 Paton Bov 8716 Perclieron Shire 3630 3631 Scranton Scranton Paton Marcus Miller 42031 Scranton 42331 . . . Trotter Percheron 3242 Puckerup Prince Har- old Jr. 8333 Excelsior 8233 . - _ — Shire 3923 Paton Shire 3647 Park 9531 French Draft 4059 Jefferson _- Jefferson Dana - - - Porthos VI 809 Belgian 4154 Alonitor 46074 Percheron 2401 Cardiff 9918 Clydesdale 3323 Rippev Porto de Houtain 1353. (18643) Maior II 26872 . . -. . Belgian 260 .Jefferson Paton Percheron 4270 Major de Merchantem .3164 (35493) Cirton Senator 8987 (20519) Perpolian 47074 (63378)— Belgian 4373 Rippey ... Shire 4424 Ada zn Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 859 GRUNDY COUNTY Name of Owner Name of Stallion Breed Clay Township Percheron Horse Co. O. D. Hilmer Miller & Shirk... Felix-M e 1 r o s e Horse Co. P. .T. Baasch. P. J. Baasch M. C. Pattee Fred J. Frost Fred J. Frost Samuel Deitrick.. John Tjaden South Felix Horse Co. W. C. Hiatt Canotier Perch- eron Horse Co.. T. K. Saul ' A. F. Weiss Adolph Albert Chas. Staveley ..[ Fred J. Frost Smith & Fearer.. Herman Redenius Herman Redenius John Tjaden Helmer DeBers.-.j Helmer DeBerg... Helmer DeBerg.. -i John Tjaden .Tohn Tjaden Holland Belgian! Horse Co. Melrose & ITeliz Townsliip Horse Co. John Lister T. W. Huismann. Favor Horse Co. Conrad Reinbeck Grundy Center. Conrad Conrad Conrad ... Reinbeck Grundy Center. Grundy Center. Conrad Wellsburg Conrad Conrad Grundy Center Reinbeck Reinbeck Reinbeck Reinbeck Grundy Center Grundy Center Dike Dike Wellsburg Dike Dike Dike Wellsburg Wellsburg Holland Conrad Conrad Grundy Center Grundy Center Touraine 409.53 Histro F. 3.5686 Bichon 40190 (51206) Seduisant 29530 (45257). B. Favori 41310 B. Success 43983 _. Paul 44695 Prince Cameron 10526... All Right 245 Tomtom (6025) Brilliant 30572 ((47001).. Durand 41436 (60779) Negro 46183 (59429) Canotier 45607 (53890). MacGill 8789 Bedford 141 Vainqueur (Vol. 12)... Kirkland King 12226. Corbett 20356 Hyperion 46619 (52087). Edler (Vol. 7) Dauphin 15156 (.57^53). Nestor 41423 (&i588)... Tiers 7302 Tiro (Vol. 7) .. Oki (Vol. 7) Horace 45261 Anacharsis 3628 Sapeur 48S6S Casirair 51827 (.58109). Willis 54405 Sifflot 53288 (65652). Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Oldenburg Coach French Draft Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Hacknej' Belgian Clydesdale Perclieron Percheron Oldenburg Coach Percheron Percheron East FriedJand Coach Oldenburg Coach Oldenburg Coach Percheron French Coach Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Favors 35701 ..Percheron GUTHRIE COUNTY +426 Frank Snow Reinbeck Mahomit George 48485.. Percheron 1091 Hackney Horse Co J. M. Sheehan-.-. H. C. Miner Panora . Conroy 633 (8423) Araant 24448 (42918) Blaisdon Luck 53&5 (14992) Hackney ns7 Stuart Percheron 1203 Stuart . Shire 760 Oilman J. Turner Panora King Cole 5218 Shire 770 Oilman J. Turner Panora Annas 41370 (56958) Percheron 692 James E. Junk Stuart Rocher 40091 (46496).... Percheron 696 Wichita Blegian Horse Co. Wichita Brilliant de Hemptinne (1.5692) Belgian 572 A. D. Dickey Jamaica Eastern Topman 6308.. Shire 46 YaleDraft Horse Co. Yale Compagnon 1298 (24830) Belgian 1.576 C. B. McGinnis... Casey Haven's Pride 12534 Clydesdale 47 YaleDraft ( Yale . Diamont 11532 (44766) .. French Draft 48 I. C. Sheets Yale .- Midday Sun 34656. ... Trotter 109 J. T. Wasson Panora Teddy R. 0627 Trotter 101 Jamaica Horse Co. .Jamaica Corisier 29485 (45168).... Percheron 1567 J. B. Foltz Stuart Adair Medium 31596 Trotter 1,598 S. M. Ash Bayard Victor Hugo 42976 Percheron 2109 Stuart Lallie 7507 Shire 2118 J. M. McPherson & Son Stuart Richard Mac 37313 Trotter 860 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. GUTHRIE COUNTY— Continued • Name of Owner PostoflQce Name of Stallion Breed 2119 J. M. McPherson & Son Stuart McMahon 22174 Percheron 2327 H. A. Saemisch... D. W. Anderson. D. W. Anderson. S. J. Kirlcpatrick * F W TCnrliTKr Flambart 40741 (58618) Dewan 41929 Lextus 41930 Babillard 12924 . 2612 Bagley Trotter 2613 Bagley . ._ Trotter 2668 2820 S. B. Keatinr 1 nnrl T S T.niv (53629) P Sultan 18400 • 2844 2893 A. E. Colbv J. B. Foltz A. G. Sodaberger Jerry Dewan J. F. Maddick.... Chas. A. Reed Bear Grove Percheron Horse Co. J. F. Armentrout & P. MeDanielS- Wilson Bros. Menlo Horse Co... F. J. Boyd Leroy Culbertson G. B. Hughes J. B. Brown Pioneer Draft Horse Co. Elliott Compton . Wesley Willey .. .1. S. Low Guthrie Center.. Stuart Shadalmont 25535 Tartan 12024 .. Trotter Clydesdale Clydesdale Trotter 2907 Casey Baron's Hope 12023 (11606) The Bishop 30326 Massoud 946 (16918) 2936 Bayard 1711 Panora Belgian Trotter 8002 Menlo - 3053 693 Bear Grove Stuart Quande Meme 34246 (45883) Val St. Pair 3184 Iowa Sphinx Jr. 33654.. Pernod 40015 (53570) Van Toler 36478 Percheron 3232 3233 Menlo 3339 Menlo . Trotter 3^49 Panora Black Knight 12663 (13244) Stuntney Facitus 7937.. (22836) Finghall 12568 (13245) Highland Chieftain 11479 Red McKee 42694 Creston Ben 5948 Servine 15.351 F. Northwav 206*4 Franklin 9631 3302 Baglev 3440 3449 3477 3648 389G Guthrie Center.. Guthrie Center.. Stuart Monteith Stuart Yale - Clydesdale Clydesdale Trotter Shire French Draft 571 Clayton Miller .. Wm. Morgan Wm. Morgan .Tapob Haunert Trotter 3994 Jamaica Jamaica French Draft 3995 Avenir de Boingt 2754 (40802) Adour 16517 .. .. 3902 Jamaica French Draft 3901 A. D. Dicliev Gallant 16519 French Draft 4085 4110 4133 Henry Campbell . John Noland C. B. MoGinnis _ Stuart Stuart Panora .. Kadour 31222 (45167) Black Acme 13019 (12855) Couquetier 5i:5!)9 (65098) King's Pride 9093 Percheron Clydesdale Percheron 4201 J. F. McNama Casey .. Shire HAMILTON COUNTY 327 515 499 115 177 62 63 28 11 581 631 630 842 1068 1404 1529 1759 2300 Geo. H. Daniels.. Marion Horse Co. L. C. Rood N a y 1 o r & Mil- burn E. C. Brewer B. T. Friedrich— S. J. Cottington.. F. C. Ruegnitz... Carl Bentson Belgian Horse Co. of Homer.. B. C. Brewer Wall Lake Horse Co. F. C. Gearhart— F. C. Gearhart J. C. Cochran Bendix Olsen Stanhope Horse Co. .Tohn Ely Helmick & Son... Fran'^ Ross Webster Citv . Stratford Webster City . Stratford Stanhope Stratford Stratford Stratford Jewell Stratford Stanhope Jewell Ellsworth Ellsworth Jewell Stanhope Stanhope Webster Citv . Webster City . Blairsburg Phil Frve 42574 Renard 27115 (45189) Sir William R. 0729... Sans Gene 400.39 (45012) Milord (21682) Merry Morgan .5032 Commodore 7741 Parson 2964 Diamond Dick 2608 .__ Copian (33172) Prince Charming 10801 Dessinateur 31050 (46073) Silver Seal 31379 Distingue 22349 (42854). Keota Emperor 21670.. Prince 19179 Keota Emperor 22123... Aurillac 2:3066 (44571).. Carlin 27816 (48.389) Oscar 26933 (45805) Trotter Percheron Trotter Percheron Belgian Morgan Shire Shetland French Coach Belgian Clydesdale Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 861 HAMILTON COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 2331 Swanson & Ro- dine .. Stratford Webster City .. Webster City .. Webster City — Williams Randall Bijouti 1843 (26488) Fayette Duluth 1519.. King Al 42749 Belgian Saddler Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron 2S37 Ward Deffen- baugh 2463 J. F. & Sam De France 2464 J. F. & Sam De France Lerian 44073 2756 A. C. Henderson. John T. Omvig Peter Hove O. W. Pearson- Dennis Murphy .. Dennis Murphy .. Swanson & Rodine E. S. Pringle Cottington & Smith - Mon Caprice 3620 (2^34) Torpilleur 27849 (44008). Envoy 28264 1770 Stanhope Ellsworth Williams Williams Stratford — - Webster City — Stratford Stratford Alexander Williams Ellsworth Webster City ._ Webster City .. 3097 Chelsea 41930 31 83 3189 Black Diamond 24314... Beatem 40667 Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Shire Percheron Percheron Belgian Trotter 3&t4 3690 4014 Keota Dan 18214 Boule du Chenoy (18130) Moulton Columbus 5816 (18226) Grevy 41273 (5720a) Premier 54070 Mouchon III 947 (18178) Orcarlinus 37145 Illinois Lad 24044 Direction Jr. 47863 1666 4198 4417 4490 785 Stratford Perch- eron Horse Co-. J. C. Areuds Andrew Caruth-— A. B. Staples John Ely _ 4483 John Ely Trotter HANCOCK COUNTY 292 238 456 429 &41 1100 1131 1163 1198 1651 3482 263.5 2755 2868 3047 1311 3534 2393 4243 A. D. Fame Belgian Horse Co A. Chisek L. E. Faber J. N. Sprole Brltt Belgian Horse Co. Klemme Horse Co W. H. Greimann. Ed Williams Nelson Peterson. . Twin Lake Horse Co. Klein Bros. Orthel Township Horse Co. P. R. Gilligan Nels Pederson E. F. Klein Paul Dorow John Fitzpatrick. D. M. Conlan Kanawha i Amboy 26664 Goodell i Coran de Taverne (18218) Garner ! Kilburn Prince 9539 Miller | Dick Abbot 5.3.31 Garner DeNavaro 13619 Brltt ! Buffalo Klemme ! Stj-x (24964) Garner Kanawha .. Britt ... Ajax 1061 (31446) Ganymede 1198 Historian 45173 (.59177). Goodell Flup 1789 (2T832) Goodell I Veritable 27283 (48353). Britt Kanawha Kanawha Britt Crystal Lake .. Britt Goodell Osprey II 22417 Clampin 22616 (42780). Prince 42776 Star Abbott 16679 Raven 12.334 Era 8380 (20468) Victor 15190 Percheron Belgian Clydesdale Shire French Draft Belgian Belgian Belgian Clydesdale Percheron Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter French Draft Shire Fren'ch Draft HARDIN COUNTY 337 354 667 1120 C. H. Comly .Tos. Caillard J. T. Glenn W. A. McBride.- W. A. McBride.. R. T. Hamilton.. Rezin Kennedy E. H. LaTeer E. H. LaTeer Wheeler & Turner D. D. Goodenough Telko & Sietsema J. H. Bales- Iowa Falls Iowa Falls New Providence Alden .. ._ . Wyatt 4733 Paul 280 Marengo 40159 Coad 41029 Pluton de Liroux (23044) Moncey 44746 (51661) Coxev 247 Morgan Belgian Percheron 1121 Alden 1145 1426 Iowa Falls Iowa Falls Alden . Percheron Oldenburg Coach 14.54 Mo lay 1.3965 (19005) Williams's Brilliant ... :»176 Rustachio 19803 Hartington 4237 Royal S. 9008 Percy Woodside 41028.. 1455 Alden 1.510 1618 17,33 Iowa Falls Iowa Falls Acklev Trotter Trotter 1782 Eldora Percheron 862 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. HARDIN COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 2038 Seward Bros Christ Risse Leo B. Marks Leo B. Marks J. T. Glenn D. H. Faris J. E. Bailey .1. T. Glenn- J. T. Glenn J. B. Fuller G. F. Howard E. S. Ellsworth Estate E. S. Ellsworth Estate New Providence Hubbard Eldora Modell 45589 . . 2149 Keota Lion 7831 Shire 2354 Norve A. 0784 . Trotter 2255 Goldflnder 9701 20320 Stuntney Joab 6617 Highland Berdell 43387. Prince Albert 4725 Anthracite 47226 712 2636 2468 2470 New Providence New Providence Iowa Falls New Providence New Providence Alden . and Percheron Shire Percheron Morgan Percheron 2471 2901 St. Ives II 8904 (10333). Jo 41854 (63435) Sampson Jr. 42905 Lee Roy 45216 Shire Percheron 2994 3017 New Providence Iowa Falls Iowa Falls Percheron Percheron 3018 Ruvier 45553 Percheron 3078 Fred Gehrke O. J. Lacey W. L. Thornton. Bales Sc .Johnston Samuel A. Tisher Anson Miller Eclipse Horse Co. Myers Bros. Myers Bros. G. G. Pritehard- Lewis & Pritchard G. F. Pemberton Enoch Warman .. S. O. Welch Robt. Wilkinson. .T. F. Howard Seward Bros. D. H. Faris & Mouron (25496) 3098 3096 New Providence New Providence New Providence Alden Eldora Ussy 14858 (59254)P.... Major L. 42429. French Draft 3095 3228 Senator A. 42428 Silver 9491 42113 Percheron Frencli Draft 3367 Willi 4373 ... and Percheron 3362 Ackley Eclipse 35480 Percheron 3371 Whitten Combre 34026 . 3.372 Whitten Keota Benjamin 44753.. Don Alesor 44149 Earl of Alden 43471 Bismark de Rochefort 2336 (30548) Trouville 46435 (62970).. Jumbo 9153 Percheron 3474 Alden Trotter 3475 Alden .. .. Trotter 2062 3660 Iowa Falls Alden Belgian 2572 Union . French Draft 3746 Iowa Falls New Providence New Providence New Providence Union ... William D. 5465. Morgan 4018 4115 Papillon 42137 (65354)... Abel 47841 Percheron Percheron 42-57 Highland Valma 41835-. Sultan 36066 Percheron 4402 Union Draft Horse Co. Percheron HARRISON COUNTY 531 A. C. Briggs Missouri Valley. Ben Lawers 1542 (2594). Clydesdale 532 Missouri Valley and Beebeetown Horse Co. Missouri Valley. Violent 2877 ... French Coach 533 Missouri Valley Percheron Horse Co. Missouri Valley. Arcachon 25050 (45461)-. Percheron 534 Beebeeto wn Percheron Horse Co. Missouri Valley. Oiseau 31312 (48724) Percheron 105 C. W. Reed Woodbine Mediumwood 19747 .. Trotter 148 Geo. W. Crewd- son Leo (23586) Victor 31809 Belgian Percheron 113 J. T. Smith... Woodbine . 320 W. A. Smith Woodbine King L. 38814 Trotter 319 W. A. Smith Woodbine ... H. D. 40324 Trotter 291 D. W. Bennett Woodbine Mont-Joie de Ragnies Belgian 467 Percheron Horse (25572) Horse Co Woodbine Email 31319 (46074) Percheron 44 J. Knowles Logan Paltu ''8352 Trotter 468 Coach Horse Co. Woodbine Varreville .3284 French Coach 723 C. C. Booth. Little Sioux Row On 33805 . .. Trotter 814 P. C. McNally... Dunlap Glenflnlass 352S3 Trotter 1369 Cardinal Perch- eron Horse Co.. Magnolia Cardinal 24733 (43692) Percheron 1530 •Tas. H. Black- ^ wood .. Dunlap Tronda's Chieftan 10291 Clydesdale 1550 W. D. & W. S. Howard Logan Stuntney King Edward Shire 8414 1636 P. C. Stire. Logan Loxley 40O92 Trotter EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 863 HARRISON COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 1752 V. C. Atwell F. A. V 0 r e, keeper .- Little Sioux Instard 20494 2493 Boulanger 24425 (43615).. Cadix 2',/'32 (43771) Scott 7966 Pereheron 2514 Persia Pereheron Horse Co. Wm. L. Carr Pherguson Bros.. S. N. Dale Harvey Dale Pherguson Bros.. C. F. Putman E. F. Ogden F Hall Persia Pereheron 2662 Logan Shire 2842 Dunlap ... Fortune 41633 Pereheron 3073 Logan "West Phallmont 43838- Delwood 43965 Trotter 3074 Logan Trotter 3130 Dunlap _ Dax 2304 (30738) Belgian 3456 4152 Woodl)ine Cartouche a5811 Robert McCaskey 41446 Mignon 46158 (59412) Fortune Hunter 20394- Hardi de Meerbeke (Vol. 12, p. 646) Champion II 7866 Abricot 20481 Pereheron Trotter 4120 Orson - _- Pereheron 2899 4316 Virgin Kinart R. R. Mickle W. W. Hollen beck Christenson Bros Guyett & Son Missouri Valley. Kamrar Pereheron Belgian 4346 Shire 4370 Dunlap Pereheron 4180 Woodbine Marquis de Altre 2400- (37036) Belgian HENRY COUNTY 328 329 673 787 851 955 899 1040 1081 898 897 879 1144 1143 1142 900 1231 Wm. H. Nugen... Wm. H. Nugen— O. C. New-bold— Dunham Wright & P. .1. Hanks. Ed C. Herron F. W. Walters-— C. C. Anderson,. - Frank A. Bird Maurice Green C. C. Anderson. .- C. C. Anderson-— C. C. Anderson-. - C. C. Andersou--- H. H. Hills H. H. Hills H. H. Hills H. H. Hills Swede sburg Horse Co. Jacob Beckley -.- 1232 Jacob Beckley 1226 J. J. O'Laughlin. 1322 1424 1525 1526 1670 1828 2138 2364 2418 2516 2522 2523 1788 25ft4 2584 2416 2954 2979 3049 3161 Mt. Hamil Horse Co. D. H. McCahan.- L. C. Wenger Wenger Bros Lee Ernst C. M. Clark Dudolph & Wal- ter Lund Ross S. Wright-- John Schadt C. C. Anderson- - Nelson Cornick-.- Jesse D. Cooper.- Jesse D. Cooper--- Jesse D. Cooper-— K. S. Mills Wenger Bros John Shriver C. C. Anderson-— H. E. Watts Wm. A. Harsh- barger W. P. Blackford New London New London Hillsboro New London Mt. Union „ New London - Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant Wayland Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant Swedesburg .. Hillsboro Hillsboro Rome Hillsboro Mt. Pleasant Wayland Wayland Trenton Mt. Pleasant Winfield Mt. Pleasant — Rome Mt. Pleasant -- Mt. Pleasant — Winfleld Winfield Winfleld Mt. Pleasant -- Wayland New London -.- Mt. Pleasant .- Salem Edward Bush 35987 Quinton Cross 38154 Iowa Jim 1190.3-— — Mt. Pleasant ... Hillsboro Kalos 14439 Heron de Vrvheld 1293. (21346) Prince Albert 11577 Alexander 7218 Harm Vandecar 30O72— . Arcturus 15798 Lord Commodore 8388-. Lord Gentry 8389 Lord Claymont 7039.... Lord Curzon 7038 Cherreau 42473 (48488)- Luckv Cross 10861 Fortune Hunter 9202— Admiral 33035 Bernard 34307 (=i3267)-. Wayside Smuggler 11857 Keota King 19437 Trevoux 12547 Damier 27119 (45993). Keota Prince 4965 Superb 12507 F'ordv Duke 7534 (21432> Nallv 10010 Cecilian 17563 Winifred's Prince 12777 .Vmbassaduer 43068 Keota Knight 8806 Lord Roosevelt 8735 .John 15033 Merriman 5376 .Tavelot 23051 (43301) Hannibal 41728 Gold Eagle 5301 Cvrano 50487 (45628) Creston Archie .3d 6659- Novice 22614 (43366) Agricole 41318 Trotter Trotter Clydesdale French Draft Belgian French Draft Shire Trotter Trotter Shire Shire Shire Shire Pereheron Trotter French Draft Pereheron Pereheron Clydesdale Pereheron French Draft Pereheron Shire French Draft Shire French Draft Trotter Clydesdale Pereheron Clydesdale Sliire French Draft Shire Pereheron Pereheron Shire Pereheron Shire Pereheron Pereheron Romeo 45175 Pereheron Stuntney Sanrouge 840. Hackney (9033) I 864 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. HENRY county-Continued fez o Name ol Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 3162 3234 .Jacob Beckley — . New London Horse Co. New London Horse Co. W. A. Tadei & Sons Hillsboro New London ... New London ... Hillsboro Hillsboro Hillsboro Hillsboro Winfield Mt. Union Salem Mt. Union Mt. Pleasant .._ Mt. Pleasant ... Mt. Pleasant ... Mt. Pleasant ... Mt. Pleasant ... New London ... King 15626 French Draft Tyrolien ^60 French Coach 3235 ::342i Pomard 24489 (44564) Rotrou 47083 (61541) Pat Brown 28280 Joe Diamond 43202 Sir Archibald 12953 Ethelbert 12025 (12969).. Lamy 14853 (.53953) De Vallon 14780.. Percheron Percheron 33.39 3338 3919 3920 4001 4026 H. C. Hampton.. H. C. Hampton.. O. C. Newbold... .John A. Swan A. L. Garrels ,T. W. Graber A. L. Garrels Henry Burky R. C. Dutton. Everett Beckwith. Bverett Beckwith. Everett Beckwith. Ira Redfern Trotter Trotter Clydesdale Clydesdale French Draft French Draft 4069 2<)55 4323 Sans Tache (11724) Happy Tom 8013 No Heels 45207 .. Percheron Shire Trotter 442T 4-128 4429 4483 Ericeirs 14971 Kewango 15604 Seigneur .51451 Romu 48007 French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron HOWARD COUNTY 398 P. .7. Gesell Protivin Perch- eron Horse Co.. Keune Horse Co.. C. A. L. Loomis. C. A. L. Loomis. F. A. Eckstein & Bro. Elma Bonton 9067 . — . French Draft 549 138 Protivin Cresco ... Saumur 25031 (43633) Talmage 1069 Wild woods Ideal 1530.. Black 3221 (29464). Cyclone II 1375 Percheron Belgian 827 Chester . ... ... Belgian 828 Chester Belgian 997 Chester Belgian 998 F. A. Eckstein & Bro. Chester Macadam .7r. 1841 Ideal Jr. 1840 Maxy 1802 (14698) Belgian 999 F. A. Eckstein & Bro. F. A. Eckstein & Bro. F. A. Eckstein & Bro. Chester .. . Belgian Belgian lOOO Chester 1001 Chester Belgian 1371 Martin .Tones Maple Leaf Bel- gian Draft Horse Co. Clover Leaf Horse Co. Cresco .. . .. .. Le Meniere (15409) Paul Max (27498) Epernon ^916 (46591)... Regale 2082 Percheron 1474 Elma 1645 Cresco 53 P. .T. Herold Albion Horse Co. T. .7. Richards J. W. Davis & I. Roberts _ . . Cresco .. . 2252 Bonair .. . ... Buridan 27105 (48388)... Barney Amber 10888-.. Nellie's Pride 11867 The Governor 3976 Prince James 8932 Trompeur 31248 (48879).. Libaros 27.378 (44843) The Fox 34703 2258 2259 Lime Spring Lime Spring Cresco .. .. .. . Clydesdale Clydesdale 2976 S. A. Converse S. A. Converse Geo. Moore Saratoga Horse Co. 2977 Cresco Clydesdale 3013 Elma 3065 Cresco .. Percheron 3509 M. E. Weighill...- F. A. Eckstein F. A. Eckstein Cresco . Trotter 3581 Chester Bonlet de Canon 2534.. Epluche 43067 (60521) Belgian 4256 Chester Percheron HUMBOLDT COUNTY 169 90 290 R. W. Taylor Brown Bros. & Beck Harry Bratton n. G. Olson Rutland Horse Co Moen & Anderson Boone Percheron Horse Co. Bode Humboldt Ottosen Sampson 7853 Cokeril 1800 (39592) Captain Hopetown 11442 General Sherman 27897 Pollux II 1371 (18216)..- Guepin 27159 (44716) Reflescible 41866 (48870). Shire Belgian 1067 1189 Humboldt Rutland Percheron 1435 1744 Humboldt Renwick Percheron Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 865 HUMBOLDT COUNTY-CONTINUED u c Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 2359 Brown Bros. & Beck Humboldt Major de Corroy 2533— Percheron aajo Brown Bros. & (24426) Beck Corail 14861 (62679)P— Romance 26395 -. French Draft 2433 P. L. DeSmidt— Humboldt Pioneer 2628 : L. E. Dolder Thomas 34371 (46441)... Percheron 2833 Renwick Shire Horse Co. Renwick Stuntney Defiance 2853. Shire 2938 Byron Brink Renwick Bob Sheldon 383S4 Trotter 3146 A. J. Hayden Humboldt LaPerche 45327 Percheron 3483 ! F. F. Kelling Humboldt Humboldt Tessino (13903) German Coach 3484 F. F. Kelling William 1046 .. German Coach 3163 Belgian Draft Horse Co. Pioneer Charlemange 1799 Belgian 4097 Brown Bros. & (12290) Beck Huml)oldt Humboldt Black .Tack II 9389 .Judge Transit 47746 Shire Trotter 4433 C. E. Myers 42»1 A. K. Cleveland— Humboldt Frank Thornton 45353. Trotter 3798 A. G. Cooper Ottosen -- Bon-Valet 51497 (59946) Percheron Hlib John Seaman Bradgate King Unique 43164 Trotter IDA COUNTY 95 120 130 E. F. Peffer Anton Grones Holstein Horse Co. . Battle Creek Holstein Holstein Arthur Me Lud Conkling 34924 Andree 1159 Vernis 30421 (46609) Nigrier 44625 Trotter German Coach 167 J. F. Parks Elmer C. Somers. J. Y. Crawford- John Crawford John Crawford Geo. H. Nailer— V. D. Wolcott V. D. Wolcott. Arthur Horse Co. Elmer C. Somers. P. McGuire P. McGuire P. McGuire P. McGuire P. McGuire Waldo & Ray Clapsaddle Ida Grove Horse Co. - 35 45 51 52 23 26 27 83 Ida Grove Ida Grove Holstein Holstein Battle Creek _._ Battle Creek — Battle Creek ... -Arthur Brynes 25936 Creston Prince 35728 10667 Marron De Vissoul 1350 Napoleon II 273. (24818) Harry 9378 Ibrahine 11520 Du Chaillu 11199 Fondant 40141 El Somero 0754 Trotter Percheron and French Draft Belgian Belgian French Draft French Draft Trotter Ida Grove Holstein Trotter 1481 Duke 43554 Cinchona 20.391 T R K 11837 1432 1483 Trotter 1484 Romeo 2.3495 Sweet King 40977 Alex of Odebolt 11754.. Danton 1020 ... . .. .. 14S5 Trotter 1727 Galva . Clydesdale 028 Ida Grove Ida Grove Holstein Galva . Belgian Shetland French Draft 17:n 2024 B. M. Hester H. P. Rice G a 1 V a Union Horse Co. Galva Horse Co.. C. A. Shimerda.. F. O. Peterson.. Galva Shire Horse Co. .John H. Brunjes. Geo. F. Nailor A. Svkes Black Prince 4324 Monaco 14100 2776 Pianiste 44474 (58181).... Sasie 46060 (51718) Ringmaster Jr. 8417 Money Maker 7874 Blaisdon Victor 7110...- (20267) Gamwav 45286 .. Percheron 20S8 Galva Percheron 2338 2583 Battle Creek Galva Shire Shire 1776 Galva Shire 3247 .Vrthur Battle Creek Ida Grove Battle Creek Galva Trotter 3370 Perkins 48314 . 3674 Olga 22766 (43283) Golden Era 4601 Buffalo 41563 (63938) Wenona Swell 22991 Cardiff 53744 .. 3739 August Hunwar- Morgan 2969 Baxter Bros A. B. Bell .- J. F. Parks Hinds & McCrea.. Draft Horse Co. of Ladora Percheron 2589 4467 Ida Grove Percheron Percheron 3247 125 Gamwav 45286 . . Trotter Robert de Lillo (25508) Belgian 55 866 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. IOWA COUNTY u6 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 126 Draft Horse Co. of Ladora Draft Horse Co. of Ladora W. V. Hixson Chas. Boland W. V. Hixson- — W. V. Hixson Henry Wiede- / Caesar de Wodecg (29436) Keota Edward 29654 Rosemack 10406 Belgian 127 t Percheron 239 778 865 864 973 Marengo Williamsburg _- Marengo Marengo i*- ■ Millersburg Millersburg Williamsburg — Victor - _. Clydesdale Palmerston 9728 Mac Delightful 2d 11314 Bon Roister 6065 (17790) Eithon 2085 Clydesdale Clydesdale Shire 1028 Miller sburg Coacli Horse Co. W i 1 1 i a msbiirg Draft Horse Co. Samuel E. Harper R. SI. Wyant.— J. F. Talbot Francis E. Grim- .Tacob E. Cox Jacob E. Cox John B. Wyant— W. H. Spratt W. H. Spratt J. H. Schrader H. F. Loliman W. E. Reynolds-- Koszta Horse Co. Ladora Draft Horse Co. Jonas Mantz Jonas Mantz A. J. Clark W i 1 1 i a msburg Draft Horse Co. G. M. Ocheltree- Frank X. Conroy. W. V. Hixson W. V. Hixson W. V. Hixson J. P. Gunzen- hauser .„ 1009 871 Piston 839 (1.3000) Scott Gamaleon 31292.. Jay Field's Hasty 36018 Keota Ranford 29656 Dewey .5203 Bourn 44470 (55162) Devinez (57137) . .. . Belgian Trotter 1384 1405 1402 1450 1451 Millersburg AVilliamsburg __ North English-.. Williamsburg _. AVilliamsburg .. Marengo Parnell Parnell .. . Trotter Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron 1479 1518 1519 Dandy E. 0847 Cambushinnie Prince Jr. 10861 Manor Surprise (16800). Gables Shamrock 69.59.. (Vol. 25) Bayard X 30585 (48326). Flashwood 8066 Tresor (55352) ... . . Trotter Clydesdale Shire 1552 0106 2509 9601 Marengo Millersburg Williamsburg .. Shire Percheron Shire 2204 Ladora Caesar de Merchtem... 2588 (36802) Darius 44456 (.51256) Rival 26903 (4.5850) Scipion 41554 (63657) Bobby B. 15467 Belgian 2653 2654 9675 1 Williamsburg __ Williamsburg ._ Ladora Percheron Percheron Percheron 2689 Williamsburg __ French Draft 2546 Colonel 0. 13297 Joe Menary 43156 Baron Clifton 12611 Glenco 13334 French Draft 2731 Conrov - . Trotter 2787 2789 JCarengo Marengo Marengo Williamsburg .. Williamsburg .. North English... North English.. - North English.— Williamsburg .. North English-. _ Clydesdale Clydesdale Clydesdale 2790 Sefton 12331 ... - 2883 Paul 19422 2882 J. P. Gunzen- hauser Julo 2151 (Vol. 12) Nelson 1785 . . Belgian German Coach 2752 E. F. McArtor— Boylander Horse Co. 1169 Boylander 30695 Printannier 28744 (47059) Lord William II 541.5.__ Patwood 34296. . Trotter Percheron Shire Trotter 2998 3032 3057 Ross J. Miller—. Jonas Mantz J. D. Tliomas A. J. Clark J. G. Hanson N. T. Wyant W. D. Talbott— . E. A. Simmons— Geo. Boyer , Ernest Teggartz .. Jonas Mantz Geo. Schuetterle Theo. Movekens, S. DeRycke and D. Landuvt T. J. Burns John S. Torrence- John R. Fitzer C. W. Voss J. B. Cox 3221 Zoo Zoo B. 36336 The Exquisite 36730 Julian 44709 .. 3286 2676 Williamsburg .. Marengo Marengo ^Larengo Victor .. Trotter Percheron 3343 3394 3416 Keota Hymen 31887 Coursier 2662 (18156) Lendit 25059 (42414) Prince of Pleasant Hill 23a35 Confidence 795 . Percheron Belgian 3427 3478 South Amana .. ) Williamsburg .- Marengo Marengo North English. -_ Victor . Percheron Belgian 3520 3747 1008 3985 Faucheur 13072 Picador 28751 (48312) Baron Blantyre 9343 (10497) Prince Reliable 8710 Loosegate Lord 8529 (22550) Bury Client 8876 (23112) Brvan II 52236 French Draft Percheron Clydesdale Clydesdale 4092 4179 4177 Williamsburg .. Williamsburg .. Williamsburg _. Williamsburg .. Shire Shire Percheron 4178 J. E. Cox Regulus 4089 French Coach EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 867 IOWA COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postoflace Name of Stallion Breed ■ 4176 J. E. Cox ' illiamsburg .. ictor Marengo Victor Manage 51877 (63689) Robin Ensign 119.39 Dale 12333 . 4247 9788 Bigler Bros. H. T. Bell James E. Ander- son - . Clydesdale Clydesdale Trotter 4278 Warren Boy 47534 Mae Delightful 10753... 867 T. .1. Kilcoin Clydesdale JACKSON COUNTY 374 375 Chris Boden, Jr_. Comte Percheron Horse Co. Chris Peterson ... D. H. Anderson. - D. H. Anderson.. D. H. Anderson.. C. D. Krepps & D. H. Anderson Cook & Depue Miles Belgian Horse Co. Belgian Horse Co. Ely & Robinson.. John Orr, Sec'y.. Wm. Dunn J. C. Dennison... J. C. Dennison... Wm. F. Meinke... J. F. Kunan J. L. Ripple & W. W. May berry Roach Bros. J. L. Hoffman Ed Farley Wni. Schmndke... Jos. Eberle Sabula Belgian Horse Co. Jno. & George Goepfert Lamotte & Swin- gle Horse Co Jerry Broderson.. Geo. S. Flathers. Fred Kelsall Chas. Chapman _. O. E. Barnes Preston Perch- eron Horse Co.. Wm. Gibson Farmers Horse Co J. C. Dennison Green Island .. Bellevue Miles Maquoketa Maquoketa Maquoketa Maquoketa Miles Foxie 20868 Comte (46193) . . Percheron Percheron 347 268 Lapin 30198 (46857) Cvclone 1852 Percheron Belgian 267 266 265 251 Brilliant III 1347 Vonmore 23417 Woodford Russell 37964 Coco 11360 Blanqui de Mellemont (29368) Bornival 1403 (19204) -Monteleone 29178 Romeo 23077 Beaudole III 33407. (478.31) Paralene 35112 Patrolist 40307 Ardea 42216 Sans-Gradin 24731. (44668) Fenelon 25807 Patalma 37916 Bernard (13100) Clarion de Loyers 2174 (25503) Nogeant II 35422 Grove Paragon 2216 (7334) Coquet de Mellemont.. 2345 (Vol. 13) Sir Bolivar 12535 Miramar 31274 (48168).. Champagne 274.39 (43154) Dr. Kendall 2271.3 Bonaparte 19764 (43112). Delateur 14821 (64096)... Plantagenet 2.3200 (44573) Reuil 22707 (4.3472) William Gibson 39323.. Bock 45770 (61500) Paral 46739 Belgian Trotter Trotter 250 Miles Belgian ?a5 6 496 544 Maquoketa Maquoketa Bellevue . Trotter Percheron Percheron 415 Trotter 414 Trotter 786 1092 Maquoketa Sabula ... Percheron Percheron 1128 1146 1339 1527 Bellevue Preston Lamotte Percheron Trotter Belgian Belgian 1313 Preston . . Percheron 1599 2508 Spragueville Sabula Shire Belgian 2606 Bellevue . .. Clydesdale 2716 2860 3110 3236 3380 ^433 Lamotte Maquoketa ^laqtioketa Iron Hills Lamotte Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron French Draft Percheron 3523 Preston . . Percheron 3592 3689 Maquoketa Miles .. Trotter Percheron 3S76 Bellevue .. — Trotter JASPER COUNTY James McKenzie.. Newburg Horse Imp. Co. Lavelleur & Zach- ary Oscar Wallick ... M. C. Cramer J. M. Furney ' David A. Moffet-I J. W. Munn Frank Bruner 1 C. S. Mershon...! Baxter Newburg ... Prairie City Monroe Monroe Prairie City Prairie City Newton Prairie City Newton Sandy McNab 11211 Clydesdale Avril 31348 (46164) Percheron .\ristote 44302 (55655)... Percheron Keota Senator 9614 Clydesdale Dewey 9634 French Draft Rex 256.30 Percheron Robert 2098 French Coach Prince Lucas 14.363 Percheron Keota-Gallipoli 33459 .. Percheron Baladin 29429 (46958) Percheron 868 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. JASPER COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner PostofBce Name of Stallion Breed 1267 1268 D. C. GifCord Est D. C. GifCord Est Robert Roush J. P. Taylor J. P. Taylor Prairie City Prairie City Pompee 27986 (46835) Dardaghan II 13181 Oherlin 19549 ._ Percheron French Draft Percheron 995 996 Sully Twister 20753 Trotter Sully Twis G. B. 996 Trotter Valeur 768 . French Coach 2167 J. .J. Whisler Eldredge Bros. — Chas. Goeke M. C. Cramer — Fairmont Sully Regal Marconi 39287 Garnet Wilkes Jr. 4.3307 Newton Harold 7649 Arnold M. 15660 Matchfleld Jr. 12634 Seducteur 47205 .. Trotter Trotter Shire Trotter Clvdesdale Percheron Gibson West A. D. Gipson & G. C. Butler Lavalleur & Tay- lor Wilhelm 23608 . . Percheron 389 Lapon 26724 (48351) Monarch 13475 . Percheron 956 Colfax French Draft L. N. Mateer D. A. Moffet Livingston Bros.. H. W. Kloping- Johnson & King- Arbitrator 47769 Stanislas 15155 (62729)... Raymond 41181 . Percheron 2962 Prairie City French Draft Percheron 3.179 3202 Gutemburg 41765 (60923) King William 12782 Motus (56933) Percheron Prairie City Prairie City Prairie City Newton - French Draft 3203 Johnson & King- Percheron 3204 Johnson & King- Newton Victor 6921_..^. Wenona King 5260 Newton King 40723 Scott W. Jr. 45377 Angers 40733 (49304) Degourdi 45878 (65197).. Monarch 51801 — Shire Louie J. Altemeir Margaret Gates .. Margaret Gates — J. C. Johnson Im- ported Horse Co_ Sugar Grove Horse Co. Shire Trotter Trotter 2854 3535 Lynnville Percheron Percheron 4031 2458 Monroe Percheron Baxter & Round Grove Horse Co- Geo. Eggert W. N. Talbot & Victor 47205 ... ... - Percheron 3421 4095 Rampton Criterion 11.. 8i82 (23922) Keota Allen 44753 Gold Dust 12997 Shire Sully Percheron 4094 W. N. Talbot & Chester'rTr'a'f t Horse Co. H. G. Bergman.. H. G. Bergman.. H. G. Bergman.. H. G. Bergman.. H. W. Klopping Kellogg Belgian Horse Co. Baxter & Mal- bonrne Horse Co Vern Wheeler .Tohn Laskewitz . Vern Wheeler Oscar Wallick P. H. Vanderwool Crawford & Grif- fin Sully ,-_.....^-.-. Newberg Newton .. . Clydesdale Shire Trotter 4113 4220 The Boss III 5416 Sioux Valley Chief 36324 Pavori 44998 (57219) Scott W. 36.378 Chicago 46195 (55823).... Turcos 48449 Milton de Lessines 3122 (32634) Caliph (12074) 4218 Newton . Percheron 4219 Newton . .. Trotter 4217 Newton Percheron 4215 Newton Percheron 4190 Kellogg Belgian Draft 4188 Clvdesdale 4298 4300 4299 Newton Killdnff Newton Brompton Boy 6534 (Vol. 24) Keota Lambing 44763 Gondler 3897 Orphan Boy 12254 Trepan 32305 (45131) Congolais 2814 (34314).. Neptune 632 (7940) Accordeur 41764 (64706).. Loulaba 50782 (68247).... Calvados 53737 (68366).. Citoyon 52748 (69077) Allegory 47813 Shire Percheron German Coacb Clydesdale 4323 Newton .. Percheron 4336 Newton .. .. .. . Belgian 4337 Crawford & Grif- fin Newton Hackney 43.38 Crawford & Grif- fin Crawford & Grif- fin Percheron 4339 Newton ... Percheron 4341 Crawford & Grif- fin 1 ! Newton _ Percheron 4342 Crawford & Grif- fin . _. .. Percheron 4382 C. E. Conley. Prairie City Thoroughbred EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. JEFFERSON COUNTY Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed E. E. Myers E. E. Myers E. E. Myers Harlan B. Macy.. Batavia Belgian Draft Horse Co- Dr. J. V. Bean Dr. J. V. Bean Libertyville Horse Co. F. K. Laughlin.. John Larson John Larson John Larson John Larson Larson Shire Horse Co. Daniel G. Dana.. E. P. Taylor J. Lewis Mc- ■ Cleary E. P. Taylor Chas. Stevenson.- Wm. Case «& Co.- J. V. Bean Sylvester Hadley. Wm. CarmichaeL- Jas. CarmichaeL— J. P. Campbell J. P. Campbell Alex Hoplvirli J. E. Harris J. E. Harris J. E. Harris John Larson J. F. Carlson John Larson Julius Crile J. E. Hoffman C. W. Benn C. W. Benn C. W. Benn C. W. Benn C. AV. Benn C. AT. Benn E. R. Smith J. W. Wilson-... J. W. Wilson J. W. Wilson...- Jerry Bates James M. Blake- James M. Blake- ley J. S. Herald J. S. Herald Humphrey Bros... Maasdam& Wheeler Walton Bros. W. C. Estes & Co Nady Bros. Nady Bros. Blogh Bros. Blogh Bros. D. B. Hedge W. C. Estes & E. A. Heald Packwood Packwood Packwood Pleasant Plain.. County Line Fairfield Fairfield Libertyville Batavia Fairfield F'airfleld Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Libertyville Fairfield Veo Fairfield Fairfield _ Packwood Fairfield Fairfield Libertyville Libertyville Lockridge Batavia Batavia Batavia Fairfield Lockridge Fairfield Brighton Abingdon Packwood Packwood Packwood Packwood Packwood Packwood Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Pleasant Plain.. Fairfield Pleasant Plain . Packwood Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Fairfield Packwood Kilted Lad 3d 10353 Sully's Jim 44183. Reno 12483 Maceo 198S1 Due II De Montfort 2424 (25232)) Nebator 37751 Sphinxceps 40238 Abner 24261 (44604) Governor 6199 Junius of Fairfield 38063 Fairfield Short Legs 7262 Fairfield Brother Bill.. 7832 Fairfield Bumper 8332.. New Cut President 5705 Judge Marshall 25791 Romeo 35582 Leonard 14677 Laurent 19126 Keota Chilieoot 21662... Capricieux 44459 (53278) Bashneermont 5193 Marquise 13702 Fred Bee 38946 R. D. Rex 37723 Taupln 9022 Le Roy 13007 Mark Dupont 10771 Ellerslie of Fairfield 38065 Verjus 1.3635 (22666P) Thumper 15014 Fordy Spark 8446 (23320) Monte Marshall 44104.. Admiral Togo II S445.. (22990) Champagne 41562 (52403) Prince Archer 11397 Packwood Boy 43791 Wm. Packwood 43834.. Dr. Clark 44925 Romulus 22674 (43371) Paul 40400 (45371) Skirbeck Squire 6830 Parker 2379 Sansonnet 12038 (44364). Octavian 6.337 (18994)... J. W. B. 32333 Jerry May 41239 Clydesdale Percheron French Draft Percheron Belgian Trotter Trotter Percheron Shire Trotter Shire Shire Shire Shire Trotter Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron Percheron Morgan French Draft Trotter Trotter French Draft French Draft French Draft Trotter French Draft French Draft Shire Trotter Shire Percheron Clydesdale Trotter Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron Shire Trotter French Draft Shire Trotter Trotter Charles Byron 41480 Trotter Charleston .Tr. 22122..- Latimer 10024 Matchless 9998 Solide 41713 (46710) 15545 Keota Hymen 31887 King of Perche II 2988.. Vulcain 40705 (588S2) Pvrrhus II 42015 Lafayette 42014 Coquin 14007 (54840)P.. Artiste 45792 (&4460) King 13097 Fiston De Libenne 2105 (Vol. 12, p. 434) Trotter French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron French Draft Percheron Perciieron Percheron French Draft Percheron Clydesdale Belgian 870 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. JEFFERSON COUNTY=CONTINUED u o Name ot Owner PostofQce Name of Stallion Breed W. C. Estes A. D. Reed.. J. L. McCleary — Jas. M. Blakeley. John Graber E. R. Smith W. M. GofC Allen Koons Allen Koons J. H. Copeland.. Henry Manhardt. Henry Manhardt. J. P. Campbell.. C. D. MePherson. Henry Rupp Packwood Fairfield Libert.vville Fairfield Lockridge Fairfield Batavia Oscanion 1532 Belgian Favorite 42011 Dewey 15652 French Draft McLeod 10790 - . Clydesdale 3443 3636 Paupiet 50860 (63355)— Docile 19435 Percheron Percheron 3749 4102 Bienvenu 21265 (43224)-. Porton II 2409 (37406)... Damocles 42360 (63821).. Portland 11901 . Percheron Belgian 4103 674 Batavia Fairfield Brighton Brighton Libertyville Fairfield Lockridge Percheron Clydesdale 970 Merrv Tom 6248 Shire 1842 3611 2878 Favorli .50644 (.57174) Brownie the Kid 42129.. Jumbo 27767 -. Percheron Trotter Percheron 4354 King Tom XIV 9752... (24349) Shire JOHNSON COUNTY 505 504 G. H. Miller G. H. Miller F. J. Cochran Jno. Kelley R. E. Jones R. E. Jones W. .F. Lutz G. L. Falk Whittington & Ulch Iowa City Iowa City Iowa City Oxford ... Dewey 26113 (44243) Westwulf 6827 . . Percheron Shire 106 180 Del Chimarch 34572 Avignon 26078 (45016)... Marius 9871 (9678) Queen's King 23685 Conde 11204 16709 (34482) Star Denmark (Falks) 2905 Chieftain Harold 5702.. (17251) .loker 25007 (44963) Larry Ginter 31998 Picador Jr. 11066 Canari 1422 (25262) Brutus (243) _ _ Trotter Percheron 312 313 623 1090 1314 Iowa City Iowa City Lone Tree Iowa City Percheron Percheron French Draft Percheron Saddle Horse Shire 1346 1486 1634 1749 C. E. Colony. Jr. C. S. Lucas A. E. Barnes Brennan Bros John Eden Brennan Bros Jas. Rodgers Scott Wilson L. P. Kessler L. P. Kessler L. P. Kessler Lue Rohret Lue Rohret W. H. Bailey...- W. H. Bailey Lutz & Co Iowa City Iowa City Iowa City Solon Percheron Trotter French Draft Belgian 1697 Lone Tree Solon French Draft 1748 All Black 8293 (23886)... Phenix 19100 Shire 1720 Oxford - Percheron 2352 2354 9R55 Iowa City Iowa City Iowa City Iowa City Oxford Lightfoot of Fairfield-. 36408 Keota Superior 9328 Victor K. 43665 Trotter Percheron Percheron 2356 9707 Coledge K. 43665 Nig a3231 Percheron Percheron 2090 Oxford . Goodenough 34367 Marshall Ney 14270. Trojus Jr. 12854 Chilli 46191 (58076) Logan 13311 23717 Aegon Proctor 01031 Bayard De Claquebois 944 (13900) Cahmporeau 32303 (43538) .John the Fifth 0725 Colonel 50O42 _ . Percheron 2810 1099 W15 Iowa City Iowa City Lone Tree Iowa City Solon - __ French Draft French Draft Percheron 783 3100 W. H. Bailey..- L. W. Harding- Martin Berkey & Son French Draft Trotter 3108 Iowa City Iowa City Iowa City North Liberty .. Iowa City North Liberty .. Lone Tree Lone Tree Oxford 3107 Martin Berkey & Son 3113 Bert Bell Trotter 3206 R. C. Zeller The Belgian Horse Co. of Iowa City R. C. Zeller A. Crawford A. Crawford A. B. D. Wiebold Rhinehart & Wolfe - Percheron 3123 3207 3479 3480 3'>4S Bijou De Bassine 162.5-- (24882) Corame Vous 46603 (63523) Prince Bverard 11169 Baron McMasters 11824 Jovial 26085 Belgian Percheron Clydesdale Clydesdale 3564 North Liberty -. Oxford .. ... Meunier 12258 (51469) Victor 4714 French Draft 363« Wm. Harney Henry Morrow ... Geo. E. Hertz D. J. Berkey & Son ... Percheron 3670 Iowa City Solon ... . Lemont 1805 Saddle Horse 3684 Fairfax Chieftain 1817.. Manea Loyal 6851 (20686) Belgian Shire 2576 Iowa City EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. JOHNSON county-Continued 871 fez Name ol Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 3836 Wm. Harney John Eden Frank Navy W. H. Bailey Geo. E. Hertz,... Floerchinger Bros J. G. Sterrett Jas. A. Clarke Oxford Congo II 391 -'German Coach Comet VII 9588 Shire Cesar 23132 (45449) Percheron Teddy 15703 -French Draft Dandy Boy 15023 French Draft 3956 1070 Lone Tree Swisher 3134 410» Iowa Citj' Solon 3476 Oxford 4226 4254 Iowa City Iowa City Camille 1539 (25460) Dan Hamilton 01061 Belgian Trotter JONES COUNTY 12 P. H. Conner Jlonticello Al Platoe 3S896 Trotter 950 Fred Heltz Anamosa Pictor Drayman 6073 .. Shire 990 G. H. Bohlken ifonticello Prince of Quality 10840 Clydesdale 989 G. H. Bohlken Monticello Prince Royal 12304 Clydesdale 1043 P. L. Smith Olin Marcos B. 41312 Trotter 1154 Geo. B. Colton.— Auamosa Brilliant 32842 Percheron 1238 L. H. Chipman.. Anamosa Titus 1317 (25306).. Belgian 1566 A. J. Beem Anamosa Cosaque de Tillv (Vol. 11, p. 439) Belgian 15H5 C. A. Schwab Oxford Junction Romeo 11988 French Draft 1584 Onslow Shire Horse Co. Wyoming Black Dragon 5583 Shire 1784 G. W. Loehr Anamosa Dewev 9688 French Draft Trotter 1825 G. H. George Monticello Marcos Bozzaris 30856. 1824 G. H. George Monticello Substantial 8990 Clydesdale 2633 Monticello Perch- eron Horse Co_- Monticello Escargot 23224 (4.3471) Percheron 2554 Geo. Oltmans Scotch Grove .. George Junior 40424 Trotter 28 to S. E. Ireland Anamosa Ogle Swigert 20771 Trotter 2924 Jas. E. Keglev _ Wyoming Reveil 2083 French Coach o298 C. B. Bottom- stone _— Wyoming Young Roosevelt 11081.. Clydesdale 3294 B. L. Hovt Tipster 35574 Trotter 3308 Larkey & Shim- Wyoming Robert de Glatignes.. 3305 Larkey & Shim- 2046 (19310) erda Wyoming Jupin de Schoonenberg 2045 (33178) 3459 G. H. Bohlken... Monticello Barney's Best 11.309 Clydesdale 3488 Caesar 40845 3524 Warrior 11723 .. — ... Clydesdale Clydesdale 3566 John Tomnkins .. Wyoming Bonnie Lad 10877 SoSSl Henry Frutchey & Sons Gold Coin 954. Belgian Clydesdale 3658 Andrew Davidson. Monticello Prince Charley 10786 3680 U. J. Shanklin... Anamosa Molina Pioneer 39913.. Trotter 3180 E. E. Prosser- . Anamosa _. . -_. Prosit 2568 Belgian 2863 Folkers Bros Monticello Prefet 2745 (36320) Belgian 2634 Samuel Pfeil Monticello Royal .Tap 11849 Clydesdale 4202 Frank Trasker ... Wyoming Bracconier 45237 Percheron 4422 Geo. Holiib Wyoming Raveille 9078 Shire 4468 Geo. Ottmans Scotch Grove ... MeCannon 9608 Clydesadle KEOKUK COUNTY 911 912 1579 1448 1447 1515 1590 O. O. Phelps & Geo. Sauer F. R. Feltz F. R. Feltz Wm. Cox A. L. McClena han A. L. McClena han A. L. McClena han Chas. Santee J. C. Ulin Hedri ;k Keota Keota Kinross What Cheer What Cheer What What Delta Cheer Cheer Magnus of Montomore. 7657 Limoges 1.3661 Wilkie Wilson 35737.... Idleton 29618 Keota Chief 5427. 6958. Gables Monarch (Vol. 25) Malaga 27852 (44.383) Capitain 193 Tirelarigot 13039 (51124) Shire French Draft Trotter Trotter : Shire I I Shire Percheron German Coach I Percheron and 1 French Draft 872 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. KEOKUK county-Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion 1591 1608 1677 1678 1683 1729 1730 1773 1772 1775 1776 2108 718 2133 2344 2345 2346 1565 2351 2399 2486 2495 2496 2510 2614 2624 2646 2647 2448 2742 2744 910 2746 2747 2748 2749 2814 1764 2916 2990 3000 3021 3103 3167 3182 3420 3422 3423 3424 3617 3626 3467 3856 390") 3982 3981 4003 4004 J. C. Ulin.. L. G. Garrett- Keswick Draft Horse Co. .— Delta Draft Horse Co. No. 2 R. H. Schultz.. Corban Utterback Corban Utterback W. T. Pancher. W. T. Fancher Jno. Smith No. 1 Jno. Smith No. 1. J. F. Priest A. Hall Keiser Bros. .„ F. M. Fixmer.. F. M. Fixmer F. M. Fixmer Dwight Beman & J. H. Mc- Nabb J. B. Wolf & Sons R. H. Schultz R. H. Schultz A. L. McClena- han M. P. Frazier M. P. Frazier J. T. Morton J. A. Lesrg Dwight Beman & J. H. McNahli.. Martin Moland .. A. .1. Ramsey Pierce Halferty — Victor Verchev.il-- Victor VerchevaL_ Victor Vercheval.. D. G. Clyde D. G. Clyde D. G. Clyde D. G. Clyde Frank Snaken- berg J. F. Barton & W. W. Wilson-. W. A. Seaba Samuel Singleton.. Samuel Singlpton.. Jno. Smith No. 1 Edward Blattner. W. R. McClune— .T. T. Morton Singmaster & Sons Singmaster & Sons Singmaster & Sons Singmaster & Sons Singmnster & Sons Emil Fixmer ' S. H. Kirkpatrick L. G. Garrett R. H. Shultz Dexter Eller Dexter Eller i .Tas. A. Lough- ridge Jas. A. Lough- 1 ridge Delta What Cheer Postilion 13743 (53S41). Toreador 1608 iFrench Draft i and Percheron iShire Keswick Barnflelds Lord 6932— ; Percheron (20226) Delta Hedrick — . Sigourney Sigourney South English .. South English .. Harper Harper Sigourney Keswick . Keota Harper .- Harper ._ Harper ._ Delta Hedrick Hedrick Hedrick What Cheer Richland .„ Richland -._ Thornburg . Sigourney .. Delta Richland Richland Keswick Harper Harper Harper South English _. South English _. South English _. South English — Delta What Cheer Sigourney ... Richland Richland Harper Sigourney . Keswick ... Thornburg Keota Keota Keota Keota Keota Harper Kinross What Cheer Hedricl? Hedrick Hedrick Revolver 22648 (43596). Demon III 25795 Black Chief 2148:? Sombrun 24283 (43610).. Keota Count 19469 Fred E. White 33.?6S... Keota Victor 4639 Buchman II 6596 (Vol. 24) Canonier 44747 (57041). Nobby Allerton 31441.. Lawson 11919 Bellero 44304 Rabelais 22626 (43468). Victor of Elm Park... 11713 Clifford 14287 Major Hope 8413 All 41511 (60307)-. Piedro 146S1 Falcan 43405 Danseur 46192 (59117) Ramoneur 44450 (52112).. Sangrador 12373 (51977). Tom O'Rourke 13109 Scott 12288 Keota Mohland 44759.... Keota Commodore 7989. Jupiter 8880 Docteur 3968 Mouton IV 1231 (21722). Lisieux 13622 Hurbert 29024 14214 Gabels Startling 7122. (Vol. 25) Keota Cummins 6191 Garibaldi 15536 32304... (44600) Pattelin 25444 (45401) Charley Clifton 36819... Rossignol 24273 (44330). Monet 13701 (42482)P Victor Noir 14506 Dunsby Menestrel 8869. (22304) Keota Corette 3103 Bluecoat 9043 (18532) Aubepin 7019 (8383) Northern Star II 8584. (22636) Keota Major 4475S Prudent 46149 (59079) Trettoir 47068 (64018) Keota Bostwick 35277.. Alert 15950 Aleska 9344 (10480) Bsope 51682 (62538) Van Raalte 9.347 (24840). Degourdi 42328 (67563).. Littleport Brown George 9348 (21844) Gaillard 2763 Delta Delta Montagnard 2762 Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Shire Shire Percheron Trotter Clydesdale Trotter Percheron Clydesdale French Draft Clydesdale Percheron French Draft Trotter Percheron Percheron French Draft Clydesdale French Draft Percheron Clydesdale French Draft French Coach Belgian French Draft French Draft and Percheron Shire Shire French Draft and Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron French Draft Percheron Shire Percheron Shire Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft Cl.vdesdale Percheron Shire Percheron Shire Belgian Belgian EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 873 KEOKUK county-Continued Name oi Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion 4006 585 1417 4114 1997 2964 4328 916 4376 43T7 Breed C. H. Payton J. A. Legg J. Galbraith & W. Campbell Richmond Bros. .. Clayton Messenger A. L. McClanna- han Sam Keiser D. A. Patterson.. Victor Vereheval.. Victor Vereheval.. Thos. Singmaster. Thos. Singmaster. Thos Singmaster. Hedriek Sigourney .. Keswick _. Sigourney Keswick What Cheer . South English Hedriek Harper Harper Keota Keota -. Keota Mason 16163 Be Be Sarreguemine .. 10120 Prince Surprise 11054... Vulcain d' Bssche 2423 (29602) Tobo Walnut 45754 Marquis de Bleret 2388 (35988) Negrillon II 15466.. Curet 41193 Cheque 53353 (67637)... Alma Samson 5403 . (16485) Upwood Combination 9240 (23623) Procurer 51886 (63131).. Volontaire 51903 (64107). French Draft Clydesdale Clydesdale Belgian Trotter Belgian French Draft Percheron Percheron Shire Shire Percheron Percheron KOSSUTH COUNTY 97 300 91 660 783 991 1304 1353 1393 1471 1505 1548 1736 Z103 2181 2213 1%( 809 2288 2657 2683 3462 3710 2727 2795 2802 2819 1785 3027 3064 3079 3144 3393 Hinderk Beenken. Frank Froehle . James Britt ... Burt Shire Horse Co. M. B. Bratt & Mann & Powers James Pedley Ledyard Belgian Horse Co. E. H. Staley T. R. Hanifan. H. P. Rasmussen. Lone Rock Horse Breeding Ass'n. C. B. Albright... H. G. Wright Swea City Horse Co. Belgian Horse Breeder's Ass'n. Sam'l Gross ft Sons Akbnr Stallion Co W. H. Strickler.. Leonard M. Hart Sam'l Gross & Sons Sandscale Victor Horse Co. E. E. & W. R. Sch^^itert Irvington Horse Co. Germanla Bancroft . Algona ... Burt Burt .. Algona Ledyard Burt Swea City Galbraith . Lone Rock Algona Algona Sparks Bros. Whitcomb Ball & Son H. A. Paine Knutson & Nel- son L. N. Larson Albert Reutter ... Hobart Horse Co. Geo. A. Stoke A. W. Young George Beard C. G. Dourte Swea City . Whittemore Titonka St. Benedict Algona Sexton Romio 24083 Percheron Corneillo (29508) 'Belgian Wenona Tom 22563. Percheron Pride of the West 7285. Bon Coeur 23073 (43207). Prince Climax 9807 Charmeur De Dompire (20868) Hugo Hercules 7477 Jongleur 948 Le Roy 11262 Orleans (25132) King George 5783. Landsut 1047 Titonka . Bancroft Burt Irvington Algona ... Titonka Algona . Swea City Algona Lone Rock Algona Neron 22503 (42858) Beau-Type 1360 (21624).. Usedom 8801 Akbar 22893 (iSliOO) Vic 31915 Judge Artus 30008. King Gerome 35543 Sandscale Victor 5636... (17593) Tom Patch 12439 Jeun Brin D'Or 1014... (15232) Sovereign 48089 Swea Burt City Burt Swea City Provost 5323 Peter the Great 30321 Bambin 18270 Major Woodford 42853. Arabe 17974 (39208) Manor Society 6826 (19815) Souance 21283 St. Laurent 10373 Stanislas 22881 (43502).. Stuntney Upstart 1753.. (10576) Shire Percheron Clydesdale Belgian Shire French Coach French Draft Belgian Shire French Coach Percheron Belgian German Coach Pei'cheron Trotter Trotter Percheron Shire Clydesdale Belgian Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Shire Percheron French Draft Percheron Shire 874 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. KOSSUTH COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postocace Name of Stallion James Pedley Algona J. M. Smith Swea City . M. C. Mattern Wesley P. W. Reece Ledyard — M. C. Mattern Wesley Jerry Helgens | Burt T. F. McGovern— 1 Whittemore W. F. Mattern ! Wesley 4473 James Wallace Fenton -. Kinfe' Robert 12247 Joe Doe 7790 Vermoutb 23076 (42620)__ Keota Meireau 20212 Brock 1037 (Vol. 11) General Grant 13332 Vineenzo 53187 .Justice M. 8815 Searchlight 11166 Clydesdale Clydesdale Percheron Percheron Belgian French Draft Percheron Shire Clydesdale LEE COUNTY C. G. Cline — C. G. Cline Sam'I Glendening W. G. Willard-— .J. Klopfenstein--- R. Klinger R. Klinger Setb Cook Seth Cook W. E. Brown & Son W. E. Brown & Son Theodore Abel R. E. Hill R. E. Hill R. E. Hill R. R. Bullard R. Klinger J. M. Newboy Stephen Holtkamp Stephen Holtcamp Isidor Link Fort Madison __ Fort Madison __ Mount Hamill __ Fort Madison _. West Point Donnellson Donnellson Mount Hamill -- Mount Hamill __ Fort jNIadison _- Fort ^ladison -. Donnellson LaCrew LaCrew LaCrew Weaver Donnellson ;Mount Hamill .. Overton Overton West Point Pilmore 35374 George Green 3070O Wilton Prince 17745 Gladiator 43541 r.ellair 31783 Joyeux 25302 (43677) Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron White Stripe 11496 French Draft Prospect W. 39138 Trotter Sirlus 17550 Trotter Dedini 40425 (55357)-_ Riflard 41025 (54926) Stuntney Kitchner 6930 Count d'Orf 18402 Billy Dorf 43441 Lion 8885 Confrere .31108 (45923) Fearless Boy 12198 Brown Wheeler 35519--_ Halpine 45.348 Riant 48955 (63872) Carlo 35002 Percheron Percheron Shire Trotter Trotter French Draft Percheron Clvdesdale Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron LINN COUNTY .512 W. J. Henderson. Central City ... Mahomet King 7272. . Shire 543 S. J. Hagerman & J. A. Abbott- Center Point -— Keota Standard 27698 . Percheron Central City . Brown William 5721 _ Shire 512 W. J. Henderson. (17208) 480 P. C. Boyd Toddville Pouliard (24476) Belgian 544 S. J. Hagerman & J. A. Abbott Center Point Dick Rogers 6398 .. Shire 4bO R. L. :Minor Marion Edison 5078 Shire 451 C. Fisher A. Kinsey Central City Cedar Rapids __ Sulphume 31605 Trotter 446 Blythe Ben 6843 Shire 430 David G. McLen- nan Volontaire 27859 (45210). Percheron .509 Troy Mills! Percheron Horse Co. Walker Gambetta 22<596 (43728). Percheron 687 Jno. A. Dunn W. G. Coppock... Central Citv Whittier Hercules 4166 Morgan 695 Colonel Russell 6490... Shire 711 Joe Kvetensky & .Tno. Kaplan Fairfax Keota-Talbert 33452 ... Percheron 71V .T. S. Kitterman.. Center Point John Hale 32933 Trotter H40 Prank Graver & J. A. Van Fos- sen Lisbon Gabels Thumper 5387_.. (17357) Shire 830 Frank Graver & J. A. Van Fos- sen St. Blaze 11642 French Draft 880 Walker Draft 1134 Horse Co. West Prairie Percheron Walker Ranieur 22:)00 (41803) Percheron Horse Co. Central City Sofferino 40147 (43776)... Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. LINN COUNTY— Continued 875 4)2 Name of Owner Breed 1167 I Dell Andrews Cedar Rapids Belgian Horse Co. G. C. Murphy— - Carl Moore Hiland Horse Co H. M. Shanklin. N. D. Harrold_.- Palo Draft Horse Co. Bohemian Belgian Draft Horse Co. Wolfe Bros. & Gamble James Thompson. W. L. DeCIow_-. W. L. DeClow.-.. W. L. DeClow W. L. DeClow W. L. DeClow W. L. DeClow W. L. DeClow-... W. L. DeClow W. L. DeClow. Central City Palo Walker Central Citv .. Walker Waubeek ^ Cedar Rapids Great Scott WU~. Palo Cedar Rapids - Mount Vernon-. Bertram Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids -. W. L. DeClow-- W. L. DeClow— w. L. DeClow w. L. DeClow w. L. DeClow w. w. L. L. DeClow DeClow w. L. DeClow w. L. DeClow w. L. DeClow w. L. DeClow w. L. DeClow w. L. DeClow w. w. w. w. w. L. L. L. L. L. DeClow DeClow DeClow DeClow DeClow W. L. DeClow W. L. DeClow W. L. DeClow W. L. DeClow--. W. L. DeClow W. L. DeClow W. L. DeClow W. L. DeClow-— W. L. DeClow—- Cedar Rapids - Cedar Rapids - Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids ... Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids _ Cedar Rapids _. Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids .. Cedar Rapids _. Cedar Rapids _- Cedar Rapids _ Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids .. Cedar Rapids -. Cedar Rapids ._ Cedar Rapids _. Cedar Rapids __ Cedar Rapids .. Cedar Rapids __ Cedar Rapids __ Cedar Rapids _. Cedar Rapids ._ Cedar Rapids .. Cedar Rapids .. Cedar Rapids .. Cedar Rapids .. Cedar Rapids .. Pirate II 1272 (30620).. Cupid 1357 Tagus (255W) Pantin 29907 (46885) Huit 2088 (20290) Jacqueminot 40602 ... Negus 30580 (45360)... Don Carlos (14983). Elgin 27025 Artemus 8593 Mirabeau 41037 (57698).. Botha II 2283 (Vol. 13, p. 327) Ami de Givry 3281 (Vol. 13, p. 847) Caesar de Sagelsem 2885 (Vol. 13, p. 634) Garibaldi 2286 (Vol. 14, p. 347) Hercule d'Oost 2287 (37386) Minos 2290 (Vol. 13, p. 327) Beinfait du Kat (Vol. 13, p. .330) Christophe de .Tenefife.. 2293 (Vol. 13, p. 497) Conquerant 23.93 (37410). Gustave 2294 (Vol. 13, p. 762) Mirliton 2205 (Vol. 13, p. 903) Jeannot de Beauvior 2288 (Vol. 14, p. 430) Sapeur 2399 (Vol. 14, p. 347) Monarque 2297 (37413)— Ardent 2280 (Vol. 13, p. 431) Max de Zonne 2396 (37388) Mouton Du Val 3289 (Vol. 13, p. 594) Tambour De Hal 3223— (24238) Pierrot Du Hazior 3225 (29304) Coquelin 2222 (Vol. 12, p. 511) Pedro 2224 (Vol." 13, p. 687) Fanchon 41119 Volcan 41711 (64131) Vanneau 41712 (64117)-.- Partout 41432 (60430) Transvaalein 41431 (60718) Tropique 414.30 (63178)..- Pomard 41429 (60647)— Robinson 41426 (58144) — Magnifique 41425 (61952) Musele 41437 (63624) Ginglard 41435 (65036)— Roland 4143:5 (62949) Ardent 41434 (606.51) Gouverneur 2227 (26046) Clydesdale Belgian Percheron Belgian Percheron Belgian Trotter Percheron Belgian Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron 876 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. LINN COUNTY— Continued Name ol Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 3879 3878 3877 3960 3973 3980 4009 4010 4011 4012 4013 E. H. Knicker- bocker E. H. Knicker- bocker E. H. Knicker- bocker E. H. Knicker- bocker E. H. Knicker- bocker E. H. Knicker- bocker E. H. Knicker- bocker E. H. Knicker- bocker J. I. Williams- J. F. Johnson- Allen Bros V. Lacock W. L. DeClow Jno. W. Altmyer. Jos. Simanek — "W. W. Vaughn--. Lewis Payton — C. L. Jordan Jno. W. Altmyer G. C. Murphy— W. L. DeClow Geo. K. Wenig-— John Fairley -. Joe Baker Jr-- J. W. Griffith. E. W. Penly W. A. Hutchinson E. H. Knicker- bocker & Son E. H. Knicker bocker & Son E. H. Knicker- bocker & Son B. H. Knicker- bocker & Son E. H. Knicker- bocker & Son B. H. Knicker- bocker & Son E. H. Knicker- bocker & Son E. H. Knicker- bocker & Son B. H. Knicker- bocker & Son E. H. Knicker- bocker & Son E. H. Knicker- bocker & Son B. H. Knicker- bocker & Son E. H. Knicker- bocker & Son B. P. Aslop Edwin Heaton Edwin Heaton ... A. M. Van Steen- berge A. M. Van Steen- berge A. M. Van Steen berge -" A. M. Van Steen berge A. M. Van Steen berge Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Troy Mills Cedar Rapids — Marion Springville Cerlar Rapids -- Central City --- Walker Marion Walker Central City Centra! City Walker Cedar Rapids -_ Cedar Rapids __ Marion Fairfax Ceflar Rapids .. Waubeek Central City --- Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Sylvia . Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Vital 2002 (37156) Bcrassant 2591 (36070)-.- Louis de Terhaegen 2595 (35496) Elmer de Lierde 2592— (Vol. 14, p. 809) Titus 2600 (Vol. 13, p. 511) Dilon de Silly 2.590 (Vol. 13, p. 401) Theo 2601 (Vol. 13, p. 512) Brillant de Questenne- 2584 (Vol. 13, p. 609) Bienvenu de Bougnies- 2317 (Vol. 15) Clerlcus 17969 - Alesor 16399 Fleurv 15809 (32215) Boron 2631 (32530) Border Wilkes 29022 District 45796 (64193) Gendarme 43404 Japan 29.3.33 Questionneur 2005 Chadwick C. 33798 Red Cloud M. .343:35 Echo 41710 (63190) Johnny G. 4.3444 Domino Noir 912 (11254) Fairfax Augerau (48843) Warboys Liberal 3367. Arnold Onward 34409 Quality 5190 Pollux 3100 (38576)- Colonel de Genly 2 (38856) Pauliac 3099 Marquis de Lierde 3093 (41946) Philippe d'Her 3098 Baron de Wattines 3078 Vado 3125 (24458) Sous-OfC 42391 (65566) Franjous 42387 (65106) Briscard 42386 (67701)— Troubadour 42392 (66731) Quo Vadis 42390 (65794)- Galopin 42388 (65122). Bijou 3140 08698") Grillon 42.396 (67536)-. Bidel 42393 (68708) Haurice 3093 (33694). Houzard du Fosteau.— 3088 (29026) Pranconi de Sinnes.— 3087 (30470) Bakau 3079 (40880) Souvenir de Mullem. 3102 (25900) Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Trotter Trotter Percheron Belgian Trotter Percheron Percheron Thoroughbred French Coach Trotter Trotter Percheron Trotter Belgian Percheron Hackney Trotter Clydesdale Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Belgian Percliernn Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian I EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 877 LINN COUNTY— Continued ^1 Name of Owner Postofflce iin 4162 4158 4159 4160 4161 4126 4124 4125 656 4234 4222 3711 4221 4216 4235 4271 1732 1987 3133 4367 2786 1674 4481 4469 4464 C. S. & F. C. Nichols A. M. Van Steon berge A. M. Van Steen- berge -— - A. M. Van Steen- berge A. M. Van Steen- A. M. Van Steen- berge A. M. Van Steen- berge A. M. Van Steen- berge A. M. Van Steen- berge Geo. H. Cook Lewis Heins Harris & Atz D. G. McLennan A. M. Van Steen- berge D. G. McLennan Lewis Heins P. Newcomb Geo. M. Pliimly.. C. E. Tuttle Frerl Leverett A. M. Van Steen- berge J. H. Smith & Sons E. H. Kniclier- boelier Edwin Bittle F. E. Loverett F. E. Hann Walker Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Troy Mills .. Cedar Rapids ^farion Marion Fairfax Marion Cedar Rapids Cedar Rapids Springville ... Cedar Rapids Lisbon Fairfax Cedar Rapids Fairfax Lisbon Lisbon ■Marion Name of Stallion Breed Pomard 1457 (25406) Expres 308J (Vol. 14, p. 643) Elie 3083 (39116) Supberbe de la Fon- taine .3101 (Vol. 14, p. 411) Armac de Lierde 3070 (Vol. 14, p. 80;)) Marin .3094 (41584) Milton Solt 3032 (41.362) Orange II de Vels 3097 (Vol. 14, p. 433) Louis Bogaerden 3091-- (.3-4792) Billy Dugan 44251 Happy Jack .5189 Calwell 42267 Brave Tout 2899 (Vol. 15, p. 386) Dragonde Solre 3081. .. (40170) .Admiral 51758 Brilliant IV 19648 Aegon Boy 47674 Hercules 32843 Irgos 2003:? George Arthur 15704... Leon de Zellick 3090__ (41664) Eclaieur 1-5312 Negus 30580 (45360) Maple Lee 53963 Boon 15263 Ora Pensas 47960 Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Belgian Percheron Shetland Pony Trotter Belgian Belgian Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron French Draft Belgian Belgian Percheron Percheron French Draft Trotter LOUISA COUNTY 13 216 217 524 455 733 794 977 978 979 1025 1026 795 1107 1195 1777 1796 1791 1984 2183 2181 2185 2319 2394 S. C. Foster Johnston Bros .Johnston Bros David Sheriden.. W. W. Wagner... D. H. Westbrook W. J. Hendprson. C. V. Le Boutil- lier C. V. Le Boutil- lier J. T. Carithers.- Wapello Horse Co Columbus City Horse Co W. J. Henderson Nicholas Stamm.. L. F. McColm.... TV. W. TVagner— Chas. Estle D. E. Barrick W. W. M'agner.- Frank Okell J. G. Stafford—- J. G. Stafford & Frank Okell Herman Vollmer. .Tno. TV. .Tarvis Columbus Junct- Columbus Junct. Columbus Junct- Oakville Letts Letts Morning Sun Morning Sun Dick Crockett 29751 Trotter Chiloe 40831 (51.387) Percheron Ribi 40857 (53279) Percheron Jongleur 24497 (44219)... Percheron Bataclan 21264 (43368).. .Percheron Fly On (28t69)_ Conway Confidence II- 1230 Taupin 10704 Morning Sun E. R. J. 27241 Trotter Morning Sun I Brilliant IV. 15.98 Belgian Wapello Elder Champion II 6595, Shire Trotter Belgian French Draft Columbus .Tunct. I Keota Enoch 12.369 Morning Sun .__] Solim 8970 Letts I Barabin 16688 (.34654) Letts I Sir Lionel lOOSO (10M7)- Letts I Lord Aesop 43058 Letts 1 Honni 245W (44679) Morning Sun __.; Young Allerio 41025 Letts Ratanhia 7992 (38139)... Morning Sun .... Teddy R. 44856 Morning Sun ... Keota Illuminator .31889 French Draft {French Draft Percheron Clydesdale iTrotter iPercheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Morning Sun __-i Coco 45491 (52333) Percheron Wapello Silver Tom 28876 Percheron Morning Sun -_.t Dori de Leex 2177 'Belgian (3U5S) ' 878 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. LOUISA COUNTY— Continued gz i Name of Owner o 1 Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 3528 2110 Concord Horse Co T. W. Hendrick- son & Griffith Davis Columbus Junct- Columbus Junct- Letts -- Nectar 47088 (58404) Earl L. 44479 Plumet 48451 . Percheron Trotter 3589 Nicholas Stamm _ Chester Prindle— W. J. Henderson. W. J. Henderson- Lyman Ogier Chester Prindle Percheron 3748 Oakville Erma 48627 — _- - 3751 3752 1339 4142 Morning Sun ._- Morning Sun -__ Morning Sun _-_ Oakville Deeping Buscot 9200-- (24795) Martin de Connin 3429— (31316) Sebastopol .50220 (58286) Stick 52479 (66004) Romer 47708 Atora 32046. . Shire Belgian Percheron Porclierou 4266 4332 .1. G. Stafford James H. Letts— Henrickson & Davis Morning Sun ___ Letts - - Percheron Trotter 4484 Columbus Jnnct. Intrepid 830 French Coach LUCAS COUNTY 227 G. W. Dillman... B. F. Brown E. F. Brown E. F. Brown James Brown Derby Rosco 9705 - - .. French Draft 33^ Russell Black Foxy 4636 Onus Black Hawk 5001. Morgan King 4817 Pipelet 3ni3 (4.3904) .Morgan 81 Russell .. Morgan SO Russell .. .Morgan 600 Chariton Percheron 599 Chas. R. Kirk _ Chariton Nisus 31745 (45921) Percheron 597 Chas. R. Kirk-..- Chariton Hargrave Tom 7597 Shire 733 Kinmouth Bros.. Russell Stuntney Napoleon 8367 Shire 734 W. H. House- (32836) Chariton Walter Dewey .31731 Norwil Jr. .3604.? _ Trotter 886 David Q. Storie..- David Q. Storie.. H. D. Vawter Trotter 885 Sam Swift 26575 Trotter 1101 Chariton Attractive Lad 10611 Clydesdale 1387 Daniel T. Tice. . Russell Tanner 11453 French Draft 1388 Daniel T Tice Bertrand 40116 1429 W. W. Clore Lucas Conway Banker 6150 Shire 1430 W. W. Clore Lucas Tom Seevers 42154 Percheron 887 David Q. Storie Chariton Saunemin 33473 Percheron 1740 W. E. Johnson.. Russell Colin 28433 (48416) Percheron 1742 N. M. Pierce Russell _._ Admiral 40657 . Perclieron 1743 N. M. Pierce Russell Cormenon 16.399 (34136)— Percheron 3160 Chas. R. Kirk_-__ Chariton Rivoli 41430 (63516) Percheron 2159 Chas. R. Kirk Chariton Hugo 41410 (60247) Percheron 2157 Chas. R. Kirk Chariton Vernoy 41413 (61891) Percheron 2156 Chas. R. Kirk Chariton ("astin 41416 (57619) Perchei'on 2178 E. F. Brown Russell Onus Foxv .5009 Morgan 3177 E. F. Brown Russell Star Foxy 5163 Morgan 2176 E. F. Brown Russell Black Hawk Eclipse... 5000 Foxy Eclipse .5011 Morgan 2175 E. F. Brown Russell Morgan 3174 E. F. Brown Russell Tony Foxy .5013 Morgan 2173 B. F. Brown Russell Black Diamond 5162— "\lorgan 2272 I. G. Chapman... Derby Cherry's Prince 1045.3.. Clydesdale 22';3 I. G. Chapman... Derby Prince Gallant 6121 Clydesdale 2274 I. G. Chapman.. _ Derby Hyperion 1.5798 Percheron 335 2350 J. S. Batten- Greenville Horse Russell Creston Saul 6231 Shire Co. Operateur 34456 (44537). .Tames 11600 2363 J. F. Spiker Chariton French Draft 2699 H. M. Spiker Belinda Red Rambler 43536 Trotter 2700 H. M. Spiker Belinda Les Authieux 10688 French Draft 2803 J. F. Spiker Charlton Refuge .5602 rivdesdale 2851 C. E. Foster Chal-iton Cherif 8711 (14636). .... Percheron 298S. R. T. Huston Russell Agressive 0873 . Trotter 3!»K? R. T. Huston Russell . .. .. Stuntney Salathiel 6741 (Vol. 34) Shire 3066 J. E. Ross & J. W. Kent Lucas Don-Pedro 41038 . _ Percheron 3296 R. O. Miller Lucas Mont 47723 Percheron :-K«il Wm. Bingaman . Belinda .. Falls .317.50 (45845) The Lord Mayor 3173 3450 D. Q. Storie Chariton Shire (8417) :i449 D. Q. Storie Chariton Duke of Lanark 9195.. _ (107.32) Clydesdale 3447 Daniel T. R. Tice Russell Jumbo 15896 Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 879 LUCAS COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 3584 1682 3968 3969 3970 3971 3972 3973 3974 3975 3976 3977 3978 688 4105 4106 4244 4248 3848 A. J. Noble Hessing' & Traut- man Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk. Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk-... Chas. R. Kirk Chas. R. Kirk.-.. C. N. & D. O. Hawkins R. O. Miller & L. Piulerbausrh R. O. Miller & L. Piiderbaug'h Harmony Horse Co. Daniel T. Tice... E. F. Brown Chariton Derby .- Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Chariton Lacona Lacona Chariton Russell Derby -- Victor 41275 -. Geant .Tr. 25t.31 Togo VII 9288 (24802)-- Lanes Marmion 9287-— P.atailleur 42285 (62:!57) Beau Poil 42294 (66449) Etourneau 42287 (67364) Ventose 4228'> (65a38)-- Aifrrin 42296 (64638) Blaireau 12200 (59417)-- Ventriloque 422S.3 (58828) Ciboulot 2288 (66571)—. Don Quichotte 2291 (i8!)8S) General Grant 47478... 12:319 Kimberley 13176 Storm King 49.331 Togo 4.3712 Vaughn 16854 Soham Prince 9300 (2.3714) Percheron Percheron Shire Shire Percheron Percheron Perclieron Perclieron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron and French Draft Clydesdale Percheron Percheron French Draft Shire LYON COUNTY 249 73 39 403 2334 2400 24a3 2492 2685 2824 29S4 3072 .3084 S090 3116 .3169 .3170 3220 3.320 .3657 4438 James Kemplay.. John Morgan Christopher Her- bert Hartenhoff, Wen- zel & Zorning.. H. J. & Harm Meester .— Willie Peters G. S. Pohlman... Christopher Her- bert Fred Essman Henry Nolte & Sons Henry Moen Louie Getting Frank Roth O. J. Feay Geo. Rosenberg..- M. D. Shutt M. D. Shutt Henry Kroeger... H. T. Gulk Wm. Parrv G. W. Patterson & Frank Roth.. Rock Rapids Rock Rapids Rock Rapids Lester Ellsworth, Minn George Doon Rock Rapids Ellsworth, Minn Ellsworth, Minn Inwood Little Rock .. George Larchwood Ellsworth, Minn Rock Rapids Rock Rapids Alvord Larcliwood Rushmore, Minn George ' Chambrey 23350 Verndale a5982 Bramble 10721 Nelson 40040 Lustre 450:30 Chrastos (63102) Colonel 41539 Invincible 15391 Black Rock 44679 King 23.302 Adaigo 2521 (:??454) Marabout 44828 (58431). Gironde 4<»41 Matchless 17224 Armand 24419 (42785).. >tarshall .33.389 Dave 47396 Sans Souci 1.3699 (5')180)P Volger 50140 (52596) Mounton de Marchove (18122) Orso 44076 Percheron Trotter French Draft Percheron Percheron German Coach Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron Belgian Percheron Perclieron Perclieron Percheron Percheron • Percheron French Draft Percheron Belgian Percheron MADISON COUNTY 170 A. D. Guy Winterset Gov. Cummins 1.30.37-— French Draft 102 Jno. Riser & Sons Earlham Brilliant De Neusvilles Belgian on (1.3^18) 224 Smith Bros. Earlham Va-De-Bon-Coeur 12:312 French Draft (5191) 225 W. G. Mitchell.. Winter set Alexander the Great-- Perclieron 2.32^4 295 J. L. Waltman... Macksburg Creston Mack 10054 French Draft 300 Jackson Town- ship Horse Co.- Winterset Royal Lad 7740 Shire 880 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MADISON COUNTY— Continued o Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 5.53 W. A. Forbes Winterset Benefactor F. 7847 Shire 46S Earlham Hackney Horse Co. Earlham .— Brunei 626 — Hackney 7?, St. Charles Perch- eron Horse Co— St. Charles Taupin 28142 (44779) Percheron 609 Jos. Russell Winterset Thumper XXII 6369 Shire 596 Peru French Universe 2857 French Coach 595 Van Meter Horse Co. - Winterset Winterset Patissier 27392 (4.5693)— Creston Boy 6914 Percheron 410 W. S. Hildebrand Shire 422 The Ored Perch- eron Horse Co-- Winterset Phoebus 34106 (45092)— Percheron 765 Revnard 19903 — 772 Ony-West 32697 Percheron 868 Numa 3037 (2014). German Cjoacn 817 St. Charles & Wick Shire Horse Co. St. Charles Warmington Brave Prince 6989 (19220) Shire 882 Thomas Kirkland Macksburg Sporting Boy 41163 Trotter 881 Macksburg Draft Horse Co. Macksburg Cadix 27450 (48503) Percheron 1124 Geo. Z. Smith Macksburg Rampton Baron 7586— (21781) Shire 1598 W. D. Bradshaw Truro Meti 33976 (53392) Percheron 2290 Ord Percheron Horse Co. Winterset Grisou 41221 (58517) Percheron 2580 Robert Neal Porto 2138 Belgian 2894 J. D. Ross & J. (Vol. 12, p. .511) M. Young Winterset Perry Mac 28266 Trotter 2805 Deer Creek Horse Co. -- Prince Napoleon 50985.. Fanfaron 27393 1725 C. O. Clements- Earlham Percheron 3208 Madison County Horse Co. Winterset Sansonnet 45764 (54418) Percheron 3209 C. P. Abbott Macksburg Tommy Dunton 45213... Trotter 3341 Union Township Horse Co Winterset Vibrant 40108 (47485) Percheron 8598 Loren Dunbar Loren Dunbar Loren Dunbar Loren Dunbar T. J. Hudson Earlham Vidoc 45543 Rocher 47770 (55307) — . Black Diamond 45514... Turc 44093 ... Percheron 3594 Percheron 3595 Earlham Percheron 3596 Percheron 4057 Winterset Black Morgan Prince.. Morgan 5058 ... 4371 J. H. Shultz AVinterset - McKinley 14679 French Draft 4881 Ward McUaniel .. Winterset Brown Woodford 31813. Trotter 4407 F. W. Workey— Winterset Wood 47851 Trotter 4487 F. M. McDaniel- Winterset Red Woodford 37660 Trotter 4488 F. M. McDanieL. Winterset Colonel P. 12307 Trotter MAHASKA COUNTY 379 R. B. Porter New Sharon „. Sharon King 37310 Trotter 471 C. G. Tice Taintor Robert Cecil 9997 Clydesdale 498 Jno. W. Irwin New Sharon _„ High Points 22292 Trotter 460 W. A. Sexsmith & .1. M. Drennon New Sharon Ravaillac 27809 (47054).. Percheron 716 J. R. Moore Barnes Citv Transvalien (21634) Belgian 461 New Sharon Shire & Hack- ney Horse Co New Sliaron Childwall Chorister 7550 Shire 462 New Sharon Shire & Hack- (20ai8) ney Horse Co New Sharon Heachara Hereward 693 Hackney 1284 A. L. Pox New Sharon .. . IMajor Lacy 28768 Perclieron 1828 E. E. Dalbey Barnes . Isard 498 French Coach 1360 I. M. Reed Rose Hill .Tno. Addison 10643 French Draft 1361 I. M. Reed Rose Hill Bedworth Boy 36968 Trotter 1862 ■T. N. Aloore Rose Hill Perplexe (.54811) Percheron 1863 Thos. Seevers .1. H. Barnes Oskaloosa Osknloosa Senator 33365 Percheron 1502 Blackstone II 14551 French Draft EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 881 MAHASKA COUNTY-CONTINUKD Name of Owner Postofflce 1 Name of Stallion Breed 1542 1569 L. Van Buskirk— J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes Michael Denney.— J. C. Jarard A. S. Jarard Maleby & Walden R. H. & J. H. Barnes - Fremont — Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Rose Hill Taintor Aurungzebe 13089 Bland 45148 French Draft 1571 1681 Lord Thomas 12784 Torcy 15152 French Draft 1704 Hobson 8894 Clydesdale Clydesdale Clydesdale French Draft Percheron French Draft 1710 1153 1760 New Sharon Rose Hill Olivet Robbie Burns 11317 Sharon's Wonder 8673.. Bon Joan 11467 1804 1803 R. Rodman - R. Rodman R. H. & J. H. Barnes - Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Oskaloosa Leighton - _. Leighton Cedar Triboullet 16757 (30543).. Remus 11466 2009 D'Orsay 15181 2010 R. H. & J. H. Barnes Black Beauty 15185 Buster 15186 French Draft 2011 R. H. & J. H. Barnes 2012 9014 J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes J. H. Barnes Arie Kool - Blaekstone 15148 Admiral 46555 . .. French Draft 2015 Triboullet 46557 2016 Coco 46561 2017 Bosler 46556 .. 2019 Parfait 46560 2020 Lacv 46563 --. 209? Ferndale 11685 Clydesdale Percheron 2023 Arie Kool -- Taupier 43736 (61059) Sauveur 27825 (48282) Vasistas 44472 (59403).... Captain Reaper 4348.3 September 11613 Barville III 9823 (1:30.33) _ Powerful 47596 Keota Cherl 18864 Robert 443.58 2113 Steele & Bru- 2114 Steele & Brn- baker Cedar 2245 1287 M. H. Davidson— W. C. Hite Alex Soults R. W. Hoit J. F. Sheley J. C. Redman J. C. Redman J. C. Redman J. C. Redman H. W. Lundt H. W. Lundt Heisel & Burrier. Star Horse Co Reed & Moore J. I. Molyneaux— J. C. Redman Heisel & Burrier- Heisel & Burrier. Jay Roof Oskaloosa Trotter Clydesdale Percheron 2315 2477 Barnes City Beacon - 2608 2642 New Sharon Leighton Leighton Leighton .— Leighton Taintor Percheron Percheron 2643 Sherlock 42139 2644 Diplomat 15343 French Draft 2645 Paul 15341 - - _- French Draft 2759 Cheri II 10438 French Draft 2760 Taintor Vesuve 10931 (934) N Billington 8483 (20249)... Richland 47441 3015 Shire 3099 Fremont 3127 .31.50 3132 3.'?44 Rose Hill Barnes City Leighton Fremont Fremont Cedar - Medine 46182 (60405) Blackbrooke Verona .. 8606 (202.59) .Toe 15706 Remus 11466 ....._ .. Percheron Shire French Draft French Draft 3392 Rescue 7516 ._ Shire 3486 Bedford 11827 French Draft 3555 C. W. Fellers H. E. Motto Jesse Ross J. E. Hull J. E. Hull J. B. Hull J. B. Hull J. E. Hull Fremont - Fremont Favorite 45.314 Shade Barron 40548 Montevillers II 9.50.3.... King Lofty 45988 Lofty 23904 Pike Timber Chief 11664 (2813) Kilted Lad IV 12554..-. Great Scott 145 2873 1:335 Oskaloosa Fremont _— Trotter 3987 Taintor Perolieron .3988 Taintor 3989 Taintor Clydesdale 3990 Taintor .. Clydesdale 3991 Taintor Suffolk MARION COUNTY 602 601 727 740 754 473 777 819 F. M. Ridgeway.. F. M. Ridgeway.. L. Maasdam & Son W. W. Rankin John H. Cowman Pella Horse Co.— L. Maasdam Walter Whitlatch. Lee Wilson 56 Swan Swan Pella .... Knoxville Percy Pella .... Pella .... Columbia Columbia Emerald 12ia5 Pride 14422 Nova 49735 Legal Tender 6322 Santiago 13030 Aride 25056 (45434) Volage 55179 Bootle Champion 3963. (10991) Black Sam 40065 French Draft French Draft Trotter Shire French Draft Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron 882 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MARION COUNTY— Continued to Name ol Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 909 908 1015 Henry Bickford— Henry Bickford Johannes Stravers Van Derwaal & Van Zante Marysville Horse Co. Columbia Columbia Pella Stuntney Lubin 6731 Rex of La Moille 32067. Chariot (55213) Shire Percheron Percheron 1354 Pella Jules 1354 Belgian 1337 Knoxville Knoxville Columbia Knoxville Knoxville Knoxville Pella .. Lord Fordy 6909 (Vol. 24) Cyclone 15855 (24031) Admiral B. 22850 Baron De Jay 41467 Emmet H. 31170 Dieppe 15067 ... Shire 1522 1586 1807 1864 2021 Oscar Buxton L. V. Colwell J. B. Elliott Seth Way W. M. Black W. H. Maasdam. Hartley & Wilson H. H. Conrey C. L. Hardman... P. Jackson & Sons Harvey James D. C. Belknap Bellamy & Hanna J. M. JIaddy Lewis Dunham .. Isaac Hodgson .. Wm. Visser Mike Slykhuis, Jno. DeBok and Matthew Karl .. Wra. J. Way Levi W. Caulkins Bussey Horse Co- J. D. Cunning- Percheron Percheron Trotter Trotter French Draft 1655 Exiiert 5883 . Trotter 2311 2581 2876 866 3019 3058 820 Columbia Knoxville Knoxville Pella Knoxville Knoxville Harvev _ Lamy 46057 (58173) Bristol Lange 1441 (25360) Roitlet 25037 (44653) Ro.se Lad 11316 Rampart 6775 (19963) Charles Walton 44918... Fred Willes 38017 Stuntney Fearnaught... 5347 Keota Warsaw 20693... Vigoureaux (55019) Man-Well 33885 .. Percheron Belgian Percheron Clydesdale Shire Trotter Trotter 3126 3159 3201 3213 Knoxville Knoxville Pleasantville Knoxville Percy - Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron 32S3 Scarcliffe Powerful (19110) Keota Seductor 18225 Treko G. 45269 Shire 3333 Dallas Percheron 3304 Bussey . Trotter 3332 3360 Bussey Knoxville Knoxville Attica Armand 25587 (42962) Kentucky Jay .38687 Directum Boy 31294 Paragon 24940 Percheron Trotter 3359 J. D. Cunning- Trotter .3349 Neifert & Gillion A. K. Hnrt C. R. & J. A. Hughes _ Percheron 3319 3426 Pleasantville .._ Percy George B. 455.37 Billy Rex 45388 Percheron Trotter 3451 R. Core Pleasantville ... Pleasantville __. Tracy Penrose 8803 Clydesdale 3506 Osa Butcher John W. Bruere-- C. F. Blnckmau,- R. C. Converse .7. Van Niewen- heinzen & Co D. D. ^rarsh D. C. Belknap.— A. Kool DeGeus Bros. Hanna Keota .Tabez 44756 Willie Riley 38311 Bon Carlsbad .5417 (17184) Iowa Pride 01015 Reciiirocitv 10266 Gold" Magnet 44050 Pavilion de Noirhat 3041 (Vol. 14, p. 377) Agenda 10855 (44896) Finch's Buster Brown. 8429 Luxemburg 51213 (63264) Erskine Warrior 10610.. 4074 4150 4146 4145 Knoxville Knoxville Pella Pella Trotter Shire Trotter 4129 4128 42.33 4332 4191 Columbia Columbia Pleasantville ..^ Pleasantville .._ Pella Trotter Belgian French Draft Shire 4283 1587 Knoxville Pella Clydesdale Shire MARSHALL COUNTY •538 F. C. Knight 370 Edw. Blackburn. 342 t J. S. Paul Laurel Brooklyn 6487 Laurel Major B. 11141 Laurel 1 Sans-Peur 34016 (51102). Shire Clydesdale Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAE BOOK— PART XII. 883 MARSHALL COUNTY— CONTINUED Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed Wm. Schultz Edw. Blackburu- C. A. Rolston Jno. Brown Henry Hilleman, Sr. W. E. Elliott LeGrand Perch- eron Horse Co-- W. B. Elliott--- Wm. Paul Wm. Paul Louis Eckhardt .- C. W. Bergman.-I Chas. Greatreaks-! J. A. Ward J. A. Ward J. A. Ward B. F. & C. A. Robinson J. W. Crammer.- D. C. Bligh Jacob Waltemeyer Bear Grove Draft Horse Co. W. A. Taggart.J H. L. Hartwig... Dannen Bros. C. B. Dannen &j Sons B. L. E. G. Henry Sherman gong . Sherman gong . Sherman gong . Laurel Laurel Lisoomb Marshallown State Center Clemons Le Grand .Marshalltown Laurel Laurel State Center . Laurel Marshalltown Gilman Gilman Gilman Pyle Miller D. Neidert Wolf- Wolf- "Wolf- Marshalltown Liscomb Laurel Marshalltown State Center _ State Center _ State Center . Marshalltown Melbourne ... Marshalltown Melbourne State Center _ E. E. Carver D. S. Forrey Lewis Bros. Joe Bunn Grant Kuhns Melbourne Pereh- eron Horse Co__ E. W. Mahn Fred S. Neier Chas. Hulin Marshalltown Marshalltown Marshalltown Marshalltown Marshalltown Marshalltown St. Anthony . Laurel McHanna 54531 Prince Henry 10990 Jupiter 30599 (46712)... Major Marion 9584 Newton Duke 7014. Red Gregory 41805. Petrus 27054 (4.3878) Wayne Boy 30242 Wesley Y. 1.3540 Keota Romer 19485 Laubet lOSS.") Keota Lord 7.588 .Tohn Adrain 0811 Glen wood Dewey 3429.. Mac Claskie Jr. 9470.... Tunis 11095 Junot .3.5620 (.53132). Sebastian 257 (0-.- Water Boy S4784... Forban 813 (9770)... Trotter Clydesdale Percheron Clydesdale Shire Trotter Percheron Trotter French Draft Percheron Frencli Draft Shire Trotter Shetland Pony Clydesdale French Draft Percheron Belgian Trotter Belgian Cavaignac 27832 (44517). Percheron Lipton 9265 Wenona Forester 4765. Bloekey Prince 19368.. Ernest 41428 (64967) Duchesne 25440 (42847). Riffain 25149 (43641)... Rob Edwards 12394___ Mongaillard 41232 . (.53040) Brulot 41233 (52580). Clydesdale Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Belgian Rhodes State Center Haverhill ... Gilman .loubert de Silly 2827 (21952) Prince Araneta 43474 Trotter Fay K. 47551 Percheron Beau Cheval 15346 French Draft Loubert 32075 j Percheron Manly 4.3098 Trotter Scarabe 28455 (46896) Percheron T. J. Girton .3209.3 Trotter Debonair 42528 Percheron Captain 1.3733 Clydesdale MILLS COUNTY .542 Phillip Hambsch.- C. H. Peer C. H. Peer C. H. Peer Malvern _ Arrondi 261.31 (44741) Lord Gregory 42903 Brown Eagle 32794 Harry Mount 7024 Percheron 176 Strahan Trotter 175 Strahan . .. Trotter 174 Strahan Trotter 647 W. E. Wicker- sham Glenwood Barthelmy 1156 (21580).. Belgian 646 W. E. Wicker- sham Alpago (1388) Oldenburg Coach 419 A S Edwards Glenwood Glenwood King Mills 35959 Trotter 703 A. M. Miller Hinxton Jumbo 6391 Shire (10688) 708 C. L. Miller Glenwood _ _ Belkader (22968) Percheron 758 Shire 822 1130 C. T. Boles W ales Shire Malvern Jessie 23830 Percheron Horse Co. . . Emerson ... _ Harshfleld Warrior 7019 SUir^ 1196 Percheron Horse Co. Glenwood ... _. Luther 29507 (47005) Percheron 1381 Albert Pullman.. Silver City Kiaser 26004 Peicberon 1370 C. E. Ballain Emerson Jean Bart 12732 Percheron 884 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MILLS COUNTY— Continued o Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion 1463 J. L. Douglas Henderson Keota Spy 18226 Percheron 1464 J. L. Douglas Henderson Dalzel 25634 Percheron 1668 D. M. Culver Hastings Sophocles (7479) 5995 Percheron 1150 W. J. Roberts Henderson Driftway 31612 Trotter 1S?8 J. R. Maynes Henderson Nailstone Sidar 7987 Shire 8284 S. S. & R. B. (22612) Robert Burns 5832 Shire 2995 2996 Strahan . Monone 41547 (62758) . I'l rcheron Flag of Truce 8823 Si. ire (22364) 3033 .■•!034 C M Follett Nailstone Luke 8826 Shire L. C. Stevenson (24783) & W. H. Sal- yers Hans Neilsen Malvern Coco 44305 (58097) Percheron ISfifi Emerson Top Sawyer 3d 7506 Shire 4210 J. R. Maynes Henderson Coureur 41816 (647.33")... Peicheron 4211 J. R. Maynes Henderson Nailstone Baskerville.. 9176 (24469) Shire 319 Geo. Lloyd Glenwood H. D. 40324 Trotter 1550 Geo. Lloyd Glenwood Stuntney King Edward S414 Shire MITCHELL COUNTY 400 W. D. Runge S. T. Doyle S. T. Doyle Stacyville Perch- eron Horse Co.. C. B. Jacobs H. W. Clay A. I. Stacy E. J. Howe Richard Jordan... Richard Jordan... Richard Jordan... Mitchell Belgian Horse Ass'n Ricevillo French Draft Horse Co J. C. Kathan & Son J. C. Ashmore... Fred Stark O. V. Perry C. H. Duenow G. W. Shelhamer W. D. McCabe.... Fred Worple Richard Jordan .. Frank Krulish ... C. B. Wilkes St. Ansgar Horse Co. Osage .. . Emoi 27436 (43650) Valliant 41035 (58028) Estevan 40358 (51744) Solim 24740 (43671) Charming Tarbreoch... Bayard de Tooz (23730). Star 29780 Stuntnev Barak 6730 Gilbert a3622 Percheron 137 136 152 145 214 212 230 559 Riceville T.'iceville Stacyville Osage Osage Stacyvillle Osage Mclntire Mclntire Mclntire Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft Belgian Perclieron Shire Percheron 558 560 645 Woodbury Herod 4554.. Bill Morrison 19327 Llngot (18150) INIorgan Percheron Belgian 666 Riceville Osage ... -. . Tigre 11275 French Draft 665 Ned K. 4.398.3 Nateby Tom 3509 (10036) Bataille (19951) Heir of Fame 10639 (11607) Stuntney Dante 7059 Olnev 20998 .. Trotter 789 Osage . .. Shire 883 1174 1398 1657 Riceville Riceville St. Ansgar Riceville . Percheron Clydesdale Shire 17 Osage -. Pilot Panic 4831 37792.. Vermouth 16021 1345 Alta Vista Mclntire St. Ansgar Riceville . .. 246R Mack 47151 2536 2813 Magnus Bov 12545 Lofty 22202 Clydesdale 2853 St. Ansgar Alclntire Riceville Versailles 25196 (45415). Governor Roosevelt .. 23185 Dancing Master 33349.. Canaillard 21514 Kentola 44288 Percheron Percheron Trotter 2889 2888 Richard Jordan... H. A. Skinner J. H. Pennv J. C. Kathan J. C. Kathan Riceville French Coach Horse Co Wert Roe Herbert Fletcher.. C. H. Duenow Richard Dorsey .. Richard Dorsey .. G. H. .Tudd. 0. H. Thorson O. n. Thorson A. Bridges 2940 2957 Stacyville Osage .. Trotter Trotter 2956 Osage ..... Norvaillis 443107 Vercingetorix 3292 Kimberley 27346 (46790). Mercure (630) Castalet 47641 Trotter 3068 Riceville 3062 Riceville . 3200 Osage French Draft 3582 St. Ansgar Osage Percheron 3585 Ridfflev 10182 French Draft 3700 Osage - Vermont 24408 (2568) Stewart Manor 45755 Germinal 43745 (56292).. Emmermann (6701) Glen B 40137. . 4025 Riceville . Trotter 4153 4156 4173 St. Ansgar St. Ansgar Riceville Percheron East Friedland Coach Trotter EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 885 MONONA COUNTY Name of Owner PostofBce Name of Stallion Breed 890 Moorhead Im- ported Perch- eron Co. E. E. Richards-. C. L. Watkins.— Anton Hanson M. B. Hildreth... A. L. Erskine J. Gries H. Koth J. A. Sarff W. W. Griffith.. G. C. Harrison... G. C. Harrison... S. D. Jewell A. V. Van Dorn.. Onawa & Blencoe Horse Co. Henry Hall Mapleton Perch- eron Horse Co.. James Hall _._ W. W. Griffith— Ole K. Lee Moorhead Moorhead Whiting Soldier .- - Bequin (43629) 88K) Schley 30716 .. 888 1493 Billy Bartlett 35827 Courcival 27412 (45661).. Ethan Allen 30974 Black Beauty II 33375- Bayard 27400 (48374) Major Glencoe 9173 Vinarold 38107 Prince Soliman 43382 Amour 26914 (4.5827) Marquette 40052 Mat Kane 31575 Bruno 33739 (46059) Raisonnable 24711 (45404) Bay Luke 9370 Sarthois 43100 (60000)... Leslie 46882 Trotter 1494 1780 Soldier Perchorori 2195 Ute - - 2437 2485 Monona Whiting Clydesdale Trotter Perclieron 97n'^ lUencoe . .. Perclieron 2763 3071 3151 Blencoe Whiting Rodnev .. Perchoron Trotter Perrheron ^rn Perr-heron 3fi7^ Whiting - - --- French Draft 3687 3999 Alapleton Percheron Percheron 4112 3455 Onawa Mapleton Pompon 25739 (48499) Bouncer 48058 Percheron Percheron MONROE COUNTY 401 J. F. Fitzpat- ' rick J. A. Smith T. B. McDonald. L. A. McCreery.- Ira Noble Ira Noble W. B. Griffin.-. W. B. Griffin.— "W. B. Griffin Farmers' Mutual Horse Co Fred Galliers A. Seieszinski — J. R. Love J. S. Quinn. Lovilia S h i r.e Horse Co. J. F. Roney J. F. Roney Avery Horse Co.. J. R. Harker J. F. Coleman— Ira Robinson J. J. Mullin Avery Horse Co.. .T. R. Love J. R. Love J. R. Love Georgetown Albia Alfred 297 (9) - German Coach 171 150 Keota Mesmerist 24848. Wick Spencer 12511 Castleman 16072 Roma 19920 Red Maple 33985 Ernest Wilton 26829 Paulus 17248 Belding 27923 Percheron , Trotter 107 Albia ._- Trotter 88 Albia Perclieron 87 205 Albia Albia Trotter Trotter 207 206 Albia Albia Albia Percheron Trotter 299 The Saint (20971) Mark 5696 Putnam 8755 Gideon D. 7647 Michel (29753) Wenlock Thumper 6325. (201.5;3) Brntiis 5224 Newaygo 9192 Chacal 41415 (58077) Corsair 40934 Osceola Banker 8830 Loulon 28367 (48118") Fleurus 14851 (58tl4)P__ Dnnois 28439 (45239)__.. BlnfC Creek Tom 8185.. Dick Monroe 8186 Black Peter 8723 Shire 59 Albia Shire 551 Melrose Clvdesdale Albia Shire Percheron 1564 S'ljre 1693 Melrose Shire 1694 Melrose . . . . Trotter 2152 Percheron 2172 Ute pprpiieron 2217 Melrose Shire 1277 Albia Perclieron 2334 Melrose French Draft 2629 Averv . . Percheron 2567 Albia - - Shire 2568 Albia . Shire 2826 Albia Shire MONTGOMERY COUNTY F. L. Steninger.. F. L. Steninger.. J. D. Gourley T. J. Reznor .T. H. Thompson. J. H. Thompson. A. C. Weidman... Elliott Draft Horse Co. C. B. Thompson.. J. E. Farmer Red Oak i Cherbourg 24274 (44003) Percheron Red Oak ! The Rogue 5413 Shire Villisoa Villisca General 5210.- Shire Stennett Fruitier 40415 (48530).- Percheron Elliott McKinlev III 7017 Shire Elliott Creston Archie 3408 Shire Red Oak Raynal 25163 (44651) Percheron Stennett Girton Rogiie 5348 Shire Elliott . . .- ! Creston Bov 7968 Sliire Villisca Albert Margrava 42964.. Trotter 886 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MONTGOMERY COUNTY- Continued MUSCATINE COUNTY f>54 G. A. Milnes West Liberty -- Bonneval 3S337 (45494).. Percheron 653 G. A. Milnes West Liberty .— Volunteer 22521 Percheron 1102 Wilton Horse Wilton Gaillard 28737 (44740) Percheron 1104 W. A. Heck West Liberty — . The Sheriff 38114 Trotter 1106 P. N. Gibson West Liberty ... Boissy 25151 (45438) Percheron nOT P. N. Gibson West Liberty ... Cherbourg- 2078 French Coach 1114 M. P.'McKeown— Cranston Keota Brevet 21660 Percheron 1133 E. J. Brown & R. Nichols Porto 1584 (20878) . Belgian 1133 E. J. Brown & R. T. Shannon Nichols Bon Micephorus 6063.— (17189) Shire 11 ?5 E. A. Poole West Liberty ... Russell Edsal 34782 Trotter 1211 Chas H Stone Mammon 2020 . . Shetland Pony 1324 E. F. Richman___ Muscatine Pancantara 39080 Trotter 1325 E. F. Riehman... Muscatine Red Knight 13880 Trotter 1348 M. B. Walters..-- West Litiertv Tam-Tam 14289 (19079).. Percheron 13fi7 F. W. Diokey AVest Liberty _._ Lindsay Dale 40391 Trotter 1411 E. F. Riehman.. - Muscatine Lindas Duke 26377 Percheron 117S Union Stock Co.. Conesville Riverain 25596 (45452)... Percheron 346 Frert Waters West Liberty ... Canotier 84445 (44604)... Percheron 1769 Boyd Bros Conesville Jupiter of Worsley 5373 (16208) Shire 3113 F. A. Pike Will Maxwell Nichols . - Saxon Jet 8867 (21843). _ L'Ami 21190 Shire 3248 Conesville Percheron 3155 Harry Hartley .. West Liberty _. Jules 22875 (43574) Percheron 3572 F. W. Dickey West Liberty ... Sanlerton 43874 Trotter 3963 G. A. WarflekL- W. H. Liebbranrl Muscatine Muscatine Colosse 2i2:38 .__ . .. Percheron 4088 Major Gamaleon 47638.. Trotter 408:) W. H. Lpil)brand Muscatine Al Rene W. 45540 Trotter 4108 D. Connell Muscatine . Guy Sulten 26645 Trotter 4175 P. N. Gibson P. N. Gibson.... West Liberty .._ West Liberty ... Reseda 2074 French Draft 4174 Forban 15657 (22813) Percheron 4289 Iowa Township Draft Horse Co. West Liberty ... Lezard 51120 (56722) Percheron 4335 Chet Phillips .... West Liberty ... Concourse 52440 (64754).. Percheron 1817 H. J. & B. W. Brown Jerry 41599 Counsel Attor 41013 Percheron 4443 Joe Nyenhuis Muscatine Trotter EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 887 O'BRIEN COUNTY Name of owner Postofflce Name of Stallion 431 168 189 70 42 432 662 661 705 706 1048 1137 1517 1549 1623 1624 1641 1642 1643 1644 2232 2233 2235 2247 2490 2605 2687 2442 2545 2588 2587 2730 3181 3212 3252 3289 3325 3045 3»31 3645 3673 118 3<)24 3957 3983 77:? 4038 4077 4153 4260 4301 4331 4333 2414 Sehnei(ier& Saupe Big Four Belgian Breeding Ass'n^ C. W. S. Gilson_ A. O. Crooks Alex Scott Schneider& Saupe George G. Kel- lura George C. Kel- lum W. A. Smith W. A. Smith H. C. Thaver J. R. Tibltets I David S. Taylor. R. C. Jordan John Breme R. P. Powers G. W. Sherwood G. W. Sherwood G. W. Sherwood G. W. Sherwood J. Weir Breed Sheldon Sheldon ... Sanborn _._ Primghar . Paullina Sheldon Paullina P. J. Weir. B. F. Shirk... W. C. KimmelL-. W. J. iniman Noble McDonald-. Thos. Prender- ga.st W. J. Bnfflngton. Wm. Kluender & Co. . . .. H. B. Brown H. E. Brown Richardson & Cnlp Wilson Bros. Sam Webster P. D. Fuller A. C. Baile.v MeCracken & Har- rington Thos. W. Farns- worth Wm. F. Schilds W. L. Reager G. Wesslink D. I. Short David .Tohnson T. E. Mann M. S. Draper.. I. E. Emery John Keene Paullina .. I'aullina .. Paullina _. Primghar hartley ... Slieldon ... Sutherland Hartley ... Hartley ... Sheldon .__ Sheldon ___ Sheldon ___ Sheldon Sheldon ___ Sheldon ___ Algerian 12260 (52673) Mon Desir 1694 (2.S708).. Gilford Bevans 42796 Nailstone Don .5731... (16845) Pride of Iowa 10954 Maskomita 24661 (43287] Berton 32949 Sutherland Sheldon _.. Paullina ... Gaza Dan Soehren Chas. Burn.s Black Joe Horse Co. Edo Peters _ Fred Gehrke Paul Ka'iler Max J. Drefke Sanborn ._. Paullina .. Paullina .. Primghar . Primghar . Sutherland Primghar . Archer Sutherland Sutherland Paullina _. Prince Paullina 3O670_ Chansler 35747 Pindore 42227 (47470)... Condon 21519 Prince Bless 5178 Seductuer 40077 J. D. M. 0163 Rodney Rex 4.^7.5. Altro 35068 Major Bell 32605... Clarke 41101 ■ Lockheart 6884 Woodford Wilkes 2538 Corhit .32946 Thorney Royal 8631... (19182) Melito 23.352 Hector .31092 Allegro 20046 Gay Montrose 9886 (9916) Bartle 14509 Stuntney Golden King 5744 Kisposcki .505.35 (52254). Chambouder 45400 . Archer 45401 Coronet 46272 Tom Mack 14945 Herzuba (Vol. 7) Temeraire 45807 (62265). Mazzeppa 48319 Sanborn Paullina Hartle.v Ergo Mango 34577 -- Martin II 48090 „, ,, -- Hartley Jim 45666 Sheldon Student (Vol. 7) Sutler and Fashion 1084 Sutler and \ Marquis du Val 2969- Suther and Turbulent 4.3774 (46897). Sutherland Jfoncrieffe Matchless 410 (5:^2?) Sutherland 1 Wyomie 29674 Sutherland Green Mountain Jr. 5512 Moneta 1 Bonjour 2.300 (.34656) Sanborn 1 Lerov .50221 Hartley Black .Toe 20838 Hartley , Paulus 22645 (431S3) Hartley 1 .Julian 1186 Hartley j Captain George 9085.. Paullina ; Gilbert 1094 French Draft Belgian Trotter Shire Clydesdale Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Morgan Percheron Trotter Trotter Trotter Trotter Trotter Trotter Trotter Percheron Shii-e Percheron Percheron Percheron Cyldesdale French Draft Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Oldenberg Coach I'ercheron Percheron Oldenberg Coach Trotter Percheron Trotter Oldenberg Coach French Coach Belgian Percheron Hackney Trotter Morgan Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Cleveland Bay Shire Cleveland Bay IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. OSCEOLA COUNTY Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 60 W. S. Foley Jno. N. Jackley-- Ashton Horse Co. L. Pommer & H. H. Wubbena .._ H. E. Dean Jno. Price J. & N. Frese... G. B. Mackinson. G. E. Mackinson. G. E. Mackinson. G. E. Mackinson. Sibley Belgian Horse Co. R. Klatt Melvin Prudent 26736 (48349)... Kirsch II 11837 . 1203 Ashton Ashton ... 1349 Bayard Berni 1845 (23388) Fayot 52453 12928 Durben 40011 Manliness 25546 Gabels Victor 7124 Arvola 3307 .. 1350 Ashton Percheron 1336 1830 fil4 Ocheyedan Ocheyedan Sibley Trotter Percheron Shire SSS-i Siblev 233fi Siblev . Fusain 28291 (45804) Columbus 8279 Matteval 44814 (54795) Edgard 2622 (17888) Knightly King 15997 Hero Hobson 31544 Louis de Fallais 1244.. (14696) Fulgurant 26704 (45618). Alban 46137 (64433) Rataplan 30390 (45062).. Keota Mounton 11872.. Percheron 2fiSl Siblev Shire SfiSa Sibley .. Percheron 2793 Siblev . . - Belgian ?«=)9 Siblev Trotter 2935 S0S9 Geo. Hamilton & Son G. W. Snyder Joe Cload G. W. Patterson. G. W. Patterson. John S. D. Pell- Ocheyedan Sibley Trotter Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron 3184 3288 3361 3053 Ocheyedan Osceola Co. Osceola Co. Allendorf PAGE COUNTY W. L. Lundy F. P. Barr F. P. Barr W. H. Button Edward Davison.. Jno. Nothwehr ... A. A. Brush East River Perch- eron Horse Co.. M^m. Hiser Wall Street Horse Co. Wall Street Horse Co. J. M. Bryson J. A. Latimer Thos. Wiggins .. Jno. Rurode G. G. Fleener G. G. Fleener G. G. Fleener Wm. F. Schenck. College Springs Horse Co. R. A. Duncan R. A. Duncan F. P. Barr W. F. Hopker W. F. Hopker A. G. Harris A. G. Harris B. F. Allender W. T. Goodman.. C. M. Cowen & J. P. Chase F. P. Barr Clarinda Clarinda Clarinda Coin Clarinda Yorktown Shenandoah ... Clarinda Essex Axlon 40254 Alaxandre 1.3083 Napoleon 1.3030 Champion .566 (2856)___ Nathanson 5973 Caporal 32662 (45508).-. Luculus (48711) Capitane .32425 (47591). Vernot (57364) 45572... J. B. Lawson A. G. Harris Lewis Annam H. W. Rnnvon... John H. Kendall. K. G. Herren E. T. Farrens Hepburn 1 Danube 5703 (44226). Hepburn ._. Clarinda ... Shenandoah Coin Coin Clarinda ... Clarinda ... Clarinda ... Clarinda ... Tricotteur 26073 (44684). Prince Oneer 35763 Dewey 27475 Merfleld Rival (7787)... Roublard 14082 (22897).. Darius 8883 Black Hawk 14734 Mintaka 9676 Creston King 6026 College Springs. Shambaugh Shamhaugh Clarinda North boro Northboro Northboro Northboro Essex Coin Shenandoah Clarinda ... Norwich .. Northboro Clarinda . Coin ... Clarinda . Clarinda . Clarinda . Brilliant III 10O86 Roy 39451 Brooklyn 11101 Duke of Wellington .. 1.3084 Beranger 35566 (48918).. Francis 41697 White Nemesis 34581... Hempfleld Sampson Jr. 8774 Charmant 47514 (56243).. Gilbert 14034 Drift Allerton 36428 Pourquoi Pad III 63.58.. (20122) Nonant ITT 6790 (14568). Stuntney Rooineck 8859 (22&34) Sampson 47510 Banker 4829 Gazon 26912 (45979) Axett 43532 Kimball 18235 Trotter French Draft French Draft Belgian Thoroughbred Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Shire Percheron French Draft French Draft French Draft Shire French Draft Trotter French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron Trotter Shire Percheron French Draft Trotter French Draft French Draft Shire Percheron Shire Percheron Trotter Trottpr EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 889 PAGE COUNTY-CONTINDED Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 3491 3492 3490 3552 Wolfe & McFarrin 0. V. Hurdle Farmers Horse Co B. H. McClintock W. R. McClintocli Wm. Hoppock W. E. McKee W. E. McKee M. W. Slaight. — Wm. Hizer Braddyville Braddyville Biaddyville Essex - Keota Lord 20671 Onrosemedium 36162 .— Palatin 26723 (24376) Greenlander 3552 Colonel Greenlander -- 45597 Consul .Tunior 282 Percheron Boy 26762 Search Light 7857 Keota 16222 Gaulois 13559 Hero III 8349 — Longworth 4.5596 Madere 29270 (^8310) Ed Little 11486 Stuntuey Cricket 9749— (23749) Major McKinley 41047- G. W. S. 28589 — Percheron Trotter Percheron Trotter 3557 Trotter 3666 3903 3904 3930 1191 Shenandoah Braddyville Braddyville Clarinda Essex Oldenburg Coach Percheron Shire French Draft French Draft 376G 1 W. E. McKee 4324 Elmer M. Gibson Braddyville Coin - -- Shire Percheron 4349 4350 4361 4348 4380 J. A. DeCamp J. A. DeCamp Pitman Bros J. A. DeCamp N. J. Thomas Shenandoah Shenandoah Clarinda -- Shenandoah Clarinda — Percheron French Draft Shire Percheron Trotter PALO ALTO COUNTY 228 153 36 I 418 1103 I 43 I 1631 2030 2343 2397 2132 2502 260O 2631 2867 2890 3120 2372 3185 3241 3368 3417 385 3183 141 4276 4277 4405 4406 1872 4480 N. J. Wright .1. J. Steil H. A. Thomas Melvin Fisk Osgood Percheron Horse Co. H. A. Mason .Tonas Mantz M. F. Coonan .T. B. Jackson .T. .T. Steil .1. R. Frame E. D. Spencer J. J. Steil W. H. Dempsey.. Hardi Horse Co— ! C. P. McKowen— .T. H. Nolan. B. F. Frazier Claer, Debolt & Co. Clarence Maxwell A. E. Harrison & Co. B. F. Stanton .Tos. F. Nolan Fred Johnson Stanton & Lee Claer. Debolt & Co. Claer, Debolt & Co. Thos. Claer Thos. Claer C. J. Brown D. D. Johnson & Sons Cylinder Emmetsburg West Bend Curlew Freedom 33697 Ben Otto 23370 Moliere Jr. 25762 Ellerslie Fisk 32546. Osgood — - Ruthven West Bend Emmetsburg Osgood Emmetsburg Cylinder Emmetsburg Emmetsburg Curlew Graettinger Rodman Ruthven __. Ayrshire --. Maupas 40460 (51903) Duke 22798 Carpare 2237 (25122) Joe Weitzel 21-522 Lors Rene Jr. 43857 Ergo A. 40349 Vigoureux 2288:? (43362). Bardon Blaze 6450 (15973) Aid Dunton 45059 Kilsley Bonny Tom 529i (17426) Hardi 23370 (48420) Indoc 524 — Archer Boy 11941 Dragon 50888 (59398) Avrshire i Lord Minto 43403— West Bend ; Cyclone 7230 Avrshire ' Waterloo 13491 Ruthven I Wilkie Simmons 23057- Ruthven The Serpent 34861 Ruthven Sidi (46215) Ruthven i Figaro 31.385 Ayrshire Marquis 51328 Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Belgian Trotter Trotter Trotter Percheron Shire Trotter Shire Percheron French Draft Clydesdale Percheron Percheron Shire French Draft Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron Avrshire — Cadix 45404 Percheron Ruthven I St. Pierre 58096 Percheron Ruthven King Midas 50651 Percheron West Bend Noble Prince II (22629) Shire Curlew Draughtsman III 9207— Shire 1589 Martin McNam- ara 1714 Nick Thill 1793 T. J. Wilson 19a3 Held Bros. 188? Held Bros. 2123 D. M. Baker & Co. PLYMOUTH COUNTY (24194) Bramble 20841 Percheron Theodore 140 Suffolk Kingsley Hinton Ondawa (Vol. 6, p. 589) Thoroughbred .Jonathan 2 (1302). Oldenburg Coach Enzain 3107 - German Coach Merrill King Rayon 25624 Percheron 890 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. PLYMOUTH county-Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 2282 Remsen Perch- eron Horse Co.. A. R. Whitney... .John Luken Ireton & Struble Percheron Horse Co. J. W. Patterson.. - Martin McNamara E. P. Harris Neptune Horse Co West Branch Percheron Horse Co. Wm. Borinsky ___ W. H. Morse Held Bros., P. Schneider & A. Helm Remsen .. Sosthene 3.3964 (53249) Volubilis 3405 ... Percheron 2630 French Coach 2704 2922 Le Mars Struble Railleur 1196 (Vol. 9).. Premier 40170 (51434)... Premier Prince 9189 Perche II 40820. Belgian Percheron 81(M Akron .. . Clydesdale I.WO Remsen Percheron 3406 3681 3984 Le Mars Kingsley Merrill Parker Hitt 40743 Selim 24114 .Toques 40949 Mabille 23069 (44574) Gallopore 16944 Carabin 52515 (65747).... Columbus 35619 (48766).. Trotter Percheron Percheron 41 SI Akron .. Percheron 4290 Akron Percheron 4312 Hinton Remsen 4315 Mai & Ludwig: Percheron POCAHONTAS COUNTY 452 Alex Barber A. D. Cleal L. N. Ellis H. F. Toben J. W. Brock J. W. Brock Jacob Winegarden W. G. Runyan... W. E. Campbell.. W. A. Kyle Wm. Steen A. S. Wood Jas. Frakjar .Tas. Frakjar E. M. Kellogg Lilly Horse Co.. O. F. Edwards... Lind & Cliarlton.. M. D. Wolcott... W. A. Galbraith.. Lyman Bros. M. L. Miller M. L. Miller Rolfe Eckhart 30745 Saturne 25704 (44161) Sim Sim 33973 Brilliant de Lieffe 33810 Lavance 32949 _ Trotter 454 Rolfe - Percheron 357 Laurens Trotter .372 Palmer . Belgian 104 Plover Trotter 103 Plover Audubon Bov 12842 ;\fartin IV 41848 French Draft 304 Pocahontas Havelock Gilmore City ... Laurens .. Percheron 293 Rob Rov 9442 .. French Draft 321 Oliver 34870 Percheron 684 Financier II 1440 (25362) Martin V. 13123 Belgian 72fi Havelock Fonda French Draft 818 Stavr 41462 Trotter 877 Rolfe Prince Ponk 11889 Prince Lynedoch 9088.. Kruger 32452 . _ . Clydesdale ,S7fi Rolfe ClA'desdaie 1200 Gilmore City ... Fonda Trotter 1461 Paulin 23076 Percheron 1629 Havelock Rolfe Ralph 1629 . . . ... Percheron 784 Martin 17067 (35482) Vulcain 42906 ... Percheron 2270 Gilmore City ... Fonda . . ... Percheron 2.340 Fontanelle 36782. . . Percheron 24.34 Gilmore City ... Pocahontas Pocahontas Rolfe Dictator 10759 French Draft 2435 24.36 Keota Thrive 2485 Cook 25138 Percheron Percheron 2439 Alex Parker Orville 29276 Percheron 2441 : W. G. Runyan... 2371 i Wilder Small Havelock Gilmore Citv __. Fonda Univers 47773 (.59594) Leward 35762 Percheron Percheron 2573 ! L. A. Dumond Black Diamond 43748 La Porte Boy 28849 De Foe 15528 .. ... . Percheron 2574 B. F. Barber Olson Bros. B. F. Barber & L. A. Dumond.. H. D. Brinkman.. W. A. Elliott.... Frank Short Harvey Eaton W. P. Hopkins... W. P. Hopkins... G. C. Grove. T. E. Meredith.. A. D. Ryon Clark Perry Cal Saylor W. G. Runyon Ferguson & Miller Thos. & Chas. Eberle Fonda ... _ Trotter 2761 Palmer French Draft 12B3 Fonda . Borolvptol 32229 Martin VII 13125 Prince Thaver 44061 Capitaine 41449 (64119).. Mere Harold 5639 (16251) Haiti 34283 (51666) Neptune-Pacha 585 (4212") Deneau .357.59 Trotter 2885 Rolfe French Draft 2895 29,30 Pocahontas Rolfe - - Trotter 2950 Fonda Shire .3040 Laurens .. Percheron .3041 Laurens .. .. ._ Belgian Percheron 2269 Rolfe 1613 Plover Milord de Reifle 979.... (13990) Alfo 42768 Montagnard 2743 (33476) Ala roc 41881 (63223) Western Lad 9248 (24187) Kruger 29903 (48366) Raithby Tommy 6853... (19043) Bailly 26932 (45965) 1 3634 .3821 Laurens Fonda Trotter 2610 4027 Palmer Laurens ... . Percheron Shire 1115 Palmer .. 215 132 Will E. Campbell Gilmore City ... Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 891 POLK COUNTY Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 402 Campbell Belgian Horse Co. Campbell Faro de Raille (16838).. Belgian HH Chas. Irvine - - . Ankeny Gabriel 1286 (25.3;i6) Grenat 410O1 (64205) Nailstone Toddy 7980— Belgian 161 A. K. Good. 162 A. K. Good Ankeny Shire (22959) a70 T. J. Shaw Mitchellville — Major Consul 40342 Trotter ftS E. J. Boynton Lester Clark Lester Clark Des Moines Valley Junction. Valley Junction. Macklin 1.5881 Trotter u High Tide 26760. . 15 Dewey 21748 . Perclieron 447 Commeggs& Stoll Bondurant . Voltaire 10482 French Draft 541 G. W. Smith Altoona ... ... . Creston Jerome 5978 Shire 5091 Jas. A. Sage Stuntney King Cole III Shire 3076 (10538) 501 Jas. A. Sage Cresap Bros. Anlvenv ... Newton Corsair 5557 Stanley 40944 . Shire 495 Altoona 503 Jas. A. Sage Jas. Watt Oku 7984 (22654) Shire 504 Des Moines Hail Cloud 23606 Trotter 517 Saylor Horse Co. Due d' Aumale 22667-__ (43506) 570 J. W. Day- Milev Bov 34:333. Trotter 633 J. N. McClellan Vinicus 33800 .. . .. Trotter 639 R. T. Mally Farmers' Belgian Sumner G. 32362 Trotter 675 Horse Co. Mitchellville San Souci de Bett Belgian 676 Beaver Valley (20460) Horse Co. Grimes .. .. .. Fourire 34335 (46288). __ Percheron 632 L. J. Ringgen- Sheldahl Don A. Hail 4343.3 606 C. L. Weisner N Ware Grimes .. . ... Fritz 15748 (24044) Iowa 11724 465 French Draft French Draft 763 Walter Ferguson. . Runnells Keota Still 10190 798 Tom James Des Jfoines .. .. Barondale 20184 Trotter 1119 W. J. Crawford— Des Jfoines Gold Miner 30ni Trotter 1173 N. J. Otto Des Moines Nabuko 27536 (44298) Percheron 1227 N. W. Murrow— Mitchellville — King Milord 33762. Percheron 1317 Big Four Horse Co. Tampon 26702 (45561) 1321 Poweshiek Perch- eron Horse Co.. Carvalho (45130).- 1462 J. W. Anderson & Son Birdeer 37105 . . Trotter 1521 Gust Alt and Otto Engstrom.. 1 Sheldahl Refrigerant a5218 (52501) Percheron 1616 Hem-y Wasrner . Ankenv . .. — Matchless Junior 5555.. Signor 2259 (31806) Shire 1660 W. W. Garner .. Des Moines . . Belgian 1663 W. W. Garner Des Moines Caesar de Heusden 2256 (29494) Belgian 1664 W. W. Garner . . Dewev 24341 1665 W. W. Garner Des Moines ... Daniel 41273 (57923) Percheron 1667 W. W. Garner Des Moines Nogentais 41372 (52852).. Porclieron 1723 Willard Ferguson Conro 25761 . 1765 A. J. Good Ankenv ... British Ensign III 7979 (22160) Shire 1168 4n« Wm. Hinde J. J. Toop Donald MeCork- ingdale Clvdesdale >fi77 Auburn .. . Percheron >846 Odebolt Clydesdale 896 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SAC COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 3948 3966 Henry Bowman L. H. Davenport. Jos. Mattes Corsant Bros. T. G. Keir T. W. Down L. C. Pllloud C. E. Stewart T. G. Keir Coon Rapids Odebolt Brisse 6877 (2057)— Keota Cyrus 19470 Lofty of Odebolt 10438. Salesbury Conqueror... 5384 (17590) Agartam 31233 - French Draft Percheron 2992 3026 3038 3075 3081 3111 3177 Odebolt Sac City Sac City Odebolt Clydesdale Shire Percheron Colonel D. 11764 - Clydesdale Sac City Wall Lake Sac City Robroy K. 44916 Percheron Morgan Star 32926 Prince Jr. 34959 Trotter Trotter Fruen 44907 . Percheron 3346 3443 3639 3702 John Currie Joe Henaman J. Kessler .— Murphy & Oldnet- tle Odebolt Roosevelt 6319 Le Due 31434 (45370) — . Captain Trotter 44577— Beauceron 51233 (63454), Chillingham 45944 Reveur 47065 (63816) Baron La Follette 43565 Regolia 15405 Voltigeur 40999 (56177).. Prince of Balloch Roy 13028 Togo 49822 The Illustrator 31800 Bristol II 892 Shire Percheron Auburn Wall Lake Odebolt Trotter Percheron 3961 3962 L. L. Goreham — Odebolt Percheron Horse Co. W. H. Pettis & S. L. Hawley G. W. Little C. J. Hinkley Donald McCorkin- Percheron Odebolt Percheron 3992 4040 4309 4330 Sac City Early - — - Trotter French Draft Odebolt Percheron Odebolt - Clydesdale 4399 W. C. Abney Chas. Anderson — Joshua J. Spicer— Percheron 4434 4471 Sac City Sac City Trotter Belgian Draft SCOTT COUNTY 537 Adolph Muhs Davenport Pantheon 25169 (44645). Percheron 516 875 1.TO3 W. A. Barr Henry Schlotfeldt Kirk Bros - Davenport Claudius 212 Oldenburg Coach Banquet 6381 Trotter Davenport Midnight A. 33409 Trotter 1393 E. T. Smith Davenport Baron Patchen 2890O Trotter 1434 The Princeton Percheron Horse Co. LeClaire Veilleur 28192 (46864) Percheron 1496 August Richter .. Davenport Patchen Seal 37941 Trotter 1409 G. A. Smith Big Rock Extrador III 6058 (11224) Percheron 3107 F. Raasch McCausland Black Prince 14149 French Draft 944 Princeton Horse Co Bruno (33781) Belgian 3239 McC a u s 1 a n d Percheron Draft Horse Co IMcCausland . . Picador 41521 (56945) Percheron 2356 A. F. 01denl>urg^. Davenport Lebelm 41517 (61571)-..- Perclieron 2701 E T Smith Davenport The Lad 44769 Trotter 3280 McC a u s 1 a n d French « 'omcu Horse Co. McCausland Telegramme 240O French Coach SHELBY COUNTY 4189: C. F. Henderson. Moscow Colonel 20816 Percheron 737 W. H. Meyer Corley W. J. Bryan 2389 French Coach 195 Pleasant Twp. Horse Co. Shelby Eperon 34511 (46452) Percheron 307 Geo. McCamly .. Harlan Davy E. 32886 Trotter 308 T. J. Wyland Harlan Bob 29180 Percheron 309 T. J. Wyland Harlan Normandy 16673 Percheron 4.S3 Indian Valley Horse Co. Elkhorn Organiste D Sartalard. 1755 (34434) Belgian .57 L. C. Donahue Corley Dewey 9732 French Draft 77 Douglas Town- ship Belgian Horse Co. Kirkman Aconit 1211 (18440) Belgian EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 897 SHELBY county-Continued fez; o Name ol Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 1061 R. C. Rasmussen. C. W. Best _ Shelby Draft Horse Co. Harlan Percheron Horse Co J. R. Debord W. T. Plummer. Tennant Horse Co E. F. Morris Defiance Horse Co Cass Carter Jno. Klinkefus .— Frank Faltenson. J. A. Kastner C. W. Best- L. H. Pickard J. M. Mayer Aaron E. Potter.. Caus Kenkle T. J. & H. 0. Wvland _. Harlan Dandy 11151 (22565) Moutonnet 7175 Guignol 26112 (46826)-.. Logeur 40140 (46372) Morgan Wilkes 4672 Tremolo Junior 16590... Rangeur 34.501 (47518)... Byrondale 42296 Ventriloque 34047 (46253) Stuntney Menander 7928 (22824) Santa Anne 30971 Bmile 376 (2338) Lee Onward 30166 Raglan II 8549 (2iri'8)- Capo 3i066 Rosier 26144 (40778) Stand Back 3047 (8306)— Happy Boy 50842 Gringalet 50724 (68210).. Bucephalus 49611 Mazzola 41298 — -. 1204 Shelby 1248 Shelby . 816 Harlan . 1283 Harlan Morgan 1368 Harlan . . 1433 Tenant 2585 Harlan 2865 2921 Shire 736 Irwin . ?993 Belgian Trotter 3044 Defiance 3051 Shelby . Shire 3083 3238 3391 Harlan Defiance Trotter Percheron Shire 2250 Earling . Percheron 4034 Kirkman Defiance - Percheron 4?38 W. D. Schlensig- N. P. Booth Percheron R67R Trotter SIOUX COUNTY 10 H. B. Smith Traverse Parker . W. H. Irwin Henry Kokenge... Gradus Kower ... Gerrit Klock Henry Grotenhuis Jacob Minton T. C. Parker Peter Hansen P. W. Moir P. W. Moir P. W. Moir P. W. Moir P. W. Moir P. W. Moir W. R. Winders.. John Fanning Sheridan Belgian Horse Co. B. Van der Berg.. Thos. Chew Nick Hulst K. H. DeJong P. B. Vosberg John Panning ... H. F. Kluender.. E. B. Koppert Joe Verdorne Jr.. Bob Lockheart 36369 Charnyctzki 23028 Gros-Loup 102)8 (13641). Strathilson 9427 Vol. XIV Rudolph 41321 Involvo Jr. 21642. De Ranger 32670 Don Arno 25564 Trotter 1347 Ireton Percheron 1428 Percheron 1472 Alton Clydesdale 1620 Alton Percheron 1633 1650 2312 Sioux Center ... Hosper Rock Valley Ireton Alton Percheron Trotter Trotter 233 2440 Prince Robert 2d 11837. Babolin 14860 (58372)P— Merveileux 48136 (59205). Toreador 46269 Clydesdale French Draft 2968 2970 Orange City Orange City Orange City Orange City Orange City Orange City Ireton Percheron Percheron 2971 Sandow 2971 Percheron 2972 Julien 28951 Percheron 2973 2974 3250 Gascoigne 29734 Colonel Dickey 38955 Morell 40932 Percheron Trotter Percheron 3330 Maurice Boyden Sioux Center ... Hawarden Alton McMahon 21349 Percheron 3385 3511 3519 2170 Vengeur II 1458 (25418). Bernice 25462 (43578).... Bollon 23386 (43267) Celestin 28189 (43772)... Knockdhu 9716 (10790).. Colonel 14223 Belgian Pereheron Percheron Percheron 4008 1109 Orange City Granville Clydesdale French Draft 4100 Allards Calypso 45723.. Lambert 51873 (60121).. Enorve 16426 (64937) Victor 33301 Percheron 4249 4389 4476 Granville Chatsworth Rock Valley Percheron Percheron Percheron STORY COUNTY 64 113 192 194 76 79 530 Thos. Swalwell .. H. C. Denniston. Geo. Connolly Geo. Connolly .— Kelley Horse Co.. Maxwell Horse Breeders' Ass'n.. T. O. Savim 57 Collins (I!ollins Nevada Nevada Kelley . King of the West 10156 Keota Flanders 33462... Louvrain 2337 lams' Plunnger 9967 2^70 Apres 25057 (44752) Maxwell Buffalo 23223 (43555) Percheron Roland Laspaille 28692 (45687).. Percheron Clydesdale Percheron French Coach French Draft Percheron Percheron IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. STORY COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 725 780 779 861 983 1326 1376 J. W. Ogle- C. W. Scott C. W. Scott Howard T o w n- ship Horse Co-. Zearing Percheron Horse Co. A. Van Stenberg Oliver Cole Oliver Cole - S. B. Frey S. B. Frey - S. B. Frey Story Percheron Horse Co. La Fayette Perch- eron Horse Co.. M. J. Nelson H. C. Davis I. H. Boyd— S. J. B. Johnson- Zearing Belgian Horse Co. N. A. Stimson C. A. Jerdeman_- lowa State Col- lege - -- Ames Cole Cole Roland Zearing Story City Roland Roland Deacon 45311 Triboulet 816 Hobson 41723 Seduisant 28161 (45033)- Monopole 13364 Castor D' Hulste (Vol. XII, p. 861) Bio'-Joe 35707 Percheron Belgian Belgian Percheron French Draft Belgian 1377 1408 Keota Bostedo 1377 Milford 10590 (25234) Montelle 35223 9270 .Jean L 13370 Vainqueur 30442 (46877)- Cacatoes 31128 (4572:3)— Blaisdon Brilliant 7906- (21147) Soliman 21281 (43227)-— Delamere B. P. 6510 (18(571) M. Kazek 39781 Demblon 1153 (13394)-— Alexander 41415 Mastodonte 2597 (Vol. 13, p. 292) Etradegant 40553 (55321) Refiner 12116 Babe 15358 .Jolif 46154 (60314) Mazeppa 41840 Royal 5354 __ -— -- Percheron Percheron and 1407 1406 1420 1446 1688 1805 2130 Ames Ames Roland Gilbert Station- Cambridge Ames Ames - - French Draft French Draft and Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron Shire 2186 2142 2396 2207 2640 Ames Zearing Zearing Story City Ames Trotter Belgian Percheron Belgian 2841 Iowa State Col- lege Clydesdale 2693 H. C. Davis H. C. Davis Ames — - French Draft 2694 Ames -- -- -— -- Percheron 2537 ' H. C. Lowrey. . Nevada _ -- - Percheron 3152 i F. C. Gearhart Morgan 3164 Hougen & Co McCallsburg Ames Nevada Hercules 37268 3261 H. C. Davis 1433 M. L. Nutty Nero 47448 Condor 44607 Airaable 41437 (64612) Stow Regent 8866 (21915) Moulton VI 41981 Paulin II (15960) Monarch 16210 Marquis 41512 (64037) Spartan's Hero 8428 Comet 696 Royal Victor 42183 Moneill 45590 -— Percheron Percheron 2048 Chas. H. SawtelL Colo Percheron 3613 1 Fred Holtby & Grant Bates 3649 Geo. W. Bull Collins Zearing Shire Percheron 2393 Smalley & Niclss- 3693 ] Amos Hanson — - Gilbert Station- Collins Belgian French Draft 3695 Robt. L. Neese-- Collins Percheron 1741 1185 4022 4073 Shaw Bros. Geo. Bonde M. .J. Nelson S. B. Frey F. A. Smith Samuel Etnier Maxwell Story City Cambridge Shire French Draft Percheron Percheron 4130 4212 Nevada Colo - Maraicher 51875 (65504)- Black Hawk 41953 Acorn 42405 .lermiah 44699 Perfection II 46791 Orange Lad 16688 Clemont 47173 Percheron Percheron 4213 1 Arthur Etnier . - Collins Percheron 4214 , Arthur Etnier . Collins - Percheron 4258 .T. W. Osle- - Ames -. . Percheron 4037 .John H. Hober- land French Draft 4314 John W. Bloom- field - . Maxwell TAMA COUNTY 383 .J. L. Reedy Geo. Niemand Jos. E. Axon W. A. Speer Jas. Morgan Jas. Morgan Z. T. Moore - Geo. Walz Toledo Draft Horse Co. Garwin Wentz 31735 Trotter 147 Traer - Teddv R. 23923 Percheron 1R3 Traer - Roan Charlie 11440 Timonnier 30406 (52771)- Ailsa's Pride 11443 Prince Archer 11458 Dewey Day .34091 Cataline 40918 Philibert 40403 (51574)-- 116 Buckingham Traer Percheron Clvdesdale ?T1 Traer - Clvdesdale S09 Traer Trotter 4(> Tama 30 Toledo Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. 899 TAMA COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed I. D. ilagowan--- I. O. Magowan .. Toledo Draft Horse Co. Jno. M. Bicket Hildebrand Bros.. H. W. Rueppel Chas. Vanbel Traer Percheron Horse Co. Jno. Tiedje G. J. Monroe Jacob Ulstad A. R. Wilson T. A. Green J. W. Sackett J. W. Sackett J. L. Reedy Peter Grenewalt.. Peter Grenewalt.- Geo. Filer Clutier Horse Co- Frank Landt W. H. Sprole Joe Krezek Jacob Ulstad G. "W. Mowers--. Geo. Filer Hildebrand Bros. Henry Voege Montour Perch- eron Horse Co-- H. L. M. & N. C. Bniner Dysart Horse Co- Percheron Horse Co. E. F. Brennen E. F. Brennen J. G. Posba.isky & E. J. Stay- askal Oris Pryne Belgian Horse Co. Wm. F. Nation-. - John F. Johnson Nettie Goodwin -. J. D. Filloon Wm. Striire Otto Kleppein .Tames Morgan ... James Morgan ... .Tames Morgan ... Chas. Liithje J. C. Bradley O. H. Morford A. R. Fox A. R. Fox J. W. Manatt J. W. Manatt Tama Tama Toledo Traer Gladbrook . Dysart Dysart Traer Gladbrook . Dj'sart Dysart Traer Toledo Clutier Clutier Garwin Elberon Elberon Garwin Clutier Gladbrook . Traer Clutier Dysart Dysart Garwin Gladbrook . Berlin Montour ... Toledo Dysart Dysart Dysart Dysart Toledo Elberon Dysart Buckingham Chelsea Tama Toledo Elberon Clutier Traer Traer Traer Garwin Garwin Chelsea Elberon Elberon Chelsea Chelsea Lewis Templeman 32809 Cedric 7185 T. H. M. 38691 Newton Quality 6919 Ailsa Again 1037i Kautanglar 6005 Otter Bank 12.310 Introuvable 24765 (46658) Roseau a4.547 (44327) Brown Trippe 33669 Contest Day 43340 •Tudge Lockheart 43416._ Trappy A. G. 4^523 Black King 20947 Gilbert 12454 Silver King .50281 Printemps 34022 (51524). Riverside 25580 Allendale 28588 Colin 26156 Charming Gift 10079... (11006) Deacon 45965 Bayard 201.35 Vyzantum 37703 Henry G. M. 37552 Patrique 40790 Major Luy 2310 (29320).. Bury Valiant 8870 (24107) Ivabyle 34761 (44167) Frodoard 47115 (61993)-. Iphis 20047 Crux 29266 (45146) Forfait's Best Son ■ 23338 Richard 23343 Raven Nation 12555 Nicollet 17074 Boulevard 2281 (.33706).. Timonnier .Ir. 15621 Invador 41729 Sam T. 41407 Severn Melton 8931 (23693) Fidol Chief 30831. .Tavelot 514.32 (58875) Prophet 13167 Tama Jim 122^5 Prince Henry 10645 The Baron VII (2a930).. Alvechurch Heirloom .. 9618 (239.50) Congo (21578) Raven .5.30X3 -- - Pompev 42383 Porthos X 861— Prince 1025 Trotter Shire Trotter Shire Clydesdale French Draft Clydesdale Percheron Percheron Trotter Trotter Trotter Trotter Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Percheron Trotter Trotter Percheron Belgian Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft Trotter Belgian French Draft Trotter Trotter Shire Trotter Perclieron Clydesdale (Clydesdale Clydesdale Shire Shire Belgian Percheron Percheron Belgian Belgian TAYLOR COUNTY Frank Stanley W. H. Pfander— E. T. Philpott Gravity ' Compeer 9649 Sharpsburg Lucky Lad 4(M71- Sharpsburg Bedford 25620 (19170) Clydesdale Percheron Percheron 900 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TAYLOR COUNTY— Continued ^3 a>Z Name of Owner Postoface Name of Stallion Breed 349 J. S. Hanshaw G. W. Page G. W. Page E. W. Har den- brook J. S. Stimson Jno. Curphey W. H. Payton Thos. McClintock. Bedford Brilliant 28679 Percheron 345 Lenox Chasseur 32831 (46217).. Mingo Chief 0666 Herschel Rysdyke 31325 Huxwood 38735 . .. .— Percheron 344 Trotter 305 Bedford — Trotter 325 Gravity Trotter 306 Iroquois 34600 Percheron 356 Bedford Soudeur 28688 (25700) Sultan 33195 Percheron 464 Lenox .. . . Percheron 519 Grove T o w n- ship Horse Co.. Newton Rhoades. Warren ODell Lenox . Lime Kiln Tom 7595 (21599) Ernst 41867 (571.31) Ottoman Chief Jr 34343 Ax Dowell 40369 Exbird 39999 Shire 33 Lenox Percheron Trotter 492 Dr. Wm. Read- head Dr. Wm. Read- Trotter 491 Trotter 586 584 J. J. Knox a. n. Hazen. Clearfield Bedford General Scott 30497 King of All 30169 Denain 32428 (47543) Antrione 43073 Percheron Percheron 427 Charles Bean 683 1 -T- M. T^onor New Market Percheron Trotter 613 745 750 G. D. Bix Bedford Gabels Black Prince 5751 Langton Napoleon 5749_ (18140) King Purquois 45053 Bob Orr 25424 Shire State Road Horse Co. . - Bedford Shire Clnrk Armstronsr Lenox Percheron 749 ' Clark Armstrong Trotter 760 VV. W. Kirby.-. 808 The Morning Star 1 Percheron Horse Co. Gravity Bedford Major Genese 1250 (18802) Rudolph 17323 Belgian Percheron 852 850 844 Wise, Ray, Mil- ler Horse Co John Curphey E. T. Philnott New Market Lenox Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Gravitv .. . . Picador 27854 (46930) Sir Clinton 45309 Comet II 40520 Percheron Percheron Percheron 846 E. T. Philpott 848 E. T. Philpott 1086 Pierce Wheeler Lamont 40807 .. Percheron Laureat 32670 (46176).... Keota Captor 21661 Lord Bancroft 7040 Kid McCloy 9228 Lafleur De Wortghem. (33292) Bonneval 254.37 (45405).. Samory 26551 (43742) Baron Lockhart 9699—. (10585) Chestnut Sprague 35366 Sir Hugo 6378 (20028).... Humbert de Pomm 2052 (23192) Gold-Dust .50237 Lee-Dallas 502.39 Girton Tom 6390 Earl of Dunbar 10631.. Fanfulla 2238 (.32794) Fauntleroy 41237 Teddy 15097 Blain 15098 Percheron Percheron 1097 .J. A. Hamilton—. Bedford Shire 1006 Phil Slatterv ... Lenox . . . Clydesdale 993 S. A. Dowell Gravity Draft Horse Co. Clearfield Horse Improvement Co J. T. Dunlap E. M. Patton A. D. Robey C. H. Chamber- lain . Conwav Belgian 1192 Gravity Percheron 1247 1273 Clearfield Lenox .. Percheron Clydesdale 1356' Clearfield Conwav . Trotter Shire 1375 Bedford Belgian 1431 J. A. Hamilton.— E. E. Leighton— . W. P. Oliver Harry Allen S. E. Robinson... B. T. Philpott & Co. H. N. Ray H N. Ray Bedford Percheron 1487 1534 New Market Lenox Percheron Shire 1669 1719 Hopkins, Mo. .. Conway . Clydesdale Belgian 1761 1839 Sharpsburg Ladoga .. Percheron French Draft 1838 Ladoga French Draft 2130 Blockton Perch- eron Horse Co.- Blockton Horse Co. S. & W. W. Hartzler Dr. O. T. West— J. D. Barrans Herbert Peak M. M. Spurgeon.. J. E. Anderson... J. E. Anderson... Blockton Blockton Bedford .Toubert 2-5816 . Percheron 2150 2285 Jupiter 10848 (921) De Leon 42043 Horaere 42597 Stuntney Expectant ... 5374 Norvent Boy 39707 .\ccorte 14854 (59933)P. Hercule II 920 French Draft Percheron 2299 Conwav Trotter 2499 2472 Clearfield Shire Trotter 2726 Bedford .- French Draft 2772 Conway Conway Belgian 2773 Joseph 42238 Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 901 TAYLOR county-Continued vZ O Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 2774 2843 2308 2863 2939 3124 3125 2131 1385 3403 3461 3483 3849 3861 3860 3859 1680 343 3933 4055 4223 4197 4170 4294 4293 4325 4327 4363 350 4439 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 4450 4451 4453 4453 4454 44S5 4456 4457 4458 4459 4460 4461 4462 4463 J. E. Anderson... Fine Bros. E. E. Leighton... Powell & De Haven J. N. Niciiols W. H. Payton W. H. Payton. W. H. Price W. H. Robinson.. H. Davidson S. N. Bristown H. M. Long J. E. Barkliurst.. E. E. Leighton E. T. Philpott— . E. T. Philpott—.. E. T. Philpott.... E. T. Philpott-.. Clarke Grace C. B. Atkin W. H. Robinson.. J. A. Hamilton Wm. Redhead — . Elmer Crum Conway New Market New Market Conway Clearfield ... Bedford Bedford Gravity Bedford New Market Bedford Bedford Clearfield ... New Market Sharpsburg . Sharpsburg . Sharpsburg . Sharpsburg . Bedford Lenox Bedford Bedford Lenox Blockton J. J. Mercer Lenox J. J. Mercer Lenox H. M. Long Bedford B. E. Leighton j New Market J. P. Lininger Lenox Churchill & Dougherty Bedford J. M. B. T. E. T. E. T. E. T. E. T. E. T. E. T. B. T. B. T. E. T. E. T. E. T. B. T. E. T. E. T. E. T. B. T. E. T. E. T. Long Philpott— Pbilpott- Philpott— Philpott-. Philpott-. Philpott.. Philpott.. Philpott— Philpott- Philpott.. Philpott.. Philpott.. Philpott.. Philpott-. Philpott.. Philpott.. Philpott.. Philpott-. Philpott.. 4284 N. Herrigan Lenox Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Sharpsburg Conway Conway Sully 42240 Prime Minister 5166 Maxima 50058 (59943) Brave 13679 (60443)P Captain Jinks 11103 Perfection 44731 Pink Paragon 43929 Jupiter Jr. 15031 Banker 50290 Major 6577 Victor 44734 Favorite Herschel 45441 Botha de Leoten (33020) Black Boulder 50252 Laurent 33171 Banker 51.538 Royal Boy 51055 Leduc 23313 Castellan 40144 (52911).. MacCloy Jr. 9218 Geron 2846 (41868) Baro 2843 (41866) Colonel McDowell 4453G William McKinley --. 30215 Lieutenant 35544 Mokrani 29835 James 51101 (67494)... Lucky Strike 50340 Dexter 16622 Tatton Navigator 6990 (19170) Garnetwood 47852 Blande II 41661 French Monarch 16980. Success 41708 - Gay Lad 41663 Orphan Boy 42849 Theodore 42490 Sargent 35369 Coco 51614 Black PereheroH 51201 Sargeant 50690 Success 50705 Bedford 42319 Black Joe 50691 Jean Le Blanc 41706 Teddie Boy 51.579 Blande II 51613 Brilliant 42538 Stuntney Prince 9690. Sharpsburg Warrior 9077 Counsellor 4999 Percheron Shire Percheron French Draft French Draft Percheron Percheron French Draft Percheron Shire Percheron Trotter Belgian Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Belgian Belgian Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron French Draft Shire Trotter Percheron French Draft Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Shire Shire Morgan UNION COUNTY 569 61 40 568 709 710 R. C. Holland.... Taylor Kilgore .. R. J. Ross A. E. Otis A. Latimer Wil son F. L. Streams 611 C. N. Paulson 610 C. N. Paulson 416 C. G. Webb 753 1 Sadler & Brown I Bros. 792 W. R. Henderson. Afton Judge Towner 19419 iTrotter Cromwell Mongol 42230 (52133) I Percheron Cromwell - -I Creston Royal 4943 Shire Alton I Bijou 10839 French Draft Creston Villebon 10529 (14471) 'Percheron Creston — Plainview Dignity II.. Shire 1 6389 Lorimor Coco 23406 Lorimor Gentleman Joe 6181 — Afton Lethbridge 7713 Percheron Shire Shire Creston i Souverain 41195 (52467).. Percheron Afton I Moscow 35509 (42605) ! Percheron 902 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. UNION COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 799 856 805 806 1053 1044 G. 1140 S. 1139 S. 1260 B. 1340 E. 1341 E. 1342 B. 1343 E. 804 1605 A. Stevenson.- E. Reetz J. Gibbons J. Gibbons J. Stalcup W. Stream J. Bayles J. Bayles- E. Carter Fugier Pugier Fugier Fugier — Shannon City Cromwell Cromwell Cromwell Lorimor Spaulding — Cromwell Cromwell Creston Creston Creston Creston Creston M. lams & Co— . C. L. Waltz Lorimor . Spaulding 1621 G. li. Reed _. 1635 C. D. Riggs 1703 H. Y. Lnpher 1766 I G. W. Stream — 1798 ' Grant Hubble 326 2027 2320 1856 »i84 2655 2671 2473 2570 McKinnie Bros. F. L. Stream- Kent - Spaulding Lorimor .. Spaulding Kent Afton Creston — . W. R. Wilson Arispe H. H. Jeter- G. W. Bilbo- M. E. Thompson- A. T. Worsley & Sons J. H. Garrels Shannon City Percheron Horse Co. Creston Shire Horse Co. Thayer Creston Afton - Kent - Thayer 2754 A. L. Wilson- 1052 L. L. Stoner.- 555 David Miller -- 2861 J. J. Thompson— 2911 J. H. Garrels 2909 Ed Hupp 2928 E. F. & F. L. Sullivan 2953 2952 2960 3128 3157 3333 G. W. Bilbo G. W. Bilbo L. M. Cherring ton F. L. Stream Gale McCall G. S. ■Rf>pt- A. Latimer Wil- son Shannon City Creston Creston Afton Spaulding Afton Thayer _- Afton Afton Creston — Creston — Creston — Creston — Lorimor Cromwell 3S48 Stream & Wilson. 3411 Frank A. Ide- 3412 Franli A. Ide 3413 I Frank A. Ide 3414 S. H. Wright 3497 3498 3499 3500 3599 3628 3629 3686 3768 3890 3931 Geo. W. Bilbo—. Geo. W. Bilbo—. Geo. W. Bilbo—. Geo. W. Bilbo—. D. J. Gibbons Geo. W. Bilbo—. C. G. Webb B. Whitworth ... Frank L. Stream. John Kilgore — Geo. W. Bilbo--. Creston Creston Creston Creston Creston Afton .. Creston -- Creston .. Creston -- Creston _. Cromwell Creston -- Afton — Afton — Creston -- Cromwell Creston -- Iowa Champion 7286 Redea 4557 — Ravenwood 8339 Gibbons Charger 6968— Romulus 44892 Prince of Wales 6725-.. Slasher 40401 — Banker II 7635 Grayson 19436 — Senator 41137 Percheron Chief 41106— Chestnut Baron 8108 Hakes' Prince 5854 (18778) Medley Rex 37790-- Stuntney Airlie 8023—. (22965) Sultan 45435 (48.324) Iowa Prince 4841 Prince Albert II 13861-- Modock 41236 l,ofty Yet 9945 Bluffer 29717 Lucky Lad 8182 Duke of Marlborough-. 19540 Boileau 50422 (60614) Colonel Beaumont 7998. Custerwood 43445 -- Shire Morgan Shire Shire Percheron Shire Percheron Shire Trotter Percheron Percheron Shire Shire Trotter Shire Percheron Morgan French Draft Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Shire Percheron Belgian Shire Trotter Valerien 47985 (58032; Percheron Lemaire 860 French Coach Otta 40387 Plain View Dignity 5550 Edward VII 6931 (Vol. 25) Maroc 14130 Bon Ami 4630 Greenwood 28150 Preval 14185 Calvin 11535 (20017) Trumans Surprise 7342. Keck 6575 Crown Prince 8O0O. Percheron Shire Shire French Draft Shire Trotter Percheron Percheron Shire Shire Shire Prime 2415 (36859)- _ Belgian Sport 13731 French Draft Major D' Ob 2531 Belgian (Vol. 8, p. 480) Sostene 50865 (62597) iPercheron Bedwell Marquis 8326-. Shire (22101) Frimas 50957 (61646).... Monteith 31604 Boulder 46527 Major 46526 Linton Executor 5654.. (17449) Roy Hazelton 9054 Banker Boy 9066 Cap Vincent 9065 Rex Beaumont 9063 Irvington 8S57 Hugh Roderic 49519 Coal Brilliant 49520— Brilliant's Model 22404 Pimpant 51370 (66729)- Diavolo 51372 (65407)— Vallor 50284 ! Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron ;Shire Ishire Shire i Shi re iShire jShire Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron 'Percheron iPercheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 903 UNION county-Continued 4)Z 3933 3957 3993 4023 386 4(M7 4048 4049 4050 4051 4053 4111 4144 4204 4199 4195 4184 4183 4250 4251 4287 1005 4304 4362 4394 4397 670 4473 Name of Owner Postoflace Name of Stallion Breed Geo. W. Bilbo Geo. W. Bilbo Frank A. Ide H. C. Schroder— G. W. Stream J. P. Cromwell.-. Geo. W. Bilbo Geo. W. Bilbo Geo. W. Bilbo.... Geo. W. Bilbo Geo. W. Bilbo. ._- Geo. W. Bilbo W. M. Smith G. W. Welling Loubet Horse Co. W. R. Wilson H. P. Bntxg G. W. Welline... A. Latimer Wil- son - L. M. Cherrlngton Wm. Downs Geo. W. Bilbo Geo. W. Bilbo D. J. Gibbons Geo. W. Bilbo C. W. Harkness- A. Latimer Wil- son A. Latimer Wit- son J. H. Garrels August Reetz Creston Creston Creston Creston Creston Shannon City . Creston Creston Creston Creston Creston Creston Thayer Afton Thayer Arispe Afton Afton Creston Creston Creston Creston Creston Cromwell Creston Creston Creston Creston Thayer Cromwell Dick Ryan .50266 Couquor 50270 Theodore 49709 Black Diamond 48619.. Butor 42543 (62561) .1. W. 11125 Black Jack 40859 Prosper 48070 Logan 50280 Major 52501 Monarch 50273 Pagoda 50276 Lime Light 44106 Carnegie 32686 Loubet 28440 (45686) Sideram 42563 (65319)... Greenwood, Jr. 43439. Bicot 54380 (66825) Inval 2847 (41890) Mayeur 2849 (37210) Aiglon 2841 (41858) Hugh Vincent 9737 Doctor Lad 26340 Bamboo's Wonder 9719. Hugh Bennett 50269 Tions Bon 2474 Percheron Perclieron Perclieron Perclieron Percheron Frencli Draft Percheron Percheron Perclieron Percheron J Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Belgian Belgian Belgian Shire Percheron Shire Percheron French Coach Bouncer 9561 Shire Royal Paxton 9743 Shire (25592) Becket May Prince 6857 Shire (17149) LaRose 54387 (67502) Percheron VAN BUREN COUNTY 457 J. V. Clark... Birmingham Blyth Farmers Lad 5389 (16003) Shire 458 J. V. Clark Birmingham Rudolf 70 (1216) Oldenburg Coach 114 T. L. Simmons & Son Bonaparte Esnault 34769 155 A. A. Bonner Keosauqua .Jamais 25583 (43815) Percheron 197 E. E. Keck Stockport Roseau 25586 (44296) 12994 French Draft and Percheron 256 Jas. W. Rhynas-. Stockport Pepin 35100 (52938) Percheron 479 Wm. Bishop J. H. Stull Milton Marquis III 33769... Keota-Sawyer 33440 Percheron 4.35 Birmingham Percheron 792 J. W. Warner Bentonsport .. Mud Creek Bill 10274. Clydesdale 813 J. V. Clark Birmingham Masher 8390 _ Shire 823 S. B. & L. C. Carroll J. H. Zeitler Selma Keota-Blaurock 24823... Chequest Hero 44256 Percheron 824 Douds-Leando Percheron 1161 L. S. Pickett L. S. Pickett W. D. Thomas Cantril Cherbourg 25581 (44507).. Volcan 642 (4052) Percheron nfiO Cantril Belgian 1468 Douds-Leando .. Chanteur 1918 (32820) Belgian 1469 W. D. Thomas Douds-Leando .. Radis (48708) Percheron 154 R. C. Harris Stockport Stockport Stockport Plato 44975 171'^ F M Smith Champ 11570 Clydesdale 1713 F. M. Smith Stockport Dewey 23673. Percheron 1790 T. R. Robertson. Farmington Chopin 44113 (57667) Percheron 1210 J. E. McKeehan.. Farmington Chief Coburn 6982 Shire 2111 L. K. Doud Panama 41618 . . Percheron 2329 P. D. Holloway.- A. J. Leffler Milton Omar C. 42168 Trotter 2395 Stockport Master Fearless 94*4... Clydesdale 2453 R E Meek Bonaparte Farmington Mellier 9993 French Draft 2529 E. D. Prunty Kale 8591 Clydesdale 2530 B. D. Prunty Farmington Quenny 24816 (44496) Percheron 2531 State Line Coach Rallien 2480 French Coach 2a35 V. F. Newell Birmingham Brilliant 15192 French Draft 2836 V. F. NeweU Birmingham Triton 15195 French Draft 904 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. VAN BUREN COUNTY-Continued «-2 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 28S2 Birmingham Draft Horse Co. A. F. Haney A. F. Haney M. S. Bonar Morris, Newman & Morris Morris, Newman & Morris -. A. M. Brady S. F. Henry E. C. Holland, W. H. Craven & W. H. Atkins— Harrisburg Perch- eron Horse Co-- Harrisburg Perch- eron Horse Co— John W. Warner- S. C. Kerr S. C. Kerr Fisher & Guy Donald & Ed- wards - Birmingham Milton Favori II 45574 Percheron SW-W Pernaux 14878 French Draft 2958 3328 Milton Milton Ike Squirrel 1888 Wayside Chief 8586 King Dover 48394 Collard 35004 Nectur 45576 (64248) Victor 7448 Saddle Horse Clydesdale 3379 1108 3433 Stockport Stockport Milton Percheron Percheron Percheron 3537 Bonaparte Milton .. Shire 3546 Onatas 13267 French Draft 3560 3561 3574 3609 3610 Stockport Stockport Bentonsport Keosauqua Keosauqua Cantril Citoyen 40277 (45928).... Imprint Jr. 33548 Pat Crown 43203... Benson Prince 15435 Triton 15429 Percheron Trotter Trotter French Draft French Draft 3607 Picador 44121 (60211) Prince Goodwin 8931 King Edward IV 6121- Lochinvar 45346 Percheron 3742 Stockport Farmington Keosauqua Keosauqua Stockport Bonaparte Clydesdale 3954 4066 B. M. Boyer W. C. Strait W. C. Strait J. H. Keck T. L. Simmons— Shire Percheron 4067 196 4262 Brilliantine 44255 Chartroose 7803 33721.- Co Co 50603 Percheron French Draft and Percheron Percheron WAPELLO COUNTY 989 Jay Bros. Blakesburg Blakesburg Blakesburg Ottumwa Ottumwa Ottumwa Agency . Facteur 27139 (46785) Belleau 24553 (43513) Waldo 901 — Mars 21919 Senator Ballingall 31895 Ouse Wonder 7944 Asseurus 12860 Red Allerlo 45423 Transvaal 23199 (44612).. Cyprien 28736 (48448) Uruguay (48765) 48009... John 32039 Captor 12027 (12078) Keota Standard 27693.. Brilliant 50218 (59668).. Onslow 41973 Black Chief 41955 Mac Lilly 9071 King of Perche 34712 Pellico 24287 Shadeland Athelete .. . 29695 Anchor Lockheart 33162 Wapello Chief 13113 Xevier 29650 Judge Crisman 33161... Captain K. 42412 Duke of Scotland 12631 Co Co 16845 Percheron 1>S,S 84 605 604 603 796 0. S. Miller P. E. Leinhauser P. B. Leinhauser P. B. Leinhauser Jas. A. Miller L. C. Hendershot J. H. Kepler W. S. Maurice T. F. & W. C. Gonterman W. S. Maurice Village Creek Horse Co. C. E. Moore B. M. Holmes H. Woods A. J. Black Blair and Jackson A. D. & Carl F. Krueger Belgian Percheron Trotter Shire 976 1271 1822 2260 Ottumwa Kirkville Ottumwa Eldon Trotter Percheron Percheron 1722 1574 2816 2947 3123 Ottumwa Ottumwa Eddyville Eddyville Eldon Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Percheron Trotter 3382 3470 3493 Blakesburg Ottumwa Ottumwa - Ottumwa Ottumwa Ottumwa .- Ottumwa Ottumwa Ottumwa Ottumwa - Dudley Eldon Percheron Clydesdale Percheron 3494 3495 A. D. & Carl F. Krueger A. D. & Carl F. Krueger Percheron Trotter 3496 A. D. & Carl F. Krueger Trotter 3508 3530 3531 Roy Gosney A. D. & Carl F. Krueger „ A. D. & Carl F. Clydesdale Trotter 3532 A. D. & Carl F. Trotter Clydesdale French Draft 3692 4165 Chas. Peterson, P. A. Gustafson & W. L. Johnson. Leroy E. Pite EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. WAPELLO county-Continued 905 4164 4255 4263 4264 Leroy E. Fite P. E. Leinhauserl Geo. Lentner Geo. Lentner Eldon ... Ottumwa Ottumwa Ottumwa Mignon 14390 French n-nCf Bon Lusty 6600 (llSg) Shfre ^" Keota James 9514.... SL ro Keota Calix 44793 Percheion WARREN COUNTY 245 I 16 22 8 553 521 475 704 421 975 1077 1076 1075 1069 1033 1259 1358 1291 1290 1289 1288 1300 1301 1302 W. O. Romine & W. J. Shigley... Oscar Hunt J. A. Mason... F. W. Smith.... E. F. Keeney H. E. Hopper J. H. Simmerman Henry Horse Co Alexander & Wheeler St. Mary's Perch- eron Horse Co. Taggart & Son. Taggart & Son,... Taggart & Son.... C. E. Read_... Schuldt .- Barnett & New Virginia ... Carlisle ... Carlisle ... Winter set Carlisle ... ludianola . Indianola . Carlisle ... Prole .. Draft Chris. J. H. Son J. H. Son H. B. Barnett & Flesher B. B. B. D. 1459 1440 1441 1442 1444 1652 1653 1443 2089 2091 2147 2148 ! 2501 2611 2532 2533 2563 1663 1794 2834 3037 3172 Flesher Flesher Flesher Mason j Warren County Horse Co. Warren County Horse Co. . H. E. Hopper... F. O. Nutting & Son F. O. Son F. O. Son F. O. Son J. H. Son J. H. Son I. w. T. G. T. O. H. E. H. E. W. T. E. T. St. Marys .... New Virginia New Virginia .. New Virginia . New Virginia Norwalk Indianola Indianola . Liberty Center.. Liberty Center.. Liberty Center.. Liberty Center.. Lacona Beaumont Standard 0080 (11758) Le Blanco II 13131. Blue Rex 39786 Aeritouian 32506 Fuschia 25181 (imlV. Marengo 41408 ... .. ^^.^-,,t.,. Arthur 10059 iFrenf-h Ti^^ft. Romeo 29519 (44986)1:::: Per?heron ^" Penneloz 54.568 Shire French Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron Nutting & Nutting & Nutting & Barnett & Barnett & Thomas McCoy-.-. McCoy.... Hopper.— Hopper... Sinnard.. Keeney Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Percheron Percheron Shire French Coach Percheron Shire Belgian Percheron What You Like 29161.. Percheron Brilliant 10289 6427 ! Percheron c ,„ I French Draft Solide 21454 (43346) Percheron Lenain 3966 Shire Sampson 34733 Percheron Banker 6783 Shire Ecclier 33959 (48753) Illinois II .5,536 Keota-Carnot 1469 Waterloo 50212 Edward VII 6931.::::"' Port Drapeau 1066 (21590) Teddy 34678 Taggart & Son.... Taggart & Son. P. H. Hester Churchville Horse Co. Cumming Horse Co. Social Plains Horse Co .... indianola . ^- ,|- Shetterly.. St. Charles E. M. Lewis Norwalk _ L. C. Barnett & Co. Indianola.. Indianola Norwalk Indianola Indianola Indianola Indianola Carlisle .:: Carlisle ', New Virginia .. New Virginia .. Indianola Avalanch 10026 Admiral 24504 (44658) Africander (Vol. 23)... Rex 41887 French Draft Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron Churchville Cumming .. Gladitor's Pride 43873.. Black Dandy 40772 jpercheron Dewey's Image 431.50-.-lpercheron Simpson Boy 346S1 Percheron Percheron Percheron Brilliant 4.5630 Coco 35856 Admiral Togo 43076 .... Percheron Kenwood Chief 34680... PercheroS Better Yet 43995.-.. fiercneron Perfeetum 44143 Keota-Burnett 33461 Black Joe 35854 Joe. Bailey II 8393. Kruger 26314 -'Percheron Robert Terton 37182 Trotter Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron Shire Mirliton 2258 (Vol Androcles 41274 12) -I Belgian (59473)- iPercheron Grincheur 2832 IPercheron Napoleon 15565 [French Draft Joe Cedric 40861 Trotter General 43077 iPercheron IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. WARREN COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner Postoflace Name of Stallion Breed 3173 3174 3175 3279 3318 1439 3345 3408 3471 3619 3620 3627 2502 699 L. C. Barnett & Co. L. C. Barnett & Co. L. C. Barnett & Co. - Read Bros. J. P. Wilson John Summerman A. E. Vansyoc J. A. Mason A. DeMoss James MulvihilL- James Mulvihlll-. J. F. Wright Elmer Keeney W. J. Wilson 3641 E. D. Spencer — 3669 Marshall & Han- by 3260 S. W. Weeks 3750 Don L. Berry 3900 H. B. Flesher 3966 I xVdam Stamm 3295 F. L. Kessler 4098 W. J. Wilson 4104 4147 4135 4321 4326 3656 4148 2985 L. L. Harvey. J. F. Gibbs W. J. Wilson. S. W. Weeks-. Ora Conrad F. H. Slack Ned E. Spurgeon E. Rigrgs W. Weeks Indianola Indianola Indianola New Virginia . Indianola Indianola :\Iilo Carlisle Spring Hill — . dimming Cumming Milo Lacona Lacona Milo Summerset Indianola Indianola Liberty Center. (^arlisle Lacona Liberty Center. Lacona Lacona Liberty Center. Indianola New Virginia . Hartford Ackworth Lacona Indianola Admiral Jr. 48129. Lad 48130 French Lad 15717 Stuntney Benedict 8893. (23741) Caesar 45539 Gladiator II 33148 Bulger 10033 Duroc Rex 45351... Romeo de Bernissem... 2053 (27248) Vaneau 31435 (46653) Malicieux 30592 (48759).. Diamond Dick 3598 Barondon Blaze 6450... (15973) Questeur 10149 Milo Boy 45455- Agencol 16101 Damocles 28436 (44960).. Josef 46S0O '.... Cedar Clav 4.5434 Bonpays 50800 (64190)_. Otto 46096 Waxham Lad 7150 (19227) Norwood Echo 49329-- .Toe 49333 Igniter 5191 The Arch Duke 2569--. (8396) Chief 13617 Dexter 15650 Groom 7342-11981 (22315). Proud Brilliant 49334—. Brisefer 28433 (45431)—. Percheron Percheron French Draft Shire Percheron Percheron French Draft Trotter Belgian Percheron Percheron Shetland Pony Shire French Draft Trotter French Draft Percheron Percheron Perclieron Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron Shetland Pony Shire French Draft French Draft Percheron and French Draft Percheron Percheron WASHINGTON COUNTY 198 222 1059 1058 1047 1111 1113 1159 1158 1157 1327 1495 1806 1993 2006 2035 2036 2092 2093 2094 2210 2417 2512 M. M. Kempf W. R. Bonham-.. J. E. BIgar J. E. Elgar E. M. Smith W. C. White W. C. White Chapel Bros. (!;hapel Bros. Chapel Bros. A. P. Hayes C. C. Erude— The Egypt Horse Co. B. J. Shetler C. E. Hershber- ger Leichty & Conrad Leichty & Conrad R. H. Leeper R. H. Leeper R. H. Leeper J. B. Spencer C. J. Winter T. E. Johnson Kalona Kalona Noble Noble Crawfordsville Ainsworth Ainsworth Ainsworth - Ainsworth - Ainsworth - Washington Wellman -— Noble Noble Norm 13155 Why Not II 7186 (21027) Little Plumb 40087 Big Cinnamen .39090 Orageux 36110 (44812) Mithridate 20535 (35.918) _ Albert Sidney .lohnston 42345 Kadour 24767 (46672) Frenchman 499 General Washington -- 1475 Ganzoo 17645 Keota Arthur 5796 Washington Parfait 400.31 (42395)-. Kalona Kalona Boy 38259 Wellman Noble — Noble — Noble Ainsworth - Washington Washington Young Rapin 14543 Guerrero 46188 (60811)- Prince John II 6137.. (19032) Eugene 41566 Strubby Fear None.— 7573 (20935) Congolias 1921 (29634). Satisfait 46048 (63380)- Ardent 46151 (58831)- Lavron 28466 French Draft Shire I Trotter iTrotter Percheron [Percheron [Percheron Percheron French Draft Saddle Horse Trotter Shire Percheron Trotter French Draft Percheron Shire Percheron Shire Belgian Percheron Percheron Trotter EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 907 WASHINGTON COUNTY— CONTINUED p Name of Owner Postofnce Name of Stallion Breed 2525 B. J. Oyer D. Rittenhouse & Son Noble Prince Monarch 40629... Marcellus 46075 Roy N. 43477 Keota-Jacob 7780 Keota-Sargent 8270 Lalie Lancer 8785 (20622) Dandy Dan 21503 Keota-Pansey 4972 All Here 9248 Percheron Percheron Trotter Shire Shire Shire Trotter Shire French Draft French Draft Shire Percheron French Draft 2632 Washington Wellman Wellman Wellman Washington Washington Riverside -. Brighton Brighton Brighton Brighton Kalona . 2656 2590 2591 2728 2737 2874 E. E. Norman E. E. Embe & Chas. Gabriel — E. E. Embe & Chas. Gabriel .._ C. J. Winter J. 0. Swift— V. F. Schnoeb- elen .. 2917 Wentworth & Mc- Clelland 1918 Wentworth & Mc- Clelland Waldo 13323 8919 Wentworth & Mc- Clelland Gabels' Champion 6132.. (18028) Rodomont 226^4 (34006).. King 14456 2920 3119 Wentworth & Mc- Clelland E. D. Herchber- ger 3418 D. J. & D. M. Palmer ... Washington Kalona .. .. .. Truant's Premier 21530. Ed Aegon 45139 ^1580 J. W. Justice D. Rittenhouse ... H. D. Hazlett C. S. Fletcher Henry Lefler W. C. White J. W. Glancy Turbott & Morri- son Turbott & Morri- son Trotter 3745 Washington Ainsworth Crawfordsville . Ainsworth Ainsworth Crawfordsville . Ainsworth Ainsworth Prince of Lakewood... 21528 Red Rob 44135 Percheron Trotter 1112 mo Black Prince 4207. Conrad 33890 Shire Trotter 4030 4151 4391 4392 Hercules 15972 Glaneur 22711 (43051) Ainsworth Lad 47898 .. Keota Albert 49054.— French Draft Percheron Trotter Percheron WAYNE COUNTY A. F. Place. Humeston T. A. Toliver Clio A. F. Place Humeston F. Place Humeston A. F. Place I Humeston Clay Richman Horse Co. ' Humeston Clay - Richman Humeston D. L. McMurray.. A. H. Palmer O. O. Littell O. O. Littell & Co. O. O. Littell & Co. J. F. Hickman T. A. C. Miller... Clio Shire Horse Co Walnut Township Horse Co. C. H. Trembly Thos. Allison C. R. Noble & L. W. Donald C. M. Fordyce Corydon _. Humeston Corj'don .. Corydon Corydon .. Humeston Seymour Clio Seymour Lineville Sewal Promise City .. Powersville, Mo. Mambrino Kirkwood .. 30703 Ralph 6323 Columbus 11096 Spark IV 7147 (19136)... Romulus 8851 Rosier 28350 (48816). Markeaton Primate 6774 (19825) Bismark 10374 Captain Pat 40845 Gentleman Joe II 6453. Judge Halsey 33638 Guydirwood 28590 Metropolitan 31753 (47585) Harlequin 24591 ... Manea George Dunios 34507 (48527) Kingsland Victor 7773_ (20615) Carroll 19192 Donzelo 500 Creston Jerry 10997. Trotter Shire French Draft Shire French Draft Percheron Shire French Draft Trotter Shire Trotter Trotter Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron Shire Percheron Belgian French Draft 908 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WAYNE COUNTY— Continued Name of Owner PostofBce Name of Stallion Breed 1716 Couchman & Mc- .Stuntney Hereward 6618 (Vol. 24) Sentinel II 6883 (17612). King of Perchie 18793— Lad 8364 Shire 1813 2295 2296 Confidence Shire Horse Co. Thos. Donald W. D. Wiley- W. D. Wiley W. D. Wiley A. H. Palmer Genoa Draft Horse Co. W. P. & T. H. Brown Promise City -— Corydon Lineville Lineville Lineville Humeston Shire Percheron Shire 2297 Roxev 8365 - - - 2412 Regular 7716 - Shire 2637 2538 Labourer de Horrues— 2530 (34726) Barbancon 29921 (48667). Stuntney Duke (Vol. 25) Tona 1470 (25380) Walter 46030 (53154) Acadia 20265 Creston Tom 4449 Renzo (Vol. 21) Gambette 40142 (52972)— Lightraan .^1396 — La Mark 11061 .Tohn the Baptist 5161- Robuste 54550 (63610) Colonel Colbert 39077— Bristol 520O7 (67268) Xavier 14561 Belgian Percheron 2735 Promise City -— Promise City — Corydon Shire 2736 W. P. & T. H. Brown Belgian 2769 1234 Tom Donald Otto Thomas C. T. Harper T. H. & W. P. Brown R. E. Richie & J. C. Snodgrass .— O. O. Littell O. O. Littell C. L. Murrow W. H. Thomas R. W. Richie C. E. Pettit Henry B. Scholty Percheron Percheron 2891 Shire 2914 621 3514 3515 4090 4360 4393 Promise City -— Allerton Corydon Corydon Promise City .„ Sewal Allerton Hackney Percheron Trotter French Draft Morgan Percheron Trotter 4412 4440 Seymour Allerton Percheron French Draft WEBSTER COUNTY 960 Callender Horse Improving Co. — Callender Attila 26064 (46766) Percheron 1578 Frank Schill — Harcourt Bijou de Lant (24954)— Belgian 1188 Knut Trondsen.— Callender Ismael Du Fosteau 1183 Belgian 1457 Roelyn Horse Co- Mooreland -^ Page 40380 (54733) Percheron 150-? A. G. Leonard P. H. Halligan-. Fred Douglas 17468 Newton ^lajor 5559 Percheron 1531 Moorland Shire 1751 P. R. Peterson Fort Dodge — - Dreadnaught 8394 Shire 2703 Richard Cooner .. West Ft. Dodge Durantin 22699 (42408)- Percheron 2884 Horse Co. Fort Dodge Black Dan 43111 Percheron S025 Elkhorn Horse Co. Kalo Taupin 40711 (56545) - Percheron 322 Jno. McMohn & T M Butler Indianola Lad 34682 - - Percheron Vf\a Chas. Anderson . Fort Dodge General Macee 22379 Percheron 'wn Otho Horse Co Fort Dodge Keiser 15888 French Draft 917 W. Li. Ainsworth- Fort Dodge Torouche de Melin 2650 (339.50) Belgian !?399 Knut Thorndson . Callender Til de Ter 2569 Belgian ?603 J. I. Rutledge Fort Dodge Duke 11928 Clydesdale ^605 John McMahon .. Clare _ Straight Wood Jr 35334 Trotter 3659 M. H. Andrews- — Dayton Printemps 24262 (43992)- Percheron 3898 \Vm. Haurahan -. Duncombe Kongo King 9018 Shire 3925 J. C. Savage Fort Dodge Edenson 11931 _ Clydesdale 3926 .John .T. Tierney-- Fort Dodge Arcole 2851 (41884) Belgian 3728 Clare Belgian Draft Horse Co- Clare Monarque de Taviers-- 2699 (29770) Belgian 1082 .Tohn Crowley Vincent Perfection 16654 French Draft 2268 H. F. Hoyer & A. W. Hasselbring- Barnum Black Monarch 42249 _. Percheron 1236 Riehard Lee Dayton Monaboul Brownell - — 35:^09 Trotter 41.34 John Greall Duncombe Gueridon 54384 (67632)- Percheron 3347 John A. Behrens- Fort Dodge Keota Champion 20226_. Percheron 23.39 C. O. Humbert- Fort Dodge Coco de Falaon 1552 Belgian 4295 Crooks Draft (16044) Horse Co. Burnside Moniteur 44387 (26074)- Percheron EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XII. 909 WINNEBAGO COUNTY 123 139 140 331 472 1251 1250 2115 2116 2513 3215 3216 3195 3196 3606 3622 4032 4167 4166 4163 2982 4416 Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed Jno. Batchelor ... Jolinstou Bros. Johnston Bros. Joice Hor.se Co Sorn Olsen & Moe Bros. C. E. Holcomb. C. E. Holcomb C. E. Holcomb.... C. E. Holcomb R. B. Young Skiles Core Core Bros Johnston Bros Johnston Bros W. E. Butcher O. A. Olson P. H. Harrington B. L. Kerby Lake Mills Perch- eron Horse Co... .Johnston Bros P. H. Harrington J. B. Keeler. Thompson Buffalo Center. Buffalo Center- Lake Mills . Stacyvllle Buffalo Center. Buffalo Center. Buffalo Center. Buffalo Center- Buffalo Center.. Forest City .... Forest City Buffalo Center.. Buffalo Center- Forest City Forest City Buffalo Center.. Lake Mills Nicodeme 31288 (46297).. 'Percheron I;orfait III 26479 iPercheron Red Payne 37596... Trotter Bardon 46504 ....Percheron Starr Brilliant 22480 Velo 31524 (47571) Brilliant 27213 Victor 46937 .. Vigo 46936 '."'" Super be 42820 (60762) V Major Bernard 18561. Bernard II 42096. Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron -i Percheron .Percheron Percheron Lghantier 41660 (48876).. Percheron Archiduc 2522 1 Belgian (Vol. 13, p. 543) W. E. Butcher U114 Zeno 35185 Pool Jim 46473. Jest B. 38S09 Lake Mills Buffalo Center. Buffalo Center. Lake Mills Annibal (624) ... Philceon 21274 (431^) "' Cartouche 42317 Peru 2785 '■ Trotter Percheron Trotter Trotter French Draft Percheron Percheron French Coach WINNESHIEK COUNTY 428 172 117 111 255 229 334 41 71 75 481 612 759 I. N. Reed Bloomfleld Belgian Draft Horse Co. M. E. Marsh Percheron Horse Co. Franklin Draft Horse Co. Jacob Headington B. O. Bahken.. Belgian Draft Horse Co. .. Curtin & Baker Percheron Burr Oak j Alger .35212 (52492). Castalia . Burr Oak I Noe (25532) Mark Hanna 1070 2212 2316 2949 2965 3176 3219 3409 593 701 3917 4063 4368 96 3851 E. J. G. F Ossian Horse Co. Ed Lynnes Washington Prai- rie Breeders' Ass'n Decorah Coach Horse Co. H e s p e r Draft Horse Co. Spillville Perch- eron Horse Co.. Adolph Running.. Alex Sheggrud Henry Steffes Burr Oak Belgian Draft Horse Co__ August Lansing _. Thos. Floodv - Thos Floody" L. .T. Anderson... E. J. Curtain W. B. Sphar Bluffton Horse Co W. H. Bachelder. Anderson Bros. (keepers) I August Lansing__J Locust 1 Frondeur 29894 (46118). Decorah ... Decorah _._ Decorah __. Decorah Decorah Ossian . Decorah , Maretiaux 1380 (25202) Major Pilot 7171 Galopin (543.36) .. Decorah Decorah Hesper, Minn... Fort Atkinson . Decorah Decorah Fort Atkinson _ Burr Oak Ossian ... Ossian ... Ossian ... Decorah . Decorah . Castalia . Ridgeway Castalia . Maurisse (25500) Claude Melnotte 33982. Galant 24776 (4305O) . Jaquot (56946) Athos 14347 Pirat 2599 Baladin 42024 (54427). Kleber 295S1 (44593) Henri 30170 The Coupon 35474 British Flag II 4350 Percheron Belgian Belgian Percheron Belgian Shire Percheron Belgian Trotter Percheron Percheron Decorah Ossian . Camin De Ligne 237.5. (23356) Fancy Roy 10433 Paros 151S4 (27271) Allcolyte 45452 Prince Henry 6728 Superior 26492 Fickle Prince 11689 Pompon 40058 (427a5)... Chester 9191 (10526) . Sturmidor 29696 Prince llO&J French Draft German Coach Percheron Percheron Perciieron Trotter •Shire . Belgian .'Clydesdale . Percheron . I Trotter Shire Percheron Clydesdale Percheron I Clydesdale Percheron 'Clydesdale 910 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WOODBURY COUNTY Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 254 Hans Peterson — D. M. Hamilton— J. A. Clark- J. J. Buchan The L a w t 0 n- Bronson Perch- eron Horse Co— A. B. Robinson.— Jas. Crabb J. Onstot & J. Marquart Lum Hollow Horse Co Fred Dyson - W. C. Coon Joseph Bernard— G. E. Loring Anthony Bower — August Peterson.- J. E. Putnam H. F. Ludwig Moville Perch- eron Horse Co— H. W. Goreham.. Danbury Horse Co. — Danbury Moville Carlos (47475) Percheron Echo Chief 2d 5209 Lord King 24529 Sultan 10823 - Shire 550 Percheron 723 957 French Draft Vandeix 34437 (46494)— Guy Caton 29643 Bruce MacGregor 8553— Gazon 42873 (59782) Bayard 31302 (46064) Kin<^ 12208 Percheron Sloan Trotter Clydesdale 1255 Percheron 1027 Smithland Sloan - - Percheron French Draft French Draft March 12487 French Draft 1535 1596 2276 Sioux City Correctionville -- Danbury Smithland Deed's Station— Moville Woodfern 33140 Mark Hanna 12489 Cacolet 46152 (55547) Domero 33430 - - Trotter French Draft Percheron Trotter Mvstico 14653 - -- French Draft 2526 Dominant (46091) King II 44627 Pollux de Caviers (30032) Odebolt Choice 11758—- Wildair 23037 . . - - Percheron Percheron 2711 Danbury Danbury Correctionville .- Belgian 2845 Adam Trieber R. M. Foster J. F. Brooks A. A. Sadler 0. S. Pixler & G. W. Whitmer- Ira Kelsey S. L. Spencer Rudolph Utesch — F. C. Woodford— Clydesdale Percheron Oreste 21778 (43544) Bumper 45224 - Percheron Correctionville -- Percheron 2983 Financier 6135 - _— .. Shire Horniek Rodrigo 40916 Percheron Sloan - - Our Baron 33108- - — Trotter Correctionville -- Glenellen Leger (16648) Belgian Locklv 45153 Trotter wdRTH COUNTY Ramsey & King- land J. H. Huber J. I. Hove Deer Creek Draft Horse Co. Ben Moore M. J. Tracy Danville Perch- eron Horse Co-- Hartland Silver Lake Horse Co.- H. Larson Fertile Horse Co— Jorgen J. Brasdal Anton Nelson D. A. Mitchell—. Die G. Mellem C. H. Dancliff Joice INIeltonville . Northwood . Deer Creek . Manly Manly Kensett Northwood . Hanlontown Fertile Joice Meltonville Manly Northwood Manly Trader 18996 Selim 32699 Prince 31725 -.. Ardent 27452 (44168) Valient 30183 Dewey 23968 Chaumont (52914) Reliance 34086 Culture 12778 Belnie Royal Harold 6781 (18512) Black Duke 32045 Rambler 21004 Gladstone 12220 Boneville 49511 Rex Wallace 50520 Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron Clydesdale Percheron Percheron WRIGHT COUNTY Henry Mauss . Oliver Fryslie G. W. Finn— G. H. Jameson.— G. H. Jameson-— Belmond Dows .-- Dows -— Dows -— Dows -— Corbon 34819 Orient 2780S (47028) Volunteer Clippings _„ 41142 De Arve 40182 Kruger De Corthys 2228 (24678) Percheron Percheron Trotter Percheron Belgian EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII. WRIGHT COUNTY- Continued 911 ii Name of Owner Postofflce Name of Stallion Breed 1500 1755 ?5?R W. H. Mantle E. G. Gould Polhemus Bros. — F. Luick & Son— F. Luick & Son.. Dows Shire Horse Co. Goldfleld - Eagle Grove Belmond Keota Decide 20211 Eden G. 42350 Bonhomme 14113 (474)B Virly 13530 (48482)P 42334 DuPiton 17063 (33658)..- Exton Vulcan 6997 (Vol. 25) Obstine 50544 (62536) Keota Garfield 4970 Maraudeur ■*4468 (55601) Riflard 28393 (47064) Warrulton 13107 (45082). Castellane 14662 (45082). 28151 Lambin 51241 (60152).... Gold Lad (Vol. 24).... Ward 5819 (18431) Boulon 14862 (62679) Pascal (25498) Percheron Trotter French Draft ?54P Belmond .. . — . French Draft Percheron 2550 Belmond 2705 Dows Shire 1926 2818 2856 352!1 3615 J. C. Glngerich... J. H. Callahan B. Vest D. D. Wood E. Bohnett Eagle Grove Percheron Horse Co Hickory Grove Horse Co German Horse Co W. A. Evans E. Luick Eagle Grove Goldfleld Goldfleld Goldfleld Clarion Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron French Draft 3652 3738 4028 3378 3265 Eagle Grove Belmond Belmond Eagle Grove Belmond Clarion _ - - Percheron French Draft Percheron Clydesdale Shire French Draft 3254 Cornelia Horse Co F. H. Brooks Belgian 4395 Belmond Marabout 10911 (3382) French Draft HORSES OWNED OUTSIDE OF STATE NEAR STATE LINE 3623 4366 3517 4441 4470 4096 1792 Emmons Draft Horse Co. J. V. Gillard E. S. Tead & Sons Sam Domrud John Michel A. G. Anderson.. Andrew G. Ander- son .T. L. Thomson Emmons, Minn. Glenville, Minn. Canton, Minn... Canton, Minn... Harmony, Minn Worthington, Minn. Worthington, Minn. Guilford, Mo Kruger 35231 (53175) Togo 42585 Prince Favorite 40164. Gables Pride 7125 (21450) Anodin 35213 (53366)— Phoenix 45531 Quentin 44080 Major II 9080. Percheron Percheron Percheron Shire Percheron Percheron Percheron Shire PART XIII Directory of Associations and Organizations Repre- senting Agricultural Interests in Iowa and Other States. Iowa Department of Agkicultuke: President, C. E. Cameron, Alta; Vice-President, W. C. Brown, Clarion; Secretary, J. C. Sinapson, Des Moines; Treasurer, G. S. Gilbertson, Des Moines. Iowa State Horticulture Society: President, W. M. Bomberger, Har- lan; "Vice-President, William Laughan, Cedar Rapids; Secretary, Wesley Greene, Des Moines; Treasurer, Elmer M. Reeves, Waverly. Iowa Park and Forestry Association: President, E. Secor, Forest City; Vice-President, B. Shimek, Iowa City; Secretary, Wesley Greene, Des Moines; Treasurer, A. T. Ersvin, Ames. Society of Iowa Florists: President, Judson Kramer, Cedar Rapids, Vice-President, Chas. N. Page, Des Moines; Secretary, Wesley Greene, Des Moines; Treasurer, Peter Lambert, Des Moines. Iowa Grain Dealers' Association: President, G. A. Stebbens, Red Oak; Vice-President, I. E. Jackson, Cedar Rapids; Secretary -Treasurer, Geo. A. Wells, Des Moines. Iowa Corn Growers' Association: President, Jobn Sundberg, Whiting; Vice-President, J. W. Coverdale, Elwood; Secretary, B. W. Crossley, Ames; Treasurer, Fred M. McCulloch, Hartwick. Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association: President, A. Sykes, Des Moines; Vice-President, C. M. Maher, Fort Dodge; Secretary, H. C. Wallace, Des Moines; Treasurer, Chas. Goodenow, Wall Lake. Iowa Good Roads Association:. President, Henry Harlow, Onawa; Vice-President, A. C. Steele, Coon Rapids; Secretary-Treasurer, Thos. H. MacDonald, Ames. The Farmers' Grain Dealers' Association: President, J. H. Brown, Rockwell; Vice^-President, B. Hathoway, Kingsley; Secretary, C. A. Messerole, Gowrie; Treasurer, Peter Gorman, Dougherty. Iowa Swine Breeders' Association: President, E. Z. Russell, Blair, Neb.; Vice-President, John M. Cox, Jr., Harlan; Secretary-Treasurer, William D. McTavish, Coggon. Iowa State Dairy Association: President, W. B. Barney, Hampton; Vice-President, L. S. Edwards, Lamotte; Secretary, W. B. Johnson, Des Moines; Treasurer, Frank Brown, Cedar Rapids. 58 (913) 914 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FARMERS' COUNTY INSTITUTES IN IOWA. Adaib — President, A. C. Savage, Adair; Secretary, D. J. Cowden, Adair. Adams — President, C. T. O'Key, Prescott; Secretary, T. E. Stanley, Prescott. Benton — President, Geo. Aherns, Belle Plaine; Secretary, Fred Mc- CuUoch, Belle Plaine. Black Hawk— President, E. M. Liehty, Waterloo; Secretary, Ernest R. Sage, Waterloo. Bremee — President, J. W. Bennett, Janesville; Secretary, E. M. Reeves, Waverly. Buchanan — President, 0. K. Crew, Independence; Secretary, W. H. Miller, Independence. BuENA Vista — President, C. F. Kinnie; Secretary, S. R. Haines, Storm Lake. Butler — President, Geo. Adair, Shell Rock; Secretary, B. Leavens, Dumont. Calhoun — President, W. F. Schwark, Loherville; Secretary, Henry Parsons, Rockwell City. Cedar — President, Geo. H. Escher, West Branch; Secretary, L. J. Rowell, West Branch. Cerro Gordo — President, D. Mc Arthur, Mason City; Secretary, J. H. Carr, Mason City. • Cherokee — President, A. R. Hubbard, Quimby; Secretary, W. P. Daw- son, Quimby. Chickasaw — President, J. M. Heald, Nashua; Secretary, E. E. Tracy, Nashua. Clay — President, F. H. Black, Spencer; Secretary, Mrs. F. A. Square, Spencer. Clayton — President, Wm. Leonard, Elkader; Secretary, L. D. Smith, St. Olaf. Clinton — President, Warren Walrod, De Witt; Secretary, J. W. Cover- dale, Elwood. Dallas — President, Geo. T. White, Dallas Center; Secretary, M. J. Graham, Adel. Decatur — President, Wm. Chriehton, Leon; Secretary, Claude Wood, Weldon. Delaware — President, T. H. Corrothers, Ryan; Secretary, C. A. Clute, Manchester. Dickinson — President, Fred La Due. Spirit Lake: Secretary, Ike Mitchell, Spirit Lake. Emmet — President, L. L. Bingham, Estherville; Secretary, C. S. Blakey, Estherville. Fayette — President, J. S. Smith, West Union; Secretary, G. W. Van Atten, West Union. Floyd — President, Ike P. Dixon, Sidney; Secretary, T. W. Hutchison, Anderson. Franklin — President, Olliver Yelland, Sheffield; Secretary, F. H. Dirst, Hampton. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 915 Fremont — President, I. P. Dixon, Sidney; Secretary, J. F. Stephens, Sidney. Greene- — President, R. G. Mai-tin, Dana; Secretary, L. C. Cochran, Scran ton. Grundy — President, Wm. Mooty, Grundy Center; Lewis W. Plager, Grundy Center. Guthrie — President, Grant Chapman, Bagley; Secretary, S. J. Reed, Guthrie Center. Hamilton — President, E. C. May lor, Stratford; Secretary, O. L. Swed- hud, Stratford. Hancock — President, F. G. Oxley, Corwith; Secretary, J. W. Schwab, Stilson. Harrison — President, W. S. Kelley, Mondamin; Secretary, Mrs. Peter Peterson, Logan. Howard — President, W. T. Forry, Cresco; Secretary, J. J. Driscoll, C re SCO. Humboldt — President, T. H. Gamble, Humboldt; Secretary, A. J. Hock, Humboldt. Ida — President, E. G. Preston, Battle Creek; Secretary, Chas. Rueck, Battle Creek. Iow.\ — President, Edward Poland, Williamsburg; Secretary, Robert Edwards, Williamsburg. Jackson — President, L. B. Parshall, Canton; Secretary, L. L. Littlefield, Lamotte. Jasper — President, T. J. Rating, Newton; Secretary, John Hawn, Newton. Johnson — President, J. Wm. Schkeiman, North Liberty; Secretary, S. S. Stoner, North Liberty. Keokuk — President, W. S. Chacy, Nugent; Secretary, G. E. Barnliart, South English. Kossuth — President, Mark Parsons, Algona; Secretary, I. W. Hutchins, Algona. . Lee — President, Joseph Fry, Weaver; Secretary, E. C. Lynn, Donnelson. Linn — President, C. R. Mills, Springville; Secretary", F. B. Pierpont, Springville. Louisa — President, C. B. Wilson, Morning Sun; Secretary, T. J. Hewitt, Morning Sun. Lucas — President, S. A. Threlkeld, Chariton; Secretary, J. C. William- son, Charlton. Lyon — President, E. C. Elliott, Inwood; Secretary, C. B. Lankin, Inwcod. Madison — President, Stephen A. Hayes. Earlham; Secretary, Wm. J. Raymond, St. Charles. Ma.hask.\ — President, E. F. Hanna, Lacey; Secretary. F. F. Everett, Oskaloosa. Marion — President, D. W. Ward, Knoxville; Secretary, J. D. Schlotter- back, Knoxville. Marshall — President, Merritt Greene, Jr., Marshalltown; Secretary, M. A. Hauser, Allison. MiLL-s — President, J. M. Anthony, Glenwood; Secretary, G. Hanson, Glenwood. 916 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Mitchell — President, Wm. B. Allison, Osage; Secretary, W. H. Rich- ards, Osage. Mo>-ONA — President, Will C. Whiting, Whiting; Secretary, W. G. Brown, Whiting. Monroe — President, W. S. Graham, Albia; Secretary, L. M. Perrin, Albia. Muscatine — President, A. Rexroth, Wilton Junction; Secretary, Geo. W. Kelley, Wilton Junction. O'Brien — President, David Peckham, Paullina; Secretary, Alvin Pot- ter, Paullina. Osceola — President, W. J. Reeves, Sibley; Secretary, C. W. Sollitt, Sibley. Page — President, G. W. Trimble, College Springs; Secretary, Wm. Forquhor, College Springs. Palo Alto — President, Wm. Penn, Graettinger; Secretary, E. M. Thomp- son, Graettinger. Pocahontas— President, C. M. Savior, Pomeroy; Secretary, Ed Mere- dith, Havelock. Polk — President, O. 0. Brewbaker, Ankeny; Secretary, S.' W. McClain, Grimes. Poweshiek— President, H. H. Connell, Deep River; Secretary, George Icenbice, Deep River. Ringgold — President, Elmer E. Norris, Mt. Ayr; Secretary, Grant Stahl, Mt. Ayr. Sac — President, A. L. Mason, Early; Secretary, C. D. Bogue, Early. Scott — President, Chris Marti, Donahue; Secretary, R. McRohlfs, Davenport. Shelby — President, H. B. Kers, Harlan; Secretary, Wm. Bomberger, Harlan. Siorx — President, J. C. Emery, Orange City; Secretary, Geo. A. Shel- don, Hull. Story — President, W. P. George, Ames; Secretary, G. C. White, Nevada. Tama — President, C. E. Lambert, Buckingham; Secretary, R. C. Wood, Traer. Taylor — President, Jas. Edmonds, Lenox; Secretary, G. E. Campbell, Gravity. Union — President, L. J. Day, Afton; Secretary, Will Boys, Creston. Van Buren — President, A. C. Mineor, Keosauqua; Secretary, A. F. Sample, Keosauqua. Wapello — President, W. A. C. Brown, Ottumwa; Secretary, Chas. Bluhm, Ottumwa. Warren — President, E. B. Igo, Indianola; Secretary, J. F. Samson, In- dianola. Washington — President, H. T. Reynolds, Washington, Secretary, John . S. Wilson, Washington. Wayne — President, Fred H. Duncan, Allerton; Secretary, O. B. Cobb, Allerton. Winnebago — President, J. H. Anderson, Forest City; Secretary, L. C. Brown, Forest City. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XIII. 91Z Winneshiek — President, John McMillon, Moblc, Minn.; Secretary, W. Albert Van Vleit, Hesper. Worth — President, T. L. Bolton, Northwood; Secretary, E. J. McQuat- ters, Northwood. Woodbury — President, R. J. Anderson, Moville; Secretary, Chas. H. Babcock, Moville. Wright — President, F. A. Thayer, Dows; Secretary, A. C. Fuller, Dows. COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND FAIR ASSOCIATIONS IN IOWA. Adair — Adair County Agricultural Society, Greenfield; President, S. H. Moffitt, Greenfield; Secretary, W. W. West, Greenfield. Adair — Adair District Fair Association; President, .Preston Pdwel, Adair; Secretary, A. C. Savage, Adair. Adams — Adams County Agricultural Society, Coming; President, S. M. RIchey, Coming; Secretary, Geo. E. Bliss, Corning. AiXAMAKEE — Allamakee County Agricultural Society, Waukon; Presi- dent, S. H. Opfer, Waukon; Secretary, A. C. Larson, Waukon. Audubon — Audubon County Agricultural Society, Audubon; President, G. W. Hoover, Audubon; Secretary, S. E. Curtis, Audubon. Benton — Benton County Agricultural Society, Vinton; President, I. Mitchell, Vinton; Secretary, A. Thompson, Vinton. Black Hawk — La Porte City District Fair Association, La Porte City; President, Jas. Husman, La Porte City; Secretary, B. L. Manwell. BooNE — Boone County Agricultural Society, Ogden; President, C. H. Williamson, Ogden; Secretary, W. C. Treloar, Ogden. BooNE — Boone Driving Park and Fair Association, Boone; President, W. R. Matt, Boone; Secretary, A. M. Bumside, Boone. Buchanan — Buchanan County Agricultural Society, Independence; President, Rudolph Leytze, Independence; Secretary, Chas. L. King, Independence. BuENA Vista — Buena Vista County Agricultural Society, Alta; Presi- dent, M. Adams, Alta; Secretary, A. L. Denio, Alta. BuTLEE — Butler County Agricultural Society, Allison; President, John Couer, Shell Rock; Secretary, N. W. Scovel, Shell Rock. Calhoun — Calhoun County Fair Association, Manson; President, Thos. Griffen, Manson; Secretary, C. G. Kaskey, Manson. Calhoun — Rockwell City Fair Association, Rockwell City; President, Andrew Stewart, Rockwell City; Secretary, W. L. Stewart, Rockwell City. Cass — Cass County Agricultural Society, Atlantic, President, Mose Bell, Atlantic; Secretary, E. E. Marquis, Atlantic. Cass — Massena District Fair Association, Massena; President, S. D. Wyckoff, Massena; Secretary, D. P. Hog'an, Massena. CARROLL^Carroll Fair and Driving Park Association, Carroll; Presi- dent, H. S. Haselton, Carroll; Secretary, H. C. Stevens, Carroll. Cedar — Tipton Fair Association, Tipton; President, L. J. Rowell, Tip- ton; Secretary, F. H. Connor, Tipton. 918 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Ceeeo Gordo — Northern Iowa Agricultural Society, Mason City; Presi- dent, Geo. H. Purdy, Mason City; Secretary, W. S. Rankin, Mason City. Chickasaw — Big Four Fair Association, Nashua; President, W. P. Raymond, Nashua; Secretary, C. L. Putney, Nashua. Clatton — Clayton County Agricultural Society, National; President, Jos. Matt, St. Olaf; Secretary, Henry Luchsen, Garnavillo. Clayton — Strawberry Point District Agricultural Society, Strawberry Point; President, G. F. Wheeler, Strawberry Point; Secretary, I. P. Howard, Strawberry Point. Clayton — Elkader Fair and Track Association, Elkader; President, Henry Koehn, Elkader; Secretary, W. W. Davidson, Elkader. Clinton — Clinton County Agricultural Society, De Witt; President, D. Armentrout, De Witt; Secretary, E. J. Quigley, De Witt. Clinton — Clinton District Agricultural, Fine Stock and Fair Associa- tion, Clinton; President, John L. Wilson, Almont; Secretary, John B. Ahrnes, Lyons. Crawford — Crawford County Fair Association, Arion; President, Thos. Rea, Arion; Secretary, M. B. Nelson, Arion. Davis — Davis County Agricultural Society, Bloomfield; President, J. M. Lain, Bloomfield; Secretary, H. C. Leech, Bloomfield. Delaware — Delaware County Agricultural Society, Manchester; Presi- dent, L. L. Hoyt, Manchester; Secretary, J. J. Pentony, Manchester. Des Moines — Des Moines County Fair Association, Burlington; Presi- dent, John B. Hunt, Burlington; Secretary, C. C. Fowler, Burlington. Emmet — Estherville Agricultural Society, Estherville; President, H. Oransky, Estherville; Secretary, A. J. Rhodes, Estherville. Fayette — Fayette County Agricultural Society, West Union; President, A. S. Smith, West Union; Secretary, A. J. Gurney, West Union. Floyd — Floyd County Agricultural Society, Charles City; President, W. D. Lindaman, Charles City; Secretary, W. B. Johnson, Charles City. Franklin — Franklin County Agricultural Society, Hampton; Presi- dent, F. J. Scantlebeny, Hampton; Secretary, Floyd Gillett, Hampton. Grundy — Grundy County Agricultural Society, Grundy Center; Presi- dent, H. N. Dilly, Grundy Center; Secretary, C. E. Thomas, Grundy Center. Guthrie — Guthrie County Agricultural Society, Guthrie Center; Presi- dent, J. G. Thomas, Guthrie Center; Secretary, T. E. Grissell, Guthrie Center. Hamilton — Hamilton County Fair Association, Webster City; Presi- dent, F. A. P. Tatham, Webster City; Secretary, P. J. Brandruf, Webster City. Hancock — Hancock County Agricultural Society, Britt; President, A. J. Cole, Britt; Secretary, Jas. L. Manuel, Britt. Hardin — Hardin County Agricultural Society, Eldora; President, R. B. Lynk, Eldora; Secretary, H. S. Martin, Eldora. Harrison — Harrison County Agricultural Society, Missouri Valley; President, C. H. Deur, Missouri Valley; Secretary, W. H. Withrow, Mis- souri Valley. Henry — Henry County Agricultural Society, Mt. Pleasant; President, T. F. Campbell, Mt. Pleasant; Secretary, O. N. Knight, Mt. Pleasant. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 919 Henry — Winfield Fair Association, Winfield; President, R. P. Davidson, Winfield; Secretary, 0. E. Wilson, Winfield. Humboldt — Humboldt County Agricultural Society, Humboldt; Presi- dent, S. H. Gove, Gilmore City; Secretary, John Cunningham, Humboldt. Iowa — Iowa County Agricultural Society, Marengo; President, C. M. Beem, Marengo; Secretary, Alex McLennan, Marengo. Iowa — Victor District Agricultural Society, Victor; President, Chas. Raffensperger, Victor; Secretary, J. P. Bowling, Victor. Iowa — Williamsburg Fair Association, Williamsburg; President, E. W. Lloyd, Williamsburg; Secretary, Chas. Fletcher, Williamsburg. Jackson — Jackson County Agricultural Society, Maquoketa; President, Jos. Dostal, Maquoketa; Secretary, B. D. Ely, Maquoketa. Jasper — Jasper County Agricultural Society, Newton; President, C. F. Sauerman, Newton; Secretary, J. H. Gribben, Newton. Jefferson — Jefferson County Agricultural Society, Fairfield; President, J. P. Manatrey, Fairfield; Secretary, D. R. Beatty, Fairfield. Johnson — Johnson County Agricultural Society, Iowa City; President, E. M. Stevens, Iowa City; Secretary, Geo. A. Hitchcock, Iowa City. Jones — Jones County Agricultural Society, Monticello; President, J. E. Bateman, Monticello; Secretary Oscar E. Bucklin, Monticello. Jones — Anamosa Fair Association, Anamosa; President, Joe Tyler, Ana- mosa; Secretary, L. W. Russell, Anamosa. Keokuk — WTiat Cheer District Agricultural Society, What Cheer; Presi- dent, Jas. Stephenson, What Cheer; Secretary, Geo. A. Poff, What Cheer. Kossuth — Kossuth County Agricultural Society, Algona; President, J. M. Farley, Whittemore; Secretary, W. E. McDonald, Algona. Lee — Lee County Agricultural Society, Donnelson; President, T. H. Donnell, Donnelson; Secretary, Chris Haffner, Donnelson. Lee — West Point District Agricultural Society, West Point; President, John Lackmann, Weaver; Secretary, John Walljasper, West Point. Linn — Wapsie Valley Fair Association, Central City; President, E. M. Lanning, Albernett; Secretary, E. E. Henderson, Central City. Linn — Prairie Valley Fair Association, Fairfax; President, Geo. O'Con- nell. Cedar Rapids; Secretary, Thos. Delaney, Fairfax. Linn — Marion Inter-State Fair Association, Marion; President, C. A. Patton, Marion; Secretary, J. B. Travis, Marion. Louisa — Wapello District Fair Association, Wapello; President, T. J. Klotz, Columbus Junction; Secretary, N. T. Hendrix, Columbus Junction. Louisa — Columbus Junction District Fair Association, Columbus Junc- tion; President, T. J. Klotz, Columbus Junction; Secretary, N. T. Hen- drix, Columbus Junction. Lyoij — Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Society, Rock Rapids; Presi- deat, J. H. Harrison, Rock Rapids; Secretary, A. S. Wold, Rock Rapids. Madison — Madison County Agricultural Society, Winterset; President, A. D. Guy, Winterset; Secretary, John Duff, Winterset. Mahaska — New Sharon District Agricultural Society, New Sharon; President, C. E. Rakestraw, Montezuma; Secretary, R. P. Doze, New Sharon. Marion — Lake Prairie District Agricultural Society, Pella; President, C. M. Van Cleave, Pella; Secretary, Chas Porter, Pella. 920 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Maeshall — Eden District Agricultural Society, Rhodes; President, H. G. Buck, Rhodes; Secretary, H. F. Stauffer, Rhodes. Marshall — Marshall County Fair Association, Marshalltown ; President, J. B. Classen, Green Mountain; Secretary, W. M. Clark, Marshalltown. Mills — Mills County Agricultural Society, Malvern: President, Sherman Jones, Malvern; Secretary, V. G. Williams, Malvern. Mitchell — Mitchell County Agricultural Society, Osage; President, Richard Dorsey, Osage; Secretary, W. H. Gable, Osage. Monona — Monona County Fair Association, Onawa; President, C. B. Ellis, Onawa; Secretary, A. W. Burgess, Onawa. Montgomery — Montgomery County Fair Association, Red Oak; Presi- dent, Henry Eberts, Red Oak; Secretary, W. S. Ellis, Red Oak. Muscatine — Union District Agricultural Society, West Liberty; Presi- dent, J. L. Peters, West Liberty; Secretary, W. H. Shipman, West Liberty. Muscatine — Wilton Fair Association, Wilton Junction; President, L. N. Ayres, Wilton Junction; Secretary, H. Wildasin, Wilton Junction. O'Brien — O'Brien County Agricultural Society, Sutherland; President, Chas. Youde, Sutherland; Secretary, J. B. Murphy, Sutherland. O'Brien — Sheldon District Fair Association, Sheldon; President, C. H. Runger, Sheldon; Secretary, Joe Morton, Sheldon. Page — Clarinda Fair Association, Clarinda; President, C. E. McDowell, Clarinda; Secretary, J. C. Beckner, Clarinda. Page — Shenandoah Fair Association, Shenandoah; President, Chas. Aldrich, Shenandoah; Secretary, A. W. Goldberg, Shenandoah. Palo Alto — Palo Alto County Fair and Racing Association, Emmets- burg; President, W. S. Parnham, Emmetsburg; Secretary, F. H. Wells, Emmetsburg. Pocahontas — Big Four District Fair Association, Fonda; President, R. F. Beswick, Fonda; Secretary, John Forbes, Fonda. Pottawattamie — Pottawattamie County Fair Association, Avoca; Presi- dent, D. Gross, Avoca; Secretary, Caleb Smith, Avoca. Poweshiek — Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Malcom; President, Wm. McClure, Malcom; Secretary, James Novak, Malcom. Poweshiek — Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Grinnell; President, Samuel Jacob, Jacob; Secretary, I. S. Bailey, Jr., Grinnell. Ringgold — Ringgold County Fair Association, Mt. Ayr; President, D. B. Marshall, Mt. Ayr; Secretary, F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr. Sac — Sac County Agricultural Society, Sac City; President, Phil Schal- ler, Sac City; Secretary, W. H. Pettis, Sac City. Shelby — Shelby County Agricultural Society, Harlan; President, W. L. Banghn, Harlan; Secretary, Fred Frazier, Harlan. Sioux — Sioux County Agricultural Society, Orange City; President, A. Van der Meide, Orange City; Secretary, H. Slikkerveer, Orange City. Sioux — Rock Valley District Fair Association, Rock Valley; President, James Walpole, Rock Valley; Secretary, Dennis Scanlan, Rock Valley. Story — Story County Agricultural Society, Nevada; President, A. C. Dean, Nevada; Secretary, F. H. Greenawalt, Nevada. Tama — Tama County Fair Association, Toledo; President, Isaac Voor- hes, Tama; Secretary, A. G. Smith, Toledo. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 921 Taylor — Taylor County Agricultural Society, Bedford; President, J. J. Clark, Bedford; Secretary, F. N. Lewis, Bedford. Union — Creston District Fair Association, Creston; President, N. D. Merrill, Creston; Secretary, J. M. McCornack, Creston. Van Buren — Milton Disitrict Agricultural Society, Milton; President, H. C. Hill, Milton; Secretary, D. A. Miller, Milton. Wapbxlo — Eldon Big Four Fair Association, Eldon; President, D. A. Jay, Eldon; Secretary, H. R. Baker, Eldon. Warren — Warren County Fair Association, Indianola; President, Lee Talbott, Indianola; Secretary, Joe McCoy, Indianola. Winnebago — Forest City Park and Fair Association, Forest City; Presi- dent, 0. A. Olson, Forest City; Secretary, J. A. Peters, Forest City. Winnebago — Buffalo Center District Fair and Driving Park Association, Buffalo Center; President, F. T. Sparks, Buffalo Center; Secretary, J. P. Boyd, Buffalo Center. Winneshiek — Winneshiek County Agricultural Society, Decorah; Presi- dent, Edward Bear, Decorah; Secretary, L. L. Cadwell, Decorah. Worth — Worth County Agricultural Society, Northwood; President, Nels Thorson, Northwood; Secretary, E. H. Miller, Northwood. Wright — Wright County Agricultural Society, Clarion; President, Daniel Huntley, Clarion; Secretary, Chas. Rotzler, Clarion. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES HAVING COURSES IN AGRICULTURE.a* College instruction in agriculture is given in the colleges and universi- ties receiving the benefits of the acts of Congress of July 2, 18G2, and August 30, 1890, which are now in operation in all the States and Terri- tories, except Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The total number of these institutions is 65, of which 63 maintain courses of instruction in agri- culture. In 21 states the agricultural colleges are departments of the state universities. In 15 states and territories separate institutions having courses in agriculture are maintained for the colored race. All of the agricultural colleges for white persons and several of those for negroes offer four-year courses in agriculture and its related sciences leading to bachelors' degrees, and many provide for graduate study. About 45 of these institutions also provide special, short, and correspondence courses in the different branches of agriculture, including agronomy, horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry raising, cheese making, dairying, sugar making, rural engineering, farm mechanics, and other technical subjects. The oflBcers of the agricultural colleges, engage quite largely in conducting farmers' institutes and various other forms of college extension. The agricultural experiment stations with very few exceptions are departments of the agricultural colleges. The total number of persons engaged in the work of education and research in the land-grant colleges and the experi- ment stations in 1905 was 5,406; the number of students in these colleges, a Including only institutions established under the land-grant act of July 2, 1862. * Data following taken from bulletin published by the United States Department of Agriculture. 922 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 59,812; the number of students (white) in the four-year college courses in agriculture, 2,638; in short and special courses, 3,885. There were also 1,624 students in agriculture in the separate institutions for negroes. With a few exceptions each of these colleges offers free tuition to resi- dents of the state in which it is located. In the excepted cases scholar- ships are open to promising and energetic students; and, in all, oppor- tunities are found for some to earn part of their expenses by their own labor. The expenses are from $125 to $300 for the school year. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 923 •^'f\ - 1- > O _-og C OJ P w p .^ -pr^^^ p P Q"«dS£ ^ Q P ^C M P <^^ PPPQ *^"c - - H^j-^dH^' fo^t-5'dh;ptfDqi-,"Hh; "^pp pQSp'x jp§»-P — ^ - M m -^ C a rt „ c ^ d « .2 :&. o ? OS race wii5- cS o d e o 2 "5 u c S i^, S o o C ^ T "^^ "" C 3 .I' u 2 " S tjO^-tJJo o o o-S I' .■t; . (U . d :o • o oj c a =2 ■ (U 0) ■ M= • o o :=o . . ; o • m d^lS •y:*^ :o| d g ... - S 3 • 33 5? : :a ■ • u •O ■g iJ W ''-' ^■' ij ij S?£'£li3'odo|d.S.5££ doO^l'aJCOSfe-, fD'^MMoJOi ^Mccc^ga;ii'2oSScc '2 mIs^I S^ o o rt>>Cdo — , Mjs; d >. >- w E i d 2 o (B ;> gd^-'OtSd d .S OC w Q s dd ^S|l I g-s^ d d C M « d d"? ■" I- d CXI > o a) QJ 924 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CO M & O O O < OQ t^ H o1 H OQ Q H I— I •-• o 5 I O H H« gS I— I p^ H O P CO H O Hi O o H O >— I o hi h^ ^' p:' 50 § .teg C S t< O -J:^ 01 -Jj tn t: s c ft '■ H-hdtajii: -■ .G c t-' U - iJ ^ o oJM e J V • 5 t^ 0) OJ .S S K^ = Sf j? ^ d »:- a E-ipifflffiH^'S m ?3 bux: u o g 25 D S " o c r- to n't: ri *;; — ^-S o bo S^i^^ SPj-Ph^ ..G• h^aapi-idb '5^ c o ■i '^.t d~ - - OS d bet; bu c c IB C^ i3 — "O «^|§ -^£ to a> t- ,25^ "o'C bo >; . o t- wj n • ° Mi; ft -ssl ts t- .2 4) 1^ t-btoxJcSoS-Sii -Mt-Cot-os G >>s .t; o to s^ !- 03 0)0 " .£: t o ^ be bo O -t-> :cbi'oU«o-^;: d d >?S-iya)_2. ?3«3 " f^ o -s i <" "y o.a^bo£:j::£iJ.c"oCbo2^ c^f^r^v^fi c c ^OO-^OHttiUH mti<5(XEHd^ tH^^tHtDp ^ 5? >< ^ d d Jr. m On ffi ^ § t-^i^ ^ ^ ^ &s « a) o D o ^ 15 ^ iz;;?; d'S- d;:i t:.2i2 oszx 53 Ji o to aj - a; C 2 3 d ® i-1 to to J-; 0) to Sea 3 C >< o I) a> ME-i&h d c jr c bj c C bs c d» EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 925 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THEIR LOCATIONS, DIRECTORS, AND PRIN- CIPAL LINES OF WORK. Station, Location and Director Principal Lines of Work Alabama (College), Auburn: J. F. Duggar Alabama (Canebrake), Uniontown : J. P. Richeson* Alabama (Tuskegee), Tuskegee In- stitute : G. W. Carver Arizona, Tucson : R. H. Forbes. Arkansas, Fayetteville : W. G. Vincenheller. California, Berkeley : E. W. Hilgard. . , Colorado, Fort Collins : L. G. Carpenter. . . Connecticut (State), New Haven: E. H. Jenkins Connecticut (Storrs), Storrs : L. A. Clinton Delaware, Newark : A. T. Neale .... Florida, Lake City : P. H. Rolfs . . . Georgia, Experiment : R. J. Redding . . . Idaho, Moscow : H. T. French. Illinois, Urbana : E. Davenvort . Indiana, Lafayette : Arthur Goss. . Chemistry ; botany ; soils ; analysis of fertiliz- ers and food materials ; agronomy ; horti- culture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants and animals ; animal husbandry ; dairying. -Agronomy ; horticulture ; floriculture ; diseases of plants and ani.Tials. *Assistant director. Agronomy ; horticulture ; diseases of plants ; animal industry ; dairying. Chemistry ; botany ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; animal husbandry ; dairy- ing ; irrigation. Chemistry ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants and animals ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology. Chemistry ; soils ; bacteriology ; fertilizer con- trol ; agronomy ; horticulture, including viti- culture and zj'mology ; botany meteorology ; entomology ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; poultry experiments ; irrigation and drain- age ; silviculture ; reclamation of alkali lands ; animal and plant pathology ; nu- trition investigations. Chemistry ; meteorology ; agronomy ; horticul- ture ; forestry ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants ; animal husbandry ; entomologry ; ir- rigation. Chemistry ; inspection of fertilizers, foods, feeding stuffs, Babcock test apparatus, and nurseries ; diseases of plants ; plant breed- ing ; forestry ; agronomy ; entomology. Food and nutrition of man and animals ; dairy bacteriology ; agronomy ; horticul- ture ; poultry culture ; dairying. Chemistry ; bacteriology ; agronomy ; horti- culture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants and animals ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology. Chemistry ; agronomy ; horticulture ; diseases of plants ; feeding experiments ; veterinary science ; entomology. Agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; en- tomology ; animal husbandry ; dairying. Chemistry ; physics ; botany ; agronomy ; hor- ticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants ; entomology ; animal husbandrj-. Chemistry ; bacteriology ; agronomy ; horti- culture ; forestry ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants and animals ; animal husbandry ; dairying. Chemistry ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; dis- eases of plants and animals : entomology. Principal Lines of Work 926 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS— CONTINUED. Station, Location and Director Principal Lines of Work Iowa, Ames : C. F. Curtiss. Kansas, Manhattan ; J. T. Willard . . Kentucky, Lexington : M. A. Scovell Louisiana (Sugar), New Orleans: W. R. Dodson Louisiana (State), Baton Rouge: W. R. Dodson Louisiana (North), Calhoun: W. R. Dodson Maine, Orono : C. D. Woods. Maryland, College Park : H. J. Patterson .... Massachusetts, Amherst : "W. P. Brooks Michigan, Agricultural College : C. D. Smith Minnesota, St. Anthony Park, St. Paul: W. M. Liggett Mississippi, Agricultural College : W. L. Hutchinson Missouri (College), Columbia: H. J. Waters Missouri (Fruit), Mountain Grove: Paul Evans Montana. Bozeman : F. B. Linfleld. . , Chemistry ; botany ; agronomy ; horticulture ; . plant breeding ; forestry ; diseases of plants ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology ; rural engineering ; good roads investigation. Chemistry ; soils ; horticulture ; plant breed- ing ; agronomy ; animal husbandry ; poultry experiments ; diseases of animals ; dairy- ing ; entomology ; extermination of prairie dogs and gophers ; irrigation. Chemistry ; soils ; inspection of fertilizers, foods, feeding stuffs, orchards and nurser- ies ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breed- ing ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; diseases of plants ; entomology ; apiculture. Chemistry ; bacteriology ; soils ; agronomy ; horticulture ; sugar making ; drainage ; ir- rigation. Geology ; botany ; bacteriology ; soils, inspec- tion of fertilizers and Paris green ; agron- omy ; horticulture ; animal husbandry ; dis- eases of animals ; entomology. Chemistry ; soils ; fertilizers ; agronomy ; hor- ticulture ; animal husbandry ; stock raising ; dairying. Chemistry ; botany ; inspection of foods, fertil- izers, commercial feeding stuffs, seeds, and creamery glassware ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants and animals ; food and nutrition of man and animals ; poultry raising, and entomology. Chemistry ; agronomy ; horticulture ; diseases of plants and animals ; breeding of plants ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology. Chemistry ; meteorology ; inspection of fertil- izers, commercial feeding stuffs, creamery glassware and nurseries ; agronomy ; horti- culture ; diseases of plants and animals ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology ; effect of electricity on plant growth. Chemistry ; analysis and control of fertilizers and feeding stuffs ; bacteriology ; agron- omy ; horticulture ; plant breeding, diseases of plants and animals ; animal husbandry ; stable hygiene ; entomology. Chemistry ; fertilizers ; agronomy ; horticul- ture ; forestry ; diseases of plants and ani- mals ; food and nutrition investigations ; animal breeding ; animal husbandry ; dairy- ing ; entomology ; farm management ; farm statistics. Soils ; fertilizers ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; animal husbandry ; diseases of animals ; poultry culture ; dairying ; ento- mology. Chemistry ; soil survey ; botany ; agronomy ; horticulture ; diseases of plants and ani- mals ; animal husbandry ; plant breeding ; dairying ; entomology. Horticulture ; entomology ; inspection of or- chards and nurseries. Chemistry ; meteorology ; botany ; agronomy ; dry farming ; horticulture ; animal husband- ry ; poultry experiments ; dairying ; ento- mology ; irrigation. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS-CONTINUED. 927 Station, Location and Director Principal Lines of Work Nebraska, Lincoln : 'E. A. Burnett. . Nevada, Reno : J. B. Stubbs New Hampshire, Durhum : W. D. Gibbs New Jersey ( State ) ,New Brunswick E. B. Voorhees New Jersey (College), New Bruns wick: E. B. Voorhees. New Mexico, Mesilla Park : Luther Foster New York (State), Geneva: W. H. Jordan New York (Cornell), Ithaca: L. H. Bailey North Carolina, Raleigh : B. W. Kilgore North Dakota Agricultural College J. H. Worst Ohio, "Wooster : C. E. Thorne ! Oklahoma, Stillwater : John Fields Oregon, Corvallis : J. Withycombe Pennsylvania State College : H. P. Armsby Rhode Island, Kingston : H. J. Wheeler South Carolina, Clemson College : J. N. Harper South Dakota, Brookings : J. W. Wilson Chemistry ; botany ; meteorology ; soils ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants and animals ; forestry ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology ; irrigation ; extermination of prairie dogs. Chemistry ; botany ; soils ; agronomy ; horti- culture ; forestry ; animal diseases ; animal husbandry ; entomology ; irrigation. Chemistry ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; forestry ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; entomology. Chemlstrj' ; oyster culture ; botany ; analysis of fertilizers, foods, and commercial feeding stuffs ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants and animals ; dairy husbandry ; entomology ; soil bacteri- ology ; irrigation. Chemistry ; botany ; agronomy ; horticulture ; animal husbandry ; entornology ; irrigation. Chemistry ; bacteriology ; meteorology ; inspec- tion of creamery glassware, feeding stuffs, fertilizers, and Paris green ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants ; animal husbandry ; poultry experi- ments ; dairying ; entomology ; irrigation. Chemistry ; fertilizers ; agronomy ; horticul- ture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants and animals ; animal husbandry ; poultry experi- ments ; dairying ; entomology. Chemistry ; soils ; agronomy ; horticulture ; animal husbandry ; diseases of animals and plants; poultry experiments; dairying; tests of farm machinery. Chemistry ; botany ; agronomy ; plant breed- ing ; horticulture ; forestry ; diseases of plants and animals ; food analysis ; animal husbandry ; dairying ; farm mechanics. Agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; for- estry ; diseases of plants ; animal husband- ry ; entomology. Chemistry ; agronomy : horticulture ; plant breeding ; forestry ; botany ; bacteriology ; diseases of plants and animals ; animal husbandry ; entomology. Chemistry ; bacteriology ; agronomy ; horti- culture ; plant selection ; diseases of plants ; animal husbandry; poultry experiments: dairying ; entomology ; irrigation. Chemistry ; meteorology- ; horticulture ; agron- omy ; animal husbandry ; dairying. Chemistry ; meteorologj' ; soils ; inspection of fertilizers and feeding stuffs ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; poultry ex- periments. Chemistry ; inspection of fertilizers ; botany ; agronomv ;horticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases " of plants ; animal husbandry ; dairj-ing ; veterinary science ; entomology. Chemistrv ; botanj' ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants and ani- mals ; animal husbandry ; entomology. 928 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS— CONTINUED. Station, Location and Director Principal Lines of Work Tennessee, Knoxville : H. A. Morgan .... Texas, College Station J. A. Craig Utah, Logan : P. A. Yoder Vermont, Burlington : J. L. Hills Virginia, Blacksburg: A. M. Soule "Washington, Pullman : E. A. Bryan West Virginia, Morgantown J. H. Stewart Wisconsin, Madison : W. A. Henry Wyoming. Laramie : B. C. BufEum Chemistry ; inspection of fertilizers ; agron- omy ; horticulture ; diseases of plants ; ani- weeds ; diseases of plants ; animal hus- bandry ; dairying ; entomology. Chemistry ; soils ; agronomy ; horticulture ; animal husbandry ; diseases of animals ; ir- rigation ; seed testing ; feed inspection. Chemistry ; alkali soil investigations ; agron- omy ; hortculture ; diseases of plants ; ani- mal husbandry ; dairying ; poultry experi- ments ; entomology ; irrigation ; arid farming. Chemistry ; botany ; bacteriology ; inspection of fertilizers, feeding stuffs and creamery glassware ; agronomy ; horticulture ; diseas- es of plants ; animal husbandry ; dairying. Chemistry ; geology ; biology ; agronomy ; hor- ticulture ; plant breeding ; bacteriology ; an- alysis of foods and soils ; inspection of or- chards ; animal husbandry ; veterinary sci- ence ; dairying ; entomology ; cider and vin- egar making ; ferments. Chemistry ; botany ; bacteriology ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; diseases of plants ; animal husbandry ; veterinary sci- ence ; dairying ; entomology ; irrigation. Chemistry ; inspection of fertilizers, orchards, and nurseries ; agronomy ; horticulture ; dis- eases of plants ; animal husbandry ; poultry experiments ; entomology. Chemistry ; bacteriology ; soils ; agronomy ; horticulture ; plant breeding ; animal hus- bandry ; dairying ; irrigation, drainage and agricultural engineering. Botany ; meteorology ; soils ; range improve- ment ; fertilizers ; agronomy ; plant selec- tion ; food analysis ; animal husbandry ; ir- rigation. ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. President, J. L. Snyder, president of Michigan State Agricultural College, East Lansing, Mich.; secretary-treasurer, J. L. Hills, director of Vermont Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XIII. 929 to CO < o < X o ^ s fa r^ O ^ !*( .ii "e a, W s£ to to C) 1=1 s o ho to • a w. ts X! t> to 1 to cm .2>. O V ■ o be 5 t^ ^ C rJi «_i '— ^ '*-' M K c M T w "S c, o o ^ " t7 W_2 c c a> & :a).7'Hc - 3 ±; • « •- 2 -*^ 3 1. • O ^ 4) S. to C i§E EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 931 o.t; dS 3 2 ca 3 ^ '— > c— '- - ^ y- .^•££ti;ocd04JCc-t-c-r- 932 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a <; CO o I cS o d'S R. C c4 o I -*. El ^ «"? --i^ ='S > _"? S.CX2 0^ c^ OOS3oOmOb/3jJO^dOi-^0-:p-- 1§c .2; to ; MS !«■ 3 t.1 3 do bJD be S3 ;? 3 3 o o *t- 'u w22 01 t S "^ -^ -rr otD CO CO P "p ^ ^^ -M o _ 0; c "D OJ ^ o o . c c ^ 0) o A<' mm j1 dtf m U UHH •■c • 7} C • c=« : c rt • y c • d-2 • d) d . cz : >^ a; Q> ^ ^ d 'tSdg PPo c c c .2 .2 .2 d d d EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 935 AMERICAN NATIONAL LIVE STOCK ASSOCIATION. President, H. A. Jastro, Bakersfield, Cal.; Secretary, W. M. Tomllnson. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF LIVE STOCK HERD BOOK SECRETARIES. President, C. R. Thomas, Independence, Mo.; Secretary, Charles F. Mills, Springfield, 111. NATIONAL WOOL GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. President, F. R. Gooding, Boise, Idaho; Secretary, George S. Waiker, Cheyenne, Wye. THE CORN-BELT MEAT PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. President, A. L. Ames, Buckingham, Iowa; Secretary, H. C. Wallace, Des Moines, Iowa. PROTECTION AGAINST CONTAGION FROM FOREIGN CATTLE. An act of congress of August 28, 1894, prohibits the importation of cattle and cattle hides, but by the act of March 2, 1895, making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture, it is provided that the prohibition may be suspended by the President whenever the secretary of agriculture shall certify to the President what countries or parts of countries are free from contagious or infectious diseases of domestic animals. The President, by proclamation of November 8, 1895, lifted the embargo with reference to Norway, Sweden, Holland, Great Britain, Ireland, the Channel Islands, and the countries of North, Central, and South America so as to admit cattle under sanitary regulations prescribed by the secretary of agriculture also from all countries so as to admit hides under regulations prescribed by the secretary of the treasury. 936 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. S o ^ «* ^ f^ ' §J > rt S - S i ri o P ' o .2 - (- t- tc ^ o^ .o . "" 5.« 3 o P3 H "Eh P w ■ H c c £ c o c .£.2 ti.20.2 to to £ m ^ w ^ 0) rt oo C C o o 6 c c iu • -"a-" 5 a; 2 a • ■ o"S . p p X • •T t- oj a* ^- t- S-" CO .^ 2 2 - ts - -2»-S^2 t- ci !- ^ PO m5(5 < , 03.3 " ; to E O i C o <1> ; cet^yo'd--"'S*^l-^£ '5]'k to m _— "-"^ O) 0; 0) O O^X O C-^ Q OJ 0^ o.r-- EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIH.: 937: STOCK BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS, a Names and Addresses of Stock Association Secretaries, With Breeds and Numbers of Registered Live Stock In United States, June 30, 1907. CATTLE. Breed Secretary Post-offlce Number Regis- tered Number Liv- ing Males Fe- males Males Fe- males Aberdeen- An- gus Chas. Gray C. M. Winslow. L. P. Sisson H. P. Richards . R. W. Brown ... Wm.H. Caldwell C. R. Thomas... F. L. Houghton. J.J. Hemingway J. H. Martz H. A. Martin.... John W, Groves Overton Lea C. D. Nixon Union Stock Yards, Chicago 36,372 10,310 8,281 649 17,946 12,174 133,021 50,871 76,817 6,615 16,366 282,000 85 2,424 59,029 22,095 14,094 1,385 U.754 22,678 135,862 104,846 207,453 7,957 27,148 432,003 188 3,572 31,757 1,286 4,000 175 7,000 8,000 (6)1: (c) (c) 4,505 6,500 93.000 68 (c) 40,419 7,020 10,000 500 Ayrshire Devon Brandon, Vt Newark, Ohio Easton, Pa Dutch-Belted'.. Galloway Guernsey Hereford Holstein- Frle- slan Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111 Peterboro, N. H 225 W. 12th St., Kan- sas City, Mo Brattleboro, Vt 8 W. 17th St., New York City 10,100 14.000 5.000 (c) Jersey (c) Polled-Durham Red Polled Short-horn . ... Sussex Greenville, Ohio... Gotham. Wis Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111 Nashville, Tenn .... Owego, N. Y 5,631 13,500 186,000 108 Swiss, Brown . (c) (a) Under the provisions of paragraph 473 of the act of July 24, 1897, amended March 3, 1903, any animal imported specially for breeding purposes shall be admit- ted free provided that no such animal shall be admitted free unless pure bred, of a recognized breed, and duly r-^gistered in the book of record established for that breed. The Secretary of the Treasury, upon the advice of the Secretary of Agricul- ture, issued, April 24, 1903, regulations for the importation of animals under this law, and designated the recognized breeds and the books of record established for these breeds. (6) Total of males and females. (c) No data. 938 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. STOCK BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS— CONTINUED HORSES. Breed Secretary Post-offlce Number Regis- tered Fe- males Number Liv- ing Males Fe- males Cleveland Bay. Clydesdale .. .. Coach, French Coach, French Coach, German Coach, German (Oldenburg) . Draft, Belgian. Draft, French . Hackney Morgan Percheron. Percheron. Percheron Saddle Horse ., Shetland Pony Shire Suffolk Thoroughbred, Trotter, Amer- ican Jacks and Jen- nets R. P. Stericker R. B. Ogilvie... Chas. C. Glenn D. E. Willet J. Crouch. C. E. Stubbs..., J. D. Connor, ]r C. E. Stubbs..., Gurney C. Gue T. E. Boyce G. W. Stubble- fleld Chas. C. Glenn John A. Forney I. B. Nail Mortimer Lever ing Chas. Burgess . Alex. Galbraith W. H. Rowe.... W. H. Knight .. J. W. Jones. 80 Chestnut Ave., WestOrangQ, N.J. Union Stock Yards,! Chicago, 111 j Columbus, Ohio — Maple Ave. and Harrison St., Oak Park, 111 Lafayette, Ind Fairfield, Iowa Wabash, Ind Fairfield, Iowa Tichenor Grand B 1 d g . , 61 and Broadway, New York City Middlebury, Vt Union Stock Yards Chicago, 111 Columbus, Ohio Plainfleld, Ohio .... Louisville, Ky 1,252 520 Lafayette, Ind Wenona, 111 Janesville, Wis 571 5th Ave., New York City 355 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111 Columbus, Tenn.. (o) 13,236 276 6 2,149 275 2.740 10,071 5,022 1,787 2,500 6,652 194 290 23 395 5,942 4,614 413 4,126 3,800 2,482 128 (a) 49,706 46,170 1,436 159,845 900 1,200 (6) 268 1,500 1,900 240 2,800 6,000 622 2.000 21.500 1,762 21,000 2,166 3,000 2.375 120 (6) 25,000 (6) 450 (6) 500 250 25 425 5,500 1,176 2,000 14,000 393 13,000 3,096 3,500 625 100 (6) 50.ooa (6) (o) Total of males and females. (6) No data. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XIII. 939 STOCK BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS-CONTINUED. SHEEP. Breed Secretary Post-offlce Number Regis- tered Males Fe- males Number Liv- ing Males Fe- males Cheviot Cotswold Dorset Horn . .. Hampshire Down Leicester Lincoln M e r i n o ( De- laine) Merino (De- laine) Merino (French) .. .. Merino (German) Merino (Spanish) Merino (Spanish) Merino (Spanish! Merino (Spanish) Merino (Spanish) . .. Oxford Down.. Shropshire Southdown Suffolk F. E. Dawley.. F. W. Harding. J. E. Wing FayetteviUe, N. Y.. Waukesha, Wis Mechanicsburg, Ohio ComfortA. Tyler A. J. Temple Bert Smith B. M. McDowell J. B. Johnson .. Dwight Lincoln. E. N. Ball E. N. Ball , J. H. EarU Wesley Bishop J. P. Ray C. A. Chapman. W. A. Shafor.... Mortimer Lever- ing F. S. Springer .. G. W. Franklin, Nottawa, Mich... Cameron, 111.. .. Charlotte, Mich. Canton, Ohio... 248 W. Pike St.. Canonsburg, Pa.. Milford Center, Ohio Ann Arbor, Mich... Ann Arbor, Mich.., Skaneateles, N. Y.. R. F. D. No. 1, Dela- ware, Ohio R. F. D. No. 3, East Bloomfleld, N. Y. Middlebury, Vt. Hamilton, Ohio. Lafayette, Ind Springfield, 111. .. Des Moines, Iowa (a) 11,410 (a) 43,790 1,815 6,540 4,068 6,660 14,694 6,344 9,550 (a) 10,494 6,973 11,893 (a) 41,975 197 256 12,575 37,775 7,960 j 11,957 17,496 34,715 (a) 218,265 (o) 38,353 112.000 I 154,000 (o) 21,742 (a) 1,143 (a) Total number of males and females. (6) No data. 625 I 3.150 (a) 16,000 4,711 1,200 3,000 2,500 8.000 3,417 5,328 4,800 6,800 (o) 18,000 500 15,000 158 1,000 90 3,200 (6) (6) 50.000 2,000 25,000 191 5.000 630 7.986 240 (6) (6) (a) 10,000 300 330 HOGS. Berkshire F. S. Springer .. Springfleld, III (a) 102,040 (a) 5 3.000 Cheshire Ed. S. Hill Freeville, N. Y 1.291 1 2,728 300 1,000 Chester (Ohio Improved) ... J. C. Hiles Cleveland, Ohio (a) 13,203 7,500 22.500 Duroc Jersey .. T. B. Pearson .. Thorntown, Ind 10,183 23,530 9,000 18,430 Duroc Jersey .. H. C. Sheldon.. Peoria, III 32,010 77,500 25,000 75,000 Hampshire (Thin Rind).. E. C. Stone Armstrong, III 615 1,783 440 1,690 Poland China.. W.M.McFadden Union Stock Yards, Chicago. Ill 63,269 156,955 40,000 16,000 Poland China.. A. M. Brown Drawer 16, Win- chester, Ind 35,000 78,000 35,000 65,000 Poland China.. Geo. F. Wood- worth Maryvllle Mo 45,67,T 89T 110,060 1.316 3.000 400 12.000 700 Poland China.. H. P. Wilson.... Gadsden, Tenn Tamworth E. N. Ball Ann Arbor, Mich... (a) ; .150 500 2.500 Yorkshire Harry G. Krum, White Bear Lake. Minn (a) 6-.=iOO 1.200 3.000 (a) Total of males and females. 940 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS. American Forestry Association. — President, Hon. James "Wilson, Sec- retary of Agriculture; Secretary, Thomas E. Will, Washington, D. C; Treasurer, Otto Luebkert, Washington, D. C. International Society of Arboriculture. — President, Gen. William J. Palmer, Colorado Springs, Colo.; Vice-President, Henry John Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England; Secretary, J. P. Brown, Connersville, Ind. Society of American Foresters. — President, Gifford Pinchot, Washington, D. C; Secretary, W. F. Sherfesee, Washington, D. C. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XIII. 941 'C 2 www, 5 ^ W.S>. w c A! O iS I - .ti) ii -w - g 3 <- 0; CP> »3 Zi O m CQ o ™P5 bo . to 3 =•■■^2 ^ c e. intow 3 Bui nnt B • w -5 0, _S S C ° W .«H ,__. Q §§ : u d o-S •^5 ? o :2 CO -J; •J -a "^-£.2Sc53 :g.2i.5 .SfeS^.S^>,-2^o^wo a, o ^r;^..§«^ : ' m t; o :i 5 c £ ;6 c'3 >.o o t.~ o > - «"-i r 0 ^ w i ^ o t: w i;>>-.o - i"xc>; ? - P — C W w C H o c a; o •" w -» - O 31 '- XI .£° -b^c r: ^ >* « -<->"*:; ^ <^ t* a; aj c3 ^>>|o£c •50 gCgc S^ c tt^d c £ kV i ^ c u _ /^ p a c c c ^ a a 942 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL BEE KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. President, Geo. Hilton, Fremont, Mich.; Secretary, W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich.; General Manager and Treasurer, N. E. France, Platteville, Wis. ' NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. President, S. A. Forbes, Urbana, 111.; Secretary, A. F. Burgess, Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. President, Harry Snyder, St. Anthony Park, Minn.; Secretary, H. W. Wiley, Chemist, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 943 •- 0. rt g >. -^ rt ori rt S^*^ SS CO I d 6 >H C W ii>H w o c^ R, w o Ph C p MjS ■ c§£3c^g 0)=; =c/2 oj? o ^ t. > o cO offi » m rt 't I" ^ _2 >i"g O OJ u OJ c 0) H ■< i> .-:: s >>d .£•- 3"" fc; ■e hr„ 3 ^000 ■^~ - o "2 ^ ^ a> t- ^ . > 35' ^ C o c o _, o o c~ C d.S<; o) o 5^ o to o O ;. _. „ ^"S; o'^ ^Cu );.— d_ pi-i- 0^:2d^S5|o£ "• 3 oi; 3 ? c tni^ t;o3Uc5,i:*^o t--*Jh-^*'^- '^ C ^ 3 o c K>t <; - u 01 S v^- ■ C'm 0] u a) S ^j- o -.a)DiDr— ■.« c'^.« o o cu 5 irf c3 He O ci O CJ t, c c 5 o o Z'Z, EIGHTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII. 945 AMERICAN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. President, James Wilson, Washington, D. C; vice-president, Chas. W. Ward, Queens, N. Y.; secretary, W. M. Hays, Washington, D. C; treasurer, N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo.; chairman, animal section, A. P. Grout, Win- chester, 111.; secretary, animal section, C. B. Davenport, Cold Spring Har- bor, N. Y. ; chairman, plant section, H. J. Webber, Ithaca, N. Y.; secretary, plant section, N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. Dak. FARMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS. " President, B. Cameron, Stagville, N. C; first vice-president, Joshua Strange, Marion, Ind.; second vice-president, L. B. Strayer, Rock Island, 111.; treasurer, W. L. Ames, Oregon, Wis.; secretary, George M. Whitaker, Washington, D. C. ; First assistant secretary, John H. Kimble, Port Deposit, Md.; second assistant secretary, Ralph M. Searles, Edgar, Neb.; third assistant secretary, O. D. Hill, Kendalia, W. Va. ; executive committee, president, secretary, and treasurer, E. W. Wickey, East Chicago, Ind.; Levi Morrison, Greenville, Pa.; A. C. Fuller, Dows, Iowa. PATRONS OP HUSBANDRY. Officers of National Grange. — Master, N. J. Bachelder, Concord, N. H. ; overseer, T. C. Atkeson, Morgantown, W. Va.; lecturer, G. W. F. Gaunt, Mullica Hill, N. J.; treasurer, Mrs. E. S. McDowell, Rome, N. Y.; secretary, C. M. Freeman, Tippecanoe City, Ohio; executive committee, F. N. God- frey, Clean, N. Y.; E. B. Norris, Sodus, N. Y.; C. J. Bell, East Hardwick, Vt.; P. A. Derthick, Mantua, Ohio; N. J. Bachelder, ex-officio. Concord, N. H. 60 INDEX FOREPART. IOWA'S SOURCE OF WEALTH. Average Inhabitants per farm 2 Average size of farms 2 Average value of farm buildings per farm 2 Average value per acre 2 Grand total of crops, land, stock, buildings and machinery 2 Number of farms 2 Per capita valuation 2 Statistical table of number and value of live stock 1 Statistical table of farm products 1 Total acreage of farms 2 Total rural population 2 Total value of farm buildings 2 Total value of farm machinery 2 Total value of farm lands and buildings 2 PART I. REPORT OF WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE FOR 1907. Annual precipitation chart 5 Barley crop, by counties 31 Climate and crop review 16 Climate and crop review 5 Corn crop, by counties 27 Crop maps 27 Crop report, June 1st 19 Crop report, July 1st 19 Crop report, August 1st 20 Dates of killing frosts 14 Farm value of products, Decmber 1st 20 Flax crop, by counties 33 Final crop report, by counties 24 Hay crop, tame, by counties 35 Hay crop, wild, by counties 36 Oats crop, by counties 28 Potato crop, by counties 34 Report of crops, June 1st » . . . 19 Report of crops, July 1st 19 Report of crops. August 1st 20 Retirement of Director John R. Sage 23 Rye crop, by counties 32 Sage, John R., Retirement of 23 Tabulated crop summary 21 Total yield of soil products 20 Wheat crop, spring, by counties 29 Theat crop, winter, by countlea 30 (947) 948 INDEX PART II. STATISTICAL TABLES OF IOWA'S PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS. Number and value of farm animals In the United States on Jan. 1, 1908. . 64 Table of farm crops in various states for 1906 43 Tables of Iowa crops for various years 37 Tables of farm animals in the United States 64 Tables of principal farm crops in the United States for 1907 50 Tables of principal farm crops in the world 55 PART III. PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATE FARMERS' INSTITUTE AND AGRICUL- TURAL CONVENTION AND JOINT SESSION WITH THE CORN BELT MEAT PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. Address, G. W. Gond 157 Address, Dr. A. D. Melvin 136 Address of welcome, G. L. Dobson 67 ' A discussion of Iowa statutes with reference to feeding stuffs, H. R. Wright '^2 Beef production in the corn belt, H. R. Smith 114 Buying, feeding and selling the steer for profit, John G. Emboden 100 Cownie, John, "Failure with the oats crop in Iowa" 128 Dobson. G. L., Address of welcome 67 Emboden, John G., "Buying, feeding and selling the steer for profit". ... 100 Failure with the oats crop in Iowa, John Cownie 128 Gond, G. W., Address 157 McKerrow, W. A., "Sheep husbandry on high priced farm lands" 95 Melvin, Dr. A. D., Address 136 Moore, E. C, "Sugar beet industry in Iowa" 87 Response to address of welcome, G. H. VanHouten 69 Sheep husbandry on high priced farm lands, W. A. McKerrow 95 Smith. H. R., "Beef production in the corn belt" 114 The earning capacity of an eighty-acre farm devoted to dairying, Hugh G. VanPelt 76 Thorn, Clifford, "Transportation problems affecting Iowa agriculture". .145 Transportation problems affecting Iowa agriculture, Clifford Thorn.... 145 VanHouten, G. H., Response to address of welcome 69 VanPelt, Hugh G., "The earning capacity of an eighty-acre farm devoted to dairying" 76 Wright, H. R., "A discussion of Iowa statutes with reference to feeding stuffs" 72 PART IV. PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION. Auditing committee, report 177 Brown, W. C, elected Vice-President of Board of Agriculture 196 Cameron, C. E., elected President of Board of Agriculture 196 Cameron, C. E., President's address 163 Committee on credentials 163 Committee on resolutions 163 Condensed financial statement of Department of Agriculture for vari- ous years 180 Cownie, John, "The Iowa State Fair and Exposition" 187 Credentials committee, report 193 Curtiss, C. F., elected member of Board of Agriculture.... 197 Delegates to agricultural convention . . . ; .193 Election of officers 196 Ellysori, G. D., Treasurer's report : 177 Fairs, county and district, report of 1-72 Johnston, R. C, elected member of Board of Agriculture 196 INDEX 949 McDonald, M., elected member of Board of Agriculture 197 Packard, S. B., elected member of Board of Agriculture 197 Pike, H. L., elected member of Board of Agriculture 197 President's address, C. E. Cameron Ig3 Randall, E. W., "The State Fair; its economic and educational value".. 183 Receipts and disbursements for year 1907 173 Reeves, E. M., elected member of Board of Agriculture 197 Report of auditing committee 177 Report of county and district fairs for 1907 172 Report of credentials committee 193 Report of resolutions committee 19g Report of Secretary, J. C. Simpson 165 Report of Treasurer, G. D. Ellyson 177 Resolutions committee, report 198 Secretary's report, J. C. Simpson 1 6.5 Simpson, J. C, Secretary's report 165 Statement of amounts paid for premiums for various years 179 Statement of expense and premium warrants issued in 1907 174 The Iowa State Fair and Exposition, John Cownie 187 The State Fair; its economic and educational value, E. W. Randall. .. .183 * PART V. SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMITTEE MEETINGS. Assignment of standing committees 226 Auditing committee meeting 208 Chappel, Geo. M., recommended for director of weather and crop service. .210 Committee on adulteration of foods, seeds, etc., report 211 Committee on resolutions, report 218 Contracts awarded for electric light plant 204 Contracts awarded for electric light and power house 205 Contracts awarded for horse barn 205 Contracts awarded for swine barn and show pavilion 204 Department of live stock sanitation created 218 Deemer, J. H., elected Superintendent of Fair grounds 210 Election of Secretary, J. C. Simpson 210 Election of Superintendent of Fair grounds 210 Election of Treasurer, G. S. Gilbertson 210 Election of Marshals for State Fair 210 Executive committee meetings 199 Gilbertson, G. S., elected Treasurer 210 Koto, Dr. P. O., Superintendent of live stock sanitation.... 218 Marshals for State Fair 210 Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, April 201 Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, August 206 Meeting of State Board of Agricuture, December 209 Report of committee on per diem and mileage, April meeting 202 Report of committee on per diem and mileage, August meeting 207 Report of committee on per diem and mileage, December meeting 226 Report of committee on adulteration of foods, seeds, etc 211 Report of committee on resolutions 218 Resignation of John R. Sage 210 Simpson, J. C, elected Secretary 210 PART VI. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE IOWA SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. Benson, J. A., "Which is the most detrimental to the business — the breeder' who undersells or the boomer and high-sellers?" 251 Care and management of litters, J. M. Stewart 232 Care and treatment of a crop of pigs for the greatest profit, J. R. Harding 256 950 INDEX Harding, J. R.- "Care and treatment of a crop of pigs for the greatest profit" 256 Johnson, Harvey, "Piggy's troubles" 229 Johnston, R. S., "The Iowa State Fair and its object; the duties and privilege of exhibitors" 245 McNeill, J. H., "The influence of proper sanitary conditions in the preven- tion of swine diseases" 236 McTavish, W. D., President's address 228 Officers of Iowa Swine Breeders' Association 227 Piggy's troubes, Harvey Johnson 229 President's address, "W. D. McTavish 228 Stewart, J. M., "Care and management of litters" 232 The influence of proper sanitary conditions in the prevention of swine diseases, J. H. McNeill 236 The Iowa State Fair and Exposition and its object; the duties and privi- leges of exhibitors, R. S. Johnston 245 Which is the most detrimental to the business — the breeder who under- sells or the boomer and high-sellers, J. A. Benson 251 PART VII. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. Address, Frank L. Odell 322 Address, N. H. Trimble 339 Address, H. R. Wright 271 Address of welcome, H. R. Wright 261 Auditing committee 267 Barney, W. B., President's address 268 Bower, John, "Some standards in dairying" 343 Breeding up the dairy herd, P. J. Julian 349 Brown, F. M., Treasurer's report 265 Committee on resolutions 267 Dairy farming, W. D. Hoard 304 Edwards, L. S., Remarks 288 Election of officers 274 General dairying, G. L. McKay 316 Hoard, W. D., "Dairy farming" , 304 Iowa cow census for 1906 307 Johnson, W. B., Report of Secretary 265 Julian. P. J., "Breeding up the dairy herd" 349 Legislative committee 267 McKay, G. L., "General dairying" 316 Newberry, B. W., Response to address of welcome 262 Odell, Frank L., Address 322 Officers of Iowa State Dairy Association 261 Past and present methods of quoting the New York butter markets, W. C. Taber 326 President's address, "V^''. B. Barney 268 Remarks, L. S. Edwards 288 Remarks, S. B. Shilling 273 Remarks, A. B. Storms 332 Remarks, S. B. Shilling 334 Report of committee on resolutions 357 Report of Secretary, W. B. Johnson 265 Report of Treasurer, F. M. Brown 265 Resolutions committee, report 357 Response to address of welcome, B. W. Newberry 262 Ross, J. J., "The management of a co-operative creamery" 336 Secretary's report, W. B. Johnson 265 Shilling, S. B., Remarks 273 Shilling, S. B., Remarks 334 INDEX • 951 Silos and silage, Hugh G. VanPelt 276 Some standards in dairying, John Bower 343 Storms, A. B., Remarks 332 Taber, W. C, "Past 'and present methods of quoting the New York butter markets" 32$ The management of a co-operative creamery, J. J. Ross 336 Treasurer's report, P. M. Brown 265 Trimble, N. H., Address 339 VanPelt, Hugh G., "Silos and silage" 276 Webster, E. L., "What the creamery returns to the farmer" 290 What the creamery returns to the farmer, E. L. Webster 290 Wright, H. R., Address of welcome 261 Wright, H. R., Address 271 PART VIII. EXTRACTS FROM STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER'S REPORT OF 1907. Butter prices 366 Centralization of creameries 368 City milk inspection 367 Coal tar colors in butter 364 Conditions of the dairy industry 359 Creamery butter manufactured 375 Oleomargarine 360 Purchase or sale of unwholesome milk or cream 362 Railroad butter shipments 375 Sanitation 361 Shipments of butter by counties 378 Shipping rates on cream 369 Table showing number of hand separators, number of patrons and number of cows 371 Table showing net pounds of butter shipped out of state 376 Table showing number of pounds of milk, etc., received at creameries. . . .373 Testing cream 361 The work of Assistant Dairy Commissioners 360 Total net butter shipments, 1890-1907 379 Tuberculosis 365 Water in butter 363 PART IX. PRESS REPORTS OF THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION OF 1907, AWARDS AND EXHIBITORS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS, SCORING IN SCHOLARSHIP CONTESTS. AWARDS AT 1907 MATURE CORN SHOW, AND MEETING OF EX- OFFICERS OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. PRESS REPORTS. Breeders' Gazette 412 Farmers' Tribune 409 The Homestead 398 Twentieth Century Farmer 430 Wallaces' Farmer 381 AWARDS AND EXHIBITORS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS. Cattle department 456 Horse department 443 Poultry department 491 Sheep department 483 Swine department 474 952 INDEX SCHOLARSHIP JUDGING CONTEST. Scoring of contestants in boys' judging contest 503 Scoring of contestants in girls' coolting contest 503 Awards in mature corn show, December, 1907 505 Meeting of ex-officers and members of State Agricultural Society 442 PART X. PAPERS ON LIVE STOCK. AGRICULTURAL AND MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS. REGARDING LIVE STOCK. Alexander, Dr. A. S., "The overheated horse" 533 As to breeding Short-horns, John Dryden 540 A successful hog and seed-corn farm, W. J. Spillman 559 Auctions of pure bred beef cattle in 1907 555 Baldwin, Chas. E., "The draft horse" 535 Black. Geo. D., "The red hog" 570 Breeding or feeding, Howard A. Chandler 581 Building up a dairy herd, Edward VanAlstyne 594 Chandler, Howard A.,' "The universal sheep" 577 Chandler, Howard A., "Breeding or feeding" 581 Cost vs. value of a good dairy sire, Wilbur J. Eraser 588 Dryden, John. "As to breeding Short-horns" 540 Feeding and marketing cattle 551 Feeding hogs for profit, Fred Watson 569 Feeding the ewe flock in mating time 586 Founding a pure bred flock 583 Eraser, Wilbur J., "Cost vs. value of a good dairy sire" 588 Gestation table 587 How to raise hogs successfully, John F. Myerly . . .' 574 Improved stock on one hundred dollar land 530 Influence of the ram on prolificacy 579 Kennedy, Prof. W. J., "The dipping of sheep" 575 Knowles, C. B., "The general purpose cow" 590 Myerly, John F., "How to raise hogs successfully"... 574 Preparation of cattle for shows 542 Spillman, W. J., "A successful hog and seed-corn farm" 559 Sense wanted in buying Short-horns 538 Testing cattle with tuberculin 601 The dipping of sheep. Prof. W. J. Kennedy 575 The draft horse, Chas. E. Baldwin 535 The general purpose cow, C. B. Knowles 590 The overheated horse. Dr. A. S. Alexander 533 The red hog, Geo. D. Black 570 The universal sheep; a schedule of its requisites and many advantages, Howard A. Chandler 577 VanAlstyne, Edward, "Building up a dairy herd" 594 Watson, Fred, "Feeding hogs for profit" 569 Who should buy improved breeding stock 528 REGARDING POULTRY. Buildings, sheds and yards for poultry. Prof. W. J. Kennedy 604 Care of the chicks, J. F. Schureman 608 Feed stuffs suitable for poultry. Prof. W. J. Kennedy 606 Kennedy, Prof. W. J., "Buildings, sheds and yards for poultry" 604 Kennedy. Prof. W. J., "Feed stuffs suitable for poultry" 600 Schureman. J. F., "Care of the chicks" 608 INDEX 953 REGARDING BEES. France, N. E., "Foul brood and other diseases of bees" 679 Foul brood and other diseases of bees, N. E. France ■. 679 Phillips, Everett F., "The habits of the bee and some misapprehensions". 666 The habits of the bee and some misapprehensions, Everett F. Phillips. .686 REGARDING FARM CROPS. A good seed bed for corn and how obtained 707 Alfalfa as a food and how to grow it, Wm. B. Goodrich 640 Amount of oats to sow per acre 636 Cost of an acre of corn, Joseph R. Fulkerson 653 A successful hog and seed-corn farm, W. J. Spillman 559 Fulkerson, Joseph R., "Cost of an acre of corn" 653 Goodrich, Wm. B., "Alfalfa as a food and how to grow it". 640 Hook, W. A., "The improvement of corn through breeding" 650 Oats 620 Oat hay 639 Oats in the corn belt '. 637 Sweet corn canning in Iowa 657 The improvement of corn through breeding, W. A. Hook 650 MISCELLANEOUS. Address of President Roosevelt 507 Agriculture in countrj'- schools, Jessie Field 687 Bainer, H. M., "The care of farm machinery" 661 Beach, Prof. S. A., "Does it pay to spray ?" 645 Benefits derived from farmers' institutes, Martha F. Thornton 724 Buffln, Mr., "Horticulture" 648 Corrier, Lyman, "Cost of filling silos" 611 Cost of filling silos, Lyman Corrier 611 Does it pay to spray? Prof. S. A. Beach 645 Economy in farm operations 665 Evergreens in Iowa, Seymour G. Piatt 643 Field, Jessie, "Agriculture in country schools" 687 Financial statement of county farmers' institutes in Iowa 737 Hall, D. C, "Waste on the farm" 720 Horticulture, Mr. Buffin 648 How to improve pastures 719 Ines, Mrs. A. P., "Lift where you stand" 726 Kain, Mrs. Thos., "The dignity of labor" 731 Keeping the boy on the farm 701 Lantz, David E., "Methods of destroying rats" 711 Leichliter, A. M., "The farmer's boy and what becomes of him" 699 Lift where you stand, Mrs. A. P. Ines 726 Methods of destroying rats, David E. Lantz 711 Needs of the rural schools, Mary Riley 682 Owens, Prof. Wm. G., "The successful farmer's education" 694 Peters, Mabel C, "The short course at Ames" 524 Piatt, Seymour G., "Evergreens in Iowa" ; 643 Raymond, Wm. I., "Restoring and maintaining the fertility of an Iowa farm" 704 Restoring and maintaining the fertility of an Iowa farm, Wm. I. Ray- mond ^04 Riley, Mary, "Needs of the rural school" 682 Rittenhour, Martin, "The silo for Iowa farms" 619 Roosevelt, President, "The man who works with his hands" 507 Rural education. Dr. A. C. True. 689 Scales on the farm 663 Soil management in relation to the permanent pasture, Prof. W. H. Stevenson ' '02 Spillman. W. J., "A -successful hog and seed-corn farm". . .559 954 INDEX Stevenson, Prof W. H., "Soil management in relation to the permanent pasture" 702 The care of farm machinery, H. M. Bainer 661 The cost of housing farm machinery 663 The cost of producing farm products in Minnesota 709 The dignity of labor, Mrs. Thos. Kain 731 The farmer's boy and what becomes of him, A. M. Leichliter 699 The man who works with his hands. President Roosevelt 507 The morning glory 708 The short course at Ames, Mabel C. Peterson 524 The silo for Iowa farms. Martin Rittenhour 619 The successful farmer's education, Prof. Wm. G. Owens 694 The two weeks' annual short course at the Iowa State College 517 The value of the agricultural newspaper to the swine breeder, Henry Wallace 715 Thornton, Martha P., "Benefits derived from farmers' institutes" 724 True, Dr. A. C, "Rural education" 689 Wages on the farm 643 Wallace, Henry, "The value of the agricultural paper to the swine breeder" 715 Waste on the farm. D. C. Hall 720 What the investigator has found out 735 PART XI. FINANCIAL STATEMENT AND REPORT OP AGRICULTURAL CONDI- TIONS BY COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN I®WA FOR 1907. Adair, W. W. West 741 Adair, A. C. Savage 742 Adams. Geo. E. Bliss 743 Allamakee, A. C. Larson 744 Audubon, O. B. Train 745 Benton, Arad Thompson 746* Black Hawk, B. L. Manwell 747 Boone, W. C. Treloar 747 Boone. A. M. Burnside 748 Buchanan, Chas. L. King 749 Buena Vista, Wm. Zeilman 750 Butler, M. B. Speedy 751 Calhoun, B. E. Sebern 751 Calhoun, W. Q. Stewart 752 Cass, E. E. Marquis 753 Cass, C. L. Herring 753 Cedar, P. H. Conner 754 Cerro Gordo, C. E. Somers 755 Chickasaw, G. C. Hoyer 756 Clayton, Henry Luehsen 756 Clayton, W. W. Davidson 757 Clayton, J. C. Plenniken 758 Clinton, Phil Butterfuss 759 Clinton, J. B. Ahrens 760 Crawford, M. B. Nelson 760 Davis. J. C. Brouhard 761 Delaware, J. J. Pentony 762 Emmet, A. J. Rhodes 763 Payette. E. A. Mclllree 764 Financial statement of county and district fairs in Iowa receiving state aid 816 Floyd, W. B. Johnson 765 Franklin, Floyd Gillett 766 Grundy, C. E. Thomas 766 INDEX 955 Guthrie, T. B. Grl8sell 767 Hamilton, P. A. Edwards 768 Hancock, John Hammill 768 Hardin, H. S. Martin 769 Harrison, W. H. Witlirow 770 Henry, O. N. Knight 771 Henry, Will D. Garmoe 772 Humboldt, John Cunningham 773 Iowa, Alex McLennan 774 Iowa, J. P. Bowling 775 Iowa, Chas. Fletcher 776 Jackson. B. D. Ely 776 Jasper, E. L. McMurray 777 Jefferson, D. R. Beatty 778 Jones, J. J. Liocher 778 Jones, L. W. Russell 779 Keokuk, Geo. A. Poff 780 Kossuth, "W. H. Wadsworth 781 Lee, Chris HafEner 781 Lee, John Wall jasper 782 Linn, E. E. Henderson 783 Louisa, A. H. Rundorff 784 Louisa, J. R. Smith 784 Lyon, A. S. Wold 785 Madison, Elmer Orris 786 Mahaska, T. S. Osborne 787 Marion, T. D. Tice 788 Marshall, TV. M. Clark 788 Marshall, H. P. Stouffer 789 Mills. J. T. Ward 790 Mitchell, W. H. H. Gable 791 Monona, A. W. Burgess 792 Muscatine, W. H. Shipman 793 Muscatine, H. Wildasln 794 O'Brien, Ray R. Crum 794 O'Brien, Joe Morton 795 Page, J. C. Beckner 796 Page, A. W. Goldberg 796 Palo Alto, P. H. Wells 797 Pocahontas, John Porbes 798 Pottawattamie, Caleb Smith 7!i9 Poweshiek, James Nowak 800 Poweshiek, I. S. Bailey, Jr 801 Sac, Ed Welch, Jr S02 Shelby, W. E. Cooper '^<'- Sioux, H. Slikkerveer ^^^ Story, P. H. Greenawalt 804 Tama, A. G. Smith 805 Taylor, F. N. Lewis. .806 Union, J. M. McCornack 807 Van Buren, D. A. Miller 808 Wapello, H. R. Baker. .809 Warren, Lee Talbott 810 Wayne, Edd Aten .810 Winnebago, J. A. Peters 811 8I: .813 Winnebago, J. P. Boyd Winneshiek, E. A. Waterbury Worth, E. H. Miller **^* Wright, O. P. Morton ^^^ 956 INDEX PART XII. HORSE BREEDING INDUSTRY IN IOWA. LAW GOVERNING STATE ENROLLMENT OF STALLIONS STANDING FOR PUBLIC SERV- ICE, WITH LIST OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MAT 1, 1908. Directory of owners of pure bred stallions, by counties. Stallion service law. ,828 .822 Stud books recognized by the U. S. Department of Agriculture 824 Table showing number and character of certificates issued to May 1, 1908.826 Worthless grade stallions 821 PART XIII. DIRECTORY OF ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTING AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS IN IOWA AND OTHER STATES. Agricultural colleges and other institutions in the United States having courses in agriculture 921 Agricultural experiment stations of the United States 925 American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers 930 American Association of Live Stock Herd Book Associations 935 American Breeders' Association 945 American National Live Stock Association 935 Appropriations for the U. S. Department of Agriculture for years 1906, 1907 and 1908 933 Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. 928 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists 942 Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association 935 County and district agricultural societies and fair associations in Iowa.. 917 County farmers' institutes in Iowa 914 Farmers' National Congress 945 Forestry Associations 940 Horticultural and kindred societies 943 Iowa Corn Growers' Association 913 Iowa Department of Agriculture 913 Iowa Good Roads Association 913 Iowa Grain Dealers' Association 913 Iowa Park and Forestry Association 913 Iowa State Dairy Association 913 Iowa State Horticultural Society 913 Iowa Swine Breeders' Association 913 National Association of Economic Entomologists 942 National Bee Keepers' Association 942 National Dairy Association 934 National Wool Growers' Association 935 Officials in charge of farmers' institutes 929 Official inspectors of fertilizers in the United States 936 Organizations for the protection of birds and game 944 Patrons of husbandry 945 Protection against contagion from foreign cattle 935 Society of Iowa Florists 913 State forestry organizations 941 State officials in charge of agriculture 931 Stock breeders' associations 937 The Farmers' Grain Dealers' Association 913 iiiiir'iH.n,'' Botanical Garden Libr; 3 5185 00260 84