.jif^\n^9^

^T.0±

TWELFTH ANNUAL

Iowa Year Book of Agriculture

Issued by the

low a Department of Agriculture

1911

NEW YOJtK

Ot-H MOINES;

EMOBT H. ISOUf-B. STATE PBISTEE

E. D. CHASSELL. STATE BiyiiEE

1912

f Jd

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Office of Iowa State Department of Agriculture.
Des Moines, Iowa, July 1, 1912.
To His Excellency, B. F. Carroll, Governor of Iowa:

Sir : — I have the honor to transmit herewith the Twelfth Annual
Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, for the year 1911.

Arthur R. Corey,
Secretary State Board of Agriculture.

LWRAK

NEW YOJ

INTRODUCTORY botanic-
QAHOBf

The 1911 Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, presented herewith, is
made up of thirteen parts, or divisions.

Part I is a reprint of the annual, or final, report of the Iowa
Weather and Crop Service for the year 1911. It contains the
summary and monthly review of the climatology for the year; a
review of crop conditions by months ; dates of last killing frost in
spring, and first in autumn ; climate and crop review during crop
season; summary of weekly climate and crop bulletins issued;
summary of crop reports June 1, July 1, August 1, August 25, and
December 1 ; a tabulated crop summary showing production and
yalue of soil products and a table giving distribution of principal
farm crops by counties.

Part II presents statistical tables of Iowa's principal farm crops
for the years 1880, 1885, 1890 and 1896 to 1911, inclusive, showing
average yield per acre, total yield, average farm value, Decem-
ber 1, total acreage, and total value ; acreage production and value
of the principal farm crops of the United States in 1909, 1910 and
1911, by states, revised to 1909 census basis ; estimated number,
average price and total value of farm animals in the United States
January, 1, 1912, with comparisons; statistics of the principal
farm crops of the world for the years 1907 to 1911 inclusive.

Part III is a tabulation of the crop statistics collected by the
township assessors and reported to this department by the county
auditors. The data is presented in five tables as follows :

Table No. 1. — Total number, average size and total acreage of
farms, total acreage occupied by farm buildings, public highways
and feed lots, acreage in pasture, garden, orchard, acreage in crops
not otherwise enumerated and acreage of land not utilized for any
purpose. Total number bushels apples harvested, number silos on
farms and average monthly wage paid farm help during summer
and winter months, by counties, for the year 1911.

Table No. 2. — Acreage, yield per acre and total yield of corn,
oats, winter wheat, spring wheat and TDiarley, by counties, for the
3^ear 1911.

vi INTRODUCTORY

Table No. 3. — Acreage, yield per acre and total yield of corn,
oats, winter wheat, spring wheat and barley, by counties, for the
year 1911.

Table No. 3. — Acreage, yield per acre and total yield of rye,
tame hay, wild hay, alfalfa, potatoes and flax seed, by counties, for
the year 1911.

Table No. 4. — Number of horses all ages, mules all ages, and
number of swine on farms July 1, 1911. Number of cows kept for
milk, number other cattle not kept for milk and total number of
cattle all ages. Number sheep kept on farms, number shipped in
for feeding and number sold for slaughter. Number pounds of
wool clipped, total number all varieties poultry on farms July 1,
1911, and total number dozen eggs received, "by counties, for the
year 1911.

Table No. 5. — Acreage in sweet corn, pop corn, acreage and
total yield of timothy and clover seed, by counties, for the year
1911.

Part IV. Proceedings of the joint session of the annual State
Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association,
December 12, 1911.

Part V. Synopsis of the proceedings of State Board of Agri-
culture and Executive and special committee meetings.

Part VI. Proceedings of the State Agricultural Convention, in-
cluding President's address and reports of the secretary and treas-
urer, financial statement of county farmers' institutes; financial
statement and statistics of county and district fairs and complete
report of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition for 1911 with detailed
statement of receipts and disbursements of the Department of Agri-
culture for the fiscal year ending November 30, 1911.

Part VII. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Swine
Breeders' Association, held at Des Moines, June 20, 1911.

Part VIII. Proceedings of the Iowa State Dairy Association,
held at Waterloo, October 10-14, 1911.

Part IX. Extracts from the State Food and Dairy Commis-
sioner's report for 1911.

Part X. Contains miscellaneous papers dealing with live stock,
agricultural, and kindred subjects from United States and Iowa
Experiment Station Bulletins, agricultural press, and papers read
before county farmers' institutes.

INTRODUCTORY vii

Part Xi. Press reports of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition
for 1911 ; official report of awards in the live stock departments
and the standing and scores made in the boys' live stock judging
contest, and the girls' cooking contest.

Part XII. Condensed report of agricultural conditions in each
county, by county and district agricultural societies and .special
reporters, for the year 1911.

Part. XIII. Directory of associations and organizations repre-
senting agricultural interests in Iowa.

Note. — A complete report of the Stallion Registration Division,
including a directory giving name and address of owner, name
and breed of stallion, and number of state certificate issued, and
other information relating to the division, will be published as a
supplement to the Year Book, immediately after January 1, 1912,
the close of the fiscal year for that division.

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

1912

EX-OFPICIO MEMBERS.

Governor of State Des Moines

President of Iowa State College Ames

State Dairy Commissioner. ., Des Moines

State Veterinarian Des Moines

OFFICERS.

C. E. Cameron, President Alta

O. A. Olsox, Yice President Forest City

A. R. Corey, Secretary Des Moines

G. S. GiLBERTSox, Treasurer Des Moines

DISTRICT MEMBERS.

First District — R. S. Johxstox Columbus Junction

Second District — C. W. Phillips Maquoketa

Third District — E. M. Reeves Waverly

Fourth District — E. J. Cubtix Decorah

Fifth District — E. M. Wextworth State Center

Sixth District — T. C. Legoe Wliat Clieer

Seventh District — C. F. Curtiss ." Ames

Eighth District — Fraxk E. Sheldox Mt. Ayr

Ninth District- — Johx F. Summers Malvern

Tenth District — Johx P. Mullex Fonda

Eleventh District — H. L. Pike Whiting

The President, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer are elected for
one year.

Terms of Directors from even-numbered Districts expire second Wednes-
day in December, 1912. Terms of the Directors for odd-num-
bered Districts expire second Wednesday in
December, 1913.

COMMITTEES

YEAR 1912.

EXECUTIVE.

C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY

0. A. OLSON

AUDITING.

C. W. PHILLIPS T. C. LEGOE

R. S. JOHNSTON

RESOLUTIONS.

E. M. WENTWORTH E. J. CURTIN

F. E. SHELDON.

POWERS AXD DUTIES OF BOARD.

C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY

O. A. OLSON
E. M. REEVES C. F. CURTISS

ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS.

E. W. STANTON W. B. BARNEY

E. M. WENTWORTH.

NOXIOUS WEEDS, FUNGUS DISEASES IN GRAINS, GRASSES, PLANTS, ETC.

E. M. REEVES JOHN P. MULLEN

J. F. SUMMERS.

DAIRYING AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.

W. B. BARNEY J. F. SUMMERS

JOHN P. MULLEN

ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

C. F. CURTISS J. I. GIBSON

H. L. PIKE.

LEGISLATIVE.

C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY

O. A. OLSON
C. W. PHILLIPS F. E. SHELDON

REVISION OF PREMIUM LIST, RLXES AND REGULATIONS.

C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY

0. A. OLSON

R. S. JOHNSTON C. F. CURTISS

H. L. PIKE.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Aberdeen Angus Bull 596

Aberdeen Angus Cow 641

Agricultural Building and Plaza, Iowa State Fair Grounds 252

Ayrshire Cow 653

Belgian Stallion 612

Champion Carload Steers, International Live Stock Show, 1911. . .196-632

Chester White Boar 668

Clydesdale Stallion 606

Cream Cooling Tank 397

Crop Maps Part III

Duroc Jersey Sow 665

Farmstead Illustrations

418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 431, 433, 434

Grand Champion Steer, International Live Stock Show 1911 247

Grand Champion Steer, Iowa State Fair 1911 659

Guernsey Bull 652

Hampshire Herd 673

Hereford Bull 637

Hereford Cattle 346

Hereford Cow 590

Holstein Bull 647

Holstein Cow 656

Jersey Bull 650

Live Stock Pavilion, Iowa State Fair Grounds 526

Machinery Hall, Iowa State Fair Grounds 236

Percheron Mare 603

Percheron Stallion 583

Precipitation Chart 22

Shire Mare 610

Shire Stallion 569-608

Short Horn Bull 535-578-634

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal.
Introductory.

State Board of Agriculture.
Standing Committees.
* Index to Illustrations.

PART I.

Report of Iowa Weather and Crop Service, 1911 1-48

PART II.

Statistical tables of Iowa's principal farm crops for past thirty-
two years; farm crops and live stock statistics of the United
States for 1911, and total farm crops of the world for the
years 1907-1911 inclusive 49-100

PART III.

Crop and other farm statistics for the year ending December 31,
1911, gathered by township assessors and reported to the de-
partment by county auditors; also crop maps showing distribu-
tion, total and average yield of the principal crops for each
county 101-118

PART IV.

Proceedings of the joint session of State Farmers' Institute and

Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, December, 1911 119-196

PART V.

Summary of State Board and Committee Meetings for 1911 197-236

PART VI.

Proceedings of the Annual Agricultural Convention, December,

1911 237-332

PART VII.

Proceedings of the annual meeting of Iowa Swine Breeders' Asso-
ciation, 1911 333-346

PART VIII.

Proceedings of the Iowa State Dairy Association meeting, 1911. . .347-388

PART IX.

Extracts from State Dairy Commissioner's Report, 1911 389-416

xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART X.

Miscellaneous papers on live stock, agricultural and kindred topics
from United States and Iowa Experiment Station bulletins,
agricultural press, and papers read before county farmers'
institutes 417-526

PART XI.

Iowa state Fair and Exposition, 1911, press reports and official

live stock awards 527-708

PART XII.

Condensed reports of agricultural conditions by county and district

agricultural societies in Iowa for 1911 709-792

PART XIII.

Directory of associations and organizations representing agricul-
tural interests in the state 793-801

IOWA'S SOURCE OF WEALTH.

FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1911.

COMPILED FOR THE IOWA YEAR BOOK OP AGRICULTURE,

FROM STATISTICS GATHERED UNDER THE IOWA

STATISTICAL LAW.

ACREAGE PRODUCTION, AVERAGE YIELD AXD VALUE PER ACRE AND TOTAL
VALUE OF IOWA FARM PRODUCTS FOR THE YEAR 1911.

s-

0.

3'o

a

oQ

be

bto

03 0)

^ C-H

<D o

o t-S

> S3

> o.^

<

<

Com

Oats

Winter wheat

Spring- wheat

Barley

Rye

Potatoes

Flax

Hay (Tame)

Hay (Wild)

Alfalfa

Miscellaneous crops .-.

Timothy seed

Clover seed

Pop corn

Sweet com

Garden truck

Orchards _.

Pasturage

Total value of farm crops

Wool

Dairy products ...
Poultry and eggs.

Total value farm products

8,?6.3,331

4,7:30,(«7

SCO, 358

.^7,446

313,472

44,1.57

117,043

39,334

3.1iy,3f(9

8-20,935

30,323

80,579

233,318

.33,121

12,742

33,. 5(6

47,874

1.53,999

9,200,220

326,661,430 bu.
122,474,803 bu.

6,461,921 bu.

6,238,242 bu.

6,106,239 hu.
668,443 bu.

9,125,747 bu.
178,717 bu.

2,544,088 T.
662,866 T.
70,640 T.
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated
P-stimated
Estimated

Estimated
Estimated
Estimated

36.9
25.8
17.9
11.6
19.5
1.5.1
77.0
4.6

$ .54

.41

.93

.83

.90

.79

.71

2.00

13.44

10.28

14.00

$19.93
10.58
16.65

9.98
17. .55
11.93
54.67

9.20
10.75

8.22
32.20

176

50
6

3S7,
,214,
,000,
,364.
,495

.528,
,479.

3.57.
,192,
,814

})'?8,
,000,

roo,

300,
2.50.
950,
,000,

.000,
,000.

172
706
287
888
615
070
290
434
543
,262
9^0
COO
OCO
000
000
000
COO

ooo
coo

$ 392,833,227

1,500.000
52,000,000
30,000,000

.? 476,333,227

NUMBER, AVERAGE VALUE AND TOTAL VALUE OF LIVE STOCK
JANUARY FIRST, 1912.

(Figures taken from United States Year- Book of Agriculture, 1911.)

m

o

tx

o

— ^

a

o

5!

4)

a

O

ic

.Q

a

„

£

c;

C3

3

>■

C

S5

<

H

Horses

1,568,000

$ 113.00

$ 177,184,000

jlules . . . ... .

57,000

119.00

6,783,000

Milch cows

1,393,000

40.80

56,834,000

Other cattle

2,773,000

25.00

69,325,000

Swine . . __ __ .. -.

9,689,000
1,201,000

9.80
4.30

94,952,000

Sheep

5,164,000

Total - .

S 410,242,000

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SUMMARY OP STATISTICS OF IOWA FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY

FROM THE THIRTEENTH CENSUS OF THE

UNITED STATES, 1910.

Land area of Iowa 35,575,040

Land in farms 33,930',68S

Improved land in farms 29,491,199

Xumber of all farms 217,044

Average acres per farm 156.3

Average value of land per acre $ 82.58

Average value of land and buildings per acre $ 96100

Total value of farms and farm property $ 3,745,800,544

Total value of land $ 2,801,973,729

Total value of buildings $ 455,4C&,671

Total value of implements and machinery $ 95,477,948

Total value of live stock, poultry and bees $ 393,003,196

Average value of all property per farm $ 17,259

Average value of land and buildings per farm $ 15,008

Average value of buildings per farm $ 2,CG8

Average value of implements and machinery per farm $ 440

Average value of live stock per farm $ 1,811

Total population 2,224,771

Rural population 1,544,717

Farms operated by owners and managers 134,929

Farms operated by tenants 82,115

GRAND TOTALS.

Value of land and buildings $ 3,257,379,400

Value of farm machinery and implements 95,477,948

Value of live stock - 410i,242,COO

Value of farm crops and other products 476,333,227

Grand total valuation $ 4,239,432,575

PART I.

Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for

1911

George M. Chappel, Director

Climatic data and statistics of soil products of the State, for the
year 1911, have been compiled in condensed form in this report
for future reference and comparison.

Reports have been received regularly each month from 118 co-
operative meteorological stations, and from the U. S. AYeather
Bureau stations at Des ]\Ioiues, Davenport, Dubuque, Charles City,
Keokuk and Sioux City, Iowa and Omaha, Nebr. The equipment
at all stations has been kept up to a high standard.

This office distributed 28,000 copies of the ]\ronthly Review of the
Iowa Weather and Crop Service, and 45,000 copies of the weekly
weather crop bulletins. Through the generous co-operation of many
of the telephone companies in the State, daily weather forecasts
were distributed to over 150,000 telephone subscribers each day.
Daily forecasts were also distributed by rural mail to 2,268 ad-
dresses, and by ordinary mail to 2,016 addresses. Daily forecast
messages were sent to 135 towns by telegraph at expense of the
U. S. Weather Bureau. Special warnings of the approach of cold
waves and heavy snows were also distributed whenever issued.

CLIMATOLOGY OP THE YEAR, 1911.

While there were many and decided departures during the year from the
normal climatic conditions, the average temperature and total precipita-
tion approximate the normals very closely. The most striking character-
istics during the year were the excess of temperature in February, March,
June and the first five days of July; the deficiency of rainfall in May, June,
July, and August, and the unusually heavy precipitation during December.
The maximum temperatures during the first five days of July were the

2 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

highest, with one exception, 1901, ever recorded in the State, and the
drought was very severe and damaging, especially in the southwestern
quarter of the State. But, notwithstanding the adverse conditions during
the summer months, the crop output was very satisfactory. The average
yields were, with the exception of hay and potatoes, nearly up to the nor-
mal, and the prices obtained were higher than those of former years, mak-
ing the total value far in excess of any crop ever produced in the State.

Barometer (reduced to sea level). The average pressure of the atmo-
sphere for the year 1911 was 30.04 inches. The highest observed pressure
was 30.96 inches, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on November 2d. The
lowest pressure observed was 29.23 inches, at the same station, on May
18th. The range for the State was 1.73 inches.

Tejipeeatuee. The mean temperature for the State was 49.5°, or 2.0°
more than the normal. The highest annual mean was 54.3°, at Keokuk, Lee
County. The lowest annual mean was 44.4°, at Sibley, Osceola County.
The highest temperature reported was 111° at Bloomfield, Davis County, on
July 3d and 5th, and at Jefferson, Greene County, and Keosauqua, Van
Buren County, on July 5th. The lowest temperature reported was — 35°, at
Inwood, Lyon County, and at Washta, Cherokee County, on January 3d.
The range for the State was 140°.

Precipitation. The average precipitation for the State was 31.37 inches,
or 1.28 inches less than the normal. The average for 1910 was 20.03 inches.
The greatest amount recorded at any station was 46.77 inches, at Burling-
ton, Des Moines County, and the least amount was 19.74 inches, at Pacific
Junction, Mills County. The greatest monthly precipitation was 13.73
inches, at Bloomfield, Davis County, and at Wapello, Louisa County, in
September. The least monthly precipitation was a trace, at Alton, Sioux
County, and at Estherville, Emmet County, in March. The greatest amount
in any consecutive 24 hours was 7.00 inches, at Bloomfield, Davis County,
on September 28th.

The average amount of snowfall was 35.3 inches. The greatest amount
recorded at any station was 58.6 inches, at Charles City, Floyd County, and
the least amount was 12.5, at Keokuk, Lee County. The greatest monthly
snowfall was 27.0 inches at Northwood, in December. The greatest twenty-
four hour snowfall was 12.0 inches, at Elma, Howard County, on December
31st; at Northwood, Worth County, on December 26th, and at Waverly,
Bremer County, on December 30th. Measurable precipitation occurred on
an average of 87 days. This is 20 more than for the year 1910.

Wind. The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The highest
velocity reported was 73 miles an hour, at Sioux City, Woodbury County,
on April 12th.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. The average number of clear days was 105;
partly cloudy, 99; cloudy, 101; as against 188 clear days; 92 partly cloudy;
and 85 cloudy days in 1910. More than the usual amount of sunshine was
experienced.

TWELFTH ANRUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I

MONTHLY SUMMARIES

JANUARY.

As a whole January, 1911, was a very pleasant month. There were
comparatively few cold days and no severe storms and the average preci-
pitation was below the normal except over the northern counties where
there was a slight excess.

With the exception of the 2d and 3d, the temperature was comparatively
moderate in the southern counties but temperatures below zero were re-
corded in the northern counties on the first six days; on the 9th, from the
11th to the 16th, and on the 21st and 22d. The 3d was the coldest day
when the minima ranged from — 8° in Louisa County, to — 35° in Lyon
and Cherokee Counties. The lOth, 29th and 31st were the warmest days
when the maximum temperatures w^ere generally above 50°, and at several
stations they were above 60°, the highest being 66°, at Thurman, on the
29th.

Practically all of the precipitation was in the form of snow, except over
the southeastern counties where heavy rain fell on the 13th and 14th which
froze on trees, Avires and walks as it fell, covering them with a heavy coat
of ice, crippling all electric service and doing a vast amount of damage to
trees. The heaviest snowfall was on the 16th and 17th but as the wind
was light on those and following daj's it did not interfere with railroad
or street car traffic. The absence of snow during the larger part of the
month, especially in the southern counties, allowed stock to range on
pasture throughout the month. The highways were in fine condition. The
ground is still dry and the water supply continues to diminish over the
larger part of the state. A good supply of ice, ranging from 10 to 20
inches, was harvested and a large quantity was shipped from Keokuk to
St. Louis and other points. While the conditions were favorable for out-
door work and for transportation companies, the absence of snow was not
advantageous to fall sown grain.

Temperature.— The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 114 stations, was 20.2°, which is 0.9° above the normal for
Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 15.1°, which is 1.1° below the normal; Central section, 20.7°, which
is 1.5° above the normal; Southern section, 24.7°, which is 2.3° above the
normal. The highest monthly mean v.'as 29.6°, at Keokuk, Lee County, and
the lowest monthly mean, 11.4°, at Estherville, Emmet County. The high-
est temperature reported was 66°, at Thurman, Fremont County, on the
29th; the lowest temperature reported was — 35°, at Inwood, Lyon County

4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

and at Washta, Cherokee County, on the 3d. The average monthly maxi-
mum was 53°, and the average monthly minimum was — 21°. The greatest
daily range was 56°, at Storm Lake, Buena Vista County. The average of
the greatest daily ranges was 44°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 118 stations, was 0.97 inch, which is 0.08 inch below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 0.95
inch, which is 0.13 inch above the normal; Central section, 0.84 inch, which
is 0.26 inch below the normal; Southern section, 1.12 inches, which is 0.12
inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 3.73 inches, occurred at
Burlington, Des Moines County, and the least, 0.11 inch, at Greenfield,
Adair County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours 1.93 inches, oc-
curred at Keokuk, Lee County, on the 13th and 14th. Measurable precipi-
tation occurred on an average of 5 days.

Sxow. — The average depth of unmelted snowfall for the State was 7.3
inches; by sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 9.5
inches; Central section, 6.8 inches; Southern section, 5.5 inches. The
greatest depth was 22.0 inches at Rockwell City, Calhoun County; and the
least depth, 1.5 inches at Greenfield, Adair County.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 9;
partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 14. The duration of sunshine was much below
the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 41 at Charles City;
28 at Davenport; 34 at Des Moines; 32 at Dubuque; 34 at Keokuk; and 45
at Sioux City.

Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
56 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County,
on the 8th.

FEBRUARY.

The month just past was the wettest February on record since state-
wide observations began in 1890 and the warmest with but two exceptions
since that time. The average precipitation, 2.76 inches, was 1.70 inches
above the normal for the month and the average temperature, 27.3° was
8.1° above the normal. The next greatest precipitation was 1.69 inches in
1908. In 1892 the mean temperature was 28.1° and in 1896 it was 27.4°.
The most notable characteristics of the month were the heavy snow storm
on the 5th; the heavy rains between the 13th and 18th; the long period
of excessive cloudiness between the 11th and 18th, and the absence of se-
verely cold weather. There were but few cold days, and those were not
extremely so, as zero temperatures did not obtain over the southern half of
the state, except on one or two days and then only on the high ground be-
tween the rivers. The coldest days were the 2d, 3d, 8th to 10th, and the
21st and 22d; the lowest temperature reported being 13° below zero on the
10th. The maximum temperatures were not exceptionally high but they
averaged considerably above the normal.

The precipitation was the greatest on record for February, and practi-
cally all of it fell in the form of snow on the 5th or during the heavy rains

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART 1 5

between the 13th and 18th. The snow storm on the 5th was general and
over the larger part of the state was heavy. The snow turned to rain or
sleet in the late afternoon of the 5th which was attended in many localities
by thunder and lightning. From the 11th to the 18th excessive cloudiness
prevailed and between the 13th and 18th more rain fell than the normal
amount for the whole month of February. The high temperature after the
10th caused the snow that fell on the 5th to melt rapidly and as the ground
was frozen at that time, the water ran off quickly. This, together with
the heavy rains between the 13th and 18th, caused an unprecedented high
stage of all rivers and creeks for so early in the season. The snow was
practically gone, and there was very little or no frost in the ground at
the close of the month. On account of the warm, wet weather the country
roads were in very bad condition.

Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown
by the records of 115 stations, was 27.3°, which is 8.1° above the normal for
Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern sec-
tion 24.1°, which is 7.9° above the normal; Central section, 27.4°, which
is 7.8° above the normal; Southern section, 30.4°, which is 8.6° above the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 34.6°, at Keokuk, Lee County,
and the lowest monthly mean, 20.4°, at Sibley, Osceola County. The high-
est temperature reported was 71°, at Keokuk, Lee County, on the 1st;
the lowest temperature reported was — 13°, at Fayette, Fayette County,
and at Washta, Cherokee County, on the 10th. The average monthly maxi-
mum was 54°, and the average monthly minimum was — 2°. The greatest
daily range was 51°, at Iowa Falls, Hardin County. The average of the
greatest daily ranges was 38°.

Precipitatiox. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the
records of 124 stations, was 2.76 inches, which is 1.70 inches above the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.55
inches, which is 0.61 inch above the normal; Central section, 2.80 inches,
which is 1.72 inches above the noreal; Southern section, 3.94 inches, which
is 2.79 inches above the normal. The greatest amount, 5.46 inches, oc-
curred at Lacona, Warren County, and the least, 0.50 inches, at Rock Rap-
ids, Lyon County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.50 inches,
occurred at Ottumwa, Wapello County, on the 16th. Measurable precipita-
tion occurred on an average of 6 days.

Snow. — The average depth of unmelted snowfall was 7.0' inches; by
sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 6.6 inches; Cen-
tral section, 8.2 inches; Southern section, 6.3 inches. The greatest depth
was at Sioux City, Woodbury County, 13.2 inches; and the least depth was
at Rock Rapids, Lyon County, 1.0 inch.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 12;
partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 10. The duration of sunshine was below the
normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 54 at Charles City;

50 at Davenport; 48 at Des Moines; 48 at Dubuque; 47 at Keokuk; and 56
at Sioux City.

Wind. — Noi-thwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was

51 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on
the 1st.

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THE WINTER OF 1910-1911.

The mean temperature for the three winter months was 25.4°, which is
3.9° above the normal for the State. The highest temperature reported
was 71° at Keokuk, Lee County, on February 1st. The lowest temperature
reported was 35° below zero at Inwood, Lyon County, and Washta, Chero-
kee County, on January 3d.

The average monthly precipitation for the State was 1.37 inches and
the average total precipitation was 4.10 inches, or 0.76 inch above the win-
ter normal. The average total snowfall, unmelted, was 17.3 inches or 13.0
inches less than for the winter of 1909-1910. The average number of days
with .01 inch or more of precipitation was 14,' or 6 less than the average
for the winter of 1909-1910. The average number of clear days was 36;
partly cloudy, 21; cloudy, 33, as compared with 37 clear; 20 partly cloudy
and 33 cloudy days during the winter of 1909-1910.

AVERAGE WINTER TEMPERATURE FOR IOWA.
In Degrees Fahrenheit

Years

December

January

February

Winter
mean

1890-1....

29.1
32.3
18.9
22.0
30.1
25.4
30.8
18.0
18.1
22.6
26.9
20.5
20.1
19.6
23.4
27.0
25.7
28.8
27.2
15.1
23.4

26.0
15.3
9.3
19.3
13.6
23.4
17.2
23.4

19 8
25.6
23.7
22.4
23.0
14.0
11.2
24.6
18.8
24.9
21.2
18.1

20 2

19.4
28.1
16.4
19.7
16.4
27.4
24.7
24.2
12.2
14.8
17.5
17.6
19.8
14.8
12.8
23 6
25.0
24.3
26.2
17.8
27.3

24.8

lb91-2

25.2

1892-3

14.9

1893-4

20.3

l>.94-5

20.0

11*95-6

25.4

1896-7

24.2

1897-8

21.9

1S98-9

16.7

1899-0

21.0

1900-1

22.7

1901-2

20.2

1902-3

21.0

1903-4

16 1

1904-5 . ..

15.8

1905-6

25.1

1906-7

1907-8

23.2
26 0

1908-9

24.9

1909-0.-.

1910-1

17.0
25.4

Means

19.8

20 5

21.5

24.0
MARCH.

March 1911, prior to the 26th, was very pleasant, the temporature be-
ing considerably above the normal with very little precipitation. After
the 26th, lower temperatures prevailed and snow storms were frequent.
For the month as a whole the average temperature was 5.4° above and the
precipitation 0.99 inch below the normal, making it the driest March, with
two exceptions, on record since state-wide observations began. The 20th
and 21st were the warmest days, when the maximum temperatures ranged
from 70° in the northern to 80° at a few stations in the southern districts^
The lowest temperature was recorded generally between the 15th and
18th, but at a few stations the minimum was recorded on the 1st or the
27th.

The most notable characteristics of the month were the high wind move-
ment and the severe dust storms that prevailed in the northwestern coun-
ties, on the 24th and 29th.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 7

While the temperature was considerably above the normal, the month
was cold enough, especially during the latter half to retard the growth of
vegetation and the development of fruit buds, and as a result the prospects
are at present very promising for a fruit crop. Farmers were in the field
early in the month, and much of the small grain was sown and consider-
able ground plowed preparatory to corn planting. Fall grains and grasses
came through the winter in good condition notwithstanding the fact that
much of the time there was no snow on the ground.

Tempebature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown
by the records of 114 stations, was 39.4°, which is 5.4° aljove the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 37.8°, which is 6.6° above the normal; Central section, 39.5°, which
is 5.3° above the normal; Southern section, 41.0°, which is 4.3° above the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 43.2°, at Keokuk, Lee County, and
the lowest temperature reported was 2°„ at Forest City, Winnebago County,
highest temperature reported was 83°, at Ames, Story County, on the 21st;
the lowest temperature reported was 2°, at Forest City, Winnebago County,
on the 16th. The average monthly maximum was 75°, and the average
monthly minimum was 10°. The greatest daily range was 53° at Little
Sioux, Harrison County, Audubon, Audubon County, and at Woodburn,
Clarke County. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 42°.

Peecipitatiox. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the
records of 122 stations, was 0.93 inch, which is 0.99 inch below the normal.
By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 0.53 inch
which is 1.20 inches below the normal; Central section, 0.81 inch, which
is 1.17 inches below the normal; Southern section, 1.45 inches, which is
0.60 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 4.84 inches, occurred
at Fort Madison, Lee County, and the least, a trace, at Alton, Sioux County,
and at Estherville, Emmet county. The greatest amount in twenty-four
hours, 2.00 inches, occurred at Fort Madison, Lee County, on the 26th.
Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 4 days.

Snow. — The average depth of unmelted snow was 1.9 inches; by sections
the averages were as follows: Northern section, 2.2 inches; Central sec-
tion 1.3 inches; Southern section, 2.1 inches. The greatest depth was 8.0
inches at Rockwell City, Calhoun County; and the least, a trace at 17
scattered stations.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 16;
partly cloudy, 9; cloudy, 6. The duration of sunshine was considerably
above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 67 at Charles
City; 71 at Davenport; 73 at Des Moines; 66 at Dubuque; 76 at Keokuk;
and 66 at Sioux City.

Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
56 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on
the 29th.

Thunderstorms. — In the northern section 5 stations reported thunder-
storms on the 21st; 7, on the 26th; 3, on the 27th; and 1 on the 28th. In
the Central section 5 stations reported thunderstorms on the 26th; 1, on
the 27th. In the southern section 2 stations reported thunderstorms on
the 6th; 5, on the 7th; 2, on the 11th; 6, on the 12th; and 1 on the 22d.

8 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

APRIL.

The weather during April approached very nearly the normal conditions
for that month, there being an average daily deficiency of 1.7° in tempera-
ture and an average excess of .26 inch of precipitation for the month. The
first two weeks of the month were abnormally cold and stormy with heavy
snow over the northern half of the state on the 5th and 6th. Many
stations in the northern counties reported 3 to 12 inches of snowfall and
temperatures between 3° and 10° on the 7th. Minimum temperatures
were generally below freezing during the first half of the month, and
below or only slightly above on many nights during the latter half, but
the last five days were moderately warm. The absence of any abnormally
warm weather kept vegetation and especially fruit buds very nearly dor-
mant, and fruits of all kinds are blooming fully a month later than last
year. The prospects at the close of the month are favorable for a bounti-
ful crop of fruit of all kinds, except peaches, which were injured during
the winter. The precipatition was well distributed throughout the month
and fairly well distributed geogranhically. and occured in four distinct
■storm periods as follows: 2-7, 11-12, 18-19, 26-30, with the heaviest rain-
fall on the 29-30th. Considerable snow fell during the first period, the
average monthly amount for the state being 3.6 inches, which is 1.6 inches
above the normal. Thunderstorms occurred on several dates, and were
in many localities accompanied by high winds, which did some damage to
trees and buildings. At Sioux City, on the 12th, the wind attained a
velocity of 90 miles per hour for a period of 2 minutes.

The month as a whole was favorable for farm work and the spring
seeding was mostly completed, during the third week. A large acreage
was plowed and prepared for corn, but practically no planting was done.

Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 114 stations, was 46.8°, which is 1.7° below the normal.
By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section,
45.0°, which is 1.8° below the normal; Central section, 46.9°, which is 1.6°
below the normal; Southern section 48.6°, which is 1.7° below the normal.
The highest monthly mean was 50.7°, at Keokuk, Lee County, and
the lowest monthly mean, 42.9°, at Forest City Winnebago County. The
highest temperature reported was 86°, at Baxter, Jasper County, on the
30th; the lowest temperature reported was 3°, at Iowa Falls Hardin
County, on the 7th. The average monthly maxima was 76°. and the
average monthly minima 18°. The greatest daily range was 50°, at six
stations. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 41°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the record of 122 stations, was 3.09 inches, which is .26 inch above the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
2.86 inches which is .39 inch above the normal; Central section, 3.31
inches, which is .44 inch above the normal; Southern section, 3.10 inches,
which is .04 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, G.04 inches,
inches occurred in Winterset, Madison County, and the least, 1.33 inches, at
Bedford, Taylor County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.70
inches, occurred at Winterset, Madison County, on the 29th. Measurable
precipitation occurred on an average of 9 days.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 9

Snow. — The average depth of unmelted snowfall was 3.6 inches which
is 1.6 inches above the normal; by sections the amounts were as follows:
Northern section, 7.0 inches; Central section 3.1 inches; and Southern
section 0.7 inch. The greatest depth was 12.5 inches, at Fayette, Fayette
County, and none occurred at six stations.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 11,
partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 11. The duration of sunshine was about the
normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 60 at Charles City;
59 at Devenport; 60 at Des Moines; 48 at Dubupue; 54 at Keokuk; and
45 at Sioux City.

Wind. — Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
73 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on
the 12th.

CONDITION OF FRUIT TREES.

The Secratary of the State Horticultural Society reports the condition
of the fruit trees and plants in Iowa, on May 10, 1911, as follows: "Apples,
92 per cent; pears, 66; plums, 95; cherries, 93; peaches, 16; grapes, 85;
red raspberries, 74; black raspberries, 79; black berries, 88; currants,
87; gooseberries, 85; strawberries, 83 per cent of a full crop.

Very little damage reported to fruit bloom from the frost the first week
in May. The low percentage on pears is due to the weak condition of the
trees caused by the freeze of last year. The drouth of last season reduced
the number of plants in many strawberry fields, which gives a lower
percentage than usual. Anthracnose has reduced the vitality of rasp-
berry plants in many places. There will not be much fruit on budded
peach trees, but seedlings will give a fairly good crop. The outlook, on
the whole is very promising for a good crop of fruit this year."

The condition of fruit on May 1, 1910, was given as follows: Apples,
8 per cent; pears, less than 1 per cent; American plums, 1 per cent;
domestic plums, Japanese plums and peaches, less than 1 per cent; cher-
ries, 6 per cent; grapes, 20 per cent; red raspberries, 10 per cent; black
raspberries, 12 per cent; blackberries, 21 per cent; currants, 5 per cent;
gooseberries, 4 per cent; strawberries, 38 per cent of a full crop.

MAY.

The first five days of the month were cool, the temperature being con-
siderably below freezing in the northern counties, on one or more days,
and slightly below freezing at many stations in the southern districts.
From 1 to 4 inches of snow fell in the northern part of the state on the
first, and snow flurries were quite general on that day in the central
districts. After the 5th, the temperature was above the normal except
on 2 or 3 days; the warmest period being from the 24th to the 26th, in-
clusive, when temperatures of 90°, or higher, were general, the highest,
98°, occurring at Fort Dodge, on the 25th. Most of the precipitation came
in the form of local showers, which were well distributed throughout the

10 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

month, and fairly well distributed geographically, except in the south-
eastern counties, where the rainfall was much below the normal, the low-
est amount being in the extreme southeastern corner of the State, where
there was no rainfall until the 19th, and only .42 inch during the month.
Over the larger part of the state, precipitation was general on the 1st,
from the 19th to the 22nd, and from the 27th to the 31st, with light and
widely scattered showers between the 7th and 16th.

As a whole the month was unusually favorable for farm operations,
and the growth of vegetation. Corn was practically all planted before
the 20th; and, under the effects of high temperatures, it came up quickly
and showed almost a perfect stand, and no replanting was necessary,
except on sod ground where cut worms were somewhat more active than
usual. The soil was in excellent tilth, and the' fields were generally
clean, most of the corn having been cultivated once before the close of
the month. Small grain was very promising but the hay crop was below
normal, owing to deficiency of moisture. Fruit prospects were never
better. The continued low to moderate temperatures during March, April
and the early part of May prevented early development of the buds,
which did not bloom until toward the middle of May; and, as a result,
they were not injured to any extent by the light to heavy frosts that
occurred during the first few days of the month.

Temperatuke. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown by
the records af 112 stations was 64.9°, which is 4.8° above the normal for
Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 63.6°, which is 5.1° above the normal; Central section, 65.2°,
which is 5.0° above the normal; Southern section, 66.0°, which is 4.4°
above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 70.2°, at Keokuk,
Lee County, and the lowest monthly mean, 61.4°, at Clarinda, Page County.
The highest temperature reported was 98°, at Fort Dodge, Webster County,
on the 25th and at Grundy Center, Grundy County, on the 27th; the lowest
temperature reported was 23°, at Decorah ,Winnishiek County, on the
third. The average monthly maximum was 92°, and the average monthly
minimum was 30°. The greatest daily range was 48°, at Rock Rapids,
Lyon County. The average of the greatest daily range was 38°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
the records of 119 stations, was 3.76 inches, which is 0.74 inch below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section
3.95 inches, which is 0.60 inch below the normal; Central section, 4.25
inches, which is 0.22 inch below the normal; Southern section, 3.07 inches,
which is 1.40 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 8.73 inches,
occurred at Fayette, Fayette County, and the least, 0.42 inch, at Keokuk,
Lee County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.50 inches, oc-
curred at Osage, Mitchell County, on the 21st. Measurable precipitation
occurred on an average of 9 days.

SxNOW. — The average depth of unmelted snowfall was 0.7 inch; by sec-
tions as follows: Northern section, 1.7 inches, Central section 0.4 inch;
Southern section, trace. The greatest fall was 4.0 inches, at Elma, Howard
County, and at a number of stations none occurred.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 1%

Sunshine and- Cloudiness.— The average number of clear days was 16;
partly cloudy, 9; cloudy, 6. The duration of sunshine was about the nor-
mal over the southwestern half of the state and above the normal over
the northeastern half, the percentage of the possible amount being 79 at
Charles City; 78 at Davenport; 60 at Des Moines; 70 at Dubupue; 77 at
Keokuk; and 67 at Sioux City.

Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 48
miles per hour from the South, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the
14th.

JUNE.

The month was the hottest and driest June on record since statewide
observations began in 1890. The average temperature, 75.5°, is 6.9° above
the normal and 2. 5° above the record for June, 1894, which was the
warmest June on record prior to the past month. The average rainfall,
1.82 inches, is 2.70 inches below the normal and 0.17 inch less than the
average for the same month last year. The temperature was high most
of the time during the month, with the warmest periods between the 2nd
and 5th, 8th to 10th, 14th to 16th, 19th to 23d, 26th and 29th to 30th, when
the maximum temperatures were above 90° at all stations, and 100° or
above at several stations on two or more days in the central and southern
districts. The coolest day, generally, was the 28th, when the minimun>
temperature was near or below 50°.

The rainfall came in the form of widely scattered local showers at
long intervals, except over the northeastern counties, where the showers
were quite frequent and the rainfall sufficient to keep all vegetation Id
fairly good condition. Over the southeastern, southern and northwestero
counties the dought was severe, and all crops, except corn, suffered cod'
siderably. Early potatoes, garden truck, grass, pasturage, and the late
small grains such as oats, spring wheat and barley, being damaged the
most. Oats headed short and began ripening prematurely, thereby lower-
ing the average condition of the crop materially. Early potatoes were
nearly a failure. Pastures were bare at the close of the month, garden
truck received serious damage, and the water supply was failing in many
localities. Corn, however, made remarkably rapid growth, and at the
end of the month much of it was more than waist high and practically
all of it had been laid by.

Tempekatuke. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 116 stations, was 75.7°, which is 6.9° above the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 74.3°, which is 6.9° above the normal; Central section, 75.4, which
is 6.4°, above the normal; Southern section,77.3°, which is 7.3° above the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 79.6°, at Leon Decatur County,
and the lowest monthly mean, 70.9°, at Grand Meadow, Clayton County.
The highest temperature was 108°, at Ottumwa, Wapello County, on the
5th; the lowest temperature reported was 36°, at Elma, Howard County,
on the 28th. The average monthly maxima was 100°, and the average
monthly minima was 48°. The greatest daily range was 53°, at Larrabee,
Cherokee County. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 38°.

12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Precii'itatiox.— The average precipitation for the state, a shown by
the records of 123 stations, was 1.82 inches, which is 2.70 inches below
the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
2.18 inches, which is 2.39 inches below the normal; Central section, 2.32^
inches, which is 2.05 inches below the normal; Soutern section, 0.95 inch,
which is 3.67 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 6.28 inches,
occurred at Sigourney, Keokuk County, and the least, 0.66 inch, at
Keosauqua, Van Buren County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours,
3.55 inches, occurred at LeMars, Plymouth County, on the 26th. Measur-
able precipitation occurred on an average of 5 days.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
20; partly cloudy,8; cloudy, 2. The duration of sunshine was above the
normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 86 at Charles City;
75 at Davenport; 71 at Des Moines; 68 at Dubuque 74 at Keokuk, and,
80 at Sioux City.

Wind.- — Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity was 46 miles
per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the 11th.
I

JULY.

The most notable characteristics of the month were the high tempera-
tures that prevailed during the first five days; the unusually cool weather
from the 11th to the 28th; the excessive amount of sunshine; and, over
the larger part of the state, the continuance of the severe drought that has
obtained for the past three months. From the 1st to the 5th inclusive,
the temperature was excessively high, the maxima being 100° or above on
one or more days at all but one station in the State. At many stations in
the southwestern counties the temperature was above 100° every day from
the 1st to the 5th, a record that has not been equalled since July, 1901. The
highest temperature reported during that time was 111° at Bloomfield on
the 3rd and at Jefferson and Keosauqua on the 5th. From the 6th to the
11th, inclusive, the weather was somewhat cooler, and between the 11th
and 28th it was unusually cool for July, the 17th being the coolest day gen-
erally, although the lowest temperatures in the northeastern counties oc-
curred between the 24th and 25th, when all previous records were broken
for low temperatures during the last 15 days of July.

The severe drought that has obtained during the past 3 months contin-
ued over the larger part of the State during the entire month. In the
eastern counties the drought was broken by copious showers on the 6th
which were followed by fairly well distributed showers during the re-
mainder of the month, with heavy rains on the 28th. Over the western
two-thirds of the State, the drought continued with increased severity not-
withstanding the fact that there was only one day, the 1st, during the
month on which rain did not fall at some place in the State. The amounts
of rainfall over the western counties were, however, too small, and the in-
terval between showers at any one place too great to be of much benefit
to crops. At the close of the month corn had suffered material injury, not
only by the drought, but by the excessively high temperature during the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 13

first 5 days. The early corn received the most damage, as the pollen was
mostly destroyed by the hot winds; and as a result there was poor and
uneven fertilization, and in some localities there are many barren stalks.

Pastures were bare and afforded no feed for stock; early potatoes were
practically a complete failure, and the late varieties were seriously injured
and in a critical condition. All small streams are dry, wells are low and
-water for stock is very scarce; and, as a result, many farmers are selling
their live stock. The drought is the worst that has prevailed since 1894,
and the temperature during the first five days of the month was the highest
ever recorded in the state so early in July, and the highest on record ex-
cept during the hot wave in the latter part of July, 1901. The dry, sun-
shiny weather was, however, favorable for securing the hay and small
grain crops and for thrashing. On account of the droughty conditions that
prevailed during the spring and early summer months, the hay crop was
very light, but small grain, especially winter wheat, turned out better than
was anticipated.

Temperatuke. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 113 stations, was 75.5°, which is 2.1° above the normal for
Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 73.6°, which is 1.5° above the normal; Central section, 75.3°, which
is 1.6° above the normal; Southern section, 77.5°, which is 3.0° above the
normal. The highest monthly mean, 79.6°, at Leon, Decatur County, and
the lowest monthly mean, 70.4°, at Elma, Howard County. The highest
temperature reported was 111°, at Bloomfield, Davis County, on the 3d
and 5th; and at Jefferson, Greene County, and Keosauqua, Van Buren
County, on the 5th; the lowest temperature reported was 38°, at Elma,
Howard County, on the 17th. The average of the monthly maxima was
106°, and the average of the monthly minima was 45°. The greatest daily
range was 50°, at Decorah, Winnishiek County, and at Webster City, Ham-
ilton County. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 40°.

Precipitatiox. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
the records of 123 stations, was 2.27 inches, which is 2.17 inches below
the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
2.42 inches, which is 1.86 inches below the normal; Central section, 2.34
inches, which is 2.17 inches below the normal; Southern section, 2.04
inches, which is 2.50 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 6.62
inches, occurred at Elkader, Clayton County, and the least, 0.08 inch, at
Jefferson, Greene County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.73
inches, occurred at Davenport, Scott County, on the 28th. Measurable pre-
cipitation occurred on an average of 7 days.

SuNSHHNE AND CLOUDINESS. — The average number of clear days was 18;
partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 3. The duration of sunshine was above the
normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 87 at Charles City;
77 at Davenport; 83 at Des Moines; 71 at Dubuque; 80 at Keokuk; and
82 at Sioux City.

Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 41
miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on
the 23d.

14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AUGUST.

August was, as a whole, a very pleasant month; both the average temper-
ature and rainfall were very nearly the normal for the state, the temper-
ature being only 0.1°, and the rainfall .67 inch below the normal. With the
exception of the 10th, 14th, 15th, and 16th, when the highest temperatures
for the month were recorded, the weather was moderate, yet there was
sufficient heat to promote the healthful growth of vegetation, and corn
made rapid advancement toward maturity. The only cool period was on
the 28th and 29th, when light frost was observed on low ground in some
localities in the northern districts, but no damage was done to staple crops.
The rainfall was very unevenly distributed, the monthly amounts ranging
from less than an inch in Mahaska, Lucas, Keokuk, Jefferson and Wapello
Counties to over 9 inches in Winneshiek County. Over the northeastern
quarter of the state and in a few localities in the northwestern counties,
the rainfall was considerably above the normal, but over most of the
southern and southwestern sections the drought continued during the en-
tire month, and yet there was not much deterioration in the condition of
cropi?, as the few showers that did occur were sufficiently heavy to keep
all vegetation, except pasturage, alive. The heavy rains in the northeastern
counties caused rapid growth of all vegetation, but retarded threshing, and
in some localitie-s where the showers were accompanied by high winds,
hail and lightning, considerable damage was done to crops, buildings and
trees. As a whole, the month afforded an average amount of sunshine,
and corn dried or matured rapidly. A large proportion of the crop was
well dented at the close of the month, and much of it was beyond danger
of a moderately heavy frost. The bulk of the threshing was completed,
and, except in the northeastern counties, the grain was secured in good
condition. A large crop of apples, plums and grapes were being harvested
at the close of the month, and the fruit, though smaller than usual, was of
good quality.

Tempeeature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 118 stations, was 71.7°, which is 0.1° below the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 69.4°, which is 0.9° below the normal; Central section, 71.5°, which
is 0.4° below the normal; Southern section, 74.3°, which is 1.0° above the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 78.4°, at Leon, Decatur County,
and the lowestly monthly mean, 66.2°, at Blma, Howard County. The
highest temperature reported was 107°, at Bedford, Taylor County, on the
loth; the lowest temperature reported was 34°. at Larrabee, Cherokee
County, on the 28th. The average monthly maximum was 97°, and the
average monthly minimum was 43°. The greatest daily range was 54°, at
Keosauqua, Van Buren County. The average of the greatest daily ranges
was 37°.

Pkecipitatiox. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
the records of 126 stations, was 3.32 inches, which is 0.67 inch below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 4.13
inches, which is 0.65 inch above the normal; Central section, 3.68 inches,
which is 0.37 inch below the normal; Southern section, 2.14 inches, which

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 15

is 2.26 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 9.47 inches, oc-
curred at Ridgeway, Winnishiek County, and the least, 0.44 inch, at Chari-
ton, Lucas County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 3.75 inches,
occurred at Dubuque, Dubuque County, on the 10-llth. Measurable preci-
pitation occurred on an average of 9 days.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 16;
partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 5. The duration of sunshine was about the nor-
mal, the percentage of the possible amount being 76 at Charles City; 75
at Davenport; 75 at Des Moines; 63 at Dubuque; 76 at Keokuk; and 70
at Sioux City.

Wind. — Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
42 miles per hour from the west, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the
6th.

SEPTEMBER.

From the view point of the agriculturist, September, 1911, was a very
favorable month. The temperature was above the normal, and no damag-
ing frosts occurred. The drought that had prevailed during most of the
crop season, in the southern and western counties, was broken, and all
parts of the state received copious to heavy rains and at the close of the
month there was abundance of water for all purposes. Water was flowing
in many small streams for the first time since May; grass was green and
growing rapidly; the ground was soft and moist and much plowing and
seeding had been done and fall grains were looking well; practically all of
the corn was ripe and beyond danger of injury by frost, and late potatoes
that on September Ist were thought to be a failure give promise of good
yields. The only real hot day was the 1st, when the temperature was 90°,
or above, except in the extreme northern part of the state. The rest of
the time the temperature was moderate, but it was about normal or slight-
ly above most of the time. The coldest day was on the 19th, when mini-
mum temperatures of 32° were recorded at 3 stations. This low mark, is,
with one exception, the highest September minimum recorded in the state
during the past 22 years. In September, 1905, the lowest temperature re-
corded in the state was 36°.

The average rainfall is 5.12 inches, which is the greatest amount re-
corded in Iowa during September since state-wide observations began in
1890. Showers were fairly well distributed throughout the month, but
the amounts of rainfall were much greater in the southeastern counties
than in other parts of the state. In the southwestern and west central
districts, where the drought had been the most severe, the rainfall was
generally light until near the close of the month, but heavy showers oc-
curred in those sections on the 28th and SOth. In the southeastern coun-
ties the rainfall was excessively heavy, and in many localities caused con-
siderable damage. Bottom lands were overflowed and corn in shock ma-
terially injured. Thunderstorm's were frequent and more than the usual
amount of damage was done by lightning. In a few cases the thunder-
storms were accompanied by severe wind squalls, but the only storm of a
tornado character occurred in Madison County on the afternoon of the
6th.

16 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Tempeeature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown
by the records of 114 stations, was 65.8°, which is 2.1° above the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows. Northern
section, 63.1°, which is 1.0° above the normal; Central section, 65.6°, which
is 2.0° above the normal. Southern section, 68.7°, which is 3.2° above the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 70.7°, at Bedford, Taylor County,
and the lowest monthly mean, 60.3°, at Estherville, Emmet County, and at
Sibley, Osceola County. The highest temperature reported was 103°, at
Ottumwa, "Wapello County, on the 1st; the lowest temperature reported was
32°, at Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County, Inwood, Lyon County, and
at Washta, Cherokee County, on the 19th. The average of the monthly
maxima was 95°, and the average of the monthly minima was 40°, The
greatest daily range was 53°, at Bella, Marion County. The average of the
greatest daily ranges was 40°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the
records of 121 stations, was 5.12 inches, which is 1.71 inches above the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 3.90
inches, which is 0.49 inch above the normal; Central section, 5.23 inches,
which is 1.99 inches above the normal. Southern section 6,23 inches
which is 2.66 inches above the normal. The greatest amount, 13.73 inches,
occurred at Bloomfield, Davis County, and at Wapello, Louisa County, and
the least, 1.19 inches, at Logan, Harrison County. The greatest amount in
twenty-four hours, 7.00 inches, occurred at Bloomfield, Davis County, on
the 28th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 10 days.

Snow. — The only snowfall reported in the state was a trace at Elma,
Howard County, on the 24th.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 11;
partly cloudy, 9 ; cloudy, 10. The duration of sunshine was below the nor-
mal, the percentage of the possible amount being 65 at Charles City; 50 at
Davenport; 55 at Des Moines; 53 at Dubuque; 50 at Keokuk; and 39 at
Sioux City.

Wind. — Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
41 miles per hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the
22d.

OCTOBER.

As a whole, October, 1911, was cold and wet, yet there were no excep-
tionally cold or wet periods; and, notwithstanding the fact that the tem-
perature was below the normal much of the time, the first killing frost of
autumn did not occurr until 10 or 12 days after the average date of past
years which was due to an excessive amount of cloudy and foggy weather.
The first six days of the month were warm, with frequent and general
showers, the highest temperatures being recorded on the 3d. Most of the
rain fell in two general stormy periods, the first between the 1st and 7th,
and the second between the 12th and 16th. The last 15 days of the month
were colder than usual, but they gave more clear weather than obtained
during the early part of the month, and were favorable for drying out
the corn crop and for farm work. Killing frosts occurred in the extreme

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 17

northern part of the state on the 8th, but no damage was done except
to vines and garden truck, as all staple crops were fully matured. The
freezing weather, later in the month, did, however, injure potatoes in the
ground. Killing frosts did not occur in the central and southern districts,
until the 21st or 22d. The first snow of the season of any conequence fell
on the 26th. Considerable corn was put in cribs in good condition, and
the yield of this staple was found to be somewhat better than was antici-
pated at the 1st of September. Late potatoes also turned out better than
was anticipated earlier in the season, and the largest and one of the best
crops of apples ever harvested in this state was secured.

Much plowing and seeding of winter grains was done, and the early
sown grain was up and showed a good stand. Pasturage was exceptionally
good at the close of the month and will furnish much winter feed. The
water supply increased, and wells and streams now afford sufficient amount
for all purposes.

Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 111 stations, was 48.7°, which is 3.2° below the normal
for Iowa. By sections, the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 46.3°, which is 3.8° below the normal; Central section, 48.9°, which
is 2.9° below the normal; Southern section, 50.8°, which is 3.0° below the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 52.9° at Northboro, Page County,
and the lowest monthly mean, 43.5°, at Sibley Osceola County. The high-
est temperature reported was 87°, at Bloomfield, Davis County, and Bur-
lington, Des Moines County, on the 3d; the lowest temperature reported
was 14°, at Washta, Cherokee County, on the 28th. The average monthly
maximum was 77°, and the average monthly minimum was 23°. The
greatest daily range was 44°, at Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County.
The average of the greatest daily ranges was 32.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the
records of 121 stations, was 3.34 inches, which is 0.99 inch above the nor-
mal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 4.08
inches, which is 1.81 inches above the normal; Central section, 3.36 inches,
which is 0.92 inch above the normal; Southern section, 2.58 inches, which
is 0.23 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 7.03 inches, occurred
at Marshalltown, Marshall County, and the least, 0.73 inch, at Northboro,
Page County. The greatest amount in any 24 hours, 4.10 inches, occurred
at Marshalltown, Marshall County, on the 1st. Measurable precipitation
occurred on an average of 10' days

Snow. — The first general snowfall of the season occurred on the 26th,
averaging about 1.5 inches over the northern third of the state. The
average for the state for the month was 0.6 inch.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 12;
partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 11. The duration of sunshine was below the
normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 56 at Charles City;
41 at Davenport; 53 at Des Moines; 41 at Dubuque, 40 at Keokuk; and
54 at Sioux City.

18 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Wind. — Northwest M'inds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
39 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County,
on the 3d.

NOVEMBER.

As a whole, November, 1911, was cold and cloudy, the mean tempera-
ture being 29.9°, which is only 0.3° higher than the mean for November,
1896, which is the lowest November mean on record. The weather was
cloudy a great deal of the time, but the precipitation was nearly normal,
there being an excess of only 0.03 inch. The most notable features of the
month were the high temperatures, especially over the eastern part of the
state, on the forenoon of the 11th, and the sudden and decided fall in tem-
perature during the afternoon of that date and the night of the llth-12th.
In the eastern part of the state, the morning of the 11th opened clear and
warm with sprin:i-likke thundershowers during the forenoon, and the tem-
perature up to or above 70° by 1 p. m. About noon in the northeastern
and 1 p. m. in the southeastern counties, the wind suddenly shifted from
the southwest to the northwest; the temperature Ijegan falling rapidly, and
the rain soon changed to snow or sleet, finally developing into a genuine
blizzard. The temperature continued to fall during the entire afternoon,
and the following night, and at Keokuk it was down to 11° on the morning
of the 12th, making a range of 68° in about 18 hours. Between 1.55 p. m.
and 2.55 p. m. of the 11th, the temperature fell 37°, and between 12 noon
and 12 midnight there was a fall in temperature of 65°. In the north-
western counties the temperature was below zero on the morning of the
12th, and at many stations it was the lowest ever recorded during the
first half of November. In Scott County, the cold wave was immediately
preceded by severe local storms; a tornado of moderate intensity appeared
about one mile west of Davenport, and moved northeastward about 7
miles, causing damage estimated at about $3,000. In the northern part
of the state the ground, streams, and pools were frozen on the 12th, and
remained so during the rest of the month. In the southern counties, much
corn molded in the shock on account of the heavy rains during the latter
half of October and the continued damp weather during the early part of
November, and the same conditions retarded corn husking. In the northern
and western counties, however, the conditions were more favorable for
harvesting the crop, and probably 85 per cent to 90 per cent of the corn
was in the cribs at the close of the month. Sufficient snow fell over the
northeastern counties on the 27-2Sth to make good sleighing during the
remainder of the month.

Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown
by the records of 115 stations, was 29.9°, which is 6.0° 'below the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 26.9°, which is 7.0° below the normal; Central section, 30.2°,
which is 5.5° below the normal; Southern section, 32.6°, which is 5.6°
below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 36.0°, at Northboro,
Page County, and the lowest monthly mean, 24.0°, at Forest City, Winne-
bago County, and Sibley, Osceola County. The highest temperature re-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 19

ported was 79°, at Keokuk, Lee County, on the 11th; the lowest tempera-
ture reported was — 8°, at Guthrie Center, Guthrie County, on the 12th.
The average monthly maximum was 59°, and the average monthly mini-
mum was zero. The greatest daily range was 65°, at Keokuk, Lee County,
on the 11th. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 42.

Pbecipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the
records of 118 stations, was 1.42 inches, which is 0.03 of an inch above
the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern sec-
tion, 0.94 inch, which is 0.37 of an inch below the normal; Central sec-
tion, 1.63 inches, which is 0.20 of an inch above the normal; Southern sec-
tion, 1.68 inches, which is 0.24 of an inch above the normal. The greatest
amount, 4.99 inches, occurred at LeClaire, Scott County, and the least,
0.11 of an inch, at Odebolt, Sac County. The greatest amount in twenty-
four hours, 1.82 inches, occurred at Delaware, Delaware County, on the
9th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 6 days.

Snow. — The average depth of unmelted snowfall was 1.6 inches.

SuxsHiNE AND CLOuomEss. — The average number of clear days was
11; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 11. The duration of sunshine was below the
normal; the percentage of the possiTile amount being 47 at Charles City;
38 at Davenport; 57 at Des Moines; 35 at Dubuque; 49 at Keokuk; and
51 at Sioux City.

Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
48 miles an hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on
the 19th.

DECEMBER.

December, 1911, will go on record as one of the pleasantest winter
months ever experienced in Iowa. The first 15 days were exceptionally
fine, with an abundance of bright sunshine and mild temperatures, the
only storm of importance during that period being a general rain on the
9th and 10th, which was very beneficial in replenishing the water supply.
The latter half of the month was more seasonable, but there was no real
cold weather until the 27th, when the minimum temperatures were below
zero over the larger part of the state. Snow storms were, however, quite
frequent between the 20th and the end of the month, the snowfall being
heavy on the 20, 21, 22, 26, 30, and 31, and the sleighing was excellent
after the 26th. The first cold wave of the month occurred on the 27th and
28th, which caused temperatures below zero in all parts of the state, ex-
cept the extreme southeastern counties. The monthly mean temperature
is 27.9°, which has been exceeded but once, 1907, since 1896, and only five
times during the past 22 years. In regard to precipitation, the month was
the wettest December since state-wide observations began in 1890. Fall
sown grains were well protected by a heavy mantle of snow during tJie
severe cold weather, and were reported as being in good condition at the
close of the month.

20 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Tempebatuke. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown
by the records of 114 stations, was 27.9°, which is 4.3° above the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 25.0°, which is 4.1° above the normal; Central section, 28.1°,
which is 4.3° above the normal; Southern section, 30.5°, which is 4.3°
above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 34.9°, at Keokuk, Lee
County, and the lowest monthly mean was 21.3°, at Sibley, Osceola County.
The highest temperature reported was 60°, at Keokuk, Lee County, on the
10th; the lowest temperature reported was — 24°, at Washta, Cherokee
County, on the 28th. The average monthly maximum was 53°, and the
average monthly minimum was — 11°. The greatest daily range was 49°,
at Woodburn, Clarke County. The average of the greatest daily ranges
was 36°.

Pkecipitation, — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
the records of 121 stations, was 2.57 inches, which is 1.38 inches above the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 2.65
inches, which is 1.62 inches above the normal; Central section, 2.55 inches,
which is 1.35 inches above the normal; Southern section, 2.52 inches,
which is 1.19 inches above the normal. The greatest amount, 4.43 inches,
occurred at New Hampton, Chickasaw County, and the least, 0'.62 of an
inch, at Inwood, Lyon County. The greatest amount in any consecutive
24 hours was 2.98 inches, at New Hampton, on the 10th. Measurable pre-
cipitation occurred on an average of 7 days.

Snow. — The average depth of snowfall was 12,6 inches. By sections
the averages were as follows: Northern section, 13.8 inches; Central sec-
tion, 12.0 inches; Southern section, 12.1 inches. The greatest monthly
amount was 27.0 inches, at Northwood, Worth County.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 13;
partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 12. The duration of sunshine was above the
normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 46 at Davenport; 51
at Des Moines; 49 at Dubuque; 45 at Keokuk; and 48 at Sioux City.

Wind — Southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
46 miles an hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on
the 31st.

ANNUAL NORMALS FOR IOWA, 1890-1911.

Normal annual temperature, 47.9°.

Warmest year, 1894, with mean temperature of 49.7°.

Coldest year, 1893, with mean temperature of 45.7°.

Normal annual precipitation, 31.58 inches.

Wettest year, 1902, with total precipitation of 43.82 inches.

Driest year, 1910, with total precipitation of 19.87 inches.

Average annual snowfall (unmelted) 30.4 inches.

Greatest annual snowfall. 49.0 inches in 1909.

Least annual snowfall, 19.2 inches in 1894.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I

21

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, 81.

Prevailing wind direction, northwest.

Average number of clear days, 163; partly cloudy, 104; cloudy, 98.

COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE ANNUAL.

Temperature

ctf

3

a

a

60

f^

X

1890

48.0

no

1891

47.3

106

1892

46.6

104

1893

45.7

102

1894

49.7

109

1895

47.2

104

1896

48.6

104

1897

47.8

106

1898

47.7

103

1899

47.3

104

1900

49.3

103

1901

49.0

113

1902

47.7

98

1903

47.2

101

1904

46.3

IBO

1905

47.2

104

1906

48.4

102

1G07

47.4

102

1908

49.5

101

1909

47.4

103

1910

48.6

108

1911

49.5

111

Date

Date

Precipitation

in inches

a

P

a

^^

a

a

O 3

a

c

t. a

CJ

<;

O

J

—27
—31
—38
—36
—37
—33
—20
—30
—25

July 13

August 9-,
July 11—
July* 13...

July 26

May 28...

July 3

July* 23-...
August 20.
September 6..'— 40

August 3 —27

July 22 —31

July 30 —31

August 24 —27

July 17 —32

—41
—32
—31
—18
—26
—35
—35

August 11

July 21

July 5

August 3

August* 15

July 16

July* 3

January 22

February 4

January 19

January 14

January 25

February 1

January 4

January 25

December 31

February 11

February 15

December 15

January 27

December 13

January 27

February 2

February 10

February 5

January 29

February* 15

January 7

January 3

31.30

45.74

16.00

32.90

49.05

23.48

36.58

48.77

24.78

27.59

33.27

19.19

21.94

29.81

15.65

26.77

35.25

18.57

37.23

51.60

28.68

26.98

36.18

20.21

31.34

55.47

19.51

28.68

42.06

21.79

35.05

47.33

25.05

24.41

37.69

16.35

43.82

58.80

20.14

35.39

50.53

.26.41

28.51

38.93

19.34

36.56

52.26

24.66

31.60

44.34

20.63

31.61

43.90

19.93

35.26

49.98

24.11

40.01

53.48

27.20

19.87

27.99

12.11

31.37

46.77

19.74

34.2
37.2
19.2
26.0
22.6
38.8
40.3
23.4
25.8
38.5
28.0
19.4
29.2
38.3
32.8
24.0
22.7
49.0
23.4
35.3

And other dates.

22

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I

23

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24 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CLIMATE AND CROP REVIEW

CROP SEASON, 1911

In some respects, the year 1911 was decidedly unfavorable for agricul-
ture and other industries of Iowa, but the damaging effects of drought and
excessively high temperatures during a part of the crop season were, in
a measure, compensated by favorable conditions during the remainder of
the season, so that the final output was, with a few exceptions, nearly up
to the normal, and the value was far in excess of any previous year in the
history of the state.

January was a very pleasant month, with comparatively few cold days
and no severe storms, but considerable damage was done in the southeast-
ern counties by rain on the 13th and 14th, which froze on trees, vines and
walks as it fell, covering them with a heavy coat of ice. The absence of
snow during the larger part of the month, especially in the southern coun-
ties, allowed stock to be on pasture throughout the month, and highways
were in fine condition.

February was the wettest and, with one exception, the warmest month
of that name on record since state-wide observations began in 1890. The
notable characteristics of the month were the heavy snow storm on the
5th; the heavy rains between the 13th and 18th; the long period of ex-
cessive cloudiness between the 11th and 18th, and the absence of severely
cold weather. The high temperatures after the 10th caused the snow
that fell on the 5th to melt rapidly, and as the ground was frozen at that
time, the water ran off quickly. This, together with the heavy rains be-
tween the 13th and 18th, caused an unprecedented high stage of all rivers
and creeks for so early in the season. The snow was practically gone, and
there was very little or no frost in the ground at the close of the month.

The weather during the first 25 days of March was very pleasant, the
temperature being considerably above the normal, with very little precipi-
tation. After the 2Gth lower temperature prevailed and snowstorms were
frequent. Although the temperature was above the normal, it was suffi-
ciently low during the latter half of the month to retard the growth of
vegetation and the development of fruit buds. Farmers were in the fields
early in the month, and much of the small grain was sown and consider-
able ground plowed preparatory to corn planting. Small grains and
grasses came through the winter in good condition, notwithstanding the
fact that much of the time there was no snow on the ground.

The first two weeks of April were abnormally cold and stormy with
heavy snow over the northern half of the state on the 5th and 6th, when

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 25

3 to 12 inches fell. On the 7th, the minimum temperatures in the northern
counties ranged from 3° to 10°, and freezing temperatures generally pre-
vailed during the first half of the month, and on many nights during the
latter half. The la^t five days were, however, moderately warm. The
continued cold weather kept vegetation, and especially fruit huds very
nearly dormant, and fruits of all kinds bloomed fully a month later than
in 1910. The month, as a whole, was favorable for farm work, and the
spring seeding was practically completed during the third week. A large
acreage was plowed and prepared for corn, but very little or no planting
was done

The first five days of May were cool; the temperature being consider-
ably below freezing in the northern counties, on one or more days, and
slightly below freezing at many stations in the southern districts. From
one to four inches of snow fell in the northern part of the state on the
1st, and snow flurries were quite general on that day in the central dis-
tricts. After the 5th the temperature was above the normal except on 2
or 3 days. The rainfall was below the normal, and especially in the south-
eastern corner of the state, where no rain fell until the 19th, and only .42
inch during the month. As a whole, the month was unusually favorable
for farm operations and the growth of vegetation. Corn was practically
all planted before the 20th; and under the effects of high temperatures
it came up quickly and showed almost a perfect stand. No replanting
was necessary except on sod ground, where cut worms were somewhat
more active than usual. The soil was in excellent condition, and the fields
were generally clean, most of the corn having been cultivated once before
the close of the month. Small grain was very promising, but the condi-
tion of the hay crop was below normal, owing to deficiency of moisture.
Fruit did not bloom until about the middle of the month, after the last
frost occurred.

June was the hottest and driest month of that name on record, there
being an excess of 6.9° in temperature and a deficiency of 2.70 inches of
precipitation. The rainfall came in the form of widely scattered local
showers at long intervals, except over the northeastern counties, where the
showers were quite frequent and the rainfall suflBcint to keep all vegeta-
tion in fairly good condition. Over the southeastern, south and north-
western counties, the drought was severe, and all crops, except corn, suf-
fered; early potatoes, garden truck, grass, pasturage, and the late small
grains being damaged the most. Oats headed short and began ripening
prematurely, thereby lowering the average condition of the crop materially.
Pastures were bare at the close of the month, and the water supply was
failing in many localities. Corn, however, made remarkably rapid growth,
and at the end of the month much of it was more than waist high and
practically all of it had been laid by.

The notable characteristics of July were the excessively high temper-
atures during the first 5 days; the unusually cool weather from the 11th
to the 28th; the excessive amount of sunshine; and, over the larger part
of the state, the continuance of the severe drought. From the 1st to the
5th maximum temperatures of 100° or higher, were recorded on one or
more days at all but one station in the state, and at many station in the

26 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

southwest counties the temperature was above 100° every day during that
period. The highest temperature reported was 111° at Bloomfield on the
3d, and at Jefferson and Keosauqua on the 5th. This is the highest tem-
perature recorded in the state since July, 1901. The drought continued
over the larger part of the state, but copious showers occurred in the east-
ern counties on the 6th, whicji were followed by fairly well distributed
showers during the remainder of the month, with heavy rains on the 28th.
Over the western two-thirds of the state, the amounts of rainfall were too
small and the intervals between the showers too great to be of much bene-
fit. The excessive high temperatures early in the month and the continu-
ance of the drought in the western and central counties did considerable
damage to corn, and hot winds injured or destroyed the pollen, causing
uneven fertilization. Pastures were bare and afforded no feed for stock,
early potatoes were practically a failure, and the late varieties were seri-
ously injured. All small streams were dry, and water for the stock scarce,
and, as a result, many farmers were compelled to sell much of their live
stock. The dry, sunshiny weather was favorable for securing the hay and
small grain crops and for threshing. The hay crop was, however, light,
but small grain, especially winter wheat, turned out better than was anti-
cipated.

The drought continued during August in the southern and southwestern
counties, but copious to heavy showers occurred at frequent intervals
in the eastern and northeastern counties and the northwestern sections
received considerable "benefit from timely rains. Corn matured rapidly
and a large portion of the crop was well dented at the close of the month,
and much of it was beyond danger of a moderately heavy frost. The
bulk of the threshing was completed, and, except in the northeastern
counties, where showers had occurred frequently, the grain was secured
in good condition. While the average temperature for the month was very
nearly normal, light frost occurred on low ground, in the northern counties
on the 28th and 29th, but no damage was done.

September gave abundance of precipitation in all sections of the state,
the average amount of rainfall exceeding all previous records for that
month. The drought was broken and before the close of the month grass
was green and growing rapidly. The ground was soft and moist and much
seeding had been done. Late potatoes that on August 31st were thought
to be a failure gave promise of good yields. Practically all of the corn
was ripe and beyond danger of frost. Thunderstorms were frequent and
more than the usual amount of damage was done by lightning. In a few
cases the thunderstorms were attended by severe wind squalls, and a
typical tornado occurred in Madison County on the afternoon of the 6th.

October was, as a whole, cold and wet, yet the first killing frost did not
occur until 10 or 12 days after the average date of past years. Killing
frost occurred in the extreme northern counties on the 8th, and in all
sections of the state on the 21st or 22d. The first snow of the season,
of any consequence, fell on the 26th. Considerable corn was put in cribs
in good condition, and the largest crop of apples ever harvested in this
state was secured. Much planting and seeding of winter grains was done.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 27

and the early sown grain was up and showed a good stand. Pasturage was
exceptionally good at the close of the month.

Novem'ber was characterized by the coldest weather ever experienced in
the state during the first half of the month. Following local thunder-
storms and spring-like showers on the night of the 10th and morning of
the 11th, a severe blizzard swept over the state on the afternoon and
night of the 11th, which caused sub-zero temperatures in the northwestern
counties on the morning of the 12th. Sleighing was good in the north-
eastern counties after the 27th. Corn husking was delayed in the
southern sections by wet weather and soft ground in the fields, but prob-
ably 8,5 or 90 per cent of the crop had been harvested by the end of the
month.

December was one of the pleasantest winter months ever experienced
in Iowa. The first 15 days were exceptionally fine, with an abundance
of bright sunshine and mild temperatures. The only storn of importance,
during that period, being a general rain on the 9th and 10th.

28 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

CLIMATE AND CROP BULLETINS

Summaries of Weekly Bulletins Issued in the Season of 1911.

Bulletin No. 1. — For the week ending April 10. — After a mild and
pleasant but dry winter the crop season of 1911 opens with nearly normal
conditions, except that the subsoil is drier than usual; there being an
average deficiency of 2.82 inches of precipitation since October 1, 1910^
March was dry and warm, prior to the 26th, and much plowing and seeding
of spring wheat was done between the 10th and 25th of that month.
Since that time the weather has been cold with frequent rain and snow
storms which have prevented field work. The first week in April was
abnormally cold and stormy with heavy snow over the northern half of
the state; many stations in the northern counties reporting three to eleven
inches of snowfall and temperatures between 5 and 10 degrees on the 7th.
Farm work is, however, as far advanced as usual at this time in the year,
but is several weeks later than last year. Nearly all of the spring wheat
and much of the oats have been sown, and some ground has been plowed
preparatory to planting corn. Winter grains and grasses are reported
generally as being in good condition, and the late rains have put the soil
in fine tilth. All kinds of stock came through the winter in good shape
and farmers have plenty of feed left on hand. All vegetation and especi-
ally fruit buds have as yet remained nearly dormant and prospects of a
fruit crop are at present very promising. The acreage of spring wheat
has been increased over that of last year, but the acreage of oats and
other grains will probably be about the same. The week closes with
indications of warmer weather.

Bulletin No. 2. — April 17. — The first half of the week was cloudy and
stormy, with copious rains attended by thunder and lightning, and in
many localities by high and damaging winds. The last four days were
generally clear with cold nights; the mimimum temperature being below
the freezing point over the northern half of the state on the mornings of
the 14th and 15th. The cold wet weather retarded farm work, but the
rain was very beneficial and has put the top soil in excellent condition
for tilling. Considerable progress was, however, made during the last
three days of the week in plowing and seeding. Practically all spring
wheat and barley are in and the bulk of the oats will be seeded by the
middle of the coming week. Grass is beginning to start nicely since the
late rains, and winter wheat is in good condition. Fruit buds are gen-
erally dormant. Notwithstanding the fact that the season is somewhat
backward, the general conditions are at present very promising.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 29

Bulletin No. 3. — April 24.— The past week was dry and generally-
pleasant with cool nights, although the average temperature was slightly
above the normal. Light, but fairly well-distributed showers occurred
on the 17th and 18th, but clear weather prevailed generally during
the rest of the week, with frost on the morning of the 22d. No damage
was done, however, as vegetation was not far enough advanced to be in-
jured. The conditions were unusually favorable for farm work and rapid
progress was made in finishing seeding and preparing ground for corn.
Nearly all of the small grain is in and that sown early is up and shows
a good stand. Winter grains and grass are coming on nicely. Many early
potatoes have been planted, and a start was made in planting corn in the
southern counties. Fruit prospects are still very promising and more
than the usual number of fruit growers are installing orchard heaters for
use in case of necessity. The pig crop is disappointing in many localities,
but foals and calves are up to the average and are doing well.

Bulletin No. 4, — May 1. — The fore part of the week was cool with frost,
and in some localities, ice on three nights, but the latter half was warmer;
the mean temperature being slightly above normal although the tempera-
ture on the morning of May 1st was near or below the freezing point in
the northwestern half of the state. Light, but fairly well distributed
showers occurred on the 26th and moderate to heavy rains fell over the
southern sections on the night of the 28th and the 29th with more gen-
eral rains on the night of the 30th which changed to or was mixed with
snow over the northern counties on the morning of May 1st. The week,
however, was favorable for field work and rapid progress was made in piow-
In for corn. A large acreage has been prepared and in many sections
the plowing is nearly finished. Some corn has been planted and planting
will be general during the coming week if favorable weather prevails.
Grass is growing rapidly since the late showers and stock are being turned
onto pasture. Small grains are showing up nicely and are in good condi-
tion. The early varieties of fruit are in full bloom in the southern, and
cherry and plum trees are beginning to blossom in the central counties.
The cool wave now approaching from the northwest will cause freezing
temperatures in many sections of the state tonight and the fruit buds may
be damaged.

Bulletin No. 5. — May 8. — Heavy showers on the night of April 30th
and snow on May 1st, followed by cold weather with freezing temperature
on the 2d and light to heavy frost on the 3d and 4th delayed corn
planting for several days, but the latter half of the week was favorable
for work and considerable planting was done. The rains during the fore
part of the week were very beneficial and grass and small grains are now
growing rapidly under the effect of -the higher temperature during the
closing days of the week. Plowing for corn is nearly finished and a large
amount of corn will be planted during the coming week with the soil
generally in excellent tilth. It is thought that very little, if any, dam-
age was done to fruit by the frost and freezing temperature and the pros-
pects for a bountiful crop are still very promising.

30 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Bulletin No. 6. — May 15. — The weather during the past week was ideal
for field work and the growth of vegetation. The first three days were
excessively warm with the temperature above 90 degrees in many local-
ities, but the latter part of the week was moderately cool and pleasant.
The rainfall was light during the six working days, but copious to heavy
showers occurred in many localities on Saturday night and Sunday, es-
pecially over the central, southern and eastern sections. Rapid progress
was made in planting corn, and that work will be practically finished be-
for the 20th. Much of the early planted corn is up, but it is yet too
early to determine what the stand will be, although the few reports re-
ceived indicate that it will be good. Grass and small grains have im-
proved during the week, and are generally in good condition, but need
more rain to keep up normal growth, especially in eastern and northern
counties where the rainfall has been light. Fruit trees of all kinds are
now in full and profuse bloom in the northern part of the state and show
no signs of injury by the frosts, early in the month.

Bulletin No. 7. — May 21. Copious rains over the larger part of the
state on the 14th, followed by four days of abnormally warm weather,
with light to heavy and fairly well distributed showers on the last three
days of the week, have caused rapid growth of all vegetation. The aver-
age temperature was 10 to 15 degrees above the normal, and the rainfall,
though generally deficient, was ample for present needs except over the
northwestern counties where the rainfall has been light for several weeks.
Corn planting is nearly finished and many of the early planted fields are
being cultivated. The stand of corn is excellent, and replanting will not be
necessary except on sod ground where cut and wire worms are very active,
and have already caused considerable damage. Grass and small grains im-
proved during the week, but owing to the deficiency of moisture the timothy
hay crop will be light. Clover is, however, reported to be in good condi-
tion. Rye is heading and winter wheat is beginning to joint. Oats are
generally in excellent condition, and potatoes, garden truck and fruit are
doing well, although there is some complaint that cherries and plums are
not setting well.

Bulletin No. 8. — May 28. — with the exception of high winds the past
week was ideal for farm work and the growth of vegetation. The aver-
age temperature was 6 to 10 degrees above the normal, and while the rain-
fall was deficient light to copious showers were general during the first
and last days of the week, and all crops made unprecedented growth under
the effects of the high temperature and needed moisture. Temperatures
in excess of 90 degres were general on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday.
Much of the corn has been cultivated once and some of it twice. The
stand is excellent except on sod ground where worms have done con-
siderable damage and caused some replanting. The soil is in fine tilth,
the fields are unusually clean and the plants are strong and of good color.
Winter wheat is heading in southern counties and small grain, meadows
and pastures are doing well generally, but in a few localities and especially
in the southeastern counties these crops need more rain. The hay crop
will, however, be below the average in all sections. Potatoes are growing

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 31

rapidly notwithstanding the fact that bugs are numerous and are doing
considerable damage. Fruit and gardens still give promise of bounteous
yields.

BuLLETix No. 9. — June 4. — Another ideal week has been added to the
record of this unusually favorable season. The week began with mod-
erate temperature and light to heavy and fairly well distributed showers,
and closed with excessively high temperatures. Copious rains occurred
on Thursday and Friday over the east central and northern ditricts.
The average temperature being 4 to 6 degrees above the normal and the
maximum temperatures equaled or exceeded 90 degrees on the last four
days, over the larger part of the state. The rainfall was generally much
"below the normal although all sections received some moisture, and in
many localities the showers were heavy. All crops, especially corn made
rapid growth and are in good condition generally, except in southeastern
counties where the rainfall has been light for several weeks. Small grains
are, however, heading with shorter straw than usual and the hay crop will
be light, although considerable improvement was noted during the week in
localities where heavy showers have occurred.

BtJLLETiN No. 10. — .Tune 11. — The past seven days have been the hottest.
and over the larger part of the state, the driest on record for the first
week" in June. With the exception of Wednesday, the weather was ex-
ceedingly hot, maximum temperatures in excess of 100 degrees being re-
corded at many stations on two days and above 90 degrees at all statloub
on four days. The rainfall was unusually light and over the southern and
southwestern counties practically nil. Light to copious showers occurred,
however, in the east-central and northeastern counties on one or two days,
but the intense heat and high winds caused rapid evaporation and over
the western and southwestern districts the effects of dry weather are noted
in the pastures, meadows, gardens, potatoes, small fruits and some grain
fields. Corn has, however, made rapid growth and except late corn in
southeastern districts is looking well; and the fields are clean, most or
them having been cultivated twice. The soil is in perfect physical con-
dition and can stand another week of dry weather. While small grain is
heading short, most of it is still in fairly good condition and promises a
good crop if rain comes within a few days. The most damaging effects
of dry and hot weather have been in pastures, potatoes, cherries and straw-
berries. Cherries ripened prematurely and the strawberry crop was cut
short by drouth. On the whole the conditions are still promising, but
rain is needed.

Bulletin No. 11. — June 18. — The past week was about all that could be
desired as to temperature, the average for the state being slightly above
normal. The rainfall was, however, unequally distributed, but all except
the extreme northwestern and southeastern districts received some benefit
from showers near the close of the week. In many localities in the
central and northeastern counties the amount of rainfall was copious to
heavy and ample for present needs, but over the larger part of the state
the rainfall was light and in some places practically none. In many lo-
calities, and especially over the southern and northwestern counties, oats.

32 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

hay, pastures and potatoes have already been damaged and will continue
to deteriorate if the drouth continues. In other sections where the showers
were heavy and in the northeastern counties where rains have been fre-
quent, all crops are in good condition. Corn is still making rapid progress
except in the southeastern counties where the drouth has been the most
severe and of longer duration. Most of the early planting has been culti-
vated the third time and all fields are clean, the soil is in good tilth, and
the plants much above the average height. Fall wheat and rye harvest is in
progress in the southern counties and much hay was secured during the
week, but the yeilds will be considerably below normal. Hot, dry weather
has also been injurious to fruits; many apples are falling and in sections
where showers have not occurred berries are drying up. Rain is needed
badly, not only for crops, but to replenish the water supply which is
getting short.

Bulletin No. 12. — June 25. — The weather during the past week was ex-
ceedingly hot; the average daily excess of temperature being about 7 de-
grees, and the rainfall was nil until the last two days v/hen light to
copious local showers occurred over the larger part of the state. In many
localities the amount of rainfall was, however, too small to be of 'much
benefit except to freshen up vegetation and purify the atmosphere. Corn
is holding its own remarkably well and has not as yet suffered any material
injury, though nearing the danger time in a few localities. Much of it has
been laid by in good condition, and in a few counties some of the early
planting is beginning to tassel. Reports vary as to the condition of small
grain, but most of the correspondents agree that oats and spring wheat
have been seriously injured and in some localities, in the central, western
and southern counties the prospects of an oats crop have been reduced
from 20 to 40 per cent. In all sections where the showers on Sunday were
even moderately heavy, all late grains will be materially benefited. Most
of the winter wheat has been cut and gives promise of a fair yield of good
quality. Hay making progressed rapidly and the dry, hot weather was
favorable for securing the crop in excellent condition, although the out-
put is much below the average. Pastures, garden truck and early potatoes
have received the most injury from the drouth. Early potatoes are prac-
tically a failure and the late potatoes need rain at once. Apples have been
damaged to some extent, but if rains come within the next week there
will be a fair crop.

Bulletin No. 13. — July 2. — Following the showers on the evening of
June 25th and the morning of the 26th, the weather was much cooler until
the 28th, but the last four days of the week were intensely hot; the max-
imum temperature at many stations exceeding 100 degrees on three days.
The drought continues with increased severtiy over the larger part of
the state notwithstanding the fact that the showers of a week ago were
more extensive and in many places the rainfall much heavier than was
indicated in the last bulletin. Some stations in the northwestern counties
reported two to over 3.50 inches of rainfall, while in the southern and
southwestern counties, there was no rain during the week and only light
showers in the eastern sections. Except in the northeastern counties

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 33

where showers were frequent prior to last week and in localities in the
northwestern counties where the rainfall was the heaviest on the 25th and
26th, the conditions are becoming serious. Pastures are dry and brown,
garden truck and early potatoes are nearly a failure and the water supply
is failing in many localities. Practically all of the winter wheat and rye
is in shock, and gives promise of fair to good yields of excellent quality.
Much of the early oats, spring wheat and barley have also been cut and
most of the remainder will be harvested during the coming week. The
yield of oats has been seriously reduced by the dry, hot weather, and re-
ports indicate that the quality of most of the small grain will be only fair.
Over the larger part of the state, corn is still holding its own, but in many
localities is beginning to show the effects of the drought and in a few sec-
tions the crop has already been damaged. Much of the early planted corn
is beginning to tassel and most of it must have rain within the next week
or ten days to make an average crop. Considerable damage was done by
rain, wind and hail storms in portions of Pocahontas and adjacent coun-
ties on June 25th. Favorable weather has prevailed for securing the light
hay crops in good condition and this work has been vigorously pushed. The
drought and intense heat are also injurious to apple and other late tree
fruits.

Bulletin No. 14. — July 9. — Excessively high temperature and bright
sunshine prevailed during the first half of the week, the heated period cul-
minating in maximum temperatures considerably above 100 degrees; the
highest temperature reported being 111 degrees in the southeastern
counties. While showers occurred over the larger part of the state on
the night of the 5th, the drouth remains practically unbroken. The
showers afforded temporary relief in narrow belts and spots, covering
probably three-fourths of the state, and a few localities reported rainfall
sufficient for present needs, but over the bulk of the state the amount was
too light to give material benefit. Most of the corn is still holding its
own remarkably well, but some of the earliest planted, especially in the
southern counties, has been seriously injured and if rain does not come
soon the crop in those sections, will be light. Haying and small grain
harvest have progressed rapidly under favorable conditions. Threshing
has begun and early reports indicate a good quality and a fairly good yield
of winter wheat. The yeild of oats varies from fifteen to thirty-five
bushels. The hay crop will average between one-half and three-fourths
ton per acre. Pastures afford but little feed, and in many localities liay
is being fed to stock. Potatoes and garden truck show serious damage.
Wells are failing and water for stock is getting scarce.

BuTXETiN No. 15. — July 16. — With cooler weather and light to copious
showers in nearly all parts of the state on one or more days, corn is
still holding its own. Scattered showers occurred on the 9th, 10th, 12th
and 14th, but the amounts of rainfall were generally too small to be of
material or lasting benefit, and not suflBcient to enable the crop to with-
stand the effects of another hot wave without serious injury. Reports
indicate that early corn in the tasseling and earing stage has already
suffered considerable damage especially in southern and central districts,

34 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and the crop as a whole is at a very critical stage. Grasshoppers are
numerous and are injuring uncut grain, corn and clover in many localities.
The bulk of the small grain harvest has been completed in the southern
and central sections, and will be practically finished in the northern
counties during the coming week. Shock thrashing has begun. Pastures,
gardens and potatoes continue to deteriorate. Early potatoes are a failure
and the late varieties are drying up.

Bulletin No. 16. — July 23.- — The average temperature for the week
was below normal for the first time since the first week in May; the
average daily deficiency for the past week being about G degrees. A few,
generally light and scattered showers occurred on Tuesday, Wednesday
and Friday, but over the larger part of the state the rainfall was practic-
ally nil until Saturday night or Sunday morning when fairly copious and
well-distributed showers occurred. Cool nights, partially cloudy weather
and absence of hot winds have enabled corn to hold its own remarkably
well considering the small amount of moisture in the soil. Over the
southern and parts of the central and northern districts corn has suffered
some damage, but the crop as a whole is doing as well, if not better,
than could be expected under the circumstances, and with favorable
weather in the future will make a fair yield. The small grain harvest
is practically completed and thrashing is progressing rapidly under favor-
able weather conditions. Reports show a wide range in the yield of grain.
Oats range from ten to fifty bushels per acre; winter wheat eight to
thirty; spring wheat eight to sixteen; barley, ten to twenty-five and
timothy seed from two to four bushels. The drought has seriously affected
fruit. Apples, grapes and plums are small and apples are falling badly.
The worst effect of the drought, however, is on pastures and the water
supply. Pastures are bare and much stock is being fed green corn or hay,
and stock water is getting scarce.

Bulletin No. 17. — July 30. — Heavy showers occurred over the eastern
third of the state on the 28th; the amounts of rainfall ranging from one
inch to oyer three inches. Little or no rain has fallen over the central
and western districts since the 23d and in these sections, the drought
continues with increased severity. Cool weather continued until the 27th,
•but the last three days were hot, with moderately high winds. The condi-
tion of corn improved considerably over the eastern sections, but over the
central and western districts there has been a decline. There are many
barren stalks and the ears that have formed are generally small and un-
evenly fertilized. For the state as a whole, there has been a loss of at
least 30 per cent in condition since July 1st, and in many localities in
the southern districts the loss ranges from 40 to 60 per cent. The crop is
in a very critical condition and will continue to deteriorate until rain
comes. But if good soaking and general rains come soon there is still
time to make a fair crop, as the stand is nearly perfect and the acreage is
considerably larger than it was last year. Thrashing progressed rapidly
and is now about GO per cent completed and preliminary reports indicate
average yields as follows: Winter wheat, twenty-one bushels per acre;
spring wheat, fifteen; oats, twenty-four; barley, twenty-three; rye, eight-
een. Scarcity of water and the lack of pasturage Is causing farmers in many

TWELFTH ANNUAL, YEAR BOOK— PART I 35

localities to sell their stock. The condition of pastures, potatoes, fruit
and gardens continues to decline except in eastern counties where heavy
showers occurred on the 28th. Much depends on the weather during the
coming week.

Bulletin No. 18. — August 6. — With very nearly normal temperature
and frequent showers over the larger part of the state, late crops gen-
erally show an improvement over last week. The rainfall was copious
to heavy over the eastern and extreme southwestern counties, and in
those sections the improvement, especially in late corn and potatoes, is
well marked, while in other districts where the showers were light to
moderate the improvement was slight or the crops barely held their own.
The rains, however, came too late over the western two-thirds of the state
to be of much benefit to early corn, which has been badly damaged by
the drought and will not produce more than half of a crop. Except ia
the eastern counties late corn has been in a critical condition, but with
a continuance of showers or a good soaking rain will make a fair yield.
Pastures and late potatoes have improved in many sections, but much
more rain is needed. Thrashing from shock has been completed in many
localities and a start has been made with fall plowing in sections where
there has been sufficient rain to soften the ground. The week closed with
heavy rains in the central counties.

BuLLETix No. 19.- — August 13. — Both the temperature and rainfall were
above normal during the past week; the average daily excess of tem-
perature being about 3 degrees, and the rainfall ranged from nothing in
some of the southwestern countiesi to 5.54 inches in Dubuque county; the
average for the state being 1.50 inches. Showers occurred on one or more
days in nearly all sections, and were heavy over the central and northern
districts, and excessive and damaging in some of the northeastern coun-
ties, where they were, in many localities, accompanied by wind squalls,
thunder and lightning and heavy hail. The temperature exceeded 100
degrees at many stations in the southern section on the 10th. The drought
has been effectually broken over three-fourths of the state and the gen-
eral conditions have been decidedly more favorable for all unharvested
crops, pasturage and aftermath in meadows. The rains will check further
deterioration of vegetation and will be of material benefit in developing
the late corn, except in some localities in the southwestern counties where
the drought still continues. The rains, however, came too late to be of
much benefit to early corn which is, in many sections past recovery and
will, at the best make a light crop. Late potatoes show considerable im-
provement and pastures are becoming green again. The bulk of shock
thrashing has been completed except in eastern and northeastern counties
where the w^ork was suspended on account of wet weather. Much plowing
was done during the week and the indications are now favorable for a
large increase in the acreage of winter wheat.

Bulletin No. 20. — August 20. — ^The past week was hot and generally
dry; the average daily excess of temperature being about 4 degrees, and
the rainfall was much below the normal except over the northeastern
counties and in some localities in Adair, Adams, Cass, Clarke, Ringgold

36 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and Union counties -where copious to heavy showers occurred. The maxi-
mum temperatures on the 16th ranged from 98 to 105 degrees over the
southern district, but for the state as a whole, the conditions were favor-
able for all late crops. Except in some localities in southern and south-
western counties, corn, late potatoes, grass and apples made considerable
improvement under the effect of light local showers during the week and
the copious to heavy rains of the preceding week. Much of the early
planted corn is beginning to dent and the late corn is in the roasting ear
stage, and most of it is doing well. Even in the dry districts, occasional
light showers have checked the deterioration of corn. Pastures and late
potatoes have made a decided improvement over the northern and south-
ern districts and now afford considerable feed. Thrashing has been re-
sumed in the northeastern counties and much fall plowing has been done.

Bulletin No. 21. — August 27. — The week was cool and unusually dry;
only a few light and widely scattered showers occurred. In many lo-
localities over the western and southern counties no rain fell during the
week, and in those sections the drought is still serious. In the north-
eastern district the rainfall was more copious, and practically all crops
are in excellent condition, but considerable small grain in shock has been
damaged bj'' the continuous wet weather during the past 5 weeks. In other
sections of the state corn on light or rolling ground is dying very rapid-
ly and some of it is already being cut. Reports made on August 25th by
the correspondents of this service show that the average condition of com
was 75 per cent, or a gain of 6 points since August 1st. With normal
weather conditions about 65 per cent of the crop will be safe from frost
on September 15th; 80 per cent on September 25th; 95 per cent on Sep-
tember 30th, and practically all of it by October 10th. The average condi-
tion of late potatoes on August 25th was 54 per cent, or an improvement
of 20 points since August 1st. In many localities in western and southern
counties farmers are feeding their stock green corn on account of no pas-
turage. Much more than the usual amount of corn will be cut and saved
as a substitute for hay. Fall plowing is progressing in sections where
sufficient rain has fallen to soften the ground. In other sections that
work has been suspended. Apples, plums, peaches and grape crops are
larger than usual. A summary of the late reports from threshers show
the average yield of small grain to be as follows: Winter wheat, 20 bushels
per acre; spring wheat, 14; oats, 25; barley, 22; rye, 17, and timothy
seed, 3 bushels per acre.

Bulletin* No. 22. — September 3. — Another week with practically no rain
has been added to the record of this abnormal season. Only a few light
and widely scattered showers occurred, the amounts of rainfall being
generally less than a tenth of an inch, and in many localities did not
exceed a trace while in other places there was no rain. The first part of
the week was very cool, but the latter half was unusually warm. A trace
of frost was observed on low ground in many localities in the northern
half of the state on August 28th and 29th, but no damage was done.
Last year the first light frost occurred on August 26th and in 1909, an
August 29th. On Thursday and Friday the maximum temperatures were
generally above 90 degrees, and exceeded 100 degrees at a few stations

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 37

in the southern part of the state on September 1st. The drj-, hot weather
is drying out the corn remarkably fast. Much of the early planted is now
safe from the damaging effect of a heavy frost, and with another week of
such weather as has prevailed during the past four days, over 75 per cent
of the crop will be safe from frost by September 15th. Silos are now
being filled, and a large portion of the early corn is already in shock. The
hay crop being so short, and the prospects for good fall pasturage so poor
that much more than the usual amount of corn will be cut and saved for
fodder. The anticipated acreage of winter wheat will be greatly reduced
if sufficient rain does not come soon to permit fall plowing to be resumed
in the southern and western counties, where the drouth is the most severe
and, the soil too dry to plow. Thrashing is nearing completion in all
sections. A large crop of apples, plums and grapes is being harvested and
the fruit is generally of good quality.

BtTLLETix No. 23. — September 10. — The average temperature was very
nearly normal, it being slightly above in the southern and Ijelow in the
northern districts. The rainfall was deficient in most of the western and
northwestern counties, but was heavy and excessive in the southeastern
counties. Many stations in the southern portion of the Des Moines river
valley reported amount in excess of three inches, while in counties adja-
cent thereto the amounts were generally more than an inch. A marked
improvehient has been noted in the condition of pastures and late pota-
toes, and fall plowing and seeding has been resumed with the soil in
fine tilth except in the southwestern districts where the rainfall was very
light. Although the weather was mostly cloudy corn has made rapid
advancement toward maturity, and fully 70 per cent of the crop would
not be injured by a moderately heavy frost. The work of cutting and
shocking corn, and filling silos is progressing rapidly and more fodder
will be secured than ever before in the history of the state. Many new
silos are being erected. Considerable damage was done to corn, fruit and
buildings by hail, high winds and lightning during the heavy shower on
the afternoon of the 6th in the southeastern counties.

Bulletin No. 24. — September 17.- — The conditions during the past week
were generally favorable for pastures, plowing, fall seeding, maturing corn
and all kinds of farm work. The temperature was considerably above, and
the rainfall generally below the normal, except over the northwestern,
east central and southeastern counties where there was an excess of mois-
ture. All parts of the state, except the southwestern district, have, how-
ever, received copious amounts of rainfall during the past ten days and
as a result pasturage has made satisfactory advancement and late pota-
toes have improved considerably. The soil is generally in good condition
and fall plowing and seeding have progressed rapidly. The work of
cutting and shocking corn for fodder and filling silos is nearly completed,
the amount reported cut, varying from 30 to 90 per cent. The bulk of
the corn is now beyond danger of injury by an ordinary frost and prac-
tically all of it will be safe with another week of warm weather. Some
seed corn has been gathered. A large crop of apples, plums and grapes
is being harvested.

38 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

IOWA CROP REPORT JUNE 1, 1911.

Acreage of Farm Crops, Estimated Condition of Staple Crops, Fruit and

Live Stock.

Reports received June 1st from county and township correspondents
of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, show the following results as to
the number of acres, and average condition of staple farm crops; also
the condition of fruit and live stock.

Corn. — The estimated number of acres of corn planted appears to be
8,534,500 or an increase of 163,000 acres as compared with the area re-
ported by the township assessors, for 1910. The average condition of
corn on June 1st was placed at 105 per cent for the State, as against 97
per cent on June 1, 1910.

Oats. — The area of oats is estimated to be 4,660,500 acres, which is
99 per cent of the acreage in 1910. The average condition was 100 per
cent. Last year the condition on June 1st was 94 per cent.

Wheat. — The area of winter wheat is placed at 200,800 acres, and spring
wheat 358,500, making a total wheat acreage of 559,300 acres, or an in-
crease of 2 per cent over last year. The estimated condition was 100 per
cent as compared with 88 per cent for winter wheat and 96 per cent for
spring wheat on June 1, 1910.

Barley. — Acreage sown, 313,147 acres; condition 100 per cent against
93 per cent last year.

Rye. — Acreage of rye sown, 28,710 acres. Condition of the crop 97
per cent or 7 points better than on June 1, 1910.

Hay. — The acreage of tame and wild hay is 4,214,540 acres, and the
condition of the hay crop is 88 per cent as compared with 79 per cent last
year.

Alfalfa. — Area 26,067 acres, which is an increase of 8 per cent over
last year. The condition on June 1st was 100 per cent.

Potatoes. — The acreage of the potato crop is estimated to be 132,865
acres which is a slight increase of the area planted in 1910. Condition
of crop 101.

Flax. — The acreage of flax is 20,200 or an increase of 1 per cent over
last year. The condition of the crop, 99 per cent or 9 per cent better
than last year.

Pastures. — The acreage is about 99 per cent and the condition is 99
per cent. Last year the condition was 81 per cent.

Condition of Fruit. — Secretary Wesley Greene, of the Iowa Horticul-
tural Society, reports condition of the fruit crops, on June 1st as follows:
Apples 70 per cent; pears 40; American plums 68; domestic plums 66;
Japanese plums 48; cherries 84; peaches 10; grapes 81; red raspberries 71;
black raspberries 81; blackberries 87; currants 75; gooseberries 80; straw-
berries 55 per cent of a full crop. The average condition of the crops
in May was 78 per cent. This month it is 65 per cent, a drop of 13 points
caused by the high temperature and drought of the last decade. Stra'vf-
berries, early cherries and garden vegetaTsles have suffered most from the
drought.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 39

Condition of L.ivk Stock. — Cattle, hogs and horses 100 per cent; sheep
99; spring pigs 97; foals 93 per cent.

IOWA CROP REPORT, JULY 1, 1911.

The following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents show-
ing the estimated condition of staple crops, July 1, 1911, as compared
with the average condition on that date in past years: Corn, 102 per
cent; oats, 72, winter wheat, 88; spring wheat, 80; rye, 89; barley, 79;
flax, 84; hay, 57; pastures, 60; potatoes, 53; apples, 85; plums, 78; grapes,
87, On July 1, 1910, the conditions were as follows: Corn, 89 per cent;
oats, 92; winter wheat, 87; spring wheat, 92; rye, 92; barley, 90; flax,
85; hay, 68; pastures, 70; potatoes, 86; apples, 6; plums, 4; grapes, 30.

IOWA CROP REPORT, AUGUST 1, 1911.

Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the
service August 1st. The condition of corn is unusually variable, sections
of the state as shown by estimates ranging from 25 to 105 per cent, and
the final output of this crop depends upon future weather conditions.
Estimates of conditions are as follows: Corn, 69 per cent; potatoes, 34;
pastures, 38; apples. 78; grapes, 74. On August 1, 1910, corn was rated
at 90.5 per cent, and on July 1, 1911, at 102 per cent. The average con-
dition on August 1st for the past ten years is 85 per cent. Thrashing
returns and estimates show the following average yield of harvested crops:
Winter wheat, 21; spring wheat, 14; oats, 24; barley, 22; rye, 17 bushels
per acre. These figures are subject to change upon receipt of final returns,
but if they are sustained this state will have over 9,000,000 bushels of
wheat of good quality, and about 110,000,000 bushels of oats of fair quality.

IOWA CROP REPORT, AUGUST 25, 1911.

Reports made on August 25th, by correspondents of the Iowa Weather &
Crop Service, show that the average condition of corn was 75 per cent as
compared with the average on that date in past years, or a gain of 6
points since August 1st. It was estimated that with normal conditions,
about 65 per cent of the crop would be safe from frost on September 15th;
80 per cent on September 25th; 95 per cent on September 30th, and prac-
tically all of it on October 10th.

The average condition of late potatoes was 54 per cent, or an improve-
ment of 20 points since August 1st.

A summary from the reports of threshers shows the average yield of
small grain to be as follows: Winter wheat, 20 bushels per acre; spring
wheat, 14; oats, 25; barley, 22; rye, 17, and timothy seed 3 bushels per
acre. The average yield of grain is subject to change after the receipt
of final reports at the end of the season.

40 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Final Report for the State — Total Yield of Soil Products — Value\ at Farm.
Price December 1, 1911.

Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the
Iowa Weather & Crop Service, and Threshermen, showing the average
yield per acre and total yields of staple soil products, and the average
price at the farms or nearest stations, December 1, 1911. The value gained
by feeding farm crops for production of live stock, poultry, and dairy
products, is not taken into consideration in this report.

The conditions were never better for seeding, planting and cultivating
than obtained during the early part of the season. Corn was laid by
much earlier than usual, and the stand was practically perfect. The out-
look, except for hay, was excellent on the 1st of June, but the excessively
high temperatures during the first five days of July, and the drought that
prevailed over the larger part of the state during June and July, and in the
western and southern counties during the entire summer, cut down the
prospective yields materially; and yet with these adverse conditions, the
total output of the state, and especially the average yield of corn, is much
larger than in the dry years of 1894 and 1901.

Corn. — The estimated acreage of the corn crop is 8,534,500 acres or
163,0'00 acres more than was planted last year, as shown by the report
of the township assessors. The average yield per acre for the state
this year was 32.9 bushels, making a total yield of 281,366,600 bushels. The
average farm price on December 1st was 54 cent per bushel, making the
aggregate value, $151,937,964. Last year the estimated yield was 39.7
bushels per acre, aggregate yield 354,506,500 bushels; average price was
36 cents, total value, $127,622,340. While the rains in August and Sep-
tember increased the yield, the rains in October caused much of the corn
in shock to mold, and the crop, as a whole, is not in as good condition
as it was on December 1, 1910. There was much more than the usual
amount of cloudy, damp weather during September, October and Novem-
ber, which prevented the crop from drying out, and corn picked for seed
and hung in cribs and sheds was badly damaged by the severe freezing
weather on November 11-1 2th.

Oats. — The area harvested was 4,660,500 acres; average yield, 25.7
bushels per acre; total yield, 120,208,300; aggregate value, at 41 cents per
bushel, $59,285,403.

Spring Wheat. — Area harvested, 358,510 acres; average yield, 13.1 bush-
els per acre; total yield, 4,674,500; price per bushel, 86 cents; total value,
$4,020,070.

Winter Wheat. — Area harvested, 200,762 acres; average yield per acre
19.7 bushels; total yield, 3,959,000; average price, 93 cents per bushel;
total value, $3,681,870.

Barley. — Average per acre, 22.9 bushels; total yield, 7,197,090; farm
price, 90 cents per bushel; total value $6,477,381.

Rye. — Average yield 16.8 bushels per acre; total crop, 486,130 bushels;
farm price, 79 cents per bushel; total value, $384,043.

Flax Seed — Average per acre, 8.5 bushels; total product, 173,710 bushels;
total value at $2.00 per bushel, $347,420.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 41

Potatoes. — Average yield per acre, 71 bushels; total yield, 9,386,390
bushels; average price, 71 cents; total value, $8,353,887.

Hay (Tame). — Average yield, 0.8 ton; total yield, 3,246,200 tons; aver-
age price $13.44; total value $443,628,928.

Hay (Wild). — Average yield, 0.9 ton; total yield, 683,385 tons; average
price, $10.28; total value $7,024,188.

TABULATED CROP SUMMARY.

Corn 281,366,600 Bu. $ 151,937,964

Oats . 120,208,300 Bu. 59,285,403

Spring wheat 4,674,500 Bu. 4,020,070

Winter wheat 3,959,000 Bu. 3,681,870

Barley 7,197,090 Bu. 6,477,381

Rye 486,130 Bu. 384,043

Flax 173,710 Bu. 347,420

Potatoes 9,386,390 Bu. 8,353,887

Hay (tame) 3,246,200 Tons 43,628,928

Hay (wild) 683,385 Tons 7,024,188

Pasturage and grazing Estimated 80,000,000

Ensilage Estimated 3,250,000

Timothy and clover seed Estimated 800,000

Alfalfa and millet 1 Estimated 600,000

Sweet corn Estimated 950,000

Popcorn Estimated 250,000

Fruit crops Estimated 9,000,000

Garden truck Estimated 1,000,000

Miscellaneous crops Estimated 8,000,000

Total value $ 388,991,154

The estimated value of soil products for 1910 was $ 362,470,791

42

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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£

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Total
Tons

47,000

28,800
45,300
34,000
32,000
56,400
62,000
26,000
26,800
58,000
16,200
31,900
15,200
35,700
42,900
55,200
26,100
16.900
42,300
12,700
15,000
72,800
57,400
46,000
26,100
32,200
35,600
58,100
19,600
11,200
55,000
9,100

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45,200 1

7,800: 0

84,000! 1
11,900 0
66,000 1
93,000 1

118,200, 1
85,400! 1

101, 000 i 1
96,900' 1

152.000, 0

150,500 1
46,000 0

136,100 1
82,500 1

115,500: 1

112.000 0

148. 000 1 0
78,000, 1
12,200 0
79,000 0

215,500, 1
99, 000 ! 0

136,500! 1
51,500! 0
8,700 0
4,700, 0
62, 700 1 1
35,200! 0
88,700 0

247,000 1
47.400 0

Barley Rye Flax Seed Potatoes

Total
Bushels

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009
091

099
009

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Total
Bushels

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■*iooot-e5ioioeo-*-<XNOioeiieoif500(MecrH->«ir-^;<»iTi;e<it--rH<0(Nt» i

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4(5,000

21,100
89,000

2,600
65,800
21,000

5,300
20,800

15,200

9,500

5,000

8,800

100,800

127,200

35,200

12,000

17,000

31,200

1,G00

10,800

21,700

40,500

188,500

41,000

1,200

900

7,500

2,, 320

25,300

16,300

14,400

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891

559
1,009

378

897
2,492
1,842
2,128
1,054
1,617
1,865
1,890
2,275
1,637

781
1,131
1,721
1,729
1,696

435
1,256
1.788
1,198
1,525
1,421

380

529
1,287

629

660
1,568

774

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000 24
000 29
800 27
000 26
000 32
500 34
000 32
401) 32
000 33
000 :'5
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000 25
500 27
800 22
000 33
000 26
000 23
000 29
000 25
000 18
000 31
(K)() 27
000 25
000 29
800 19
000 23
000 30
200 26
000 15
000 ;?2
600 20

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2,400
1,833
1,369
1,036
2,352
5,658
4,027
3,383

3,600
3,700
3,900
3,480
3,233
2,221
4,268
3,030
3,996
2,440
1,081
1,992
3,036
5,083
3,840
3,503
1,108
1,419
3,311
2,545
1,449
2,790
1,155

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Boone

Bremer

Buchanan ..
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Butler

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Carroll

Cass

Cedar

Cerro Gordo .

Cherokee

Chickasaw

Clarke

Clay

Clayton

Clinton

Crawford

Dallas

Davis

Decatur

Delaware

Dcs Moines
Dickinson ..

Enmiet

46

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTQRE

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47

PART II

STATISTICAL TABLES

OF

IOWA'S PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS

CORN CROPS— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

Year

2

<

2
®

2

o

« «- «

5 go

ve<)3

3

"3

>

o

«

Ml

o

1
1880

41
33

28

230,633,200
224,636,522
239,675,156

$.25
.23
.41

$57,658,300 5,625,200

1885 -. — —

1890

1

98,266,814

8,559,827

CORN CROPS— 1896-1911 .

Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of

Agriculture.

Year

2
•<

2

o
H

Average farm
value per
bushel Oec.lst

Total value

M

0)

o

<

1896 -_

39

29

34.5

36.3

40.3

26.2

34

31

36

37.2

41

29.6

35.9

34.6

39.8

32.9

312,692,210
239,452,150
289,214,850
306,852,710
345,055,040
227,808,8.50
296,950,2.30
230,511,310
323,853,330
345,871,840
388,836,252
246,898,460
301,873,150
308,036,868
334,374,428
281,366,600

$.14
.17
.23
.23
.27
.50
.28
.30
..35
..S5
.33
.44
.51
.51
.36
.54

$ 43,916,900

40,706,860

66,519,400

70,429,410

93,164,860

113,954,000

a3, 4.32, 700

82,984,071

113,348,6r;5

121.055,144

128,155,143

108,6.35,322

153,955.306

157,098,802

120,374,794

151,937,964

8,043,390
8,253,522
8,396,286
8,460,521
8,618,660
8,687,480
8,700,000
7,398,320

1897 —

1898

1899

1900 ..

1901

1902 ..

1903

1904 .... ..

9,000,000
9,285,150
9,443,960
8,858,000
8,399,610
8,681,850
8,.?99,712
8,534,500

1905

1906 .. ..

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Average 16 years

34.8

314,165,421

.35

103,104,334

8,572,560

50

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OATS— 1880, 18S5, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

<n

2

•o

0)

3

Year

4)

S^2

« =!■;:;

at

ss

03

O) CS 3

■3

a>

>Q

!> >P

0

<

H

<

H

<:

1880

35
32.5

42,288,800
71,737,900

$.23
.21

$ 9,496,424
15,064,959

1,179,680

1885

2,207,320

1890

29

80,002,735

.38

30,401,039

2,758.715

OATS— 1896-1911.

Statistics Compiled from R<?ports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department

of Agriculture.

Year

2

<

2
>'
IS
0

H

m

<

(0

B.

>

0
H

<

1896

26

30

32

34.5

35

32

31

25.9

29.4

33.8

34

24.5

25.5

27

36

25.7

73,450,000
132,517,150
139,915,340
140,647,300
1.38,832,300
114,883,000
92,907,900
99,012,660
118,435,570
146,439,240
142,036,530
111,190,400
112,830,490
117,083,850
169,207,098
120,208,300

$.12
.16
.21
.19
.20
.35
.24

iso

.26
.25
.27
.39
.43
.35
.27
.41

$ 8,814,000
21,211,380
29,383,220
26,722,980
27,766,400
40,209,230
22,297,000
29,703,798
30,793,284
36,609,810
38,349,878
43,364,256
48,517,110
40,979,348
45,685,916
59,285,403

2,825,000

1897 .

4,405,782

1898

4,299,243

1899

1900

4,069,557
3,991,690

*1901 -

3,799,220

1902

3,770,624

tl903 _ -_ —

3,822,822

1904

4,018,980

1905

1 4,177,545

1906

' 4,166,800

1907 —

1908 -

4,536,170
4,431,650

1909 .. -

4,312,134

1910

4,697,749

1911

4,660,500

Average 16 years

30.1

123 i 099, 821

.28

34,355,817

4:124,092

Short corn crop.

■f Excessive moisture.

WHEAT— 1880, 1885, 1900.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

^

^_,

«

m

-d ««

rd «

BJ

tt

a-

•— '

r^ <D

rl 4)

a

.2 ■■'■a

« Si

2I

2c*

2«-

ss

0

nj 4)
•" 3

Year

.2 m

■S2

0) 4)

•^1

M14)

<u

« (U D.

<u (D-r;

« Q,

nj.-

*::3

<ii fc.

C6 fltf

> Ak

t>a^

0 "

0^

o*

>&

0^

0

'i

<

H

H

H

H

<

1880 - -

10.5

12

11.7

36,099,760
i31,776,li08
25,114,552

$.82
.61
.78

$29,501,803
19,383,426
19,589,350

3,437,948

1885

2,648,009

1890 — -.

2,092,896

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

51

WHEAT— 1896-1911.

Statistics Compiled from Kcports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department

of Agriculture.

Year

f.4) ^

aj n a
>■ ace
<

.2 •?

<

:2a

o *

a

«i

Tl

0}

Q

u

1)

r)

(U

Eh

> A

<:

a^

o>

1896

.1897

1898

18..9

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

IfeOS

1909

1910

1911

13
13.4
14.8
12.7
14.3
15.3
13
12. 6
v;.l
34. i
It
13
15.4
12.5
19.3
13.1

Aver. 16 yrs. 13.8

17

13

16.5

11

18.3

17.6

18

16.9

14.3

20.2

2S

19.8

19.7

18.2

18.5

19.7

,047,
,941,
,152,
,574,
,280,
,429,
,680,
,481,
,080,
,155,
,603.
,402.
,9C8,
,809.
,773,
,674,

3,351,550
1,671,454
3,168,916
2-26,0 to
1,018,070
865,770
825,045
1,435,380
1,017,000
1,253,020
1,566,050
1,698,101
1,678,540
3,621,953
3,635,405
3,959,000

17.3

10,066,002

1,936,956

10,398,785

?.57

14,613,054

.74

22,321,268

.53

19,900,830

.58

21,288,350

.60

18,295,000

.60

13,532,845

.53

10,916,730

.67

8,097,430

.89

6,408,780

.72

7,169,930

.64

6,100,421

.82

6,646,790

.86

7,431,413

.90

10,409,204

.86

8,033,500

.89

12,010,271

$.71

71 $7,961,566

,020,000

739,245

,813,650

1,222,974

,602,000

1,484,682

,701,490

1,559,931

,799,370

1,492,630

,965,000

1,188,2.39

,062,640

1,021,281

,167,643

837,422

,044,809

846,070

,614,321

420,068

,579,697

443,810

,974,302

424,407

,716,239

405,614

,688,272

502,762

,951,915

546,179

,683,715

559,272

856,099

BARLEY— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

Year

2

5
o

1 ^
III

o A ^
<

3

"3
>

2
o

4)

1880

1885 ■-

1890

23

27
24

4,600,000
5,737,095
3,664,368

$.42
.33
.47

$1,932,000
1,893,241
1,722,254

200.000
212,485
152,682

52

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BARLEY— 1896-1911 .

Statistics Compiled from Roports of Crop Service Division of Io«a State Department

of Agriculture.

' Year

2

Co

CO

<

Total yield

Average farm 1
value per
bushel Dec. 1st

Total value

tt)

at

<u

V

<

1896

29
25

27.5

25.6

25.3

24.2

25

24.7

25

27.5

26.5

24.6

26.7

17.5

25.9

22.9

15,881,618
14,076,850
14,138,000
14,719,310
12,695,200
14,654,410
15,. 380, 910
12,179,790
12,317,710
15,566,770
14,858,830
9,893,330
10,629,660
10,352,040
8,614,541
7,197,090

.20
.23
.30
.30
.33
.44
.33
.37
.34
.33
.36
.60
.50
.46
.56
.90

$3,176,320
3,237,670
4,209,740
4,415,570
4,189,410
6,447,940
5,075,710
4,506,522
4,188,021
5,137,034
5,349,178
5,9.35,998
5,314,830
4,761,938
4,824,143
6,477,381

547,642

1897 —

551,867

1898

509,580

1899 — -

557,598

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904 .

1905 .. -

501,740
604,610
.594,070
493,108
493,370
.565,700

1906 -- — - --

558,870

1907

397,210

1908

307,408

lt09 --

562,622

191ft -

324 571

1911

313,147

Average 10 years

?5.2

12,697,254

$.41

$4,827,963

492 695

RYE— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Soeiety.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

RYE— 18S6-1911.

Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department

of Agriculture.

HAT— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

2

•O

Id all

4>

1

1

2

«

1

"3

a>

3

Year

4)

SB

0<-'

otal yie
hay-to

Sco-
ts *^'a

■3 >>

> 5

0
0

<

H

<

H

H

< \<

H

<

»1880

' ' ' 1
' ' 1 1

•1885

1 „ i i ! _

1890 — -

1.5

4.991,335

16.84 1 Isi.'J^i i4n isx

3,327.557

*No authentic data obtainable.

54

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

HAT— 1896-1911.

Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department

of Agriculture.

Year

2
r k.

2b
< ,

1

2

E-

2
c8-a

1

2

"3
23

0) O

3

2^a
<

1

V
3

4)
o

1896

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.1
0.8

3,376,440
3,362,287
3,852,561
3,852,941
3,609,010
3,711,680
4,439,040
5,216,404
4,499,0;-0
6,477,300
4,892,950
5,117,878
5,838,640
5,828,580
3,876,844
3,246,200

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.6

1.4

1.1

0.9

2,325,000
1,939,117
1,645,419
1,458,195
1,530,050
1,268,700
1,202,860
1,191,345
1,001,590
1,313,310
1,110,690
1,172,590
1,445,989
1,219,630
• 807,280
683,385

5,701,440
5,301,320
5,498,080
5,311,130
5,139,060
4,980,380
5,641,900
6,407,749
5,590,680
7,790,610
6,003,640
6,290,468
7,284,620
7,048,210
4,684,124
3,929,585

$4.50
4.50
4.30
5.75
6.50
8.25
6.80
5.75
5.62
5.50
7.50
8.50
6.16
7.42
10.15
13.44

$3.30
3.70
3.50
4.90
5.00
6.30
5.50
4.95
4.50
4.50
5.50
6.75
5.09
5.90
8.00

10.28

$22,782,000
22,304,000
22,281,000
29,350,000
31,120,000
38,712,000
36,787,322
35,891,480
30,197,040
41,535,045
42,805,920
51,316,945
43,326,060
50,443,781
45,808,207
50,653,116

3,800,960

1897

3,315,972

1898

1899 — -

4,104,967
3,742,655

l&OO

4,078,960

1901 -

3,608,450

1903

1903

3,391,408
3,651,894
3,707,298
4,692,925
4,418,600
4,268,730

1904

1905 - --

1606

1907 - . —

1908 -

4,146,870
4,299,740
4,367,725
4,214,540

1909

1910 -

1911

Av. 16 yrs.

1.5

4,449,865

1.2

1,337,822

5,787,687

6.92

5.48

37,207,120

3,988,231

FLAX— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

Year

2
<

Total yield

TO

i ^

<u <c s

3

>
"etf
O

H

?

<

1880

10

1,034,200

$1.00

.94

1.10

$1,034,200
2,503,293
3,276,989

103,420

*1885

1890

10.5

2,929,081

283,722

"'So other data.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

55

FLA5— 189C-1911.

Statistics Compiled from Exports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department

of Agriculture.

^j

—

OQ

2

S 6

•a

it.®

9i

3

Year

£,-

©

£it^

«

It

>.

gSj

>

i^

tt

01 eS P

es

a>

>0-

o

> >a

O

o

<J

^

<

H

<!

1896

1897

1898 —

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Average 16 years.

9.5
10

10.5
11.2
11.7
18.8

8

8.7
11

9.8
10.7
10.8
11.3
10

8.6

8.5

1,946,720

2,498,600

2,376,600

1,597,790

1,222,980

916,890

755,350

355,160

591,140

173,770

205,280

461,960

461,580

173,650

170,387

173,710

10.6

880,098

5 .95

".87

.80

1.04

1.50

1.29

1.00

.78

1.15

.90

.97

.98

1.01

1.29

2.28

2.0O

$1,135,000

2,173,782

1,901,280

1,661,898

1,834,470

916,890

725,350

277,024

679,811

156,393

200,091

408,640

466,195 •

223,647

388,482

347,420

$1.18

$843,523

199,128

249,882

225,014

142,175

108,850

104,140

94,767

40,8-23

51,370

17,732

19,160

42,790

40,833

17,365

19,821

20,205

87,128

POTATOES— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

Year

t4 U4

<u o

<

1880
1885
1890

95
82
49

S

^ --•

■c

erage
alue p
ushel

al val

o

>>fi

o

O

H

<

H

<

10,165,000

$.35

$3,557,750

107,000

12,874,000

.40

5,149,600

157,000

8,332,352

.81

6,749,205

170,048

56

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

POT AT OES— 1896-1911 .

Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department

of Agriculture.

Year

2

is

2
o

S d

<

Total value

<D
V

o

<

1896 - --

87

60

76

98

78

37.4

91

53.8
125

84
ICl

84

89.9

90

75.3

71

14,814,795
10,051,910
12,538,410
15,252,934
10,850,900

5,098,460
12,051,670

6,082,694
14,255,680

9,352,190
11,697,500

9,847,430
10,658,290
12,427,595

9,986,881

9,386,390

$.21
.45
.31
.24
.40
.90
.34
.75
.28
.50
.48
.63
.59
.53
.58
.71

$2,962,950
4,523,360
3,826,900
3,660,714
4,340,360
4,588,610
4,095,650
4,562,020
3,991,590
4,676,045
5,614,800
6,105,406
6,288,391
6.586,625
5,792,391
8,353,887

170,285

1897

163,248

1898 — --

164,456

]899 .__ - -

154,243

1900 --

149,680

♦1901 -

136,300

190' -- - _ - -

138,484

tl803 - -- - - -

113,433

1904 --- - -- -

113,250

1905 - -

111,335

1903 -- - - -

115,310

1907 _- --

117,350

1908 -- -

118,517

1909

138,139

1910

132,640

1911 . _- .

132,865

Average 16 years

81.3

10,897,108

$.49

$4,998,106

135,596

•Very dry.
tVery wet.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

57

m ^

P
a-*

« <o

as.

OS

«

g

•o o

„§i§ii iiiii t%t%'^ iiill 11111

Igiiii iis'ii iiiii i%^:^A lllll

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«S§S5?? §§ggS Sg25S%;S Sg^!*§ 5S©i^_^§

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„iiii§ iiiiriiili iiili; 11111

liiiii iMM miii iiiiii 11111

o ^-^- e^-jcV-«-*" ssssg S^SSS ^«^S3

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58

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

.11111 liiil liiii lilil
iH^i^if ii'iM iMM it^i

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eSSsS ?55iS S?i'5<

V-.'^'-r'^'i'i r- ■51 U ' ' 2 '2 '^ '-^ ^ '

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STAriSTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS.

(Figures furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture,
except where otherwise credited.)

CORN.

Corn crop of countries named— 1007-1911.

Countries

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Bushels

Bushels

•

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

NORTH AMERICA.

United States

Canada:

Ontario -

2,592,320,000

21,899,000

1,377,000

140,000,000

2,068,651,000

21,742,000
1,126,000

150,000.000

2,552,190,000

18,211,000

1,047,000

170,000,000

2,886,260,000

17,853,000

860,000

190,766,000

2,531,488,000
18,001.000

Quebec

Mexico

766,000
(1)

Total

2,755,596,000

71,768,000
1,500,000
5,359,000

2,841,519,000

136,055,000
1,218,000
6,000,000

2,741,448,000

177,157,000
1,178,000
6,671,000

3.095.739,000

175,330,000
1,878,000
6,500,000

2,550,255,000

SOUTH AMERICA.

Argentina -

27,675,000

Chile

Uruguay

(1)
(1)

Total

78,627,000

16,599,000

155.619,000

17,934,000

6,468,000

143,273,000

15,170,000

146,124,000

20.536,000

8,821,000

185,006,000

16,102,000

161,858,000

21,752,000

10,972,000

183,708,000

17,388,000

187,733,000

25,589,000

10,051,000

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:

Austria .

11,933,000

Hungary proper

Croatia-Slavonia _—
Bosnia-Herzegovina .

137,069,000
(1)
8,416,000

Total Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria --

196,620,000 190,651,000
14,080,000 W 717 nno

210,684,000

20,472,000
26,075,000
00,289,000
15,000,000
70,138,000

240,761,000

28.360,000
23,399,000

101,722,000
15,000,000

103,665,000

(1)

Prance

Italy - —

24,027,000
88,513,000
15,000,000
57,576,000

26,247,000
95,953,000
15,000,000
78,892,000

(1)

93,8:57,000

Portugal .. _ ..

(1)

Roumania

(1)

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland

41,903,000

1,000

8,860,000

49,663,000

29,223,00(r

11,449,000

10,375,000

Total Rusia
(European)

Servia

50,764,000

17,691,000
25,372,000

61,112,000

21,010,000
20,115,000

39,598,000

27,558,0<X)
26,433,000

77,181,000

27,500,000
27,366,000

8] ,890,000
(1>

Spain

28,730,000

Total

489,643,000

402,000
65,000,000
20,000,000

529,697,000

426,000
65,000,000
20,000,000

535,247,000

807,000
65,000,000
20,000,000

644,954,000

552,000
70,294.000
20.000,000

AFRICA.

Algeria

Egypt _.

554,000
07,903,000

Unio.a of South Africa-

(1)

Total

85,402,000

85,420,000

85,807,000

90,846,000

1 No official data received.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 89

CORN— Continued.

Bushels

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:

Queensland

New South Wales...
Victoria .....

3,820,000

5,945,000

727,000

1,000

3,191,000

4,671,000

525,000

1,000

2,855,000

5,380,000

671,000

2,000

2.588,000
7.322,000
1 195 000

4,601,000
(1)

Western Australia ..
South Australia

1^000 j ' '],000
7,000 [ 7.000

Total Australia.

10,493,000
419,000

8,388,000

8.908.000

11,113,000
750,000

New Zealand

519,000 1 736,000

478,000

Total Australasia

10,912,000

8,907,000 9,644,000

11,863.000

Grand Total

RECAPITULATION.
North Amerina

3,420,180,000

2,755,596,000

78,627,000

489,643,000

&5, 402, 000

10,912,000

3,608,822,000

2,841,519,000

143,273,000

529,6.17,000

85,426,000

8,907,000

3,557,152,000

2,741.44S,0<X)

185,006,000

535,247,000

85,807,000

9,644,000

4,027,110,000

3,095,739,000

183,708,000

644,954,000

90,846.000

11,868,000

(2)

South America

Europe .

Africa

Australasia

^

Northern Hemisphere

3,310,641,000
109,539,000

3,436,642,000
172,180,000

3,. 342, 502, 000
214,650,000

3,811,539.000
215,571.000

Southern Hemisphere

WHEAT.
Wheat Crop of countries named 1907-1911.

NORTH AMERICA.
United States

Canada:

New Brunswick

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan .

Alberta

Other

Total Canada
Mexico

Total

^OUTH AMERICA.

Argentina

Chile

Uruguay .

Total ....

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:

Austria

Hungary proper

634,087,000 664,602,000

411,000

18,019,000

39,688,000

27,692,000

4,194,000

2,687,000

349,000
18,057,000
50,269,000
34,742,000
6,842,000
2,175,000

683,350,000

395,000

16,262,000

52,708,000

85,197,000

9,579,000

2,605,000

92.691,000 I
10,000,000i

112,434,000 j
10,000,000

166,744,000
10,000,000

736,776,000

155,993,000
15,776,000
6,867,000

787,036,000 860,094,000

192,489,000

18,967,000

7,430,000,

156,162,000
17,743,000
8,595,000

178,636,000 218,886,000 182,500,000

52,369,000
120,509,000

62,129,000
152,205,000

58,468,000
113,352,000

635,121,000

871,000
17,805,000
41,159,000
81,139,000
6,593,000
2,9-23,000

149,990,000
11,976,000

797,087,000

131,010,000
19,743,000
7,750,000

158,503,000

.57,589,000
169,700,000

6-21,338,000

270,000
19.252,000
60,275,000
97,665,000
36,143,000
2,246,000

215,851,000
12,000,000

849,189,000

145,981,000
18,000,000
6,009,000

169,9£0,000

.58,880,000
175,030,000

1 No official data received.

2 Total production of countries from which returns have been received in 1911
3,013,358,000 bushels, against 3,575,936,000 bushels for same countries in 1910.

90 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

WHEAT— Continued .

Countries.

1907

1 1908

i

1909

1910

1911

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Croatia-Slavonia —
Bosni a-Herzegovin a

10,170, OOC

2,169,0OC

13, 220, OOC
3, 023, OOC

11,662,000
2,594,000

11,434,000
2,671,000

11,500,000
2,941,000

Total Austria-Hungary
Belgium

185,217,000

15,835,000

23,545,000

4,343,000

140,000

376,999,000

127,843,000

8,000, OCft

177,543,000

200.000

5,325,000

290,000

7,000,000

42,257,000

340,410,000
18,173,000
79,184,000

230,577,000

13,393,000

36,496.000

4, .318,000

111,00(J

317,765.0<)(

138,442,000

8,000,000

152,236,000

200,000

5,121,000

3.33,000

8,000,000

54,813,000

3a3,016.000
21,182,000
&4,r;64,000

186,076,000

14,603,000

32,071,000

3,829,000

125,000

.356,193,000

138.000,000

7.000,000

189.9.59,000

200,000

4,1.58,000

313,000

8,000,000

56,751,000

586,819,000

21,194,000

103,465,000

241,394,000

12,449,000

42,247,000

4,547,000

125,000

2.57,667,000

141,884,000

7,000.000

153,168,000

200,000

4,371,000

294,000

9,000,000

110,761,000

248,351,000

14,616,000
48,000,000

Bulgaria .. .

Denmark

Finland

125,000

314,197,000

149,411,000

8,000,000

192,395,000

200,000

5 048 000

France .

Germany .... .

Breece

Italy

Montenegro

Netherlands

Norway .

271 000

Portugal .

10,000.000
93,724 000

Roumania

Rus,sia:

Russia proper .

Poland

Northern Caucasia..

Total Russia CEurop'n)
Servia

437,773,000

8,375,000

100,8.31.000

C. 279. 000

4,000,000

18,000,000

53,855.000
1,953.000
1,138,000
1,367,000

489,162,000

11,495,000

119.970.000

6,7.^6,000

3. ,527, 000

20,000,000

51,371.000

1,854.000

0P<6 Ono

1,438,000

711,478,000

13,962,000

144,105,000

6,978,000

3,. 568, 000

20,000,000

60,121,000
2,111,000
1,147,000
1,809,000

699,413,000

12,000,000

137,448.000

7,450,000

2,756,000

19,462,000

53,464,000
2,020,000
1,122,000
1,716.000

447,016,000

13,000,000

148,495,000

7 945 000

Spain

Sweden .. __ ..

Switzerland

3 524 000

Turkey (European;)

United Kingdom:
Great Britain—
England ...

20,000,000
60 7''9 000

Scotland

Wales ...' .

2,786,000
1 118 000

Ireland

1,636,000

Total United Kingdom

58,313,000
1,607,608,000

317,023,000
2,636,000

22,795,000
200,000

55,629,000
1,676,344,000

227,983.000
2,558,000

22.587,000
200,000

65,188,000

58,322,000

66,289,000

Total

1,962,. 557, 000

284,. 361, 000
1,912,000

22,966,000
200,000

1,921,958,000

358.049,000
2,238,000

24,487,000
200 000

1,795,938,000

389,630,000
1 963 OCO

ASIA. \

British India, including
such native states as
report

Cyprus

Japanese Empire:
•Tapan

24,820,000
9nfi nnn

Formosa

Total Japanese Empire
Persia

22,995,000
16,000,000

27,085,000

45,771,000

63,000

22,787,000
16,000,000

21,416,000

55,755.000

66,000

23,166,000

16,000,000

26,429,000

45,269,000

94,000

24,687,000
16,000,000

25,020,000

16,000.000

Russia:
Central Asia

Siberia

Transcaucasia

Total Russia (Asiatic^.
Turkey (.Asiatic")

72,919,000
35,000,000

77,237,000
35,000,000

71,792,000
35,000,000

76,282,000
35,000,000

62,475,000
35,000,000

Total

466,573,000

381,563,000

432,231,000

512,256,000

510,088,000

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II
WHEAT— Continued.

91

Countries.

1907

Bushels

I'JOS

Bushels

1909

Bushes

1910

Bushels

Bushels

AFRICA.

Algeria

Egypt

Tunis

Union of South Africa-
Total

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:

Queensland

New Soutn Wales

Victoria

South Australia

Western Australia

Tasmania

Total Australia

New Zealand

Total Australasia ..

Grand total

RE C A PIT UL ATION .

North America

South America

Europe

Asia

Africa

Australasia

Northern Hemisphere.
Southern Hemisphere.

31,261,0001
30,000,000'
6,314,000

2,500,0001

29,739,000
30,000,000
3,674,000
2,500,000

70,075,000, 05,913,000

1,144,000!
22,506,000
23,331,000
18,017,000

2,845,000
672,000'

715,000

9,444,000

12,482,000

19.739,0fH)

3,ftl8,000

665,000

68,515,000 46,063,000

5,782,000

5,743,000

74,297,000

3,133,967,000

736,778,000
178,636,000
1,607,608,000
466,573,000
70,075,000
74,297.000

51,806,000

3,181,548,fl0'^

787,036,000
218,886,000
1,676,344,000
381,563,000
65,913,000
51,806,000

2,878,534,000
255,433,000

2,908,356,000
273,192,000

34,769,000 39,374,000

30,000,000 32,623,000

6,430,000 5,512,000

2,r)00,000 2,500,000'

73,699,000

1,241,000
15,971,000
24,082,000
20,009,000

2,535,000
825,000

64,663,000
9,049,000

73,712,000

3,584,793,000

860,094,000

182,500,000

1,962,557,000

432,231,000

73,699,000

73,712,000

1,621,000
29,431,000
29,687,000
25,926,000

5,779,000
819,000

93,263,000
9,008,000

102,271,000

3,572,084,000

797,087,000
158,503,000
1,921,958,000
512,2.56,000
80,009,000
102,271,000

35,874,000

37,932.000

5,000,000

2,500,000

80,009,000, 81,300,000

1,055,000
28,793,000
35,910,000
25,112,000
6,OS3,O<J0
1,150,000

98,109,000
8,535,000

106,644,000

3,326,081,000; 3,308,810,000 3,234,021,000
258,712,0001 263,274,000 279,134,000

3,513,1.55,000

849,189,000
169,990,000
1,795,938,000
510,088,000
81,306,000
106,644,000

OATS.
Oat crop of Cotmtries named, 1907-1911.

NORTH AMERICA.
United States

754,443,000

6.107,000
88,745,000
44,775,000
24,783,000

9,826,000
54,981,000

807,156,000

5,373,000
110,310,000
47,506,000
31,030,000
24,227,000
47,580,000

1,007,129,000

1.1fifi..'?41 000

922,298,000

Canada:

New Brunswick

Ontario

6,136,0001 6,748,000

116,017,0001 136,974,000

58,721,000i 44,351,000

97,533,000 65,203,000

40,775,000 's 199 nnn

6,085,000
87,846,000
61,511,000
104,085,000
60,524,000
49,898,000

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Alberta

Otlier

56,376,000

65,267,000

Total Canada

Mexico

229,217,000
17,000

206,026,000
17 000

375,558,000
IT nnn

343,665,000

369,949,000

Total

SOUTH AMERICA

Argentina

Uruguay _

983,677,000

12,257,000
121,000

1,073,199,000

33,949,000
239,000

1,382,704,000

58,600,000
462 000

1,530,023,000

36,483,000
dm non

1,292,264,000

47,192,000
590,000

Total

12,378,000

34.188,000

59,062,000

36,883,000

47,782,000

92

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OATS-CONTINUED.

Countries.

EUROPE

Austria-Hungary:
Austria

Hungary proper ..
Croatia-Slavonia --
Bosnia-Herzegovina

Total AuEtria-Hung'y

Belgium ..
Bulgaria ..
Denmark ..
Finland _.-

France

Germany _.

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

Roumania .

1907

Bushels

170,605,000

79,484,000

4,174,000

2,575,000

1908

Bushels

1909

Bushels

1910

Bushels

Bushels

144,0^9,000

70,168,000

4,253,000

3.572.000

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland

Northern Caucasia.

Total Russia
(European)

Servia

Spain -

Sweden

United Kingdom:
Great Britain —

England

Scotland

Wales

Ireland

256,838,0001 222,062,000

Total United King-
dom

Total

ASIA

Cyprus

Russia:

Central Asia

Siberia

Transcaucasia

Total Russia (Asiatic)
Total

AFRICA.

Algeria

Tunis

Union of South Africa-

Total

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:

Queensland

New South Wales...
Victoria .

45,9.37,000

7,416,000

42,. 520, 000

20,043,000

303,889,000

630,324,000

30,000,000

20.933.000

6,946,000

17,842,000

729,813,000
72.574,000
19,697,000

822,084,000

2,984,000
16,998,000
64,597,000

43,058.000
11,252.000
40.437,000
18, 3-' 1.000
285.837,000
530.131.000
.30.000.000
19,683,000

17,212,000

743,523,000
66,135.000
24.860,000

834,518,000

3,057,000
28.114,000
72,773,000

94.606,000 8-\470,000

30,193,000 37,920.000

7,829,000 7.1.33,000

50,850,000 54.032.000

189,478,000

2,479.4.38.000

331,000

18,049,000

67,114,000

13.000

85,176,000

181,555,000

171,940,000

92,270,000

5,607,000

4,575,000

142,139,000

70,701,000

5,445,000

5,322.000

274,392,0001 223,607,000

43,231,000

9,3.56,000

42,170.000

18,0'.iO,00O

33] ,183.000

628,718,000

43,402,000

19,361,000

8,804,000

25,945,000!

960,498,000
73,7.58.000
33,428,000

35,000,000
10.789,000
40,596,000
18,000,000
290,776.000
544.287,000
28,574,000
20,357,000
10,488,000
29,647,000

1,067,684,000

3,445,000
34,307,000
69,292,000

80,. 573, 000

39,097.000

7,233,000

57,467,000

2,349,325,000

17,371.000

89,500,000

27,000

184,370,000

106,898,000

85,507,000

10,ti51,000:
3,149,000
3,500,000

107,280,000

0,600,000
1,736,000
3,o00.00(

17,300,000 11,836,000

;ii!,'J00
1,449,(J00
9.124,000

10,000

879,000

5,365,000

2,803,660,000

15,6.33,000

62,033,000

37,000

77,703,000

78,088,000

10,673,000
5,443,000
3,500,000

19,616,000

40,000

1,1.54,000

11,475,000

966,248,000

2,205,000
29,018.000
75,238,000

80,225,000

37.425.000

8.018.000

65,770,000

156,384,000

90,1.51,000

6,000.000

5,405,000

257,940,000

40,000.000

11,000,000

42,000,000

18,000.000

304,452,000

5.30,764,000

40,973.000

18,515,000

8,593,000

26,222,000

792,902,000

2,500,000
33,8.58,000
63,462,000

74.119,000

36.750,000

7,087,000

59,207,000

191,438,000 177,163,000

2,516,268,000 2,368,344,000

525,000

79,743,000

80,268,000

258.000
.374,000
500,000

22,132,000

,52,000
,029,0(K)
,163,000

480,000

65,454,000
65,934,000

n. 5 '0,000
5.000.000
3,500,000

20,020,000

.52,000

1,7.56,000

10,005,000

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 93

oats-Continued.

Countries

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Bushp's

l;i;s!iol9

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

South Australia

Western Australia

Tasmania

924,000

472,000

2,042,000

902,000

745,000

1,574,000

1,320,000

765,000

1,900,000

1,247,000
1,287,000

2,422,000

1,172,000

801,000
2,128,000

Total Australia

>'ew Zealand

14,041,000
11,555,000

9,475,000
15,495,000

16,654,000
19,503,000

15,200,000
13,953,000

15,914,000
10,412,000

Total Australasia —

25,596,000

24,970,000

36,157,000

29,153,000

26,326,000

Grand Total

RECAPITULATION.
Xortii America

3,603,896,000

983,677,000
12,378,000
2,479,438,000
85,507.000
17,300,000
25,596,000

3,603,798,000

1,073,199,000
.34, 188, 000

2,349,325,000

107,280 000

14,836,000

24,970,000

4,379,287,000

1,382,704,000
.59,06^,000

2,803,660,000
78,088,000
19,616,000
36,157,000

4,214,727,000

1,530,023,000
?6,883,C00

2,516,268,000
80,268,000
22,132,000
29,153,000

3,820,670,000

1,292,264,000
47,782,000

2,368,344,000
65,934,000
20,020,000
26,326,000

South America _ -

I'urope

Asia

Africa — .„

Australasia

Northern Hemisphere

Southern Hemisphere

3,562,422,000
41,474,000

3,541,140,000
62,658,000

4,rSO,568,000
98,719,000

4,145,191,000
69,5Sfi,000

3,743,062,000
77,608,000

BARLEY.
Barley crop of countries named, 1907-1911.

NORTH AMERICA.

United States

Canada:

New Brunswick

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Alberta

Other

Total Canada

Mexico

Total

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:
Austria

Himgary proper

Croatia-Slavonia ...
Bosnia-Herzegovina

Total Austria-
Hungary

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

Roumania

153,597,000

S7,00O
21,718,000
16,753,000
1,350,00'
1,083,001
3,341,00;-

166,756,000

79,000
21,124.000
•■7,093,000
1.952,000
:-\881,000
2,633.000

173,321,000

94,000
20,952,000
20,866,000
4,493,000
5,999,000
2,994,000

44,342,000
7,000,000

204,939,000

78,555.000

63.O<'8,000

2,O!)4,000

2,388,000

46,762, OOOi
7,000,000

55,398,000
7.000,000

220,518,000

69,497.000!
56,324,COf|
2,5.52,0001

2,389,000!

235,719.000

79,368,000
71,868,000
2,. 394, COO
3,755,000

173,832,000

73,000
20,727,000
13,826,000
3,598,000
3,953,000
2,971,000

45,148,000
6,329,000

146,085,000

5. 129. OOOi
6,772.0001

21,610,000
5,124,000

43.043,000

160,650,000

8,000,000

4, 091, OOOi

9,597,0001

20,062,000

130,762,000 i 157,385,000

4,409,000

11,311.000

20,166,000

5,131,000

40,673,000,

140,539.000

9,000,OO0i

3,953,000

3,028,000

12,873,000

4,574.000
9,322,000

21,599,000
5,000,000

46.144,000
160,552,000

10,951,000
3,332,000
2,596,000

19,955,000

225,309,000

67,618,000
53,630,000
2,732,000
3,787,000

127,767,000

3,748,000

14,083,000

21,793,000

5,000,000

43,477,000

133,330,000

9,483,000

3,383,000

2,900,000

29,359,000

160,240,000

74,000
13,760,000
14,447,000
5,445,000
4,151,000
2,764,000

40,641,000
6,500,000

207,381,000

74,414.000
72,970,000
3,000,000
2,970,000

153,354,000

4,595,000
16,000,000
24,655,000

5,000.000

48,812,000

145,132,000

10,882,000

3,664,000

2,550,000
26,222,000

94

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BARLEY— Continued.

Countries

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels

Russia:

277,500,000
25,395,000
41,206,000

297,449,000
23,790,000
46,219,000

382,163,000
26,671,000
55,900,000

Total Russia—
(European)!

Servia

344,101,000

3,137,000
53,. 598, 000
12,811,000

51,926,000
7,466,000
2,881,000
6,934,000

367,458,000

3,351,000
69,596,000
15,520,000

46,353,000
7,410,000
2,682,000
7,064,000

464,734,000

3,123,000
81,579,000
13,900,000

52,323,000
7,731,000
2,804,000
8,258,000

448,832,000

2,067,000
76,308,000
14.763,000

48,777,000
6,578.000
2,896,000
6,846,000

401, -228. 000
2,.'i00.000

Spain

8(i,792.00O

Sweden __ _

13,725,000

United Kingdom:
Great Britain-
England _ - _. - _

43,378,000

Scotland

6,490,000

Wales

2,729,000

Ireland _

7.099,000

Total United King-

69,207,000

63,509,000

71,116,000

65,097,000

59,696,000

Total

906,023,000! 901,279,000
2,963,000 ''.613.000

1,075,862,000

2,469,000

87,185,000
50,000

1,001,390,000

2,104,000

81,953,000
50,000

1,004,807,000

ASIA.

Cyprus -- - --

1,800,000

Japanese Empire:
Japan

90,480,000
50,000

87,138,000
50,000

95,533,000

Formosa

60,000

Total Japanese
Empire _-

90,530,000

4,385,000

4,957,000

4,000

87,188,000

4,266,000

6,103,000

13,000

87,235,000

4,0it9,j;H}

4,775,000

10,000

82,oo.?,noo

95,593,000

Russia:

Total Russia
(Asiatic)l ..

9,346,000

10,382,000

8,884,000

10,160,000

10,006,000

Total

102,839,000

41,. 543, 000
9,506,000
3,000,000

100,183,000

31,511.000
5,O57,0f)O
3,000,000

98, .588,000

50,008,000
9,186,000
3,000,000

94,267,000

48,708,000
6,660,000
3,000,000

107,399,000

AFRICA.
Algeria

47,-588.000

Tunis . - - ._

6,600,000

Union of South Africa..

3,000,000

Total

54,049,000

163,000
158,000
1,295,000
507,000
50,000
146,000

39,668.000

67,000

77,000

1,093,000

585.000
79,000

154,000

62,194,000

142,000
172,000
1,706,000
852,000
77,000
190.000

58.368,000

200,000
281,000
1,056,000
713,000
105,000
158,000

57,188,000

AUSTRALASIA.

.Australia:
Queensland -

80,000

New South Wales

Victoria ._ _ .

85,000
1,383,000

South Australia

Western Australia

Tasmania

562,000

35,000

147.000

Total Australia

New Zealand

2,319,000
1,068,000

2,055,000
1,200,^)00

3,139,000
2,000,000

2,513,000
1,345,000

2,298,000
950,000

Total Australasia...
Grand total

3,387,000
1,271,237,000

3,''.55,(M)0
,204,803,000

5,139,000
1.477.502.000

3,858,000
1,383,192,000

3,248,000
1,380,023,000

1 Exclusive of winter barley.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 95

barley-Continued.

Countries

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

RECAPITULATION.
North America

204,939,000

906,023,000

102,839,000

54,049,000

3,387,000

220,518,000

901,279,000

100,183,000

39,568,000

3,255,000

235,719,000

1,075,862,000

98,588,000

62,:! 94,000

5,139,u00

225,309,000

1,001,390,000

94,267,000

58,368,000

3,858,000

207 381 (KX)

Europe _

1,004,807,000

107,399,000

57,188,000

3,248,000

Asia ...

Africa . .. .. ...

Australasia

Northern Hemisphere

Southern Hemisphere

1,234,850,000
6,387,000

1,258,548,000
6,255,000

1,469,363,000
8,139,000

1,376.334,000
6,858,000

1,373,775,000
6,248,000

RYE.
Rye crop of countries named; 1907-1911.

NORTH AMERICA.
L'nited States . .

31,566,000

SI RSI nnft

29,520,000

1,097,000

75,000

335,000

208,000

31,897,000

923,000

92,000

308,000

221,000

33,119,000
1,766,000

Canada:

Ontario

1,039,000 1,030,000
84,000 lOI.OflO

Manitoba

Quebec

Other

371^000

325,000
255,000

321,000
607,000

Total Canada...

1,494,000

1,711,000

1,715,000

1,544,000

2,694,000

Mexico

70,000 70 nno

70,000l 70.000

70,000

'

Total

33,130,000

86,452,000

39,445,000

2,136,000

271,000

33,632,000

113,309,000
45,185,000

2,520.000
298,000

31,305,000

114,433,000

44,858,000

2,393,000

368,000

36,511,000

108,938,000

49,686,000

2,318,000

394,000

35,883,000

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:

Austria _ .

104,123,008

Hungary proper

Croatia-Slavonia _.
Bosnia-Herzegovina

50,379,000

2,300,000

379,000

Total Austria-Hungary
Belgium

128,304,000

23,484,000

3,883.000

15,893,000

11,032,000

55,896,000

384,150,000

5,000,000

14,483,000

823,000

2,554,000

693,257,000
74,127,000
6,807,000

161,312,000

22,199,000

5,604,000

19 170 OOO

162,052,000
23,154,000

161,336,000
22.085.000

157,181,000
23,089,000

Bulgaria :

6,906,000; 9,045,000
18.922. oool 19.565.000

10,000,000

19,729 000

Denmark

Finland

11,195 oool ii.ooo.oool ii!ooo!ooo

11,000,000

France

Germany

51,703,000

422,692,000

5,000,000

15,866,000

869,000

2,640,000

673,736,000
77,954.000
6,993,000

54,934,000

446,767,000

5,032,000

17,652.000
1,011,000
3,090,000

783,055,000

86,775,000

7.335.000

44,064,000

413,802,000

5,439,000

15,126,000

896,000

7,885,000

47,354,000
427,776,000

Italy

5, ''97, 000

Netherlands

Norway —

17,410,000
948,000

Rouniania ...

4,989,000

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland .-

Northern Caucasia

Total Russia(European)
Servia

774,191,000j 758,683,000 877,165,000
911,000 Q7^ fW* 1.024.000

843,699,000

768,000
?7, 596, 000
24,154,000
1,800,000

742,376,000
800,000

Spain ._ _

27,027,000
22,001,000
1,895,000

26,412.000 34,901.000

26,052,000 25,728,000

1,776.000 1,954,000

28,897,000

Sweden

United Kingdom

23,825,000
1,750,000

Total

1,471,527,000

1,532,147,000

1,691,292,000

1,608,260,000

1,522,421,000

96 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

RYE— Continued.

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Countries

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

ASIA.
Russia:

993,000

32,931,000

12,000

564,000

22,775,000

9,000

1,498,000

18,152,000

18,000

Siberia

Transcaucasia

Total Russia(Aaiatic)
AUSTRALASIA.
Australia:

33,936,000

3,000
98,000
21,000

23,348,000

1,000
56,000
22,000

19,668,000

1,000
51,000
33,000

23,927,000

3,000
66,000
27,000
15,000
10,000
18,000

19,733,000

2,000

New South Wales-
Victoria .- ._

r.9,000

30,000

South Australia

8,000

Western Australia-
Tasmania . -

5,000
15,000

5,000
15,000

4,000
18,000

6,000
24,000

Total Australia
New Zealand _

142,000
43,000

99,000
73,000

107,000
94,000

139,000
100,000

129,000
109,000

Total Australasia

185,000

172,000

201,000

239,000

238,000

Grand Total

RECAPITULATION.

North America

Europe

1,538,778,000

33,130,000

1,471,527,00c

33,936,00f

185, 00('

1,589,299,000

33,632,000

1,532,147,000

23,348,000

172,000

1,742,466,000

31,305,000

1,691,292.000

19,668,000

201,000

1,668,937,000

38,511,000

1,«)8, 260,000

23,927,000

239,000

1,578,275,000

35,8a3,000
1,522,421,000

Asia _ -

19,733,000

Australasia .-

238,000

Northern Hemisphere

Southern Hemisphere.—

1,538, 593, 00<
185, 00<

1,589,1-^7,000
172,000

1,742,265,000
201,000

1,668,698,000
239,000

1,578,037,000
238,000

FLAXSEED.
Flaxseed crop of countries named, 1908-1910.

Seed

Fiber

Countries.

1908

1909

1910

1908

1909

1910

Bushels.

Bushels.

Bushels.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

NORTH AMERICA
United States

25,805,000

281,000

1,144,000

74,000

19,513,000

317,000

1,787,000

109,000

12,718,000

290,000

3,448,000

64,(MJ4)

Canada:

Total

1,499,000

2,213,000

3,802,000

150.000

150,000

150,000

Total North
America

27,454,000

21,876,000

16,670,000

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 97

FLAXSEED— Continued.

Seed Fiber

Countries

1908 1909 1910 1908 ! 1909 ' 1910

BuBhels Bushels

Bushels

Pounds Pounds

Pounds

SOUTH AMERICA.

43,333,000
723,000

41,291,000
522,000

•'8,212,000

600,000

Total

44,056,000

932,000
190,000
30,000

4,000

41,813,000

852,000

200,000

30,000

•4,009

28,812,000

663.000

164,000

30,000

4,000

EUROPE.
Austria-Hungary:

74,106,000, 68,136,000
19,965,000: 20,000,000
8,861,000, 9,000,000

1,400,000 1,400,000

50,191,000

Hungary proper-
Croat ia-Slavonia--
Bosnia-
Herzegovina

18,492,000
8,000,000

1,000,000

Total Austria-
Hungary

Belgium ._ . _

1,156,000

300,000
2,000
722,000
(1)

341,000
180,000

17,326,000
t03,000
410,000

1,086,000

300,000
2,000
436,000
181,000
219,000
205,000

19,767,000
948,000
.-583,000

861,000

300,000
8,000
416, OCO
232,000
316,000
363,000

104,332,000 98,536,000

27,000,0001 27,000,000

168,000! 200,000

47,886,000: 30,494,000

7,000,000, 7,242,000

77,683,000
28,000,000

Bulgaria .

709,000

France .

33,106,000

Italy _ - - -

6,883,000

Netherlands

19,692,000 13,4.38,000 14,189,000

Roumania

2,404,000 1,628,000

1,500,000,000 1,022,484,000
70,000,000, 42,450,000
26,000,000 26,130,000

4,448,000

Russia:

Russia proper

Northern Caucasia

Total Russia

18,639,000

21,298,000

1,596,000,0001,091,064,000
1,032,0001 1,100,000

(1)

1,100.000

Sweden

United Kingdom
(Ireland) — . - __

22,000

21,000

21,000

1,547,000
17,745,000

1,449.000
16,081,000

1.400,000
19,882,000

Total

21,362,000

6,528,000

(2) 495,000
797,000
150,000

23,848,000

11,552,000

966,000
771,000
107,000

1,824,806.000

1,288,232,000

ASIA.

British India, includ-
ing such native

17,104,000

Russia:

; 27,000,000
45,785,000
10,000,000

51,864,000

Siberia

38,109,000
6,429,000

Total Russia
(Asiatic) _ .

1,442,000

1,844,000

82,785,000

96,402,000

(1)

Total Asia

I 7,970,000
1 8 000

13,396,000
in nnn

82,785,000

96,402,000

AFRICA.
Algeria

10 000

Grand Total-

1 100, 850, 000

100,943,000

1,907,591,000

1,384,634,000

(1) No official data.

(2) Incomplete official returns.

98

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FLAXSEED-CONTINUED.

Seed

Fiber

Countries

1908

I
1909

1910

1908

1909

1910

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Pounds

Pounds

Pounds

RECAPITULATION.

North America

South America

flurope

Asia

Africa

Northern Hemisphere.
Southern Hemisphere

27,454,000

44,056,000

21,302,000

7,970,000

8,000

56,794,000
44,056,000

21,870,000
41,813,000
23,848,000
13,396,000
10,000

59,130,000
41,813,000

16,670,000
54,024,000

10,00()

24,024,000

1,824,806,000
82,785,000

1,907,591,000

1,288,232,000
96,402,000

1,384,634,000

POTATOES'

Potato crop of countries named, 1906-1010.

fNo statistics for Portugal, Egypt, and some other less important potato-growing

countries.)

CouQtry.

1906

1907 1908

1909 ' 1910

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels Bushels Bushels

North America —

United States (contig-
uous)

3()8,038,00C

(/
(I

5,522,000

a
15,494,000
4,281,000

2!:S,-:62,C00

5,453,000
8,294,000
5,183,000
22,911,000
20,908,000
4.150.000

278,985,000

7,327,000
7,884,0<K)
11,203,000
16,680.000
23,096,000
3,807,000
1,826,000
1,967,000

389,195,000

6,761,000
9,098,000
12,247,000
:?0,853,(X)0
29,465,000
4,118,000
3,944,000
2,599,000

349 032 000

Canada-
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia .

4,915,000
6 432 000

New Brunswick

Quebec ..„-_

Ontario

7,486,0O(t
21,271,0<K>
■"i 163 000

2,838,000
2,658,000
2, '^85 OOO

Saskatchewan

Alberta _.. -- -

5,507,000) 2,706,000
\ 2. 632.000

Other

629,000,000

Total Canada

Mexico - — -- --

59,804,000

924,000
1,350,000

72,237,000

C9"'4,0C0
1,350,000

73,790,000

f 924,000
1,350,000

99,085,000

c9-2i.000
1,350,000

74,048,O(M
f9-'4.flOO

Newfoundland 6

1,350,000

Total

370,116,000

r? 10.000,000
/ 6, 532,000

372,773,000

(710,000,000
/ 6, 532, 000

355,049,000

f 10,000,000
8,063,000

490,554,000
d 10, 000,000

425,354,000
(Z 10. 000.000

South America-

Chile .-

6,404,000 7,863,000

Total

16,532,000

16,532,000

18,063,000

16,404,000

17,863,000

a Included in "other."

& Estimated from returns of census year, 1900.
c-Data for 1906.
(/Data for 1:08.

c Census shows 19,000 lioctares (46,949 acres) yieMing 15,000 kilograms i)tT hccttirt
husiiels per acre.)
/Data for 1905.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

POTATu ES-CONTINUED.

99

Countries

1906

Bushels

1907

1908

1909

1910

Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels

Europe .

Austria-Hungary—
Austria

Hungary proper

Croatia-Slavonia

Bosina-Herzegovina _

Total Austria-Hngy,

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Italy

Luxemburg

Malta

Netherlands

Norway

Roumania

Russia —

Russia proper

Poland ---

Northern Caucasia

Total Russia (Eur.)

Servia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom —

Great Britain

Ireland

Total Great Britain
and Ireland

Total

Asia.

Japan

Russia (Asiatic) g

Total

Africa.
Algeria _.

514,289,0C0

179, 083, COO

12,854,000

2,328,000

.".?S. 781.000

178.168,000

25,625, OOOi

2,849,0001

475,860,000

139,469,000

21,129,000

Sf2,949,000

708,554,000

88,652,000'

3G4,0OOi

28,454,000

:0, 4.32,000

.372, 076. 000 j

1,577,653,000

(■ .550.000

60,000,000

6,491.000

.378.000

95,503,000

20,995.000

4,636,O0O;

745,521,0001 639,407,000

88,192,000

300,000

24,4-:'6,0C0

18,765,000

512,229.000

1,673,246,000

i. 550. COO

fc(O.00O,000

7,295,00C

793,000

94,401,000

16,956.000

3,860,000

630,211 ,000| 614,487,000
29'i,662.000 327,689,000
12,844,000 11,932,000

939,717,000

1,799,000

n84, 000,000

63.829.000

O 47,000,000

128,005,000
99,328,000

227,333,000

4,348,410,000

18,61,000
16,481,000

1,684,000

1,034,108,000

876,000

« 84,000,000

57,823.000

0 47,000,000

111,159,000
83,869,000

4,665,379.000

20, an;, 000
17,076,000

.37,386,000

1,803,000

82,846,000

340,000

23,752,000

jr 16,194,000

625,021,000

1,702,803,000

i 550,000

fc 60,000,000

5,878,000

692,000

96,695,000

28,030,000

4,310,000

479,616,000

183,530,000

16,832,000

ft2, 949,000

491,126,000
176,974,000
f/ 16,832,000

5,048,000

682,927,000

90,358,000

323,000

24,326,000.

17,887,000

613,041,000!

1,716,143,000!

i 550, 000 I

63,273,0OO|

6,099,000|

373,000

97,275,000

22,084,000l

3,S13,000|

682,454,000! 764,943,000

366,433,000 396,023,000

11,248,000 12,520,000

645,000

« 84,000,000

78,0 0,000

49,971,000

146,258,000
119,455,000

1,060,135,000 1,173,486,000

265,713,000

4,831,002,000

21,174,000
SI, 759, 000

J2, 9.33, 000

1,549,000

1,396,000

n.84, 000,000

61,981,000

44,092,000

137,180,000
119,572,000

256,752,000

4,960,178,000

21,9<;6,000
31,042,000

53,038,0fK)

1,727,000

689,980,000

£f 90, 358,000

432,000

20,517,000

16,322,000

313,189,000

1,597,174,000

(7 550,000

56,550,000

5,085,000

654,000

88,376,000

22,398,000

4,846,000

*1, 343, 268,000

3,110,000
91,014,000
68,591,000
46,712,000

129,813,000
107,178,000

236,991,000

4,706,117,000

p 21,996,000
<1

21,996,000

1,727,000

^Year preceding.
/iData for 1907.
i Data for 1909.
./Unofficial estimate.

A: Average production as unofficially estimated.
?No. data.

*Includes Russia, Asiatic.

j/Average production as unofficially estimated,
o Average 1908-1910.
pYear preceding.

'/Included in "Russia, European."

r 1900-1907 represents 10 governments and districts; 1908 and 1909 27 governments and
districts.

100 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

POTATOES— Continued.

Count/"ie9

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Union of South Africa-
Cape of Good Hope._
Natal -_ -

« 1,500,000

454,000

p 618, 000

si, 500, 000
444,000
549,000

1,304,000.
405,000
519,000

f 1,304,000
392,000
410,000

n, 304, COO
392,000

Transvaal

773,000

Total Union of S.
Africa -- -

2,572,000

2,493,000

2,228,000

2,106,QOO

2,469,000

Total

4,256,000

422,000

1,881,000

4,307,000

756,000

235,000

2,412,000

4,296,000

■501,000

4,288,000

6,229,000

832,000

igs.ooo

6,807,000

3,777,000

492,000

2,086,000

5,044,000

756,000

232,000

5,431,000

3,833,000

431,000

2,680,000

5,706,000

805,000

250,000

4,540,000

4,196,000

Australasia

Australia —
Queensland --

506,000

New South Wales

3,739,000
6,532,000

South Australia '

Western Australia

6.3,000

222,000

2,758,000

Total Australia

10,013,000
4,607,000

18,935,000
6,342,000

14,021,000
5,339,000

14,412,000
7,288,000

14,450,000
0,739,000

Total Australasia _.

14,020,000

25,277,000

19,360,000

21,700,000

21,189,000

Grand total —

4,789,112,000

5,121,643,000

5,280,184,000

5,545,707,000

5,196,715,000

p Year precedina.
s Unofficial estimate
^Data for 1S08.

PART III

Crop and Other Statistics For the Year
Ending December 31, 1911

Collected by Township Assessors.

In compiling the crop and other farm statistics for the third
time under the provisions of Chapter 86, Acts of the Thirty-third
General Assembly, it is very evident that the county auditors and
township assessors have come to appreciate the value of statistics
collected in this manner. The reports from the various county
auditors indicate that considerable care has been exercised in
compiling the reports, and a greater portion of the reports were
on file within the time specified by law. In cases where it was
necessary to return reports for correction the error was usually
traced to the footings of the assessors' books.

We would like to again call attention to the fact that some
provision should be made for diseminating these statistics prior
to the time of publication in the Iowa Year Book. Inasmuch as
they are collected in about the same manner as the statistics for
the state census, and are practically the only authentic figures
available on crop production, we believe they are of sufficient
value to warrant publication in pamphlet form and given a wide
circulation immediately after being compiled.

These statistics are presented in five tables, as follows :

Table No. 1. Gives the total number, average size and total
acreage of all farms within the state consisting of five or more
acres and situated either inside or outside of the corporate limits
of cities and towns ; total number of acres occupied by farm
buildings, feed lots, groves and highways (Four acres are al-
lowed to each qviarter section where highway runs along two

102 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

sides of same) ; total acreage in pasture, garden, crop not other-
wise enumerated and ground not utilized for any purpose; total
acreage in orchard together with total number bushels apples
harvested ; number of silos in use on Iowa farms ; and average
monthly wage paid farm help for summer and wdnter months.

We wish to call attention to the rapid increase in the use of
silos over the state during the past three years.

Table No. 2. Contains the total acreage, average yield per acre
and total yield, by counties, for the entire state, of the following
crops : corn, oats, winter Avheat, spring wheat, and barley.

It will be noticed by comparing this table with the estimates
of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service to be found in Part I of
this edition that there is considerable difference in the figures
showing the total yield of corn and wheat. This is due to the
fact that the tables compiled by this department are collected
direct from farms while those of the Weather and Crop Service
are made from estimates of some eight hundred crop reporters
over the state.

Table No. 3. Shows the total acreage, yield per acre and total
yield of rye, tame hay, wild hay, and potatoes, and total acreage
and yield of alfalfa and flax seed for the state.

Table No. 4. Gives number of horses all ages, mules all ages,
number of dairy cows and heifers kept for milk, number of
cattle not kept for milk, and total number of cattle on farms
January 1, 1912 ; total number of swine on farms July 1, 1911 ;
total number of sheep kept on farms, number shipped in for
feeding and sold for slaughter, and total number pounds wool
clipped; total number all varieties of poultry on farms July 1,
1911, and estimated total number dozen eggs received during the
year 1911.

Table No. 5. Gives the total acreage in sweet corn and pop
corn and total acreage and yield of timothy and clover seed by
counties for the year 1911.

The following is a brief summary showing acreage, production,
average yield per acre, and total value of loAva farm products
for the year 1911.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III
1911— TABULATED CROP SUMMARY— 1911.

103

u

S"

<u

a

Sv

^Q

60

^l^

<

Corn

Oats

Winter wheat

Spring wheat

Barley

Rye

8,863,331

4,730,687

360,358

537,445

313,472

44,157

117,943

39,334

3,119,399

820,985

30,323

80,579

233,318

33,121

12,742

33,5C6

47,874

153,999

9,200,220

326,661,430 bu.

122,474,893 bu.

6,451,921 bu.

6,238,242 bu.

6,106,239 bu.

668,443 bu.

9,125,747 bu.

178,717 bu.

2,544,088 T .

662,866 T .

70,640 T .

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

36.9
25.8
17.9
11.6
19.5
15.1
77.0

4.6
.8
.8

2.3

$ .54

.41

.93

.86

.90

.79

.71

2.00

13.44

10.28

14.00

$19.93
10.58
16.65

9.98
17.55
11.93
54.67

9.20
10.75

8.22
32. £0

$176,397,172
50,214,706
6,000,287
5,364,888
5,495,015
528,070
6,479,290

Elax -

357,434

Hay (Tame)

34,192,543

Hay (Wild)

6,814,262
988,960

8,000,000
500,000

Alfalfa

Miscellaneous Crops

Timothy seed _

Clover seed _

300 ,000

Pop corn . -

250,000

Sweet corn _.

950,000

Garden truck

1,000,000

Orchard.'' .

9,000,000

Pasturage - _ „

80,000,000

Total value of farm crops

$392,833,227

Wool -- - - -

Estimated
Estimated
Estimated

1,.-)00,000

52,000,000

Poultry and eggs

30,000,000

Total value farm products

$476,333,227

104

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III

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116

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE NO. 5

Acreage in sweet corn, pop corn,
seed by counties for the year ol 1911.

and acreage and total yield of timothy and clover

!

Sweet
Corn

Pop
Corn

Timothy Seed

Clover Seed

Counties

i
1

<!

a;

u

V

<

w

u
o

<

S3

3
CO

u
o

<

£

(0

S
CO

9,728

1,832

6,230

6,866

1,5:6

3,035

849

181

311

2,126

251

1 ,255

248

1,006

2,664

3,728

895

27t

5,554

5,270

2,445

3,262

1,.324

777

199

5,566

5,952

2,086

507

1,025

1,757

447

5,396

2,221

907

112

386

1,190

7,668

395

.316

.369

138

598

5,950

275

447

13,0,36

2,712

1,004

1,201

2,488

1 ,.508

1,458

379

1,148

3.506

310

20,797

3,341

21,068

13,437

2,825

13,689

3,650

407

1,042

9,029

495

3,999

672

2,323

7,263

16,174

2,051

588

12,603

ll,08e

3,674

14,974

5,040

1,.575

699

10,714

14,051

10,323

1,675

1,118

6,329

540

17,901

6,648

2,836

172

1,626

5,336

15,793

1,579

468

1,325

251

1,844

12,255

.558

856

40,2.3''

9,872

2,917

3,759

10,6.56

6,. 541

4,341

607

2,655

14,341

1,390

794
23
23

158

165
29
63

629
47
17

456
45

818
2,141

743
35
11

578

731

2
2
4

1

''
30

4

5
6

r9

69
64

9
1
2

0

3

17

47

3

375

6,656

2,704

20

1,897

1,124

1,024

154

520

19

1,864

392

20

23

182

171

Benton

Black Hawk

41
44

619

38

34

432

Butler --

42

Calhoun

Carroll — --

899
1,9.57

706

83

Cerro Gordo -

3

627

Clarke ______

13

3
105

95
25
287
71
901
333
150
325

106

Clay

14

289

Clinton -__

4

274
4
1

1
10

29

1

3

9
12
33

1
91
20

3
51

i 1?

1

3,74i/

173

5,93

Dallas - -

361
19

390

55

278

572

63

6

266

10

673

9

1,276

1,059

Des Moines

918

32

8

1,0.54
31

14

Fayette

18

j;i;

Franklin „ .- -

23
430
919
7
842
573

10
282

96
919

20

602

680

34

99

35

127

J4

1,117

682

Hancock

10
279

14

651
7

104

Howard

1,107

143

638

433

37

1,795

1,254

498

5:i

Ida

2
815

402

1 ,001

29

218

6

0

405

1

16

22

1.067

1,025

1

3
14
4
3
1

977

1,295

Keokuk _

607

1,001

527
73
V2<

777

269

Louisa

220

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III
TABLE NO. 5— Continued

117

Clover Seed

Countie

Lucas

Lyon

Madison

Mahaska

Marion

Marshall

Mills .

Mitchell

Monona

Monroe

Montgomery

Muscatine
O'Brien
Osceola

Page

Palo Alto

Plymouth

Pocahontas

Polk

Pottawattamie

Poweshiek
Ringgold

Sac

fScott

Shelby

Sioux

Story
Tama _..
Taylor

Union
Van Buren

Wapello

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Webster

Winnebago

Winneshiek

Woodbury

Worth

.Wright

Total

PART IV.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Joint Session of the Annual State Farmers'
Institute and Corn Belt Meat Pro-
ducers Association

HELD AT

Savery Convention Room at the Savery Hotel, Des Moines,
Iowa, on December 12-13, 1911.

TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12.

The meeting was called to order by President Sykes, and prayer
was offered by Rev. J. P. Jamieson, of the Elmwood United Pres-
byterian Church, of Des Moines. President Sykes then presented
his annual address, as follows :

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

A. SYKES, DES MOINES, IOWA.

Let me extend to you all a hearty welcome, and assure you that we
feel your presence here is a manifest of your interest in this splendid
work and an inspiration to the officers in charge.

The burden of preparing another annual address and report for your
association has again fallen to my lot, and I shall again attempt to per-
form this humble duty. When I prepared my last annual address, I
had fully expected to i-etire from the head of your association, and con-
fidently expected that I would not be again called upon to perform this
task. But fate seemed to decree otherwise, as I was re-elected against

120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

my wishes, and I, therefore have no apologies to make for standing be-
fore you at this time.

At the time of the last annual meeting, your association was in a
thrifty, prosperous condition, and I am glad to be able to report that
it is still on the forward march, and that it has not lost its enthusiasm
nor taken a backward step during the' past year.

The work during the past year has not been of a spectacular nature,
but more along the line of the regular work of the association in care-
fully looking after and guarding the farmers' and stockmen's interests.

During the winter months I was engaged speaking at farmers' insti-
tutes, rally meetings, and other like meetings, and also spent consider-
able time in the legislature, in behalf of some measures that were pen-
ding, which were very important to our members and the farmers in
general. But before I go farther, I want to again impress upon our
members the value of cooperating with the farmers' institute people in
their meetings. This plan makes a better institute, a better Corn Belt
meeting, and tends to spread the gospel of the association much better
than it can be done otherwise.

Now, as to the work of the past year. It will be remembered that
in my last annual address I called attention to the general advance in
freight rates that the railroads were at that time trying to put over
on the people, and the Important part your association was taking to
prevent those advances. At that time the case was still pending, and
it was finally concluded in January. And it then developed that Mr.
Thorne, the rate attorney for this association, had spent over one hun-
dred days on the case. Three hearings were held in Chicago, three in
Washington, D. C, and one in New York. This will give you some idea
of the magnitude of the case. The latter part of February the Inter-
state Commerce Commission gave out its decision, refusing to permit
the railroads to advance their rates as proposed.

The one feature in connection with this case which was most grati-
fying to the association was the fact that the decision of the commis-
sion was apparantly based on the evidence presented by this associa-
tion through its attorne3% and when we realize that this decision meant
a saving of over two million dollars annually to the people of Iowa,
we can better appreciate the real value of the work done by this organ-
ization.

The fact is, the farmers are not familiar with what this association
is doing for them, and on that account they do not appreciate its value.
I am quite sure that if men would post themselves on the work this
association is doing, the membership would increase very rapidly, as I
find that it takes but little persuasion, where men are acquainted with
the work we are doing, to get them to join our ranks. In this connec-
tion, I want to say that the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association was
the only association representing the farmers, and producers' interests
to take the initiative in the fight against these rate advances. Later on
in the case the Farmers' and Grain Dealers' Association intervened
and furnished Hon. George C. White, of Nevada, Iowa, who rendered
some valuable assistance in the case.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 121

In this case you have a striking example of the value of organiza-
tion to the farmers. Here you have the railroads demanding a general
advance in rates on your commodities of ten per cent, which it is esti-
mated would have cost the Iowa farmers over one million dollars annu-
ally in increased freight bills. And as individual producers you are
absolutely helpless to prevent these advances, although you must pay
them if put into effect. The matter is sprung on you unexpectedly.
You are only given thirty days' notice until the advances go into effect;
you stand in awe, and wonder where they are going to hit you next,
and who there is to look after the interests of the men who till the
soil and who are the bone and sinew of the state. But just at this junc-
ture the executive committee of your association decide that they will
not permit this increased burden to be placed upon the Iowa farmers
without a protest. So they confer with the long, lean, lank son of a
Methodist minister, as he styles himself, who is wearing the scars of
many battles fought in your behalf with the same opposing forces, and
instruct him to get busy; and from that time on there was something
doing. And it remained for Clifford Thorne, the matchless, indefati-
gable representative of the Meat Producers' Association, to show to the
Interstate Commerce Commission that the rates we are now paying are
highly remunerative, and that the railroads were in a very prosperous
condition and not entitled to the unjust advances they were asking for.
In this case you have a forceful illustration of the value of being
organized and ready at any and all times to put up a vigorous fight
for your rights: in this one case you are saved more money than it
would cost to maintain your organization for years to come.

The most important legislation enacted through the direct efforts of
your association during the past winter was the passage of a Commerce
Counsel bill, which provides for a Commerce Counsel to represent the
people of the state before either the state Railroad Commission or the
Interstate Commerce Commission, in all questions of rate disputes, or
any other matter that might come before those tribunals for adjustment.
As usual, the railroads were much opposed to this bill, but they did
most of their work through their lieutenants in the Iowa senate, and it
seems difficult to understand why farmers will vote for men for state
senators whose whole sympathies are in accord with the great corpora-
tion interests, and who work and vote against the men who elected
them. Haply, these men are being retired one by one, and if the work
of "cleaning house" continues, it will only be a few years until there
will be a class of men in the Iowa senate that will listen to the voice of
the people rather than that of the corporations.

I want to congratulate you on the kind of men that are being select-
ed as representatives in the lower house, and if you will get busy and
select some good, strong men for the state senate in the districts where
you have corporation senators at present, and get out and do some work
for them, you can have in the next general assembly the same class
of men in the senate you now have in the house.

If you want to know who your senator represents, look up his rec-
ord on anti-railroad and corporative measures, and see how he voted.

122 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

If he voted against your interests, he is not representing you, but mis-
representing you, and the place for him is at home and not in the Iowa
senate; and you are not doing your duty if you do not use your best
efforts to defeat him. There are some sucli men located in the terri-
tory in which your association is fairly strong, and they should be de-
feated in the coming primaries if possible. If not then, go after them
and defeat them at the polls by all means, as you can not afford to
tolerate such misrepresentation.

There were also two or three other measures of minor importance
passed by the lower house, which the stockmen were directly interested
in, and which should have been enacted into laws. But they very mys-
teriously disappeared when they got into the hands of the sifting com-
mittee in the senate. This, I think, was largely due to the unfriendly
attitude of the chairman of that committee towards such measures.

During the early spring the railroads gave out notice that after June
1st there would be no cars of live stock billed out for shipment within
the state at less than the standard minimums on the thirty-six-foot cars,
which is 22,000 pounds on cattle, 17,000 pounds on hogs, and 22,000
pounds on sheep in double decks. In this connection it is well to bear
in mind that the small minimum applicable to the thirty-one-foot car,
and the provision requiring the carries to bill the large cars at the
lesser minimums (if furnished in place of a small car), had been re-
tained to the shipper by the officers of your association appearing an-
nually before the commission and asking for a continuance of the order.
So when the railroads published their order cancelling the use of the
thirty-one-foot car minimums, your officers filed a complaint with the
Railroad Commission and asked for a continuance of the old order.
This the railroads objected to, and after some parleying and delay, a
hearing was arranged for on July 12th. At this hearing, the interests of
the farmers and stockmen were presented by your president and secre-
tary and the Sioux City Live Stock Exchange, and the Morrell and
Sinclair packing companies represented the local packing interests.
Judge Henderson, Commerce Counsel for the state, conducted the case
and made the argument on behalf of the stockmen. At the close of
the hearing the commission took the case under advisement, and in
August gave out its decision; and in this decision the commission fixed
the standard minimums at 22,000 pounds on fat cattle, 20,000 pounds on
stock cattle, 19,000 pounds on sheep in double deck cars, and 10,000
pounds on sheep in single decks, and 15,000 pounds on hogs — these
minimums to apply on all cars regardless of dimension, and order-
ing same to go into effect September 15th. This ruling was satisfactory
to your officers and the stockmen, but it seemed to displease the rail-
road representatives, as they at once set about it to have the commis-
sion suspend its order and re-open the case, which was finally consented
to by the commission, and their order suspended and a future date set
for re-opening the case.

So the case was re-opened on November 16th, and a very elaborate
and lengthy hearing, lasting six days, was held, and a large number of
prominent railroad men appeared and took part in the hearing; and the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 123

carriers produced a great mass of data and exhibits in the case. The
farmers' and shippers' interests were represented by Judge Henderson,
Commerce Counsel, who had charge of the case, and your president
and secretary. A great amount of testimony was taken from farmers,
feeders and shippers concerning the proper minimums to fix on these
cars. The Sioux City Live Stock Exchange and Stock Yards Company,
the Sinclair Packing Company, and the Morrell Packing Company also
sent representatives, who furnished very material testimony and ex-
hibits in the case. And at the conclusion of the hearing I think there
was a general feeling that the stockmen had made a strong case, and
that their interests were well cared for. The final arguments will be
made in the case in January, and it will then be taken under advisement
by the commission, to determine whether the orginal decision and order
shall stand, or whether they will amend their decision.

It will undoubtly be months before the commission reaches a con-
clusion, as there is such a great mass of evidence to analyze and digest.
But while this decision is pending, remember that you are still pro-
tected on light shipments within the state, if you order a small car.
And just here let me say that I know of no better illustration of the
value of your association to the farmers and shippers than this very
case. For the last three years had you not been organized, you would
have been paying the minimums applicable to the thirty-six foot car
on all your local shipments. This would have increased your freight
about $2 per car, and it looks very much like your association will have
plenty to do in the future, as the railroads have just filed with the Iowa
commission a petition asking for an increase of twelve and one-half per
cent on all live stock rates. This is the first time the railroads have
asked the commission for a direct advance in rates on any staple com-
modity, and it will no doubt be one of the most bitterly contested cases
In the history of your association. So with the cases now pending and
the new ones that we may expect to come up, your organization will
certainly have plenty to do for some time to come.

The most important matter taken up by your association was the
fight to prevent the general advance on stocker and feeder cattle and
sheep, which the railroads attempted to put over on us during the sum-
mer. You are aware that stockers and feeders have been shipped for
twenty-five years or more on a rate that was seventy-five per cent of
the fat stock rate, and all of a sudden the carriers discovered that they
were losing money on that class of business and got together and de-
cided to advance the rates up to the fat stock rate, which meant an ad-
vance of thirty-three and one-third per cent. But before the advances
went into effect the officers of your association, in conjunction with the
officers of the live stock exchanges, filed complaint against the ad-
vances with the Interstate Commerce Commission, and asked for a sus-
pension of the order of the railroads, and an opportunity to present the
stockmen's side of the case to the commission. This request was grant-
ed, the advances suspended, and October 20th was fixed as the date to
open the hearings at Omaha. Three of these hearings were held — each
one of two days' duration — one at Omaha, one at Kansas City, and the

124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

case was concluded as to the evidence in Chicago, and the briefs and
arguments will be presented to the commission at Washington, D. C,
in January. Railroad people cut some queer "capers" at these hear-
ings. For instance, they started out at Omaha to prove that it was
more expensive to the carriers to handle the stocker and feeder business
in local merchandise trains than to handle the fat stock business into
the markets on the special expedited service which they give. This
was just the opposite of what they testified to in former cases which
this association had had before the commission, as they had persistently
held that the special fast service given the stock into the markets was
the most expensive service they had. But, fortunately, we were able to
soon spike their guns by introducing into the record some of their testi-
mony at former hearings on the costly kind of service given the stock
to the markets.

They next tried to hide behind the question of discrimination, claim-
ing that it was a discrimination to charge one man a higher rate on
stock because he wanted it to slaughter than they would charge another
man that wanted the stock to feed. But I think they utterly failed on
this point also.

From the standpoint of evidence the carriers certainly made a very
poor showing, and towards the last it really looked like they had given up
in despair. But they may be able to brace up their case very materially
in their arguments.

It was conceded that the stockmen made a strong case, and that the
case was well conducted and your interests carefully guarded. Judge
Henderson, the Commerce Counsel, and the president of your association
appeared for your association, Judge Henderson also appearing for the
Iowa Railroad Commission and the shippers of the state. Then the rep-
resentatives of the different live stock exchanges at the Missouri river
markets and Chicago appeared in the case for the stockmen at large,
and T. W. Tomlinson, secretary of the American National Live Stock
Association, appeared for that organization. All of these men rendered
valuable service at the hearings, and your interests were very zealously
guarded, so that there- was no stone left unturned that would inure to
your benefit, and at the conclusion of the hearings I think that all felt
well pleased with the work done and the showing made.

I consider this the most important case to the live stock industry
of the middle west that has come before the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission, and this no doubt accounted for the anxiety and alertness on
the part of these different organizations; and the stockmen should ap-
preciate the splendid service rendered by all of these men.

In this case you have very forcibly illustrated the value of the late
amendment to the interstate comnierce law, for which this association
had so persistently contended for years, and which gave the commission
power to suspend advances until the shippers' side could be investi-
gated and hearings held, and which also places the burden of proof on
the railroads. Had it not been for this amendment these advances
would have gone into effect as proposed, and there would have been but
little hope for relief through a reduction. And had this advance gone

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 125

into effect it would have cost the farmers and stockmen of this state
something like one-half million of dollars yearly additional freight on
their stockers and feeders — an amount certainly worth making a fight
for. And I will just say that we have made a good case and a strong
defense, and it is now up to the commission to determine if the railroads
are entitled to the advance in the face of the showing made by the stock-
men.

Then there is another matter just here that I want to call attention
to, and that is the Iowa-Chicago rate on sheep, as our members are very
much mixed up on this rate. In February of 1910 the Interstate Com-
merce Commission handed down a supplemental decision in the case of
this association against the various railroads, in which we were asking
for lower rates on live stock to Chicago. In this supplemental decision
the commission say, among other things, that sheep shipped in double
deck cars should take the cattle rate and the cattle minimum, and that
where a shipper orders a double deck car and reasonable time is given,
if the railroads furnish two singles in its stead, the double deck mini-
mum rate shall apply. And in closing its decision the commission says
that a reasonable time will be given for the railroads to adopt the changes
in rates recommended, but if they fail to do so, an order will be issued
requiring them to comply with the findings of the commission. Now the
facts are that the carriers adopted without an order all of the rates rec-
ommended except the one applying to sheep shipped in single deck cars
when doubles had been ordered. And neither the officers of your associ-
ation nor the commission caught onto this fact until the sheep began to
move to market during the last winter. We then took the matter up with
the commission, and asked them to issue an order requiring the railroads
to apply the double deck rate on sheep shipped in single decks, where
double deck cars had been ordered. We have been at work on this case
all summer, and when Mr. Thorne was in Washington. D. C, in October,
he took the matter up personally with the commission, and we very much
hope that it will issue the order in the near future, and that the stockmen
will soon have the benefit of the lower rate on this class of shipments.

Notwithstanding the fact that the reduced rate on sheep in double deck
cars went into effect in May, 1910, many of our shippers have been charged
the old rate, and to all who have thus been overcharged, I want to say,
put in your claims at once, if you have not already done so, for the over-
charge. Look at your report of sales from your commission firm, and see
what rate you paid. It should be the same as your rate on cattle. If it is
higher, you have a refund from the railroad company coming to you, and
you should have it. The mix-up on this rate came about on account of the
railroads not complying with that portion of the decision of the commis-
sion, and not from any fault of the officers of your association.

Now, just a word about shipping your feeding sheep in. For some three
or four years I have been calling attention to the double deck rate on
feeders, and advising our sheep feeders to order double deck cars in ship-
ping their sheep in. Many of them seem to forget this, and persist in
ordering single deck cars, and then wonder why the rate is so high. The
facts are that under the Iowa distance tariff and the rule that applies, it

126 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

costs more to ship a single deck car one hundred miles than it docs a
double deck. That is caused on account of the three-fourths rate not ap-
plying on sheep where single deck cars are ordered, but which does apply
where double deck cars are ordered, regardless of the car furnished.
So I say again, if you want the lowest rate, order only double deck cars.

At this juncture, I wish to speak of the mode or system of handling
claims, largely followed by our membership. Early in the life of your
association the board of directors decided that the association could not
take up the burden of looking after and collecting claims against the
various railroads for the membership at large, as the board felt that the
work and expense would be too great for the small membership fee re-
ceived. But some four years ago your executive committee made an agree-
ment with W. C. Strock, a prominent attorney of Des Moines, whereby he
agreed to collect all such claims of the members as could be collected
without suit in the courts for fifteen per cent. If suit was brought, the
claimant and Attorney Strock were to fix the fee for the service rendered.
The first year or two this plan seemed to work fairly well, and Mr. Strock
adjusted and collected quite a large number of claims. But later on the
membership drifted away from this plan, and would file their claims
through their commission man, and through their local agent at their home
station; and then if the claim agent refused to settle the claim, or offered
such a small sum that the claimant would refuse to accept it, the claim
would then be sent to Mr. Strock, to see what he could do towards collect-
ing it. This plan has caused much dissatisfaction both from the member-
ship and the claim attorney. From the standpoint of the attorney, it is
certainly unfair to send him only such claims as the railroads have either
refused to settle, or offered such an inadequate amount that the claimant
would not consider it. The claim agents of the different railroads no doui't
also took advantage of the situation, because they would recognize that
only the very undesirable claims were being handled by your attorney, so
that the settlement of such claims would be very slow and unsatisfactory.

In this matter we should have a definite system and plan of action. If
you are going to have a claim attorney, I believe all claims — good and bad
— as well as indifferent — shoitra be filed through him. If this was done,
the railroad people would soon learn that he represented the members of
this association, and that their claims were filed through him, and that
he would look after the collecting of same; and there is no question but
that the claims would be treated fairer and a much larger per cent paid
on if this plan was closely observed. If this manner of handling your
claims is not satisfactory, then it remains for you to work out one that is,
for I believe the time has come when we should adopt something tangible
and something that will meet the needs of our members in this department,
as the question of claims is a very important one to your members. Some
members have the impression that this association collects these claims
free of charge, and quite a little confusion has arisen from this source.
This, no doubt, is due to the fact that the claim attorney's name appears in
the literature of the association. Now I hope you will give this matter
proper consideration at this meeting and work out a plan that will be
both lasting and beneficial.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 127

Now, just in this connection I wish to call special attention to our ship-
per's report blanks, which are gotten out for the purpose of ascertaining
what kind of service you get, how fast or how slow they haul you, how
many men they crowd into a way-car or caboose, and many other things
that you should keep a record of. The officers of your association receive
many complaints during the year in regard to poor service and crowded
conditions of way-cars, and all such things, and yet only a very small per
cent of our members fill out one of these shippers' report blanks when they
ship, and mail it to the secretary. It is very difficult for the officers of
your association to correct these abuses unless they have something tang-
ible to work on. I verily believe that if every member, when he ships live
stock to market, would fill out one of these blanks and mail it to Secretary
Wallace, so that your officers could go before the railroad people and pre-
sent these facts as they exist, that they could be corrected. But if you fail
to co-operate in this work, it will be impossible to secure for you the ser-
vice and treatment you should have.

If you forget to take the blank with you, make a note of these things
in your little day book, and when you get back home, fill out your report
from this diary, and send it in. Keep a supply of these report blanks on
hand. You can get them at any time from the secretary. Now, let me
urge upon you to send in these reports on every shipment. It is for your
benefit, and you will be doing yourself a favor and helping the association
by doing this.

Now, just a word about your troubles when shipping. I often meet
members and they tell me about being overcharged in the rate, or they
have had trouble with their shipment, in some way. To all such I want to'
say, do not wait until you see one of the officers in person, as it may be a
long time; but write at once, either to the secretary or president, and
state your case, and it will receive prompt attention. The officers are al-
ways glad to help you out; but they don't know anything about your
troubles unless you write them, so I trust you will feel perfectly free at
any time to send in your complaints.

Now, for the next few minutes let us take a look into the future of the
live stock industry of the corn belt :

In my last two addresses I called your attention to some of the devel
opments that were going on in the South American republic in the live
stock business. And I believe the time has come when we should view
with alarm these developments. Some of our big American packers have
already established themselves permanently in the Argentine. They have
procured large tracts of grazing lands, and are stocking up their ranches
with an improved type of beef cattle, and by the use of thoroughbred sires
they will soon produce as good quality beef cattle as are produced here;
then they will slaughter these cattle in their own packing houses and ship
the dressed meat into this country to compete with our corn-fed beef, for
it must be remembered that with their cheap land and cheap labor and
feedstuffs, that they can produce beef in that country for a little more
than half what it costs here.

The most alarming move, and I think the one that should especially
impress us with the approaching danger, is the Morgan-Rockefeller com-

128 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

bination, which has formed a company with millions of dollars of capital,
and employed Murdo McKenzie, one of the most prominent cattlemen of
the west, as manager, and have purchased hundreds of thousands of acres
in Brazil, and are going in the ranching business on the American plan
in that country. Here we have a combination that it is worth our while
to analyze. Here are men with unlimited means, selecting the most promi-
nent leader among the western cattlemen to take charge of their company
as manager, and going into the ranching business in South America to
furnish cheaper meat for our citizens to eat, and to force the stockmen of
the corn belt to compete with this class of meat. Now, there will no doubt
be a move made in this present congress to take the duty off both dressed
meats and live cattle; if the farmers and stockmen permit such a bill to
be passed, then they must come in direct competition with this cheap meat
from these southern countries. Argentine has already broken into the
British markets with her dressed meats, and has become a strong competi-
tor for that trade. And our export trade in dressed meats has shown an
alarming decrease to those markets in the last few years.

Now, what we want is to bestir ourselves and prepare for a determined
fight against any bill that would place cattle and dressed meats on the
free list. We must not only be able to go after our own senators and con-
gressmen, but we must also go after senators and congressmen from other
states, and show them the danger of such a procedure. Now, I think I have
said enough on this subject, but in order to confirm what I have said and
to impress you more deeply with the necessity for determined action in
order to protect your interests, I want to read to you at this time a letter
written by Judge Cowan, of Texas, on this subject. Judge Cowan has for
years represented the western and southwestern cattlemen as their at-
torney, and has especially looked after their interests in congress, and is,
without doubt, one of the best posted men we have on these questions, and
I consider his letter of great significance at this time. Here is what he
has to say:

!iO important is the crisis confronting the cattle interests of the United
States by the proposals which will come before the next session of congress
to place meats, and probably cjittle, on the free list, and the proposal to
enter into a reciprocity treaty with Mexico, that I write this communication
to you to point out the danger, and to suggest that action be taken looking
to the enlisting of the stock raisers in every community in live stock produc-
ing states to command their representatives in congress. I am forced to the
conclusion that if it is not done, meats and cattle will go on the free list.

The t-wo reasons which the Congressional Record shows that both demo-
cratic and republican senators and congressmen who voted for it gave for
free meats, and those defending free live stock from Canada in the Canadian
reciprocity treaty, were, first, that meats are too high to the consumer, and,
second, that it would curb the "packers' trust."

There was another and more cogent reason which influenced some demo-
crats, which found expression in various forms, and that is that the tariff
affords protection, and they are opposed to that, even to incidental protec-
tion arising from a revenue tariff in case of food products and in case of
raw material. Adding together those who are influenced By the one reason
or the other, it is certain that a majority of the house, and possibly a ma-
jority of the senate, are today in favor of these enactments so inimical to
the cattle industry in particular. Unless by a campaign of education in
every community we can arouse the people to a sense of the danger, and

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 129

secure thereby fi-om them a, demand of their respective congressmen in
stock raising- states to make a fight for the stock raiser, and the farmers
who produce live stock or feedstuffs or both, we are almost certain to lose.
It is up to the stock raisers to do it, and to do it requTres a systematic
campaign that will arouse public sentiment.

As the situation is today, the men who voted for these measures are de-
fending their course, and there is so little knowledge on the subject that
even those who feel certain that congressmen and senators were wrong are
not prepared to debate the subject, or not inclined to do so, and the press
of the country is largelj^ in the same fix, even the live stock and farm
journals. To change this situation requires united and individual efforts or
the stockmen and farmers. With it they can succeed; without it they
will not.

Some of these arguments are born of want of knowledge on the part of
congressmen and senators, as to the effect these enactments would have.
We must of course concede that they are honest about it, and therefore
willing to change their views if it is shown that great harm will result to
stockmen and farmers. Again an aroused public sentiment controls the
actions of those who fear it. No doubt most farmers and many stockmen,
and those who in one way or another are interested in the success of the
live stock business, like bankers, merchants and commission men and
others, do not fully appreciate the danger. To all of these the facts must be
presented, so they seeing the danger, will from self-interest use
their endeavors to avert the danger by urging their own congressmen ana
senators to take up the figlit in congress in behalf of the live stock inter-
ests. The means of information is not generally open to any of those I
have mentioned, or is difficult to obtain, and so the facts and arguments
must be collated, and these associations are the only ones to prepare and
put it out. It costs something to do it, but self-preservation demands that
it be done, and the cost will be comparatively small.

Now, having pointed out the reasons urged by our opponents as
grounds for supporting these measures, let me point out briefly the an-
swers:

The claim that meats are too high to the consumer can not be remedied
by importation of meats free, without changing the system of supplying
the retail trade, as proven by the fact that when there is a reduction in the
wholesale prices, the retail market prices do not show that they fluctuate
with the wholesale price in the carcass. The amount of the tariff is one
and one-half cents per pound on fresh meat. At present there is no coun-
try from which fresh meats can be brought in quantities worth speaking of,
except Argentine, and there can be no doubt that meats laid down in New
York for sale would be sold very close to the prevailing price for domestic
beef wholesale for the same quality at the time, but enough under to get
the trade. No one would expect the packers to give up the whole of the
one and one-half cents taken off the tariff. Armour and Swift, and per-
haps other packers, are interested largely in the Argentine, and as they
have their storage houses and agencies in all eastern cities, they would
have an advantage over their competitors in the meat-packing and supply
business in the Argentine, so they would most likely supply the trade as
against those not having such facilities. Our other large packing houses,
Morris & Company, Schwarzchild & Sulzberger, and Cudahy, having their
establishments in New York and other eastern cities, and they would, in
their own protection, either acquire interests in the Argentine packeries,
build their own packeries, there, or buy on consignment the Argentine beef
shipped to New York by the Argentine packeries. No man of good common
sense would expect that a very material reduction at wholesale would be
made, under the wholesale price of American beef. Whatever it would be,
there is little reason to expect to find its reflex in the retail price. But if we
offer to the big packing interests free Argentine beef, where cattle of
good quality are so much cheaper than here ($30 and $40 for steers fattened
9

130 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

on alfalfa largely, -weighing 1,250 to 1,400 pounds), they would naturally go
th-ere for such supply as they could lay down most profitably in New York
and other eastern cities, and refuse to pay the cattle producer here a ma-
terially better price for the same quality. As the figures I submit show,
they go there for their English supply, except the corn-fed steers not
yet produced extensively in the Argentine.

That condition of supply and demand have forced up the price of cattle
in spite of the packers and other buyers this fall, can not be doubted, nor
can it be doubted that if they had access to Argentine beef, free of duty,
present prices would not long prevail. But that would not necessarily mean
that meats at wholesale would be much cheaper in New York, but it woula
niiean that it would change the source of supply until our cattle prices came
down to that level. This would be certain to happen. Free meats woula
certainly reduce the price of cattle below what it otherwise would be,
without probably cheapening beef at retail, materially, if at all.

Once the base of supply and stream of commerce is established from the
Argentine, we could not stop it, and gradually, possibly rapidly, their beef
would take the place of ours until our prices of cattle go down, so that it
would be as profitable to use our cattle. That price would curtail our pro-
duction when once it is regarded as permanent, and the shortage in beef
could not bring up the price materially as long as it could be supplied from
the Argentine, wliereas if they could not bring the beef here free, a short-
age will always tend to restore the price, in spite of the wish of the buy-
ers to keep it down. Brazil and other South American countries would in
short order seek our markets under free trade, and the production of cheap
cattle there would increase and our business of cattle production would be
practically ruined. This is saying nothing of Mexico, which is a very Im-
portant factor in the production of cheap cattle, and would be of grass beet
under free trade. Even if this in the end would reduce the wholesale price
of meats one and one-half cents per pound, the present methods of supply-
ing retail trade would in no sense warrant the supposition that the con-
sumer would get that reduction. That would be problematical and exper-
imental. But suppose it should reduce wholesale and retail beef one and
one-half cents, and that would be the limit, is it best to destroy beef
raising by forcing the sale of cattle at unprofitable prices in competition
with cheap labor and cheap land. No one has a right to require the pro-
ducer to work for nothing or at a sacrifice of fair returns for labor, skill
and capital. To do this would impoverish all stock raising, farming, mer-
cantile, banking and other industries of the west and southwest, and even
the replenishing of soil fertility by cattle raising and feeding.

So far as curbing the beef Jtrust is concerned, it is plain that their posi-
tion would enable them to take advantage of free meats without suffering
Loss that is not imposed of necessity on the producer. Many things must be
considered. We have no foreign fresh meat trade to speak of except to
England, and that trade has been taken by the Argentine. If they can do
that, they can take our own markets. I submit herewith the figures to
show our decline since 1916, and the increase in the Argentine trade in
England and foreign countries.

Now, the strictly farming communities are vitally interested because
permanently cheap cattle means cheap corn, hay, pasturage, cottonseed
and cheaper land.

Lessened production would follow permanent low priced cattle, so stoclt
yards, commission men, railroads, banks, merchants and all sorts of busi-
ness of the west would decline when the volume of cattle business is per-
manently reduced by reduced prices. The power to purchase manufactures
and consumption would decline all along the line.

Once the people are aroused to this certain disastrous result, there can
be little doubt that they will command the attention of their representa-
tives. The most important thing is to get the press to take it up.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 131

There is no partisan politics in it, becavise no political platform has ever
declared for free trade in these things. The amount of the tariff is only
about fifteen per cent, and that is very low, not objectionable as being too
high as a revenue tariff even. The principle of equal rights to all should
entitle stock raisers and farmers to a fair share of the benefits of the tariff
system, w^hether levied for revenue or for protection.

But the slogan should be, whereas in this case the stock raiser and
farmer produce enough for the supply of the country, we are entitled to
this small advantage to insure us the home market, and that it is a dis-
crimination to place us on a free trade basis with no benefits from the
tariff system, with most industries on the dutiable- list enjoying its bene-
fits, as it will certainly be under any system of either party.

Another thing is that the spirit of retrenchment in expenditures by the
government has led to the introduction in the house of a bill to make live
stock sold on the market bear the burden, so much per head, of govern-
ment inspection at packing houses, and that is going to lead to the addi-
tional expense of marketirg by adding w^hatever inspection costs, amount-
ing to about eight cents per head on cattle. This the seller will have to pay.
The inspection service is a health measure, and should be borne by the gov-
ernment as now and ever since the inspection law -was passed. The theory
that the packers would have to pay it and lose it is absurd.

Again, on revision of the tariff, hides should go back on the dvitiable
list. It is true hides have advanced in six months or less, but that reflects
on the world price. "We know that but for hides being on the free list we
could get at least fifteen per cent more than we do, because we produce
less than we use. Hides are now about as high as when they were placed'
on the free list, but are lower than they should be if we, like the leather
producer, had the benefit of the small tariff on hides. Shoes and leather
manufactures did not decline with the decline of hides last year.

There is only one way for the tariff producer, stock man and farmer to
get their share in whatever tariff system we have, and that is to system-
atically fight for it.

Another very serious situation is brewing, in my judgment, and one
that I believe from the standpoint of the people deserves careful consid-
eration, and that is the arbitrary actions of the newly created Commerce
Court towards the decisions and orders of the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission. It is noteworthy that the very short time this new tribunal has
been in existence, that it has enjoined the commission in a number of
cases from enforcing its orders. And in a number of instances it has re-
versed the decisions of the commission, thus making it impossible for the
shippers to secure any relief, and holding the commission up to a state of
ridicule. The facts are, the Commerce Court seems to consider its mission
to be the nullification of the commission's orders, and, unfortunately, this
court has persistently failed to see the shipper's side of the argument in
the cases that have been appealed to it.

In my annual address two years ago, at the time President Taft was
advocating and insisting on congress passing a bill that would create a
Commerce Court, I stated my objection to such a court, and gave my rea-
sons; and the attitude the court has taken towards the commissions'
orders has proven that my fears were well founded.

It will be remembered that for years this association fought for and
demanded that the Interstate Commerce Commission be given power to
make just and equitable rates, and after such rates were presented, that
the commission should have the power to enforce its orders. Then

132 IOWA DEPARTMENT QF AGRICULTURE

after we finally had the pleasure of seeing the necessary amendments
which we had contended for enacted into law, which really gave the com-
mission some teeth with which to do business, we see the law emasculated
by the creation of a Commerce Court which practically nullified the power
of the commission. The question of regulating the railroads through the
commission seemed entirely too radical for some, and especially the rail-
roads, so we see President Taft coming out and declaring for a Commerce
Court created for the purpose of reviewing the acts of the commission,
with full power to reverse the decisions of the commission or enjoin it by
law from enforcing its orders.

So you see we have the ridiculous spectacle of congress creating by law
the Interstate Commerce Commission, and giving it power to prescribe
rates for interstate carriers, with full power to enforce its orders after such
rates have been fixed, and then turning around and creating a Commerce
Court which should hold an ax over the commission and chop off every de-
cision that was not according to its liking. So, as the matter now stands,
we have the commission reduced to the same level it was years ago, when
it had no power to enforce its orders, and was merely a figurehead in regu-
lating rates. This is just what your Interstate Commerce Commission is
today, with the Commerce Court wielding the ax of disapproval on its de-
cisions, as it has been doing. It has always been my impression that this
law was suggested and passed at the instance of the railroads, to escape
government regulation and supervision.

Now, the remedy lies in repealing the act creating the Commerce Court,
and that should be done at this session of congress. By all means, send
these men home that constitute this court, and let them draw their salar-
ies from the railroads they are so anxious to protect, and not from the
people whom they are supposed to serve. The people are demanding gov-
ernment regulation of its interstate carriers. Then if congress deliberately
mutilates the only law that gives us that regulation, government owner-
ship must inevitably follow. As the situation now is, the shippers have
no assurance that when they win a case before the commission that they
will secure any relief, as the probabilities are that the Commerce Court will
set aside the decision. This, then, being true, I hope this association will
take some positive action favoring an early repeal of the Commerce Court.

Now, let us take a little resume of the work done in building up your
association during the past year, and some of the things it has accomp-
lished since its organization.

In my last annual address, I referred at length to the new plan of se-
curing five-year membership pledges to the association, adopted by your
board last year. This plan, as you will remember, contemplated the stock-
men giving five dollars annually and the grain farmers and renters the
regular dues. That the change from the old to the new system has been
the means of placing your association on a permanent basis goes without
saying, and bad it not been that this change was made, I do not believe
your association could have long survived. But under the pledge system,
if the work is continued, you can easily perpetuate your organization in-
definitely. After the winter's campaign closed and the roads settled, I
started out with my canvas among the farmers to secure five-year pledges;

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 133

and I am pleased to report that while I did not receive as many pledges
or collect as much money as I had expected to, yet, when everything is
considered, we have made a very good showing.

The extremely hot, dry weather prevailing over almost the entire state
was a serious handicap to my work. The farmers were depressed and dis-
couraged, and it took a much greater effort to secure pledges than the year
before. Yet in the face of these conditions, I succeeded in placing back in-
to the ranks of the association six county associations that had not made
a report for two years, besides canvassing several counties that were quite
active and very materially increasing the membership in those counties.
I also organized several locals during the year. So I feel that, considering
the unfavorable weather conditions that prevailed, we have made fairly
good progress.

One thing I wish to speak of that impressed me very much, and that
was very gratifying, and that was the way the members living in those
counties that had apparently lost their interest in the association, took
hold of the five-year pledge plan and were ready to pledge their respective
quotas for the next five years. This convinced me that the farmers do ap-
preciate the value of this organization, and are ready and willing to con-
tribute to its support. This fact should convince the most skeptical that
here is an organization that really enjoys the confidence and support of
the farmers and stockmen.

The question is frequently asked me by farmers in my work: "Is there
any necessity for such an organization, and would I be justified in making
a contribution for its support? Or does the necessity merely exist in the
minds of a few men who are just a set of agitators?"

The best answer to these questions is a careful review of the work ac-
complished by your association since it was organized.

And now, lest we forget and our memories become dull from the lapse
of time, let us just take a glance backward and see how many credit marks
you have received in the past eight years.

First, secured the return of the stockman's pass to the shipper.

Second, improved the running time and service of stock trains. '

Third, changed the mode and system of handling, selling and weighing
crippled hogs at the Chicago stock yards, so that the farmer now gets a
fair value for his crippled hogs, whereas, at the time your organization
was formed, you only received fifty per cent of their value.

Fourth, secured a reduction of eighteen per cent in the Iowa rates
on live stock, which made an average reduction on all shipments of
stockers and feeders from Omaha or Sioux City to points within the state
of about $4 per car, making a total saving of over $50,000 annually to the
Iowa farmers.

Fifth, secured a further reduction in the rate on feeding sheep of from
twenty-five to fifty per cent.

Sixth, secured a feeding in transit privilege on cattle and sheep from
the range territory into Iowa.

Seventh, fought a case before the Interstate Commerce Commission and
secured a regrouping of the Iowa-Chicago rates on cattle and sheep, and

134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

making sheep in double deck cars take the same rate as cattle. This re-
duction made of a saving of over $100,000 annually to our feeders.

Eighth, the officers of this association, in connection with the officers of
the Live Stock Shippers' Association, of Monmouth, 111., and a few com-
mission men, during the spring of 1910, secured a change in the water at
the Chicago stock yards, from the Bubbly creek, or sewage water, to the
use of the lake water. This change in the water reduced the shrink, ac-
cording to figures received, about twenty-five per cent, and made a saving
to farmers and stockmen of from $15 to $25 per car on their cattle. Figure
this out for yourself, and see what it means to individuals.

Ninth, represented the farmers and producers before the Interstate Com-
merce Commission to prevent a general advance in rates, that would have
cost the people of Iowa over two million dollars a year in advanced
freight charges, and we believe this case was won largely on the facts pro-
duced and submitted by this organization. This is without doubt the
most important case that has ever come before the commission, and had
it not been for the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, the farmers
and stockmen would not have been represented in the case.

Tenth, secured a decision and an order from the Iowa Railroad Com-
inission, preventing the railroads from increasing the minimum on live
stock cars used within the state, which order is now suspended, pending
the outcome of the rehearing of the case. This decision alone means over
$50,000' annually to the farmers and stockmen of Iowa.

Eleventh, took a leading and active part in defending your interests
against the proposed advance in rates on stockers and feeders before the.
Interstate Commerce Commission, which advance, if allowed to go into
effect without protest, would have cost the Iowa feeders one-half million
of dollars a year.

, Besides all this, your association has been a powerful influence in secur-
ing good, healthy, legislation, both in congress and in the Iowa legislature,
to benefit and protect the Iowa farmer and stockman, and to place him
where he rightfully belongs.

Now, with this list of benefits and accomplishments, which I have enum-
erated before you, and which have been placed directly to the credit of
the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Associatioi^ do you, brother farmer and
stockman, feel that this organization has justified its existence and that
you have value received for every dollar that you have contributed towards
its support? If you do not, I would like to ask you how large a per cent
In returns you expect on your investment.

Besides, I do not believe it is at all fair to measure the value of this
organization simply by what it has accomplished in actual results, as
no man would attempt to say what conditions would have been, and the
very many unjust rules and laws that would have been forced upon you
from different sources had your association not been a very potent factor
to reckon with. Who is there that does not believe that your organization
has been a great factor in checking and preventing railroads and other
corporations and organizations of wealth from forcing upon you a great
many unjust measures in the past eight yeai's. Its purpose is to safe-
guard your interests and give all a square deal.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 135

Now, if these statements are accepted as facts, and I believe they will
be quite generally, then there can be but one conclusion to arrive at so far
as the farmer and stockman are concerned, and that is that there is a de-
mand and necessity for such an organization. Then, if there is such ne-
cessity, the organization must be supported by somebody. Then the ques-
tion comes direct to the farmers and stockmen, who are being protected
by and receiving the benefits from the work of this association: Are you
each one, singly and collectively, willing to do your part and contribute
a small amount each year to maintain this worthy organization? I know
that each one of you wishes to do his part and would not think of slip-
ping through on the other fellow's liberality. But so many just neglect
to contribute, and in this way place the burden on a few. •

I remember I said to a member whom I approached during the summer
for a pledge: "Do you feel that you can give five dollars a year to this
association? "Well," he said: "I think I can, for it is the best investment
I ever made, and I have gotten larger returns on the money I put into
that association than anything else. Why," he said, continuing, "a man
doesn't have to get very much protection from this organization to get
five dollars a year out of it. The satisfaction of knowing that I have
someone looking after and protecting my interests is worth all it costs
to me."

This is certainly the right spirit and the correct view to take of this
association, and if our farmers generally would take this view, what a
formidable organization you v/ould have.

Did you ever stop to consider that the strength of your organization is
in its membership and not in its oflScers? That if you had ten thousand
members you would be ten times as strong as if you only had one thou-
sand, and that your influence for good would be ten times as great, and
that you could accomplish much easier the things you go after?

Now, I have gone into the work done by your association quite gener-
ally; not alone for the benefit of those present, but for those farmers who
do not attend these annual meetings, with the hope that we may succeed
in interesting them in this work and inducing them to join our ranks and
help make a good organization better. The Corn Belt Meat Producers'
Association has shown that it can get powerful results for the farmer and
stockman. Then, my friends, why not join in with it and make it the
organization it deserves to be? Throw your infiuence and support with
the men who have been fighting your battles for you, and they will ap-
preciate it and you will have the satisfaction of knowing that you are
doing your best to help the work along.

Now, just a word about Iowa, the greatest agricultural state in the
Union; the state that produces forty per cent of the live stock shipped to
the Chicago market; the state that has more fertile acres, with less waste
land, than any other; the state that has the most progressive lot of farm-
ers as a whole; the only state in the corn belt that has a corn belt associ-
ation that does things and protects the farmers and feeders of this splen-
did commonwealth.

We have a band of men headed by Professor Holden, working in our
agricultural college, working for a greater Iowa, and I have been wonder-

136 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ing why this organization can not join in boosting this great state. We
have the most representative farmers in this association. We have the
men in every locality where we are organized that really do things. Then,
why not join in with the force at the college with a will, and make things
go? Help in every possible way with the farmers' institutes and short
courses, and all other movements that tend to build up your state and
make it a more desirable place for farmers to live. Let us try to
keep the young men on the farm. If we do this, we will all be boosting
for a greater Iowa.

During the past year death has entered our official ranks and re-
moved from our circle our beloved brother and co-worker, Hamilton
Wilcox, of Griswold, Iowa, director from the Ninth Congressional Dis-
trict Mr. Wilcox was a man of sterling integrity and genial personality,
and the better you knew him, the more you loved and admired him. He
attended our first meeting, and took an active part in the formation of
your organization. He was elected director for the ninth district at
that time, and served continuously in that capacity until his death, Oc-
tober 21st. During the summer I spent a week with Mr. Wilcox, can-
vassing Cass county, and I learned to esteem him very highly, and I
feel that the Corn Belt Association has suffered a very great and irre-
parable loss in his death. And I would recommend that a suitable me-
morial in appreciation of Mr. Wilcox' valuable services to this associa-
tion be prepared by this convention and published in the coming annual
report.

Now, in conclusion, I wish to say that while we have not realized our
ambitions and seen the association built up as fast as we had hoped for,
yet we should not get discouraged, for we have made progress. The
building up of this association means a steady grind — every officer and
member doing his best to increase the membership and bring the or-
ganization up to a high standard of efficiency. Don't think your presi-
dent and secretary can do this, for it takes more than an official board
to make an efficient organization; and whatever you do, never allow
yourselves to lapse into the idea that the officers can run your associa-
tion. Whenever you do this, your organization is doomed. The farm-
ers and stockmen constitute this organization, and your duty and privi-
lege is to say who shall be your officers and how you association shall
be conducted. If you zealously maintain this vigilance over the creature
of your care and pride, you can have an organization that will be a
blessing to future generations. In other words, your organization in the
future will be just what you make it.

Under the new plan of securing membership pledges which you have
adopted, the president of your association, who is expected to do this
work, can not succeed without the hearty cooperation and support of
the local men in canvassing among your farmers, and you should not
expect him to go out as an agent selling insurance or patent medicine.
If you do, you will soon bring your association into disrepute, and gossip
will be circulating all kinds of stories about your officers. If you are not
willing to make the sacrifice to help make the canvas, your organization
will not grow very fast. So I hope that during the coming year that

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 137

your president, whoever he may be, will have your hearty co-operation
in this work.

It is not fair to your officers nor the association, for you to elect
officers and refuse or neglect to cooperate with and assist them in
building up and caring for your organization; and I wish to bespeak for
my successor your hearty cooperation and support.

I wish here to call attention to my expense account, and I regret that,
although I have been as economical as it seemed possible to be, I have
been unable to keep down my expnses. This is due entirely to the fact
that I was obliged to hire so much transportation while canvassing
among the farmers, and yet some of our local supporters freely donated
their time and the service of their autos and driving teams in making
the canvass for the association. To all such, and to others who so
unselfishly sacrificed their own interests to assist in the work on behalf
of this association, I wish to extend to you our hearty thanks.

Then, I do not believe that we should forget the daily and weekly
press, that has so generously published to the world the work accom-
plished by this organization. It is my judgement that we do not fully
appreciate the help that we secure from this source. So, in behalf of
your association, I wish to extend to all siich papers our hearty thanks,
and to say we shall always appreciate your support.

As president of this association, I feel that it would not be proper for
me to close without expressing my appreciation of the services of your
secretary and board of directors, and also the loyal band of helpers
scattered here and there over the state, who have labored so unself-
ishly to build up and advance the interests of your organization, and I
personally, and in the name of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Associa-
tion, desire to thank you one and all.

Now, as a parting admonition, I want to say: Never give up your
organization, nor lose interest in it; but work for it, support it, and in
every way possible boost it along. You have made great progress in
the past. There has never been a farmers' organization that accom-
plished such splendid results, and you should be proud of it. Now, if
you would make the coming year the banner year in the life of your
association, we should all join hands and work to this end. So, hoping
that every member will resolve in his heart to do this very thing, and
hoping that you may be abundantly blessed in your efforts, I leave the
work in your hands.

I thank you.

The following" paper was then read by Charles Eseher, Jr., of
Botna, Iowa :

138 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THE SELECTION, FEEDING AND FITTING OF A CARLOAD OF
SHOW STEERS.

CHAELES ESCHER, JR., BOTNA, IOWA.

This seems a fitting text upon which to hang a few remarks illus-
trative of this life work that I am engaged in, and to mention some of
the merits of the remarkable progress achieved by fitters of carloads
of fancy steers.

While I will endeavor to confine myself to the text assigned me, I
may of necessity, for illustration, wander from my subject during my
discourse. I but utter a truism when I say ours is a great nation. Al-
though the youngest of all the great nations of the earth, she has al-
ready achieved a degree of success and prosperity unexampled in the
history of the world. Already in vastness of domain, in rapidity of de-
velopment, in unrivaled resources, in inexhaustible wealth, and in fer-
tility of appliances and wonderful inventions, she stands at the head of
the nations of the world.

With an area more than ^iree times as large as Great Britian and
Ireland, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Denmark
and Greece, or all of the most civilized nations of the globe put together,
containing more than half of all the fresh waters of the globe, with a
population that has doubled itself every twenty-five years since 1865,
and with argicultural recourses capable of sustaining and enriching one
billion inhabitants, can anyone question the future greatness of our
country, or its vast influence for good or evil on the rest of the world?

It has been well said that "to the people who own and till the soil
belongs the nation." for the soil of a nation is the primary source of a
nation's wealth.

Agriculture is the greatest wheel of all American industries, and
stock-raising, in my estimation, is one of the main spokes of this great
agricultural wheel. Our country is a country where men have been
obliged to do great things, and nothing seems too great for achievement
in the minds of the American people.

The fitting of stock for shows and exhibition purposes was practiced
by our ancestors across the sea more than a century ago. Being imbued
with the idea that the shows and exhibits were great object lessons
for the stockman, and especially for the young beginner, our people
began to inaugrate numbers of them, and while we are a comparatively
young nation in this line of work, we can already point with pride to the
International show at Chicago as the greatest annual show of its char-
acter on the face of the globe. There it was that fancy cattle in carload
lots were first shown in considerable numbers, until at this recent Inter-
national, there were brought together for competition from all over the
United States, one hundred and eighteen cars of cattle.

Ours is a country of large ideas, and not content with the practice of
feeding and exhibiting single animals in class, there became a demand
for exhibiting in carload lots. The feeding of carloads of fancy steers

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 139

for show purposes has become a specialty, and the men who have been
successful in winning prizes in these classes are men who specialize
in this particular work.

And now as to the selection of a carload lot of steers: We can not
intelligently or understandingly consider this subject without first con-
sidering the type and conformation necessary for a good beef steer,
and then group such animals in suflBcient numbers to have a carload lot,
fifteen head being the required number. The general appearance of a
beef steer, if of correct type, should show a distinctly meat-producing
form. By this I mean he should be compact and uniformly broad of
back from crop to hooks. He should have sufficient depth of body, deep
in his quarters, and especially should the steer have a broad, deep, full
bosom, denoting strong lung power. Viewed from one side, his top and
bottom lines should run parallel. Bear in mind that unless you have
strong, level lines, you can never hope to have a ribbon winner. The
steer should have a short, neat neck, with clean cut throttle. Last, but
not least, the steer should have a good head.

By a good head, I mean one that has strong muzzle, with nostrils
somewhat prominent and large, which shows ample breathing capacity
to supply a pair of strong lungs. A short muzzle is preferred; never
select a steer that is great in length from his eyes to the tip of his nose.
Forehead should be wide, large ears, slightly rising upward, and covered
well with hair. A blemished ear detracts materially from the general
appearance of your show steer. With all these requisites, remember
that a mild, quite eye invariably means an easy feeder, while a nervous,
restless eye usually means an unsatisfactory steer and one irritable to
handle. Similarity of steers thus described will bring about the desired
uniformity of your carload lot, which is most essential nowadays if you
are in the winning. But to be successful in the production of high-class
show steers, I have found it very important to have the right kind of
breeding, and then follow up with the right kind of. feeding, and not
upon one alone, but upon both, will depend your success.

Good breeding along beef lines of ancestry is not essential for the
production of a high-class carcass of beef, as many a scrub bred steer
develops into a good carcass, but good breeding is most essential to
secure that high standard of perfect beef conformation which is neces-
sary to have in a load of finished steers if you hope to win. Thus, it re-
quires breed type to hold uniformly in the finished steer, and this uni-
formity of breed type is a strong expression of high quality.

Now, I think you will agree with me that good blood tells, but bear
in mind that a part of the breed must of necessity go in at the mouth,
or, in other words, the corn-crib cross is necessary. You may buy ani-
mals of the bluest strains of blood and the most perfect conformation
obtainable, and yet, if you fail to feed them properly you can not hope
to win. And now the question arises, how to feed a carload of steers.
You are aware that doctors differ, and judges disagree; and, likewise,
fitters of show cattle differ very widely in their methods of feeding and
the procedure of fitting and trimming. I prefer having the steer from
calfhood up, so I may acquaint myself with his individual needs and his

140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

temperament. Remember that all steers are not alike, and that a good
ration for one may not be sufficient for another. The calf should be
taught to eat grain as soon as old enough. A mixture of equal parts of
whole corn and oats, with a light sprinkling of oil meal, makes a splen-
did feed for the youngster. If in winter, feed alfalfa or clover hay with
the above mentioned grain ration. Presuming that these calves are to
be shown as yearlings, I will now deal with them at weaning time, which
should be about December 1st, or before, until the following December,
when they will land at the International at Chicago. I prefer feeding a
two-year-old for exhibition, as an expert feeder can produce that uni-
formity of ripeness and perfect finish which is almost an impossibility
in a load of yearlings.

My reason for selecting for rny illustration a load of yearlings is
that modern demand indicates a great change in markets, and ca-„tle
feeders and fitters must of necessity conform with modern require-
ments. We have made a thorough test, putting before the judges (men
of national reputation) two as good loads of fancy Angus beeves as our
money, judgment and brains could produce. The one was a load of
two-year-olds, weighing close up to 1,500 pounds each; the other was a
load of yearlings, equally as good, but smaller, weighing 1,200' pounds
each. And what was their verdict? The handy-weights received the
championship honors over the older brothers.

During the winter, avoid close stabling, open sheds to the south be
ing preferred. Keep well bedded, as comfortable winter quarters in-
sures contentment, and contentment is a prime factor necessary to in-
sure good gains. Avoid the use of stale grains or musty roughness, for
such feeds never stimulate an appetite. Change your ration and mix
your feeds so they are palatable. Remember that a ration becomes less
palatable if limited to few feeds. No matter how carefully a balanced
ration may be fed, it will not prove an economical one unless supplied
in sufficient quantity to meet the requirements of the animal.

There is a possibility of under-feeding an animal as well as over-
feeding, for best results. In the early period of your feeding, avoid
over-feeding of carbohydrates, but rather, feed stronger with protein
feeds, as this will tend to marble your carcass, and the steer when fin-
ished will be void of that patchiness which the butcher has learned to
despise.

Over-feeding will, without fail produce roughness, and the steer will
arrive at the stage of full bloom long before the feeding period is com-
pleted. The products of the farm are about all that is necessary to
make up the bulk of your feeds. Oats is a splendid feed, but if too
high in price, feed three parts of corn to one part of bran, with a fair
allowance of oil meal. If feeding oats, corn and bran, feed two parts
corn to one part oats and one part bi'an, by measure and not by weight.
Change your feeds from time to time, feeding cottonseed meal, oil meal
or some molasses feed to stimulate an appetite.

Do not deprive your steers of exercise for best results, as health
and vigor are promoted where animals are allowed to move about. Dur-
the winter seasons, they should have ample yardage to move about.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 141

and especially does this apply to young animals. When spring comes,
I give them the run of a good grass field, blue grass being preferred.
Greater gains come from summer feeding on grass than from winter
feeding, as grass seems to take the place of grain to a certain, extent,
and grass, you know, is nature's feed for cattle. Some feeders prefer
to not turn their cattle on grass until the grass has made a good growth
I think this is a mistake. I believe in turning out the steer in the early
spring, when Doctor Green is just beginning to make his appearance,
and thus gradually accustom them to the change. Too sudden a change
often works disaster and the steer is caused to scour. From June on,
if the pastures contain clover, a grain diet consisting entirely of cam
may be fed, as clover supplies the protein necessary for an almost bal-
anced ration. If the pasture is mostly blue grass, supply protein in the
form of oil meal or cottonseed meal; the latter being preferred from
grass time on.

In the early fall, supplement with part new corn, and this may be
done with excellent results if fed carefully. (I now have reference to
corn in the roasting ear stage.) The attendant should remember that
quiet and contentment are always conducive to the best results, and a
curry comb, if properly handled is all the club necessary in the feed
yard. Variety is the spice of life, and to obtain best results it should
be furnished when feeding cattle for show or market. Change your
feeds from time to time, bearing in mind, as the period of feeding draws
to a close, to substitute feeds that are strong in carbohydrates and less
nutritous in proteins, so that your steers arrive at that finished stage
when market time arrives. The feeding of too much roughage tends
to not only lessen your gain, but it tends to do injury to that conforma-
tion that is desirable in a show steer. A paunchy steer does not appeal
to the killer, and a steer of this type in your load detracts from the
merit of the load. Avoid over-ripeness, as patchiness does not appeal to
the butcher buyer. Bear in mind that smoothness spells quality in big
letters.

Some of the many requirements necessory if you hope to win:

You will know that your cattle are broad enough when they have
made a double path leading from the barnyard out to the pasture field.
If weather conditions have been normal, there will be a narrow strip
of grass growing in this double path. After a rainstorm, it will be
found necessary to move the steers about so the water will drain off
their backs.

In preparing their show coats, it will require much elbow grease,
and when you have them shining so that you can see yourself as others
see you, then you can begin to draw your own conclusions as to where
you will land on show day.

As I have stated before, variety is the spice of life, and to be suc-
cessful in your fitting operations, your steers must have a menu elastic
enough to embrace everything in the cattle-feeding world from soup to
nuts.

You will agree with me that there are numerous requirements nec-
essary to select, fit and feed a load of show steers, but a summary of

142 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the text which I have tried to discuss narrows down to three important
factors: Selection, feeding and fitting. If the work has been well per-
formed, the selection must of necessity be a uniformity of breed type
and conformation. The feeding process, if carried out properly, has
produced a finished product in a ripened steer. The fitting and trim-
ming, if successfully done, has brought about a uniformity of condition
which, when attained, must of necessity have quality and merit.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

President Sykes presiding.

Hon. Eugene Davenport, dean of the Illinois College of Agri-
culture, addressed the convention on the subject, "The Redirec-
tion of the Stockman's Point of View."

THE REDIRECTION OF THE STOCKMAN'S POINT OF VIEW.

HON. EUGENE DAVENPORT, URBANA, ILL.

We are living in a transitional period in the evolution of live stock
husbandry in this country. The time has passed when a man on his cay-
use can produce cattle by the hundreds by simple process of herding
on the public domain, and walk them into market, feeding and fattening
as they go. This period is behind us, but we have not yet developed
those forms of animal husbandry that will ultimately go with a finished
American agriculture. It is but natural that many difficulties and not
a few losses should be encountered in making an adjustment that is so
radical and that has come upon us so suddenly and with so little warn-
ing— an adjustment, moreover, that calls for some radical changes in our
point of view as well as in our habits and methods of carrying on the
business. It is to some of these readjustments that I would call your
attention today.

I find a fairly widespread feeling that the live stock business, par-
ticularly the cattle side of it, is at best nearing its end, and that people
who from habit persist in feeding for the beef market are staying with
a practice long after it has ceased to be profitable. These people have
been impressed with the fact that our population has on the average
doubled every twenty-five years since this country was discovered, and
that at anything like the present rate of increase we shall shortly need
all the land on which to grow crops for human consumption; in other
words, that American lands will soon become too valuable for the sup-
port of live stock.

Now this is a hasty conclusion, and one which ought to be analyzed.
In my opinion, live stock husbandry is a permanent feature of American
agriculture for a variety of reasons, chiefly the following:

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 143

First of all, the greatest American crops are corn, alfalfa, cotton aBd
wheat. Three of these are food crops, but only the last can be consumed
to any great extent by human beings. Both corn and alfalfa hold indis-
pensable places in the rotation, because they are heavy yielders, and
for the additional reason that corn is an exceedingly good cleaning
crop and alfalfa a source of nitrogen, but both are animal foods. Other
crops, to be sure, may be equally useful with corn for cleaning pur-
poses, but they are not suitable for human consumption, and all the
nitrogen producing crops that work well on land in large areas are dis-
tinctively fodder crops. ■'

These considerations, together with their special adaptability ' to
our soil and climate, will retain both corn and alfalfa as permanent
elements in American agriculture, and because that is true, if for no
other reason, the live stock industry is to be regarded as permanent.

A second reason why live stock will remain as a permanent feature
of American agriculture is the Anglo-Saxon's love for animals. Sta-
tistics of western Europe show that with the increase of population
the percentage of animals does not decline, but remains practically
constant, as per the following table, for which I am indebted to i'ro-
fessor Mumford.

LIVE bTOCK AND POPULATION.

Country.

oJ

mil

tock
mil

0

M QJ

.2§

O 'S

.S; ^

^g

•^ cs^

01

5 ^

05 :-,

p. a>

"t; <w

-? ft

o a

Oh

c-i

Belgium 643.4 279.8 1907— .24

Britain 345.8 404 1908—25

Germany 290.4 262 1910— .25

Germany 1907— .33

United States 25.6 67.8 . 1867— .51

United States 1910— .77

This inherent love for animals and for their production is evidently
a racial characteristic with our people and it constitutes a second rea-
son why animal industry is likely to prove a permanent feature of our
agriculture.

A third reason for the permanence of this industry lies in the scale
of civilization which we shall undoubtedly adopt and maintain. If the
American ideal were to produce large families for the sake of the lahor
of the children, regarding every member of the family as an asset for
earning a living, our population would rapidly approach the point where
the land would be no longer able to support it, because people multiply
by geometrical progression indefinitely, and the land has a very low

144 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

limit t© its increaserl production. This has been substantially the his-
tory of China — a country which has given up its animals and in which
the one problem is that of securing enough from the land to feed the
people. Under conditions such as these, there is no margin of safety,
and when the lean years come, famine is inevitable.

The American standard of living, however, is on a higher scale. We
have a system of universal education, for example, which demands the
children for the first fourteen to twenty years of their lives. Under
such circumstances our young people are a liability and not an asset.
The women of our race are considered as mothers and home-keepers,
and not as laborers. We expect to surround our families not only with
the absolute necessities of life, but witli many of its luxuries, among
v/hich we have, up to date, counted the service of domesticated animals.
And as long as we consider the on-coming generation of children is to
be cared for and educated and developed for its own responsibilities, in-
stead of regarding it as a means of supporting us in our generation,
just so long will quality be uppermost in mind instead of quantity. What-
ever individuals here and there may do, the common sense of the masses
of men and women will limit the production to such numbers as can be
comfortably cared for, properly fed and housed, and adequately edu-
cated, because one of the fundamental requirements according to our
racial proclivities, Is animal food and animal service.

Moreover, a race which so surrounds itself with animal life is not
only well served from year to year, but its protection against famine
is absolute. If approximately half the acreage of crops is consumed
by animal, there is never danger to human life wlien the lean years
oome. All that is necessary is to eat a few more animals, whose re-
moval marvelously reduces the consumption of crops.

If we had only a system of private education supported by the wealthy
people for their own sake, the unthinking masses might force upon the
country as a whole the present conditions of China; but with a system
of universal application, which demands that all the children of all the
people shall be prepared for their own generation and not used for the
maintenance of this, such conditions, as I regard it, are impossible,
and here lies the ultimate guaranty as to the permanency of the live
stock industry.

Under pioneer conditions the live stock business was enormously
profitable, and even somewhat recently the desire has been to buy up
two or three carloads of range steers and make "a hatful of money" in
ninety days. The breeding business, too, has not been destitute of the
speculative feature. There has been much traffic in pedigrees, which
is not far from mild gambling. The sales ring has witnessed prices
that certainly are without reason in any kind of business sanity — prices
that can not be genuine and which discourage the mass of farmers from
buying bred stock, especially cattle, as freely as they ought.

It is high time that we sloughed off the whole speculative idea re-
garding live stock husbandry, and settled down as rapidly as possible
upon a solid business basis in which the profits are not expected to be
phenomenal, but moderate and stable. I have read much about money

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 145

lost in feeding cattle in recent years. The loss has been calculated not
upon the absolute basis, but upon the fact that frequently the corn would
have brought more if sold on the open market than it brought when fed
to cattle. How recent prices of corn have been maintained is a mystery
to the writer, but one thing is sure — the moment corn ceases to be fed
to any great extent to animals, that moment will the bottom drop out
of the price; and if people generally should go out of the cattle busi-
ness somewhat suddenly, we should find the collapse not only in the
corn market, but in financial circles as well.

There is no doubt of the fact that if a farmer can market his corn and
his alfalfa on the hoof year in and year out at anything like the prices
that prevail in the open market, he and his farm will be better ofi; for it,
and I hope for the time when we shall assume that animal production on
the farm is a legitimate part of the business to be engaged in, from the
same principle as we practice the rotation of crops. In general, I sup-
pose the lands best suited for grain production will be used for that pur-
pose, and the rougher lands will constitute the ranges for our live stock;
but, after all, the cattle that are raised and the crops that are to feed
them should not be produced too far apart. Like coal and iron, the
profits are better when the two commodities are produced in close proxim-
ity, and the nicest problem of American agriculture today, as I regard it,
is the working out of methods by which high-class live stock, especially
cattle, may be produced on an economic basis in our corn-growing dis-
tricts. In settling this question, all matters of speculation will have to
be eliminated.

Considering the length of time since the best European breeds were in- ■
troduced into this country, it is marvelous how many scrubs we have
contrived to produce on American farms. Why w-e do it is a mystery,
but we do it. In some way or other the attitude of the American farmer
toward his cattle is wrong. He has much more respect for his hogs and
his sheep, and horses stand high in his regard. All of them are of much
better quality than his cattle, and command higher prices in the farmer
market. Two or three weeks ago I saw two colts, dropped in May, sold
after lively bidding at a hundred dollars each in an ordinary, typical
crowd of Michigan farmers. The colts were ordinary stuff, which ought
to develop into good work horses on the farm, nothing more. At the
same sale was a Short-horn bull calf, dropped about the same time, grand-
son of a $6,000 Scotch bull, and from a registered cow. The calf went
slowly at twenty dollars.

Until this discrepancy in values as they rest in the mind of the Ameri-
can farmer can be done away with and something like a reasonable ap-
preciation of the w^orth of well-bred cattle established, we shall never have
the proper quality of stuff on American farms. We need a campaign on
the value of well-bred bulls — a campaign that shall continue until the
price of a well-bred bull is at least as high as a common farm work horse.

I have generally noticed that when a man begins to build expensive
barns with heavy basements, his profits in the cattle begin to run down,
and presently his herd begins to disappear. All these animals are outdoor
10

146 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

animals; they don't need steam heat, but they do need ventilation. We
must get over the notion that our domesticated animals, and especially
our cattle, should be kept in close quarters. You in Iowa are not as great
sinners as we in Illinois, and we not as great as they are farther east;
but we all of us look forward instinctively to the time when we can build
a big barn, paint it red, have a stone basement, and bottle up our cattle.

Throughout the country the notion exists that an old bull is dangerous
and must be gotten rid of. The result is that they are sent to the sham-
bles just at the time when selection could be made between those that are
valuable and those that are worthless. The great mass of young stuff in
the country is gotten by yearling and two-year-old sires. I do not know
whether this immature age on the part of the sire is of disadvantage to
to the offspring, but, altogether independent of that, it means that the
sires are an unselected lot. There is no accurate basis for judgment as to
whether a bull is a good one or not until some of his get have reached
a fair degree of maturity, and by that time he is at least four or five
years old. This is the age at which the best breeders should be used more
freely, and yet it is an age at which most of them are consigned to the
block.

Under ordinary farm conditions in this country, the bugaboo of in-
breeding, more than any other one thing, stands in the way of the use
of mature if not of aged bulls. If this could be removed it would be worth
millions to American agriculture. I wish we might have a Divine com-
mand touching the point, but in its absence I suppose we shall have to
settle down to a campaign of education.

Stockmen the country over, and especially breeders of cattle, have no
adequate market for their breeding stock. For the small producer the
cost of selling is very close to all other expenses of production, and this
in itself is a tremendous discouragement to the breeding of better live
stock, especially cattle. What is certainly needed is some scheme of co-
operative selling whereby the individual producer can reach the cattle
consumer by methods more direct and cheaper than those yet at his dis-
posal. Farmers organized a generation ago for cooperative buying, but in
this generation cooperative selling is of infinitely larger importance both
with respect to immediate production and the establishment of a perma-
nent and finished agriculture.

The American breeder has been intensely individualistic, almost secret
in his methods and ideas. This is narrow and unprofitable. There arc
no secrets in breeding. Indeed, successful stock production depends upon
the widest publicity and the most accurate and far-reaching knowledge of
facts about pedigrees and individual excellencies. We know enough of
heredity these days to know that the practical breeding value of sires
and dams can be established along the lines of inheritance and individual
performance quite independent of that subtle genius of the breeder that
has been so much exploited. There is a perfectly adequate basis for co-
operative marketing, and John Sherman's method of resumption can be
applied directly to this problem.

Co-operative breeding, which is bound to come, is more difficult than
co-operative selling, but the tremendous cost of the highest class of breed-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 147

ing stock, especially the cattle kind, and the extreme value of phe-
nomenal individuals make it altogether desirable that when a fortunate
blood combination is discovered in the breeding world, the utmost pos-
sible use shall be made of it. As long as breeding remains strictly an
individual enterprise, there are few indeed who are financially able to
own animals enough to do really constructive work. Moreover, individ-
ual herds are not of sufficient permanence for the greatest public good,
few, indeed, remaining together but a short period of time.

When we regard the whole history of any breed, and consider the ex-
ceedingly few men who have contributed at all to its permanent excel-
lence, we can not help feeling that most of the good which has arisen
during the time has been lost either by remaining entirely undiscovered
or else by being in the hands of men unable to realize its excellence.
As Hambletonian 10th came near ending his life in obscurity and leaving
nothing behind him, so have many potentially great sires missed by a
narrow margin their contribution to the world. The only protection
against these losses is larger herds of a more stable character, or if not
single herds, then individual herds held together by some kind of a oo-
operative bond.

These are some of the subjects which require a good deal of study
from the stockmen just now, many of whom need a readjustment of vision
because of the new conditions that are upon us. The live stock interests
are here permanently with us American farmers. Of that we may rest
well assured. Our real problem is to so reconstruct methods of procedure
as to square with new conditions and make the business economically
profitable, not in a speculative way, but in the same way that any other
established business goes foreward; namely, on a reasonable but an assured
margin of profit.

Professor R. K. Bliss, of the Iowa Agricultural College, spoke
on "The Cattle Feeding Situation in Iowa," illustrating his re-
marks with charts.

PRESENT CATTLE FEEDING SITUATION IN IOWA.

PROF. R. K. BLISS, AMES, IOWA.

In discussing the present cattle-feeding situation in Iowa, I wish to
first call your attention to the enormous increase in the value of land dur-
ing the past forty years, and especially during the past fourteen years.
In 1870, land in Iowa was worth, on the average, $20 per acre; in 1880,
$23; in 1890, $28; in 1900, $43, and in 1910, $96. From 1870 to 1890 land
increased only $8 per acre; from 1890 to 1900 land rose from $28 to $43
per acre, or an increase of over 54 per cent. The greater part of this in-
crease was made after 1896, fifteen years ago, or immediately after the
period of hard times. From 1900 to 1910, the price of land in Iowa has
jumped 123 per cent, or to $96 per acre, and the end is not yet.

This remarkable advance in the price of land has greatly increased the
cost of producing beef. One acre of land costs as much today as three and
one-half acres did twenty years ago. Thorough drainage and better hand-
ling of farm lands has probably increased the production somewhat over

148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

twenty years ago, but the increase in production is in no way comparable
with the increase in the A^alue of land. It is safe to say that the actual cost
of producing a pound of beef on pasture, figured on a fair interest rate on
land values, is two or three times what it was a generation ago.

The increase in the cost of feed is another factor which the cattle
feeder who relies on buying his corn and hay must give serious a,ttention.
With shelled corn costing in the neighborhood of one cent per pound, and
clover hay two-thirds of a cent a pound, it takes careful management to
make ends meet. By-products from our mills have gone skyward in price,
and even straw for bedding purposes sells for almost as much as hay did
a few years ago. The present price of hay and straw is largely due to
short crops the past two years. But we must admit that hay and straw
are acquiring the habit of being high in price. Cheap com and cheap
hay outside of a time of panic or industrial depression are largely a thing
of the past.

Add to the above the increased cost of labor, and you have a combina-
tion of difficulties that have caused many an experienced cattle feeder to
seriously consider getting out of business. That many have so decided is
apparent. That many young men are deterred from entering the business
for the same reasons is also apparent.

Beef production in Iowa is going through a transitional stage, due pri-
marily to the increase in the price of land and labor. Illinois has had a
similar experience, and a great many of the Illinois farmers decided the
(luestion by going out of the stock business. Iowa will almost certainly
follow in the same course. There is a strong temptation to cash in fifty
cent corn at the elevator rather than take chances on converting it into
beef. The old saying that a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
appeals very strongly to the average cattle feeder, especially when there
is so much uncertainty as to the price he will receive for his product at
selling time.

In addition to the above, many farmers are renting their land and mov-
ing to town. The renter prefers grain farming to stock farming. Such are
conditions as I have found them. I trust that you will not infer that I am
pessimistic concerning the cattl6 feeding situation. On the other hand, it
seems to me that the future of beef production in Iowa is particularly
bright for those who make a careful study of the business. The fact that
many are dropping out makes it all the better for those who remain in.
During the past ten years our population has increased twenty-one per
cent, while our beef-producing animals have dropped nearly seven per
cent. This decrease is further emphasized when we consider that cattle
are marketed at a younger age and consequently at a lighter weight than
ten years ago. Dairy cattle and hogs have increased to some extent, which
offsets in a measure the decrease in beef cattle. However, figuring any
way we like, we find our population rapidly increasing and meat-produc-
ing animals increasing very little, if not actually decreasing. The Ameri-
can people will have to reduce their meat diet considerably, and they will
also be obliged to pay higher prices for it. The era of cheap meat is past.

So long as the American people continue to eat beef, Iowa will be the
center of the most extensive beef-producing section in the United States,

TWELFTH ANNUAL. YEAR BOOK— PART IV 149

because we have the raw material from whence the finished product will be
made. We have feed in abundance that is good for little except to convert
into beef, mutton or milk. Enormous quantities of feed goes to waste in
Iowa every year, that will some day be turned to good account in produc-
ing beef. The problem of properly utilizing this cheap feed will have more
to do with reducing the cost of producing beef than any other one thing.

Iowa has two main sources of feeding stock, first, to keep cows and
raise calves, and second, to import from the range. Keen observers of live
stock conditions are of the opinion that we must ultimately rely for the
most part on home-grown stock for our feeders. For the past few years
feeding steers have sold at almost prohibitive prices. Competition is ex-
tremely keen. The novice in feed lot operations has little business buy-
ing feeding cattle in the open market. Only the skillful buyer and seller
has been able to make it profitable.

I think it is quite generally agreed that we must look more and more
to the Iowa cow for our source of feeders. Such being the case, It is
well to consider what type of animal this Iowa cow will be, and what
sort of calves will she produce? Will she be special purpose, dual pur-
pose, or no purpose? And here again will arise that old-time question
of whether or not a man can keep the cow for the calf she will produce.
Right along this line I wish- to call your attention to statistics which I
have gathered from 620 farms. I have also discussed this question with
thousands of our best farmers in connection with our local short courses
and their verbal replies have entirely corroborated the following figures:

Average number of cows bred per farm 13i/i

Average number of calves raised per farm lOVi:

Average number of calves lost per farm 1*4

Per cent of cows actually raising calves 77

You will note that the average farmer keeps four cows for every three
calves that he raises. Will the average Iowa farmer be obliged to milk
his cows in order to make a profit?

Yes 66 per cent

Not if cows are pure bred 1-1 per cent

No 9 per cent

No reply 11 per cent

It is evident that the Iowa farmer does not believe that he can keep
the cow for the increase of the calf alone. As our land gi-ows higher in
price this belief will grow stronger rather than weaker.

The investigations which I have made along the above lines lead me to
the following conclusions concerning the future source of feeding steers
in Iowa: There will be the fai'mer on the small farm, who has plenty or
labor, and who, wishing to make his land produce as much as possible, will
keep special purpose dairy cows. Then there will be the farmers on large
farms who have many acres of land to look after who will keep special
purpose beef cows. We may call dairying intensive farming and beef pro-
duction extensive farming. Of course these two extremes will not be gov-
erned entirely by the size of the farm, and we will find dairymen on large

150 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

farms and beef producers on small farms. But on the whole, owing to the
labor problem, which makes dairying on large farms difficult, the above di-
vision will be in general correct. In between these two extremes we will
find a large class of general farmers who will raise live stock primarily
for the purpose of converting their rough feed and unsalable feed into
profitable beef, mutton and milk. They will have no special purpose in
raising cattle other than that of making profitable returns out of that
which would otherwise go to waste. I do not wish to infer that these farm-
ers, who do not raise special purpose cattle are by any means an inferior
class of farmers; they are prosperous and keep their places in good condi-
tion; but I do say that they will have no special purpose in raising cattle
other than that of making profitable returns out of rough and unsalable
feed that would otherwise go to waste.

It is from this general class of farmers that we will draw the great ma-
jority of our feeding steers. These farmers will keep cows that
pay their way, or at least a part of the way, at the pail. These cows can
scarcely be of the extreme dumpling type, but will be of large capacity,
broad across the hooks, and deep bodied, in order that they may make
use of the roughage and waste of the farms, to the best possible advan-
tage.

These views may not agree with yours. If so, kindly remember that
I am not presenting an ideal system. I have merely stated what observa-
tion leads me to believe are the facts. I am greatly interested in the won-
derful progress dairying is making in this state, and have given a great
deal of time and attention to it during the past few years. I am also
greatly interested in the strictly beef cow, but the indications are that
the majority of our future feeding steers will be produced by the farmers
who keep from five to fifteen cows, and who will expect these cows to give
a good account of themselves at the pail.

The question of fattening cattle on concentrated feed has been so ably
discussed at your annual meetings on so many occasions that I do not
care to discuss it here, l believe, nowever, tnai, we nave neglectea a mosc
important phase of this problem of producing beef, espeiially as regards the
man who raises the calves and grows them until they are ready for the
feed lot. And since most of us are agreed that the responsibility of pro-
ducing feeding steers will for the most part fall upon the average farm-
er, it is to him especially that I wish to speak.

The high price of corn and other concentrates clearly indicates that the
successful beef producer of the future must make a larger utilization of
cheap feeds. The man who wins will be the one who studies how he can
increase the yield of his acres and also how he can utilize what the farm
produces in the best possible manner. Hide-bound pastures, corn stalks,
bleaching in the field, straw and hay piled up instead of stacked, and man-
ure leached and wasted, all bear silent testimony to important points
overlooked in producing cheap beef.

Iowa is known far and wide as a corn-producing state, but just the same
we have more acres of pasture than we have of corn. Very little attention
has been given to the improvement of pastures, and yet the improve-
ment of pastures will have a greater immediate effect upon reducing the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 151

cost of producing beef than any other one thing. Under present conditions,
the pasture is the last place to receive attention. It scarcely ever receives
a coating of manure, it Is usually overstocked, and is almost always pas-
tured too early in the spring and too late in the fall. The result is that
the grass becomes weakened or hide-bound, and of course falls an easy prpy
to weeds.

The remedy is to allow some grass to grow in the fall to afford winter
protection, to keep the cattle off in the spring until the sod is well formed,
to disk or drill in a mixture of red clover, alsike clover and perhaps a lit-
tle alfalfa and timothy Avhen the sod needs thickening, and to give a thin
coating of manure every few years. By following the above method, our
pastures can be made to produce much more than they do at present, and
the cost of beef produced would be correspondingly.

It is a dertiment both to cattle and pasture to allow cattle to tramp
over pastures in early spring. Under average farm conditions the months
of March, April and May are the hardest months of the year to keep stock
cattle thriving. At this time the dry feed is distasteful and the cattle
consume it under protest. They are continually on the lookout for green
feed, and are usually turned on grass as soon as they can get a nibble.
As a result, the grass is eaten close, the roots fail to develop, and when
the hot spell comes on there is little protection, and the pasture becomes
weedy and hide-bound. The best way to tide over this period is to feed
silage, and the average producer of beef cattle will derive more benefit
from silage during March, April and May than any other season of the
year. He should always keep enough silage on hand to have an abundant
supply at this time. By so doing he can keep his cattle off of the pasture
unitl the watery stage of the grass is past, and then can turn his cattle
on grass without scouring or shrinkage.

The past two years have forcibly called our attention to another period
when the pasture needs help, and that is during the latter part of July
and August, or during the dry, hot period of summer. Cheap beef pro-
duction demands that some provision be made for this period. The sum-
mer silo, or some forage crop such as sweet corn, fed at this time will
keep cattle thriving and at the same time give the pasture a lift over a
hard place.

Beef production in Iowa demands that greater care and attention be
given to home-grown protein in the form of red clover, alsike clover and
alfalfa. "We ought to get two good crops of red clover instead of one, and
could ordinarily if the red clover was cut at the right time, or when
about one-third of the blossoms are beginning to turn brown. If cut at
this time, the new growth springs up fresh and vigorous, and a second
crop is generally assured. Alsike clover should be sown in low, wet
places in both pastures and meadows. It will grow in places too wet for
either alfalfa or red clover. Alfalfa should be grown wherever possible.
In this connection, it is gratifying to note that alfalfa is more extensively
grown and more successfully grown every year. The farmer in the corn
belt who can grow alfalfa successfully will have little trouble in produc-
ing beef profitably.

U-2 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The silo will certainly become an important factor in cheap beef pro-
duction. As already stated, some sort of green feed is almost indispens-
able during the spring months. Silage fills this need in the cheapest and
most efficient manner. Silage, however, is proving itself to be an excellent
feed all through the winter months, both for stock cattle and for fatten-
ing cattle.

The waste of corn fodder in Iowa is enormous. Thousands of farmers
refuse to cut corn fodder in the fall, and are forced to buy hay in the
spring. Corn fodder, properly combined with other feeds, is almost as
valuable as timothy hay in producing beef. A ration of clover or alfalfa
hay, silage and corn fodder will keep beef cattle thriving at a minimum
of expense.

As the manufacturer of today makes his profit out of what was wasted
a few years ago, so the beef producer of today must figure on making pro-
fit on what has hitherto been wasted. He must study the problem of in-
creased production, of properly combining feeds, of saving the wastes, and
of properly caring for the manure. Take the question of straw, for in-
stance. Much of the straw in Iowa is not even decently stacked, and much
of the straw that is stacked is spoiled by snow and rain during the winter.
It will pay any stock producer to build a cover for his straw stacks in
order that he may save his straw and have sufficient bedding to keep his
stock comfortable and retain the liquid manure.

And now I come to an important factor in beef production, and one
which will become more important in the future than it has in the past,
and that is the saving of the manure. Few of us appreciate the value of
manure. The beef producer of today can not afford to lose any of this im-
portant by-product of the feed lot.

The value of barnyard manure is strikingly shown in Circular 54, is-
sued by Director Thorne, of the Ohio Experiment Station. This experi-
ment covered a period of nine years, corn, wheat and clover being grown
in a three-year rotation. The manure was applied to the corn crop at the
rate of eight tons per acre, wheat and clover following without further
manuring. Figuring corn at 40 cents a bushel and stover at $3 per ton,
the average yearly increase in the corn crop amounted to $7. Figuring
wheat at 80 cents per bushel and straw at $2 per ton, the average yearly
increase in wheat amounted to $7.58. Figuring clover at $8 per ton, the
average yearly increase amounted to $2.74. Adding these together, we find
that eight tons of barnyard manure increased the crops grown in the land
$17.32, or $2.17 per ton of manure. Manure kept under cover produced
the same time $23.61 for eight tons, or $2.95 per ton. The value of manure
as a by-product of the stock-producing business is becoming increasingly
important.

To sum up the discussion on growing beef-producing animals:

1. Increase the producing power of the pasture.

2. Grow the necessary portion in the shape of clover and alfalfa.

3. Utilize what is now wasted by putting up silage, cutting corn fodder
and taking care of straw.

4. Take care of the manure.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 153

I do wish to say something concerning the length of the feeding period
Unless a man has good to choice feeders, it will not pay him to make a
a long feed. The so-called "corn-crib cross" will not make a prime carcass
out of a plain steer. The feeder who tries to make plain bred cattle good
by a long feeding period gets poorer instead of richer. With the average
grade of cattle and with the average feeder, a 90 to 130-day feed, and often-
times even shorter than this, is best. It is often profitable to sort out the
tops and feed them for a longer period, but it is not a good practice to sell
the good cattle and feed the scrubs longer in the vain hope of making them
good. With the exception of those who feed good to choice steers, the
feeders throughout the state who have stuck consistently by the short to
medium period of feeding have made the most money. One of the most
common mistakes made by beginners is to try to make inferior cattle good
by a long feed.

The time to market is a question which every feeder must decide for
himself, and which depends, as already stated, largely upon the grade of
stock he is feeding. Holding for higher markets does not pay in the long
run. The grain grower can dictate very largely what he will receive
for the product of his labors. If the price is not forthcoming, he stores his
grain in the elevator and waits. Not so with the stock producer. When
his stock are fat, he must sell or feed at a loss, and he must sell at the
other fellow's price. A few extra cattle on the Chicago market puts values
on the toboggan. The juggling of the live stock market up and down,
back and forth, from 10 to 50 cents and more a hundred, has discouraged
many beef producers. When the most astute, experienced feeder has such
great difficulty in foretelling market conditions, it is a hazardous under-
taking, indeed, for the beginner.

It is easy to diagnose the case, but difficult to present a remedy. Co-
operative packing plants will probably help solve the riddle in time. We
should at least have packing plants closer to home. Iowa, the great stock
producing state in the Union, ships most of her stock to other states to be
butchered, and by so doing she not only pays toll to the railroads, but
also robs herself of an important industry. If the meat-producing animals
that are raised in Iowa could be slaughtered here, it would provide labor
for thousands of families, build up home industries, increase the price of
land, lower the cost of the finished product to the consumer, and make a
market for our surplus produce. Some day this present period will be
cited as an example of needless extravagance, when farmers shipped their
live stock 200 to 400 miles to have it butchered, incurring thereby added
expenses due to shipping and to shrinkage. Not only are our fattened
stock shipped out of the state, but a large number of our feeders are ship-
ped back into the state over the same route. Thousands of feeding cattle
are picked up on the farms of Iowa, given a round-trip ticket to Chicago,
with feed bills and commission added, and then fed out to some Iowa farm.
Feeding cattle go through this state to Chicago by the train-load, and are
then gathered up and shipped back to Iowa.

Such a system is not economic, and the present cattle feeding situation
demands that some change be made. Calves grown in Iowa should be
fattened in Iowa without any intervening car ride. The remedy lies in

154 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

co-operation, organization and education. The Corn Belt Meat Producers*
Association has accomplished much, but your association includes for the
most part only the larger feeders. In your endeavor to secure better con-
dition you should have the active support of all. Therefore, the members
of this association should be actively interested in the organization of
farmers' clubs, granges, community breeders' associations, test associa-
tion, live stock associations, and other agricultural societies. Once estab-
lished, the farmer organizations will begin the study of economic produc-
tion and distribution. They will quickly see the fallacy of shipping a
stock steer to Chicago, v/ith the attendant loss due to shrinkage, carfare,
and commission fees, when the same steer is needed on a near-by farm.
Once seeing this need, distributing points will be established in every
county. The men who have stock steers for sale will send a letter to this
distributing point, telling what he has for sale, and the man desiring stock
will make inquiries at the same place. Thus the feeder and the producer
will be brought together, to the financial advantage of each, and to the
ultimate benefit of the consumer.

The problem of distributing feeding stuff once solved, the farm organi-
zations can turn their attention to the fattened product. They will ask
themselves: "Why all this needless expense and shrinkage due to ship-
ping fat animals long distances? Why ship the dressed meat back into
Iowa for the Iowa consumer? Why not kill and dress the meat at home,
and thereby build up manufacturing centers in Iowa? The people em-
ployed in these centers will become the consumers of our surplus products,
and laborer and farmer, consumer and producer, will be benefited. The
present system is manifestly uneconomic and can not stand the test of
time.

The organization of farmers is slow, hard work. In order to be suc-
cessful, it needs the active support of all who are really interested in
improving agricultural conditions. It invites every one of you to get
your coats off, roll up your sleeves, and go to work. Somebody says this
method takes too much time. When you wish to raise a crop of corn, you
first prepare the seed bed thoroughly, even if it does take extra time. The
seed bed in this case is the farmers. The way to prepare this seed bed is
organize; it matters not so much what the organization is, whether club,
grange, breeders' association, test association, or whatever, just so it
brings the farmers together. Once together, we can bring about changes
in the beef producing situation in Iowa that will be of the utmost impor-
tance to the future advancement of the industry.

In conclusion, let me say that the cattle feeding situation in Iowa de-
mands that greater care be given to the utilization in beef production of
feedstuff s that now go to waste; to growing homegrown protein in the
form of clover and alfalfa; to the care of that important by-product of the
feed lot, manure; to a more economic method of bunching stock and feed-
ing cattle, and finally, the most important of all, to the organization of
farmers.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 155

Professor F. T. King, of the Indiana Experiment Station ad-
dressed the convention on "Silage for Beef Cattle."

SILAGE FOR FATTENING CATTLE.

PROF. F. T. KING, LAFAYETTE, IND.

Mr, Chairman, members of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association,
it affords me great pleasure as a representative of Purdue Experiment
Station to present to this organization of stockmen some of the things in
regard to meat production that have passed entirely from the uncertain
realm of theory and speculation to the solid ground of established facts.
The Purdue Experiment Station has for several years been using corn
silage for fattening steers with such good results that we are coming to
look upon the matter as practically settled, with only methods of feeding
remaining to be investigated. It is principally of the results we have se-
cured I shall speak of today.

The time is past when the producer of beef on high-priced land can af-
ford to be without a silo. It has long been known that a very large per
cent of the feeding value of corn as shown by chemical composition is
found in the stalk. Stockmen, however, have been unable to get more than
a small per cent of the feeding value of the roughage produced by the
corn plant. Within recent years the beef cattlemen have begun adopting
a method employed by farmers of Europe for several hundreds of years
and by dairymen of this country for scores of years. In fact, the method
is so old that it is a source of wonder that there is a stock farm to be
found in America where it is not employed. This method consits in con-
fining in an air-tight chamber feed cut while green enough to contain a
large per cent of water. The form of enclosure has passed through a pe-
riod of evolution, and finally settled into the modern silo with circular,
air-tight walls. When corn in about the proper stage for shocking is cut
into pieces one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch long and packed in the
silo, a process of fermentation takes place that causes some chemical
changes in the mass of feed. This fermentation is accompanied by a
softening of the woody portions of the corn plant, with the result that a
soft, palatable food relished by live stock of all kinds is formed. Silage
is so relished by cattle that forty pounds and even fifty pounds are often
consumed by two-year-old cattle during the early part of the feeding pe-
riod. It is a food of much the same nature as grass, and affects the cattle
in much the same way. In fact, the same results that can be expected in
summer from good blue grass pasture can be secured in winter by the use
of corn silage, and can be produced from about one-third the land.

It has been recently said by a very prominent authority on agricultural
topics in the corn belt that a revolution in cattle feeding was to take place
with the erection of silos in all the cattle feeding yards of the country.
This revolution is now rapidly taking place. Probably no previous year
has seen the erection of as many silos as has the year of 1911. Very
few progressive farmers have not heard or read of the great benefits to
be derived from the silo, but many have hesitated about investing in one.

156 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The fact, however, that of the hundreds of feeders who use silage for fat-
tening cattle, practically none fail to speak in most gratifying terms of
their appreciation of its value, should be excellent proof of the economy
of the silo for beef cattle.

There are two distinct advantages to feeding com silage to fattening
cattle. First, there is the conservation of the rough feed produced by
the corn plant, and, second, there is a larger profit from the feeding oper-
ation.

In the production of corn, there must necessarily be produced large
quantities of stalks. Chemical analysis shows that approximately two-
thirds as much feeding value is locked up in the stalk as is contained in
the ear. The food nutrients of the stalk, however, are so locked with
fiber that when fed as corn stover or fodder, only a small percentage or
their real value is secured. Because the food nutrients of corn stalks are
so unavailable for animals, the roughage produced by the corn plant com-
mands on the market a price altogether too small for the soil fertility
removed by its sale. Therefore, on account of its chemical content and
its abundance on the farm, the more thorough utilization of the roughage
from the corn plant must be realized.

One of the great secrets of success in large factories has been the
elimination of proper utilization of all waste. This is now one of the
great problems for the successful farmer. The roughage of the farm must
be utilized. Corn silage offers the greatest source of improvement with
which we are now familiar. When harvested in the ordinary manner,
not only is a large part of the food nutrients not available, but the woody
portions of the plant are unpalatable, and even when eaten require so
much energy in digestion that a large part of their value is lost. When
cut early and put into the silo, the entire mass passes through a process
of heating and fermenting that reduces the hard, woody portions of the
plant to a soft, palatable food which is readily eaten by cattle, horses or
sheep. Silage properly made is completely consumed, with practically no
waste. Corn put into the silo returns the feeder its full value without
waste. Not only is there a complete consumption of the plant, but the
animals are treated to a feed in winter that is succulent and palatable,
with all the thrift-giving properties of good summer pasture.

The economic side of the question is, however, the most important one
from the standpoint of the cattle feeder. The ration we used must be the
one that will return the greatest profit. My presentation of this phase
of the subject is based on the results at Purdue Experiment Station, and in
no case are any conclusions drawn from less than two trials on that par-
ticular item, and in most cases three or four trials have been made.

The general effect of adding corn silage to a ration for fattening beef
cattle is shown by the following table:

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV

157

Q

>1

>.

r—

o

S

o

o

a

>

O ^1
0)

<D t»

<B >

bco

be o

^-3

^-3

en

M

16.80'

14.41

2.83

2.79

6.75

4.47

17.35

29.38

2.58

2.56

$9.29 $9.14 1

12 70

15.63

3.70

6.63 1

Daily feed — |

Shelled corn, lbs I 18.10

Cottonseed meal, lbs j 2.74

Clover hay, lbs | 11.39

Corn silage, lbs |

Average daily gain, lbs | 2.36

Cost per hundredweight gain | $10.35

Profit per steer, including pork j 9.00

Additional profit due to silage I

14.15
2.74

32.92

2.35

$8.96

11.54

2.54

In all rations, shelled corn was fed according to the appetites of the
cattle. In addition to the corn, cottonseed meal containing forty-one per
cent protein was fed in the proportion of two and one-half pounds daily per
1,000 pounds live weight of cattle. All lots of cattle were uniform as to
size, quality, age, and condition when the experiment began, and were
treated exactly the same except that the roughage offered was different.

The figures in the table are average of two years' work. They are the
results secured in the winter of 1909-10', which was a very profitable year,
and those secured in the winter of 1910-11, which was a very unsatisfac-
tory year to feed cattle. Corn was worth 54 cents in one case and 37.4
cents in the other; clover hay was worth $10 per ton, cottonseed meal $28
and $30 per ton, and corn silage $3 and $3.50 per ton.

The first noticeable effect of the silage was on the appetites of the cat-
tle. It will be noted that the amounts of both hay and grain were reduced
by the addition of silage. The grain in the silage evidently replaced ap-
proximately the same quantity of, dry corn in the ration, thereby decreas-
ing the quantity of dry grain consumed by cattle on full feed. This fact,
when considered with the rate of gain, is sufficient to successfully contra-
dict any opinion that the corn put into silage is not as valuable as when
gathered.

The rate of gain was increased by the addition of the silage to the
ration and not greatly affected by the substitution of silage for clover.
Since silage is a cheap roughage and the grain consumption was less when
silage was fed, the cost of gain was greatly reduced by the addition of
silage to the ration. When silage was fed once daily in connection with
clover hay, there was an average reduction in cost per hundred pounds
gain of $1.06; when silage was fed twice daily with clover hay, the re-
duction in cost amounted to $1.21 per hundred pounds gain, and when
corn silage was the only roughage eaten by the cattle, the cost of gains
was reduced $1.39 per hundred pounds. It will be noted that the more
nearly the corn silage replaced the clover hay in the ration, the greater
was the reduction in the cost of gain, the greatest saving in cost being
when no clover hay was fed.

158

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

When cost of gain is the basis of comparison, the conclusion would be
drawn that the more nearly silage replaced hay in the ration, the greater
would be the profit. This is true when a small amount of clover is fed,
but not so when silage alone is used as roughage. The profit per steer was
increased $3.70 by adding silage once daily to clover for roughage; $6.63
by adding silage twice daily; and $2.54 by substitution of silage for clover.
The reason the profit per steer is not in the same proportion as the sav-
ing in cost of gain is that there was a difference in the finish of the cattle.
The selling price was not appreciably affected by adding silage once daily
while it was increased an average of 15 cents per hundred by the addition
of silage twice daily, and reduced 10 cents per hundred by substitution of
silage for clover. With these figures as a basis of comparison there would
be a saving by the use of corn silage on a carload of twenty steers of $74,
$132.60 and $50.80, according to the extent to which silage replaced cIovcf
as a roughage.

Because corn silage has proven so profitable for fattening cattle, its
limitations must not be overlooked. It must be remembered that silage
is a roughage and not a grain. Because some corn is contained in silage,
the mistake is sometimes made of trying to use it for grain instead of
roughage. This practice always results unsatisfactorily. Silage is a
roughage and must be so considered. Ordinarily it is not necessary to limit
the roughage consumed by fattening cattle. The steer will naturally con-
sume more grain and less roughage as the fattening period advances.
Sometimes, however, it is necessary when silage is very palatable to ar-
bitrarily limit the quantity of silage consumed by the cattle in order to
induce sufficient grain consumption to insure satisfactory gains. In fact,
the greatest benefit from silage in the ration is much more marked during
the early part of the fattening period, when roughage comprises a larger
proportion of the ration, than later in the fattening process.

Another limitation of corn silage is that it is not a balanced ration. It
Is of somewhat the same nutritive ratio as the corn grain. Therefore
when corn silage replaces clover hay, which balances corn, some form of
concentrated protein must be added to make a properly balanced ration.
The effect of adding corn silage to the ration of corn and clover without
cottonseed meal is shown by the following data secured in two trials on
the question made at Purdue:

r:i

'C

o

a

O)

G

>

a

CC

'o

S

o^
Tj

S

o

o

G

71 ©

a

"o «-

c«

" be

d

" be

rn" CS

^

rn" Ct

S

fe-S

O

fe«

o

o

O

Q

Daily gain, lbs

2.01

1.85

l.SO

180

Cost per hundredweight gain

$10.29

$9.80

$10.89

$11.07

Selling value of cattle

5.45

5.30

5.95

6.00

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV

159

It will be noted that the rate of gain was actually decreased and the
cost per hundred pounds gain and selling value of the cattle not greatly
affected by the addition of corn silage to a ration of corn and clover hay.
This data from Purdue is also borne out by experiments at other stations
and by individual cattle feeders.

If the best results are to be secured with corn silage, some nitrogenous
concentrate must be fed. Since cottonseed meal seems to be as plentiful
and as cheap for its worth as any, we have been using it in our experi-
ments. The effect of adding cottonseed meal in the proportion of two
and one-half pounds daily per 1,000 pounds live weight of cattle, to a ra-
tion of corn, clover hay and corn silage, is shown by the following table :

Initial value

Initial weight, lbs ,

Average daily gain, lbs

Cost per hundredweight gain

Necessary selling price

Actual value

'Jl

c

r:i

r-

fl

;_,

c3

Q

o

^.

'J,

?J

ai

--^

bt

;_,

rt

q;

A

•'

ai

$4.25

$4.25

1,010

1,014

2.57

1.85

$8.74

$9.80

5.66

5.65

5.60

5.30

'^

O cJ

o^

c3

rH qj

V. s

o "

UtJ

- % '^

a; a: 2^

"3 or^

li

$4.00

1,123

2.70

$9.11

5.35

6.25

jt; ^

■TO).';::

J- > K

rSl

"$4:oo~

1,125

1.80

$11.07

5,37

6.00

It will be noted that by the addition of cottonseed meal to the ration
the daily gain was increased in the first case from 1.85 pounds to 2.57
pounds, and in the second case from 1.80 pounds to 2.70 pounds, at a re-
duction in cost per hundred pounds gain of $1.06 in the first trial and $1.96
in the second. The selling value of the cattle was increased by the use of
cottonseed meal 30 cents and 25 cents per hundredweight.

Since the necessary selling price was practically the same in either
case, the excess in selling price due to the addition of the nitrogenous
concentrate represents practically clear profit. Therefore, in order to se-
cure the greatest benefits from corn silage, some form of protein must be
added to the ration.

In conclusion, therefore, let me again call attention to the facts that,
first, when properly supplemented with a nitrogenous concentrate, the ad-
dition of corn silage to a ration of corn and clover hay has returned a
profit amounting in one ration to $6.63 for the average of two years' trials.
And that in no case was there a smaller profit than $2.54 per steer by the
addition of the silage. Second, the more nearly the silage replaced the
hay in the ration, the greater was the reduction in the cost of gain, but
when no clover hay was fed there was a decrease in the selling price.
Third, the addition of corn silage to a ration of corn and clover hay not
properly supplemented does not greatly affect the profits. Fourth, the
best results can not be secured from feeding corn silage to fattening steers
unless the ration is properly balanced by a nitrogenous concentrate.

160 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. Meyers: I have fed guaranteed 41 per cent cottonseed
meal for several years, but ray steers say there is a difference in
the meal. Is there any way in vehich the difference can be told
by the naked eye?

Professor King: I like the cottonseed meal to be a light yel-
low rather than a reddish tint, because the red sometimes indi-
cates old meal. Whenever the color is a brick red, the cattle
usually do not like it. We have never had any particular trouble
with it whenever we got it a light yellow. Of course it usually
takes our cattle from two to five days to learn to like it.

H. C. Wallace : How much cottonseed meal do you start them
on?

Professor King: A quarter to half a pound. We have only
ten steers in a lot; if a man had a hundred steers in a lot, it
might be there would be one-half or two-thirds of them that
wouldn't get that much. I wouldn't recommend starting in big
lots on more than a quarter of a pound, but whenever you run
ten to twenty steers in a lot, I wouldn't be afraid to start them
on half a pound a day.

Mr. Ames: I believe I can help the gentleman out on his diffi-
culty with that meal. We have had a little trouble that way. I
found on investigation that in the mills the seeds are ofttimes
stored, as in a silo, and they sweat and heat, and when that
heated seed is ground it makes a meal that the cattle don't like.
If you can get the fresh, bright, nut-brown meal, like our old-
fashioned brown sugar, you can taste it yourself, and it is just
as sweet as the brown sugar would be.

I would like to ask Professor King another question: What
profit do you calculate a feeder can have between the purchase
and selling price of a drove of feeding steers at the present price
of feeding, using cottonseed meal, com and ensilage?

Professor King: A thousand-pound steer at $5 a hundred
(that would be pretty plain cattle) would cost $50. Upon our
best cost per hundred pounds gain, $9.14 (we will figure $9.25
per hundred), if it puts on four hundred pounds gain, that four-
teen hundred pound steer would have to sell for about $6.70 per
hundred from the time he got in the lot to the time you sent him
back.

Mr. Ames: You haven't taken into consideration such things
as interest, insurance, etc.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 161

Professor King : Of course you understand that side of the
question, but that is something that I can't answer.

H. C. Wallace : Let me make a remark here. In our case be-
fore the State Kailroad Commission on this minimum Aveight
case, the railroad attorneys tried to make the commission believe
that all of our stock feeders were getting rich. We summarized
a large number of experiments which had been published, includ-
ing these Indiana experiments, and made calculations, taking
into consideration the interest, insurance, and all the elements
that enter into this matter, and introduced them in evidence in
this case a couple of weeks ago. Our testimony before the com-
mission showed that on a margin of $1.50 between the buying
and selling price, the feeder was losing money under conditions
this year. We had some difficulty in making some of the rail-
road attorneys believe that, but I think w'e convinced the com-
mission that that was correct. We argued that $2 difference
was necessary for the feeder to come out fairly.

Mr. Murray : Have you made any test on the question of the
comparative values of linseed meal and cottonseed meal?

Professor King: We have not. I was at the Missouri station
for a while, and there we fed about fifty or sixty bunches of cat-
tle on blue grass pasture and made comparison between cotton-
seed meal and linseed oil meal. We found that w^hen cattle are
twenty months of age or over there is not a great deal of differ-
ence, pound for pound, between linseed meal and cottonseed meal,
but when the cattle are younger than eighteen or twenty months
the linseed meal is worth a little bit more, pound for pound, be-
cause it doesn 't have any poisonous properties at all ; and on
our results we figured that if there is not more than $4 a ton
difference in the cost of the two, we should feed the linseed oil
meal if the cattle are younger than eighteen months.

Mr. ^Murray : I was speaking of dry feed.

Professor King: I wouldn't venture, except on the basis of
the grass results, because we have made no direct comparison
with dry feed.

A Member: How about the effect on hogs of the cottonseed
meal in the droppings"?

Professor King : I know of one or two men in our state who
reported that their hogs did not do well when they fed cotton-
11

162 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

seed meal. After the cottonseed meal has passed through the
cattle it has lost practically all its poisonous effects. Of course
if it is fed in very large quantities it might cause trouble, but
under ordinary circumstances if it doesn't leak through the
trough there will be no difficulty.

Mr. Crofoot : What condition should the corn be in for fill-
ing the stlo, green or pretty dry?

Professor King: We like to have it as dry as possible, to
keep well. This year I don't believe there was one blade in a
dozen but what was dry, and I opened quite a number of the ears,
and there were not more than three or four grains on the aver-
age that were not fully dented. That is a little bit drier than I
like to have it; if I had it to do again, I would put water in.

President Sykes announced the following committees :

Resolutions — Ralph Sherman, George C. White, W. J. Reed,
Henry Brady, R. M. Gunn, R. Warburton, D. W. Anglum, J.
A. White, C. B. Snyder, J. C. Wyckoff, Warren Nicholas, C. J.
C. Cold.

Memorial — A. L. Ames, S. M. Corrie, F. T. Swearingen.

President Sykes then introduced "Uncle" Henry Wallace,
editor of Wallace's Farmer, who addressed the convention as
follows :

ADDRESS.

HON. HENRY WALLACE, DES MOINES, IOWA.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Association: Verily it is good
to be here. I have known this association from its beginning. I have
known its aims, its motives, and its sacrifices. As I have been listening
to the discussions this afternoon, it seems to me you are now getting
down to brass tacks. This association has been a power for good in
Iowa in more ways than I can tell you — more ways, perhaps, than you
know. It has formed a bond of union between the breeders and feeders
of beef cattle. It is the beginning of a bond of union that should take
in, as one of the presiding speakers has said, every man who grows
corn in the state of Iowa. You gentlemen furnish the market for a
large part of the corn and the large part of the forage; therefore, the
corn growers should look upon you as a friend and a brother. You have
done a great deal, besides, in the way of reducing rates, in securing
justice, in causing officials to respect not merely the Iowa meat pro-
ducer, but the Iowa farmer. You have done much to put the name of
Iowa away up. The men from the east who have visited me recently
are surprised at the number of men from Iowa who are doing big things
in the east in matters political, industrial and commercial, and they

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 163

have asked me how it comes that we grow such hig men in this coun-
try. I tell them that a country that can grow big horses and big" cattle
can grow big men.

Now, although yoU have done a great deal, you have not succeeded
in all your undertakings; you have failed in your cooperative move-
ment. And why? Because you didn't trust each other. And why didn't
you trust each other? Because you didn't know each other. It is
knowledge that begets confidence, and it is a great calamity that you
failed in that respect. You will do better by and by; you will get to
know each other better; you will stand by each other better; and when
you stand by each other and get the confidence of the people who sell
you corn and cattle, you will be a power, not merely in this state, but
in the nation for good.

Now, I am deeply interested in this live stock business, whether it
be dairying, cow raising, horse raising, or mutton growing, because
upon its prosperity and permanence depends the salvation of this state.
Iowa farmers are now looked upon as away up, because they are big
enough to milk cows and feed cattle. The permanence of the fertility
of this state depends largely upon the stock business. Do you know
that we took in in the first half century millions of acres of virgin land
that needed neither spade nor tilling, and yet with all that for forty
years our yield per acre of grain fell regularly. What does that mean?
It means that we have lost in fertility more than we took in. There
are no more, new acres to be taken in, and the question that we must
solve now is, how to bring up the fertility of our land. It can be done
without live stock raising, but it can be done easier with that than in
any other way. Hence I say that upon the permanence of the live
stock business depends the permanent welfare, the permanent pros-
perity, the permanent greatness of Iowa.

Now, we have heard a great deal about the high price of cattle and
corn. Why gentlemen, that is here to stay. You will never see cheap
cattle and cheap corn again for any length of time. The whole world
complains about the high cost of living the whole world will continue
to complain for an indefinite period. Why? Do you know that from
1870 to 1900 we took in the greatest body of land upon which the sun
shines? We put it under cultivation almost in a night. We hastened
the opening up of it by the homestead laws — a subsidy to agriculture,
and, like all other subsidies, a damage in the end. We further stimu-
lated the opening by giving away a lot of land to the railroads. What
was the result? From 1870, after the waste of the war had been re-
paired, until 1900, we fed the world at half price. We built up great
cities all over the world; we changed the whole face of civilization,
because we were furnishing men food at half the cost. To put it in
another way, we mined the fertility of our soil and sold it at the cost
of mining, and now we are buying back the fertility and paying a big
price for it with commissions and freights. And so this high cost of
living is normal: that is all.

164 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Just think, now, for a moment, what would have happened to this
country if this whole prairie country had been timber, so that it took
the whole life of a man to clear up a quarter section? Prices would
have gone just as they were before, before Illinois *was opened up. We
began to feel the low prices in Illinois in the '60's. When I first came
to Monmouth, old corn was selling at 10 cents and new corn at 8 cents.
•Then the war came on, and it took us ten years to make up the waste
of the war. Then in this country west of the Mississippi, from 1870 to
1900, we grew more corn than all the United States had grown before.
We slushed the world with cheap food at half the ccst cf its produc-
tion, if we count anything on fertility. We knocked the price of vs^heat
down at Liverpool 50 cents a bushel; in other words, we sold them
the wheat at 50 cents less than it was worth. Now we are getting back
to normal things. The cities must go through in the next twenty-five
years just what the farmers went through from 1870 to 1900, and it is a
good thing that the Argentine is opened up, and that reciprocity was
defeated — the biggest fool thing that the Cannadians ever did. And
why? Down at the bottom, because Canadian manufacturers wanted
to make a New England out of Ontario and get cheap food. So they
appealed to the patriotism of those people, just as our men with the
same cause would have appealed to our patriotism from 1870 onward.

Under these circumstances we must begin to farm. We haven't
begun yet, except a man or two now and then, like those I am talking
to now. In the first place, we must have a rotation of crops. Then we
must go into some kind of live stock raising. As far as my observation
goes, it takes two acres of pasture to keep a thousand-pound steer. We
must get that down to one. You must learn to cultivate the pasture.
Never let clover get out of a blue grass pasture; if it gets out, put it in
again. Get your disc out in the spring of the year, when the frost is
coming out, and disc in your clover. You must feed silage to your cat-
tle until the clover begins to bloom. I was raised to that when a boy.
My father knew that he must not_feed clover until it got to that period.

I approve of everything that has been said this afternoon; in fact,
I have been trying to say most of it for about twenty-five years. I am
glad to see those men from the experiment stations furnishing proof
that it is true.

Man is greater than all his works, "^'ou must improve the type of
man before you can make much improvement in the type of live stock
or in farming. Therefore, you must get together; you must co-operate;
and you can't cooperate until you get to know each other and see what
bully, good fellows you are when you know each other and see the best
side of each other. Then, too, you must make life so pleasant on the
farms that your boys will not be fools enough to run away — except
some of them that aren't fit to be farmers anyhow, and you can send
them to town to become doctors and preachers. You must make every
township an industrial and social center, not by bringing out to the
country the amusements of the town, but by the amusements that be-
long to the country and grow out of the hearts of the people. That is

TWELFTH AXXUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 165

what you want, and when you get that, your boys w'ill see the wisdom
of staying right on the farm; and if the boys see it, the girls will stay
with the boys.

Now, gentlemen, I have ho speech to make to you; in fact, I was
told that I didn't need to make one — only come here and say a few nice
words; and I have done that.

F. T. Swearingen : How about shipping our live stock to Chi-
cago and buying it back as dressed meat.

Mr. Wallace: That is simply because you are not big enough
to do it at home. The Denmark farmer, Avho was as bad off forty
years ago as you are, packs his' own pork and finds it the highest
priced pork in Europe. Even the God-forsaken Irishman is es-
tablishing his own packing house. You can 't do that until you" get
to know each other and trust each other. It will come to that,
as one of the speakers said, by and hx, but it will not until you
get confidence in each other, so that you can work together. We
are going to have egg associations over this state, so that the peo-
ple in the cities will know the taste of fresh eggs, and those
eggH will be worth five cents a dozen more than the average. There
is no telling what we will do when we once get together. I don't
blame the people for being separate up to this date, because the
circumstances of the time have developed individualism in us —
necessarily so. The man who came to the prairies came as a
stranger; he had to depend upon himself, and he did his own
thinking and did just as he pleased. So he has learned that he
is h-ufificient for all things ; that is his idea ; and it was necessary
at one time. But now the time has come when w^e must get
together and understand each other. This association is a great
object lesson in getting together. By and by we will not send
the hog to Chicago to come back to be .eaten. I will tell you how
to start this': Every mother's son of you pack your own pork this
winter. Kansas w^astes $7,000,000 a year, so her station says, in
sending hogs to Kansas City and Chicago to be killed and come
back to be eaten. Just learn how to pack your own pork, and
make a garden for your wife and raise your own vegetables. Learn
how to encourage your neighbor, and get a social center in every
township, and consult with each other about this whole world of
agriculture. You will get along a Avhole lot better if you will look
a little after your school and get rid of your six-pupil schools.

A Member: We will have to go to town if we get together on
that.

166 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. ■Wallace : That is just as a gentleman here said : when the
people get a little rich they have to go to town. When the peo-
ple in town get rich they come to Des Moines. When a fellow gets
too big for Des Moines he goes to Chicago. When Chicago will
not hold him any longer he goes to New York. Then he trades
off one of his girls for a title and goes to Europe. I know just
all about you. The man who goes to town first has a session with
his wife. He says:

"Susan, how much did we spend last year^ how much actual
cash did we pay out for the house and our ordinary clothes?"

"Well," says Susan, "I will figure it up in the next week."

Saturday night she tells him it was about $200.

"Well," he says, "I have been offered $4 an acre rent for the
farm; do you think we could live on $600?"

' ' Sure, ' ' she replies.

"Do you want to go?"

"Sure!"

"We can educate the children and you can attend prayer meet-
ing and the church."

And they go ; and everything is fine for a little while. But he
finds that in spite of all that he can do, he is living higher than
he used to in the matter of clothing and incidental expenses. He
finds his children want a little more; his wife wants a little bet-
ter dress; and he wants better clothes. Then he finds at the end
of the year that he is a little back. He wants a half dollar an
acre more rent, and he finds Scripture proof for it. "If any man
provide not for his own household, he hath denied the faith and is
worse than an infidel. ' ' Then he gets mad, and gets out of humor
at the town, because they want to tax him for street improve-
ments, and make him put a cement sidewalk in place of the
old board sidewalk ; and .then he takes to him two or three other
disgruntled fellows like himself, and sits down and laments over
the evils of the times. He eats just as much as he did before, and
lie gets trouble in the lowerhouse. And then he thinks he does-
n't need to read any more about farming, and he stops Wallaces'
Farmer, and gets into trouble with the upper house ; and the
statistics show that he died before his time because he ate too much
and didn't have the stimulus that comes from being required to
watch and study the processes of nature. His children come to
Des Moines. Dozens of them here are motormen and conductors
on street cars, and having the hardest kind of work to make
a living; and they are obliged to shut down on more than one or

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 167

two children. A poor fellow the other day was loading some flour
for a farmer down at the station. The farmer asked him how
much he made. "Nineteen cents an hour." "How much a
m.onth?" "Fifty dollars." "Can you live on it?" "Well x
thought I could, but my wife's sister had to go to the hospital
up here, and I had to board her husband for two weeks, and
my grocery bill increased $5 ; and, honor bright, I don 't see how
I will ever get ahead enough to pay that; and I have no accumu-
lation for old age."

Gentlemen, the citj'^ has nothing to offer. If you will develop
the social life of the farm, and make farming a satisfactory life,
you will have done much to solve the labor problem and the
whole agricultural problem, and you will have laid the founda-
tion for growing the finest thing that ever grew on an Iowa farm
— a fine human being. When you figure on fine human beings —
healthy boys and* girls, educated with the education which the
farmers can have if they will simply open their eyes to it — you
will solve the chief end of man. The chief end of man is to glorify
God, and the best way you can glorify Him is to be a fine human
being yourself, and then bring up fine human beings as your
children. That is this end of it; you will attend to the other
side when you get there; and enjoy it all the better.

President Sj^'kes: I would like to ask you how you view the
future competition of the South American country in our live
stock business, provided the tariff is taken off of cattle and dressed
meat.

Mr. Wallace: The other day I met our old friend, Murdo
Mackenzie. He told me he was going to Brazil to run a ranch for
John D. Rockefeller and Pierpont Morgan. I said "I am sorry
to see you go." "I'm sorry to go myself," replied he;" but they
put down $50,000 a year in American gold, and I couldn't very
well resist that." They have five million acres of land with San
Paulo as a center. They expect to keep 500,000 head of cattle,
to grow 450,000 hogs on alfalfa, to establish three packing houses;
they have the railroad. When that comes, give us free meat,
unless you people and the farmers of the west get together. The
first thing will be (and there are already two or three bills in
congress) a ship subsidy to cheapen freights. All you need to do
to get a merchant marine is to allow men to buy their ships where
they like. Our merchant marine is now owned largely by Ameri-

168 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

can people sailing the British flag, and they buy ships where they
can get them and put np the flag; that is all. So you want to get
your eyes open to that.

That is rather a dark view, but taken in connection with what
I have said before, this competition from the Argentine, from
Canada, from Brazil, will tend to let down with comparative
ease the cities of the world which you have built up by working
for nothing and boarding yourselves. It will tend to ease the
tremendous strain that is going to come on the people all over
the world. I don't think I am a pessimist, but you know in
the last year there has been a revolution in Spain, martial law
in Austria, bread riots in France, a strike in London, a rebel-
lion in China; and they all came from the high cost of living,
together wdth the cost of high living. This must be let down,
but we don't want to see our ports thrown open to free meat or
free corn. If it had not been that there was a failure in the Ar-
gentine in corn last year, you would have seen any amount of
corn shipped into New York this year, as there was last year —
freight paid, tariff paid, manufactured, and shipped to the old
country at seven and one-half cents less than you can buy the
corn. You must make your pastures increase better ; you must
feed silage — summer silage, winter silage. You must quit butting
your heads against a stone wall by trying to make the cow give
milk out of stuff that has no milk in it, as, for instance, timothy
and corn. We never learn to walk except we fall down and bump
our head. You must quit bumping against nature and feed your
live stock with food convenient for it. Give them the rig^ht raw
material to get the results, and in that way we will get through.
"We needn't be afraid of the live stock business going out; it is
here to stay. The people will eat smaller pieces of meat and pay
a higher price for it, as has been said; but we can make it in
Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska cheaper than it can be made any
place on this continent or in Europe ; and if we put more brains
into the question we can make it as cheap as they can any where
else. Sir Joshua Reynolds w^as once asked how he mixed his
paints. He said "With brains." That is exactly the way we
must farm: with brains. We can't import new brain;;: .we must
make the best use of what we have. You will find out that you
can do things that twenty years ago you said coukhi't be done
at all. You have the soil, the climate, some of the best people
found anywhere in the world, and all you need to do is to develop ;

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 169

and a meeting like this is one of the best places to develop the
brains with which you have been endowed by the Almighty.

President Sykes: It has been suggested that in connection
with the letter from Judge Prouty, of the Interstate Commerce
Commission, which I read here, a committee of three be appointed
to work out the number of days that should be given the rail-
roads to furnish cars for shipping sheep. I will entertain a mo-
tion to the effect that the chair appoint a committee for that
purpose.

D. W. Anglum : I move that the chair be authorized to appoint
a committee of three for that purpose.

]\Iotion duly seconded, submitted and carried.

President Sykes : I will appoint on that committee, J. M. Brock-
way, of Louisa county; E. L. Hill, of Dallas county; J. F. Morris
of Sioux county. The committee can get together and be in a
position to make a report tomorrow afternoon, at the business
meeting of the Corn Belt Association.

Adjurnment was thereupon taken to Wednesday morning at
10 o'clock a. m.

THE BANQUET.

The third annual banquet was held Tuesday evening, with an
attendance of one hundred and fifteen. Among those who re-
sponded to toasts were Judge Henderson, Commerce Counsel for
Iowa; Henry Wallace, Hon. Eugene Davenport, Hon Clifford
Thorne, Hon. A. L. Ames, Hon. James Brockway, Hon. A. E.
Kepford, Hon. P. G. Holden, and others. Some of the best
speeches of the week were made at the banquet, and it was a thor-
oughly enjoyable occasion.

170 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 13.

Morning Session,

President Sykes presiding.

Secretary Wallace presented his report as follows:

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

Receipts for the year $5,544.28

Expenditures —

President's salary $1,800.00

President's expenses 619.70

Secretary's office, salary and cleric hire 1,000.00

Directors' expense 114.38

Expense of annual meeting 95.35

Clifford Thorne, balance due for services rendered

prior to January 1, 1911 700.00

Witnesses' expense 40.12

Furniture — filing case 27.90

Tent at state fair 9.65

Printing 372.20

Postage 148.75

Correction of error 2.00 4,930.Oi

Balance on year $ 614.23

We had last year, as you will remember, a deficit of approxi-
mately a thousand dollars, which was due to Mr. Thome for ser-
vices he had rendered. You will note that we paid him this year
$700, which pays that in full, so far as we are concerned. The
other $300 is to be contributed by the Co-operative Grain Deal-
ers' Association. They have already paid $150 of that, and a
letter from their secretary last week informed me that they would
pay the other $150 within two or three weeks. I may say in
connection with that that when we entered an appearance in
that fight to prevent the advance in rates, we took up the matter
with that association and asked them to join with us. They are not
quite so mobile as this association; they can't act quite so quick-
ly; but Mr. Messerole, the secretary at that time, said that he
would be personally responsible for at least $300. and he felt
that his association would back him up in that, which they have
done. Later, when we got farther into the case, the Grain dealers
employed Mr. George C. White, whom you know — a member

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 171

of our association — and he has been connected with them also,
and they paid his salary entirely and sent him down to help
Mr. Thorne; and during the last two months of that case Mr,
White spent all his time with Mr. Thorne, went back to Wash-
ington with him, and was of great assistance in working up the
matters necessary in presenting that case.
Treasurer Charles Goodenow presented his report, as follows:

TREASURER'S REPORT.

Balance on hand $ 101.80

Received from secretary 5,544.28

$5,646.08
Paid out on voucliers signed by president and secretary 4,603.97

Balance on hand $1,042.11

From this balance should be deducted vouchers which have
been issued by the secretary, but not yet presented to me for
payment, amounting to 326.20

Leaving true balance of $ 716.91

Of course my report can never agree exactly with Mr. Wal-
lace's, because when the orders are issued by him they are sent
to the parties, and usually are deposited in the home bank where
the man does business, and they are sent around to different cor-
respondents. Sometimes it takes as long as a week for those
orders to reach me. They are just like any other draft or check;
they float from one bank to another until they finally land home,
and I don't get hold of them as soon as they are issued by Mr.
Wallace. I think everybody understands how that is. I also
carry the balance from one year to another, while he deals only
with the receipts and disbursements for the year.

The report of the Auditing Committee was read by Mr. Drury
as follows.

AUDITING COMMITTEE'S REPORT.

We, the committee appointed to audit the books and accounts of the
secretary and treasurer of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association,
report that we have examined the same and find them correct. Receipts
and vouchers are on file for all receipts and disbursements. Our exami-
nation covers the year ending December 11, 1911.

WILL DRURY.

E. D. BAIRD.

JEROME SMITH.

172 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Upon motion of Mr. Nicholas the reports of the Secretary,
Treasurer and Auditing Committee were accepted as read.

President Sykes: Mr. Wallace has suggested that as a number
of members who are here from dififerent parts of the state are not
familiar with the pledge sj^stem adopted by the lioard of di-
rectors of this association in 1910, it might be well for me to
make a little explanation here, so that you would understand
what we mean when we refer to a pledge given to this association.
Following is a pledge that I have taken since coming here, from
a man in a county where we have not heretofore been repre-
sented. It says:

"Believing that the work carried on l)y the Corn Belt Meat
Producers' Association has been and will be of benefit to me and
to every farmer and stockman in Iowa, I hereby agree to pay
the sum of $2 in cash, and agree to pay the association a like
sum each year for a period of four years; said money to be used
to defray the necessary expenses of the association in carrying
on its work. Payments to be made wherever the member does
his banking business (at your local bank, in other words), Jan-
uary 1st or June 1st of each year."

The regular constitutional dues to this association, as you all
understand, are $2. It was recognized by the board of directors
that $2 was not sufficient to maintain this organization, and that
they would have to adopt some plan whereby they could secure
more money to carry on the work, as every y,i?ar the work of
the association became heavier and required more money to meet
the expenses of it. And so the board figured out the plan that
if the grain farmers and the renters would pay the regular dues
of $2 a year, and we could get the stockmen to give $5 a year,
it would make it fair to each, and at the same time would pro-
vide funds enough to carry on the work. Of course that did
not prevent anybody from giving $5 if he wanted to. We have
a number of grain farmers who never feed any cattle Avho have
given pledges to this association for $5 a year, because they be-
lieve it is a worthy organization and should be maintained. There
is at least one man with us today who has given a pledge of $10
a year to this association. He tells me that when he called at
the bank to pay his pledge, they said: "You must think a
good deal of this organization to give $10 a year to it." "Why,"
he replied, "this organization doesn't owe me anything. The
fact of the business is that if I would give $25 a year to it, I

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 173

wouldn't pay up what I owe it for what it has done for me."
He happened to be in Chicago with a shipment of cattle when
that water deal was on there, and I was there w'orking on the
change from the sewerage water to the lake water. He found
out the kind of shrinks he was getting, and it convinced him that
there was something to it. We have a few^ men scattered around
over the state who have given us $10 pledges, but of course
those are exceptional cases, and the bulk of our membership of
the stockmen who have been solicited have, without any hesita-
tion, pledged themselves to give $5 a year. I will say for your
encouragement that in every instance W'here we have gone out
and solicited the farmers and stockmen, we have not only gotten
our membership back into line, but I think I will be safe in say-
ing that we have practically always increased the membership
over what it was under the old system.

Right in this connection 1 wish to say that the board passed
a resolution that if this organization is built up to a point where
this money is not all needed to meet the expenses of the associa^
tion, they will collect only such percent of the total amount
])ledged as is necessary to carry on the work.

AVhoever is president of your association during the coming
year should get into a number of counties that you men represent
where these canvasses have not been made. As I said in my ad-
dress, this is tlie only plan that has saved your organization.
It is a serious ciuestion in my mind whether or not you would
have had an annual meeting in 1911 if this association had con-
tinued under the old system. The local men were discouraged
because the farmers were not paying their dues, and they didn't
have the heart to go after them. There was no money coming in,
and w^e couldn't pay Mr. Thorne for his work or enter a protest
in any rate advance, or anything of that kind, because we didn't
know w^hether w^e w'ould have money to employ men to tight those
cases. And so it was simply up to the board to change the sys-
tem or dissolve the organization.

]\Ir. Arney : Do you know how^ many counties in the state are
unrepresented ?

President Sykes : The secretary says we have over sixty rep-
resented.

Mr. Arney: That would be about forty counties. Isn't some-
one getting those counties interested?

174 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

President Sykes : I am glad you raised that question. I ex-
pect there are a good many men here who could get in touch with
other counties that are not organized. It is ahnost impossible
for us to do that unless we can get hold of somebody to lead the
was to get in there. The best way to get into those counties
where we are not organized is through your farmers' institutes.
If you can get a speaker from this association on the program of
an institute or some public gathering of that kind in the county,
and let him make an address there on the value of this organi-
zation to the farmers, and in a general way cover its work, the
farmers will be awakened at once. During the past year I have
organized several counties in just that way.

I have found out that some of the institute people have ob-
jucted to such an arrangement because they thought there was
some political move behind it, or something of that kind, and they
didn't want to mix up with it for fear it would hurt the institute.
If you can show those people that have charge of the institutes
the value of this organization and what it means to the farm-
ers of Iowa, you will dispel all of their fears along that line. I
don't say this boastingly, but I have been invited the third time
to speak at institutes in this state. It isn't Sykes they care about ;
but they want to hear what this organization is doing.

You can't go into a new county with this five-year pledge prop-
osition, where they don't know anything about this organization,
and make any headway. You must first educate the people on
what you are doing, let them come in on the regular member-
ship plan, and after a year or two they will take up the five-
year pledge. That has been the history so far as I have been
able to canvass the counties in the last two years. We must get
in touch with the leading farmers who are active in this kind of
work, and then we will not have any trouble.

Some of you may wonder why this membership w^ork doesn't
grow faster, but there has never been but one man to do any of
it since we started, and that has been the president of this as-
sociation; and all of tliat work has to be done in three or four
m.onths. You can't go out among farmers at any time of the
year and pick up someone who can go around with you. During
the winter we are engaged in the speaking campaign, and there
are only about six months of the year when canvassing can be
done. I will say that I have absolutely refused to go out and
solicit members unless with a man whom I knew was absolutely

TWELFTH ANXUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 175

above reproach in the eommuuity, so that after I left there
Avouldn't be any gossip about those fellows being out there gath-
ering up a bunch of money, and nobody knew what was going
to ])c done with it. Probably your next president will be a man
who will be willing to go out by himself and do that kind of
work; I am not speaking for anybody else, but that is simply
my position, and I may be right or wrong.

]Mr. Anglum : I want to take issue with I\Ir. Sykes in re-
gard to his last remark to the effect that the people wouldn't
know him when he got out in the country, and I am going to
illustrate that by a little incident that occurred on the 30th day
of last June.

If you remember, it was rather dry up in our part of the state
last summer. We had heard a great deal about dry farming,
and we had some experience in it up there. It got so dry that
the old cows didn't have anything to eat, and I used to herd them
out in the road. I was herding them on the -SOth day of last
June, right along the northern line of this state, where they got
hold of a bunch of dry Dakota grass. Along about ten o'clock
in the morning (I had on a pair of overalls and a last year's
straw hat, and I am sure my costume would have shocked our
friend Drury, there, if he had seen it), I looked up east and saw
a man coming down the road with a broad-brimmed hat — with-,
out any coat or collar on, as I discovered after he got closer to
me. I thought to myself: I wonder who is coming there? The
old cows were contentedly grazing along the road. But all at
once the old spotted cow at the head of the herd threw up her
head and commenced to bellow, and, as I interpreted it, she said :
"Here comes Sykes, the president of the Corn Belt Meat Pro-
ducers' Association, and if we don't get back into that pasture
we are apt to be on the block in a few minutes." And they all
made a bee-line for the gate. The husband of the cows was the
last to get through the gate, and he turned around with a
"Br-r-r-r; hurry and shut the gate!" Everybody, even the old
crooked-horn cows, recognize Sykes and know what he is doing,
and it is not necessary for him to be timid about going out
among the farmers. Everyone — even those who never saw him
— knows he is all right, and that the Com Belt Meat Producers'.
Association is all right. He might get fooled in taking some of
us fellows out with him.

176 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

President Sykes: We have with us our friend, ]\Ir. Downing,
who has addressed us for the last two years, and I know you all
want to hear him. Some of you didn't have the pleasure of listen-
ing to him last year, and we are going to give him a few minutes
to show himself to the boys. By the way, he is an Iowa ])oy. now
in Uncle Jim's department down at Washington.

THE SHRINK ON CATTLE.

Mr. Downing: i\Ir. President and Gentlemen of the Associa-
tion : We are trying to do some work that I thought would be
of interest to you people, and, incidentally. I want to ask a little
assistance of you while I am here.

The railroads and the shippers have never had any basis upon
which they could adjust claims for shrinkage. The railroads
would not undertake to ascertain what constituted the normal
shrink of cattle, because they knew very well that the shippers
would not accept their figures; and the shippers wouldn't under-
take it because they knew the railroads wouldn't take their fig-
ures. So they asked the Secretary of Agriculture if he would
find out for them what is a normal shrink of cattle en route to
market. The Bureau of Animal Industry was given the task,
and I was assigned to assist in the matter. They sent a man to
Texas last year, who weighed cattle from points in that state to
the various southwestern markets. This fall we started out in
the range country, in Wyoming and Montana, and weighed the
range cattle from the various points in those two states to the
Omaha, Chicago and South St. Paul markets. A little later on
I came down into the sandhills of Nebraska, with headiiuarters
at Alliance, and have just completed the work of weighing cattle
from that district to market. I am going to move today to
Boone, Iowa, and have my headquarters there, and will Avork
through the northern half of Iowa for a couple of months, at
least. In the meantime (probably aliout the first of Fe'iruary),
we expect to get some cattle at Billings, INlont., and Sterling,
Colo., where they have sugar beet factorii's and are fattening
cattle on sugar beet pulp and alfalfa hay. We will get some
samples of that kind of feeding, and take the shrink on shipping
them to market. Last fall we secured some figures on cattle fat-
tened on cottonseed hulls in Oklahoma and southern Kansas.
Later on in the spring we expect to make records on cattle, in
Illinois and Indiana — likewise in Town-lliat hav!' hwu fattened

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 177

on ensilage. So that when we have completed our work — pos-
sibly by next May — wo will have secured records cii the various
kinds of fed cattle from different distances en route to market;,
and the intention is to publish this information in a farmers'
l)ul]etin some time next summer, which will l:e distributed free,
as I assume. That will give the farmers a basis on Avhich to
adjust their claims against the railroad companies, and will also
give them some information as to what we have found to be the
normal shrinkage of cattle from point of origin to destination.

In order that I may get as much done as possible in the time
here, it is necessary for me to find out w^ho the feeders are, and
where they are located, so that I may go to them at the time they
are ready to ship and get the weights on their cattle. In doing
this it has been our practice to give the shipper information as
to what his cattle have shrunk en route to market, and what the
fill has been at the market. I will he very glad to get the names
and addresses of members, with a statement as to about when
they may expect to ship, that I may get around to their places
as rapidly as possible this winter and weigh their cattle, if they
will give me permission to do so.

I appreciate this opportunity of meeting you again. I was
fortunate enough to get in last night and hear part of the ban-
quet program, and I fine that the list of speakers, although not "
the same each year, has not fallen off in the standard of excel-
lence, which is an indication that this organization is not deteri-
orating in any way, but continues to forge ahead and assume
the initiative in a work which is of vast importance to the cattle-
raising industry of the whole country as an example, and to Iowa
in particular.

^Ir. ]\Iurray : I can not for the life of me see how this is going
to benefit us any. I order cars and ship my stock out one week
and have a good run to Chicago ; my stock goes in there in com-
paratively good shape, and my shrink is light. The following
week I ship again ; the railroad service is poor ; they overload
their engines, and we make slow time. We get in there late in
the day; my cattle have been on their feet fully thirty-six hours;
they are tired, and they don't eat. although they will probably
drink. I can't see how one week's shipment would be any cri-
terion for the next.

]Mr. Thomburg: How are the cattle weighed in Chicago?
12

178 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

]\lr. Downing: They will Ite weighed as soon as they arrive in
Chicago, and then they will be weighed again after they are sold,
so as to ascertain the fill at Chicago. By weighing them before
they are put aboard the cars, and weighing as soon as they ar-
rive, we find the shrink en route; then weighing after they are
sold will give the fill.

I would like to advise the gentleman Avho just spoke that the
only way we can arrive at a normal shrink is to take an a'.'erage
of a large number of records. We take the history of the cattle
en route to market, including the weather, the number of hours
of the trip, and anything that will have an influence on them. We
also take the history of the feeding, the age. how far they have
been driven, whether they are loaded full or dry, and everything
previous to the loading that would have an influence on the
shrink. For instance, on a shipment of five cars from Sheridan,
^Yyo.. to Chicago, they arrived at 1 :40 in the morning, and had
an average shrink of 07 ])oun(ls. Tlie following week the same
kind of cattle from the same point, under similar conditions, had
a net shrink of 57 ])ounds. AVe couldn't take either one of those
as a basis, but if we have a large number of records, with a de-
tailed history, we will possibly find out what an excessive shrink
is, or, where there is a very light shrink, some of the causes —
although we haven't penetrated that feature of the problem yet.
As I understand it, the method of arriving at a normal shrink
will be to take the average of a large number of records. I"p to
the present time I have personally weighed over 2,500 range
cattle.

]\Ir. Drury : T think dilTerently from our friend ^Nlurra.v. I
believe this is a move in the right direction. I ])elieve we will
demonstrate to the railro.-ul companies that if the.v will give us
time insiead of tonnage, it will be to their advantage and ours. T
believe after taking these records for several months we will have
conclusive evidence thai this long time on the train benefits no
one. If you start a steer to Chicago and bum him around on
the road and make him dead on his feet when he gets in tliere,
the eastern man doesn't want him, and the local man knows he
will get him because the eastern num will not take him. But if
that steer is laid down there as fresh as possible, you will lune
less shrink, and the butcher who bu.vs him will have more meat.

^fr. Doran : I would like to ask Air. Downing if he is keep-
ing track of the time spent on 1he road.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 179

Mr. Downiug: Yes, sir. I make a record of the time when
they are loaded, of the leaving time, how many hours they were
between loading and unloading places, and I also get from Chi-
cago the arrival time right down to the minute. Of course we
don't know when they are sold. I have discovered that the fill
at the market is very important : likewise the time that they
arrive. If they arrive very early in the morning, it has been
my obser\-ation that they don't fill; if they arrive very late, the
alleys are clogged, and there is such commotion that they are
not able to get them to feed before they are sold. If they arrive
between 4 :30 and 8 :00 a. m., their chances for fill are much better
than if they arrive later.

^h\ Dorau : I thiiik 'Mr. Downing has arrived at the right
place to secure the information he is after. At the secretary's
office you will find a quantity of records showing the running-
time, the day loaded, the day weighed in Chicago, and all the
statistical information on a great number of shipments. The
secretary has sent out hundreds of blanks for shippers to report
on. and we had this information before the committee on rail-
roads and commerce when we sought to have a law passed known
as the speed limit bill.

Secretary Wallace: I am sorry to report that we don't get-
nearly as many of those shipping reports as we ought to have.
Two or three years ago. when Ave were in the midst of the fight
over here, we made a special effort and got a very large number
— I think I had at that time four or five hundred — from every
part of the s-tate. They were of tremendous value to us in our
hearings before the Iowa legislature and in our conferences -with
the railroad people when we were endeavoring to remedy the
matter of sen-ice. Xow. although I think every member has had
put in his hands one or more of these reports, I am getting very
few. Some way, we don't seem able to get our members to rni-
derstand the value of these reports to us. We ought to have
one of them for every shipment made by the members of this
association. You never can tell when you will Avant the infor-
mation that these reports would give. I sincerely hope that our
members will help in that. There is no Avay in which they can
serve themselves so much as by enabling us to accumulate this
information and have it laid away ready to draw on when we
need it.

180 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Now, there is tliis 1o l)e said about those reports and this mat-
ter which Mr. Downing- is dealing witli. These reports do not
give just the information he is trying to get. Comparatively
few of them give us tlie weight of the cattle at the time of load-
ing, and consequently they don't give us the amount of slirink.
For my part, it seems to me our members ought to help Mr.
Downing in this mattei-. We have never found that exact, ti'uth-
ful information has hurt us ; in fact, our fights have been won
by bringing out the truth with refei'enee to the live stock busi-
ness and the conditions of shipment ; and if by helping ^Mr.
Downing* we can accumulate a mass of information which will be
taken as absolutely correct, because of 1)eing taken by govern-
ment employes, there is evidence which we can introduce that will
be taken at its face value by the Interstate Commerce Commission
or any other commission.

Mr. Hussey: I have one of those circulars sent me every year
— and I intend every time I take in a shipment to take one along
with me, but the day that I ship we are always so busy that we
forget it.

President Sykes: I brought out in my annual report yester-
day that if you forgot to take those reports with you, you always
haA^e a memorandum hook in your pocket, and all you have to
do is to note down those things in that book, and when you get
home copy it from the diary on your report, sign it, put the
proper dates of the shipment on it, and mail it to the secretary of
your association.

It seems that the imprcssioii has gotten into the minds of some
of our people that if they have a good run, we don't want tliat
kind of a report. AVe ccM-tainly vvant it just as much as if they
gave you a rotten run ; because it shows what the railroads can
do. If they make a run from western Iowa to Chicago in twenty-
six hours, it shows that they can do it. Probably your next i-e-
port will show that they took thirty-six or forty-eight hours to
make the same run.

Mr. Murray: I don't want to give the impression by my re-
marks that I want to throw a damper on Mr. Downing 's work.
There is bound to be a shrink; you can't get past that. I think
the first thing to be ascertained is how those cattle are fed prior
to shipment. Every cattleman knows that there is quite a dif-
ference in preparing cattle before they are put on the cars, and
some people live eight or ten niih's fi-om the shijiping point, and

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 181

others close 1)y. ^fy experience has hcen that the condition of
the weather during the time they are on the train and when tliey
arrive has a good deal to do with the shrink. If they get in on
a cold, disagreeahle morning, there will he a heavy shrink; if it
is a nice morning, there will he a lighter shrink.

^Ir. Arney : Theory is one of the nicest things that we have
to talk ahout ; practice is the thing that counts. If you are go-
ing to get those statistics perfectly accurate, you must have
special men, and they nmst sit u]) and take notice the whole
trip.

President Sykes : I want to say in connection with this dis-
cussion that Mr. Hamilton Wilcox, who is now dead, told me
last summer of an experience he had in shipping a bunch of cat-
tle from Montana or Wyoming, where he had a ranch, to Chi-
cago. His caretaker took a report blank with him. They were
delayed on the road — I think three days over the time which they
should have occupied in reaching Chicago. AVhile his caretaker
probably didn't fill out the report w^th absolute accuracy, it was
accurate enough for the court to accept it as evidence, and Mr.
Wilcox secured a verdict against the C, B. & Q. railroad of
$650. Of course we don't suppose the caretaker sat up all the
way from Wyoming to Chicago, but Mr. Wilcox's lawyer told
me that if it had not been for that report furnished by this as-
sociation he never would have won out in that case. So it might
be of value to you in a damage case.

Mr. Thornburg : Who weighs the cattle when they land in
Chicago ?

Mr. Downing : AVe have a man assigned there who makes it
his business. I wire him the numbers of the cars, the train, and
the leaving time, so he looks out for them, and as soon as they
reach there they are weighed, regardless of the time of night.

Air. Ritgers: I have a question that I would like to put to
this association. I suppose probably nearly all the men here are
feeding cottonseed meal in some form. Last winter I fed what
is called the fine meal. I objected to handling it because it was
nasty on the clothing and blew away pretty badly, and I at-
tempted this fall to get something different ; but the only thing
I could get was so coarse that the cattle didn't masticate it suffi-
ciently to get it digested. I tried to get meal that is crushed to
the consistency of shelled corn, but they all told me they didn't
have such a thing. I also found that silage-fed cattle don't mas-

182 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ticate that crushed seed as they ought to. It is very hard, and
their teeth are quite a bit softer than in those that are eating
ear corn. I also found that those that liked it would get more
than they ought to, and the fellow that was slow wouldn't get
a proper amount. The question is. can we get sentiment or
pressure enough to induce the manufacturers to crush that meal
in a different manner, so that we can get better results?

President Sykes: I think Mr. Ames could give us some infor-
mation on that cottonseed meal question. lie has been quite a
heavy feeder.

Mr. Ames: When a man who has been feeding cattle tries to
tell somebody else how to feed, or what kind of feed to use, he
gets into trouble. I think I have fed all kinds of meal that are
manufactured, and my experience is that in feeding fat cattle
either shelled or ear corn I have the best results with the least
waste on the fine ground meal. Of course you can't handle cot-
tonseed meal in any form but what you will turn yellow. It is
a yellow feed, but it is clean and sweet, and a man need not ob-
ject to the color. As for the wind blowing it away, it doesn't
blow nearly as much as you think for. It is a very heavy meal;
it only takes a small sack to weigh a hundred pounds; and while
you do see some dust blowing, if you have twelve-inch bottoms in
your feed boxes you will lose very little meal — in fact, in my ex-
perience, the least of any kind of feed. If you feed corn that
is not thoroughly ripened, you do lose some meal.

If I were feeding store cattle on corn fodder, either chopping
it with the ensilage cutter or feeding it whole, corn and all, I
would prefer to have the nut size of the meal.

If the gentleman wants the size of meal known as the pea size,
many mills make that; but you don't find anyone asking for it,
because they prefer the other seed. Where you are feeding store
cattle part ration of ensilage or clover hay and corn fodder, I
think the cold-pressed cattle cake is a little better than the fine
ground meal. That has been my experience; some other fellow
will tell you something different.

INSURANCE IN THE STOCK YARDS.

Mr. Corrie : There is one thing that I would like to call your
attention to. I don't know how much is in it, but I think it is
well to think about. A friend of mine to whom I have shipped,
who is now vice-president of the Live Stock Exchange, wrote

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 183

me some time ago on the matter of insurance on stock while in
the yards at Chicago. He said they had been discussing the
matter in the exchange and trying to locate the responsibility in
case of loss by fire. They didn't think they were liable, and had
been advised by lawyers whom they had consulted that the cat-
tle were the shipper's until they w^ere sold. The occasion of his
writing me was that there was a proposition on foot to add 25
cents a carload to the commission charges to pay insurance, but
he said the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association had kicked
so against the increased commissions that he wanted to know w^hat
we thought about it before he took a position as a member of
the board. That was two or three years ago. Recently I asked
him if there had been anything done about the matter, and he
said no. I wrote him that as far as I was concerned, 25 cents
a carload didn't amount to anything. He thought 25 cents a
carload on what came in there would pay an insurance that would
protect the shippers, and I have sometimes thought maybe it was
worth looking into.

Mr. Ames: I don't remember of one carload of cattle being
lost by fire in the stock exchange at Chicago — not saying but
what there might have been. In the next place, as soon as the
cattle leave your hands and enter the stock exchange of your
shipping station, they don't belong to you. I doubt very much
if you can go down to the stock exchange at Chicago, after eon-
signing a load to your commission firm, and get that load of
cattle until they are sold, unless he wants to give them to you.
They belong to the man who has them in charge. You ask the
railroad company to settle for your cattle in case of an accident
on the way, and because it has assumed the responsibility of
those cattle for the time being they belong to it. If my steers
were lost in Chicago by fire, I wouldn't go to the Stock Exchange
Company, and I doubt very much if I would go to the railroad
company. I would have to go to my commission firm, and if they
were worth it I could get my money.

Mr. Wallace : Does not the commission company act as your
agent in selling those cattle?

Mr. Ames : No ; they own those cattle, to all intents and pur-
poses. They have it in their power to sell a load of cattle con-
signed to them in^spite of all that you can do.

184 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

But, gentlemen, there is another point in this insurance which
I think is feasible, and which this association miglit regard favor-
ably, and that is that if 10 cents were paid by every car that
came into the stock yards, and held as a sinking fund to protect
the shipper on his claims, you wouldn't have as much trouble as
you are having now on the claim subject. I think that is a legit-
imate proposition, but that the other one is not.

Mr. Swan : The shipper who consigns has no protection what-
ever on his property; he takes his chances on it?

Mr. Ames: Yes, there is no bond put up except the $5,000
which every man must put up to the Stock Yards Company that
his freight is paid. The shipper has no protection whatever ex-
cept what he can get out of the individual to whom he ships.
Whenever you consign a carload of cattle to a firm, they pass
€ut of .your hands. I know I am right; just as sure as I know
anything that I don't know.

Mr. Hunt: -If ]\Ir. Ames' statement is correct, and the com-
mission merchant was responsible for the losses in many instances,
I am afraid he wouldn't get very much insurance.

President Sykes: Mr. Hallett. of Chicago, who has been in the
live stock business for years, is witli us, and can doubtless give
us an opinion on this matter.

Mr. Hallett: I don't know that the matter of the liability of
the commission firm has ever been definitely settled in a trial, but
it is the opinion of all commission men that we act as agents
only. The Stock Yards Company is the agent of the railroad
companies. I know that to be a fact, because I was interested
in a case in southwestern Iowa that brought up that very point.
A load of cattle was consigned to us and delivered to another
firm, and we put in a claim for damages. The Stock Yards Com-
pany refused to pay us, and we brought suit in the United
States District Court, in Fremont county, and the railroad com-
pany paid the claim. The commission firm to whom cattle are
consigned and delivered acts ^"^ Uie agent of tlie shipper. They
belong primarily, I presume, to the commission firm, but if for
any reason tlie man is not satisfied, I don't tliink there is one firm
in a hundred in Chicago that wouldn't turn tliat load of cattle"
over to any other firm that was designated.

Mr. Ames: Isn't that courtesy rather than because you are
compelled to?

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 185

Mr. Hallett : It is entirely a matter of courtesy. I have done
that myself and seen it done hundreds of times. Of course, the
other firm would have to pay us the yardage and the freight, but
we never charge them commission.

President Sykes : The question, as I understand it, is : Could
the shipper legally take those cattle out of your hands, if he paid
the charges, and turn them over to another firm?

Mr. Hallett: Not unless he garnidied them. We would not
have to give them up unless we wanted to.

Mr. Ames: Doesn't that clinch my argument absolutely?

Mr. Hallett : In twenty-five years I have never known a case
where a drove of cattle were garnished.

Mr. Wallace : Suppose I consign a carload of cattle to you,
you receive them ; I come in there before you sell them, and say
that I don't want to sell them; I want to take them back home.
Do I have to garnish them?

]Mr. Hallett: I never knew of a case Avhere that was done.

Mr. Ames: Don't lose the point now. Are you compelled to
give those cattle back to him?

Mr. Hallett: At his request? I don't know exactly as to that;.
I doubt it.

]Mr. Ames: I do, too. Don't you know that you don't have
to?

Mr. Hallett : I never knew of a case where that was done.
But where a thing is consigned, I rather think it belongs to the
consignee.

Mr. Wallace: Then you shouldn't say you are acting as agent;
you can't act as agent and owner both.

Mr. Hallett : I am not in a position to discuss the legal ques-
tion. Mr. Ames says he never knew of a loss. If you will re-
member, we lost about 700 cattle in a fire in the Union Stock
Yards last Fourth of July. That was the reason this insurance
matter was brought up, but it didn't seem to meet with much
approval through the country, and I believe it was dropped en-
tirely.

Mr. Ames : AVho paid tlie loss ?

]\Ir. Hallett : The owners of the cattle ; they lost the cattle.

186 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. Swearingen : I move that our president and secretary
take up this matter and find out wlio owns these cattle after tliey
leave our hands, and that it be reported at the next meeting.

Mr. Drury: There isn't the least doubt in the world but what
we own the cattle; it doesn't need any investigation.

Mr. Doran: I would like to ask Mr. Hallett whether the stock
yards or packing company is a common carrier. In the decision
on the $2 switching charge, it was held by the supreme court that
they had a right to make that charge, because they carried the
cattle at their expense. If they are common carriers, I don't see
how they could avoid responsibility for the stock destroyed while
in their care, under the present law.

Mr. Ames : Does that motion carry with it the only means of
settling this question?

Mr. Swearingen : That motion stated on the face of it just
what it meant, and any other motion can lie made subsidiary to
that.

Mr. Araes: I anticipate, then, that we will have to provide for
a lawsuit ; that is the only way it can he decided.

President Sykes: IVIr. Wallace suggests that possibly this in-
formation can be obtained and published in the coming annual
report.

(Motion duly submitted and carried.)

The secretary has had correspondence with a number of par-
ties concerning the matter under discussion. The following is
quoted from a letter received from' C. W. Baker, secretary of the
Chicago Live Stock Exchange, on January 19th :

The Stock Yards Company at these yards, and the commission mer-
chants absolutely and unequivocably deny any responsibility for loss of
live stock by fire. The commission merchant is, in fact, a commission
agent or broker, acting for and in behalf of the consignor or owner of the
live stock in the capacity of agent, and cannot be held as such for any
loss by fire that may come to any live stock in his possession as such
agent, the title and ownership of such stock being vested by law in the
owner, and can only be taken from the owner by process of law.

I understand that the Louisville and Cincinnati Stock Yards Com-
panies make a charge of 10 cents per head for live stock coming into
their yards, in return for which they provide insurance and guarantee
owners against any loss by fire while stock is in their possession.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 187

The right of patrons from different markets to recover for loss by fire
from either tlie Stock Yards Company or tlie seller has never, to my
knowledge, been determined by the courts.

The writer has, at numerous times in the last twenty-five years, un-
dertaken to have this question definitely settled in anticipation of the
loss, and I am still of the opinion that the responsibility should not only
be determined, but provided for as may be agreed upon, thereby elim-
inating the contention that would surely follow in the event of a large
loss by fire at these yards.

On the questions especially of ownership of live stock which
has been consigned to a commission merchant, we quote the fol-
lowing letter from the tirm of Clay, Robinson & Company :

While we are not aware that the question to which you refer has ever
been brought up in the courts or any decision rendered, clearly defining
the rights of the two parties, we may say that this firm recognizes the
right of any shipper consigning stock to them to demand the return of
such stock any time before it has been actually sold, provided, of course,
there is no lien against the shipment in question, and that any charges
for freight, yardage, feed or other expenses which have accrued will
have been paid or guaranteed. It is quite frequently the case that rail-
road agents make mistakes and that stock comes in here consigned to
another firm than the one for which it is intended. In all cases where
we receive stock not intended for us, it is cheerfully surrendered at the
request of the shipper. Again, stock is quite frequently sold after being
loaded and consigned, and as the buyer may desire another firm to handle
the stock, the same rule applies. If the shipper wires us for a release of
his stock in transit, we have no hesitancy in telegraphing such a release,
provided of course, we have no claim against the stock. The commission
man is merely the agent of the shipper, and as such he must respect the
rights of the shipper in his ov,-n stock. It frequently occurs that drafts
are drawn against shipments of live stock in transit. If the maker of
such draft desires to dispose of his stock en route, he could very easily ao
so, and if the railroad company released the stock of their own volition,
the only recourse the commission man would have would be upon viie
railroad company. Consequently, before the railroads will release stock
already consigned, the owner must obtain a release from the consignee.
To this extent the stock is the property of the consignee.

While at all times recognizing the rights of the shipper to his stock,
it is not well for shippers to consign directly to themselves, as this
almost invariably means a delay in the delivery of the stock upon arrival;
and, again, where the stock is consigned direct to a commission firm,
the shipper is really protecting his interests, as, naturally, the firm is
in a better position to attend to the matter of a claim against the railroad
for any unnecessary delay in transit or for any loss or damage wuich
the stock may have sustained en route.

188 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BUYING FEEDSTUFFS.

Mr. Drury: The matter of buying protein has got to l]e a
very serious question with cattle feeders in Iowa. I have never
fed any cottonseed, but have sold thousands of tons' of oil meal.
It seems to me the cattle feeders should make a united effort
through the association to buy this meal direct from the mill and
cut out the middlemen. There are too many middlemen living
off of us whom we don't need to support. I don't know whether
it can be bought direct from the mill.^ but I am anxious to get
some of the meal later on and am investigating that.

Mr. Ritgers: I wrote to a mill company for a price, and got
it, and it wasn't two days before I got prices again, withdrawing
the old prices. I knew the dealer who had been handling that
grade of meal, and he had gotten in communication with the mill
and made them put on a dollar and quote me a new price. I
placed my order with another firm at $1.25 per ton less than I
had been quoted in the first place.

President Sykes: I consider that an important question to
the feeders of Iowa, and if anything can be done along that line,
it certainly should be. We will now stand adjourned until 1:30
p. m.

The secretary has made arrangements with several firms who
are wdlling to sell cottonseed meal in car lots direct to our mem-
bers'. Names will be furnished on application.

Afternoon Session.

President Sykes : We will listen to the report of the commit-
tee on the time to be given the railroad companies when ordering
double-deck cars for the shipment of sheep to Chicago or any
interstate point. Mr. Brockway is chairman of that committee.

Mr. Brockway : We took this matter up and went into it quite
carefully. It is our opinion that from the market centers— Mis-
souri river markets, Chicago, St. Paul, Denver, etc. — these double-
deck cars should l)e furnished upon order, the same as any other
cars. For instance, if we went to Omaha today and wanted a
double-deck car, we should 1)e furnished it ; they should be kept
on hand at these jioints. For intermediate sbipments, they

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 189

should be furnislied upon three days' notice. The commission, I
believe, suggested five or six days' notice. That works a hard-
ship upon the shipper in this way: We don't know until we get
the report of Wednesday's market whether we want to ship for
Monday or not, and we probably have to load by Saturday for
IMonday. By giving three days' notice on Wednesday, after get-
ting the report of the market, we should have the ear furnished
by Saturday for the next shipment. This will of course necessi-
tate the railroads keeping these double-deck cars at division points
along the line, and we thought that was' not asking too much.

Upon motion of Mr. Drury, duly seconded, the report of the
committee was adopted.

(Xote: This report was presnted to the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission. That body, however, fixed the notice at five days, w^ith the un-
derstanding that if this did not work satisfactorily to the shipper, they
would give it further consideration. Written notice is not required.
— Secretary.)

President Sykes: We will take up the reports of the chairmen
of the different congressional districts in regard to the selection
of their directors.

The roll of districts was thereupon called by the secretary and'
the following nominations made : Second district, E. D. Baird,
North English ; fourth district, William Larrabee, Clermont ;
sixth district, J. F. Eisle, Malconi; eighth district, Jerome Smith,
Corning ; ninth district, James Boiler, Griswold ; tenth district,
J. R. Doran, Beaver. The above named persons were thereupon
unanimously elected.

President Sykes : The next committee to report will be that
on resolutions concerning the death of ^^Ir. Hamilton Wilcox,
director from the ninth district, and Senator Ames is chairman
of that committee.

The report of the committee was presented by 'Mv. Ames, as
follows :

IX MEMORY OF HAMILTON WILCOX.

Whpreas, In the wisdom of Almighty God, the hand of death has taken
from our midst our brother and fellow-worker, Hamilton Wilcox; and,

Whereas. In view of his long services in this body as director, signi-
fying at all times his willingness to sacrifice personal comfort to public

190 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

service and the advancement of the work of the Corn Belt Meat Pro-
ducers' Association; therefore, he it

Resolved, That we extend to his family our sympathy in their sor-
row, and join with them in remembrance of his sterling worth and up-
right character. A. L. AMES.

F. T. SWEARINGEN.
S. M. CORRIE.

Mr. Ames : It is not often that this association ha^ been called
upon to write resolutions of this kind. I think this is the first
occasion where one of the official members of the association has
dropped out of the harness. I was personally acquainted with
Mr. Wilcox, meeting him here when the organization was first
started, and it was always a pleasure to do business with the
man — meet him and get the inspiration of what he thought should
he done for the benefit of the people of the state of Iowa. I want
to say that we always found him to be a modest, frank and
mighty big man in every Avay. The simple resolutions which I
have read but feebly express the feeling that those of us who
knew him best have for him and his work. I move the adoption
of this report by rising vote, and that it be incorporated in the
minutes of the meeting, and a copy sent to the family. (Motion
duly seconded and carried unanimously.)

]\'Ir. Ames brought up the matter of the abuse of the shipper's
pass and the crowding of cabooses in consequence thereof. The
subject was discussed by Messrs. Doran, Murray, Ritgers, Corrie
and others, and, upon motion of Mr. Thornburg, was referred to
the board of directors for attention.

President Sykes: "We will now hear from the committee on
resolutions, of which Mr. Ralph Sherman is chairman.

Mr. Sherman presented the report of the committee and moved
its adoption, as follows:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.

Your committee on resolutions congratulates the association on the
good work it has accomplished during the eight years of its existence.
We highly appreciate the excellent work of President A. Sykes and our
secretary, H. C. Wallace. We heartily endorse the excellent work of our
officers and directors, and unite in granting them our hearty support in
any work they may see fit to undertake. Your committe offers the fol-
lowing resolutions:

Resolved, That we deplore the tendency of the railroads to advance
freight rates on live stock by increasing the minimum carload. The live

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 191

stock industry in the west is in a critical condition; it should have the
fostering care of not only the railroads, but of all business interests, be-
cause upon our live stock industry depends the welfare of our agricul-
tural life, and upon agriculture depends the life of the nation. We recog-
nize the right of the carriers to a fair profit upon the live stock business
and we maintain that the present rates yield them a fair profit, and
no reliable evidence has ever been presented to show that they do not.

Resolved, That on account of the extremely slow and unsatisfactory
service frequently given our shipments by some of the railroads, thousands
of dollars are lost annually to the farmers and feeders through increased
shrinks and cattle becoming stale before reaching market. Wherefore,
we demand that the railroads be required by an act of congress to render
such service as fs necessary to avoid this loss and deliver our stock in
the market in a reasonable time.

Resolved, That we believ there is no reason for the existence of the
newly created Commerce Court, unless it be to defeat the purpose of
federal regulation and supervision of interstate railway traffic. That it
is effective of the purpose of defeating such federal regulation and super-
vision is manifest through its reversals of the findings by the Interstate
Commerce Commission, and its apparent indiffernce to the interests of
shippers. Believing that the rights of all concerned in transportation
matters can and will be amply protected by the federal and supreme
courts, we therefore urge upon congress that it repeal the law creating
the Com.merce Court at an early date in its present session.

Resolved, That on account of the rapid development of the live stock
industry of South America, and the demand that has been made upon
congress to take the duty off of live cattle and dressed meats, we view
with alarm such procedure, and demand that as long as this government
is committed to a protective policy, the farmer and stockman shall be
given the same measure of protection on his farm products that the
manufacturer enjoys.

Resolved, That we are unalterably opposed to a ship subsidy in any
form. The effect of such subsidy would be to compel the American farmer
to help pay the freight on dressed meat from South America and other
foreign ports to our own market.

Resolved, That we endorse the action of the federal government in
the investigation and prosecution of the packers' trust.

Resolved, That we approve the acts of the directors and officers of
this association in opposing advances in rates on live stock, and request
them to take such action in the future in opposition to such advances
as in their judgment seems necessary, and to incur such expense as may
be necessary in opposing advances of either state or interstate rates.

Resolved, That we express our disapproval of the acts of the last gen-
eral assembly in refusing to appropriate a sufficient sum to cover the
expense of printing briefs and the expenses of Commissioner Thorne,
incurred while going to Washington to argue the recent advance rate
cases. The laws of this state provide that the commission shall represent

192 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the people of Iowa in such cases. Winning this case saved the people of
Iowa nearly two million dollars annually in freight rates, and it is
clearly the duty of the state to bear this expense.

Resolved, That, realizing that scientific agriculture is the only means
of combatting the high cost of living and the depletion of our natural
fertility, Ave heartily commend to the people of Iowa the work done
by our agricultural college and experiment station, and we especially
commend the extension department in carrying scientific and practical
instruction to the farmers' homes.

Resolved, Ihat we demand of our senators and representatives the
prompt enactment of a law which will give us a general parcels post,
and thus permit our citizens to use their own mail system as freely and
as cheaply as citizens of foreign countries are now permitted to use it.

President Sykes : Rev. A. E. Kepford has a matter that he
wants to present for just a minute or two.

Mr. Kepford : ]Mr. President and Gentlemen : Last night after
the banquet. Professor Holden came to me and said that he
wished I had spoken to the meat producers concerning a project
which we have had under advisement for a year. Professor Hol-
den has proposed that a tuberculosis' special train shall be run.
He would invite experts on tuberculosis to accompany it, and he
would have a corps of expert men from the agricultural depart-
ment who would speak to the farmers of this state concerning
tuberculosis in cattle and the methods by which it could be pre-
vented. At one time Professor Holden could have carried on a
project of this kind without asking particularly for anyone's in-
fluence, but under the present regime it is necessary to bring
certain influences to l^ear in order to have it go through. Pro-
fessor Holden asked me to present this matter to the members
of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association. You know the
influence you have, and where to bring it to bear, if you feel
favorable to the project ; that is, upon the educational board of
control, by suggesting that such a special would be a splendid
thing, and of great value to the meat producers and the industrial
interests of the state.

President Sykes: I believe we are through with the routine
Imsiness of this meeting, and we are now ready for the election
of officers for the ensuing year. The first is the election of a man
for president to succeed myself. Nominations arc in oi'der.

Mr. Swearingen nominated A. Sykes to .succeed himself. Tlic
nomination was seconded by Mr. Anglum and submitted to rising
vote by Mr. Swearingen, who declared the election unanimous.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 193

President Sykes : Gentlemen, I wish to thank you for the
honor yoii have again seen fit to bestow upon nie. I have about
come to the conelusion that somebody who ean't do anything else
must take this work, and you fellows have made uji your minds
that I am not fit for anythinor'else, but that you can get some-
thing out of me liere; so year after year you continue to harness
rae.

Sonu' might wonder why I did not refuse to accept this posi-
tion at this time. Will say by way of explanation that when the
association practically forced it upon me a year ago, I was o1)-
liged to le-lease my farm for a term of years, and my plans
were changed entirely. On this account I can very easily take
charge of the association for another year, and it will not inter-
fere with my personal affairs.

It gives me satisfaction to believe that you men do really ap-
preciate what T have tried to do in this organization, and one
thing that gives me gratification is the fact that I have never
asked a man to vote for me for president of this association. I
have always taken the position that this organization belonged
to its membership, and that the members should determine who
they wanted for of^cers; and if they did not want Sykes', I
wanted and (^xpected them to say so, and select somebody else.
I think I have stated before that I have never thought that Sykes
was the only man in this organization that coidd make it a success*.
I am sure that you have lietter material in this association than
your humble servant who stands before you. l)ut it seems* that I
am again your choice.

Every year the burdens of this office become greater, because
as the association grows the work develops and new issues enter
into it. But be this as it may, I am just going to say, as I have
said before, that if the Lord spares* my life I will give you the
best there is in me for the coming year; and I will also expect
you men scattered over the state to do your part. So when I
ask yon during the coming year, as I will, to lielp me canvass in
your localities where I have not canvassed, and ])robably in some
places where I have done some work, I don't want you to say:
''AVell, Sykes, I just can't do it; there is no use talking, I can't
take the time." I have been a fanner all my life, and I know
that it will be a sacrifice to you most any time ; but we must make
this sacrifice. This organization in the future will be ."just what
we make it, and under the system on which we are now working
13

194 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

we can make an organization that can be handed down to future
generations and be a blessing to them and stand for the things
that are right in Iowa. Again I thank you for the honor that
you have conferred upon me.

The next nomination in order will be for vice-president.

Mr. Brockway: This is one office of the association where, if
the honors are great, the burdens are equally light, I have en-
joyed this honor for two years, and I appreciate it from the hands
of this association ; but I think it is better for the organization
that it be passed around. Any member can easily fill it, but I
think the office should go to someone who is in the real "big gun"
class, and I would therefore nominate our friend from Black-
hawk, Mr. R. M. Gunn.

The nomination was duly seconded, submitted to vote, and Mr.
Gunn was declared unanimously elected.

Mr. Gunn in accepting the office urged upon the members a
more thorough Sabbath observance, and appealed for better sup-
port of the country churches of Iowa.

President Sykes: The next nomination in order is for the office
of treasurer.

Mr. Anglum : I would nominate Mr. Goodenow to succeed him-
self.

Mr. Corrie: We have been electing our offices here one after
another, and while I am not doing this to influence the board of
directors, I would like to move that in an unofficial way we ex-
press by rising vote our appreciation of our secretary, who is our
official toastmaster.

Motion duly seconded, submitted to rising vote and declared
unanimously carried.

Secretary Wallace: Boys, you don't need to make a motion to
let me know that you appreciate whatever I have been able to
do, because I am conscious of it every time I come in contact with
you.

I just happened to run across in the secretary's book, as I was
looking it over, a memorandum of the statement that I made
the first time I was elected secretary: that I would serve that
year, but that I wanted the directors to arrange as soon as they
could for someone to take my place. But some way they have
never gotten around to it, and I am somewhat in the situation

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV ' 195

of the southern girl who had reached the age of twenty-five or
twenty-six unmarried. One evening she had been out to a gath-
ering with the young man who had been paying her attention,
and came home rather late. As her old negro mammy was tak-
ing down her hair, she said : * ' Honey, is you going to marry
Marse Richard?" "Why," she said, "I don't know. Don't you
think we are pretty happy as we are ! I don 't know that I would
be any happier married." "Well, honey, you are getting old."
"Yes, but we are having a good time here, you and I." "Well,"
the old woman answered, "I have noticed this, honey: that maiden
ladies are mighty happy after they once quit s'trugglin '. " I feel
rather settled down myself now.

Mr. Murray: I wish to say a word before we adjourn in re-
gard to our friend from Nebraska. He is eighty years old his
next birthday. He joined this association at its birth, if I re-
member rightly, and he has attended the meetings each year and
paid his way. This year he has brought another member with
him, and I would like to have this association give three cheers
for Mr. HiU.

President Sykes: Everybody out with his handkerchief.
The three cheers were given with a gusto.
The convention thereupon adjourned sine die.

DIRECTORS' T^IEETING.

Immediately following adjournment, a meeting of the directors
was held. H. C. Wallace was re-elected secretary. The salary
of the president was continued at $1,800 per year and expenses,
and an allowance of $1,000, as heretofore, was made for the sec-
retary's office. Messrs. Sykes, Thornburg and Wallace were ap-
pointed as members of the Executive Committee, with full power
to act.

196

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

PART V.

SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS

OF

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

AND

COMMITTEE MEETINGS
1910-1911

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
DECEMBER 20-21, 1910.

Committee met with the president and secretary present, also
member of the board E. J. Curtin.

The board having authorized the executive committee and the
superintendent of speed to arrange the speed program for the 1911
fair, the program was agreed upon, also rules for the early clos-
ing purses.

The executive connnittee and Mr. Curtin visited the fair grounds
to inspect the work in completing the grand stand, final settlement
with contractors having been withheld until such time as the exits
had been made satisfactory to the committee. The work was care-
fully gone over and it was agreed that the Des Moines Bridge &
Iron Works had fulfilled their contract; secretary was therefore
authorized and instructed to issue warrant in their favor for full
settlement, balance due being $1,157.47, at such time as the con-
tractors had filed with the secretary a written guarantee on the
gravel roof in accordance with the guarantee that usually accom-
panies the laying of a composition roof, this guarantee to be
in lieu of the one filed by the sub-contractors, the A. P. Nichols
Roofing Company.

198 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SUMMARY OF CONTRACTS WITH THE DES MOINES BRIDGE & IRON
WORKS FOR WORK AT THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPO-
SITION GROUNDS, SEASON OF 1909.

Jan. 1, 1910. Credits Debits

May 5,1909 Amount of contract for amphitheater. . $78,900.00

June 24,1909 Credit for omitting four turnstiles $ 460.00

July 12,1909 Paid by warrant No. 7156 38,000.00

July 22, 1909 Extra for 4 wire guards for windows. .

Extra for 2 wire guards for doors

Extra for 2 wire guards for transoms.. 21.40

Aug. 18,1909 Paid by warrant No, 7228 25,000.00

Aug. 25, 1909 Extra for railing at rear of reserved

seats 160.00

Aug. 16, 1909 Extra for labor and drayage in chang-
ing step angles 20.40

Sept. 30, 1909 Extra work raising beams on mez.

floor 83.00

Extra for changing risers and treads on
front stairs from wood to concrete. 125.00

Sept. 27, 1909 Paid by warrant No. 7418 12,000.00

Dec. 31,1909 Paid by warrant No. 7701 2,800.00

$78,260.00 $79,309.80
78,260.00

Balance due on amphitheater $ 1,049.80

Extra for grading at east entrance 107.67

Total balance due on amphithea-
ter contracts $ 1,157.47

The amount of bonds to be filed by the secretary and treasurer
was fixed as follows :

Treasurer's bond $50,000.00

Secretary's bond 10,000.00

Secretary was authorized to have the superintendent of the fair
grounds haul cinders from the state house and the Elrawood coal
mines to the fair grounds, at 90 cents per load for hauling.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 199

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE IiIEETING
JANUARY 6, 1911.

Members present, Cameron and Simpson.

Mr. Cameron announced the following list of standing com-
mittees for the year:

C. E. Cameron

C. W. Phillips

E. M. Wentworth

EXECUTIVE.

.Tohn Ledgerwood

AtJDITING.

R. S. Johnston

RESOLUTIONS.

F. E. Sheldon

J. C. Simpson

T. C. Legoe

E. J. Curtin

POWEKS AND DUTIES OF THE BOARD.

C. E. Cameron John Ledgerwood J. C. Simpson

E. M. Reeves C. F. Curtiss

ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS.

E. W. Stanton E. M. "Wentworth W. B. Barney

NOXIOUS WEEDS, FUNGUS DISEL.\^SES IN GRAINS, GRASSES, PLANTS ETC.

E. M. Reeves J. F. Summers O. A. Olson

DAIRYING AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.

W. B. Barney O. A. Olson J. F. Summers

ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

C. F. Curtiss H. L. Pike P. O. Koto

LEGISLATIVE.

C. E. Cameron John Ledgerwood J. C. Simpson

C. W. Phillips F. E. Sheldon

EEVISION OF PREMIUM LIST, RULES AND PJ:GTILATI0NS.

C. E. Cameron
R. S. Johnston

John Ledgerwood
H. L. Pike

J. C. Simpson
C. F. Curtiss

200 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
JANUARY 12, 1911.

Members present, Cameron, Ledgerwood and Simpson.

In accordance with the resolution of the Board under date of
Dee. 15, 1910, the compensation of J. C. Simpson for extra
services as member of and acting clerk to the Executive Com-
mittee on matters pertaining to the management of the State Fair,
was fixed at $1,800.00 per annum, payable monthly, out of the
State Fair funds, dating from Dec. 15, 1910.

Mr. James H. Deemer was appointed as custodian of the State
Fair Grounds to serve at the pleasure of the Executive Committee,
and his compensation fixed at $1,000.00 per annum, payable month-
ly; he to have free house rent, garden plot, down wood for fuel,
and pasturage for cows and horses, not to exceed six head.

Secretary presented the following schedule of fire and tornado
insurance in force upon the Fair Grounds buildings :

Expires Premiums Paid Fire Tornado

1913 General form $1,694.35 $ 47,000.00 $ 47,000.00

1913 Hog barn and pavilion 75.00' 15,000.00

1913 Farm buildings, house and barn. 26.00 2,000.00 2,000.00

1912-13 Horse barns (3 brick sections). 432.50 15,000.00 15,000.00

1912-13 Cattle barns (3 new barns).... 267.50 8,500.00 8,500.00

1913 Power house 120.00 4,000.00 4,000.00

1911-12 Agricultural building 375.00 15,000.00 15,000.00

1911 Administration building 475.00 20,000.00 15,000.00

1911 Stock pavilion 540 00 18,000.00 18,000.00

1911 Closet near horse barns ........ 110.00 3,000.00 3,000.00

1911 Producers' building 52.50 1,500.00 1,500.00

1912 Street car entrance 131.26 3,000.00 3,000.00

1912 Brick dining hall 100.00 4,000.00

1910 Rest cottage 35.00 1,000.00 1,000.00

$4,434.61 $142,000.00 $148,000.00

After carefully going over the insurance statement as above
presented the following action was taken and agreed upon :

1. To reduce to $10,000.00 the insurance on the three sections of the
horse barn at the expiration of the first $5,000.00 insurance.

2. To reduce the insurance carried on the Agricultural Building to $10,-
000.00 at the expiration of the present policies.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 201

3. To place insurance on the Administration Building as follows, when
insurance now in force expires, same to cover building and contents:
Fire, $20,000.00; tornado $15,000.00. In the event said insurance cannot
be placed to cover building and contents, then it is to be placed as follows:
Fire, $17,000.00 on building, $3,000.00 on contents. Tornado, $12,000.00 on
building, $3,000.00 on contents.

4. To reduce to $15,000.00 insurance on stock pavilion at the expiration
of present insurance.

5. To reduce to $1,500.00 insurance on closet near horse barns at the
expiration of presnt insurance.

6. Iowa Producers' Building. Do not reinsure at the expiration of pres-
ent insurance, as same is covered in general form.

7. Do not renew the insurance on Rest Cottage, which expired Decem-
ber 28, 1910.

8. Balance of Insurance left for further consideration, it being under-
stood that many of the old buildings now carried in the general form would
be cut out at the expiration of this insurance.

SPECIAL COJ^EMITTEE MEETING.
JANUARY 13-14, 1911.

Committee met with the following members present : Cameron,
Ledgerwood, Simpson, Johnston, Curtiss and Pike.

Chairman Cameron stated that the purpose of the meeting was
to discuss and determine upon the rules and regulations and
classification for the premium list of the 1911 Iowa State Fair and
Exposition. The secretary presented the recommendations for
changes as submitted by the various superintendents. After care-
ful consideration of each department the following summary was
agreed upon:

202 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SUMMARY OF PRIZES FOR 1911.

Prizes for Prizes for

1910 1911 Increase Decrease

Horses $11.772 00 $13,457.00 $1,685.00

Speed 15,600.00 14,750.00 $ 850.00

Cattle 10,009.00 10,587.00 578.00

Swine 4.490 00 3,882.00 392.00

Sheep 2,322.00 2,738.00 416.00

Poultry 1,835.00 1,850.00 15.00

Agricultural 3,227.00 3,727.00 500.00

Pantry, kitchen and apiary. . . 838.00 838.00

Dairy 657.00 657.00

Horticulture 1,123.00 1,123.00

Floriculture 926.00 1,279.00 353.00

Art & Needle Work 2,049.00 2,049.00

Schools 611.00 611.00

$ 54,459.00 $ 57,548.00 $3,939.00 $ 850.00
54,459.00 850.00

$ 3,089.00 $3,089.00

MEETING OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

JANUARY 23, 1911.

As per call of the president, the Ijoard met in the rooms of the
Agricultural Department at the State House at one o'clock p. m.
On roll call the following members were found to be present:

Governor Carroll, E. W. Stanton, W. B. Barney, P. 0. Koto,
C. E. Cameron, John Ledgerwood, J. C. Simpson, G. S. Gilbertson,
R. S. Johnston, C. W. Phillips, E. M. Reeves, C. F. Curtiss, E. M.
Wentworth, E. J. Curtin, F. E. Sheldon, J F. Summers, 0. A.
Olson and H. L. Pike.

President Cameron informed the board that Secretary Simpson
had handed in his resignation as secretary of the State Board of
Agriculture, which read as follows :

Des Moines, Iowa, Jao. 23, 1911.
Mr. C. E. Cameron, Pres., Iowa State Board of Agriculture.

Dear Sir. — I herby tender my resignation as Secretary of the State
Board of Agriculture, same to become effctive February 1, 1911.

Respectfully,

(Signed) J. C. SIMPSON.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 203

The president informed the board that it was the desire of Mr.
Simpson that his resignation be accepted at once. Mr. Curtiss
moved that the resignation of Mr. Simpson be accepted and that
a committee be appointed to draw up resolutions expressing the
regret of the members of the State Board of Agriculture that
}klr. Simpson found it necessary to sever his connection with them.
The president appointed as such committee Messrs. Curtiss, Went-
worth and Barney.

A motion was made and seconded that the president appoint
a committee of three to consider applications and the advisability
of the board at the present time in electing a secretary to succeed
Mr. Simpson. The president appointed as such committee Messrs.
Sheldon, Olson and Curtin.

The board took a recess of thirty minutes, after which they
again assembled to listen to the report of the special committee on
the selection of a secretary. The said committee made a verbal re-
port in words to the following effect : That the committee had met
but had received no applications for the position of secretary, and
that after careful consideration of the matter they were unani-
mous in the opinion that Mr. C. E. Cameron would be the proper
man for the place and they therefore recommended that the board
select Mr. Cameron as secretary for the balance of the year. Mr. •
Cameron absolutely refused to consider the proposition and fur-
ther stated that he would decline to serve if elected.

The following motion was then offered by Mr. Curtiss: Moved,
that Mr. A. R. Corey be elected acting secretary of the State
Board of Agriculture to serve at the pleasure of the board, and
that the committee on the selection of a secretary be continued
and the president be requested to call a meeting of the board
as soon as the committee was ready to report.

On roll call the motion was unanimously adopted.

Upon motion of Mr. Curtiss, which was duly seconded and
adopted, the salary of Mr. Corey as acting secretary was fixed at
$1,800.00 per year.

Governor Carroll moved that the matter of amending Section
1657-n of the Supplement to the Code with reference to the sal-
ary of the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture be referred
to the legislative committee of the Board, and that they be in-
structed to prepare a bill amending said section and present same

204 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

to the legislature at the earliest possible moment, which motion was
duly seconded and unanimously adopted.

The president appointed Messrs. Johnston, and Pike as com-
mittee on Per Diem and Mileage.

The following resolutions were offered by the special committee
appointed by the president on the resignation of Secretary Simp-
son. On motion of Mr. Wentworth the resolutions were unani-
mously adopted and ordered spread upon the records of the board.

Resolved, That the Iowa State Board of Agriculture receives with deep-
est regret the resignation of Secretary .John C. Simpson, who leaves Iowa
to enter the service of our sister state of Minnesota in a similar capacity.

Resolved, We cannot permit Secretary Simpson to leave our state or this
organization without expressing the obligation we feel for the work per-
formed during the past seventeen years toward the promotion of every
Iowa interest, and we point with particular pride to his splendid service
in advancing the work of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture and in the
upbuilding of the Iowa State Fair.

E. M. WENTWORTH,

W.B. BARNEY,
C. F. CURTISS,

Committee.

The committee on Per Diem and mileage appointed by the ]:)res-
ident filed theii- rojiort. wbicli Avas* adopted.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE :yiEETIN(;.
FEBRUARY 1-:]. If)!!.

Members present, Cameron, Ijcdgerwood, Corey, and retiring
member Secretary Sim})son.

Minutes of the executive committee on Dec. 20-21, Jan. (j and
Jan. 13-14, also minutes of" committee meeting to revise premium
list on Jan. 18-14, were read and approved.

Members C^araeron, Ledgerwood and Simpson appeared before
both the House and Senate coimnittees on agi'iculture and explained
to the committees the changes asked for in Section 1657-n. Supple-
ment to the Code, 1907, as embodied in the following bill:

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 205

Senate File No. 143, by Alleu of Pocahontas ; House File No. 143, by
Cunningham : Agriculture.

A BILL

For an Act to amend Section Sixteen Hundred and Fifty-seven-N (1657-N),
Supplement to the Code, 1907, and to enact a substitute therefor relat-
ing to the office of the Department of Agriculture and the salary of
secretary and his assistants.

Be It Enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa:

Section 1. That section sixteen hundred and flfty-seven-n (1657-n), Sup-
plement to the Code, 1907, be repealed and the following enacted in lieu
thereof:

The office of the department of agriculture shall be in rooms numbers
eleven (11) and twelve (12) of the capitol building; the said office shall be
entitled to such supplies, stationery, postage and express as may be re-
quired, which shall be furnished by the executive council in the same
manner as other officers are supplied. The secretary shall receive as salary
such compensation as may be fixed by the state board of agriculture from
the funds derived from the state fair.

Sec. 2. This act being deemed of immediate importance shall take effect
and be in force from and after its publication in the Register and Leader
and Des Moines Capital, newspapers published in the city of Des Moines,
Iowa.

In accordance \vitli the I'ccomiueiidatious aud instructions of'
Ihe board at their niei ting on Se])tember 30, 1910, the committee
roi-mnlated and liad introduced in the House and the Senate the
following lull asking for an appropriation for additional ground
and improvements on tlie Iowa State P'air and Exposition (Grounds:

Senate File No. ]fi9. hy Brown: House File No. 221, by Brown; Appro-
priations.

A BILL

For an Act making ^appropriations for additional improvements and land
at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds.

Be It Enacted by the General Assembly of the State of loica:

Section 1. That there is hereby appropriated to the Iowa Department
of Agriculture, out of any money in the state treasury not otherwise ap-
propriated, the sum of one hundred and seventy thousand dollars ( $170,-
000.00), for the following purposes:

For the purchase of additional land and lots $ 20,000.00

For building for exhibits of farm implements, machinery, ve-
hicles, etc 80,000.00

For additional sections to permanent horse barns 25,000.00

206 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

For additional sections to permanent cattle barn 15,000'.00

For sanitary toilets 10,000.00

For sheep barn 20,000.00

Total $170,000.00

Sec. 2. All moneys appropriated by this act shall be drawn from the
state treasury upon warrants issued by the state auditor upon the order
of the state board of agriculture.

Sec. 3. This act being deemed of immediate importance, shall take ef-
fect and be in force from and after its publication in the Register and
Leader and Des Moines Capital, newspapers published in Des Moines, Iowa.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

FEBRUARY 14-17, 1911.

Committee met with all members present. Architect Smith
presented sketches for the permanent buildings as contemplated
in the appropriation bill before the legislature. The committee,
with member C. F. Curtiss, went over the sketches carefully and
made such changes as deemed advisable.

Secretary was instructed to enter into contract with the Zero
Ice Company to furnish ice for the 1911 fair, terms of contract
to be the same as that of 1910.

Secretary was authorized to enter into contract with some re-
sponsible party or parties for publishing the official catalog, re-
quiring a guarantee or bond that the same will be published in an
edition of 5,000 or more copies; 500 to be delivered to the depart-
ment of agriculture free of charge on Friday, August 25, 1911.
The consideration for publishin^^ "ihe catalog to be the advertising
privilege and receipts from sales at 10 cents each.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
FEBRUARY 20-24, 1911.

Committee met with all members present. The committee, with
member C. F. Curtiss, went over the final report of 0. C. Simonds
pertaining to and explaining the permanent plans of the Iowa

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 207

Htate Fair Grounds. The plans and report being satisfactory to
the committee, secretary was instructed to issue warrant to Mr.
Simonds for $1,000, same being balance due on contract.. The
following is a copy of Mr, Simonds' report and should be studied
in connection with the preliminary report found on pages 309-313
of the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture for 1910.

Chicago, February 16, 1911.
State Board of Agriculture of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa.

Gentlemen: In our letter, dated August 29, 1910', to the secretary of
your Board, the problems which we were to consider were stated as fol-
lows :

"First, to arrange, on a given piece of land, buildings, for the purpose
of protecting and showing the advantage of various exhibits; second, to
make these buildings easily accessible from the various entrances and
from each other, by means of roads and walks; third, to make an ar-
rangement of trees, bushes and flowers which shall enhance the beauty of
the buildings and of the grounds themselves; fourth, to make, the woods
and hills available as a camping place, as a place for pleasure driving, as
a place for exhibiting the beautiful natural scenery in the vicinity of Des
Moines, and, at the same time, to preserve our native forest growth so as
to show specimens of all of Iowa's native plants and keep forever an area
of native woodland; fifth, to locate an electric railway, making a circuit
of. the grounds for passenger traffic."

In studying these problems, we are to take as a basis, the land which
has been secured by the state for the fair grounds. The shape of this
land and its general topography are indicated on plats which were. sent
you, the land being a little over a mile in length and less than half a
mile in width, with a variation in level of about one hundred and sixty
feet. Naturally, the exhibition buildings should be placed on the western
portion of the grounds, which is comparatively level and is also nearest
the city. As certain permanent buildings had been erected, it was taken
for granted that live stock should be shown on the level area just north
of Dean Avenue and opposite the Rock Island switching tracks. In this
area the buildings for horses were to occupy the northwestern corner, the
buildings for cattle, the northeastern corner, for swine, the southeastern
corner and for sheep, the southwestern corner. Permanent buildings had
been built or commended for the first three groups, so the only question
remaining was in regard to the sheep. The space left for them seemed
rather small, but there was a possibility of its being increased by the pur-
chase of additional land, which we strongly recommended.

In our final plan, the buildings for farm machinery and transportation
exchanged the places that were shown for them on our preliminary plan.
Some other changes were also made, the cement industries being placed on
the plan in the present stock pavilion, while the space for exhibiting and
judging stock was to be provided for in the new building, somewhat
larger than the present one. The final plans show this building opposite

208 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the Administration building, just nortli of the building for horses. The
place for amusements was also changed to an area east of the race track.
The final plans, which you now have, were the result of careful considera-
tion on the part of the secretary and members of your Board as well as
ourselves. The buildings, as shown, provide for the future needs as far as
they can be anticipated at the present time. They are conveniently ar-
ranged with regard to each other and with regard to the entrances and
stations along the proposed electric line. Those interested in stock will
find the buildings for various domestic animals near each other. The
Horticultural and Agricultural buildings are near neighbors. The machin-
ery occupies another part of the grounds, the parade grounds, half mile
track and amusements another portion, while the Manufacturers' and
Liberal Arts building and Transportation building are conveniently near.
The present Administration building is centrally located with regard to all
the exhibits and is in the center of an open spaice which is parklike in
character. We hope that this open space, as shown on plans, may not be
encroached upon. It is needed to give a proper effect to the various build-
ings which surround it, and as a resting place for the visitors at the time
of a fair.

We will again call attention to the fact that the drives, as shown, are
designed with easy grades and make all parts of the grounds accessible.
The central important drives, leading from the two entrances, are re-
tained as at present used. Some steep drives and some that would inter-
fere with proposed buildings have been omitted, but their places are taken
by other drives that are equally convenient. We have proposed a slight
change in the surface drainage of a portion of the grounds diverting the
water course, which now follows Grand avenue, to the area included by
the race track, at the western portion of which we suggest a small lake.
In the wooded area, the water from rains and melting snow can generally
be taken care of by surface flow through natural valleys. Wherever the
natural flow, however, would cross a drive, a provision should be made
for its passage underneath, and an underground conduit should be made
from the lower end of the principal valley to the pond shown north of the
Transportation building, the line of this conduit following the grades that
would be most economical when depth of cut and horizontal distances are
considered. We recommend that the wooded area now occupying most of
the eastern portion of the grounds be retained as a piece of natural forest.
Our country is comparatively new, but, as time goes on, a piece of natural
original forest will become an exhibit of continually increasing value and
interest. You are fortunate in being able to preserve such an exhibit so
near the capitol and metropolis of Iowa. It should become an arboretum
of especial interest to those who wish to learn about the trees suitable for
your state.

Planting should be done about the buildings to give them a proper set-
ting, and serve as an example for visitors to follow and trees should shade
the various walks and drives, but be arranged in such a way as to pre-
serve ample open areas and attractive vistas. After visiting the fair,
there are a few things we would like to mention, not referred to in the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 209

report to the secretary which has already been mentioned. The appear-
ance of the grounds would be greatly improved if all the wires could be
placed underground. This has been done along the streets of many cities
and even on some private grounds and also along lines connecting distant
cities. The poles necessary for overhead wires, with their cross arms,
the injuries to trees some times caused by wires, and the wires themselves
are all detrimental to the appearance of the fair grounds. You have an
opportunity to set a good example by putting the wires out of sight.

The disposal of garbage and sewage is at present unsatisfactory. There
should be some method of disposing of the melon rinds and other refuse
from the restaurants and dining rooms which would not allow any portion
of the grounds to become offensive. At present, refuse is piled in some
opening in the woods or some depression in the ground where, subse-
quently, the pile must be removed at an additional expense. Possibly that
portion of the refuse material, which cannot be burned, would be of some
value to neighboring farmers, so that they would be willing to take it
either without expense or for a small consideration and thus preserve the
grounds from anything unsightly or offensive. We would suggest tl;at
the question of disposing of sewage be studied with the assistance of some
sanitary engineer of recognized ability.

We would suggest that tents be prohibited from a definite space along
each side of the drives that extend through the forest by establishing
some line corresponding to building lines along residence streets. Such
lines might be anywhere from fifty to one hundred feet from the edge of
the roadway. With the additional land, which you now have, a wider
range might occupied by those who camp on the grounds during fair time.

We desire this letter to be considered as supplementary to a former
letter which has already been mentioned. The state fair has been con-
ducted in such a way as to be of educational value to the people of the
state. Those interested in stock get information which will be of value
to them on their farms. Those interested in the raising of corn, alfalfa
and other farm crops either get information of value or are stimulated,
by what they see, to greater efforts. The exhibits of farm machinery, ce-
ment industries, manufactured articles and all the various displays to be
found at the fair must be of decided advantage to the people of the state.
We hope that the grounds themselves will become an exhibit of equal
value on account of their beauty and convenience and an exhibit not
confined to the week or ten days of the fair, but extending throughout
the year, showing all the various trees and shrubs that are hardy in the
state of Iowa and showing, as well, beautiful pictures, by the proper re-
lation of open spaces to the various groups of woody growth. As the
fair cntinues for only about ten daj'^s, perhaps you would not be justified
in having all of the herbaceous plants, as these w^ould call for an expendi-
ture which might not add to your receipts at the time of the fair, but,
you could, without sacrifice, give the park authorities an opportunity to
supplement in this way your own effects in creating and preserving nat-
ural beauty. In this way the grounds might continually show, during the
growing season, attractive and harmonious effects of flowers. With the
14

210 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

co-operation of the city of Des Moines, through its park commissiners, the
state fair grounds might be of decided value and interest during the entire
year without causing any additional expense to the people of the state.
Toronto sets a good example in that direction.

If, in your study of the plans and their application to the grounds, there
are any questions which occur to you that have not been answered, either
verbally or in writing, we hope you will be free to write regarding them,
either directly or through your secretary.

Yours sincerely,

O. C. SIMONDS & CO.,

Per O. C. Simonds.

The matter of attractions for the coming state fair was discussed
and it was decided to meet with the representatives of the western
fairs in Chicago on March 20-21 for the purpose of considering free
attractions and night shows.

MEETING OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY COMMITTEE.
FEBRUARY 22, 1911.

Committee met with members Curtiss, Pike and Koto present.
also members of the executive committee and Senator Ames.

The purpose of the meeting was to consider Senate file No. 129.
by Ames, relative to the state enrollment of stallions. The bill
was considered section by section and several changes made in the
original bill.

SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING.
CHICAGO, MARCH 20-21, 1911.

In accordance with the arrangements made, the committee, with
member C. F. Curtiss, and the Superintendent of Concessions
and privileges, W. C. Brown, met at the Auditorium Hotel, Chi-
cago, with representatives of the following named fairs: Minne-
sota, Indiana, Wisconsin, Nebraska, South Dakota and the Sioux
City Interstate fair. The purpose of this meeting was to meet
representatives of night shows, carnival companies, attractions,
people and booking agencies and to receive propositions from
them relative to furnishing free attractions, night shows, and ispe-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 211

cial attraction features for the night show at the amphitheater,
ec, for the 1911 fair. The following contracts were entered into :
Western Vaudeville Managers' Ass'n for Patrick Conway's
Band of New York City; F. M. Barnes, Inc., for six professional
vaudeville acts for amphitheater and pavilion shows ; Allie T. Woos-
ter, Portage, Wis., for relay races, Reman standing, tandem and
chariot races; Thos. R. Johnstone for sheep dog tricks, to be
brought from Scotland.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

MARCH 27-30, 1911.

Committee met with all members present. This meeting was
called to negotiate with the Des Moines Electric Company and
ascertain if they were in a position to furnish the Iowa State Fair
Grounds with current for power and lighting purposes.

The committee met with Mr. Sawyer, manager for the Des Moines
Electric Company, and were informed that the company now has
ample power to furnish the fair grounds with all the current de-
sired, provided a satisfactory contract could be made that would
warrant the company in building a high tension line to the
grounds. With this in view Mr. Sawyer agreed to submit the
committee a proposition in writing.

The appropriation bill for fair grounds improvements having
passed both branches of the legislature, the president instructed
the secretary to notify the members of the board of a meeting
of the board at ten o'clock a. m., Tuesday, April 4th, for the
jpurpose of locating the machinery building, approving plans
and authorizing the executive committee to advertise for bids
and let contracts for the proposed improvements.

:\IEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

APRIL 4, 1911.

Board convened at ten o'clock a. m. as per call of the presi-
dent. Upon roll call the following members were found to be
present: Governor Carroll, W. B. Barney, C. E. Cameron, John

212 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Ledgerwood, A. R. Corey, G. S. Gilbertson, 11. S. Johnston, C. W.
Phillips, E. M. Reeves, E. J. Curtin, E. M. W^ntworth, T. C.
Legoe, C. V. Curtiss, F. E. Sheldon, 0. A. Olson and H. L. Pike.

]Minutes of the board meeting of January 2;3rd were read and
ajjproved.

Tlie president informed the board that the object of the meeting
was to eons-jider inatters pertaining to the construction of th;-
machinery building, sanitary closets, and the purchase of addi-
tional land, as provided for by an appropriation of the Thirty-
fourth General Assembly.

The bill as passed read as follows :

A BILL

For an act making appropriation for additional iniprovenients and land at
the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds.

Be It Enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa:

Section 1. There is hereby appropriated to the Iowa Department of
Agriculture, out of any money in the state treasury not otherwise appro-
priated, the sum of eighty-five thousand dollars ($8.'J,000.00) for the fol-
lowing purposes:

For the purchase of additional land and lots $ 12,000.00

For building for exhibits of farm implements, machinery, ve-
hicles, etc 65,000.00

For sanitary toilets 8,000.00

Total $ 85,000.00

Sec. 2. In allotting space to exhibitors in the building erected with this
appropriation, the State Board of Agriculture, under such reasonable
rules as it may prescribe, shall give preference to Iowa manufacturers.

Sec. ?j. All moneys appropriated by this act shall be drawn from the
state treasurer upon warrants issued by the state auditor upon order of
the State Board of Agriculture.

Sec. 4. This act being deemed of immediate importance, shall take ef-
fect and be in force from and after its publication in the Register and
Leader and Des Moines Capital, newspapers published in Des Moines, Iowa.

At this time Architect 0. O. Smith was called l)efore the board
and explained in detail the plans for tlie machinery building and
for the sanitary closets under each end of the amphitheater.

On motion the board adjourned until 1 i^iO j). m.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART Y. 213

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The board reconvened at 1 :30 p. m. with members present
as at the morning session, also Dr. P. 0. Koto.

Mr. Curtiss stated that the U. S. Department of Agriculture had
withdrawn recognition for all stud books associations and that by
an act of the Thirty-fourth C4eneral Assembly it became the duty
of the Board of Agriculture to approve a list of stud books to be
recognized by the Iowa Department of Agriculture in the work
of the Division of Horse Breeding. ]Mr. Curtiss moved that the
tioard approve the list of stud books recognized by the National
Society of Record Associations. Motion seconded by ^Ir. Curtiii
and unanimously adopted.

The president announced that the committee appointed to re-
ceive applications for the position of secretary of the board were
ready to make their report. The chairman of the committee made
the following verbal report: ''Two members as a majority of the
committee, are of the opinion that there should be no changes in
the present conditions of the secretaryship until the annual meet-
ing in December. The other member of the committee is of the
opinion that we should proceed to the election of a secretary
at once."

The question was on the adoption of the report of a majority
of the committee. The ballot resulted as follows : To sustain the
report, 10 ; to reject the report, 7. Therefore further considera-
tion of the secretaryship was postponed until the annual nieetiniz'
of the board in December.

Mr. Ledgerwood tendered his resignation as vice president of
the State Board of xVgricultiu-e. which read as follow^S:

Hon. C. E. Cameron, President,

State Board of Agriculture.
Dear Sir: I hereby tender my resignation as vice-president of the
Iowa State Board of Agriculture.

Very respectfully,

.JOHN LEDGERWOOD.

On motion the resignation of Mr. Ledgerwood was placed on
tile to be considered later.

On motion the board adjourned to the fair grounds to look over
the location for the machinery building and the sanitary closets.

At five o'clock the board reconvened in the office of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, president Cameron in the chair.

214 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. Chirtiss moved that all exhibition space in all of the build-
ings be sold at the established rates in said buildings, provided,
however, the executive committee may waive charge for space for
special exhibits that might be considered an attraction, or an
exhibit that has special educational features. Motion seconded
by Mr, Legoe and unanimously adopted.

Mr. Curtiss moved that further consideration and arrange-
ments for the night show in front of the amphitheater be referred
to the executive committee with power to act. Motion seconded
and unanimously adopted.

Mr. Wentworth moved that the executive committee be author-
ized to wreck the Iowa building and to take such action in regard
to wrecking the private machinery buildings as they deemed ad-
visable. Motion seconded by Mr. Olson and unanimously adopted.

Mr. Wentworth moved that should the executive committee be
successful in closing a contract with the Des Moines Electric
Company to furnish current for power and light upon the Iowa
State Fair Grounds, that they be authorized to dispose of the
boilers, engines, dynamos, arc lights and such other electrical ap-
paratus as would be of no use. Motion seconded by Johnston and
unanimously adopted.

The following resolution was offered by Mr. Johnston and
adopted ;

Resolved, That the Board approve the plans and specifications for the
steel constructed portion of the machinery building and the plans for
sanitary closets to be installed under the amphitheater and in the machin-
ery building, submitted by architect O. O. Smith, and be it further

Resolved, That the location of the machinery building as shown by the
permanent ground plans on file in the office as agreed upon by the Board
in their visit to the grounds, be approved and be it further

Resolved, That the executive committee be and they are hereby author-
ized and instructed to advertise for bids as per plans and specifications
submitted and in the manner agreed upon by the Board for the erection of
the north one-half or such portion of the machinery building as may be
possible to build from the appropriation of $65,000.00 and the sanitary
closets provided for in House File No. 221, a bill appropriating funds for
the purpose, and be it further

Resolved, That the executive committee be, and they are hereby author-
ized to award contracts for the above work to the lowest responsible and
advantageous bidder or bidders, limiting the total amount of cost, includ-
ing architect and engineer fees, to the appropriation of $65,000.00 for a
machinery building and $8,000.00 for sanitary closets made for these pur-
poses, and be it further

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 215

Resolved, That the executive committee be and they are hereby author-
ized to purchase in the name of the State of Iowa as much additional
land, and in the order agreed upon by the board, to the southwest portion
of the grounds as may be possible from the state appropriation of $12,-
000.00, and be it further

Resolved, That the committee be authorized to purchase this land
through an agent and to enter into condemnation proceedings if it be-
comes necessary.

Resolved, That the appropriation as provided in House File 221 shall
be drawn upon orders signed by the president and secretary of the state
board of agriculture at such times and in such amounts as may be needed
in the payment of the work specified.

On motion the resignation of Mr. Ledgerwood as vice president
was accepted by the board.

The president announced that the next order of business would
be the election of a vice president to fill the vacancy made by the
resignation of Mr. Ledgerwood. On an informal ballot the fol-
lowing candidates for the office were named: Pike, Olson, John-
ston, Curtiss, Wentworth and Reeves. It was then agreed to take
a formal ballot and the low men to drop out until one of the
candidates was elected. Mr. Olson having received a majority
of all votes cast on the first ballot was declared elected vice pres-
ident to fill the vacancy.

Mr. Olson presented his resignation as member of the State Board
of Agriculture from the tenth congressional district, which read
as follows:

C. E. Cameron, President, April 4, 1911.

Iowa Department of Agriculture,
Des Moines, Iowa.
Dear Sir: I hereby tender my resignation as member of the Iowa State
Board of Agriculture from the Tenth Congressional District.

Respectfully yours,

O. A. OLSON.

On motion the resignation was accepted.

The president announced that nominations were in order for a
member of the State Board of Agriculture from the tenth con-
gressional district to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation
of Mr. Olson. Mr. J. P. Mullen of Pocahontas county and Mr.
C. J. Martin of Greene county were nominated, Mr. Mullen hav-

216 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

iug received a majority of votes cast on the tirst ballot, on motion
his election was made unanimous.

The executive committee recommended that ^Ir. Mullen be made
superintendent of the implement and machinery department. On
motion the board approved the recommendation of the committee.

The committee on per diem and mileage filed a report, which
was on motion adopted.

On motion the board ad.journed to meet at the call of the pres-
ident.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

April 5, 1911.

(Jommittee met Avith members Cameron, Olson and Corey
present.

Committee authorized the superintendent of grounds to pur-
chase posts and fencing to rebuild 2100 ft. of fence on the north
side of the grounds extending from present fence east of track
to east fence in camp grounds. The committee authorized the
superintendent of grounds to wreck the old Iowa building and to
sell such lumber as could not be made use of. The secretary pre-
sented an outline for the advertising budget for the 1911 fair,
amounting approximately to $10,000.00, and the same was
approved.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING .
May 2-6, 1911.

Wednesday, May 3, 1911.
Committee met with all members present, also members Curtiss,
Mullen and Phillips. The purpose of tliis meeting w^as to open
bids on the machinery building, to award contracts for same, and
to dispose of miscellaneous matters brought to the attention of
the committee.

The l)ond of the secretary for $10,000.00 and that of the treas-
urer for $50,000.00 were approved by the president and vice
president and placed on file.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 217

A committee representing the National French Draft Horse
Ajssoeiation, composed of President J. "W. Craft, Vice President
Isaiah Dillon, and the assistant secretary and one other member
of the association, appeared before the executive committee and
C. F. Curtiss, superintendent of the horse department, and asked
to have the class continued for Percheron and French Draft
horses. These gentlemen were informed that the Percheron breed-
erg had made a request for a separate classification and upon the
showing made this was granted. They were also informed that
the executive committee was ready to consider their application
for a separate classification for French Draft horses. As no re-
quest was made for a separate classification it was decided to let
the class remain as published in the 1911 premium list.

Secretary was instructed to enter into contract with Milton S.
Mooney for his electric tandem for a feature at the night show
in the stock pavilion, the consideration to be $750.00 provided
Iowa and Minnesota State Fairs book the act; should Wisconsin
also book this act the amount to be $700.00.

The oath of office was administered by notary H. L. Bosquet to
John P. Mullen of Fonda, who was duly elected a member of thr
board from the Tenth District on April 4th.

Thursday, May 4.

Committee met \Wth all members present, also members Curtiss,
Phillips and Mullen and architect 0. 0. Smith.

The time set for receiving proposals for the construction of the
machinery building having arrived, the committee preceeded to
open bids, which were as follows:

PROPOSITION NO. "O."

Building complete as per specifications. Includes steel, general con-
tract, culvert and grading. Deduction for leaving off portion back to cen-
ter line of building.

Bid. Deduction

J. B. McGorrisk, Des Moines, Iowa $90,000.00 $4,300.00

J. C. Mardis Co., Des Moines, Iowa 92,400.00 4,100.00

Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, Des Moines 83,560.00 3,960.00

W. H. Brereton, Des Moines, Iowa *79,442.0O 6,287.00

*Does not include grading.

218 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

PROPOSITION NO. 1.

For steel work complete as per specifications. Deduction for leaving off
portion back to center line of building.

Bid. Deduction

Modern Steel Structural Co., Waukesha, Wis $33, 850. $3,500.00

Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, Des Moines 34,000 00 2,400.00

The Massillion Bridge & Structural Co., Masillion, O. 31,370.00 1,870.00

J. C. Mardis Co., Des Moines, Iowa 35,000.00 2,200.00

J. B. McGorrisk, Des Moines, Iowa 34,000.00 2,400.00

PROPOSITION NO. 4.

General contract not including steel, culvert or grading.

Bid. Deduction

.T. B. McGorrisk, Des Moines, Iowa $43,375.00

■I. E. Lovejoy, Des Moines, Iowa 33,713.00

J. C. Mardis, Des Moines, Iowa 45,872.00'

C. W. Ennis, Toledo, Iowa 47,000.00

PROPOSITION NO. 2.

For grading per yard; one haul not to exceed 500 feet, the other not to
exceed 2,000 feet.

500 ft. 2060 ft.

haul haul

J. B. McGorrisk, Des Moines, Iowa $.26 $.41

J. C. Mardis Co., Des Moines, Iowa 26 .44

C. W. Ennis, Toledo, Iowa 22 .33

Barnes Bros., Des Moines, Iowa 221^ .389

Frank Cram, Des Moines, Iowa 28 .45

Wood & Connett, Des Moines, Iowa 35 .40

F. F. Balzer, Des Moines, Iowa 37i^ ATYz

James Horrabin, Des Moines, Iowa 24 .29

J. L. Hansman, Des Moines, Iowa ,_ 37 .57

PROPOSITION NO. 3.

For 276 feet, 5x12 reinforced concrete culvert.

J. B. McGorrisk, Des Moines, Iowa $5,268.00

J. C. Mardis Co., Des Moines, Iowa 5,800.00

C. W. Ennis, Toledo, Iowa 3,200.00

W. H, Brereton, Des Moines, Iowa 4,250.00

James Horrabin, Des Moines, Iowa 3,450.00

J. W. Turner Improvement Co., Des Moines, Iowa *4,575.00

T. C. Casselberry, Des Moines, Iowa 4,260.00

Christie Construction Co., Des Moines, Iowa 3,690.00

J. L. Hansman, Des Moines, Iowa 5,240.00

V. C. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa 5,437.00

N. M. Stark, Des Moines, Iowa 3,475.00

*For 250 feet.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 219

After a careful consideration of the bids it was deemed advisable
to postpone awarding contracts until satisfactory evidence was
produced that the Massillon Bridge and Structural Company was
in a position to carry out the contract within the specified time
should they be awarded same.

FRIDAY, iVIAY 5, 1911.

Committee inet with all members present.

Mr. C. H. Duffield, representing the Pain Pyrotechnic Company
of Chicago, brought before the committee their proposition for the
night show at the amphitheater — Pain's New Pompeii, with special
features consisting of six vaudeville specialties, special ballet of
forty girls, and chariot races. The committee authorized the secre-
tary to sign contract for the above show for five nights, commenc-
ing Saturday, August 26th, and closing Thursday, August 31st, the
consideration to be $6,500.00 for the five nights.

Friday afternoon was spent at the grounds considering necessary
improvements and repairs to be made under the supervision of the
superintendent of grounds prior to the 1911 fair.

The following repairs and improvements were agreed upon :

Order 100 lawn seats, same as those bought in 1910, to cost $1.90
each.

Paint roof of stock pavilion.

Repair gutters on stock pavilion.

Paint seats in grand stand.

Build addition to Exposition Building, 30x50 ft., for housing
school exhibits.

Raise band stand in front of amphitheater.

Put in new band stand in south end of stock pavilion.

Rearrange seating in present boxes in stock pavilion so the back
seats will be elevated.

Put in band stand in center of Agricultural Building with space
for miniature farm underneath, size to be about 24 ft. square.

220 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SATURDAY, MAY 6, 1911.

Committee met with all members present, also architect O. 0.
Smith.

Careful consideration was given all bids on file, also references
furnished by the Massillon Bridge and Structural Company who
were the low bidders on the steel proposal.

It was decided to let the contract for erection of steel in accord-
ance with proposal No. 1 to the ]\Iassillon Bridge and Structural
Company on their bid of $31,370.00, after deducting $300.00 for
omitting one coat of paint at shops, making their contract for
$31,070.00. Contract to this effect was drawn up and signed.
Surety bond was executed by The American Surety Company of
New York for $12,500.00 as a guaranty that the work will be
carried out as per contract.

Mr. J. E. Lovejoy being the low bidder on general contract as
per proposal No. 4 was called and asked to make deductions for
staining ceiling and rafters and for changing the 2x6 rafters from
18 inches on center to 24 inches on center. Mr. Love.joy submitted
the following:

Deduct from my bid of $33,713.00

For staining ceiling and rafters $1,632.00

For change in spacing rafters 625.00 2,257.00

$31,456.00

Contract for this amount was drawn up and signed, guaranteed
by a surety bond executed liy the Title Guai-anty «S: Surety Co. for
$12,600.00.

C. "W. Ennis, of Toledo. Iowa. avIio Avas the lowest bidder on con-
tract for culvert, informed the committee he did not care for this
contract if he did not secure other contracts in connection with
the work on the building, and desired that it be taken off his hands
at his bid or given to the next lowest bidder.

The matter of letting contract for culvert and grading was left
until Mr. Lovejoy could ascertain whether he desired to put in
the culvert for $3,200.00 along with liis contract, the amount lieing
the same as Mr. Ennis' proposal.

The committee authorized J\Ir. AV. II. Harwood to act as agent
to purchase additional land to tlie sontlieast of the Fair Croiuids.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 221

tli-e same to be purchased and held in trust in the name of the
Inter-State Realty Company and at the proper time deeded to the
State of Towa.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
MAY 19-20, 1911.

Committee met with all members present.

The secretary reported that Mr. Lovejoy had made it known
that he did not desire the contract for putting in the culvert at
the bid of $3200.00 made by ]\Ir. Ennis. James Horrabin, who w^as
lowest bidder on the grading signed contracts and furnished the re-
quired bond for putting in the culvert at $3200.00 complete and
for making the fill at 24 cents for short haul and 29 cents for long
haul in accordance with the proposal and specifications, the extent
of the fill to be left to the discretion of the committee.

The committee visited the grounds to ascertain the progress being
made with the work on culvert and foundations. It was deemed
advisable to extend the culvert across Capitol Avenue and use
same for a bridge. ]\Ir. Horrabin agreed to do this work at the
same cost per foot as he was to receive for the culvert work, viz,
$11.60 per foot, the extension to be about 26 feet. Mr. Horrabin
was ordered to do this work at this figure.

The committee ordered the Capitol AA'enue entrance closed and
three turn-stiles put in at Grand Avenue with overhead protection
from rain and sun.

The secretary presented proposition from Iowa bands and or-
chestras ; the six day engagement to commence August 26tli and
continue to Friday, September 1st, inclusive ; the five day engage-
ment to commence ^Monday, August 28th. and close Friday, Sep-
tember 1st. The committee decided to let the six day engagement
to the Fifty-fourth Regiment Band of Ottumwa, the five day en-
gagement to the Storm Lake Concert Band, and the orchestra en-
gagement to Graham's orchestra of Des Moines ; the secretary was
authorized to execute contracts.

The committee granted the request of Fire Chief Wm. Burnett
for use of the Fair Grounds on July 26, 27 and 28 for the purpose
of holding the State Firemen 's Tournament, the rental to be $100.00
])er day.

222 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The committee approved the contract drawn for the Greater
Des Moines Driving Club for use of the fair grounds on June 13,
14 and 15, the rental to be 50 per cent of the net receipts, bonds
to the extent of $2000.00 to be executed to guarantee payment of
all purses, expenses, etc.

The secretary was authorized to attend the aviation meet at
Lincoln, Neb., given by the Curtiss Company, and to confer with
W. R. Mellor, Secretary of the Nebraska State Fair, in regard to
contracts for aeroplane attractions.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
JUNE 1-3, 1911.

Committee met with all members present.

The secretary informed the committee that the Ottumwa Band
had returned contract for engagement unsigned with the state-
ment that they were unable to fulfill the engagement on account
of the company going into Iowa National Guards camp on the
dates of the Fair.

The secretary was authorized to contract with the 56th Regiment
Band of Fort Dodge to fill this engagement.

In accordance with a resolution of the Board the following pri-
vate buildings on the Fair Grounds were condemned and the secre-
tary instructed to notify owners that these buildings must be re-
moved on or before July 1st:

John Deere Plow Company building.

Globe Machinery & Supply Company building.

Janesville Machinery Company building.

Ohio Cultivator Company building.

S. G. Gay building.

D. M. Sechler Carriage Company building.

Shaver Carriage Company building.

Northwestern Manufacturing Company building.

Wilson Moline Buggy Company building.

Fuller & .Tohnson Manufacturing Company building.

Capital City Carriage Company building.

Building owned by Department of Agriculture.

The architect was instructed to prepare plans and ask for bids
on closets in each end of the amphitheater, in the northeast and
northwest corners of the machinery building, and in two booths
on the east side of the stock pavilion.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 223

EXECUTIVE COjVOIITTEE MEETING.
JUNE 13-16, 1911.

Committee met with all members present.

The committee, with W. R. Mellor, Secretary of the Nebraska
State Fair, considered propositions from various aeroplane people
for daily flights at the Iowa and Nebraska fairs. Having gone over
the propositions carefully, they decided to contract for two of
Wright Bros, machines with two aviators, for the sum of $5,000.00
for each fair.

The committee decided to designate the various days of the 1911
fair as follows:

Thursday, August 24th, Preparation Day.
Friday, August 25th, Preparation Day.
Saturday, August 26th, Childrens' Day.
Sunday, August 27th, Music Day.
Monday, August 28th, Des Moines Day.
Tuesday, August 29th, Soldiers' Day.
Wednesday, August SOth, State Day.
Thursday, August 31st, Old Settlers' Day.
Friday, September 1st, Parade Day.

The Des Moines Ad Men's Club was granted the use of the fair
grounds for a Fourth of July celebration at the usual rate ($100.00
per day), provided they abandoned the plan to put on a head-on
collision between two engines; the grounds, buildings, etc., to be
left in the same condition as when turned over to the club.

The time having arrived to open bids on plumbing to be in-
stalled at the fair grounds, the committee, with architect Smith,
proceeded to open bids, which were as follows:

Globe Plumbing & Heating Company, Des Moines:

Wolf's closets, painted $5,700.00

Wolfs closets, white enameled 6,114.00

L. M. Rumsey Mfg. Co., closets, painted 5,200.00

L. M. Rumsey Mfg. Co , closets, white enameled 5,614.00

Wallace & Linnan, Des Moines:

Wolfs closets, white enameled $6,680.00

A. H. Walker Co., Des Moines:

Standard or Rumsey's closets, painted $5,427.00

Standard or Rumsey's closets, white enameled 5,752.00

Wolfs closets, painted 5,927.00

Wolfs closets, white enameled 6,327.00

224 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Pray & Comerford, Des Moines:

L. M. Ruxnsey Mfg. Co., closets, painted $5,134.00

L. M. Rumsey Mfg. Co., wliite enameled 5,459.50

Wolf's closets, white enameled 5,684.00

Des Moines Plumbing & Heating Co., Des Moines:

Wolf's closets, white enameled 5,750.00

The committee decided to use Wolf's white enamel closets
throughout and awarded contract to Pray & Comerford for
$5,684.00, they having the lowest bid on both Wolf's and Rumsey
Mfg. Co. closets. The above firm signed contract and furnished
bond in the sum of $2,280,00 to guarantee carrying out the con-
tract according to plans and specifications.

The secretary was authorized to let contract for alterations and
l)rick work on closets under each end of the amphitheater in ac-
cordance with estimate of architect Smith.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
JUNE 29-30, 1911.

The Admen's Club, who had arranged for the use of the fair
grounds for a Fourth of July celebration, were informed that on
account of the extremely dry condition of the grounds it would be
necessary for them to have the citj'' fire department station a hose
wagon and men at the fair grounds during that day to insure
better fire protection.

It was deemed advisable to put Grand Avenue to grade at this
time, from bridge to gate, and the superintendent of grounds was
instructed to have grade stakes set and to have James Horrabin
make the cut and use the dirt to fill the machinery building.

The Dempster Manufacturing Company was notified to remove
three wind mill towers located north of the electric light plant.

The following bids were received on work necessary to install
closets under each end of the amphitheater. The work consisted
of brick walls around closet room, cement floors, etc., as per plans
and specifications :

W. H. Brereton, Des Moines, Iowa $2,499.00

.1. E. Lovejoy, Des Moines, Iowa 2,461.75

Contract was let to tlic low bidder, Mr. Lovejoy, for the above
amount.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 225

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
JULY 9-10, 1911.

The committee met with all members present, also Mr. Paul B.
Sawyer, manager of the Des ^Moines Electric Company.

The purpose of the meeting Avas to go over the contract as sub-
mitted by the legal department of the above company, having
agreed upon the principal points at the last meeting. The contract
was read and discussed, section by section, and a few changes
made. The secretary was authorized to sign the re-draft after com-
paring it with the contract agreed to.

The secretary was also authorized to co-operate with Mr. Sawyer
for the purchase of the three 150 K. W., O. I. S. C. transformers
to be installed in the fair grounds station for the purpose of
stepping current down from 6600 volts to 2300 volts, and to pur-
chase other small transformers and lighting equipment as recom-
mended by Mr. Sawyer for present needs.

The committee granted the Shaver Carriage Company of Des
Moines the privilege of putting up a private building on the fair
grounds on the first space west of the ditch, the building to be
40x100 feet and built according to plans and specifications sub-
mitted by the company and approved by architect Smith.

The next space west of the Shaver Carriage Company's plot with
100 feet frontage was set aside for a building to be erected by the
International Harvester Company.

The secretary was instructed to purchase a car load of tan bark
for use in the stoc-k pavilion, also some saw dust for the agricultural
and exposition buildings.

IN VACATION.
JULY 12. 1911.

Secretary signed contract with the Des Moines Electric Com-
pany to furnish light and power for the fair grounds as agreed
upon by the executive committee on July 9th.

1.")

226 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

JULY 13, 1911.

Secretary placed an order for transformers and other equipment,
as per instructions of the executive committee, with the General
Electric Company, through P. B. Sawyer, Manager of the Des
Moines Electric Co.,

EXECUTIVE COM]\IITTEE MEETING.
JULY 22-27, 1911.

Committee met with all members present.

• It was agreed that space should be provided for an exhibit by
the U. S. Navy Department ; also space for an exhibit of the State
Fish and Game Department.

■ The secretary was instructed to write J. Alex Sloan to put in
writing his proposition for putting on exhibition automobile races
by Ray Harroun and others and to exhibit moving pictures of the
500 mile automobile race at Indianapolis on July 4th.
' The committee in charge of Old Settlers' Day presented a
proposition to admit free all old settlers who were residents of the
state at the time it was admitted into the Union, each to present a
credential signed by a county officer or an officer of an old settlers'
•association. The executive committee granted this privilege and
^the use of the assembly tent on Thursday afternoon, August 31st.

The superintendent of grounds was instructed to put new roofs
on ten cattle barns and horse barn No. 5.

The committee approved orders placed with the Des Moines
Electric Company for transformers and electrical supplies, also
for 750 feet of ready wired sockets for outlining the stock
pavilion.

The secretary was instructed to place .$15,000.00 tornado in-
surance on the machinery building as soon as the building was
completed.

Contract was entered into with Potts Bros, for putting in an
.eight foot cement walk on the south side of Grand Avenue from
entrance to the street runing south along the east side of the
machinery building, and on the north side of Grand Avenue from
entrance to the bridge; the price to be 9 cents per foot, the same
as last year's contract with the above firm.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 227

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
AUGUST 5-12. 1911.

Executive committee met with all members present.

The request of the Western Union Telegraph Company for the
privilege of establishing a branch office in the office of the Super-
intendent of Machinery in the new Machinery Hall was granted.

Invitation was extended to the United States senators, members
of congress, state senators and representatives, and to aU state
officers and the governor's staff to be present on State Day, Wed-
nesday, August 23rd, and participate in a public reception to be
held in the Administration Building in honor of the United States,
senators, members of congress and state officers.

The Studebaker ^Manuf acturing Company was given the privilege
of exhibiting moving pictures showing the process of the manu-
facture of E. M. F. cars in a tent on the grounds during the fair,
with free admission.

Contract with Alex Sloan for the Ray Harroun racing team was
approved and signed, the consideration to be $500.00 for three ex-
hibition races to be put on Friday afternoon, September 1st, and
the privilege department to receive 25 per cent of gross receipts
from the moving picture show of the Indianapolis race under tent.

SPECIAL COMmTTEE :\rEETIXG.

August 8-12. 1911.

In addition to the executive committee there were also present
the superintendents of the four live stock departments and the
superintendents of the machine and agricultural departments :
Messrs. Curtiss, Pike. Johnston, Summers. Mullen and Sheldon.

The entries in all live stock departments having closed August
1st, the superintendents were able to determine the approximate
number of stalls and pens required to accommodate the stock en-
tered. The cattle and horse barns were found inadequate for en-
tries in those departments and arrangements were made for tem-
porary additions. It was also necessary to provide forty-six addi-
tional pens for the sheep department.

228 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The siiperintendent of j[iTOunds was ordered to proceed with the
leveling of ground in and around the machinery building, to put
in 2x6 around exhibition spaces in order that floors put in by ex-
hibitors would 1)0 on the same level, and to put cinders in all aisles
and driveways.

MEETING OF THE STATE 150ARD OF AGRICUIiTURE.

September 2, 1911.

Board met in the board room of the Administration Building at
nine o'clock Saturday morning, September 2nd, with all mfmbers
]>resent except Mr. Curtiss.

Pay rolls for the various (l('i)artineiits were presented as
follows :

Admissions deiiartment $2,515.50

Swine department 425.00

Treasurer's department 1,838.75

Fine Arts department ' 489.55

Machinery department 459.95

Ticket department 409.75

Speed department 620.15

Agricultural department .' . . 357.00

Concession department (ticket sellers) 760.75

Concession department (Privilege Department ) 104.00

Forage department 492.00

Secretary's office 650.75

Horse department 956.50

Horticultural department 77.55

Cattle department 577.90

Administration building emi)loyes 343.00

Floricultural department 88.00

Police department 3,052.25

Publicity departments 110.25

Sheep and poultry departments 531 .00

Mi". Le^oe moved that tlie pay rolls of the various (hipartmciils
be allowed as read. Motion seconded and carried.

A protest of exhibitors on awards in the pony classes was read.
Mr. Pike moved that the protest be- not sustained, there being no
specific evidence on file on which the protest might be sustained,
and that the $20.00 deposited with the protest 1)0 forfeited. Motion
.seconded and carried.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 229

A petition from certain exhibitors of Poland China swine rel-
ative to the different types of that breed was read and discussed.
No action taken.

A protest from exhibitors against awards in the Belgian futuri-
ty was read and on motion was referred to the superintendent of
the horse department, Mr. Curtiss, and the executive committee,
to be continued until further evidence is furnished.

Mr. Pike moved that O. V. Battles, an exhibitor in the cattle
department, be fined $25.00 on account of not appearing in the
stock parade on Friday afternoon, and that said amount be with-
held from his premiums. Seconded by Mr. Curtin. Motion pre-
vailed.

Motion was made upon the recommendation of C. F. Curtiss that
J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, 111., be fined $100.00 and the same
be retained from their winnings on account of failure to partici-
pate in the grand live stock parade Friday afternoon, September
1st, as per the request of the superintendent of the department.
Motion seconded and carried.

Motion was made upon the recommendation of E. M. Reeves,
superintendent of the horticultural department, that Mr, C. G.
Patton be allowed $50.00 as a special premium on an educational
exhibit of seedling apples at the 1911 fair. Motion seconded and
prevailed.

The president appointed as committee on per diem and mileage
Messrs. Johnston, Mullen and Curtin.

Mr. Wentworth moved that the executive committee be instruc-
ed to extend the thanks of the board to the Des Moines City Rail-
way Company for their courtesy and cooperation and for improv-
ing the facilities for handling the crowds in attendance at the 1911
State Fair ; seconded by Mr. Gilbertson. Motion prevailed.

On motion of Mr. Gilbertson, seconded by Mr. Curtin, the sal-
ary of C. A. Nash, assistant secretary, was made $100.00 per month.

The committee on per diem and mileage made report, and upon
motion the same was adopted and warrants ordered drawn cover-
ing same.

On motion the board adjourned.

230 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

September 27-28, 1911.

Committee met with all members present. The meeting was
for the purpose of auditing a number of unpaid bills and to cheek
up contract work on machinery building, sanitary closets, walks,
etc.

The following settlement with Jas. Horrabin on contract for
culvert and filling in and around the machinery building was
agreed to by the committee and the architect 0. 0. Smith.

To contract with Jas. Horrabin for culvert under machinery build-
ing: dimensions 5x10, 276 ft. long $3,200.00

To 26 feet additional on south end 302.24

To extras, concaving center of culvert 60.00

Total cost of culvert $3,562.24

DEDUCTIONS.

To lumber bought of superintendent of grounds, as per bill at-
tached 75.14

To water used in concrete work 10.00

To concrete left out of footings, 46 cu. yards at $4.00 184.00

Total deductions : .$269.14

May 20, warrant No. 8590 ; . . . 1,000.00

May 24, warrant No. 8594 1,000.00

June 5, warrant No. 8607 750.00

September 12, warrant No. 8877 250.00

$3,269.14
Balance due on contract $ 293.10

To contract with Jas. Horrabin for filling in and around Machinery
Hall as per contract made May 2, 1911. Short haul from north side of
Grand Avenue and between bridge and Grand Avenue entrance — 24c per
cubic yard. Long haul from location on hill northeast of power hall — 29c
per cubic yard.

To estimate of engineer A. E. Holmes as follows:

I hereby submit my final estimate of earthwork in and around the new
machinery hall, which is as follows:

Total cubic yards embankment 19,624

Cubic yards from borrow pit near entrance 5,797

Cubic yards from borrow pit N. E. of grandstand 13,827

Des Moines, Iowa. A. E. HOLMES.

August 20, 1911.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V. 231

From northeast power hall (long haul) 13,827 cubic yards at 29c. $4,009.83
From borrow pit (short haul) 5,797 cu. yards at 24c 1,391.28

$5,401.11

To first estimate June 30— Warrant No. 8655 $1,500 00

To second estimate July 20— Warrant No. 8675 2,000.00

To third estimate August 21— Warrant No. 8767 1,500.00

To fourth estimate Sept. 12— Warrant No. 8877 250.00 5,250.00

Balance due on grading contract $ 151.99

Architect 0. O. Smith was directed to co-operate with the secre-
tary and the superintendent of grounds in checking up all work
on the machinery building and sanitary closets and report all short-
ages and extras at the next meeting of the committee so that set-
tlement may be made with contractors.

AUDITING COMMITTEE MEETING.

September 26-29, 1911.

The auditing committee met with all members present, viz:
Johnston, Legoe and Phillips.

The committee examined and approved all claims on file which
had been paid upon authority of the executive committee bj^ war-
rants No's. 8423 to 8685 inclusive; also the bills which were paid
during and since the close of the fair upon approval of the execu-
tive committee, board, or on superintendents' 0. K.

SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING.

October 20, 1911.

The special committee composed of the executive committee and
C. P. Curtiss, superintendent of the horse department, met at ten
o'clock a. m. to take evidence relative to the protest filed against
the award made to Peter Hopley &. Son, Lewis, Iowa, on the colt
Westside Goldfinder 5580 in the open and the Belgian futurity
classes. The following witnesses appeared and were sworn by H. L.
Bosquet: For the plaintiffs, C. E. McDermott, "Wiota, Iowa, Tom

232 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Nelson, J. D. McDermott and August Collatz. For the defendants :
Harry Hopley, Lewis, Iowa, and Dr. G. E.Uehran, Atlantic, Iowa.
Inasmuch as a great deal of the testimony brought out in this
hearing was of a hearsay nature, the committee was of the opinion
that they should delay a decision until further evidence in the
form of affidavits were secured to substantiate the statements

made.

Secretary was instructed to write Alex Galbraith, Janesville,
Wis., judge of draft horses at the Utah State Fair in 1910, and
Horace L. Ensign, secretary of the Utah State Fair, and secure
affidavits to show whether the Suffolk mare Blondy 226 was shown
at the Utah State Fair of 1910. Also to secure such other affidavits
as Avould have a direct liearing on the case.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V. 233

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

OetolxT 20-21, 1911.

Committee met witli all members present. The secretary pre-
sented the followino' statement showing balance due on contracts
and extras on machinery building and sanitary closets :

To contract with Massiiion Bridge & Structural Com-
pany, Massillon, Ohio, for steel contract on Ma-
chinery Hall $ 31,070.00

Extras :

Cutting rivets and taking out struts in north-
east corner of building, change in plans $ 6.00

Drilling holes in truss for eight flag poles 8.00 14.00

$ 31,084.00

First estimate, July 8, warrant No. 8664 $ 7,000.00

Second estimate, August 21, warrant No. 8771 20,000.00

Third estimate, October 7, warrant No. 9026 2,500.00

$ 29,500.00
Invoice of Des Moines Structural Steel Co. —

42 angles over windows 67.00

9 channels each side of main entrance 22.88 29,589.88

Balance due on contract $ 1,494.12

To general contract with J. E. Lovejoy, Des Moines,
Iowa, for general contract work on Machinery

Hall $ 31,456.00

Extras:

Gilding letters Machinery Hall $ 6.75

Trimming hardware over as per specifications. . . 15.48
Cutting through brick wall putting in one pair

double doors in men's toilet 29.50

One pair double doors, ladies' toilet 21.00

One office door and frame 18.00

2250 extra anchors on roof @ 5VjC 123.75 214.48

$ 31,670.48

First estimate June 9, warrant No. 8610 $ 3,835.00

Second estimate. July 8, warrant No. 8665 9,459.80

Third estimate, Aug. 14, warrant No. 8736 13,162,00

Fourth estimate, Oct. 16, warrant No. 9166 4,000.00

$ 30,456.80

Water used June and July 20.00 30,476.80

Balance due on Machinery Hall contract.. $ 1,193.68

234 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

To contract with J. E. Lovejoy, for alterations un-
der grand stand for closets $ 2,461.75

Extras:

8 pes. 11x8x1/4 cypress finish $ 17.00

8 pr. double acting butts 8.00

Carpenter's time hanging doors 7.80

Carpenter at shop fitting hinges, etc 1.20

Cartage 1-50

Painting doors 3.50 39.00

2,500.75
First estimate Aug. 21, warrant No. 8768 2,000.00

Balance on contract for closets $ 500.75

A bill amounting to $314.35, from the Grahl-Hermann Co., for
nosing for edge of roof and extra sheet metal work on machinery
building was presented.

The committee authorized the payment of above balances and
claims for extras when work is completed to the satisfaction of the
committee and architect Smith.

The secretary was directed to notify the Grahl-Hermann Com-
pany to place eaves spouting and down spouts on the second hip
roof of the machinery building at a cost of not to exceed their
estimate of $150.00.

I

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

November 20, 21, 22, 1911.

Committee met with all members present, also architect 0. 0.
Smith.

On the recommendation of Architect Smitli and the judgment
of the committee, the secretary Avas authorized to issue warrant
for $1200,00 to the Massillon Bridge & Structural Company on
steel contract on the machinery building, this leaving a balance of
$294.12 to take care of the uncompleted work.

Also warrant for $1000.00 to J. E. Lovejoy on general contract
for the machinery building, leaving a balance of $193.68 to take
care of the uncompleted work.

Also warrant to J. E. Lovejoy for $400.00 on contract for altera-
tions on amphitheater necessary to install sanitary closets, leaving
a balance of $100.75 to finish up contract.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 23 5

The bill from the Des Moines Electric Company amounting to
$6,992.27 was gone over after being carefully checked by the su-
perintendent of grounds and compared with orders on file. The
committee instructed the secretary to issue Avarrant for $6,600.00
on this claim and to hold the balance until checking out apparatus
on switchboard has been completed.

The following settlement was made with 0. 0. Smith, architect:

To services as architect on the following improve-
ments at the Iowa State Fair & Exposition
Grounds, 1911:

To contract on machinery building:

Massillon Bridge & Structural Co $ 31,070.00

J. E. Lovejoy, general contract 31,456.00

James Horrabin, culvert contract 3,562.00 66,088.00

To contract on sanitary closets:

Pray & Comerford, plumbing 5,684.0C

J. E. Lovejoy, alterations on amphitheater

closets 2,461.75 8,145.75

To plans for band stand , 268.26 268.26

Total amount of contracts 74,502.00

Total amount due architect at 3 % 2,235.00.

Paid June 26, 1911, warrant No. 8628 1,000.00

Paid Aug. 21, 1911, warrant No. 8769 1,000.00 2,000.00

Balance due $ 235.00

236

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

o o.

< 7^

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 23?

PART VI

PROCEEDINGS
STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 13, 1911.

The convention was called to order at 9 :30 a. m. by Mr. ('. E.
Cameron, President of the State Board of Agriculture.

Prayer was offered by Rev. R. K. Porter of the First Presbyte-
rian Church, Des Moines.

Vice President Olson presided while President Cameron deliv-
ered the following address:

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

C. K. CAMERON', ^VLTA, IOWA.

Gentlemen: In accordance with the law and the wishes of this soci-
ety, it is my duty to preside over the deliberations of this the fifty-seventh
annual session which has convened for the transaction of the business of
the society. I extend to you a cordial welcome as the legal authorized
representatives from your respective county and district fairs and farmers
institutes and legally appointed delegates from counties in which no fairs
were held the past year. You are here because you are interested in this
great educational work that is doing more than anything else to bring
Iowa to the front.

By the favor of a kind Providence our state has been blessed this sea-
son with a good average crop, and our industries are all in a flourishing
condition. The protracted drouth was in some localities severe and causer'
considerable loss, but taking our states as a whole and in comparison with
other states, we have every reason to congratulate ourselves.

The State Fair of 1911 was far beyond our expectations, not only in
exhibits but in attendance, and the balance on the right side of the ledger
We felt considerable hesitancy in carrying out what we had planned early
in the season when the dry weather came on and stayed, and the pessimists
said Iowa would not have half a crop. We have great faith in the re-
cuperating powers of the Iowa soil, and that was demonstrated this sea-
son when crops looked bad and some of the farmers complained that it

238 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

was too far along and a rain would do no good. But when the rain came
what a wonderful change, not only in the crops but in the faces of the
farmers and business interests of the state. When corn was supposed
to go only 30' bushels per acre and husked out 50 and 60, and in some
places more. Iowa is all right for she will "come back" — not only in crops
but in population in the next ten years. A state with all the natural re-
sources of Iowa cannot be kept back; there may be conditions, as there
have been in the last few years — the demand for cheaper lands has had
a tendency to take away our young men, but that, in my opinion, is
only temporary they have not all found what they went after and I look
for a return to their native state of a great many of these young men who
have gone west in the hope of bettering their financial conditions but
have failed on account of the uncertainty of the crops. One thing can be
said of Iowa — never in the history of the state has she not raised more
than she consumed, and always had something to sell.

The exhibits in all departments were unusually large. The cattle exhib-
it was the best ever made on our grounds. In the horse department we
had the best exhibit, both in numbers and quality, that has ever been made
on any fair ground. All breeds were represented and the best of their
kind; they came from all over our state and from adjoining states until
they taxed our capacity for stabling and necessitated the erection of
temporary stables both for horses and cattle.

The hog department verified my previous statement about Iowa "com-
ing back." This year the hogs "came back." For the last year or two
this department has had a falling off in entries, but not so this year. The
pens were all taken and the quality of entries was above the average
of former years.

The sheep department was the largest in the history of the fair. The
pens were inadequate for the large exhibit and tents had to be provided
to take care of the overflow.

When Secretary Wilson was with us a few years ago he scolded us a
great deal about our poultry exhibit, stating that we did not take enough
'interest in this department. I am sure if he had been here this year he
would have congraulated us on the great improvement we have made in
that department the last few years.

In the exposition building the exhibits were the finest I have ever seen.
Every available space was taken and more could have been used. A few
years ago we established an educational department consisting of exhibits
from city, town and rural schools. Some of our board were a little skepti-
cal regarding this department, fearing there would not be enough entries
to get together a creditable showing. This year's exhibit allayed all
doubts not only in regard to the interest but of the number of exhibits.
No other department of the fair has made such wonderful strides in the
last few years as this department. The exhibit space has been enlarged
and still this year they could not show all the material they had.

It did seem good to see our horticultural department "come back" this
year. Last year the early frost and freeze worked a hardship in this de-
partment but this year's grand showing was certainly a pleasure to see.
"This depatment also was cramped for space. The floricultural department

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 239

had an extra fine exhibit considering the season. This department is cer-
tainly handicapped for a suitable space to show its exhibits.

The dairy department to my mind is not accomplishing what it should
in an educational way for the people of this state. We should have a dairy
building where demonstration work could be put on, with lectures during
the entire fair, and in this way we could receive a great deal of practical
education.

Last, but not least, the agricultural department. Iowa, the greatest
agricultural state, ranking more times first from an agriculural stand-
point than any other state in the Union, had, I am sorry to say, the poorest
exihibit of any of the states surrounding us. This is no fault of the sup-
erintendent of this department, for I know the fair management has spent
more time and money in trying to bring this department up to the high
standard that Iowa is entitled to than in any other department. It seems
we cannot get the farmers of our state interested in making entries. We
have tried the county exhibits and they have failed. Now we are trying
the individual farm exhibit, and I have hopes that in time that will bring
out the exhibit. There is a reason for adjoining states having a better
agricultural exhibit. It is done largely through land agents who have
large tracts of land to sell in these states and they are anxious to attract
the land buyer to the resources of their state and in this way sell therh
land. Go through the agricultural department of the Iowa state fair and
you will not find anyone there calling your attention to the land we
have for sale. In fact, Iowa has no land for sale except as it comes from
local locations. What we want is a showing of our agricultural products
in keeping with our state and other exhibits.

The erection of one-half of the proposed machinery building this year
was greatly appreciated by the exhibitors in this department. It is Just
such permanent improvements as these that will continue to make the
fair a success. This building, while only one half of the original plan,
will house in case of rain 15,000 people; this does much to bring the peo-
ple and keep them, knowing that in case of bad weather they can still see
the fair without being out in the rain. As I have stated before, with perm-
anent buildings and covered walks between them there will be no such
thing as failure with the Iowa state fair on account of bad weather.

I have not gone into the financial success of our last fair; our secre-
tary, Mr. Corey, will take that up in his report and give you all the figures
on attendance, receipts and disbursements.

The following committees were appointed bj^ President Cam-
eron:

COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS.

C. W. Hoffman of Decatur county, Chas. W. Bradley of Lyon county,
and E. J. Curtin of Winneshiek county.

COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.

W, M. Clark of Marshall county, T. W. Purcell of Franklin county, and
H. C. Leach of Davis county.

2^4 0 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Acting Secretary A. ii. Corey read the annual report covering
the work of the Iowa Department of Agriculture and the Iowa
State Fair and Exposition, as follows :

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

A. R. COREY.

The season of 1911 has been one full of promise and disappointment with
regard to crop prospects during the different stages of the growing season.
The planting season opened under most promising conditions; the acreage
planted was above normal, and weather condition was unusually favorable
for farm work and for the growth of farm and fruit crops.

Our farmers were especially favored with excellent weather and soil
condition during corn planting season; the corn was all planted in good
time; sprouted quickly, and showed almost a perfect stand.

The months of June and July were remarkable for their high tempera-
ture and deficiency in rainfall. The small grain, pastures, and early pota-
toes— which were practically a failure — evidenced the greatest damage
from the severe drouth. The continued drouth and hot winds did a great
deal of damage to early corn as the pollen was destroyed and poor, uneven
fertilization was the result.

The bountiful rainfall during the months of August and September
added millions of bushels to Iowa's corn crop and also brought out the late
potato crop far beyond our expectations.

While I have had no intimation as to what the report which Dr. George
M. Chappel, Director, Iowa Weather and Crop Service, will make to this
convention today will contain, I believe it will show that Iowa has again
produced her share of the stajile crops, notwithstanding the fact tbat we
have suffered the driest season in years.

FARM STATISTICS.

We should all be interested in the Iowa farm statistics recently pub-
lished by the U. S. Bureau of the Census, for they reveal a material in-
crease in acreage and production for all of Iowa's principal farm crops
over the figures reported by the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, and the
figures compiled by this department from reports made by the township
assessors to the county auditors. These figures are for the year 1909 and
show the corn acreage to be 9,229,378 acres, and the production 341,750,463
bushels — 'an increase of 547,528 acres and an increase of 33,713,565 bushels.

For oats the census gives 4,645,154 acres with a production of 128,-
198,055 bushels, an increase of 333,020 acres and an increase in production
of 11,114,205 bushels.

For potatoes the census shows 169,567 acres, and 14,710,247 bushels har-
vested, an increase of 31.428 acres and an increase of 2,282,652 bushels.

The total value of Iowa farm crops for the year 1909, as shown by the
Bureau of the Census, is $395,739,105.00. Add to this our figures on value
of pastui*a.ge, orchard and garden products — for which the bureau has as
yet issued no figures — and we would have a total valuation of $507,739,-

TWELFTH ANNTAL YEAR HOOK — PART VI. 241

105.00 against $389,317,276, or an increase of 30 per cent over the valua-
tions reported by this department for the same year.

In the summary of number and value of domestic animals in Iowa, is-
sued by the Bureau of the Census, they give a total valuation of $379,-
S01,978.00 against $365,161,227.00, as shown by this department for the
same period, or an increase of $14,640,751.00.

The Bureau of the Census finds the poultry in Iowa worth $12,289,881.00,
or an increase of $1,238,528.00 over the figures collected by the various
township assessors and tabulated by this department.

It will be noticed from these comparisons that in every instance the
census shows a greater production and valuation of Iowa's farm crops and
live stock than is reported to this department by the township assessors,
or the estimates of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service.

The census figures show conclusively that Iowa has not been over-esti-
mating her farm products and that she should make a greater effort to col-
lect more accurate statistics of everything that is produced on the farm.
We have a law upon the statute books which has been in force two years —
requiring the collection of crop and other farm statistics annually by the
various township assessors who make their reports to the county auditor,
who in turn tabulates the assessors reports and makes the returns for the
county to the Department of Agriculture. However, it is evident from
the returns from some counties and from correspondence with county
auditors, that more care should be taken in the selection of township as-
sessors and they should be prevailed upon to make a more diligent eiTort
to make more accurate and complete returns.

STATE PUBLICITY BUREAU.

In Mr. Simpson's report a year ago he discussed this subject thoroughly
He made many good suggestions and showed the need of a department of
this kind in the state of Iowa. I simply want to nail al.tention to a fev
instances v/here a department of this character com Id render the state
valuable sen'ice along this line.

At the recent United States Land and Irrigation Exposition held at
Chicago, practically every state occupied space w^ith a state wide exhibit
setting forth the advantages and resources of their state. ''I he majurit^^
of these exhibits Avere put on by state departments, either through tb.e
Immigration Commissioner or Agricultural Commissioner. We also found
that in a number of the western states where there is still a large acre-
age of railroad land in the hands of speculators, that tti3 railroads- -
through their immigration departments — were greatly inr.e.^r'sted in r.d-
vertising the advantages of these western states. We also found iliat
land agencies formed exhibit associations to put on exhibits and th-;j
passed out wagon loads of carefully prepared literature, exploiting ail the
good features, from the climate down, about their states.

At the time formal notice of this magnificent exposition was received —
along with application blanks for space — we Avere obliged to notify tTi-;
management that the Iowa Department of Agriculture, nor any other
state department, had no authority or funds on which we could draw to
make such an exhibit for Iowa. We suggested that the matter be taken

242 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

up withi the various commercial clubs over the state but ihey found it
impossible to interest these clubs to the extent of putting <.in an exhibit
According to the United States government statistics six-tenths oi the
people who have settled the west and south have come from wihin one
night's ride of Chicago. The estimated attendance at this exposition for
this year was 500,000.

If Iowa expects to regain her rural population, develop hev resources,
and bring about a state of more intensified farming it is higii time we
were sowing seed in fertile fields. This is a day and age of advertising.
Other states, and even municipalities, are spending thousands upon thou-
sands of dollars to attract people to their bordei's, while Iowa sits idly
by and sees her population decrease.

I believe our next session of legislature should make it the duty of
some department — or create a deparunent — whose duty it would be to
collect and disseminate information regarding the opportunities afforded
and the productiveness of the soil in our state.

A slight investigation of the returns of the Bureau of the Census on
farm crops and live stock in Iowa as compared with other states is con-
vincing evidence that Iowa has a good foundation on which to base her
advertising campaign without capitalizing her climate.

The following items were clipped from the country papers, which came
to my desk, regarding yields of different products. Such items are often
enlarged upon and used in advertising the productiveness of western
lands by means of circulars put out by aggressive real estate agencies and
by folders circulated by railroads penetrating their borders.

APPLE CKOP IN MILLS COUNTY.

"The Gold Mines of Mills County." It is estimated that the total value
of the southwest Iowa apple crop will exceed $2,000,000; several thousaud
people have been busy picking, packing, and sorting them. One man in
Mills county took 10,000 barrels off of 70 acres of apple orchard. An-
other Mills county man sold 6,000 boxes of Jonathans from his orchard."

POTATOES IN FLOYD COUNTY.

"A farmer near Floyd, Floyd county, has the record in this part of the
county for a large potato crop. Fourteen acres were planted and they
yielded 4,368 bushels, or 312 bushels to the acre. The crop was sold for
50 cents per bushel, or the entire lot brought $2,184.00, equal to $156,00
per acre."

PEARS IN MABION COUNTY.

"A farmer who lives six miles south of Marion was in the city showing
samples of pears which he has grown on his place. They are as large,
or larger, than the imported pears. They are of the Keefer variety and he
has been able to gather a bushel of the fine fruit to the tree from young
trees. He says he has great success with pears and would like to see
others reap similar harvests. These pears certainly prove that this is a
good pear county and they show what can be done by giving such trees a
little attention."

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 243

INTENSIFIED FABMING.

"France Warner of Wright county, Iowa, clears $1,000.00 a year from
his 66 acre farm. This would not be hard if it were a truck or dairy farm
near some big city where the produce could be sold for special prices; but
his is simply a general farm farmed on the intensive order. The farm
consists of 45 acres of rolling farm land, with the remaining 21 acres a
flat river bottom with enough of a rise at one place for the farmstead.
The 45 acres are used for crops on which a three year rotation is prac-
ticed; the crops being corn, oats, and clover in the order mentioned.
Every fall the stubble ground and new clover is covered with a coating
of manure. This helps to protect the clover during the winter and at the
same time gets the use of the manure on the clover ground and the corn.
By doing this there is but very little extra fertility saved over for the
oat crop, and therefore, it does not lodge under ordinary climatic condi-
tions.

Of course, with as small a place as that everything receives the best of
care, both in the field and in the stable. Only the very best is saved for
reproduction. The crops that his three 15 acre fields produce on the aver-
age are:

15 acres corn at 70 bushels equals 1,050 bushels.

15 acres oats at 60 bushels equals 900 bushels.

15 acres clover equals 40 to 45 tons, according to stand and weather.

This is utilized right on the farm every year and again returned to the
field and soil in the form of manure.

It is from his stock that he receives his income. Four mares are kept
on the place, three heavy draft mares and a lighter one for driving pur-
poses. The light one is heavy enough so that she can work part of the
time when four are needed for putting in the crops in the spring, or for
plowing in the fall. All four of these mares are bred every spring. From
them he figures on raising three -colts. These colts he generally keeps
until they are two years old, at which time he can sell them readily for
$150.00 apiece, or $450.00 for the three. He keeps ten cows of the milking
strain of shorthorns. By selection, weeding and feeding he has brought
them to the point where they are producers above the ordinary, and he
figures on them making him, on the average $40.00 apiece.

From his cows, then, he receives $400.00. His ten Duroc Jerseys are
kept in good shape on his large amount of skim milk, and they have an
average six pigs apiece. These 60 pigs he keeps until ihey will bring him
$10.00 on the average, or $600.00 in all. This year he has been making a
little better than that all around, but the above figures are those given
by him as his standard from year to year.

The above figures total as follows:

Four brood mares, three colts equal $ 450.00

Ten cows and their calves equal 400.00

Ten sows. 60 pigs, equal 600.00

$1,450.00
Besides the above he sells chicken produce, garden truck and seed corn
enough to meet the running expenses of the family, which consists of a
mother, a wife and himself.

244 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The $450.00 that he makes above the thousand he figures for incidentals,
repairs, and a little extra feed for his stock in the form of concentrates.
His labor problem for extra help during harvesting and haying is usually
solved by exchanging work with his neighbor, so that he is not out any
cash, but simply a little labor.

His pasture also deserves special mention. As I stated at the beginning,
it is a bottom flat and starts very early in the spring. Early in the
spring it is disked where it appears soddy and is seeded on the barren
spots. The entire lot is covered with a light coating of manure and the
way it responds is amazing. However, there are yeai's when during the
latter part of July it gets a little dry and barren. At this time he feeds
a little extra by cutting some rape from his hog lot, which is as a rule
quite heavy at this time, and quite frequently gets too coarse and heavy for
the pigs to handle. This is done only for a short time until he gets his
grain stacked and the new clover comes on. This year he is going to solve
the problem by putting up a silo. By this method he will have a supply
for the summer and at the same time have better winter feed for his
stock in the form of succulence."

DIVISION OF nOKSE BREEDING.

The law under which this department has been issuing certificates to
pure bred stallions has been unsatisfactory for various reasons, which we
do not need to discuss at this time inasmuch as the Thirty-fourth General
Assembly saw the need of a better stallion law and enacted a law which
we believe will bring about the desired results. This law will go into ef-
fect January 1, 1912, and the following are the principal features stated
briefly:

"Each person, firm, company or corporation who offers for public ser-
vice, sale, exchange, or transfer any stallion or jack over two years old
as registered shall procure a state certificate from the Secretary of the
State Board of Agriculture.

In addition to the state certificate the owner must furnish an aflBdavit
of soundness from a graduate veterinarian, or in lieu of this certificate the
owner may make an affidavit as to the soundness of the stallion before an
ofl5cer authorized to administer an oath.

The owner of a pure bred or grade stallion or jack will be required to
renew the certificate of soundness each year between January 1, and April
1st.

A stallion or jack with any of the following named diseases shall be
disqualified for public service: Glanders, farcy, maladie du coit, coital
exanthema, uretheral gleet, mange, melanosis, blindness, cataract, bone
spavin, bog spavin, periodic opthalmia (moon blindness).

A stallion or jack possessing any of the following named unsoundnesses
may receive a certificate, but each certificate and every advertisement shall
state that the stallion or jack is unsound and shall specify the unsound-
nesses:

Amaurosis, laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring or whistling), pulmonary
emphysema (heaves, broken wind), ringbone, side bone, navicular dis-
ease, curb, with curby formation of hock, chorea (St. Vitus' dance, crampi-
ness, shivering, string halt).

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 24 f.

Before a stallion or jack can be imported into the state a certificate
will be required from a state or federal veterinarian to the effect that
said animal is free from the diseases specified in the disqualifying section
of this act.

The provision for annual renewal of certificate is a very important
addition to our law as it will enable this department to publish a complete
list each year of stallions and jacks offered for public service within our
state. Heretofore the department has been issuing certificates but have
had no means of knowing the number of horses removed from the state
or those that died. Under these conditions the list of stallions offered for
service as published in the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture contained the
names of a great number that slaould have been dropped from the list.

The provision providing for an affidavit of soundness is of great im-
portance as it will rid our state of a number of stallions affected with un-
soundnesses that make them undesirable sires. It will also prevent owners
of stallions of this type in neighboring states from shipping them into
Iowa as they have been doing the past few years, or ever since our neigh-
bors passed laws with similar requirements.

During the past year — from December 1, 1910 to November 30, 1911
inclusive, 705 state certificates and 398 transfer certificates have been
issued. Previous to November 1, 1910, 6,721 certificates and 1,191 transfer
certicates had been issued, making a total of 7,426 state certificates and
1,589 certificates of transfer issued to date.

This, however, does not mean that there are that many pure bred stal-
lions in the state for, as I have stated before, a great many have been
removed or have died. The list as published in the 1911 Year Book will
show a complete list enrolled under the new law up to May 1, 1911, and
will be of much Ijenefit to stallion owners, and this department, in en-
forcing the law.

PRINTIXG.

In Mr. Simpson's reports he has repeatedly recommended that some
provision be made whereby this department would be given authority to
issue bulletins containing information that would be of interest and of
value to the public.

I wish to again make this recommendation and to cite a few specific
Instances where these bulletins would be of value and a saving to the state.
Under the present arrangement the only medium through which we can
disseminate information collected by this department is through the Iowa
Year Book of Agriculture. Copy for this is prepared along in Februarj'
and March, but for the past two years it has been impossible to send it to
the printer until about the 15th of June as the law requires the publica-
tion of the crop and other farm statistics in the Year Book. However, it
does not require the county auditors to file their reports of these statistics
with this department until June 1st. If it were possible for the depart-
ment to issue a bulletin in an edition of 15,000 or 20,000, containing these
statistics immediately after they were compiled they would be of much
more value to the public and it would enable us to have the Year Book
ready for distribution six months earlier than under the present arrange-
ment.

246 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Again in order to enforce the stallion law properly I believe that imme-
diately after the first of April of each year, the time limit for renewing
certificates of soundness, there should be placed in the hands of each stal-
lion owner a bulletin showing the name of owner and the name of each
stallion offered for public service in the state that had renewed certificate
and qualified to stand. At present the only alternative will be to send
each owner a year book. This will be a very expensive plan and there are
not a sufficient number of books printed to go around. The printing of
this bulletin giving a list of stallions in the state might be taken care of
out of the fees received for certificates if the department was authorized to
use them in this manner.

Other bulletins on interesting subjects could be printed to advantage
from time to time and be given a much larger circulation than under the
present plan of printing everything in the Year Book.

FARMERS INSTITUTES AND AGRICULTURAL SHORT COURSES.

During the year from June 1, 1910, to June 1, 1911, reports from farm-
ers' institutes in seventy-six counties in the state were filed with this de-
partment and certified to the auditor of state.

The state aid paid these institutes on state auditor's warrants amounted
to $5,582.23. The reports reveal that these institutes held 670 sessions, or
an average of nine sessions each. The total attendance was 127,703, an
average of 1800 to the institute, or 20O at each session. The receipts in-
dicate that in addition to the state aid there was received from local sub-
scription, membership fees, etc., $12,794.00.

The disbursements were as follows:

Expense of judges, speakers and instructoi's $4,065.81

Cash premiums on live stock, agricultural, horticulturg,! and pro-
ducts of domestic science 7,224.00

Miscellaneous expense, consisting of hall rent, advertising, etc 6,456.00

Under the provisions of Chapter 109, Acts of the Thirty-fourth General
Assembly, which permits short course associations to draw the state aid
due farmers' institutes in counties where no institutes are held, and the
aid due county or district fairs in counties where no fairs are held, seven
associations took advantage of this provision.

Kossuth and Worth counties drew the aid due the institutes only, as
county fairs were held in both of these counties. Cherokee county drew
the aid due the county fair, and Emmet, Floyd, Ida and Plymouth counties
drew aid due both the institute and fair.

The total amount paid out on state warrant in support of these short
courses amounted to $1,450.00. These short courses had on an average of
25 sessions each and an average attendance of 125 for each session. This
is not a complete report of all short courses held in the state as only
those that drew state aid reported to this department.

We find that neither institutes or short coui'ses drawing state aid were
held in the following seventeen counties: Audubon, Cass, Clarke, Craw-
ford, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fayette, Franklin, Hardin, Iowa, Jasper, Jones,
Marshall, Osceola, Pottawattamie, Webster, or Winneshiek. Our report
in detail follows:

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL

247

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tq to

§°5

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o

5 c

Q
O o

248

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF COUNTY
FOR FISCAL YEAR JULY 1

a

<o

Receipts

o

c

■d

m

ai

3

n

as

o

Counties

03

<u

S3

01

u
a;
a

ea

a
o

a

■ ct

^

^^^

o

(H

= •-

z

H

o

s

Adair

Adams

Allamakee ..
Appanoose _

Benton

Black Hawk

Boone

Bremer

Buchanan -.
Buena Vista
Butler ..

Calhoun .—

Carroll

Cedar

'^'erro Gordo
Cherokee _—
Chickasaw .

Clay -

Clayton

Clinton

Dallas

Davis

Decatur

Delaware

Dickinson _-

Fremont .—

Greene

Grundy

Guthrie

Hamilton -.
Hanoock ..-
Harrison _--

Henry

Howard

Humboldt ..

.Tackson

Jefferson

Johnson

Keokuk

Lee

Linn

Louisa

Lucas

Lyon

Madison

Mahaska _—

Marion

Mills

Mitchell

Monona

Monroe

Montgomery
Muscatine ..

900

$ 32.00

120

500
7,550

525

77.00
120.89

26.00
630.45

111.6'

900

28.35
92.52

5,600
2,250

419.50
43.19

2,900
3,500
1,260

750

COO

500

1,200

28.37

130 00

19.90

78.24
30.07
47.75

29.93

331.44

69.22

114.fi0
76.74
60.05
70.00

1,300
3,100

136.78

80.00
952.00

1,400
1.000

9.46

180.32
64.05

650

500

em

1,000

9.20

27.61
41.44

8.83

751.68

64.7'
321.15

1,100

147.00

4,500

3,300

175
500

128. C2
61.14

2.20

5.33.10

144. CO

171.35
160.22

500

550
1,200

12.50

.-- 43.75
17.40
15.00

192.50
105.73

1,500
200

.56.50
215.50

1,300

2,300

2,000
2,300

.31.00
3.75

4,30.00

iro.no

106.00

1,5C0

650

1,000

1,300

750

40.00

109.00

47.23
100.90

195.00

215.85
142.81
33.59

770

f).68

.52.81

13.51
322.03

COO

500
1 ,450

233.00
45.20

6,000
1,500

42.. 50

115.15

700

1,0R0

165.35

1,000
4(10

23.29

193.45

1,575

41.50

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL

240

FARMERS' INSTITUES IN IOWA.

1910 to JUNE 30. 1911.

Receipts

Disbursements

■D
D
C3

a
a
o
n

<c
CIS
U

-a
>

O

State aid

m
.2"

"S

o
<u
u

o

t- a
o a

s

a

U 1

0"

cj so

.- o

tn

H

pa

u
S

$

75.00
69.60
75.00
75.00

72.34
.33.00
75.00
75.00
75.00
75.00
75.00

75.00
75.00
75.00
75.00
75.00
75.00
75.00
75.00
75.00

75.00
75.00
.57.05
70.03
75.00

75.00

75.00
75.00
75.00

75.00
75.00
75. CO
75.00
75.00
75.00

75.00
75.00
75.00

75.00

75. OC
75.00
75.00
75.00
75.00

75.00
75.00
75.00
75.00
.55.33
75.00
75.00
49.88
75.00

$ 107.00

69.60

178.00

826.34

183.96
61.35
.587.0-2
118.19
133.30
566.44
164.12

267.84
181.81
182.80
145.00
291.78
327.00
264.78
139.05
835.88

167. .33
437.59
65.88
217.03
736.72

281.13

248.55
235.22
iSO.OO

224.48
92.40

146.50

290.50
75.00

536.00

234.75
181.00
391.25

379.00

.338.08
.318.71
108.59
81.68
360.81

133.71
397 03

.« GO. 00
.30.20
11.99
47.49

27.63
15.00
33.51
47.19
61.73
92.34
53.85

.54.82
30.56
96.02
66.35
45.21
.50.91
47.05
.54.45
75.39

.36.74
35.18
20.45
15.29
51.10

.50.45

27.08

1.50.22

.38.85

40.93
43.72
.38.48
43.30
60.75
237.00

42.65
44.00

78.75

80.19

41.56
83.07
85.59
29.40
77.44

23.10

$ 08.25

S 86.10
39.40
65.00
96.57

44.71

18 00
120.69

54.00

46.75
219.01

42.37

20.50

80.25

8.60

70. '■5

39.70

1.52.21

77.25

. 26.40

176.29

46.85
41.65
.36.60
.54.74
427.80

80.41

130.22
65.00
66.60

20.25
25.52
31 . 55
25.55
14.25
97.00

32.35
85.20
63.90

295.00

.38.00
63.13
23.00
28.95
60.00

18.10

1 77.15

140.35

34.41

41.00

1 ,30.00

156.85

24.65

.",5.05

$ 214.35
63.60
76.99
576.14

72.34
.33.00
.326.95
118.19
108.48
430.60
130.22

175.32
181.81
131.62
154.(0
132.25
273.12
193 00
130.60
826.68

146.09
374.88
57.05
217.03
566.71

231.86

•'48 55

1 107.35

1

101.01
250.20

111.62

28.35

260.07

.,

432.08

i72'75
17.00

4

(,

h

24.82
135.84

119.25
.34.00

100.00
71.00
27.00
18.00
47.34
70.00
68.70
49.75

575.00

02.50
2£8.15

m'.oo

87.75

101.00

91.25

20.00

■! 34.00

78.00

12 00

73.00

215.50

in

33. SO
92.52

n

1''

13

51.18

14

9.6C

15

1.59.53

53.88
71.78

16

17

- -_ -

18

8.45
9.20

21.24

62.61

8.83

i7o'oi

49.27

1<»

JO

21
22
23
24
25

26

■'7

235.22

•'8

•2.39.45

139.18
81.24

143.03

284.35
75.00

5-:6.00

■231.00
179.20
271.15

.375.1-

269.56
228.01
108.59
79.60
270.16

81.20

77.15
1E9.35
190.15

55.33
■227.63
251.92

49.88
116.. 50

40.55

a5.30
11. If
3.47
6.15

29

30
31

32
33

34

192.00

1.56.00

.50.00

128.50

190.00
81.81

lO.OO

3.75

1.80

120.10

3.81

68.52
90.70

35

36

3S

3.')

40
41
4'

21.25
132.72

40.00

2.06
90.65

.52.51
319.88

43
44

45
46
47
4S

4;i

50
51

11 7.. 50
190.15

.55.33
240. 35
2!a.74

49.88
116. .50

10.00
44.74
14.33
28.13
16.07
25.23
' 39.95

49. Of
111.00

vz'.n

39.82

169.56
79. OC
-----

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF COUNTY FARMERS'

Counties

03

a
0

m

«
at

u
«

s

2;

0)

0

a

a

Receipts

a
S

25

■d

g
a

a

a

0

Xi

gS
0

03

3
0

as
So

°°£

i4

O'Brien _

8

8
13
10
16

4

8

J)
7
5
8
4

13

21

8
29

10
4
7

13

17
5

22

2,650

3,000
3,300
3,400
1,700
1.500

2,200

2.500
2,500
1,025
2,050
250

2,050
2,300

1,500

2,445

],600
800
3,000
3,000
(i,00O
1,250
3,108

60.00

212 00

W

Page .

2IX).00

m

Palo Alto ..

209.20
56.26
.SO. 00
G8.01

10.05

.■52. 00
32.00

8.48

91.22

i7

Pocahontas _

115.35

iS

Polk

478.00

TO

Poweshiek ._

170.53

m

Ringgold - —

253.00

f>i

Sac -- ...

.n6l.7T

=1^

Scott .. „

561.77

i3

Shelby ...

18.75

H

Sioux -

158.11

i5

Story

Tama _ .. ..

18.40
125.00

16

45.30

17

Taylor

Union

W

30.00

82.60

m

Van Buren .. . .. ..

4.91

■0
"1
'2

'3

Wapello

Washington

Wavne . _ _ . . . _

35.91
.313.39
32.61
72.10

574.03
91.20
55.00

155.72

•4

Winnebago

Wright

359.81

■5
-6

28.25
115.41

244.00
838.0.'j

670

137,703

$ 3,168.29

$ 12,794.65

FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF SHORT
For Year Ending

1

18
32
14
18
18
40
28

2,500
4,000
3,300
3,000
3,500
1.600
3,700

$ 1,054.15

•7

Emmet .. ..

$

146.17
35.11

402.89

1,213.46

3

Floyd

1,658.70

4

Ida — .

1,292.65

Kossuth ... - --

773.76

6

Plymouth _ . .

2,370.8fi

Worth

2,239.00

168

21,600

*

.584.11

! 10,602.58

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI.
INSTITUTES IN lOWA-Continued.

251

Receipts

Disbursements

■d
a
a
£i
a
0
a

ea

0

u
-O
ki

>

0

2

'3

S

2

CD
♦.»

ft

'S

(J

<u

u

a
o
H

For speakers
and judges

CO

a '
a

u

Miscellaneous
expenses

CO

a

ia
<-< t^

i)

a

75.00

347.00

275.00
375.42
246.61
583.00
313.54

344.05

668.77
283.10
102.23
233.11
93.40

245.30
75.00

187.60

79.91

684.94
479.59
162.61
308.82
434.81
347.25
1,028.46

133.50

76.48
112.95
92.98
69.00
41.86

34.50

46.26
82.75
39.55
25.00
26.36

36.43

59.08

11.05

11.83

5-i.71
18.00
17.25
69.83

141.83
52.61

209.52

12.0oi fi.'?.25 ''08.75

138.25

54

75.00

66.50

96.00

9.00

443.00

153.75

200.00

197.75

150.00

50.00

52.00

26.00

86.50

132.02
76.51
58.70
40.00

116.00

48.00

111.24
100.35

27.39
156.11

30.40

275.00
285.45
160.68
552.00
311.11

282.50

855.25
283.10
116.94
233.11
fll.7.';

55

75.00

89.97

85.93

31.00

2.43

61.55

313.52

56

75.00

57

75.00
75.00

58
5't

75.00

60

75.00

61

75.00

75.00

i'i'.n

62
63

75.00
75.00

48.37

64
65

75.00

74. Oc' 196.93
17.75; 76.83

36.80; 140.85

68.08! 79.91

66

75.00

1.83

67

75.00

92.50

47.25

68

75.00

6<>

75.00
75.00

433.85

147.00

5.00

90.12

87.00

142.25

52.00

177.61
40.30

86.45
51.70

205.98
57.06

776.87

664.17
205.80
108.70
211.15
434.81
251. S2
1,038.39

20.77

274.29

53.91

91.67

70
71

75.00

7"^

75.00
75.00

73
74

75.00

95.33

75

75.00

9.93

76

$ 5,582.23

.$ 21,545.17

$ 4,065.81

$ 7,224.77

$ 6,456.69

$ 17,747.27

% 4,023.17

$ 225.27

COURSE ASSOCIATIONS OF IOWA
June 30, 1911

$ 200.00
275.00

275.00
275.00

$ 1,254.15
1,634.63
1,968.81
1,970. .54
848.76
2,645.86
2,314.00

$ 148.85
241.01
340.90
308.60
281.65
287.48
410.00

$ 248.60

1,186.93

669.48

593.00

93.00

833.25

1,030.00

$ 635.44
273.47
923.12
610.90
474.11
1.202.47
202.00

$ 1,082.79
1,701.41
1,933.50
1,512.50
848.76
2,323.20
1,642.00

$ 221.S6

sill

458.04

$" 66^78

1
2
3

4

75.00

275.00
75.00

322.66
672.00

6

$ 1,450.00

$ 12,636.75

$ 2,018.49

$ 4,654.16

$ 4,321.51

$ 10,994.16

$ 1,709.37

$ 66.7?

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

S c

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 253

COUNTY AXD DISTKICT FAIRS.

lu spite of the rainy September, during which month a greater portion
of the county and district fairs were held, we are pleased to report that
on the whole it has been a successful season for these fairs. The report
will indicate that the receipts and attendance were larger and that more
money was paid out in cash premiums than last year.

Ninety fairs reported this year against ninety-one for last season. Two
or three fairs were completely rained out and did not pay a sufficient
amount of premiums to warrant making application for the state aid.
The total attendance reported was 830,831, an increase of 30,000 over last
year. This would indicate an average attendance of 9,200 for each fair.

The total amount of state aid paid amounted to $20,471.58, or an average
of $232.00 for each fair. The total receipts were $449,731.00, or an in-
crease of $23,503.00 over last year. There was paid out in cash premiums
— not including premiums, for speed events — $87,581.00. The total dis-
bursements were $432,510.00'. This was an increase of $29,156.00 over last-
year. The cash balance on hand at the close of the season s-hows an in-
crease of $2,826.00 and on the other hand the total overdrafts were $6,728.00
greater than last year. This would indicate that the fairs favored with
good weather were more successful than a year ago and those that met
with unfavorable weather suffered severely.

The value of the property has increased from $818,277.00 in 1910 to
$882,989.00, or an increase of about ten per cent.

The average valuation of the eighty-eight properties reported is $10,-
000.00. The other two fairs stated they occupied leased grounds and
buildings.

We have prepared the following table showing this information in
detail for each fair:

254 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

1911— FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF COUNTY AND DISTRICT

County or District

Receipts

C m

5a

2 ft

Adair, Greenfield

Adams, Corning

Allamakee, Waukon ..
Audubon, Audubon .—

Benton, Vinton

Black Hawk, La Porte City.

Boone, Boone

Boone, Ogden

Bremer, Waverly

Buchanan, Independence ...

Buena Vista, Alta

Butler, Allison

City.

Calhoun, Manson
Calhoun, Rockwell
Carroll, Carroll

Cass, Atlantic

Cass, Massena ,

Cedar, Tipton

Cerro Gordo, Mason City...
Chickasaw, New Hampton-
Chickasaw, Nashua

Clayton, Garnavillo

Clayton, Elkader

Clayton, Strawberry Point

Clinton, Dp Witt

Clinton, Clinton

Crawford, Arion

Davis, Bloomfleld

Delaware, Manchester .

Dickinson, Milford

Dickinson, Spirit Lake.

Payette, West Union.

Payette, Oelwein

Franklin, Hampton

Grundy, Grundy Center

Hancock, Britt

Hardin, Eldora

Harrison, Missouri Valley.

Henry, Mt. Pleasant

Henry, Winfleld

Humboldt, Humboldt

Iowa, Marengo —

Iowa, Victor

Iowa, Williamsburg

Jackson, Maquoketa

Jasper, Newton

Johnson. Iowa City.

Jones, Monticello

Jones, Anamosa

Keokuk, What Cheer.
Kossuth, Algona

Lee, Donnellson

Lee, West Point

Linn, Central City

Linn, Mar'on

Louisa, Columbus Junction.
Lyon, Rock Rapids

621.96
840.00

11.25
92.18
45.25
17.66

57.52
977.65
180.84

93.00
16.85

478.09

299.92

18.19

400.00

18.99

74.15

961.18

88.97
141.17

1,440.09

66.12

104.32

6.71

266.01

.41

770.99
1,978.08

511.42
188.9

298.82

1.

137.42

14.49

216.29

3,607.96

2,087.85
2,461.65
4,170.60
4,325.70

4,076.77
135.80
2,169.40
1,545.00
16,579.24
5,189.39
5,020.75
2,974.57

4,S61.n
4,690.28
3,852.45
8,337.56
2,580.37
3,840.52
14,278.52
1,301.75
4,915.02
1,323.40
2,987.14
2,561.59
7,505.60
4,370.65
2,076.50

4,168.55
1,8''0.00
1,503.00
1,534.30

3,580.35
1.583.00
3,852.35

3,130.13

2,4.51 70
4,682.70
1,767.15
7,491.33
3,084.62
2,203.50

2,569.00
2,040.79
1,393.94

7, .316. 70
5,l.''i8.!«
4,.';97.67
4,687.35
6,014.37

2,948.25
7,264.50

1,301.. 35
1,672.70
2,705.51
2,013.75
3,934.70
9,345.00

232.60
220.40
202.00
257.40

240.31
20.00
229.33
208.07
300.00
228.87
255.92
227.86

249.67
2-M.79
300.00
299.89
215.61
275.18
300.00
147.50
232.67
225.77
216.30
216 60
267. Of
277.60
214.70

255.16
218.15
97.84
158.20

229.37
203.77
248.00

210.63

200.19
266.88
210.60
. 300.00
210.55
162.04

212.98
97.05
206.82

245.41
248.07
236 88
182.80
220.22

232.37
273.72

21.00
162.00
262.29
229.55
300 00
258.56

2,320.45
2,682.05
4,994.56
5,423.10

4,317.08
1.55.80

»2,3S.8.73
1,753.07

16,890.49
5,510.44
5,321.92
3,220.09

4,610.78
*4,9]5.07
4,1.52.45
8,694.97
3,773.63
4,296.54
14, 578. .52
1,440.2,5
5, ''40.69
1,. 566. 02
3,203.44
3,256.?8
8,072.58
4,6C6.44
2,691.20

4,423.71
2,038.15
1,600.84
1,692.50

3,828.71
1,860.92
5,061.53

4,. 503. 20

2,740.86
5,090.75
1,977.75
9,231.42
3,295.17
2,431.00

2,886.30
2, 144., 55
1,860.77

7.. 562.. 52
5,407.03
5,P05..54
6,848.23
0,234.59

3,692.04
7,727.14

1,721.17
1,8.36.36
3,105.22
2,2.57.79
5,451.08
13, 211.. 52

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL

255

FAIRS IN IOWA RECEIVING STATE AID— 191L

Disbursements

■a E

ftp.
tn

S

3

Profit and Loss

z

Assets and Lia-
bilities

caft

1,111.30
1,164.52
3,798.70
1,369.50

2,829.91
573.48
*874.35
1,373.81
11,779.50
4,181.(6
2,735.20
2,213.78

2,402.42
*3,719.fi7
1,540.00
4,271.39
1,313.19
3,122.43
9,144.22
827.00
4,361.35
1,435.61
1,635.61
2, '"02. 49
4,652.79
1,927.85
1,406.35

1,551.11

1,049.00

125.00

562.26

2,481.12

687.42

3,136.78

2,219.10

2,164.16

2,8l6.r5
653.46
2,547.77
2,039.67
1,447.34

1,105.10

708.65

1.162.14

5,385.35
•2,292.66
2,979.81
4,607.73
3,732.84

1,329.49
4,526.64

1.225.67
1,012.90
1,982.32
1,517.04
i, 178. 84
6,r).39.00i

579.25

701.48

1,128.30

1,125.00

1,800.00

755.00

140.00
2,140.62

583.00
2,550.00

218.00

1,312.50

1,947.50

1,000.00

1,705.05

709.00

155.00

1,775.00

63.50

22?00
455.00
185.00
1,680.00
1,440 00
285.00

1,479.75

295.00

1,135.00

1,560.00

488.00
391.25
750.00

485.00

325.00
1,305.00

182.00
3,150.00

650.00

418.00

1,175.00

767.40

25.00

1,205.99
1,455.00
1,107.10
755.00
1,560.00

1,100.00
1,786.50

4''2.00
400.00

1,126.00
1,069.64
2,315.00

826.00

704.00

520.00

1,074.05

903.10
50.00

793.30

580.75
3,159.47

788.75
1,059.25

778.60

996.75

747.90

1,700.00

1,498.95

656.15

1,251.80

3,259."0

368.75

826.75

757.75

663.00

661.00

1,170.60

1,276.00

647.00

1,0.51.60
681.50'
244.60'
.395.50

793.75
537.75

980.00

I

606.35

501.95
1,1P8.80

606.50
1,659.45

605.50

405.10

629.82
242.63
568.25

980.79
8-^8.85!
457.001
702.25

823.75
1,237.25

.52.50

405.00

1,122.90

795.50

1,646.35

1,085.67

2,516.55
2,570.00
5,447.00
3,568.55

5,533.01
623.48
2,4 2.65
2,094.56
17,079.59
5,553.41
6,344.45
3,210.38

4,711.67

6,415.07|

4,240.00L.

112.05

$ 196.10
'452.44

1,854.55

9.71

7,475.39
2,678.34
4,529.23
14,178.42
1,259.25
5,188.10
2,215.36
2,753.61
3,0.53.49
7,503.39
4,643.85|
2,338.35j

4,082.46!
2,0"5.50;
1,504.60
2,507.76

3,762.87
1,616.42
4,866.78

,219.58
,095.29

'iooTio

190.00
62.59

'449^83
202.79
569.19
22 59
352.85

341.25
12.65
96.24

65.84
244.50
194.75

3,310.45j 1,192.81

2,991.11! —

5,290.75...
1,441.96' 535.79
7.357.22i 1,874.20
3.295.1
2,270.44 161.2

1,215.93

467.68

23.92

341.49

189.10

42.97

1,022.53

100 8'^
1,500.00

87.55

232.69

649.34

$ 7

10

3

815.26'

250.25
200.00

2,909.92
1,718.68
1,755.39

7,545.49
4,728.45
4,955.76
5,819.73
5,995.09

3,253.24
7,550.39

1,700.17
1,817.90
3,105.22
3,438.54
4,8 4.83
9,939.67

425.
111.

17.03

678.58

649.78

1,028.50

239.60

438.80
176.75

21.00
18.46

3,271.85

23.62

1,180.75
443.75

10

000.00
000.00
000.00
000.00

000.00
000.00
000.00
000.00
000.00
000 00
000.00'
000. OOj

250.00!

000.00
000.00
000.00
500.00
000.00
332.61
000.00
.500.00
000.00
000.00
000 00
000.00
047.78
558.15

000.00
000.00
000.00
000.00

000.00
400.00
000.00

000.00

000.00
000.00
000.00
500.00
000.00
000.00

000.00
000.00
000.00

000.00

000.00

000.00
000.00
000.00

000.00
000.00

000.00
500.00
500.00
000.00
000.00
000.00

$ 1,620.00

1,000. 0(

2, 000. Of
1.600.0<
1,500.00
2,956.17

1,200.00
1,600.00

2,100.00

1,500 00

260 00

1,000.00

I'oooToo

8,200 00
600 00

3,900.00
600.00

5,400.00
5,50.00
1.50.00

2,100.00

1,350.00
3,300.00

5,000.00

100 00 1

5,57. Of

2, 500. Of

1,000.0'
200 ("
600. f

1,3.50.('
800. f

2,000 00
1,400 00
2,384.95

4,000.00
1,750.00
6,200.00

"4,600.00

240.00
3,900.00

430.66
2,240.00
2,600.00
5,500.00
2,932.25

256

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICTLTITRE

1911- FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF COUNTY AND DISTRICT

County or District

Receipts

1-2

81

Madison, Winterset

Mahaska, New Sharon

Marion, Pella

Marshall, Rhodes

Marshall, Marshalltown

Mills, Malvern

Mitchell, Osage

Monona, Onawa

Monroe, Albia

Muscatine, Wilton Junction
Muscatine, West Liberty .—

O'Brien, Sutherland
O'Brien, Sheldon

Page, Clarinda

Page, Shenandoah

Pocahontas, Fonda -.
Pottawattamie, Avoea
Poweshiek, Malcom - —
Poweshiek, Grinnell -—

Ringgold, Tingley

Sac. Sac City

Shelby, Harlan

Sioux, Orange City.

Tama, Toledo

Van Buren, Milton

Wapello, Eldon

Warren, Indianola

Winnebago, Forest City.
Winneshiek, Decorah -_-

Woodbury, Moville

Woodbury, Sioux City..

Worth, Northwood

Wright, Clarion

Total 1911

For comparison, with 1910 Statement
91 Fairs

41.56
26.28
10.42

20.72
()47.21

1,046.99
10.02

219.00
156.59

275.18
143.76

253.21
402.50
62.42
103.92

1,725.65

284.65

23.51

197.93

148.32
55.40
2,100.00
10.23
200.00
5, 5"?. 11
169.89
414.23

$ 30,865.13

$ 23,224.55

1,882.35
3,628.60
2,047.00
1,559.82
10,349.48
4,533.95
2,199.46
2,169.55
3,535.15
3,758.76
6,778.34

2,062.30
3,962

7,214.40
7,997.84
5,921.80
4,171.60
2,512.35
2,853.55

1,238.00

6,139.55
4,687.99
2,214.65

3,449.66

1,976.65

4,755.83
3,768.59
1,746.83
1,951.25
1,922.15
53,900.33
1,748.45
2,213.40

$ 398,. 394. 87

i^ 382,. '^03. 34

216.32
236.25
213 80
216.82
300.00
257.35
233.85
220.30
267.50
227.23
300.00

213.87
241.12

248.16

249.86

215.10

224

214.72

253.12

.300.00

203.83
238.85
200.00

242.86

202.32

247.17
240.00
249.07
213.55
208.62
300.00
215.08
212.67

$ 20,471.58

$ 20,500.24

2,140.23
3,891.13
2,271.2-;
1,797.36
11,296.69
4,791.30
3,480.30
2,. 399. 87
3,802.65
4,204.9'J
7,234.98

2,551.35
4,347.63

7,462.5(i
8,500.91
6,539.40
4,458.91
2, 8.30. <« I
3,106.67

1,825.90

8,069.03
5,211.4!t
2,438.16

2,178.97

$ 449,731.58

$ 426,228.13

♦Overdraft of 1910 included.
tGrounds leased.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI.

257

FAIRS IN IOWA RECEIVING STATE AID— 1911-Continue(i.

3

OJ 09

Disbursements

ftft

So.
o

Profit and Loss

z

Assets and Lia-
bilities

o a,

>

676.96
1,638.80
1,021.95
1,074.30
6,043.04
2,021.81
1,373.21
1,075.05
1,590.00
1,160.00
3,052.35

2,164.28
2,160.75

5,457,75
4,348.29
2,719.07
2,214.68
9?8.42
1,184.66

490.00

4,236.00

2,434.51

922.72

3,381.26

1,146.50

3,417.99
1,621.49
3,819.52
1,848.30
1,341.87
33,240.68
867.44
1,406.07

800.00

1,170.00

519.00

1,816.00
2,920.50
290.00
835.00
1,400.00
1,295.00
1,890.00

385.00
1,220.00

775.00
2,888.40
2,535.00
1,520.17
1,200.00

975.00

2,311.05

1,797.05

813.00

537.50

1,175.00'

1,473.65
1,600.00!

292.50!

300.00;

10,285.00
285.00
831.15

663.25
862.50
638.05
668.20

2,562.65

1,073.50
838.51
703.00

1,175.00
772.30

1,825.50

638.70
947.25

981.65
998.65
651.05
748.95
647.25
1,031.25

1,839.40

538.35
888.50
500.15

929.60

523.25

971.70
900.00
990.75
635.50
586.25
7,788.02
650.86
626.75

2,140.21
3,671.30
1,170.00
1,742.50
10,421.69
6,015.81
2,501.72
2,613.05
4,165.00
3,227.30
6,767.85

3,187.98
4,328.00

7,214.40
8,235.34
5, £05. 12
4,483.80
2,775.67
3,190.91

2,329.40

7,085.40
5,120.06
2,235.87

4,848

2,844.75

5,863.34
4,021.49
5,102.77
2,783.80
1,928.12
51,313.70
1,803.30
2,863.97

.02

219.83

92.22

54.86

875.00

978.58

977.69
467.08

19.63

248.16
265.57
634.28

983.63
91.43
202.29

42.50

402.65
,413.74
329.62

1,224.51

213.18
362.35

636.63

24.89
"84?24
503.50

957.81
665.78
712.02

1,006.87
608.77

23.67

4,000.00
7,500.00
7,500.00
2,500.00
25,000.00
12,000.00
6,000.00
8,000.00
8,000. CO

t

t

.".,000.00
0,000.00

4,000.00
28,000.00
10,000.00
15,000.00

7,200.00
10,000.00

700.00

13,500.00
12,000.00
6,000.00

8,000.00

5,000.00

6,000.00
9,000.00
7,500.00
5,000.00
1,000.00
150,000.00
4,000.00
5,500.00

2,500.00

,000.00

8,000.00

3,192.00
1,100.00

963.00

1,900.00
3,602.80

1,000.00

3,950.00
503.50

600.00

1,650.00

3,800.00
7,000.00

800.00

'iliooToo

2,000.00

81

$ 245,815.12

$ 99,363.801$ 87,331.17

$ 432,510.09

$33,681.97

$16,460.48

$ 882,988.54

$ 143,591.67

$ 224,553.12

$ 99,542.43]$ 83,060.55 $ 403,354.79

$34,163.62 $ 9,732.12

$ 818,277.00 $ 134,054.00

!r.8

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

We have also prepared the following table that will be of value to the
management of county fairs in determining charges for admission. This
table sets forth the admission fee for adults, children and vehicles at the
outside gates; also the admission fee charged at the grand stand and
quarter-stretch :

TOTAL ATTENDANCE AND ADMISSION FEES CHARGED AT
, COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS IN IOWA FOR 1911.

County

Outside Gate Admis-
sions

Qtr.-stretch
Admissions

Adair

Adams

Allamakee

Audubon

Benton

Black Hawk

Bremer

Boone (Ogden)

Boone (Boone)

Buchanan

Buena "Vista

Butler

Caliioun (Manson)

Calhoun (Rockwell City)

Cass (Atlantic)

Cass (Massena)

Carroll

Cedar

Cerro Gordo

Chickasaw (New Hampton) .

Chickasaw (Nashua)

Clayton (National)

Clayton (Elkader)

Clayton (Strawberry Point)

Clinton (DeWitt)

Clinton L

Crawford i

Davis

Delaware

Dickinson (Spirit Lake)

Dickinson (Milford)

Fayette (West Union)

Payette (Oelwein)

Franklin

Grundy

Hancock

Hardin

Harrison

Henry (Mt. Pleasant)

Henry (Winfleld)

Humboldt

Iowa (Marengo)

Iowa (Victor)

Iowa (Williamsburg)

•lackson

.Jasper

.Johnson

•Jones (Monticello) ..

.Tones (Anamosa)

3,503
7,898
8,000
8,000
8,000
300
33,354
4,000
7,281
9,075
9,000
9,000

6.500

12,000

18,000

5,000

8,000

7,000

25,640

4,500

7,000

3,000

9,000

6,400

15,000

14,000

4,000

17,000
4,900
3,000
4,000

15,000
5,47"
8,358

12,000

9,000
14,000

5,000
22,000

4,400

6,000

4,702
4,000
2,910

10,000
10,000
10,000
8,500
10,000

.15

.25

.25

.25

.25

.10

.25

.15

.15

.25

.25

.25

.15

.25

.25

.15

.35

.10

.25

.35

.25

.10

.15
.25
.25

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VL

259

TOTAL ATTENDANCE AND FEES CHARGED AT FAIRS-Continued.

County

Keokuk .
Kossuth

Lee (Donnfllson)

Lee (West Point)

Linn (Central City)

Linn (Marion)

Louisa

Madison

Mahaska

Marion

Marshal] (Eden District) ..
Marshall (Marshalltown) —

Mills

Mitchell

Monona

Monroe

Muscatine (Wilton)

Muscatine (West Liberty) .

O'Brien Sutherland
O'Brien (Sheldon) .

Page (Clarinda)

Page (Shenandoah)

Pocahontas

Pottawattamie

Poweshiek (Malcom)

Poweshiek (Grinnell)

Ringgold —

Sac

Shelby ..
Sioux .-

Tama

Van Buren

Wapello

Warren

Winnebago

Winneshiek

Woodbury (Moville)

Woodbury (Sioux City)..

Worth

Wright

7,500
17,000

1,000

2,100

6,500

5,42S

10,000

12,943

2,993

7,000

4,888

C,000

33,000

12,000

4,617

3,000

7,144

8,000

14,000

6,000
6,000

12,000

25.000

9,680

r,,801

7,000

r.,400

4,000

14,000
10,000

n.soo

5,000

6,000

6,307
7.500
.'• 129
-1,380
4,000
72,333
8,000
6,000

Outside Gate Admis-
sions

.25
.35

.35
.35
.25
.35
.25
.35
.35
.25

.10

.15

Qtr.-stretch
Admlssione

.25

The following is a summary of the table:

50c

S.'JC

25c

20c

15c

lOc

No
charge

General admission (outside gates)—
Adults - -

2

&f

■?8

■n

61
35

29
21

Children

2

— ---

1

16
9

1

-,-

VehiclPs .

13

T

Grand stand admission

■J,

Quarter-stretch admission

Persons

Vehicles

Ia,

260 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

From this summary it will be noted that a number of fairs make no
charge for admission to the quarter stretch. I believe the fairs that have
adopted the policy of making a small charge for the quarter stretch find
it works out to advantage. I know of one fair in northern Iowa that put
up a commodious grand stand and fixed the price of admission at 25c,
but made no charge for the quarter-stretch. They complained of having
trouble in filling their stand; also had complaints from the people who
did occupy the stand that the crowd in the quarter-stretch interfered with
their view of the ball game and other attractions in the centerfield. The
year following they made a charge of 15c for the centerfield and by so
doing the stand was well filled each day and the view was greatly im-
proved.

We submit herewith a list of eight fairs that paid in excess of $1,500.00
In premiums and were thereby enabled to draw the full $300.00 state aid.
We also give an additional list of fourteen fairs that paid in excess of
$1,000.00' in premiums.

Interstate Live Stock Fair, Sioux City $7,788.02

North Iowa Fair, Mason City 3,259.20

Bremer County Fair, Waverly 3,159.47

Marshall County Fair, Marshalltown 2,562.65

Tingley Fair, Tingley 1,839.40

Union District Fair, West Liberty 1,825.50

Henry County Fair, Mt. Pleasant 1,659.45

Columbus Junction District Fair, Columbus Junction 1,646.35

Cass County Fair, Atlantic 1,498.95

Clinton District Fair, Clinton 1,276.00

Tipton Fair, Tipton 1,251.80

Kossuth County Fair, Algona 1,237.25

Monroe County Fair, Albia 1,175.00

Clinton County Fair, De Witt 1,170.60

Hardin County Fair, Eldora 1,168.80

Wapsie Valley Fair, Central City 1,122.90

Lyon County Fair, Rock Rapids 1,085.67

Audubon County Fair, Audubon 1,074.05

Mills County Fair, Malvern 1,073.50

Buena Vista County Fair, Alta 1,059.25

Davis County Fair, Bloomfield 1,051.60

Poweshiek County Fair, Grinnell 1,031. 2.'>

IOWA STATE FATE AND EXI'OSITIOX.

It gives me great pleasure and satisfaction to be able to report to this
convention that Iowa has lived up to her reputation and held another
successful fair.

There seems to be a universal opinion among those directly connected
with the management of the fair, the exhibitors, the people who at-
tended, and the press, that the 1911 show was, from many points of view,
the most successful fair held in the fifty-seven years of its existence.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK^PART VL 261

It has been said tliat the best way to judge ourselves is by what others
say about us. We believe this will apply in judging the success of a fair,
and for fear my enthusiasm over the success of our fair might get away
with my better judgment, and for the purpose of making it a matter of
record, I am going to quote a few words from several of the leading
agricultural writers, of the country. This will give you their views of
the Iowa fair's success and show with what high regard they look upon it.

The Farmer and Breeder of Sioux City has this to say:

"What a magnificent exhibition the Iowa State Fair has become!
What a strong influence it wields in the development of our agricultural
resources! It is by far the greatest agricultural educational factor in
the state, for it reaches so many people. It exerts its influence not only
on those who annually or occasionally attend its exhibitions, but also
indirectly upon those who stay at home. The state has expended many
thousands of dollars in building up this fair, but it can spend many
thousands more to advantage, and this will undoubtedly be done.

"The board of directors and the officers of the fair are to be congrat-
ulated upon the splendid management of the fair this year. Exhibitors
and visitors alike spoke of the uniform courtesy everywhere extended.
When well-built machinery is properly oiled and taken care of it runs
smoothly, and then it appears as though any one could manage it; but
let something get out of repair and an expert is required to put it in
order. The Iowa fair is evidently managed by experts or the machinery
could not continue to run so smoothly. Mothers remarked that the fair
was clean; they rejoiced. Many brought their children and were grateful
for seeing no gambling or games of chance. A distinct improvement was
seen in the character of the side shows more attention was being directed
toward matters having educational value. The ladies' for example,
listened to daily lectures on domestic science given by members of the
Iowa State College in the college building. Several meetings were also
held for the purpose of interesting men and women in organizing county
clubs for the purpose of promoting better rural social conditions. For
the most part these meetings were well attended."

In the following write-up The Iowa Homestead gives the Iowa State
Fair a great deal of credit for putting the condition of the Iowa farmer
right before the world:

"With an attendance 21,000 larger than in 1910 and total receipts
$25,000 greater, the 1911 Iowa State Fair proved to be the biggest and
best of any of the fifty-seven annual exhibitions which the Hawkeye state
has held. A quarter of a million people witnessed the exhibition at Des
Moines last week. The net profits to the management are computed to
be close to $.50,000.

"Conceding that there is no surer barometer of prosperity than the
attendance upon, and patronage of the various state fairs, agricultural
affairs in Iowa must now be recognized as in better condition than for
many years past. Pessimistic predictions were freely indulged in during
the early summer. The crop season started out most auspiciously, never
had hopes of a bumper crop been better. But along came June weather,
which instead of being that rare thing of which the poets sing, was

262 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

nothing more or less than so many furnace blasts of withering, blasting
heat. The farmers' faces became long. Men of the city talked of hard
times on the farm. The hay crop was a practical failure. The oats crop
was below the normal. It was freely predicted that the com crop would
show a falling off of millions upon millions of bushels.

"And then, in this crisis of pessimism, came the Iowa State Fair,
opening the western circuit of expositions. The exhibits were more in
number and better in quality than ever before. In every live stock de-
partment the pens were crowded, while disappointed prospective exhib-
itors were turned away for lack of room. The agricultural and horti-
cultural building was literally packed with the finest specimens of fruit
that Iowa has grown in many years. And the people came from the
farm to see the exhibits in numbers larger than ever before. Fifty
thousand visitors were hauled to Des Moines in one day by the railroads
entering the capital city. Nor were these visitors parsimonious. They
had money to spend and they spent it freely. They paid the state fair
management $179,000.00, whereas in the previous year they had paid but
$157,000.00. They left immense sums in the stores, going on extensive
shopping expeditions. Iowa rubbed its eyes. Surely here were not the
impoverished farmers of whom it had been prating so glibly.

"And so, to the direct educational value of the state fair held at Des
Moines last week, must be added the immense value of the exposition
in setting the farmer's condition right before the world. There could
be no surer or better criterion of the continued prosperity which is his,
of the farmer's ability to buy what he wants and needs and of the farmer's
capacity for play as well as for work."

The representative of the Breeders' Gazette of Chicago reported his
observations as follows:

"Neither drouth nor flood avails to dim the glory of the Iowa State
Fair. Some former years have seemingly sought to drown it out, and
now a scorching summer's sun has scattered its discouragement in some
sections of the state, but the fair rises to yet greater heights, triumphant
over all. It may briefly be summarized as record-making in nearly all
respects.

"Cornbelt farming has encountered one of its rare vicissitudes, and
Iowa has suffered, but no evidence of that fact could be found either in
the exhibits or the attendance. From Des Moines southwest production
has been notably lessened from almost unprecedented drouth, but other
sections of the state will close the year's accounting with records of pro-
duction that range all the way from a little less than average to a great
deal more than the average. No note of discouragement was sounded.
The cornbelt farmer is forehanded. He is not dependent on the returns
of a single harvest, as crib and bin and bank hold accumulations of former
favorable seasons.

"Fairer weather never forwarded the progress of an agricultural event.
Des Moines is in the center of a sun-blistered spot, and the withered
grass on the fair grounds testified sadly to that fact, but the main streets
had been oiled so that the dust was well laid. The coolness which over-
spread the northwest covered Iowa with its edge, showing traces of frost

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 2^6

in the earlier part of the week, and affording almost an autumnal crisp
to the air. More agreeable temperature for visitors, attendants and stock
could not be imagined. This condition was reflected at the turnstiles.
The week was yet young when a record-breaking total was registered,
Tuesday's attendance far exceeded any fair week in the fifty-seven years'
history of the institution.

"This record accentuates the need of new clothes for this fair. Much
of its accommodations are outgrown, whether designed for exhibits or
visitors. Cattle and sheep overflowed into tents and horses into tem-
porary quarters. Neither the Coliseum nor the grandstand proved ade-
quate to the demands. The plan of the rehabilitated grounds has been
drawn by landscape gardeners, the new suit of clothes has been ordered.

"New horse and cattle barns, a new sheep department, a new and
materially larger Coliseum are prospective parts of the equipment which
has been outlined on the plans. The amphitheater at the track is sadly
in need of its contemplated extension. Day after day it was inadequate
to the demands. Progress has been made toward fitting these grounds
with buildings required by the demands of the exhibitors and attendants,
but it has been slow. In the face of the necessities the legislative
appropriation of $85,000 seems pitiably small. Building is dependent
on appropriations and profits; the latter item should be larger this year
than ever before."

The following article by The Prairie Farmer of Chicago dwells upon
the educational features of our state fair:

"The last week of August was school week for Iowa farmers. Few
of the many thousands who took in the sights of the state fair at Des
Moines may have I'egarded their sojourn in this light, yet in view of
the unlimited amount of practical information obtainable on all branches
of farm practice, the Iowa fair may be said to be one of the greatest
schools for practical farmers in existence.

"This was the idea unconsciously expressed by one Hawkeye farmer
when he slapped President Cameron on the back at the close of the fair
and said: 'Well, Charlie, you've got a mighty good fair and I am glad
I came. I've brushed up against some new things, got a hatful of
valuable ideas and I'm going home prepared to look my problem square
in the face.'

"It was give and take all week with exhibitors and visitors. Plied
with questions from all sides by farmers hungry for information that
would help them to farm better and live more comfortably, exhibitors
became instructors. Possibly a few told more than they knew, but in
the end the inquirer gained the information he was after. The difladent
farmer forgot his diflldence and joined enthusiastically with his fellow
farmers in search for knowledge. Silo demonstrators were besieged,
alfalfa 'profs' quizzed, prize-winning animals scrutinized, labor-saving
machinery inspected and between times glimpses were taken at the air-
ships, such was the program of fair visitors."

The liberal inducements wliich have been extended breeders of live
stock to exhibit at the Iowa fair have made that fair a great battle-
ground of the breeds, thereby, presenting an unsurpassed opportunity

264 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

for the study of approved types of animals in every important breed.
No better show of draft horses was ever brought together in this country
than that seen at the Iowa fair this year.

The representative of Clark's Weekly News of the Harness Horse
became so enthused over the showing of yearling draft stallions for
the Futurity specials offered by The Chicago Daily Live Stock World
that he broke away from the harness horse end of the show for a few
minutes and paid the following compliment to the wonderful show of
yearling drafters:

"A record-breaking display of yearling stallions of the Clydesdale,
Percheron, Shire and Belgian breeds crowned the efforts of The Chicago
Daily Live Stock World to establish show ring futurity stakes for year-
ling pure-bred drafters. As a starter the paper named opened four futuri-
ties— one for each breed named — making a substantial guarantee as to
money and offering to do all the work for nothing. The result of their
labors was that 53 yearling colts were lined up in the arena at Des
Moines, August 30, the largest display of the age ever made in the
history of the North American show ring.

"As might have been expected eager buyers were on hand to skim
off the cream of this great aggregation and many sales were effected
that would not otherwise have been made. For instance, Wm. Crown-
over, of Hudson, Iowa, had the first prize colt in the Shire Futurity.
Before the showing he was bid $1,000 for the colt, Paramount Rex.
After the ribbon was tied the purchaser jumped his bid to $1,700, which
was accepted. This large sum of money, together with his winnings in
the futurity and the other classes at the Iowa Fair to which the colt
was eligible, gave Mr. Crownover something like $2,100 for a sixteen
months' old Shire colt — the largest price ever paid on this side of the
water for a home-bred colt of the age."

Wallace's Farmer sees great benefits derived from the Iowa State
Fair and Exposition:

"If some of those eastern financiers who have been lying awake nights
worrying over western agricultural conditions had spent last week at
the Iowa State Fair, they would have gone home tired but feeling better.
There is no better barometer of agricultural conditions in the corn belt
than the Iowa State Fair. The attendance this year and the temper
of the people ought to reassure the most pessimistic pessimist. Never
before has it been so large, and seldom has a more cheerful and satis-
fied spirit been so manifest. The railroads coming into Des Moines
were taxed to their capacity, while hundreds of farmers from all sections
of the state drove into the city in their automobiles.

"There was no lack of entertainment features. In addition to the
aeroplanes, which made two flights daily and could be seen from all
parts of the grounds, there were the races and vaudeville stunts in
front of the grandstand by day, and an elaborate fireworks display at
night. In tihe stock pavilion a very good show was held each evening
while the seats were filled by an interested crowd which watched the
stock judging closely. There were the usual side show attractions on
the grounds, not particularly elevating but not of the distinctly repre-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 265

hensible sort. The Iowa Fair management has for years exercised a
close censorship over side shows and concessions of all kinds."

The growth and good features of the fair as noted by the Twentieth
Century Farmer of Omaha:

"Iowa's annual live stock show and agricultural exposition was held
last week on the Iowa State Fair Grounds at Des Moines. This exploi-
tation of the skill and ingenuity of man in the promotion of excellencies
in animal creation, in the demonstration of possibilities in soil produc-
tion and in the bringing to the attention of humanity in mechanical
arts the wondrous faculty of inventive genius combine in completing
one of the greatest educational efforts that has ever been assembled
under the management of state fair enterprise. The Iowa State Fair
has grown within the last few years into an immense aggregation of
exhibition interests; its improvement and development of grounds, along
lines of exposition convenience, advantage and permanency are the
wonder and admiration of its oldest patrons and most loyal supporters."

There has always been a few criticisms made in regard to over-
charging state fair visitors at the dining halls, and for lodging and
meals about the city. We believe that it is well to observe what steps
have been taken to correct these evils where they existed and note what
a few close observers have to say along this line.

To this end we have secured a report from the Secretary of the
Commercial Club which sets forth their efforts to regulate and do away
with these over-charges; it also shows what was accomplished in se-
curing lodging and meals for the visitors through the Information Bu-
reaus.

COMMEBCIAL CLUB BULLETIN.

The free information bureau conducted for the purpose of providing
lodgings for state fair visitors at a reasonable price has again demon-
strated its worth.

When the bureaus were opened in the Court House and the North-
western depot we had listed a few over 11,000 rooms, all at the uniform
price of a dollar a bed or fifty cents a person where two persons would
go together. Of these fully one-half were provided with two beds in a
room, or were what we termed "four party" rooms. This gave us room
for accommodating not less than 30,000 persons at the uniform price on
any one night. Over 2,000 of the rooms listed with us were in modern
homes where the privilege of the bath was extended for the regular
price of lodging. Over one-half of those listing rooms agreed to, and did,
serve breakfast at a price of not to exceed 35c.

The check of the assignment cards indicates that during the fair we
actually assigned over 28,000 persons, a few for one night only, at least
20,000 for from two to four nights each. Of all of the persons provided
for in this way but three parties were taken advantage of by persons
listing lodgings. These tried to advance rates. In two instances we
secured the return of baggage and money advanced and destroyed the
cards and in the third instance we recovered the overcharge for the
parties after they had used the accommodations. In this way we made

266 TOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

good our promise that ample and comfortable accommodations would
be provided for all state fair visitors who secured the services of the
bureau.

If there were hold-ups, they were due to persons accepting the services
of solicitors on the streets and ignoring the bureau. The effort to acquaint
people with the bureau, its location, rates, etc., included the insertion
of advertising in the state fair literature, in the farm papers, in the
American Press Association service, the sending of bulletins to railroad
agents, the calling of the location of the bureau on all incoming trains
and the displaying of cloth and printed signs around all of the depots.

The strongest endorsement the bureau received, however, was in the
fact that each day hundreds of persons came to the attendants with
cards that were issued from last year to inquire if the same lodging
would be available again this year. Some were the same persons to
whom the cards were issued and others were friends of the visitors of
a year ago. In but few cases were we unable to give the accommodations
called for by the old card.

The representative of the Iowa Homestead has this to say in regard
to the efforts made to regulate charges:

"Both the state fair management and the city of Des Moines profited
by the experience of former years and dispensed with the grievous
overcharge practice which was one of the well founded complaints of
visitors to former fairs. Supt. W. C. Brown, of the concessions depart-
ment, revoked the license of one or two refreshment booths which were
found charging visitors more for the meals than the price quoted by
the announcer, while the Commercial Club of Des Moines refused to
send prospective roomers to private houses which charged more than
the price which the club had set as reasonable. It is an indisputable
fact that in former years Des Moines has taken unfair advantage of
state fair visitors and charged exorbitant prices for ordinary, routine
service. The city has learned, however, that this policy would not only
redound to its own disadvantage, but, in the course of time, would cut
down the attendance of the state fair so that monetai*y loss would be
inevitable. With the single exception of the Greek proprietors of the
shoe shining parlors, no class of public providers acted in unison in
raising prices. State fair visitors leave large quantities of money in
Des Moines, both for their expenses during the week and on shopping
tours, and Des Moines showed this year that it appreciates this patron-
age and liberality and does not propose to take unfair advantage of its
visitors."

In the following article The Waterloo Courier acknowledges that
much has been done to correct these evils:

"The Courier congratulates Des Moines and the State of Iowa on the
success of the greatest fair ever conducted in the State. Undoubtedly
it was the best, as well as the largest, and will have resulted in a great
benefit to the state at large as well as to those who saw the exhibits.
The Courier indulged last year in a little of what might be called 'muck-
raking' in regard to the treatment of guests at Des Moines. The charges
were resented in the capital city, and even some outsiders called the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 267

Courier and other critical newspapers knockers, whose operations were
damaging to the institution of the state fair. It appears from the result,
however, that Des Moines needed just a little roasting, for vigorous
and conscientious efforts have been made this year to give all visitors
a square deal, with the result that the fair has been the greatest success
in history. It all goes to prove that the right way is the best way in
the end regardless of a little immediate pain."

The following interview with a state fair visitor from southeastern
Iowa appeared in the Washington Democrat and would indicate fair
treatment:

"I have heard a great deal about being held up or overcharged at
the state fair or in Des Moines during the state fair. I may be too
green to know when I am stung, but I thought I was treated very fairly.
Hotel rooms cost the same as always, meals were the same, meals were
just as good, and in place of Des Moines being on the lookout for suckers
to skin, it seemed to me everybody was particularly polite and obliging."

The success of a fair is usually judged by the exhibits, attendance and
last, but not least, the receipts.

The exhibits at the 1911 fair were, without a doubt, the largest and
gave us a better balanced show than was ever before staged upon our
state fair grounds.

The 1911 show was made by 1,590 exhibitors in the various depart-
ments, making 16,024 entries. This was an increase of 142 exhibitors
and 1,696 entries over last year.

The live stock exhibit, which came from fourteen different states,
was so large that it became necessary to erect three temporary barns .
to stall the overflow; one for horses, one for cattle and one for the horses
entered in the speed events. It was also necessary to erect additional
pens to house the sheep exhibit, and we were obliged to turn away ex-
hibitors in the swine department, as every pen in the mammoth swine
pavilion was sold before the entries closed.

The number of exhibitors and entries in the various departments
follow:

No. of No. of No. of No. of

Exhibitors Entries Exhibitors Entries

1911 1911 1910 1910

Horses 140 2,114 101 1,958

Cattle 92 1,441 72 1,203

Swine 206 2,886 161 1,973

Sheep 32 691 33 751

Poultry 116 1,361 99 1,297

Agriculture 112 1,033 141 939

Pantry Ill 1,577 118 1,640

Dairy 66 69 74 74

Horticulture 48 639 19 357

Floriculture 16 245 13 245

Fine Arts 223 3,355 216 2,917

Educational 115 613 106 650

Farm Implements 318 16,024 320 14,328

2 6S IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The horse show was made by 140 individual exhibitors showing 1,016
head of horses, an increase of 39 exhibitors and a decrease of 90 head in
the number of horses entered over last year. A special feature of the
horse show this year was the showing of 87 head of yearling draft
stallions for the Futurity specials offered by the Chicago Daily Live
Stock World. The total amount of cash and plate offered in these specials
amounted to $3,265.00, divided among the four breeds — Percheron, . Clydes-
dale, Shire and Belgian, making the largest premium draft colts ever
had the privilege of competing for any place in America.

Another significant feature about the horse show which would indicate
that our Iowa breeders are improving their stock and becoming successful
showmen is the fact that out of the 140 exhibitors 108 were from Iowa,
and they secured their share of the premiums.

The following table shows the number of exhibitors and number of
horses entered by breeds as compared with the 1910 show:

—1911 Fair-
No. of No. of
Breed. Exhib- Horses
iters. entered.

Percheron 30 243

Clydesdale 15 71

Shire 14 90

Belgian 21 100

Draft Geldings and Mares 15 42

Standard Bred, Etc 28 106

Saddle Horses 12 44

Morgan 6 38

Hackney 5 28

French and German Coach

Shetland Ponies 18 186

Welsh Ponies (new) 2 IS

Ponies other than Shetland 9 21

Mules 7 29

Total 140 1,016 101 1126

The cattle show eclipsed all former records in number of exhibitors,
number of cattle shown and in being a better balanced exhibit. The
exhibitors numbered 92 and they showed 1,044 head of cattle. This was
an increase of 20 exhibitors and 186 head of cattle over the 1910 show.

For the first time in a number of years the premium list contained
a classification for Brown Swiss cattle and three exhibitors exhibited
44 head of this breed of cattle.

The following is a table showing the number of exhibitors and number
of cattle entered by breeds as compared with the 3 910 show.

—1910

Fair-

-

vTo. of

No.

of

Exhib-

Horses

itors.

entered.

25

314

10

81

13

133

13

150

26

39

32

140

7

24

4 «

31

6

22

1

14

16

150

3

11

4

17

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 2fi',)

—1911 Fair— —1910 Fair-
No. of No. of No. of No. of
Breed. Exhib- Cattle Exhib- Cattle
itors. entered. itors. entered.

Short-horns 27 204 25 231

Herefords 16 237 14 215

Aberdeen-Angus 8 108 11 119

Galloway 4 63 4 47

Polled Durham 8 82 5 46

Red Polled 7 89 . 2 39

Holstein-Friesian 5 34 2 28

Jersey 7 96 4 52

Guernsey 5 61 3 53

Ayrshire 2 36 2 28

Brown Swiss (new) 3 44

Total 92 1,044 72 858

The swine show was one of the old time Iowa shows. Every pen in
the swine barn was reserved before the show opened and the management
was obliged to refuse entries from eight or ten exhibitors for the reason
that there were no more available pens. The show was made by 206
exhibitors and by actual count there was 2,787 head of swine on exhibi-
tion, and they were divided among the seven breeds as follows:

No. Exhib- No.
itors. Swine.

Duroc Jersey 81 986

Poland China 62 702

Chester White 36 .186

Hampshire 14 303

Berkshire 9 120

Yorkshire 2 68

Tamworth 2 22

Total 206 2,787

The sheep show this year was a little larger than usual and clearly
demonstrated the need of better quarters to house this exhibit. The old
pens proved inadequate and the exhibitors worked to a disadvantage in
showing in the temporary quarters. Seven hundred eighty-two sheep
were shown by thirty-three exhibitors.

The poultry show surpassed any in the history of the fair. One
hundred eleven exhibitors showed 2,200 birds of exceptional quality and
condition considering the season. A special feature of this year's show
Avas the Egg Laying Contest which was conducted just outside the build-
ing. This contest attracted a great deal of attention during the entire
week. Another new feature was the forenoon and afternoon programs
on Wednesday in the assembly tent devoted to the poultry problems and
topics of the day.

27 0 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The poultry department at Ames had an attractive educational exhibit
in charge of competent instructors who explained the exhibit to thousands
of interested poultrymen.

If there was an exhibit that was not up to standard it was found in
the agricultural division.

The extreme drouth during the preceding three months made it rather
difficult to find show stuff for this department. Early in the season we
had the promise of some 25 or 30 individual farm exhibits, which would
have made a very good show, but the dry weather caused them to drop
out one at a time until but sixteen actually put on their exhibits. Among
them were some very creditable exhibits which partially made up for
the deficiency in number.

In the horticultural end of the building everyone was rejoicing over the
excellent showing of Iowa's fruit. Something over 5,000 plates were on
exhibition and this packed that end of the building and one half of the
balcony floor. While it was a little early in the season for showing some
varieties of apples, the exhibit indicated that Iowa was in the fruit grow-
ing district and that she would produce a good crop of excellent quality
this year.

The machinery exhibitors were given a treat this year in being able
to occupy the new machinery building, which was completed just a few
days prior to the fair at a cost of $75,000 — $65,000 from state appropria-
tion and $10,000' from fair receipts. The building occupies a space 270x520
feet and has 00,000 square feet of exhibit space over and above the aisles.
This affords an ideal hall for the exhibition of farm machinery as at-
tested by 93 exhibitors who signed the following statement and presented
it to the Superintendent of the Machinery Department:

"After so many years of effort to obtain suitable quarters for exhibits
in machinery and vehicles, we, the representatives of the manufacturers
and Jobbers of farm machinery, vehicles, and accessory lines; also we of
the Iowa Implement Dealers' Association, desire to congratulate and ex-
press our appreciation to the State Fair Management, and commend the
action of the 34t'h General Assembly in appropriating funds for the timely
erection of the new Machinery hall, and we desire to commend their
action in making this great improvement. Although only partially fin-
ished, we already see its value, and in the interest of all concerned we
hereby express the hope of an early completion of this substantial and
enduring building, so necessary to the success of our great state fair."

There were 318 machinery exhibitors, 82 occupied space in the new
macihinery hall and the halance of the light machinery exhibits werp
housed in Power Hail, private buildings and tents. The exhibits of
heavy machinery, silos, etc., occupied approximately 20 acres of outside
space.

The attendance of the 1011 Iowa State Fair, according to the count
of the ticket auditing department, was 270,082. This was an increase
of 39,000, or about seventeen per cent, over last year. The greatest at-
tendance for any one day was on Tuesday, when 64,699 people passed
through the stiles.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 27 1

The attendance was greatly increased this year on account of having
almost perfect weather during the entire week. However, it might have
been increased to some extent during the opening days had the reduced
rates on the railroads been in effect when the fair opened instead of on
Monday the second week of the fair.

The following is the attendance by days as compared with 1910:

1911. 1910.

Thursday 4,075

Friday 6,063 4,956

Saturday 27,514 30,512

Sunday 17,612 16,062

Monday 37,309 25,355

Tuesday 64,699 52,208

Wednesday 60,580 57,918

Thursday 34,117 31,854

Friday 18,173 12,368

Total 270,682 231,233

The total receipts of the 1911 fair were $179,549.67. This is an increase
of $22,289.90, or 14 per cent, over last year.

The receipts of the fair for other than ticket sales were $58,044.17, an
increase of $5,366.40 over last year, and the ticket sales amounted to
$121,505.50, or an increase of $16,921.50 over a year ago.

The total disbursements on account of fair amounted to $137,867.51.
Of this amount $56,264.35 was paid out in cash premiums. The 1911 fair
cost $7,636.33 more than the fair a year ago. However, this increase is-
chiefly due to the increase of $6,546.85 in the amount of cash premiums
paid.

The net profit of the 1911 fair was $41,682.16. This is the largest profit
ever made with the exception of the year 1908, when the profits amounted
to $44,171.45.

I am attaching herewith a statement showing in detail the receipts
and disbursements of the Iowa Department of Agriculture and the balance
on hand at the close of the year, November 30, 1911.

litPBOVEMEXTS FOK 1911.

During the year 1911, $109,775.04 was expended for permanent improve-
ments on the grounds. Of this amount $75,375.00 was paid from state
appropriation made by the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, and the bal-
ance, $34,400.04, was paid from state fair receipts.

The principal improvement was the machinery building which occupies
ground space 270x520 feet, and is built of steel and brick at a cost of $74,-
913.44. Sixty-five thousand dollars of this was paid by state appropriation
and $9,913.44 from fair receipts. The next important and much needed im-
provement was the installation of five batteries of sanitary water closets
at various and convenient locations on the grounds. The cost of installing
these closets, and the constructing of cess pools for same, amounted to
$8,917.24. This was paid by a state appropriation of $8,000.00 and $917.24

272 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

from fair receipts. Two thousand three hundred seventy-five dollars of
the $12,000.00 state appropriation for additional land was used in pur-
chasing land adjacent to the grounds. Seven thousand dollars of this
appropriation is still in the hands of the state treasurer and $2,625.00
in the treasury of the Iowa Department of Agriculture, which is being
held until titles are perfected and the balance of the land that the depart-
ment wishes to acquire can be purchased or condemned.

The management was successful in closing a desirable contract with
the Des Moines Electric Company, by which they furnished current for
light and power for the grounds. This necessitated the installation of a
transformer station, new switch-board, new street lights, and rebuilding
the entire line; also putting up insulated wire in place of the bare copper
wire which had been in use heretofore. The total cost of this new equip-
ment and installation of same was $9,673.70. There will be a credit to
this account of about $4,000.00 from the sale of apparatus in the old plant.
This change will make available three times the amount of current that
was possible to generate with the old plant. It might be well to state
that we had in use this year about 6,000 lights, and our light bill, in-
cluding payroll of trouble men, amounted to $782.00, while last year we
operated less than 3,000 lights with the old plant and the expense of
producing the current was $1,641.00. Under the contract we have entered
into, and with the equipment installed in the transformer station, we can
secure sufficient current to insure ample light for the grounds for the next
ten years at about twenty-five per cent of what it cost to maintain a plant
and produce it ourselves.

The other expenditures for improvements are fully set out in the follow-
ing statement:

ITEMIZED STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS A>'D DISBUKSEMEXTS OF THE IOWA DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR YEAR ENDING NOVEIMBER 30, 1911.
RECEIPTS.

To cash balance Dec. 1, 1911 $ 7,283.44

Receipts from sources other than fair:

Fees, Division of Horse Breeding $ 910.50

Fair Ground collections, use of grounds, etc 1,624.36

State Appropriation for machinery building, sani-
tary closets and additional ground 78,000.00

State Appropriation for insurance and repairs... 1,000.00

Interest on monthly balance 238.15

Received from Street Railway Co., one-half ex-
pense painting street car entrance 78.75

Miscellaneous receipts 273.96

Light plant salvage 1,150.00

Total receipts other than fair $ 83,275.72

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 273

Receipts of 1911 Fair:

Stall rent, horse department $ 1,729.00

Stall rent, cattle department 1,146.00

Pen rent, sheep department 170.00

Coop rent and space in poultry department 658.05

Pen rent, swine department 1,206.00

Rental floor space, machinery department 3,641.50

Rental floor space, agricultural department 1,172.50

Rental floor space, dairy department 1,036.36

Rental floor space, Exposition Building 2,890.00

Fines collected — Public Safety Department 34.75

Concessions and Privileges 24,182.47

Entry fees, speed department 5,351.80

Sale of exhibitors' tickets 2,604.00

Sale of forage 6,502.97

Cash received from various breeding associations

for special premiums 5,092.27

Advertising in premium list 422.00

Miscellaneous sources 204.50

Receipts of fair other than ticket sales 58,044.17

Ticket sales by treasurer 121,505.50

Total receipts of fair $179,549.67

Grand total receipts $270,108.83

DISBURSEMENTS.

Disbursements other than fair or improvements:

Fair ground maintenance $ 1,182.88

Misc. expense other than fair or improvements. . 136.95
Miscellaneous expense on account of 1910 fair. . . . 292.47
Annual meeting and State Agricultural Conven-
tion, 1910 538.55

Animal Industry Committee 47.40

Wrecking old machinery buildings 393.93

.June race meeting 75.50

City Railway's portion of expense of painting

street car entrance 78.75

Firemen's Tournament : 57.61

Furniture and office supplies 104.75

Insurance premiums 1,452.50

Expense selling light plant apparatus 68.00

Total disbursements other than fair or im-
provements $ 4,429.29

18

274 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Expense of 1911 Fair:

Executive committee meetings $ 991.00

Special committee meetings 1,266.04

Express, telegraph and telephone 327.95

Postage 864.50

Printing 2,814.13

Advertising 10,452.06

Music and attractions 24,345.78

Light and power 782.64

Water 436.06

OflSce supplies, stationery, etc 259.48

Forage 5,963.29

Salaries of secretary and office force 2,740.75

Board meetings 645.50

Assistants and foreman (grounds department) . . 485.54

Scavenger work, care of closets, etc 848.13

Cleaning grounds before and after fair 914.32

Cleaning and repairs to buildings prior to fair. . 1,199.87

Hauling manure from barns, pens, etc 615.65

Misc. labor during fair ' 904.25

Care of streets during fair 99.05

Track work 324.09

Cutting grass and weeds 174.90

Payroll and expense. President's Department. . . . 453.50

Payroll and expense, Secretary's Department.... 675.55

Payroll and expense, Treasurer's Department 2,006.75

Payroll and expense. Concession Department 1,530.15

Payroll and expense, Speed Department 938.20

Payroll and expense. Horse Department 1,245.20

Payroll and expense. Cattle Department 1,272.15

Payroll and expense, Swine Department 610.40

Payroll and expense. Sheep Department 394.00

Payroll and expense, Poultry Department 327.62

Payroll and expense. Machinery Department.... 583.35

Payroll and expense, Agricultural Department. . 197.90

Payroll and expense, Dairy Department 312.50

Payroll and expense, Horticultural Department. . 245.59

Payroll and expense. Floriculture Department. . . 88.00

Payroll and expense, Fine Arts Department 590.90

Payroll and expense. School Exhibits Dept 254.88

Payroll and expense, Admissions Department 2,683.85

Payroll and expense. Transportation and Public

Safety Department 3,516.01

Payroll and expense. Ticket Auditing Dept 537.25

Women's Rest Cottage 58.15

Expense Model Farm Exhibit 602.30

One-half expense Iowa State College Exhibit 699.04

Plants and flowei's 561.85

Freight and drayage 31.88

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 275

Expense Iowa Pioneer Day 167.05

Premium ribbons and badges 708.43

Tan baric and saw dust for buildings 223.51

Expense Boys' and Girls' contests 61.46

Ground Department supplies 218.16

Refund on admissions 50.50

Decorating buildings 414.52

Rental for tents for barns, chairs, cots, etc 651.75

Dues to American Trotting Association 100.00

Refund of special premium money not awarded. . 190.00

Miscellaneous expense 545.83

Expense of fair other than premiums $ 81,603.16

Cash premiums paid:

Horses $14,184.00

Cattle 12,061.00

Swine 3,640.00

Sheep 2,388.00

Poultry 1,042.00

Agricultural products 3,524.00

Pantry and apiary products 856.50

Dairj"^ products 627.00

Fruit 1,115.75

Plants and flowers 1,278.60

Fine Arts 1,744.50

School Exhibits 493.00

Iowa State College Scholarships.... 850.00

Speed premiums 12,310.00

Auto parade premiums 150.00

Total premiums paid 56,264.35

Total expense of fair $137,867.51

^AIPKOVTSMENTS.

Streets, grading and oil $ 1,521.89

Cement walks and crossings 1,275.11

Tools and implements 186.40

Amphitheater 1,331.88

New machinery building 74,913.44

Sanitary closets (five) 8.917.24

Additional land 2,375.00

Transformer station and light system 9,673.70

New roofs on ten cattle barns and repairs 1,667.15

Administration building furnishings, etc 75.85

Moving old closets and repairs 324.08

Band stand in front of amphitheater and dress-
ing room , 316.49

Water distribution system 287.92

New roof on speed barn and repairs 206.83

2 76 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Lawn seats and camp chairs 268.00

Permanent ground plans 1,113.20

Womans' rest cottage 30.01

New fence on north side of grounds 647.25

Band stand and change in boxes — stock pavilion 205.80

Addition to Exposition bldg. (for school exhibit). 259.90
Painting roof and repairs on gutters — stock

pavilion 353.84

Painting and repairs to street car entrance.... 105.99

Band stand and changes in agricultural building 753.12

Repairs to farm house 50.63

Horse barns repairs 502.23

Plates, vases, etc.. Horticultural dept 112.82

Grand avenue entrance 74.93

Sheep bam repairs 157.13

Lumber from temporary barns, assembly tent

seats, etc. in yard 988.33

Ticket boxes and punches 98.00

Fire hose and reels 135.65

Miscellaneous grading 173.12

Seeding and planting 21.10

Drainage 178.35

Miscellaneous improvements 472.66

Total improvements $109,775.04

Grand total disbursements ■ 252,071.84

Cash balance on hand 18,036.99

$270,108.83
Reconciliation of account with Treasurer:

Cash balance on hand according to Secretary

Books 18,036.99

Outstanding warrants unpaid 209.85

Cash balance in treasury Dec. 1, 1911 $ 18,246.84

Mr. G. S. Gilbertson, Treasurer of the State Department of
Agriculture, made the following report:

REPORT OF TREASURER.

G. S. GIBEKTSON.

To the Directors of the loica State Board of Agriculture —

Gentlemen: I present herewith report of receipts and disbursements
for year ending November 30, 1911, as follows:

RECEIPTS.

Balance on hand November 30, 1910 $ 7,482.06

Received from gate receipts (day general adi-

missions) $ 81,914.75 ,

Received from gate receipts (evening general

admissions) 2.290.25

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 27 7

Received from amphitheater receipts (Day) 8,526.50

Received from amphitheater box seats (Day) 1,567.50

Received from amphitheater reserved seats (day) 6,005.25
Received from amphitheater receipts (evening) . . 7,808.50
Received from amphitheater box seats (evening) . . 1,063.50
Received from amphitheater reserved seats (even-
ing) 4,660.75

Received from quarter stretch tickets 777.25

Received from campers' tickets 3,130.00

Received from live stock pavilion tickets 3,761.25 121,505.56

Received from supt. of Police department 34.75

Received from supt. Horticulture and Agriculture

departments 1,172.50

Received from supt. Swine department 1,206.00

Received from supt. Sheep and Poultry depart-
ments 828.05

Received from supt. Horse department 1,729.00

Received from supt. Fine Arts department 2,890.00

Received from supt. Dairy department 1,036.36

Received from supt. Grounds 2,274.36

Received from supt. Cattle department 1,146.50

Received from supt. Machinery department 3,641.50

Received from supt. Privileges 24,182.47

Received from Secretary 101,178.90

Total $270,307.48

DISnUESEMEXTS.

Expense warrants paid $195,770.79

Premium warrants paid 56,283.85

Balance on hand 18,246.84

Total $270,307.48

Balance on hand $ 18,246.84

Respectfully submitted this 12th day of December, 1911.

G. S. GILBERTSON, Treasurer

December 12, 1911.
Iowa State Board of Agriculture.

Gentlemen — This is to certify that on November 29, 1911, there was
on deposit in the Iowa Trust & Savings Bank to the credit of the account
of G. S. Gilbertson, Treasurer of the Iowa Department of Agriculture,
the sum of eighteen thousand two hundred forty-six dollars and eiguty-
four cents ($18,246.84).

A. 0. HAUGE, Cashier.

278

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT

1907, 190S,

Showing receipts and Disbursements of Iowa State Fair and Other Sources and

Net Profit of Fair for Each

Receipts

Year

c

- it>'

o

?5 S.t E?

t- = OS C '-

-«- t.— t. «
- ,6. b.

u
c
- s

=^

oc
t, I

B -5

SI- =

a

X.

E

3
P

s

1896

1901

1902

1903 -

$ 116.79
28,616.55
34,244.93
30,372.25
28.963.11
29.657.23
39.976.34
50.294.87
35.327.90
25.328.73
4,985.25
7,283.44

\ 1

$ 36,622.10$ 7,000.00

50,712.91 1,000.00

$ 12,000.00 63.084.71 38,000.00
15.000.00 59,838.56 1,000.00
15,000.00 66,100.36 48.000.00
15,000.00 84,786.25 1,000.00
15.000.00 110,929.85 1.000.00
15.000.00 104.356.75 76,000.00
15,000.00 138,764.66 1,000.00
15,000.00 137,307.40 101,000.00

157,259.77

179,549.67 78,000.00

$ 6,710.22
2,753.82
3,037.06
3,140.79
2,622.03
2,840.92
3.717.16
5,452.34
3,:62.95
5,257.42
14,658.30
5,275.72

50,332.32$ 50,449.11

54,466.73; 83.063.2S
104,121.77 138,366.70

63.979.35 94,351.60
116,722.39 145,685.50

88,627.17 118,284.49
115.647.01, 155,623.35
185,906.09 236,103.96
143,027.61 178,355.51
243,564.82 268,893.55
171,918.07; 176.903.32
262,825.39 270,106.83

$ 16,404.29
19,203.83
21,736.31
23,813.13
24,691.68
28,730.89
31,703.94
35,504.79
38,744.56
42,262.76
49,717.50
56,264.35

1904

1905

1906

1907

1906

1909

1910

1911

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI.

279

OF AGRICULTURE FOR YEARS OF 189fi, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906,
1909, 1910 1911.

Expenditures, Together with Amount Expended for Improvements, Repairs, etc., and
of the Years Named.

DiBbursements

Profits of Fair

k.

at

2„
c£

cnta
n (o

ear

C

X

(E 01

^ X

- 2. C

* a

nprovem
and ropa

sem
tha

or y

C

■ ?■ c -

3 S « =!

2 1 K

labur
other
fair

otal (

o

rovlo

outst
warr

rand

otal I
of fal

otal e
of fal

o

o

'-'

Q H

o

a,

O , c- r-

z

$ 15,351.06

$ 7.471.95

$14,019.88? 53,247.28

$ 152.84

1 ;

$ 53,400.12$ 36,622.10$ 31,807.35

$ 4,814.75

13,9-25.87

13.378.73

2,313.44 48,821.87

34,244.93

16.48

83. 083. -8 50,712.91 33,129.70

17,583.21

20,073.34

63.457.12

2, 008. f 9 107.875.46

30,372.25

118.99

138,366.70 63,084.71 41.809.65

21,275.06

21 ,989. 56

17,855.77

1,704.83 65,363.29

28,963.11

25.20

94,351.60 59,8^.56 45,802.69

14,035.87

34,406.62

11.963.09

3,345.27 78.447.87

39,976.34

14.63

145,685.50 66,100.36 53,177.10

12,823.26

28,485.42

59,641.11

3,195.43 116,013.64

29,657.23

139.81

118.284.40 84,786.25 63,139.51

21.646.74

40,315.60

30.035.33

3,385.87 105.440.74

50,294.87

112.26

155,6'3.35 110,929.85 72,459.39

38,470.46

43,647.20

16,4.59.05

5,043.03 200,654.07

35,327.90

176.19

236,103.96 104,356.75 79,151.99

25,204.76

55,848.65

.53.663.69

4,975.50 153.231.98

25,328.73

381.39

178,3.55.51 138,764.66 94,593.21

44,171.45

66,963.12

150.208.58

4,379.91 263,814.37

4,985.25

332.39

268,893.55 137,307.40 109,225.88

28.081.52

80,513.68

24.360.98

14,740.26 169,3.32.42

7,-"83.44

287.46

176,903.32 1.57,2.59.77 130.231.18

1-7.028.59

81,603.16

109,775.04

4,429.29 252,071.84

18,036.99

*209.85

270,108.83

179,549.67 157,667.51

1

41,682.16

*Warrants unpaid by treasurer December 1, 1911.

280 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

PREMIUM WARRANTS ISSUED YEAR OF 1911.

S-26 8776 C. W. Kenyon $ 270.00

8-28 8777 John Singleton 100.00

8-28 8778 Ed. Allen 225.00

8-28 8779 C. J. Grubb '. ' 50.00

8-28 8780 C. D. Bell 120.00

8-28 8781 W. T. Stantz 120.00

8-28 8782 Luther Miller 40.00

8-28 8783 Horace Anderson 120'.00

8-28 8784 L. W. Weir 160.00

S-28 8785 U. J. Shanklin 100.00

8-29 8786 F. R. Goodwin 450.00

8-29 8787 A. L. Thomas 200.00

8-29 8788 Fred Robare 480.00

8-29 8789 L. B. Packer 100.00

8-29 8790 G. W. Spicer 22.50

8-29 8791 Geo. Farrish 50.00

8-29 8792 G. M. Younglove 50.00

8-30 8793 H. H. Smith 200.00

8-30 8794 J. A. Anderson 25.00

8-30 8795 H. J. McKenna 50.00

8-30 8796 S. B. McCormick ZOM

8-30 8797 W. Plourd 37.50

8-30 8798 N. E. Dahl 225.00

8-30 8799 A. T. Wooster 125.00

8-30 8800 Frank Chapman 15.00

8-30 8801 C. E. Robbins 450.00

8-30 8802 F. H. Smith 100.00

8-30 8803 J. H. Bottger 200.00

8-30 8804 O. H. Sholes 97.50

8-30 8805 Joe Pine 100.00

8-30 8806 G. W. Spicer 75.00

8-31 8807 W. E. Stiles 75.00

8-31 8808 John Singleton 37.50

8-31 8809 R. L. Parker 265.00

8-31 8810 A. W. Adrian 35.00

8-31 8811 M. D. Shutt 450.00

8-31 8812 T. O. Swain 140.00

8-31 8813 H. Shields 15.00

8-31 8814 H. Shields 22.50

8-31 8815 A. E. Noe 200.00

8-31 8816 Luther Miller '. 12.50

8-31 8817 Chas G. Daily 315.00

8-31 8818 Gil Harrison 80.00

8-31 8819 C. Schinstock 675.00

8-31 8820 S. B. McCormick 50.00

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 281

8-31 8821 G. W. Spicer 37.50

8-31 8822 E. G. Willard 50.00

8-31 8823 Chas W. Kenyon 520.00

8-31 8824 F. Chapman 37.50

9- 1 8825 L. W. Weir 80.00

9- 1 8826 L. A. Caldwell 225.00

9- 1 8827 L. C. Sloan 127.50

9- 1 8828 Harry Wilson 35.00

9- 1 8829 Dick Wright 30'.00

9- 1 883& E. A. North 30.00

9- 1 8831 Claude Huffman 4.00

9- 1 8832 W. J. Crow 4.00

9- 1 8833 Henry Matern 17.00

9- 1 8834 O. H. Sholes 75.00

9- 1 8835 O. H. Sholes 22.50

9- 1 8836 O. H. Sholes 100.00

9- 1 8837 G. L. Emmert & Sons 66.00

9- 1 8838 Wigstone Bros 24.00

9- 1 8839 C. C. Croxen 64.00

9- 1 8840 S. B. Hefty & Son 17.00

9- 1 8841 Gilbert Van Patten 14.00

9-1 8842 Thos. F. Kent 35.00

9- 1 8843 Gawley & Southall 18.00

9- 1 8844 John C. Miller 22.00

9- 1 8845 Ed. L. Wensel 6.00

9- 1 8846 E. L. Nagle & Son 142.00

9- 1 8847 Joe Kramer 50.00

9- 1 8848 C. C. Evans 8.00

9- 1 8849 D. H. Paul 27.00

9- 1 8850 R. B. Allen 37.50

9-1 8851 T. J. Cox 160.00

9- 1 8852 W. H. Beits 70.00

9- 1 8853 Thomson, Leahy & Hansen 32.00

9- 1 8854 Barr & Rae 22.00

9- 1 8855 R. H. Fitchenmueller 52.00

9- 1 8856 Wm Mason 9.00

9- 1 8857 W. M. Sells & Sons 6.00

9- 1 8858 E. G. Roberts 175.00

9- 1 8859 Hanks & Bishop 91.00

9- 1 8860 Robt. Hazlett 115.00

9- 1 8861 T. F. Householder 4.00

9- 1 8862 S. W. Stewart & Sons 29.00

9- 1 8863 Ashby, Hockett & Gardner 53.00

9- 1 8864 Geo. Weighton 74.00

9- 1 8865 C. J. Grubb 200'.00

9- 1 8866 A. P. Alsin 6.00

9- 1 8867 J. M. Higbee 6.00

9- 1 8868 G. G. Clements 61.00

9- 1 8869 Walker Bros 129.00

2 82 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

9- 1 8870 J. E. Meharry 328.00

9- 1 8871 H. S. Allen 17.00

9- 1 8872 J. H. Mahannah 52.00

9- 1 8873 R. J. Boles 6.00

9- 1 8874 F. T. Quire 14.00

9- 1 8875 John S. Jenks 8.00

9- 1 8876 Clayton Messenger 42.00

9- 1 8877 Mike Sharp & Sons 189.00

9- 1 8878 E. L. Bitterman 90.00

9- 1 8879 O. S. Gibbons 130.00

9- 1 8880 Cahill Bros 142.00

9- 1 8881 Makin Bros 139.00

9- 1 8882 J.J. Williams & Son 38.00

9- 1 8883 O. N. Phillips & Son 8.00

9- 1 8884 B. C. Martz 6.00

9- 1 8885 O. Jacobs 6.00

9- 1 8886 C. A. Evans S4.00

9- 1 8887 Baxter & Comer 51.00

9- 1 8888 H. E. Browning 109.00

9- 1 8889 C. M. Perrin 29.00

9- 1 8890 M. H. Corey 15.00

9- 1 8891 L. C. Reese 164.00

9- 1 8892 W. J. Miller 315.00

9- 1 8893 J. W. Larrabee 44.00

9- 1 8894 A. Johnson 16.00

9- 1 S895 A. Johnson 56.00

9- 1 8896 E. P. Harris 140.00

9- 1 8897 J. W. .Johnson 15.00

9- 1 8898 B. F. Davidson 214.00

9- 1 8899 Frank J. Clouss 151.00

9- 1 8900 E. M. Hall 46.00

9- 1 8901 Waltemeyer Bros 87.00

9 1 8902 Shively & Denton 8.00

9- 1 8903 Willie Essig : 156.00

9- 1 8904 W. A. Hoover 82.00

9- 1 8905 Rapp Bros 211.00

9- 1 8906 Geo. A. Lasley 6.00

9- 1 8907 C. A. Nelson 211.00

9- 1 8908 Wm. Herkelman 54.00

9- 1 8909 O. H. Peasley & Son 50.00

9- 1 8910 O. E. Green 34.00

9- 1 8911 S. J. Gabbert '. 22.00

9- 1 8912 F. L. Kerr 20.00

9- 1 8913 Straub Bros 337.00

9- 1 8914 W. C. Lookingbill 5.00

9- 1 8915 Chas Howell 22.00

9-1 8916 Escher & Ryan 251.00

9- 1 8917 J. A. Taylor 4.00

9- 1 8918 F. L. Postle & Sons 71.00

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 283

9- 1 8919 J. L. Plumly 13.00

9- 1 8920 W. A. Taylor & Son 68.00

9- 1 8921 Wm. Simpson 429.00

9- 1 8922 Finch Bros 505.00

9- 1 8923 A. L. Foster :?5.00

9- 1 8924 Sam Hague 10.00

9- 1 8925 A. G. Soderberg 105.00

9- 1 8926 A. G. Soderberg 115.00

9- 1 8927 A. G. Soderberg 155.00

9- 1 8928 John Leitch 110.00

9- 1 8929 John Leitch 95.00

9- 1 8930 Mrs. John Leitch 25.00

9- 1 8931 John Donhowe 72.00

9- 1 8932 S. B. Mills 150 00

9- 1 8933 J. A. Loughridge 110.00

9- 1 8934 W. H. Ade 25.00

9- 1 8935 Loren Dunbar ^ 65.00

9- 1 8936 Iowa Dairy Farm 9.60

9- 1 8937 Iowa Dairy Farm 230.40

9- 1 8938 Tomson Bros 61.80

9- 1 8939 Tomson Bros 131.20

9- 1 8940 W. S. Corsa 40.00

9- 1 8941 W. S. Corsa 315.00

9- 1 8942 Peter Hopley & Son 95.00

9- 1 8943 C. A. Saunders 954.00

9- 1 8944 E. W. Kreischer 16.00

9- 1 8945 C. S. Hechtner 20.00

9- 1 8946 C. S. Hechtner 59.65

9- 1 8947 C. S. Hechtner 324.35

9- 1 8948 A. O. Huff 56.00

9- 1 8949 S. J. Madison 52.00

9- 1 8950 Frank White 334.00

9- 1 8951 Davis & Haussler 291.00

9- 1 8952 P. F. Smith 100.00

9- 1 8953 H. G. McMillan & Sons 530.00

9- 1 8954 H. G. McMillan & Sons 451.00

9- 1 8955 J. B. Baker 40.00

9- 1 8956 J. J. Lynes 55.00

9- 1 8957 G. W. Parnell 87.00

9- 1 8958 Nash Bros 74.00

9- 1 8959 Lewis Bros 79.00

9- 1 8960 Uriah Cook & Sons 138.00

9- 1 8961 P. W. Cook , 56.00

9- 1 8962 F. S. King Bros. Co 134.00

9- 1 8963 Geo Lippert 41.00

9- 1 8964 J. W. Parker 16.00

9- 1 8965 C. C. Roup 190.00

9- 1 8966 R. A. Satterly 23.00

9-1 8967 W.H.Dunbar 14.00

284 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

9- 1 8968 John Graham & Son 144.00

9- 1 8969 B. F. Kunkle 106.00

9-1 8970 Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co 334.00

9- 1 8971 J. F. Price 2.00

9- 1 8972 A. W. & F. E. Fox 233.00

9- 1 8973 Burweb Farm 56.40

9- 1 8974 Burweb Farm 63.60

9- 1 8975 Wild Rose Farm 6.70

9- 1 8976 Wild Rose Farm 1,243.30

9- 1 8977 Theo Martin 22.00

9- 1 8978 R. E. Watts & Sons 76.00

9- 1 8979 J. F. Converse & Co 224.00

9- 1 8980 H. E. Woods 3.00

9- 1 8981 W. A. Wickersham 10.00

9- 1 8982 Chandler Bros 164.00

9- 1 8983 C. W. Connell & Sons 30.00

9- 1 8984 A. O. Huff 4.00

9- 1 8985 R. M. Anderson & Sons 177.00

9- 1 8986 Jas. Wilson & Sons 76.00

9- 1 8987 Leemon Stock Farm 42.00

9- 1 8988 Ellis Rail 20.00

9- 1 8989 J. S. Zook & Sons 6.00

9- 1 8990 A. J. Blakely 52.00

9- 1 8991 J. H. Watson 4.00

9- 1 8992 G. W. Grigsby 125.00

9- 1 8993 Frank McDowell 25.00

9- 1 8994 J. A. Sage 125.00

9-1 8995 Isaac Lincoln 73.00

9- 1 8996 F. W. Harding 69.10

9- 1 8997 F. W. Harding 230.90

9-1 8998 A. W. Arnold 253.00

9- 1 8999 W. O. Sinclair 265.00

9- 1 9000 H. P. Wilkinson Bros 15.00

9- 1 9001 J. V. Arney 92.00

9- 1 9002 E. C. Roberts 585.00

9- 1 9003 O. J. Mooers 705.00

9- 1 9004 Thos. Bass 565.00

9- 1 9005 T. J. Lee 140.00

9- 1 9006 Carl A. Rosenfeld 15.00

9-1 9007 J. S. Fawcett & Son 48.00

9- 1 9008 C. C. Van Meter 30.00

9- 1 9009 J. A. Buswell .' 80.00

9- 1 9010 C. E. Monahan 25.00

9- 1 9011 W. A. Graham 225.00

9- 1 9012 W. T. Overley 22.50

9- 1 9013 F. Berkey & Son 25.00

9- 1 9014 John S. Albaugh 210.00

9- 1 9015 Wilcox & Stubbs 37.85

9 1 9016 Wilcox & Stubbs 55.15

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 285

9- 1 9(>17 H. J. Hemmerling 38.00

91 9018 Cassidy & Thompson 95.00

9- 1 9019 F. B. Duff 40.00

9- 1 9020 Wm. Crownover 215.00

9- 1 9021 Wm. Crownover 165.00

9- 1 9022 Hamilton Bros 135.00

9- 1 9023 W. J. Brinigar 139.00

9- 1 9024 Geo. Eggert 40.00

9- 1 9025 Adam Seitz 22.00

9- 1 9026 Adam Seitz 256.00

9- 1 9027 E. Bruins 228.00

9- 1 9028 Jos. Kestel 5.00

9- 1 9029 David Roth 90.00

9- 1 9030 Crawford & Griffin 20.00

9- 1 9031 H. H. Powell 2.00

9- 1 9032 H. H. Powell 48.00

9- 1 9033 O. K. Jack & Horse Co 40.00

9- 1 9034 G. E. Cole 95.00

9- 1 9035 C. B. Dannen & Sons 105.00

9- 1 9036 H. C. Davis 9.00

9- 1 9037 M. D. Shutt 200.00

9- 1 9038 Van Meter & Caldwell 12.00

9- 1 9039 J. W. Pfander & Sons 4.00

9- 1 9040 A. F. Hager 8.00

9- 1 9041 J. F. Gissibl 30.00

9- 1 9042 G. E. Brown 81.00

9- 1 9043 H. Meyer 2.00

9-1 9044 Chas. E. Bunn 642.00

9- 1 9045 Geo. W. Murray 115 00

9- 1 9046 Geo. W. Murray 40.00

9- 1 9047 H. G. Bowers 50.00

9- 1 9048 Matt Baker 10.00

9- 1 9049 H. W. Ayres 204.00

9- 1 9050 Allynhurst Farm 288.00

9- 1 9051 A. H. Landy 15.00

9- 1 9052 M. J. Nelson 75.00

9- 1 9053 Funk Bros 20.00

9- 1 9054 F. S. McPherson 158.00

9- 1 9055 W. M. Putnam & Sons 22.00

9- 1 9056 D. Augstin 90.00

9- 1 9057 D. Augstin 15.00

9- 1 9058 F. Bowerman & Sons 10.00

9- 1 9059 C. E. Mundell 10.00

9- 1 9060 R. F. Fantz 72.00

9- 1 9061 Geo. A. Heyl 208.0'0

9- 1 9062 C. W. McDei-mott 10.00

9- 1 9063 R. R. Blake 2.00

91 9064 S. G. McFadden 9.00

9- 1 9065 Wm. Andrews & Sons 101.00

286

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF ACtRICULTURE

9- 1

9066

9- 1

9067

9- 1

90«8

9- 1

9069

9- 1

9070

9 1

9071

9- 1

9072

9- 1

9073

9- 1

9074

9- 1

9075

9- 1

9076

9- 1

9077

9- 1

9078

9- 1

9079

9- 1

9080

9- 1

9081

9 1

9082

9- 1

9083

9- 1

9084

9- 1

9085

9- 1

9086

9- 1

9087

9- 1

9088

9- 1

9089

9- 1

9090

9- 1

9091

9- 1

9092

9- 1

9093

9- 1

9094

9- 1

9095

9- 2

9096

9- 2

9097

9- 5

9098

9- 6

9099

9- 6

9100

9- 6

9101

9- 8

9102

9- 8

9103

9- 8

9104

9- 8

9105

9- 9

9106

9- 9

9107

9- 9

9108

9- 9

9109

9-11

9110

9-16

9111

9-16

9112

9-16

9113

9-16

9114

Rookwood Farm 102.00

Rookwood Farm 50.00

Milt S. Mooney 10.00

J. L. Poling 50.00

Union Wrecking Co 25.00

W. W. Seeley 37.00

H. J. McKenna 35.00

E. A. North 50.00

Allen Bros 1,110.50

E. Horton 22.50

E. Horton 22.50

M. H. Jayden 15.00

Lu C. Sloan 75.00

L. C. Sloan 37.50

Chas. Lowder 140.00

O. H. Sholes 15.00

E. G. Willard 315.00

H. Brandon 37.50

H. Brandon 22.50

J. F. Holmes 70.00

C. E. Cameron 100.00

Bert Stephenson 60.00

J. C. Archer 22.50

Rex Campbell 60.00

Rex Campbell 50.00

Mike Mclnery lOO.OO

Smith & Roberts 189.00

Maasdam & Wheeler . .• 100.00

Maasdam & Wheeler 25.00

H. W. Creighton 30.00

H. W. Creighton 37.50

H. W. Creighton 75.00

J. D. Barnes 95.00

Charles Irvine 165.00

P. C. Thompson 70.00

Wilson Bros. 50.00

J. D. Barnes 15.00

Thos. F. Stevenson 25.00

W. S. Cochrane 25.00

Thos. F. Stevenson 7.00

Katheryn Anderson 1 0.00

Fred Williams 30.00

Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm 615.00

Henry Lefebure 160.00

Linjn Hill Park Stock Farm 86.00

Mrs. S. S. Arnold 14.00

Mrs. Jesse Alexander 3.50

J. H. Allen 6.00

A. L. Anderson 22.00

!)-16

9115

9-16

9116

9-16

9117

9-16

9118

9-16

9119

9-16

9120

9-16

9121

9-16

9122

9-16

9123

9-16

9124

9-16

9125

9-16

9126

9-16

9127

9-16

9128

9-16

9129

9-16

9130

9-16

9131

9-16

9132

9-16

9133

9-16

9134

9-16

9135

9-16

9136

9-16

9137

9-16

9138

9-16

9139

9-16

9140

9-16

9141

9-16

9142

9-16

9143

9-16

9144

9-16

9145

9-16

9146

9-16

9147

9-16

9148

9-16

9149

9-16

9150

9-16

9151

9-16

9152

9-16

9153

9-16

9154

9-16

9155

9-16

9156

9-16

9157

9-16

9158

9-16

9159

9-16

9160

9-16

9161

9-16

9162

9-16

9163

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 2 87

Nax)mi Anneberg 6.00

Mrs. T. M. Adams 6.00

Mrs. C. E. Aroe 1.00

Chas. Backraan 3.00

G. H. Burge 95.00

M. S. Bonar 5.00

A. C. Binnie 323.00

Balmat & Son 4.00

N. Bartholomew 5.00

Robt. Burgess & Son 195.00

Gertrude Brereton 28.50

Mrs. A. A. Bennett 5.00

A. H. Bakehouse 163.19

R. E. Baldwin 3.00

G. D. Black 47.70

Mrs. Margaret Bishop 14.00

W. B. Bittenbender 8.00

Mrs. Lake Bower 46.00

Mrs. E. M. Brinckler 6.00

J. M. Brown 2.00

Mrs. A. T. Benge 1.00

Frances Blanchard 41.00

J. W. Bittenbender 107.00

Mrs. Ruth Burchett 6.00

John Blake 25.00

Ludwig Bengtson 30.00

Ray F. Bennett 15.00

Henry L. Berry 1.00

Brookdale Poultry Farm 8.00

Mrs. Ellen Bishop 3.50

Thos. P. Bond 14.00

Mrs. Julia M. Betts 1.00

R. Bishard 16.00

C. R. Bishop 138.00

Sophia Bostow 1.00

Mrs. Mary Bredemus 91.20

I. L. Beaver 6.00

M. L. Bevan 3.00

Mrs. B. W. Barnes 9.50

Mrs. G. H. Botsford 7.00

Mrs. H. A. Brant 3.00

D. C. Bakehouse 3.00

Alice M. Bland 2.00

Mrs. Abbie C. Barnes 1.00

Edith Bell 4.00

J. P. Cudahy 200.00

A. L. Champlin 215.00

G. A. Chaffee 99.00

Dr. C. Clement 10.00

288 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Fred Crawford 35.00

Linn Culbertson 50.00

J. E. Cornell 4.00

Florence Chestnut 10.00

Bernice Copeland 3.00

Jennie C. Cathcart 2.00

Wib F. Clements 11.50

Caroline Chennell 6.50

Mrs. E. M. Cross 12.00

Mrs. E. A. Crapsey 6.50

A. P. Chamberlain 3.00

W. I. Coon 8.00

J. H. Chandler 6.00

Mrs. Anna Cornwall 3.50

Ida M. Chubb 49.50

Mrs. Hattie Cheney 1.00

J. W. Clark 5.50

Mrs. L. H. Curran 23.50

Mrs. C. Canine 3.00

Ralph Chapman 11.00

Mary Christensen 1.00

F. E. Colby 20.00

E. B. Ci-amblett 2.00

Ida C. Cohen l.OO

Mrs. A. D. Cain ...'. 3.00

Ruby L. Cain 6.00

Grace Dredge 23.00

Helen A. Deets 16.00

A. J. Doore 52.00

Alice Dunkle 3.00

Mrs. W. L. DeClow 6.50

Florence Dorrell 4.50

Israel Drought 8.00

Mabel L. Downing 4.00

Pearl Denny 6.00

Mrs. B. G. Dyer 14.00

Mrs. Warren Dickens 5.50

D. M. Dickey 5.00

Mrs. W. L. Dredge 3.00

Wm. Danner 9.00

Mrs. L. R. Ewing 2.00

Mrs. Lucile Eichenlaub 11. OO

Mrs. A. C. Eichenlaub 5.00

F. F. Everett 24.00

L. F. Erwin 1.00

Mrs. Mary Elliott 3.00

Mrs. H. J. Easter 15.50

A. D. Freed 4M

J. B. Foltz 5.00

9-16

9164

9-16

9165

9-16

9166

9-16

9167

9-16

9168

9-16

9169

9-16

9170

9-16

9171

9-16

9172

9-16

9173

9-16

9174

9-16

9175

9-16

9176

9-16

9177

9-16

9178

9-16

9179

9-16

9180

9-16

9181

9-16

9182

9-16

9183

9-16

9184

9-16

9185

9-16

9186

9-16

9187

9-16

9188

9-16

9189

9-16

9190

9-16

9191

9-16

9192

9-16

9193

9-16

9194

9-16

9195

9-16

9196

9-16

9197

9-16

9198

9-16

9199

9-16

9200

9-16

9201

9-16

9202

9-16

9203

9-16

9204

9-16

9205

9-16

9206

9-16

9207

9-16

9208

9-16

9209

9-16

9210

9-16

9211

9-16

9212

9-16

9213

9-16

9214

9-16

9215

9-16

9216

9-16

9217

9-16

9218

9-16

9219

9-16

9220

9-16

9221

9-16

9222

9-16

9223

9-16

9224

9-16

9225

9-16

9226

9-16

9227

9-16

9228

9-16

9229

9-16

9230

9-16

9231

9-16

9232

9-16

9233

9-16

9234

9-16

9235

9-16

9236

9-16

9237

9-16

9238

9-16

9239

9-16

9240

9-16

9241

9-16

9242

9-16

9243

9-16

9244

9-16

9245

9-16

9246

9-16

9247

9-16

9248

9-16

9249

9-16

9250

9-16

9251

9-16

9252

9-16

9253

9-16

9254

9-16

9255

9-16

9256

9-16

9257

9-16

9258

9-16

9259

9-16

9260

10

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 289

R. W. Faskin '. 7.00

Mrs. Christina Fett 3.00

Mrs. G. B. Frost 65.00

Mrs. G. B. Frost .50

Roger Finkbine 2.00

P. A. Fosselman 7.00

H. T. Farrar 5.00

Mrs. T. J. Flora 22.00

John Foehr 7.00

Tom Finnegan 29.00

Chas. O. Garrett 235.23

Clayton Garrett 111.50

Masie Grinstead 44.50

Alma Grinstead 24.00

Mary .1. Gaylord 11.00

Henry George 37.00

L. Fleda Grabil 17.00

Mrs. Jos. Grinstead 3.0'0

Mrs. J. G. Gingery 8.00

B. D. Gi-enbel 15.00

Mrs. J. E. Grant 2.00

Esther Guest 3.00

W. W. Gwinn 94.61

Grace Gregory 1.00

Geo. W. Griffith 8.00

Julius Goldsmith 5.00

Nell Greaney 20'.50

Mrs. R. M. Good 2.00

Geo. M. Grinstead 31.50

Mrs. A. M. Guthrie 5.00

Mrs. R. J. Grover 1.00

Emma Gerhardt 52.50

Mrs. Louis Gerhardt 5.00

E. H. Graves 14.50

Mrs. W. H. Greenbaum 1.00

O. Harris 350.00

B. T. Haulman 25.00

W. S. Hill 283.00

Frank E. Huston 40.00

W. V. Hixson 215.00

A. P. Hoisington 8.00

Carl Holden 180.44

W. A. Hook 3.00

Gladys Hook 18.00

Mrs. G. M. Holmes 11.00

N. J. Harris 21.00

M. E. Henry 11.00

Lenus Hegglund 35.00

290 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

C. E. Hiatt ;' 12.00

E. Heydon 20.00

Frank Hood 3.00

Walter Hilton 2.00

Harry Hilton 11.00

Frank Hilton 5.00

John C. Hoi 43.35

Weir Hart 46.00

Frank Harker 20.00

Martin A. Hauge 1.00

Peter Hove 11.00

Chas. E. Hines 6.00

C. W. Howell 7.00

Hardessen Bros 1.00

Mrs. W. H. Harwood 12.50

W. A. Hutton 1.50

Fred Hood 12.00

Helen A. Hoover 2.00

Jas. Hethershaw 95.00

Mrs. F. L. Herman 1.00

Pauline Holland 2.00

Mrs. Goldie Hervey 1.00

Ellswortti Harker 20.00

J. Howell 30.50

S. W. Hunter 16.00

F. O. Harrington 57.00

D. D. Hamilton 26.00

Mrs. J. B. Hessenius 2.00

Hanson's Poultry Farm 30.00

Iowa Floral Company 142.00

Iowa Seed Company 205.40

Mrs. Martha Inskeep l.O'O

James Jenson 11.00

Nels C. Jenson 2.00

John Justice 65.98

M. S. Jones 16.50

Isaac Johnson 80.50

Jas. H. Jones 4.00

M. J. Jorgensen 3.00

Mrs. Oscar Johnson 2 00

Zeta Johnson 20.00

Alma Jackson 10.00

Mrs. S. L. Jodidi 5.00

Matt Kane 11-00

Frances Keffer 79.50

Mrs. M. Kastberg 32.00

L. S. Kline 7.00

Mrs. F. M. Klinck 174.90

C. A. Kenworthy 2.00

Mrs. A. H. Ketchum 1.00

9-16

9261

9-16

9262

9-16

9263

9-16

9264

9-16

9265

9-16

9266

9-16

9267

9-16

9268

9-16

9269

9-16

9270

9-16

9271

9-16

9272

9-16

9273

9-16

9274

9-16

9275

9-16

9276

9-16

9277

9-16

9278

9-16

9279

9-16

9280

9-16

9281

9-16

9282

9-16

9283

9-16

9284

9-16

9285

9-16

9286

9-16

9287

9-16

9288

9-16

9289

9-16

9290

9-16

9291

9-16

9292

9-16

9293

9-16

9294

9-16

9295

9-16

9296

9-16

9297

9-16

9298

9-16

9299

9-16

9300

9-16

9301

9-16

9302

9-16

9303

9-16

9304

9-16

9305

9-16

9306

9-16

9307

9-16

9308

9-16

9309

9-16

9310

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 291

9-16 9311 W. O. Knapp 38.00

9-16 9312 Mrs. Wm. Kile 3.00

9-16 9313 Gladys Koch 6.00

9-16 9314 Mrs. Will King 1.50

9-16 9315 J. M. Knowles 3.0O

9-16 9316 Conrad Kail 4.00

9-16 9317 Henry Lauer 12.00

9-16 9318 H. W. Littleton 10.00

9-16 9319 Ruby Love 7.00

9-16 9320 W. F. Lyon 149.77

9-16 9321 Mary J. Latta 57.00

9-16 9322 Sara J. Latta 16.00

9-16 9323 Mary E. Lowe 11.00

9-16 9324 R. A. Lundberg 5.00

9-16 9325 Ellwyn Lucas 5.00

9-16 9326 Leghorn Hill Poultry Farm 9.00

9-16 9327 S. H. Linton 1.00

9-16 9328 R. H. Longv/orth 88.00

9-16 9329 Carl and Fred Lewis 36.00

9-16 9330 Perry Livingood 40.00

9-16 9331 Harral A. Longworth 45.00

9-16 9332 Lozier, The Florist 170.00

9-16 9333 J. A. Mason 11.00

9-16 9334 Wm. Milne 2.00

9-16 9335 F. A. Mathis 6.00

9-16 9336 J. H. Miller 539.00

9-16 9337 B. F. Malone 173.30

9-16 9338 C. E. Malone 335.67

9-16 9339 Mrs. J. L. Martin 3.00

9-16 9340 J. C. Maudsley 8.00

9-16 9341 Edw. K. Maudsley 15.00

9-16 9342 D. E. Moffitt 40.18

9-16 9343 Harriett Macy 66,50

9-16 9344 Catherine McCartney 58.50

9-16 9345 Mrs. Earl Manbeck 8.50

9-16 9346 Mrs. N. Murrow 2.00

9-16 9347 Beatrice Mansfield 16.00

9-16 9348 Mrs. Richard Manning 44.00

9-16 9349 Mrs. B. A. Matthews 58.00

9-16 9350 Mrs. Zaidee Munger 2.50

9-16 9351 Mrs. L. G. Miller 4.00

9-16 9352 Clarence Meyer 4.00

9-16 9353 M. A. Moore r6.00

9-16 9354 C. A. Mackey 1.00

9-16 9355 Frances Meyers 3.50

9-16 9356 Forest B. Meyers 5.00

9-16 9357 F. S. Moore 26 00

9-16 9358 F. M. Mercer 1.00

9-16 9359 Mrs. Lurina Murphy 2.00

292 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

9-16 9360 Mrs. E. B. Morris 13.00

9-16 9361 Mrs. Frank Morris 1.00

9-16 9362 W. A. McHenry 375.00

9-16 9363 Geo. M. McCray 40.00

9-16 9364 Warren T. McCray 223.00

9-16 9365 Geo. McKerrow & Sons 137.00

9-16 9366 Geo. McKerrow & Sons 10.00

9-] 6 9367 McLay Bros 412.00

9-16 9368 J. L. McDonald 9 00

9-16 9369 R. G. McDuff 13.00

9-16 9370 Fred McCulIoch 146.54

9-16 9371 D. McArthur & Son 112.24

d-16 9372 Dorr McClain 2.00

9-16 9373 Geo. T. McCannon 27.00

9-16 9374 Cecil McMahon 55.00

d-16 9375 Mrs. Oscar McCreary 12.00

9-16 9376 Rose McMillan .50

9-16 9377 J. C. McArthur 16.00

9-16 9378 Mrs. Ada B. Newquist 24.00

9-16 9379 Mrs. Howard Neiswander .50

9-16 9380 G. W. Nance 48.00

9-16 9381 Mrs. F. A. Nordblow 1.50

9-16 9382 Miller S. Nelson 30.00

9-16 9383 W. F. Otcheck 142.98

9-16 9384 O. Osborn 8.00

9-16 9385 Tom Oxenfield 9.00

9-16 9386 Ethel Outwater 7.00

9-16 9387 M. T. Phillips 20.00

9-16 9388 James Pedley 40.00

9-16 9389 J. T. Perry , 4.50

9-16 9390 Matilda Peterson 26.50

9-16 9391 Ruth B. Pickell 5.00

9-16 9392 Claude A. Patterson 26.75

9-16 9393 Mrs. M. Parker '. 10,00

9-16 9394 E. L. Pearson 3.00

9-16 9395 W. H. Plows 133 47

9-16 9396 Edna M. Patzig 16.50

9-16 9397 A. L. Plummer 88.33

9-16 9398 Ida Perkins 9.00

9-16 9399 G.F.Packard 16.00

9-16 9400 Bertha Philpott 14 00

9-16 9401 John A. Peterson 1.00

9-16 9402 L. S. Papousek , 1.00

9-16 9403 W. Patterson 12.00

9-16 9404 Lon Pollock 1.00

9-16 9405 Mrs. O. J. Perdue 6.50

9-16 9406 Hazel Plummer 13.00

9-16 9407 Vesta Plummer 16.00

9-1 6 9408 Erma Pratt 2.00

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL

29;

9-16

9409

9-16

9410

9-16

9411

9-16

9412

9-16

9413

9-16

9414

9-16

9415

9-16

9416

9-16

9417

9-16

9418

9-16

9419

9-16

9420

9-16

9421

9-16

9422

9-16

9423

9-16

9424

S)-16

9425

9-16

9426

9-16

9427

9-16

9428-

9-16

9429

9-16

9430

9-16

9431

9-16

9432

9-16

9433

9-16

9434

9-16

9435

9-16

9436

9-16

9437

9-16

9438

9-16

9439

9-16

9440

9-16

9441

9-16

9442

9-16

9443

9-16

9444

9-16

9445

9-16

9446

9-16

9447

9-16

9448

9-16

9449

9-16

9450

9-16

9451

9-16

9452

9-16

9453

9-16

9454

9-16

9455

9-16

9456

P. M. Peterson 73.04

Mrs. Grant Perkins 4.00

Mabelle Perkins 5 .00

Edna M. Patterson 2.00

Mrs. S. E. Proudfit 22.00

Mrs. E. H. Pickering 9.50

Palisade Parlt Poultry Farm 3.50

Walter Perkins 10.00

Mrs. Chas. Pritzleft" 2.00

Mrs. Blair A. Quick 4.00

Wna. F. Renk 146.00

W. T. Roberts & Sons 17.00

F. P. Robinson 7.00

Geo. S. Redhead, Mgr I'J.OO

Mrs. Mary Ross 51.00

C. W. Reeder 14.00

Mabel Reeder 2.00

Hazel Reynolds 7.00

Henry Rollinson 99.00

Rogers Ranch 9.00

Mrs. John A. Ryan 16.00

F. L. Reinhard & Son 41.50

C. R. Ranch 3.00

D. W. Rich 20.00

E. T. Roberts 10.00

Oscar Rusted 6.00

Ray Redfern 1.00

Geo. Rawlings 2.00

T. R. Ricksicker 19.00

C. M. Rhynsburger 5.00

Anna Roe 1.00

Anna M. Redhead 21.00

E. G. Roberts 123.50

Maud L. Rice 1.00

Minnie L. Rice 1.00

Mrs. Adam Stirling 23.00

S. A. Shetterly 10.00

Mrs. C. E. Monahan , 3.00

W. W. Seeley 6.0(»

Lawrence Stewart 9.00

Audrey V. Sayre 13.25

Mrs. Louise Smith 24.00

Myrta Steers 22.50

Frank Sar 16.0'0

Philip Souers 8.00

Mrs. Chas. I. Snyder 8.00

Margaret A. Stattler 9.50

Mrs. Alice Seymour 26.00

294 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

9-16 9457 Mrs. Horace Susong 8.00

9-16 9458 Anthony Stocker 10.00

9-16 9459 J. F. Seiberling 3.00

9-16 9460 C. B. Seiberling 2.00

9-16 9461 Irene Stoutenburgh 19.00

9-16 9462 J. C. Sandmeir 8.00

9-16 9463 Julius Sinn 31.00

9-16 9464 Anna L. Snyder 1.00

9-16 9465 Mrs. E. M. Sherman 4.00

9-16 9466 Otis W. Shetterly 125.28

9-16 9467 W. B. Sullivan 1.00

9-16 9468 Anna L. Snyder 1.00

9-16 9469 A. J. Smith 5M

9-16 9470 B. Stewart 63.00

9-16 9471 B. Stuart 38.00

9-16 9472 Mrs. Armenia Sampey 50.00

9-16 9473 Bruno Sestier 30.00

9-16 9474 Sestier Bros 69.00

9-16 9475 Mrs. Sol Stutsman 17.00

9-16 9476 Mildred Sargent 1.00

9-16 9477 J. Sundberg 1.00

9-16 9478 G. F. Statter 4.00

9-16 9479 Ethel M. Springer 13.00

9-16 9480 O. O. Smith 7.00

9-16 9481 Mrs. Frank V. Smith 3.00

9-16 9482 A. D. Severe 20.00

9-16 9483 U. R. Scholte 8.00

9-16 9484 Harrington V. Smith 1.00

9-16 9485 Will Steinwyk 2.00

9-16 9486 Harold M. Stowell 1.00

9-16 9487 Mrs. Walter Smith 5.00

9-16 9488 Mary Helen Smith 3.00

9-16 9489 D. Tietjen 67.00

9-16 9490 C. O. Thornburg 2.00

9-16 9491 Cyrus A. Tow 292.00

9-16 9492 I. Ross Thompson 10.00

9-16 9493 C. H. True 52.50

9-16 9494 W. M. Thompson 2.00

9-16 9495 Thos. Thompson 23.00

9-16 9496 Lillian M. Thornton 40.00

9-16 9497 Wra. Trillow 174.00

9-16 9498 Mrs. Nat Thompson 13.50

9-16 9499 Ruth Thompson 5.50

9-16 9500 J. L. Todd 86.00

9-16 9501 Mrs. Katherine Trouth 2.00

9-16 9502 L. A. Taylor 4.00

9-16 9503 W. H. Tapp 5.00

9-16 9504 Minta S. Tinney 4.00

9-16 9505 Mrs. W. D. Tapp 31.50

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 295

9-16 9506 Marguerite Tapp 10.00

9-16 9507 Mrs. F. D. Thompson 5.00

9-16 9508 M. J. Thomas 5.00

9-16 9509 Ida A. Towne 1.00

9-16 9510 Mrs. M. L. Toland 4.00

9-16 9511 Mack Utterback 40.00

9-16 9512 W. S. Van Natta & Son 531.00

9-16 9513 L. C. West 7.00

9-16 9514 B. B. Welty 10.00

9-16 9515 C.J.Wilkinson 10.00

9-16 9516 C.R.Wells 110.00

9-16 9517 Geo. M. Wright 110.00

9-16 9518 Kenneth West 2.00

9-16 9519 Flora Wolter 7.50

9-16 9520 Emma Wolter 44.50

9-16 9521 Mrs. S. T. Wheeler 1.50

9-16 9522 Mrs. John Wilkinson 1.00

9-16 9523 Geo. S. Woodruff 27.00

9-16 9524 Hazel Wheeler 10.00

9-16 9525 F. F. and V. G. Warner 69.50

9-16 9526 R. E. Ward 6.00

9-16 9527 R. E. West 40.50

9-16 9528 A. Wick 5.00

9-16 9529 Mrs. Margaret White 7.00

9-16 9530 E. and A. Walrath 6.50

9-16 9531 Louise Webster 4.00

9-16 9532 Rev. S. N. Woodward 5.50

9-16 9533 Mrs. Ella Wells 60.00

9-16 9534 Irene Wilson 31.00

9-15 9535 Mildred Williams 1.00

9-16 9536 J. S. Wilson Floral Company 205.00

9-16 9537 A. M. Walrath 3.00

9-16 9538 J. C. Watts 6.00

9-16 9539 M. J. Wragg 43.50

9-16 9540 Mrs. Joseph Wells 8.00

9-16 9541 E.O.Worth 77.75

9-16 9542 M.J.Worth 13.00

9-16 9543 Marie Wagner 1.00

9-16 9544 Richard Woodruff 7.00

9-16 9545 A. Ella West 1.00

9-16 9546 Helen White 7.00

9-16 9547 Mrs. H. G. Whelpton 2.00

9-16 9548 Mrs. H. M. Wagner 1.00

9-16 9549 Mrs. J. A. Young 5.00

9-16 9550 Guy Zeller 30.00

9-16 9551 Wm. Zeller ■ 26.00

9-16 9552 Mrs. G. M. Grinstead 38.50

9-16 9553 Pearl Garrison 7.00

9-16 9554 Mrs. R. A. Lewis 76.80

296

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

9-16

9555

9-16

9556

9-16

9557

9-18

9558

9-22

9559

9-22

9560

9-22

9561

9-22

9562

9-25

9563

9-25

9564

9-25

9565

9-25

9566

9-30

9567

9-30

9568

10- 2

9569

10- 2

9570

10- 2

9571

10- 2

9572

10- 2

9573

10- 2

9574

10- 9

9575

10- 9

9576

10- 9

9577

10- 9

9578

10- 9

9579

10- 9

9580

10- 9

9581

10- 9

9582

10- 9

9583

10- 9

9584

10- 9

9585

10- 9

9586

10- 9

9587

10- 9

9588

10- 9

9589

10- 9

9590

10- 9

9591

10- 9

9592

10- 9

9593

10- 9

9594

10- 9

9595

10- 9

9596

10- 9

9597

10- 9

9598

10- 9

9599

10- 9

9600

10- 9

9601

10- 9

9602

10- 9

9603

J. L. Stittsworth 4.00

Dorthea Tomlinson 2.00

J. S. Fawcett & Son 5.00

Milt S. Mooney 30.00

Gertrude Brereton 3.00

Pauline Holland 2.00

•J. R. Peak & Son 715.00

Otto V. Battles 341.00

Stock Yards Harness & Saddlery Co 100.00

C. F. Curtiss, Dean, I. S. C 600 00

Ryle S. McKee 50.00

A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary 200.00

A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary , 627.00

C. R. Wells 5.00

H. H. Schroedermier 25.00

J. L. Hook 10.00

Frank White 50.00

Smith & Roberts 30.00

AUynhurst Farm 20'.00

M. E. Henry 1.00

Mary G. Cretzmeyer 23.00

Chas. Blodgett 22.00

Eva A. Webb 22.00

Caroline Forgrave 2 00

Angus McDonald 26.00

A. Palmer 34.00

Garrah Packer 10.00

Ruth Beam 10.00

Z. C. Thornburg 176.00

Jessie Field 15 00

Jennie Steele Huegle 27.00

L. A. Sell 50.00

O. E. Gunderson 2 00

M. L. Howell 73.00

Chas. Giller & Son 30.00

Mary L. Horton 40.00

C. G. Patten 50.00

Peter Hove 2.00

Wib F. Clements 2.00

F. F. & V. G. Warner 4.00

J. R. McDonald 2.00

E. and A. Walrath 4.00

Israel Drought 2.00

Miss E. M. Brinckler 2.00

R. A. Lundberg 2.00

C. W. Howell 2 00

.las. H. .Tones 2.00

Frances Dorrell 2.00

F. L. Rhinehart 2.00

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 297

10-11 9604 Mrs. E. B. Norris 2.00

10-13 9605 C.L.Shannon 7.0'0

10-16 9606 A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary 171.00

10-17 9607 R. M. Anderson & Sons 4.00

10-20 9608 Cruzan & Company 75.00

10-20 9609 Iowa Auto & Supply Company 50.00

10-20 9610 F. C. Harley 25.00

10-21 9611 Fred Williams 13.00

10^21 9612 Angus McDonald 1-00

10-23 9613 C. W. McDermott 115.00

10-23 9614 Finch Bros 95.00

10-23 9615 Charles Irvine 75.00

10-23 9616 R. F. French 55.00

10-23 9617 Henry Lefebure 35.00

10-23 9618 A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary 25.00

10-23 9619 A. R. Corey. Acting Secretary 100.00

11-11 9620 W. V. Hixson 20.00

11-11 9621 John Leitch 22.00

11-11 9622 Mrs. John Leitch 8.00

11-11 9623 McLay Bros 63.00

11-11 9624 David Roth 12.00

Total $ 56,264.35

EXPENSE WARRANTS ISSUED DECEMBER 1, 1910. TO NOVEMBER 30,

1911.

12- 8 8423 A. O. Shepfer, premium 1910 fair $ 3.00

12-16 8424 C. E. Cameron, expense Chicago meeting 40.46

12-16 8425 W. C. Brown, expense Chicago meeting 38.00

12-16 8426 J. C. Simpson, expense Chicago meeting 37.00

12-16 8427 John Ledgerwood, expense Chicago meeting 33.10

12-16 8428 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, December

meeting 38.00

12-16 8429 W. C. Brown, per diem and mileage December

meeting 22.20

12-16 8430 R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage December

meeting 39.80

12-16 8431 E. M. Reeves, per diem and mileage December

meeting 36.30

12-16 8432 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage December

meeting 43.50

12-16 8433 E. M. Wentworth, per diem ^nd mileage December

meeting 30.00

12-16 8434 T. C. Legoe, per diem and mileage December

meeting 32.50

12-16 8435 C. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage December

meeting 27.70

12-16 8436 John Ledgerwood, per diem and mileage December

meeting 30.40

29S IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

12-16 8437 F. E. Sheldon, per diem and mileage December

meeting 12.00

12-16 8438 John P. Summers, per diem and mileage December

meeting 12.00

12-16 4839 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage December

meeting 39.50

12-16 8440 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage December

meeting 44.00

12-16 8441 Chas. Escher, Jr., per diem and mileage December

meeting 22.00

12-16 8442 R. S. Johnston, expense Chicago meeting 15.40

12-16 8443 H. L. Pike, expense Chicago meeting and Minn.

State Pair 73.02

12-16 8444 O. A. Olson, expense Chicago meeting and Minn.

State Fair 52.80

12-16 8445 C. & N. W. Ry. Co., freight bill 1910 fair .40

12-16 8446 Iowa State College of Agriculture & Mechanic

Arts, one-half expense of college exhibit, 1910 fair 15.02
12-19 8447 H. W. Mumford, expense speaker state farmers'

institute 25.00

12-19 8448 H. J. Waters, expense speaker state farmers' in-
stitute 20.90

12-19 8449 John T. Stinson, expense speaker state agricultural

convention 20.00

12-19 8450 W. L. Brown, hotel bill of speakers 7.55

12-21 8451 C. E. Campvon, Executive committee meeting. . . . 22.00

12-22 8452 J. C. Simpson, Sec'y, pay roll grounds dept 78.00

12-24 8453 Clarence Sweeney, saw dust, 1910 52.00

12-24 8454 Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, bal. on amphi-
theater contract 1,114.31

12-24 8455 Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, bal. on amphi-
theater contract 43.16

12-27 8456 R. J. Kinzer, expense speaker state farmers' in-
stitute 20.10

12-27 8457 John Hamilton, due Am. Ass'n Farmers' Institute

Workers, 1910 5.00

12-31 8458 J. C. Simpson, extra services member and clerk

Executive committee 150.00

12-31 8459 Elsie Colton, salary for December 100.00

1- 3 8460 Jas. H. Deemer, Supt., salary for December 83.33

1- 3 8461 A. R. Corey, salary for December 125.00

1- 7 8462 C. E. Cameron, special committee work 26.00

1-14 8463 R. S. Johnston, special committee work 27.80

1-14 8464 C. E. Cameron, meeting executive committee. . . . 26.00

1-14 8465 John Ledgerwood, meeting executive committee. . 18.40

1-14 8466 H. L. Pike, special committee work 32.00

1-16 8467 J. C. Simpson, pay roll, grounds dept 163.40

1-20 8468 Robt. F. Hildebrand, photographs, 1910 fair 125.00

1-20 8469 The Indianola Record, advertising 1910 fair 7.00

1-20 8470 The Wellman Advance, advertising 1910 fair 6.60

1-20 8471 L. S. Casner, wheat straw, forage dept 47.23

1-23 8472 E. J. Curtin, special committee work 31.50

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 299

1-23 8473 J. F. Summers, special committee work 28.00

1-23 8474 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, January

meeting 42.00

1-23 8475 John Ledgerwood, per diem and mileage January

meeting 30.40

1-23 8476 R. S. Johnston, per diem amd mileage January

meeting 27.80

1-23 8477 C. W. Phillips, per diem and mileage January

meeting 33.00

1-23 8478 E. M. Reeves, per diem and mileage January

meeting 24.30

1-23 8479 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage January

meeting 35.50

1-23 8480 E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage January

meeting 18.00

1-23 8481 C. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage January

meeting 15.70

1-23 8482 F. E. Sheldon, per diem and mileage January

meeting 32. bu

1-23 8483 J. F. Summers, per diem and mileage January

meeting 28. oO

1-23 8384 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage January

meeting 27.50

1-23 8485 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage January

meeting 32.00

1-28 8486 C. W. Decker, sawdust, 1910 fair 14.00

1-28 8487 J. C. Simpson, Sec'y, pay roll grounds dept 141.35

1-31 8488 J. C. Simpson, extra services member and clerk

executive committee 150. 0'O

1-31 8489 A. R. Corey, salary for January 125.00

1-31 8490 Elsie Colton, salary for January 100.00

1-31 8491 Edith K. Smith, extra clerical service 25.00

1-31 8492 Jas. H. Deemer, salary for January 83.33

2- 2 8493 Billboard Publishing Co., subscription 2-4-11 to

2-4-12 4.00

2-3 8494 C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 30.00

2- 3 8495 John Ledgerwood, executive committee meeting. . 22.40

2-16 8496 John Ledgerwood, executive committee meeting. . . 26.40

2-16 8497 C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 34.00

2-16 8498 C. E. Cameron, expense at Sioux City meeting 7.54

2-18 8499 P. O. Weaver, corn forage dept 17.60

2-18 8500 A. R. Corey, acting Sec'y pay roll grounds dept. . 36.30
2-18 8501 Chicago Daily Farmers & Drovers Journal, sub-
scription 4.00

2-18 8502 Walter Irish, reporting annual meeting 15.10

2-18 8503 Iowa Telephone Co., toll bills Ames station 2.65

2-18 8504 Western Union Telegraph Co., Nov. Dec. & Jan. bills 10.15

2-18 8505 Wells Fargo Express Co., Nov. bill .25

2-21 8506 R. L. Polk & Co., city directory 6.00

2-21 8507 J. I. Myerly, P. M., postage 50.00

2-23 8508 C. E. Cameron, meeting executive committee 34.00

2-23 8509 John Ledgerwood, meeting executive committee. . 26.40

■'00 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

H. L. Pike, special committee meeting 32.00

Elsie Colton, salary for February 100.00

Jas. H. Deemer, salary for February 83.33

O. C. Simonds, balance on contract, ground plans. . 1,000.00

C. F. Curtiss, special committee work 15.40

Iowa Trust & Savings Bank, postage stamps.... 5.00

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll grounds dept... 64.20

John Ledgerwood, special committee work 26.40

Hawkeye Press Clipping Bureau, five months ser-
vice 20.00

W. C. Brown, expense attending attraction meeting 27.50

Dale Taxicab service, auto rental 26.00

C. F. Curtiss, expense attending attraction meeting 28.30
C. E. Cameron, expense attending attraction meet-
ing 37.47

C. E. Cameron, special committee work 26.00

A. R. Corey, expense attending attraction meeting 27.50

C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 26.00

John Ledgerwood, executive committee meeting.. . 26.40

East Des Moines Commercial League, annual dues 5.00

Jas. H. Deemer, salary for March 83.33

Elsie Colton, balance salary for March 25.00

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll grounds dept. . 26.00

C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage April meeting 26.00
John Ledgerwood, per diem and mileage April

meeting 18.40

4- 4 8533 R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage April

meeting 27.80

C. W. Phillips, per diem and mileage April meeting 33.00
Elmer M. Reeves, per diem and mileage Arpil

meeting 24.30

E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage April meeting. 31.50

E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage April
meeting 18. 0(?

T. C. Legoe, per diem and mileage Arpil meeting 20.50

C. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage April meeting 15.70

F. E. Sheldon, per diem and mileage April meeting 24.30
0. A. Olson, per diem and mileage April meeting. . 27.50
H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage April meeting. . 32.00

C. F. Curtiss, special committee work 15.40

S. Davidson Bros., balance on account 3.10

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll ground dept. . 25.00

Iowa Trust & Savings Bank, check of J. W. Sumner 53 60

C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 30.00

J. I. Myerly, P. M., postage 50.00

Des Moines Daily News, subscription 1-11-10 to

1-1-11 3.60

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll grounds dept. 164 05

W. C. Brown, privilege work 14.50

Jas. H. Deemer, salary for April 83.^3

2-23

8510

2-28

8511

2-28

8512

2-28

8513

3-3

8514

3-10

8515

3-11

8516

3-16

8517

3-20

8518

3-22

8519

3-23

8520

3-25

8521

3-25

8522

3-25

8523

3-25

8524

3-30

8525

3-30

8526

3-31

8527

3-31

8528

3-31

8529

3-31

8530

4- 4

8531

4- 4

8532

4- 4

8534.

4- 4

8535

4- 4

8536

4- 4

8537

4- 4

8538

4- 4

8539

4- 4

8540

4- 4

8541

4- 4

8542

4- 8

8543

4- 8

8544

4-11

8545

4-11

8546

4-13

8547

4-12

8548

4-14

8549

4-24

S550

4-27

8551

4-29

8552

4-29

8553

4-29

8554

4-29

8555

4-29

8556

4-29

8557

4-29

8558

4-29

8559

4-29

8560

4-29

8561

4-29

8562

4-29

8563

4-29

8564

4-29

8565

4-29

8566

4-29

8567

4-29

8568

4-29

8569

4-29

8570

4-29

8571

4-29

8572

5- 3

8573

5- 3

8574

5- 3

8575

5- 5

8576

5- 6

8577

5- 6

8578

5- 6

8579

5- 6

8580

5- 8

8581

5- 8

8582

5- 9

8583

5- 9

8584

5-15

8585

5-19

8586

5-19

8587

5-19

8588

5-19

8589

5-20

8590

5-20

8591

5-22

8592

5-23

8593

5-24

8594

5-29

8595

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 301

Edith K. Smith, extra clerk and stenographer. . . . 63.00

C. A. Nash, salary for April 33.00

Pacific Express Co., express on tickets 2.98

U. S. Express Co., express bill Feb. and Mch 2.65

American Express Co., express bill for Feb 5.40

Western Union Telegraph Co., telegrams Feb.

and Mch 6.94

Adams Express Co., express bill Feb. and March.. 3.57

D. E. Moon Printing Co., printing envelopes for

board 42.50

American Trotting Register Ass'n, Vol. 26 Year

Book 5.00

Chas. Koenigsberger & Son, harness repairs and

supplies 7.40

Des Moines Commercial Club, dues 1911 15.00

Backman Sheet Metal Works, sheet metal work on

amphitheater 4.00

Ben Woolgar, horse shoeing 8.00

Savery Hotel Co., hotel bill 1910 fair 10.25

E. D. Chassell, binding award books 5.00

The Jersey Bulletin, subscription 2-1-11 to 2-1-12.. 1.00
Des Moines Water Co., water bills Nov. to Mch. in-
clusive 27.38

Iowa Telephone Co., toll bill, Ames Station .50

Iowa Telephone Co., 'phone rental and toll bills. . . 18.45

Elsie Colton, salary for April 100.00

Register & Leader, subscription 2-1-11 to 2-1-12. . . . 6.00.

Billboard Publishing Co., advertising 11.00

J. I. Myerly, P. M., postage 2M "Greater Iowa". . . . 20.00

J. I. Myerly, P. M., postage 2M "Greater Iowa" 20.00

W. C. Brown, privilege work 45.20

J. P. Mullen, special committee work 27.70

C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 34.00

O. A. Olson, executive committee meeting 35.50

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll grounds Dept. . 132 39

F. Wright, straw, forage department 10.87

J. I. Myerly, P. M., postage 40.00

Jas. Atkinson, corn, forage department 18.12

J. H. Deemer, plow repairs 3.50

C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 30.00

O. A. Olson, executive committee meeting 31.50

E. J. Curtin, special committee work 31.50

Geo. A. Miller Printing Co., printing 108.25

Jas. Horrabin, first estimate on culvert 1,000.00

C. F. Curtiss, special committee work 7.70

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll grounds depart-
ment 252.17

A. R. Corey, special committee work 17.70

Jas. Horrabin, second estimate on culvert 1,000.00

A. R. Corey, special committee work 19.38

6-

8596

6-

8597

6-

8598

6-

8599

6-

8600

6-

2

8601

6-

3

8602

6-

3

8603

6-

o

8604

6-

3

8605

6-

3

8606

6-

3

8607

6-

5

S608

6-

6

8609

fi-

9

8610

6-15

8611

3 02 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

C. & N. W. Ry. Co., freight on fencing 27.60

J. I. Myerly, P. M., postage 40.00

Elsie Colton, salary for May 100.00

J. H. Deemer, salary for May 83.33

C. A. Nash, salary for May 90.00

J. I. Myerly, P. M., postage 2M "Greater Iowa" 30.00

J. I. Myerly, P. M., postage 2M "Greater Iowa"... 20.00
S. Joseph & Sons, two watches, premiums in dairy

department 1910 Fair 40.00

Interstate Realty Co., eight lots Redhead Addition 800.00

C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 30.00

O. A. Olson, executive committee meeting 31.50

Jas. Horrabin, third estimate on culvert 750.00

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll grounds depart-
ment 388.14

Spirit of the West, advertising speed program. . . . 62.50

J. E. Lovejoy, first estimate on machinery building 3,835.00
Greater Des Moines Driving Club, advertising race

program 6.00

6-15 8612 Des Moines Commercial Club, reservation trade

excursion 35.00

Interstate Realty Co., additional land 275.00

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2400 premium lists.. 72.00
Void.

C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 38.00

O. A. Olson, executive committee meeting 39.50

J. F. Summers, special committee work 32.00

J. F. Summers, special committee work 28.00

T. C. Legoe, auditing committee meeting 20 50

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 40.00

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll grounds de-
partment 567.43

Dale Taxicib Service, auto rental 8.00

H. M. Kinsell, moving building on fair grounds. . . . 80.00

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2,250 premium lists. . . . 67.50

W. C. Brown, privilege work 57.20

E. A. Peterson, painting roof stock pavilion 60.00

O. O. Smith, first payment architect fees 1,000.00

C. & N. W. Ry. Co., freight on bbl. paint 2.12

C, B. & Q. Ry., freight on paint 1.02

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage on 2M premium lists. . 60.00

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 40.00

E. A. Peterson, painting roof street car entrance. . 12.00
The American Contractor, advertising for bids, ma-
chinery building 15.39

Adams Exnress Co., express bills April and May. . . .97
American Express Co., express bills April and May 2.40
Des Moines Daily Capital, advertising for bids, ma-
chinery building 15.75

fi-16

8613

G-16

8614

8615

6-16

8616

6-16

8617

6-16

8618

6-16

8619

6-17

8620

6-17

8621

6-19

8622

6-19

8623

6-20

8624

6-20

8625

6-24

8626

6-24

8627

6-26

8628

6-26

8629

6-26

8630

6-26

8631

6-28

8632

6-28

8633

6-30

8634

6-30

8635

6-30

8636

6-30

8637

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 308

6-30 8638 Des Moines Daily News, advertising for bids, ma-
chinery building 9.50

6-30 8639 Des Moines Admens' Club, annual dues, 1911 10.00

6-30 8640 Ferguson Printing Co., printing 53.25

6-30 8641 Improvement Bulletin, advertising for bids, ma-
chinery bldg 10.80

6-30 8642 Marshalltown Buggy Co., poles and lumber 10.00

6-30 8643 Shaver Carriage Co., tires on spreader 4.00

6-30 8644 Tablet & Ticket Co., 8M gummed labels 8.24

6-30 8645 U. S. Express Co., express bills, April and May, . . 1.34
6-30 8646 Western Union Telegraph Co., telegrams, April

and May 6.90

6-30 8647 M. J. Wragg Nursery Co., trees for grounds 11.60

6-30 8648 Wells Fargo Express Co., express bills, April and

May 2.05

6-30 8649 Elsie Colton, salary for June 100.00

6-30 8650 Edith K. Smith, salary for June 75.00

6-30 8651 Jas. H. Deem er, salary for June 83.33

6-30 8652 Clifford C. Heer, salary, June 12 to 30, inclusive. . . 38.25

6-30 8653 C. A. Nash, salary for .June 90.00

6-30 8654 C. E, Cameron, executive committee meeting 26.00

6-30 8655 Jas. Horrabin, first estimate on grading, machin-
ery bldg 1,500.00

7- 1 8656 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage on 2M premium lists.. 60.00
7- 1 8657 C. N. Mcllvaine, pro rata share circuit adver-
tising 47.06

7- 3 8658 S. E. Webster, straw, forage department 36.92

7- 3 8659 A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary, pay roll, grounds

department 569.38

7- 6 8660 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 40.00

7-6 8661 C. G. W. Ry. Co., freight on straw 12.40

7- 7 8662 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage, 2M "Greater Iowa"... 20 00

7- 8 8663 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage, 2M "Greater Iowa". . . 20.00
7- 8 8664 Massillon Bridge & Structural Co., first estimate

steel work, machinery bldg 7,000.00

7- 8 8665 J. E. Lovejoy, second estimate, general contract,

machinery bldg 9,459.80

7-10 8666 C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 26.00

7-10 8667 O. A. Olson, executive committee meeting 27.50

7-13 8668 Ed Stuart, oats, forage department 36.55

7-13 8669 A. Olson, laying shingles, speed barns 49.42

7-14 8670 W. O. Plummer, corn, forage department 25.45

7-15 8671 Iowa Lithograph Co., printing 61.5.")

7-15 8672 Matt Parrott & Sons, outdoor advertising signs... 133.28
7-17 8673 A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary, pay roll, grounds

department 594.1.'>

7-18 8674 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 40.00

7-20 8675 James Horrabin, second estimate on grading,

machinery bldg 2,000.00

7-26 8676 C. E. Cameron, special committee work 56.08

7-27 8677 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 40.00

3 04 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

7-27 8678 O. A. Olson, executive committee meeting 39.50

7-27 8679 C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 42.00

7-27 8680 J P. Mullen, special committee work 23.70

7-27 8681 W. T. Gray, straw, forage department 71.03

7-27 8682 Frank McCoy, freight on paint .52

7-28 8683 C. & N. W. Ry. Co., freight on school exhibits. .... .52

7-28 8684 C, R. I. & F. Ry. Co., freight on tan bark 72.13

7-28 8685 Pray & Comerford, first estimate on plumbing,

closets 4,000.00

7-31 8686 Elsie Colton, salary for July 100.00

7-31 8687 Jas. H. Deemer, salary for July 83.33

7-31 8688 C. C. Heer, extra clerk, July 62.50

7-31 8689 Edith Williams, extra clerk, 16 days 36.00

7-31 8690 Dow Byers, extra clerk, 7 days 14.00

7-31 8691 Paul Davidson, extra clerk, 23 days 23.00

7-31 8692 C. A. Nash, salary for July 90.00

7-31 8693 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage, 4,800 "Greater Iowa". . 48.00

8- 3 8694 A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary, pay roll, grounds

department 965.10

8- 4 8695 St. P. & D. M. Ry. Co., freight on straw 55.74

8- 4 8696 L. A. Murrow, clover hay, forage department 201.15

Z^ 5 8697 Potts Bros., first estimate on cement walks 400.00

8- 5 8698 M. L. Markham, distributing advertising matter. . 15.00

8- 5 8699 Nick Murrow, straw, forage department 161.15

8- 5 8700 E. H. Courtney, laying shingles on cattle barn... 34.00

8- 5 8701 J. W. Richards, advertising, Audubon county 12.00

8- 5 8702 C. H. Wegerslev, advertising, Buena Vista county 30.00

8- 5 8703 C. Carl, advertising, Dallas county 15.00

8- 5 8704 J. R. Sterling, advertising, Hamilton county 15.00

8- 5 8705 Wm. P. Dermer, advertising, Webster county 25.00

8- 5 8706 G. A. Minnich, advertising, Carroll county 15.00

8- 5 8707 C, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., freight on straw, forage

department 21.40

8- 7 8708 A. Olson, laying shingles on horse barn 52.20

8- 7 8709 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 60.00

8- 8 8710 C. Latham, scavenger work 20.00

8- 9 8711 O. A. Olson, executive committee meeting 31.50

8- 9 8712 C, R. I. & P. Ry. Co.. freight on straw, forage

department 21.70

8-9 8713 C, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., freight on road oil 114.11

8- 9 8714 R. L. Allen, advertising, Wright county 14.00

8- 9 8715 W. H. Reed, advertising, Kossuth county 15.00

8-9 8716 C. D. Williams, advertising, Franklin county.... 10.00

8-10 8717 Geo. A. Miller Printing Co., first payment on

tickets 150.00

8-11 8718 Wilson Bros., hay, forage department 177.12

8-11 8719 Wilson Bros., hay, forage department 320.63

8-11 8720 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 60.00

8-11 8721 J. P. Mullen, special committee work 27.70

8-12 8722 J. A. Wakefield, laying shingles on cattle barn... 34.06

S-12

8723

8-12

8724

8-12

8725

8-12

8726

S-12

'8727

S-12

8728

8-12

8729

8-12

8730

8-12

8731

8-14

8732

8-14

8733

8-14

8734

8-14

8735

8-14

8736

8-14

8737

8-14

8738

8-14

8739

8-14

8740

S-14

8741

8-14

8742

8-14

8743

8-14

8744

8-15

8745

8-15

8746

8-15

8747

8-15

8748

8-16

8749

8-17

8750

8-17

8751

8-17

8752

8-18

8753

8-18

8754

8-18

8755

8-18

8756

8-19

8757

8-19

8758

8-19

8759

8-19

8760

8-19

8761

8-19

8762

8-21

8763

8-21

8764

8-21

8765

8-21

8766

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 305

R. S. Johnston, special committee work 23.80

R. S. Johnston, special committee work 31.80

C, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., freight on turnstiles and

ticket choppers 2.05

John Micksell, laying shingles on cattle barn 34.06

C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 46.00

F. E. Sheldon, special committee work 20.30

F. E. Sheldon, special committee work 28.30

H. L. Pike, special committee work 32.00

H. L. Pike, special committee work 32.00

A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary, pay roll, grounds

department '. 2,316.24

M. Walrath. laying shingles on cattle barns 17.25

A. Olson, laying shingles on cattle barns 34.37

E. M. Wentworth, special committee work 18.00

J. E. Lovejoy, third estimate, general contract,

machinery bldg 13,162.00

F. E. Meredith, advertising, Jasper county 20.00

T. E. Grisell, advertising, Guthrie county 12.00

C. K. Nelson, advertising, Winnebago county 10.00

Henry E. Gerdes, advertising, Wajiie county 15.00

F. H. Houghton, advertising, Marshall county 15.00

A. G. Rigby, advertising, Buchanan county 15.00

A. B. Turner, advertising, Hancock county 12.00

C. C. Ward, advertising, Lucas county 15.00

C, R. I. & P. Ry. Co.. freight on hay, forage de-
partment 31.00

Wilson Bros., hay, forage department 586 60

W. E. West, wheat straw, forage department.... 117.00

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 60.00

H. M. Kinsell, moving building, fair gi'ounds 75.00

David Daniel?, laying shingles on cattle barns 17.04

O. A. Olson, executive committee meeting 27.50

C. & N. W. Ry. Co., freight on electric fixtures 3.70

A. J. Williams, repairing lock. Grand avenue gate. 1.50

G. S. Gilbertson. Treasurer, ?00 general admission

tickets, account trade advertising. Daily News. . 100.00

Wesley Greene, laying out and planting flower beds 35.00

C, B. & Q. Ry. Co., freight on gates 2.00

C, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., freight on forage and tickets 22.78

Fred Hudson, folding "Greater Iowa," % day. . . . .75

Harlan Reese, folding "Greater Iowa," % day. ... .75

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage, 2,350 "Greater Iowa". . 23.50

John Hartzler, straw, forage department 53.20

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage, 2,350 "Greater Iowa". . 23.50

M. L. Markham, distributing advei'tising 10.00

Robt. Hicks, hay, forage department 183.21

C. J. Hartman, laying shingles, cattle barns 72.50

A. Olson, laying shingles, cattle barns 37.50

20

3 06 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Jas. Horrabin, third estimate, grading contract 1,500.00

J. E. Lovejoy, first estimate, closet contract, amphi-
theater 2,000.00

O. O. Smith, second payment, architect fees, ma-
chinery bldg 1,000.00

Pray & Comerford, second estimate, plumbing con- '
tract 1,000.00

Massillon Bridge & Structural Co., second estimate,

steel contract, machinery bldg 20,000.00

Interstate Realty Co., additional land 1,300.00

H. M. Kinsell, reloading and moving closets 35.00

Farm Sense, advertising 71.25

Geo. A. Miller Printing Co., second payment on
tickets 150.00

Chas. Morrison, straw, forage department 20.47

Pain Fireworks Co., first payment, fireworks con-
tract 400.00

Pain Fireworks Co., second payment, fireworks con-
tract 600.00

Pain Fireworks Co., third payment, fireworks con-
tract 1,500.00

A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary, pay roll, gi'ounds

department 2,890.80

Pain Fireworks Co., fourth payment, fireworks

contract 1,000.00

Grant Fort, straw, forage department 67.96

F. M. Barnes, Inc., first payment, vaudeville at-
tractions 800.00

F. M. Barnes, Inc., second payment, vaudeville at-
tractions 1,750.00

Allie T. Wooster, first payment, attraction con-
tract 200.00

E. N. Wentworth, pay roll and expense, boys' judg-
ing contest 45.90

C, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., freight on hay, forage de-
partment 10.00

L. Greene, % expense apple packing school 66.24

J. L. Reid, judging Short Horn cattle 250.00

F. D. Van Gundy, clover hay, forage department. . 298.76
Storm Lake Concert Band, first payment, band

contract 100.00

S. E. McKinley, straw, forage department 135.68

P. Conway, first payment, band contract 500.00

Pain Fireworks Co., fifth payment, fireworks con-
tract 2,000.00

W. E. Dean, five dozen brooms, grounds 21.25

Pain Fireworks Co., final payment, fireworks con-
tract 1,000.00

P. Conway, final payment, band contract 2,000.00

Allie T. Wooster, second payment, attraction con-
tract 100.00

Iowa Military Band, band contract 850.00

Austin McFadden, Ray Harroun, racing team 500.00

Wright Bros. Co., aeroplane contract .4,583.33

8-21

8767

8-21

8768

8-21

8769

8-21

8770

8-21

8771

8-22

8772

8-22

8773

8-23

8774

8-24

8775

8-25

8776

8-25

8777

8-28

8778

8-29

8779

8-29

8780

8-30

8781

8-30

8782

8-30

8783

8-30

8784

8-30

8785

8-30

8786

8-30

8787

8-30

8788

8-30

8789

8-30

8790

8-30

8791

8-30

8792

8-31

8793

8-31

8794

8-31

8795

9- 1

8796

9- 1

8797

9- 1

8798

9- 1

8799

9- 1

8800

9- 1

8801

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 307

9- 1 8802 M. W. Cripliver, property man 25.15

9- 1 8803 J. M. Duncan, property man 25.15

9- 1 8804 Dan Davis, special detective 88.76

9- 1 8805 Allie T. Wooster, full payment, attraction con-
tract 1,500.00

9- 1 8806 Gait Kiltie Band, first payment, band contract 1,620.00

9- 1 8807 Gait Kiltie Band, balance on band contract 1,100.00

9- 2 8808 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, August

meeting 98.00

9- 2 8809 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, August meet-
ing 99.50

9- 2 8810 R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage, August meet-
ing 99.80

9- 2 8811 C. "W. Phillips, per diem and mileage, August meet-
ing 105.00

9- 2 8812 E. M. Reeves, per diem and mileage, August meet-
ing 96.30

9- 2 8813 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage, August meet-
ing 103.50

9- 2 8814 E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage, August

meeting 90.00

9- 2 8815 T. C. Legoe, per diem and mileage, August meeting 92.50
9- 2 8816 Chas. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage, August

meeting 87.70

9- 2 8817 F. E. Sheldon, per diem and mileage, August meet-
ing 96.30

9- 2 8818 J. F. Summers, per diem and mileage, August

meeting 100.00

9- 2 8819 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, August meet-
ing 95.70

9- 2 8820 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage, August meeting. . 104.00

9- 2 8821 G. S. Gilbertson, per diem, August meeting 24.00

9- 2 8822 A. R. Corey, per diem, August meeting 24.00

9- 2 8823 Milt S. Mooney, full payment, attraction contract. . 750.00
9- 2 8824 W. C. Brown, services superintendent concession

department 500.00

9- 2 8825 Central Decorating Co., decorating buildings 414.52

9- 2 8826 J. F. Summers, special committee work 32.00

9- 2 8827 W. C. Brown, office expense, concession depart-
ment 21.00

9- 4 8828 A. Olson, cleaning amphitheater, six days 90.00

9- 5 8829 Long & McElvogue, M-^heat straw, forage depart-
ment 125.20

9- 5 8830 -J. H. Long and Thos. McDole, full payment, gar-
bage contract 160.00

9- 6 8831 Jas. Latham, full payment, scavenger contract 100.00

9- 7 8832 C. A. Nash, salary for August 90.00

9- 7 8833 Elsie Colton, salary for August 100.00

9- 7 8834 Jas. H. Deemer, salary for August 83.83

9- 7 8835 "Wilson Bros., clover hay, forage department 145.77

9- 7 8836 Jesse Alexander, hay, forage department 85.81

9- 7 8837 Chas. Porter, advertising, Marion county 12.00

3 08 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Iowa State Register & Farmer, advertising iiOO.OO

Albert Henry, hay, forage department 100'.40

O. A. Olson, Supt, pay roll, admission department 2,515.50

H. L. Pike, Supt., pay roll, cattle department 577.90

C. E. Cameron, Pres., pay roll, porters, administra-
tion bldg 355.50

E. M. Wentworth, Supt., pay roll, police depart-
ment 3,052.25

G. S. Gilbertson, Treas., pay roll, treasurer's de-
partment 1,838.75

E. J. Curtin, Supt., pay roll, speed department 620.15

C. W. Phillips, Supt, pay roll, ticket department. . 409.75

J. P. Mullen, Supt, pay roll, machinery department 459.95

T. C. Legoe, Supt, pay roll, fine arts department. . 489.55

C. F. Curtiss, Supt., pay roll, horse department. . . . 956.50
C. F. Curtiss, Supt, pay roll, stock pavilion, night

show 166.00

J. F. Summers, Supt., pay roll, sheep and poultry
departments 531.00

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll, publicity de-
partment 110.25

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y., pay roll, secretary's de-
partment 650.75

F. E. Sheldon, Supt., pay roll, agricultural depart-
ment 357.00

R. S. Johnston, Supt, pay roll, swine department 425.00
E. M. Reeves, Supt, pay roll, horticultural de-
partment 78.05

W. C. Brown, Supt., pay roll, concession depart-
ment 104.00

W. C. Brown, Supt., pay roll, ticket takers, con-
cession department 760.75

Wesley Greene, Supt., pay roll, floricultural de-
partment X8.00

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll, forage depart-
ment .'.99.00

Eli Hardin, special detective 70.00

Storm Lake Concert Band, full payment, band con-
tract 400.00

Agar Packing Co., cinders 32.50

Club Dining Hall, state day banquet and meals

for guests 119.55

9- 9 8865 T. C. Legoe, Supt.. sundry supplies, fine arts depart-
ment 3.85

9- 9 8866 A. P. McAnalty, services assistant supt. grounds. . . 84.19

9- 9 8867 O. A. Olson, Sunt., freight on horses and vehicles
for use of admissions department, Des Moines

t o Forest City L'0.40

9- 9 8868 O. A. Olson, Supt., freight on horses and vehicles.

Forest City to Des Moines 20.40

9- 9 8869 Vere Loper, assistant at Rest Cottage 22,50

9-n 8870 Ferguson Printing Co., printing 148.7.''.

9-

8

8838

9-

8

8839

9-

8

8840

9-

8

8841

9-

8

8842

9-

8

8843

9-

8

8844

9-

8

8845

9-

8

8846

9-

8

8847

9-

8

8848

9-

8

8849

9-

8

8850

9-

8

885:

9-

8

8852

9-

8

8853

9-

8

8854

9-

8

8855

9-

8

8856

9-

8

8857

9-

8

8858

9-

8

8859

9-

8

8860

9-

9

8861

9-

9

8862

9-

9

8863

9-

9

8864

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART Vf. 309

9-11 8871 Geo. Redhead, use of sheep for dog trials 15.00

9-11 8872 Ted Woodward, horse and buggy for ticket depart-
ment 22.50

9-11 8873 P. O. Weaver, corn, forage department 104.55

9-11 8874 Geo. A. Miller Printing Co., payment on printing

tickets 150.00

9-11 8875 Parry Mfg. Co., refund on paid admissions 50.50

9-12 8876 W. B. Barney, superintendent dairy department,

15 days 60.00

9-12 8877 Jas. Horrabin, fourth estimate, culvert and grad-
ing 500.00

9-12 8878 Fred Hethershaw, expense model farm exhibit. . . . 106.50
9-12 8879 Fred Hethershaw, expense of collective farm ex-
hibit 132.63

9-12 8880 Graham's Orchestra, contract at 1911 fair 311.00

9-15 8881 Mrs. Frank P. Carleton, matron. Rest Cottage 29.25

9-15 8882 W. W. Watson, repairing locks 4.35

9-15 8883 W. H. Knight, Sec'y. Am. Trotting Ass'n., suspen-
sions 214.55

9-15 8884 Void

9-15 8885 Globe Ticket Co., printing tickets for shows 247.17

9-15 8886 C. E. Cameron, special committee wox'k 31.61

9-15 8887 E. J. Curtin, special committee work 31.50

9-16 8888 C. F. Curtis, telegrams, horse department .25

9-16 8889 Wallace's Farmer, advertising 250.00

9-16 8890 Breeders' Gazette, advertising 196.00

9-16 8891 The Homestead Co., advertising 250.00

9-16 8892 Kimball's Dairy Farmer, advertising 99.40

9-16 8893 Farmer & Breeder Co., advertising 75.00

9-16 8894 • The Golden Egg, advertising 15.00

9-16 8895 A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y., pay roll, grounds de-
partment 2,153.86

9-16 8896 Register & Leader Co., advertising 407.13

9-16 8897 Des Moines Capital, advertising 308.28

9-16 8898 Des Moines Daily News, advertising 298.16

9-16 8899 W. W. West, advertising, Adair county 10.00

9-18 8900 W. W. Moore, billboard advertising 439.82

9-18 8901 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 20.00

9-18 8902 Fred Hethershaw, expense model farm exhibit. . . 129.20
9-18 8903 Davenport Times, advertising for bids, machinery

bldg 11.10

9-18 8904 Donaldson Lithograph Co., aeroplane billboard

paper 105.00

9-18 8905 Geo. E. Bliss, advertising, Adams county 10.00

9-18 8906 Geo. A. Hitchcock, advertising, Johnson county. . 10.00

9-18 8907 H. A. Russell, advertising, Appanoose county.... 15.00

9-18 8908 Geo. K. Scott, extra clerk in office, 12 days 36.00

9-20 8909 Porter P. Black, advertising, Muscatine county 15.00

9-21 8910 W. B. Barney, Sup't, pay roll, dairy department. . 210.00

9-21

8912

9-21

8913

9-21

8914

9-21

8915

510 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

9-21 8911 A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, county newspaper ad-
vertising account 2,500.00

Des Moines Electric Co., light and power, 1911 fair 503.38

Spirit of the West, advertising, speed program 62.50

P. S. Kell, assistant in horse department 14.00

Brooke Concession Co., page adv., speed program,

1911 fair 25.00

9-21 8916 Potts Bros., second payment, cement wallc con-
tract 500.00

G. P. Grout, judging cattle 72.80

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y., pay roll, grounds de-
partment 288.35

A. Winterrowd, oats, forage department 383.05

R. S. Johnston, auditing committee meeting 31.80

C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 26.00

Minn. State Agricultural Society, pro rata share

expense of sheep dog exhibition 545.05

American Trotting Association, dues 1911 100.00

D. A. Long, advertising, Bremer county 15.00

T. C. Legoe, auditing committee meeting *. 20.50

Carl Shields, advertising. Union County 15.00

D. G. Welty, advertising. Story county 25.00

W. B. West, advertising, Humboldt county 15.00

B. D. Stevers, advertising, Crawford county 15.00

Geo. A. Poff, advertising, Keokuk county 15.00

L. C. Hoffman, advertising, Decatur county 12.00

T. J. Hudson, advertising, Madison county 15.00

Joe McCoy, advertising, Warren county 10.00

C. F. Momyer, advertising, Marion county 15.00

W. S. Barnard, advertising, Clarke County 10.00

L. F. Hall, advertising, Ringgold county 12.00

F. G. Haworth, advertising, Tama county 15.00

L. M. Hawn, advertising, Grundy county 20.00

H. G. Kruse, advertising, Benton county 12.00

H. S. Martin, advertising, Hardin county 15.00

James Nowak, advertising, Poweshiek county 10.00

Loren Perrin, advertising, Monroe county 12.00

Carl E. Hoffman, advertising, Cass county 15.00

H. B. Lizer, advertising. Black Hawk county 20.00

H. C. Leach, advertising, Davis county 12.00

Pray & Comerford, third estimate, plumbing con-
tract 750.00

Glenwood Coal Co., coal and blacksmith work 47. P9

Potts Bros., full payment, cement walk contract. . . 220.24

General Film Co., 70M tickets, side shows 10.50

A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y-, special committee work 40.05

C. A. Nash, salary for September 100.00

Elsie Colton, salary for September 100.00

J. H. Deemer, salary for September 83.33

9-21

8917

9-25

8918

9-25

8919

9-28

8920

9-28

8921

9-28

8922

9-28

8923

9-28

8924

9-29

8925

9-29

8926

9-29

8927

9-29

8928

9-29

8929

0-29

8930

9-29

8931

9-29

8932

9-29

8933

9-29

8934

9-29

8935

9-29

8936

9-29

8937

9-29

8938

9-29

8939

9-29

8940

9-29

8941

9-29

8942

9-29

8943

9-29

8944

9-29

8945

9-30

8946

9-30

8947

9-30

8948

9-30

8949

9-30

8950

9-30

8951

9-30

8952

9-30

8953

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 311

9-30 8954 J. H. Deemer, plow repairs and live stock dam-
ages 7.25

9-30 8955 Diltz & Sanderson, 40 extra pages in official cata-
log 190.00

10-2 8956 Iowa Telephone Co., toll bills, Ames station 1.95

10- 2 8957 Western Union Telegraph Co., messages, Ames sta-
tion 5.71

10- 2 8958 Central Iron Works, 100 park seats 190.00

10^ 2 8959 American Press Association, plate matter, country

newspapers, 1911 contract 635.13

10- 2 8960 Downing Electric Co., first payment, electrical

supplies, light system 1,000.00

10- 2 8961 Paul Davidson, car fare, errands from grounds to

city .80

10- 3 8962 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 10.00

10- 3 8963 Neale S. Knowles, expense, sup't. girls' cooking

contest 12.76

10- 4 8964 Altoona Herald, printing 1.75

lO*- 4 8965 Adams Express Co., express bills, June, July and

August 31.11

10- 4 8966 American Express Co., express bills, June, July and

August 38.44

10- 4 8967 Bishard Bros., printing 82.79

10- 4 8968 Brinsmaid & Co., plates and vases, horticultural

and floricultural departments 101.61

10- 4 8969 Baker, Trisler Co., office supplies 18.96

10- 4 8970 C. H. Trisler, two forms writerpress letters 5.65

10- 4 8971 Capital City Printing Plate Co., date lines and half

tones 53.00

10- 4 8972 Mabel Campbell, expense, judge girls' cooking

contest 2.80

10- 4 8973 Chase & West, burlap, school exhibits department.

1910 7.70

lO'- 4 8974 Chicago Horseman Newspaper Co., advertising,

speed program 58.24

10- 4 8975 Davidson Bros. Co., 50 gal. ice cream, dairy de-
partment 37.50

10- 4 8976 Des Moines Capital, advertising for bids, plumb-
ing contract 3.94

10- 4 8977 Des Moines Daily News, advertising for bids.

plumbing contract 2.10

10- 4 8978 Des Moines Electric Co., 5 insulators, light system .79

10- 4 8979 Des Moines Paper Box Mfg. Co., 1500 mailing tubes 15.00

10- 4 8980 Des Moines Rubber Stamp Works, rubber stamps. . 6.55

10- 4 8981 Des Moines Stationery Co., supplies, treasurer's

department 5.0O

10- 4 8982 East Side Carpenter Shop, boxes for judges' books. 20.25
10- 4 8983 Geo. B. Grimes, two lanterns, forage department. . 2.50
10- 4 8984 Wesley Greene, one dozen vases, floricultural de-
partment 1.65

10- 4 8985 J. E. Graff, drug supplies. Rest Cottage 6.40

10- 4 8986 Hawkeye Press Clipping Bureau, press clippings,

March to September 26.00

10-

4

8987

10-

4

8988

10-

4

8989

10-

4

8990

10-

4

8991

10-

4

8992

10-

4

8993

10-

4

8994

10-

4

8995

10-

4

8996

10-

4

8997

10-

4

8998

10-

4

8999

10-

4

9000

10-

4

9001

10-

4

9002

10-

4

9003

10-

4

9O04

312 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Harrison Printing Co., printing 9.25

Henry W. Gutshall, rental 10 acres of ground 70.00

Inland Printing Co., printing 6.25

Koch Bros. Printing Co., office supplies, grounds. . 1.75

Lewis-Wallace Printing Co., printing 48.70

Loetscher, Jaeger Mfg. Co., rental of show case 5.00

Miller Clean Towel Supply, towel service, 1911 fair 27.50

D. E. Moon Printing Co., printing 19.20

O. A. Olson, special committee work 37.15

Pratt-Mendsen Co., 9%M premium list envelopes. 25.24
Postal Telegraph Co., messages, .July, August and

September 5.75

Remington Typewriter Co., typewriter adjustment. .50

Tablet & Ticket Co., gummed letters and figures. . 8.14

Talbot-Eno Co., 2M post cards 9.50

Underwood Typewriter Co., rental of machine.... 1.00
U. S. Express Co., express bills, .June, July and

August 38.87

J. H. Welch Printing Co., printing 40.00

Wells Fargo Co.. express bills June, July and Aug-

gust 20.54

10-4 9005 Ora Williams, superintendent publicity depart-
ment 550.00

10- 4 9006 Western Union Telegraph Co., messages, June to

September inclusive 59.03

10- 4 9007 Weldon, Williams & Lick, coupon tickets, amp. and

stock pavilion 59.78

A. W. Wheelock, vases, floricultural department. . 9.56

McNamara-Kenworthy Co., office supplies 57.92

Woelfel Leather Co.. car load tan bark 57.70

The Horse Review Co., advertising speed program. 139.78
The Western Horseman Co., advertising speed pro-
gram 94.34

10-5 9013 Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic

Arts, one-half expense college exhibit 686.09

Alex McLennan, advertising Iowa county 20.00

Dr. H. M. Brown, judging cattle 104.85

W. F. Handschin, judging cattle 61.60

Hal Edwards, wagon repairs 2.10

Jas. Horrabin, dirt for barns 130.50

Jas. Horrabin, settlement on culvert contract 293.10

Jas. Horrabin, settlement on grading contrace.... 151.11
A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, balance country newspa-
per advertising account 507.11

Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, band stand alt-
erations and awning support 292.21

J. B. Terry Co., electric light outline, stock pavil-
ion 147.50

Witmer & Kauffman, insurance 397.50

A. R. Corey, expense attending Missouri and Illi-
nois state fairs 41.34

10-

4

9008

10-

4

9009

10-

4

9010

10-

4

9011

10-

4

9012

10-

!)

9014

10-

5

9015

10-

5

9016

10-

7

9017

10-

7

9018-

10-

7

9019

10-

7

9020

10-

7

9021

10-

7

9022

10-

7

9023

10-

7

9024

10-

7

9025

10-

9

9028

10-

9

9029

10-

9

9030

10-

9

9031

10-

9

9032

10-

9

9033

10-

9

9034

10-

9

9035

10-

9

9036

10-

9

9037

10-

9

9038

10-

9

9039

10-

9

9040

10-

9

9041

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 313

10- 7 9026 Massillon Bridge & Structural Co., third estimate

steel contract, machinery building 2,500.00

10- 9 9027 Geo. A. Miller Printing Co., balance on printing

tickets 160.80

Lozier, The Florist, plants and flowers for grounds 198.98

American Laundry, laundry bill, 1911 fair 2.65

Ainerican Iron Works, miscellaneous repairs 11.07

American Steel & Wire Co., fencing 155.47

Backman Sheet Metal Works, sheet metal work. . . 220.73

Beckman Bros., piping and fixtures 79.23

Bright, H. V., turnstile and ticket chopper 110.00

Buck Bros. Co., paint, picture frames and supplies. 187.50

Brown-Camp Hdw. Co., tools and implements 1.69

Ballard-Elliot Co., ticket sellers' bonds 44.00

A. R. Corning & Co., water barrels and supplies,

grounds 11.60

Crane Co., light system supplies 1.62

John T. Christie, insurance 270.00

Des Moines Seed Co., chicken feed, poultry depart-
ment 21.00

10- 9 9042 Des Moines Water Co., water bill, April to Sep-
tember inclusive 485.10

10- 9 9043 Des Moines Coal & Feed Co., coal for boiler, admin-
istration building 32.00

10- 9 9044 Des Moines Hosiery Mills, cinders, machinery build-
ing 2.70

10- 9 9045 Des Moines Tent & Awning Co., rental tents, cots,

bedding, etc 129.30

G. W. Deitz, lime and cement 41.00

F. A. Fish, work, electric light system 6.70

J. F. Fredergill, brick and sand 8.90

Garfield Clothing Co., duck suits, stock pavilion

night show 8.50

Goodwin Brick & Tile Co., tile .'. 27.45

Globe Machinery & Supply Co., pipe and fittings. . . 123.45

Green Foundry & Furnace Works, fittings, cess pool 31.90
Enos B. Hunt, Jr., page ad Des Moines souvenir

book 25.00

Robt. F. Hildebrand, photos, 1911 fair 134.00

A. 0. Harpel, photos of machinery building 15.00

Homestead Printing Co., printing 37.00

A. E. Holmes, engineering, earth work, machinery

building 140.00

Iowa Seed Co., grass seed 11.98

Iowa Pipe & Tile Co., pipe and fittings 54.15

International Harvester Co., implement repairs. . . . 2.65
S. Joseph & Sons, guest buttons and superinten-
dents' badges 135.50

Byron Knapp, office boy, live stock department. . . . 21.00

Chas. Koenigsberger & Sou, harness and repairs. . . 1.45

Langan Bros. Cg., office supplies, grovmds 79.46

10- 9

9046

10- 9

9047

10- 9

9048

10- 9

9049

]0- 9

9050

10- 9

9051

10- 9

9052

10-10

9053

10-10

9054

10-10

9055

10-10

9056

10-10

9057

10-10

9058

10-10

9059

10-10

9060

10-10

9061

10-10

9062

10-10

9063

10-10

9064

10-10

9065

10-10

9066

10-10

9067

10-10

9068

10-10

9069

10-10

9070

10-10

9071

14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Langan Bros. Co., ground supplies 105.82

Geo. L. Longshore, sawdust and mill work 75.68

McCutcheon & Verran Co., insurance 255.00

McDonnell Boiler & Iron Works, boiler repairs 44.25

Nichols Roofing Co., 1 bbl. coal tar 4.75

O. A. Olson, amount paid for damage buggy 75.00

Pitt-Matthews Carriage & Auto Co., implement re-
pairs 3.90

10-10 9072 A. Palmer, Supt. transportation charges Marshall

county school exhibit 10.60

10-10 9073 Pinkerton's Nat'l Detective Agency, detectives, 1911

fair 197.00

Purcell Printing Co., printing 1911 premium list.. 1,063.00

J. H. Queal & Co., lumber 3,303.82

Merchants Transfer Co., freight and transfer

charges, June, July and August 145.68

Register & Leader Co., printing 357.75

Register & Leader Co., engraving 235.58

Register & Leader Co., advertising for bids, machin-
ery building and plumbing 19.06

Rowe Mfg. Co., gates for north fence 10.00

Superior Fixture Co., electric lights and shades. . . . 8.40
Stoner Wall Paper Co., miscellaneous signs and pa-
pering farm house 51.89

Standard Oil Co., asphalt road oil 231.88

Standard Oil Co., kerosene and gasoline for light-
ing 26.37

10-10 9085 Standard Glass & Paint Co., paint, glass, brushes,

etc 276.54

10-10 9086 Paul Storm, office boy, s. e. office, administration

building 21.00

Sherwin-Williams Co., paint 97.15

G. W. Todd & Co., check protector 30.00

Wallaces' Farmer, printing 689.20

Western Newspaper Union, paper 6.40

Whitehead, Hoag Co., premium ribbons, 1911 fair. . 572.93

Willcox-Howell, Hopkins Co., insurance 530.00

Ben Woolgar, hoi'seshoeing 4.00

J. S. Wilson Floral Co., plants and flowers for

grounds 77.19

Younker Bros., merchandise 7.60

Iowa Tplephone Co., exchange service and toll bills,

grounds. May to September inclusive 28.90

10-10 9097 Iowa Tplephone Co., toll bills, April to September

inclusive 26.40

S. Davidson & Bros., furnishings, chairs, etc 118.60

Fred Hethershaw. salary and expense, ass't supt.

agricultural department 456.60

Seick Tent & Awning Co., rental cots, bedding,

tents, etc 508.55

Seick Tent & Awning Co., rental cots, bedding,

tents, etc , 13.90

10-10

9074

10-10

9075

10-10

9076

10-10

9077

10-10

9078

10-10

9079

10-10

9080

10-10

9081

10-10

9082

10-10

9083

10-10

9084

10-10

9087

10-10

9088

lO-lO

9089

10-10

9090

10-10

9091

10-10

9092

10-10

9093

10-10

9094

10-10

9095

10-10

9096

10-10

9098

10-10

9099

10-10

910O

10-10

9101

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL

315

10-10

9102

lO-lO

9103

10-10

9104

10-10

9105

10-10

9106

10-10

9107

10-10

9108

10-10

9109

10-10

9110

10-10

9111

10-10

9112

10-10

9H3

10-10

9114

10-10

9115

10-10

9116

10-10

9117

10-10

9118

10-10

9119

10-10

9120

10-10

9121

10-10

9122

10-10

9123

10-10

9124

10-10

9125

10-10 9126

10-10

9127

10-10

9128

10-10

9129

10-10

9130

10-10

9131

10-10

9132

10-10

9133

10-10

9134

10-10

9135

10-10

9136

10-10

9137

10-10

9138

10-10

9139

Henuinger & Adams, refund pen rent, sheep de-
partment 2.00

U. G. Davidson, refund pen rent, swine department 1.00
J. T. Perry, refund pen rent, swine department. . . . 2.00
F. A. Strong, refund pen rent, svv^ine department. . . 3.00
O. X. Phillips, refund pen rent, swine department. . 7.00
A. O. Stanley, refund pen rent, swine department. . 2.00
Henninger & Adams, refund pen rent, swine depart-
ment 10.00

Cahill Bros., refund stall rent, cattle department. . 4.00
0. V. Battles, refund stall rent, cattle department. . 6.00
Robt. Hazlett, refund stall rent, cattle department. 4.00
Cyrus Tow, refund stall rent, cattle department. . . . 6.00
Chas. Howell, refund stall rent, cattle department. 2.00
J. F. Converse & Co., refund stall rent, cattle depart-
ment 6.00

W. E. Graham, refund stall rent, cattle department 4.00

Carrie Powelson, stenographer, Iowa Pioneers' Assn 60.00

F. Berkey & Son, refund stall rent, horse depart-
ment 2.00

Jos. C. Brunk, refund stall rent, horse department 20.00
Cassidy & Thompson, refund stall rent, horse dei-

partment 1.00

G. A. Chaffee, refund stall rent, horse department. 19.00
A. L. Champlin, refund stall rent, horse department 2.00
G. E. Cole, refund stall rent, horse department. . . . 4.00
W. S. Corsa, refund stall rent, horse department.. 4.00
Fred Crawford, refund stall rent, horse department 8.00
Crawford & Griffin, refund stall rent, horse depart-
ment 4.00

C. B. Dannen & Sons, refund stall rent, horse de-
partment 2.00

Geo. Eggert, refund stall rent, horse department. . . 2.00
Ethelwold Farms, refund stall rent, horse depart-
ment 24.00

O. W. Gale, refund stall rent, horse department 1.00

W. V. Hixson, refund stall rent, horse department. . 6.00
W. H. Inabnet, refund stall rent, horse department. 4.00
Mrs. Harry B. Kinnard, refund stall rent, horse de-
partment 2.00

John Leitch, refund stall rent, horse department. . 8.00
Mrs. John Leitch, refund stall rent, horse depart-
ment 4.00

H. W. Littleton, refund stall rent, horse department 10.00
Harry D. Maxwell, refund stall rent, horse depart-
ment 4.00

Frank McDowell, refund stall rent, horse depart-
ment 4.00

Matt Miller, refund stall rent, horse department. . . 7.00

S. B. Miller, refund stall rent, horse department. . . 4.00

316 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

10-10 9140 O. K. Jack & Horse Co., refand stall rent, horse de-
partment 4.00

10-10 9141 Carl A. Rosenfeld, refund stall rent, horse depart-
ment 4.00

10-10 9142 J. A. Sage, refund stall rent, horse department 2.00

10-10 9143 P. F. Smith, refund stall rent, horse department. . . 2.00
10-10 9144 Mrs. Adam Stirling, refund stall rent, horse depart-
ment 8.00

10-10 9145 Philip Shore, refund stall rent, horse department.. 100
10-10 9146 C. C. Van Meter, refund stall rent, horse department 2.00
10>-10 9147 Fred Williams, refund stall rent, horse department 2.00
10-10 9148 H. C. Young, refund stall rent, horse department. . 4.00
10-10 9149 Peter Bergen, refund stall rent, horse department. 6.00
10-10 9150 E. L. Beck, miscellaneous expense, poultry depart-
ment 2.62

10-10 9151 A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll grounds depart-
ment 169.95

lO'-ll 9152 A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, forage bills, various de-
partments 51.15

10-11 9153 O'Dea Hardware Co., hardware supplies, 1911 814.99

10-11 9154 Ed Cree, oats and straw, forage department 285.22

10-11 9155 Shannon & Mott Co., mill feed, forage department. 1,318.63
10-12 9156 J. Fred Olander, expense judge school exhibits. . . . 43.79
10-12 9157 A. V. Storm, Superintendent, pay roll school ex-
hibits department 199.97

10-12 9158 Canital City Cartage Co., freight and delivery

charges 1.31

10-12 9159 Pray & Comerford, balance plumbing contract and

extra work 1 41.13

10-13 9160 Gus Strohmeier, advertising Sac County 15.00

10-13 9161 C. E. Cameron, expense attending Missouri and Ok-
lahoma state fairs 54.25

10-14 9162 Canital City Hay Commission Co., wild hay, forage

department 62.76

10-16 9163 O. W. Mullen, advertising Pocahontas county 10.00

10-16 9164 Downing Electric Co., balance on supplies and fit-
tings, light system 386.19

10-16 9165 W. W. Watson, repairing locks 6 .00

10-16 9166 J. E. Lovejoy, fourth estimate gen'l contract ma-
chinery building 4,000.00

10-17 9167 L. S. Kline, refund pen rent, poultry department.. 1.00

10-18 9168 C. W. Phillips, auditing committee meeting 37.00

10-18 9169 Walter Nutt, ticket taker 2 days. 1910 fair 5.00

10-20 9170 H. R. Baker, advertising Wapello county 12.00

10-20 9171 W. C. Treloar, advertising Boone county 15.00

10-21 9172 H. G. McMillan & Sons, refund special premiums,

Percheron futurity 60.00

10-21 9173 W. S. Corsa, refund special premiums, Percheron

futurity 30.00

10-21 9174 .1. C. Robinson, refund special premiums, Percheron

futurity 100.00

10-21 9175 C. E. Cameron, executive committee meeting 26.00

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 317

10-21 9176 O. A. Olson, executive committee meeting 27.50

10^21 9177 Ferguson Printing Co., printing 10.00

10-23 9178 Bishard Bros., printing 9.75

10-23 9179 The Gray Livery, livery, Iowa Pioneers' Assn 1.50

10-23 9180 Smith-Premier Typewriter Co., machine rent 1.00

10-23 9181 J. A. Duitman, printing 16.75

10-23 9182 B. F. Osborne, miscellaneous expense, Iowa Pio-
neers' Ass'n 55.55

10-23 9183 O. A. Olson, expense attending Missouri and Ok-
lahoma state fairs 54.59

10-23 9184 A. J. Hunter, advertising Calhoun county 10.00

10-24 9185 W. W. Wallace, painting stock pavilion roof 15.00

10-26 9186 A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll grounds de-
partment 156.92

10-30 9187 Des Moines Structural Steel Works, channels and

angles, machinery building 89.88

10-30 9188 W. H. Reed, rent cash register, forage department 5.00

10-30 9189 C. L. Dahlherg, reporting hearing Hopley protest. . 4.10

10-30 9190 Ogo Sales Co., closet disinfectant 10.00

10-31 9191 C. A. Nash, salary for October 100.00

10-31 9192 Elsie Colton, salary for October 100.00

10-31 9193 ,1. H. Deemer, salary for October 83.33

11- 1 9194 Grahl-Hermann Co., extra work, machinery build-
ing 314.32

11-1 9195 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 10.00

11- 2 9196 R. S. Johnston, expense attending Illinois state fair 18.30
11-2 9197 Iowa State College of Agriculture & Mechanic Arts,

one-half expense college exhibit, second bill.... 12.95

11-2 9198 Iowa Telephone Co., toll bills, Ames station .50

11- 6 9199 R. W. Lamson, advertising Jefferson county 15.00

11-6 9200 R. W. Lamson, additional advertising, Jefferson

county 5.00

11- 6 9201 A. R. Corey, Acting Sec'y, pay roll grounds depart-
ment 111.00

11-13 9202 Iowa Ass'n Countv & District Fairs, annual dues

1911 4.00

11-13 9203 American Ass'n Fairs & Expositions, annual dues

1911 25.00

11-13 9204 E. R. Harlan, five helpers Pioneers' day 12.50

] 1-15 9205 Nat'l Ass'n of Stallion Registry Boards, annual

dues 1911 10.00

11-17 9206 J. E. Walsh, appraising machinery, etc 50.00

11-17 9207 A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary, balance county ad-
vertising 20.00

11-17 9208 A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary, balance pay roll ac-
count 1910 ■. 2.90

11-23 9209 W. H. Brereton, Brick for cess pools 63.75

11-23 9210 O'Donnell Printing Co., supplies treasurer's depart-
ment 9.50

11-23 9211 Iowa Pipe and Tile Co.. pipe 6.00

11-23 9212 Pray and Comerford, plumbing repairs 2.35

318 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

11-23 9213 Grahl Herman Co., eaves spouting machinery build-
ing 148.15

Ben Woolgar, horse-shoeing 13.50

Burroughs Adding Machine Co., cleaning machine. 1.35

Wells Fargo Co., express bills for October .35

S. Joseph & Sons Co., 2 watches for dairy premiums

and engraving and expressing cups (premiums) 54.70

J. E. Lovejoy, tile, brick and sand, cess pools 27.76

De's Moines Water Co., water bills, October 9.52

Iowa Press Clipping Bureau, press clippings 4.00

U. S. Express Co., express bills, September 1.55

American Express Co., express bills, September,

October 1.15

Des Moines Rubber Stamp Co., rubber stamps .30

Remington Typewriter Co., machine repairs 6.00

Iowa Telephone Co., toll bills — Ames station .25

A. R. Corey, Acting Secretary, pay roll grounds de-
partment 80.25

J. L. Moyer, storing hog crates 1911 fair 10.00

Jas. H. Deemer, salary for November 83.37

C. A. Nash, salary for November 100.00

Elsie Colton, salary for November 100.00

O. O. Smith, balance architect fees 235.06

Des Moines Electric Co., payment on electrical sup-
plies 6,600.00

11-29 9233 Massillon Bridge & Structural Co., 4th estimate

steel contract on machinery building 1,200.00

11-29 9234 J. E. Lovejoy, 5th estimate, general contract, ma-
chinery building 1,000.00

11-29 9235 J. E. Lovejoy, second estimate closet contract am-
phitheater 400.00

11-29 9236 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage executive

committee meeting 26.00

11-29 9237 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com-
mittee meeting 27.50

11-29 9238 G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer's salary 1911 100.00

Total $195,807.49

11-23

9214

11-23

9215

11-23

9216

11-23

9217

11-23

9218

11-23

9219

11-23

9220

11-23

9221

11-23

9222

11-23

9223

11-24

9224

11-25

9225

11-28

9226

11-29

9227

11-29

9228

11-29

9229

11-29

9230

11-29

9231

11-29

9232

Dr. Geo, M. Chappel, Director of the Iowa Weather and Crop
Service, read his final report for the state showing total yield and
value of soil products, as follows .-

IOWA CROPS— FINAL REPORT, 1911.

FINAL REPORT FOR THE STATE TOTAL YIELD OF SOIL PRODUCTS — VALUE AT FARM

PRICE, DECEMBER 1, 1911.

Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the
Iowa Weather and Crop Service, and threshermen, showing the average
yield per acre and total yields of staple soil products, and the average

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 319

price at the farms, or nearest stations, December 1, 1911. The value
gained by feeding farm crops for production of live stock, poultry and
dairy products, is not taken into consideration in this report. The con-
ditions were never better for seeding, planting and cultivating than ob-
tained during the early part of the season. Corn was laid by much earlier
than usual, and the stand was practically perfect. The outlook was ex-
cellent on the 1st of July; but the excessively high temperatures during
the first five days of July, and the drought that prevailed over the larger
part of the state during June and July, and in the western and southern
counties during the entire summer, cut down the prospective yields mate-
rially, and yet with these adverse conditions the total output of the state,
and especially the average yield of corn, is much larger than in the dry
years of 1894 and 1901.

Corn. — The estimated acreage of the corn crop is 8,534,500 acres, or
163,000 acres more than were planted last year, as shown by the report of
the township assessors. The average yield per acre for the state this
year was 32.9 bushels, making a total yield of 281,366,600 bushels. The
average farm price on December 1st was 54 cents per bushel, making the
aggregate value $151,937,964. Last year the estimated yield was 39.7
bushels per acre; aggregate yield, 354,506,500 bushels; average farm price
was 36 cents; total value $127,622,340. "While the rains in August and
September increased the yield, the rains in October caused much of the
corn in shock to mold, and the crop, as a whole, is not in as good condi-
tion as it was on December 1, 1910. There was much more than the usual
amount of cloudy, damp weather during September, October and Novem-
ber, which prevented the crop from drying out and corn picked for seed
and hung in cribs or sheds was badly damaged by the severe freezing
weather on November llth-12th.

Oats. — The area harvested was 4,660,500 acres; average yield, 25.7
bushels per acre; total yield, 120,208,300; aggregate value at 41 cents per
bushel, $59,285,403.

Spring Wheat. — Area harvested, 358,510 acres; average yield, 13.1 bush-
els per acre; total yield, 4,674,500; price per bushel, 86 cents; total value,
$4,020,070.

Winter Wheat. — Area harvested, 200,762 acres; average yield per acre,
19.7 bushels; total yield, 3,959,000; average price, 93 cents per bushel;
total value, $3,681,870.

Barley. — Average per acre, 22.9 bushels; total yield, 7,197,090 bushels;
farm price, 90 cente per bushel; total value, $6,477,381.

Rye. — Average yield, 16.8 bushels per acre; total crop, 486,130 bushels:
farm price, 79 cents per bushel; total value, $384,043.

Flax Seed. — Average per acre, 8.5 bushels; total product, 173,710 bush-
els; total value at $2,00 per bushel, $347,420.

Potatoes. — Average yield per acre, 71 bushels; total yield, 9,386,390
bushels; average price, 71 cents; total value, $8,353,887.

Hay (Tame). — Average yield, 0.8 ton; total yield, 3,246,200 tons; aver-
age price, $13.44; total value, $43,628,928.

3 20 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Hay {Wild). — Average yield, 0.9 ton; total yield, 683,385 tons; average
price, $10.28; total value, $7,024,188.

TABULATED CROP SUMMARY.

Corn 281,366,600 bu. $151,937,964

Oats .' 120,208,300 bu. 59,285,403

Spring wheat 4,674,500 bu. 4,020,070

Winter wheat 3,959,000 bu. 3,681,870

Barley 7,197,090 bu. 6,477,381

Rye 486,130 bu. 384,043

Flax 173,710 bu. 347,420

Potatoes 9,386,390 bu. 8,353,887

Hay (tame) 3,246,200 tons. 43,628,928

Hay (wild) 683,385 tons. 7,024,188

Pasturage and grazing estimated 80,000,000

Ensilage " 3,250,000

Timothy and clover seed " 800,000

Alfalfa and millet " 600,000

Sweet corn " 950,000

Pop corn " 250,000

Fruit crop " 9,000,000

Garden truck " 1,000,000

Miscellaneous crops " 8,000,000

Total value $388,991,154

The estimated value of soil products for 1910 was 362,470.791

GEORGE M. CHAPPEL,

Director.

Following- Dr. Chappel's report, Professor C. F. Curtiss of
Ames, Iowa, gave a short address dealing with agricultural prob-
lems.

On motion the convention adjourned luitil 1:30 o'clock p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

('onvention was called to order at 1:80 oV-lock by President
Cameron.

The President introduced Hon. A. L. Sponsler, Secretary of the
Kansas State Fair at Hutchinson, Kansas, who addressed the
convention as follows :

SOME PHASES OF FAIR MANAGEMENT.

.\. L. SPONSLER, HUTCHINSON, KANSAS.

"I didn't come to Des Moines to teach Iowa how to run a fair. I first
want to congratulate you upon your reputation of having an all around

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 321

great agricultural state fair second to none in America — a show of the
resources of your magnificent state.

To one acquainted with fairs there are many angles if divertisement
and I shall only attempt to notice some phases of this great subject of
fair management.

Agricultural fairs hold a unique place in the world. There is nothing
like them, neither is there anything that will take their place. They have
been in vogue for a century or more in one form or another. They grew
out of the conception of men that comparison is a necessary element In
forming judgment. By comparing things with like things, a better judg-
ment could be obtained than any other method. It was thus that all our
improved breeds of cattle and live stock generally was improved. So far
as app€arances is concerned, the same may be said of all agricultural
products that are produced from the soil. All departments of the fair
grew in these respects and grew up in this way, except the speed ring. In
that appearances could not, and did not count, because a different purpose
other than good looks and good appearances was the objective point. A
very good looking horse might be very poor as a road horse. This is one
of the mooted questions relating to fairs generally and one with which
it is most difficult to deal as a general proposition. All other departments
seem to be readily and easily understood by the general public. Not so
with the races. This of course is because horse racing has sometimes been
abused and the race horses have been used for purely gambling and un-
tenable purposes. This department of fairs perhaps needs our attention
more just now than any other. Considerable discussion is going on in the
horse press of America relative to better racing and making of it a more
attractive feature. Too many people of course think the racing means
nothing more than a race for the money at the wire. They do not stop
to think of the time, patience and expense the breeders have been
to in order to produce the very horses before their eyes. Perhaps the
entries of no one department of the fair has cost so much. It took a
long time to produce a horse that could make an attractive race as we
have them nowaday. America has produced what is termed the harness
horse. It was done not only by intelligent breeding, but also by trials at
speed. It was for the development of this American horse that race
courses were built. In speed trials the horse of the best bone sinew, ten-
don, muscle, lung power, energy and spirit won. In breeding, these win-
ners were mated. The others were discarded. The first three minute
horse filled .the hearts of the people of his day with joy and admiration
as much as does the two minute horse of today. But it has taken the
intelligent mating of the best for many years to produce the horse we
have today and it was the men who did this mating that produced these
horses, that founded the turf. They popularized the turf, because it had
a purpose. Today we tetter understand that purpose than did many of
the people along the earlier times or do many people today who will not
stop to think of the real purpose of the racing at the fairs. It was the
only possible means by which this horse could have been produced. It is
the only possible way which premiums could be offered for the best. It
21

:j22 TOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

has resulted in a better horse and it is the horse that everybody loves.
He is the horse useful and beautiful — the all purpose horse for road and
plow — for country and city — for pleasure and work and pride and leisure.
But he carries the blood of centuries and is the highest developed in
America. Apropos to this we never tire of a story we once heard told by
Ex-Governor Hoard of Wisconsin.

During the civil war the confederate forces surprised and routed the
union troops at Winchester and had them on the run. Companies, bat-
talions, batteries, regiments and all were on a disorderly retreat. A great
victory for the confederates was apparently inevitable. The Ex-Governor
himself was then a private soldier, trudging with thousands of others
along the dusty high-way in the mad rush to get somewhere, anywhere, as
a place of safety and avoid captivity or death. While in this condition
General Phil Sheridan concluding his famous ride of twenty miles, turned
this disorder and defeat into victory. Governor Hoard says: "I shall
never forget that pandemonium, neither shall I ever forget the change that
overcome our forces when General Sheridan came riding by us with hat
in air and giving the command to form face about for re-engagement. I
shall never forget the horse he rode as he came in from his famous ride
of twenty miles all covered with dust and foam, because it was due to
the efforts of that horse that the commanding general could be present
and that horse had been bred for 2,000 years to perform that task."

It is to perpetuate this great American horse that the turf still exists
and is still loopular. There have been objectors to the racing because it is
claimed it is cruelty to animals. This is because appearances are de-
ceptive. They see the horses turn and come to the wire for the word,
each in the very pink of condition and every driver alert for the least
advantage. The horses themselves seem almost as eager as the drivers
and the spectators. People hear the starter give the word "go" and watch
them round the track with the very greatest interest and nervous tention.
They see these horses finishing their mile, exerting every fiber of their
body, calling on their greatest energy as well as an indomitable spirit
and they come on with ears set, eyes glaring, nostrils distended in sweat
and foam, each urged onward by expert reinsmen. There is a very delir-
ium of excitement on the part of the spectators and they lustily cheer
the winner. A fault finder says this is cruelty to animals as he sees them
led into the paddock, super-heated and panting. He does not stop to
think that this horse has been bred for endurance as well as time and he
also forgets to observe that many of the fastest horses have lived to the
ripe old age of from twenty-five to thirty-five. Time forbids the naming
of the long list of the queens and kings of the turf that have trotted and
paced the fastest miles over the American turf that lived to these ripe
old ages.

There is proof abundant that the turf has its ligitimate place as a de-
partment in our agricultural fairs and it is for us to determine how best
to perform the task in these respects, set for us today. There are many
suggestions being made. My suggestion is that we set about to raise the
standard of the turf in the estimation of the horsemen as well as the
puljlic, thereby hoping to make it more attractive and more profitable to

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VL 323

the breeders and to the Fair Associations. The day was when breeders
raised their horses and tried them out in friendly contest witli little or
nothing at stake, except to ascertain which was the best one. They were
proud of their product. With the almost finished product we should be
able to do much ipore with the horse than was then accomplished. Most
of the great fairs 'have instituted horse shows. These shows are for the
encouragement of saddlers, drivers and various others for fashionable as
well as useful purposes. For the encouragement of breeders more atten-
tion should be paid to the various breeds and classifications and more
classes in the horse shows should be devoted to their interests. The breed-
er who can train a stable of horses and carry with him others for pre-
mium and show purposes, would occupy an ideal position in the horse
world. It would elevate the business and tend to solve the problem of
starters in races. The public will never weary or grow tired of the speed
horse whether shown on the race track, in the show ring or when led or
driven out for a class pi'emium.

There seems to be an almost impossible barrier between the horsemen
who fancy the standard-bred and those who fancy the thoroughbred. The
former seems at times to forget how much he owes to the blood of the
thoroughbred and just because he personally fancies the line of breeding
which has lead to the high class standard-bred of today, rather than the
branch that continued the development of the thoroughbred, he should
not hate the latter. The thoroughbred also has his place and that place
should be accorded with a hearty good will. Probably one of the greatest
reasons why the thoroughbred has fallen into disrespect by many is be-
cause he has not been handled as has the standard-bred. He has not had
the protecting care of racing associations as has the standard-bred. No
standard-bred racing can exist without being conducted under the rules
of the American Trotting Association or some similar organization. The
thoroughbred has been misused and abused, but that does not detract
from the nobility of the horse himself. It is an insinuation against those
who have prostituted him. To serve the baser proposes of the baser ele-
ment. There are as high class breeders of thoroughbreds as there are
of standard-breds (though of course not so many of them,) principally be-
cause the thoroughbred cannot be put to so many useful purposes as can
the standard-bred. No breed of horses in the world dan boast of the
princely sums that have been paid recently for thoroughbreds. The
thoroughbred is not passing. His popularity has waned, but it will be
regained. He has a place in the making of the great American horse
a,nd will retain his place on the American turf. As a proof I will cite
to an article in the November Breeders Gazette:

"As a contrast to the sales of thoroughbreds in the United States with-
in the last two years are some sales in other parts of the world. At a
sale in Sidney, Australia, in Easter week 1910, 38.5 thoroughbred yearlings
were sold for an average of over $972 each. At Doncaster yearling sales
in September 1911, 298 lots made an average of $1,905. In Argentine
recently 188 yearlings sold at an average of nearly $6,500; twelve Cyl-
lene colts made an average of $15,000 and eight fillies made an average
of $7,500. Thirteen Polar Star colts made an average of $9,500 and ten

3 24 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

fillies averaged $6,000. Seven colts and seven fillies by Diamond Jubilee
fetched respectively an average of $8,000 and $4,000. Fourteen Jardy
colts reached an average of $10,000, and six fillies an average of $5,000.
The Vale d'Or colts averaged $4,500, the ten fillies $5,000. Eight other
sires of less fame were represented. There are five notable horses in Ar-
gentina studs: Diamond Jubilee by St. Simon, for which $150,000 was
paid; Cyllene by Bona Nota, costing a similar amount; Jardy and Vale
d'Or by Flying Fox, sold for $150,000 and $140,000 respectively, and
Polar Star by Pioneer for $90,000.

There is nothing in the "Old Glory Sale" or any other sale of standard
bred or any other breed of horses that has sold anywhere in the world for
such prices. The general public likes a running race and it is up to the
Fair Associations of the United States to popularize them. In no way can
this be done better than by the general recognition of some certain gov-
erning organization similar to that of the American Trotting Association
government and control the thoroughbred racing. It is simply a question
whether or not the Fair Associations themselves will compel all thorough-
bred racing to be under certain rules and government. Will they do it?
We fully realize that we are laying ourselves liable to be burnt at the
stake by one or all of tlie great horse journals of our country, but never-
theless a day will come when they will recognize the wisdom of this sug-
gestion in this or some other form.

I am reminded right here of another phase of the agricultural Fair
problem, and that is that we have no literature — no compilation contain-
ing the knowledge and experience of successful fair managers. In the
United States there are about 900 fairs held. They have an attendance
of about 30,000,000 people. No other feature affecting the ninety-millions
of people of America has had so little attention paid to. it by government.
It would seem that where such a large percentage of our entire popula-
tion is interested in one particular sort of thing that there would be more
general demand for a concentrated knowledge expressed in books as the
result of investigations, experiences and observations — but we have no
literature. We are still plodding along using what legendary lore we can
absorb, and much of that escapes us because there is no storehouse for it.
Why this is as it is, is an interesting question, arising in the mind of
ambitious fair managers who seek for aid, assistance or comfort. Of
course agricultural fairs are never greater than their management. Just
as no thing or no enterprise, no article or no book is greater than the
conception of the maker or producer. We hold these meetings here and
there throughout the United States, first locally, then more generally and
we have been holding them for years and years and still if a man were
to go out into the market to buy something that would aid in a statistical
or any other way, he would find the market bare and void. We evidently
are a class of men who strive for the best interests of the fair we rep-
resent and then recede. We appear in the lime light a week and then
retire to the preparation room. Our course reminds me of the story of
Bret Hart's wherein he wrote of once observing in the mountains of north-
ern Oregon the deserted cabin of an old miner, built in a hollow over a
little stream. It was out in the wilds of a lovely country, lonely, for-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 32 5

lorn and forgotten. As lie sat musing as to what that old cabin had
probably meant to some hopeful soul, a blue jay came gliding along and
lit on the roof of the old cabin. The blue-jay held an acorn in his mouth.
He peered about and his bright eye observed a knot hole in the roof of the
cabin and looking about first this way and then that a moment as if in
meditation, he finally deposited the acorn in the knot hole. It was to be
his winter storehouse. He flew away — presently he came back in com-
pany with a few others, each bearing an acorn and each in turn deposited
the acorn in the knot hole, and were gone. They returned with still
more birds with still more acorns. They kept that up for a long time until
it seemed that all the blue-jays in northern Oregon were engaged in car-
rying acorns and depositing them in that knot hole. A wise old jay bird
as if wondering when there task would be completed and the cabin filled
with winter food cast about, only to discover that there was no floor in
the cabin and the little stream was carrying those acorns away to obli-
vion as fast as they were deposited.

So it seems to me is the case of the fair secretaries and managers of
the United States. Annually they learn various lessons, have various ex-
periences— they are usually communicative and join willingly with any
bunch of their kind for the good of the order, but so far, they have been
depositing acorns through the knot hole only to be carried to oblivion.
It would be invaluable to fair managers if some method were devised
whereby the information relative to fairs could be gotten in some con-
crete form and the business thus reduced to more of a science. Science is
classified knowledge. The market for a book containing classified knowl-
edge relating to fairs could not be sold in suflBcient numbers probably to
pay the author. Therefore, the probability is, that it will have to remain
in this scattered shape until the agricultural department at Washington
takes it up, collates and publishes its history, experience, observations,
faults, failures, successors and all and then issues an annual thereafter.

Although so many people are interested in their agricultural fairs it
requires a large amount of tactful advertising to bring them hitherward.
The advertisement must be so written as to attract their attention and con-
vince them that the fair is worth while. A fair is a business proposition
pure and simple. It cannot be regarded in any other light. A prominent
manager of a big advertising firm recently remarked that "to do business
without advertising was like winking at a girl in the dark. You know
Tvhat you are doing but she doesn't." You cannot conduct a fair without
judicious advertising any more than any other business. But there is no
concentrated literature on this subject. This like every other feature of
a fair is left to the management. The ability of many of the secretaries
of fairs is judged largely from the character of his advertising.

A secretary may be a success in every way but if a failure as an ad-
' vertiser he is consigned to the junk pile. There is no settled rule as to
how much one should spend in advertising — every association must
advertise according to its prospects. Every other department must be
conducted along similar lines. In the contemplation of the total expense
in the way of premiums, advertising and other items of expense, there

326 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

is a general rule which may be followed successfully. That is, that in
no case must the possible expenditures exceed the probable receipts from
attendance. A fair cannot be bigger than the community in which it is
located. Of course there are some exceptions to this statement because of
environment. The Kansas State Fair at Hutchinson draws its patronage
from a large area. If the State Fair of Missouri or the State Fair of
Ohio for instance drew as large a percentage of the total population liv-
ing within an area the size that the Hutchinson fair draws from they
would have an attendance of more than a million. So, environment cuts
considerable figure. In advertising this might as well be taken into con-
sideration and in many instances considerable expense in the way of ad-
vertising may be saved.

Every management must figure on where the people are to come from
and then advertise in a way to get them. The great state — supported,
state-controlled, state fair owes it as a duty, perhaps to reach out co-ex-
tensive with the state, but all other fair organizations are guilty of waste
if they extend their advertising beyond the reach of their probabilities.

In making up the premium list of a county or district fair the prob-
able attendance of course must be considered, likewise all other expense.
Whenever the expense becomes greater than the probable attendance will
justify, then the fair will certainly fail in making profits, if indeed, it
can make expenses. Notwithstanding a faii* is a weather bet and a fight
against thieves, the managers are usually held responsible and in their
figuring on possible expense, they must always take into consideration
the fact that weather and thieves are liable to encroach upon their prob-
able earnings. I have been asked what proportion should the purse of-
fering for races be to the total premium list. My reply is that all things
being equal the total might be commensurate with the probable attendance
and the amount devoted to racing must be according to the interest the
particular community takes in turf events. As a general rule fairs do not
flourish without racing. The racing is an important feature and in nor-
mal communities as much money can be devoted by county and district
fairs to the turf as there is to the premiums of the other departments.
Especially so if interesting and high class free attractions are inter-
spersed between heats. This class of entertainment will fill the grand-
stand and please the people. It is almost impossible to interest a large
audience with exhibits only. There must be interesting and exciting en-
tertainment. Old people are just grown children and when it comes to a
big all round old-fashioned agricultural fair it takes everything to make
it complete, — barring of course intoxicating liquors and immorality.
As to the latter a safe rule to establish is, that nothing shall occur on
the grounds beneath the average morality of the community in which
the fair is held. Then the goody-goody man has no kick which he can
justify neither the base representative of the under world. A fair built'
thus along educational lines, which is also inspirational and recreational,
well balanced as to expenditures as based upon probable receipts, will
win the public favor and make profits to build the fair bigger and better.
Or if it be a state supported fair additional appropriations will be more
easily secured.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 327

Live Stock and Agricultural Departments, Women's Departments, Farm
Implements Departments, Concessions, Free Attractions and other features
deserve special discussion, but each requires more time than allotted.

Iowa is generally regarded as an example for ambitious fair managers
to follow. You have the men, the means and the resources, and you de-
serve the highest commendation for your leadership in this important
factor in the agricultui'al development of our common country.

If I have said something in these remarks that will be helpful to any
one engaged in fair management cf either big or little fairs I shall feel
repaid.

The President announced that Hon. E. J. Watson, Commissioner
of Agriculture and Immigration for the State of South Carolina,
who was expected to address the convention, was unable to be
present.

The Committee on Resolutions offered the following report,
which was unanimously adopted:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX RESOLUTIONS.

Resolved, That we most heartily thank the officers and directors of
this society for the prudent, careful and intelligent manner in which
they have conducted the business affairs of Iowa's great fair and expo-
sition. Their devotion and untiring efforts has given Iowa the greatest
fair and exposition in the world, and thus they have assisted very largely
in giving this state the prestige of the tremendous advertising its farm
values, products and manufacturing interests justly deserve.

Resolved, That, believing the lAva Association of County and District
Fair Managers to be of great value and assistance in developing the
agricultural interests of various counties at the county fairs, we would
recommend that all county and district fairs in the state affiliate with
and send delegates to the annual meetings of that association.

W. M. CL.VBK,
T. W. PURCELL,

H. C. Leach,

Committee.

The Committee on Credentials made the folloAving report :

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS.

Mr. President. — We, the undersigned, your Committee on Credentials,
beg to report that the eighty-three (83) following named persons are
duly accredited delegates to this State Agricultural Convention.

c. w. hoffmax,
Chas. W. Bradley,

e. j. curtix.

Committee.

328 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DELEGATES ENTITLED TO VOTE IN THE STATE AGRICULTURAL
CONVENTION, DECEMBER 14, 1911.

FAEMEES INSTITUTES.

Appanoose County D. D. Whitton, Moulton

Bremer County J. W. Bennett, Janesville

Buena Vista County C. A. Fulton, Storm Lake

Calhoun County T. W. McCreary, Rockwell City

Cerro Gordo County D. McArthur, Mason City

Dallas County H. L. Neff, Dallas Center

Decatur County CM. Akes, Leon

Floyd County J. R. Waller, Charles City

Mills County Chas. H. Summers, Malvern

Monona County W. M. McBeath, Whiting

O'Brien County Albert Schultz, Paullina

Page County J. E. Sawhill, Clarinda

Pocahontas County .W. W. Linnan, Pocahontas

Ringgold County Grant Stahl, Diagonal

Union County Wm. Brown, Afton

Warren County Silas Igo, Indianola

Wright County J. C. Middleton, Eagle Grove

COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIR ASSOCIATIONS.

Buchanan County Agricultural Society A. G. Rigby, Independence

Buena Vista County Agricultural Society A. L. Denio, Alta

Calhoun County Fair Association C. G. Kaskey, Manson

Rockwell City Pair Association L. E. Eslick, Rockwell City

Cass County Agricultural Society E. F. Berg, Atlantic

North Iowa Fair Association Arthur Pickford, Nora Springs

Chickasaw County Agricultural Society G. M. Bigelow, New Hampton

Big Four Fair Association C. L. Putney, Nashua

Davis County Agricultural Society H. C. Leach, Bloomfield

Franklin County Agricultural Society T. W. Purcell, Hampton

Hancock County Agricultural Society F. B. Rogers, Britt

Hardin County Agricultural Society J. H. Hadley, Eldora

Henry County Agricultural Society C. H. Tribby, Mt. Pleasant

Victor District Agricultural Society J. P. Bowling, Victor

Jasper County Agricultural Society F. E. Meredith, Newton

Johnson County Agricultural Society Geo. A. Hitchcock, Iowa City

Kossuth County Agricultural Society F. A. Corey, Wesley

Columbus Junction District Fair Association

O. M. Calvin, Columbus Junction

Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Association

Chas. W. Bradley, Rock Rapids

Madison County Agricultural Society T. J. Hudson, Winterset

Marshall County Fair Association W. M. Clark, Marshalltown

Mills County Agricultural Society W. L. Summers, Malvern

Monona County Fair Association R. W. Cassidy, Whiting

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI. 329

Union District Agricultural Society J. C. Nichols, West Liberty

O'Brien County Agricultural Society J. B. Murphy, Sutherland

Big Four District Fair Association C. C. Patty, Fonda

Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society ... James Nowak, Malcom

Sac County Agricultural Societj^ Gus Strohmeier, Sac City

Shelby County Agricultural Society .L. H. Pickard, Harlan

Sioux County Agricultural Society J. E. Morris, Ireton

Warren County Fair Association Joe McCoy, Indianola

Forest City Park and Fair Association R. E. Hanson, Forest City

Interstate Live Stock and Fair Association Joe Morton, Sioux City

Wright County Agricultural Society W. C. Brown, Clarion

COUNTIES WHERE NO FAIRS WERE HELD.

Appanoose County Joe Price, Unionville

Clarke County John Ledgerwood, Weldon

Dallas County O. L. Gray, Dallas Center

Decatur County C. W. Hoffman, Leon

Des Moines County ' I. R. Hale

Emmet County N. J. Lee, Estherville

Floyd County James A. King, Charles City

Guthrie County F. M. Hopkins, Guthrie Center

Ida County B. M. Hester, Ida Grove

Lucas County D. A. McMains, Derby

Montgomery County H. E. Deemer, Red Oak

Polk County J. A. Packman, Des Moines

Taylor County Clyde Dunning, Bedford

Union County W. W. Morrow, Afton

Washington County D. J. Palmer, Washington

Webster County D. S. Coughlon, Ft. Dodge

Wayne County Hiram K. Evans, Corydon

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

OFFICERS.

President C. E. Cameron, Alta

Vice President O. A. Olson, Forest City

Secretary A. R. Corey, Des Moines

Treasurer G. S. Gilbertson, Des Moines

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS.

President State Agricultural College E. W. Stanton, Ames

State Veterinarian Dr. J. I. Gibson, Des Moines

State Food and Dairy Commissioner W. B. Barney, Des Moines

DISTRICT MEMBERS.

First District R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction

Second District C. W. Phillips, Maquoketa

Third District E. M. Reeves, Waverly

380 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Fourth District E. J. Curtin, Decorah

Fifth District E. M. Wentworth, State Center

Sixth District T. C. Legoe, What Cheer

Seventh District C. F. Curtiss, Ames

Eighth District F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr

Ninth District I. F. Summers, Malvern

Tenth District J. P. Mullen, Fonda

Eleventh District H. L. Pike. Whiting

On motion the report of the eonnnittee was adopted.

Tlie President announced the next order of business would ])('
the election of officers and members of the State Board of Agri-
culture, President and Vice President for ensuing year. Members
from the odd numbered Congressional Districts for the ensuintr
two years, and a member from Tenth District for the uUexpii-(Ml
term.

Vice President Olson took the chair.

Mr. Joe Morton of Woodbury County placed in nomination for
President of the State Board of Agriculture, ^Ir. C. E. Cameron
of Buena Vista County to succeed himself, and moved if there
were no other nominations that the secretary be instructed to
cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Cameron. The mo-
tion was duly seconded l)y ]Mr. C. W. Hoffman of Decatur County
and -idopted by the convention. The eighty-thrfe (83) votes
were so cast by the secretary and Vice President Olson declared
Mr. C. E. Cameron duly elected pr(\sident of the State Board of
Agriculture for the ensuing year.

For vice president, ^Mr. F. B. Rogers of Hancock County nomi-
nated Mr. 0. A. Olson of Winnebago County to succeed himself,
which nomination wns duly seconded. On motion the rules w'ei-i'
suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the vote of tlie
convention for Mr. Olson. The eighty-three (83) votes were so
cast by the Secretary and jMr. Olson wms declared duly elected
vice president of the State Board of Agriculture for the ensuing
year.

Eor member of the board from Ihe First District Mr. D. .1.
Palmer- of AVashington County nominated Mr. K. S. Johnston of
Louisa County to succeed himself, which jiomination was duly
seconded. There being no other nominations, on motion lahe rules
were suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the entire
vote of the convention for Mr. Johnston. The eighty-three (83)
votes were so east by the secretary and Mr. Johnston was de-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 331

clared duly elected lueniber of the board from the First District
for the ensuing- two years.

For member of the board from the Third District Mr. Legoe
of Keokuk County nominated ]\Ir. Elmer ]\I. Reeves of Bremer
County to succeed himself. There being no other nominations,
the secretary Avas instructed to cast the entire vote of the con-
vention for Mr. Reeves. The secretary so cast the eighty-three
(83) votes and ]Mr. Reeves was declared duly elected member of
the board from the Third District for the ensuing two years.

Mr. W. M. Clark of IMarshall County nominated :\rr. E. M.
Wentworth of ^Marshall County to siijceed himself for member of
the board from the Fifth District. There being no other nomina-
tions the rules were suspentled and the secretary instructed to
cast the entire vote of the convention for ]Mr. Wentworth. Tb^
eighty-three (83) votes were so cast by the secretary and Mr.
Wentworth was declared duly elected member of the l)oard from
the Fifth District for the ensuing two years.

Mr. 0. L. Gray of Dallas County nominated ilr. C. F. Curtiss
of Story County to succeed himself as member of the board from
the Seventh District. There being no other nominations the rules
were suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the entire
vote of the convention for ]\Ir. Curtiss. The secretarj^ so cast
the eighty-three (83) votes and Mr. Curtiss was declared duly
elected member of the i)oard from the Seventh District for the
ensuing two years.

For member of the board from the Ninth District, Mr. W. L.
Summers of Mills County nominated ]\Ir. J. F. Summers of Mills
County to succeed himself. There being no other nominations,
on motion the rules were suspended and the secretary instructed
to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Summers. The
secretary so cast the eighty-three (83) votes of the convention and
Mr. Summers was declared dulj^ elected member of the board from
the Ninth District for the ensuing two years.

Mr. L. E. Esliek of Calhoun County nominated Mr. John P.
Mullen as member of the board from the Tenth District for the
unexpired term. There being no other nominations, the rules
were suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the entire
vote of the convention for Mr. Mullen. The secretary so cast
the eighty-three (83) votes and Mr. Mullen was declared duly
elected member of the board from the Tenth District for the
unexpired term.

3 32 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. Charles W. Bradley of Lyon County nominated Mr. II. L.
Pike of Monona County to succeed himself as member of the board
from the Eleventh District. There being no other nominations,
the rules were suspended and the secretary instructed to cast
the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Pike. The eighty-three
(83) votes of the convention Avere so cast by the secretary and
Mr. Pike was declared duly elected member of the board from
the Eleventh District for the ensuing two years.

On motion the convention adjourned.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 333

PART vn

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Annual Meeting of the Swine
Breeders' Association

1911

BY M. P. HAXCHEE, SECRETAEY.

OFFICERS.

President J. H. Watson, Madrid

First Vice President: B. F. Davidson, Menlo

Second Vice President B. R. Vale, Bonaparte

Secretary M. P. Hancher, Rolfe

IOWA SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

The Iowa Swine Breeders' Association met at Des Moines on
Tuesday, June 20tli. Tlie attendance was good, taking into con-
sideration the urgent work which the crops are demanding at
the present time. The program was opened by an address by
President Watson, who congratulated breeders upon being per-
mitted to meet in this thirtieth annual session of the Swine Breed-
ers' Association. The association was started September 5, 1882,
on the old state fair grounds in Brown's Woods on the west side.
The main object in organizing the association at that time was
to secure better accommodations for the exhibitor of swine at
the state fair. He pointed out that as a reward for the untiring
effors of the association, coupled with a liberal appropriation by
the state legislature, swine breeders are able to point with pride
to the fine swine pavilion and show ring that now adorns the

3 34 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF ACJRICULTURE

state fair grounds, the most complete building of the kind in the
country today.

The president referred to the fact that the breeders had com-
pleted one of the most successful years in the history of the breed-
ing of improved swine, the sales of the past season, while being
clear of fictitious values and boom prices, having broken all rec-
ords measured from an actual cash standpoint while the demand
seems to be increasing for good breeding stock of all the breeds
of improved swine. The South is fairly clamoring for hogs of
all the leading breeds for breeding purposes, denoting the fact
that they have found in the improved hog a great improvement
over the old razor-back hog. The market for hogs for slaughter,
while not as high as a year ago, is yet good and corn marketed
by the hog route is bringing a better price than when sold to the
elevator, besides keeping up the fertility of the farm and saving
the freight. The im])ortance of the swine industry of the state
stands third, only l)eing exceeded by the value of horses and
cattle. The value of the swine of the state January 1, 1911, was
$73,000,000, according to the treasurer's returns.

President Watson called attention to the agitation about the
score card or breed standard. The present types of our improved
swine have taken years of persistent effort and time to bring about
and any radical changes should be made only after deliberately
and carefull}^ considering the possibilities of improving swine.
It is always easier to tear down than to build up. Therefore, it
behooves breeders to be careful and not be carried away by fads
and fancies.

THE STATE FAIR A SCHOOL FOR THE YOUNG BREEDER.

The above subject was discussed by F. L. Emmert, of Mason City, who
began by stating that the state fair is the most practical school for the
young breeder. Some will say the farm is the most practical school,
but at the fair he has all the old and best breeders there as his instructors
and gets advice from them. The young breeder can obtain a great deal
of good just by going to the fair to visit, but the most good is to be
there as an exhibitor. The first thing that the young breeder should and
does learn at the fair is to get a better idea of an ideal hog or standard
of perfection, for he not only sees the best individuals of his own breed
but of all breeds. A very common error of new breeders is that they
have no ideal hog, although sometimes they think they have the best
hogs.. It is very essential for the young breeder to establish a standard
of perfection for no one can win success without an idea of what he
wants and then working up to it. Still another thing he can learn is in

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 335

regard to feeding and management, although the practical part of feeding
and management must be learned on the farm. No one can tell anyone
else how to care for a herd unless he has had some experience, but if a
young breeder has been having trouble in any way he can get advice
from older breeders. Another thing is in regard to sales. That is one
thing that is of great benefit to the young breeder. He can compare
his stuff with what other breeders have there, compare his prices, and
if his stock is up to the standard and his prices are right, his customers
ought to be satisfied. If it is not up to the standard, he is the one who
gets the most benefit from being at the fair, for he can see for himself
that he must do better or he will not stay very long. And having had
that experience, he will come back in a year or two with a herd that
he is not ashamed of.

PURE-BRED SWINE AND THE TENANT FARMER.

Mr. S. D. Mills, of Ames, Iowa, gave an interesting address on pure-
bred swine and the tenant farmer. He called attention to the fact that
Iowa has over 30' per cent rented farms. Illinois has a large per cent.
Illinois and Iowa have the largest per cent of any states in the Union.
A large per cent of these farmers are yearly tenants. A man rents a
farm for one year and then moves away and some one else takes his
place. One reason for this is the rapid advance in the price of farm lands
which has caused the speculative holdings of lands and men who buy
farms for speculative purposes will not lease for more than a year so
as to be able to sell and get more for the land. There is not much
encouragement offered to this tenant farmer on the average farm to keep
any kind of live stock. He cannot afford to pay the rent and graze the
land and with the conditions under which we have to fai'm now he can
hardly go into the dairy business. It is not in the province of any tenant
to go into the pure-bred business. He doesn't know where he is going
to be and can't go ahead, but it is best for him to keep good stock. He
should not go out and pay the highest price for his breeding stuff, but
he ought to buy them of one breed, buy them pure and as near uniform
in type as he can and keep them so. When it comes to the males that
he gets to mate with the sows, that is where breeders have their oppor-
tunity to obtain a permanent customer by furnishing the right kind at
the beginning. This male that he buys should be^ a good individual of
as pure, strong blood lines as it is possible to get. He need not pay
attention to the fancy points, but to the points that mark the breed and
the type that he wants. He should pay particular attention to having a
good, vigorous, strong pig and one that will be a good economical con-
sumer of his feed.

We are quite apt to quote all the good males that we can find in the
pedigree, but how about the other side? Are we giving it the attention
we should? The chances are that if the pig comes from a large litter
that he will be a good feeder. Our dairy friends pay as much attention
to the males and finding out the blood lines and producing lines of the
females back of them as they do in selecting the cows they put in the

3 36 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

herd as producers. Can we trace our pigs back and see if this pig's
dam or that pig's dam was a good mother? It is very essential to the
tenant farmer if he is going to raise hogs at all to know something
about the history of the pigs he buys along this line.

In the discussion that followed Mr. Mills' paper, W. Z. Swallow called
attention to the fact that the picking of brood sows is one of the main
things in the herd. Good mothers and good milkers will raise good
litters, and if you keep it up you will improve your herd right along.

Mr. E. C. Stone, of Peoria, 111., disagreed with Mr. Mills about renters
not keeping pure-bred hogs: Moving, he thought was not a menace to
the fellow in the pure-bred hog business. The farmer who is renting
the land is the man who should be in the pure-bred hog business. The
man who owns the farm and has the money to keep him going can have
the cattle and the horses and the sheep, but the hog business always
pays. Whenever the tenant farmer has a pig on the farm he has money.
It Is the only animal that you don't have to hunt the buyer for. The
pure-bred takes no more feed, care or shelter than the grade hog if he
is the right kind.

Mr. R. W. Halford, Manning, Iowa, gave some first-liand ex-
perience in his comments on Mr. Mills' paper and among other
things said :

This spring I went on a farm where there was practically nothing
except the farm — no hog house or anything but fence for cows. I drove
out about forty head of pure-bred Poland Chinas and got the man to
allow me to put up some fence. Then I made some individual hog
houses and constructed shade out of some old boards and I have hogs
of all sizes and they are doing just as well as when I had them on $1.50
land and a $500 house to put them in. You can raise them just as well
as you can on a farm where you have spent several thousand dollars
fixing up houses, etc., to raise them in.

Others who discussed Mr. Mills' paper were Silas Igo, R.. J.
Harding and 0. W. Browning.

EQUIPMENT OF HOG FARMS.

This subject was taken up by George T. "White, of Dallas Cen-
ter, Iowa, who in part said :

While I was raised with hogs I never raised any pure-bred hogs until
a few years ago. Some of the things I have to say will conflict with
some things that have been said. Not very long ago I read an advertise-
ment of a book on swine raising, so I bought it and read it and there
was actually only one new idea in it and that one idea I don't believe.
When we speak about equipment we usually think of buildings first.
My idea of equipment for raising pure-bred swine is that you must have
something warm and comfortable because you must have your pigs
come on early in the spring. May and June pigs won't make a success
because farmers want bigger pigs in the fall.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 337

A hog farm properly equipped must have a fair-sized central hog
house. I spent considerable time in studying out the plans of my hog
house two years ago. This house is twenty-three feet wide and fifty feet
long, faces the south; pens seven by eight, and alley seven feet wide.
The partitions are all en hinges so they will swing around cross ways
and the cross pieces all on hinges so you can turn it from a dozen small
pens into two large ones. There is only one door which opens out into
the orchard and pasture beyond. I have two good-sized windows for
each pen in the south side and in the upper part two full windows. No
matter when the sun shines my hogs will get it. The floor is cement
throughout and level, but if I w^ere to build again I would build the
alley floor level and the. pens with about two or three inches slope. Then
in the summer time you could have a small pump and could wash it
perfectly clean and I believe it would be a good idea. I have a tank on
the ground and a large pump and it is easy to get what water I need.
The house is connected at one end with the barn and I have a chute
where I can pitch my bedding from the barn into the alley of the hog
house. At the south I have a crib and two bins and between the two
bins and the corn crib I have a sheller and a grinder and a four-horse-
power gasoline engine. I can shovel my com into the sheller from the
crib door and run it into either one of the bins and from the bin into
the grinder and back into the other bin and the meal and the w^ater
are only four' or five feet apart.

But you can't get along with just one hog house, no matter how large
it is. A man should have some individual hog houses and perhaps some,
permanent smaller ones in other yards or pastures because you have
to divide your sows up, putting three or four together, and you can move
the individual hog houses into the different pastures on runners. I don't
use the individual hog houses for farrowing any more, because it is too
much work. It is easier to take care of them in the hog house without
going out into the weather, which means a good deal along in February
or March.

In the discussion that followed Mr. "White's paper R. W. Hal-
ford said that he had a cement floor and found it satisfactory.
It is sanitary and easy to keep clean. He endorsed the cement
wallow. He simply made a ditch and put a wall about four inches
in the ground and run it about eight inches or ten inches above
the ground and then put in the floor about two inches thick. He
runs in the water every two or three days and the pigs run there
whenever they want to. He puts in a little dip or oil and doesn't
need to be afraid of any of his hogs dying with the heat. The
wallow is eight by ten and large enough to accommodate thirty or
forty shoats. For more than that you would have to make it
larger. He put a small tile at one end and made a plug for it so
he could let the water out, but sometimes the hogs rooted it out
23

3 38 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

wlun he didn't Wcint it out, so lie plugged it np and dipped the
water out.

L. C. Reese, Prescott, Iowa, said :

I don't just agree with the first brother in regard to the larger hog
houses. Up to five years ago I had a hog liouse that cost me nearly
$1,000. Then I had the misfortune to lose it by fire. I never raised as
good pigs in that hog house as I have raised since. I have now twenty-
six individual houses. When it comes farrowing time I hitch an old
horse to a sled and I can feed them and care for them as quickly and
easily as if they were all in a large hog house. And when they farrow
you won't have the trouble with one sow disturbing all the rest. To
build a hog house now about sixteen by thirty-two will cost you about
$375 or $400 the cheapest way you can. That will accommodate about
twelve sows which gives them a pen six by six with a four-foot alley
way. You can build individual farrowing pens at about $12 apiece, and
you can put them wherever you want them. You can tell just what each
sow is doing and the pigs won't rob other pigs. Now as to tenant farming
again. My mother now has twenty-one tenants and if you will go with
me and follow around just three months out of the year and see the
expense put on some of these tenant farms you will say the landloi'd is
not all to blame. As a rule if the landlord has a good tenant he will
try to keep that tenant. Another thing in favor of individual farrowing
pens is that it gives them sixteen feet of dirt floor at all times and right
here is one thing that I might add. If you are bothered with thumps
if you will get some earth and get it good and dry and give it to your
little pigs you won't lose them.

On this topic R. J. Ilavding said :

I have a large hog house. When I built it I supposed that was the
right thing to do. I didn't have the misfortune of being burned out
and it comes in pretty handy yet, but it wasn't very long before I found
out that it was just as Mr. Reese says — one sow would jump around and
up would come every sow, thinking something was wrong with her pigs.
I don't use anything else now but individual hog houses.

IF. F. Iloflt'nian, Washta, Iowa, eomniented as follows:

You ought to keep them separate and they will do much better. We
have both large and small hog houses and we have all our pigs farrow
in the main hog house. I will admit that if you keep so many together
they won't do so well, but we don't aim to keep too many together. As
far as I am concerned I will take the large hog house as :i matter of
convenience. We have water, stoves and a cement floor and it is not
much to take care of them and I have not had a pig with thumps for
ten years or one with scours. Our hog house is well ventilated and it
is not damp. We have some individual hog pens and use them some-
times, but it always seems to me you can get better ventilation in the
large house.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 339

BROADENING THE MARKET FOR OUR PORK PRODUCTS.

Mr. W. J. Crow, of Webb, Iowa, had prepared a paper on the
subject, "Broadening- the Markets for our Pork Products," which
was read by the secretary, Mr. Crow being prevented from at-
tending the meeting' on account of illness. Among- other things
he said:

The first question is what to do or what should be done, taking into
consideration the cost of production. Whatever is done should be done
at a profit to the raiser, as he is the man who brings into existence a
necessity of life, and he should be considered the first profit sharer.
Without this, our industry would be a failure. If we went to the
butcher shop to buy a piece of pork loin and the butcher would cut us
off a piece nine-tenths solid fat and one-tenth lean, and we had to buy it
this way if we bought at all, would we not soon turn to some other
animal that did not carry as large a percentage of fat for our main
meat diet? Taking this for granted as being true, we are confronted
today with the problem of furnishing the meat-eating public with the
kind of meat that they most relish. This increases the amount consumed
by stimulating the taste for the product. We must bear in mind that
the hog has to compete with all otlier meat animals. How can this
carcass be improved upon so as to increase the percentage of palatable
meat? Right here is where we should get our shoulders to the wheel,
use our brains together and success is bound to follow our efforts.

Growth is flesh. Fat is finish. Breed and feed for growth, shorten
the fattening period, then we would be able to show a profit on the last
100 pounds of weight added to the carcass, equal to or in excess of the
former 100 pounds, and when the packer dresses out the animal he will
have a greater percentage of meat to sell over the percentage of lard.
Lard is bound to be cheap, as petroleum, today, is the standard of our
lubricants. The great cry for early maturity has been overdone or has
misled us. It has developed for us today a piece of lard, instead of a
piece of palatable meat. This is the early maturity of fat or finish. On
the other hand, I do not believe *hat we can overdo the early maturity
of growth or flesh. This means the strengthening of every organ in
the animal, keeping the absorbing capacity of the bowels and stomach
at its best, thus improving by getting more strength out of the feed
consumed, for when fat contracts the intestines it lessens the power of
the animal to get out of its feed all that it should get out of it. This
means waste. The length of the bowels of a hog is forty-nine feet. It
Is just as long in a sucking pig as in a matured hog, so it stands us in
nand to develop the size of the organ, making it bigger around, enabling
the animal to have greater power to digest the food that it eats.

We should take more lessons from the dressed carcass; this would
give us a better understanding than to take all our lessons from the
outside. The outside should only be an index as to the cutting value
of the animal and if the inside is properly provided for the outside will

340 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

take care of itself. The idea of carrying a pig fi-om birth in full fat
form until it reaches the block or breeding pen is not only ruinous to
the breeding qualities but has caused our experiment stations to show
an extra cost to the last 100 pounds of weight. This should be the cheap-
est. Excessive fat at an early age is one of the greatest causes of a
lack of vitality in our swine. Six weeks is long enough to feed a hog
to finish for the market. Carry piggie along with his flesh so that two
weeks will bring him to full feed and four weeks of full feed will finish
him. Then put him on the market at any age to suit the feeder.

The entire evening session was given over to tlie expert swine
judges and a discussion of tlie revision of the score card. Mr.
Hoffman said that there lias been a good deal of talk for some
time about the score card and the advisability of revising it.
We thought it best to have a little talk along this line at this
meeting and we hope to hear from every man who has any sug-
gestions to make. If we make an attempt to change the score
card we must remember that it will not affect only ourselves but
those to come after us. Any change that we may make may
be for better or for worse. Mr. Hoffman continued :

If you read the American Swine Herd you may have read the contro-
versy that has been carried on in that paper. I think it has done some
good in one respect at least, that it has aroused some thought. I speak
of this because I think that the articles that have appeared in that paper
on this subject are typical of the idea that is in the public mind. Two
of these articles state that the score card is neither harmful nor bene-
ficial, but it is simply red tape and that it is of no practical value to
the farmer. If this is true we might as well adjourn this meeting and
go home. It is folly for us to spend our time and money if it is of no
use to us, but I believe that it is and this article states that while the
score card is of no practical value that it is good in one way — as an
educational chart to place ideals in mind. That is really the intent of
the score card and if it will do that and make breeders raise better
hogs it will do all that was intended originally. We have two classes
pursuing different methods, the breeder and the farmer. I don't know
which is above the other, if either is. Therefore, I say that if the
score card will place ideals in the mind it will enable the breeder to
more speedily develop his animal.

The statement is further made that the person who goes into the show
ring to judge hogs will find it such a long drawn-out process to use the
score card that it would be impractical. Even if the fair management
would hold the fair open for the length of time that it would take to
do this, he would not do it for the reason that he sees himself that it is
impractical. But when the judge goes in the show ring and passes
judgment according to his own ideals, where does he get his ideals?
We have already admitted that the score card places the ideal in the
mind.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 341

They further say that it is not dependable because two persons may
score the same animal and not get the same answer. That is true. I
will admit that if they were to score the same animal and get exactly
the same result it would be more convincing to the observer, but even
though they come out several points apart you will find if you examine
their cards that the relative points are about alike, thus demonstrating
about the same valuation upon each division. They claim that it is not
science or dependable for the reason that we do not get the same answer,
but the advocates of the score card admit that same thing themselves.
They do not claim that it is exact science, but it is the nearest approach
to it that we have and there is nothing that will place the ideal in the
mind of young breeders as quickly as the score card.

Some think that if they can get a certificate that is about all they
need. The score card is not a thing to be defied. It is meant to be
used to place the ideal in the mind and let it go at that. It is also said
that it is made a hobby of by some and abused by others. If we make
a reasonable use of it I do not think there is any system known to men
that will place the ideal in the minds of young men more quickly and
one of the very first things a young man needs when going into business
is an ideal. He wants to have the ideal in his mind and then work up
to it.

So I think that it is a mistaken idea to think that the score card is im-
practical, because I believe it is a great help to us and has been a great
aid in bringing the business up to where we have it today. We must re-
member one thing — that this is not a meeting of breeds or types, but a
meeting of swine breeders for the advancement of the industry as a whole.
If we are going into this and are going to attempt to revise the score
card we must take everything into consideration. Some think it should
be discarded, but I think only a few have that idea. There are a large
number of practical men who think that we should not change it at all,
because they think we have a good score card and we may make it worse.
Still I think we could make some slight changes that would be beneficial
and we should hear from everyone before we make any change. If we
are going into this we must place ourselves in the other fellows shoes
instead of trying to make a score card to fit our own individual breed or
herd. I want to say that I don't believe that the men who formulated this
score card which was adopted in 1886 were visionary, but practical men.
I believe they laid their plans wisely and well. But at the same time, if
the interest of the industry is to be advanced by a change I think we
should do it. I believe every one of those men would say the same thing
— that if this score card is not commensurate with the present conditions,
if the interest of the country would be advanced by making a change, by
all means go ahead and do it. I hope that we will go into it with this
feeling — that we are doing it for the good of all. I believe we can form-
ulate a score card broad enough for us all to stand on and have no con-
troversy. If we do revise or change the score card I hope that future gen-
erations can conscientiously say as we do of those who formulated the
card as it is, that the men who met here in June, 1911, were a good, prac-
tical set of men with broad and generous minds.

3 42 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

On this same siil).iect a letter written by Mr. S. McKelvie, of
Fairfield, Nebraska, who was unable to be present, Avas read by
the secretary. It follows :

I am sorry and regret very much that I cannot be with you. I have
always enjoyed your meetings. While this is a very busy season of the
year for swine men to get from home, as all hog raisers while making
a specialty of the swine industry are engaged in mixed husbandry as well,
yet enough have attended these meetings to make them of interest and
advantage.

In fact, if it had not been for your Iowa breeders taking hold and assist-
ing the score card would have died in its infancy. After its conception
and being born in the east it came west to grow up with the country,
making its first stop in Nebraska, but finding it to be at that time too
much of a short grass country, its next meeting place was assigned in
connection with your state swine meeting at Des Moines where it has
since remained and due to their credit has been kept alive during a time
of somewhat adverse conditions toward its development. Many have as-
sailed it as being the cause of about all the ills the pure-bred swine busi-
ness has fallen heir to.

It is at the risk of being called a crank that a word is said in favor of
the score card. Just why this should be we are at some loss to know,
unless when first brought to light too much was claimed for it. We well
remember many years ago when swine breeders began to agitate the ad-
visability of some sort of a standard of excellence whereby a more uni-
form type of animal could be produced and shown at our fairs. As we
remember, this need of uniformity was most felt among the breeders
of Poland Chinas, this coming about no doubt from the fact that this
breed, being made up from the mingling of the blood of some four breeds
and at that time as a pure bred (showing the skill and handiwork of
the American farmer) Avas of recent origin. In fact, the originators of
the score card were breeders of Poland China swine. Prominent among
them were S. M. Shephard, "Uncle Jimmie" Hankinson and others of
Ohio, Indiana and Illinois whom many of us older breeders have well
in mind.

Since the origin of the card a similar standard has been adopted for
all pure-bred breeds of swine, differing in the main in the breed type
of the different breeds. This, we believe, is as it should be, especially
in the corn-belt district. While we have a distinct difference in breed
type, the main considerations, i. e., that of productiveness, feeding quali-
ties and commercial value, are or should be the same.

As we have said, the original idea in formulating the card was to fix
a standard of excellence that we might have in mind to attain to in
our business. We believe this was a wise thing to do and should be
retained. If by study and discussion it is found wanting, then it should
be revised. All breeds of swine should be represented in the revision.

The value of the score card as an educator to the mind of the young
and new swine breeder cannot be questioned. While too much has been
presumed for the card in its first introduction, such as its use in the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 343

show ring, yet good has come from its existence. When we take it into
consideration each division at a time we find it describes that which we
are striving to reach in almost all divisions.

The wording in the detailed descriptions might be simplified so as to
convey the meaning with less study. Also some divisions may not have
enough consideration as indicated by the number of points assigned the
division. We believe more consideration should be given size. We ad-
vanced that last year from five to six points, taking one off color, leaving
it two.

One objection we find made to the score card is that it leads to a
small hog, as the highest-scoring one is the short one. If this be true,
it is because the scorer does not give proper consideration to length in
back and loin and side and ribs. It might be well to make special men-
tion of length in detail of these two divisions. They are both important
divisions, the former having fourteen points and the latter ten, almost
one-fourth the entire carcass. In each division the words "of good
length" could be used.

We have found the more serious trouble Avith the score card is that
most of us swine breeders do not become acquainted with it. Should
you ask in your meeting how many are thei'e present who can give the
number of divisions in which the hog is divided and the number of
points assigned each division according to the card, I doubt if a single
hand would go up. Further, when describing a division, from lack of
acquaintance with requirements and from custom, we say we like to see
a hog thus and so. This at once destroys the very aim of the card,
which is to get away with numerous likes and get one standard for all.

The time for practice at these meetings is too short; the mode adopted
is wrong. We do not have the time to spare -from home to get into the
real merits of the work. At these meetings we usually score an animal
from each of two or three breeds. While a test is better made of the
worth of the card, as well as the ability of the scorer by taking three
good, well-developed, even animals of one breed, they cannot be selected
so good but one is better than the other.

The one footing the highest score should be the best. While two
students may not and do not score the same, yet the sum or aggregate
of their score may show the best animal the highest scorer. To illustrate,
one may score the best animal 80, second best 78 and third best 75;
another may score the best one 83, second 81 and third 78. Both are
practically right and the score card is also correct inasmuch as it has led
to the best animal. While it has been condemned as being guess work,
with study and practice it almost invariably leads to the best animal for
first place.

A. M. Caldwc4I, Champaign, Illinois, tliouglit the score card
was intended as an educator and never was practical to judge
hogs by. If you don't have some standard of excellence yon
are certainly fighting the air. Some men never know what con-
stitutes a good hog and it is sometimes amusing to ask a man

:U4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

what is the matter with this hog or that hog. "Why," he says,
"He looks all right to me." Then if you will point out to him
the difference in the feet and hams and different divisions he will
see for himself and that was the idea of the score card and
about all its most ardent advocates claimed for it. Some have
tried a few times to judge hogs by it, but it was too slow. They
got the right hog when they got through, but it took too long to
do it. It is unquestionably intended as an educator for the be-
ginner and it is of practical use to the farmer or anyone engaged
in raising hogs. There could be some changes made in it, par-
ticularly the Poland China score card which calls for different
weights for the different ages and there is not anybody showing
hogs that Aveigh as light as the score card gives them. They talk
about little hogs or big hogs, but they all weigh more than the
score card calls for. If you will ta^ke the score card and the prize-
winning animals that you find at Iowa and farther east you will
find that the score card comes just about as near fitting the cham-
pion animal as anything you will fix.

R. J. Ilarding said that the score card is intended to give an
ideal to the new beginner and to all of us that we might have
an idea of what constitutes a hog as he should be. The score
card teaches you to look at the hog a piece at a time and if you
are looking for defects you will find them quicker. There may
be some points that would be overlooked by the general observer,
but if you apply your score card you will find it. At the same
time it has done some harm by being misapplied. Some people
have understood that the hog must be up to the score card or
else he isn't much of a hog and of course we don't find many of
them. There are some changes we can make, but on most points it
is about right. If you would add a little to size and give it a
little more prominence it would be a good thing.

J. M. Stewart, Ainsworth, thought that the score card was
all right. We might add a little more to size because there are
verj^ few yearling males that don't come up to five and a half
or six hundred pounds. There might be a little change in the
wording of some of the descriptions that would be an advantage
also.

L. C. Reese stated that the score card has been of the greatest
educational aid to him. It points out to you the best points.
What does the chest denote? If you have a hog without any
chest it has no lung power and that is why it has twelve points.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 345

When a young man studies the score card, it can't help but be
a great benefit to him.

The committee appointed at the last meeting to formulate a
revision of the score card made their report following this dis-
cussion. This committee was composed of Messrs. W. Z. Swallow,
Samuel McKelvie and H. F. Hoffman. Their recommendations
were that the scale of points should be changed as follows : Sides
and ribs reduced from ten points to nine, feet and legs reduced
from ten points to nine, color reduced from three points to two,
size increased from five points to eight. The presentation of the
recommendation of the committee brought out further extended
discussion and a wide range of expressions. The final action,
however, was a vote authorizing that the card be changed by
reducing color to two points, sides and ribs to nine points and
increasing size to seven points. No other changes were recom-
mended. . It was decided to make no effort toward a revision of
the detailed description.

Election of officers resulted in the entire official force being re-
elected for another year.

Messrs. E. J. Harding and H. C. Sheldon were appointed a
committee to have in charge the scoring exercises which took
place Wednesday forenoon. A Berkshire barrow furnished by
the state college was the only subject for scoring, as other parties
who were depended upon for specimens of the other breeds failed
to provide them. Six gentlemen took the scoring examination,
but the committee did not find any of the cards sufficiently cor-
rect to justify issuing certificates.

346

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

3 «

^ 03

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 347

PART VIII

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Iowa State Dairy Association

Held at Waterloo, Iowa, October 10th to
14th, Inclusive, 1911

OPENING SESSION

WEDNESDAY MORNING, 10:30.

President Shoemaker: The hour has arrived for us to open the
thirty-fifth annual convention of the Iowa State Dairy Association.
We will open the meetinjs: with prayer by the Eev. rroo. B. Shoe-
maker.

(Prayer.)

The President: I am now about to introduce to you c) man
whose friendship and acquaintance I am glad to own. He is a
man who has grown up with Waterloo. The only thing between
Mr. Kiester and Waterloo and me is that Kiester and Waterloo
have grown up so much faster and bigger and better than I have.
There ought to be in every town a man who will devote his entire
time and who will work to further the interests of the city; to
work of an educational nature. In Waterloo, that man is Harry
Kiester. He never is too busy to do something for someone else,
and I have great pleasure in introducing ]\Ir. Kiester to you.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

H. E. Keisteb, Watekloo, Iowa.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It certainly is a pleasure
for me, in behalf of the city of Waterloo, to welcome the buttermakers
and dairymen of Iowa to our city. Last spring when the officers of

3 48 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

this association met in Des Moines, some of the gentlemen of Water-
loo asked me to go down and make a bid for your convention and
show. I went down and made that bid single-handed, and after a
battle with five men from over the entire state I succeeded in con-
vincing those men that Waterloo was the best place in the state for
them to meet. I had faith in this association and faith in Waterloo
people as well as in the Waterloo Vay. I felt at that time that if
you would come here we would show you a dairy cattle show such
as had never been equalled, and I am happy to say that the best
authorities on the ground tell me* that we have here at this time
the largest assemblage of high-class dairy-bred cattle ever gotten
together in America. That shows some interest in the dairy business.
It is, therefore, a great pleasure for me, in behalf of our business
men, our manufacturers, our citizens and our dairymen, to welcome
you to our city, and we want you to feel that welcome. Our people
have opened their homes to you. If there is anything you want that
you don't get, go up to some Waterloo man and you will get it. If
there is any way to make our welcome more hearty we will have to
be shown. We hope you will come again and meet with us and that
we will have on these grounds even a larger and better show than
this one. I am glad to see so many here this morning, and again I
welcome you.

The President: To respond to Mr. Kiester's address of welcome
we have selected one of the best known dairymen in the state.
He lives at Buffalo Center and he calls his farm the "Buffalo
Farm," but he doesn't breed buffaloes. A good many fellows,
however, who have shown cattle with him from time to time have
felt that they were buffaloed. I have the pleasure of calling on
R. B. Young.

RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

R. B. Young, Buffalo Center, Iowa.

It is a privilege to respond to an address of welcome given so
heartily, and we have seen that this welcome came from the heart.
It shows in the faces of your business men, your manufacturers, your
citizens and your dairymen and it is shown by your actions towards
us. We certainly understand better now than ever before why the
Waterloo way wins. I know I voice the unanimous sentiment of the
members present when I say that we appreciate this welcome. I thank
you.

The President : The Iowa State Dairy Association has been es-
pecially fortunate in having, for many, many years, been wise
enough to select very efficient secretaries. «i. I don't believe it is dis-
respectful to any former secretaries to say that certainly none of
them have ever eclipsed the work done by Mr, Ross the past year.
He has been busy night and day, and, according to the last figures.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 349

he has secured 1,000 members for the association. We will now
listen to Mr, Ross's annual report.

Mr. Ross: Owing to the fact that a great deal of last year's show
was handled by Prof. Van Pelt I will simply go over briefly the
financial statement of the past year.

SECRETARY'S FINANCIAL REPORT.

From Jan. 1st, 1911, to July 1st, 1911.

Jan, 1, 1911, balance in treasury $1,906.65

Jan. 1, 1911, received from Secretary Johnson 3.68

Feb. 25, 1911, received from memberships 50.00

June 24, 1911, received for memberships to date 284.00

$2,244.33
J. J. ROSS, Secretary.

The President : The next will be our treasurer 's report. "We
have also been fortunate to always get a good treasurer, and the
work of Mr. Odell has been appreciated.

TREASURER'S REPORT.

Annual report of the Treasurer from July 1st, 1910, to July 1st,
1911. with the Commercial National Bank, Waterloo, Iowa.

RECEIPTS.

Oct. 15, 1910 — Membership $ 296.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — City of Waterloo 350.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — International Harvester Co. ... 10.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — J. H. Sindlinger 30.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — J. J. Ross (three tubs butter). . 16.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — Kressler Silo booth 25.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — Ayrshire Breeders Assn 25.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — L. M. Taylor Lighting Co 15.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — Chamberlain Machine Works... 30.00

Oct. 15. 1910 — Holstein Freisian Assn 25.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — Meals, lunch, ice cream (privi-
leges) 125.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — E. D. Corey, shows, merry-go-
round, etc 50.00

Oct. 15, 1910— Steffer & Brotchinger, novelty

goods 10.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — Laughing gallery 5.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — Target shooting 15.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — Six ball ping pong 10-00

Oct. 15, 1910 — Gate receipts 1,939.67

Oct. 18, 1910 — Diamond Crystal Salt Co 30.00

Oct. .18, 1910 — W. B. Johnson (tub butter) .... 5.35
Nov. 5, 1910 — Gude Bros. Kieffer Co., sale of

butter 912.80

3 50 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Nov. 5, 1910 — Elov Errickson o.OO

Nov. 5, 1910 — Zimmer & Dundak .^).00

Nov. 5, 1910 — Pettit & Reade, by C. H. Hilman ."^.OO

Nov. 5, 1910 — Jacob Jacobson 5.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — J. G. Cherry Co 15.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — American Milling Co. 10.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — Gallagher Bros 10.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — Spurbeck Lambert Co 10.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — James Rowland & Co 5.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — Christ Hansen, Lab 5.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — Des Moines Silo & Mfg. Co 10.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — Diamond Crystal Salt Co 10.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — Northy Mfg. Co 5.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — P. F. Brown & Co 10.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — American Box Co 5.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — W. O. Saxton & Co 5.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — Wells Richardson & Co 10.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — B. F. Bitten & Co 5.00

Nov. 5, 1910 — ^Gude Bros. Kieffer Co 10.00

Nov. 8, 1910 — J. B. Ford Co 10.00

Nov. 25, 1910 — John Scholl & Bros 5.00

Nov. 25, 1910 — Geo. M. Rittenhouse & Co 10.00

Nov. 25, 1910 — McKay Bros 10.00

Nov. 25, 1910 — Beatrice Creamery Co 5.00

Nov. 25, 1910 — Creamery Pkg. Mfg. Co 15.00

Jan. 2,1911 — H. G. Van Pelt 277.69

Jan. 14, 1911 — W. B. Johnson 3.68

Feb. 27, 1911^Membership 50.00

Mch. 20, 1911 — Membership 53.00

June 1, 1911 — Membership 66.00

June 15, 1911 — Membership 12.00

DISBURSEMENTS.

Oct. 12, 1910— U. S. Express Co $ 11.55

Oct. 13, 1910 — Premium for butter (gold).... 60.00
Oct. 13, 1910 — H. G. Van Pelt (cattle pre-
mium) 2,000.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — Wells Fargo Express Co 27.54

Oct. 15, 1910 — American Express Co 27.51

Oct. 15, 1910 — F. L. Odell (present) 50.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — W. B. Barney 8.22

Oct. 15, 1910 — W. B. Barney 2.50

Oct. 15, 1910 — F. W. Stephenson 17.98

Oct. 15, 1910 — F. L. Odell 12.30

Oct. 15, 1910 — E. T. Sadler 100.00

Oct. 15, 1910 — W. B. Johnson 193.83

Oct. 15, 1910 — June Connolly 20.00

Oct. 1 5, 1910 — W. F. Mack 25.00

Oct. 17, 1910 — E. L. Hanson (State Center)... 5.16

$4,587.19

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 351

Oct. 22, 1910 — Whitehead & Hoag Co 145.44

Oct. 22, 1910 — Phillo & Nutting 40.00

Oct. 22, 1910 — Edward C. Lytton 25.50

Nov. 5, 1910 — D. H. Van Pelt 27.40

Nov. 5, 1910 — Premium for butter 1.000.00

Nov. 8, 1910 — Byvank Transfer Co 6.00

Nov. 14, 1910 — Lozier the Florist 3.00

Nov. 14, 1910 — Taylor Music House 9.00

Nov. 14, 1910 — Dr. Walter McHenry 2.00

Nov. 14, 1910 — W. H. Pew 18.15

Nov. 19, 1910 — Dr. Walter McHenry 28.54

Nov. 24, 1910 — Fisher Tent & Awning Co 2.50

Nov. 24, 1910 — H. G. Van Pelt 35.14

Nov. 24, 1910 — C. H. Barney 29.20

Nov. 24, 1910 — E. S. Estel ' 1 1.05

Dec. 5, 1910 — Mike Hauer (pro rata) 4.68

Dec. 16, 1910 — Prof. M. Mortenson 12.77

Dec. 16, 1910 — \Y. B. Johnson 11.23

Dec. 16, 1910 — F. L. Odell 7.75

Dec. 16, 1910 — D. H. Van Pelt (labor) 70.00

Dec. 16, 1910 — C. H. Barney (labor) 55.00

Feb. 1, 1911 — Des Moines Eng. Co 3.06

Jan. 26, 1911 — C. F. Curtiss 5.98

Apr. 20, 1911 — Whitehead & Hoag Co 90.22

Mch. 3, 1911 — Robt. Anderson 26.50

Apr. 20, 1911 — Hotel Chamberlain 8.00

Apr. 20, 1911 — Prof. M. Mortenson 6.47

Apr. 20, 1911 — W. B. Barney 1.90

Exchange on check .10

July 1. 1911 — Waterloo Club (lunch) 5.15

$4,253.32

Balance on hand $ 3 33.87

IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSN.
F. L. ODELL, Treasurer.

Annual report of the Treasurer from July 1st, 1910, to July 1st,
1911, with the Cedar Rapids Savings Bank, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

RECEIPTS.

July 1, 1911 — Cash on hand $1,906.65

Oct. 3, 1911 — H. C. Hargrove 28.00

Oct. 22, 1911 — W. B. Johnson (for desk) .... 40.00
Dec. 31, 1911 — Interest (from July 1st, 1910,

to Dec. 1st, 1910) 37.66

June 30,1911 — Interest (from Jan. 1st, 1911.

to July 1st, 1911) 32.76

$2,045.07

352 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DISBURSEMENTS.

July 18, 1910 — W. B. Barney $ 1.00

July 23, 1910 — W. B. Barney 7.40

Aug. 9, 1910— P. L. Odell 5.00

Aug. 20, 1910 — W. B. Barney 3.25

Sep. 17, 1910 — W. B. Barney 6.77

Dec. 17, 1910 — Treasurer's Bond 10.00

Dec. 24, 1910 — S. Davidson & Bros, (desk) . . 40.00

Jan. 2, 1911 — H. G. Van Pelt (loan) 300.00

$ 373,42

Balance on hand July 1st, 1911 «i.fi7i<3.5

Loan to H. G. Van Pelt lias not been returned. . 333.87

$2,005.52
F. L. ODELL, Treasurer.

The President : I will now appoint the following committees :

Legislative: W. B. Barney, F. A. Leighton, W. W. Marsh,
Senator DeWolf and John Andrews.

Auditing: L. L. Flickinger, Frank Brimner, J. T. Hanna.
Resolutions: E. B. Young, W. E. Mittlestadt, Prof. Mortensen.

Vice-President Stephenson : I think about eleven years ago this
fall or winter I attended my first meeting of the Iowa State Dairy
Association. During that eleven years this association has made
a phenomenal growth. You remember for a number of rears this
question came up : " How are we going to get the farmers out ? ' '
You know that at our meeting in Waterloo last fall was the first
time we ever had any great number of farmers in attendance.
It was due to the untiring efforts of the officers of this association
that the business men of Waterloo got behind us and here we are
again this year with possibly five times the attendance of farmers
we had last year. One of those officers is the president of the as-
sociation, and it gives me pleasure to introduce E. H. Shoemaker,
president of the Iowa State Dairy Association.

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT.

E. R. SnoEMAiiER, Waterloo, Iowa.

This is the 3 5th annual meeting of the Iowa State Dairy Associa-
tion. Thirty-five years is a long time for an organization to have been
in existence. There are younger dairy associations than ours. There
are older ones. But, be they younger or be they older, the Iowa
organization is called the peer of them all. And I say this not to
boast, but to speak the truth and give credit where credit is due.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 353

The Iowa State Dairy Association today is the largest organization
of its sort in the United States.

The Iowa State Dairy Association today is the best known organi-
zation of its sort in the United States.

The Iowa State Dairy Association today is performing a more intel-
ligent, more comprehensive and more helpful work than any other
organization of its sort in the United States.

The Iowa State Dairy Association was the first organization of its
sort in the United States to properly present its interests to its
state legislature and receive from it appropriations for educational
work in dairying.

The Iowa State Dairy Association has run more dairy trains (with
the assistance of the railroads), held and attended more meetings,
spoken to more farmers and sown more bushels of dairy seed than
any other similar organization in the country.

The Iowa State Dairy Association was the first organization of its
sort in the United States to exhibit at its convention, for educational
purposes and demonstration work alone, representative animals of the
various dairy breeds.

The Iowa State Dairy Association was the first organization of its
sort in the United States to hold a dairy cattle show, with real money
premiums in connection with its annual convention, and pay those
premiums in cash — not conversation — before the exhibitors left the
grounds.

For an organization of this sort to live 35 years is evidence of
one of two things — either it is vigorous, and thrivng and helpful
and prosperous and growing, or it is still living because everybody else
is too busy to bury it.

I need not say that there are no signs of early death — no evidence
of needing the undertaker — no preparation being made for a funeral.

We have been criticised at time for being a bit sensational in some
of our work; but, for my part, I prefer a little sensation to the usual
run of stagnation.

I believe that this organization has been successful because it has
a mission — because it set about to perform that mission in a sane,
sensible, practical, business-like way— because it interested in its
ranks the services of the best talent the state afforded — because it
adopted a liberal and progressive policy — and because it has always
kept on working.

It has attempted and accomplished great things simply because
there has been work, hard work and continuous work, but unison in
the work.

Last year's convention and dairy show were an eye-opener to the
dairy world. Go where you will and any man who keeps a cow will
tell you something about the 1910 Waterloo convention of the Iowa
State Dairy Association. It has done more, I believe, tlian almost
any other one thing, except the work of the state dairy experts, to
put Iowa on the map among dairy people outside and inside the state.

2B

354 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

And this year's meeting is being carried out on a so much greater
scale that it will attract the attention of the farming public of this
and adjoining states in such a way as no national show held in a
big city can do.

During the past year the dairy interests of Iowa have accomplished
four notable things:

1. A renewal of the state appropriation (though reduced 25 per
cent by the beef men riding through on our prestige) has been
secured, and a number of important new laws passed, including a re-
organization of the dairy and food department, that enables the
commissioner to greatly extend his work and increase the usefulness
of his department. And for these laws we need to thank especially
State Dairy Commissioner Barney and our warm friends in the house
and senate, in which connection we should not forget that though God
made man, legislators make laws — and there isn't anything better at
law making time than friends among the lawmakers.

2. A strenuous campaign of education through the efficient work
of Dairy Expert Van Pelt and his assistant, Mr. Estel.

3. Increase of membership of our organization to nearly 800,
much of the credit for which is due to the untiring efforts of our
efficient secretary, Mr. J. J. Ross. We want to make it 5,000 in 1912.

4. Laid the plans for and developed the great dairy show and con-
vention combined that is now under way.

But this is only a beginning. We feel that, of a sudden, this or-
ganization has jumped into doing great things. But what is there
before us? And what do we need to perform it?

The Iowa State Dairy Association is coming to be, after years of
evolution, what it ought to be, a comprehensive organization, embrac-
ing every phase of the dairy business. For years we put great stress
on the butter manufacturing end. We should give even more effort
than previously to this branch of our industry, but continue our work
of broadening out. The dairy cattle are being nicely taken care of
and the dairy farmer interested. I am especially pleased to see the
still further steps taken this year — the milk exhibit — the convention
of ice cream manufacturers — the proposed organization of the retail
milk dealers.

The development of the dairy business in Iowa- depends on just
two things — getting our farmers to really take time to think, and
then getting them to do what they know they ought to do after, in
sober thought, they've figured it out. The great drawback to the
dairy industry today is the foul thought and false information that
has been scattered all over this state by people who ought to know
better — and who really do know better. There is no such permanent
thing as a dual-purpose cow — and any man who can think at all can
prove it. I say no such permanent thing, because there are some
so-called dual-purpose cows that are heavy milk producers, but unless
you can find bulls of the same breed that will produce from these
cows heifers that will be better cows than their mothers, your prog-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 355

ress toward dairying is backward and your whole dual-purpose cow
for the dairy has gone back to beef.

James J. Hill tells of riding for days with a companion calling on
farmers in Canada. It was winter and the farmers appeared to have
little to do. His companion inquired how they amused themselves
during the long winter evenings. "Well," said the farmer, "sometimes
we sit and think, but mostly we just sit."

We don't need to go to Canada to find occasion for application of
this. The trouble with all of us — dairymen and buttermakers — is
that our thinking is backed off the boards by our sitting.

What has been accomplished in a dairy way up to this time is due
to the efforts of comparatively few. And in this connection I am
reminded of the traveling man who left instructions at the village
hotel to be called at 3 a. m. He was called, and as he went out
noticed a placard hanging on the door of his room — a card showing
there had been a rap on his door at 3 a. m. as ordered, and down at
the bottom, in the handwriting, evidently, of the boy who awakened
him, were these words: "Many are called but few get up."

And that's about the way in the dairy business. In this great field
hundreds of thousands are called to labor by active and intelligent
participation therein, but few, so few, comparatively, get up. The
held is large and growing larger. The opportunity is great and grow-
ing greater. There is a place for everyone and a profit for everyone,
no matter how many may engage in dairying. Those of us who are
in it should breed more carefully, feed more intelligently, work more
diligently, and whether we are actively engaged in dairying or cream-
ery work, there are a multitude of ways to help. At least we can
boost —

Do you know that there's lots o' people

Settin' round in every town,

Growlin' like a broody chicken,

Knockin' every good thing down?

Don't be that kind of cattle,

'Cause they ain't no use on earth.

You just be a booster rooster.

Crow an' boost for all you're worth.

The President : The executive committee of our association felt
that the subject of creamery power was an important one, and
we have assigned that subject to ^Ir. Sadler, who will talk on ' ' The
Power Problem in the Creamery."

THE POWER PROBLEM IN THE CREAMERY.

E. T. Sadler, Waterloo, Iowa.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The power problem in the
creamery is one that has been overlooked and neglected more than
any other phase of the creamery business despite the fact that it is

356 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

one of the most important. The process of manufacture has been
developed and improved until today it is purely scientific. The hap-
hazard, hit-and-miss ways have given way to the theories taught in
our dairy schools. Cream is ripened to a certain degree of acidity,
temperatures are watched closely, and in fact from the time cream
or milk enters our factory doors it is handled by skilled men and
treated, as I said, scientifically. I could go on and enumerate many
things that are decided improvements over the old ways of making
butter, but you are all familiar with them.

There is one feature of butter manufacture, however, that has
never been greatly improved upon, and that is power. I'm not at-
tempting to prove to you that our present power plants are not
efficient, for they are, but I do say and have proved to my own satis-
faction at least that they are not economical. On the contrary they
are recklessly extravagant. In my recent article on this question I
covered the ground as thoroughly as I could, so it will be necessary
for me to repeat a good deal of it now.

One of the most important improvements in modern factory opera-
tion is the kind and cost of power supplied. Our large manufactur-
ing concerns have expended thousands and millions of dollars the
past few years in an effort to reduce their power cost, and their in-
vestment is paying mammoth dividends. These business heads were
not looking for better power particularly, but for power just as good
at less cost.

This is a subject which I have been giving considerable thought
and attention the past few months, and the more thought I give to
the cost of creamery power the more thoroughly I am convinced
that enough money is being emitted through the smoke stacks of
our creameries for which no value is received to completely re-equip
each plant with new and modern machinery every six years.

Usually the most conspicuous part of a creamery exterior is a huge
smoke stock from which there is almost constantly arising smoke and
heat.

Go on the interior and no matter how small the plant you will find
a 15 or 20 horse power steam engine and a boiler probably 10-horse
larger in capacity. You will find the Are is held practically from one
year's end to the other. Why? In order that a running head of
steam may be acquired more quickly in the morning and to avoid
freezing in the winter. You ask the secretary what his greatest
item of running expense is, exclusive of the buttermaker's salary, and
he will invariably tell you fuel. (In some plants it exceeds the
buttermaker's salary.) Ask him why he burns so much and he will
tell you that the engine can not be operated and steam furnished
by burning less.

When I first began to stUdy the question of power I asked myself:
Why, if there is a cheaper method of furnishing steam and power,
haven't the creamery papers and authorities brought it out? Why
haven't these secretaries or managers studied out a way to reduce it?
I concluded about as follows: When the large number of butter

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 357

factories were built some 10, 15 or 20 years ago the hand separator
was unknown and the whole-milk was delivered to the creamery.
It took strong power to operate those five, six and seven large sepa-
rators, and no creamery was equipped with less than a 20 or 30
horse engine. The same proportionate amount of steam and power
is required in creameries operating separators today, but this steam
and power can be supplied at a materially less cost, and this fact has
evidently been overlooked heretofore by the majority of creameries.

As the cream system came on, the factory separators were taken
out, but the same boiler and engine continues to furnish steam, run
a churn an hour or so, a cream vat about that length of time, a
starter can perhaps and pump water. The thought never occurred
to them that less power was needed, and those who did think of It
concluded that so long as the boiler and engine were already in and
paid for they might as well use them. And so, many managers have
thought and still think. They could not and can not see the economy
of spending more money in order to save on fuel.

The idea that anything else but a big boiler and engine was prac-
tical escaped my serious attention until I became proprietor and
manager of a creamery. As soon as I had to write checks for coal I
began to wonder if it was necessary to feed a 30-horse power boiler
and run a 2 0-horse engine just to run three separators a couple of
hours a day, operate a medium sized churn and the few other ap-
pliances requiring power. I realized from the first that my power
was costing me too much, but upon observation I saw that every
other creamery was doing likewise. At the end of my first business
year, however, I found that I had spent $471 for coal, or an average
of $39.25 per month, and we only manufactured 101,508 pounds of
butter. And at that I bought my coal by the car load direct from
the mines at an average cost of about $3.90 per ton delivered to
the creamery.

I began to look around for leaks. We relined our fire box, put up
a new smoke stack, put on new valves and new packing. The result
of this overhauling, of course, proved to be a considerable saving of
fuel, but it did not relieve the continuous fire which had to be car-
ried, and from which we were deriving little benefit. It did not shut
off that smoke and heat I" could see going to waste up through the
stack.

And right here let me say that a great deal more fuel is consumed
than necessary on account of defective stacks, poor draught, broken
grates and boiler fronts which permit air to flow in and chase the
heat out unused. I do not pose as an engineer, but I have found
out a few things by experience which a great many buttermakers
neglect. They know the difference, but they do not take sufficient
interest, or the board of directors do not, to exert extra effort to have it
otherwise. There is a knack to firing a steam boiler, and the butter-
maker who simply throws in the coal and scoops out the ashes is
causing the creamery company to pay abnormal prices for their fuel. As
an instance to illustrate. I happened in on a buttermaker not long ago

358 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

while he was carrying about 50 pounds of steam. He was in the
boiler room and was just fishing out pieces of a melted grate, mean-
while offering a flowery tribute to the "poorest coal he ever shov-
eled" with an occasional reference to the manager. I looked at the
coal and found it a good grade of block variety, and then I looked
into his ash pit. It didn't take long to point out to him that the
trouble was not poor coal but in poor firing. He complained of
burning out grates every few weeks and of the coal melting over
them, causing clinkers and stopping the draught. It was because he
didn't keep the ashes from filling up against the under side of the
grates. His method of firing was exactly like the foundry man fires
a cupola — a layer of fire, a layer of iron and another layer of fire.
In fact this is the only way they can melt even raw pig iron. No
matter how good your coal, cupola firing will burn out your grates,
cause clinkers and melt your coal instead of burning it. Do not let
the ashes fill up from below and come in contact with the grates.

While a great deal of fuel can be saved by careful handling of
boiler and engine, I contend that a creamery running two or three
separators and the regular line of machinery does not require a 15,
20 or 30 horse steam power plant, and particularly is this reckless
extravagance in gathered cream factories.

I sent out inquiries to several creameries in the dairy states ask-
ing about the cost of their power, and the information I received bears
out my contention of extravagance. I found the average cost of
reporting creameries operating separators to be $42.70 per month,
and for gathered cream plants, $41.15. In other words, the cream-
eries operating no separators are paying nearly as much for power
as those running separators, which is convincing evidence that no
attention has been given the subject of economical power. These re-
ports show, too, that variation in cost of power is due more to cost
of fuel rather than the amount of power required — another evidence
of thoughtless habit. It is plain, however, that big boilers and en-
gines are being used simply because the creameries several years ago
started out that way, and until now no one has tried to break the
habit.

Now the remedy I propose is not applicable without exception, for
there are plants where the utmost economy is practiced. I believe,
however, that 50 per cent of our creameries can reduce their power
cost 50 per cent, and if this 50 per cent is worth saving to you, give it
serious thought and consideration. I do not propose to recommend
the running of creameries without steam, as that would be as impos-
sible as trying to run them without milk or cream. I merely propose
to show you how I, at least, have a sufficient amount of steam and
power at a materially less cost. It is not economy to run short of
either steam or power, but it is foolish extravagance to maintain a
power plant from two to four times larger than necessary.

The gasoline engine is the source of power to which I direct your
attention. Its application to the creamery is of comparatively recent
date in view of the fact that a few years ago when all creameries

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 359

operated a battery of separators steady power was necessary and the
gasoline engine was too young an invention to have obtained that
uniform motion which it possesses today. Then someone cried out that
the odor of gasoline would taint the butter, and a prejudice was
born that only a year or so ago began to give way to business judg-
ment and discretion. The gasoline engine has been developed and
Improved until today it has reached the point of perfection and its
economical power has been recognized in all classes of factories except
the creamery. Now it is our turn to take advantage of it and cast
all inherited tendencies and fallacies aside and use our own heads.
We must break away from these because-others-do ideas and do more
thinking for ourselves.

The operation of power separators requires just as steady and
uniform power as it ever did, but I claim the gasoline engine will
deal out that uniform power at an astonishing low cost compared
to steam. Where will we get our steam? From a boiler the same
as you do now, only use a boiler in proportion to the amount of steam
required — not of the size our predecessors thought was necessary.
For instance a small 8 or 10 horse boiler will operate your turbine
tester, will heat your water, pasteurize your milk or cream and sup-
ply all the steam necessary for an average size local creamery and
do it with a surprisingly small amount of coal.

Another prejudice which has grown against the gasoline engine is
the idea that you can't depend on it. Perhaps a few years ago that
was true, but if you supply the modern gasoline engine with gasoline
and an electric spark you will get power just as surely as you will
if you supply your steam plant with water and fire.

Supposing we find that a small boiler and a gasoline engine will
save 50 per cent of our power cost, what will we do with our big boiler
and engine, asks some manager. The same thing you would do with any
other piece of machinery that is out of date and for which can be
substituted something that would save money and labor. Sell it if
you can, and if you can't, let it remain idle. It is more economical
for it to stand idle than to run It if if costs you 50 per cent more
than necessary.

The matter of power is a plain business proposition which each
must work out for himself, but I want to get you to do more think-
ing about it.

The first gasoline engine I put in was a 2i^ horse capacity. We
attached it to the main line shaft and instead of keeping up steam
until four or five o'clock in the afternoon just to run the ripener,
we cooled with this little engine, and in that way alone saved 160
pounds of coal per day. Next we took off the cylinder from the
steam pump and arranged a pump jack which is also operated from
the line shaft by an eccentric pully. Here again we saved steam
and fuel.

Many creameries cool their cream direct with ice immediately after
it is received and many using starters cool with ice direct when the
proper acidity is reached. By careful experiment we found that we

360 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

could not get as satisfactory churn results with cream cooled with ice
direct. It is almost impossible to properly emulsify the fat globules
with a paddle, particularly so if the cream contains very much water.
We could not churn as exhaustively with ice-cooled cream. We als©
found we could save 5 0 to 75 pounds of ice per day by circulating a
strong salt and ice brine through the coils, to say nothing of the better
churn results.

In these two features alone — cooling the cream and pumping water
v/e are saving enough coal to pay for the engine in three months.

The little engine did such noble work that I decided to operate all
my machinery with gasoline power, which consists of three 3,000
pound separators, one 900-pound churn, deep well pump, milk heater,
starter can and cream ripener. In order to find the size engine we could
use with the most satisfaction and economy, and to be in position to
recommend the proper size, I have been experimenting with a 6-horse
engine. At first thought you will say it won't even run the churn,
but it not only run the churn but it run all the other machinery and
did it all at one time. However, it required continuous explosions,
which is neither economical in the amount of gasoline consumed or
on the durability of the engine. It run the three separators alone
satisfactorily and held them at a speed of 6,200 as uniformly as any
steam engine could possibly do. It has been running the churn ever
since we put it in until a few days ago. One has to be equipped to
run all the machinery at once in case of emergency, so I would not
recommend a 6-horse engine for a creamery operating separators. I
am getting ready to put in a 10-horse engine and can recommend that
size for a creamery running from three to five separators. If you
only have one separator, the 6-horse engine will do the work satis-
factorily and economically.

I can recommend a 6-^horse engine for an ordinary cream plant.
I think that size plenty large enough, and it will furnish an abun-
dance of power at a minimum cost.

At the present time we are using our big boiler for heating
purposes only, and by so doing we are reducing the amount of fuel
consumed just as nearly 50 per cent as we can figure. The cost of
operating the 6-horse engine on an average of six hours per day is
3 2 cents, figuring naptha at 8 cents per gallon. I have ordered a 10-
horse upright boiler for heating purposes, and as soon as it is in-
stalled I will be able to give you figures that will be as small com-
pared to the big boiler as I have given you figures for power cost.
I feel confident that with a 10-horse engine and a 10-horse boiler I
will reduce my power cost to not more than $15.00 per month.

The size boiler which is the most economical for a cream plant, of
course, depends on the requirements. If you pasteurize your cream
it will take a somewhat larger boiler, but if you do not, a 3-horse
upright boiler will be plenty large enough to run your tester, heat
your water and for cleaning purposes, and it will do it with a mini-
mum amount of coal.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 361

I have not considered the lubricating oil in either the steam or
gasoline engine costs, but it is needless to say the gas engine will not
require as much as the big steam engine. I believe, also, that year
for year there will be a big saving in repairs. Grates for the small
boiler are materially cheaper, there Is no big fire box to keep in
repair, fronts to replace and engine repairs are much cheaper and
more easily and quickly secured.

We have used the gasoline engine long enough to convince me that it
is entirely satisfactory power for all kinds of creamery work, and I have
proved by practical demonstration that it will supply power for a
creamery the size of the one at Dewar for not to exceed $10 per
month. I have also proved that to use your big boiler for heating
purposes only will cut your fuel bill in two.

Now, Mr. Manager, I have put up a proposition which should cause
you to investigate your power plant. I have no gasoline engine to
sell, and the information I have gained I hope will be of value to you.
It is for you to decide whether or not you can save a neat sum for
your company by putting into practice what your own judgment dic-
tates rather than follow a pioneer custom which today is, in most
cases, woefully extravagant.

As I said before, this can not be laid down as iron-clad. Some
creameries who burn wood or have some other cheap fuel perhaps
could not make a material saving by installing a gasoline engine, but
If you are burning coal at from $.3 to $6 per ton it will pay you to
look into this proposition.

I 'have not mentioned that the gasoline engine allows the butter-
makers in whole-milk plants an extra hour's sleep in the morning.
Mr. Miller goes out to the creamery in the morning, starts his engine
and gets up steam while doing the churning.

It is worthy of your careful investigation.

Mr. Stephenson: It is our privilege to have with us at this
time one of our leading creamery authorities and a professor at
the Wisconsin Dairy School at Madison. It is a pleasure to intro-
duce Prof, Carl E. Lee, who will talk on "Moisture Content and
the Butter-fat Standard."

MOISTURE CONTENT AND THE BUTTERPAT STANDARD.

Peof. Gael E. Lee, Madison, Wis.

It does me good this morning to meet with the buttermakers and
dairymen of Iowa. It may be of interest to you to know that I have
made between 4,000 and 5,000 pounds of butter within the borders
of your state, and it was in your state that I gained my practical
experience in buttermaking, and it was due to that work that I hold
a position with the dairy school at Madison. I know that you have
certain problems to contend with the same as we have in Wisconsin
or Minnesota, and I am sure that there are a number of buttermakers
here who would rather I would talk about the exhibit of butter at

362

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Milwaukee. We just finished scoring that exhibit of 367 tubs. In
going over that butter we found two or three tubs in one afternoon
that we cut three points on account of defective body. Therefore I
say it is time there was something done to stop buttermakers from
overloading their butter with water. We also found several tubs
heavily loaded with salt. We are in the business to make good butter,
and unless we change our methods some day butter will be regulated
the same as is the manufacture of oleomargarine. I do not think
our moisture standard is too low. I believe that if it was raised to
18 per cent there would be just as many violations as there are today.

There are certain factors and changeable conditions that bear a
relation to the composition of butter that must be understood by the
creamery operator in order that butter with a uniform composition
be made.

These factors must be handled by the Iowa buttermakers on the
same basis as they are handled in Minnesota, Wisconsin or Illinois.
If satisfactory results are not obtained, it is because the principles
involved have not been properly observed.

The average composition of the butter manufactured in your state
has approximately the same composition as the butter in the three
states already referred to. This is further verified by referring to
Bulletin No. 139, Illinois Experiment Station Table 3, which is a
summary of Table 2, "Analysis of Butter Samples According to
States."

Number of samples-
Average % water

Highest % water

Lowest % water

Number of samples

Average % fat

Highest % fat

Lowest % fat

Number of samples-
Average % salt

Highest % salt.-

Lowest % salt

Number of samples

Average casein and ash-.
Highest casein and ash.
Lowest casein and ash-

es
13.67
19.03
11.22

C5
S3 04
86.41
77.23

25
2.35
4.46
0.80

25
0 88
1.48
0.61

103

13.28

20.83

9.88

103
83.49
87.25
76.42

50
2.29
4.23
1.39

50
0.96
1.39
0.43

131
13.05
17.65
6.40

131
83.78
89.34
79.44

84
2.23
3.82
0.52

84
0.86
2.31
0.23

101
14.17
17.62
10.80

109
82.91
86.27
79.13

65
2.05
3.79
0.82

65
0.88
1.4G
0.31

15
12.73
15.04
11.21

]5
84.23
86.03
80.72

4
2.35
2.97
1.43

4
0.94
1.27
0.73

In that same bulletin it is also tabulated that some 76 per cent of
the 574 samples analysed contained between 12 and 15 per cent of
water and 31 per cent contained between 13 and 14 per cent. It is
also tabulated that 3.73 per cent of the samples contained less than
80 per cent of fat, another 3.5 per cent contained less than 81 per
cent fat and 62.83 per cent of the samples collected at regular inter-
vals for a period of one year contained over 83 per cent of fat.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 363

Water ix Butter Can Be Controlled.

The buttermaker who knows his conditions can make butter with
a uniform composition. Changes must be made with the seasonal
changes and also of winter and summer conditions. One reason why
there has been a great deal of rather high water butter on the mar-
kets for the past month is the heavy rains throughout the butter
producing territory. Pastures have been revived and butter-fat must
be handled the same as during the spring months. It does not seem
possible tbat all the high-water butter is made intentionally but
rather is due to the buttermaker assuming that his butter is safe,
or if the test showed high he took a chance of it passing.

Men are employing methods which produce butter with a high
water content and if they do not desire to change and make butter
of normal composition the dairy industry will prosper without their
labor.

Sometime ago in looking over a large number of method blanks
I found that nearly one-third of the men were doing things that
favored high moisture. If the creamery operators would go back to
holding the cream at a low temperature, wash the butter during the
summer months with water as it comes directly from the well and
not resort to those things that tend to destroy the grain and have the
butter still firm when packed, there will be no danger of high water.

It is surprising what men can do, and the Wisconsin boys that have
followed the instructions set forth in the Dairy Department Scoring
Exhibition articles and the personal letters will bear me out in this
one thing. We have had less difficulty in instructing how to prevent
high water than to increase the water content.

Why a Liberal Standard?

Whther the standard be for water or fat, it should be sufficiently
low to allow for natural variations due to sampling. A sample from
a tub may show 15 per cent water and 8 2 per cent fat. while a
second sample might show 14 for water and 83 for fat. This differ-
ence is due to the method of sampling and the butter not being of a
uniform mixture.

In Illinois Experiment Station Bulletin No. 13 7 a series of 80
churnings were used, and samples were taken from four tubs packed
from each churning. In nearly 50 per cent of the churnings the vari-
ation in the samples from the same butter varied less than .5 per
cent, 3 6 per cent varied more than .5 and less than one per cent,
while 14 per cent varied over one per cent.

The buttermaker who tests a churning of butter for moisture should
take at least two different samples from the packed butter and if it
is found that it exceeds 15 per cent several more tests should be made.
Even after the buttermaker has his test made and t^e scale balanced
at 15 per cent, another person could change the position of the dish
on the scale and have a reading very close to 16 per cent. This vari-
ation will be due to the weight of the dish in both cases not resting
on the center of the pan.

364 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The Fat Standard.

From the view point of the'creamery industry, a fat standard will
not simplify matters if one aims too close to the limit. The fault
with the present water standard is not that it is not high enough to
make it possible to manufacture legal butter. The same thing would
happen with a water standard of even 18 per cent. As long as the
buttermakers do not watch and study their conditions and keep from
going too close to the line there will be work for the Internal Revenue
Department. Only a short time ago a buttermaker's letter was pub-
lished in one of the dairy papers, in this letter he gave the impression
that the present water standard was too low. He stated that he
worked the butter until the grain was destroyed and yet the water was
high. That man admitted that he did not understand the main cause
for high water, namely: destroying the grain or body.

Give me a young man that is willing to learn and follow instruc-
tions and in 10 days after he leaves the farm he can be trusted with
the responsibility of making butter that is safe within the 16 per cent
limit. The making of butter is not simply the running of the churn;
the churn will work the butter In so many revolutions and the man
can be told when the churn must be stopped. When it comes to
studying the conditions of the cream, the locality where it was pro-
duced, knowing how to meet sudden change from dry to wet weather
or how long the cream must be held cold in order to get results is
where the man that understands buttermaking is needed.

The water content of the butter can be fixed before the cream enters
the churn; it can also be changed by the temperature of the wash
water or the amount of working. When the water content is fixed
the fat content of that butter is regulated by the per cent of salt.

The present fat standard of Iowa (80 per cent) is the same from
the view point of making a legal product as the 16 per cent water
standard. With these two limits it leaves four per cent for the salt,
casein, ash, etc., and it is all that is necessary in the making of a
commercial product.

The only advantage of a fat standard (and it is one that is worth
considering) is that it places all the creameries on the same basis.
This can be said of the water standard. Butter-fat is what the
creamery men pay for and it should be the basis on which the butter
is sold. The first consideration in fixing the value of milk was butter-
fat and not the solids not fat.

The fat standard has one other minor advantage — that of decreasing
the per cent of salt in case the butter is made to contain a rather
high water content. There is more butter made that contains over
82.5 per cent of fat than under that amount and if one understands
the making of butter or has the object of quality in view, yes makes
it as it was made 10 years ago, that is, where quality and butter with
a perfect body is the object, 83 per cent fat is the divide.

A fat standard would give as much margin as the present water
standard so as to make it possible for the man that is a little care-
less or does not understand all of the factors to be considered will

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII ' 365

make a product that is legaL The per cent of fat in butter is not
the basis cf quality neither is the water indicative of quality nor is
it the basis on which the consumer buys the product. Flavor and
aroma is that standard.

The creamery industry should not demand privileges in the making
of their product that are not granted to the manufacturers of other
food products. The interests of the producers, manufacturers and the
consumers should be quality. Such a fat standard need not fall be-
low 80 per cent.

BUTTEEMAKEE MAY KNOW THE FAT CONTENT OF HiS BUTTEE.

Any of the moisture tests on the market will give satisfactory re-
sults providing the sampling, weighing and the operation of the test
is carried out with utmost accuracy. Admitting that two samples of
butter will vary, it is safe with the tests under 15 per cent.

If one desires to know the fat content of his butter, which would
be necessary with a fat standard, the water and salt content can be
determined and by adding one for casein to the sum of water and salt
and deducting that from 100 the result will be the per cent of fat
in the butter. In addition to this, butter can be tested by the Bab-
cock method and the results will be as uniform as the testing of a 40
per cent sample of cream. When the sample of butter is prepared
for weighing it has the same appearance as cream, aside from color,
and when the tests are completed there is no difference. A third
method of getting at the per cent of fat in the butter is that of knowing
definitely the pounds of butter-fat put into the churn and by deducting
the fat lost in the buttermilk, the balance of the fat must be in the
butter.

The sample of cream that is taken will be a better representation
than any sample of butter. If by this method one finds that the per
cent of fat in the butter is between 75 or 80, which is the case when
the overrun is high, or 85 to 90 per cent of fat when the overrun is
low, it is evident that the cream was not correctly tested.

In an experiment of 80 churnings where four churnings represented
a day's run, the average amount of fat handled each day was 892.71
pounds. Samples of butter were taken by means of a trier from each
o'f four tubs or 16 tests for each day's make. According to the
average fat content of these samples an average of 892.57 pounds
of fat was recovered in the butter for the 2 0 days. The handling of
all this cream or the making of 21,523 pounds of butter represents
what can be done.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Miller: How can a buttermaker get a 25 per cent over-
run if lie don't put in over 4 per cent salt, casein, etc., and 16
per cent water?

Prof. Lee: Nine out of ten today getting an overrun of 25
l)er cent are robbing the farmers.

Mr. Miller: If you don't get it you lose your job.

;^66 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Prof. Lee: It is too bad that the creamery business has gotten
into that condition. I once heard a representative of a centralizing
concern telling the farmers that they were only getting a 16 per
cent overrun, when I knew that that company would not have
a buttermaker in their employ who could not get an overrun of
25 per cent. Before I got through with him he moved on.

INIr. vStephenson : "Wiliat do you consider an honest and legitimate
overrun ?

Prof. Lee : "When a creamery makes an overrun of 20 per cent
it is getting all that is coming to it. Many of you will disagree
with me on that. We all know that the easiest thing to do to
regulate the overrun is to cut the farmers' test. Butter contain-
ing 83 per cent fat and yielding an overrun of 25 per cent, where
does it come from? The farmers produce the butter-fat and they
are entitled to the fat they produce, and if we have come to a
point where a high overrun is demanded we ought to educate the
farmer to the fact that it can't he done. I have come to the
point, gentlemen, where if a buttermaker gets an overrun of
19 per cent I say he has done good work.

Mr. Thomas : I understood you to say that a buttermaker could
not get an overrun of 20 per cent without cutting the test. I
claim that he can.

Prof. Lee: You can't buy 100 pounds of butter-fat from the
farmer without losing some of it. How much'?

Mr. Thomas: Not necessarily any.

Prof. Lee: Let's put it down to 1 per cent. For every 100
pounds of fat you buy you make only 99 pounds of it into butter.
Creameries pasteurizing lose from .6 to .8 of a pound. I know
of biittermakers pasteurizing their cream who are losing from .5 to
.8 of a pound in their buttermilk. If you have lost one you only
have 99 pounds to start with. Therefore, if you are getting a
25 per cent overrun you must have less than 79 per cent fat in
your butter. I want to say that if we have come to a point where
the small creameries are going to make butter containing less
than 80 per cent fat it is time a halt is called. I believe that the
average fat content of Iowa butter loday is 82 per cent. If you
have lost one pound of fat, tell me how you can get even 22 per
cent overrun. I am putting up to you a mechanical problem.

Mr. Thomas: Don't you consider butter containing 16 per cent
moisture, 4 per cent salt and 1 per cent casein legitimate?

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 367

Prof. Lee: If we are going to continue to make that kind of
butter we will soon have a harder proposition confronting us than
anything we have today. Our American consumers will not stand
for that kind of butter.

Member: Supposing one doesn't pasteurize?

Prof. Lee: If you don't pasteurize your cream you are entitled
to 1 or ll^ per cent more overrun. When we talk of a 22 or 25
per cent overrun it is a question entirely of how much fat we are
putting in our butter.

Member: What should the fat standard be?

Prof. Lee : The butter-fat standard should be liberal. I believe
we should have a standard liberal enough so that the man who is
a little careless will be safe. I don't believe that we ought to
establish a criminal limit so high that it is impossible to always
make butter within that standard. I believe that the average fat
content of Iowa butter exceeds 821/2 per cent. I collected Iowa,
butter for a period of one year and the average fat content was;
82.9. This was in 1907 and 1908. I believe Iowa buttermakers
have been trying to reduce that fat content, yet I feel safe in
saying that the average fat content will exceed 821/2 per cent. If
butter was made in Iowa as it was ten or fifteen years ago, 75. per
cent of it would contain over 83 per cent. Do you want to lower
the fat content because we want to pay more money to the farmer i
Or is it because you want to compete with the fellow who is not
able to get that high overrun?

We have a fat standard of 821/2 per cent in Wisconsin. As I
already have said, that percentage of fat makes a good commer-
cial butter. I am asked: "Can you tell the difference between
butter containing 83 or 85 per cent fat and a butter with a lower
fat percentage?" That isn't the question to consider. When I
take butter home, Mrs. Lee doesn't look for the fat content. She
looks for a butter with a clean, rich flavor. She does not want a
butter with a flavor of cream held too long on the farm.

Member: What percentage of moisture do we have with an 81
per cent fat?

Prof. Lee: Sixteen per cent water corresponds with an 80 per
cent fat standard. Butter should not contain over 1 per cent casein.
That leaves 3 per cent salt. That is all that should be put in. I
believe that commercial butter should contain close to 82 per cent
fat, or between 82 per cent and 83 per cent.

368 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Member: Do you believe in a double standard?

Prof. Lee : No. We want one standard, and I believe that
standard ought to be a fat standard.

Member: From a manufacturers' standpoint, would a fat stan-
dard give us any advantage compared with a moisture standard?

Prof. Lee : No. The man today who has trouble with the
water standard would have the same trouble with a fat standard.
When we try to keep up Avith the other fellow we are on the wrong
track.

Member: We Iowa buttermakers have to pass an examination
in order to test. Mr. Lee has said that the moisture per cent varies
in the taking of samples. Is it fair to have government inspectors
take samples of our butter and condemn it without knowing that
the sample taken was accurate? It isn't fair. Those fellows who
take the samples which are used to prosecute ought to be made to
pass an examination the same as we do.

Member: Would there be any difference in the per cent of
moisture if the sample is taken out of the churn and a sample
taken several days later?

Prof. Lee: Yes, there will be a difference of about 1 per cent
on an average.

Mr. Stephenson : We have with us this afternoon a gentleman
who needs no introduction to an audience of Iowa buttermakers
and dairymen, a man in whom we all have a great deal of confi-
dence. Mr. P. II. Kieffer.

Mr. Kieffer: It certainly affords me a great pleasure to have
this honor of appearing before you this afternoon. I am more
than pleased to see the number of buttermakers, the number of
supply men, the number of transportation men and represntatives
from the markets here in this audience staying with you to the
finish. It shows the interest in you. I used to think we had a
great association when I was secretary, but you have made a re-
markable advance since then.

I have been asked by your secretary to pre?nt the medals to
those who won in the butter exhibit. And right here 1! want to
congratulate the secretary on having the pro rata money all ready
to pay to those who had butter. He advises me that it will be paid
before you leave.

I have a surprise in store for you. or, at least, I. am surprised.
This is the first time I have attended a meeting of this kind where

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 369

the gathered cream creamery won the highest score. This fact ought
to encourage the markets and you buttermakers in gathered cream
creameries. The highest score was won by Watson Shick, of
Monona, with a score of 98%.

The man receiving the second highest score is in the whole-milk
class and is one of the diligent members of this association. He
skips very few contests of this kind, and when you hear his name
you will all agree with me that he is worthy and nobody will feel
envious because he won. That man is G. Steussi, of Manchester.

These are the prettiest medals I have ever seen. Mr. Staussi, I
have the honor to present you this medal in behalf of the Iowa
State Dairy Association. I understand Mr. Shick is not present.

Mr. Stephenson : The hour is late and we will stand adjourned
until this evening at 8 o'clock. The buttermakers' scoring contest
will be held this afternoon at 2:30 o'clock.

Adjournment.

WEDNESDAY EVENING.

Mr. Shoemaker: We are especialy fortunate in connection with
this convention to have been favored very liberally by the United
States Department of Agriculture. Tonight we have two represen-
tatives of this department with us and we will now hear from ]\[r.
Joslin, who scored the butter at this convention. He will talk on
"The Good and Bad Points of the Convention Butter."

THE GOOD AND BAD POINTS OF THE CONVENTION BUTTER.

J. C. JosLix, Chicago, III.

(Federal Butter Inspector with the Dairy Division of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.)

It is a pleasure to me to have this privilege of meeting and getting
acquainted with Iowa buttermakers.

I have met quite a number of your inspectors and field men, and
a few of your creamery operators, but have never before had the
opportunity of coming into your state and inspecting your butter.
I am, therefore, glad of having this privilege. I am glad that it
has been my good fortune to be called upon to judge the butter at
a time when the conditions have been so favorable for making good
butter, for I assure you that a butter judge would rather see you all
get high scores than low, and when the butter runs poor it is as dis-
appointing to the judge as to the buttermakers.

I am supposed to speak on "The Good and Bad Points of the Butter
Exhibt." I find upon averaging the scores on the exhibit that it is
94. Now this is surely a very fine average, especially as I feel that

370 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

I have been very careful in this scoring to place the scores as nearly-
right as it was possible to do, and have not padded them. The quality-
was there, and all it was necessary to do was to recognize it. I will
speak of the bad points first, leaving the good for the last.

In the first place, I will speak of the appearance of the packages
and tops as the butter is opened up for inspection. This is a very
important matter, and you should make a special effort to have this
perfect, so that the judge will approach the butter with a feeling that,
judging from outward appearances, this butter should be fine. Now,
how can one so prepare his tub? I would advise all to use ash tubs
if possible to get them, for two reasons. First, the spruce tubs soil
much more easily than the ash, and, second, there is much more dan-
ger of woody flavor in the butter. You should spend about five
minutes with a piece of coarse sand paper in smoothing off the rough-
ness from hoops, sides and cover. This is so easily done and adds
much to the attractiveness of the exhibit. The tub should be thor-
oughly steamed and then carefully paraffined, having the tub hot,
and parraffine about 200 degrees F. Apply the parraffine with a
brush. If it is done in this manner there will be a very thin coating
on the inside of the tub, and not thick scales, as was found on some
of the tubs in this exhibit. Line the tub carefully, allowing the liner
to lap over on top of the butter i of an inch. After the butter is
packed, cut the top off smoothly with a string, lap liner over on to the
butter, add a cloth circle of correct size, dampen it and sprinkle a
thin layer of salt over the surface; add a parchment circle, then the
cover, using two or three tins to fasten, and the deed is done. The
20-pound tub should be packed inside a 60-pound tub, filling in be-
tween with papers, so that it may come through in the same condition
as shipped. Some at this contest did not do this, and the tubs were
poorly handled and presented a poor appearance. If the tubs and
papers are thoroughly cooled before shipping, the butter is very apt
to come through without heating. Some of the buttermakers failed
to lap the liner over the top of the butter, and all the variations be-
tween.. It would be much better if this could all be uniform.

Now the workmanship. One would expect this to be near perfec-
tion in an exhibit like this, but although rather lenient on this pont.
and passing those I thought would pass on the market without criticism
still there were 20 marked defective in body, 30 off in color and two
in salt. There were 44 exhibits scored off, therefore some of them
were defective in both body and color. I have no doubt that some of
these defects were due to your having a smaller churning than usual,
and in the fear of overdoing it, have failed to work the butter enough
to give it a firm waxy body and straight color. This is very impor-
tant, and in this contest several of the high flavored tubs were kept
out of the "shake down" and chance of winning just on ai-count of
waxy or mottled color. There seems to be a tendency to salt butter
very high, no doubt with the idea of increasing the overrun, and in
many cases to cover up something in the flavor. I hate to see this,
and believe it will be a good thing for the industry, from the stand-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 371

point of quality, when we have a butter-fat standard, so that this
over-loading will be done away with. There were only a few tubs
here that were gritty in salt, which shows that the boys have been
careful along this line. The butter that was poor in flavor was mainly
so on account of old and stale cream, the flavor indicating poor care
of cream before it has reached the creamery. This is something that
must be overcome before our butter will be of a quality that it should
be. There was considerable weedy and feed flavors in the butter, but
these are not nearly as objectionable as the sour, cheesy and stale
cream flavors.

Now a few words of praise for the good points. There were only
22 tubs scoring 90 and below, and as butter scoring above 90 is
considered good table butter, and when you consider that the average
score of all this butter is 94, you can understand that it is a very fine
lot of butter, and, barring deterioration, I am sure you will And it
so when you look it over. The most of it was good commercial
butter, butter such as the dealers are anxious to get and such as will
go through to the consumer without a complaint. And there were
about 20 tubs of the finer quality that were rich, sweet and clean in
flavor, fine aroma, fine in workmanship and appearance — in fact,
nearly perfect butter that it is a pleasure and a privilege to judge.
Conditions have been ideal for the making of good butter, new grass
and cool weather. I am glad that such has been the case, and this,
coupled with the skill of the Iowa buttermakers has resulted in a
fine exhibit of butter.

As I said at first, this is my first opportunity of judging Iowa
butter, in Iowa, and I am frank to say that I found a better lot than
I had expected, and I will say further, that if you boys send such
butter as this to the International Dairy Show and the National
Creamery Buttermakers' Association convention, the other states will
have to look well to their laurels, or Iowa will win the prize cup
and the prize banner. I thank you.

The President: Our government never does things by halves; it
never employs poor men and it never sends out poor men. We are
favored tonight with S. C. Thompson, in charge of the Dairy
^Manufacturing Investigations which are being done by the U. S.
Dairy Division, and I take pleasure in introducing him to you.

ADDRESS.
S. C. Thompson-, Washixgtox, D. C.

(In charge of Butter Manufacturing Investigations Dairy Division, U.
S. Department of Agriculture.)

Those of you who had the pleasure of hearing your president
address this meeting this morning, heard him condemn the dual-pur-
pose cow. I don't know how you are going to consider me. I am of
the beef type but am working for the dairy interests.

372 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

I waut to say that I am A^ery glad of having this opportunity to
meet the dairymen and bnttermakers of Iowa. I was born in the
east and raised under eastern conditions and my experiences along
dairy lines were gained there, but since I have been old enough to
remember I have been told that the west was making more rapid
strides along dairy and agricultural lines than the east. ■

When I first began to look around for myself, the state of Iowa
attracted my attention and the amount of dairying struck me most
forcibly. I wondered why the state of Iowa was noted for its butter
manufacturing and I came to the conclusion, as I have studied your
conditions and become more familiar with them, that your college of
agriculture, your dairy and food department and your dairy associa-
tions have been factors — the forces that have driven you into a po-
sition that certainly the other states of the Union are envious of.

The amount of dairy manufacturing, particularly by your creameries
has been one of great interest to me. While the number of cream-
eries has not increased, and in fact they have diminished, during the
last few years, yet the amount of production has steadily increased.
This shows to me that by consistent effort, you have been able to
forge ahead and I see no reason why you are not in position to hold
your own and to succeed even better in the future. You have accom-
plished a great many things, and you have many more yet to ac-
complish, but I think you have the foundation laid now for the
greaest success.

So far as your creamery operations are concerned, I am satisfied
that you are making rapid improvement. I am sure that the busi-
ness management of your creameries is growing better each year.
I mean by that that you are keeping better records of your daily
operations; that you know more completely what becomes of the
butter-fat, and, if I may be allowed to say it, that you are getting
a better overrun. My position on the overrun question is this. That
every creamery operator ought to be able to secure a reasonable and
uniform overrun every day, and by doing that he can pretty well
know that the work in his creamery is being done properly. If not,
he lacks additional assurance that his testing is being done properly,
that his moisture is correct, or that his losses are not excessive. In
fact, he does not have a double check on his operations unless he is
able to get a reasonable overrun. Prof. Lee cautioned you and per-
haps criticised you about getting from 2 0 to 25 per cent overrun. I
don't advise any creameryman to attempt to get more than 21 per cent
overrun, but I will ask you why you are not getting more than 16 or
17 per cent when it is possible for you to get 20 or 21 per cent with
justice to all? You as creamery operators ought to consider this.
I would not urge anyone to loa^ their butter with moisture or salt,
and I believe that the moisture question is one that, at the present
time, needs serious consideration by creamery operators. I believe
if we are going to do the best work — the only way for us to do — we
must know each day the complete analysis of our butter so far as
we are able to determine it with the tests we have at hand. I have

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 373

sail! that Iowa creameries have made, and are making, rapid improve-
ment and I want to congratulate you on that success.

What I had in mind to say tonight is the story that has been told
a great many times;, it is being told at almost every convention and
is no doubt tiresome to many. That story is the story of quality. It
seems to me that if there is any one thing that the creameries in
Iowa and other states need to realize more than they realize now, it
is the necessity of getting better quality and how it is going to be
secured. You know when the whole-milk creameries were flourishing
that the buttermaker with proper training didn't have much difficulty
in getting a fine grade of butter. The hajid separator came and as
a result quality has deteriorated. Yet I feel that buttermakers and
creamery proprietors have made a serious mistake in spending as
much energy as they have in trying to have their patrons understand
that the hand separator was a damage to the business. If they had
spent that same time and energy in trying to show the farmer how
to take proper care of hand separaor cream from the time of skimming
until time for delivery we would have been further ahead than we
are at the present time. We didn't know just what we were coming
to but; as matters have turned out, it was proper that we should be
alarmed. But we have the condition to cope with now. We have the
hand separator pretty generally and now it is up to us to devise some
means to meet that condition and to improve our quality.

You have heard Mr. Joslin speak this evening and I presume you
all know what his duties are on the Chicago market. They are to
examine shipments of butter when requested by creameries and re- •
port the defects found to the creameries with suggestions for over-
coming them. Prom the number or requests for inspections we have
had it seems to us that the work is being appreciated, as the number
of inspections have practically doubled during the last fiscal year.
By analyzing these market inspector's reports, we get many startling
facts, and some of these facts I want to present to you at this time.
During the year ending April 30, 1911, there were 838 shipments
of Iowa butter inspected on the New York and Chicago markets. The
total amount of butter included in these shipments was 1,369,000
pounds. Out of that 838 shipments but 42, or 5 per cent, scored 90
points or more, while 95 per cent scored below 90. If we were to
determine the losses sustained by the creameries making that butter
on a basis of New York extras, we would have $27,000, or practically
2c per pound. You understand that I have based that loss on extras
in New York and extra firsts in Chicago. If it had been figured on
a 3c premium basis, which price some of the best creameries are
selling for, then the loss on this butter would have amounted to
$67,500. The amount of butter inspected was approximately 1 per
cent of the' output for the state and if the loss had been sustained
on the entire product, it would have amounted to over $6,000,000.
The losses were actually sustained by certain creameries which, ac-
cording to our records, comprises over half of those in the state or
292 different plants.

374 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

This brings to us forcibly the need of some improvement in our
quality. It seems to me that your state has lost too much money in
that waj'. Iowa is not, however, the only state that is sustaining
those losses. The other large producing states show a similar loss
practically as great.

These reports show more facts that will be interesting. Sixty-two
per cent of all those inspections for Iowa showed poor workman-
ship, which means either that the buttermakers were not properly
trained — that they were not doing as well as they knew how, or
else they didn't have proper equipment to handle the cream. Thir-
teen and five-tenths per ^ent showed mottles and 38.3 showed over-
worked and greasy body. I believe that the enterprise of the Iowa
creameries is great enough to provide sufficient help and proper
equipment and to require every buttermaker to be capable of over-
coming all manufacturing difficulties. Here seems to be a field for
some work which we have been inclined to overlook. The greatest
defect, however, in the quality of butter was caused by poor cream, as
over 82 per cent of all these shipments showed poor cream flavors.

I haven't mentioned these facts to you for the purpose of criticis-
ing. I simply mention them so we can realize that we have a condi-
tion and not a theory which must be met. I believe there is but one
way to do this satisfactorily, and that is by grading cream and pay-
ing for quality. So long as the patrons of a creamery are per-
mitted to bring their poor cream and receive the same price that is
paid for good cream, there is no incentive to improve methods. In
fact, there is a tendency for the man bringing the good cream to
lower his quality. It is only human nature for us to become lax
under such conditions and we simply let go some of the little things
that perhaps have not taken much time. If we will grade cream and
pay for quality that condition will be changed, and in no other way
can it be so well done. Let us consider for a moment. If we have
a patron bringing cream of fine enough quality to be made into but-
ter that will bring that 3c premium and we have another bringing
cream that will only make a second or third, and it all goes together
and makes butter that scores, say 90, the creamery is very often
well enough satisfied with the results, but how about the patrons
furnishing good cream. Suppose we were to grade that cream and
make a dividing line. Suppose we would pay lie above for good
cream and lie below for poor cream. That would mean that the
patrons delivering good cream receive 3c more than the poor cream
patron. The patron bringing good cream would still be receiving Ic
less than his butter if churned alone would bring, while the poor
patron would be receiving Ic more than his butter would be worth
— but a far more equitable basis than paying for all alike.

These facts, if we will follow them out far enough, will show to ua
that the only way we can be just with ourselves and with our patrons
is to divide the quality at the proper point. I can't say just where
that is, but each buttermaker can determine for himself. I do be-
lieve when you establish this system of grading, that it can gen-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 375

erally be worked out successfully. I had a good opportunity of
seeing and helping to work out a similar condition to this. Let me
say to you that in four years after the creameries in a certain state
adopted the grading system and paid 3c more for good cream, they
succeeded in improving the quality so that 95 per cent of all the
cream delivered to the creameries was sweet enough to be pasteur-
ized and sold as sweet cream.

I would like for you to consider what has been done; consider
the advantages of this proposition and decide for yourself if the
grading proposition is not the only one that will tend to uplift the
quality. Patrons very often say "How can this be accomplished?
How can I bring 95 per cent sweet cream?" The delivery is an
important factor, and it may be that every-day delivery would be
necessary at first. In the state I mention, however, it was accom-
plished by the free and liberal use of ice.

The harvesting of ice and its general use with milk is not as
difficult as a great many creamery patrons believe. I am going to
take up the ice proposition briefly and give you some simple hints
on harvesting ice. People in the extreme northern states have told
me that is was impossible for them to get a supply of ice, and I
presume many in Iowa feel that way, but I am sure it is far less
difficult than it seems. If there is a stream within a reasonable
hauling distance, that means a source of supply which can't be
better. There may be a creek that can be dug out cheaply and
easily. It doesn't take a very big pond to harvest enough ice for a
herd of 20 cows. If no other means are at hand a depression in the •
land can be scraped out and the fall rains depended on to fill it
and give a supply. In either event, neighbors can co-operate in pro-
viding an ice supply that will be inexpensive, satisfactory and near
enough at hand to make the cost of harvesting ice of small con-
sideration. The time is coming when the state of Iowa will have
ice houses on the farms of practically all of its dairymen. It is
really amazing to note the small expense that is attached to having
a supply of ice, an ice pond and an ice house. In the state that I
have mentioned, the first people to store ice didn't build a house that
cost from $125 to $200. Many used an outbuilding that they already
had. Maybe they partitioned off part of some shed. They provided
good drainage and good ventilation and put in enough ice to carry
them through the summer, with the result that their cream was de-
livered to the creamery often than three times in summer and two
times in winter in sweet enough condition to be pasteurized and
sold for sweet cream.

If you want to build an ice house, there are several cheap methods.
The setting up of piles with plain boarding and plain roof is one of
them. Give attention to the drainage and ventilation and you can
have a building that will keep your ice without an excessive amount
of waste. The amount of ice that is necessary for a herd of twenty
cows is not large. We have found that 500 pounds of ice will cool
the cream from one cow for a year — that is during the summer

3 76 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

months. To that I would always advise adding 500 pounds more to
provide for the waste and for household uses. That means 1,000
pounds per cow on a basis of a twenty-cow dairy, or ten tons for
twenty cows. I want to say that the cost of harvesting that ice
need not exceed $1 per ton, and if you cut it yourself you won't
have to pay out more than 3 5c or 50c per ton. If you store ten
tons of ice costing $10, and it is possible to increase the revenue
5c per pound on an average production of 150 pounds per year, you
would increase the revenue per cow $7.50, or for twenty cows, $150 — ■
with an outlay of $10.

What I have said along this line has been worked out and it can
be worked out I believe here. I want to submit for your consid-
eration, if that is not the easiest and best way we can accomplish
the results we are after.

I am so thoroughly convinced myself of the possibilities along
this line that I would not have felt that I had done my duty if I
hadn't outlined this plan briefly. I know how a good many of you
feel; that it may work out in some places, but it won't work out
here. But I believe it will. If you want to call upon us at any
time, you will find our department ready to assist you. I thank you.

Mr. Shoemaker: I know every member of this association will
learn with regret that Prof. Mortensen is very seriously ill, havins:
l)een operated upon for appendicitis. He was to have been with
lis tonight. He has sent his paper and I will ask Mr. Ross to read
it.

ICE CREAM MAKING AND ITS RELATION TO THE CREAMERY.
Prof. M. Moetenson, Aimes, Iowa.

About fifteen years ago it was generally considered that the ice cream
business was more su'table for the peanut stand than for the creamery, but
the industry has rapidly advanced until we, today, in the state of Iowa
are manufacturing not less than 3,000,000 gallons of ice cream an-
nually. If each gallon of ice cream contains nine-tenths of a pound
of butterfat, then 2,700,000 pounds of butterfat, or 1.23^/- of the
total amount of butterfat produced by our Iowa cows, is converted
into ice cream.

Is it possible that this industry will develop to any greater extent?
The production of 3,000,000 gallons of ice cream in our state means
that twice a month each man, woman and child in the state of
Iowa will have a dish of ice cream. There are some people that will
average a dish daily; some perhaps even more. There must be some
who are not receiving their full proportion. Who are these people?
Are they the people of the cities? Are they the people of the smaller
towns? Are they the college students? No, they are the farmers,
their wives and children. They constitute the wealthiest class of
people in our state. They are the people who supply the food for
the people of our state; not only for the people of our state, but for

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 377

those of other states and of foreign countries. They are the people
who are furnishing the ice cream for the city people. Yet it seems as
if they, thercselves, are deprived of that which ought to be the most
delicate dish that is served on any man's table. Is the reason there-
for that the farmer cannot afford to buy it? No. Is the reason
therefor that he does not care for ice cream? No. The reason is
that the ice cream sign does not glare in his eyes wherever he goes,
and the ice cream parlor with all its temptations is absent.

At the annual ice cream makers convention two years ago I made
the remark that we would soon reach the people of the rural districts
with ice cream wagons from towns and cities and perhaps from the
country creamery. We had at that time at the college creamery suc-
cessfully sold ice cream from the wagons collecting cream from
the farmers. We now read on page 33 of the September issue of the
Ice Cream Trade Journal that an ice cream factory of Portsmouth,
Ohio, has successfully operated routes from Portsmouth selling ice
cream to the people of the rural districts. This is merely a begin-
ning, but they have been successful in their efforts and it will nat-
urally result in that more ice cream manufacturers will follow. If
the rural districts of our state are taken proper care of it means
that our annual output of ice cream will double, that it will repre-
sent to value of about 4.8 million dollars, being about 8.1% of the
value' of the 219,800,000 lbs. of butterfat produced annually in the
state of Iowa, figuring the value of the butterfat at 27c per pound;
but the amount of fat used represents only 2.46% of the total amount
produced.

Let us consider the value of a pound of butterfat which is used
in the manufacture of ice cream. We will take for granted that an
ice cream manufactured from a 20% cream and containing no in-
gredients except those of very highest quality will readily whole-
sale at 80c per gallon. The cost of producing ten gallons of ice cream,
not including the cost of cream, is as follows:

8 lbs. sugar @ 6c . .48

4 oz. vanilla .30

4 oz. gelatin .12

Ice and salt .75

Labor 1.00

$2.65
Selling price 8.00

Value ol 9 lbs. fat for ice cream $5.35

Value of 1 lb. fat for ice cream .594

Value of 1 lb. fat for butter .27

Difference in favor of ice cream .324 per lb.

Value of 2,700,000 lbs. of fat used annually in Iowa for ice

cream ..$ 1,603,800

Value of same amount fat for butter at 27c 729,800

In favor of ice cream making 874, SOO

The total value of the butter-fat produced annually in the state

of Iowa estimated at 27c per lb 59,346,000

The value of same if made into ice cream 130,561,200

Difference in favor of ice cream $ 71,215,i00

From this it is apparent that there is a financial gain in making
ice cream. Considering we have an ice cream factory in connection

37 8 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

with our local creamery we have the advantage that we have no
express charges to pay. The express charges on a five gallons packer
of ice cream is:

From one to ten miles $.40

From 11 to 20 miles _. . .45

From 21 to 40 miles .50

From 41 to 60 miles .60

From 61 to SO miles .75

From 81 to lOO miles .90

Eeturn charges _ .15

Leaving the financial aspect of the ice cream industry we will
consider the ice cream department as an educator both to the pro-
ducer and to the manufacturer.

The ice cream maker demands sweet cream. No high class prod-
uct can be made from a cream which is in the least inferior in qual-
ity. In order to obtain sweet cream for ice cream making purposes
it is necessary that the creamery manager does a certain amount of
educational work among his farmers and by so doing he will dis-
cover that it is not so impossible to improve the quality as was first
thought. The Algona experiment conducted by the dairy division
of the department of agriculture proved that as soon as the cam-
paign for sweet cream started, the result was that all of the cream
improved in quality and that about 90% of the cream was de-
livered sweet, whereas less than 10% was delivered sweet a year
ago. It is natural that in order to accomplish this it is necessary
to iliake a difference in price between sweet and sour cream. We
say we are paying a premium for the sweet cream, but the fact is
that the producer is paying a fine for delivering sour cream, and
it is proper that he should, for it was never intended that cream, to
be used for human food, should be left to deteriorate in order to
suit the convenience of the producer.

The ice cream maker must give his cream the proper care. As soon
as it is received it has to be pasteurized and cooled immediately, and
it must be done right. The ice cream maker who makes good must
be careful, painstaking, conscientious, prompt and quick. The same
qualifications are required of an up-to-date buttermaker, but these
lessons will be taught more readily in the ice cream factory.

Care of equipment and supplies means much to the ice cream
manufacturer because it is in the ice cream factory more subject
to deterioration. There is a good lesson for some of us butter-
makers.

To keep in close touch with the consumers of our products, to
learn through them the real defects of our goods, brings us all a
most valuable kind of education. As a buttermaker we are at
times apt to think that our product is all right and that the fault
is with the man at the other end of the line. The ice cream maker
can go to the consumer and be convinced that by selling part of his
products to the home people or to the people of his neighboring towns
he becomes a stronger man. He learns to get along with his fellow-
men, becomes what we call a better mixer.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 379

An ice cream maker is forced to adopt some kind of bookkeeping
system, and if such was adopted in the ice cream department, a simi-
lar system would, without doubt, soon be introduced in the butter
department.

Some will ask, "Is it wise for all creameries to make ice cream?"
We consider it safe for a creamery to install sufficient ice cream
equipment if they are assured of being able to dispose of twenty
gallons daily during the five months, May, June, July, August and
September. Due consideration should be given to nearby competition,
to shipping facilities, and to cheapness of ice. There should be
plenty of room available, and the buttermaker should have time to
devote to overseeing the ice cream department without neglecting
any of his regular duties. We should not depend on that we could
make ice cream with the same amount of help as we had before. If
we decide to install ice cream equipment let us also decide to give
the buttermaker an additional helper.

We should discourage the addition of an ice cream department
in a place where the buttermaker is not in favor of ice cream mak-
ing. The same is true if the manager and directors lack business
ability along the line of salesmanship, collection of accounts, book-
keeping, etc. The creamery directors are appointed by the patrons
of a creamery and are given full authority to dispose of the dairy
products handled by their institution the way they deem best. The
directors are held responsible by the patrons. Therefore a con-
scientious creamery director should thoroughly investigate and study
all possibilities for disposing of the product at the highest price. If
he can return most money to the patrons by making butter, then
make butter exclusively. If he finds that he can make more money
by making ice cream, or selling cream for ice cream, then it is his
duty to convert as much as possible of the product in that direc-
tion. To the producer it is not a matter of sentiment, it is a matter
of who pays the most money.

Mr. Shoemaker: "We will now stand ad.journed until tomorrow
morning.

Adjournment.

THURSDAY MORNING.

The President: We will open our meeting this morning by an
address by L. P. Anderson, of Algona, who is a thoroughly prac-
tical man, and I know he will have much to say to us that will be
of interest and value to all.

DAILY TESTING OF CREAM.

L. P. AxDEBSox, Algoxa, Iowa.

Testing cream every day, or at each time of delivery to the cream-
ery, has been given to me as a subject for this morning's program.
It is with some reluctance that we attempt the discussion of this

380 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

subject. It is in my estimation the keynote for better and more suc-
cessful creamery management. The fundamental principles seem to
me to be so strong in its favor that it is hardly necessary to argue
in its favor.

Testing every day has been discussed pro and con through all
the dairy papers and what the speaker has to say on the subject
may not be new to the buttermakers and creamery men present.
At the same time we would like to have your undivided attention for
a few moments. At the conclusion of this paper you will be given an
opportunity to one and all express your views as the subject may
appeal to you.

The creamery that does not test every day must take composite
samples. The testing is then done every two weeks or once a
month — a practice which we think is wrong and not in the least
correct. It is the way the composite sample is taken and handled
that is wrong. Theoretically it is right. The method of handling
is the point we wish to lay considerable stress on in this argument.

In Iowa very few buttermakers are testing every day. Most of them
take composite samples. Why are they taking composite samples?
In the first place, most of them have so much work they do not have
time to do the testing every day. They could not if they wanted to.
In the second place, the average farmers creamery deems it a very
wise plan to be economical with the labor question. If the butter-
maker can possibly take in the cream, make the butter, and get
through with his day's labor at any reasonable hour of the night, he
is compelled to do so alone. In a majority of such cases the butter-
maker does not have the time to attend to some of the little matters,
such as testing his cream for acidity, testing the buttermilk, testing
the butter for moisture, weighing the butter before shipping, and the
keeping of a set of daily records.

No, some of the farmers cannot see the necessity of doing those
little things when they are really some of the most essential things
for successful creamery management. As a result they will not hire
any extra help and the butterraaker cannot do it all alone and test
every day.

In the third place, a great many of the buttermakers do' not want
to test every day, for they think it is too much trouble. Not many
years ago most all the creameries received all whole-milk. When
the hand separator came they changed from whole-mlk to cream from
the hand separator, but they did not change the system of taking the
samples. The composite jar remained on the shelf just the same, and
it is hard for those buttermakers to do anything different. They like
to stay in the same old rut.

Now listen — we must admit there is a vast difference between the
per cent of butterfat tn one hundred pounds of cream than there
is in one hundred pounds of milk,. In many cases the way the whole-
milk sample is taken is wrong. Why then must not the composite
sampling of cream be decidedly wrong? Composite samples, whether
milk or cream, to be correct, must be taken in the right proportion

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 381

or aliquot portions of tlie amount the patron delivers. When the
samples are taken in aliquot portions and kept in jars with glass
stoppers, or jars sealed with cork so there will be no evaporation,
and kept in a cool place away from the rays of the sun in the hot
months and in the cold days kept where they will not freeze, the
composite sampling may be fairly correct. How many do those
things all the time? Now, unless these precautions are taken, how
can the sample represent the average richness of the various lots of
cream from which samples are taken?

You will be much surprised, if you test every day, at the variations
to be found in the patron's cream at different deliveries. There are
variations in the richness from day to day, and as a result the amount
of cream will vary. One day he will have more pounds of cream
with a lower test than he did the day before with less cream. Many
factors enter into the variations in the amount of cream and in the
test which the farmer does not always have control of and as a
result he has richer cream one day than another. Now, unless the
buttermaker takes the sample in the correct proportion for these
variations in the richness and amount at each delivery, how can he
have a correct composite sample?

We will now discuss the dipper sample. As an illustration we will
say Mr. Jones makes two separate deliveries of cream to our cream-
ery and we take two samples for testing at each time, one for every
day testing, and one for the composite. Today he delivers 200 pounds
of cream testing 20% which makes 40 pounds of butterfat. Tomor-
row he brings 100 pounds testing 40% which makes 40 pounds of.
butterfat. Testing this for every day work he has actually delivered
80 pounds of butterfat. Now we test the composite sample and find
the average test is 30%. He has delivered 300 pounds of cream
and with the 30% test he would be paid for 90 pounds of butterfat,
or the creamery would have to pay for a loss of 10 pounds of but-
terfat. You may reverse the illustration, and suppose that Mr. Jones
delivered 100 pounds of cream testing 20% making 20 pounds of
butterfat. The next day he delivers 200 pounds of crean™ testing
40% making 80 pounds of butterfat. In all he has 100 pounds of
butterfat. We will now test the composite sample and find the aver-
age test to be 30%, the same as in the preceding example, and he
has delivered the same amount of cream, 300 pounds. Thirty times
300 makes 9 0 pounds of butterfat the creamery has to pay for. In
this case the creamery wins and the patron loses 10 pounds of butter-
fat. If the patron only knew he was losing what a "howl would go
up from Denmark." Now, on the other hand, it is all right with
him when the loss comes on the creamery.

This example may be somewhat overdrawn in the differences we
make in the tests from day to day, but they are possible The varia-
tions found from day to day though smaller mean just the same and
have the same evil effects, and show the results which are had by
the dipper method. The man who takes the sample with the dipper
takes the amount each day through force of habit whether there is a

382 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

small amount or a large amount of cream, this we all know to be
true, and he does not get the correct portion. This method of tak-
ing the samples and paying for the butterfat on the basis of these
composite samples cannot be too strongly condemned.

We have not taken into consideration creameries that have cream
routes. Where the hauler weighs the cream and takes the sample, and
this sample is made a composite sample and then tested every two
weeks, tell me, please, what kind of a sample have we here? There
is nothing correct about it. It is a violation of the fundamental prin-
ciples of good creamery management.

The shortage of butterfat in this latter case would make the but-
termaker's hair turn gray to find the overrun. Yes, but you say we are
co-operative. You must remember it is all paid out just the same.
What is the difference if it is not equally divided and we do not get
the overrun? We get all the money. The answer should be a dis-
play of ignorance on the part of the creamery management.

Another factor that is detrimental to composite samples is the
escape of moisture from the sample jars. These jars In most cases
do not close tight enough at the top to prevent air from getting in.
In this case the per cent of evaporation is greater than you imagine.
Experiments have shown that we can easily account for from one to
three per cent high reading in this way. One per cent high reading-
will cut the overrun on an average of three per cent. Tell me, how
is a buttermaker to get his standard in overrun?

In the May 15th issue of the Creamery Journal, Mr, Winkjer, dairy
commissioner of Minnesota, says: "So many slipshod methods are
used. Poor records are kept by the buttermakers and in many cases
no records at all. It is nothing uncommon to have butter with an
analysis of 15.2 per cent moisture, 3.5 per cent salt and 1.3 per cent
other matter. Theoretically this should give a 25 per cent overrun,
yet we consider it good work if we have 20 per cent. Records from
many places show an average way below 2 0 per cent."

A buttermaker should know every day what he is doing. He
should know how many pounds of butterfat he receives each day.
Where the every day test is practiced this is a very easy matter be-
cause the testing is done before the cream is ready to churn and he
knows just how many pounds of butterfat there is in the ripener.
He can estimate how much butter should be churned the next morn-
ing and tell how much salt to use, etc.

The buttermaker should know the loss of fat in the buttermilk, the
per cent of moisure in the butter, and he should keep a complete
set of daily records. These will show him from day to day just what
he is doing. He will know where his overrun is and if it is low one
day he can remedy it the next churning. Now, when the testing is
done every two weeks, the buttermaker has to wait five or six weeks
before he knows what the result is. He takes in the cream, makes
the butter, and sends it to the market, and the markets tell him
how many pounds of butter he makes in a year. If luck is against

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 383

him and his overrun is low, what kind of an explanation can he make
to the creamery board? None, because he does not know what he has
done himself.

The creamery business is increasing and broadening every day, and
with the keen and sharp competition it is our duty to look after the
leaks. This can best be accomplished by more up-to-date methods and
thus keeping in pace with the line of progress.

Many creameries have not changed their methods of doing busi-
ness in twenty years. It is the same old grind day after day, year
after year. They take composite samples because they used to ten
years ago. In many cases what was the thing to do ten or more
years ago will not work today. It is necessary for a banking house
to know what they are doing each and every day If so — is the bank-
ing any more important a business than your creamery business?

In conclusion we wish to say that we think one of the most Im-
portant points in favor of the every day testing and one that we have
not mentioned, is the satisfied patron. In our work with the Algona
creamery since we have tested every day, and it is almost a year now,
we have not had a kick in regard to the test by a patron. How many
creameries that do not test every day can say as much? When the
patrons come to the creamery they ask what the test was the pre-
ceding day and if it is low they go home and turn the separator faster
or they turn up the cream screw. We were — in about a month's time
— able to increase the average test of the cream received from 22 per
cent to 27 per cent butterfat by simply telling each patron what his
cream tested and suggesting how he might improve the test.

Now, fellow buttermakers and creamerymen we have very briefly
touched on this interesting subject in regard to the advantages of every
day testing, and with this outl'ne for discussion we will turn the
floor over to you for a general discussion with the privilege of asking
us questions. I thank you.

DISCUSSION.

Member: I have 320 patrops delivering their cream. How
much help will it take to test every day'?

Mr. Anderson : One man could do the testing. I have seventy-
five patrons. I have weighed in all the cream and attended to the
rest of the work and had my testing done by noon.

Member : Wliere you have 320 patrons you would have to have
an extra man.

Mr. Anderson: "When you have 320 or 400 patrons your cream
is only coming in two or three days a week. You don't get them
all in one day.

Member: Supposing one man can't test them all and it would
require an extra man. Where would you get the pay for him?

384 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. Anderson : With 320 iiatrous you would save enough to pay
for him.

Mr. Capper: We have 350 patrons and this summer we have
been doing daily testing, besides taking care of fifty hogs.

Member: You said you didn't think very many were testing
every day. Isn't the majority doing daily testing?

Mr. Anderson : I am afraid not. One thing in favor of daily
testing is the fact that the buttermaker knows every day how
much overrun he is getting.

Member: It seems to me that these gentlemen are going off to
one side. The only point I see in daily testing is in giving every
man just what is coming to him. I don't think it makes any differ-
ence in the price you can pay.

Member: Ask any of your patrons whether he would rather his
cream would be tested while it is sweet and clean or at the end of
fifteen days when it was sour and dirty. If you test once or twice
a month your sample is liable to mould on you.

Mr. Thomas : We have a creamery with 280 patrons and we test
only once a month, but we never have any mouldy samples. We
used to have but not any more. I believe you can take samples
from day to day and keep them in perfect condition. The question
is, are you getting fair samples? I believe that is the greatest
drawback. The extra expense would amount to $40 per month
if we tested every day. If you sterilize your bottles you won't
have any trouble with mould.

Mr. Trimble: How do you know what your overrun is?

Mr. Thomas: We take samples two or three times a week from
the vat and find it in that way.

Mr. Odell: Experiments in daily and composite testing have
been made at the colleges and there is a variation of between 1
and 2 per cent if taken every fifteen days and nearly 3 per cent
when taken every thirty days. Now if you have such a wide
variation as this how are you going to get j'our overrun? I was
talking to a buttei-maker the other day who said he had been test-
ing every day but had to go back to the composite method because
he couldn't do the work. I asked him how his overrun was when
testing daily. He said all right. I asked him how it was when
taking composite samples. He said he made it all right. Unless
you use glass-stoppered jars and take a proportionate sample the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 385

variation ^vill make it impossible for the creameries to get their
overrun.

Member: I have been testing every day for the past four years
and we have all the way from 100 to 300 patrons. Along last June
we had close to 400. There were two of us on the inside. We got
through separating about 9 :30 or 10 o 'clock and between 11 and 12
we were all through testing. If a buttermaker has no more than
300 patrons, which is equal to about eighty each day, he don't have
to have a second man on account of the testing. If you have a
patron who kicks about his test you can tell him each time what his
last delivery tested. If you only test once a month you can't tell
him until the month is up. You can keep your patrons better sat-
isfied if 3^ou are testing every day.

Mr. Anderson : I had an experience along that same line. One
patron's cream had been testing around 28 and 30 per cent. One
day I noticed the cream Avas thin and the next day the patron
came in. lie asked what his test was and I told him 16 per cent.
He smiled and said he didn't think he would say anything but he
said he accidentally got water in his cream. "What kind of a com-
posite test would he have gotten with that water in it.

The President : You have all heard about the North Iowa Dairy
Improvement Association, from the newspapers, from the travel-
ing men and others who have had occasion to visit that territory,
but we have the North Iowa dairy expert with us and he will give
us the information from first, hand.

THE NORTH IOWA DAIRY IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION;
G. W. Patterson, Lake Mills, Iowa.

In discussing the subject of "The North Iowa Dairy Improvement
Association," I will first mention some of the objects of this organiza-
tion and then tell you what has been done and explain some of the
plans for the future.

It was originally intended that these nine creameries co-operate in
selling butter. They were to pasteurize at the same temperature, use
the same kind of starter, color the butter the same shade of yellow,
incorporate the same percentage of salt and use similar tubs. This
would give them a uniform product. It would establish a reputation
for the community's product on the market.

Another object of the association was to employ a dairy expert who

was to aid in this movement for an improvement in quality and an

increase in quantity. The association has now been active for a little

more than a year. They have not accomplished all they intended to do

25

386 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

yet, but they have made progress. During the past season their dairy
expert, in co-operation with men from the state dairy and food de-
partment and the U. S. department of agriculture, has scored cream
at the different creameries. The cream was criticized from the stand-
point of flavors, sourness, test and condition of can. The score cards
were given to the patron immediately after the cream was delivered.
On the back of these score cards were printed some dairy rules and
suggestions. This plan has served to agitate the subject of clean,
sweet cream in a very effective manner. We have noticed that be-
cause of it many old, rusty and jammed cans have been replaced by
new ones. The test has raised and the general quality of the cream
has beeh improved.

I do not have any data which will show the effect upon the price re-
ceived, but the buttermakers are all of the opinion that this cream
scoring does a great deal of good, especially when they follow it up.
It also gives the buttermakers a backing in handling some of the
poor patrons.

The buttermakers have shown themselves to be highly interested In
this work and have helped a great deal. They are at the present time
planning a meeting at North wood October 21st for the purpose of
organizing. They intend to meet each other, get acquainted and
promote co-operation instead of competition. Hereafter patrons with
poor cream will not be able to impose on a creamery because of riv-
alry between neighboring factories.

Considerable has been done to improve the methods of dairying on
the farms. Last winter the dairy expert along with Prof. Hugh G.
Van Pelt, Mr. Estel and others held dairy meetings at the school
houses. For the most part they were held in the evening. Subjects
such as feeding, testing, dairy sires, dairy barns, raising calves and
diseases of cattle were discussed. Some 44 of these meetings were
held last winter, and the attendance ranged from 15 to 7 5.

Through the efforts of the dairy expert, every patron of these
creameries (there are over 1,100) has received much good dairy
and farm literature. Some of the bulletins distributed treated the
subjects of "Milk Fever," "Managing a Dairy Herd," "Tuberculosis,"'
"Sanitary Milk Production," "Abortion," Bacteria in Milk," "Exter-
mination of Quack Grass," and "Canada Thistles," Each patron also
received one year's subscription to Kimball's Dairy Farmer.

Ending with July, dairy herd contests were carried on for one
year. Upwards of $1,600 worth of prizes were offered for the high-
est averaging herds. The cows were checked over four times during
the year. Every three months the names of the patrons (arranged
alphabetically) with the average number of cows, the total amount
of butterfat and the average production were posted at the creamery.
The following report shows the record of the first ten herds:

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 387

Herd. Av. No. Cows. Av. Prod. Bf.

1 15 285

2 9S 2636

3 10 2555

4 12J 2494

5 6 2386

6 43 2378

7 4 2327

8 143 2294

9 151 2274
10 9 ,2248

Many oi the lower herds averaged less than 75 pounds. In fact,
at one creamery, over 44 per cent of the farmers brought to the fac-
tory less than 100 pounds per cow. In the whole association, over
29 per cent brought less than 100 pounds. We have a complete check
on 9,0 04' cows. When we consider the butterfat used at home by
the family, the average production of all these cows was 134.3 pounds
of butterfat.

We have no means of knowing absolutely the value of these con-
tests. We believe they are doing a tremendous amount of good. They
have precipitated more discussion and agitated the subject of good
cream and proper methods more effectively than could be done in any
other manner. We do not know what will be the effect of all this on
the growing generation of farmers.

Milk houses and many silos have been built, pure bred dairy sires
have been purchased. There is no doubt but that some of these
changes are due directly to the association.

Thus far in this discussion we have not tried to explain the effects
of its organization. It has not existed a sufficiently long time to enable
us to show very many. We have tried to show you what has been
done. You'll have to judge largely for yourselves as to the effects.

This co-operative movement has many difficulties just as any other
progressive move has. The district is about 50 miles long and about
40 miles wide. It is so large that the dairy expert does not find time
to do much individual work with each patron. He is spread out
pretty thin, and many say that they can't see that much is being
done. There is a tendency on the part of many to confuse this or-
ganization with the dairy expert. They forget that the association
has, or should have, other functions besides employing a hired man
to agitate good methods. The majority do not yet appreciate the op-
portunity for co-operation between the different factories. There is
much work yet to be done. I thank you.

Mr. Shoemaker : The next will be the election of officers. The
first is the president for the ensuing year.

Mr. Thomas : In view of the fact that our present president 's
time is so taken up with his business duties that it isn't possible

388 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

for him to continue as president, I have a man in view to present.
He is a man well known throughout the state and a practical dairy-
man. I refer to R. B. Young, of Buffalo Center, and place his
name as a candidate.

(There being no other candidate, the secretary was instructed
to east a unanimous ballot for Mr. Young as president.)

Mr. Young: I consider it a great honor to have been selected
as president of this association. I can say that I will do the best
I can and try to" fill the position in a way that will please you.

Mr. Shoemaker : The next in order is vice-president.

Mr. Forrester: I wish to place the name of a buttermaker you
all know. He is a hustler and is well qualified for this position. I
wish to place the name of L. L. Flickinger, of Fredicksburg.

(The secretary was instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for Mr.
Flickinger as vice-president.)

Mr. Shoemaker: Who will you have for secretary?

Mr. Trimble : I wish to place the name of a man we all know
and we know he has made good as secretary for the past few
years. I nominate J. J. Ross, of Iowa Falls, to succeed himself
as secretary.

(The president was instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for
Mr. Ross as secretary.)

Mr. Shoemaker: The next is the treasurer. AVho will you have
for treasurer?

Mr. Barney: I wish to place the name of a young man well
known as the author of "Everybody Milks in Iowa." Mr. E. T.
Sadler, associate editor of The Creamery Journal.

(The secretary was instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for
Mr. Sadler as treasurer.)

Adojurnment.

(On motion, the association M'as instructed to send a l)Ouqnet
of flowers and a telegram to Prof. ]\Iortensen.)

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 389

PART IX

EXTRACTS FROM

State Dairy Commissioner's
Report of 1911

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL

W. B. BARNEY, Commissioner

The law creating the office of State Dairy Commissioner re-
quires an annual report to the governor of the state covering the
dairy business of the state. Later enactments make this depart-
ment responsible for the enforcement of the following laws :

PURE FOOD LAW,

PAINT AND LINSEED OIL LAWS,

TURPENTINE LAW,

WEIGHT AND MEASURE LAW,

CONCENTRATED FEEDING STUFFS LAW,

CONDIMENTAL STOCK FOOD LAW,

AGRICULTURAL SEEDS LAW.

The foregoing statement of expenses of this department includes
the salary of the commissioner, the deputy commissioner, the state
dairy inspector, the four assistant dairy commissioners, the assist-
ant dairy commissioner and food inspector, and the clerical help
in both the dairy and food departments. The janitor, though paid
by this department, djaes the work in the Veterinary Department.

The last legislature wisely authorized the employment of two

390 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

more assistant dairy commissioners and transferred the state milk
inspector to the dairy department. They made his title state dairy
inspector. These changes were recommended by this department
and it is most gratifying to ns to be able to have a force of suf-
ficient size to care for the work in a way that will prove both prof-
itable to the dairy interests of the state and acceptable to the gen-
eral public.

Our work with tke Thirty-third General Assembly as President
of the Iowa State Dairy association led us to believe that about the
only way this department could get the additional help they so
much needed was by the enactment of a license law that would
bring revenue to the state that would pay a large portion of the sal-
ary and expense of the extra help.

As the state dairy inspector is authorized to do work over the
entire state, we recommended that the milk license law effective in
cities of 10,000 population or more be made to apply to all munici-
pal incorporations, which would materially increase the revenue
from this source.

As a great share of the time of the assistant dairy commissioners
is spent looking after the interests of the creameries and cream
buyers, we advised the enactment of a law requiring operators of
the Babcock test for testing milk or cream for purchase, to take out
a license for which they shall pay $2.50 per annum.

The operator of the test is required to pass an examination to
show that he or she is competent and qualified to properly use the
test. At first thought, it was not the intention of this department
to require the older creamery men and buttermakers to take this
examination, but after due consideration we concluded that we
would never know where to stop if we extended any favors of this
kind. "We have, therefore, required all applicants for license to
take the examination. It may be of interest to know that of the
2,400 applicants more than 300 did not qualify on being examined
the first time. Many of these have posted up and have since
taken another examination, with the result that they have been
issued a license. About forty applicants have not qualified. Only a
small percentage of the applicants from whom we have withheld
licenses are buttermakers.

For the purpose of enabling applicants for these licenses to take
the examination with the least possible expense, one of the assist-
ant commissioners has visited at least one accessible point in each
county in the state to give examinations. Many counties have been

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 391

visited two or three times. Much of benefit in an educational way-
was derived from these examinations, and the need of information
on the proper use of the Babcock test was appreciated by the com-
missioners giving the examinations. At their suggestion and the
earnest solicitation of many of the operators, Bulletin No. 6, giving
full and complete instructions for the operation of the test was
issued under date of October 15th, and may be secured from this
department upon request.

This law has a provision whereby the commissioner may revoke
any license issued under the law. This we believe one of the most
helpful provisions of the act.

A very large portion of the time of the dairy assistants during
the summer has been taken up giving examinations. This will not
have to be gone over again next year. There are only a few more
to be given and from this time on our assistants will be at liberty to
take up their regular work. If a creamery secretary or butter-
maker cannot get service out of one or more of these men to the
amount of $2.50 per year, it will be their fault or neglect in not
asking for this help.

Fifteen or more new creameries have been started in the last year,
and five or ten that had closed for want of business have been re-
opened. Where opportunity has been offered this department has
assisted in organizing. We regret that in some instances, these
creameries have been organized under what is known as the "pro-
motion plan" at an expense anywhere from $1,000 to $2,000 in
excess of what they would have cost had they taken the matter up
with this department. We are at all times ready and willing to
send an assistant commissioner to help perfect organizations of this
kind, and see that they are equipped with plans, by-laws, etc.
When the building is finished the equipment can be bought on the
open market at any of the supply houses

We have experienced no little trouble in getting the people of
the state to understand that we were willing to aid them in this
work of organization. In many cases they have learned this too
late or after they had made their contract with a promoter. We
deplore the fact that in not a few instances they have been given
obsolete equipment in place of that which is up-to-date.

We think we are making a conservative estimate, when we say
that more dairy sires have been placed at the head of the dairy
herds of the state in the last two years than in the ten years pre-
vious.

392 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Little improvement in our butter production could be expected
until some change from our former methods could be brought
about. For a number of years the average per cow in Iowa has been
140 pounds of butter fat. The fact that for twenty-five years prac-
tically no dairy sires were introduced in the state, we believe one
of the best reasons that there has been no improvement in our dairy
cows. Within the next few years as the heifers sired hy these
dairy sires come in milk, we expect to see the average per cow ma-
terially increased. The high land valuations have brought about
a condition that makes it out of the question for the producer of
beef to make money on scrub stock or anj^^thing but cattle bred for
this purpose. Our people have been a long time in awakening to
the fact that this same economic principle holds good in breeding
cattle for the dairj\

CITY MILK INSPECTION.

I am pleased to report that the last General Assembly passed
laws that are of material benefit in the prosecution of this work,
particularly that section granting this department the power to
refuse a milk license to those deemed unworthy, and to revoke a
license once granted when the terms thereof have been violated.
While this power has been exercised to a very limited extent, it
serves as a "big stick" and as such is of undoubted benefit.

Along the lines of further legislation for this department, I
would recommend that a law be passed defining more explicitly
who are milk dealers. I would also retiterate the statement made in
my last report, advising that the pay for local milk inspectors be
increased. The new law requiring milk dealers in all the smaller
towns to pay a license as well as those in the cities is also an
equitable one, as well as that section requiring that the name of the
dealer or dairy be printed on the wagon. The policy of insisting
that the cities appoint local milk inspectors before we appoint a
state milk inspector we are convinced is proper and shall con-
tinue.

The most common form of adulteration found is that of skim-
ming the night's milk, this having set for a sufficiently long time
before delivered to allow the cream to raise. The most flagrant vio-
lation of the milk law we find is among the restaurants, cafes and
hotels in that they are in the habit of storing milk in upright cool-
ers with a faucet at the bottom, from which the milk is drawn and

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 393

the customer is served with poor milk. Many prosecutions have
been made along these lines and we believe much good has been
accomplished thereby. In some of these cases the law was not will-
fully violated, but in others, the milk would be drawn off and sold
by the glass until the cream is reached, when this would be drawn
into pitchers and used as cream. In some instances these restaur-
ants were buying milk as low as sixteen cents per gallon and a
gallon of milk will, as ordinarily served, make sixteen glasses. At
five cents per glass it will be at once observed that the dispensers
were making a profit of 500 per cent., which should be ample. In
some instances they are serving milk in one-half pint bottles, the
same having been bottled at the dairy and all samples of milk se-
cured by the inspectors of this department when thus handled have
proved to be of good quality, and we heartily recommend this way
of retailing milk.

The muck-raker and the yellow journal have no place in dealing
with the milk question. Unreasonable and adverse criticism of the
local milk supply tends to markedly increase the consumption of
condensed milk, the public having the erroneous impression that
they have a much more sanitary and healthful product and ignor-
ing the fact that it comes originally from the same old cow. It .is
our policy to educate the milkman along sanitary lines rather
than to prosecute him for ignorant violation of the law.

I have in mind one specific instance where a milkman was selling
milk in one of our larger cities and was visited by our State Dairy
Inspector several months since. The barns were devoid of win-
dows, uneven and broken plank floors, ventilated only by the cracks
between the boards of the unpainted side-walls and roof, cob webs
hanging all over the inside, in short, unsanitary to a marked de-
gree. Eighty cows of all sorts except good ones with long hair
matted with filth. He complained that it was hard for him to
make good milk, impossible to keep good help, and that he was
making no money. Upon advice of the Inspector he later visited
the dairy districts of Wisconsin, inspecting the dairies and their
methods and upon his return home he built a modern, sanitary bam
with cement floors, windows galore, an automatic system of ventila-
tion and a silo, bought a few full-bloods and the balance of his herd
grade cows of this same breed. Upon a recent subsequent visit by
this inspector on a cold winter's day, it was his pleasure to observe
the uniformly dairy type and the contented and thrifty condition
of the cows. This dairy-man said : ' ' I have solved the labor ques-

394 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

tion. Good men stay with me now, it is a pleasure to run this dairy,
and my wife says I spend my leisure hours out here with the cows,
and last but not least I am now making it pay." This is only one
among many similar instances that might be cited.

Some improvement has been made in the quality of milk sold, as
well as in the sanitary condition of the dairies, but much more re-
mains to be done, and I feel that the most good can be accom-
plished along educational lines — for as among dairymen of all
classes the producer of milk to be sold and consumed as such, there
is a tendency to fail to appreciate the importance of strict sanita-
tion and that milk is a food consumed largely by invalids and chil-
dren of tender years, and that clean, sanitary milk cannot be pro-
duced in a filthy and unsanitary barn. The cow gives clean, almost
germ-free milk, and when milk is otherwise it should be charged
to the failure of human intelligence or willful carelessness on the
part of man.

The most marked defects of dairy barns in this state is the lack
of sunlight in the barns and proper ventilation. There are but two
requisites for the production of pure milk. The first is to keep dirt
out of the milk, and the second is to cool it as quickly as possibie
after milking and keep it cooled below fifty degrees Fahrenheit.
The first excludes bacteria, and the second prevents the growth or
multiplication of those few that may have found lodgement therein,
with the exception of the one bacteria that is the bane of the milk-
man— ^the bacillus lactis viscosus, which multiplies only after the
temperature of the milk has been reduced to fifty degrees Fahrenheit
or below. This bacteria causes milk to present a slimy, ropy, greasy
and repulsive appearance, and the housewife erroneously attributes
this condition to the fact that the cows are sick and the milk ex-
tremely dangerous as human food. It is unfortunate that some of
the dangerous germs like those of tuberculosis or typhoid should
not manifest themselves as plainly as does this one.

Table showing the number of milk licenses issued to city milk dealers
for each year from 1904 to 1911. In each case the year ends on July
Fourth,

1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911

Number 780 827 803 1006 1078 1149 1106 1310

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX

395

Cities

Popiilation

Inspectors

Boone 10,347

Burlington 25,741

Cedar Rapids 32,811

Clinton 25,577

Council Bluffs 29,292

Davenport 43,028

Des Moines 86,368

Dubuque 38,494

Fort Dodge 15,543

Keokuk 14,008

Iowa City 10,091

Marshalltown 14,000

Mason City 11,230

Muscatine 16,178

Ottumwa 22,012

Sioux City 47,848

Waterloo 26,693

M. E. Flynn
Phil Pray

Peter Smith

H. J. High

J. Howard Sasseen

P. J. Kennedy, D. V. S.

D. C. Benjamin

W. P. Sherlock, M. D.
C. S. Chase, M. D.
J. A. Turner

A. L. Wheeler, M. D.
John Tillie, D. V. S.

B. W. Van Der Veer

E. C. Pape
W. W. Wyant

CARE OF MILK AND CREAM.

No articles of our diet are more benefited by cleanliness and low
temperature than the products of the cow. Probably no other food
products are so easily contaminated or become such a harbor for dis-
ease producing bacteria as milk and cream kept at high tempera-
tures. Thus it is very important for the producer, as well as the
wholesaler and retailer, to be provided with the proper facilities for
reducing and holding down the temperature during the warm sum-
mer months.

The loss on butter each year, due to the stale and deteriorated
condition of the cream from which it is made, reaches far past the
million dollar mark. This poor quality of butter has become so
marked during the past few years that several states have seriously
considered the passing of stringent laws to regulate the quality of
cream which may be sold for butter-making purposes. So long as
the farmer gets no more per pound for clean, sweet cream than for
an old, stale article, there is no incentive for him to improve the
quality of his product.

In view of the fact that just such conditions existed in the state
of Iowa, the Dairy and Food Commissioner made the following
ruling on March 15, 1911 :

''The Dairy and Food Commission of the State of Iowa will use
every means to bring about the grading of cream and paying there-
fore according to quality or grade. The best interests of dairying in

396 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

this state demand that this system be adopted, and the following
grades are hereby established :

SPECIAL GRADE CREAM is hand separator cream showing
not more than .15 per cent, acidity, free from bad odors, not over
two days old in warm weather and not more than three days old in
cold weather and testing 25 per cent or above :

FIRST GRADE CREAM is hand separator cream reasonably
sweet, free from bad odors, not over three days old in warm weather
and not over four days old in cold weather, and testing 25 per cent
or above ;

SECOND GRADE CREAM is cream not reasonably sweet, over
three days old in warm weather and over four days old in cold
weather, is not of good flavor, hand skimmed and water separated,
and testing less than 25 per cent butter fat. ' '

COOLING CREAM AND MILK BY USING WATER.

The principle of keeping cream in good condition is to produce
as clean cream as possible by having clean milk^ bj having all uten-
sils with which the cream comes in contact thoroughly cleansed ; by
the proper cooling of the cream as soon as possible after separation,
and the holding of it at as low a degree of temperature as fresh
well water will allow.

Milk, to be kept or sold as such, should be cooled as soon as
drawn, but if separated, the cream should be cooled immediately
after the separation has taken place. Fresh cream should never be
added to that of a previous separation until it is cooled to the same
temperature.

One ideal way of keeping cream cool is to have a small tank into
which the water is pumped ; place this tank between the pump and
the stock tank so that all the water pumped from the well must
pass through this small tank. Put the cream in shotgun cans and
place them in this tank and arrange to have the water in the tank
two or three inches higher than the cream. Cuts 1 and 2 and 3 show
a very desirable arrangement to facilitate tlie carrying out of this
idea.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 397
Fig. 1

Fig. 3

Most any tank can be used for this purpose whether wood, con-
crete or galvanized material. It is always better to have some sort

398 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

of a milk house to place the tank in to protect the cream cans
and cooling water from the sun and hot winds in summer and the
frost and storms in winter.

PUT UP ICE ON THE FARM.

Most any kind of building will serve the purpose of a cheap ice-
house to store ice for home use. Anything that will keep the sun
and rain out Avill do. A cheap ice house could be constructed in the
corner of a shed or against another building. All that is necessary
is to provide some drainage and cover the house on all sides, top
and bottom with about 12 inches of sawdust or 24 inches of hay or
cut straw and protect the covering from the weather.

YEARLY TESTS.

We are pleased to announce that W. W. Marsh of Waterloo, Iowa,
has continued for another year his offering of $1,000.00 for yearly
tests to be conducted by the Iowa State College under the super-
vision of the Iowa Cow Culture Club. The work being done this
season is really of more value than that of previous years for the
reason that this Marsh Contest is encouraging quite a number of
fellows to make yearly tests of their cattle, a thing which has not
been done in the past, but is a thing which really means more to
the dairy industry of the state than anything else.

NORTH IOWA DAIRY IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION.

The North Iowa Dairy Improvement Association under the lead-
ership of G. W. Patterson as dairy expert is now on its second
year's work. The objects of the association are to improve the
quality of the product and to increase the production of the cows.
Much has been done to improve the quality of the cream delivered
to the creameries. The dairy expert has a complete check on 9,004

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 399

COWS or 727 herds. The following shows the record of the first ten
herds, the average production being the amount of butter fat
brought to the creamery:

Herd.

1

2

Av. No. Cows.

15

91A

Av. Prod,

285

263.6

3

10

255.5

4

12Vo

249.4

5

6

238.6

6

7

i%

4

237.8

232.7

8 14% 229.4

9 15y2 227.4

10 9 224.8

The foregoing figures show quite conclusively that the association
is doing a great deal of good in improving the producing ability of
the individual animal.

There is no valid reason why other associations should not be
formed throughout the state. The Dairy and Food Conunission
stands ready at all times to assist in organizing new associations
and to assist them in any way after the organization. The increasing
demand of the consuming public for more and better dairy prod-
ucts should stimulate the producer along the lines of better dairy-
ing.

ICE CREAM.

Realizing the importance of the ever growing ice cream industry
in the State of Iowa, we feel that any efforts made on the part of
the Dairy and Pood Commission in stimulating the manufacture or
improving the quality of this product is energy well directed. For
many years the buttermakers have received aid from the State
Fairs, Dairy Associations and Experiment Stations through con-
tests and short courses, for the purpose of increasing their efficiency
and making their finished product more salable. These sources of
education have been of untold benefit to the buttermaker, and it is
only reasonable to assume that the same avenues of information
would be equally as beneficial to the ice cream maker. The ice cream
industry has increased tenfold in as many years ; where once eonsid-

400 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ered a luxury it is now almost a necessity, and where once manu-
factured in a wholesale way only in the larger cities, is now so man-
ufactured in nearly every city and hamlet in this and other states.

The increased consumption and manufacture of ice cream has led
the department to take two steps: First — The adoption of an ice
cream standard; Second — Furnishing assistance to those starting
in the manufacture of ice cream and to those who wish to improve
their product.

Our assistant has found in the work he has done so far with the
ice cream makers that there are several respects in which the
makers could improve their methods in order to secure uniformity
of product and decrease the cost of production. The cream used
in ice cream should be of known richness or per cent, consequently
all of the cream should be standardized, for only through using
cream of uniform standard can uniformity be secured in the fin-
ished product. Not only to secure uniformity of product, but to put
the maker on the safe side of the ice cream standard should the raw
cream be standardized. It also enables the manufacturer to know
to the cent what the cost of the raw materials is.

A simple method for standardizing and one that can be applied
by any maker is the "Square Method." It can be applied to any
problem which may come up. For example, the cream you wish
to standardize tests 39 per cent and the milk on hand tests 3.7 per
cent., how much cream and how much milk will it be necessary to
mix in order to get a 20 per cent cream ?

39 16.3

20
3.7 19.

In the center of the square place the per cent, to which it is de-
sired to standardize, at the upper left hand corner place the figure
representing the richness of the cream used, and at the lower left
hand corner place the per cent, of fat in the milk. In order to get
the amount of each to use in standardizing, all that is necessary to
do in order to get the proportions is to simply subtract the 20 from
the 39 giving 19, or the parts of milk necessary to use, and from
20 subtract 3.7 leaving 16.3, the number of parts of cream to use
with 19 parts of milk. From this we see that in order to produce
20 per cent cream from 39 per cent cream and 3.7 per cent milk, it
is necessary to use for every 16.3 pounds of cream, 19 pounds of
milk, giving a total of 35.3 pounds of 20 per cent cream.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 401

From this proportioning, it is possible to work any problem in
standardization. If you wished 400 pounds of 20 per cent cream
and had 39 per cent, cream and 3.7 per cent, milk to make it from,
it is necessary to divide 400 by 35.3 which will give a factor with
which to multiply the number of pounds of cream and milk re-
quired to make 35.3 pounds of 20 per cent, cream, the sum of which
will give 400 or 400 pounds of 20 per cent, cream.

Another example using the same figures: Suppose you had 59.5
pounds of 39 per cent cream and wished to know how much 3.7 per
cent, milk would be required to reduce it to 20 per cent. This can be
determined by dividing 59.5 by 16.3, the amount of cream used for
every 19 pounds of milk, giving a factor which multiplied by the 19
will give the number of pounds of milk to use.

Some will ask, ' ' How is this method used in standardizing cream
with skimmed milk?" The method is just the same, the skimmed
milk being figured as zero per cent.

39 20=20—0

20
0 19=39—20

The proportions are the same as before for every 20 parts cream
19 parts skimmed milk are required to reduce it to 20 per cent.

It sometimes may occur that creamerymen may want to know
how much skimmed milk it will be necessary to remove from an
amount of whole milk in order to get a 20 per cent cream. The
square method still holds good except the proportions are a little
different. Given 3.7 per cent milk to reduce to 20 per cent cream :

3.7 20

20'
0 16.3

16.3 pounds of skimmed milk must be removed from each 20 pounds
of 3.7 per cent, milk in order to get 20 per cent, cream.

Along this same line, a large number of the makers called upon
have asked the question, "What must the cream used in ice cream
test so that when it is made up the ice cream will come up to the
required standard?" The sugar, flavoring material, and filler added
to the cream adds weight to the mix — consequently, a reduction of
the percentage of butter fat. Just how much the cream will be
reduced depends upon the amount of ingredients added.

A rule that can be followed to determine the percentage of cream
which must be used in order to conform to the standard, is as fol-
lows: Multiply the weight of the mix by the percentage of butter
26

402 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

fat desired in the ice cream and divide this by the number of
pounds of cream used in the mix. To illustrate — suppose the mix
consisted of 44 pounds of cream, 8 pounds of sugar, 4 ounces of
filler, and four ounces of flavor, making a total weight of 52.5
pounds for the mix. In order to be on the safe side, at least a 12.5
per cent, ice cream should be made.

52.5 X . 125=6. 56^pounds of butter fat,

which must be contained in the mix, or pounds of fat in the original
cream. By dividing 6.56 by 44 we get .149 or 14.9 per cent, the
test of the cream which must be used in the mix to give a 12.5 per
cent ice cream.

A large number of the makers visited bought their cream by the
gallon and were paying prices equivalent to 41 to 55 cents per
pound butter fat. This cream was bought on the supposition that
it tested 18 to 24 per cent. In a great many instances the test fell
considerably below these marks. From these observations, it seems
that buying cream by the gallon unnecessarily increases the cost
of manufacture since sweet cream could be had very generally over
the state at prices ranging from 2 to 10 cents above market quo-
tations for butter to 40 cents per pound butter fat. Where butter
fat was bought, 40 cents was the highest price paid.

Several makers in making up their ice cream used these sup-
posed tests as a basis in standardizing their cream and were sur-
prised that their ice cream did not test as much as they had
thought. From this, we are led to believe that the ice cream makers
who have been buying cream by the gallon would do well to pay by
the test.

By standardizing the cream for ice cream making the guess work
can be eliminated and by paying for cream by the test the cost of
manufacture should be reduced.

DAIRY TRAINS.

The dairy trains that have been run over the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago
Great Western by the Iowa State Dairy Association and kindred
interests during the past year, have done an enormous amount of
good in stimulating the dairy industry in this state. Following in
the wake of these trains we find many new silos, the disposition of

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 403

poor dairy sires and in their places we find pure bred animals with
milking records in their pedigrees, and a general increase in the
quality of the average dairy cow shown by a marked increase in her
yearly production.

With pardonable pride, we recognize the fact that every county in
Iowa is well adapted for dairy farming and any amount of work
done to better the dairy conditions in this state through the press,
by the railroad companies, by the State Dairy Association or by
the Dairy and Food Commission will not lack for appreciation. We
sliould be milking more and better cows than we are ; we should
test them and weed out the poor ones, raise the standard not only
of our herds but of our products as well; we should recognize the
laws of the state regulating the sanitary care of our dairies and
listen to the efficient means used in disseminating the basic prin-
cipals of up-to-date dairying.

SILOS AND SILAGE.

The high price of concentrated feed is, at the present time, one
of great importance to the dairyman. Ten years ago it was impos-
sible to buy commercial feeds at a nominal cost, but today they have
almost doubled in prices. The dairyman with pure bred stock or a
fancy market may possibly make a profit by using such feed, but
the average farmer must strive to raise his own grain and rough-
age to a large extent. Too many farmers are prone to believe that
the only way to make money is to get high prices for their products
and have plenty of these products to sell ; but prices are not always
high and the farmer does not always have a large supply on hand, so
there must be some other factor entering into the profit side of
dairying. It is reasonable to assume that the dairyman receiving
only a fair price for his product should be able to have an income
sufficient to pay him wages besides a fair net profit. Considering
the present price of butter fat the well managed dairy farm should
indeed l)e a source of wealth.

In the central w^est corn is hailed as the king of all cereals, form-
ing the backbone of the rations of the majority of our farm animals.
By placing corn in the silo the stalk as well as the ear is preserved,
thus making the whole corn plant available for feeding purposes.
Practically 40 per cent, of the feeding value of the corn plant

404 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

lies in the stalk, leaves and husks, the remainder in the ear. There-
fore if only the ears are gathered, much of the remaining 40 per
cent, of the crop remains in the field to bother the farmer in pre-
paring his seedbed for the following year. As corn should be cut for
the silo before the lower leaves are lost there is practically no waste.
About twice the amount of dry matter can be stored in the form of
silage as corn fodder. A cubic foot of hay in the mow contains
about 4.3 pounds of dry matter, Avliile a cubic foot of silage con-
tains 8.9 pounds of dry matter, A cubic foot of space in the silo is
therefore worth more than twice an equal space in the mow.

The digestive organs of animals that chew their cud are so
formed as to require comparatively juicy and bulky feeds. The cow
cannot thrive on dry feed as well as the horse. The ideal food for
the dairy cow is green pasture but for a number of months during
the year she is deprived of this feed. The best substitutions for green
pasture are root crops and corn silage. As silage yields twice as
much dry matter per acre as roots and does not require as much
labor, silage is by far the more economical wherever corn can be
raised. Silage has a laxative effect upon the animal and aids in
maintaining a healthy and vigorous condition.

The population of the United States is doubling every thirty
years, which means that the farms will gradually become smaller
and that more feed must be produced per acre. The high price of
land also demands that more intensive methods must be used to
obtain a dividend in proportion to the value of the soil. Practice
tells us that one acre of corn placed in the silo will yield enough
feed to supply a milk cow 40 pounds of silage for 500 days or 4
cows 125 days.

Another important factor is the reduction in storage space of
silage compared to that required for hay. One ton of clover hay
occupies 400 cubic feet while 8 tons of silage can be placed in. the
same space. The clover hay contains 886 pounds of digestible nutri-
ents while the silage contains 2,064 pounds. Thus the corn silage
occupying the same space as the clover hay contains two and a half
times the digestible nutrients.

Silage as a milk producer compares very favorably with the other
more concentrated and more expensive feeds. Being a very succu-
lent and palatable feed it can be very aptly termed the great substi-
tute for pasture in the corn belt. We all look forward to the in-
creased milk flow when the cows are turned to pasture in the spring
after having received nothing but dry feed for six months. The

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 405

milk COW is a sensitive animal at hard work and should be nurtured
on the best feed possible. Silage makes possible a succulent feed
for winter use, spurring the appetite of the cow and causing her to
relish her feed in winter as well as summer.

Several years ago at the Ohio Experiment Station the substitu-
tion of silage for grain in the ration proved very successful. Silage
was used to take the place of over half the grain ration and proved
to b6 much cheaper. The silage ration produced milk for 68 cents
per 100 pounds and butter fat at the rate of 13 cents per pound. The
grain ration produced milk at $1.05 per 100 pounds and butter fat
for 22 cents per found. This made the profit from the silage ration
$5.86 per month and of the grain ration $2.46 per month.

There is usually a time during every summer when the pastures
dry up, due to lack of rain and the hot dry winds. The dairyman
should be prepared at this time with some feed to stimulate the
milk flow and keep it up; a soiling crop or silage are the more
available crops. Soiling crops require too much time and labor for
the average Iowa farmer as they must be cut and hauled every day,
so this leaves silage as the remaining substitute. Chas. L. Hill of
Guernsey fame says he feeds silage 365 days in the year, and that
the cows relish the silage even when supplied with green pasture
grass.

In constructing a silo there are many things to be considered, the
most important of which are shape, capacity, efficiency, durability,
cost and location. In regard to capacity the silo should be con-
structed with reference to the size of the herd and the length of
time you wish to feed silage. Each animal will consume from 30 to
40 pounds per day, so if silage is fed for 200 days she will consume
about 4 tons per year. Figuring from this, a herd of ten cows will
require a 40-ton silo ; 15 cows a 60-ton silo and 50 cows a 200-ton
silo. The quality of silage improves as the depth increases due to
the weight above. A certain percentage of mouldy silage found
near the top of the silo proves that a certain weight is necessary to
compress the silage and exclude the air. A silo should be at least
30 feet deep with a diameter gauged by the size of the herd. In or-
der that silage may be fed in good condition about one and a half
inches should be used from the top in winter and three inches in
summer.

It is all important that silage be perfectly preserved and this all
depends as to whether the silo is air-tight. There are many types
of silos upon the market today and all have their advantages, the

406 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

stone, brick, tile, cement and stave silos are all used with success.
In the northern section some trouble is experienced with freezing
but this can be largely eliminated by tight packing and insulation
of the walls. To facilitate close packing the walls must be straight
and smooth on the inside and free from shoulders or abutments
of any kind. The admission of air or the presence of air pockets
allow fermentation to take place, which spoils silage.

The success of a silo depends first upon its strength and second
upon the durability of the material used in the construction. To be
durable any material must resist the action of the weather, the
constant wetting, drying, freezing and thawing which take place
both inside and outside the silo. During the summer the silo is gen-
erally empty and must be built exceptionally strong because of its
height in order to resist storms during this season. It is desirable
that the silo cost as little for repairs as possible and the one that
must be constantly adjusted for shrinkage and expansion is of less
value than the one that needs no such attention. The silo should
always have a roof which not only preserves the silage but braces
the walls at the top.

ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE
GROWING INDUSTRIES.

Chapter 203, Acts of the 34th General Assembly :

Sec. 1. Iowa State Dairy Association. Whenever the organization
now existing in the state of Iowa and known as the Iowa State
Dairy Association shall have filed with the secretary of state of the
State of Iowa verified proofs of its organization, the names of its
president, vice president, secretary and treasurer, and that it has
five hundred (500) bona fide members, such association shall be
recognized as the Iowa State Dairy Association of the State of
Iowa, and be entitled to the benefits of this act.

Sec. 2. Inspection — instruction. For the purpose of aiding in the
promotion and development of the dairy industry of the state of
Iowa, such association shall cause to be made such inspection of
dairy farms, dairy cattle, dairy barns and other buildings and ap-
pliances used in connection therewith, dairy products and methods
as they shall deem best and shall arrange to furnish such instruction

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 407

and general assistance, either by institutes or otherwise, as they
may deem proper to advance the general interests of the dairy in-
dustry of the state.

Sec. 3. Executive committee. For all purposes of this act the
said association shall act by and through an executive committee
of live (5) members, consisting of the president, and vice president,
of the Iowa State Dairy Association, the dean of the Iowa State
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and the professor of
dairying of the same institution, and the food and dairy com-
missioner of the state of Iowa.

Sec. 4. Inspectors and instructors — compensation — expenses.
They may employ two or more competent persons who shall devote
their entire time to such inspection and instniction under the direc-
tion of the said executive committee, and who shall hold office at
the pleasure of the committee, and who shall each receive a salary
not to exceed fifteen hundred dollars ($1,500.00) per annum, and
actual expenses while engaged in such work.

Sec. 5. Annual report to the Governor. The said association may
require such reports from their employes as they shall deem proper,
and shall make to the Governor an annual report of their proceed-
ings under this act, which report shall be published as a part of the
proceedings of the annual convention of the Iowa State Dairy Asso-
ciation.

Sec. 6. Beef Cattle Breeders' Association. Whenever there shall
have been filed in the office of the secretary of state for Iowa veri-
fied proofs of the organization of the Beef Cattle Breeders' Asso-
ciation, together with proofs that such association has five hundred
(500) bona fide members who are stock breeders or stock feeders
in this state, together with the names of the president, vice presi-
dent, secretary and treasurer, such association shall be recognized
as the Iowa Beef Cattle Breeders' Association and be entitled to the
benefits of this act.

Sec. 7. Instruction — inspection — executive board. It shall be the
duty of the Beef Cattle Breeders' Association to aid in the promo-
tion of the beef cattle industry of the state and to provide for prac-
tical and scientific instruction in the breeding and raising of beef
cattle, and to provide for the inspection of herds, premises and the
appliances, methods and foodstuffs used in the business of feeding
for the purpose of making suggestions and demonstrations beneficial

408 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

to the business. The said association shall act by and through an
executive board to be composed of the dean of the department of
agriculture of the Iowa State College of Agriculture -and Mechan-
ical (mechanic) Arts at Ames, and the professor of animal hus-
bandry of the same institution and the secretary of the State Agri-
cultural Society, and the president and secretary of the said Iowa
Beef Cattle Breeders' Association.

Sec. 8. Inspectors and instructors — compensation — expenses. The
said board may employ two or more competent persons who shall
devote their entire time in making inspection and giving instruc-
tions, as provided in this act under the direction of said board.
Such instructors and inspectors shall hold office at the pleasure of
the board and shall each receive a salary of fifteen hundred
dollars ($1,500.00) per annum and actual expenses while engaged
in the work.

Sec. 9. Salaries and expenses-— how paid. The salaries of all per-
sons employed under the provisions of this act shall be paid month-
ly out of the appropriation herein provided and all traveling ex-
penses and all general expenses incurred by the association in car-
rying out the purposes of this act shall be paid out of the said
appropriation and in the manner provided by Sections 170-d, 170-e
and 170-f of the supplement to the code, 1907, and upon state-
ments filed with the executive council as therein provided ; but no
such bill shall be paid until after the executive committee of the
board, under whose authority such expense was incurred, have au-
dited and approved the bill upon the part of such association.

Sec. 10. Appropriation. For the purpose of carrying into effect
the provisions of this act and the payment of all expenses connected
therewith, there is hereby appropriated out of any fund in the
treasury of the state, not otherwise appropriated, the sum of fifteen
thousand dollars ($15,000.00), or so much thereof as may be neces-
sary to pay the salaries and expense provided for under the provi-
sions of this act, provided, however, that of the said appropriation
the sum of seven thousand five hundred dollars ($7,500.00) shall
be available for the purpose of paying the expense incurred by the
Iowa state dairy association board, and the sum of seven thou-
sand five hundred dollars ($7,500.00) shall be available for the pur-
pose of paying the expense incurred by the Iowa beef cattle breed-
ers' association board. It being the purpose of this act to provide
a fund of seven thousand five hundred dollars ($7,500.00) for the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 409

encouragement of the dairy industries and a sum of seven thousand
five hundred dollars ($7,500.00) for the encouragement of the beef
cattle industry in this state.

Sec. 11. Funds not to be used for private purposes. None of the
money appropriated by this act shall be used to pay the salaries
or expense, or used in any manner for the private benefit of any
member of the board of either of the said associations.

Sec. 12. In effect. This act being deemed of immediate impor-
tance shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage
and publication in the Eegister and Leader and the Des Moines
Capital, newspapers published in the city of Des Moines, Iowa.

Approved April 14, A. D. 1911.

ADULTERATED BUTTER.

During the past twelve months the usual number of Iowa cream-
eries have been so unfortunate as to place on the market a ship-
ment or two of butter which agents of the Internal Revenue De-.
partment have alleged to contain an excess amount of moisture.
Much criticism has been registered regarding the methods of those
handling this branch of the government work and the creameries
interested are clamoring loudly for some relief from the methods em-
ployed by the revenue agents.

Some of these creameries complain of the manner in which the
samples are taken and also allege that they are not given any
chance to make a defense but have been compelled to pay the pen-
alties assessed without any hearing on the subject.

The creameries have generally adopted the plan of testing every
cliurning for moisture and most of the factories have taken every
precaution to guard against incorporating enough moisture to cause
their butter to be classed as adulterated. Under the present ad-
ministration of the Department of Internal Revenue, the creameries
are constantly facing the danger of having to pay extreme penalties
for incorporating moisture in excess of the standard arbitrarily fixed
by the Internal Revenue Department. It is of the utmost importance
to the creameries of Iowa that some change be made in the federal
law relating to the manufacture of adulterated butter or that some
rulings of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue be so modified as

410 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

to insure fair treatment where creameries are charged with the
manufacture of adulterated butter.

The penalties range from $100 to $750 for a single churning of
butter and it is our belief that the greatest care should be exercised
by those having the enforcement of the federal laws where the
penalties as so severe as in some instances to cause the plant to
suspend operations.

CHEESE.

The manufacture of cheese has shown a slight decrease during the
past year and the amount reported by these factories is 224,424
pounds. Very little interest seems to be exhibited in the manufac-
ture of cheese and there seems little hope of increasing the number
of factories in this state.

With the increased assistance given this department by the last
legislature, we can, perhaps, give a little more attention to the
cheese factories than has been possible during the past and we can
possibly make those factories now in operation more profitable to the
producer.

The quality of Iowa cheese has never been such as to command a
higli premium and this is no doubt one of the reasons that more
communities have not engaged in the manufacture of cheese.

THE PRICE OP BUTTER.

The attached table gives the average price of western extra
creamery butter in the New York market for each year since 1900.
The average price for the twelve months ending Nov. 1, 1911, was
26.13, this being about 4 1-2 cents less per pound than the price
for the previous year. The low average is due to an accumulation of
poor butter which was thrown on the market in the spring of 1911.
Much of the butter stored during the previous summer was not of
the best quality and was bought at a price which prevented its being
sold at a profit.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX

411

The owners of this butter in the hope of receiving a price which
would enable them to sell without loss waited until the beginning
of the new butter season before disposing of their holdings. The un-
loading of this large amount of poor butter during the spring
months demoralized the butter market to such an extent that prices
remained at a low figure until the dry weather began to reduce
current receipts of fresh butter.

The butter market has apparently recovered a normal conditijn
and the prices are at present high enough to return the producer a
good profit if he has the right kind of dairy cattle.

SHOWING AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICE OP EXTRA WESTERN CREAMERY BUTTER
IN NEW YORK MARKET.

OO'-l

mr^

m-r

mrJ

« t-<

«^H

tOiH «i-l

tnrH

ai^

(BT-I

si .

xi .

■^ ^

X! .

a ■

Si ■ a ■

si ■

Si

Si ■

si ■

^ >

- >

t: >

— >

ti >

t: >

~-> - >

« >

-^ >

i >•

- >•

PO

9°

5°

E o

a e

flo

Co Co

CO

Co

So

Co

2z

£z

'^Z

^'Z

i::^^

"z

gz °z

Sz

pz

uyr

yz

Month

Cm

Cm

C M

a M

bse

S 6C

S te |C 60

Cm)

^M

^ GX)

titc

<V C

<D a

o a

(V a

<D a

OS c a lea

<D a

a; C a a

4) D

>•- '

>ri \>— > —

— 130

XxSw

e'en

X-O-"

C^■c^ —rsc X-ot-

.1.T3 0C

Xi-Cai --.'Co.X'O'-

gG° £C§

^Si|^£Sl^£s

H

H

H

^

E-

H

H H

c-i

H

H |H

November

i?.2600

$.2487

$.2412 $.2650 $.2317 $.2481

$.2350

$.2762 $.27251 $.2957

1
$.3095; $.3117

December

.2720

.2540

.2510, .2920 .2423] .2688

.2480

.3164 .2887

.3131

.3490' .2966

January

.2650

.2262

.24251 .2762 .22701 .2910

.26a.

.3080' .3069

.3155

.3344 .2639

February

.2500

.2250

.2862 .2600 .2517' .3218

.2709

.3254 .3233

.3006

.2964 .2611

March

.2550

.2212

.2810; .2860 .2452] .2807

.2700

.3061 .2840

.2953

.3263 .2391

April

.1960

.2090

.2825 .2725 .2284 .3008

.2188 .3069 .2855

.2708

.3113 .2111

May

.2012

.1900

.2275: .2200 .2012J .2371

.2017 .2501 .2369

.2658

.2843: .2187

June

.1950

.1925

.2195 .2160 .1803 .2049! .20221 .'^360 .2329

.2581

.2792' .2499

July

.1960

.1960

.21311 .2012; .1767

.2056

.2062 .24811 .2243

.2623

.2831 .2510

August

.2100

.2050

.1990 .1940' .1793

.2111

.2257 .2488 .2285

.2719

.2938 .2631

September

.2150

.2110

.21701 .2075

.1947

.2068

.2462 .2781 .2388

.3013

.2989 .2655

October

.2190

.2200

.2362 .2100

.2095

.2184

.2611 .2915 .2673

.3064

.2996; .3044

Average val. per

1

lb. per year

$.2278

$.2165

$.2416

$.2417

$.2140

$.2487

$.2375

$.2826

$.2658

$.2880

$.3054 $.2613

BUTTER OUTPUT.

The amount of butter produced by the creameries of Iowa for
the year ending July 1, 1911, shows some increase over the pre-
ceeding year. This increase, amounting to 2,783,684 pounds, is a
little surprising when we take into consideration the extremely dry
summer and the general shortage of feed throughout the state.

"We find that quite a number of Iowa creameries have begun the
manufacture of ice cream and forty-one plants reported having
manufactured approximately 250,000 gallons during the year. This
is in addition to the ice cream manufactured by the regular ice

412 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

cream factories. It is impossible to determine the exact amount
of ice cream manufactured throughout the state but the figures we
have been able to secure would indicate that the output of butter
is materially reduced by the diverting of cream to the manufacture
of ice cream.

Much of the butter manufactured during the latter part of the
season has shown considerable improvement in quality but a large
amount of butter is still going to the markets which is of poor
quality by reason of the raw material being received in poor con-
dition.

The figures showing the amount of butter manufactured in each
county will very nearly represent the amount produced in the
counties throughout the north half of the state. In districts where
the centralizing creameries are located, the number of cows re-
ported for each county and the butter manufactured will not give
a true idea of the butter industry as much of the cream received
. by these central plants is shipped a considerable distance and
many of the cows reported are in fact owned in adjoining counties.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX

413

TABLE NO. II.

TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF POUNDS OF MILK RECEIVED, NUMBER OF
POUNDS OF CREAM RECEIVED, POUNDS OF BUTTER MADE AND POUNDS
SOLD TO PATRONS IN IOWA SO FAR AS REPORTED BY THE CREAMERIES.

Counties

a o

a,

3<u

O ti

2S

Adair -

4

346,283

I

2.365,464

383,956

7,779,736

822,768

95,989

2,049,334

26,285

809

32,550

22,785

AfJam.5 _ _ .

1
8

5,934

Allamakee ..

102,594

Audubon

Benton

Black Hawk

8

6
13

3
25

9

3
15

3
6

2

3

1
12

540,377

15,000

28,916,734

739,003

75,132,452

21,531,579

"13^285^488

153'084
72,000

"1^016^760

"23^096^039

2,988,209

1,567,644
5,036,753
536,632
628,709
1,710,858
2,119,887
3,597,594

1,054,987
6,5.35,536
1,515,239

706,536
4,617,926

422,964
5,551,203

1,203,850

553,6.17
2,840,850

239,116
3,259,593
1,369,559

590,485
1,718,427

366,766
2,245,966

449,022

240,948
1,284,416

140,988
2,481,548

57,716

11,576
146,995
9,828
235,171
110,355
4,910
117,946

12,768

21,718

3,767

8,184

14,818

2,324

281,645

23,093

32,2?6
1,051,481

Boone

Bremer

67,412
140,873
109,808

Bucna Vista

Butler

15,117
57,571

21,853

Carroll

Cass . -

41,238
54,748

Cedar

138,055

Cerro Gordo

Cherokee

161,138

7•^000

89,116

Clarke

Clav . - -

7

13

4

2

3

1,379,259

14,586,717

1,299,376

190,236

2,897,316
7,424,739
1,843,613
5,044,088

7,114,583

1,100,086
2,835,509
l,375,5-.'9
1,691,377

344,821

59,468
79,089
25,192

22,244

Clavton _ - _

225,464

Clinton

242,752
5,444

Dallas

18,648

156,370

1

17

1,954,706
5,930,512

438,676
3,830,672

276
213,879

17,400

Delaware .

32,031,377

268,440

D"s Moines .

Dickinson ._

4
16

5

20
5
4

179,684
7,372.533

3,759,795

45,836,743
14,621

615,832

1,278,676
8,411,783

1,776,546

5,504,832
1,922,474
3,111,016

426,013
3,065,002

639,375

3, 921,. 515
847,116
897,121

19,809
76,846

49,718

289,982
26,081
46,578

15,989

Dulnique _ . .. _.

332,785

Knimet

32,326

Favette .

134,577

Flovd - - -

246,327

Franklin ._ .

10,776

Fremont

Greene

1
7
5

4
6
5
1

186,118

4,291,812

69,760

2,054,008

310,688
2,737,056
7,272,924

1,333,627

4,207,525

3,229,8.51

600,000

125,334

1,049,766

918,663

1,115,808

1,295,175

1,117,288

240,000

2,972
53,933
30,159

33,2.55

50,323

66,600

5,000

14,197

Orundv

16,921

Guthrie

38,161

Hamilton

Haneoek

9,281
26,476

Hardin — _.

1,149,339
240,000

.52,117

Harrison

20,000

Henrv

Howard _

7
6

1

9
2

2,739,546
597,426

i' 569^321

1,547,518
866,618

5,542,196
3,041,924

573,255
1,896,0.13

4,785,373
499,911

1,451,771
995,198

232,562
661,702

1,834,957
192,511

52,493
32,632

562
47,243

57,164
12,459

14,129

Humboldt

Ida _.

12,397
2,000

Iowa

.Tackson

Jasper

9,985

89,268
118,990

414

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE No. II— Continued.

Counties

o o

o '->

oca

- o

S O

Jefferson .
John=on —
Jones

Keokuk
Kossuth

Lee

Linn _.
Louisa
Lucas .
Lyon -.

2...

2,523,704

's'eoi'.vis

3,292,162

1,080,000

404,600
5,591,940

3,050,400

5,815,111

85,912

331,000
2"032l282

115,600
1,899,335

943,251

2,049,105

24,549

2,000
'87^310

155,126

51,964
135

46,000

'vi'eos

81,919

23,000

465,488
5,547

Madison

Mahaska — .

Marion

Marshall

Mills

Mitchell

Monona

Monroe

Montgomery
Muscatine

3..

3,113,337

936,445

1| 104,580

2t 738,271

751,800

286,707

1,195,425

223,506

99,029

407,520

14,743

19,000

32,249
76,079

O'Brien
Osceola

Page

Palo Alto

Plymouth

Pocahontas

Polk

Pottawattamie
Poweshiek

Ringgold

Sac — ,
Scott .
Shelby
Sioux .
Story ,

Tama .
Taylor

Union

Van Buren

Wapello

Warren

Washington _
Wayne

Webster

Winnebago —
Winne=hiek ._

Woodbury

Worth

Wright

Total

81 1,840,000
1

2 2,568,346

2,600

10,121,309
118,086

1,095,750

1,500,000

101,530

37,840
23,474

1,500
2,420,728

14,700

31,810

15,368,683

1,716,000
1,479,873

336,130,569

4,666,045
197,943
240,550

1,296,512
77,913
72,165

96,502
476
850

589,440

1,973,219
1,381,266

1,937,685
4,144,935
1,794,917
827,143
11,820,079
3,788,531
1,572,989

181,245

695,305
462,943

'553,910
1,693,818

643,523

329,871
3,649,171
1,226,177

481,748

1,250

20,835
13,666

147,172
9,776
3,278

250,000

10,491

2,120,615!
227,240
1,595,305
3,589,059
2,593,024

377, 823 i
3,158,840

2,033,355

1,834,164

1,889,542
2,885,201
3,107,110
5,835,455
19,907,019
4,171,349
4,814,002

266,878,356

697,888

69,538

574,403

1,338,194

968,637

130,088
789,710

676,460

18,592

420

17,114

36,852

114,172

1,600
12,050

892

611,388

670,217
858,341
1,639,982
2,309,410
7,731,101
1,326,642
1,280,833

34,172

500

113,152

24,940

6,954

56,948

29,615

96,695,584

3,789,217

30,411

230

32,658

73,550

43,932
13,760

77,500
82,214
69,762
10,981
1,094,000

41,336

21,606
30,838
13,569
29,927
101,990

11,929
32,353

114,904

405,148

82,000
25,168
53,939

566,932
S2,385

103,209

8,481,940

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX

415

TABLE NO. III.

TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF HAND SEPARi* TORS, NUMBER OF PATRONS
AND NUMBER OF COWS.

Counties

m

Of A
C U CD

z

S
td

i^
o
«
>
'53 s

(0 t-i

n

u
o

es-a

^°-

a s)
a u

No. Of creameries
reporting patrons
and cows

No. of patrons
reported

ID

o «

o u
Z

4
1

8

1,027

1

1,692

4

1
8

1,051

176

1,850

1,589

1,232

14,491

Audubon

Benton

Black Hawk

Boone

Bremer

Buchanan

8

6
13
3
4
8
3
12

6

a

7

1

10

1,185

830
5,894
279
223
512
842
1,029

449
3,788
1,007

290
1,279

128
1,086

8

' 6

13

3

26
9
3

15

3
6

2
3

1

12

1,190

844
8,713

309
1,867
1,167

852
1,698

449
3,898
1,017

298
1,313

142
2,060

9,675

6,496
63,074

2,198

19,253

8,559

Buena Vista _ -

6,211

Butler —

Calhoun _ -

11,478
3,759

Carroll

22,560
6,589

Cedar

1,090

Cerro Gordo -

9,095

Cherokee .

850

17,830

Clarke

Clay -

8

12

i

2

2

996
2,224
1,205
2,315

580

8

13

4

2

3

1,078
2,737
1,258
2,315

894

7,942

Clayton

Clinton

Crawford

Dallas -

20,481

8,295

16,645

6,150

Decatur

1
IJ

141
1,424

1
17

141

2,886

987
21,786

Dickinson

Dubuque . .

4
14

6

13

i

384
1,964

373

1,440
659
650

4
16

20
5
4

390
2,370

454

2,781
981
680

2,978
18,194

4,163

,'

23,958

Floyd —

8,239

5,377

1

7
I

4
€

]

188
677
927

714

1,122
927
400

1
7
5

4
6
5
1

191
792
998

790
1,128
1,001

600

1,337

6,571

Guthrie _

6,993

4,548

9,355

7,275

4,320

1

€
1

j

1,125
1,336

285
738

1,457
235

7
6

1

7

9
2

1,413
1,368

285
785

1,526
297

13,060

10,206

Ida - _- -

1,850

5,502

11,995

Jasper

1,800

416

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE NO. III-CONTINUED.

Counties

4) a 2
'^ <^ rt

" 1-. tn
■« O CO

o aft
O s-i M

03

S3

<U etf

aa

cS Mm

oi O te

. 0) a

O t. CO

o <u

Jefferson
Johnson
Jones

Keokuk
Kossuth

Lee

Linn -.
Louisa
Lucas .
Lyon —

125
1,351

1,400

3,211

59

10

1,975

125
1,545

1,400

3,963

59

2,450

16,009

950
12,158

7,200

17,500

413

Madison

Mahaska -..

Marion

Marshall

Mills

Mitchell

Monona

Monroe

Montgomery
Muscatine ..

1,077,

160:

285]
450

1,1171

160
425
540

8,427

1,117
2,125
2,325

O'Brien
Osceola

Page

Palo Alto

Plymouth

Pocahontas -—
Polk

Pottawattamie
Poweshiek

Ringgold

Sac — .
Scott .
Shelby
Sioux .
Story .

Tama

Taylor

Union

Van Buren „.

Wapello _

Warren

Washington .

Wayne

Webster

Winnebago ..
Winneshiek _.
Woodbury ...

Worth

Wright

Total

950
105
142

426

180

483

416
1,058
705
356
6,250
175
539

120
1,023
1,845

205
1,325

824

1,460

1,700
1,000

855
1,937
8,632

980
1,162

93,536

1,508
105
277

233

911
483

416
1,400

712

358
6,650

250

892

136

1,023

1,843

1,078

205
1,325

824

1,460

1,700
1,000
1,245
2,312
9,042
1,030
1,176

110,918

11,939

700

1,300

1,720

7,285
3,338

3,000
11,309
5,549
2,072
39,400
1,750
4.188

4,962

950

5,270

11,798

6,638

1,100
9,275

4,840

7,300

8,500
6,250
9,804
16,460
54,190
9.015
8,670

763,882

PART X

PAPERS ON LIVE STOCK, AGRICULTURAL
AND MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

FROM

BULLETLNS, AGRICULTURAL PRESS

AND

Papers Read Before County Farmers Institutes

PLANNING AND ADORNING THE FARMSTEAD.

i;y a. t. erwix.

Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Iowa State College of Agriculture.

Neat, conveniently arranged buildings, a well-kept lawn attractvely
bordered with trees and shrubs add greatly to the appearance and
value of the farm and to the happiness of its occupants.

The farmstead, including as it does the general area occupied by the
farm buildings, house and lawn, is the center of activity for the farm.
Its planning and development, both from the standpoint of convenience
and of securing an attractive landscape effect, deserve special consid-
eration.

A well-thought-out plan is the first requisite to get these results, as in
the absence of a definite scheme serious mistakes are likely to be made.
This plan should include the location of buildings, drives, walks, trees,
shrubbery, and every other feature which contrbutes either to the con-
venience or ornamentation of the place. It should be developed with
the larger relationships always in mind. The location of the house and
farm buildngs is the first consideration. Even though it happens that
some or all of these are already on the ground, a plan for their location
is important. New farm homes are erected to supplant old ones and

27

418 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

other new farm structures are added, which make practicable a general
consideration of the entire building scheme. Material improvement can
often be made in a farmstead by a readjustment as new buildings are
put up, though the best results are obtained where things are planned
right from the start.

In selecting a site for the house, good drainage is the first requisite.
A south or east slope is generally to be preferred while a north slope
is undesirable. In its location give the house greatest prominence.
The farmstead first of all provides a home and the residence should
stand out as the central and most conspicuous feature of the picture.
To place the barn and other buildings in front of the house is to reverse
the logical order of things. Locate the house back far enough from the
high way to afford privacy and give a good stretch of lawn in front,
and yet not so far back as to suggest a spirit of exclusion, nor with a

An Attrartivo Entrance Way to the Farmstead

lawn so large that it cannot be properly cared for. Most city dooryards
Are too small while many of those in the country are so large that it
is impracticable to give them lawn treatment.

The location and grouping of the general farm buildings is a per-
plexing problem and each place presents its own peculiar conditions
and difficulties. The most common mistakes occur in the location of
buildings as to convenience. The corn crib should be located near the
particular feeding-place that will call for the bulk of its supply and the
toolshed where the implements can be taken up or dropped enroute to
or from the field. In this connection the importance of providing enough
shed room for the tools and general equipment needs emphasis. The
promiscuous scattering of machinery about the barnyard always gives
a place an air of carelessness and nefflect and detracts much from its
appearance, while the weathering of the machinery causes a serious

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X

419

_<u ^

C ° tJO o

oi .2

£ e c

42 0 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

economic loss. The watering-trough and workshop call for a central
location. >

The general farm buildings should be to the rear of the farmhouse
and the stable at least 150 or 200' feet away. Locate them to avoid odors
being carried to the house by the summer winds. So far as practicable,
arrange the farm buildings to serve as a windbreak. Locate the yards on
the side farthest from the house, though it is often an advantage to
provide a paddocilc near the highway for the display of the farm
herds.

The business side of the farm must not be lest sight of and special
features of the general building equipment may be given prominence,
such as the seedhouse or any other important feature of the place. In
landscapng the farmstead it is not the idea to obscure their presence

The Barn in Front ol the House— an Illogical Arrangement.

but rather to secure an orderly arrangement of the buildings and to have
the front side to the front and the back side to the rear.

DRIVES, WALKS AND GATEWAYS.

The main driveway should enter from the direction of the heaviest
traffic. As suggested in the accompanying plan, it may be desirable
to provide two drives, one leading directly to the barnyard for the
heavy traffic and the other to serve the house, with a return loop for
visitors. In locating drives, attention should be given to the matter
of grades. Steep grades are objectionable and should be avoided when-
ever possible. It is often practicable to do this by following around the
hill, thereby securing not only an easy grade but also a long, sweeping
curve which will make a more attractive drive.

Massive concrete posts of a neat design may be appropriately used
to mark in a formal way the entrance to the farmstead. Here also is a
good location for the bulletin board, giving the name of the place,

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X

421

the proprietor, and other information. Every farm should have a name.
It gives to the place a dignity and individuality that is otherwise lack-
ing. Iowa now has a law permittng the registration of farm names
and affording legal protection therefor. Keep all other signs off. The
use of farm buildings as bill boards for the advertising of tobacco, etc.,
is cheapening. It not only detracts from the looks of a place but is
an illogical thing to do. The owner should work up a reputation for his
own goods and advertise his own products in an appi'opriate way.

"Tidiness, like everything else worth having, comes only by effort, but it is worth all it
costs, with a nice margin of profit."

Since the majority of the country people ride rather than walk, there
is little demand for front walks, which are wholly a matter of conven-
ience rather than beauty. When built, they should lead in the direction
people desire to go. Long, circuitous routes around a semi-circle are
unnatural and do not represent good planning. It has been suggested
that the best w^ay to locate a walk is to find out where people want to
go by first permitting them to form a path and take that as a location.
This does not mean, however, that walks must always be in straight lines.
Often a gentle curve can be introduced so as not to be objectionable from
the standpoint of distance and to give a pleasing landscape effect. In such
instances it may be desirable to plant a tree or clump of shrubs on the in-
side of the curve to give an apparent roason for the deviation

422

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

O) oi

he g
9

2 m

>> a

> 3

^ :2
. "o

p-2
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5 -^

- 5 ^

5 o i;

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X

423

•35 s
'?.^ S

1!

age

«

f^ tu a^

^ « t-l

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0) cS -S

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p. —

.25 e

424

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRlCULtUREi

THE PLANTING OF TREES.

As one ot the larger features of the landscape, the location and number
of trees are of special importance. In selecting kinds, the size of tree at
maturity should be considered. The white elm, for example, may attain
a spread of one hundred feet, while the green ash or white birch will
hardly exceed one-fourth of that. Do not overplant the lawn. By filling
up the front yard the landscape effect is not only destroyed but the
buildings are obscured or entirely hidden. Prom the sanitary point of
view this is also undesirable for it encourages dampness. Keep the
trees back far enough to permit a free circulation .of air and plenty of
sunshine. Overshadowing is bad for a building and under these condi-

The Bulletin Board Serves a Useful Purpose.

tions the shingles decay quickly. As a protection against the afternoon
sun, a shade tree or two to the southwest of the house is desrable.

In general, plant along the sides to border or frame in the picture.
I this way a vista is formed with the house as the central feature. Most
people err in getting things into the wrong location rather than in the
selection of varieties to plant. Keep an open front. Immedately in
front of the house there is nothing so appropriate as a well-kept stretch
of greensward. Keep the tree planting mostly along the sides and in
placing them avoid a stiff, mechanical arrangement. If an evergreen
is located so many feet from the walk on one side, do not place another
one at a corresponding distance on the other side. Avoid a stiff checker
board plan and plant the trees more in clumps, securing the effect of a
curve rather than a straight line, so that the whole will be as natural
as possible. A limited number of tall trees to the rear of the house
is useful for a background and the pictorial effect thus secured is a

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X

425

vast improvement over that of the building whch stands out against
a bare sky-line.

LOCATIXG SHEUBBEKY.

One of the most common mistakes in planting shrubbery is to scatter
it about over the lawn in a salt and pepper fashion. The u'ay to secure
a satisfactory effect is by grouping. Place shrubs in a mass about the
border, particularly to screen off the back yard from the front, and in
the corners about the porch or along the base of the building. Plant
them about two and one-half feet apart, placing the taller kinds, such
as the bush honey-suckle and lilac, in the back, with the lower kinds,
such as the bridal wreath, in front. The shrubs sould be cultivated
or mulched for the first year or two after planting, after which they
become sufficiently established to shade the ground and take, care of
themselves.

SSassa&jfflSKEasss^saSl^SsSSsassKESasasESSSSBS^^

Good Example of a Planting Plan.
It shows the location of every group of shrubs and every tree, their names and number
required. This drawing is on a scale of about eighty feet to the inch.

426 " IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

--- • . :'.- '■."- - V- . v.- ■' - " ■■ ■ ■ •

/»il

r^

-

/ ^HHp

^ \

„.

'^W

H««r^

^H

^<l

a*. .

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i.'/;... ^gmnwTi

. ":j^

1

■ll

m

BM

ij

1

Good Buildings, but Lacking in the Shade and Adornment of Trees.

If flowers are grown primarily for cut flowers, line them out in a
straight row in the garden where they can be cultivated conveniently.
For ornamental beds, place them in a border two and one-half or three
feet in width along the front of the shrubbery. Here the shrubbery serves
as a background against which the colors stand out much better than
they will in the open. Moreover, this location avoids cutting the lawn
with beds which make unsightly holes during the winter.

PLANTING LIST.

The followng is offered as a selected list of trees and shrubs for the
Iowa planter. Only reputable and well established varieties of known
hardiness are named. The list is not complete and is meant only to be
suggestive. Many of our native trees and shrubs deserve special mention in
this connection as they are not only hardy and comparatively free from
Insect and fungous pests but also have good decorative qualities, as
attested by the fact that they command a ready price in the nurseries
in the regions to which they are not native. It is further suggested in
making up the list of shrubbery that attention be given to the matter
of the succession of bloom periods. The Juneberry blossoms very early
in the spring, for example, other varieties in late spring, midsummer,
and so on. In this way something attractive can be had in flower through-
out the open season.

SHADE TREES.

Much of the early tree planting in Iowa was of quick growing and
short-lived types such as the box elder and soft maple. Future plantings
should be on a more permanent basis and of a better class of trees suoh
as the white el^n and oaks.

White elm, Baswood,

Hard maple, Ohio buckeys,

Soft maple. Green ash,

Black cherry. Red oak,

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X

427

Scarlet oak,
European birch,
Hackberry,
Carolina poplar,

Douglas spruce,
Norway spruce,
European larch.
Silver fir.
Red cedar.
White spruce.

An Over-planted Yard.

Niobe willow,
Golden willow,
Russian olive.

EVERGBEENS.

White pine,
Austrian pine,
Dwarf mountain pine,
Scotch pine.
Blue spruce.

SHRUBS.

High bush cranberry.

Snowball,

Juneberry,

Bush Honey-suckle,

Siberian dogwood.

Mock Orange,
Bridal wreath.
Nine-bark,
Japanese lilac,
French lilac.

Hawthorn,
Buckthorn,
Polish pivet,
Armour barberry,

ORNAMENTAL AND HEDGE PLANTS.

Dwarf barberry,
Common barberry.
Purple-leaf barberry.

428

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

VINES.

Clematis jackmanii,
'^lematis paniculata,
Trumpet honey-suckle,

Boston ivy,
Engelman ivy.
Bitter sweet.

TRIMMING TREES.

The climate of our state is more or less severe upon tree life of all
kinds. Trees are frequently injured by the splitting down of the
branches due to sleet-storms and severe winds. This condition requires
pruning to insure the proper healing over of the wound, otherwise de-
cay enters in and the life of the tree may be seriously shortened. In
removing injured branches, particular pains should be taken to make
the cut up close to the remaining branch and parallel to it. Under
these conditions the wound is nourished and gradually heals over.
Healing does not take place where a stub is left and decay gradually works
down into the main stem. For cuts over two inches in diameter the
surface should be coated with thick white lead.

In this connection the practice of topping back large trees, such as
the soft maple, should be discouraged. This can in no manner change a
soft-wooded tree to a hard-wooded kind and in the majority of instances
the central portion of the large stub dies back and decays, leaving only
a shell of live bark around the circumference, and in a few years the
tree goes to pieces and is ready for the brush-pile. It must also be
remembered that the leaf system takes part in the work of digestion and
that a large tree entirely defoliated in this fashion has been treated in
a very severe manner.

Plant Shrubbery in Clumps; do not Scatter Single Specimens over the Yard

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X

429

A Good Windbreak Contributes Both Comfort and Beautj'.

LAWN MAKING.

The first requisite in securing a good lawn is a rich black loam.
It frequently happens that in excavating for the basement the clay soil
is disposed of by spreading it over the front yard, thus leaving a very
unsatisfactory soil for the lawn. Where this is done the top soil should
first be taken off to a depth of 5 or 6 inches and replaced after the
clay has been deposited. Similarly in back-filling around the foundation,
debris of all kinds is dumped in. This is apt to cause trouble later in
settling and also makes a very unsatisfactory soil with which to es-
tablish either grass or shrubs.

Grade the lawn first and then thoroughly pulverize the soil for seed-
ing. In Iowa the best time to seed is early in the spring, though in
many seasons a very good stand can be secured by sowing the seed about
the middle of August or just preceding the fall rains. Fall seeding,
however, is more or less uncertain on account of the lack of moisture
supply. In the case of fall seeding, it is advisable to mulch the lawn
the first winter with strawy manure as soon as the ground is frozen
hard enough to bear up a team. This should be raked off in the spring
when the growth begins. The best turf is that formed by Kentucky
bluegrass. The Canada bluegrass is sometimes used but this is not as
good. Sow the seed rather thickly; say at the rate of four bushels per
acre. Exercise care to get an even distributon of the seed in sowng
and it is often advisable to re-seed at right angles to the first sowing
in order to secure this.

For the purpose of securing immediate effect the plan is often fol-
lowed of mixing with the blue grass the English or Italian rye-grass.
This greens up at once and makes a very good temporary turf. Since
it is only temporary in character, it gradually dies out, leaving the
blue grass in possession. In using the English ryegrass the proportion

430 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

commonly followed is that of three bushels of bluegrass to one bushel
of ryegrass. A slight sprinkle of white clover is sometimes added as a
temporary turf. Many follow the practice of sowing oats or rye with
bluegrass. This in our opinion, is not advisable. Both of these plants
make a coarse stubble unsuited for the lawn and they are gross
feeders. Instead of being a nurse crop they rob the grass of its mois-
ture and food supply and also shade It too much.

MOWING THE LAWN.

Begin mowing just as soon as the grass is tall enough as this cutting
causes the plant to bunch and stool-.out, thus securing thicker turf. Set
the lawn mower high, however; in fact, close cutting is not advisable in
any case. Stop the mowing in time in the autumn to let the grass make
a good top growth for winter protection.

On the newly established lawn there is apt to be trouble with weeds
of many kinds. Most of the coarser weeds will not stand close cutting
and are killed out the first year by the use of the lawn mower. There
are a few, however, including the dandelion, which are not affected
in this way. For the eradication of these, iron sulphate has been recom-
mended, but its value for this purpose seems quite doubtful.

In applying manure to the lawn take care to secure material as free
as possible from weed seed. Nitrate of soda is often preferable for fertiliz-
ing because it is free from impurties. Use this at the rate of 200 pounds
per acre and apply it at the beginning of the growing season.

Rolling is a good practice for the lawn as it closes the cracks early
in the spring and also shoves the crowns of the plant back into place,
thus correcting the heaving which has taken place during late winter.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X

431

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432 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

PLANNING THE FARM IN RELATION TO THE FARMSTEAD.

BY J. B. DAVIDSON.

Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State College of

Agriculture.

An investigation of the loss of time and energy upon Iowa farms
on account of an inconvenient arrangement of the fields, roads and build-
ings, indicates that farm planning should be given much greater consid-
eration than it now receives. An inconvenient placing of the feed
room, for example, in reference to the barns and the house, may mean
only a few hundred extra feet of travel or a few extra minutes every day
in caring for the live stock of the farm, but the accumulated loss for a
year or number of years becomes enormous. For instance, the walking"
of three hundred feet twice a day amounts to over forty miles a year and
in like manner fifteen extra minutes twice a day amounts to over eigh-
teen days, or ten hours each, per year.

A good way to plan the arrangement of the farm, including the loca-
tion of the various farm buildings, roads to the field, etc., is to prepare
a sketch or map upon which the routes may be traced which must be fol-
lowed in doing the day's work, including the morning and evening chores
and a trip to town or other places .of traffic The accompanying sketch
shows such routes and attention is called to the convenience secured. It is
true that upon most farms the fields and buldings are already located,
yet adjustments are made from time to time and -these should be made
according to well-thought-out plans in order that the general arrange-
ment may improve rather than grow less convenient. To assist in laying
out the farm and planning the farmstead, the following general considera-
tions are suggested. Perhaps it will not be possible to incorporate all of
these principles in any one plan, yet they represent advr.ntages which
should be securer! if possible, though it is realized that each farm is a
problem in itself.

1. Have the fields as nearly the same size as possible in order
facilitate crop rotation.

2. Have as many fields as possible in direct connection with the barn
lot.

3. Size of fields should bo in proportion to size of entire farm.

4. Land of the same quality should be in the same inclosure.

5. Where there are streams on the farm, arrange the fields to border
on them so as not to interfere with cultivation and to be more convenient
for watering stock or irrigation.

6. Avoid needless fences on account of cost and maintenance.

7. Have the buildings near the center of the farm, giving due con-
sideration to other advantages.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X

433

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IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 435

8. A pasture should be adjacent to the buildings.

9. Buildings should occupy poorest ground.

10. Buildings should be located in reference to water supply.

11. Buildings should be on a slight elevation whenever possible.

12. A south or east slope is desired.

13. Soil for buildings should be dry and well drained.

14. A timber windbreak should be secured.

15. A garden plot should be near house.

16. Buildings should not be located on high hills because inaccessible
from field or roads.

17. Buildings should not be placed in low valleys on account of lack
of air and drainage and danger of frost.

18. Buildings should be located on the side of the farm nearest the
school, church and town.

19. Lots should be on the farther side of barn from house and screened
from the house by trees.

20. All buildings should serve as windbreaks.

21. A farm scale is useful and should be placed in a convenient place.

22. The shop and machine shed should be convenient to house, bam
and fields.

GOOD ROADS A FARM ASSET.

J. F. MEKEY, MANCHESTES, IOWA.

Before the Delaware County Farmers' Institute.

Municipal incorporations have the authority to pave streets and tax
up the expense to abutting property owners. No one, however, is auth-
orized to construct permanent public, highways and tax the expense of
same to the abutting farm owners. Under our system in this county a
tax .of one mill is levied for the maintenance of old and two mills for
the construction of new roads. This tax for 1912 amounts in round num-
bers to $17,500.00. We have within the county about one thousand miles
of country roads. The above tax gives us an average of $17.50 per mile
for new roads and the maintenance of old ones. More than sixty years
ago the law makers of Iowa provided that the public roads of the state
should be sixty-six feet and not less than forty feet wide. Later theTaw
was so amended as by common consent they may now be but thirty feet.
This legislation simply gave us legal space for public highways sixty-six,
forty or thirty feet wide. We still have the space, but what about the
roads? Is it not a fact that they are little more than lanes between barbed
wire fences and we are climbing the same sand hills and driving through

436 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

or around the same mud holes that we did ten, twenty, possibly thirty
years ago, and is it not true that we have come to regard as fairly good
any driveway over wliich we can drive an ordinary load without getting
stalled?

The good roads question is now a live issue throughout the United
States. November 14-17 the American Road Builders Association held its
eighth annual convention at Rochester, New York. The American Good
Roads Congress held its annual meeting at the same time and place. Ad-
dresses were made at these meetings by the most competent engineers
and practical road builders in the country. Every phase of road making
was fully discussed. Gravel, chert and sand clay material had their
advocates. Drainage, bridges and culverts claimed their full share of
attention. Indeed, the problem of substantial and economical road con-
struction was intelligently discussed. At Richmond, Virgnia, only a few
days later the American Association for Highway Improvement met and
was addressed by noted American and Canadian engineers. Certain con-
gressmen are (to my mind foolishly) recommending federal aid for public
highways. State agricultural fairs, farmers' conventions and farmers*
institutes are giving the subject prominence, and the results are sure to
give us sooner or later better country roads. I am glad to note so many
of our Delaware county ladies are manifesting an interest in this question.
Surely the pleasure and comfort of good roads will be appreciated by none
so much as the ladies. Frequently in summer I return from the farm
between the hours of four and five; almost invariably I meet a half dozen
or more rigs with children from the country returning home from Man-
chester schools. Will not the mothers of these children be greatly re-
lieved when the possibility of accident to these children, that is always
incident to poor roads and poor bridges, is entirely removed? I am sure
such will be the case. And as the construction of perfect highways in
Iowa will depend upon the combined efforts and co-.operation of us all,
we most heartily urge that our ladies discuss this great question in their
clubs and be prepared to advise their indifferent husbands as to their
views of the good roads question.

And now I want, if possible, to convince this audience that perfect coun-
try roads are a valuable farm asset. During the coming season many
of our Delaware county farmers will enlarge the old or build new homes;
some will bulla new barns; others will lay several rods of tile; still others
will repaint a part or all of the buildings on the place. Will any sane
ifarmer contend for a moment that the expense of such improvement
should not be charged up to the farm? Is there any other way by which
he may know what his farm has cost him? If the improvements on a
one hundred and sixty acre farm has been $800.00 he added $5.00' per
acre to the cost of the farm. If $1,000.00 is the amount expended, then he
has added $10.00 per acre to the actual cost of the farm. If this method
is correct (and I hardly think anyone will question it) then is it not
possible that a perfect public highway running by a man's farm may
be such an improvement as to add to the selling value of the farm, and
if so, why should it not be considered an asset as much as the other im-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 437

provements? Let me give a simple illustration. Two one hundred and
sixty acre farmers are neighbors with a half mile of road separating
their farms. One of them makes a journey across the sea and on his
return he talks of little else than the splendid country roads throughout
Europe. He soon has enthused his neighbor and together they agree to
construct a perfect macadam half mile road between their farms. They
get permission from the road authorities and engage a road engineer who
has had years .of experience in macadam road construction. They cite
him to roads in Belgium as approximately the character of road they want.
It must be thirty feet wide, the drainage on both sides must be abso-
lutely perfect, the culvert and the small bridge must be of the best con-
crete the full width of the road with four foot guards at each end, all
grades must be reduced to the minimum, and a sufficient amount of the
best crushed rock available shall be used to make when finished a perfect
highway. It is a beauty; road makers for miles around come to inspect
it. Everyone enjoys driving over it and the two farmers are hilarious
over it. When the bills are all in the entire cost of this half mile of a
perfect country road, that will cost but little to maintain, is found to be
$1,600.00. They draw their checks for $800.00 each, entirely satisfied with
their experiment. Are there any real estate men in this audience? If so,
will you please tell us how much per acre would be added to the selling
value of these farms as the direct result of this complete and perfect
half mile of country road?

The amount of money to be used in this county this year will be on
the average of $8.75 per half mile. Possibly some one inquires, would you
recommend that such roadways be built by private contributions? No,
indeed, I simply used this illustration to prove that such highways would
add to the sellins value of these farms and because this should be con-
sidered as mucn a real asset as the other improvements referred to.
President Taft only recently expressed his opposition to the suggestions
that the federal government should make large appropriations for public
roads. I think he was right. My theory is that the states and the coun-
ties should make such appropriations as are necessary to give, not paved
roads, but splendid country highways. In many localities good roads
bonds are being issued by counties, recently

Baltimore county, Md., voted a bond issue of $1,500,000 for good roads.
Oklahoma county, Okla., yoted a bond issue of $1,250,000 for good roads.
Tarrant county, Texas, voted a bond issue of $1,000,000 for good roads.
Brown county, Texas, voted a bond issue of $500,000 for good roads.
Cullam county, Ala., voted a bond issue of $350,000 for good roads.
Wharton county, Texas, voted a bond issue of $300,000 for good roads.
Laurens county, Ga., voted a bond issue of $300,000 for good roads.
Monroe county, Ga., voted a bond issue of $300,000 for good roads.
Meckleburg county, Va., voted a bond issue of $240,000 for good roads.
Sullivan county, Tenn., voted a bond issue of $200,000 for good roads.

Delaware county, Iowa, as already stated, will have a road tax for
1912 of $17,500.00; what a farce. But, my farmer friends, our wholly
inadequate system of road construction in Iowa will not be Improved un-

438 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

til the 250,000 or more farmers in Iowa are made to realize that money
voted for good roads is not in any sense a donation. It is for permanent
improvements and should be considered as such. In all of our large
cities wholesalers and retailers use motor trucks instead of wagons to
distribute every kind of merchandise. In some portions of New York
state, Ohio and northern Illinois, a number of farmers club together,
purchase a motor truck and on market day instead of a dozen men and
teams going to market, one man and his motor truck gathers up the but-
ter, eggs, poultry, vegetables and fruits, and the other eleven men and as
many teams are in the field. Each farmer gives the motor man a list of
what is wanted from town and on his return the supplies are distributed.
If we estimate a man and team at $3.00 per day, $33.00 is saved that
neighborhood every market day. When the farm roads of Delaware
county are what they should be, our milk haulers in summer will not be
out all day in the sun and show up at the creamery with a load of sour
milk. They will bring into use the inexpensive motor truck and within
three hours he will have gathered the milk, deposited it at the creamery
and be back in his field at work.

But I fancy someone having in mind the illustration of the half mile
of road constructed by the two farmers would like to know if $1,600.00
per half mile, or $3,200.00 per mile, will cover the expense of such a road
as I have described. I confess that I do not know, I am not an engineer,
but I judge it would be done for much less than $3,200.00 per mile as we
are only allowed now $17.50 per mile, or $3,182.50 less than $3,200.00'.
Whatever may be the cost of construction, I confidently believe the boys
and young men of this audience will live to see the day when Iowa pub-
lic roads will be approximately as good as I have described; and when
they are, farm lands in Iowa will be sought after at $200.00 to $500.00
per acre. Hon, Sidney Foster, of Des Moines, once said, "Of all that's
good, Iowa affords the best." He could and should have made one notable
exception. Our country roads are a positive disgrace to the state. The
last week in October the Alabama Good Roads Association met at Selma.
Every county was represented with an unusual attendance and a resolu-
tion unanimously passed calling upon the next legislature to authorize a
state bond issue of $50,000,000.00 for use in the construction of country
roads in every county of the state. This is a large amount of money, but
if these bonds are negotiated at a low rate of interest running from
twenty to fifty years, and the money wisely and economically expended,
it will more than quadruple the selling value of farm lands in Alabama
before these bonds mature. I cannot believe Iowa will much longer lag
behind other states and be satisfied with the cheapest kind of dirt roads.
A state so rich in its resources and settled up by so wealthy and intelli-
gent a yeomanry will soon adopt some system of road building, no mat-
ter what the cost may be, that will give our farmers country roads that
will reduce the expense of transportation to the minimum and make get-
ting about the country a pleasure rather than a real trial.

Two years ago I had occasion to make inquiry as to the highways
in Belgium. I found they were more permanent and quite as smooth as
our city pavements. I also was quite interested to learn that farm land no

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 439

better than ours was valued at from $500. 00 to $1,500.00 per acre, and very
little of it for sale. When Iowa has a net work of perfect highways, then
no state in the union will excell us in the price of our farm lands. These
desirable conditions will obtain just as soon as Iowa farmers are con-
vinced that good roads are a farm asset. I am not so foolish as to ex-
pect that you will all agree with me as to the practicability of construct-
ing permanent public roads in Iowa. It will require time and study, per-
haps, before you are convinced of the necessity for such roads and of
their intrinsic value in adding to the sum of your possessions. If your
farm now worth $30,000 00 can be increased to $50,000.00 by the construc-
tion of permanent roads adjacent thereto at an expense of not to ex-
ceed $6,000.00, it should be considered a legitimate and profitable invest-
ment. All I can hope to accomplish in this address is that you will con-
sider and study the matter from the viewpoint of good roads being a farm
asset.

FACTORS IN THE LIFE OF FARM GIRLS.

Margaret C. Anderson.

(In The Breeder's Gazette.)

Rural parents are failing to realize the child-nurturing possibilities of
their background. The picture of the boy or girl on the farm crushed
by the monotony and drudgery of enforced labor or — just as bad — starving
for the sympathy and interest and mental stimulus that are commonly
denied, is not a pleasant one to study. We look with horror upon crimes
far less destrictive and heart-breaking than this crime — of well, let us call
it sluggishness. But there is a big work being done in behalf of farm
boys and girls which opens up, particularly to the farm mother, glorious
new visions of some specific ways in which country life may be made
yield its best, to justify itself, to the growing, outreaching, eager boy
and girl. In the first place, let the farmer get rid of the idea that he must
move to town "to educate his children." That idea is fraught with tragedy
in many instances. The back-to-the-country movement has no more vital
significance than in its relation to the young farm people who so often,
on leaving home, sacrifice the chance of becoming potential units in order
to become futile atoms in the great whirl of city life. Of course in some
cases to prevent a country boy or girl from getting into the larger oppor-
tunity of the city is to kill a fine, aspiring spirit, to stamp out a life that
is capable of being lived more abundantly in the atmosphere of a city's
progress. But about this type we need not be so intensely concerned.
He is so in earnest as to what he wants that he helps himself to get it.
He makes his own opportunities. It is rather to those young people who
are dissatisfied with what many farm homes have to offer them; who feel
vaguely that they might better things and yet do not know just how to
go about it; and to those farm parents who are uncomfortably conscious
of their children's rebellion but do not know how to meet it — it is to these
that modern agricultural leaders are talking with so much comprehension

440 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and helpfulness. And, since more is being done to solve the problem for
the boy than for the girl, let us look at the question from the standpoint
of girls and their mothers.

"Is the country girl neglected?" We hear much on the subject of how
to keep boys on the farm, but what about the girl, who is just as intensely
alive, who has some big interest in books, perhaps, or in. art, or in music,
or in that most worth while of all big interests — people; who longs to be
some place where she can earn a little money of her own to buy the small
things that are so dear and so essential to every girl, and to do it without
being scolded for every expenditure: who would like to feel it within her
"rights" to spend a whole day once in a while wandering through the
woods and fields with a good book under her arm, or spend a dollar to go
into town for a concert without being accused of idleness and wild extrava-
gance? What about th's girl, whose very aliveness makes it impossible
for her to be completely absorbed in the dishwashing and the mending and
the laundry and the price of pigs? Every girl has a right to girlhood.
And every rural mother has to recognize and cope with the fact that her
daughter would rather buy herself a furbelow or go to a party than to
know that the mortgage was lifted. There is nothing regrettable about
it. It is her nature. If it were not, she might as well be a horse for all
she would contribute to the joy of the world.

There is really very little in*:entional cruelty or conscious error on the
part of parents. The chief sins against this country girl are sins of ne-
glect, indifference and unenlighterment. And there are so many effective
little rem.edies that can be ao^lied to these big sins. The essential remedy
is to allow her to live a balanced life, having in it a proportion of these
elements; a certain amount of restraint, of work, of play, of recreation, of
social experiences, of practice in self-dependence, of opportunity for service
to others. And the girl may hope for these things as soon as a certain
balance is effected in the thought-life of the farmer. It may be expressed
in seven words — flaming words that ought to be emblazoned somewhere
in every farm home:

Human rights are iDrior to animal rights!

When farmers really learn this — and with all the talk about it they
ought soon to learn it — then more farm homes will be made really at-
tractive and livable. If the house is large, let her and her sisters have
a room of their own: put their treasures in it; keep their books there;
let them use their own taste in its decoration and furnishing. Through-
out the house modern conveniences will be installed, so that the family
washing and other tasks suited to a man's strength rather than to a
woman's will he accomplished with the minimum of effort.

After these external matters have been attended to with intelligence,
we come to the big problem of internals; and first and foremost stand
nut two words: Good literature. Good thinking takes root and flourishes
in a home well supplied with good books. The girl may have suitable
and inspiring literature for every phase of her development. There will
be a time when her interest in the unbounded outdoors can best be
fostered by nature-study books in story form; then, with the inevitable

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 441

Uowering of her adolescense, she will demand love stories. There are
farm homes, even today, in which the novel is tabooed as rigorously as
if its assimilation would send a girl precipitately to perdition. But girls
need novels. There is no more harm in a girl's reading a good novel
than thei'e is in a bird's changing its plumage in the spring. It is part
of her necessary education in that biggest phase of her life-work; the
work of being a woman — and being a charming one, if she can. Imagine
the supreme joy of her discovering "Rebecca of Sunny-Brook Farm" and
then all the rest of that splendid series that tells Rebecca's love story.
After this period she will begin to take an interest in the affairs of the
nation; and then if she can have recourse to a few high-class periodicals
she will find no end of stimulation. It is easy to avoid trash in literature.

Next, the farm girl needs work, but not drudgery. Beginning at the
age of four or five she may be assigned some daily task in connection
with the household work that will be of value in establishing a regard
for discipline — if it be remembered that the essential thing for her is play
and an enjoyment of the outdoors. At this juncture some sort of inspi-
rational school work, useful and cultural, should be undertaken. As she
grows older the amount of work may be gradually increased, preferably
in the line of her developing interests, and always with an eye to her
physical growth and character-development. She may wish to attend a
college or school in which home economics or domestic science is taught.
At home some definite thing to do each day, some helping onward of the
family happiness and comfort, some work that is vitally related to her
increasing activities — all this will be of inestimable worth to her. And
the important thing about a mother's training at this point will be to
make the girl mistress of her work instead of a slave to it. It is easy
to teach a girl to work; and, since she is more readily enslaved than a
boy, she is in just that much more danger of overworking. Thus the at-
tention of the wise farm mother w^ill center in teaching her daughter self-
supremacy. Of course the problem of household work is a perplexing
one, on account of the prevailing inability to secure and keep good help.
But if the father of the family will not install the conveniences that lift
his wife and daughter out of drudgery — well, why is it not a good plan
to let that father himself assume the nature of those mechanical con-
veniences? As Prof. McKeever valiantly puts it in his recent book on
"Farm Boys and Girls:" "It is not necessarily beneath the dignity of
the best and most brilliant man of this country for him to get down on
his knees in his own home and help perform the menial work there which
threatens to break the health of his life-companion."

The question, "Do you ow-n your daughter?" is one that might be put
fairly and squarely to many a farm household. Prof. McKeever tells of
an intelligent farmer he knows — a man much above the average in many
respects — who, being a widower and feeling it the duty of his twenty-
three-year-old daughter to relieve him of the expense of hiring help,
regards her as a sort of chattel who takes care of the home, brings up
the smaller children, and keeps house for himself and three or four hired
men. This is the kind of farmer who believes that he owns his daughter;

442 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and that belief of his may be responsible for a young life of unhappiness,
ill health, and incomplete womanhood.

Upon the heels of this comes the big question of the farm girl's
pleasures. The hurry of work and the isolation of the ordinary country
home tend to foster an over-serious disposition in girls. There is too
little practice in smiling, and laughter is too infrequent. After a hard
day's work the older members of the family are prone to spend a quiet
evening over their papers, and are too likely to forget that the girl sitting
just across the table with a book upside down .on her lap, and a wistful
look on her face, is longing for that very thing which she so often uses
as her excuse for leaving the farm: sociability. A little exchange of new
stories, a little hearty laughter, some discussion .of happenings in the
world, an interested request for some music, a smiling encouragement
to someone's offer to read a good book aloud — how all this would
brighten up some of those interminably dull, lonely, uninspiried evenings
and help to produce some of that longed-for sociability. But the whole
question of sociability is not settled with this increasement of the family
circle's happiness. It extends beyond that into the realm of a girl's need
for society of her own age and sex — and of the opposite sex. The social
life of adolescent boys and girls rests on a deeper basis than that of
merely "giving them a good time." "It has its source," says Prof. Mc-
Keever, "in the sex instinct then so predominant * * * and is n.ot
therefore to be regarded as a piece of superficial sentimentality, but
rather as a profound law of nature." One of the beautiful things about
a well-organized social life in a rural community is its success in effecting
a compromise between the tendency of the city toward a too-rapid social
maturity and that of the country toward an over-slow development.
Experiments in gaining this happy medium ought to be a paramount
interest to farm parents. One experience of the kind that resulted tri-
umphantly to both children and parents is w.orth quoting here. It is told
in Prof. McKeever's book by an Iowa father:

"For years we had a room in the house which -we called the 'parlor.*
It contained some expensive furniture which the members of the family
scarcely ever saw, as the place was usually kept closed up and dark.
Why we reserved such a dark, musty room for the 'special company'
that came two or three times each year, I do not know. At any rate, we
decided to make the place useful. In remodeling the house we enlarged
it to 16 by 20 feet in size, and added one very large window. Here we
made a society room for the young people of the neighborhood. Extra
chairs were obtained, also a large new stove and fixtures for gaslights.
There were also some simple wall decorations and a small library table
and reading table. That was two years ago. Since then our two boys and
two girls have given many parties in that room, and no one has got more
enjoyment out of the affairs than their parents. We feel as if that room
was the best investment we ever made."

These are only a few phases of a girl's life as she will live it, if she
stays on the farm, or as she may prepare to live it in wider places. There
is the problem of rural schools, for instance. There is so much said about
the modern rural church, and how it may be transformed into a vital

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 443

force; about business training for the country girl; about her choice
of and preparation for a vocation; about the farmer and his wife as lead-
ers of the young; above all, about the farm mother and her opportunities
for living a well-rounded life; about any number of big, burning issues,
which, if women readers of The Gazette are interested in hearing of and
discussing, we may take up at another time.

Recently while walking along a country highway, a traveler met a
funeral procession. Inquiry revealed a pathetic situation. It seems
that the deceased was the wife of a farmer under thirty-five years of age.
While she lived they had both been ambitious and hard-working, but
thoughtless of their own health and comfort. Their farm was new; be-
sides the routine affairs of home-keeping and crop raising there were
improvements to be made and a mortgage to be lifted. Their plans
were to have all the reasonable improvements made, pay off the mortgage
— and then take things easy! But under the strain the wife's health
broke, and her death left her husband sole caretaker of three little
children. In the same neighborhood similar tragedies have occurred
in half the homes during the last twenty years.

These are startling, hideous revelations. A palliation of such condi-
tions will come about only through a general elevation of country living.
As soon as country parents learn to think .of themselves as, first of all,
engaged to better living and in bringing up their children for a better
human society, and, secondly, as engaged in farming and housekeeping
— then country life will have gained that necessary elevation.

WHY SHOULD FARM BOYS GRADUATE FROM THE HIGH SCHOOL?

By Mrs. F. E. Wakeman.

(Before the Taylor County Farmers' Institute.)

The importance of this subject demands thoughtful consideration. It
affects not only our children, but the state and the nation as well.

In the discussion I shall quote from some of our most prominent edu-
cators, who have endeavored to urge upon parents, teachers, and the
young people themselves the growing need of the high school education.

Whatever is said of the need of the boy must apply to the girl also.

Why should our boys graduate from the high school?

We may well ask this question and search for a satisfactory answer,
when we realize that over 70 per cent of our boys and girls who advance
beyond primary instruction never go beyond the grammar grades.

It is not necessary to argue the need of an education, the need is ap-
parent. Perhaps this is not the place to point out the possible defect
in our high school course, or to show wherein it may be improved to suit
the needs of the various pupils, but rather, to give reasons why our chil-
dren should continue their studies at least through the high school course.

Prof. McKeever says: "We are living in an age remarkable for its rapid
reconstruction of all our industrial affairs. Many splendid vocations are

444 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

open to the well educated young captains of Industry. The present day
problem of reclaiming vast areas of desert and waste lands, of introducing
and promoting new methods of crop and animal production, of reorganiz-
ing or developing anew many commercial enterprises, of manufacturing the
thousands of machines and other pieces of apparatus demanded for carry-
ing on the world's business. All these and numerous other affairs .of their
kinds are constantly calling for young men trained in head, hands and
heart to keep them going.

Scholarly farmers and stock raisers, carpenters and iron workers and
engineers assistants and the like are what our industrial age is in greatest
need of and it is high time that parents view this situation aright, and
prepare their sons to meet it.

Much ot the indifference of the child regarding his education is due
to error in his early teaching. If in planning for the child's. future the
parents would begin early to talk of and plan for the school course as
though taken for granted, and the young child encouraged to earnest,
honest persistent work in the grades, being assured all along the way
that father and mother sincerely believe in him and expect much of him,
always receiving encouragement rather than criticism, oft repeated ex-
pressions of praise of his efforts, the chances are that he will go on
and complete the course without thought of dropping out.

Here we feel like placing emphasis upon the parent's obligation, which
seems such an important factor in accomplishing good results.

But if the parent fails, during these early years, to so direct and en-
courage the child that he loses his interest in schools or if, for any
reason, he lags and is ready to quit school before finishing, shall such
an important matter as the education be left to his mere whim or
caprice, limited as he is in experience and immature judgment.

Rather, the parent should tactfully and patiently try to show him tn^
great mistake he would be making to quit school at such an early peric^
in his life.

We have on every hand illustrations of men with great natural endow-
ment who are wonderfully handicapped for lack of education. Perhaps
some of these may have lacked opportunities, but it is probable many
of them might have been better educated, thus Increasing their usefulness,
had parents, teachers, or someone else taken the pains to encourage
them and impress upon them the value of a better education.

The school of experience may be all right for some, but it is not adapted
to the masses, besides, the tuition is high.

Once in a while we see a self-made man who has apparently succeeded
well.

Some may point to such a one as an illustration of what man may
achieve without an education. Yes, but he probably has attained this
success in spite of his lack of education, and not because of it. One
might as well argue that because some one recovered from a serious
illness unaided that all doctors and medicine could be dispensed with.

As to the direct benefits of a high school course. The study of litera-
ture opens a field before the student from which he may glean the purest
and loftiest thought and sentiment of all the ages.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 445

English and ancient history acquaint him with people and nations
of the past, and to the extent of looking backward he is able to discern
the trend of his own times.

The study of botany unlocked the secrets of the vegetable world, re-
vealing the economy, utility and beauty of the vegetable kingdom, which
constitutes so great a part of his environment, and provides so bouati-
fully for his sustenance.

As much may be said for the study of zoology. The knowledge of these
things not only broadens his intellect and thought and stimulates in-
vestigation, but it also adds to his resources. A prominent educator tells
us that "One whose mind has been carefully trained by mathematics, the
classics, modern languages and physics is capable of quicker thinking
and better judgment than a lad who comes to his duties fresh from the
farm or the city and without such discipline of the mind. He can re-
member orders better; he is smarter at figures; he has acquired greater
discernment, and in other ways he is generally master of the situation, se-
curing the friendship and respect of his fellow-workers and the kindly
notice and approval of his superiors as well. His ability to act in an
emergency, his initiative, his personal resource and his general reliability
single him out for promotion."

The high school course also affords great opportunity for the develop-
ment of the pupil in many other ways. Not only in broadening and ex-
panding his intellect, but training him in the care of his body, teaching
him self-control, developing within him self-government, and since our
entire theory of government is based upon intelligent self-control, this is
of immense value to him.

In a very apt sense, the school represents society. The pupils there
found represent in minature the aggregation of men and v.'omen in ac-
tive life and may be taken as fair types of what active life really is in
the outside world. So, there he has a splendid chance to learn to respect
the rights of others. This course of discipline develops in him all the
nobler traits so much to be desired and which every good person values
so highly.

In addition, there are the great intellectual achievements that come
from the study of books; also the help that comes from the daily con-
tact with others whose aspirations are worthy as his own.

It is true that he will encounter evil influences, he will meet with
temptations, yet no more in the school life than elsewhei'e.

If he has formed studious habits, is reasonably trustworthy and self-
reliant through the guidance of parents and teachers, it would seem he
had the best possible chance to grow and develop in the right direction.

Since work is the solution of many a vexing and perplexing problem of
the boy, where could the large share of that work be more profitably
done than in the school room during these plastic years of his life?

The splendid teachers, faithful chrislian men and women, and they
usually are, are in themselves a great moral force. Someone has para-
phrased a remark of a noted American divine thus: "To have teaching
judgment, to have a good teaching head and heart, to have a deep en-

446 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

thusiasm in the highest and best Icind of teaching are the qualities
that will develop the good in children."

From such influence the youth goes out into the world better equipped
in head, heart and hand to grapple with the problems of life that seem
hard enough even when the best possible preparation has been made. He
is better fitted for a successful and happy career and has a much broader
outlook upon life.

In conclusion: Since a truly successful career means much more than
the accumulation of dollars and the making of a life much more than
the making of a living, we can but feel that to him who knows the world
and is able in the best sense to wield the world besides experiencing the
infinite satisfaction of doing good in the world, to him belongs the
highest type of human greatness.

AGRICULTURAL FAIR ASSOCIATIONS AND THEIR UTILIZATION
IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION AND IMPROVEMENT.

BY JOHN HAMILTON.

Farmers' Institute Specialist, Office of Experiment Stations.
U. S. Department of Agriculture.

INTRODUCTION.

Now that the better utilization of organized agencies for the improve-
ment of agriculture is being generally considered, attention is naturally
directed to the county fair association as a force which, if properly di-
rected and developed, might be of great service, since it provides a local
agency in each county that is directly interested in the development of
the agriculture of that particular county and possesses the requisite legal
power to act in directions that it may deem best for accomplishing its
purposes. There are over 1,200 county fair associations in the United
States, with a registered membership of approximately 250,000. Their
annual gross receipts amount to about $6;fi00,000, and their expenditures
for premiums to almost $2,500',000. *

PRESENT NEED FOR EFFICIENT LOCAL AGRICULTURAL
ASSOCIATIONS.

That need exists for proper local associations to aid in the improve-
ment of rural conditions is admitted by all who have studied the country
problem.

There is, first of all, the great fundamental need of increasing pro-
duction. This of itself is sufficient reason for the existence of organi-
ations in each county to give intelligent attention to soils, fertilizers,
animals, crops, tillage, moisture supply, drainage, seed selection, fruit
culture, the farm wood lot, and the many other items directly affecting
agricultural production.

Then there is the need for the improvement of the highways, the
consolidation of rural schools, the adaptation of the courses of study in

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 44"?

these schools to country life, the betterment of agricultural homes and
their surroundings, the economical marketing of products and purchas-
ing of farm supplies, etc.

Agricultural educational institutions, particularly the agricultural col-
leges and experiment stations, are looking for more efficient means for
reaching country people with agricultural information, and now that
extension departments are being organized in all of these colleges, the
need for efficient local institutions in each county to act as centers from
which to operate is very apparent. The county fair associations are al-
ready .organized as public agencies for the dissemination of agricultural
information, and it is only necessary to strengthen their organization
and work in order to give them a larger and more important place in our
rapidly developing system of agricultural education.

The county fair has already been found to be a most valuable assistant
to the agricultural college and experiment station whereever its services
have been utilized, and the college in turn has greatly strengthened the
fair association through its support in furnishing educational exhibits
and skilled demonstrators and judges at the annual shows, and by setting
a high standard along all lines for rural betterment.

In response to inquiries sent out to the agricultural colleges and experi-
ment stations of the United States it is found that out of 47 States and
Territories reporting, 13 colleges and 5 stations sent separate exhibits
to State or county fairs in 1908, and that IS other colleges and stations
united their material into joint exhibits and sent them to State or
county fairs. Many of these collections were very elaborate, including
beef and dairy cattle, swine, sheep, poultry, fruits, vegetables, forestry
products, nursery stock, models of farm buildings, samples of cakes, bread,
canned and dried fruits, preserves, pickles, sample of needle work, ex-
hibits of stenographic work, type-writing, samples of business letters,
examination papers, charts; also specimens of feeds and forage crops,
model dairy plans, plans for model farms, specimens of insects and fun-
gus growths, tables giving the composition and yields of various crops,
samples of soils, praying apparatus; forge, lathe, and hand work in wood
and metal, and similar articles exhibiting the character of the educa-
tional work of the institution. These exhibits were in charge of ex-
pert demonstrators to explain their characteristics and reply to inquiries
respecting the work of the college or station. One institution had nine
demonstrators at a single fair. In all cases the exhibits were of an edu-
cational character, and of use in teaching the subjects of agriculture, do-
mestic science, or mechanic arts.

Farming people particularly were interested in these exhibits and their
appreciation and value have been such as to prompt the college authori-
ties to continue and enlarge them. The colleges and stations were repre-
sented during that year at 101 fairs, being limited in the number only
by the amount of money available for bearing the expense.

Among the advantages claimed by the institutions from their ex-
hibitions at these fairs are:

(1) Opportunity to meet farmers personally and explain the work of
the institution.

448 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

(2) Opportunity to secure cooperators in demonstration work.

(3) Opportunity for the college to conduct agricultural schools and
short courses and demonstrations while the exhibition is in progress.

(4) Opportunity to initiate new movements for the improvement of
agriculture.

(5) Opportunity for the education of fair managers in the conduct
of agricultural exhibitions.

(6) Opportunity for collecting into .one place the results of field dem-
onstrations for the inspection of the public.

(7) Providing a place for the exhibition of the results of contest work
by school children and country youth.

(8) Enabling the college and station to secure the names and ad-
dresses of representative farmers and of young people with whom to
correspond in disseminating agricultural information, and in securing
cooperation in projects for rural improvement.

THE FAIR REDIRECTED AND ENLARGED.

All that the present fair association needs for immediate action in
the wider field now open is a change of view as to its mission and scope
and a practical plan for carrying on its work. Its activities need to be
redirected and enlarged to fit the association to take advantage of the
opportunities for aiding rural betterment that lie before it. If it is to be
a leader in rural betterment its organization and methods must be care-
fully outlined in advance to be in accord with the conditions that control
success in such enterprises. As careful study should be made by the
management, of the needs of farming people as well as of their peculiari-
ties and temperament, as if these interested in the fair were about to
invest in a department store or engage in the manufacture on a large
scale of an article or articles intended for general use.

The fair even if assisted by the State will be largely dependent upon
public patronage for its success. If public patronage is to be secured and
held the fair as a whole must be made sufficiently interesting to attract
those whose presence is desired. In doing this it can not descend to the
use of low or questionable methods or to cheap, vulgar, or tawdry shows,
n.o matter how great the crowd these may draw or how remunerative they
may be. Its attractions must be of a character that will elevate and in-
struct, or if for entertainment the exhibition must be free from every-
thing that suggests evil, ridicuU:s purity, or tends to deceive, defraud, or
vulgarize the public.

The fair that is to be a worthy leader and is to meet the needs of
contry people must be strong, clean, full of interest, well managed, and in
entire sympathy with country life. It must first of all and above all be
loyal to its own constituency, the agricultural public, and not be swerved
from serving them in the most effective way by any influence or set of in-
fluences that it may encounter, however enticing.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 449

EXHIBITS.

The fair in its main feature is an exhibition. Its character is there-
fore determined almost entirely by the grade and variety of the articles
that it displays. Since its main purpose is to improve rural life in all
of its phases, the exhibits should be of a kind that will contribute to
that end. The basis, therefore, of the fair should be exhibits from the
farm, the garden, the wood lot, horticultural exhibits, household exhibits,
poultry, domestic animals, agricultural implements and machinery, models
of country homes with sanitary surroundings and modern conveniences,
forest products,- manufactured articles, and educational exhibits of meth-
ods, courses of study, school buildings and grounds, and school gardens
adapted to rural conditions.

The entries for premiums should be open to individuals, to institutions
and to communities. A brief statement made out upon a card should
be attached to each exhibit showing by whom it is exhibited, the feature
it is intended to display, with such additional information as may be
important to a proper understanding and appreciation of its use and eco-
nomic value.

Each class of exhibits should be set up by an expert and be attended
by some one capable of explaining the quality and uses of the several
articles in his section. Whenever possible the exhibitor of the article
or animal should be present in person during the fair and call atten-
tion to the valuable features of the things that he is exhibiting. If
samples only are shown of larger quantities on hand for sale, they should
be accompanied by a statement of the quantity that is thus available and
the price, with a guarantee that the goods to be delivered shall be true
to sample.

JUDGING.

The judging for premiums ought to be by disinterested expertg. and
every award should be accompanied with a statement showing why it was
given, and the judges should be ready to make a public defense, if called
upon, in support of their conclusions. The State department of agriculture
might have lists of persons on file certified as capable judges in the vari-
ous groups of exhibits, who would be available for service at county fairs
at a stated compensation.

SPACE.

A moderate amount of space should be furnished free to each exhibitor,
and any additional space required should be charged for at a reasonable
rate.

FEED AND ATTENDANTS.

Hay and bedding for animals could in many localities be provided free.
Grain for feeding should be kept on hand to be sold at moderate rates
to exhibitors of animals or to visitors who merely wish a single ration.
A list should be kept at the secretary's office of reliable persons who
may be hired by exhibitors to take care of their stock or for such other
service as may be required.

29

450 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DEMONSTRATIONS.

Certain stated periods each day should be devoted to demonstrations
to be held at different places on the grounds. These demonstrations might
be the packing of fruit; the use of the Babcock test; spraying operations,
including the mixing of sprays, as well as their application; killing,
dressing, and packing poultry for market; sanitary handling of milk;
transplanting, budding, and pruning trees; seed selection; germination
tests; laying out and planting garden plats; stock judging; canning,
preserving, and drying fruits; cheese making; butter making; testing
agiicultural machinery; disinfecting rooms, stables, and- clothing; con-
ducting cooking schools, dress-making and millinery school; demonstra-
tion plat work; plowing matches, and similar contests.

These demonstrations can be made valuable features of the fair, de-
pending upon the skill of those in charge of them. Machinery in motion,
processes in course of performance, and other forms of effort in actual
operation attract attention and are never-failing sources of interest.

By stopping all other exercises and concentrating attention upon the
demonstration features for an hour or two each day, variety will be given
to the exhibition, and valuable information can be imparted free from
interruption or distraction by other exercises.

CONTESTS.

Contests in crop production, animal breeding and feeding, and other
agricultural operations should be organized early in the year, the results
to be exhibited at the fair. Persons entering such contests should be re-
quired to declare in advance their intention to compete, in order to shut
out crops or animals that are the result not of skill but of mere accident
or chance.

In all such contests accurate data should accompany each report show-
ing the items of cost in producing the article and the methods pursued.
The premiums offered should be for results secured under conditions pos-
sible to every farmer of intelligence, and be for operations above those on
a minature scale. To exhibit 10 ears of corn out of a crop of 40 acres
is no evidence of superior farming, but to exhibit 10 superior acres out
of such an area is a real test of skill and worthy of proper recognition.
For persons in control of farms the contests should be in operations of
sufficient size to require the exercise of more than ordinary exertion and
skill. For boys and girls they could be adapted to suit the means at their
command.

ENTERTAINMENTS AND AMUSEMENTS.

Trials of speed, acrobatic and sleight-of-hand performances, exhibitions
of trained animals, moving pictures, the merry-go-round, military drill,
games of ball, foot races, and other athletic sports, baloon ascensions,
and similar entertainments are all unobjectionable when properly con-
trolled, and provide entertainment to those who come to spend an idle
hour. They should, however, not be permitted to Interfere with the
main exhibition and the more serious purposes of the fair. The associa-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 451

tlon must first of all be loyal to the Industry that it represents. To
Insure this its entertainments should be restricted to certain hours, and
when presented opportunity should be given to all to witness and to en-
joy them.

All disreputable shows, gambling devices, and loud, coarse fakirs with
monstrosities to exhibit, should be rigidly excluded from the grounds.
Nothing that the most refined and modest woman might not see or hear
should be admitted.. All others ought to be shut out as unworthy of a
place in a self-respecting community, and the superintendent of this de-
partment should be held to strict accountability for the enforcement of
this rule, and an adequate police force should be at his disposal for the
purpose.

The expenses a^^tendaut upon the presentation of the open air entertain-
ment features of the fajr could be met by the fair association, and for th's
a specific appropriation might be made. Such in-door sports or enter-
tainments as the merry-go-round, moving pictures, animal exhibits, and
sle'ght-of-hand performances, can be permitted to charge an entrance fee,
the amount to be agreed upon with the managers of the fair.

CONCESSIONS.

Board'ng houses, restaurants, advertismg and selling agencies of ap-
proved standing, and all legitimate business and industry may be given a
place in the fair under well-defined regulations that protect the public
against fraud or overcharge.

Charges for these concessions should be in accordance with the business '
transacted. A cash payment should be required for the in'tial privilege
or ground rent, and then a percentage of profits on the sales.

All of the concessions should be under the strictest regulation and sur-
veillance to insure that no improper advantage is taken of the public
in attendance at the fair.

No concpssions should be granted to sell intoxicating drinks or other in-
jurious beverag'~3, or to license the advertising or selling of articles of
questionable value, or to conduct any game of chance or to furnish
amusements or entertainments jeopardizing life or limb.

FINANCES.

The receipts of the fair association are from admittance fees, such as
gate receipts, family tickets, and life memberships; from concessions,
rents, and lectures; and from purses contributed for special purposes.

The variability from year to year in amount of income from these
sources, due to unfavorable weather at the time of the fair, the presence
of epidemic disease in the neighborhood, rival attractions, locaT preju-
dice, and other causes has prevented the proper development of the
county fair, through fear on the part of the management lest their offi-
cers be left at the close of the exhibition with a large indebtedness on
their hands for which they will be individually liable.

452 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATE AND COUNTY AID.

An assured income is a necessity if the fair is to do its work efficiently
and expand as the needs of the country develop. State or county aid,
or both, is essential in any system of fair organization that is to serve
the people and improve their methods. The lack of such an income is
responsible for the presence of most of the objectionable features admitted
to fairs at present, and for the consequent loss by the fair both of prestige
and support by farming people. The management must be independent
of need of the money that fakirs and gamblers offer for the privilege
of swindling visitors.

Grants of money to the fair association by the county or the State are
therefore a necessity without which the best and most useful type of the
fair can not exist. These grants should be carefully guarded so as to
stimulate and not enfeeble effort on the part of'local people, and to in-
sure that the funds are flot used in promoting worthless projects or vision-
ary schemes. The representatives of the State boards of agriculture ap-
pointed to see to the proper conduct of the county fair should also be
charged with making inquiry into its use of the public funds, and if these
are squandered or used in violation of law, subsequent appropriations
should be withheld until the portions so misused shall have been refunded
to the State or county and satisfactory assurance given that future grants
will be properly expended.

EXPENDITURES.

Expenditures by the association are for premiums, salaries of officers,
of lecturers and expert judges, rent, permanent improvements, interest on
indebtedness, and other miscellaneous minor items.

When the fairs are conducted for the public advantage and not for
private gain, there is no reason why these expenses should not be met out
of the public funds. The State, on the other hand, should be secured in
such of its appropriations as are expended in the purchase of property
or for permanent improvements, by liens that will protect its interest
in case of loss by fire or by sale of the property. The balance of the funds
in such case after reimbursing the stockholders, if any, should be paid
over to the county treasurer to be invested and held for such future use
in aid of agriculture as the court of that county may direct.

Reports of the executive committee of the association showing the re-
ceipts and expenditures of the fair association at its exhibitions should
be made as promptly as possible after the exhibition has been held, and
copies of these reports should be transmitted to the secretary of the
State board of agriculture, the county treasurers of the counties in which
the fairs are located, and to the State auditor for approval and record.

PREMIUMS.

The character of the premiums awarded may vary Indefinitely, and be
in the form of cash, medals, certificates, or other recognition of merit
according to the importance of the display and its place in rural industry.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 453

The award should be for excellence, and no matter how many articles are
exhibited in a class or how few, no premium should be given unless de-
served.

The competition is not so much with others as with excellence. The
exhibits, therefore, should be rated and the award made as this is ap-
proached. Accordingly, for the information of competitors, there should
be published with each class of exhibits the requirements that will be con-
sidered by the judges, and as far as pcss'ble the percentage for each re-
quirement as it enters into the make-up of a standard article or animal in
that class.

Special premiums should be offered for new methods, or for new plants,
animals, or implements introduced and of superior excellence. Similar
special premiums should be offered for successful farms, for special
crops, or for he^'ds of animals reared by the owner on any farm, and
for superior orchards and gardens; for school buildings, including also
chu'chyards, country cemeteries, and other items that can not be shown
at the fair, but are worthy of special recognition as evidences of intelli-
gent treatment or marked success.

LOCATION OF THE GROUNDS.

The fair grounds should be accessible to steam and trolley lines. If
possible, the buildings should not be far from some town, of a size suffi-
cient at least to supply hotel accommodations for visitors during the
fair and with a population that can be depended upon for patronage. In
most instances the county town is the most advantageous location owing
to its size and the opportunities afforded for visHors to shop and attend
to such legal business as may require the advice of an attorney or access
to the county records.

Location near a town is a^so insurance against total failure in times
of unfavorable weather that prevents attendance by visitors from the
adjcining country. Local pride sometimes secures support by the town
residents that would be wholly absent if the fair had no constituency
specially interested in its success. Exhibits also of great variety can fre-
quently be had from the business houses of the town, and from private
collections where the location is within easy reach.

SIZE OF THE GROUNDS.

The amount of land considered necessary for a county fair has hereto-
fore been determined largely by the size of the speedway or racing course.
The course varies from one-third to one-half or to even 1 mile in length,
and the g"ounds have been correspondingly extended to accommodate
this length. Leaving out of account the racing features, the require-
ments of an ordinary fair would be simply for room indoors sufficient to
accommodate the exhibits of farm products, animals, and machinery, to-
gether with a show ring with seating capacity for from 500 to 1,000 per-
sons, depending upon the locality. This last can a'so be used as an
audience hall for public meetings. Rooms should be provided for the
president, the secretary, and the various committees. There should also

454 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

be pol'ce and hes'iiital accommodaticns and quarters for superintendents
and assistants, together wi'h ample stcrTge rooms for forage and for the
deposit of packing cases, also rooms for lunch counters, rest rooms, and
a place for the power plant. If grounds are attached the outdoor space
should he sufficient for demonstration plats, samples of school gardens,
an arhoretum, flower gardens, grass plats, small orchard, shrubbery
clumps, samples of properly constructed roads, walks, fences and arbors,
with such additions as the importance of the community and its degree
of prosperity make it practicable to own and utilize.

From two to five aces are ample for a county fair to use in its exhibi-
tions. More than this is usually unutilized waste, and is generally un-
kempt in appearance and an injury to the fair instead of a benefit. Sub-
stantial buiMings well arranged and small grounds planted with interest-
ing material and neatly kept are the ideal.

By restricting the area the fair can be held in the edge of a town and
be easily reached on foot. By having it thus accessible and beautified
as a park, it will soon become a public resort for the citizens, and by
having the buildings adapted to use for lectures, shows, theatrical per-
formances, and other purposes, and capable of be'ng heated in the win-
ter and thrown open in the summer, the chief difficulty in the way of
making the enterprise financially successful will be met. Although un-
fa,vorable weather may interfere witli a full attendance, yet it will not
wholly prevent a reasonable number of the citizens of the town from
coming out. The fact that the grounds are near by and that the build-
ings can be heated in the winter and be lighted at night, making them
available for meetings, midwinter fairs, and similar uses, enables the
management to secure from rentals sufficient income to materially aid in
maintaining and extending the work of the association. Some of the
rooms could be fitted up and rented permanently for offices or for busi-
ness purposes, the occupants not to be disturbed when the fair is held.

If the buildings are to be utilized in the wintertime they must be
well constructed and be kept neat and clean. If they are archic^turally
attractive and conven'ent in arrangement there will be little dificulty
in a portion of them being remunerative the year round, instead of a
constant expense. In some instances it would be possible to keep open
an agricultural museum, a library of reference, exhibit of samples of
agricultural implements, besides accommodating the office of the county
secretary. The county fa'r buildings would thus soon become a recog-
nized business center where farmers and others who come to town to
make purchases could meet appointments and where women could find
a comfortable place to rest.

The lo-^ation of the grounds and the arrangement and equipment of
the buildings are therefore most important matters if the fair is to be
a financial and educational success and be serviceable to the community
during the entire year.

CUSTODIAN.

A custodian should be on the grounds continually throughout the year
to see that nothing is molested, and that the buildings are ready for

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 455

use whenever needed. He should be empowei'ed to arrest trespassers
or persons injuring the property. If stock stables for breeding purposes
are maintained he could be kept employed in overseeing and caring for
the animals. If a park and experiment plats and gardens or plantations
are laid out he could find plenty to do in keeping them in order and
attending to their cultivation. The buildings, by having a custodian in
charge, can be insured and thus be protected against less by fire.

WATER SUPPLY.

An abundant supply of vi'holesome water is most important, and the
fair grounds should not be located where this can not be had. Where
connection with a town water system is not possible a reservoir sup-
plied either from springs or from a well is a necessity. The pumping
engine should be of sufficient capacity to throw a large quantity of water
in case of fire or other emergency.

SEWERAGE.

The safe disposition of sewerage is a most important part of the
equipment of a fair that is to be permanent. Connection with the town
sewer system is often the most convenient and economical method of its
disposal. Where this is impracticable a cesspool that can be disinfected is
an alternative. Disposition of sewage can also be made by means of
septic tanks.

PUBLIC COMFOET.

Well-arranged and sanitary rooms or buildings should be located in
easily accessible places as retiring rooms, fitted up with basins and
closets. Custodians should be in charge to see that everything is kept
clean and fit for use.

LIGHTING.

A thorough and safe system of artificial lighting should be installed.
This is not only neecssary for evening performances, but it is the cheapest
and most effective protection at night against disorder and theft that
can be devised.

TELEPHONE SERVICE.

A local telephone connecting the main offices with the police head-
quarters and with all of the principal buildings, including the hospital
and the general-service phones or telegraph office of the community,
should be established.

HOSPITAL.

There should be a building for a hospital, with a physician and nurse
in attendance, and with conveniences for the care of any persons taken
ill or receiving injury while in attendance at the fair. An ambulance,
which may also serve as a patrol wagon, and a set of stretchers should
be at hand for bringing any sick or injured to the hospital, or for
removing them for the purpose of taking a train, or, if necessary, for
taking them to their homes.

456 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

POLICE SEBVICE.

The security of the articles entered and committed to the care of the
fair association by the exhibitor must be as nearly complete as possible.
This requires a faithful and efficient corps of police to be on duty day
and night until the articles are returned to their owners. Every mem-
ber on the force should be well recommended before employment, and
explicit instuctions should be given to each respecting his particular
duties. The chief of the police force should be a man thoroughly in-
terested in the fair and identified with its management and not be an
outsider hired temporarily for the purpose. Part of the force should be
in citizen's clothes, with no outward badge or insignia to show their
position or authority. A guardhouse should be on the grounds, with
a room for the confinement of offenders, and the house should be fitted
also with sleeping rooms for the accommodation of the police force.
They should go on duty in reliefs of two to four hours, similar to the
guard in military service. One or two competent detectives should also
be on hand to identify professional crooks, and see that they are arrested
and shipped away promptly on arrival.

Good order on the grounds is a necessity if the fair is to be a place
where visitors shall be free from annoyance or insult. Prompt action
therefore should be taken in the arrest of intoxicated people, the quar-
relsome, the profane, or otherwise misbehaved. Their immediate arrest
and subsequent punishment will insure a clean fair and go very far
also toward making it a financial success. A patrol wagon, which may
also serve as a hospital ambulance, should be at hand to transport
offenders to the lockup or general prison. The local justice of the peace
bhould have an office on the grounds and be accessible at all hours of
Ahe day.

FIRE APPAEATUS.

The police should be provided with fire apparatus to be ready for
prompt use in case of need. A chemical outfit and hand grenades for
extinguishing fires should be in all of the buildings and be readily
accessible and the police be instructed in their use.

SANITABY BEGULATIONS.

The police force should also see that all unsanitary practices are pre-
vented, and that the public-comfort buildings are kept in good condi-
tion; that littering the grounds and buildings with paper, shavings, or
other unsightly material is prevented. To aid in keeping the grounds
clean, receptacles convenient for the deposit of waste paper, banana
skins, and other rubbish should be provided.

ADVEBTISINQ.

Much of the success of the fair will be dependent upon the good judg-
ment exercsed in advertising it. Circus managers appreciate the im-
portance of this and have reduced their methods in this respect to a
system that is complete and insures profitable returns. Failure to make
the fair known, or to make it known in an attractive way, will seniously

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 457

affect both the number of exhibits offered and the attendance when the
fair is open. A good press agent, therefore, is a necessity if the fair is
to surpass the ordinary exhibition of previous years.

SEASON FOR HOLDIXG FAIBS,

Successful fairs are being held at all seasons of the year — midwinter,
spring, midsummer, and autumn — depending upon the object to be
attained and the accommodations. The midwinter fair must, of necessity,
be indoors. For this, closed and heated accommodations must be pro-
vided sufficient for the exhibits and for the visitors who attend. The
exhibits at the winter fair are usually confined to live stock, seeds,
grains, poultry, florist's plants, and exhibits along the lines of domesfc
science and household art. Those in the spring show implements, ma-
chinery, nursery stock, vegetable seeds, hotbed plants, fertilizers, dairy
and creamery products, household furniture, and samples of grain, such
as wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, clover, and timothy seeds for spring
planting, exhibited as specimens of larger quantities held in store for
sale.

The summer fairs exhibit the products of agriculture of the season,
as summer fruits, garden vegetables, grain and forage crops, live stock
and poultry, household articles, manufactures, agricultural implements
and machinery, samples of grains for autumn seeding, berries, school
gardens, forest plantations, model samples of school grounds, experiment
plats, seed testing on trial plats, stock judging, testing dairy cows, and
similar exhibits. The summer fair partakes largely of the nature of
a harvest-home picnic or summer outing, and. includes lectures and ad-
dresses by eminent agriculturalists and others interested in rural bet-
terment.

The autumn fairs are held in most of the states in the months of
September and October, and comprise a collection of the products of the
year. They are the principal fairs of the season.

BREEDING STABLES.

A vei-y important service that the fair association can render is in
g'ving assistance to those who are interested in rearing better stock.
The difficulty that confronts farmers in many sections, who wish to
improve their stock, is the impossibility of securing the service of well-
bred sires. There can be no improvement in our domestic animals until
well-bred sires are introduced and their use be had at rates low enough
to be within the reach of farmers of ordinary means.

The county fair association could do no better service for live-stock
improvement than to purchase or hire the use of one or two well-bred
sires of each of the leading breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine,
and have them kept for service at moderate rates, and offer these serv-
ices at these reduced rates to those only who are members of the fair
association, thus inducing the more progressive farmers to join the
society and aid in its support. There is no reason why this can not
be done, and at the same time make it a source of revenue to the associ-
ation.

4r)X IOWA j>i<:partaiknt of agriculture

As an inducement to undertake this work a special grant of money
might be made by the state or coun'y, to be offered to such associations
as will maintain breeding barns of well-bred sires. As a purely busi-
ness proposition no bettor investment can be made of public funds than
to supply the aid necessary to bring about such action, for a slight
improvement upon each animal will add enormously to the wealth of
the agricultural people of the state.

PAID SECRET.VUY.

If the fair ai-sociation is to fulfill its mission, its influence will have
to be felt for more than the few days during which the exhibition is
held. It will have to be an active force the year around. Before this
can be done there must be a paid secretary who can devote all of h's
time to the affairs of the association. The secretary should be an expert
in agricultural matters and not a mere clerk with little or no practical
or theoretical knowledge of this industry.

now STIAIJ, COITXTV FAIR AHSOCIATroNS I'.K IXrUCr:i) TO UNDICRTAKK

THIS WORK?

Many associations are now ready for what has been here outlined, and
will be glad to undertake the work if a practicable plan is shown. Others
will need urging This w'll require the personal efforts of organizers to
meet thoir managers and show them precisely how they can do at least
some of the things that are needed, leaving the others, if necessary; for
future consi'leration after the movement is well under way.

Responsibility for and the initiative in this work might be given to
the state boards and departments of agriculture. Agents could be em-
ployed by them to visit the several counties to organize new fair associa-
tions, and to reorganize the old. Later, these agents should revisit the
societies to see that they understand what is pi'oposed and to assist
them when necessary in carrying out the project. This is a kind of
service that the state departments of agriculture are snecially fitted to
undertake, and, in securing valuable results to agriculture, is as prom-
ising a field of effort as any other that they have hi'.herto attempted.

Most of the state departments or boards of agriculture have interested
themselves in the local fair associations very little beyond collecting
copies of their premium lists and getting records of attendance and the
amount of the gale receipts. If they will devote some of their time and
money to sending out an expert or several experts to organize county
fairs and to advise with their officers and aid them in carrying on their
work, they will not only be increasing their usefulness to the farming
industry, but their action will also be in direct keeping with the pur-
pose of the commonwealth in establishing state departments for the
benefit of agriculture. .'

APPENDIX.

The following suggestions for the organization of fair associations
and for the management of exh'bitlonB in the interest of rural people
are preseni<ul with n view to aiding those wlio av^ interested in this

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 459

form of public education to establish and conduct successfully a county
fair that shall be free from the objectionable features that have too
frequently been permitted in the past, an exhibition that shall possess
only desirable characteristics such as shall interest, entertain, and
instruct.

ORGAXIZATION FOR A COUNTY FAIK.

The organization to be most effective should be a legal body with full
authority for conducting the business of the association. Perhaps the
best method for securing this is by a State law providing that if a
minimum number of citizens subscribe to a form of agreement or con-
stitution and pay annually into their treasury a certain per capita sum,
and hold annually a minimum number of open meetings in the interest
of agriculture, and shall file a copy of their constitution and by-laws,
together with a list of their membership, with the auditor general of the
State and with the court of record of the county, the organization thus
effected shall be a body corporate in law and entitled to the exercise
of the powers and be subject to the obligations prescribed by the act
of assembly providing for such associations.

The act might set forth in definite terms the following items:

Membership. — Men and women over 21 years of age, resident of the
county, shall be eligible to membership upon subscribing to a constitu-
tion embodying the terms of the act of assembly relating to county fairs,

and upon the payment of an initiation fee of $ , and annual dues of

at least $ . The minimum number necessary to organize not to be

less than .

Officers. — The officers of the association shall be a president, a vice
president, a secretary, a treasurer, and an executive committee composed

of persons, two of whom shall be the president and secretary of the

association, all to be elected by ballot at the annual meeting of the asso-
ciation by the qualified members thereof from their membership, to
hold office for one year or until their successors are chosen, except, that
the secretary and the treasurer may be from outside of the member-
ship, and that the secretary shall be elected for three years or until his
successor is chosen.

Special Comviittecs. — The form of organization should provide for
special committees, as committees on schools, roads, and similar sub-
jects of rural interest, and also for the appointment of superintendents
of departments, clerks, assistants, and other employees necessary for
carrying on the work of the association.

Siupervision by State Board. — There should be general oversight
of the county associations by the secretary of the State board or depart-
ment of agriculture, who should be empowered to fix the dates for the
annual exhibitions so as to avoid conflicts, and to this end he should
district the State into sections or circuits, limiting them to a size that
will enable the fairs in each section to be held wihin the brief season
at which fairs are usually held, without interfering with each other, and
to have them come in such consecutive order as will require of officers
and exhibitors the least amount of travel and inconvenience to attend.

4 60 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

At each fair there should be a representative of the State department of
agriculture to see that the legal requirements governing the exhibits
and the management of faiis are complied with.

CONVENTION OF COUNTY FAIE BEPKESENTATIVES.

A general meeting of representatives from all of the fair associations
of the State should be held each year for conference and the discussion
of the questions that arise in the administration of the work of the
county associations. The presidents and secretaries of the local asso-
ciations should be ex officio delegates to these meetings and three others,
chosen at the annual meetings.

PRESENT STATUS OF THE DRAFT HORSE BREEDING INDUSTRY.

BY WAYNE DINSMOKE.

Secretary Percheron Society of America.
In The Breeder's Gazette.

The big gray geldings are sold, although only three years of age,
and the buyer has come. Father has gone to deliver them, but twelve-
year-old Robbie is nowhere to be seen. He, poor lad, does not wish to
see them go, as they made his pet team. He was the first to find them
as foals and pioudly commented on their shapeliness and early promise of
strength. He taught them to eat ere they were six weeks old, and it
was Robbie who saw that they never lacked for good pasture, clean
alfalfa hay and good corn, bran and oats. Their size, docility and ready
response to the rein are due in large part to the small stockman. He
realizes that the $700 the buyer has paid for the pair will go far toward
paying for some of the improvements he and father have been planning
but he hates to see them leave the farm. The need of looking after
the young stallions in the east pasture furnishes a good excuse, and he
has gone back there to hide his boyish grief. The younger colts will soon
cause him to forget those that are going, and he begins to realize that
the sturdy draft horses father and he are breeding are important fac-
tors in the financial success of the farm.

The present status of the draft horse industry is better than at any
time in the past twenty years. It is doubtful whether breeding pros-
pects have ever been so good since Louis Napoleon started the woIk
of draft horse improvement in America in 1851. The year 1911 has been
a good one for draft horse breeders. Prices have been steady on breeding
stock, and higher for commercial horses. Demand has outrun supply for
the year as a whole. Sound horses, weighing 1,600 pounds or over, of
full age, have averaged very clcse to $285 per head on the Chicago mar-
ket. Anything at all high-class has brought from $375 to $42E. Matched
pairs, sound, five years old, and weighing over 3.400 pounds, have brought
from $650 to $800 per pair, and buyers have never been lacking for this

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 461

kind. One Ohio farmer and feeder sold ten geldings, four of them three
years old, for an even $4,000 on September 27. These were high-grade
Percheron geldings, most of them bred in Iowa and Illinois. The most
symmetrical of the lot was an Ohio-bred colt, and a man who claimed
to know his breeding well stated that he was the result of Seven top
crosses of pure-bred Percheron sires. These geldings were all well bred,
showing good blood in their size, symmetry and excellent quality. The
New York firm that bought them purchases this kind as fast as they
can be found.

The good prices prevailing for commercial draft stock is attributable
to the increasing demand and the scarcity of heavy horses. Increasing
population, rapidly expanding commerce, and a swiftly growing appre-
ciation of the necessity for using draft horses on high-priced farm lands,
furnish substantial evidence regarding the need for drafters. The auto-
truck and steam plow, proclaimed as sure to supercede the horse, have
had no appreciable effect. There is no more reason to believe that they
will materially curtail the demand than there was to suppose that rail-
roads would eliminate horses.

Director Durand of the Un'ted States Census Bureau has recently ad-
vised the public that the 1910 census shows the horses and colts found
on the United States farms and ranges to number 19,731,060. Allowing
7 feet per animal, this means a continuous chain more than 25.000 miles
long, enough horses and colts to form a belt more than around the world.
This is only the preliminary report and does not include any horses
or colts in towns or cities. When these are counted in the United States
will have enough horses and colts to reach much farther, and besides
there are on the same basis 5, .500 miles of mules and mule colts which
the 1910 census uncovered. The total value of the horses and colts is
$2,076,297,828, and when we include the mule, indispersable adjunct of
armies, the g-and valuation is $2,598,699,908; enough to pay the present
national debt twice over, with a half b-llion to spare. In fact, the value
of the horses and colts on farms and ranges is more than double the
combined capital of all the national banks in the United States The
total value of the horses, mules and colts is greater than the combined
value of all the other live stock, poultry and bees on American farms.

Horsemen may well feel proud of the rank their industry takes among
those of the nation, but it must humiliate them to realize that draft
horses, the highest-priced and most useful, constitute not more than one-
third of the grand total. That the proportion of draft horses is so low
will surprise many, but it is the conservative judgment of the most
experienced and best informed men engaged in handling commercial
horses that not more than 25 per cent of all the horses reaching the
Chicago market weigh over 1.550 pounds. This includes all up to this
weight, good or bad, and not more than 5 per cent of all the Chicago of-
ferings are real draft horses, sound, of full age, and over 1,700 pounds in
weight. Market offerings reflect the conditions in the breeding districts,
and it Is exceedingly doubtful whether thirty out of every hundred
horses in the United States will weigh 1,550 pounds at maturity. At that,

462 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

not more than one-third of those making that weight or over can be
classed as good, sound animals, weighing 1,600 pounds or more. It is
therefore evident that not to exceed ten out of every hundred horses
reported by the census are of real draft stamp.

Every horse of draft weight but of inferior character (which by reason
of such inferiority sells for from $40 to $50 less than another animal of
the same weight but of correct type) represents that much actual loss
to the farmer who raised him, for in nine cases out of ten it did not
cost a cent more to breed and rear the good one. At $50 per head it
means at a veiy low estimate a loss of more than a million dollars in
1911 alone on the draft horses marketed at the six leading markets in
the West. Had all the draft horses offered on these six markets in 1911
been so bred and fed as to reach the standard of the 5 per cent that
were good, the farmers who produced them would have had at least a
million dollars more in pocket.

During the week ending October 21 the demand for sound draft horses
was as strong and prices as good as at any time during the year. One
gray five-year-old Iowa-bred gelding sold for $500, a thin roan five-
year-old gelding bred in Illinois brought $400 and numerous pairs sold
from $650 to $700 on the Chicago market; yet at the end of the week
400 horses were carried over for lack of buyers, and Harry McNair
stated that they could not be disposed of, even at considerable loss. John
S. Cooper, Harry McNair and others emphatically declared there was not
a sound horse in the entire 400, and scarcely any of them were up to draft
weight.

Why are four-fifths of our draft horses as offered on the market, be-
low standard? Lack of breed and lack of feed spell the story. Detailed
figures from ten states having stallion registration boards show only
one pure-bred draft stallion where there should be three, and a large
proportion of those in use are unworthy. Many colts that are well bred
are half-starved during the first two or three years of life, and never
do grow out properly. Draft horses bred right and fed right sell the
same way.

That we can produce as good horses as can be bred anywhere in the
world cannot be doubted. The American Clydesdale breeders have dem-
onstrated their strength in many years of hard-fought show-ring battles,
have matched the best Scotland has produced in stallions, and have twice
won the stallion championship at the International. They have more
than equaled the mother country on mares, having won the champion-
ship nine times out of eleven International shows. Shire and Belgian
breeders are fewer in numbers, and have accomplished less, but have
shown splendid promise in colts and yearlings.

American Percheron breeders are particularly proud of Big Jim, for
seven years the bright star of the Armour six-in-hand, an American-bred
gelding with four years of International championship honors to his
credit, in which time he met and defeated the champion geldings of the
old world, which were imported especially to humble this grand old war-
rior of the show-ring.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 463

In addition to honors won on this famous gelding American breeders
have done much with breeding stock. American-bred Percheron mares
have won championship honors at the International seven times out of
the eleven shows so far held, though hotly contested by the equine queens
of France. In the Internationals of 1906 to 1910 inclusive, considered
by good judges to be as strong as any five Percheron shows ever held
here or abroad, American-bred mares have won more prizes than the
imported ones in classes where both have competed. Considering only
the aged, three-year-old and two-year-old mare classes, the American-breds
have won thirty-one prizes out of sixty awarded, and three out of five
championships.

The intelligence and ability of American Percheron breeders have been
fully demonstrated in the triumphs of geldings and mares, and while
so large a measure of success has not been reached in the stallion classes
American-bred Percheron colts have in the past two seasons repeatedly
demonstrated their right to rank as ribbon winners in the keenest com-
petit'on of our greatest shows. Although none has yet won the coveted
purple at the International exposition, it will be undoubtedly on'y a
matter of a brief time until our breeders will produce a champion stallion.

American-bred mares running out in pasture from birth to maturity,
but Iberally fed are draftier and heavier-boned than those of the old
world. Our geldings are reared the same way, and they are unequaled.
The riaajority of American-bred "stallion colts, 'however, are confined to
small lots,- or to the barn after they are yearlings. This is a hint to
the wise.

"America's horsemen have far more to learn from the old world In
feeding than in breeding" is the oft reiterated statement of R. B. Og'lvie,
who has bred .and fed many of the greatest Clydesdales ever seen In
American show-rings. It was one of the colts of his breeding that won
championship honors at the International, and he was both "bred and
fed." That the "laird of Blairgowrie" is right, no one familiar with
the situation can doubt.

For forty year's we have been drawing freely on Europe for draft stock,
and for the past ten years it may fairly be said that importers have
brought many of the best representatives of each breed. Our farmers
on the average are more intelligent and more af^entive to the fine points
in' breeding than the horsemen of the mother countries. The American's
success in breeding cattle, sheep and swine, equal or superior to any
produced elsewhere in the world, demonstrates his knowledge of breeding,
and as he has had the best seed stock in horses from abroad, it is evi-
dent that the chief fault is in feeding the colts bred.

The yearling Percheron colts shown in the National Futuri*^y Stakes at
the Iowa State Fair this past season would average over 1,400 pounds
each, and none of these colts was over twenty months old. The twelve
winners must have averaged close to 1,500 pounds each, for there were
a number in the line with weight in excess of that; and it must be borne
in mind that these colts were not fat, but were large of frame and
strong of bone, lusty, well muscled youngsters that had been Ifberally

464 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

fed from birth. Blood does its part, but feed must also be reckoned
with.

Robbie's inquiring mind led him to ask father, a couple of years ago,
;vhy it was that a two-year-old pure-bred draft stallion purchased for
$2,000, cost almost six times as much as could be secured for a grade
gelding that had just been sold; while a good young bull purchased a
short time before had cost only two and a half times the price of a
fat steer. The joint investigations of father and, son finally satisfied
them that it was because good pure-bred horses were fewer in proportion
to demand than pure-bred cattle, sheet or hogs. They also learned that
this scarcity was due in part to the fact that no special effort was made
to improve the draft stock of the United States until 1851, when Per-
cherons were imported; that practically no Shires or Clydesdales were
imported until 1870', and few Belgians until 1888. They found that eighty
Percheron stallions and mares had been imported prior to 1870 and that
only 4.000 had been brought over by 1884. It was apparent to both of
them that the breeding of draft horses in America has had only about
thi'^ty years of real development.

They learned that the number of pure-bred draft horses was very
small in proport'on to the total number of horses in the United States;
th^t there are living only about 65,000 Percherons, 16,000 Clydesdales,
18,000 French Draft. 8,000 Shires. 7 000 Belgians, and about 1,000 Suf-
folks. or a grand total of only about 115,000 head of pure-bred draft horses,
when all draft breeds are considered. This means that there is but
one pure-bred draft animal to every 167 horses found on the farms and
ranges of the United States — a proportion so sMght that it is not sur-
prising that the percentage of good horses coming to market is appal-
lingly low.

Reflect'on on these matters and due consideration of the fact that
there is a wider spread between the prices of grade and pure-bred draft
horse's than in other classes of live stock, led the senior member of
the firm to suggest that they get some pure-bred mares to help in the
farm work, and the suggestion was so heartily received by the junior
partner that four good pure-bred mares were straightway purchased.
Their value has already been demonstrated in farm work accomplished.
Two good yearlings and three foals test'fy to their matronly qualities,
and more mares are to be purchased, for the father believes that the
wo'k of breeding, rearing and training pure-bred draft horses is not
only profitable from a financial standpoint, but of value in developing
the best qualities, in his boys.

A COMMUNITY HOBBY.

BY CARL N. KENXEOY.

(In The Homestead.)

The community that makes its influence felt today is the community
with a hobby. Polk county, Iowa, is such a community. Its hobby
Is the draft horse. Alleman, a small town north of Des Moines, is the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 465

center of this county. As a town it is not much of a place, but as the
center of a draft horse territory it is a capital. Professor Wentworth, of
Iowa Agricultural College, who judged the Alleman horse show this year,
said: "This is the greatest show of grade draft hoises that has ever
been collected in Iowa or any other state."

This year there were 120 head of horses out in competition for the
prizes. To make the judging more satisfactory, the colt classes were
divided up according to their respective breeds. In the Percheron class
there were twenty entries, in the Shire Class there were eighteen, and
in the Belgian class fourteen. When the aged class came it furnished
the largest total, having twenty-three of the finest mares of the county.
Many of them have been prize winners at the state fair.

Another town in this community that has done more than even Alle-
man is the town of Ankeny. For several years they have held horse
shows. The pride of this neighborhood seems to be in good horses. The
farmer who drives into town on Saturday afternoon with a large sleek
team hitched with good harness, is the man who is most talked about.
The young man who can boast of a team that has won prizes is envied
by the other fellows, for even the girls appreciate good horses.

Madrid, a town that is just on the edge of Polk county, also has a
thriving colt show. It was here that the first colt show in central Iowa
was originated. One stall'on owner, who wanted his friends to compare
their stock, and to appreciate and take care of their colts, was its origi-
nator. Now it has grown larger than this. The business men of the
town and the people of the whole neighborhood boost and support it. It
has done a great deal to arouse interest in good stock.

The plan which this community has used to make its horse shows so
popular, is valuable enough to be looked into with some detail. It is
largely the following plan that has made th's hobby so effective. The
first thing is to appoint a committee that has the boosting spirit. They
divide up the territory and canvass for prizes and prize money. Their
success in getting prizes is largely dependent on the way that they go
at it. They go to the merchants and get goods for prizes, and to the
bankers and local stockmen for money. They are successful, as they
generally get from $150 to $300.

On the day of the show the entries do not close till as late as possible
so that everyone has a chance to get in without any more trouble than
is necessary. Room is hired in which to place as many of the horses as
possible. The others are tied in protected places. The main street of
the town is the judging arena. On the sides the men, women and child-
ren line up and watch the placing with as much interest as college stu-
dents watch a football game. The horses are lined up, then moved
for the judge, and finally, when he places the riiibons, the clapping of
the hands makes the winner feel like the popular hero. The judging is
always done by an expert and in th's way there is no chance of per-
sonal influence coming in. Local judges very seldom give good satis-
faction, for they are either prejudiced or the people think that they
have special friends and are favoring them.
30

4 66 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The committee always plans to have ribbons as well as prizes for the
winning stock. The people are generally as proud of these as they are
of the money that they get. I have often seen a boy or young man take
great pl'ide in showing visitors the ribbons won at colt shows. The
ribbons should show the name of the show, the date, the class, and the
position won, namely, first, second, tliird, etc.

The results of the show are always made public. Photographs are
taken of the stock. The list of the prize winners and their owners, as
well as short, breezy write-ups of some of the best stock, are published
in the local papers. This aids the show the next year, for then the
farmers are watching the papers for the announcements of when the
shows are going to be held.

These shows have done a great good for the community. One of the
most important of the benefits has been the interest aroused in good
stock. Already many of the farmers are thinking of purchasing full-
blood stock. They clearly see the difference between the colts from the
well-bred sires and from those of the poorer horses. At present, however,
the shows are limited to the g^'ade horses, for they are shows where all
the farmers can meet on an equal basis.

Thre is also a great financial benefit from these shows. When so
many good animals are led out in shows it cannot be kept a secret. It is
a means of advertisement from which the whole community reaps a
benefit. At present Polk county is noted for her draft horses. One
noted horse buyer, when asked where was the best territory for picking
up a bunch of horses, said, "Polk county is the place I always visit when
I am looking for a bunch of real good horses." Such a reputation as
th's means that the farmers can command a larger price for their stock.

Besides being a paying proposition, the big thing, as one man put it. is
that these shows ceate a community interest. The shows afford the men
and women a holiday when they bring their stock together in friendly
competit'cn. They find which is the better and go home feeling good,
and in the meantime boosting for their town. It also gets everyone to
co-operate. The business men boost with their farmer friends. The
farmers get the habit of trading with their home merchant and there
is patriotism aroused for the home products.

These shows also lead to more social intercourse among the farmers.
They have formed a meeting place for the people to get acquainted. The
farmers will meet together and talk over neighborhood problems. The
farmers' wives will become acquainted with each other. The boys and
girls will plan for some social activity. In fact, the friendships that
have been formed at these shows have grown into other activities so
that the life on the farm is not so tiresome or so lonesome.

These meetings of the farmers have also caused them to talk of their
community betterment: The reads are now better than they used to be.
In fact, the whole community seems to be on the uplift. It is known to
be progressive. Some other hobbies besides horses are working in.
Other live stock is given better attention. The dairy cow, with more
intensive methods, is gradually coming to the front.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 467

Co-operation is the watchword of the hobbies of this community. Other
places over the state are making similar progress with their live stock
shows. In every place the effect on the neighborhood has been beneficial.
It is reasonable to believe that other counties will soon adopt a simi'ar
hobby, perhaps not of horses, but of cattle, or hogs or some other form
of live stock, for the principles that apply to the one apply to the other
equally well.

SELECTION OF BREEDING STOCK.

BY W. J. KE^NTNEDY, IOWA STATE COLLEGE.

No man ever has succeeded and no man ever will succeed for any
length of time in the breeding of live stock who does not have as his*
slogan the word "Utility." Almost a century ago, Amos Cruickshank,
"the herdsman of Aberdeenshire," said: "The real test of value in beef
cattle is their ability to turn straw, turnips, and cake into pounds, shil-
lings and pence at a profit." When ridiculed by his fellow-breeders be-
cause he overlooked fashionable pedigrees and co'or markings, he re-
plied that the only question in his mind was, "What is best for our
country, our agriculture, and our people." It would be a Godsend to our
American live stock interests if we had today a thousand Ames Cruick-
shanks, so that we might put one in each of the thousand counties which
constitute our Corn Belt states. The useful animal has always been a
money-maker and will continue to be so in the future.

No man ever has succeeded and no man ever will succeed for any
length of time in breeding live stock who attaches his kite to "faddism."
We do not need to mention any one particular individual to demonstrate
the folly of such work. There is hardly a county in any live stock sec-
tion of this country or any other country, which has not anywhere from
one to twenty men who have clearly demonstrated that "faddism" is al-
ways a forerunner of failure. By "faddism" I refer to the tendency on
the part of many men to disregard the really useful features on an animal
and go to the extreme on certain blood lines, color markings, shape of
ear, head, etc. I do not wish to be understood as being opposed to beauty
of form, color or general appearance. I am not. In fact, I always like
to see these things when combined with the utility points. But, if I had
to sacrifice something in selecting a breeding animal it would be the
fancy points and not these which indicate utility.

The longer I study and handle live stock the more I become con-
vinced that the first and most important point to be observed in all meat
and milk-producing animals, is a good middle. The s:gns of constitution
and digestive capacity present their most visible manifestations in the
body and not in the extremities. The animal is simply a machine to
convert feed into more edible produces such as meat and milk. Its ca-
pacity is governed almcst solely by the size of the middle. These are
points which mean dollars and cents to every man who handles live
stock.

468 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

"We must pay more attention to the question of size and vigor in our
animals. Size always has and always will be a vital point. It is usually
associated with heavy and economical gains. Vigor is absolutely essential.
It is associated with heavy gains and also helps to safeguard the animal
in time of disease outbreaks. One of the chief causss for deterioration
in both size and vigor of our animals is the use of immature sires and
dams for breeding purposes. While both sire and dam exert an influence,
it has been clearly proved that the immature dam is the most detrimental
to progeny. The continued use of immature sires and dams, especially
where corn rations are fed, will seriously reduce both the size and vigor
of any breed or class of live stock. Anything which lessens the size
and vigor of the animal renders it less profitable on high-priced land.
Too much attention can not be given to the importance of selecting breed-
ing s'ock from mature parents. In this way, and only in this way, can
we retain size and vigor in our herds and flocks.

DKAFT HORSES.

The man who succeeds in breeding draft horses must ever keep In
mind size, quality, feet, legs, and action. These are all utility points.
The markets demand horses weighing 1,700 pounds and upwards tnat
have good body conformation, large feet of good texture, strong, clean
bone; large, sound joints; heavy muscular development, combined with
good straight, snappy action. Such horses command high prices and
are very scarce. Th*.' statistics for the year 1911 show that one horse
out of every twenty, sold at our leading horse markets, filled the bill.
This is surely a good line of work to pursue for many years to come.
The vast majority of our farmers make a serious mistake when they sell
their good draft mares to go to the cities. A good draft mare is worth
twice as much on any farm, if she is used for work and breeding purposes,
as she will sell for in any horse market. Only mares of good weight,
gcod body conformation, that are absolutely sound should be retained for
breeding purposes. It is very important that the stallion used should be
sound and diafty, stand well on his feet and legs, short and straight
in his back, heavily muscled, and show good dis^^osition as indicated by
width and flatness of head between the eyes. Avoid unsound, small-footed
light-boned, crooked-legged or shallow-bodied stallions.

BEEF CATTLE.

The profitable beef animal of the future must have size, large heart
girth and middle, giving constitution and capacity. He must also be low
set, straight in his lines, heavy in the quarters, wide in the back and
loin, and carry a good covering of natural flesh over these parts. The
head must be short and wide between the eyes, the neck short and shoul-
ders smooth on the sides and wide on top. Width on the top of shoulders
goes with good fleshing properties th'oughout. The hide should be soft
and pliable. These are all utility points We must ever keep the block
type in mind, because the block Is the ultimate end of all beef cattle.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK—PART X 469

DAIBY CATTLE.

In selecting dairy cattle it is always difficult to judge accurately with
the eye. The real test must be the weigh scales and the Babcock tester.
The cow is a machine to convert food into milk, thus she must have a
large middle and a strong constitution to insure best results. She must
also have a large udder, large milk wells, large, crooked milk veins, and
good sized teats. Her head should be lean and angular in appearance
with the eyes standing out prominently. The neck should be rather long
and lean in appearance, the shoulders pointed, and the back-bone rather
prominent. The skin should be loose and soft to the touch. In selecting
herd bulls, either mature animals which have already demonstrated their
worth as sires, or younger animals from high testing dams and sires, only
should be used. Remember that the best and surest results will always
follow the use of a mature sire which has sired heifers with good records.
A good dairy bull should be kept until he is twelve or fifteen years old;
In fact, as long as he is a sure sire. Real good sires are so rare that when
we do find one, he should die only of old age. All breeders of dairy cattle
should secure yearly tests on each and every cow in the herd. Shorter
tests do not really mean very much. It is the cow that stays by her job
that is really valuable.

SHEEP.

Few lines of work offer greater financial returns for the capital invested
than a good flock of breeding sheep. This is especially true when good
mutton conformation is combined with a long, dense, fine fleece. The
question of constitution is very important in sheep. In selecting rams,
blockiness, lowsetness, wide backs, loins, and heavy, well-filled hind quar-
ters should always be demanded. The head should be broad and mascu-
line in appearance, the neck short and the shoulders broad and com-
pact. The legs should be short and straight, especially at the hCKis.
The skin should be pink in color and the fleece long, dense, fine, and uni-
form on all parts of the body. Too much attention cannot he given the
importance of density of fleece. It insures a heavier clip of wool, pro-
tects the sheep from rain, snow, and cold weather and also sheds chaff
and other foreign material so detrimental to the wool.

HOGS.

Breeders of hogs will do well to pay more attention to the utility end of
the business and much less to the fad end as illustrated by the pedi-
gree craze, shape of head, ear, nose, dish of face, etc. The one great
need today in the hog businevs is a hog with s'ze, quality, and prolificacy
combined with early maturity. Such a hog is best described as the kind
that never lies to the assessor, that is, he is born after the assessor is
around this year and marketed, weighing three hundred pounds, before
the assessor comes back next year. Some such hogs may be found in al-
most any of the well-known breeds. With careful selection and judicious
mating it is surpris'ng how rapidly this type can be revived. In addi-
tion to the evil results of "faddism," the exclusive use of a corn diet and
the policy of breeding from immature sires and dams has been detri-

470 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

mental both from the standpoint of size and prolificacy. It is safe to
say that over 75 per cent of all the sires and dams used in the state of
Iowa are under one year of age. It has been clearly proved by experi-
mental work that pigs from young sows are inferior in every way to those
from mature sows. The continued use of young sires and dams, especially
when associated with corn feeding, will cause marked deterioration in
any breed of swine.

In selecting breeding swine, attention must be given to size, quality,
strength of bone, evenness of fleshing, and the use of more mature boars
and sows. All pigs intended for breeding purposes should be selected
from well developed mature sows. If the sires are mature animals, so
much the better. These pigs should be fed on rations calculated to pro-
duce bone and muscle, not fat alone. In this way we could materially
improve our swine herds without changing breeds.

In conclusion I wish to once more emphasize the importance of utility
in all classes of stock. Beware of "faddism" in any of its various forms.
Demand masculinity in the sires and femininity in the dams. Also re-
member that the best results can only be obtained where careful selec-
tion is combined with intelligent mating and the proper feeding and man-
agement of the animals.

* Extracts from Professor Kennedy's address before the February, 1912,
meeting of the Interstate Breeders' Association at Sioux City, Iowa.

BEST METHOD OF FATTENING HOGS.

EY J. H. WILLIAIMS.

D» you all realize that this is the most important industry in Iowa?
One-seventh of all hogs packed in the United States are raised and fatted
in Iowa. The hogs of Iowa pay more freight, pay more taxes, build more
homes, buy more land, bank more cash than any other industry. Then
it is very proper to discuss this question as often as possible.

Having thirty years' experience, with only one year's crops of pigs lost
by cholera, my methods are, perhaps, worthy of passing notice.

Fi:st, to have good hogs to feed you must have good pigs from full
grown, mature hogs, both male and female. I am not a breeder of fine
stock, in the general acceptance of the term, and just raise hogs for the
fat hog market. I don't think there is any method that, will win with the
Berk but will be equally good for the Poland China, Chester White or
Red hog. I have raised all of them separately and collectively, and many
different crosses, and always with the same success, according to feed
used. But whatever breed you choose, get the best male hog every time —
not always the most costly, but healthy, strong and vigorous, good bone
and rangy.

The feeding before and after pigs are farrowed is the most important
thing in the whole hog proposition. Raise and feed all the pumpkins
you can and feed them in connection with a little corn; two or three

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 471

ears of corn with two or three good-sized pumpkins per head and plenty
of range is an ideal ration for sows. In the fall, pile and cover your
pumpkins to keep them as long as possible for brood sows. When the
pumpkins give out you must beg'n to slop. Thin slops, about two to
Jour gallons per day, with an ear or two of corn, will be plenty, and if
they commence to get too fat, cut out the corn; and if you slop with white
shorts, low grade flour, or rye or corn chop, cut dry corn out altogether.
I think red shorts or germ middlings and clean, fresh well water make
the very best feed for brood sows and pigs. Of course, use all the dish-
water, skimmed milk and buttermilk.

Let your hogs have all the range possible. Clean every field after
harvest. Fence every field hog tight. Nearly every field of small grain
last year had loose and scattered grain enough to pay for fencing; the
grain was too short for the binder to gather and bind it properly.

Have your pigs come all as near the same time as possible. If you
have good shelter, good houses the last of Febniary or any time in March
is the right time, but they will require close attention. If you have
not every convenience, better wait and not have the pigs arrive until
warm weather, in May and June. But whenever they do come, be right
there or clcse about all the time. Stay up nights and up early next morn-
ing. In this way you can frequently save from one pig to sometimes
the whole litter.

Another thing, average up your litters by taking pigs from the big
litters and putting them with the smaller litters. I have tried this often
and nearly always with success, but not after the pigs are more than
four or five days old. At this time better leave the corn out of the feed
for a few days. Feed nothing but clean water for two or three feeds,
then a little thin slop or bran, red shorts or germ middlings, and gradu-
ally increase the feed and in a week or ten days have sow back on the
same kind and amount of feed as before fan-owing. An individual trough
is handy, if weather is not too cold, and keeps water by her for first
week. As soon as the weather gets settled get the sow and pigs out on
grass. Feed careful and never give sow over three ears of corn twice per
day. Increase the slops until the sows get nearly a pailful of s'ops twice
each day. Don't try to slop with rye or corn. Use any other grain, and
if you have your own grain ground see that it is ground fine. Feed each
sow and pigs separately as long as possible. This must.be done to pre-
vent robbing. It is unhandy and takes time to feed each sow and litter
separately, but it pays.

By this time your sows and pigs are all out on pasture and coming
up to one central feeding place. Arrange two slopping places: one so that
the little pigs can creep under a board or through a hole and get to a
feeding trough away from the mothers. A little shelled corn and slop
will soon teach them where to go. Then feed both at the same time, pigs
first. Keep this up all summer. Give pigs a little bit of dry corn every
day. I say dry, because it is better than soaked corn. Cracking and
chewing that little handful of dry corn is the very best thing for the
hog's teeth and digestion that he will be so much in need of later on. As
your pigs increase in weight, increase the slop feed to about all they

4 72 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

will eat up clean twice a day. When pigs are six to eight weeks old cut
down on sow's feed, slowly but surely down to one-half ear per day
and water to drink, then she will wean her pigs.

Now, right here is the place that more pigs are runted or stunted than
at any other time in the life of the bunch. The farmer is busy laying
by crops, making hay, harvesting or thresh'ng, and then is when the
pigs are neglected. Don't do it. Fifty cents' worth of feed per head, in
addition to what the average farmer feeds the first five or six weeks,
just after weaning time, will add from three to five dollars per head at
selling time. I do this every year and still let them run in the same
pasture and never feed brcod sows much; are never fat, and it is a root
hog or die game with them from now on until pumpkin time again. But
I keep sows nose rung all the time: it is both safe and economical. The
drier the summer the more you must slop.

Now when the corn gets well dented turn all the young hogs r'ght in
the cornfield. Smallfields are preferable. Divide or fence off a few acres.
Cross fences can be made with a post every four or five rods, and use good
stout hill of corn for other posts and twenty-eight inch woven wire.

Keep up that everlasting slopping until the hogs have got to tearing the
corn right good, th^n decrease the amount of slop and gradually use all
water instead of slops. If there is running water in the field, so much the
better; they will do fine and eat lots of stuff like parsley vines and late
weeds that would be lost entirely with any other process of feeding. If
you pursue this plan no lessons or professors will be required to tell about
cutworms, corn-root worms, wire worms, corn-root louse, etc.; they will
disappear.

Keep running them in the corn as long as weather holds, or until winter
begins. If you get your last field done by the middle of December better
not turn them in another; they will clean up every grain of corn. After
like feeds somewhere else if they are allowed to go back the memory
of the great times they had tearing down that corn still lingers and they
will continiTe to go back to the field where they have spent their most hap-
py and profitable days. After this feed any way you want to so the hog
gets all the corn and water he wants at least once a day. Feed oftener,
er any way you choose, it doesn't make any difference so he has a chance
at the corn. Let the hog determine how much he will eat. You can't
affect or change that and get any better results. Always furnish a dry
place to sleep. Get all the coal and wood ashes possible, or charcoal. It is
not necessary to pen up fattening hogs.

I have never used any dip of any kind. Never used medicine of any
kird; neither oil meal, tankage, blood meal, condition powder, or stock
feed of any kind, make or description. I never used a feeding flour but
can't see any objection to a cement floor, if it is left rough so hogs would
not slip.

Keep from running young hogs, if you can. As long as the weather is
good haul corn out in the field or pasture and feed all you want to, and
any way you choose. Once a week, or twice a week, or every day, or two
or three times a day. T think the hog rather likes to go after his feed.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 473

It really seems more natural. Don't feed too close to sleeping quarters;
the hog will be clean if you give him a chance. I like fresh-pumped water
for hogs an the time. I think most of the above plans are best for the
best methods of preparing and fattening hogs for market.

PREPARATION OF CHOICE HAMS.
Farmers' Bulletin 479, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

CUEING.

Home curing of hams is probably not as general as it was in former
yea's. Still it would seem that no farmer who raises hogs should be
without the knowledge required to prepare hams of good quality at least
for home use. The process is comparatively simple and requires no
special skill. As pointed out by E. W. Magruder, of the Virginia State
department of agriculture, the essential conditions which must be realized
are healthy hogs and sound meat.

To secure the healthy hogs, give them plenty of range with as great a
variety of food as possible, and plenty of good, clean water. Smithfield
hogs are allowed to run at large most of the year. If you have woods to
supplement your pasture, so much the better. The hogs then obtain a
variety of food, as nuts, berries, roots, and grass. In hunting over the
large range they take sufficient exercise to keep them healthy and develop
and enlarge the muscular tissues, that is, the lean meat, but as the work
is not hard, the muscles g^ow without becoming tough and stringy. Allow
them a good range up to the time of killing, and do not fatten them in
pens. They fatten as well when left out in the fields and keep healthy.
As they fatten they travel less, but this travel converts much of the food
into muscle or lean meat instead of altogether into fat, as is the tendency
when penned, as illustrated by the western meat. To have the best meat
and that w^hich brings the best price and which has the best flavor, and
with the fat and lean properly intermixed and proportioned, you must let
the hogs have plenty of exercise and then kill them before they are too
fat. Have them fat, but not so fat they can hardly walk. There is no
economy in having them too fat, and the meat is not so good.

To secure sound meat "be careful to kill only in cold, frosty weather.
After November 1 is safest. Allow to hang up all night to drain and
thoroughly cool. The hog cuts out nicer and keeps better if stiff when
cut out."

There are various excellent ways of curing the hams. The following,
used for many years with success on the farm of Col. Chas. Schuler, com-
missioner of agriculture of Louisiana, is described in a bulletin of the
Louisiana station:

When hogs are fat, select any time during the month of December, Jan-
uary, or first half of February, when weather is clear, wind from the
north to northwest, with the thermometer registering below 35° F. at sun-
rise. Have your water hot and scald as socn as hog is dead. Hang up
and disembowel the animal just as soon as it is cleaned. No butchering

474 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

animal should ever be permitted to cool off until after it is disemboweled
Cut up the carcass as soon as it is through dripping. Saw or split the
backbone. Let it and the spare rib remain on the side, and make them
as long as you can. Hams and shoulders small. Hams to sell readily
should weigh from 15 to IS pounds. * * *

To half bushel fine salt add half pound pulverized saltpeter, 1 pound
finely ground black pepper, 4 pounds brown sugar; mix thoroughly. Rub
ham with mixture. Pack in box, skin side down. Apply double handful
of mixture to flesh part of each ham. Then apply plenty of clean salt,
never permitting the meat to touch, without salt being between, covering
all parts and filling every crevice, and let them I'emain in the salt six
weeks.

After being in salt six weeks, select a clear day, string each ham, and
dip in a boiling solution of 1 pound borax dissolved in 15 gallons of
water and hang up high in a dark smokehouse (the higher the better)
and smoke, using green hickory wood. Smoke daily for two weeks or
more, as preferred. By April 1 at latest, hams should again be dipped
in boiling water, to cleanse them from all impurities, wrapped in paper,
then cloth, and this pa'nted with some cheap mineral paint. Hang up
again and leave until used or sold.

Two methods which have been successful!'-: used by Virginia farmers
are described by Dr. Magruder as follows:

(1) On the fleshy surface of each ham ruo in thoroughly fine saltpeter;
use one tablespoonful to a 15-pound ham, and vary the amount according
to size of ham. Then pack away for 4 to 6 hours, with flesh side up. In
order to give the saltpeter time to strike in; then take up and rub well
with salt and pack away, using plenty of salt. As they are packed away
they should be pressed into plump, symmetrical shape while soft. Pack
near top of bulk, and never over 2 14 or 3 feet deep. If they are packed
deep and have other meat put on top of them, they will be mashed flat
and out of shape. They remain packed in plenty of salt for 6 weeks, when
they are taken up, well washed, and when nearly dry about one teaspoonful
of powdered borax is sprinkled over the fleshy surface from a large pepper-
box. The borax is to keep off skippers. They are then hung up by the
hock and smoked lightly on damp days with hickory chips. "When about
9 months old they are sold. The hogs average about 180 pounds, making
hams from 10 to 18 pounds. * * *

(2) Salt lightly one or two days to bring out blood; then to each 100
pounds of hams use 8 to 10 pounds of salt, 2 ounces saltpeter, 2 pounds
brown sugar, and 1 ounce of red pepper; add to 4 or 5 gallons of water
in a tub and thoroughly mix. This brine should be strong enough to
float a fresh egg. Place hams in a tight barrel and pour brine mixture
on till hams are all covered. After remaining in brine 4 to 6 weeks, hang
up by hock and smoke gently several weeks with hickory chips. Early
in March, before warm days, when flies begin to move, wrap' each ham in
paper and put in a bag and rehang. By late summer the hams are ready
for market.

The method of preparing the famous Smithfield hams of Virginia is
fully described in a report of the Bureau of Animal Industry of this depart-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 47B

ment. The method of curing is there described substantially as follows:
The flesh surface is sprinkled with fine saltpeter until the hams are as
white as though covered by a moderate frost; or, say, use 3 or 4 pounds
of saltpeter to 1,000 pounds of hams. Immediately salt with fine Liver-
pool salt, cover'ng the entire surface. Pack the hams in bulk, not deeper
than 3 feet. In ordinary weather they should remain thus for 3 days.
Then break bulk and resalt with the fine salt and again pack in bulk, and
each ham should rema'n in bulk one day for each pound the ham weighs;
that is, a 10-pound ham should remain 10 days. The hams are then taken
up and thoroughly cleaned by washing in warm water. When nearly
dry rub the entire surfa-^e with fine black pepper. The hams should now
be hung up and gradually and slowly smoked for 30 or 40 days with
hickory or red oak. When the smoking is completed they should be
repeppered and bagged to guard against vermin.

It is stated that "these hams improve with age, and may be con-
sidered perfect when one year old."

Commenting upon methods of curing hams. Dr. Magruder says:
The saltpeter is used to give the ham a good, red color, to make it firm,
and a^so as a preservative. The salt, of course, is used ns a preservative,
and plenty of it should be used, as the excess will not hurt, and not enough
will allow the meat to spoil. Vv'^hen packing in bulk, be sure to press the
hams into a plump, symmetrical shape, and do not have the bulk over
3 feet high, otherwise the weight will flatten out the lower hams and
spoil their shape. The plumpest Berkshire ham can be spoiled in shape
by improper packing. Pepper and sugar are added, presumably to im-
prove their flavor, but I have never seen that they improve them any,
and I advise against sugar or molasses, as it is more trouble and attracts
flies. The pepper may be used if desired, as it will do no harm and may
help to keep off skippers. The borax is added to keep off flies, which lay
the eggs, which hatch into skippers, and if properly applied is a sure
preventive. Bagging is for the same purpose, but unless done early and
thoroughly before the flies come about it is ineffective. It is troublesome.
The smoking, which should be done in damp weather, is supposed to
serve several purposes. First, to dry the meat and thus make it keep
better; second, to deposit a little creosote and other ingredients from the
burning wood on the bacon, which improves its keeping qualities, and
also supposedly improves its flavor. In my opinion, the object in curing
should be to p'-'=serve the ham, keep it sound, and then let it retain all of
its natural taste and flavor and not try to add flavor and taste. The nat-
ural ones, when preserved in their purity, are good enough without trying
to add to them artificially.

In hanging meat care should be taken not to allow any two pieces to
touch, fcr if so they are liable to be infested with skippers. Hams should
not to be eaten until at least six months old. When two years old they
have reached their prime. Many claim they still continue to improve
for many years, but I very much doubt it.

476 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

COOKING.

As Dr. Magruder states, "after the ham is cured one of the most im-
portant operations mvst be gone through with before it is ready for
the table — that is, the cooking."

The bog may have been raised right, fattened properly, killed at the
right time, and cured as it should be, but if it is net cooked properly the
previous work is all in vain and the ham is net good. * * * x
large ham— say 18 pounds — is much better flavored, sweeter, and more
juicy than a small one — say under 8 pounds.

Wash the ham thoroughly, then soak in cold water several hours,
the time varying with the size of the ham. This soaking is to dissolve
out the excess of salt. The ham is then put in the boiler full of boiling
water. The temperature should then be lowered sl'ghtly and the bciler
jrst kept simmering. Keep the water just barely bciling for 41/^ hours
for an 18-pcund ham; that is, a quarter of an hour for each* pound of
ham. If the hams are larger or smaller, vary the time to suit the
weight. As the water boils out, add fresh boiUng water, and always
keep the boiler full. For very large hams it is advisable to cook in
two waters. Why should the ham be put in bo'ling water? Portions of
the lean meat, the albumin, and some of the juices and flavors are sol-
uble in warm water, while boiling water coagulates the albumin just
as it dees the white of an egg. So, if put in cold water and heated to
the boiling point, some albumin and much of the delicate flavors which
are so sought after in hams would be dissolved out by the water as it
warmed up to the boiling point; but if put into boiling water, the albu-
min is coagulated at once on the surface and all the juices and flavors
sealed in and kept there till eaten. While cooking, the ham is just kept
at the boiling point of water, which is suffcient heat to cook it thor-
oughly without separating the fibers or "boiling it to pieces," as a rapid
or hard boiling would do.

POULTRY AS A SIDE ISSUE ON THE FARM— HOW A CHANGE FROM

GRADES TO PURE BREDS IN POULTRY RAISING INCREASED

THE PROFITS AND MULTIPLIED THE PLEASURES

INCIDENTAL TO BUSINESS.

BY B. B. RUSHING,

(In The Homestead.)

There is hardly a farm to be found anywhere but what keeps a few
chickens as a side issue, but I am led to believe from my own ex-
perience and much observation that there are few farmers that deveolp
that side issue as it should and, in nearly every case, could be developed.
In passing the farm you will see some chickens, and, by the way, often
nowhere for them to spend these cold, rough days when the ground Is
covered with snow and sleet.

I know an Illinois farmer who is developing this branch of his farm-
ing, I believe, as well or better than I ever saw it developed and worked

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 477

out In common practice. He does not look upon the chickens merely
as somfthing that can produce profit without equal attention as the
other things on the farm, but he classes them as a branch that needs
the same good care and attention that his dairy does. The owner In
this case has ccme to the conclusion that he can make the poultry
branch of h:"s farming pay a much greater return on the investment than
the cows.

Up to three years ago this man had never given any special attention
to the poultry, but had been running a small dairy for a number of years
and had always kept a good many hogs to consume the skim milk, but
usually had a small surplus of milk and his good wife had been feeding it
to her mixed-up flock of hens. There came a time when she suggested
that they dispose of the mixed flock and get some good blood, and, man-
like, the husband rather kicked at first, but as she had the money of her
own to get a few he told her that if she cared to get them without break-
ing in on him, all right, but he did not care for them very much. One
dozen full-blood White Leghorn hens and a male to mate with them were
purchased, and as this was nearing hatching time she ordered a small
incubator — I believe she had a 100-egg size — and early in March she set
her machine with White Leghorn eggs. Now here is a po'nt I think
well worth considering in poultry — that is, make a specialty of some-
thing. She said that as the Leghorn was an egg specialist and the incu-
bator was a chicken specialist she thought she had the right combina-
tion, as she could hatch them out when she liked, and, as she wanted
to get them out early in order to have winter layers, the incubator was
the only thing that could be depended upon for that.

This same woman is today the manager of the poultry business on this
farm, but she now has the hearty co-operation of "the man," as he can
now begin to see the "handwriting on the wall" so to speak. With
plenty of cane seed (I might add that they own a molasses mill and
raise lots of cane), sunflower seed, sheaf wheat and oats, and a supper
when it is cold from the corn crib supplemented mornings by the table
scraps and skim milk, this lady was able all winter the first winter to
get eggs. Not just a few as most all her neighbors were doing, but from
only eighty pullets from her first two hatches she was getting after No-
vember 1st, three to four dozen e'ggs a day and continued so all through
the cold months of January and February. This is something that had
never before been realized at this farm. And, by the way, don't you
think it enough to make any man sit up and take notice?

Always before from that number of mixed-up hens they did not get eggs
at all. Now I don't wish to be understood as saying that it was alto-
gether the fault of the hens for not laying before, but you see there is
a pride in taking care of something nice. They had been let roost here
and there always before, but who could stand it to see these nice, proud-
Icoking White Leghorns take to the trees? They must be housed and
housed so that they will not suffer. This housing, added to the feed
of the mixed-up chickens, would perhaps have brought a fair yield of
eggs, but the interest was not there. Any one of the special essentials

478 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

of any branch of farming neglected will most surely turn what would
be success into sere defeat.

Here is a man wholly carried away with what the wife is doing with
her hens, and says she shall be afforded every means that will make for
her success, but she shall remain as the manager of them. He can
build houses according to her plans and furnish the feed in abundance
as she wants, but wishes her to always have the say in the matter —
not that he is afraid of his own judgment, but because she has made
good and he already has considerable to manage.

This successful woman says that she wants but the one breed of poul-
try, as that would call for different methods of management, and she
says that there is enough for anyone to study in the one breed. With
her I agree on this point, and I could call the names of two or three
men that became discouraged in the poultry business, I believe, just
because they could not handle several varieties instead of just the one.
They could not be content with one, and could not, or did not, success-
fully handle more. But I must go back to my text. The second year
another incubator was purchased of the same make, but a larger ma-
chine, a 200-egg. This year she raised something over 250 pullets, but
not all early enough for winter layers, however, I believe she said
that she got about 200 out in time for November laying, and with her
flock of the previous winter she had nearly 300 that were laying in No-
vember and early December, This was her second year.- She had some
losses, but the most was from the later hatches when the weather was
hot.

I will not attempt to go into detail here as to how she handled the
little chicks except that she raised them mostly in brooders without
mothers, as the hens were not sitting at the time of the first hatches.
Later she gave them to hens, but had more losses than from the early
ones, and says that she does not feel very favorable to the incubator
during the hct weather. It seems to her that they are better for cool
weather than for hot.

There is considerable orchard and small fruit on this farm, and, of
course, this is all in line with poultry. The by-products from the orchard
and gardens are excellent for the hens. Recently when I was there they
had some over 400 hens and pullets and from the noise they were making
they are surely producing the eggs. Not having very much time to
spend there I failed to secure exact figures on what th's farm is produc-
ing in the line of poultry, but it is very plain to see that it is proving
a very profitable side issue and also proves that no farm is complete
without some good poultry, al;-o that when pure-bred stock is kept that
they are more likely to be cared for and everyone that is experienced will
agree that much depends on their care.

The greatest need of the poultry industry in the grain belt today lies
in the direction that improvement has been made in this case. When it
is considered that poultry products to the extent of more than $600,-
000,000 are produced annually in the United States and when it is fur-
ther considered that the greater part of this comes from inferior grade
flocks, it is not unreasonable to suppose that merely changing in the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 479

main the system of breeding whereby breeds would tend to become pure,
that alone would so interest those who care for farm poultry as to in-
crease the value of the products possibly one-third or even one-half. The
question may be asked as to where enough pure-bred poultry would
come from to furnish foundation stock, and to this the reply would be
that it would cnly take a few years at the outside to grow a sufficient
supply providing it could be distributed into the breeding yards of the
country rather than to go to the market in the form of meat products.
We must first create an inclination on the part of poultry breeders gen-
erally to use a special breed, after which the problem will soon solve
itself because the increased profit from handling a flock which ap-
proaches purity in breeding wiU soon justify and demonstrate the great
need for discarding the old-fashioned grade fowl. But there is one step
toward improvement which does not include the purchase of new founda-
tion stock. Reference is here made to the pl^n of using a male of
the same breed year after year on the flock that is already doing service
on the farm. Eecau&e the first cress in the case of the breeding of a
pure-bred male of one breed to pure-bred females of another is often
super'or to either breed, has created the idea that crossing is always
desirable. As a matter of fact when you get away from the first cross
the mongrel is the only result of promiscuous breeding. The two courses
for improvement that are open are, therefore, first, the purchase out-
right of pure-breds either in the form of eggs for hatcfcing or foundation
stock, and secondly, the gradual improvement that may be wrought by
the use of a pure-bred male of the same breed, generation after gene-
ration.

FEEDING FOR EGG PRODUCTION.

BY E. T. ROBEETS.

(Polk County, Iowa.)

The success we have attained in getting a high average of eggs In
winter as well as summer, from our flock of White Leghcms, has caused
many to ask what and how we feed, and especiaPy has this question
been asked since the close of the Iowa State Fair, where six of our little
"White Leghorn ladies" carried off the blue in the egg-laying contest,
with nineteen eggs to their credit in the five days.

Now, there is nothing secret or complicated about the feed we use
or our method of feeding and otherwise caring for our flock. We are
always glad to give any information that may be desired when time
and opportunity afford, and it is with the hope that some of the readers
cf Wallaces' Farmer may profit by our methods which have been adopted
after much practical experience that we give our method.

In the first place we use incubators and brooders, which enable us
to hatch our chickens at the time we want them, which is about May
1st — not much earlier — nor later than the 15th. The pullets from these
hatches will begin to contribute towards their support about October

480 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

15th. When the chicks are about two days old they get their first
feed, a little chick grit, a little good chick feed, steel cut oats and water.
They are fed but little at a time, but several times a day for the first
few days. After the third day we give a little commercial beef scrap,
with the coarsest sifted out, two cr three times a day, and when they
are about a week old we put a can of beef scraps in their brooder, also
a can each of grit and granulated charcoal. These cans are kept well
filled until the chicks are grcwn. When they are about two weeks old,
a box of bran is also given them. This box is replenished daily. As
Leghorns don't have to be hatched as early in the season as the larger
breeds, there is always plenty of grass to turn our little ones on, and this
solves the question of green food, which must be supplied in one form or
another for best results. An abundance of fresh water is also faithfully
supplied. The person who keeps poultry, or, for that matter, any living
thing, and fails to supply an abundance of clean water, is not deserving
of success. When the chicks are old enough to handle fine cracked com
and wheat, these grains gradually take the place of the chick feed, and
as soon as possible I begin the liberal feeding of oats.

When the pullets go into winter quarters, about September 15th, their
menu is changed a little. They get about the same material, but "dish d
up" in a little different form. The wheat, oats and cracked corn, about
equal parts, are fed in straw to induce exercise, which is absolutely
necessary if the birds are to be kept in a healthy condition. Then, in-
stead of keeping bran, beef scraps and charcoal before them in separate
compartments, they are mixed with low-grade flour and cracked corn,
three-fourths beef scraps and granulated charcoal. This mixture is
kept in a box or platform about eighteen inches above the floor, and the
birds have access to it at all times. On this platform is also their water
pan and grit and shell boxes. In the summer they are supplied with
grass and rape for green food, and in winter we pour hot water on some
ground alfalfa, let it stand a while, then stir in about four times as
much of our dry mash mixture as we have alfalfa, mixing thoroughly and
a'ming to have the combination a crumbly mixture, barely moist instead
of sloppy. This we feed five or six times in late fall and winter — usu-
ally early in the afternoon in troughs, all they will eat in half an hour
or less. Then just a little before rocstng time they get a light feed of the
mixed grain, or if we are having cold winter weather, they get a liberal
feed of corn. New with a feed of mixed grain in litter at about 8 a. m.,
a small handful to each bird, moist mash and more grain in the after-
noon, and the box of dry mash before them all the time, the birds are
persuaded to eat not only enough to keep them in good condition, but
enough extra to enable them to "shell out" a liberal quantity of eggs both
winter and summer. No damaged grain or feed of any kind is ever
used. The showing our stock makes we feel entitles them to the best
there is, and we never cut out or cut down on any kind of feed because
of the pi ice of it. It costs us about $1.20 a year to feed a hen.* Our
special flock which we have been trap-nesting has laid 8,232 eggs in
eleven months (November 1st to October 1st). This flock originally

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK—PABT X 481

i

contained sixty birds that were hatched In May a year ago, five of the
number have been diSi)osed of. I figure the flocli to average fifty-eight,
which givts an average of 144 and a fi action eggs per hen. Not a bad
sliowiug compaied wiih the repoit trom the Agricultural Colitge at
Amts that the average htn in Iowa lays but sixty-lour eggs in a year.
Now we hope to show a better record than this next year, as practically
all of our youngsters this season are tiom this flock. We find trap-
ntsiing veiy interesting, and it is certainly the only system by which
a top-notch lay-ng strain can be produced. Our birds are confined to
limited runs from the time they aie taKen from the incubator, till they
are disposed ot, and we seldom keep a bird more than two years.

Now, before cxs.ng, I want to suggest that, while the feed has much
to do wii.h the proauction of eggs, you can't get a veiy liberal production
from stcck that is from poor proouceis, so it you are keeping a tlock
of common hens, thinking any old kind will do, keep tab on their cost,
and you will find you have lest, tor they are always in debt to you. Then
g^t some good uiias from seme good-layiug strains, and put them in clean,
loomy ptus, give them plenty to eat, lots of green food and meat; then
youil find there's good money in hens. — Wallaces' Farmer.

METHODS FOR PRESERVING EGGS.

BY H. H. SIMPSON.

(New Mexico Agricultural College.)

That eggs can be satisfactorily preserved for from eight to twelve
months has been proven by numerous experiments. Of couise, tor the
fai uiur who desires to keep only small quantities, it is necessary that the
method be thoroughly praetical, as well as cheap.

Contrary to the general belief that pieserved eggs are usable only to
a limited extent, they can be used in place of fresh eggs in a great many
instances. It has been well demonstrated that eggs preserved for eight to
twelve months in either of the two solutions which I outline here can
haidly be told fiom fresh ones. After they have been kept for a longer
period than this, the whites usually become more or less watery, and the
yolks do not hold together so well; but they have been found to keep
for from eighteen to twenty months, and still be usable for any purpose
where the yolks are broken.

Many difteient methods have been tried, and with varying results.
They include both liquid and dry methods, and among them have been
the following: Dry salt, dry wood ashes, dry oats, powdered sulphur,
ground gypsum, permanganate of potash, brimstone fumes and sulphur,
sal.cylic acid, salt brine, vaseline, eggs dipped in melted paraffine and
packed in some dry substances, eggs dipped in coUodium and packed in
some diy substance, eggs dipped in a solution of gum arable and packed
in a dry substance, water glass solutions of various strengths, and lime
water and salt solutions.
Si

482 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

If the eggs are to be kept only a short time, they may be packed In
some of the dry substances, and fairly good results obtained; but these
methods can not be depended upon for longer than two or three months.
Greasing the eggs with vaseline has been found to keep them for three
to four months, but some claim that the eggs absorb the taste of the
vaseline. Eaicylic acid, cottorseed oil and alcohol; salicylic acid and
cottonseed oil; gum arable, and collcdium have all failed to give sat-
isfactory results.

The two methods which have been reported satisfactory by a number
of experiment stations are, first, the solution of water glass, and second,
lime water.

Water glass is a soluble alkaline silicate of sodium or potassium, and
can be purchased either in liquid or crystalline form. It is not expensive,
costing about ten to fifteen cents a pound, and one pound is sufficient to
preserve about fifteen dozen eggs, the cost being about one cent per
dozen.

Various 'strengths of water glass have been tried, but it seems to be
the concensus of opinion that a solution of about ten per cent gives
the greatest satisfaction. The water used for the dilution should in all
cases be boiled, and then cooled to an ordinary temperature. Then, to
nine parts of water add one part of water glass. This may be kept in
some sort of a vessel and poured over the eggs as needed.

For best results, it is absolutely necessary that the eggs be fresh when
put in the solution. For this reason, store eggs are unsatisfactory, as
you have no proof of their age, and during the warm summer days
development may start in a few hours.

Any kind of large vessel that will hold water, and from which rapid
evaporation can be checked will serve the purpose. The eggs should be
put in the vessel as they are gathered, and enough of the solution poured
in to cover them well. They should be covered to a depth of about three
inches when the jar is full, and a fairly tight lid or board put on to pre-
vent evaporation. Set in a fairly cool, dark place, and after a crust has
formed over the top, do not disturb. If any of the water evaporates it will
cause a sediment to settle to the bottom and cement the lower eggs to-
gether. To prevent this, keep adding boiled water as evaporation takes
place.

For the lime water method, slake four pounds of good quicklime with
five gallons of water, and allow to stand for a few hours. After the ex-
cess of lime has settled out, the clear liquid can be drawn off; and this is
the solution to be used. Seme stations recommend adding about two
pounds of salt to the solution while hot, to give the eggs a better flavor.
However, this is not necessary to preserve them. Sometimes it is neces-
sary to add a small amount of lime after it has stood for some time, to
replace what has been separated out by the action of air. As with the
water g'ass solution, fresh lime water should be added as evaporation
takes place.

With both methods, when it Is desired to open the jars, the crust can
be broken, part of the eggs removed, and a new crust allowed to form

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 483

In winter, the eggs will keep for two or three weeks after being re-
moved from the preservative.

Eggs should not be washed before putting in preservative, as this re-
moves part of the natural covering and will allow more evaporation
frcm the eggs. All vessels should be thoroughly cleaned and scalded
before being used. The secret of success in preserving is to use abso-
lutely fresh eggs.

PROFITABLE POTATO FARMING IN IOWA— HOW ONE YOUNG MAN

BECAME A SPECIALIST IN POTATO FARMING AND

THE METHODS WHICH HE EMPLOYS IN

HIS OPERATIONS.

(The Homestead.)

Making the most of discouraging conditions was the means of opening
up to an Iowa farmer boy a field of operations that is leading him to un-
usual success. On his father's farm in Story county half a dozen years
ago, C. A. Steward had a field of corn that was destroyed by cutworms.
Chance led him to put in a crop of potatoes so that there might not be
an absolute less. It goes without saying that, although the young man
had received no special preparation on potato growing, he did possess a
particular adaptation to it, and a capacity to absorb knowledge of it
from all available sources.

To a representative of this paper the young man recently reviewed
seme of the more important points of the department of farming in which
he now finds himself a specialist, and they are here given as being of
general interest. As in other crops, the preparation of the soil is made
the operation of first importance. This is done as early in April as condi-
tions will permit. On the theory that the quantity of mo-sture necessary
to the production of a crop of tubers can only be relied upon by careful
conservation of the entire available supply, the fii'st step toward the
attainment of that object is taken at plowing time. A reservoir is pro-
vided by plowing very deep. The ordinary plow having failed to reach a
sufficient depth, Mr. Steward employs, for this purpose, a deep-tillage
disk plow. This plow cuts sixteen inches and can be gaged to even
eighteen inches deep. On this farm the average depth of plowing is
twelve inches. It requires four horses, and one acre is considered a fair
day's work. If ground has been plowed in the fall, it is gone over with
a double disk in the spring until a regular garden seed bed has been
obtained. Potatoes will not grow in hard ground. Deeply-plowed ground
invariably produces better crops than that plowed shallow. It grows
stronger vines, stores more moisture, and produces more favorable con-
ditions generally.

The Acme or Early Ohio variety is grown exclusively, in the belief
that better results may be obtained than where several varieties are
raised. Planting is begun about the middle of May. or as soon as the
ground is properly prepared. The aim is to have all planting finished
not later than June first. Seed is cut by a cutter and the planting is

4S4 rOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

done by a machine. The seed Is dipped In a solution of five ounces
of corrosive sublimate to thirty gallons of water. It Is put into the so-
lution Immediately after cutting and permitted to remain two hours.
Planting should follow the removal of the seed from the solution.

Cultivation begins at once after planting, and Is continued almost in-
cessantly. The first cultivation is done with an ordinary shovel culti-
vator and between the rows only, care being taken not to disturb the
ridges left by the planter. Two weeks after planting the field is cross
harrowed to level the ridges. This destroys any weeds that may have
started on the planter ridges. As soon as the potatoes are up so the rows
can be followed, cultivation is done once a week. The shovel cultivator
and d'sk are used alternately. This is kept up until the spreading of the
vines prevents further use of those implements, which will probably be
in about four weeks. Then an adjustable fourteen-tooth harrow culti-
vator Is substituted and its use continued about all the time until the
crop is assured. Its principal use Is to provide a dust mulch which re-
tards evaporation and makes it possible to utilize the moisture stored in
the earth loosened by the deep plowing.

When the vines have made a growth of about a foot the fight against
bugs and blight is begun. This is done by spraying once a week If it
seems to be needed as a protection against bugs. On the
Stewart farm the spray is applied with a sprayer. Bordeaux
mixture is used, in which Paris green has been added In the proportion
of one pound of Paris green to one hundred gallons of Bordeaux mixture.
The Paris Green is the bug klFer. Blight is not of frequent occurrence,
but the application of the Bordeaux mixture as a preventive Is deemed
advisable. Flea beetles do some damage, but they are easily kept In check
by the Bordeaux mixture. Twenty acres may be sprayed In a day. On
this farm the cost of spraying for a year Is estimated at fifty dollars. As
a bug poison, arsenate of lead Is better than Paris green, as It does not
v/ash off so readily, but it cannot be handled so conveniently.

Digging Is dene by machine digger, marketing is begun about Septem-
ber 1st and pushed until the crop is disposed of. The potatoes are put
through a sorter, and the smaller ones held over to be used as seed. The
introduction of new seed is advised every second or third year. Northern-
grown seed seems to be advantageous From 100 to 160 bushels per acre
are obtained. There is a decided advantage in yield from land plowed
by the deep tiller. Mr. Steward estimates the cost of an acre of pota-
toes at $44.49, the items being as follows: seed, sixteen and one-half bush-
els, $14.93; treatment for scab, forty-six cents; cutting seed, fifty cents;
plowing. $3 75; discing once, seventy-five cents; harrowing twice, twenty
cents; planting, $2; cultivating eleven times, $2.88; spraying four and
one-half times, $2.41; digging, $2.50; hauling to market, $4; extra labor in
picking, $3.11; land rental, $6.

The farm on which these operations take place is not especially adapted
to potato culture. For this reason only the high parts of the fields are
devcted to potatoes, the remainder being In corn or other crops. The light,
loose, well-drained soils of these higher parts have done well in potatoes.
A crop rotation is employed in which there are five twenty-five-acre field!

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 485

encToped hog tight and planted In the order named; potatoes, corn, wheat
and oats, c'over and timothy, meadow and pasture. Manure is applied to
the potato land the year before for the reason that if it is applied the same
year it causes scab.

The year following a crop of potatoes, corn is planted, the only prepara-
tion necessary being covering the field twice with a double disk harrow.
The deep plowing for potatoes carries an effect which is still evident the
second year. Few weeds and a good corn crop are practically a sure thing.

After the corn comes a crop of wheat and oats sowed in the proportion
of one brshel of wheat to three bushels of oats. The preparation for the
small g'-ain crop includes only the removal of the cornstalks and going
once over the field with a double disk. Then the wheat and oats are drilled
in. Grass seed is applied after drilling, with the wheelbarrow seeder and
harrowed in. Equal parts of timothy and clever are used at the rate of
two bushels for five acres. Manure is applied thinly to the poor spots
before fitting the ground in order to insure an even stand of grass. The
next year Percherons, Short-horns and Poland Chinas graze, nibble and
root and add their share of fertility. It helps the clover to grow and store
up more nitrcgen for succeeding crops.

The next year the rotation is again begun with potatoes. The advis-
ability of th's plan is best atte-sted by the fact that last year the corn
averaged s'xty bushels per acre, oats forty-two bushels, and hay a ton
and one-half, and this in a season when drouth most seriously influenced
all yields.

WHAT ONE FAMILY DID ON ELEVEN ACRES.

BY DOUGLAS E. HAMMOND, CALHOUN COUNTY, IOWA.

(In Wallaces' Farmer.)

I believe the most important thing to success in any occupation is a
natural love for it. Many of our country boys and girls like country life;
but do not possess sufficient means to acquire from SO to 160 acres of land,
and therefore give up in despair, and seek employment in our already
overstocked cities.

To show what can he done on a small place, I will give you a few facts
regarding the proceeds from eleven acres of land the past season. Pre-
vious to our coming to this place, I do not think $50 a year was sold
from it. During the past season over $700 worth was sold, not counting
the butter, eggs and meat, both beef and pork, besides more vegetables
than we could use. We kept three cows part of the time, and two all of
the time. They were Jerseys, and four quarts of milk would make one
quart of cream. We sold this milk — every drop we could spare — for 8
cents per quart. Had regular customers for it. A cow averaging six
and one-fourth quarts per day is equal to $182.50 per year. The average
well-fed Jersey cow will exceed this the season through. I merely men-
tion this to show you how we got the money.

486 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Then we kept some fine Durcc licgs — pedigreed stock — which, by the
way, decs not cost as much to feed as do scrubs, and just a little more
to get your first start. If well fed as to growing bone and size, you may
depend on them to sell well, as did ours. From the time these pigs were
born until the first week in November they did not get ten dol'ars'
worth of feed save the waste melons and grass. The melon patch was a
field of large stumps in the spring. I blew them out with dynamite. The
patch was nineteen rods long and eleven wide, and con'^ained 209 square
rods. It was kept free from weeds. I began picking my first melons
the last of July, and went over my patch daily; picked every imperfect
melon off and fed it to the hcgs. They do not fatten hogs, but when
fed in large quantities they carse the hogs to make a snlendid growth.

From these hcgs, besides the pork we ate, we derived $164.35. We sold
ducks, geese, turkeys and chickens, all ef which were full-bloods. The
poultry was largely sold as common stock, and not at fancy prices. We
also sold a great many eggs. I sold melons during August, September
and most of October. The mcst picked in any one day was 298 water-
melons and 138 muskmelors. All of these melons during the entire
season were sold right at the patch, excepting probably five or six dozen.
No melons were sold en Sunday, and many were given away. But of
those we kept account of, we sold over $250 worth. During the year we
bought $56.38 worth of feed to feed the stock. We kept a little driving
team. Almcst one-fourth of this land was covered with timber.

Two acres of good melons on well-drained, rich soil, whether old or
new, should give any boy or man $400, and ten acres of good land can
and will support the average family if a man will just give two-thirds
the time to the land he would give to eighty acres. The trouble is, our
Iowa people, w'th blessings at their door, seek at leant the larger portion
of them, the get-rieh-quick methods, and do net try to adapt themselves
to their surroundings. I have not the time just now to go into detail,
but might suggest that if I was compelled to try, I could make a living,
and a good one, too, on ten acres of land. This would be my plan:

Put out one acre of strawberries and set th?m the distance of corn rows
apart. Put an cnion row down be'^ween each row cf berries the first
season, thus getting a fine crop of onions. Three acres of potatoes well
cared for, and with the use of good judgment one year with another should
give you 1.000 bushels. Two acres of r'.uskmelons and watermelons —
about one-fourth of this muskmelons vonld be the proper proportion.
Then, with two gcod cows, a few hogs, chickens and vegetables, and a
man who will work two-thirds as much as on the average eighty acres,
will be surprised in the fall.

Now, right up between the melon rows, if you will plant mangel beets,
you will grow enough to feed a gcodly number of hogs, cows and chickens
for six months, and not in the least damage the melons, for I work my
melon ground with a corn planter, and use every fourth row each way.
Last season I put beans in between my melons with gcod results. Early
potatoes will get out of the way before the melons reach them. also.

I wish to add that if our city people will, when spring comes, rent a
few acres of ground, if not able to buy, and live in a tent during culti-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 487

vating and harvesting time, they will be taking the first step in the
purpose of their creation — the pursuit of peace and happiness — and we
will hear less about the high price of living. Tuberculosis wi'.l receive a
shock, and morals will be increased one-third. Now, do not think you
need to be near a large town to do this. In fact, a large town is always
a poor market. I get more than twice as much for my melons than I
could have received had I been near Des Moines or a larger place. A
town of 2,000 is large enovgh for several men engTged in th's work, and
the time is fast coming when we must do more intense farming. "We
must have a greater income and a less expense; greater happiness and
purer lives.

CEMENT SILO CONSTRUCTION.

BY M. L. KIXG, IOWA STATE COLLEGE.

The masonry silo is an established success. Perhaps the largest factor
in establishing the success of th's type has been the use of concrete in its
construction. Such construction is atsolutely permanent and economical
from any standpoint. In many cases the first cost is as cheap as any ct^er
form of construction. Even though it should cost twice as much as wood
the difference in the cost of maintenance of masonry and wood silos
would more than pay the interest on the extra investment. The most
ssricus handicaps of the unlimited use of masonry silcs today is the
scarcity of mechanics acquainted with this work and the amount of
equipmnet necessary.

There is one strcng competitor to be considered seriously by the cement
silo builder. This is the clay block silo. It cannot be passed by lightly.
It is here to stay, and when built of first-class materials is permanent.
It was originally des'gred as a substitute for concrete where the necessary
aggregate for the concrete could not be gotten for a reasonable cost, and
the following features have brought it into direct competition with con-
crete in a broader way than was first considered possible.

It requires less equipment and there is less hauling for the farmer
to do. I might add one thing here to clear up some misunderstandings
which have been more or less widely circulated. Even thorgh the Iowa
Experiment Staticn did design the mcst widely used clay block silo,
known as the Icwa silo, we do net consider it the only mascnry silo, but
do advise that the choice between the clay products and concrete where
a good quality of each is available should depend entirely on the cost of
the construction. The features of each are enough different to furn'sh
talking points for advocates of each, but they are so evenly balanced
that we consider the price should be the deciding feature.

It is claimed that masonry silos burst but this is not true. Properly
reinforced mascnry silcs do not burst and never did. It is claimed that
large amounts of mould occur near the wall. This may happen in any
silo that is not properly filled. However, if the masonry silo wall is
smooth, vertical and impervious, mould is no more liable to occur against

488 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

this kind of wall than any other. It is also claimed that more freezing
occurs within the masonry silos than in the two-Inch wooden walls. Dry
wood is warm, but the wood next to the silage is never dry. No more
freezing occurs within a six-inch concrete silo wall than within a two-
inch wocden wall. Finally it is claimed that the acid formed in the
fei mentation of the silage destroys any masonry mateiial, steel or any
other substance aside from wood. The peculiar thing is that this same
acid is supposed to preserve wood. This acid is one of the weakest
organic acids and occurs in very low percentages. It probably has no
perceptive action on any materials either causing disintergration or pre-
venting decay. ... .„ j _ .J

IMPORTANT ESSENTIALS.

Before going into the details of construction we should understand the
requirements of a silo. Freshly cut green ccrn is simply packed tightly,
as nearly unilormly as possiole, in a large circular building, in the
absence of air there is a slight fermentation — a heating of the corn
up to a sufficient temperature to cook it considerably. The silage is to
corn what kraut is to cabbage. After filling the excessive weight of
this feed causes it to settle considerable.

If the wall is not smooth there will be air-pockets between the silage
and the wall. This same pressure will cause the silage to press out
slightly tending to fill the small recesses in the wall, but the wall should
be as smooth as possible. Also the walls must be air-tight because any
air admitted to the silage will cause it to mould and decay. In order to
make the dcors tight they should be "mudded" in. Of course air comes
in contact with the silage at the top and enough corn rots to shut off
the air from the silage below. Careful tramping after settling will
reduce the loss, as less corn will be required for this air-tight cover.

EEINFOECING MATERIALS.

The settling of the feed, its heating, and consequently expansion, causes
considerable outward pressure on the silo walls. In order to prevent
the pressure from bursting the walls they should always be reinforced
with steel.

Theie are a few cases of successful silos having been built practically
without steel. This, however, is no sign that it is safe as we simply
have no factor of safety and nobody knows how near these silos come to
bursting. There are many bursted masonry silos in the country. Though
a few silos without reinforcements have happened to stand, it is abso-
lutely unsafe to depend upon masonry alone to withstand this pressure;
steel must be used. This pressure amounts to about 11 pounds per square
foot for every fcot in depth; that is, at a depth of 40 feet the pressure
would be approximately 440 pounds per square foot.

The cost of reinforcing does not exceed five to eight per cent of the
total cost of the building and it is the only way to make the building
safe. This pertains entirely to horizontal reinforcement, all hoops and
bands placed in the concrete.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 489

Recommendations for vertical reinforcing have eminated from several
apparently reliable sources. Careful and extensive Investigation in silo
work In the past four years have failed to indicate to me that vertical
reinforcement in the wall is necessary except at the door frames. Such
reinforcement does no harm, but it does cost money and requires time to
prepare and place and so far as I have been able to learn no failure has
ever occurred on account of its absence. It is of course reasonable to
suppose that horiiionta] reinforcement could be far enough apart to make
this necessary, but where one-fourth to one-half inch steel is placed as
often as Is necessary there seems to be no reason for the vertical steel.
In the case of the continuous door frames in which the steel extending
across the doorway is several feet apart there should be vertical steel in
the dcor jams sufficient to transfer the stress of horizontal steel down
to the steel extending across the doorway.

MAKING FOUXDATIONS.

For walls six inches in thickness and 40 feet in height the weight upon
each foot of circumference will probably not be far from 3.000 pounds.
The weight of the roof and the friction of the silage settling add some-
what to the actual weight of the concrete itself.

It is comm.on on good soils to allow 2.5 tons per square foot on soil
bearing surface. It is convenient to make the foundation from 18 to 24
inches wide; this reduces the pressure to one ton per square foot or less
and makes it very safe. This can be conveniently arranged by simply,
digging a wide trench around the outside of the pit. The pit should only
be deep enough to get the foundation below the frost line. In building
the foundation the excavation can be done neatly and only inside forms
are necessary. There really seems to be no reason why the wall below
the ground should be thicker than that above.

THE WALLS.

Concrete silo walls may be divided into two divisions, monolithic and
block. The block has the advantages already cited for clay blocks, but
more labor is required in the construction of block than monolithic
silcs on account of the extra labcr in manufacturing the blocks.

It sometimes happens that a man wishing a silo is handy and can
spare time to work upon it, but can not spare any more cash than is
absolutely necessary. If in such a case the owner can get sand or gravel,
the cement block silo Is the one for him to build for he can build it for
less cash outlay than any other form of silo. In regard to blocks, both
hollov.r and solid kinds are used. In some cases extremely thin solid
blocks have been used.

In mcst cases, however, where labor must be considered a very Im-
po'tant ccst factor the monolithic silo will be the cheaper. The mono-
lithic v/alls have been built both double and single, the first costing con-
?IderaI)ly more for labor, material and forms. There are of course some
advantages in hollow wall construction, yet it is very qeustionable If the

490 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

man who must spend his money carefully will find the double wall a
good investment.

DOCKS AND PATENTS.

There are two general forms of doors which may be used: the so-called
continuous and the individual doors. The latter are merely opening in
the wall 22 to 24 inches in width and 30 to 36 inches in height, spaced
a few feet apart vertically. The continuous door is considerably more
convenient. Its width is the same, but it is considerably higher, having
an opening from four to six feet in the clear, and these openings are
separated only by reinforcing bars encased in six or eight inch masonry.
These openings are closed by short doors so that in no case is it neces-
sary to pitch the silage high in removing it.

During the past summer I have learned that certain parties were
threatening farmers with injunction suits, provided they proceed with the
building of round silos other than those licensed under the Harder Patent
No. 627,732, which is simply a patent en a stave silo with a continuous
door. There seems to be no conflict between the two, however; if there
were such a conflict one would still have a perfect right to build what-
ever kind of doors one wishes in a masonry silo, because in a rather
interesting search for old stave silcs over the Uni'ed States we have
recently found at least three dozen cases, any one of which would inval-
idate such a broad interpretation of this patent. Anyone making threats
to bring suit against a man building a masonry silo with a continuous
door should simply be laughed at and told to proceed.

Up until four years ago all concrete silcs found were built with wooden
door frames. Forms for making concrete door frames of the right shape
are much cheaper than v/coden door frames and only two cf them are
needed v/hile half a dozen or more of the wooden frames are required.
In addition to the economical feature .of this the concrete door frames
are very much better from every consideration. Nearly all of the wooden
door frames permit the air to leak in between the concrete and the frame.
Furthermore it is only a question of time when the wooden door frames
will rot out.

THE ROOF.

The only logical type of roof is a concrete roof for a concrete silo, and
my experience is that the best and easiest form of roof to build is a coni-
cal roof of one-fourth to one-third pitrh. The roof a'ipeais more difficult
of construction to the average man than it really is. In reality it is a
very simple job. Rafters are cut to the required pitch; enough of them
are used so that they will not be more than six inches apart at the base;
curved headers of one inch lumber are placed between the rafters not
over 3.5 feet apart and over this is placed barn boards ripped corner ways.

The sheeting should then be covered with woven wire. For a 16-foot
silo it is necessary to place the equivalent of a half-inch square bar in the
concrete directly over the wall. This prevents the roof from spreading
due to the weight of the concrete. Any scraps of reinforcing remaining
from the work may be cut in lengths from three to six feet and laid on
the woven wire reaching out to the circular steel above the walls.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 491

A small form may be placed where the trap door in the roof is required.
This should be of such a size that a standard barn sash will fit it. The
concrete may be spread, taking care to lift the woven wire occasionally
and to work the concrete below it. The work should be commenced on
the opposite side of the hoist earrying the work to the peak as he works
around, finishing as he goes.

Three inches is sufficiently thick for the base and 3.5 for the peak.
The conical shape is extremely strong and I knew of one contractor who
has in at least 25 instances removed the forms from beneath such a roof
the following day after placing the concrete. This makes it very con-
venient.

THE SILO AS A FEEDING PROPOSITION.

Cy r. E. WAKEMAN.

(Before the Taylor County Farmers' Institute.)

Concerning the silo as a feeding prcpcsiticn. It is now quite generally
acknowledged that the silo afSords rhe best known means of preserving
green feed or forage for winter feu>liag of Tve stock.

Its contents, which we call ensilage cr silage, is preserved much the
same as sour kraut. We all understand the principle when air is excluded
the progress of decay in vegetable matter is arrested. If the bottom and
sides are airtight, and the material to be kept is fine enough to make it
possible to exclude the air from the mass by close packing, the whole will
be kept in a state of preservation after a sufficient amount has rotted or
decayed on the top to exclude the air entirely.

The efficiency of any silo therefore will be in proportion to the resist-
ance it may offer against tlrcse elements producing decay in vegetable
matter. Hence it should be well built of good material upon a good
foundation and as nearly air tight as possible.

Roof, paint, lightning red anchors, etc., are valuable additions effecting
the life and looks of a silo, but net at all in themselves necessary to the
success of the silo in the making of good silage.

Almost any green forage may be preserved in the silo for silage.

The value of any forage crop harvested for future use depends upon
the amount of its nutritive value that may be retained palatable and
digestable until the time of feeding. This being true the advantage of the
silo over other methods are apparent. The crop is harvested just as it
reaches the stage of maturity, with its maximum of food value. It is
placed in the silo direct from the cutting and is there preserved until
needed with an estimated less of only 6 or 8 per cent of its original value.

Its palatability and digestibility are manifest in the keen relish and
thrift of the stock that eat it.

After much experimenting it has been found that nothing excels our
Indian corn for making good silage. Among the points in its favor are
a combined grain and forage ration and one easily balanced for any
purpose. Being a large plant it yields a great amount of forage per acre

492 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and may be easily harvested. It can be cut with a binder, hauled to the
silo en wagons, put through a cutter and delivered into the silo by meaua
of a blower, a combined machine run by an engine.

Being cut in short lengths usually fiom V:> to % inches (y--inch pre-
fered) it packs closely, excluding the air from the mass, a featuie very
favorable to its good keeping. Another important point is that the time
of harvesting it for the silo comes in the fall of the year usually in this
latitude about the 10th of September and does not interfere with other
crops in their making or harvesting. Sometimes it upsets a picnic or
county fair, but a fellow never misses that in February, piling out the
silage, while his neighbor who went perhaps to pulling corn shocks out
of the snow.

However, it is for these reasons that the corn plant is now universally
used for silage purposes.

Experience has taught that it makes the best silage if put in the silo
when the ears are well glazed and about one-half or more of the leaves are
yellow; this indicating the close approach to maturity and the greatest
development of sugar content in the stalk.

We have found that the fellow who fills his silo last usually has the
best silage if it is not frosted. Immature corn put in the silo comes out
black and sour and makes poor silage. The best silage may be made
from the best corn because of a larger proportion of grain; but usually it
is preferred to plant thickly, seeming thereby a better grade of forage
and more of it per acre, the grain content then being sufficient for all
practical purposes.

Regarding the loss of the top and bottom of the silo: This may be
obviated by a libeial use of straw. Our loss at the top this year did not
exceed a wagon box full. Our method was to put enough straw through
the cutter to cover the silage some 20 inches or more. At the same time
pouring a little stream of water into the side of the blower. After this
was done, by means of a pulley rope and pail we poured water on top
until all the straw was thoroughly soaked. We tramped the top, especially
the sides, once each day for four or five days and then never allowed
anyone to set foot on top again till the morning we opened to feed.

While filling the silo we put our best man in the silo to tramp the
sides and manage the distributor pipe, a convenience we have found to
be well worth its cost.

When a good s"lo is rightly filled with corn cut just as it reaches the
stage of maturity we have a feeding proposition worth the consideration
of any stock man. We have in it a nutritious, palatable, easily digested
ration, available at any season of the year, winter, dry summer, dry fall —
any time; will keep until next year or year after. One case is reported of
good silage seven years old.

In the silo we have an economical storage of feed. A certain amount of
dry matter or food nutrient in the form of silage in the silo occupies from
one-third to one-half less space than the same amount of dry matter or
food nutrients in the form of hay in the barn.

In comparison with other feeds: silage vs. hay — three tons of silage ii
equal in feeding value to one ton of good hay, the juice, or water contents.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 498

of the »nage accounting very largely for the difference In weight. One
acre of corn yields from 12 to 16 tons of silage, one acre of meadow yields
from 1 to 3 tons of hay. One acre of corn in silage provides as much feed
and of the same value as three to five acres of meadow. This is much in
favor of the silo, when land is worth $90 to $150 per acre.

Silage compared with fodder: By fodder we mean fodder with the corn
in it. In analysis they are practically the same. The corn in each
amounts to 60 per cent of the value of the crop. The stalk and foliage
represent 40 per cent of its food value. In the silo this 40 per cent stalk
and foliage is preserved palatable and digestible with scarcely anyper cept-
ible less of value. In the case of fodder the 40 per cent original value of
the stalk and blade at cutting time has been wrought upon by the ele-
ments and blown about by the winds until the bleached blades, the missing
ones and the large amount of woody fiber of the stalk now rendered un-
palatable and indigestible, represent an estimated 20 per cent loss, or
one-half their original feeding value. In consequence of this loss, counting
out the corn, one acre of silage as forage will feed twice as far as one
acre of corn fodder, or, in other words, counting out the corn, one acre of
silage as forage is worth twice as much in feeding value as one acre of
corn fodder. In silage the 40 per cent original value in stock and foliage
are available. In corn fodder 20 per cent is lest.

Silage is pre-eminently a cattle feed, whether fed for milk or beef. To-
day it is the most satisfactory dairy ration, being easily balanced for the
production of milk and butter. Compared with fodder, experiment stations
report 4 to 12 per cent more milk and fat in favor of silage. Compared
with hay they report 10 to 17 per cent more milk and fat in favor of
silage. For fattening cattle it is a cooling ration and an appetizer for
heavy feeding.

For stock cattle, it brings them through the winter in the best of health
to meet the gra?s strong and ready to make rapid gains. Upon it young
cattle will thrive and grow all winter. Silage is good for horses, but is
best fed in limited amounts. It is exceHent for sheep, especially for the
ewe with lamb at foot. Let the brood sows have all they want of it. We
have not lost a sow or a litter of pigs at farrowing time during the five
years of our experience of feeding them ensilage during the winter and
early spring.

Silage is a cheap ration. It is estimated that one acre of silage can be
raised for $10, can be put in the silo for 35 or 40 cents per ton, a total
cost of about $1 per ton and the yield 12 to 16 tons per acre. Thirty or 40
pounds will feed a cow one day, a ton will feed her 50 days at the cost of
$1. At the same rate, one acre of silage will feed three or four cows 200
days. Cheap indeed and grown upon your own farm. Put up all you want
on an average farm in two days or les^. It is available all the year around,
never spoils, except a small amount on the top, if your silo is right, and
keeps from year to year. With the increased amount of feed that may be
secured per acre and the preservation of its entire feeding value up until
the time feeding it is possible to carry more stock with a silo than with-
out it and thereby increase your profits proportionately. On good auth-

494 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURfi

ority It is said that one acre of silage will keep three cows seven montha,
that two acres of hay will keep one cow seven months; also that one
acre of pasture will keep one cow six or eight months, and one acre of
silage will keep two cows one year. Frcm th's it would seem possible
to carry more stock with a silo than without it, and we might add that
this has been almost verified in cur own experience.

The cost of a silo ranges according to size, somewhere from $300 to $400,
the cutter $150 to $200, and the engine from $600 to $700. It is advisable
to get a large cutter, a No. 18 or 20 size, and plenty of power, a 15 or 16
hcrse power engine. Three or four neighbors may reduce the cost of
machinery and labor materially by purchasirg and working together.
To avoid the rush in filling their silos, one can plant an early variety for
h's silage, another a medium and another a late variety. This is the
method in our country.

As a feeding propcsition the use of the silo has proven a success in
providing a nutritious, palatable and easily digested ration adapted to
the winter feeding of all classes of live stock. And the cheapness of the
ration economically stored, ready for use any seascn of the year are
features that can net be overlcoked, to say nothing of the extra stock
one might be able to carry. The days of experiment are passed. The silo
is everywhere commended as an important factor in profitable stock
husbandry.

SILAGE FOR SHEEP AND HORSES.

W. A. MCKERROW, IN WISCONSIN INSTITUTE ANNUAL.

The topic of silage has been one of long experiment and comment.
Seme years ago it was a common thing to hear people say that corn
silage was of little value; in fact, some would even assert that it was
not equal to our other rough feeds. Now we find that the advent of
the silo has continued, its value is fully realized by feeders in general.
Dairymen understand its part as an essential in economical milk pro-
duction. The majority of progressive dairymen here in Wisconsin have
silos, and as silage has proven itself a benefit to one class of live stock,
it is natural that men should reach out and seek to apply it to others.
The internal mechanism of the cow is not widely different from that of
a sheep or horse. A feed that a cow can assimilate at a profit should
be valuable as a feed for other classes of live stock.

It does not pay to maintain a silo fcr cattle alone if silage can be
adapted to the use of our other farm animals. This has been the sub-
ject of much thought, not only to use silage as a succulent feed, but a
chief ration for sheep and horses. The results of experiments in the feed-
ing of -silage to these animals are probably not as widely known as they
should be. If they were, it is my belief that farmers would derive added
benefit from their silos.

There are always reasons why failure is pronounced on new discoveries,
and we find this particularly applicable with silage. The first silos were
built oblong, giving great surface but little depth. This caused moldy

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 495

silage and silage which had become spoiled from contact with the air,
Th:'s sort of feed proved a failure in most cases and the silo was not a
success. But when the deep, air-tight silo was brought into use, the pros-
pect became much brighter.

I believe that the greatest fault in silage making at the present time is
the putting up of too green corn, the use of corn which produces. great
tonnage, but docs not get mature enough. This causes too much acidity
which is detrimental for feeding purposes. Investigation would show
that this sort of corn has been used in nearly every instance where
failure has been pronounced. I might give a brief outline of our ex-
perience with corn silage the past twelve years in feeding sheep and
horses.

The first year we filled the silo with whole corn, which was planted
thick in the rows and harvested when just beginning to glaze. The leaves
and stalks were filled with sap, being grown en rich loamy soil. Although
it gave us a heavy yield, the results were not the best. We started feed-
ing it cautiously to all of our sheep, but when over one and one-half
pounds were fed it had a laxative tendency and in some cases the younger
growing lambs would appear sickly, showing papery colored skins and an
unthrifty appearance generally. I might state that we fed clear hay and
ration of oa''s and corn in connection with the silage.

The following year a more mature crop was harvested; and as a result
the apparent bad effects of the previous year were eliminated, and a two-
pound ration was fed, showing good gains and thrift in the entire flock.

Snce the first two seasons cur corn has been run through the cutter, not
because we thought it made better feed, but we could handle the crop at
feeding much easier with practically no more expense.

We are now feeding sheep of all ages corn which had ripened enough
for husking and is a fairly early maturing variety with leaves partially
dried. Pregnant ewes and young stock received two pounds per head daily
and ewes suckling lambs from two and one-half to three pounds, with the
best results. I believe we could profitably feed all of this well-matured
silage our sheep would consume with excellent results. Where silage has
been pronounced a failure as sheep feed, nine cases In ten it has been
caused by filling the silo with immature corn.

The experiment stations have been doing excellent work in carry-
ing on experiments with the feeding of corn silage in connection with
other feeds to sheep. Among the most valuab'e are those carried on at
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Iowa, in most cases demonstrating that
good silage was the most economical mutton-producing feed when fed in
connection with other feeds.

The Illinois station is now conducting a second experiment with corn
silage for fattening lamts along the same lines as one completed two years
ago, when silage was substituted for corn and clover hay, with the addi-
tion that two lots are fed entirely without clover hay, but this is substi-
tuted with other nutrigenous foods. Professor Coffey states these lambs
are as healthy and making as good growth as the others, although the
experiment is not completed.

4M IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

In the test two years ago at Illino's, five lots of sixteen wether lamhs
each were selected and silage fed in different quantities to each lot. An-
other lot was fed entirely on clover hay and corn. In every case the lambs
having silage in their ration made greater and more economical gains
than these fed on corn and clover, and in every case also the lambs fed
the gT:eatest amount of silage made the best gains.

There is one noticeable factor in this experiment which is very important.
That is the general increase made in feeding; a sudden increase in feeding
has been detrimental in many instances. I would like to illustrate this
by using the data from that college. A fourteen-day preliminary period,
followed by four twenty-eight-day periods, was for shelled corn 0.29. 0.80,
1.07, 1.36 and 1 61 pounds respectively. Corn silage. 0.56. 1.19, 2.03, 2.58,
and 2.62 Clover hay, 1.33,- 1.04, 0.80. 0.63 and 0.38. The gains were great-
est where the most corn silage was fed. Similar work has been carried
on at Michigan, Ohio and Indiana.

These efforts are particularly valuable, because they have been long peri-
ods, demonstrating fully that there are no ill effects on the system of the
lamb and mature sheep, which we find claimed many times by people
who are not feeding silage mature.

The Indiana station recently stated that silage was an excellent feed
for sheep being fattened for slaughter, also for pregnant ewes and ewes
after lambing. This statement coroborates the experience of many a
practical sheep breeder.

Our experience in feeding silage to horses has been similar to that of
sheep. The poor results from feeding sour, immature silage was appar-
ent. Since the first year or two we have been feeding a liberal quantity
to our work horses, brood mares and growing colts with good results.
We have never fed heavily to growing colts or brood mares. However,
some of our most progressive farmers have been feeding as h'gh as
thirty pounds per day to mares suckling colts, and others have fed silage
and oats as an entire ration.

It has been fully proven that moldy silage is dangerous. Pearson, of
Pennsylvania, in investigating an outbreak where five horses had died,
found moldy silage had been fed, causing the deaths. Wing also reports
the death of eight horses feeding on moldy silage. We see that, in view
of such troubles, silage should be fed to horses only where sound intel-
ligence Is used.

Our conclusion is that silage is one of the most economical and suc-
cessful feeds for sheep and horses, when it is made rrom well-matured
and properly-siloed corn, and may be fed in almost unlimited quantities.

PRACTICAL METHODS OF DISINFECTING STABLES.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

(Farmers' Bulletin 480)

BY OEOnOE W. POPR. D. V. S.,

Veterinary inspector. Quarantine Division, Bureau of Animal Industry.
In the work of the Bureau of Animal Industry in dealing with in-
fectious diseases of live stock It has been found that the average stock-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 497

man and farmer does not realize the Importance of thoroughly disin-
fecting his premises following an outbreak of contag'ous disease. There
is apparently a widespread lack of information regarding the germi-
cidal power of various substances, commonly termed disinfectants. There
is also a lack of knowledge concerning practical and economical methods
ance of a contagious disease on premises from which it was believed
to have been eradicated may frequently be traced to careless or imper-
fect work in connection with the cleaning and disinfection of the place.
This bulletin has been prepared with a view to emphasizing the im-
portance of the thorough disinfection of contaminated buildings and
to point out some of the most reliable disinfecting agents, together with
methods of their application.

THE NECESSITY FOE DISINFECTION.

It is but natural to acknowledge the presence of only such objects
as can be seen with the unaided eye. Since, however, by means of the
high-pcwered microscope, has clearly proved the ex'stence of numerous
minute animal and vegetable organism — microorganism — and it is a mat-
ter of common knowledge that many of these organisms frequently find
their way into the animal body and produce disease. It is also well
known that these microorganisms, or germs, vary in form and other
characteristics and that for each disease of an infectious nature there
is a specific germ.

If these germs could be confined to the animal tody and die with it there
would be no such thing as an infectious disease. Unfortunately, how-
ever, they are thrown off by the animal through the excretions and lie in
the earth, in the litter of stables, upon the floor and walls, and in
cracks and crevices. Here they may remain and maintain their viru-
lence for an indefinite period, ready at any time to be gathered up by
an animal in its feed or to be blown about in dust and drawn into the
lungs.

For example, we have tuderculosis in cattle and glanders in the horse.
In the former disease the causative agent is a rod-shaped germ (Bacillus
tuberculosis) , which is about one thousandth of an inch in length. Cattle
affected with tuberculosis pass myriads of these germs with the manure,
and it is not difficult to understand how in the average stable they
would have little difficulty in finding many lodging places. In glanders
the causative agent is another rod-shaped germ (Bacillus mallei), about
the same length as the tuberculosis germ, but somewhat thicker. A
characteristic of this disease is the formation of ulcers in the ncs'rils
and other portions of the body, from which there is more or less dis-
charge laden with the glanders germ. And here, again, it is not difficult
to understand how one diseased animal may contaminate extensive
premises.

As has been stated, some of these minute forms are vegetable organ-
Isms. In fact, these vegetable parasites are the cause of some of the
most destructive diseases, and some of them are very difficult to destroy.

32

49 8 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

for the reason that they contain spores. A spore may be likened to the
seed of a plant, for It bears about the same relation to the bacillus that
a grain of wheat does to the plant proper. As the plant may be destroyed
and the iseed remain latent for an indefinite time, so destruction of the
bacillus may be easUy accomplished while the spores remain unharmed
and retain life for weeks or months.

An example of this class of organisms is seen in the agent "which
causes anthrax {BaciVus anthracis). Ordinarily methods for the de-
struction of the bacillus will not destroy the spore as well, and thus
anthrax becomes a most difficult disease to eradicate. Upon farms where
animals have died from anthrax and the carcasses have been buried in-
stead of destroyed, repeated outbreaks of the disease may occur from
time to time, possibly extending over a period of several years. This con-
dition is due to the existence of the very resistant spores, which under
favorable circumstances are carried to the surface of the earth and be-
come infecting organisms — much as the seed of a noxiovs weed, after re-
maining in the soil during the winter, finds the conditions favorable in
the spring and develops into a plant — except that these minute forms of
life multiply with the most wonderful rapidity.

Thus it is that cur increased knowledge regarding microorganisms or
bacter'a as the cause of many animal diseases has emphasized the import-
ance of disinfection.

THE NATUEE OF DISINFECTION,

The work of disinfection is based upon our recognition of the presence
of disease germs, and disinfection means the act of destroying the cause
of the infection. In other words, disinfection is a removal of the cause,
and it will be clear to any practical man that in dealing with disease
any effort which stops short of a complete removal of the cause is m.ost
unwise and unprofitable. To those unaccustomed to the work, disinfection
may seem a most complicated process. Any approved method, however,
is comparatively simple when carried out carefully, although like many
another procedure it is one in which attention to deta'ls counts for much.
It is important to bear in mind that the causative agents of many dis-
eases are extremely small and may remain for an indefinite time in dust,
cracks, and crevices of buildings, so that efforts aiming at the eradica-
tion of disease from contaminated premises must be thorough in order
to be effective.

DISINFECTANTS.

In the work of disinfection nature has provided man with a most valu-
able ally — sunlight. It is well known that the direct rays of the sun
are destrrstive to many forrrs of bacteria, in some cases destroying them
and in others lessening their influence. Thus the importance of well-
lighted stables is evident. The dark and sunless building will be a
favorable breeding place for bacteria, and the structure which admits
the greatest amount of sun'Ight will be the least favorable for their
development. Again, heat wnll destroy the bacteria of disease. But this
Is not meant the ordinary heat of the sun, but heat as developed in
boiling water or in flame. It is upon this principle that the surgeon

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 499

before operating renders his instruments free from the possible presence
.of bacteiia by boiling, and it is heat which renders a jet of live steam
destructive to bacteria. Sunlight, however, can not be considered more
than an accessory in the destruction of bacteria, while the application
of heat in the form of steam or flame is seldom possible. The result is
that in the practical work of disinfection we are dependent upon certain
drugs, which have power to destroy the organisms of disease.

Such drugs are known as disinfectants, and, fortunately, we have at
hand a number that possess the power of destroying bacteria. It is not
the purpose here to consider further the relative values of these drugs,
neither will it be necessary to discuss the exact manner in which they
act. It is suflBcient to know that they possess the power of destroying
bacterial life with the same certainty that poisonous drugs destroy ani-
mal life. They have only to be brought in contact with the bacteria in
order to destroy them. As disinfecting drugs vary more or less in potency
and in adaptability to general use, possessing certain advantages as
well as disadvantages, it may be w'ell to describe briefly a few of the
commoner forms.

BICHLORIDE OF MERCUBT.

Bichloride of mercury, also known as corrosive sublimate and mercuric
chloride, is used in solution in water, commonly in a strength of 1 to
1 000, though solutions of double such strength may be employed. Al-
though possessing great germicidal pow-er, it has the disadvantages of
being a violent poison, of corroding metals, and of uniting with albu-
minous substances, such as excreta, blood, etc., and thus forming inert
compounds. Unlike the coal-tar products, it leaves no odor in the stable,
which is an advantage in connection with the production of milk. On
the other hand, care must be used in the handling of a solution of this
drug, and feed boxes to which it has been applied should be washed
with clear water before animals are again permitted access to them.

CHLORIDE OF LIME.

Chloride of lime (sometimes termed chlorinated lime) is a wellknown
disirtfectant, although its value is doubtless greatly overrated. This may
be due in part to the fact that it is a powerful deodorant — such drugs
en account of their pungent odor being popularly believed to have great
disinfecting power. Being of uncertain strength and somewhat destruc-
tive to metals, and having a permeating odor especially objectionable in
a stable where milk is produced, chlorid of lime can not be classed as
the most desirable of disinfectants. For general disinfecting purposes it
may be mixed with water in the proportion of 6 ounces to the gallon.

FORMALDEHYDE.

An aqueous solution containing approximately 40 per cent of formal-
dehyde and known as farmalin has of recent years become a more or less
popular disinfectant.

Formaldehyde gas is in most cases impracticable for stable disinfection,
case formalin is mixed with water and in the proportion of 6 ounces to

600 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the gallon and the resulting solution is applied directly to surfaces of
substances which are to be disinfected.

Formaldehyde gas is in most cases impracticable for stable disinfection.
Where, however, can be made almost air tight, and the animals removed,
it will be found very serviceable, as it penetrates every crevice.

Several methods are in vogue for disinfecting with formaldehyde gas.
Probably one of the most simple and practical methods of liberating such
gas is by means of the chemical reaction which takes place when for-
malin is poured upon permanganate of potassium. For each 1,000 cubic
feet of air space 16 2-3 ounces of crystallized of powdered permanganate
of potassium is placed in a wide-surfaced pan; 20 ounces of formalin is
then poured upon it, and the room immediately closed for a period of 12
hours or longer. This method is efficient only when it is possible to seal
tightly the rooms or compartments to be disinfected and when their tem-
perature is not below 50 degrees F.

CARBOLIC ACID.

Carbolic acid in its pure form is, at ordinary temperatures, in the
shape of long, white crystals. For convenience it is frequently dispensed
in liquid form by the addition of 10 per cent of water. A 5 per cent so-
lution of caibolic acid is sometimes used as a disinfectant, but carbolic
acid has the disadvantage of being expensive and somewhat difficult to
dissolve. ,^,.. .._.^!

CBUDE CAEBOLIC ACID.

This substance should not be confused with pure carbolic acid. It is
a product of coal-tar dis;i'.lation and conssts for the most part of practic-
ally inert oils and cresylic acid. Its disinfecting power depends upon the
amount of cresylic acid which it contains, as well as the relative percentage
of hydrocarbon oils. Owing to its uncertain composition crude carbolic
acid can not be classed as one of the most desirable disinfectants.

CEESOL.

Cresol, commonly termed "straw-colored carbolic acid," "liquid carbolic
acid," etc., in a 2 per cent solution is an efficient disinfectant. It has the
disadvantage, however, of being somewhat difficult to dissolve, so in pre-
paring a disinfecting solution warm water should be used and care ex-
ercised that the drug is entirely dissolved. As the disinfecting power of
cresol is dependent upon the amount of cresylic acid contained therein,
it is essential when using the drug to know the degree of purity. Grades
can be purchased under a guaranty to contain from 90 to S3S per cent of
cresylic acid. Any containing less than 90 per cent should be rejected.

COMPOUND SOLUTION OF CEESOL.

Compound solution of cresol (liquor cresolis compositus), now recog-
nized by the United States Pharmacopoeia as an official preparation, is
composed of equal parts of cresol (U. S. P.) and linseed oil-potash soap.
It is an efficient disinfectant in a 4 per cent solution and has the ad-
vantage of mixing readily with water.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 501

DETAILS OF DISINFECTION.

In the practical work of disinfection there are three essentials:

1. A pieparation of the building that will facilitate reaching organisms
of disease.

2. A disinfectant which upon contact can be depended upon to des-
troy such organisms.

3. A method of applying the disinfectant that will assure the most
thorough contact with the bacteria.

PBEPAKATION OF BUILDING.

Before beginning .the use of a disinfectant it is essential that cer-
tain preliminary work be done in and about the stable that is to be
treated. The various surfaces, such as ceil.ng, walls, partitions, floors,
etc, should be swept until tree Irom cobwebs and dust. Any accuinuia-
tion of tilth should be removed by scraping. In some casts the wood-
work may have become softened and so porous as to be a good meuium
for the absorption of diiease germs. Such woodwork should be removed,
burned, and replaced with new mateiial.

All refuse, manure, etc., from stable and barnyand should be removed
to a place inaccess.ble to live stock and, if pcssiule, be buined or thor-
oughly mixed with a solution of chloiid of lime in the proportion of 6
ounces to 1 gallon of water. If the floor is of earth, it will doubtless
have become sta.ned with urine and contaminated to a depth of several
inches. In such cases 4 inches or more of the surface soil should be re-
moved and treated as above suggested for retuse and excreta. All earth
removed should be replaced with soil fiom an uncontaminated source, or
better, a new floor of concrete may be laid, this being the most durable
and sanitaiy material for the purpose.

SELECriON AND PBEPAKATION OF THE DISINFECTANT.

Having made ready the field of operation, the next consideration should
be the selection and preparation of the disinfectant. The fact must not
be overlooked that many agents used for the destruction of Lacteria are
likewise poisonous to animals and man. In fact, some drugs, although
powerful as germicides, are so poisonous as to preclude their general use
in the work of disinfection. Among such, as previously slated, is bi-
chloiid of mercury, which pcssessts the power of destroying not only the
bacteria, but spores as well. It is therefore essential in deciding upon
an agent to select one having a known germicidal strength, properties
of solubility, and at the same time possessing a reasonable degree of
salety to animals and man.

All things considered, it is probable that some of the coal-tar products
best fulfill these requirments. In this class is the compound solution of
cresol, already mentioned, a preparation recognized as oiTicial by the United
States Pharmacopoeia and known as liquor cresolis compositus {U. S. P.).
This preparation mixes readily with water and will prove a very efficient
disinfectant. It should be used in the proportion of 4 or 5 ounces to
each gallon of water.

602 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Another favorable agent is cresol (commercially known as liquid car-
bolic acid.) It is not as soluble as liquor crtsoLs compositus and should
be tborouglily stined during the proctss of mixing, which will be taciu-
tat.cd by usiug hot water. It is advisable to secure a giade of the drug
with a guarauiy of 95 per cent pure, and such should be used in the
proijonion of 2 or 3 ounces to a gallon of water.

As an accessoiy preparation and for use after the application of the
disinffcCi-ant it may be advisaole to make ready a lime wash to each gal-
lon of Wiiich thbie has been added 4 ounces of chlorid of lime, or if it
appears desirable to use the disinfectant and lime wash at one applica-
tion, the toliOVv'ing method may Lie foUowed in preparing 5 gallons: fcJiake
TVz pounas of lime, us^ng hot water if necessary to* start action. Mix to
a creamy considtency with water. Stir in 15 fluid ounces of cresol (com-
meiciaiiy known as liquid carbolic acid) at least 95 per cent pure, and
make up to 5 gallons by adding water. In case compound solution of
cresol iliquor cresoiis compositus) is used, add 30 fluid ounces instead
of 15 as in the case of cresol (liquid carool-c acid). Stir thoroughly.
If to be applied through a spray nozzle, strain through a wire sieve, btir
frequently when applying and keep covered when not in use.

In case a large surface is to be disinfected it wiil be advisable to pre-
pare a lioeral amount of the dis-nieciing solution before beginning the
application. Such solutions, however, siiould not be permitted to remain
in receptacles which are accessiule to animals.

METHOD OF APPLICATION.

The efficacy and economy of the work will depend in a great measure
upon the method of applying the disinfectant. Economy requires that the
disinfecting solution be appLed rapidly; efliciency requires that it be not
orriy spread in such manner as to cover the entire suriace requiring dis-
infection, but that suhicient quantity and force be used to drive the
solution into all ciacks and crevices.

"Where a veiy limited surface is to be treated, as, for example, one stall,
it may be possible to apply the disinfectant in a satisfactory manner by
means of a whitewash brush. In all cases, however, the best method of
applying the disinfectant and the lime wash is by means of a strong spray
pump. Such should be equipped' with not less than 15 feet of hose, to
which may be- attached a 5-tcot section of iron pipe of the same caliber.
With a spraying nozzle at the end of the pipe the operator will be enabled
to pioceed with the greatest possible dispatch and the least possible in-
convenience.

The entire interior of the stable should be saturated with the disinfect-
ant. Special attention should be given to the feeding troughs and drains.
After this has dried the surface may be sprayed with lime wash, provided
this has not been combined with the disinfectant; and when this process
has been completed it will be advisable to open all doors and windows of
the building for the admission of air and light.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 503

THE USE OF PAINT ON THE FARM.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 474.

IXTRODTJCTIOX.

There is probably no one point more neglected by the average farmer
than the judicious use of paint, not only on his house and outbuildings,
but also on machinery and various agricultural implements. It is per-
haps the rule rather than the exception in some sections to see houses and
agricultural implements on the farm sadly in need of paint. The idea
seems to be prevalent that paint is used solely for ornamental purposes,
and its use is regarded as a luxury rather than a necessity. While paint
does, of course, serve the purpose of improving the appearance of property,
it is far more useful for protection than for ornament. A small amount of
money and work expended in keeping a valuable piece of machinery prop-
erly painted will add gre-atly to the length of its life. The same may be
said of buildings. Another useful object which is accomplished by paint-
ing is the improved sanitary conditions of buildines and outhouses. It is
not proposed in this bulletin to give instructions for artistic painting, or
even for doing the class of work which would be expected of a first-class
master painter, for such work can not be expected of one engaged in another
business. But any man can do an average job of painting, and can thereby
not only improve the appearance of his place, but can add greatly to the
durability of all articles painted. The cost of such work is small, the
necessary equipment is not expensive, and with proper care will last a
long time. An attempt will be made to give directions for the care of
paint and of the necessary tools used in its application and for the proper
selFction of different paints for various purposes, their preparation and
application and their approximate cost.

Certain terms will be used frequently with a somewhat restricted mean-
ing, and they are therefore defined as follows:

A paint is a mixture of a pigment with a vehicle and is intended to be
spread in thin coats for protection or decoration or both.

A pigment is the fine, solid material used in the preparation of paint
and is substantially insoluble in the vehicle.

The vehicle is the liquid portion of the paint.

Bearing in mind these definitions, it is seen that while varnish is used
very much in the same manner as paint, it could not be properly classified
as a paint, because it does not contain any solid particles of pigment. On
the other hand, whitewash, which is not ordinarily called a paint (largely
because of its cheapness), v/ould comply with this definition very well.

BSUSHES AND OTHER IMPLEMEXTS.

The only absolutely necessary implements are brushes. Probably the
most generally useful brush is a round one with bristles about 6 inches
long. Oval brushes from 2 to 21^ inches wide are also very good for gen-
eral use, and a great deal of painting is done with 4 or 5 inch flat brushes.

504 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Of these three types it Is difficult to say which is the best, different painters
having their own individual preferences. The advantage of a flat brush
is that a greater amount of surface is covered at a stroke, v;ith the dis-
advantage that the paint can not be as thoroughly rubbed in. On the
whole, therefore, it is best to use a round brush. The 6-inch bristles are
too long for proper working, and before being used a piece of cloth should
be tied around the brush about 4 inches from the end of the bristles and
2 inches from the binding. As the bristles are worn off this sleeve or
bridle, as it is called, may be pushed back, thus materially lengthening the
life of the brush. For painting sashes and other small surfaces smaller
brushes are necessary, the most satisfactory being the small oval brushes
with a chiseled end. For varnishing, oval or flat brushes with somewhat
shorter bristles are generally used. For the application of whitewash and
calcimine a very much larger brush may be used, since these are applied
lightly to the surface and are not rubbed in. A flat 8 or 9 inch white-
wash brush may be used with practically as much ease as a smaller one.

In addition to the paint brushes, dusting brushes made of stiff bristles
are useful for cleaning the surface before painting. For cleaning rusted
metal surfaces, steel-wire brushes (2 or 3 inches wide and 6 inches long
with wires about 3 inches long) are frequently necessary.

If ready-mixed paints are bought the cans may serve as buckets, but if
the paint is mixed from the paste a strong tin bucket large enough to
allow for stirring the paint will be necessary. Scraping knives and
putty knives are necessary tools for the painter, and it is well to have one
or two of each, but a very good scraper can be improvised from a piece
of sheet iron, and an old kitchen knife may be ground to a square end
and converted into a very serviceable putty knife. A paint strainer is
useful, but two thicknessf^s of cheesecloth tied over the top of a bucket
answers practically as well. Paint should be strained before using it.

CARE OF BRUSHES.

Brushes for applying oil paints must be well cleaned after using, though
for keeping overnight it is generally sufficient to wrap them in several
thicknesses of paper. Some painters keep their brushes overnight by
putting them in water. If, however, the brush is not to be used for several
days, the paint should be washed out of it. Turpentine is one of the most
satisfactory materials for washing a brush, but it is expensive, and a brush
can generally be washed as well with kerosene, which is much cheaper.
After washing off the paint with kerosene the brush should be rinsed
with gasoline or benzin, then thoroughly shaken and well washed with
soap and warm w^ter. As soon as this washing is complete the brush
should be shaken thoroughly so as to throw as much water out of it as
possible and hung up with the bristles down to dry; when dried the brush
should be thoroughly protected from dust. If much painting is being
done it is less trouble to keep the brushes in turpentine or kerosene. For
this purpose hooks should be fastened on the inside of a pall with a close-
fitting cover, the brushes being suspended either by holes In the handles
or by loops of string, so that the brushes hang In the kerosene or tur-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 505

pentlne In the bottom of the pail. The bristles should be submerged in
the liquid, but should not touch the bottom of the pail. If kerosene is
ustd ror cleansing, it should be removed by shaiviug the brush and rinsing
it in turpentine betore using again with paint. Brushes used with white-
wash or calcimine shouid simpiy be waslied and not put in the same
liciUids in wUicn the brusnes Ubed for oil paints are liept. If a brush has
been uscd lor shellac varnish it should be Kept in aicohol or in the var-
nish itsfcif. in general a varnish brush may be kept in the varnish in
wnich it is used.

DBYING OF PAINTS.

Water paints such as whitewash and calcimine dry in the ordinary
sense; lUui it>, L.y evaporation oi tne liquid, wuien in tne case oi tue two
piiiiiLS nifcUnou<-a IS vvatfcr. lue Uiyiug oi on paints, now ever, is quite
aiixcient, auu in oruer tu unucistanu tnis attention must be di'av\u to
Co-itaiu p^cuiiaiiLibS Oi tue bo-caiicU uryiug oiib. buppoae lour piatts of
giatos are eotit^u, one witii a tuin Uim oi water, auotuer witn feusoiine,
auutner witu a Ueavy miu>,rai on, aatl auotucr witu unseed on, a,a(l ail
lour piatt-b are eApobt-U to tne air lor severai days. Tne water ana gaso-
line vviii evaporate ana leave tue piates my auU practicany in tne con-
ttition in wuicu tuty were Ueiore appiyin^ tne liquid, 'lue piate covered
Wicn tne kcavy miaciai on win ue louud to oe srcasy, wnne the piate
CovcreU Witu nn&ceu oil wni aibo nave a coating on it, out tuis coat wnl
hist btcome tacii.y and Uiiany set to a haru, v arnisn-iiiie Uim. if tnis
expeiiiutnt IS tiica witn otucr ve&etaoie oiia, sucn as onve on, it win ne
fouiiU Luat bOiue oi tuem beuave very mucn iiive tUe mineral ons; tnat is,
tucic IS very biioUt tenueney towaru tne loimation oi a coating. UtUer
ons, bucu aa com and boy Ocan, win boUave in a manner siuiiiiir to tne
iiu£>i,fcU on; tnat is, tnere win ue tne loimation of a more or lebs tacto.y
mabs, witU pernaps tne hnai lormatiou ui a varnisn-iice material. i\one
Oi tne otuer Common ons, novvcver, wnl torm the varnisn-iiri.e coating so
rapiuiy, nor win tne coating be so hard as in the case of nnsced oil.

Ons wnich beUave iiixe unseed oil are caned drying ons. it will be
seen irom tnis inu&tration, however, that tne term ■drying" as applied
to on IS not similar to the drying which taixes piace on tne exposure of a
material wet with water to tne dry air. The drying of a substance wet
witn water is reaily tne removal of the water by evaporation. The drying
of a drying oil is a change tailing place in the liquid. This change is
accompanied by an absorption of oxygen from the air, and the drying
does not tane piace in the absence of oxygen. It is hindered by moisture
and hastened by sunlight.

The formation of this varnish-like film by the so-called drying of lin-
seed oil is an exceedingly important operation in the drying of oil paints.
Certain substances, compounds of lead and manganese, if dissolved in
the oil, hasten drying. Boiled oil which contains compounds of lead or
manganese, or both, will dry more rapidly than raw linseed oil. Instead
of using boiled oil, however, the drying of the oil in paints is generally
hastened by the addition of liquids known as driers. These liquids are
composed of compounds of lead and manganese generally thinned with

506 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

either turpentine or benzin, and are Ivuown as japan or japan driers. As
before stated, wliile the use of a drier is necessary in a great many paints,
the amount used should be small. It is a rather astonishing fact that
many driers, if used in small proportions, will very materially hasten the
drying of the linseed oil; whereas if a large amount of drier is added, the
drying of the oil is retarded. There is another objection to the use of a
large amount of drier, and that is that the tilm produced is not so durable
as one produced by raw linseed oil alone or by the use of a raw oil con-
taining the proper amount of drier. There are a number of other oils
which have the property of drying like linseed oil, but none of them is
the equal of linseed oil for a paint vehicle.

Bearing in mind these facts, it is seen that an oil paint would consist
of the pigment mixed with a drying oil, preferably linseed oil, and gen-
erally with the addition of a drier. Some pigments, however, have the
property of hastening the drying of linseed oil, and when they are used
(red lead, for example) it is unnecessary to add any other drier. The
varnish-like film left by linseed oil is for practical purposes insoluble in
water. It is not, however, impervious to water. If a bright piece of iron
covered with a coating of linseed oil, and afterwards thoroughly dried, is
exposed to moisture it will be found that while the iron will not rust so
fast as uncoated iron, the rusting will take place to a considerable extent.
Other experiments can be performed which will demonstrate that moisture
passes through this film with comparative ease. But, if an oil paint is
employed — that is, a mixture of pigment and linseed oil — it will be found
that the water does not penetrate through the film so rapidly as it does
through the linsecd-oil film alone. Also the paint film is more resistant
to mechanical abrasion. While there is some difference of opinion among
experts as to the amount of pigment which should be used in a paint, it
is generally considered that the greater the amount of pigment the more
resistant the paint film is, provided all the particles of pigment are thor-
oughly covered with the oil. It would appear, therefore, that a film of oil,
while it may seem to be homogeneous even if examined under a high-
power microscope, is really porous, and by mixture of the oil with the
pigment the pores are more or less completely filled, thus making a more
impervious film.

In addition to the linseed oil and drier, paints frequently contain
volatile substances, such as turpentine and benzine. The addition of
these is largely for the purpose of thinning the paint to a better work-
ing consistency, so that it can be spread in thin layers more easily. These
volatile substances evaporate almost completely and do not remain behind
in the dried film. The only substance remaining which binds the solid
particles of the pigment together is the oil.

PREPARATION OF SURFACES FOR PAINTING.

All surfaces should be clean and as dry as possible before the applica-
tion of an oil paint. Much new wood is very difficult to paint. The
resins in such woods as yellow pine and spruce tend to destroy any paint
that Is laid over them. When possible, it is well to allow a new house

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 507

to stand unpalnted for at least sis months or even a year after the wood-
work has been completed. By this exposure to the weather the resins are
brought to the surface and are either washed away or hardened, and the
resulting wood surface is in much better condition for painting than is a
new structure. An unpainted house, however, is an unsightly object, and
it is often desired to paint a new house at once. Painters adopt several
methods of treating new wood; probably the one most universally used
is to coat all knots and other places where resin appears with shellac
varnish, a solution of gum shellac in alcohol. Another plan is to mix
with the priming coat of paint a small amount of benzol (coal-tar naptha),
which is claimed by some excellent authorities on painting to dissolve the
surface layer of resins and allow the paint pigment to penetrate into the
fibers of the wood, preventing the final forcing of the resins to the sur-
face. After applying the priming coat, all nail holes and cracks should
be well filled with putty pressed in hard. Filling in with putty should
not be attempted before the priming coat is applied, as it is not likely
to stick as well.

In painting iron surfaces all rust and grease should be carefully re-
moved, scraping the surface down to brie'ht metal with wire brushes or
sandpaper and finally dusting off all adhering particles.

Painting should be done in warm, dry weather. It is much better to
select the summer time for painting than the winter. Not only does the
paint not flow so well in cold weather, but the surfaces of the painted
objects are more likely to be moist, and a little moisture underneath
the paint film, either on wood or iron, is very apt to cause serious trouble.

PAIXTIXG EXTERIOR WOODWORK.

All wood is more or less porous, and the natural result of applying a
substance like paint to such a material is that the liquid portion sinks
into the wood ard leaves a large portion of the solid material on the
surface. Also different parts of the wood will differ in porosity, and
there will tend to be different amounts of paint left on different portions
of the surface. In order to do a good job of painting it is practically
always necessary to apply several coats to new wood. The first or prim-
ing coat is made thinner than the others, the amount of thinning depend-
ing upon the porosity of the Vv'ood. For ordinary pine, a paint of proper
spreading consistency, when mixed with an equal volume of raw linseed
oil, generally furnishes a good material for priming. With very porous
wood, such as redwood, more oil may be added. The priming coat should
be applied with as much care as any other and should be thoroughly
brushed into the wood, the brushing being carefully done so that the
paint is evenly distributed, with no tendency to run. It is the custom
of many painters to add a great deal of drier and of turpentine to the
priming coat, and to apply the other coats almost immediately after
finishing the priming. This is not good practice. The paint for priming
should consist of the pigment, linseed oil, and a minimum amount of
drier, with no turpentine or benzin; and after applying it at least a week
and preferably longer should elapse before putting on the second coat.

508 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Three coats at least are generally necessary to make a good piece of
work. The effect of the priming coat, if properly applied, is to fill the
pores of the wood and furnish a foundation on which to apply the sub-
sequent coats. Owing to the different porosity of different parts of the
surface, it is almost impossible to completely fill with one priming coat,
and an attempt to get a good effect by applying the finishing coat im-
mediately on top of the priming generally results in failure. A second
coat will not penetrate to any very great extent into the wood. It should
not, however, dry with a eloss. because a glossy surface does not furnish
a good foundation for the next coat. In order to prevent the gloss, most
painters add turpentine to the paint for the second coat: the amount used,
however, should be small — to each gallon of paint about a half pint of
turpentine in hot weather, or a pint in cold weather, is sufficient. The
second coat, which of course should have been evenly spread and well
rubbed in with the brush, should be allowed to dry somewhat longer than
the priming coat. The third, or finishina: coat should be one which will
dry with a eloss. and for this purpose there should be po turpentine or
thinner addrd to the paint at all. This method is one which is advocated
by a lar?e majority of authorities on the naintins of wood, but is seldom
carrird out by painters, the tendency beins to add excessive amounts of
turpentine or benzin, unduly thinnine the paint and makine: it possible to
spread it in thin, even coats with less labor than would be reouired for the
same thinness and evenness when paint of a proper consistency is used.

INTERIOR PAINTIXG,

For oil palntine: exposed to the weather (outside painting) it Is very
important that a durable paint be selpctrd. because even the best painted
surfaces in time are destroyed by outdoor exposure. Inside of a house,
however, the conditions are radically different. The painted surface is
exposed to neither the extreme heat of the summer sun nor to the action
of rain and frost to anything like the extent that outdoor painting is. In
fact, any paint will last for a very long time inside. The main point
in selecting a paint for this work is to choose one which will cover well
the article to be painted and which contains colors that are permanent.
The actual protective coating may be assumed to last as long as there
is any necessity for it. Very lieht tints or very brilliant colors are
liVely to fade, and white paints containine a large amount of oil tend to
turn yellow in dark rooms. The pigment lithopone, which is not suitable
for outside work, can be used with satisfaction for interior painting.
Calcimines, the so-called cold-water paints, in which no oil or expensive
lead or zinc pis'ments are used, and which are. therefore, very much
cheaper than oil paints, last very well on the inside; in fact, some of the
oldrst paintings in existence are fresco paintings made practically of cal-
cimine.

For interior work the same directions apply as to outside painting,
but it is not so important to have the final coating contain such a
large amount of oil as to give a glossy finish. A dull finish is preferred
by many people, and since this paint Is not to be exposed to severe

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 509

weather conditions, a larger amount of thinner may be used than for
outside work. Also, paint for inside work should dry faster than one
for the outside, and a somewhat larger amount of japan drier is gener-
ally used.

PAINTING OF METAL.

Tin or other metal roofiner, also galvanized iron such as gutters and
rain spouts, are very difficult to paint, as often the paint does not stick
well. This is probably due to a very thin film of grease left on such ma-
terial from the process of manufacture, and before attempting to paint
a tin roof it is best to scrub it perfectly clean with soap and water or
with cloths moistened with benzin, and then thoroughly dry before apply-
ing the paint. Galvanized iron may be treated in the same way, but it
is much better to let this material stand for some time exposed to the
weather before painting. The metal portions of machinery are generally
cast iron or steel; wrought iron is rarely used, thoueh it is more durable
than steel. Cast iron is not so liable to rust as steel, and also the pieces
are frequently thicker than the steel portions of a machine. There is
perhaps nothing that actually needs paint for protection as much as the
steel and iron portions of machinery. Before painting such material
the greatest care should be taken to get the surface perfectly clean. Do
not apply paint over rust, but clean thoroughly down to the bare metal
with scrapers or wire brushes, and finally with dry scrubbing brushes.
It is a mistake to spare labor in preparing a metal surface for paint.
All oil and grease should be scrupulously removed, and the metal surface
should be absolutely clean and dry before painting. The paint should be
well brushed on, carefully filling all cracks.

Two or three coats of any good paint may be used. The paint which
is generally sunposed to protect iron from rusting better than any other
is red lead. This is expensive, however, and rather hard to apply. The
color also is some objection, althoup^h this can be overcome by mixing
some dark pigment with it. The addition of a small amount of lamp-
black improves the color and the working quality of red-lead paint. A
paint made of basic chromate of lead (so-called scarlet lead chromate,
or American vermillion) is even better than red lead as a material for
protecting iron. This also is very expensive, even more so than red lead,
and while the protection is not so complete with the use of cheaper
paints made of iron oxid pigments, on account of the fact that pieces of
machinery are very likely to have the paint scratched and injured me-
chanically, it is perhaps best to use an iron oxid paint for most of such
work, because of its cheapness. Any eood oil paint will give valuable pro-
tection to iron if it is properly applied.

MIXING PAINTS.

Paints may be prepared either by mixing the dry pigments with oil and
turpentine or benzin; or the paste pigments may be used. The latter
are ground in a small amount of vehicle, generally linseed oil. The best
pigments are exceedingly fine powders, and it is frequently a matter of

510 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

considerable difficulty to mix such a powder uniformly with oil so as to
have every particle in contact with the vehicle. On this account it is
generally considered much easier to make up a paint from the paste
pigments than from the dry, because the former have already been
ground in a small amount of oil in a mill. When a can of paste pigment
is opened all of it should be used immediately or it should be mixed with
some oil and kept covered, since the paste is likely to harden and will
then be ruined if exposed.

A very satisfactory hand paint mill can be bought for less than $10,
and with such a mill the dry pigments may be mixed with oil and very
satisfactory paints made directly. The claim is made, however, that
many pigments require grinding under very heavy pressure to give the
best results. Painters, therefore, generally prefer the use of paste pig-
ments rather than the dry for most of their paint mixing. Besides the
method of making up paints from the pigments, either dry or in paste
form, with the necessary vehicle, the use of ready-mixed paints is very
common, and for a small job they have an advantage, for no paint can
be made properly without a large amount of grinding or stirring, and this
is rather heavy work. The user of mixed paints, however, should have
some method of estimating what the material he buys is really worth.

COMPOSITION OF PAINTS AND THEIE COST.

General Discussion.

It would probably not be denied by anyone that a better paint can be
made in a well-equipped factory than by any individual at home or in a
small shop. Many ready-mixed paints are of the very best quality, but
many are of poor quality, made of cheap materials, and at the same time
are sold with extravagant claims and for high prices. The number of dif-
ferent formulae found on the market is enormous, and no attempt will be
made to give a complete or even a representative list of them. An ef-
fort will be made, however, to give a few typical formula of paints and
the methods of calculating the cost of making paints whose composition
is known. A very good rule to follow in purchasing mixed paints is to
buy nothing which does not bear the name of the manufacturer. If the
manufacturer's name does not appear on the label this is very good pre-
sumptive evidence that he is not particularly proud of his product. Many
State laws require that the composition of paints should also be stated
on the labels, and a large number of the best manufacturers do this
whether their products are sold in a State requiring such labeling or not.

The most expensive paints are generally white paints or very light tints.
The reason for this is that there are comparatively few white pigments
which have covering power, i. e., the property of hiding the surface of
the material painted. Samples of dry white lead and of dry whiting look
much alike. Both are white powders and a thin layer of each appears to
be practically opaque. If, however, the two pigments are mixed in oil the
whiting is quite transparent, while the white lead is opaque. All of the
cheapej white pigments are more or less transparent in oil and are, therefore,
deficient in covering power. White lead, zinc white, sublimed white lead,

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 511

zinc lead, and lithopone are practically the only white pigments which
have good covering power in oil. These pigments are all rather ex-
pensive, and as they are heavy it takes quite a large amount to make a
paint.

Of the dark shades, there are a number of cheaper pigments which have
very good covering power. It may be quite safely stated that for a white
paint that really covers, some one or more of the white pigments just
enumreated must be used. For a dark brown, however, a good covering
can be obtained with an iron oxid pigment, which is very much cheaper.
Therefore, for such paints there is no reason for using an expensive lead
or zinc pigment,

ESTIilATED COST OF WHITE PAIXTS.

A vehicle for outside paint of the best quality will generally consist
of from 90 to 95 per cent of linseed oil and from 10 to 5 per cent of japan
drier. A good japan drier has about the same specific gravity as linseed
oil, and each may be considered to weigh about 1% pounds to the gallon.
Of course, the prices of all paint materials vary, but at the present time
linseed oil sells for approximately 90 cents a gallon, and a good grade
of japan can be bought for $1.60. . In making up paints, the drier should
be mixed with the larger portion of the oil before adding the pigment.
Using the prices and weights just given for linseed oil and japan drier,
the liquid portion of a paint will cost about 95 cents a gallon, or 12 14
cents a pound. White lead, both dry and in the form of paste, costs ap-
proximately 7 cents a pound, zinc white approximately 8 cents a pound,
and the other white pigments which cover well will not differ very much
from these two in price. A gallon of white lead paint will weigh from 21
to 22 pounds. Fourteen pounds of dry white lead and l\i pounds of
vehicle will make a gallon of paint and at the prices quoted the cost
would be about ?1.87; 15 pounds of paste lead and QVi pounds of vehicle
will make a gallon of paint, costing $1.82; 91/2 pounds of white zinc and
5% pounds of the paint vehicle will make a gallon of zinc white paint cost-
ing about $1.46.

Of course, these prices are based on an assumed cost for the ingredients,
and to make an exact estimate it would be necessary to know the exact
prices of the different materials entering into the paint. Many painters
insist that a paint composed entirely of white lead, linseed oil, and drier
is the best. Others contend that a mixture of white lead and zinc white
is the best, and still others say that a mixture of these pigments with
the cheaper white pigments which have slight covering power makes a
better paint than the expensive pigments alone. It is probably true that
a. mixture of lead and zinc is superior to either pigment by itself, and
also that the addition of a small amount of so-called inert pigments (silica,
whiting, Barytes,china-clay, etc.) has no injurious effect on the paint
and may even be beneficial. The addition of a large amount, however,
of such pigments will give a paint deficient in covering power, and the ad-
dition should have the effect of cheapening the product. There is no
reason why any mixed paint should cost per gallon more than a paint made
entirely of white lead, oil, and the necessary drier. By ascertaining the

• 12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

market price of white lead and linseed oil the buyer should be able to
calculate the maximum price for a mixed paint.

Two samples of rtady-mixed white paints which were bought at the
same time, at practically the same price, will give an illustration of the
difl'erence in price of such materials. No. 3361, a white paint, weighed 12.4
pounds to the gallon. The total paint consisted of 63 per cent pigment and
37 per cent vehicle. The pigment contained 30 per cent zinc lead, 13 per
cent white lead, 7 per cent whiting, and 50 per cent barium sulphate. As-
suming the value of the zinc lead to be the same as that of the white lead,
43 per cent of the pigment was worth 7 cents a pound, and assuming the
value of the whiting and barium sulphate to be 1 cent a pound, 57 per
cent of the pigment was worth 1 cent a pound. The average price per
pound of the pigment would, therefore, be 3.58 cents. A gallon of the painv
weighs 12.4 pounds, of which 63 per cent, or 7.812 pounds, is pigment;
this, at 3.58 cents a pound, would cost 28 cents. Thirty-seven per cent of
vehicle in the gallon of paint will weigh 4.588 pounds. In this paint it
consisted of linseed oil and a cheap benzin drier costing about 11 cents a
pound, or 50 cents for the vehicle. The total cost of the material in the
paint, then, would be 78 cents per gallon.

Another paint. No. 3864, weighed 14.8 pounds per gallon and consisted
of 58 per cent of pigment and 42 per cent of vehicle. The pigment was
55 per cent white lead and 45 per cent zinc white. If the price of these
two pigments was 8 and 7 cents, respectively, the average price of the
pigment in this paint would be 7.55 cents per pound. Since the gallon
of paint weighed 14.8 poun^is and contained 58 per cent of pigment, a gal-
lon contained 8.584 pounds of pigment and 6.216 pounds of vehicle. The
vehicle in this case was linseed oil and a good grade of turpentine drier.
The pigment in this gallon of paint would be worth 65 cents (8.584x7.55)
and the vehicle 76 cents (6.216x12.25). The total cost of the materials
in this paint, therefore, would be $1.41,

These two paints, as before stated, were bought at the same time and at
practically the same price. The prices paid would not be indicative
of their value at the present day, since they were bought several years
ago, when paint materials were considerably cheaper then they are nov/;
but it is obvious that the margin of profit was very much greater on
paint No. 3361 than on No. 3864,

ESTIMATED COST OF COLORED PAINTS,

Tinted paints, at least those of light tint, consist practically of white
paint with the addition of a small amount of coloring matter. The color-
ing materials used in tinting are not uniform, and it is not possible, there-
fore, to give exact directions for producing a particular shade, since the
amount of color used will depend upon the individual characteristics of
the particular lot on hand. In general, gray tints are made from white
paints by the addition of a black pigment, such as lampblack or bone
black, and sometimes a small amount of red or blue is used also. The
total amount of coloring matter employed varies, but rarely amounts to
as much as 5 per cent. Buff may be made by the addition of mixtures of

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 513

ocher and umber; brown, by the addition of mixtures of black, red, and
sometimes yellow. Yellow and cream may be made by the addition of
ocher or chrome yellow; frequently for this purpose golden ocher Is used,
which is ordinary ocher brightened by the addition of a small amount of
chrome yellow. Blue tints may be made by the addition of small amounts
of Prussian blue. This is a powerful tinting pigment, and it is seldom
that more than 1 per cent is required. With the white paints which con-
tain no lead, ultramarine blue may be used instead of Prussian blue; but
ultramarine blue should not be used with lead paints.

Besides the tinted white paints, bright colors are sometimes desired,
especially green, for blinds, and reds for the trimmings of houses or for
machinery. These paints seldom contain any large amount of the expen-
sive lead and zinc white pigments, but consist of comparatively small
quantities of coloring matter and large amounts of the cheap white pig-
ments. For black paints there is practically only one coloring substance,
namely, carbon, which, however, occurs commercially in a number of forms.
The color of so-called drop or ivory black is carbon, obtained from charred
bone; lampblack is carbon in the form of soot. The latter, although very
pure, does not make a satisfactory black alone, the heavier forms of
carbon, such as bone black or even ground charcoal, producing a better
black.

In the following table is given the composition of several tinted paints,
and also of bright red, bright green, and black. The composition of indi-
vidual lots of paint of any of these tints or colors might vary considerably
from that given, and the table is only illustrative of the materials from
which these different kinds of paints may be made. An estimate of the
cost of the raw materials entering into the different formulae is also
included. The total cost per gallon does not make any allowance for labor
or for containers, but is based solely upon the cost of the raw materials,
assuming that white lead and sublimed white lead cost 7 cents a pound,
white zinc 8 cents, and the other white pigments, barium sulphate, china-
clay, whiting, and asbestine, 1 cent a pound. The price of the coloring
material is given separately for each paint. These prices for the raw
materials are a fair approximation of the retail price at the present time.
In calculating the cost of the paints per gallon it is assumed that the
vehicle in all cases is the same as that described heretofore and it is
valued at 12 14 cents a pound. An inspection of the table shows that there
is comparatively little difference in the cost of the materials entering into
these paints, with the exception of black paint, which is considerably
cheaper than any of the others. The red paint is colored by an expensive
color, para-red, costing 78 cents a pound; the rest of the pigment, how-
ever, is cheap, and it will be noticed that the paint weighs only 11.6 pounds
per gallon, whereas some of the others weigh much more.

33

5 14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Composition and cost of tinted and colored paints.

Tints

Colo

red Paints

Data

03

D
M

o

03

Q

0)

5

0

&

2

c

q;

S

Percentage composition:

Veliicle .. - . .

43.4

iiTo'"

27.0
2.0
5.0

43.0

n'.o"

29.0

45.0
13.0
25.0

's'o'"

41.0

43.0

49.0
12.0
24.0

57.0

34.0

65 0

White lead

Zinc wliite . . .

21.0
26.0
2.0
4.0

22.0

27.0

2.0

4.0

2.0

Sublimed white lead

I'.arium sulphate

5.0

25.0

49.0

('hina-clay ._ ___ ..

Wliiting --- __ ..-

11.0

Ground slate _

26.0

Asbestine .. . „.

1.0

.6

'6 6

1.0
8.0
57.0
(6)

14.8
8.44
6.36

0.04

.C6fl

.582

.779

1.36

1.0
11.0
')5.0

(C)

14.1
7.76
6.34

0.05
.066

.512

.777

1.29

i.o

5.0
39.0
((0

15.2
8.97
6.23

0.05

.06£

.58.^

.763

1.35

1.0
1.0
57,0
(C)

14.8
8.44
6.36

0.30
.07C

.591

.779

1.37

1.0

9.0
51.0
(/)

13.4

e.83

6.57
0.05

.oae

.451

.80fi

1.26

Color - .

5.0
43.0

ia)

11.6
4.19
6.61

0.78
.103

.514

.810

1.32

17.0

66.0

(ft)

16.4
10.82
6.58

0.19
.056

.606

.684

1.29

9 0

Total pigment

35.0
(i)

10 0

Nature of color

Weight in pounds per gallon:
Total „

(a)

14.7
8.32
6.38

0.05

MB

.541

.782

1.32

Pigment

Vehicle ...

3.50
6 50

Cost per pound dollars:

Color ...

0.10

Total pigment .

.033

Cost per gallon, dollars;

Pigment .

.116

Vehicle

Total

.786
91

For dark shades of brown or red there is probably nothing which is as
cheap as the oxid of iron pigments. These vary very much in shade, giving
both browns and dull reds. A pigment that gives a very satisfactory red-
dish brown and contains about 40 per cent of iron oxid makes a satis-
factory paint containing approximately 56 per cent pigment and 44 per
cent vehicle, the vehicle being very much the same as that used in a first-
class white paint. Such a paint will weigh about 13.5 pounds to the gallon,,
which, therefore, will contain 7.56 pounds of pigment and 5.94 pounds of
vehicle. This pigment is cheap, generally costing not more than 1 or 1%
cents per pound. The pigment in a gallon of this paint, therefore, would
cost aproximately 10 cents, and the 5.94 pounds of vehicle about 73 cents,
giving a cost of 83 cents for the gallon of paint.

An inspection of these figures shows that the expensive part of this paint
is the vehicle and not the pigment. A paint of this character is a very
good material to apply either to wood or iron. There are more expensive
paints, however, frequently used on iron to protect it from rusting, the
most popular being red lead and linseed oil. This material undoubtedly
affords very good protection, but it is also expensive. A red-lead paint can
not be made and kept as most other paints can. The red lead itself

oBone black; tuscan red; ultramarine blue.

6 Umber and ocher.

c Golden ocher.

(/Ocher and bone black.

c Prussian blue.

/ ISone black; Venetian red; chrome yellow.

fl'Para-red.

ft Five-sixths chrome yellow, one-sixth Prussian blue.

i Carbon,

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 515

causes the oil to dry, and no additional drier is necessary. In fact, red
lead should not be mixed until just before it is used. A paint made of 70
per cent of red lead and 30 per cent of linseed oil will weigh about 19.8
pounds to the gallon. A gallon of paint, therefore, will contain 13.86
pounds of red lead, which costs about 8 cents a pound, making the cost
of the pigment in a gallon of this paint approximately $1.11. The 30 per
cent of linseed oil will weigh 5.94 pounds, and a gallon of linseed oil 7.75
pounds, costing about 90 cents at the present time, or 11.5 cents a pound.
The oil in the paint will cost then about 68 cents, and a gallon of red-lead
paint would cost $1.79, as compared with 83 cents for a gallon of oxid of
iron paint. These two paints will cover about the same area of clean
iron, and while somewhat better service might be expected from the
red-lead paint, it is more than twice as expensive as the iron-oxid
products.

WHITEWASH.

Whitewash is the cheapest of all paints, and for certain purposes it is
the best. Lime, which is the basis of whitewash, makes a very sanitary
coating, and is probably to be preferred for cellars and the interior of
stables and other outbuildings. The following directions for making
whitewash are taken from "White Paints and Painting Materials," by W.
G. Scott:

Ordinary whitewash. This is made by slaking about 10 pounds of
quicklime with 2 gallons of water.

The lime is placed in a pail and the water poured over it, after which
the pail is covered with an old piece of carpet or cloth and allowed to
stand for about an hour. With an insufficient amount of water, the lime
is "scorched" and not all converted into hydrate; on the other hand, too
much water retards the slaking by lowering the heat.

"Scorched" lime is generally lumpy and transparent, hence the use of
the proper amount of water for slaking and an after addition of water
to bring it to a brush consistency.

Factory whitewash. (Interiors) '.For walls, ceilings, posts, etc.

(1) Sixty-two pounds (1 bushel) quicklime, slake with 15 gallons of
water. Keep barrel covered until steam ceases to rise. Stir occasionally
to prevent scorching.

(2) Two and one-half pounds rye flour, beat up in % gallon of cold
water, then add 2 gallons of boiling water.

(3) Two and one-half pounds common rock salt, dissolve in 2V2 gallons
of hot water.

Mix (2) and (3), then pour into (1) and stir until all is well mixed.

This is the whitewash used in the large implement factories and rec-
ommended by the insurance companies. The above formula gives a
product of perfect brush consistency.

Weatherproof whitewash. (Exteriors) : For buildings, fences, etc.

(1) Sixty-two pounds (1 bushel) quicklime, slake with 12 gallons of
hot water.

(2) Two pounds common table salt, 1 pound sulphate of zinc, dissolved
in 2 gallons of boiling water.

516 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

(3) Two gallons skimmed milk.

Pour (2) into (1), then add the milk (3) and mix thoroughly.
Lighthouse whitewash. (1) Sixty-two pounds (1 bushel) quicklime,
slake with 12 gallons of hot water.

(2) Twelve pounds rock salt, dissolve in 6 gallons of boiling water.

(3) Six pounds Portland cement.
Four (2) into (1) and then add (3).

Note. — Alum added to a lime whitewash prevents it rubbing off. An
ounce to the gallon is suflBcient.

Flour paste answers the same purpose, but needs zinc sulphate as a
preservative.

Molasses renders the lime more soluble and causes it to penetrate the
wood or plaster surface; a pint of molasses to 5 gallons of whitewash is
sufficient.

Silicate of soda solution (about 35° Baume) in the proportion of 1 to
10 of whitewash produces a fireproof cement.

A pound of cheap bar soap dissolved in a gallon of boiling water ana
added to about 5 gallons of thick whitewash will give it a gloss like oil
paint.

An old receipt for whitewash, issued by the Lighthouse Board of the
Treasury Department, said to be very good for outdoor exposure, is as
follows:

Slake half a bushel of unslaked lime with boiling water, keeping it
covered during the process. Strain it and add a peck of salt, di'ssolved
in warm water; three pounds of ground rice put in boiling water and
boiled to a thin paste; half a pound of powdered Spanish whiting and
a pound of clear glue, dissolved in warm water; mix these well together
and let the mixture stand for several days. Keep the wash thus prepared
in a kettle or portable furnace; and when used, put it on as hot at pos-
sible, with painters' whitewash brushes.

The washes which contain milk, flour, or glue are not to be advised for
use in damp, interior places, owing to danger of decomposition of the or-
ganic matter. For such locations it is better to use one of the formulae con-
taining none of these ingredients. Whitewash is applied with a broad
whitewash brush and is spread lightly over the surface, no attempt being
made to brush it in as is the case with an oil paint.

CALCIMINE.

Cold water paints or calcimine have as their basis whiting or carbonate
of lime instead of caustic lime, as in whitewash. This material itself
does not adhere, and it is necessary to use a binder of some kind, generally
glue or casein. Scott also gives the following directions for making calci-
mine:

Ordinary white stock. (Calcimine): (1) Sixteen pounds of dry Paris
white (whiting) mixed until free of lumps, with 1 gallon boiling water.

(2) One-half pound white sizinz glue; soak 4 hours in one-eighth gallon
cold water. Dissolve on a water-bath (gluepot) and pour into (1).

The above recipe makes about 2 gallons of stock, weighing 12% pounds
per gallon. It is of proper brush consistency and may be used at once,

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 517

but is better after standing half an hour. Any tint may be given the
white stoclc by stirring the desired dry color in a little water and adding
sufficient liquid color to the base.

The following data in regard to the covering capacity and time of
applying was obtained as an average of several years' work from shop
records:

One gallon covers on plaster=270 square feet.

One gallon covers on brick=180 square feet.

One gallon covers on wood=225 square feet.

A man in 1 hour, using a 5-inch brush, will coat the following amount
of surface:

Rough walls=22 square yards (198 sq. ft.).

Smooth walls=38 square yards (342 sq. ft.).

Brick walls=20 square yards (180 sq. ft.).

Flat surface (bench or floor) =40 square yards.

Ceiling (with stepladder)=2D square yards.

Damp-proof CALCIMINE. {White stock) : For plastered walls. (1) Six-
teen pounds Paris white or extra gilder's whiting, 1 gallon boiling water.

(2) One-half pound white sizing glue; soak 4 hours in one-eighth gallon
cold water, then dissolve on a water bath.

(3) One-fourth pound phosphate of soda, dissolve in one-eighth gallon
boiling water.

Mix (3) with (1), then add (2).

If a thick white stock is wanted, use half a gallon of water with the
16 pounds of Paris white instead of one gallon. For tinting, use colors
that are not affected by lime, namely, yellow ochers, sienna, umbers,
Venetian red, para-red, maroon oxid, ultramarine blue, ultramarine green,
Chromium oxid, bone black, etc.

If lampblack is used for tinting, it must be stirred up in hot water con-
taining a little soap or in cold water containing a little borax, the alkali
overcoming the greasy nature of the lampblack.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN PAINTING..

Do not use any paints containing compounds of lead about stables or
outbuildings where the fumes from the decaying organic matter occur, since
these gases are likely to darken the lead paints. Do not use with lead
compounds any pigments which may liberate compounds of sulphur. For
example, ultramarine blue which contains sulphur in a form in which it
may be set free is a beautiful and very permanent blue and may be used
with zinc white, but should not be used with white lead or any other
lead pigments. Prussian blue, on the contrary, does not contain sulphur
and may be used with lead pigments.
Remember that turpentine and benzin are very inflammable, and especial
precautions should be taken not to bring paint containing these substances
near any light or open fire.

Many pigments are poisonous, and the workman should be particularly
careful to remove all paint stains from the skin, and not under any cir-
cumstances allow any of it to get into his mouth. A man should not eat

518 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

in the same clothes in which he has been painting, and before eating
should not only change his clothes but wash all paint stains from his skin.
It is not advisable to use turpentine or benzin in removing paint stains
from the hands, but by oiling thoroughly with linseed oil, or, in fact, with
any fatty oil, and then thoroughly washing with soap, the paint may
be removed, provided it has not been allowed to dry too thoroughly on
the hands.

ALFALFA IN THE CORN BELT.
Hugh G. Van Pelt, in Kimball's Dairy Farmer.

In all sections of the corn belt alfalfa is grown and in these same sec-
tions farmers are asking, "Will it grow?"

Careful consideration and much observation leads to the statement that
few are the farms in the corn belt but alfalfa will grow thereon if the
seed bed is properly prepared, the seeding carefully done and the crop
properly cultivated.

The feeding and fertilizing value of this legume has long been known
by many farmers and dairymen, and it is rapidly becoming recognized
by the general rank and file that, where it is possible to grow alfalfa,
farmers and especially dairy farmers want it. Hundreds of acres will be
seeded to this useful nitrogen gathering plant this year, for in every part
of the corn belt farmers are learning that alfalfa can be grown.

W'HEN TO SEED.

In some sections spring seeding is advisable. In the more humid re-
gions greater success usually results from fall seeding. This is because
the plant is very frail and tender when it first makes its appearance
and if sown in the spring it immediately enters into competition with
rank growing weeds as soon as it comes up. Generally the weeds get
the best of it and the alfalfa does not survive.

Furthermore, it seldom proves successful to seed alfalfa with a nurse
crop because in the first place the tender plants do not thrive in competi-
tion with the ranker growing crop and when the grain is taken from
the ground the alfalfa, accustomed to being shaded, suffers greatly from
the heat of the sun and very often perishes.

Seeding in the fall after many of the weeds have been killed has proven
most advisable in many sections. Where fall seeding is advisable, right
now is the time that thought and consideration should be given to locat-
ing the experimental field and to the preparation of the soil.

Alfalfa should be growing on the farm of every reader of this magazine
and by carefully following the advice given in these columns every reader
can have a successful field. It is likely that some people will disagree
with this statement, but in most instances failures are due to the lack
of knowledge, persistency and careful attention to details on the part
of the farmer, rather than to the location and character of the soil.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 519

True It is that the best of farmers and those who strive most intelli-
gently sometimes fail to secure a stand or from some other cause fail
to grow a successful crop. This, however, does not signify that alfalfa
will not grow on that particular farm. The same may be said of all
varieties of grains and grasses. Older farmers, even in Iowa, can remem-
ber well in their experience certain years when corn while being culti-
vated the first time was killed with frost, and who has not known of corn
failing to mature in the fall? Yet, none of us claim that corn will not
grow in the corn belt. We have the proof that it will in that it is seen
growing everywhere. So that with faith in our convictions we plant
year after year and trust to our ability and knowledge as farmers and
to the favors of nature to be enabled to harvest a crop in the fall.

With alfalfa growing by the thousands of acres throughout the corn
belt and with no section that has not some thoughtful, studious, per-
sistent man growing a field, large or small, we have the same proof that
it will grow.

Therefore, whenever the farmers of the corn belt know as much about
raising alfalfa as they now know about raising corn and with deter-
mination will apply the proper principles with the same manner of con-
fidence and persistency alfalfa will be found easier to raise, a more certain
crop and a greater source of value than any other legume, unless it be
sweet clover.

This does not mean that those who have not heretofore raised alfalfa
successfully should use a large acreage at this time, for without doubt
the attempt to raise alfalfa extensively has been one of the chief factors of
failure. Farmers in the middle west are corn raisers, not alfalfa growers.
Their experience as boys and their education as farmers have been along
lines of corn raising and up to this time they have given very little study
and have had practically no experience in the raising of leguminous crops
other than clover in a limited way. Experience must necessarily be their
instructor. Therefore, the advisable plan is to begin right now in the
following manner with a firm determination of continuing year after
year, if necessary, with that careful and intelligent study and stick-to-
itiveness that is sometimes necessary to learn how to raise this valuable
corn balancing plant. When the mind is thoroughly made up that alfalfa
will grow, the battle is half, won and then, but not until then, is it worth
while to proceed any further. Every portion of every farm will not grow
the plant. With care and judgment a plot should be selected which this
year has either been idle or grown early potatoes or small grain, special
attention being given to location and drainage. Ground on which, or un-
der which, water stands during certain portions of the year is avoided
by experienced alfalfa growers because in the former case water re-
sulting from spring thaws freezes and smothers out the crop, and water
standing in the sub-soil too close to the surface prohibits root growth.

PREPAKATION OF THE SOIL.

If a crop is grown on the land this season, much moisture has been re-
moved and it is not likely that sufficient rain will fall between now and
seeding time, to make plowing possible. Therefore, moisture must be

520 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

secured from below. This is not a difficult process. As soon as the early
potatoes can possibly be dug or the small grain harvested and removed
from the area the ground should be disked twice or more times if neces-
sary and then disked crosswise an equal number of times to form a thick
blanket of dust over the surface. This encourages capillary attraction,
or the bringing up of moisture from below, which process may well con-
tinue for several days. During the meantime 10 or 12 loads of well rotted
manure per acre should be distributed evenly over the surface. Even
though the ground is already rich the manure will have a tendency to
overcome the possible presence of acidity in the soil and give added
strength to the plants when they have started.

It will now be possible to plow the ground and those who have never
experienced the plan of filling the soil with moisture through the process
of capillary attraction will be surprised how remarkably mellow the soil
will turn over. The depth is largely dependent upon the plow used.
From four to five inches will suffice, but if a deep plowing machine is
available turning the soil to a depth of 12 or 14 inches is more advisable,
providing the soil is sufficiently worked afterwards to assure firmness of
seed bed.

It is well to follow the plow immediately with a roller to pulverize
the clods, but whether the roller is available or not, harrowing and disk-
ing with persistency should begin at once. There is no specific number
of times that the land should thus be worked. The seed bed must be like
a garden. It must be covered with a deep blanket of dust so that
through capillary attraction the moisture will continue to be drawn froicu
below that it may be available to germinate the seeds when it comes
time to sow them. The seed bed must be worked enough so that it will
be firm and insure rapid and vigorous root growth.

The character of the season and the soil when preparations begin
will determine the amount of work necessary but suffice to say there is
more danger by far of under than over-working the soil. A firm, yet soft,
mellow, dusty seed bed should be secured by the middle of July or the
first of August. It may now remain in this condition until just before
seeding time, unless in the meantime it rains, in which case as soon
as permissible the ground should be harrowed thoroughly to regain
the dust mulch which the rain has destroyed. This tends not only to
retain the moisture which has fallen but continues to gain and retain
the moisture from below and kills all weeds that may have started to
grow.

INOCULATION.

Just prior to seeding, the soil should be furnished with bacteria of the
character that grow nodules on the roots of alfalfa which have the
power of taking from the air nitrogen to feed the growing plant.

This is the step that so many good, hard-headed, practical farmers re-
fuse to take. It is the bugbear. It seems like book-farming, theory,
science, or, to put it in plainer terms, just foolishness, to bring dirt from
one place and distribute it over another. All right, if you don't care
to do this, buy turnip seed instead of alfalfa seed. The ground you have

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 521

so carefully prepared will grow turnips and perhaps alfalfa but I am not
going to tell you that it will because I do not believe it. Anyway the
process of inoculation is so easy and simple that the very fact that it
is absolutely necessary and that the bacteria which may be furnished
by inoculation are essential to the successful and permanent growth of
alfalfa that the intelligent and thoughtful farmer will not risk their
being present in the soil, or trust to their gaining access to the field
of their own accord, but he puts them there before seeding is done.
Otherwise he has no right to complain if next summer the alfalfa field
begins turning yellow and the plants die a patch at a time.

There are several ways of inoculating the soil. One is by purchasing
prepared cultures and treating the seed before planting. This perhaps
is the easiest method. Another plan is to transport soil from a field
where alfalfa has grown for several years or from along the road side
where sweet clover grows luxuriantly. Sweet clover belongs to the same
family as alfalfa and the bacteria that grow on the roots of one are the
same as those which encourage the growth of the other. Therefore, dirt
secured either from a sweet clover patch or from a successful alfalfa
field may be hauled and distributed at the rate of from 150 to 300 pounds
per acre over the prospective alfalfa field. This will insure success if
all other conditions are right.

An excellent way to distribute the dirt where fertilizer distributors are
not used is to build a crate 14 or 18 inches wide and the length of the
harrow in use, making the bottom of slats. This crate may be attached to
the front of the harrow and filled with inoculating dirt as often as neces-
sary. By placing the slats at proper distances apart on the bottom the
dirt may be distributed evenly and in proper amounts over the field.

TIME OF SEEDING.

It is most advisable to inoculate the ground just before seeding, which
should occur from August 6th to 12th, depending somewhat upon loca-
tion and climatic conditions. However, in most localities the dates giv-
en insure that if the ground has been properly prepared the seeds will
find a warm, moist seed bed, germinate quickly and start a healthful,
rapid root growth. Soon the fall rains will come, the ground becomes
soaked and very rapid growth of the plants follow until the appear-
ance of frost.

SEEDING.

Twenty pounds of first class seed per acre should be used. Broad-
casting and harrowing is often successfully practiced but drilling is more
advisable. This places each seed in the soil at a depth of from one-quarter
to one-half inch, where it will at once come in contact with the moisture
which insures quicker and more certain germination and a more thor-
ough covering of the roots and less liability to freezing out in the winter.
In many instances seeds that are broadcasted germinate on top of or
very close to the surface of the ground and so have little root to with-
' stand sudden changes in climate. If the drill is used it is possible to
sow half of the seed driving in one direction and sow the remainder

522 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

in the opposite direction, making rows running both ways, encouraging
a thick stand.

VABIETIE8.

There are many varieties of alfalfa and indications point to the fact
that in time every section will have a variety successful under local condi-
tions, but at the present time throughout the corn belt Turkestan and
Grimm varieties are most generally used. They can be secured from all
reliable seed dealers. In choosing seed it is always advisable to select
that which has been raised under conditions as nearly identical as pos-
sible with those under which it is expected to grow.

Close attention to details will insure an excellent stand of alfalfa.
"With little or no interference from weeds it will grow vigorously follow-
ing the fall rains which seldom fail to appear during the latter part of
August and September. Crops should stand six or eight inches high by
the time the ground freezes. This should not be cut but allowed to pro-
tect the roots from being killed during the winter and spring.

Thus far the process has been simple. Few will fail to secure a stand
the first year. Far more careless methods will answer and up to this
point those who do not take the trouble to inoculate the soil will succeed
as well as those who do. The perplexing question, now that all pros-
pects for a successful alfalfa field are so apparent, is, will it survive? Is
not an acre of alfalfa that will yield annually from $75 to $100 and place
in the soil much valuable fertility worthy of as much intelligent care
and work as an acre of corn that will yield $25 to $30, at the same time
taking from the soil much valuable fertility?

It is generally conceded that throughout the corn belt systematic crop
rotation is essential. In order for any perennial crop such as alfalfa
to fit into an approved system it should be plowed up at the end of two
to four years.

At the present time those who are succesful enough to perpetuate from
year to year an alfalfa field dislike to destroy it, fearing difficulty and
dreading the expense of securing another. A knowledge of the plant, and
its habits, makes the securing of a stand so simple and certain that the
time is not far distant when farmers will consider it a pleasure to plow
up the older field, the place of which is already taken by a newer. They
will realize that breaking up alfalfa sod is one of the chief advantages
of raising alfalfa. The power the plant has through the bacteria which
grow on the roots of placing nitrogen into the soil makes it possible to
grow from 10 to 20 bushels more corn per acre following the growth of
alfalfa than prior to seeding.

One of the most prevalent excuses for not raising alfalfa in the corn
belt is that, after it has grown on one area for three or four years, blue
grass crowds it out. Little does he who makes the excuse realize that
in doing so blue grass has proven a blessing in disguise. All that is
necessary is to carefully prepare another field and eventually the whole
farm or all portions of it suitable to growing this valuable legume will be
so thoroughly inoculated that alfalfa will be easier to grow by far than
clo\er is today.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 523

There is danger of alfalfa being killed every winter, although as a
rule it lives through and comes on vigorously in the spring. Those who
have tried growing it once or twice and have met with this result have
become discouraged. Lacking persistency they now claim it will not
withstand freezing out because of cold winters. The fact is that seldom
if ever does it become cold enough to freeze out this hardy plant. In-
stead it is the alternate freezing and thawing during the spring which
cracks and heaves the ground and breaks off the roots of the plant, mak-
ing it die. By overcoming this objection the problem of successfully
growing alfalfa is solved, for it is easy enough to master all other ad-
verse conditions.

The application of a top dressing each fall after the ground has frozen
or even after the field has become covered with snow will have a tendency
to hold the frost in the ground until such time as the danger of freezing
and heaving of the ground is past. Some successful growers top dress
their fields with horse manure, raking it off again the following spring.
This makes extra work, however, so that where well rotted manure is
available its use is advised, for not only does it protect the alfalfa from
alternate freezing and thawing but by adding richness to the soil stimu-
lates quick and vigorous growth in the spring.

Top dressing means work, it is true, and the question arises, is it
worth while? The answer to this may well be, whatever is worth doing
at all is worth doing well, and the warning may be well given. Unless
the work pertaining to growing alfalfa is well done the task is not worth •
while, for alfalfa refuses to respond to careless methods and will not
grow a half a crop at a time as will many other grasses. If proper
methods are employed it will grow and produce in great volumes, other-
wise it will not grow at all. All experience teaches these facts.

I have in mind a section some 45 miles northeast of St. Louis where
practically every farmer had tried to grow alfalfa, failed and it was
generally agreed that the crop was not a success there. During the year
1905 the writer, having charge of the Auten Farm where scores of tons
of alfalfa were fed annually, decided to try growing it even under these
supposed adverse conditions. The first of July a field of fall wheat
was harvested and the shocks removed from a 10-acre tract which prom-
ised to be most suitable from the standpoint of location and drainage.
There was a possibility that the soil might be acid. Alfalfa refuses to
grow in such soils because acid kills the bacteria that grow on the roots.

To determine this five cents worth of litmus paper was purchased at
the drug store, a handful of the soil moistened and placed upon the paper.
The blue of the paper was soon turned to pink by the moistened soil.
This reaction indicated definitely the presence of acid and proved the
necessity of using lime on the soil to neutralize it or the application of
a heavy coating of well rotted manure.

After removing the harvested grain one man and a four-horse team
were put to work discing the field. There was no defiinite number of
times allotted for the discing. It was to be continued first one way and
then another until a deep dust mulch had been provided. Following this

524 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

12 loads of well rotted manure were evenly spread over each acre. Better
results by far would have been secured from the use of 150 pounds of
ground limestone per acre in addition, but not being readily available and
the time for seeding close at hand it was not used until the following
year.

It was a very dry summer and experienced farmers laughed at the idea
of trying to plow in that section of the country in July. Nevertheless
the dust mulch accomplished the purpose for which it was provided.
Moisture was brought up from below by capillary attraction so that by
the middle of July the ground plowed as readily as it would in the
spring.

Each day that portion of the field which had been plowed was rolled
to break up the clods and immediately harrowed to re-establish capillary
attraction and eliminate as much as possible the evaporation of moisture
from the soil. When the whole lO-acre field had been plowed, discing and
harrowing began in earnest. Day after day during the hot month of
July one man and four horses were busy working over the ground firm-
ing the seed bed, pulverizing the dirt and providing a surface that
would insure with a certainty sufficient soil moisture to germinate seeds,
regardless of the drouth which so invariably occurs in most sections
of the corn belt during the summer.

Good farmers with long experience began to doubt the sanity of this
farm management and when finally the time came for driving a team
and wagon five miles to secure a load of dirt from along the roadside
where sweet clover was growing luxuriantly it was generally conceded
that no such fool farming had ever before taken place in that county.

The dirt was distributed by the use of a fertilizer distributor over the
soil and on the 10th day of August 200 pounds of Turkestan alfalfa seed
were drilled into the soil from a half to three-quarters of an inch deep.
So certain were the older farmers that alfalfa would not grow and so
ridiculous had my operations appeared to the neighbors that on that
hot day when the only indication of success was an inch of dust over the
surface of the field with a moist seed bed below and the fact that I had
done everything possible to merit success, I began to doubt the practica-
bility of the process myself. Within two weeks the alfalfa made its ap-
pearance, the fall rains came and by November there was an excellent
stand six inches tall.

Every year since that field has been cut from three to four times, yield-
ing from 75 to 100 tons of alfalfa hay worth in the neighborhood of $20
per ton. The neighbors who ridiculed began to believe it was worth
while and each one has since tried to raise alfalfa. Last year the owner
of Auten Farm advised me that blue grass had begun to take the field and
that for the past three years he had tried without success to establish
new fields and his neighbors have done likewise. He wished the secret
for growing alfalfa successfully.

In reply to the inquiry as to whether or not the many attempts had
been accompanied with inoculating the ground with sweet clover soil he
advised that it was generally conceded that in that section soil inocula-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 525

tion was unnecessary. As a result only the one field, seven years old now
and almost killed out with blue grass, is all the alfalfa that is growing
in that vicinity, although thousands of dollars and many days' work
have been wasted in the partial attempt to secure other fields.

In 1907 the writer seeded another field prepared in identically the same
manner, with one exception, after a crop of barley had been removed
from the ground. Good authority advised that if enough manure was
used on the ground inoculation was unnecessary. As a result, after ap-
plying 12 loads of well rotted manure to the acre and carefully preparing
a seed bed, the seed was planted without inoculation. An excellent stand
was secured in the fall and it came well the following spring, giving
every indication of a successful crop.

Later the plants began to turn yellow here and there over the entire
field. In these patches they died so that when cutting time arrived there
was not enough alfalfa remaining to pay for harvesting. It was not be-
cause alfalfa would not grow in that particular vicinity but because one
of the essential requirements had been neglected.

The field was again prepared and this time a wagon load of dirt
secured from a sweet clover field was scattered over the six acres. There
were no better prospects for a crop the following year but the plants
instead of turning yellow and dying continued to thrive until the middle
of June when three tons of excellent hay per acre were harvested. The
second cutting provided two more tons and a third cutting in Septem-
ber would have provided another two tons but, fearing that the roots
would be destroyed during the winter, the last growth was left to pro-
tect them. Since that time from six to eight tons of alfalfa have been
harvested annually.

Last year during the severe drouth this alfalfa field was the only place
in its vicinity where green plants were growing. This. year three tons
of excellent hay per acre have already been harvested and without doubt
two more cuttings of at least two tons each will be secured.

These instances together with thousands of others that might be cited
illustrate that alfalfa can be grown successfully and with a certainty if
certain vital points learned through knowledge and experience will be
practiced. They also indicate that failures are due to a lack of knowl-
edge, experience and persistency, and the presence of erroneous ideas on
the part of the grower rather than to a failure of the plant to suit itself
to climatic conditions.

PART XI

IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION, 1911

Press Reports and Live Stock Awards

Results in Boys' Judging and Girls' Cooking Contest

PRESS REPORTS.
The Iowa Homestead. Des Moines.

With an attendance 21,000 larger than in 1910 and total receipts $25,000
greater, the 1911 Iowa State Fair proved to be the biggest and best of any
of the fifty-seven annual exhibitions which the Hawkeye state has held.
A quarter of a million people witnessed the exhibition at Des Moines lant
week. The net profits to the management are computed to be close to
$50,000.

Conceding that there is no surer barometer of prosperity than the at-
tendance upon and patronage of the various stiate fairs, agricultural affairs
in Iowa must now be recognized as in better condition than for many
years past. Pessimistic predictions w^ere freely indulged in during the
early summer. The crop season started out most auspiciously, never
had hopes of a bumper crop been better. But along came June weather,
which instead of being that rare thing of which the poets sing, was
nothing more or less than so many furnace blasts of withering, blasting
heat. The farmers' faces became long. Men of the city talked of hard
times on the farm. The hay crop was a practical failure. The oats crop
was below normal. It was freely predicted that the corn crop would show
a falling off of millions upon millions of bushels.

And then, in this crisis of pessimism, came the Iowa State Fair, open-
ing the western circuit of expositions. The exhibts were more in num-
ber and better in quality than ever before. In every live stock department
the pens were crowded, while disappointed prospective exhibitors were
turned away for lack of room. The agricultural and horticultural build-
ing was literally packed with the finest specimens of fruit that Iowa has

528 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

grown in many years. And the people came from the farm to see the
exhibits in numbers larger than ever before. Fifty thousand visitors were
hauled to Des Moines in one day by the railroads entering the capital
city. Nor were these visitors parsimonious. They had money to spend
and they spent it freely. They paid the state fair managem.ent $175,643.29,
whereas in the previous year they had paid but $151,933.20. They left im-
mense sums in the stores, going on extensive shopping expeditions. Iowa
rubbed its eyes. Surely here were not the impoverished farmers of whom
it had been prating so glibly.

And so, to the direct educational value of the state fair held at Des
Moines last week, must be added the immense value of the exposition in
setting the farmer's condition right before the world. There could he no
surer or better criterion of the continued prosperity which is his, of the
farmer's ability to buy what he wants and needs and of the farmer's ca-
pacity for play as well as for work.

The Tuesday attendance of 62,699 was the record for the fifty-seven
years which Iowa has been holding state fairs, the best mark previous
to that being 59,000, reached in 1910. In every way and from every
point of view the 1911 fair was an unqualified success and sets a record
which it will be hard for Iowa, with all its splendid resources and un-
bounded faith in its continued agricultural prosperity, to eclipse.

Both the state fair management and the city of Des Moines profited by
the experience of former years and dispensed with the grievous over-
charge practice which was one of the well-founded complaints of visitors
to former fairs. Supt. W. C. Brown of the concession department revoked
the license of one or two refreshment booths which were found charging
visitors more for the mea!s than the price quoted by the announcer, while
the Commercial Club of Des Moines refused to send prospective roomers
to private houses which charged more than the price which the club had
set as reasonable. It is an undisputable fact that in former years Des
Moines has taken unfair advantage of state fair visitors and chai'ged ex-
orbitant prices for ordinary, routine service. The city has learned, how-
ever, that this policy would not only redound to its own disadvantage,
but, in the course of time, would cut down the attendance of the state
fair, £0 that monetary loss would be inevitable. With the single exception
of the Greek proprietors of the shoe shining parlors, no class of public
providers acted in unison in raising prices. State fair visitors leave large
quantities of money in Des Moines, both for their expenses during the
week and on shopping tours, and Des Moines showed this year that it
appreciates this patronage and liberality and does not propose to take
unfair advantage of its visitors.

Although the weather at times, might have been considered a trifle
too cool to be ideal it was the first time in many years that visitors
were enabled to attend the fair in absolute climatic comfort. The days
were invariably cool and pleasant so that there was none of the suffer-
ing from heat which usually attends the state fair. The nights were cool
to the point of chilliness, but notwithstanding this the attendance at the
night exhibitions was invariably large. For the first time in many years

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 529

no rain fell throughout the entire week. As a rule one or two days are
spoiled by showers, but the 1911 fair will go down in history as having
weather so nearly perfect that only the most confirmed pessimist would
have any ground to complain.

The exhibition in the Iowa State College building attracted much at-
tention and showed the practical nature of the work being carried on at
the college, in the various departments. For instance, in one portion were
several glass cases showing the relative corn yields resulting from dif-
ferent numbers of kernels of seed planted to the hill, one kernel to the
hill yielding thirty-four bushels to the acre, two to the hill fifty-four
bushels, three to the hill sixty-three bushels, four to the hill sixty-seven
bushels. In another section of the building was the butter yield for the
year of the two-and-one-half-year-old Guernsey Imp. Rouge of the Brick-
field, 714 pounds altogether, being the world's record for a two-and-one-
half-year-old cow of this breed. Near by was a striking object lesson
showing a comparison of the best and poorest cows in two Iowa test asso-
ciations, ?107 being the net profit from the best cow and seventy-seven
cents being the net profit from the poorest cow. The best cow produced
480 pounds of butter in a year and the poorest only eighty-seven pounds.
The net profit of the best 200 cows in this experiment was $52, with the
cost of feed $36, showing a net profit per cow of $16. The net profit of
the poorest 200 cows was only $20, while the feed cost $30, showing a net
loss per cow of $10. Elsewhere in the exhibit was a soil map of Iowa
showing results of alfalfa growing, different colored pics showing in
what counties alfalfa has been grown successfully, where it has yielded
fairly good results and where the attempt has met with failure. No
visitor to the Iowa State Fair can afford not to spend some time in the
Iowa State College building looking at the results of the experiments
which are being carried on to make farming in Iowa more sure and more
profitable.

The aeroplane flights throughout the week were invariably successful,
although one afternoon thej' were postponed to a late hour on account of
the high winds prevailing. The Wright Brothers sent two of their best-
known birdmen: Philip Parmalee and Clifford Turpin. As a rule the
flights were of the safe and sane order, although on two different occa-
sions Mr. Parmalee showed the spectacular possibilities of the aeroplane
by cutting sharp figure eights and by volplaning, or dipping, long dis-
tances. The intent of the flights, however, was to show the practical
possibilities of these heavier-than-air machines, rather than the spectacu-
lar possibilities. With this as a criterion, the flights were undoubtedly
successful. This was the first time that heaver-than-air flying machines
had been exhibited at the Iowa State Fair and the two flights daily
proved to be a splendid drawing card. It is an inspiring sight to see the
extent to which man has conquered the air within the past two years and
there will be thousands of visitors to Des Moines who will remember
34

530 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the aeroplane flights long after they have forgotten many of the other
interesting features of this year's fair.

Notwithstanding the recent street car strike, which promised for a
time to cripple the company, the service throughout the entire city was
the best of any year. The street car company is under new management
and, preparing for the immense crowds, of fair visitors, had purchased
twenty-five new cars of the latest and most improved type. One-minute
service was maintained to and from the fair grounds and there was little of
the overcrowding and still less of the discourteous treatment at the hands
of conductors and motormen noticeable in former years. Shuttle trains
were run as formerly and there was little or no difficulty in getting to and
from the fair ground. The officials of the street car company announce
that on Tuesday 175,000 cash fares were taken in on all the lines, the
record receipts for any year.

The results of a unique and interesting experiment, conducted by Prof.
W. A. Lippincott, of the Iowa State College, were shown in the poultry
building. By feeding different dyes to the hens. Professor Lippincott has
succeeded in having the yolk and albumen colored with the colors of the
college. The yolk was colored by feeding a fat stain called Sudan III,
while the white was colored by feeding a protein stain called Rhodamine
red. The eggs thus colored were hard boiled and cut in two, showing
the different colors in distinct circles. The experiment is without any
practical value, but shows the possibility of changing the food value of
the eggs by substances fed to the hens. Exhibited in this same display
of the Iowa State College in the poultry building were dressed chickens,
the flesh and feathers of which had been colored by feeding dyes. Prac-
tical demonstrations were giving in trussing and boning chickens, while
charts displayed on the walls gave valuable suggestions as to the care
of eggs and of laying hens.

That Iowa raised a bumper crop of apples this year was evidenced by
the splendid display of this fruit in the horticultural building. The best
apple specimens that have been exhibited in many years were piled high
upon the tables. Practical instruction was given in apple packing by
a firmer from the Hood River country of Oregon. Western horticul-
turists have mastered the art of apple packing to a high degree and
it was noticeable that many of those who were taking instruction from
this Hood River expert were Ames college students. Fruit exhibited this
year was perfectly clean and free from insects and worms. The utmost
interest was shown by Iowa fruit men in the exhibit of spraying materials
and machines and in the instruction given by the exhibitors.

The value of state fairs as educators to the farmers who attend them
has often been commented upon, but the fact that they are educating the
city man as to the prosperity of the farmers has not been so widely ex-
ploited. During the past week one of the Des Moines daily newspapers

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 531

published this interesting commentary on the changed appearance of
the farmers of today: "What has become of Josh Spruceby, the old-time
farmer with the broad-rimmed straw hat, the hickory shirt, the single
gallus, the high boots, the chin whiskers, and the straw which always
is supposed to stick out of his mouth? He is not at the state fair this
year. However, there are several agriculturists there in his place. They
came in their automobiles. It is too near September 1st for them to wear
straw hats of any variety. They never saw a pair of leather boots and
most of them wear silk socks. They don't need a straw to tell which
way the wind is blowing, they telephone the weather man anytime they
want that information. Hundreds and thousands of city men will have
the 1911 Iowa State Fair to thank for a changed conception of the con-
dition and appearance of the farmer. Notwithstanding the farmers' wide-
spread prosperity there are too many city men who still think of him in
the light of the Denman Thompson character in "The Old Homestead."
When the accounting is made as to whether state fairs are really worth
their price, this factor of the city man's enlightenment should not be over-
looked.

Ezra Meeker and his famous prairie schooner and ox team were sta-
tioned on the grounds and attracted much attention, particularly on the
part of the pioneers. The wagon which Mr. Meeker exhibited was built
in large part from the original prairie schooner in which he crossed the
country in 1852, following the famous old Oregon trail. In 1906, Mr.
Meeker started from his home in Puyallup, Washington, and retraced his
original journey along the historic trail to its termination on the Mis-
souri river, then across Iowa and Illinois to his Indiana home. Mr. Meeker
is attending the various state fairs of the grain belt in a campaign to
interest the people in regard to the Oregon trial, which he hopes to have
permanently marked by stone monuments. Mr. Meeker is endeavoring to
secure an appropriation from congress for this purpose and believes that
if he can sufBcently arouse public sentiment the work will be car-
ried on before the last evidences of the trail have forever disappeared.

The Iowa fish and game exhibit, held in a tent near the live stock
pavilion, although not as extensive as the exhibit of last year, was highly
interesting and attracted thousands of visitors. Iowa is behind other
states of the grain belt, notably Minnesota, in this matter of interesting
state fair visitors in its fish and game possibilities. Warden Lincoln is to
be congratulated on making as good a showing as possible with the funds
available. It will be recalled that interest in pheasants was awakened at
the fair last year, with the result that hundreds of farmers were supplied
with these birds and have learned their utility. With such an excellent
showing made under such adverse circumstances the past two years it
begins to look as though this department would soon be entitled to a per-
manent display building such as the one which so interests visitors at the
Minnesota State Fair.

532 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Attendance at the fair any day was sufficient to convince the most
casual observer that the farmer is buying and running automobiles in
large numbers. One of the visitors took the trouble to count the number
of automobiles entering the fair grounds during one hour and found the
number to be 337. This observer estimated that fully two-thirds, and pos-
sibly three-fourths of this number were driven by farmers. Eighty-five
cars passed through one gate within ten minutes. The various roads in
the fair grounds were continuously lined with automobiles and it was
very noticeable that in a great majority of cases the drivers and a ma-
jority of the occupants were residents of the farm.

Fair visitors were most enthusiastic over the work of the Scotch sheep
dogs. The tests fully proved the almost human intelligence of these
faithful brutes, but they were conducted under disadvantages which made
it impossible for them to display their herding ability to the utmost. The
tests were carried on by loosening four sheep on the track. The dogs
were stationed 2.50 yards distant and at the command of their master sped
up the track and began the task of driving the sheep to the pen 2.50
yards away. The task was made all the more difficult by reason of the
fact that none of the sheep had ever been driven by dogs before and in
their strenuous efforts to get away darted hither and thither through the
crowd of people who lined the track and the automobiles gathered in the
paddock. The dogs never failed to land the sheep in the pen, notwith-
standing these difficulties, and were usually given a hearty round of ap-
plause. Had it been possible to have the tests in the open, where the dogs
would not have been bothered by the people, they would have been more
interesting and valuable. The feature was a new one to state fair
visitors, however, and well worth the time devoted to it.

It is regrettable,, after having conducted the sideshow attractions on a
high plane for several years past, that the management should have per-
mitted a concession known as The Streets of Cairo to have flaunted its
indecency in the face of the public throughout the entire week. Prior
to every performance some eight or ten girls were exhibited on a plat-
form and by muscular gyrations and surreptitious winks gave an idea
to the masculine portion of the spectators as to what might be expected
inside the tent. The main part of the performance was a commonplace
exhibition of dances of various Oriental countries given by alleged natives,
the performance culminating in an objectionable dance so nearly akin to
the tabooed hoochi koochi dance of a few years ago as to deserve no
place whatever in any exhibition open to the public under the manage-
ment and sanction of the great state of Iowa. The dance consisted of sug-
gestive and licentious gyrating and posturing, which was merely and
plainly an appeal to masculine passions. To make the exhibition all the
worse it invariably aroused comments from the masculine portion of the
audience. There were few times when the women who had entered the
tent, on the representation of the spieler outside that the show was a fit
one for women and children, were not obliged to leave because of out-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 533

raged decency. It is sincerely to be hoped that the 1912 state fair will
not be disgraced by any such exhibition.

The post of secretary, made vacant when Mr. John C. Simpson accepted
the secretaryship of the Minnesota State Fair Association, has been filled
most creditably by Mr. A. R. Corey, who seems to be admirably adapted
to the position permanently. Mr. Corey showed by his management of the
1911 fair that he possesses marked executive ability. There were no
hitches or delays in any of the arrangements, while the schedule of events
and the details connected with the innumerable exhibits were arranged
with a sureness and a care which would indicate that Mr. Corey is the
right man for the Simpson succession. Mr. Corey is a young man, am-
bitious and industrious, and has already won the esteem and hearty
praise of most of the members of the state fair board. It is highly prob-
able that he will be elected to the secretaryship. If so, The Homestead
believes that he will give the utmost satisfaction.

Following the annual custom the feature of Friday, the closing day, was
the million dollar parade of the live stock winners. The winners passed
in review before an enthusiastic crowd which completely filled the
amphitheater. Not in recent years have better specimens been exhibited
in the various departments, nor have the entries so conclusively shown
that Iowa has attained to a front rank among the live stock breeding
states of the nation. Ofiicials of . the Minnesota and Wisconsin fair
boards who w^ere present during the week declared that it must be con-
ceded that the Iowa State Fair surpasses not only their own exhibitions,
but the fairs of all other states in this matter of jive stock. Secretary
Simpson of Minnesota voiced the sentiment of the visiting delegations
when he declared: 'The Iowa live stock show is the greatest of its kind
ever held in the world." One had but to ramble casually through almost
any one of the live stock barns to be convinced that Secretary Simpson's
verdict was the correct one.

Many compliments were passed upon the new machinery hall. The
need of such a structure was shown at the 1910 fair, when acres of can-
vas were required because the former machinery building was insufficient
to house the large number of exhibits. During the past year the state
fair board erected a new, permanent machinery hall of steel and brick,
the architecture of which is in keeping with the other splendid build-
ings on the grounds. This new building was completely filled with a
high grade of machinery. The building is not only useful for this pur-
pose, but, on account of its large area, will be useful in an emergency
to protect the people in the case of inclement weather. It is a notable
fact that the number of machinery exhibits has been increasing from
year to year, while the quality is of a type which shows that the Iowa
farmer is purchasing only the latest and most improved styles.

534 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Thursday was devoted to the pioneers of Iowa, who were In attendance
in large numbers. Superintendent F. B. Osborn, of Rlppey, is authority
for the statement that 2,500 lowans, who located in the state prior to
December 31, 1876, registered at headquarters. Of this number it is es-
timated that COO were residents of Iowa when it was yet a territory, be-
fore its admission to stat hood in 1846. The old settlers formed a per-
manent organization with Col. Alonzo Abernathy, of Osage, president.
Work to bring about such an association was begun two years ago by
Superintendent F. B. Osborn and others, including Curator E. R. Harlan,
of the Iowa State Museum. Mr. Harlan was made secretary. Acting
Secretary A. R. Corey, of the state fair board treasurer, and F. B. Os-
born, superintendf nt. Eleven vice-nresidents were elected, one fer each
congressional district. They are Captain Lot Abraham, Mount Pleasant;
James W. Ellis, Maquoketa; Clifford Ham, Dubuque; J. H. Sweeney,
Osage; Bernard Murphy, Vinton; P. B. Perry, Albia; Frank DeFord, Valley
Junction; I. N. Clark, Leon; John Ward, Audubon; Judge J. P. Conner,
Denison; George D. Perkins, Sioux City. Addresses were delivered to
the pioneers by Governor Carroll, Senator Cummins, Ezra Meeker and
others. Secretary James Wilson, of the department of agriculture, had
accepted an invitation to be present, but for some reason did not appear.

CATTLE.

Despite the fact that this has been a season of extremes and for a
large part sorely perplexing to the stockmen, the cattle displays were
again important and attractive features of the fair. The representations
of both the dairy and beef breeds with but one exception, the Short-horn
was stronger numerically than those of a year ago. With such large
classes and at the first fair of the circuit, it was expected that weak
spots would be frequently revealed and this year proved no exception
to the rule.

Among the beef breeds none were out in such numbers nor possessed
such uniform excellence as did the Herefords. It was, in fact, the larg-
est exhibit of the breed ever made at any state fair and it was as superior
in character as it was numerous. In the dairy section the Jersey en-
rolment was highest, with Guernseys a somewhat distant second. Cer-
tainly no better indication is needed to prove that Iowa is soon to take
a high place among the dairy states of the Union than that which was
tangibly presented day by day in that portion of the judging pavilion
given over to the dairy breeds.

Comparisons of the numerical strength of the various breeds is af-
forded by the following tabulation of an enumeration of cattle shown at
the fifty-sixth and fifty-seventh annual exhibitions of the Iowa State
Board of Agriculture:

1910 1911

Angus ...102 99

Herefords 155 188

Polled Durham! 40 78

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

535

1910 1911

Short-horns 183 179

Galloway 41 54

Red Polls 36 61

Holsteins 27 32

Ayrshires 14 33

Jerseys 57 91

Guernseys 53 66

Brown Swiss 46

Totals 703 927

SHOBT-HOENS.

Short-horn competition has been keener at previous Iowa fairs than it
was at this year's show, though some of the younger classes were fought
out as closely as anyone would wish. More cattle have also been seen in
the ring competition than were led in this year. The Iowa breeders made
a good showing throughout with the added incentive of the Iowa special
prizes. The judge, Mr. J. L. Reid, again came from the other side and

GRAND CHAMPION SHORT-HORN BULL
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

did his work in a thoroughly businesslike manner. He likes to see the
animals move and holds strongly to breed type as a requirement of his
winners. Perhaps the feature of the show was the great showing of
young Cumberland stuff from the Saunders herd at Manilla. One or
two other breeders had Cumberland-bred animals that were among the
leaders, but Saunders' herd was practically all of this blood. The aged

53 6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

bull class showed some good individuals, but others were steery, and the
lot of them rather lacking in uniformity. Sultan Mine, a roan of good
type, was first, showing more symmetry of form than the second, and
carrying a thick loin and fore rib. He later won both senior and grand
championship. The two-year-old class brought McMillan's Hampton's
King and Tomson's Imperial Victor face to face, with the former carry-
ing a wealth of smooth flesh that put him over as the winner, and after-
wards marking him as champion Iowa bull. It was a pretty close thing
in the senior yearling bull class. Foxy Favorite finally going to the top.
He is a sensational yearling in many respects and carries a full-fleshed
hind quarter. Saunders' bull is well covered over the back. Count Avon
is nicely finished and handles well. A good type also won in the younger
yearlings, finally working his way into the junior championship. King
Cumberland 2d is a toppy animal, carrying good width uniformly from his
hips to a well-covered shoulder. Cash Tip has a very thick loin and is
a blocky fellow in build. Scotch Cumberland took the lead in senior
calves, having good growth combined with plenty of meat. He is nicely
turned and handles well. A typey youngster took second for Harding
over The Governor, which is not so well up in condition. The aged
cows produced the grand champion female in Nonpareil 44th, a red, deep
in body, thickly and evenly covered and a splendid Short-horn. The
two-year-old heifers were led by a red, well covered, good fore rib and
nice handling qualities. The white heifer that stood third has a good,
thick loin Junior female champion came from the junior yearlings in
Lady Cumberland, a well-turned roan that carries a good fore rib, a
smooth shoulder and is deeply built in body. Senior heifer calf was won
by Pleasant Mildred, a trim heifer which carries good fore rib, well
sprung and thick, hind quarters fleshed deeply, and a smooth shoulder.
Lavender Sultana 2d has lots of Shoit-horn type, long ribs and a deep
flank. The .herd exhibits made a pretty display with Harding's older ex-
hibits carrying the balance of power in his favor over Saunders' younger
things. The young herds were marked by a lot of first-class young fe-
males and the calf herds were marked by the same feature.

HEBEFORDS.

The Herefords made one of the strongest shows of any breed that
came in the arena. The uniformity of types exhibited and the keanness
of the competition in a number of the classes were marked features. Mr.
Robert Mousel, of Cambridge, Neb., was judge. Five exhibitors were
lowans who furnished plenty of competition for the outsiders, showing
animals of excellent qualities. Makin Bros, started out by taking first
in the aged bull class with Paragon 12th, a good handling bull that has
a thick covering of flesh, lots of scale, but might carry his covering a
little smoother. A little more upstanding bull took second for Van Natta.
Gay Lad 6th, which led the two-year-old bulls, is made right, has a
splendid Hereford head, a very strong and sturdy appearance and is
covered deeply and evenly over back, loin and rib. He took a purple for
senior champion over Paragon 12th and later was made grand champion

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 537

bull of the Hereford show over Donald Lad 3d. Donald Lad 3d, winner
here last year as senior calf, is a good handler and stood well in first
among the senior yearlings. He is deep, thickly packed all the way to
the shoulder and has a firm covering under a fairly good skin. Another
Donald Lad (the 7th) led the junior yearlings without much trouble,
having well-sprung rib, covered evenly and thickly. Byram Fairfax
is a little less even, has not quite as much width of body, but carries
good flesh. He is thick meated. Sensation is not so widely sprung in
the fore rib, nor is he so well covered as Byram Fairfax. Van Nattas
put another Donald Lad (the 9th) in the senior bull calf class where he
was placed first. He is smoother and trimmer, heavier fleshed, deeper
and much blockier than Harris' Repeated. It was commonly remarked in
the ring that there was hardly a poor animal in the aged cow class. For
uniform Hereford appearance, breed characteristics and high excellence
it is doubtful if a better class was shown by the breed. A remarkably
smooth cow in high condition, but still smooth and round, is Princess
16th, reminding one of the way old Princeps appeared when at his height.
She stood well at the head. Later she showed against Cudahy's Scottish
Lassie in the hardest show she had. She is a little fatter and was ahead
of the two year old also in fullness at the thighs. The second prize in
three-year-old cows was awarded Hazlett on Banza, a very sweet Here-
ford, but not fleshed up as highly as Lassie nor carrying what she has
so smoothly. Scottish Lassie is remarkable forward, her ribs and neck
blend into her shoulders with a smoothness seldom seen. The show be-
tween her and Princess for the champion female was very pretty. Mc-
Cray took the blue in senior yearling heifers with Daisy Fairfax which
carries a very deep covering of meat, though a little in rolls and bunches.
Donald Lass is not so fat, but carries what she has very evenly. At the
head in the junior yearling class were Harris' twin heifers that led last
year as junior calves. A pretty pair they make, the first having a little
more width right through, her hips covered a little more, and her hind
quarters fleshed deeper to the hocks. As attractive a sight as could be
witnessed during the cattle judging was the magnificent lineup of herds
competing for the money in exhibitor's herd. Twelve herds, comprising
sixty animals, were strung around the arena, being headed by O. Harris
and Van Natta, both with uniform displays. The Iowa specials brought
prizes to a number of high-class individuals and kept considerable interest
aroused outside the arena among the visitors.

ABERDEEN ANGUS.

Aberdeen Angus exhibits were confined to Iowa breeders alone. The
loyalty of Binnie, McHenry, Miller and Battles to the Iowa doddie
show was again apparent this year. Escher & Ryan showed fat steers,
but did not exhibit in the breeding classes. Dr. H. M. Brown, of Hills-
boro, Ohio, placed the cattle in a very satisfactory manner. Quality
Prince led the four aged bulls. He is deeper in body, seems to show more
finish and carries himself better than the others. Two of the four two
year olds shown were easily ahead of the others. Smoother finish, more
body depth, both fore and aft, with better quarters, put Binnie's Kloman

538 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

in the lead over Battles' St. Blaise, which won as a junior yearling In
1910. The senior yearling bulls went out with Protine, McHenry's bull,
which was the winner in the 1910 show as a senior calf, In the lead. He
has developed very thick thighs, has good handling qualities and has
the usual doddle blockiness and body depth. Black Pridewood is wide
and quite strong in the back, with good girth. Arncy's Ebony of A. is
another survival of last year's show, standing sixth. Binnie's Peter Pan
of Alta, a thickly covered, wide and ruggedly made bull, secured the blue
as a junior yearling over Black King of Rosemere, shown by Battles.
Peter Pan has a lot of individuality and beat out a good bull, the pair
standing just as they did at Des Moines a year ago as junior calves. A
breedy animal won the senior calf ribbon over Proud Thickset that has
two pretty good ends. He is a blocky fellow. Anderson & Sons stepped
to the front with a very promising junior calf, a pretty good "all round"
animal. A smaller number of aged females entered the ring than a year
ago, when eight were shown, Barbara McHenry 24th bringing another
first to the McHenry firm. She is roomy, is fairly well finished, trim for
as capacious an animal and, with all, carries a deep rib and is near the
ground. The two-year-old heifers brought out a tight class, with Bar-
bara Woodson, first last year as a senior yearling, leading on splendid
condition, thick covering and a beautiful Angus type. Pride of Alta
12th led the junior yearlings in 1910. Eileen of Alta and Entangle of
Arndale were in the prize money a year ago as senior and junior year-
lings, respectively. Blackbird McHenry 84th was placed up in the senior
yearling heifers, as she was a senior calf. She is especially good in
fore, rib and loin. Queen of Rosemere has low-down Angus type, but
didn't appear to have the refinement in the head that Angus breeders
like. She stood second to Blackbird McHenry as a senior calf. McHenry
was again first in the j^unior yearling heifers on Blackcap McHenry 88th
and in senior heifer calves with Pride McHenry 97th. Kloman won senior
champion bull for Binnie and fought out the grand chamm'nnship with
McHenry Protine, that was the junior champion. Protine is a good
handler, but Kloman carries a more prime finish a little more smoothly.
Barbara Woodson was senior champion female and Blackcap McHenry
84th the junior champion. Miller's two year old took the purple away
from the younger cow. Some interesting contests for those who were
familiar with the sires and dams developed when their get were shown.

POLLED DURHAMS.

Polled Durhams have made great progress during recent years. With
pure mulleys fcr sires and proper combinations with the best blood
the Short-horn breed, it will not be long until Polled Durham in general
excellence, beef type and feeding characteristics will be pushing the
parent breed for honors. Even this year some of the better of the ex-
hibits in this ring would not suffer by comparison with leaders among
the Short-horns. Mr. J. H. Miller, of Peru, Ind., had a large, well-fitted
herd entered and carried away a majority of the prizes. His winning
aged bull is an excellent specimen, deeply covered, deep bodied bull with
great girth, altogether a great individual. The second one is not so

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 539

evenly covered, tut thickly fleshed and with more finish than Walker
Bros.' bull, which was third. Sultan's Creed is more heavily packed
with meat, fleshed deeply in thigh, and has better top and bottom lines
than Silver Secret, which is smoothly turned, handling better and being
more symmetrical than Wilson & Sons' Royal Victor. A pair of white
senior bull calves were first easily, the blue going to a shapely, meaty,
little block great in quality. Two-year-old heifers were a good class, pro-
ducing the senior and grand champion female in Lady Craven. Queenly
won in the senior yearling heifer class, having good size and thickly
meated. 4th Miami Sweetbrier, a trim heifer of good type, stood second
over Wistful 2d. Not until the senior heifer calves were reached did
Miller fail of a first place. Here Williams & Son were first with Serene
2d, a very smooth animal with good lines and quite good handling quali-
ties. Walker Bros, were second with Aurora Belle. A good heifer stood
fourth and excepting for a little weakness in the back could have gone
on up. Walker Bros, took a first in the junior heifer calves. The cham-
pions, herds and display were all Miller. C. D. Bellows, of Maryville, Mo.,
made the awards.

GALLOWAYS.

Four herds of Galloways were shown and some high-class individuals
brought out. This breed is hesding much toward the Angus in essential
beef characteristics, though still retaining the coat and peculiar poll. Only
one herd was from . Iowa, Mr. Hechtner showing up with a number o£
good ones to his credit. Isaac Lincoln, of South Dakota, is a new entry
among showing breeders, having a number of animals of quite good
Galloway breed character. Straub Bros, won the most firsts, but had a
number of close contests. The winning aged bull is very good in quality
and refinement of build, quite smooth, and carries a lot of flesh. Lin-
coln's Secretary of Crosslee has a lot of typical Galloway characteristics
about him, but might carry his back a little straighter and is not such a
smoothly turned anin^al ?s the two above him. Douglas of Meadow-
lawn was made senior champion, but had to give way in the grand cham-
pionship for the junior champion. Straub Bros.' Viscount 2d won his
way to the front as a yearling bull, keeping his lead all the way through
to grand champion, which a meaty animal of such quality, blockiness
and trimness surely deserves. Capitaline appeared from the ringside to
have a fairly easy win over her competitors in the aged cow class. The
second place went to Hechtner's Floss 2d of Meadowlawn over his stable
mate, a very even animal, but not so wide or so Moo\y buiU as Flcss,
which was more after the type of the winner. Ladylike came from the
lead of the two-year-old heifers to senior and later to grand champion-
ship. She is a typical Galloway and carries a lot of meat with little
waste. Straub Bros, made a clean sweep of the herdu and groups. Chas.
Escher, Botna, Iowa, Judge.

BED POLLS.

Herds from four different states and containing in all sixty or more
well-fitted entries were assembled to provide a most sxcellent showing of

54 0 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the breed. The exhibit was regarded by Red Polled cattle supporters
and admirers as one of the most representative of the breed that has
been seen in recent years. In the absence of Prof. Andrew Boss, of the
Minnesota Agricultural College, who had been booked to award the
prizes, the position was most satisfactorily filled by his associate, W. F.
Handschin. In picking his winners Mr. Handschiu, while not losing
sight of the beef type, sought for the animals showing marked milk-
producing tendencies. He found the best embodiment of the dual-pur-
pose idea in the aged bull, Logan; the yearling, Medler, and the heifers,
Inez and Lady Dortha 2d. These it will be noted were chosen as the
champions of the breed.

QUEBNSEYS.

To prove that this Channel Island breed is steadily gaining in popularity
among corn-belt farmers, it is only necessary to point to the growth of
the Iowa State Fair Guernsey show. There was a time, and that but a
few years ago, when a herd of these cattle shown on the western circuit
would be regarded as an interesting curiosity by the rank and file of
ringside visitors. He was indeed the exception who took the pains to
inform himself as to their profit-producing qualities. In recent years,
however, the showing of Guernseys has been one of the features of the
live stock end of the Des Moines show and now the judging of the
classes is always followed with great interest by large numbers from
practically every section of the state. This new order of things has, of
course, been brought about partially by certain economic conditions which
have forced the dairy cow upon the attention of the farmers of the great
corn belt and even more by the persistent efforts of a group of enthusias-
tic and equally resourceful supporters of the breed. These men in com-
mon with the great mass of their fellow farmers have realized that the
average and for that matter the great bulk of the cows kept upon Iowa
farms have been boarders or have produced at an absolute loss. The or-
ganization of the Iowa Dairy Cow Contest leads the way, not only in
Iowa, but in several adjoining states as well, for some of the most ef-
fective campaigning for increased production and incidentally for the
exploitation of the respective merits of the several breeds which has ever
been done in this country. All breeds have profited by this publicity,
but winning in the milk and butter fat competition the Guernseys have
perhaps gained most in favor with the public. Five herds, in the aggre-
gate containing some sixty odd head, with but a very few at all unsatis-
factory, either in character or condition, made up the exhibit. Professor
Grout, of the dairy division of the Minnesota Agricultural College, made
the awards, and with but a few exceptions his decisions were well re-
ceived. Among the aged bulls the third-prize winner in 1910, Glen-
wood's Combination 5th, was clearly entitled to the best the judge had to
offer. When shown for the grand championship, however, he was worsted
by a youngster from Alderney, Prince 2d, a son of one of the leading bulls
on that island. Lord Mar of Manor, gotten by the grand champion of
1910, had been slated for the head of the two-year-old line-up, but the
judge liked the bodying of the King of the May entry and so gave him

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 541

the coveted position. A year ago the aged cow, Glencoe Bopeep, seldom
failed to gain the recognition of the judges and always had the plaudits
of the onlookers. This year she seems better than ever and barring any
misfortune will give each and every contender a battle royal for pre-
mier honors of this season's circuit. A daughter of Lalla Boots of Chan-
tilly 3d, the grand champion at Des Moines in 1910, was voted the best of
the three-year-old matrons. Of all of the Guernsey classes none was more
uniformly attractive than that of yearling heifers, which was headed by
the very choicely bred and splendidly made Dora of Pinehurst. In the
line below her stood representatives of some of the very best families
of the breed. i

JERSEYS.

Numerically considered, the Jersey showing was fully 60 per cent
stronger than that seen at Des Moines in 1910 and its general excellence
corresponded with this increase. Prof. H. H. Kildee, of the Iowa State
College, did the judging and his work won general approval for its thor-
oughness. He was on the lookout for every indication of long distance
milk producing capacity and in practically every class found a number
of entries which closely correspond to his ideal. A noticeable feature
of the breed showing was the predominance of the Island type, there
being but few other animals shown. It took close calculating to give
Beauvoir's King, the champion of the 1910 circuit, precedence over Com-
bination Golden Prince. The old campaigner has lost a bit of the luster
and dash which he had as he finished the season a year ago. An aggres-
sive yearling from the same herd qualified for the championship con-
test by retiring a well-developed classmate. Eminent Cupid. In the aged
cow, Mayflower's Glory, the judge found one of the gems of the show.
She is a cow of unusual refinement and combines with this the best of
milk-making equipment. Her right to the championship was warmly
contested by tidy Burweb's Night Dream. This matronly three year
old carried one of the most satisfactory udders seen in the several classes.
The younger classes were similarly pleasing and abundant in promise.

BROWN SWISS.

Two Wisconsin exhibitors, assisted by additional entries from one of
the Iowa herds, provided a Brown Swiss representation quite on par with
that of any of the breeds. The Badger herds contained entries for each
of the rings; unfortunately the Iowa cattle were grouped into a very few
■of the classes, which prevented them from competing and showing
to the best advantage. Prof E. S. Estell, of Waterloo, Iowa, assistant
to the state dairy expert, tied the ribbons and endeavored to consistently
follow the standard set for the breed by its foremost followers and ad-
mirers. At one time Brown Swiss cattle were considered dual purpose in
type, but in recent years the beef-producing qualities have been made
entirely secondary to that of milk production, Stamina, size and sturdi-
ness are always recognized as Brown Swiss excellencies and the breeders
throughout the middle West, at least, are endeavoring to perpetuate these
qualities in their herds. The showing of bulls was scarcely equal to

542 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the exhibit of females, some of the class being quite inferior to those seen
on the circuits in recent years. Zell, a son of old Junker, won the aged
class and later the senior and grand championships. He is appearing
quite a bit thinner than when seen at the fairs a year ago, but with
or without a deep covering of flesh he is a grand good bull and has proven
a great producer, as well as a show-ring winner. The two year olds were
not as good individually as were the aged sires. They were, however,
appearing in good rig and made a very presentable showing. The bull
calves were a very promising lot and certainly augur well for the future.
Myone Baby had things entirely to her own liking among the aged cows.
She is now a five year old and should be just in her prime. The judge
found no sensations among the three year olds and in fact was impressed
with the plainness of the entries. On the other hand he was faced by
a group of very representative and promising two year olds. Among
them he found Betty of Allynhurst, the best-equipped and qualified to
stand at the head of the class. Taken altogether the yearlings were one
of the best classes shown, with a daughter of the grand champion stand-
ing in first position.

HOLSTEINS.

There have been better, if not larger, exhibits of Holstein Friesian cattle
at the Iowa State Fair than that which the Iowa breeders presented at
Des Moines a week ago. There were but few outstanding entries and
nearly all of these were old acquaintances. Ten-year-old Lady Ona
Hijlaard reappeared in her working form and once more demonstrated
her ability to win in the ring, as well as to produce winners and to
measure up to some of the high standards of the breed on milk and butter
production. A son of the old matron, Groveland Inka Hijlaard, again
sustained the honor of the family by carrying away the senior and
grand championship ribbons.

AYRSHIBES.

Two beautifully-fitted and equally well-shown herds of Ayrshires added
quite materially to the attractiveness of the dairy cattle display. These
were supplied by Adam Seitz, Waukesha, V/is., and J. F. Converse & Co., of
Woodville, N. Y. Both herds had been carefully selected, as have all of
the presentations of the breed made at middle western fairs in recent
years. The judge. Prof. A. P. Grout, of St. Anthony Park, Minn., found
much to commend in every class coming before him and in many in-
stances was required to make the closest of discriminations. This was
particularly true among the cows and older heifers which are about as
near ideal in type as is often realized.

FAT CATTLE.

The Iowa show is too early to bring out the best in steers. Some
good individuals were exhibited, but most of them would stand more
fitting.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 543

HORSES.

The horse show was marked by a splendid exhibit of Percherons and
Belgians, with Clydes and Shires about up to their usual standard. A
coming feature that will grow stronger each year is the show of draft
geldings and mares. With the possibilities that Iowa has in this line,
the state fair ought eventually to develop into one of the grandest shows
of draft farm breds that can be found anywhere. The fancy six and four-
horse teams do not occupy the principal places now. It is the single ani-
mal or pair that furnishes the sensations.

The breeders' futurities in Percherons, Belgians, Shires and Clydes-
dales attracted considerable attention among those who are interested in
seeing better drafters bred here in our own country. The thoroughbred
principle is applied, but refers to winnings before judges instead of ether
performance. The premiums were large and were certainly well worth
trying for. Their total values, including cups and prizes offered for
get of certain stallions, were: Percherons, $1330'; Clydesdales, $.500;
Shires, $720; Belgians, $715. The money was contributed by the Live
Stock World, of Chicago, J. H. S. Johnstone, of that paper, being the
originator of the scheme, the fair association and individual breeders.
The show this fall was of foals dropped in 1910, entries having been
closed on December 31, 1910. It is proposed to extend it to mare foals
for next year if the showing this year has been considered successful.

Light horses made an unusually strong show this year, the standard
breds, saddlers and ponies being especially good. The automobile and
poor markets neither one caused much diminishing of the quality of the
horse show.

Strong classes ruled in nearly all breeds and every judge found his
work requiring the most careful and painstaking work. Jacks and mules
made a strong attraction on Saturday and it was a pity more of the visit-
ors could not have seen them in competition. The Shetland show was
marred by a disagreement between the judge and some of the exhibitors,
but there was nothing poor about the number or high excellence of stock
brought out. These little fellows will always be popular and some beauties
came before Mr. Stericker for awards.

PEBCHEBONS.

That the Percheron horse is popular in Iowa was again proven by the
size and general excellence of the exhibit of the breed, the major portion
of which was recruited from Iowa stables. Compared with the assem-
blages of the other draft breeds, the Percheron display was much the
largest, indicating the relative esteem in which the breed is held by the
farmers in the heart of the corn belt. Iowa breeders, moreover, are not
depending altogether upon importations for their show animals — to a
very large extent they are breeding them. Time and again they have
demonstrated that as good draft horses can be raised in Iowa as in La
Perche or, for that matter, in any other place in the world. Conditions
here are near ideal for the production of drafters of size and quality. An

544 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

equally important consideration is the fact that the market, for the sur-
plus raised, is near at hand and not infrequently right upon the farms
and even before the colts have reached maturity. The futurity stakes
planned out by J. H. S. Johnstone have given added encouragement to
the home breeders. If the plan is contiJiued and enlarged it will very
likely induce still more breeding of the sort that really counts. There
perhaps is one well founded objection to the futurity proposition and
that is that very promising colts may oftentimes be overdeveloped and
thus be early retired to the realms of mediocrity. It will simply be up
to the breeders to refrain from this overcrowding. The task of making
the alignments fell to Dean W. L. Carlyle, of the Agricultural College at
Moscow, Idaho. He did his work with characteristic care and thorough-
ness, giving every entry coming before him full consideration. There
were far more uniform rings than that responding to the call for aged
stallions. Of the sixteen, massive and deep-bodied Garage won the great-
est favor with the judge and the ringside as well. This black was much
the largest entry contending for the nomination. Maasdam & Wheeler's
Gillot stood as he did a year ago, in second place, and fitted very com-
fortably into the position. Twelve three year olds, six less than were
shown a year ago, were in the line-up, and here again Burgess had an
entry which was making his initial appearance. Indelicat is an attrac-
tive black of pleasing type and well organized. Next to him stood Iviers,
a horse of considerable dash and well gotten together. Among the twenty-
five two year olds was Juridique, the champion of the show. He has a splen-
did middle, is well mounted and moves in a satisfactory fashion. Kaller-
man 2d, from the McMillan stables, was another colt that attracted at-
tention by reason of his straight and strong going. With a heavier
middle this youngster would have given the champion still greater diffi-
culties in his fight for advancement. The array of yearlings, as might
be expected, was noteworthy in number, quality and finish. Kerouly,
an imported colt, stood between a remarkable son of Calypso and the po-
sition at the head of the line among the yearlings. By this performance
Masterpiece qualified for the most coveted position in the futurity con-
test. Of the aged mares none pleased the judge as well as the compact,
well-bodied and easy-moving La Belle. By her side stood Maasdam &
Wheeler's popular entry, Amorita, and below her again Corsa's dapple
gray. Favorite, which was shown by George Crouch a year ago. La
Belle is an exceptionally smooth mare and of pronounced Percherou pat-
tern. The nine three year olds were an assorted lot, but included among
them were several nicely molded fillies. The two year olds were very
acceptably headed by stylish and typey Jarnage. An Illinois breeder,
J. A. Buswell, had a walk-away in the yearling class, showing three
shapely and very well-developed colts. Maude Carnot, gotten by Carnot,
the renowned champion of 1909, was studied with keen interest when she
made her appearance in the ring. The daughter of Carnot out of a very
ordinary mare would tend to prove that the old favorite will also be
known as a great sire.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 545

The shires made a strong showing at Des Moines last week. The breed
always displays big, drafty stock and this year brought out good stuff
in both stallion and mare classes. An interesting feature is the steady
improvement in the American-bred animals. The futurity competition
may have helped a little this year in bringing out animals bred on this
side, but whether it did or not the fact remains that some good ones were
shown. Robt. Ogilvie placed the awards. Iowa and Illinois furnished
all the exhibitors, among the Iowa men being numbered a few new to the
ring, but showing some commendable individuals. In the aged stallion
class the presence of Dan Patch was missed, but quite a good one took
first for Hopley & Son in Scarcliffe President, a dark bay that steps out
with a good stride and shows lots of quality. Crownover's Surveyor,
a very drafty horse, with good middle, strongly coupled, but not so clean
in bone as the first. Trumans had a pretty pair in the lead in the three-
year-old-class. Royal Grey is a powerfully-made horse, of good quality and
style, has plenty of substance, and in action carries himself splendidly.
He has a long and quite true stride. It was a useful-looking animal that
stood below the two grays, not quite of their style and appearance, but
heavy and strongly muscled. A toppy black, clean cut in bone, but with
lots of substance and a larger middle, won for Trumans in the two-year-
old class over Hopley's Forest Duke which is on a little lighter order, but
symmetrical in build. A big roan, capacious in body, breedy in appear-
ance, strongly timbered and with a long, even stride, won first in the
aged mare class for McCray. Second went to Huston on a big black with
lots of weight. The class which aroused the most interest was the fu-
turity class, and it brought out the largest number shown in any class.
Paramount Rex won it for Crownover. He is a yearling, a dark bay,
has lots of bone, a big middle and is a typical drafty, powerful sort that
is so characteristic of the Shire breed. He is also a horse of much qual-
ity, which helped him to go ahead of Jack Tar, a larger horse, a month
older, but not so fine in quality. Forest King was third, a little more
upstanding and not so wide in build. These three had more substance
than the others which stood lower down. On the third day of the judg-
ing Prof. W. J. Kennedy, of Ames, took up the work of placing the awards,
Mr. Ogilvie having left the evening before.

BELGIANS.

Notwithstanding the fact that fifteen or more breeders participated, the
showing of Belgians did not measure up to the high standards which
the breeders and importers have been attempting to approximate in recent
years. Jupiter, a massive roan, which by close balancing was crowded down
to third place at the last International, readily came to the front among the
nine aged stallions shown. He is a horse of remarkable size, well built from
the ground up and is well supported by a set of strong-boned limbs. In
the show for the championship, Jupiter gave his stable mate. Challenge,
a very close rub, but the beautifully-balanced two year old seemed to have
35

546 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

a little the better of the argument because of his quality and action. The
aged mare contest was a local event entirely, none of the entries from
outside the state qualifying for any of the prizes. Big and roomy
Duivelinne kept a very broody mare, Madame 2d, from trying for the
championship honors. The two were quite different in type, one being
a mare of compact and yet massive pattern and the other far more
broody. But two three year olds were out and neither was in any way
outstanding, although Irene had the better qualifications. The assort-
ment of two year olds was still less satisfactory, lacking throughout
in quality and being quite devoid of any pretensions of typiness. The
champion of the female contingent was selected from among the year-
lings. This chestnut possesses unusual quality and is about as smoothly
turned as could be desired. Showing against her was the six-year-old
roan, but the aged mare lacked the freshness and high quality to win.

CLYDESDALES.

About the usual number of Clydesdales came in the ring and made
about the same sort of a show that generally marks them. Robert Miller,
of Stouffville, Ontario, Canada, made the awards. Softon took the lead
among the aged stallions for David Roth, on good bone, a long and
straight stride, and he is a very strongly-coupled animal, standing high
in Clydesdale breed character. Rinaldo is a stylish second over Kincraig.
McLays won first in the three year olds with Sanunda, a brown that
has lots of draftiness about him, and good bone. Montrave Mercury,
from the same stables, is somewhat lighter in the middle and does not
move out as well as Sanunda. Miss Fanny won cleanly over Marjorle
in the aged mare class. She is long in body, but strongly made and car-
ries more weight than Marjorie, which is a very good Clyde type, having
unusually good quality. She lacks a trifie in hind quarter, rump isn't so
straight or so deeply muscled in quarter. Leitch's Sherada Lass is heav-
ier, but hasn't the quality. The futurity here was a good show also, be-
ing won by McLays on Dictator, a roan that has lots of substance, is good
at both ends and in the middle, and has a nicer set of legs than Baron
Defiance, a black with large, well-formed feet and strong pasterns. Osco
Pride was third, a smaller, but a very neat colt, lower set and a little
heavier muscled than Leitch's Joseph Dockry that stood next. David
Roth, Jos. Gissibl and Jas. Pedley were Iowa breeders who had good
animals in the showing.

DRAFT GELDINGS AND MARES.

The draft geldings and mares made a splendid showing, attracting
as great interest among the visitors to the arena as any other draft
class. This is a class in which the farmers and dealers are vitally in-
terested and the improvement over exhibits made in previous years was
quite marked. The most important feature was the large number of ani-
mals shown by men who use them for farm work. Collar wear was
not missing from exhibits shown at the halter and those shown in har-
ness looked capable of any work. The judge was Robt. Ogilvie, of Chicago,

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 547

and he had a number of good ones to pass upon. The fall colt shows
that are spreading rapidly over the state have been responsible for a
number of the exhibits. Colts that have won in the local autumn fall
shows and maintained their lead through the yearling and older com-
petition were here and made farmers in many localities where such
shows are not known realize that great possibilities are open to those
who wish to take advantage of the educational features of such exhibitors.
The Belgian grades and Shire grades were the draftiest shown, though
a few Percheron grades showed as much of this character as any. When
Mr. Ogilvie left, Professor Kennedy finished the judging.

THE FUTURITIES.

Much interest was taken in the showing of yearling draft stallions
brought out at Des Moines in response to the call of the organizers of the
National Draft Horse Breeders' Futurities. The idea of adapting the
principle of the futurity stakes of the race horse world to the exhibition
of draft horses originated with J. H. S. Johnstone, who is recognized
as one of America's best known agricultural writers and live stock au-
thorities. In this work he has been ably assisted by A. C. Halliwell, of
the Live Stock World, many of the prominent breeders, the various
breeders' associations and the Iowa State Board of Agriculture. "For
many years," Mr. Johnstone says in explanation of his plan, "we have
believed that if it were possible to win championships in state fairs and
expositions with American-bred draft mares, it was equally possible to
line up in the show ring a lot of young draft stallions that might bid de-
fiance to the imported article. Surveying the entire horse breeding field
it appeared to the management that the principle of the 'futurity stakes'
might well be invoked to induce breeders to fit and exhibit their young
stallions so as to be able to play up sticks with the products of European
stables and paddocks." In all the futurity premium fund, including cash
and the cash value of cups, medals and ribbons amounted to nearly
$3,500, quite the largest sum ever offered for an exhibit of draft yearlings.
Fifty-three representatives of the four breeds were shown and of this
number nearly one-half were in the Percheron class. Not only was this
breed in greater evidence in respect to the number of entries, but the ex-
hibit quite surpassed the others in respect to quality and general excel-
lence. Professor Carlyle was assisted in judging the Percheron yearlings
by John Truman, of Bushnell, 111., and Robert G. Ogilvie, of Chicago. The
Belgians were placed by Professor Kennedy and A. Latimer Wilson, of
Creston, Iowa.

SWINE

In magnitude of numbers the swine division of the Iowa State Fair
stands head and shoulders above all other live stock. shows or expositions.
In this respect it is representative of the real importance of the pork rais-
ing industry in that section of the country tributary to the Iowa State
Fair. The occasion is, in fact, rapidly taking on the character of the

548 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

English shows, where the object of getting the buyer and seller together
is given greater consideration than the competition for prizes. Twice
only in the history of the Iowa State Fair has the total number of swine
in the pens exceeded that of the present year. In all there were 2,787
hogs. The breed divisions are as follows: Duroc Jerseys, 986; Poland
Chinas, 702; Chester Whites, 586; Hampshires, 303; Berkshires, 120;
Yorkshires, 68; Tamworths, 22.

Of course, a very great majority of the animals brought to the fair
were brought for sale purposes and did not enter into the competitions
of the show ring. This situation no doubt, in a measure, accounts for
the fact that the swine exhibits of the Iowa State Fair lack the highly
finished hogs to a greater degree than the other greater state fairs. Most
of those who compete belong to the class which may be called smaller
breeders, who have not given the science of breeding extensive study and
observation and whose skill in fitting and finishing is limited The re-
sults, while, of course, not tending toward a reduction of actual merits,
do in fact lessen the attractiveness of the show. It is an accepted prin-
ciple in other divisions of live stock shows that the animal which more
nearly approaches that form most in demand by the market and at mar-
keting time is the better one. It seems that swine breeders at the Iowa
show are overlooking this fact and putting into their competitions a
share of animals which, while possibly carrying all of the most highly
appreciated breed characteristics, are yet not brought to that perfection
which demonstrates their possibility as pork producers.

DXJKOC JERSEYS.

With 986 animals in the pens the Duroc Jersey breed exceeded all
others in numbers. It is an unusual circumstance that with eighty herds
represented all but twelve of them were Iowa breeders. There were many
large and excellent classes and on the whole the showing was considered
one including perhaps as much genuine Duroc Jersey merit as has been
gotten together. There was a notable absence in the number of pro-
fessional showmen. A very large majority of the animals exhibited
came from herds which do not make it a point to round up the fair
circuit. This situation is responsible for the fact that there was but
very little high fitting. Most of the animals were driven into the ring
in the form which might be termed breeding condition. There was not a
single animal in the prize-winning lot which might have been considered
as sensational. There were, however, many which were most excellent
representatives of actual Duroc Jersey type and profitable character.
The awards were by Mr. R. J. Harding, of Macedonia, Iowa.

POLAND CHINAS.

This was more nearly an Iowa show than has ever transpired in the
history of the Iowa State Fair. Sixty herds were represented and only
five of them were outsiders. The contentions which have been so promi-
nent between factions in Iowa have no doubt been responsible for this
situation. Several outside herds which have hitherto been prominent
winners have felt that they would not be justified in bringing their herds

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 549

where the dominant opinions might be expected to influence the decisions
against them. There was less fitting than usual, a great number of
breeders preferring to show animals possessing size and making little
or no attempt to put them into the accepted show-yard form. The awards
were placed by Mr. J. M. Stewart, of Ainsworth, Iowa.

CHESTEK WHITES.

The exhibit of Chester Whites was perhaps the leading one of the
entire show with respect to average high quality, finish and near approach
to breed type. The awards were made by Mr. Wilson Rowe, of Ames,
Iowa.

Breeders' Gazette, Chicago.

Neither drouth nor flood avails to dim the glory of the Iowa State Fair.
Some former years have seemingly sought to drown it out, and now a
scorching summer's sun has scattered its discouragement in some sections
of the state, but the fair rises to yet greater heights, triumphant over all.
It may briefly be summarized as record-making in nearly all respects.

Cornbelt farming has encountered one of its rare vicissitudes, and
Iowa has suffered, but no evidence of that fact could be found either in
the exhibits or the attendance. From Des Moines southwest production
has been notably lessened from almost unprecedented drouth, but other
sections of the state will close the year's accounting with records of pro-
duction that range all the way from a little less than the average to a
great deal more than the average. No note of discouragement was
sounded. The cornbelt farmer is forehanded. He is not dependent on
the returns of a single harvest, as crib and bin and bank hold accumu-
lations of former favorable seasons.

Fairer weather never forwarded the progress of an agricultural event.
Des Moines is in the center of a sun-blistered spot, and the withered
grass on the fair grounds testified sadly to that fact, but the main
streets had been oiled so that the dust was well laid. The coolness which
overspread the Northwest covered Iowa with its edge, showing traces
of frost in the earlier part of the week, and affording almost an autumnal
crisp to the air. More agreeable temperature for visitors, attendants
and stock could not be imagined. This condition was reflected at the
turnstiles. The week was yet young when a record-breaking total was
registered. Tuesday's attendance surpassing any gathering on the grounds.
The total attendance far exceeded any fair week in the fifty-seven years'
history of this institution.

This record accentuates the need of new clothes for this fair. Much
of its accommodations is outgrown, whether designed for exhibits or
visitors. Cattle and sheep overflowed into tents and horses into tern-

550 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

porary quarters. Neither the Coliseum nor the new grandstand proved
adequate to the demands. The plan of the rehabilitated grounds has
been drawn by landscape gardeners, the new suit of clothes has been
ordered. The legislature allowed $85,000 this year ".on account." Six
acres of land imperatively needed to accommodate the machinery depart
ment were taken out of adjoining city lots, at a cost of $12,000. No
less than $8,000 will be spent in much needed sanitary toilet improve-
ments, and $65,000 was set aside for the new Machinery Hall. The part
completed, which is a trifle more than half that covered in the plans,
cost $75,000. It stretches its 270 by 570 feet in very attractive archi-
tectural fashion, symbolizing in its brick and steel construction the
permanency of the industry. It is altogether a comfort to exhibitors
and a delight to visitors.

New horse and cattle barns, a new sheep department, a new and
materially larger Coliseum are prospective parts of the equipment which
has been outlined on the plans. The amphitheatre at the track is sadly
in need of its contemplated extension. Day after day it was inadequate
to the demands. Progress has been made toward fitting these grounds
with buildings required by the demands of exhibitors and attendants,
but it has been slow. In the face of the necessities, the legislative
appropriation of $85,000 seems pitiably small. Building is dependent
on appropriations and profits; the latter item should be larger this year
than ever before.

The need of machinery was never more apparent in the history of
American agriculture, and inventive genius and manufacturing enterprise
are striving to meet it. The farmer who fails to study the implement
exhibit at the fairs assuredly loses much of the educational benefit to be
derived from such exhibitions. Iowa has long commanded an extensive
display of farm implements. The exhibit is now divided, so that its real
mammoth proportions are not readily apparent, but the new plan contem-
plates the concentration of all such exhibits under and near by the new
Machinery Hall. The conspicuous feature of this year's exhibit was the
silo. Makers have been far behind with orders all season, and the intense
interest manifested by farmers in the silos and filling machinery indicates
a tidal wave of silo construction. The heavy machinery was well repre-
sented. Farm tractors of all kinds were in operation, and the plowing
trials with tractors and gangs were well attended. A notable feature
was the number of electric and gas house-lighting systems. The auto
was much in evidence, in special exhibits and actual use. It was officially
estimated that on one day 2,000 motor cars entered the grounds. Farmers
drove in from fifty miles away in autos, and they were lined up all over
the ground — in the stock departments, about the machinery and up on
the hill where 3,000 people were in camp for the week.

Several of the prominent manufacturers kept open house in large tents
or in their permanent exhibit buildings, and all these display places were
constantly thronged. The keenest interest was manifested in every device
that will lessen human and equine labor, and reduce the cost of pro-
duction.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 651

Progress has been made toward redeeming the fine agricultural building
from commercial exhibits, but much yet remains to be done. The in-
dividual farm exhibits are growing, and assuredly afford a fine example
of enterprise. A large proportion of this valuable space is filled with
concessions, ranging from cheap jewelry to tanned hides. No state is
better able to present a convincing exhibit of its production, if it were
only brought out and grouped in this building.

The Iowa State College made an attractive display of the work in a
number of its departments. It was not burdened with details, but set
forth striking features. The public school exhibit was significant of the
modern trend toward the education of the hand. The Des Moines schools
made astonishing display of handcraft, and some of the country schools
claimed compliment for the character of the work done in the manual
training and domestic departments. Students' judging contests in corn
and stock enlivened the week. Such fairs afford unexcelled opportunities
for this work.

The attractions, barring a lot of cheap side shows, were of an excellent
order. The racing was fair, and between the heats specialty features
were introduced that afforded entertainment. Chief among them were
the trials of sheep dogs, a new feature. James Scott, Thorniehill, Ancrim,
Roxburyshire, Scotland, and William Robertson, Balakin, Pirn Mill. Arren,
brought over six Border Collies, the party being in charge of John John-
stone, Glasgow. Engagements were made at Des Moines, Hamline, Sioux
Falls and Sioux City. This is a feature which has been long wanting
from American fairs, and it is to be hoped that the interest manifested
by the public in these trials will result in the establishment of com-
petitions of this character at leading fairs. The dogs worked with rare
intelligence, revealing marked instinct for driving and an education that
reflected much credit on their handlers.

Fireworks at night packed the grandstand during the week, and the
hippodrome exhibitions at the Coliseum also drew full houses. It has
been definitely determined that fair-goers will patronize night exhibitions
with profit to the management, thus adding much-needed revenues.

Numerically the stock exhibit totaled high, although revealing weak
spots both in numbers and character. Exhibitors have been loyal to this
fair, and its commanding position at the opening of the circuit has aided
in bringing out notable displays. The unapproached accommodations for
swine and the new cattle and horse barns indicated the ambitions of
the management, and exhibitors will hail with pleasure all progress in
this line. The setting for the sheep and dairy cattle is rather incongruous
for such a fair.

5 52 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THE BEEF CATTLE DIVISION.

THE SHORTHORNS.

It was largely an Iowa show, although a few exhibitors registered from
other states. The conflict in dates with Ohio kept several strong circuit-
following herds away from Des Moines. It would scarcely be expected
that the absence of these herds failed to lower the average of excellence.
It certainly did. At the tops .of the classes appeared animals of high
degree, but frequently the descent in character was quite pronounced.
Numbers were impressive, and many cattle would answer admirably the
requirements of local shows, although failing measurably to meet the
standard which has long been set in this arena. Enough top cattle ap-
peared to stir enthusiasm, and in the younger classes the average of
merit was appreciably higher than in the older.

Another satisfactory experience with a foreign judge is recorded. J. L.
Reid, Crombly Bank, Ellon, Aberdeenshire, came over to assign positions
among the Shorthorns at Iowa and at the Toronto Exposition, and his
task here was performed in workmanlike fashion, with always a reason
to those who asked. He indulged in no unnecessary handling, but was a
little particular about smoothness at the tail head. The competition was
so close in several instances as to permit variety of view but exhibitors
appreciated the services of an experienced, successful and unprejudiced
breeder from overseas.

Rarely is such improvement registered as Sulton Mine reveals. What-
ever awaits this champion Shorthorn bull he is to be pronounced one of
the most satisfactory from all view points that has been developed in
years. He is fit to the minute, and the type and smoothness of covering
are highly gratifying. He shone somewhat by contrast in his company of
aged bulls, but he will radiate a luster all his own in any company. Hope-
ful Knight is a red of splendid beefy stamp and smooth. Thick and
massive is the roan Golden Grove. Monarch Viceroy has more scale but
less smoothness than the one set above him. The character of the class
was on the average disappointing, as it tailed down rather sharply. The
two-year-olds were very creditable, and the roan Hampton's King led
them — a bull of presence, growthy character and deep body smoothly
covered. He finally achieved the Iowa championship against one of the
sensational younger bulls. Much masculine character is manifest in
Imperial Victor, a red of considerable bulk and levelness. A stubborn
contest developed among the senior yearlings which included a number
of good youngsters. The red Foxy's Favorite seemed to win by reason of
his undeniably massive middle. In either end he scarcely measured up
to the standard set by the roan Royal Cumberland, which has size and
square fashioning to his credit, being lined out well. Much burden of
favor ran toward the roan Count Avon for chief honors here. He is not
burdened with cover, and for lack of it he was left down third, but for
type and character he loomed strikingly in the eye.

Some splendid youngsters did brave battle among the junior yearlings,
led by a sensational sort. They say that King Cumberland 2d is a better

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 553

bull than his famous champion full brother was at the same age. He is
much the same stamp, only a little less compact perhaps, and in -size,
sappiness and smoothness he does not leave much to be desired. He was
junior champion. Cash Tip is an unusually wide-topped roan, with a
great hind end and deep flanks. Cumberland's Best carries himself more
impressively from a broadside view. He is white and level and taking.
Fair Knight 2d is a splendid blocky roan. From the score of senior bulls,
which mounted in merit to a distinctly high plane, a short leet of ten
was made from which Scotch Cumberland was drawn — a real out-of-the-
ordinary kind. He combines substance, style and finish in rare degree.
Correct Fashion was accurately named, and Mr. Harding could have taken
a higher price for this youngster than any calf he ever raised, but he
encountered a stumbling block in this company. The Cumberlands kept
on coming all through the show. True Cumberland, carrying a white
coat and a very mellow hide stretched over an ample frame, led the
junior calves.

Some of the aged matrons had gone by and some had yet to come.
The only one that had arrived and stayed there was the big red Non-
pareil 44th, a cow of good fashion and smooth forward of the hips. The
two-year-olds were much more creditable and were headed by a beautiful
red heifer, quite agreeable to the eye in contour and quality, and not
inaptly named Daisy Queen. Flesh and finish characterize the roan Roan
Fashion. Enough good ones appeared among the senior yearlings to
make it interesting. Irreconcilable views were held concerning the red
Ruberta's Choice and the roan Scottish Cumberland. The judge recorded
his ideas and in the spread of top and massive middle of the red heifer
found support for his preference, but the width, evenness and smoothness
of the roan claimed a lot of following. Much of excellence was wrapped
up in Marshall's Missie. The short leet of junior yearlings presented an
altogether charming company, and Lady Cumberland, admirable in type,
character and condition, wended her way to the top. The rest were con-
tentious. Mildred Snowball, the white, and Bonnie Cumberland 2d helped
sustain admirably the glories of Cumberland's Last as a sire, but Queen
of Hearts was drawn in third, although it seemed somewhat difficult to
prevent the list running one, two, three to the Cumberlands. It was a
rare display. The senior heifer calves were about all that would be ex-
pected, and the juniors fell not behind. Among the babies the Cumber-
lands again scored, Scottish Cumberland 2d ranking among the best of
the milk-fat specimens in a long time. Clipper Sultana is not so forward
but she is accurately modeled and finished.

THE HEREFOBDS.

The "white-faces" easily carried the honors of the beef cattle section.
In figures they were first and also quite palpably in the average strength
of the rings. At times the Hereford exhibit has fluctuated in numbers,
but rarely do exhibitors of this breed fall into the error of entering the
show-ring unprepared. A lot of them made ready for the fray this season.
Six herds from Iowa were reinforced by three from Missouri, two from
Nebraska, and three from Indiana. A decided majority of these ex-

554 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

hibltors make the rounds, inviting the hottest competition, and they
were quite ready for the opening fray. It thus came about that a sensa-
tional presentation of the breed was made in this arena, claiming laurels
as to strength of cattle that were quite cheerfully conceded by the sports-
manlike adherents of other breeds. It was a show wholly in keeping
with the glorious traditions of the breed, satisfying alike to exhibitors
and the critical public.

It was judged by Robert Mousel, Cambridge, Neb., who approached the
unenviable task with ample experience in the exhibitor's side of the game.
His prize list represents the judgment which has commanded respect in
many a show yard from other judges, and an intelligent handling of
the knotty problems.

It is difficult to discern any appreciable let-up in the form of the
perennial Prime Lad 9th, but this dumpling-type bull, hero of years of
conflict, fell back before Paragon 12th, a low-set bull of fine character,
with heavy quarters, well-filled thighs, and a wealth of cover on the back,
but scarcely so neat of hips as Prime Lad 9th. Fairfax 13th is widely
spread of top, with unusual thickness of loins, and a rib that lets well
down. There were ten bulls in this company. The two-year-olds were
an attractive lot, headed by a striking example of Hereford precocity.
Gay Lad 6th carries more scale than is customary, but not at the abate-
ment of form or quality. He is an outstanding bull in almost any com-
pany, and won his way to the championship. He is swelled out evenly
and lacks nothing in balance. Fairfax 16th is somewhat egglike in
shape, close-set to the ground and full of meat. Beau Sturgess 2d at-
tracts attention by reason of his heavy quarters. The senior yearlings
numbered five and all were commendable. Donald Lad 3d walked gaily
to the head, a wide-spread deep-flanked bull. Corrector Fairfax wanted
some of the depth of the blue ribbon bull, but is rounded off with rare
smoothness over his top. Financier 2d displays choice character and
carries his lines evenly.

The junior yearlings presented several kinds, some up and some down,
but good ones were plenty. The Donald Lads had hit a winning stride
in the preceding class and maintained it here, Donald Lad 7th claiming
chief honors. He is a splendid sample of youthful development, carrying
scale and thickness. He fronts you well and is widely arched in rib.
Baron Fairfax is not so neat as to tail, but is evenly turned otherwise.
Sensation is a very flashy bull of prime feed-lot type. Nearly a score
of senior bull calves presented material of much promise. Again the
Donald Lads scored, this time with the bull numbered the 9th. He is a
"bully" bull, of pronounced masculinity, and much of a block in his build.
Repeated is a trifle farther off the ground than the Indiana winner, but
is distinctly in the top-notch class, with level back, well fleshed loins, neat
hips and nice character. The babies were an even lot of splendid promise.

Among the matrons appeared Princess 16th, which exemplifies the
smoothness and mellowness of the Princeps blood in its highest estate.
She is a very handsome young cow, fit and not overfit, and full of bloom.
She had senior champion honors later. The twelve entries were notable
in strength. Lady Fairfax 4th, with her hogshead-like middle, was the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 555

runner-up for prime honors, followed by her full-sister a year younger,
Lady Fairfax 9th, off much the same piece. It is rare that two such
sisters lend strength to a class. The two-year-olds stretched out almost
to a score and were altogether up to the grade long since established by
heifers of this age among the "white-faces." To this company we
usually look for the most distinct bloom and impressive charm. Scottish
Lassie, the grand champion of last year, holds her own superbly. Banza,
which has been much in the public eye at western shows, made bold
claims to preference over the reigning queen of 1910 and some there
were who conceded the claims. What more need be said? The breed is
surely rich in treasures. The senior yearlings were also worthy of un-
stinted praise and found that leader in Daisy Fairfax, being fully-fronted
with abbreviated underpinning, a smooth back and thick loin. Donald
Lass 4th was another lassie of sweet countenance, but scarcely so well
filled behind the shoulders and at the tail as the winner. Belle Fairfax
is low set and barrel-like in rotundity. A long-drawn-out battle among
the charming juniors brought the sensational rating that placed twin
sisters at the top. Harris' Princess 185th was set first, followed by
Harris' Princess 184th. It is a remarkably buxom mejlow pair. The
senior calves and the juniors were up to expectation, and these lots are
always of exceptional excellence. There is show material in plenty in the
market among them.

THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS.

It was an all-Iowa exhibit of the "doddies." In no state has the breed
been developed to greater excellence, and no section has contributed so
largely to the successful show yard history of the breed of late yeai's. On
this occasion a strict regard for accuracy compels the comment that the
exhibit scarcely attained old-time standards, either in numbers or in-
dividual character. Probably most of the cattle will be in more im-
pressive form later in the season. Only one herd, that of Mr. McHenry,
seemed to have been developed to prime show yard condition thus early.
Dr. H. M. Brown, Hillsboro, O., found the best of the cattle in satisfactory
fashion.

Quality Prince has graduated into a winning three-year-ojd still bearing
the stamp that gave him his name. He is handsome and meaty. The
four bulls were of fleshy character, but the winner deserved his position.
Thickset Blackbird is of good type and flesh, but a little higher up than
the winner. The neat and evenly-finished Kloman was made the pick
of the two-year-olds and eventually achieved chief honors of the bulls. He
is a bull of pleasing character and form. Protine. the top of the senior
yearlings, quite outclassed his company in scale and flesh. He carries
much thickness of loin. The junior Peter Pan of Alta is a shapely, blocky
youngster. The calves were not numerous but of fair quality.

Barbara McHenry 24th made the going easy for herself among the
cows, by reason of her thickness and smoothness, and the rather ordinary
character of her competitors. The two-year-olds brought the ready com-
ment of "the best of the show," as the nine of them suggested some of
the old-time glories of the breed. Barbara Woodson made her way clear

556 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

through to crowning female honors, starting with her triumph among
the heifers. She has a lot of genuine "doddie" character, presenting an
unusual depth of body and a smooth contour. Pride of A!ta 12th is well
grown and carries her form with fidelity to type. Among the senior
yearlings Blackcap McHenry 84th received due acknowledgment of her
commanding claims. Queen of Rosemere is fairly well turned, but a
trifle "roily." The juniors were hardly outdone by the seniors in at-
tractive character, as nearly all of them made just claim to compliment.
The younger classes were also of a character that compensated for con-
siderable of the disappointment that had attended the exhibition of the
bulls.

GALLOWAYS.

The merits of the Galloways were never bo ably exploited before Iowa
farmers. The exhibit was moderate in numbers but carried a contingent
of superlative cattle sufficient to fill the prize list. There was the thickest
and smoothest kind of beef displayed beneath soft robes of Galloway
shagginess, leaving no chance to doubt the money-making capacity of this
hardy Scottish race. A really difficult task confronted Chas. Escher, Jr.,
Botna, la., in making the awards, but he did an artistic job of ribbon
tying.

Among the five aged bulls the principal fight developed between Douglas
of Meadowlawn and Evaline's Sampson. The former is a very low-set
bull, compact, meaty and smooth in every part although looking scarcely
so big or so deep as his mate, which got second. An easy winner among
the two-year-olds was Marquis, a bull of excellent type, very low-set and
thick. The first-prize yearling bull Viscount 2d, also from the Straub
Bros, herd, embodies the stamp of vigor and masculine character with
beautifully molded wide level top and a smooth even covering of flesh.
He made an acceptable grand champion. Each class of bull calves num-
bered three rugged youngsters, and each lot was led by a very thick-
fleshed smooth short-legged one. The second-prize senior calf Mack Croff
is rather small but very neatly made and stamped with quality.

Seven aged cows made lively competition. Capitaline is the widest of
the lot, close to the ground, sweet of iront and smooth as an egg. Floss 2d
of Meadowlawn is a trifle stronger in top line but not so smooth at the
hips. Florence is a little further from the ground but deep-bodied and
level. Two-year-old heifers numbered eight, with Ladylike standing con-
spicuous for her great width of chest and top, sweet expressive counte-
nance, deeply covered, level back and general stamp of quality. The judge
considered her easily the best female shown and awarded her the grand
championship, which is no new honor for her. The best of the senior and
junior yearling heifers are evenly matched and the same is true of both
classes of heifer calves. The youngsters from the Straub Bros, and the
Hechtner herds are especially pleasing in type, both as to breed and block
standards, and they are in the pink of condition.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 557

POLLED DXTBHAMS,

This year marked a high score for Polled Durham achievements in
Iowa. Such uniformly high character and fidelity to approved type are
rare. Reds and roans prevailed, with a few whites. Some of the cattle
were not in very high flesh but every animal shown bore the mark of
good breeding. The female classes were especially strong and furnished
plenty of work for Chas. Bellows, Maryville, Mo., in sifting out the win-
ners. His work for the most part pleased the ringside and satisfied ex-
hibitors.

The Confessor set a good standard for the bulls, with his broad low
masculine type, thick smooth flesh, and superior handling. He carries
his bloom remarkably well., and no one doubted his right to the purple
ribbon as well as the blue. His herd mate standing second is larger
but not so smoothly nor ■so fully packed with beef. Secret Victor was
the only two-year-old bull shown, but he would have stood well up among
other real good ones. Two roans led the next class and opinion was
divided as to their relative merits. The winner is young but growthy
and very smooth and mellow although less thickly covered than the older
bull, which was. especially thick in back and loin. Senior bull calves
numbered eleven led by a very neat white one very smoothly turned and
growthy but not so blocky as some of the older ones in the class. The
junior calves were also a fine lot.

A very sweet matronly sort is the red Queen Miami 5th which won the
blue for aged cows. She is very level and smoother than the thicker
fleshed, very low-set roan Wanderer's Violet. A careful balancing of
points was required between the two candidates for chief honors among
the two-year-olds, but Lady Craven, subsequently given the grand cham-
pionship, is more beautiful of front and very thick in the loin. A level
smooth good-fronted roan led the senior yearlings and the roan at the
head of the next class is of particularly beautiful type. The calves are a
splendid lot.

BED POLLS.

Red Polls made the best show of the breed ever seen at this fair.
Numbers were not lacking and the combination of beef and milking
capacity was conspicuous. One of the most striking features of the ex-
hibit was the remarkable uniformity of type displayed all through. The
spread of body and length of rib necessary for supplying a large active
udder also carried a moderately thick covering of smooth flesh in the
bulls, dry cows and youngsters. Prof. W. F. Handschin, Urbana, 111.,
tied the ribbons. He was obviously puzzled at times, as w^ere onany of
the spectators to discriminate justly between the beef and dairy indica-
tions of the cattle. Most of his work was consistently done.

The show started out strongly with six grand a?red bulls. The winner
Logan is a very low-set large-chested bull, level, smooth and of medium
size. The next three followed quite faithfully after the same general
pattern. Logan kept on winning until he got two purple ribbons. A
very deep middle and short legs distinguished the two-year-old Reo, al-
though Homer is perhaps a bit smoother. The yearling Meddler is of

558 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

beautiful type, smoothly turned and full of quality. Both of the hull calf
classes were large and required much study in their rating.

There were nine aged cows of such uniform stamp as seldom is dis-
played. The good Inez, seven years old, is in excellent condition. Her
stylish bearing, sweet head, level top, deep middle, wide hindquarters and
capacious glove-like udder made her an easy winner. The next three are
each over seven years old, and each exhibits unmistakable beef and dairy
characteristics. The heifers and calves made excellent classes, in which
quality, depth of middle and extent of udder were given careful consider-
ation by the judge, although he insisted on meat enough to show good
feeding capacity. The grand champion heifer was picked from the junior
yearlings.

THE FAT steers/

The three principal beef breeds were represented by pure-bred and
grade steers of a uniformly high average quality, although no sensational
ones were uncovered. Chas. Bellows judged tlie Shorthorns, Robert Mousel
the Herefords and E. T. Davis the Angus, and the three constituted a
committee to award the premier honors. The real contest for the grand
championship among the single steers narrowed down to the two-year-old
red and white Shorthorn Benefactor, brought out in excellent bloom by
Tomson Bros., and the grade Angus two-year-old King of Selby, shown
by Escher & Ryan. Both are a little on the leg, but the Shorthorn is
wider and more evenly and thickly covered with flesh, although handling
scarcely so firm as the black. So close was the competition that some
good judges at the ringside considered other steers in the show fully
as good as either of these, but the decision was well received. The
smoothness and uniformity of the Hereford steers won in the group
championship.

THE DAIRY CATTLE.

JEESEYS.

The dainty breed of butter-makers was splendidly represented by
cattle of rich breeding and acceptable type. The increased strength ot
this breed year by year bespeaks the favor with which the cattle are
regarded by cornbelt dairymen. Minnesota and Iowa furnished most
of the entries, with Nebraska and Wisconsin each represented by a herd.
A notably uniform high character and fidelity to the show-ring standard
of excellence stamped the exhibit all through. Prof. H. H. Kildee, Ames
la., made the rating with much care and intelligence and accomplished a
most difficult task in a very cerditable manner.

A sample of the keen rivalry which distinguished the show was fur-
nished in the first class when three excellent bulls lined up before the
judge. Beauvoire's King is a dark bull, rather larger than the other two,
alert, with real dairy conformation, capacity for feed, good quality and
large development of rudimentarics. Combination Golden Prince is a
deep-bodied bull with rather more refinement of type. The third in

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 559

line carried too much fat to show at his best. A very nervous aggressive
bull, with strong masculine front, great style, strong back, big middle
and silky quality came to the front among the half-dozen two-year-olds,
and eventually he won the senior championship. The five yearling bulls
furnished the grand champion in Ibsen's Glory, a bull of great length of
rib, large well placed rudimentaries, fine quality, and withal a genuine
aristocrat. The second prize went to a bull of much the same general
pattern. The bull calves in both classes were very promising and gave
the judge considerable work in balancing their claims for preference.

Eleven aged cows included a number of outstanding merit but no trash.
Mayflower's Glory walked to the front daintily, her great udder swinging
high behind and far to the front. When she returned after milking, its
flexible character and regular form again pleased the judge. She is not
a large cow but is shaped for maximum production, with her long wide
pelvis and great abdominal capacity suited to the handling ,of extensive
nutritive processes. In beauty and refinement of type she was equally
worthy, and finally she was crowned the best female of the breed. A
three-year-old of balanced show type from face to udder stood at the top
in her class, followed by a more upstanding one scarcely so. well shaped
in fore udder. The third cow shows great producing ability but is of
more delicate stamp than those above her. The two-year-olds, twelve in
number, were distinguished by their good milk-making equipment. A
comparatively easy victory was scored by Harbinger's Lass, a heifer of
strong constitution, level back, long wide rump and excellent udder, with
a beautiful feminine countenance. Blanco's Pride is smaller but very'
attracively made, and the third in line looks scarcely so large of middle
although having a good udder. The seventeen yearling heifers, nearly all
of them in mlik, gave a convincing demonstration of the precocity and
utility of Jersey females. The winner is a neat shapely heifer, well fur-
nished in the essentials for milk. Another having a beautiful head, great
chest, and a general stamp of breediness stood second. The third heifer
is deeper and more level. The best of the heifers was located in the calf
class, from which the junior champion Warder's Fair One was picked.
She is a quality calf in every respect, with a very deep middle and re-
markable mammary development both fore and aft.

HOLSTEIN-FEIESIANS.

Holsteins fell considerably short of the numbers of former years, and
were the weakest feature of the section in this particular, but some very
excellent bulls and females were brought out. Yearlings and calves were
most numerous. Prof. H. H. Kildee. Ames, la., made the awards in a
painstaking and satisfactory manner, sticking to the utility type but
seeking refinement and character with it.

Only one aged bull was shown, but he fills the eye acceptably as a type.
Rather more fiesh is carried by the two-year-old Buffalo Skylark Ames,
but his quality is remarkable. The most competition among the bulls
was in the class of calves where the honor finally went to a very growthy
level bold fellow of pronounced dairy type. The two-year-old winner is
sire of this calf. The chief honors for bulls finally went to the aged bull.

560 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The grand champion female came to prominence in the first class of
cows where immense flexible udder and great capacity for vital organs
attracted immediate attention. The winning two-year-old heifer is a very
growthy one although showing less development of udder than her rival.
A very forward heifer in milk headed the yearling class. She possesses
more quality and refinement than the one coming next, and both are
considerably larger than the one coming third. The heifer calves made
a pretty display of dairy possibilities, first going to a very growthy
vigorous youngster with good mammary development for her age.

GUERNSEYS.

Never has the exhibit of Guernseys at this fair been of such excellence.
Not only were the cattle of the practical dairy pattern but there was an
attractive uniformity of type, a levelness of backs and rump, and a general
touch of quality that must have added immeasurably to the popular
estimate of the breed for farm or show-ring. Three herds from Iowa
upheld the reputation of the state for superior cattle of this breed, but
they found stiff competition from the Wisconsin herd and the one from
far-off Pennsylvania. Iowa has been a good market for Guernseys and
her dairymen have acquired many of the best. It was no easy task
mapped out for Prof. G. P. Grout, St. Paul, Minn., in distributing the
honors. He generally adhered closely to the utility standard, although
in some cases exhibitors would have preferred more recognition of quality
and character and somewhat less attention to rudimentaries and veins.

A big bull of masculine character, pleasing type and large chest made
a good top for the aged bulls. He was separated from his long level,
less bulky herd-mate by a low-set bull of much quality. A very deep-
bodied low strong two-year-old was put at the head of thp next class
although many preferred the type and quality of the less rugged Lord
Mar of Manor. Third prize went to a rather meaty bull, while a big
deep bull of pleasing type but sagging a little on top stood fourth. There
were some who would have placed him higher also. A good lot of year-
lings was headed by the Lord Mar bull Rex Mar. The calves were also
uniformly attractive, although there was no apparent necessity for
pinning the faith of a grand championship on a bull calf in the company
of such excellent older bulls.

The famous Glencoe's Bopeep came handsomely into her own right to
all the honors within reach. Her sweet matronly stamp, immense barrel,
splendid udder and beautifully molded form are well known among
Guernsey admirers, and her reputation suffered none by the comparison
with the good cows shown against her. A big strong cow from the same
herd was fifth, that some good judges would have rated higher. The
second-prize cow is also a big one with considerable mammary capacity.
A capacious three-year-old headed her class. Beside her stood one more
nearly level, very deep and wide and full of quality. A heifer of great
apparent consituation won among the two-year-olds. Next stood a smaller
lower-set heifer also of excellent stamp, while one with remarkable
development of fore udder came third. The ten yearlings and fourteen
calves furnished plenty of work and evident perplexity for the judge.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 561

AYBSHIBES.

There were only two herds of Ayrshires but they made a very attractive
high-class show. J. F. Converse & Co. of New York and Adam Seitz of
Wisconsin were the exhibitors who brought this hardy active beautiful
race of milk-producers to the attention of the Iowa fair-goers. All who
saw them were favorably impressed. Prof. G. P. Grout judged the exhibit.
In no case could he go far wrong' although he paid less attention to
breed type than may have been best. Few judges would sanction his
preference for the New York bull over the more impressively fronted,
larger, deeper Wisconsin bull. In the aged cow class Sunnyside Lassie
came forward with a splendid big soft udder, and her sweet front, long
rib and long level rump also claimed recognition. Somehow the judge
showed a fancy for the neat little calves, and although he finally awarded
the male championship to the senior bull, he could not get away from
the beautiful little heifer. She ishows great promise of development but
some of the older females have that promise fulfilled.

BROWN SWISS,

Three herds filled the Brown Swiss classes handily with cattle that re-
flected credit on the dairy tendencies of the breed. Iowa was represented
by the herd of S. B. Hefty. Allynhurst Farm and H. W. Ayers, both of
Wisconsin, furnished hot competition and captured the most coveted rib-
bons. An accident at the opening of the fair cast a shadow over the
Brown Swiss camp. Mr. Ayers was severely gored by his grand champion
bull Zell; however, by the time of the judging on Thursday he was able
to be in the ring on a stretcher to witness the success of his cattle. E. S.
Estell, Waterloo, la., tied the ribbons with due consideration for dairy
qualities. The senior and grand champion bull Zell is a masculine vigoi'-
ous nervous fellow, deep and wide at the chest, neat at the back and
stamped all over with quality. The bull calf which got the junior purple
ribbon is a low-set sturdy chap. The senior and grand champion cow
Myone Baby has a very capacious middle and large udder of excellent
texture.

MILK TEST.

A three-day milk test was conducted upon the fair grounds with fifteen
cows started. The prize was won by a Holstein cow giving 158.12 pounds
of milk, yielding 4.48 pounds of butter-fat in the three days.

AMONG THE SHEEP.

An increase of approximately 200 in the number of sheep exhibited
over those shown last year filled the regular sheep barns before the sheep
were all sheltered. Overflow tents held the rest. While this increase in
the numbers on the grounds was largely due to an increase in the number
of sale sheep, thus making the addition little felt within the show-ring,
it none the less serves to prove that sheep husbandry is slowly, rather
36

562 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

slowly, yet surely, very surely, gaining ground in Iowa. It is a short
decade since a flock of sheep in an Iowa pasture was occasion in plenty
for exclamation. Now these fleecy scavengers of the fields are common.
Such a change must needs be felt last in the show-ring, for wise men
will not make the leap from no sheep to show sheep at the first try. It
is this condition which makes the sheep department in the Iowa State
Fair largely dominated by a few importers. Their stuff is good. That
is fortunate. It sets a type each year that is strong and a safe guide.
And even this year the fact that some Iowa breeders absented them-
selves until the open classes were done and the Iowa classes begun was
the occasion for some uncomplimentary remarks about their nerve and
some complimentary remarks about their sheep. A taste of blood would
have done them good — and they likely would have got it.

"W. H. Beattie. Wilton Grove, Ont., passed on most of the mutton breed-
ing classes. The Shropshire classes 'proved a triangular fight among
McKerrow, Chandler Bros., and Renk & Sons with Chandler Bros, holding
the long end. With yearlings and ram lambs they led, showing also
the first and second-prize yearling ewes. Renk showed the winners in
both classes for aged isheep. Both championship ribbons went to the
Chandler Bros. The ram championship class found three fine sheep wait-
ing. All were wooled to suit. The aged ram was thick and typey in
the fore quarters and neck, while the yearling carried his best width
farther back. The judge found the lamb combining the excellencies of
the other two and gave the little fellow the purple.

Oxfords brought out the McKerrow flock, Cooper & Nephews and John
Graham & Sons with C. S. Hechtner in with a yearling ewe of out-
standing first and championship calibre. The championship on rams went
to McKerrow on the yearling. While the aged ram was deeper in chest,
the yearling was squarer and wider especially in rump, and width was
Beattie's call in the Oxford classes.

Postle & Sons and G. W. Parnell made the Cheviot classes largely a
duel. James Scott, from Scotland, who was exhibiting the Collies in
sheep driving trials, placed the honors in this division. His work was
somewhat different from the average and was keenly watched. The width
of back from neck to rump, the wooling on the belly, and the carriage
of the sheep were particularly noted. Every sheep was turned loose and
given a turn around the ring. That might spoil a fine pose on an
awkward sheep, but it is not liable to injure the sheep any. Some know-
ing ones smiled at first, but their smiles turned to respect when the big
tenderhearted Scotch shepherd laid a restraining hand on some of the
holders who were a little rough with their own sheep. And later those
who questioned found that a keen eye went with the tender heart. He
knew the sheep he had worked upon, every one. The Cheviot show he
classed as good — "some common yet some very good sheep, good in any
country." Four firsts and a championship went to each of the firms
mentioned.

Nash Bros, and Alex. Arnold made up the Dorset show with many
of the classes not filled. Cooper & Nephews won the lion's part in the
Hampshire department with Wm. F. Renk running next in winning. The

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 563

little Southdown mutton-makers ended the show. It was a uniform bunch,
none of exceptional merit, yet all possessed of the thickness that has given
them fame.

There were a few Merinos shown by Uriah Cook & Son of Illinois, and
A. J. Blakely of Iowa, the former flock winning the greater share of the
honors at the hand of C. A. Steele. He also judged the Rambouiljets
shown by the F. S. King Bros. Co. of Wyoming, and F. W. Cook of Ohio.
The western flock took the majority of the ribbons.

IN THE SWINE PENS.

A total of 2,890 hogs on exhibition filled every section of the big hog
barns to overflowing with good hogs. That the quality was better than
the year before if not better than ever before was little questioned in any
quarter. An increase of 700 in the numbers says something for itself on
the ever-enlarging position that the swine breeders hold in pork-producing
Iowa. It was a gratifying feature of the show that the judges of the
major breeds were able to set a definite type in their particular sections,
and whether or no any man agreed with the judge, he could still know
with considerable assurance what animal was liable to win.

As usual the Poland-Chinas and Duroc-Jerseys headed the lists in
numbers. To tell the story of the Poland-China winners is practically to
tell the story of the Meharry herd. Winning ten of the fourteen firsts
and all of the championships means that the type that the judge picked
was practically the type which the Meharry herd so well represents.
Only in the aged sow class did any animal of pronounced big type get into
the first stall. Her promotion to that position was greeted with enthusi-
astic applause from the lovers of the larger Poland-Chinas. On the end
of the display the judge, J. M. Stewart, Ainsworth, la., declared: "We
must get together. The small type fellows must get more size and the
big type fellows more quality. Then we will have a hog." And his <y^n
words tell quickly enough the type which he chose — quality first, then
the hog as big as possible with the quality.

R. J. Harding, sorting the big rings of Duroc-Jerseys, did much to place
before the followers of that breed a utility type. Once in the cham-
pionship classes did an exhibitor make open argument against the type
of the winning animal. The talk was ill-timed for the very first ring
showed the judge's idea and he stayed by it very well indeed. Perhaps
the winning hog in the questioned case had more than enough nose to
reach from his body to the ground, but he was unquestionably deeper
and longer in the body, with equal smoothness. He was just in breeding
condition — without the "flesh that covers a multitude of sins." Valley
King, first in the class of aged boars and grand champion of the breed,
was only a more excellent specimen of what followed straight down the
line. Of good length and great depth this 950-pound boar carries his
width remarkably uniformly from end to end with hardly a show of
shields and with the great bone that has brought this breed into favor
in the bone-impoverished cornbelt feedyards. The classes that followed

564 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

were likewise. A deep-bodied hog of good length always got the call over
the "lardy" fellows. It was a matter of comment that the Duroc-Jersey
winners were by a marked amount the heaviest of the breeds. Some said
they were 25 per cent heavier. Two hundred pounds would little more
than cover the difference in the aged boar division. The sow classes ran
along the same type. While they showed hardly as much depth as the
male classes, most of them were excusable as they still carried marked
evidence of their summer's usefulness in the breeding pens. Frame and
plenty of it, good length, great depth, and a smooth body on strong pasterns
carried the honors.

Berkshires were not a large show. Fewer numbers always make a
show look less uniform in quality, bringing such backward individuals
as there may be up well forward. But that does not mean that Berk-
shire men saw nothing good. Mr. McPherson showed stuff that rival
exhibitors freely classed higher than the best of a year ago. Rookwood
Farm did not succeed in landing a blue yet showed a strong uniform
lot of pigs. It was W. S. Corsa's herd that led the winnings and set
the type. Being entirely of his own breeding their excellence stands
proof of constructive breeding ability. His Rival's Last was outstand-
ingly leader of the male half of the show. He is a good Berkshire — great
length, smooth, trim of belly and clean in the head. The grand cham-
pion sow contest brought on a fight between the Corsa herd and Mc-
Pherson's junior champion sow. The latter was the neater in underline
and plumper in hind quarters. Corsa's sow on the other hand was
deeper, very low-set and carried an extreme depth of flesh over the back,
shoulders and neck with a smoothness unequaled by any other Berkshire
shown. Prof. W. B. Richards, Fargo, N. D., tied the ribbons.

Hampshires produced considerable competition, with Willie Essig
W. J. Brinigar and Mike Sharp & Son, the leading winners. Wilson Rowe
of Ames was the judge. His type was length and smoothness of body,
neat head and good feet. While bacon-eaters have no use for the feet,
most hogs find it necessary to use them considerably, and Rowe is a
little particular on that point, and seldom indeed does a hog long in
toe or weak in pastern attain high rank, no matter what body it may
have.

Mr. Rowe also judged Chester Whites. The comparative quality of
the exhibit is best told in the words of a breeder attending both the 1910
and 1911 fairs buying herd boars: "One thing is sure," said he. "It is
a much better show than last year. Boars that I wanted then were
limited to two herds. This year I find six or seven herds with plenty of
good ones in each of them." It was indeed a uniform bunch with an
extra fine lot of young stuff.

Frank Thornber, Carthage, 111., judged the Tamworths and Yorkshires,
two herds competing in each. C. C. Roupe won most .of the first prizes
and all but one championship in Tamworths. The competing herd was
that of G. N. Weighton. In Yorkshires B. F. Kunkle won most of the
blue ribbons on males, but his rival, B. F. Davidson, secured all first
prizes on females and all but one championship.

TWELFTH. ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 565

THE HORSE DEPARTMENT.

Every section of the horse department had a large number of high-
class entries, which combined to make a horse exhibit of unusual bal-
ance. Every horseman found something to interest and instruct him,
and everyone looking for breeding stock got a good glimpse of the ma-
terial available at the stables of a large range of breeders and importers.

Never have the new and less extensive breeders been so well or so
successfully represented as this year. Horses that some of them bought
several years ago have been carried along in about as fresh finish as
ever they exhibited in the hands of more experienced showmen. It
speaks well for the natural aptitude of American farmrs as horsemen. In
the light of what others have done there is no reason why a farmer who
can use but a few horses should not secure and succeed with the best.
Iowa farmers have been encouraged by the comprehensive classification
of grade draft horses to take an active interest in the show-ring, and they
have demonstrated great ability as breeders and fitters both in the grade
and pure-bred classes. Many American-bred stallions and mares won blue
ribbons, and some of them bore off the purple as well.

As importers and breeders displayed the character of this stock for
the first tirne this season, it was at once apparent that they have exer-
cised the greatest discretion in making selections. Only horses that fit
the standard demanded in American draft horse markets were brought
over this season from France, Belgium, England and Scotland. Import-
ers are determined to furnish their customers just what they can use to
best advantage. There is a notable scarcity of inferior horses in the
show and sale stables. It costs a neat sum to bring a horse across the
water, and there is a steady tendency to deal more and more in
high-class stock for which the expenses figure only incidentally in the
price. While there is plenty of gcod material available for the trade this
fall, and no excess of trash, the way business opened up at Des Moines
indicates that it will be well to buy early. Not much was expected in
the way of sales, owing to the drouth which has reduced the amount of
feed and of cash crops in Iowa, but exhibitors found a good inquiry
and a ready market for quite a number of their best horses, some taken
singly and some in groups.

The horse department was too full of horses and classes for the room
it could have in the pavilion, and consequently there was a little con-
fusion among the exhibitors toward the last of the showing. It was im-
possible to get all of the judging done where it could be easily watched,
but Prof. Curtiss has in mind improvements of buildings and the ar-
rangement of the judging programme that will enable both exhibitors
and public to get a larger measure of satisfaction from the showing
another year.

THE PERCHEKONS.

As usual, Percherons far outnumbered every other breed of horses
shown at this fair. There were 24;i Percherons on the grounds this year.
That is only about three-fourths of the number shown last year owing

566 IOWA. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

to the conflict of dates that drew some large exhibitors to other points,
but taking the classes all through, the qualtiy of the stock averaged
higher than has ever been the case before. All of the classes were well
filled, most of them running around twenty head or more., which made
the keenest of competition and gave the judge an opportunity to select
horses that closely conformed to his ideal type. Even the exhibitors
who were comparatively new at the business brought out their horses
in splendid condition and the list shows that they captured many coveted
positions. Probably the prizes have never before been distributed among
so many owners.

Prof. W. L. Carlyle, Moscow, Idaho, assigned the places on the prize-
list. His was a big task, but he worked rapidly. Every horse got care-
ful inspection and an opportunity to show how he could go, but there
was no tarrying over those that fell below an exacting standard as to
underpinning, action and breed character. Altogether his decisions were
very favorably received, although some of them necessarily depended
upon a very close balancing of points.

Sixteen aged stallions lined up at the first call, and there was not a
bad one among them. It did not take search, however, to discover an
outstanding winner in the big black Garage. He is of rare balance,
with proud impressive front, strong level top and croup, a full middle,
big hard bone and extra well made hocks. He trotted off with a long
stride, and whether going or standing he is an impressive horse. Strong
underpinning of good quality stamps Gillot, standing next, but he is not
so massive or so level of top as his rival, although he is more smoothly
turned than the other Burgess horse Halicte, which stood third.

The Burgess stable also came to the front in the next class with a
black three-year-old called Indelicat that is built much like Garage, except
that he is lighter of waist at present. He is a horse of bold front, great
substance at each end and stands on excellent legs. The Truman colt
Ivers came in readily enough beside him, for, although he looks scarcely
so rugged, he is wide, powerful and smoothly made, with a very attractive
top. A colt of remarkable underpinning came third, but he is thin
after his season of seventy-five mares. This colt Indigene has hocks and
pasterns of a pattern to please a Scotchman, and his legs and feet bear
the undeniable stamp of superior quality. A horse of lower more blocky
pattern came fourth.

The twenty-five two-year-olds included twelve from the Burgess stable,
among them the big black Juridique which won first at Nogent this sea-
son in a class of 208. He weighs over a ton now and is considerably
larger than any other colt in his class. A big chest and powerful stylish
front, deep flank and excellent legs and feet characterize him as a genuine
draft horse. Beside him stood a smaller, thinner colt of McMillan's,
Kallerman 2d, that attracted much attention by his rare balance of con-
formation from his long shoulder, and head carried high, to his long
level croup, powerful thighs, and legs and feet that look fit for many
years of service. One of the wide powerful drafty kind came into third
position for the Truman stable.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 567

Yearlings numbered twenty-two, and in this class also the Burgess
stable asserted its excellence. The gray cojt Keronly is thin but built
upon a superior pattern both as to top and bottom. The black Master-
piece from the McMillan stable is not so large but rather more blocky in
build, with unusually heavy muscle and hone and a pattern of legs and
feet that called forth much praise. His stablemate Agitator, -standing be-
side him in the final line-up, is of much the same general pattern, but he
has not stood up so well under the heavy feeding, so there was general
surprise among the spectators that he got as high as he did. Both of
these colts trot off well and are a great credit to their sire Calypso. In
the championship contest Prof. Carlyle preferred the superior action,
feet and pasterns of the two-year old.

The white mare LaBelle. a prizewinner at the last International, came
to the front of the line of twenty-five mares, the equal of which have
never before been gathered at a state fair. She is of matronly and
distinctly Percheron stamp, and is now suckling a foal. She won her
honors, however, not without a hard struggle against the International
champion Amorita, which was brought out more highly fitted than at
the time of her famous triumph. Amorita is strong in the length of
her croup and the beauty of her stride, but the white mare probably
excels her in depth of chest, and she is withal very correct in pasterns
and feet, with a sweet feminine front. Last year's winner Favorite came
back in splendid form and there were some who preferred her range and
style to the type which got the chief .recognition. Her stablemate Delia
bears an attractive stamp of quality and femininity. Among the nine three-
year-olds the big blue-roan Imprudente, shown so successfully last year,
came in easily to first place, but she was beaten in the competition for
the purple ribbon by the white mare, which the judge considered more
matronly. Burgess & Son also won the blue ribbon for two-year-olds on
a thin, well balanced gray, and her stablemate got the red also. Year-
lings were led by two big smooth fillies from the Buswell stable. A
Carnot filly excited much admiration in the class of foals. There were
full classes for American-bred horses, and the average quality of stock
shown compared favorably with the open classes, as many of the horses
raised on American farms won ribbons in both sections. The horses of
McMillan & Sons and Maasdam & Wheeler were most conspicuous in
the restricted classes, but some of the blue ribbons as well as minor
honors escaped to the hands of less extensive breeders.

THE BELGIANS.

Belgians stood next to Percherons in point of numbers. There were
twenty exhibitors and 100 horses to give zest to the competition. From
first to last it was a show of massive draft horses, combining quality
and substance to a marked degree. Most of the classes were filled sufll-
ciently so that only horses of exceptional character could get inside the
money. Prof. W. J. Kennedy, Ames, la., tied the ribbons with particular
care to secure bone, quality, strong feet and a thick full-made Belgian
type in winners. When the classes were ready for the ribbons it was

568 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

the general comment that the powerful easy-keeping drafty pattern of
extreme weight was well exemplified among the horses of the breed.
Belgians have a strong foothold in Iowa, and numerous small breeders
from the central part of the state were represented by horses that con-
vincingly assert the adaptation of the breed to the cornbelt, and of the
cornbelt to the breed.

The heaviest horse in the entire show came proudly to the head of
the line of nine aged stallions. This Finch roan Jupiter won third place
last fall at the International when he was thin. He has preserved his legs
in excellent form while taking on the mountain of flesh tha't he carries
smoothly and with ease. His weight was given at 2,600 pounds. He is
one of the best balanced horses of extreme size that has come to this
country. Martin du Hazoir, now nine years old, came back in splendid
form and weighing 2,225 pounds after just finishing a season of over 100
mares. He preserves his form and quality from top to bottom wi'th a
persistence that demonstrates the possibility of breeding draft horses
that will wear as well as weigh. A somewhat smaller compact durable
type of blue-roan won third for Chas. Irvine. Finch Bros, also came to
the top with the chestnut three-year-old Saturne, a colt of unusual sub-
stance and finish of underpinning. A rather more compact bay stood
next. The next blue ribbon also went to the Finch stable on a chestnut
two-year-old. This colt. Challenge, built right from head to heel, was an
easy winner, and he did not end his triumphs until he had wrested the
chief honors of the male classes from his burly stablemate. The yearling
class was led by a rather upstanding but wonderfully forward chestnut
shown by Hopley & Son. Iowa breeders brought out a very good lot of
stallion foals.

Chas. Irvine's roan mare Duvelinne was a winner in her class, with her
great weight, solid type and easy action. A thin, matronly bay of un-
usually rugged build pushed her hard for the honor. The next two mares
each had admirers, but Prof. Kennedy preferred the strong back and bone
of the chestnut Bon Marche to the finish and style of the other. There
were only two three-year-old fillies. The half-dozen two-year-olds included
the outstanding roan Binette with which Henry Lefebure subsequently
won the reserve championship. She was beaten in this final contest by
the chestnut yearling filly Hector from the Finch stable, a youngster of
remarkable balance, big, level of top, long of croup and set right at the
ground. J. A. Loughridge showed a very sturdy pair of filly foals that
headed their class.

THE SHIRES.

Shires to the number of ninety head made a strong exhibit all through,
convincing all who saw them that importers are bringing a valuable class
of English cart horses to this country and that American farmers are
going right on with the constructive work begun on such a solid founda-
tion. R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, 111., tied the ribbons except in the final
classes, which were handled by Prof. Kennedy In his abesnce. Bone, clean
as well as strong, and substance both above and below, with powerful
straight-away action characterized the winners.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

569

The big sturdy muscular bay Scarcliffe President came readily to the
front among eight good aged stallions. With all his masslveness he com-
bines a pleasing quality and a sprightly walk and trot. Surveyor came
back again in excellent form and won second for Crownover, beating a
more rangy thin active bay from the Truman barn. Royal Grey, first-
prize winner at the last International, came forward easily in the next
class, which was a very strong one. He has gained weight and middle and
still displays the excellent underpinning that called forth praise last
fear. He won the championship. Truman's also won firs.t among the
two-year-olds with a son of Shelford Pride, and his long pastern, great
bone and finish all over stamp him as a worthy descendant of the famous
International champion. There were eleven good yearlings, but Paramount

CHAMPION SHIRE_ STALLION
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911"

Rex stood out prominently among them, as he has done in every class he
ever entered. For so young a colt he exhibits rare muscular development,
immense bone and a powerful frame, all finished beautifully. He did not
end his triumphs until he had obtained the reserve championship.

Coldham Surprise, second at the International last year, came back
along with a splendid foal and won handily among the aged mares. She
is heavy in build and bone, wears very silky feather and bears the stamp
of an aristocratic matron. Her daughter, Coldham Charm, led the three-
year-old class. She is an upstanding filly of great spread and bulk of
frame and a sweet countenance. She came next to her dam for cham-

570 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

pionship honors. A big heavy-boned typical cart horse pattern brought
the Hopley standard to the front in the two-year-olds, and a sturdy chest-
nut yearling won for A. G. Soderberg. The promising filly foal of Cold-
ham Surprise by Holker Menestrel 2d was easily victor in her class.

THE CLYDESDALES.

A very high standard of drafty character was set by the seventy-one
Clydesdales that came before Robert Miller, Stouffville, Ont., for their
ribbons. There has been a great improvement in the size and substance
of Clydesdales shown at this fair in the last two years, and it has been
made without deterioration in finish or underpinning. The exhibit came
from a wide range of territory and represented the work of both large
and small breeders and the importers in a very creditable manner.

David Roth won the first blue ribbon with the very drafty Softon, a
horse of great bone, excellent pasterns and bottoms, and powerfully built
above. Two horses from the Leitch stable, both typical Clydesdales, fol-
lowed. Samuda, another of the big drafty sort, yet with underpinning
and action of approved pattern, won the blue for McLay Bros, in a strong
class of three-year-olds and he came next to the aged horse for the cham-
pionship. The same firm also w.on the red in this class with a colt
especially well furnished at the ground, and a good goer. Leitch won in
the two-year-old class with the typical bay Royal Mint, which was sep-
arated from his smaller stablemate by the rugged Hixon colt Baron Lyne-
doch. A very thick sturdy youngster from the Hixon stable won the blue
in the stallion foal class.

Two of the McLay matrons stood at the top of the aged mare class, and
each had her admirers. Miss Fanny is in better condition and is a beau-
tiful type from head to hoof, but Marjorie is perhaps a little more power-
ful of frame, deeper of chest and goes more acceptably. McLays had it
all their own way with three-year-olds, but they were fully prepared for
competition with the champion Bessie Winsome. Their Graceful Lady,
full of middle, and attractively turned, won the two-year-old class, but
Lady Lustrous was beaten among the yearlings by the larger Queen May.

THE DRAFT HORSE FUTURITIES,

The National Draft Horse Breeders' Futurities were the occasion of
bringing out the largest and best collection of yearling stallions of the
four draft breeds ever collected at a state fair. These futurities were
established a year ago by "The Chicago Daily Live Stock World" at the
suggestion of J. H. S. Johnstone, under whose management the scheme
was perfected and operated. The plan worked out very successfully. The
total of all cash and the value of the handsome cups, medals and rib-
bons reached a sum of $3,461. Besides the cup awarded to the first colt
of each breed, the cash prizes to the same colts ranged from $100 in the
Clydesdale and Belgian classes to $225 in the Percheron class, and the
smallest sum won by any of the successful colts was $15 for the Per-
cheron in twelfth position.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 571

The judging was all done at one time, with twenty-two Percheron colts,
eight Belgians, eleven Shires and ten Clydesdales, making a total of
fifty-one American-bred colts, which is the largest collection of yearling
draft stallions ever gathered in one show-ring in America. Positions were
awarded among the Percherons by Prof. W. L. Carlyle, R. B. Ogilvie and
J. H. Truman; Belgians were judged by Prof. W. J. Kennedy and A. Lati-
mer Wilson; Shires were rated by R. B. Ogilvie and R. P. Stericker, and
Clydesdale positions were assigned by Robert Miller, Andrew McFarlane
and Robert Burgess. Considering the fact that the committee system
of judging was used, and the value of the winnings was unusually large,
the judges were very successful in pleasing the exhibitors.

GRADE DRAFT HORSES.

The classes for draft geldings and mares shown to halter and in harness
were all well filled. The candidates for prizes were drafty in type and
of a superior quality that indicates how keen the competition iji these
classes has grown to be. The gray four-year-old grade Percheron gelding
Prince that won two second prizes is a farmer's horse that has won over
$200 since he was first exhibited at the local fairs and he was sold the
other day to a New York buyer at $400. Positions among these horses
were assigned by R. B. Ogilvie except in a few of the later classes, which
were judged by Prof. W. J. Kennedy.

HACKNEYS.

There was a high-class lot of Hackneys brought before R. P. Stericker.
Oconomowoe, Wis., and he did careful and consistent work in assigning
positions on the prize-list.

FIVE-GAITED SADDLE HOBSES.

There were numerous entries of five-gaited saddle horses, some of which
have national reputations. They were judgd by Walter Palmer, Ot-
tawa, 111.

SHETLAND PONIES.

Entries of Shetlands reached a total of 186 head, which is a much
larger number than has ever before been gathered at this fair. Consider-
ing the fact that there was no ragged or inferior stock included, while
a number of ponies of international fame came out in their best form,
this section made one of the best pony shows ever seen in America. R. P.
Stericker, Oconomowoe, Wis., did the judging. His long horse show ex-
perience makes him peculiarly fitted for such a task. There were many
local exhibitors showing, and there was a very keen rivalry all around,
so it was, of course, impossible to please all interested parties. His work
all through was very consistent and followed accepted show-ring stand-
ards of types and action. The blue roan Locust created a sensation by
his very showy performance in harness, which secured for him the cham-

572 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

pionship. His action is extremely high all around and his build and style
are not greatly excelled by the famous Grandee, which won his accustomed
place at the top of the class of aged stallions.

WELSH PONIES.

■i

Welsh ponies were more numerous and of higher quality than has been
the case before. The breed is undoubtedly gaining steadily in the appre-
ciation of American fathers and mothers who seek mounts and driving
ponies for their children as they outgrow their Shetlands.

Wallaces' Farmer.
If some of those eastern financiers who have been lying awake nights
worrying over western agricultural conditions had spent last week at the
Iowa State Fair, they would have gone home tired but feeling better.
There is no better barometer of agricultural conditions in the cornbelt
than the Iowa State Fair. The attendance this year and the temper of
the people ought to reassure the most pessimistic pessimist. Never before
has it been so large, and seldom has a more cheerful and satisfied spirit
been so manifest. The railroads coming into Des Moines were taxed to
their capacity, while hundreds of farmers from all sections ,of the state
drove into the city in their automobiles. While the general report was
to the effect that the corn crop was not up to last year, and that there
had been a short hay crop, and the pastures were short, there was no note
of discouragement. Everybody seemed happy. Crops were not as good
as some previous years; that was all.

If anyone had a lingering doubt that this is a dry year, it was surely
dispelled last week. When the Iowa State Fair fails to bring at least
.one rainy day, it is dry weather for sure. No one in Iowa would have
complained very much had it rained last week, but since it did not every-
one in Des Moines enjoyed the delightful weather to the utmost. With
the exception of one day there was not a cloud in the sky, and not until
Thursday did the thermometer reach a point which made sight-seeing
at all uncomfortable. It was ideal, made-to-order fair weather through-
out the week. Even the wind was tempered to the needs of the Wright
biplanes, which made very successful flights each day.

These aeroplanes were a revelation to those who had not seen any-
thing of the kind before. Thoy rose from the ground like great birds,
flew hither and thither at will, described figure eights, and ascended and
descended at the will of the operators. Except on one day these ma-
chines seemed as stable as wheeled vehicles on the ground. On Tuesday
the wind blew irregularly, and the uncertainty of aeroplane navigation
was apparent in the unexpected dips made by the machines when
struck by the fitful gusts. The fiights made last week, however, were
suflScient to convince all but simon-pure skeptics that the aeroplane Is to
play a tremendous part in the civilization of the future. With the growth

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 573

of aeroplane factories peace commissions will go out of business. War
will be simply impossible with these great birds of the air carrying high
explosives and flying at will by daylight or in the dark of night over cities,
fortifications and battleships. The enemy in the air will hold lives in
the hollow of his hand.

There was no lack of entertainment features. In addition to the aero-
planes, which made two flights daily and could be seen from all parts
of the ground, there were the races and vaudeville stunts in front of the
grandstand by day, and an elaborate fireworks display at night. In the
stock pavilion a very good show was held each evening, while the seats
were filled by an interested crowd which watched the stock judging
closely. There were the usual side show attractions on the ground, not
particularly elevating, but not of the distinctly reprehensible sort. The
Iowa Fair management has for years exercised a close censorship over
side shows and concessions of all kinds.

The Agricultural College had a fine exhibit, one of much value to every
farmer who inspected it. It is impossible to compute the money value of
an exhibit of this sort to the state of Iowa, but we would estimate that it
would run into the thousands of dollars. Besides this, many farmers
and farmers' boys received an inspiration to strive for the higher things
of farming that should stay with them for a long while. The extension
department at the Agricultural College is certainly to be congratulated
on the way in which it has learned to present graphically agricultural
truth. The extension department has been conducting dairy test asso-
ciations in the northern part of the state. The results are very inter-
esting. These were represented by what appeared to be huge blocks of
butter. One block labeled 430' pounds represented the butter yielded in
.one year by the best one of the 688 cows in the five dairy test associations.
A small block labeled 89 pounds represented the butter yield for the year
of the poorest cow in the associations. The best 200 cows in the test had
representing them a block nearly twice the size of that representing the
yield of the poorest 200 cows. The average yearly profit of the best cows
was $52, while that of the poorest was $20. One of the Holstein cows at
the dairy department of the Agricultural College produced in one day
fifty quarts of milk. Fifty quart bottles represented this fact, so that
the eye grasped it at once. There was no particular moral to this rep-
resentation, but it was interesting, especially to the small boys, some
of whom would make exclamations such as "Gee! Did one cow give all
that in one day?" If each of these quarts of milk could have been sold
at eight cents, the present retail price, the one day's milk of this cow
would have been worth $4. Her feed cost 25 cents. Butter-fat sufficient
to make 717 pounds of butter were piled in a pyramid. These repre-
sented the wonderful yield of butter made by a Guernsey heifer last year
at the dairy barns of the Agricultural College.

574 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

We hope those of our readers who visited the fair noticed the soy bean
plants which were exhibited in connection with the agronomy exhibit of the
college. This plant will, we believe, be used far more as a catch crop
to furnish a cheap supply of home-grown muscle builders, either In
the form of hay or grain, on those farms which are temporarily short of
clover or alfalfa. The results of rotation experiments were portrayed
in connection with this department. Corn grown four years in succes-
sion on an acre of ground gave a total money return of $70.40, while the
returns from two crops of corn, one crop of oats, and a crop of clover,
from an acre of ground were $78.85. Those farmers who insist that the
way to make money is to grow corn at every opportunity should have
studied this part of the exhibit carefully. A large placard claimed foir
the rotation the following advantages: First — It maintains fertility.
Second — It gives better physical condition to the ground. Third — Pre-
vents washing. Fourth — It diversifies agriculture and saves labor. Fifth
— Drives out insects and weeds.

The fruits of Iowa have this year been remarkably free fi'om worms
and fungous diseases, consequently the horticultural display did not at-
tract the attention it should. The work of the apple tree borer, the plum
curculio, the grape phyloxera, the fall web worm, the brown plum rot,
etc., etc., was illustrated. In case of insect damage, the insects them-
selves were on exhibition. All of these troubles bother Wallaces' Farmer
readers every year, and we are quite sure that half an hour could not have
been more profitably spent than talking with the man in charge of this
exhibit as to the habits and methods of controlling insect pests which
may have been bothering on the home place. One of the most interesting
things in connection with the horticultural display was the smudge
pot exhibit. Smudge pots have been used with great success in the west
to prevent frost damage to fruit. Of all the foes to the Iowa fruit crop,
frost is the most to be feared. By means of smudge pots, however, blos-
soming fruit may be protected even though the temperature may be sev-
eral degrees below freezing.

In the domestic science coimer of the college exhibit was much to
interest farmers' wives. Charts showed the feeding value of different
foods. The importance of using cleanliness in feeding bottle babies was
demonstrated by statistics which prove that of all the babies which die
in the summer in Iowa, 93 per cent are bottle fed. Fourteen per cent of
all the deaths in Iowa last year were babies. Conservation of our tim-
ber lands, of our coal lands, and of our soil fertility is of the utmost
importance. Conservation of human life has not received the attention
it should. The saving of babies' lives exceeds by far the importance of
saving forests, coal lands, phosphate beds or soil fertility.

The weed exhibit deserved more attention than it received. Wallaces'
Farmer would have been very glad, indeed, if every farmer in the state

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 575

had looked long and carefully at the pictures and specimens of Canada
thistle, quack grass, sorrel, wild carrot, and many other weeds of which
our ireaders are continually sending us samples for identification. Many
a farmer could have spent half an hour to advantage here looking over
carefully the samples of various weeds, and asking the attendant ques-
tions as to the best method of eradication.

The college poultry exhibit was in the poultry building. This was un-
usually interesting and valuable. Charts gave •suggestions on the many
things of interest to poultry breeders, such as the best way of handling
eggs for market, how to prevent white diarrhoea in young chicks, etc.
There were several types of m.odel poultry houses. An interesting fea-
ture was the exhibit of eggs with the yolks colored in layers of red and
yellow, the college colors. This was done by feeding the hens a red dye.
It seems that in the yolk of an egg are alternate laj^ers of fatty material
and material without fat. The dye affects the fat and changes it to a red
color.

As usual, there was a soil map of Iowa, showing the distribution of the
Wisconsin glaciation, the Iowa glaciation, the Mississippi loess, the Mis-
souiri loess and the southern Iowa loess. The comparison between the
black soil of the Wisconsin glaciation in the northern part of the state
with the lighter colored and more easily worked loess soils in the western
part of the state was striking. Pasteboard dots on the map illustrated
where alfalfa had succeeded, partially succeeded, or failed. It was inter-
esting to notice that alfalfa has been grown most extensively and suc-
cessfully as yet in the western part of the state on the loess soils. Whether
it is because this type of soil is particularly adapted to alfalfa or that the
farmers in the western part of the state have had more experience with
alfalfa and learned more from Nebraska farmers concerning the methods
necessary for successful culture, we can not say.

The game exhibit this year was housed under a big tent, and was in a
shape which rendered the pheasants and other wild fowl much more
easily inspected. The brilliantly colored, ring-necked and silver-plumed
pheasants attracted much attention, especially from the children.

The exposition building exhibit changes but little from year to year.
Nevertheless there is always much of interest here. Modern house-
furnishings always attract attention. Tables, chairs, carpets, stoves,
pianos, sewing machines, etc., etc., will always hold the attention of the
housekeeper. In the south end of the exposition building was an exhibit
by the blind. The ability which was shown in making quilts, brushes,
clothing, etc., was truly wonderful. The raised point writing used by

576 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

the blind in their reading made many thankful that they could enjoy
a book by the aid of the sense of sight rather than touch.

The school exhibit on the east side of the exposition building far sur-
passed those of former years. Especially interesting was the work of
some of the rural schools. Page county pupils had written little book-
lets on foolscap paper, dealing with such subjects as leather, corn, wool,
rope, corn enemies, etc. A description was given; methods of manufac-
ture, culture, or habits, as the case was, were dealt with; and the
whole was plentifully illustrated. One school had some fine weed ex-
hibits. The weeds had been pressed, mounted and labeled. Such work is
well worth while in either the rural or the city school. An exhibit show-
ing the grain and bark of native woods was worth inspection. Tables,
chairs, stands, etc., as well as sewing of various kinds, illustrated the
proficiency of our pupils in manual labor .

The free traveling library of the state of Iowa had its headquarters in
the exposition building. We hope every farmer in the state knows about
this library. Any person in the state, outside of the city of Des Moines,
may secure books from the free traveling library by complying with cer-
tain conditions which are not at all hard to meet, and paying the cost
of transportation of the books to and from the state historical building at
Des Moines. Of special interest to the farmers is a list of some seventy-
five of the very best books on farm subjects — soils, drainage, crops, corn,
stock dairying, horticulture, spraying, poultry, farm buildings, etc. Ex-
periment station bulletins may also be had. Women may obtain books
on domestic science. Debating clubs may secure reference works. From
a hasty inspection of the exhibit of the free traveling library we con-
cluded at once that it would be well worth the while of many of our
readers to write to the library commission, at the state historical building
at Des Moines, for further information.

The exhibit at the agricultural building was very little of an improve-
ment over that .of last year. Fruit, garden produce, and fiowers were
much the same as ever. The individual farm exhibits, however, proved to
be an even greater success this year than last. Some fourteen or fifteen
farms competed. In this department the farmer who has the most varied
display of field, garden and orchard products arranged in good shape,
wins.

The pure food exhibit made by the state food and dairy department
in the agricultural building was worth careful inspection. Iowa farm-
ers, both to protect themselves and to avoid infringing upon the law
themselves did well to read carefully the circulars dealing with various
phases of the Iowa law distributed here. The maintenance of a high
standard for milk, eggs and other food products certainly deserves the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 577

attention of all the citizens of our state. "We hope that this department
will come back with an even stronger exhibit next year.

To many farmers, and especially to farmers' boys, the machinery exhibit
is of more value than any other one department of the fair. The display
this year far surpassed those of previous fairs. The wonderful new ma-
chinery building just west of the administration building added to the
attraction of the machinery exhibit. At present this building has an extent
of 270x520 feet, and when completed will cover more than five acres.
Large as this building is, however, it contained but a very small part of
the mammoth exhibit. The most striking feature of the outdoor machin-
ery display was the large number of silos. They attracted great atten-
tion, and it is to be hoped that at least several hundred farmers will
have been inspired to erect silos. We consider it a good scheme for the
farmer's wife to accompany her husband on the inspection of at least part
of the machinery exhibit. She might, with profit both to herself and her
husband, direct his attention to such labor saving devices as gasoline en-
gines that run the washing machine, house-lighting plants, water sys-
tems, heating plants, etc. We saw some farmer boys who learned much
in their inspection of the machinery. First, they satisfied themselves
what a given machine was good for, and then they looked it over care-
fully and noticed how it did its work. For instance, they would com-
pare a certain disk drill with their home drill, and discuss the value
of recent improvements which had been made. These boys learned some-
thing. They were not only looking for ways of doing their home work
easier, but they seemed to have an insatiable curiosity, which caused
them to poke into things and ask questions continually. We are con-
vinced, though, that many of the boys did not really learn a thing about
the machinery. They idled along, looking first at this and then at that,
stopping at the places where the most people were gathered or where an
engine was making the most noise.

THE CATTLE SHOW.

The cattle show, wonderfully good as it was, did not greatly surpass
the high standard set by previous fairs. The dairy show as a whole was
by far the strongest exhibit that has ever been seen at the Iowa fair. The
beef breeds were hardly up to the usual standard. There was a wonder-
fully strong show of Herefords, and the Galloway, Polled Durham and
Red Polled breeds all surpassed last year's strong exhibit. The cattle
show should surpass in both numbers and quality that of any other state
fair this year.

THE SHOET-HOBNS.

A strong feature of the Short-horn show this year was the good show-
ing made by the Iowa exhibitors. It may not have been the best Short-
horn exhibit that has been seen at the Iowa State Fair, but with pas-
87

578 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

tures burned brown all summer, it was not a year to expect the "best
ever." Yet the barns were nearly as full as a year ago, and compe-
tition was sufficiently strong to make the show interesting from start
to finish. A judge from Scotland, Mr. J. L. Reid, tied the ribbons, v/hich
added to the interest. A number of the winners are of such pronounced
showyard merit that they are certain to continue strong winners around
the circuit. The aged bull class brought out an even dozen and fur-
nished the grand champion, in Harding's Sultan Mine. A number in the
class were rather plain from the showyard standpoint, but good, thick,
rugged herd bulls. The two-year-old bull class was not large, but was
a class of good ones. McMillan & Sons were first with Hampton's King,
a thick, low-set fellow, who was also awarded the Iowa championship.
The senior yearling bull class, with ten extra good ones, gave the judge a

.lUNlOR CHAMPION SHORT-HORN BULL
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

really hard task, even to satisfy himself. Rapp Bros., of Nebraska, were
awarded first on Foxy Favorite, a big, strong, good-topped red bull in
prime condition. Saunders, of Iowa, was such a close second with his
white bull, Hoyal Cumberland, that the judge admitted that another judge
might change it, while Professor Curtiss was third with Count Avon, a
beautiful roan of such fine character and finish that some would prefer
him to. the other two. The fifteen junior yearlings made another very
strong class, and brought out one of the most sensational winners of the
show. This was Powell & Son's King Cumberland 2d, a full brotheir to
the champion King Cumberland, brought out by Powell two years ago.
He was first in class and junior champion, and had friends for even more

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 579

honors. In the senior bull calf class, with seventeen in the ring, Saun-
ders won first with a very attractive calf of good type, but did not have
a walkaway. The junior bull calf class was a ring of twenty, with Saun-
ders again in the lead. From the showyard standpoint the aged cow
class, with an even dozen, was just fair, as some of the best had lost
their bloom. The two-year-old class made a much better showing, and
was a strong class. Tomson Bros., of Kansas, won first on a daughter of
Bampton Knight, but had close competition from Watts & Sons, of Iowa,
with a daughter of Sentinel. The senior yearling class brought out nine-
teen heifers that included several very strong numbers, and there was a
nice class of juniors.

THE ABERDEEN ANGUS.

The Angus show was wonderfully strong as it was, but scarcely came
up to the high mark of previous years in numbers. As ever, the qual-
ity was exceptional. Seven Iowa exhibitors competed for the prizes, four
less than last year. The competition simmered down to a three-cornered,
contest between Binnie, McHenry and Battles. McHenry had slightly the
best of the argument, securing the senior champion cow and scoring heav-
ily in the herd classes. Miller secured several firsts and the grand cham-
pion female, while Anderson, Arney and Baker occasionally landed well
inside the money. In the class of aged bulls. McHenry had things his
own way, with Quality Prince, a bull of great scale and excellent quality.
Owing to an injury. Battles' Oakville Quiet Lad was not shown this year.
He would certainly make the competition in the aged bull and champion
classes more interesting. In a class of four two-year-old bulls, Binnie
had an outstanding winner in Kloman, a bull of superb quality and ex-
cellent finish, which afterwards was made a senior and grand cham-
pion. In the aged cow class, McHenry was out again with his Barbara
McHenry 24th, who quite easily took first in her class. The younger
female classes were for the most part of beautiful quality, ranging very
uniformly throughout, the tails of the classes not being markedly inferior
to those at the top. The prizes were awarded by Dr. H. M. Brown of
Hillsboro, Ohio.

THE HEEEFORDS.

There was nothing in this year of drouth to foretell the magnificent
display of Herefords made at Des Moines last week, so the wonder is all
the greater that this show should be bigger and better than the grand dis-
play made by the Hereford exhibitors at the Iowa State Fair a year ago.
The Hereford enthusiam that prompted it must come from a revival of
the business, and is too strong to be seriously affected by such handicaps
as burned pastures. There were 248 head of Herefords on exhibition,
which was a 15 per cent increase over last year, and the exhibitors were
from five different states. Among them were some who had never ex-
hibited at the state fair before, but the list also included some veterans
in the business, among them Makin Bros, of Missouri, and Van Natta &
Son of Indiana, each continuous exhibitors of Herefords for more than
a quarter of a century. Robert Mousell, the well-known Hereford expert

580 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

of Nebraska, did the judging. Tiie first class called brought out ten good
aged bulls. Makin Bros, won first with their great show bull, Paragon
12th, who was first last year also. The two-year-olds, with seven in the
class, were headed by Harris' Gay Lad 6th, who was also awarded cham-
pionship. Van Natta & Son won first in both the senior and junior bull
classes, their junior winner being their first prize calf at Kansas City
and Chicago last year. He is developing well, very growthy for his age,
and won in a strong class numbering thirteen. The female classes
brought out some very strong competition, and it is doubtful if a stronger
two-year-old class has been seen in years. The class numbered seventeen,
and all good, big, growthy heifers, with the quality and finish that wins.
After the prizes were awarded, there were still very worthy ones left out-
side the money. First went to Mr. Cudahy, on Scottish Lassie, last year's
grand champion for Doctor Logan. The Hazlett second prize heifer also
looked like championship material, and others were not far behind. The cow
class was a ring of good, big ones, fourteen in number, and furnished the
grand champion. The competition, however, for this coveted prize was
very close, and there were some who would have again made Scottish
Lassie the grand champion. The yearling female classes were not so
uniformly good as the older classes, but were large. The Iowa champion
bull was Distinction, owned by Cyrus A. Tow.

THE GALLOWAYS.

The Galloways were exhibited by breeders from Iowa, Nebraska and
South Dakota. Straub Bros., of Nebraska, secured rather more than
their proportion of the prizes. The shaggy blacks are continually be-
coming more like Angus. They will always have an individuality of
their own, however, and it is doubtful if they will ever take on the ex-
treme quality and smoothness possessed by the Angus. This breed is
one that is deserving of more attention, especially in the northwestern
part of the corn belt. The awards were given by Hon. Chas. Escher, of
Botna, Iowa.

THE POLLED DUKHAMS.

Both the quality and the size of the Polled Durham show pleased us.
These cattle are continually approaching the best of the Short-horn
types, in beef form and quality. Some of the animals seem to be more of
the milking strain than the best of the show ring Short-horns. The
Polled Durham show is one which we hope to see grow steadily. We feel
that it is not nearly as big now as the breed deserves. The Iowa exhibit
of Polled Durhams was not so strong as it should have been, and a large
proportion of the awards went outside of the state. J. H. Miller, of
Indiana, won heavily. The prizes were awarded by Chas. Bellows, of
Maryville, Mo.

THE RED POLLEDS.

Six Red Polled exhibitors, of whom five were from out of the state,
made strong competition in this dual purpose breed. Hill, of South Da-
kota, and Davis & Haussler, of Nebraska, secured the lion's share of the

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 581

prizes, though Clouss, of Iowa, scored heavily in a number of the classes.
It is hard for the onlooker at the show ring to work up much enthusiasm
over the Red Polled, for the reason that they represent neither a strictly
dairy nor a beef type. We are convinced, however, that this is a breed
well worth watching, for the representatives of it are constantly improv-
ing in quality. H. J. Handschin, of North Dakota, judged this interesting
breed.

THE FAT STOCK SHOW.

The fat stock show was good, considering the earliness of the show
season. Most of the animals were a little underdone, but some showed in
the very prime of condition. For the first time in a number of years,
the Short-horns won the grand champion steer, Tomson Bros., of Dover,
Kan., coming out on top with the red and white steer. Benefactor. Last
year, when shown by the Kansas Agricultural College, this steer won a
number of prizes, taking second place at the International in the yearling
Short-horn class, and being beaten only by the champion Canadian steer.
By no means did Benefactor have things his own way in the grand cham-
pionship class. The big Escher & Ryan grade Angus and Van Natta's
pure-bred Hereford yearling both gave him a run for the money. The
Short-horn was undoubtedly the highest finished, and in quality was of
the very best. He should dress out a wonderfully high percentage of
meat. Some criticised his flesh as being a trifle soft. Tomson Bros, will
certainly have a job on their hands to keep him in the very best of condi-
tion throughout the show circuit. The big Angus grade carried a wealth
of hard, smooth flesh, but had the framework to put on even more. He
is a wonderfully good steer at the present time, but has more room for
improvement than the Short-horn. Donald Lad 5th, the pure-
bred yearling Hereford, is a steer of wonderful smoothness,
and the highest of quality. The greatest fight was between
the Angus and the Short-horn, however, and when the three judges
finally declared in favor of the Short-horn there were many who were
pleased. The Short-horn steer show was not as heavy and on the whole
not as good as it might be. Saunders won the grade Short-horn classes,
while Tomson Bros, secured four out of the five prizes in the pure-breds.
The Hereford exhibit was much the same in numbers and in quality as the
Short-horns. Van Natta and Cudahy divided most of the prizes in the
pure-breds. Tow, of Norway, Iowa, secured the champion grade. The
Angus competition was rather keener than the Short-horn and Hereford.
Escher & Ryan, of Irwin, Iowa, had things their own way, securing all
firsts and championships, in both the pure-bred and grade Angus classes.
Battles and Miller both pushed this firm rather hard in a number of in-
stances, however.

THE DAIRY SHOW.

Two things marked a distinct advance in the dairy show over that of
last year. One was the entrance of a new breed, the Brown Swiss, into

582 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the arena. The other was the great strength of the Jerseys, which this
year surpassed in numbers all of the other breeds shown. Last year the
Guernsey exhibit was the feature of the show. This year the Guernseys
were fully as strong as last, but the Jerseys had nearly doubled their
exhibit. A feature of the Jersey show was the strong aged cow and the
two-year-old heifer classes, there being twelve animals exhibited in each
class. Most of the prizes went outside of the state, to Wisconsin, Minne-
sota and Nebraska breeders. Iowa more nearly did herself justice in the
Guernsey exhibit than in any of the dairy breeds. The five Iowa exhibitors
secured a large proportion of the prizes, although A. W. & F. E. Fox, of
Waukesha, Wis., were strong in the calf classes. The Holsteins were a
disappointment. The show was a slight improvement over last year, but
is still quite short of what this breed should be capable of presenting.
Competition was confined to Iowa breeders. We suggest to the Holstein
breeders that for the sake of tlie public they should reduce the length
of the names of their animals. The Ayrshire is a pretty animal, the well-
shaped udder, the turn of the horns, and the general aspect are all attrac-
tive. Wisconsin and New York breeders competed for the prizes. In
the northeastern states and Canada the Ayrshire has made a good name
for itself. The Brown Swiss, shown for the first time this year, attracted
considerable attention. They are big, coarse-boned, heavy headed and
horned, but apparently have great capacity and a strong constitution. A
peculiar mouse color is a distinguishing feature. On very rough pasture
land this breed will perhaps make a place for itself. Two Wisconsin
breeders had tlie competition to themselves.

THE HORSE SHOW.

A strong Iowa exhibit was the feature of the horse show. In the four
draft breeds Iowa exhibitors secured a much larger portion of prizes than
in former years. As a whole, the horse show was not up to the standard
of 1910. Several prominent breeders who have come to the Iowa fair in
former years were not there. Uniformly good quality, the strength of the
Iowa breeders, and strong colt classes competing for the futurity stake
were the marked features of the horse show at the Iowa State Pair of 1911.

THE PEKCHERONS.

The strong colt and mare classes made the Percheron show very attrac-
tive. The aged classes, especially in the stallions, were scarcely up to the
high standard of some former years. In the mare classes competition was
keen, as was shown by the fact that Amorita, an International champion,
was only able to secure second in her class. Probably the most attractive
class in the show was the futurity stake for foals of 1910. Iowa and lUi-
nios breeders furnished a large number of very promising colts. The judg-
ing of this class aroused some criticism, the second prize colt being con-

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

583

CHAMPION PERCHERON ISTALLION
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

sidered by a number to be too faulty in the conformation of the hocks and
ankles to reach such a high place. Professor Carlyle, of Idaho, did the
judging.

/ THE SHIRES.

The size of the Shire show was disappointing, although the quality was
fully up to standard. The Shires have always been recognized as one
of our most massive and powerful draft breeds. We are pleased to note
from year to year that Shires have continually been improving in quality
and action. In the colts especially an advance was seen this year in Shire
type and quality. The futurity was won by an Iowa breeder on a son of
Surveyor, whom some will remember as grand champion as a colt at the
International. This colt not only won the futurity, but was champion
American bred stallion. We hope that the day will soon come when home
bred Iowa colts will frequently take championships. The prizes were
awarded by Robert Ogilvie, of Chicago.

THE CLYDESDALES.

In numbers this breed was weak, although the quality was uniformly
good. We would be pleased to see a stronger show of Clydesdales at the

584 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Iowa State Fair next year. Splendid action and uniformly good quality
make this breed attractive to all lovers of good draft horses. Robert
Miller, of Ontario, made the awards.

THE PONY SHOW.

The pony show was the largest ever seen at Des Moines. Some of the
very best specimens in this country were on exhibition. Especially to the
children were the ponies attractive. R. P. Stericker placed the awards.

THE MULES AND JACKS.

It would be well if greater emphasis were placed on the mule and jack
show at the Iowa fair. The showing this year, though larger than that of
previous years, was still small. The prizes were well split up amongst
Cassidy & Thompson, T. J. Lee, J. L. Poling, Loren Dunbar, A. L. Foster
and F. D. Duff. Cassidy & Thompson secured the championship on Maud.
The 0. K. Jack and Horse Company was the only exhibitor of jacks.

THE LIGHT HOUSES.

The light horse exhibit did not amount to much. In the standard-breds,
Peak, of Illinois, secured the bulk of the prizes, although in a number of
classes Iowa breeders made quite a strong showing. Again, in the saddle
horses the best prizes went to one man, Thos. Ba?s, of Missouri. Here,
again, Iowa breeders did well in several classes. Amongst the Morgans
there was a small exhibit of good quality. 0. J. Mooers, Wild Rose Farm,
J. B. Baker and S. C. Mills divided the bulk of their prizes. Most of the
Hackney ribbons went to out-of-the-state breeders.

THE HOG SHOW.

There were forty more exhibitors and 800 more hogs entered in the hog
show of this year than that of last. The Poland show was large, with the
big, medium and small types all well represented. Prizes were quite well
scattered amongst the different types of the breed, small, high quality
hogs taking the championships. There was a strong showing of Durocs.
Iowa breeders secured the bulk of the prizes. In the Chester Whites the
Iowa breeders were again strong. Illinois and Iowa divided honors in the
Berkshires, with most of the firsts going to Corsa, of Illinois, although
McPherson, Rookwood Farm and other Iowa breeders secured good prizes.
The Hampshire showing was good, with Illinois and Indiana securing the
most of the awards. Yorkshire swine were shown by B. F. Davidson,
Menlo, Iowa, and B. F. Funkle, Redfield, Iowa, the former securing most
of the firsts and championships. Tamworths were exhibited by C. C.
Roup, Iowa City, Iowa, and G. M. Weighton, Audubon, Iowa, and the
former won the largest number of firsts and all championships except
junior boar.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 585

THE SHEEP SHOW.

We would like to see a stronger sheep show in Iowa. This year, as last,
there were scarcely 500 head shown altogether. Among the mutton breeds
there was a strong showing of Shropshires and Oxfords. In connection
with both of these breeds Iowa special prizes were offered. The Merinos
and Rambouillets were not as strongly represented by Iowa breeders as
they should have been, considering the popularity of these two breeds
among the sheep men of the southeastern part of the state.

Hampshires were shown by Cooper & Nephews and W. F. Renk, the
former winning both championships and the bulk of the firsts.

The Cotswold show was made up by Cooper and Lewis Bros., with hon-
ors about equally divided.

Nash Bros, and Alex. Arnold were the Dorset exhibitors. The ribbons
were well divided, with Arnold getting both championships.

Rambouillets were shown by King Bros. Co. and F. W. Cook, the former
getting the bulk of the awards.

Cook & Son and A. J. Blakely entries made up the Merino showing. The
former won all firsts.

The only Lincoln exhibitor was Alex. Arnold.

THE CORN EXHIBIT.

The corn show was larger and of better quality than usual. The last
week in August is not a favorable time for a corn show, for the ears must
of necessity have been selected from the crop of the previous years. The
prizes were awarded by Grant Chapman.

CREAMERY BUTTER EXHIBIT.

The butter entries for the Iowa State Fair of 1911 were rather small in
quantity but more than made up what was lacking in the extremely good
quality of nearly every entry.

THE POULTRY SHOW.

A larger number of birds shown in the poultry exhibit than in other
years was the record of 1911. A cockerel owned by T. L. Rickseker, of Rose-
dale, Kan., won the sweepstakes for being the best bird among the 2,500
exhibited.

We have never seen the poultry breeders of the state apparently so well
satisfied with a state fair as the Iowa poultry breeders were this year. The
poultry building had more of the air of a place where poultry business
was transacted than that of a badly managed hen house — the impression

586 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the building gave visitors a few years ago before Secretary Wilson called
attention to the fact that the poultry breeders of the state were not being
given the exhibit the importance of the poultry interests demanded.

Local poultry associations took this opportunity of advertising their
coming poultry shows. From the big cartoon in the center of the building,
that advised all comers of the big state show to be held in Des Moines,
January 12th to 17th, the eye might travel around the building, where on
all sides placards announced shows all over the state.

Exhibitors were permitted to put up their advertising matter the first
day of the fair, thus giving them the full benefit of all the advertising a
state fair gives. This is a step in the right direction and we believe did
good work — and we understand that sales at better prices were made this
year than have heretofore been made. We understand that Professor
Lippincott purchased for the college at Ames an exceptionally fine pen of
Rhode Island Reds, subject to the approval of the authorities.

We hope that the time will come when our state colleges will have the
best birds that money can buy, and sell eggs and stock to the farmers at
prices which the latter can afford to pay.

We understand that the first prize White Wyandotte hen changed hands
several times during the show.

The incubator and poultry supply companies attracted much attention
with their exhibit.

The college exhibit formed an interesting feature of the poultry build-
ing. Illumined pictures of prize winning poultry, and poultry houses,
model poultry buildings and poultry appliances were among the attrac-
tions. The cases showing slices of hard boiled eggs from hens which had
been fed cardinal and gold dyes, were a center of interest. We were glad
to see an exhibit of dressed poultry. A chicken showing the cut for re-
moving the tendons, thus making the leg more delicate eating; a bird
with the wishbone removed, making it possible to cut the breast meat
to better advantage, and a boned chicken were among the interesting
features of this exhibit.

F. E. Mixa, of the Iowa State College, gave a demonstration in dressing
and boning a chicken. Judge Russell gave a lecture on "How the New
Standard Affects Barred Plymouth Rocks," illustrated by live specimens.
Judge Shellabarger illustrated with live specimens the common defects in
the American breeds, and D. E. Hale, of Quincy, 111., gave a talk on
"Money in Standard Breeds for the Farmer."

Another educational feature of interest was the egg-laying contest.
Outdoor pens fitted with trap nests were arranged. Each pen contained
six hens. The superintendent of the poultry building, who had charge
of the contest, called attention to the lesson this contest had taught
on the benefits J5f trap nesting. Mr. E. T. Roberts, who won first prize
with a pen of White Leghorns, had been trap nesting for some time;
every hen entered in his pen was a proved layer. In the five days his
birds laid nineteen eggs. Mr. R. W. Faskcn, Colfax, who took second
with eighteen eggs, laid by a pen of White Orpingtons, is also a trap

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 587

nest breeder. The third and fourth prizes, won with twelve and ten
eggs, were from birds that had not been trap nested. The individual
record of each hen was kept during this contest. This record showed
that some of the birds entered in the contest had not laid an egg. It
is such dead-beat boarders that rob the poultry breeder of his profits.
These non-producers can only be weeded out by means of the trap nest; a
lesson which many of the farmers who interested themselves in watching
the contest were apparently glad to learn.

The headquarters of the Women's Poultry Association, in a tent at the
side of the poultry building, was a popular place with the ladies.

One of the surprises of the fair to the farmer was the comparatively
small number of Barred Plymouth Rocks on exhibition. The Plymouth
Rocks have for so long been considered the farmer's fowl that we miss
them at a farmer's fair. Some well-grown young stock was shown, but
there was nothing so exceptionally fine as to attract especial attention.

The Rhode Island Reds were the largest class. More good birds of this
breed were shown this year than have ever been brought out before at a
fall show. The first single comb cockerel was the bird of the show, taking
sweepstakes cup as the best cockerel in the show. The coloring of this
bird was almost perfect, showing an ideal wing with uniform color in
wing coverts, and a tail without a touch of foreign color. He had good
shape and carriage, and his under-color was a rich, deep red to the skin.
The first pullet was a bird of remarkable quality. The second best cock- ■
erel of the show was a White Orpington, a bird which crowded the first
cockerel very close for sweepstakes.

There was a good showing of Black and Buff Orpingtons, the Orping-
tons as a whole ranking next to the Reds in numbers. White Leghorns
were also much in evidence; the class being larger, we understood, than
in any previous year. ,

The Wyandotte class was not large, but some good birds were shown.
All the American breeds were well represented, and the usual number
of fancy breeds and varieties attracted the attention of visitors.

Th turkeys were out in larger numbers than last year, which might have
been expected, as this has been a good year for turkeys generally. The
Indian Runner ducks are evidently increasing in popularity; some good
Pekins were also shown.

The old birds, as is always the case at this time of year, were in poor
shape for showing, owing to the moult, and the inevitable breaking of
feathers during the season in the breeding pen, but the young stock
looked fine, the birds all appeared thrifty, and everything promises well
for a successful season to the Iowa farmer in the poultry yard.

Farmer and Breeder, Sioux City.

Will Iowa crops be much smaller this year than usual? If so, will the
shortage have an appreciable effect upon the business the farmer will do
next year? Will they postpone improvements for a season? These are

588 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

questions that are being asked frequently at this time. Manufacturers
and dealers are especially interested in these matters, fully comprehending
that they cannot prosper unless the farmer is also prosperous. If crops
are below normal this fact was not reflected at the fair this year. If the
farmers are expecting to curtail expenses or postpone previously planned
improvement this, too, was not in evidence judging from the attendance
and interest manifested in the exhibits. On the contrary, the farmers
seemed to be more alive than ever and more interested in the show as a
whole. It seemed as though they were redoubling their efforts in hunting
for suggestions as they went about asking questions.

What a magnificent exhibition the Iowa State Pair has become! What
a strong influence it wields in the development of our agricultural re-
sources! It is by far the greatest agricultural educational factor in the
state, for it reaches so many people. It exerts its influence not only on
those who annually or occasionally attend its exhibitions, but also indi-
rectly upon those who stay at home. The state has expended many thou-
sands of dollars in building up this fair, but it can spend many thou-
sands more to advantage, and this it will undoubtedly do.

The attendance this year broke all previous records. The total attend-
ance was 270,000, as compared with 220,000 last year. Cash receipts
totaled $190,000 as compared with $157,000 a year ago. At the close on
Wednesday receipts had already been large enough to cover all ex-
penses of the show. On the last two days receipts totaled $40,000, and
this was net profit. The weather was ideal throughout the week; this
undoubtedly had much to do with the record crowds that poured through
the gates from day to day. On Tuesday the attendance amounted to
over 62,000; this was 3,000 above the record day in 1909.

The board of directors and the officers of the fair, including Acting
Secretary Corey are to be congratulated upon the splendid management of
the fair this year. Exhibitors and visitors alike spoke of the uniform
courtesy everywhere extended. When well-built machinery is properly
oiled and taken care of it runs smoothly, and then it appears as though
anyone could manage it; but let something get out of repair and an ex-
pert is required to put it in order. The Iowa fair is evidently managed
by experts or the machinery could not continue to run so smoothly.
Mothers remarked that the fair was clean; they rejoiced. Many brought
their children and were grateful for seeing no gambling or games of
chance. A distinct improvement was seen in the character of the side
shows; more attention was being directed toward matters having educa-
tional value. The ladies, for example, listened to daily lectures on do-
mestic science given by members of the Iowa State College in the college
building. Several meetings were also held for the purpose of interesting
men and women in organizing country clubs for the purpose of promot-
ing better rural social conditions. For the most part these meetings were
well attended.

One notable meeting was held for the purpose of organizing a crop im-
provement association. This meeting was called by Mr. Wells, secretary
of the Western Grain Dealers' Association. Representatives from sev-
eral city commercial clubs, bankers associations, various manufacturing

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 589

interests, grain exchanges, took part in the deliberations and expressed
willingness to give financial assistance to any practical project having
for its object the encouragement of movements looking to the use of bet-
ter farm seeds. Prof. R. A. Moore, of Wisconsin, who has done some very
valuable work in originating improved varieties of grains in Wisconsin
and of distributing them among the farmers all over the state, had been
secured to tell what has been accomplished in his state. Professor Moore
delivered a most forcible address and showed in a striking manner what
he has accomplished during the past 13 years. Briefly his plan is as
follows: The crop department of the experiment station is constantly
busy breeding and improving the common farm crops, such as oats, wheat,
barley, corn, alfalfa, clover, etc. When it has developed a superior
variety the seed is multiplied till 200 or more bushels have been obtained.
If the variety still seems promising, enough seed is sent to members of
the Wisconsin Experiment Association — to be described later on — who
test it and compare its yield with the old varieties in use. If the result
is favorable each member of the association saves all the seed the acre pro-
duces and then plants as large a field as possible the following season.
The station then helps these seed growers to dispose of their surplus
stock at prices not to exceed twice the market value of ordinary grain.
Much of this good grain is sold to neighbors and thus old run out varie-
ties are gradually displaced by new and better ones.

The Wisconsin Experiment Association is an association composed of
young men who have attended the Wisconsin Agricultural College or any
other agricultural colleges in the country. They are men who have
studied grain breeding and development, and are, therefore, in position
to do intelligent and effective work. At present the association contains
about 1,6.00 members. Two varieties of corn have already been distributed
among these co-operators or scientific seed breeders. One variety is
especially valuable for the northern part of the state and the other for
the southern portion. Superior varieties of oats and barley have also
been introduced and as a result the average yields of grain for the state as
a whole have been materially raised. The new varieties of corn yield
from five to ten bushels more per acre than the old ones. The same is
also true of the improved varieties of oats, barley, and wheat that are
already quite generally grown over the state.

Last year, for example, a new variety of barley was distributed among
1,500 co-operators. Next year these men will produce enough grain of
this new variety to furnish seed for the whole barley acreage in Wisconsin
and during the year following Wisconsin will produce enough seed barley
of this new strain to plant the world's entire barley acreage. Commercial
seedsmen are enlisted to aid in the work of distribution.

So far these Wisconsin seed growers have grown and harvested their
seed in accordance with instructions furnished by Professor Moore, who
is secretary and manager of the association. In consequence of this, a
uniformly high grade of seed has been produced which is finding ready
sale not only in Wisconsin and near-by states, but also in many foreign
countries. Unless other states take this work up in the near future Wis-

590

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

consin will soon be recognized as the greatest high-quality seed-producing
state in the Union.

Among the other speakers who addressed the meeting was Mrs. Lucas
of Wright County, Iowa. Mrs. Lucas has done much effective work in
speaking at farmers' institutes, rural clubs, county fairs, etc. She has
also been instrumental in getting agricultural subjects introduced into
a number of country schools and high schools. Mrs. Lucas spoke very
enthusiastically about the great benefit that might come to Iowa agricul-
ture through a well organized crop improvement association.

After some discussion as to how the crop improvement association should
be organized the consensus of opinion was to the effect that it should be
patterned after the Wisconsin Experiment Association. A committee was
then appointed to draft a constitution and outline a plan of organization.

LIVE STOCK.

The Iowa State Fair has for years been the largest live stock show in
the country. It is looked upon as standard for the state fairs. An animal

(JllAMI'ION HEREFORD OOW
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 591

that wins a championship at the Iowa fair usually also becomes champion at
the great International Live Stock Show held in Chicago in the fall. In
some respects the live stock exhibits this year were superior to those of
a year ago. There were more exhibitors and also a larger total number
of animals.

The horse show was not quite so large as it was a year ago. The total
number was 1,016 as compared with 1,126 last year; these figures include
ponies and mules. There were 140 horse exhibitors as compared with 101
last year. Of cattle there were 1,044 as compared with 858 a year ago and
there were also 20 more exhibitors this year than last. In numbers the
Short-horns fell a little below last year, but there were more Herefords
than usual. The Hereford show was immense. The entries amounted to
237 head as compared with 204 Short-horns, 108 Aberdeen Angus, and from
36 to 96 of the other breeds of beef and dairy cattle. The dairy show was
by far' the largest that has ever been held in Iowa. The Jerseys were es-
pecially strong; they numbered 96 head as compared with 52 a year ago,
and the Guernseys 61 as compared with 53 last year. The quality of all
the stock was uniformly high. There were few tailenders to be seen.

The sheep exhibit was also very strong. The total number of entries
was 680. The Shropshires, of course, were in the lead, yet nine different
breeds were on the grounds. The swine pavilion was filled to overflow-
ing and the number of entries practically the same as last year. Breed-
ers reported a brisk demand for hogs and in general were exceedingly well
satisfied with the business outlook for the coming sale season. The judging
pavilion was unusually well filled, especially on Tuesday, Wednesday, and
Thursday. Judging from the attention which the public is giving to the
placing of the live stock awards, enthusiasm over pure-bred stock is rap-
idly growing in the State of Iowa.

The new feature of the futurity stakes for colts was a great success.
These stakes, including cash and the cash value of cups, medals, etc.,
amounted to $3,461 — the largest sum ever offered in the world for an ex-
hibit of draft colts. This futurity plan was originated by J. H. S. John-
stone of the Chicago Daily Live Stock World. This journal deserves a
great deal of credit for the work it has done in thus encouraging the draft
horse breeding industry. Mr. Halliwell, publisher and proprietor, has
not only given Mr. Johnstone his moral support, but he also donated a
considerable sum of prize money. The breeders owe the Chicago Daily
Live Stock World their sincere gratitude. The Percheron nominations
alone numbered over 140; 40 paid the full entry fees and 28 colts ap-
peared in the ring. The Shire, Clydesdale and Belgian breeds were also
well represented. It was generally remarked that these colts made the
finest display that has ever been seen at any state fair. The breeding asso-
ciations, the Iowa State Fair management, and several of the large breed-
ers of horses offered money prizes for this futurity show. It is to be hoped
that this exhibition may be continued, but owing to the large amount of
work required to get a show of this kind under way it is doubtful wheth'er
it will be attempted next year.

592 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL DISPLAYS.

While the Iowa State Fair leads in live stock, it falls woefully behind
in the line of grain and general farm exhibits. More attention ought to
be directed toward encouraging county displays of farm products with
special reference to the value of improved seed, of better methods of
farming as shown by rotation of crops and conservation of soil fertility
in general. Iowa's live stock industry is important; her wealth is largely
represented in her live stock; yet the more grain we produce, the better
we learn how to build up rich pastures and meadows, the more we come to
realize the importance of crop rotation not only as an aid in the mainte-
nance of soil fertility, but also as a means of fighting insect pests and fun-
gus diseases, the more live stock we can maintain and the greater will be
our profits. It is just as important that the Iowa farmer should improve
his ordinary grains and grasses and forage crops through breeding and
selection as it is that he should improve his live stock. The Iowa State
Fair should exert itself to bring out this feature more prominently than
it has ever done before. It is high time that this were done. Iowa is
the greatest live stock state in the Union, but there is no reason why she
should not also be the greatest producer of high-class crops of all kinds.

The apple show in the horticultural building was representative of the
state; it did the industry credit, and in general the horticultural display
was very satisfactory.

THE COLLEGE BUILDING.

As has been the case for several years, the Iowa State College occupied
one entire building in which exhibits were made by several departments of
that institution. Prof. M. L. King of the agricultural engineering depart-
ment was busy explaining about the Iowa silo, which is a silo built of
hollow clay blocks. Several hundred of these silos have been erected
throughout the state this year.

The dairy division of the extension department of the colloge showed
some interesting facts that have been gathered in the districts where cow
test associations have been formed. Five test associations are in exist-
ence in Iowa and they include about 1,800 cows. A cow test association
ordinarily has 26 members, each of whom is an owner of 10 to 20 cows.
These members pay into the treasury of the association $1 a year per
cow in their herd. They then employ a man to visit the farm of each
member of the association once a month. This man is known as the
"tester." He weighs the milk of each individual cow and tests it for
butter fat. He also weighs the feed each cow consumes and thus makes
an estimate of the performance of each individual in the herd during the
month. The state pays part of the expense of the man who does the test-
ing. In two communities representing 688 cows, or 46 herds, it was
found that 200 of the best cows produced an average of 301 pounds of but-
ter per year at a feed cost of $36 per head. In other words, they showed
a net profit of $52 per head. Similarly, 200 of the poorest cows in these

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 593

two associations produced an average of only 176 pounds of butter a year
at a feed cost of $30 per head. In other words, these cows showed a net
profit of $20 as compared with $52 for the 200 best cows. These facts
show in a general way what the test associations are doing. They are
discovering the poor cows, and as a result the farmers are rapidly im-
proving their herds by selling the poor individuals and putting better
ones in their places.

Twentieth Century Farmer, Omaha, Nebr.

Iowa's Annual Live Stock Show and Agricultural exposition was held
last week on the Iowa State Fair grounds at Des Moines. This ex-
ploitation of the skill and ingenuity of man in the promotion of excellen-
cies in animal creation, in the demonstration of possibilities in soil pro-
ducton and in the bringing to the attention of humanity in mechanical
arts the wondrous faculty of inventive genius combine in completing one of
the greatest educational efforts that has ever been assembled under the
management of state fair enterprise. The Iowa State Fair has grown
within the last few years into an immense aggregation of exhibition inter-
ests; its improvement and development of grounds along lines of exposi-
tion convenience, advantage and permanency are the wonder and admira-
tion of its oldest patrons and most loyal supporters.

PLACE FOR OLD GRAY-HAIRED VETERANS.

Iowa was fortunate in securing a state fair location so admirably
suited by nature for the purposes of building an ideal exposition grounds
and equipment for carrying on such an enterprise. The wooded hill
lands, besides their use for state fair buildings, dotted here and there over
it, has a most beautiful location designated "Iowa Grand Army Encamp-
ment." This tract is occupied each annual fair by the members of the
Grand Army posts of the state and visiting comrades from all parts of
the country. Thousands of these old gray-haired veterans congregate
here for their annual visit, speech-making and picnic. This is one of
the most impressive gatherings representing patriotic loyalty and sym-
pathy for American institutions that one will ever have an opportunity
to enjoy.

A division of the timber section of the hill land is surveyed into lots,
blocks, streets and alleys and rented to persons from a distance who wish
to bring their families to the fair, camp and stay for a pleasant outing
during the week. A nominal charge is made, tents erected, numbered,
etc., and soon the beautiful white city springs into existence and a most
pleasant and profitable season is enjoyed by the farmer and his family.
Hundreds of families came from 50 to 150 miles this year in their autos
and established residence on the tented hill, under the shade of the tow-
ering oaks and elms.
38

594 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

PERMANENT WALKS ALL OVER GROUNDS.

Hundreds of thousands of dollars have been expended on these fair
grounds in the matter of improvement for the comfort and convenience
of its visitors in getting about over the grounds, from one building to
another and from one section of the ground to another. Sidewalks are
now so abundantly supplied that one may walk all day on cement or
cinder pavement and be free from the annoyance of mud in case of rain.

One of the greatest fair grounds improvements in the United States is
the Iowa State Fair hog barn, two or three times as large as any other
state would have occasion to use under the most encouraging conditions
of swine industry. It exceeds the demands of Iowa up to the present
date, and Iowa boasts of an annual average of more than 3,000 hogs on
exhibition at its state fair.

NEW MACHINERY HALL.

The next feature of strong demand with this big fair was a place to
house its immense acreage of farm machinery that was obliged to set out-
doors in the open or under tent. The building of machinery halls for
many years helped to satisfy the requirements of the best exhibitors.
Then there came a period that the big machinery hall seemed the only
recourse for the fair management. This year a six-acre lot was surveyed,
platted into blocks and streets and a fine steel building erected on this,
covering one-half the lot, three acres. This one-half was completed for the
1911 fair at a cost of about $85,000, the other half will be added to it next
year, thus completing a six-acre steel building, exclusively for machinery,
implements, tools, etc., commonly found in state fair machinery depart-
ment displays. The magnitude of this structure cannot be appreciated
until one steps inside the present three-acre building. The machinery
exhibit this year was larger and better in most respects than ever before.
There were more exhibitors, many never having previously attended this
fair.

The grandstand at the race track, now experiencing its second year in
service, is one of the highly appreciated structures.

_ AGRICULTURAL HALL ATTRACTS CROWDS.

The Agricultural hall is a substantially constructed brick building capa-
ble of holding an immense display of mixed exhibits for which it is used.
It contains the agricultural products display, the horticultural exhibit, em-
bracing all fruits and appliances pertaining to the fruit crop industry;
the floral exhibit, the bee and honey display, the dairy exhibit, butter,
cheese, cream separators and all that belongs to the operation of milk or
butter handling. Scores of other specialties arc added to the exposi-
tion interests of this building, until it becomes the place of entertainment
for many people and usually holds a crowded house.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 595

In the fruit industry Iowa has never had a better display at its state
fair. The apples were not as large, uniformly, as in other years, due to
overbearing and lack of moisture in the ground. M. J. Wragg, an au-
thority on Iowa's fruit interests and a large grower, says:

"The state has not had for five years as large a crop in bushels of ap-
ples. There has been practically no insect damage. This may be on ac-
count of no fruit last year and the excessively dry conditions this year,
not favoring the propagation of the insect; at all events, wormy fruit is
very scarce."

Mr. Wragg had 142 varieties of apples on exhibition. In plums the
state has the largest yield ever known. The exhibition was made from
the American varieties mainly.

A SORT OF IOWA BURBANK.

A very remarkable exhibit in the fruit line was that of B. A. Mathews
of Knoxville, Iowa. Mr. Mathews is a sort of Burbank in the experimenta-
tion and propagation of fruits. He claims to have produced approximately
300 kinds of pears, had on exhibition 150 kinds; these he is growing
for the commercial trade and recommends them to the public. He has
accomplished some wonderful things in his fruit breeding system. He has
a very fine-appearing apple which he has acquired by taking the little,
old, sour wild crabapple and by means of cultivation and the selection
of what he terms sprouts, produced by these methods, used as a new breed-
ing basis, acquired an apple of several times the size of the original, and
one which will go into the lists of varieties to be used in orchard industry.
He has butternuts, hickory nuts, red haws and many other things which
he has entirely transformed in appearance and quality from the original
by his system of breeding. He deplores the fact that there are not
enough of other cranks, as he terms himself, to follow him and take up
this work where he is obliged by his age to leave off.

LIVE STOCK THE CROWNING FEATURE.

The live stock feature of the Iowa State Fair is its crowning event. No
other division or combination of interests could rise in the minds of the
people in exhibition importance with that of live stock. Live stock is
the recognized power behind agriculture; it is the key that unlocks the
treasures of wealth as they come from the soil. Live stock is the medium
through which the farmer finds a market for practically everything the
land produces. The farmer estimates the value of his crops as he counts
the cash from the sales of the horses, cattle, sheep and swine.

Live stock in all its departments showed a distinctive advance over
former years. In horses the horse judge, the horse fancier and the fel-
low who talks horse all agreed that this fair was an improvement over

596 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

former years in the general classification of horses represented. The ten-
dency is to keep up in both numbers and quality. The various means that
are coming into use to displace the horse as a beast of burden has not
caused any special alarm among horse raisers, horse breeders and horse
dealers. There seems to be the usual demand for the good horse, and
horse fanciers are not decreasing. The Iowa State Fair was an example of
the present-day interest in the really good horse of the various breeds.

CHAMPION ABERDEEN ANUUIS BULL
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

The cattle division was never so strong; 1,044 entries were made and
only two exhibitors failed to be present. This is by far the largest
exhibit of cattle the Iowa fair has ever entertained. The quality and
general exhibition finish of these animals was pronounced the best that
has ever been brought to these grounds. It would be unfair to single
out any one breed as having advantage in this show. All breeds were
creditably represented. The Herefords were commented on as being the
best lot of show cattle of this breed that has ever been shown in the
state, and having the most uniformly good show specimens that have ever
appeared on a state fair grounds anywhere. The excellence in quality
of both the beef breeds and dairy cattle was a common expression at the
ringside.

The swine division contained 2,900 hogs and was one of great interest,
and at all times crowded with visitors. The usual interest in the hog
was centered about the standard breeds, which at this period in the
swine history of the country does not stop with the Poland-China, the Du-
roc. the Chester White and Berkshire, but extends to the Hampshire,
the Yorkshire and Tamworth. This division presented an air of activity,
interest and a little current of rivalship in breeds.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 597

THREE DISTINCT POLAND-CHINA TYPES.

The most pronounced difference of opinion on merit of hog seemed to
exist with the breeders of the Poland-China, whose ideas of type varied
from the extremely large hog down to the small-boned hog, thus furnish-
ing room for three distinct types, so far as size was concerned, the big
Poland-China, the medium and the small type. This matter of distinc-
tion, governed by size, has become so pronounced with the breeders that it
is looked upon as a matter of injustice for these three types to be shown
together and have justice meted out to the exhibitors. There can scarcely
be a doubt that fair managements must provide some relief for this class of
breeders. It is a condition that exists; it is established among breeders; it
is not fair to ask the breeder of the small type to surrender his ideal and
take the large type; neither would it be fair to ask the large type breeder
to throw aside his ideal of propriety and hog advantage and take up the
small type. The medium type seems to offer no better solution to the ex-
tremes, and the result is the three types — large, medium and small — are
contesting against each other in the same ring, same class, same lot, with
the contest being in the selection of a judge that favors one or the other
of these types to the exhibition disadvantage of the others. The providing
of more money for the swine division and the extension of the premium
list so as to cover, in separate classification, the three types of hog, with
a judge for each type corresponding in his ideas with the type he is to
judge is the solution. This is a condition that exists and cannot be
changed, but can be accommodated by the expense of adding two more
lots in the swine division of the premium list. It will not injure the fair;
it will have the opposite effect and will aid in the promotion of the hog
industry at large.

POPULAR HOG WITH PACKERS.

A very interesting feature in the swine department was the astonish-
ingly large display of the Hampshire hog. The growth in popularity of
this breed might be indicated by its state fair history at Iowa. In 1907
there were exhibited three head; 1910, 200 head; 1911, 350 head, with
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois and Indiana represented. There were
fifteen herds entered at the Iowa fair this year. They are not a new breed
of hogs; have been in the United States since 1830, but have not at-
tracted attention of the packers until 1904, since which time they seem to
be receiving endorsement as a popular hog with the packer.

STRONG SHEEP DEPARTMENT.

The sheep department was larger and better than usual. This division
is receiving a strong endorsement from among the Iowa farmers. The
breeds represented were Rambouillet, American, Delaine, Merinos,
Hampshires, Shropshires, Oxfords, Southdowns, Cotswold, Leicesters, Lin-

598 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

coins, Dorsets and Cheviots. The quality was good, contests in the show-
ring strong and liberal numbers on exhibition, there being above 500
sheep exhibited. The inquiry was good and exhibitors seemed pleased
with the outlook for sales of breeding stock.

The poultry division of the Iowa fair has shown great improvement
both in quality of fowls and numbers exhibited. The new cooping of the
poultry hall has added greatly to the display. Other fairs should adopt
the uniform cooping of their poultry exhibit; it gives the whole exhibition
feature an entirely new and dressed-up appearance.

The Prairie Farmer, Chicago.

The last week of August was school week for Iowa farmers. Few of the
many thousands who took in the sights of the state fair at Des Moines
may have regarded their sojourn in this light, yet in view of the unlimited
amount of practical information obtainable on all branches of farm prac-
tice, the Iowa fair may be said to be one of the greatest schools for prac-
tical farmers in existence.

This was the idea unconsciously expressed by one Hawkeye farmer
when he slapped President Cameron on the back at the close of the fair
and said: "Well, Charlie, you've got a mighty good fair and I'm glad I
came. I've brushed up against some new things, got a hatful of valuable
ideas and I'm going home prepared to look my problems square in the
face."

It was give and take all week with exhibitors and visitors. Plied with
questions from all sides by farmers hungry for information that would
help them to farm better and live more comfortably, exhibitors became in-
structors. Possibly a few told more than they knew, but in the end the
inquirer gained the information that he was after. The diffident farmer
forgot his diffidence and joined enthusiastically with his fellow farmers
in the search for knowledge. Silo demonstrators were besieged, alfalfa
"profs" quizzed, prize-winning animals scrutinized, labor-saving machinery
inspected and between times glimpses were taken at the airships. Such
was the program of fair visitors.

OBJECT LESSONS IN LIVE STOCK.

The liberal inducements which have been extended breeders of live
stock to exhibit at the Iowa fair have made that fair a great battleground
of the breeds, thereby presenting an unsurpassed opportunity for the
study of approved types of animals in every important breed. No better
show of draft horses was ever brought together in this country than that
seen at the Iowa fair this year. Percherons and Belgians led in num-
bers, followed by Shires and Clydes, all displays being notable for the in-
dividual excellence of the animals shown. The showing made by the
classes in the National Breeders' Futurity, to which only yearling home

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 599

bred horses were eligible, brought out a remarkable collection of young-
sters in all the four draft breeds and demonstrated conclusively that the
American farmer can raise as good horses as any one if he will give his
foals liberal treatment.

Breeders of Hereford cattle made the best exhibit of "white faces" ever
witnessed in an American show ring, according to the old timers, and for
the first time in many years overshadowed the popular "red, white and
roan." The two-polled black herds, the Angus and Galloway, were well
represented by perfectly fitted herds, while the Polled Durhams brought
up the rear. Beef cattle interests are undoubtedly looking up in the
middle west if significance can be attached to these facts.

Time was. when a specimen of the special purpose dairy breeds was an
unfamiliar object at the Iowa fair, but of late years this condition has
changed materially and the missionary work done by breeders from
Wisconsin and other eastern states is bringing results. Five special dairy
breeds were on exhibition for the inspection of fair visitors, the Guernsey
leading in numbers. The other breeds stood as follows from the same
viewpoint: Holstein, Jersey, Ayrshire and Brown Swiss. Several herds
of Red Polled cattle afforded a good study of dual purpose types.

Swine breeders came near breaking all previous records from a numeri-
cal standpoint, there being in the neighborhood of 2,700 head in the pens,
of which number Duroc-Jerseys comprised approximately one-third. All
breeds made a creditable showing, the Berkshires coming up better than
ever before both in numbers and quality. In the sheep barns Shropshires,
Oxfords and Hampshires predominated, with a significant showing of
long wools and several other medium wool breeds to make this depart-
ment well balanced.

SOLUTION FOR BALANCED RATION.

If the corn belt farmer adopts the plan suggested at the fair for feeding
his live stock he will build a silo and grow alfalfa. Many farmers have
delayed the erection of a silo, not being able to decide which type will
best fill the bill. A study of the several types exhibited led the majority
to the conclusion that there is no best type, and that the failure to obtain
a good supply of silage is due principally to improper construction or
filling. This was the lesson taught: Get a silo, two if possible, one for
winter and the other for summer feeding. The best type is the one that
suits your fancy and pocketbook. Then be sure that it is put up right.

A large map of Iowa, showing the distribution of alfalfa and exhibited
by the extension department, offered much encouragement to farmers who
have been unable to secure a stand of this valuable protein feed. It
showed that alfalfa is being grown successfully in practically every county.
Failures to secure a stand where seed is sown in August on a well pre-
pared seed bed are growing fewer and any farmer who will persist in
the culture of this forage crop will succeed sooner or later.

600 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TEN-HOUR DAY IN SIGHT FOR FARMERS.

The 14 and 18-hour day is still the bugbear on many corn belt farms
and is undoubtedly causing many farm boys to go to the city and farm
girls to exclude the ambitious young farmer from their list of matri-
monial prospects. The only practical remedy in sight for overworked
farm folks seems to be more labor-saving machinery and devices. Farm
homes and buildings can be made more convenient and comfortable than
at present and many helpful ideas were to be picked up along this line
from the exhibits sheltered in the new $75,000 machinery building in
tents and private floor space. Especially was big machinery in evidence
and through its use many farmers will contrive in the future to llgnten
farm labor if not shorten the hours of the ordinary work day.

FARM CO-OPERATION BOOSTED.

Two important meetings were held during the fair which point to a
growing interest in Iowa for farm co-operation. One of these meetings,
at which delegates from twenty or more farmers' clubs were present, cul-
minated in the formation of a state organization for encouraging and
aiding the organization of clubs throughout the state. While the grange
Is moving ahead there are communities which are more favorable to a
less formal organization such as the farmers' club.

The other meeting was for the purpose of perfecting an organization
for promoting the breeding of beef cattle in Iowa instead of relying on
the range for unfinished beef, and it is believed that such an organization
will insure the continuance of the state as the greatest beef cattle center
in the world.

FARMERS ENDORSE FAIR MANAGEMENT.

The Iowa idea of running a state fair that it may contribute the great-
est amount of good to the greatest number of people has met with the
unreserved approval of corn belt farmers. No fair is so little affected
by the personal interests of individuals. The indictment that our state
fairs are run for personal advancement cannot be charged against the
Iowa fair. And the best fair-going population of the state know this and
give the fair most loyal support. Going back to 1905 it is to be noted
that the attendance was a trifle over one-half of this year's attendance,
or 162,000. Each succeeding year, with the exception of one, has shown
a big increase. In 1908 the attendance jumped to 218,000 and this year
conservative estimates place the attendance at approximately a quarter
of a million, and this success was realized with no large city contiguous
to swell admissions.

AWARDS

IN

LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS

IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION

1911

HORSE DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent C. F. Cuetiss, Ames.

PERCHERON.

exhibitobs.

Dan Augstin, Carlock, 111.; Berkestrand Bros., Cambridge, Iowa; F.
Berkey & Son, Ankeny, Iowa; F. B. Bowman & Sons, Boone, Neb.; Jno. A.
Buswell, Bradford, 111.; Robert Burgess, Wenona, 111.; W. S. Corsa, White
Hall, 111.; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; Wm. Crownover, Hudson,
Iowa; C. B. Dannen & Sons, Melbourne, Iowa; Loren Dunbar, Earlham.
Iowa; Ethelwold Farms, Mondovi, Wis.; Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona,
111.; Peter Hopley & Son, Lewis, Iowa; Lee Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa;
Maasdam & Wheeler, Fairfield, Iowa; Frank McDowell, Spencer, Iowa;
H. G. McMillan & Sons, Rock Rapids, Iowa; Geo. W. Murray, Estherville,
Iowa; M. J. Nelson, Cambridge, Iowa; Rookwood Farm, Ames, Iowa; David
Roth, Williamsburg, Iowa; W. W. Seeley, Stuart, Iowa; W. T. & U. I. Sin-
nard, Carlisle, Iowa; E. A. Taylor, Anita, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm, Bushnell, 111.; H. P. Wilkinson & Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa.

AWABDS.

Judge Prof. W. L. Caklyle, Moscow, Idaho.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Garage 71335, Robt. Burgess & Son;
second, Gillott, 52018 (69846), Maasdam & Wheeler; third, Halicte 61429,
(76422), Robt. Burgess & Son; fourth, Guy Lussac 61947 (69946), M. J.
Nelson; fifth, Perfection, 54441, F. Berkey & Son.

Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Indelicat (78738), Robt. Bur-
gess & Son; second, Iviers, 76682 (79857), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm;

602 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

third, Indigene (74139) 79364, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Irrate, 70272
(81056), M. J. Nelson; fifth, Ibycus, 76676 (80603), Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm; sixth, Ardelle, 67595, H. G. McMillan & Sons.

Htallion Over Two, Under Three— First, Juridique (85420), Robt. Bur-
gess & Son; second, Kallerman 2nd 65607, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third,
Jahir, 77981 (89461), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Jamhlier
85999, Robt. Burgess & Son; fifth, Jaloux 86552, Robt. Burgess & Son.

Stallion Over One. Under Ttyo— First, Kerouly (93918), Robt. Burgess &
Son; second. Masterpiece 78132, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third. Agitator
77533, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Cartel 77998, Geo. W. Murray.

Stallion i^oaZ— First Comet 77989, M. J. Nelson; second. Climax, Frank
McDowell; third, Cambridge Favorite 77990, M. J. Nelson. '.

Stallion Three Years or Over. Bred by Exhibitor — First, , W. W.

Seeley; second, Ardella 67595, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third, Gado 67586,
H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Crockette 50132, Frank McDowell.

Stallion Under Three. Bred by Exhibitor — First, Masterpiece, H. G.

McMillan & Sons; second, Romane 78240, Dan Augstin; third, ,

Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona, 111.; fourth, Othello 70517, H. G. McMillan
& Sons; fifth, Iowa Prince 70435, C. B. Dannen & Sons.

Mare Four Years or Over— First, La Belle 34982, H. B. McMillan &
Sons; second, Amorita, Maasdam & Wheeler; third. Favorite 70281 (87784),
W. S. Corsa; fourth, Delia 65279, W. S. Corsa; fifth , H. G. Mc-
Millan & Sons.

Filly Over Three. Under Four — First, Imprudente 70600 (81933), Robt.
Burgess & Son; second, Babine 66215, T. W. Bowman & Sons, Boone, Neb.;
third, Hester 69119, Maasdam & Wheeler; fourth, Ichtargane (80886), Robt.
Burgess & Son, Wenona, 111.

Filly Over Tivo, Under Three — First, Jarnage 87521, Robt. Burgess &
Son; second, Jante 87190, Robt. Burgess & Son; third, Janette
70895, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth. Lady Perfection 68287, C. B. Dannen
Sons.

Filly Over One, Under Tivo — First, Corvous 76707, J. A. Buswell; sec-
ond , J. A. Buswell; third, Mylette 78133, H. G. McMillan & Sons;

fourth , J. A. Buswell.

Mare Foal — First, Maude Carnot, W. S. Corsa; second, C. B. Dannen
& Sons.

Mare Three Years or Over. Bred by Exhibitor — First, Amorita 61314,
Maasdam & Wheeler; second, Rosine 65953, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third,
Ailleen 40945, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Hester 69119, Maasdam &
Wheeler; fifth, Crickette 50133, Frank McDowell, Spencer, Iowa.

Mare Under Three, Bred By Exhibitor — ^First, Corvous 76707, J. A. Bus-
well; second, Janette 70895, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third. Lady Perfec-
tion 68287, C. B. Dannen & Sons; fourth, Eveline 68706, H. G. McMillan &
Sons.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 603

Champion Stallion — First, Juridique 85420, Robt. Burgess; second. Gar-
age (71335), Robt. Burgess & Son.

Champion Mare — First, LaBelle 34982, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second,
Imprudente 70600 (81933), Robt. Burgess & Son.

GRAND CHAMPION PEECHERON MARE
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

Champion Stallion Owned in Iowa— First, Gillott 52018 (69846), Maas-
rlam & Wheeler; second. Indigene 74139 (79364), H. G. McMillan & Sons.

Champion Marc Owned in lotva— First, Perfection, H. G. McMillan &
Sons.

Get of Stallion — First, J. A. Buswell; second, H. G. McMillan & Sons;
third, C. B. Dannen & Sons.

Produce of Mare — First, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second, Frank Mc-
Dowell; third, C. B. Dannen & Sons.

Grand Display, Five Animals Bred and Oxoned by Exhibitor — First, H. G.
McMillan & Sons; second, J. A. Buswell; third, C. B. Dannen & Sons.

Five Stallions Oiv7ied by Exhibitor — First, H. G. McMillan & Sons.

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY PERCHERON SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, French Pre-
mier 53995, W. W. Seeley; second, Ardella 67595, H. G. McMillan & Sons;
third, Gado 67586, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Crockette 50132, Frank
McDowell.

604 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Stallion Under Three, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, Masterpiece 78132, H.
G. McMillan & Sons; second, Romane 78240, D. Augstin, Carlock, 111.;
third. Monarch 75068, Finch Bros.; fourth, Othello 70517, H. G. McMil-
lan & Sons.

Champion Stallion, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Masterpiece 78132, H. G.
McMillan & Sons.

Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Amorita 61314,
Maasdam & Wheeler; second, Rosine 65953, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third,
Ailleen 40945, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Hester 69119, Maasdam &
Wheeler; fifth, Crickette 50133, Frank McDowell.

Mare Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Corvous 76707, .T. A. Bus-
well; second, Janette 70895, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third, Lady Perfection
68287, C. B. Dannen & Sons; fourth, Eveline 68706, H. G. McMillan & Sons.

Champion Mare, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Amorita 61314. Maasdam &
Wheeler.

Get of Stallion — First, J. A. Buswell; second, H. G. McMillan & Sons;
third, C. B. Dannen & Sons.

Produee of Mare — First, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second, Frank Mc-
Dowell; third, C. B. Dannen & Sons.

Champion Stallion, Open Class — First, Juridique 85420, Robt. Burgess &
Son; second, Garage (71335), Robt. Burgess & Son.

Champion Mare, Open Class — First, LaBelle 34982, H. G. McMillan &
Sons; second, Imprudente 70600 (81933), Robt. Burgess & Son.

NATIONAL PERCHERON BREEDERS' FUTURITY.
Opened and Guaranteed by the Chicago Daily Live Stock World.

Stallion Foals of 1010 — First, Masterpiece, H. G. McMillan & Sons; sec-
ond. Agitator, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third. Cartel, Geo. W. Murray;
fourth, Monarch 75068, Finch Bros.; fifth, Romane 78240, Dan Augstin;
sixth, George W., 72718, H. G. McMillan & Sons; seventh, Imperator 77495,
H. G. McMillan & Sons; eighth, Bonesteel 78458, Rookwood Farms;
ninth, Avalon 75857, H. G. McMillan & Sons; tenth. Rock 75746, Finch
Bros.; eleventh, Corsacan 77124, W. S. Corsa; twelfth, Radora 78157, W. S.
Corsa; thirteenth, Radz 78158, W. S. Corsa.

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY W. S. CORSA OF WHITE HALL,
ILLINOIS, IN THE PERCHERON FUTURITIES.

For the Get of Radziwell — First, Mary L. Horton, Rockport, Illinois;
second, Chas. Giller & Son, White Hall, Illinois.

SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY H. G. M'MILLAN & SONS OF ROCK
RAPIDS, IOWA, IN THE PERCHERON FUTURITIES.

For the Get of Calypso— First, Geo. W. Murray, Estherville, Iowa.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 605

FRENCH DRAFT (Special Class.)

Stallion Over Tico, Under Three — First, Crawford & Griffin; second,
M. J. Nelson.

CLYDESDALE.
EXHIBITOES.

Will H. Ade, Kentland, Indiana; Anita Horse Company, Anita, Iowa;
Peter Birgen, New Hampton, Iowa; M. S. Bonar, Milton, Iowa; Ethelwold
Farms, Mondovi, Wisconsin; Jos. F. Gissibl, Anita, Iowa; W. V. Hixson,
Marengo, Iowa; John Leitch, LaFayette, Illinois; Mrs. John Leitch, La-
Fayette, Illinois; Maasdam & Wheeler, Fairfield, Iowa; McLay Bros.,
Janesville, Wisconsin; James Pedley, Britt, Iowa; David Roth, Williams-
burg, Iowa; Frank Shekelton, Lawler, Iowa; A. G. Soderberg, Osco,
Illinois; W. W. Weston & Son, Audubon, Iowa.

AWABDS.

Judge Robert Miller, Stouffville, Ont.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Softon 12331, David Roth; second.
Rinaldo 15435, John Leitch; third, Kincraig 15355, John Leitch; fourth,
Greathill Chief 13809, Jos. F. Gissibl; fifth, John Humphrey 15146, McLay
Bros.

Stallion, Over Three, Under Four — First, Samuda 15165, McLay Bros.;
second, Montrose Mercury 15442, McLay Bros.; third, Forest King 14076,
James Pedley; fourth. Prince William 14349, Mrs. Jno. Leitch; fifth, Osco
Victor 15492, A. G. Soderberg.

Stallion Over Two, Under Three—First, Royal Mint (16032), John
Leitch; second. Baron Lynedoch 14940, W. V. Hixon; third. Pre-eminent
15351, Jno. Leitch.

Stallion Over One, Under Tico — First, Dictator 15696, McLay Bros.; sec-
ond, Baron Defiance 15858, W. V. Hixon; third, Osco Pride 15470, A. G.
Soderberg; fourth, Joseph Dockary 15499, John Leitch; fifth. Shamrock
15871, John Leitch; sixth, Russell 16062, A. G. Soderberg; seventh, Criter-
ion's Best 15940, W. H. Ade.

Stallion Foal— First, Osco Peter 16116, A. G. Soderberg; second ,

McLay Bros.

Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Forest King
14076, James Pedley; second, Osco Victor 15492, A. G. Soderberg; third,

Mac of Anita 13838, Jos. F. Gissibl; fourth. Glen of Anita 13837, Jos. F.
Gissibl.

Stallion Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Dictator 15696, McLay
Bros.; second, Baron Defiance 15858, W. V. Hixon; third, Osco Pride
15470, A. G. Soderberg; fourth. Baron Lynedoch, W. V. Hixon.

606

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Miss Fanny 15158, McLay Bros.; sec-
ond, Marjorie 14640, McLay Bros.; third, Slierado Lass (28266), Jno.
Leitch; fourth, Geneva 11576, M. S. Bonar.

Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Bessie Winsome 15151, McLay
Bros., second, Queen of Time 15453, McLay Bros.

Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Graceful Lady 14854, McLay
Bros.; second, Pride of Avondale 14663, Mrs. John Leitch: third. Lady
Charlotte 14855, McLay Bros.

Filly Over One, Under Two — First, May Queen 15859, W. V. Hixon; sec-
ond. Lady Lustrous 15691; third. Spring Hill Queen 15498, John Leitch.

Mare Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Clifton Bell 15530, W. V.
Hixon; second. Graceful Lady 14854, McLay Bros.; third. Lady Lustrous
15691, McLay Bros.; fourth. Pride of Avondale 14663, Mrs. John Leitch.

Champion Stallion — First, Soften 12331, David Roth; second, Samuda
15165, McLay Bros.

CHAMPION CLyDP:SDALE STALLION
Iowa State Fair and E.xposilion, VJli.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 607

Champion Mare — First, Bessie Winsome 15151, McLay Bros.; second.
Miss Fanny 15158, McLay Bros.

Champion Stallion Owned in Iowa — First, Softon 12331, David Roth;
second. Forest King 14076, Jas. Pedley.

Champion Mare Oicnecl in Iowa — First, May Queen 15859, W. V. Hixon;
second, Clifton Bell 15530, W. V. Hixon.

Get of Stallion — First, McLay Bros.; second, W. V. Hixon; tliird, A. G.
Soderberg.

Produce of Mare — First, W. V. Hixon; second, McLay Bros.; third, A.
G. Soderberg.

Grand Display — First, McLay Bros.; second, A. G. Soderberg.

Five Stallions Owned by Exhibitor — First, John Leitch.

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN CLYDESDALE

ASSOCIATION.

Stallion Three Years Old and Over— First, Softon 12331, David Roth;
second, Samuda, McLay Bros.; third, Montrose Mercury, McLay Bros.

Stallion Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Royal Mint 16032, John
Leitch; second, Baron Lynedoch 14940, W. V. Hixon; third. Pre-eminent
15351, John Leitch.

Mare Three Years Old and Over — First, Bessie Winsome 15151, McLay
Bros.; second, Miss Fanny 15158, McLay Bros.; third, Marjorie 14640,
McLay Bros.

Mare Txoo Years Old and Under Three — First, Graceful Lady 14854,
McLay Bros.; second. Pride of Avondale 14663, Mrs. John Leitch; third,
Lady Charlotte 14855, McLay Bros.

Mare One Year Old and Under Two — First, May Queen 15859, W. V.
Hixon; second. Lady Lustrous 15691, McLay Bros.; third. Spring Hili
Queen 15498, John Leitch.

For Registered Clydesdale Foals of 1910 Competing in the National
Draft Horse Breeders' Futurities— First, Dictator 15696, McLay Bros.

NATIONAL CLYDESDALE BREEDERS' FUTURITY.
Opened and Guaranteed by the Chicago Daily Live Stock World.

Stallion Foals of 1910— First, Dictator 15696, McLay Bros.; second.
Baron Defiance 15858, W. V. Hixon; third, Osco Pride 15470, A. G. Soder-
berg; fourth, Joseph Dockary 15499, John Leitch; fifth. Shamrock 15871,
John Leitch; sixth, Russell 16062, A. G. Soderberg; seventh, Criterion's
Best 15940, W. H. Ade.

608

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ENGLISH SHIRE.

EXHIBITORS.

Wm. Crownover, Hudson, Iowa; Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois;
G. W. Grigsby & Son, Madrid, Iowa; Robt. Hoole, Menlo, Iowa; Peter
Hopley & Son, Lewis, Iowa; Frank E. Huston, Waukee, Iowa; Geo. Mc-
Cray, Fithian, Illinois; John Nie, Raymond, Iowa; J. A. Sage, Ankeny,
Iowa; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Illinois; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bush-
nell, Illinois; Union Wrecking Company, Des Moines, Iowa; H. P. Wilkin-
son & Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa; Geo. M. Wright, Danville, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge Robt. Ogilvie, Chicago, 111.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Scarcliffe President (26871) 10709,
Peter Hopley & Son; second, Surveyor 92222, Wm. Crownover; third, Gay
Chancellor (25224) 11786, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Bury
Skipper (26008), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; fifth, Collettes Bar 12262,
(26067), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm.

Stallion Over Three, Under Four— First, Royal Grey 11551 (27727), Tru-
man's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, March Ringleader (28531), Truman's

FIRST PRIZE SHIRE STALLION
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 609

Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Carlton Crown Prince 10939, H. P. Wilkinson
Bros.; fourtli, Goldring 11264, Peter Hopley & Son; fiftli, Roosecote Pre-
mier (28723), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm.

Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Brinsworth Drayman 11858
(28016), Truman'^ Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Joy Forest Dulie (28413),
Peter Hopley & Son; third, Norman Honest Lad (28613), Truman's Pio-
neer Stud Farm.

Stallion Over One, Under Ttco — First, Paramount Rex 11639, Wm.
Crownover; second, Jack Tar 12010, Geo. M. Wright; third, Truman's Forest
King 12498, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm.

Stallion Foal — First, Bronhope Jr., Union Wrecking Co.; second. Mer-
chants Tom, Union Wrecking Co.

Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred Ity Exhibitor — First, Osco Baron's
Prince-9847, A. G. Soderberg.

Stallion Under Three, Bred &y Exhibitor — First , Wm. Crown-
over; second, Truman's Forest King 12498, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm;

third, , Wm. Crownover; fourth, Osco Grand Prince 11845, A. G.

Soderberg.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Coldham Surprise 53468, Geo. M. Mc-
Cray; second. Lady Brown 10973, Frank E. Huston; third. Duchess of
Westminster 65561, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Brookside
Madam 56368, Peter Hopley & Son.

Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Coldham Charm 12000 (59877),
Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Ankeny Starlight 10529, J. A. Sage.

Filly, Over Two, Under Three — First, Lady Mary 64163, Peter Hopley
& Son; second. Silver Streak 11524, J. A. Sage; third. Rose O'Brien

11523, J. A. Sage.

Filly, Over One, Under Tioo — First, Osco Flower 12487, A. G. Soderberg;
second, Topsy 65567, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Ankeny Mable
12113, J. A. Sage.

Mare Foal — First, , George F. McCray; second, , J. A.

Sage; third. Paramount Esther, Wm. Crownover.

Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Ankeny Flory 10528,
J. A. Sage; second, Fashion Plate 8771, J. A. Sage.

Mare Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Osco Flower 12487, A. G.
Soderberg; second, Ankeny Mable 12113, J. A. Sage; third. Silver Streak

11524, J. A. Sage.

Champion Stallion — First, Royal Grey 11551, Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm; second, Paramount Rex 11639, Wm. Crownover.
39

610

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Champion Mare— First, Coldham Surprise 53468, Geo. M. McCray; sec-
ond, Coldam Charm 12000 (59877), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm.

CHAMPION SHIRE MARE
Iowa State Pair and Exposition, 1911

Champion Stallion, Owned in Iowa — First, Paramount Rex 11639, Wm,
Crownover; second, Scarcliffe President (26871) 10709, Peter Hopley &
Sons.

Champion Mare, Owned in Iowa — First, Lady Brown 10973, Franlc E.
Huston; second, Lady Mary 64163, Peter Hopley & Son.

Get of Stallion — First, Wm. Crownover; second, A. G. Soderberg; third,
J. A. Sage.

Produce of Mare — First, J. A. Sage; second, Wm. Crownover; third, J.
A. Sage.

Grand Display — First, Wm. Crownover; second, J. A. Sage.

Fvoe Stallions, Oivncd by Exhibitor — First, Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm.

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE SHIRE HORSE SOCIETY OF

ENGLAND.

Best Shire Stallion — First, Royal Grey 11551, Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm.
Best Shire Mare — First, Coldham Surprise 53468, Geo. M. McCray.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 611

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SHIRE HORSE

ASSOCIATION.

Champion Stallion, Any Age — First, Royal Grey 11551 (27727), Tru-
man's Pioneer Stud Farm.

Champion Mare, Any Age — First, Coldham Surprise 53468, Geo. M. Mc-
Cray.

AMERICAN SHIRE ASSOCIATION CUP.

Best American Bred Mare, Any Age — First, Osco Flower 12487, A. G.
Soderberg; second, , Finch Bros.

Best American Bred Stallion, Any Age — First, Paramount Rex 11639-,
Wm. Crownover.

NATIONAL SHIRE BREEDERS' FUTURITY

Opened and Guaranteed by the Chicago Daily Live Stock World.

Stallion Foals of 1910 — First, Paramount Rex 11639, Wm. Crownover;
second, Jack Tar 12010, Geo. M. Wright; third, Truman's Forest King,
12498, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Osco Farmer 12486, A. G.
Soderberg; fifth. Paramount Stamp 11906, Wm. Crownover; sixth, Tatton
Dray King 12141, Finch Bros.; seventh, Osco Joy 12485, A. G. Soderberg;
eighth. Surveyor 2nd, John Nie Raymond, Iowa.

BELGIAN.

EXHIBITORS.

Will H. Ade, Kentland, Indiana; F. Berkey & Son, Ankeny, Iowa; G. E.
Cole, Fonda, Iowa; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; Geo. Eggert, New-
ton, Iowa; Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois; R. F. French, Inde-
pendence, Iowa; G. W. Grigsby, Madrid, Iowa; B. T. Haulman, Ankeny.
Iowa; Peter Hopley & Son, Lewis, Iowa; Chas. Irvine, Ankeny, Iowa; J. A.
Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; Henry Lefebure, Fairfield, Iowa; Maasdam &
Wheeler, Fairfield, Iowa; T. E. McCarty, Princeville, Illinois; C. W. Mc-
Dermott, Wlota, Iowa; O. K. Jack and Horse Co., Valley Junction, Iowa;
Carl A. Rosenfeld, Kelley, Iowa; David Roth, Williamsburg, Iowa; J. G.
Scott, Shipley, Iowa.

AWABDS.

Judge Prof. W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Jupiter 58942, Finch Bros.; second,
Martin du Hazior 31862, G. W. Grigsby; third, Robt. 2nd De Rum, 3595
(46686), Chas. Irvine; fourth, Charmant, 4689, Henry Lefebure; fifth. Pet
De None (Vol. 16, p. 433), 3953, Chas. Irvine.

Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Saturne, Finch Bros.; second.
Counsel de Worteghem 5490, B. T. Haulman; third, Captain de Lassus

612

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

(Vol. 17 p. 1272), F. Berkey & Son; fourth, Lancier 5476, Finch Bros.; fifth,
Ble d'Or 5438, Henry Lefebure.

Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Challenge 24878, Finch Bros.;
second. Faro de Tripesee, Geo. Eggert; third, Danube (Vol. 18 p. 1142)
5491, Chas. Irvine.

Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, "Westside Goldfinder 5580, Peter
Hopley & Son; second, Rob Roy 5677, C. W. McDermott; third. Lion 5717,
Finch Bros.

Stallion Foal — First, Bon de Onker, Carl A. Rosenfeld; second. Marquis
IV, Henry Lefebure; third. Marquis II, Henry Lefebure.

Stallion Three Years Old or Over, Bred 6i/ Exhibitor — First, Just Inn,
Finch Bros.

Stallion Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Coe 5679, Chas. Irvine;

second, Finch Bros.; third, , Finch Bros.; fourth, Edward III 5652,

Henry Lefebure.

CHAMPION BELGIAN STALLION
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 613

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Duivelinne 837 (61331), Chas. Irvine;
second, Madame 399, J. A. Loughridge; third, Bon Marche 114 (66719), Chas.
Irvine; fourth, Martha Der Hcrten 61587, Geo. Eggert.

Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Irene 733, Finch Bros.; second,
Miza 2nd Recht (Vol. 17 p. 1399), Chas. Irvine.

Filly Over Two, Under Three — First Binnette 1033, Henry Lefebure;
second, Orlette 72505, Maasdam & Wheeler; third, Josee, 2074, Finch Bros.

Filly Over One, Under Two — First, , Finch Bros. ; second, Suzette

1526, Henry Lefebure; third, Portia 2050, J. A. Loughridge.

Mare Foal — First, , J. A. Loughridge; second, , J. A.

Loughridge; third, Nellette, Henry Lefebure.

Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Irene 733, Finch
Bros.; second, Mignionette 215, Henry Lefebure.

Mare Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, , Finch Bros.;

second. Fly 2102, Chas. Irvine; third, Nellette, Henry Lefebure.

Champion Stallion — First, Challenge 24878, Finch Bros.; second, Jupi-
ter 58942, Finch Bros.

Champion Mare — First, , Finch Bros.; second, Binnette 1033,

Henry Lefebure.

Champion Stallion, Oicned in Iowa — First, Faro de Tripsee, 58598, (Jeo.
Eggert; second, Martin du Hazoir, (31862), G. W. Grigsby.

Champion Mare Oicned in Iowa — First, Binnette, 1033, Henry Lefebure;
second, Duivelinne (61331) 837, Chas. Irvine.

Get of Stallion — First, J. A. Loughridge; second, Henry Lefebure;
third, Chas. Irvine; fourth, Finch Bros.

Produce of Mare — First, J. A. Loughridge; second. Finch Bros.; third,
Chas. Irvine.

Grand Display — First, Finch Bros.; second, J. A. Loughridge; third,
Henry Lefebure; fourth, Chas. Irvine.

Five Stallions Oioned by Exhibitor — First, Finch Bros.

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF
IMPORTERS AND BREEDERS OF BELGIAN DRAFT HORSES.

Stallion Four Years Old and Over — First, Jupiter, 58942, Finch Bros.;
second, Martin du Hazoir, 2445 (31862), G. W. Grigsby; third, Robt.
2nd de Rum 3595 (46686), Chas. Irvine; fourth, Charmant, 4689, Henry
Lefebure; fifth. Pet De None (Vol. 16, p. 433) 3953, Chas. Irvine.

Stallion Three Years Old and Under Four — ^First, Saturne, Finch Bros.;
second. Counsel de Worteghem, B. T. Haulman; third, Captaine de Lassus
(Vol. 17, p. 1272) 5861, F. Berkey & Son; fourth, Lancier, 5476, Finch
Bros.; fifth, Ble d'Or, 5438, Henry Lefebure.

614 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Stallion Tivo Years Old and Under Three — First, Challenge, 24878,
Finch Bros.; second. Faro de Tripsee, Geo. Eggert; third, Danube (Vol.
18, p. 1142) 5491, Chas. Irvine.

Champion Stallion, All Ages Competing — First, Challenge, 24878, Finch
Bros.; second, Jupiter, 58942, Finch Bros.

Champion Mare, All Ages Competing — First, , Finch Bros.;

second, Binnette, 1033, Henry Lefebure.

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY HENRY LEFEBURE, OF FAIRFAX,

IOWA.

To the Four Best Belgian Yearling Stallion Colts Bred in Iowa and
Shown hy Breeder — First, Peter Hopley & Son; second, C. W. McDermott;
third, Chas. Irvine; fourth, R. F. French.

To the Best Belgian Stallion Foal Bred in Iowa and Shown hy Breeder —
First, Bon de Onker, Carl A. Rosenfeld.

NATIONAL BELGIAN BREEDERS' FUTURITY— OPENED AND GUAR-
ANTEED BY THE CHICAGO DAILY LIVE STOCK WORLD.

Stallion Foals of 1910— First, Westside Goldfinder, 5580, Peter Hop-
ley & Son; second, Rob Roy, 5677, C. W. McDermott; third. Lion, 5717,
Finch Bros.; fourth, Coc, 5679, Chas. Irvine; fifth, Comet, 5803, R. F.
French; sixth, Edward 3rd, 5652, Henry Lefebure; seventh, Bristol 2nd,
5150, Finch Bros.

DRAFT GELDINGS AND MARES.
EXHIBITORS.

Jno. S. Albaugh, Ankeny, Iowa; Peter Birgen, New Hampton, Iowa;

F. Berkley & Son, Ankeny, Iowa; J. W. Betts, Cambridge, Iowa; M. S.
Bonar, Milton, Iowa; G. E. Cole, Fonda, Iowa; C. B. Dannen & Sons, Mel-
bourne, Iowa; Loren Dunbar, Earlham, Iowa; Geo. Eggert, Newton, Iowa;

G. W. Grigsby, Madrid, Iowa; Sam Hague, Van Meter, Iowa; W. V. Hixon,
Marengo, Iowa; Frank E. Huston, Waukee, Iowa; Chas. Irvine, Ankeny,
Iowa; A. H. Landy, Cambridge. Iowa; Lee Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa;
S. O. Lee, Cambridge, Iowa; J. A. Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; Frank Mc-
Dowell, Spencer, Iowa; H. G. McMillan & Sons, Rock Rapids, Iowa; M. J.
Nelson, Cambridge, Iowa; O. K. Jack & Horse Company, Valley Junction,
Iowa; P. C. Thompson, Ankeny, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm,
Bushnell, Illinois; Guy Zelle, Slater, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge Prof. W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa.

Gelding or Mare Four Years or Over — First, Fannie, G. E. Cole; sec-
ond. Prince, John S. Albaugh; third, Bessie, John S. Albaugh; fourth,
Pansy, John S. Albaugh.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 615

Gelding or Mare Three Years and Under Four — First, Taft, Jno. S. Al-
baugh; second, Charley, G. W. Grigsby.

Gelding or Mare Two Years and Under Three — First, Kate, G. W.

Grigsby; second, , Loren Dunbar; third, Polly, A. H. Landy;

fourth, , Sam Hague.

Gelding or Mare One Year and Under Ttvo — First, Queen, John S. Al-
baugh; second, Ole, P. C. Thompson; third, Dave, C. B. Dannen & Sons;
fourth. Dude, C. B. Dannen & Sons.

Horse or Filly Foal — First, Barny, P. C. Thompson; second. Queen,

Guy Zelle; third, . G. W. Grigsby; fourth, , G. W.

Grigsby.

Best Farmer's Team — First, , Chas. Irvine; second, Castille &

Bichette, C. B. Dannen & Sons; third, Hermine & Hernie, M. J. Nelson;
fourth, , Jno. S. Albaugh; fifth, , J. A. Loughridge.

Gelding or Mare, Four Years or Over (Open) — First, Truman's Sensa-
tion, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second. Prince, Jno. S. Albaugh;
third, Fannie, G. E. Cole.

Draft Team in Harness (Open) — First, , Chas. Irvine; second,

, John S. Albaugh.

Champion Mare or Gelding — First, Fannie, G. E. Cole; second. Prince,
John S. Albaugh.

STANDARD BRED TROTTERS.
EXHIBITORS.

Katharyne Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; N. Bartholomew, Des Moines,
Iowa; Thomas Bass, Mexico, Missouri; J. L. Betts, Des Moines, Iowa;
C. E. Cameron, Alta, Iowa; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; Dr. C. Clem-
ent, Des Moines, Iowa; Fred Crawford, Des Moines, Iowa; Ethelwold
Farms, Mondovi, Wisconsin; J. B. Foltz, Stuart, Iowa; Ira Hall, Des
Moines, Iowa; Jones & Cole, Colfax, Iowa; Matt Kane, Des Moines, Iowa;
Linn Hill Park Stock Farm, Harlan, Iowa; F. A. Mathis, Des Moines,
Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Sons, Winchester,
Illinois; E. C. Roberts, Davenport, Iowa; W. O. Sinclair, Ashland, Illinois;
Thos. F. Stevenson, Des Moines, Iowa; I. Ross Thompson, Des Moines,
Iowa; Wilson Bros., Menlo, Iowa; H. C. Young, Des Moines, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Tommy Doyl, 50261, J. R. Peak &
Son; second. Red Maco, Wilson Bros.; third, Alcantara O, 41201, A. L.
Champlin; fourth, Geo. Constantine, 49779, Dr. C. Clement.

C16 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Wardlac, 50357, Fred Craw-
ford; second, Attorney Onwood, 49055, Linn Hill Park Stock Farm; third,
Conroy Blake, Katharyne Anderson; fourth, Stuart Allerton, 5244. J". B.
Foltz.

Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Uncle Jacob, 55262, J. R.
Peak & Son; second, Lac Allerton, 51681, Thos. F. Stevenson; third. On-
wood Attorney, Linn Hill Park Stock Farm.

Stallion Over One, Under Tico — First, Isaac R. T., 54480, I. Ross Thomp-
son; second, J. B. A., 55733, F. A. Mathis; third. Tommy Stuart, 55270.
J. R. Peak & Son.

Stallion Foal — First, Make Believe, Linn Hill Park Stock Farm.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Cora Peak Vol. 18, J. R. Peak & Son;
second, Petra's M., Tom Bass; third, Wizard of the Nile, Vol. 18, J. R.
Peak & Son; fourth, Lucile Rex, Vol. 17, N. Bartholomew.

Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Dorothy Allerton, W. O. Sin-
clair; second. Rosy Leigh, Linn Hill Park Stock Farm.

Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Maude Clark, Vol. 20, J. R. Peak
& Son; second. Aunt Mary, Vol. 20, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Julia, Matt
Kane.

Filly Over One, Under Two — First, Tony Lady, Vol. 20, J. R. Peak &
Son; second, Maude Clark, Vol. 20, J. R, Peak & Son; third, Lucy Leigh,
Linn Hill Park Stock Farm.

Mare Foal — First, Linn Hill Park Stock Farm.

Champion Stallion — First, Tommy Doyle, J. R. Peak & Son; second,
Uncle Jacob, J, R. Peak & Son,

Champion Mare — First, Cora Peak, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Dorothy
Allerton, W. O. Sinclair.

Get of Stallion — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, J. R. Peak & Son;
third, Linn Hill Park Stock Farm.

Produce of Mare — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, J. R. Peak & Son;
third, Linn Hill Park Stock Farm.

Grand Display— First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, J. R. Peak & Son;
third, Linn Hill Park Stock Farm.

AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES.

EXHIBITOBS.

Katharyne Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; J. B. Baker, Waverly, Iowa;
Thomas Bass, Mexico, Missouri; J. L. Betts, Des Moines, Iowa; Joseph
C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; C. E. Cameron, Alta, Iowa; A. L. Champ-
lin, Ames, Iowa; Dr. C. Clements, Des Moines, Iowa; Fred Crawford, Des
Moines, Iowa; Ethelwold Farms, Mondovi, Wisconsin; W. & A. Graham,

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 617

Des Moines, Iowa; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; Hook & Woods, Paris,
Missouri; Jones & Cole, Colfax, Iowa; Matt Kane, Des Moines, Iowa;
Linn Hill Park Stock Farm, Harlan, Iowa; J. J. Lynes, Plainfield, Iowa;
F. A. Mathis, Des Moines, Iowa; S. B. Mills, Ames, Iowa; C. E. Monahan,
Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son,
Winchester, Illinois; E. C. Roberts, Davenport, Iowa; W. O. Sinclair,
Ashland, Illinois; P. F. Smith, Montezuma, Iowa; I. Ross Thompson,
Des Moines, Iowa; C. R. Wells, Washington, Iowa; Wilson Bros., Menlo,
Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois; C. C. Van Meter, Sherman,
Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge R. P. Stericker, Oconomowoc, Wis.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Roy Morgan, Wild Rose Farm;
second. Tommy Doyle, 50261, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Cleveland Reade,
5547, O. J. Mooers.

Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, , Tom Bass; sec-
ond, Leader of Fashion, 55261, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Wardlac, 50357,
Fred Crawford.

Stallion Over Tivo, Under Three — First, Fantastic King, 3794, O. J.
Mooers; second, Roseland, Wild Rose Farm; third, Daniel Hudson, 5762,
J. J. Lynes.

Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Rosemont, Wild Rose Farm;
second, Maxwell, P. F. Smith; third. Tommy Stuart, 55270, J. R. Peak &
Son.

Stallion With Three of His Get of Either Sex— First, J. R. Peak &
Son; second, J. J. Lynes; third, S. B. Mills.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Cora Peak, Vol. 17, J. R. Peak &
Son; second. Bell Rose, Wild Rose Farm; third, The Lavendar Lady,
O. J. Mooers.

Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Dorothy Allerton, W. O. Sinclair;
second. Lady Windemere, O. J. Mooers; third, Pearl Morgan, S. B. Mills.

Mare Over Two, Under Three — First, Rosary, Wild Rose Farm; second,
Maud Clark, Vol. 20, J. R. Peak & Son; third. Aunt Mary, Vol. 20, J. R.
Peak & Son.

Mare Over One, Under Two — First, Agnes Strawn, S. B. Mills; second,
Primrose, Wildrose Farm; third, Alice, S. B. Mills.

Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Bessie Baker, Vol. 3, J. B. Baker; sec-
ond, Ned Scalf, Vol. 3, J. J. Lynes; third, Frank Brown, S. B. Mills.

Champion Stallion — First, Roy Morgan, Wildrose Farm; second, Rose-
mont, Wildrose Farm.

Champion Mare — ^First, Cora Peak, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Dolly Al-
lerton, W. 0. Sinclair.

618 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ROADSTERS.

EXHIBITORS.

Katharyne Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; Thomas Bass, Mexico, Mis-
souri; Josepli C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa;
Fred Crawford, Des Moines, Iowa; E. N. DeWitt, Tingley, Iowa; J. B,
Foltz, Stuart, Iowa; W. & A. Graham, Des Moines, Iowa; Ira Hall, Des
Moines, Iowa; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; Hook & Woods, Paris, Mis-
souri; Jones & Cole, Colfax, Iowa; Linn Hill Park Stock Farm, Harlan,
Iowa; S. B. Mills, Ames, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O.
J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois;
W. O. Sinclair, Ashland, Illinois; P. F. Smith, Montezuma, Iowa; Wilson
Bros., Menlo, Iowa.

AWABDS.

Judge T. W. Bell, Chicago, Illinois.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Cora Peak, Vol. 18, J. R. Peak &
Son; second, Miss Sinclair, 5082, W. O. Sinclair; third, Helen Idlewood,
8666, O. J, Mooers; fourth, Petras M., Tom Bass.

Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings — First, Wizard of the Nile & Cora

Peak, J. R. Peak & Son; second, , Tom Bass; third. Tommy Doyl

& Tommy Piper, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, Bess and Beth, Wilson Bros.

RUN-ABOUTS.

EXHIBITORS.

Katharyne Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; Thomas Bass, Mexico, Mis-
souri; Joseph C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; A. L. Champlin, Ames,
Iowa; Fred Crawford, Des Moines, Iowa; E. N. DeWitt, Tingley, Iowa;
W. & A. Graham, Des Moines, Iowa; Ira Hall, Des Moines, Iowa; Hook
& Woods, Paris, Missouri; Jones & Cole, Colfax, Iowa; Linn Hill Park
Stock Farm, Harlan, Iowa; S. B. Mills, Ames, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des
Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; Milt S. Mooney, San
Antonio, Texas; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; E. C. Roberts,
Davenport, Iowa; P. F. Smith, Montezuma, Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St.
Charles, Illinois; Wilson Bros., Menlo, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge T. W. Bell, Chicago, Illinois.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Tea Rose, Wild Rose Farm; second,

, O. J. Mooers; third. Lovely Lady, Vol. 17, J. R. Peak & Son;

fourth, Teddy, E. G. Roberts.

Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings — First, Wild Rose Farm; second, E.
G. Roberts; third, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth. 0. J. Mooers.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 619

Stallion, Mare or Gelding Owned in Iowa — First, Teddy, E, C. Roberts;
second. Lady McDonald B., W. & A. Graham; third, Morgan Panic, 5003,
P. F. Smith; fourth. Black Bess, C. E. Monahan.

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY S. JOSEPH & SONS, JEWELERS,

DES MOINES.

For Best Single Mare or Gelding Owned in Iowa — First, Teddy, E. C.
Roberts.

FAMILY TURNOUT.

EXHIBITOES.

Thomas Bass, Mexico, Missouri; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; W. & A.
Graham, Des Moines, Iowa; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; Linn Hill Park
Stock Farm, Harlan, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak
& Sons, Winchester, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge T. W. Bell, Chicago, Illinois.

Best Single Horse Family Turnout — First, , Hamilton Bros.;

second. Black Bess, C. E. Monahan; third, Naila, Thos. Bass; fourth. Fair
Eliza, A. L. Champlin.

LADIES' TURNOUT.

EXHIBITORS.

Thomas Bass, Mexico, Missouri; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; Fred
Crawford, Des Moines, Iowa; W. & A. Graham, Des Moines, Iowa; Ham-
ilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; Linn Hill Park Stock Farm, Harlan, Iowa; C.
E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; Milt
S. Mooney, San Antonio, Texas; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois;
E. C. Roberts, Davenport, Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge T. W. Bell, Chicago, Illinois.

Single Mare or Gelding — First, Cavalier, C. E. Monahan; second,
, O. J. Mooers; third. Lady McDonald B, 3480, W. & A. Graham;

fourth. Red Bird, Milt S. Mooney.

Pair Mares or Geldings, or Mare and Gelding — First, Robinhood &
Cavalier, E. C. Roberts; second, Molly McDonald and Lady McDonald B.,
W. & A. Graham; third, Peaks Baby and Lovely Lady, J. R. Peak & Son;
fourth. Fair Eliza and Ardimersay Lottery, A. L. Champlin.

620 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

BROUGHAM HORSES.

EXHIBITORS.

A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R.
Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; E. C. Roberts, Davenport, Iowa; Wild
Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge R. P. Stericker, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

r'~

Mare or Gelding to Brougham or Victoria — First, Cavalier, E. C. Rob-
erts; second, Fair Eliza, 19061, A. L. Champlin; third, Barney on Field,
J. R. Peak & Son.

Pair Mares or Geldings, or Mare and Gelding to Brougham or Victoria —
First, Cavalier & Robinhood, E. C. Roberts; second, Fair Eliza and Ardi-

mersay Lottery, A. L. Champlin; third, , O. J. Mooers; fourth,

Eugene Gend and Barney on Field, J. R. Peak & Son.

HIGH STEPPERS AND PARK HORSES.

EXHIBITORS.

Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, Illinois; Joseph C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois;
A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; Fred Crawford, Des Moines, Iowa; W. &
A. Graham, Des Moines, Iowa; Jones & Cole, Colfax, Iowa; C. E. Monahan,
Des Moines, Iowa; Milt S. Mooney, San Antonio, Texas; O. J. Mooers,
Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; E. C. Roberts,
Davenport, Iowa; Perry Simmons, Ames, Iowa; P. F. Smith, Montezuma;
Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St.
Charles, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge R. P. Sterice;er, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding up to 15-2 — First, Cavalier, E. C. Roberts; sec-
ond, Twelmond, O. J. Mooers; third. Moss Rose, Wild Rose Farm; fourth,
Onata, Chas. E. Bunn.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding 15-2 and Over — First, Ely Imperial, 899,
(9208) Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Cleveland Reade, 5547, O. J.
Mooers; third, Barney on Field, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, Ardimersay
Lottery, A. L. Champlin.

Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings up to 15-2 and Under — First, Moss
Rose & Tea Rose, Wild Rose Farm; second, Cavalier & Robinhood, E. C.

Roberts; third, , Wild Rose Farm; fourth, Zambo and Mate,

Chas. E. Bunn.

Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings Over 15-2 — First, , Wild Rose

Farm; second, , O. J. Mooers; third, Fair Eliza and Ardimersay

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 621

Lottery, A. L. Champlin; fourth, Eugene Gend and Barney on Field, J.
R. Peak & Son.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Robinliood, E. C. Roberts; second,
Molly McDonald, 3405, W. & A. Graham; third, Ardimersay Lottery,
19703, A. L. Champlin; fourth, Fair Eliza, 19061, A. L. Champlin.

Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings — First, Cavalier & Robinhood, E. C.
Roberts; second, Mollie McDonald and Lady McDonald, W. & A. Graham;
third, Fair Eliza and Ardimersay Lottery, A. L. Champlin; fourth, Robert
and Bess, C. E. Monahan.

GIG HORSES.

EXHIBrrOES.

Thomas Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, Illinois; Joseph
C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; E. N. De-
Witt, Tingley, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; Milt. S. Mooney,
San Antonio, Texas; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; E. C. Roberts,
Davenport, Iowa; Perry Simmons, Ames, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWAEDS.

Judge R. P. Stebickeb, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

Horses Not Exceeding 15-2 — First, Tea Rose, Wild Rose Farm; second,
Cavalier, E. C. Roberts; third, Twelmond, O. J. Mooers; fourth. Sunset,
Wild Rose Farm.

Horses Over 15-2 — First, Red Rose, Wild Rose Farm; second, Cleve-
land Reade, 5547, O. J. Mooers; third, , Wild Rose Farm; fourth,

Ardimersay Lottery, 19703, A. L. Champlin.

TANDEMS.

EXHTBITOES.

Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, Illinois; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa: O. J.

Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; Milt S. Mooney, San Antonio, Texas; J. R.

Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; E. C. Roberts, Davenport, Iowa; Wild
Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWAEDS.

Judge R. P. Stebickeb, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin,

Tandem Team, Wheeler Over 15-2 — First, Wild Rose Farm; second,
O. J. Mooers; third. Milt. S. Mooney; fourth, A. L. Champlin.

Tandem Team, Wheeler Under 15-2 — First, Wild Rose Farm; second,
E. C. Roberts; third, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, Chas. E. Bunn.

622 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

UNICORNS.

EXHIBITOES.

O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; Milt. S. Mooney, San Antonio, Texas;
J. R. Peali & Sons, Winchester, Illinois; E. C. Roberts, Davenport, Iowa;
Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWABDS.

JxnjGE R. P. Steeicker, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

Unicorn Team— First, Wild Rose Farm; second, E. C. Roberts; third, O.
J, Mooers; fourth, J. R. Peak & Son.

FOUR-IN-HAND.

EXHIBITOES.

O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois;
E. C. Roberts, Davenport, Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWAEDS.

Judge R. P. Stebickee, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin. .

Road Four— First, Wild Rose Farm; second, E. C. Roberts; third, J. R.
Peak & Son.

Park Four — First, E. C. Roberts; second, Wild Rose Farm; third, J. R.
Peak & Son; fourth, O. J. Mooers.

CHAMPION HARNESS HORSES.

Champion Harness Stallion— First, Roy Morgan, Wild Rose Farm; sec-
ond, Twelmond, Alex Sloan.

Champion Harness Mare or Gelding — First, Tea Rose; second, Cavalier,
E. C. Roberts.

SADDLE HORSES.

EXHIBITOES.

Thomas Bass, Mexico, Missouri; E. F. Besser, Newton, Iowa; E. N.
DeWitt, Tingley, Iowa; W. & A. Graham, Des Moines, Iowa; H. A. Green-
well, Lakeman, Missouri; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; Hook & Woods,
Paris, Missouri; Hudson & Wilkinson, Winterset, Iowa; C. E. Monahan,
Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Sons,
Winchester, Illinois; Ellis Rail, Birmingham, Iowa; W. O. Sinclair, Ash-
land, Illinois; C. C. Van Meter, Sherman, Illinois; C. R. Wells, Washing-
ton, Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois; Fred Williams, Barnes
City, Iowa.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 623

AWARDS.

Judge Walter Palmer, Ottawa, Illinois.

Gelding or Mare Four Years or Over — First, Bernice B., Tom Bass; sec-
ond, All But King, O. J. Mooers; third, Miss Sinclair, 5082, W. O. Sinclair;
fourth, Francis McDonald, Tom Bass; fifth, Mollie McDonald, 3405,
W. & A. Graham.

Gelding or Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Jack McDonald, Jr.,
Hamilton Bros.; second. Shamrock Lady, 5015, C. C. Van Meter; third,
Lucille May, 7315, C. R. Wells.

Stallion Four Years and Over — First, Rex Chief A., Tom Bass; sec-
ond, Joe McDonald, 2591, W. O. Sinclair; third, Mexicnal 2775, C. R.
Wells; fourth. Artist Montrose Squirrel, 2037, Fred Williams; fifth,
Cissel, 1493, Ellis Rail.

Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Star Grand, Tom Bass; sec-
ond, Scotty Moore, Tom Bass.

Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Rex Chief A., Tom Bass;
second, Jack McDonald, Jr., Hamilton Bros.

Mare or Gelding Ridden by Lady — First, Lady McDonald B., W. & A.
Graham; second. All But King, O. J. Mooers.

Stallion Two Years Old Shoicn in Hand — First, Randolph King, Tona
Bass; second. Fantastic King, 3794, O. J. Mooers.

Mare Two Years Old Shown in Hand — First, Cricket C, Hamilton
Bros.

WALK, TROT AND CANTER.

Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Sunset, Wild Rose Farm; second,
Sinclair, W. O. Sinclair; third. Lady Windemere, O. J. Mooers; fourth,
, C. R. Wells; fifth, Francis McDonald, Tom Bass.

Stallion Any Age — First, Rex Chief A., Tom Bass; second, Joe Mc-
Donald, W. O. Sinclair; third, , Tom Bass; fourth. Artist Mont-
rose Squirrel, Fred Williams; fifth, , O. J. Mooers.

COMBINED HARNESS AND GAITED SADDLE HORSES.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Helen Adlewood, 8666, O. J.
Mooers; second, Lady McDonald B., 3480, W. & A. Graham; third, Joe
McDonald; W. O. Sinclair; fourth, , Tom Bass.

HIGH SCHOOL HORSES.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, The Belle, Tom Bass; sec-
ond. Miss Sinclair, W. O. Sinclair; third, Lucille May, 7315, C. R. Wells;
fourth, Artist Montrose Squirrel, 2037, Fred Williams.

624 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mare or Gelding Three Years or Over — Local — First, Lady, McDonald
B., 3480, W. & A. Graham; second, Mollie McDonald, 3405, W. & A.
Graham; third, lella Squirrel 4848, C. R. Wells.

Stallion Three Years or Ovir — First, Mexicnal 2775, C. R. Wells; sec-
ond. Artist Montrose Squirrel 2037, Fred Williams; third, Cissel 1493,
Ellis Rail.

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE
BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

(Competition limited to Iowa.)

Stallion or Mare Three Years Old and Under, Shoivn to Hand — First,
Cricket C, Hamilton Bros.

MORGANS.

EXHIBITOES.

J. B. Baker, Waverly, Iowa; Thomas Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Joseph
C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; J. J. Lynes, Plainfield, Iowa; S. B. Mills,
Ames, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; C. E. Mundell, Lucas,
Iowa; P. F. Smith, Montezuma, Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles,
Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge R. P. Stericker, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

Stallion Four Years Old or Over — First, Cleveland Reade, 5547, O. J.
Mooers; second, Melrose, Wild Rose Farm; third. Onus Foxy, 5009, C. E.
Mundell; Morgan Panic, 5003, P. F. Smith.

Stallion Three Years, Under Four — First, Rosewood, Wild Rose Farm;
second, Tim Morgan, 5606, P. F. Smith.

Stallion Two Years, Under Three — First, Roseland, Wild Rose Farm;
second, Daniel Hudson, 5762, J. J. Lynes; third, Knox All, P. F. Smith;
fourth, Prince, 6356, S. B. Mills.

Stallion Over One, Under Tii-o — First, Roy Rose, Wild Rose Farm; sec-
ond, Maxwell, P. F. Smith; third. Tommy Strawn, 6357, S. B. Mills.

Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Bessie Baker, Vol. 3, J. B. Baker; second.
Dot Morgan, P. F. Smith; third, Hazel, S. B. Mills; fourth, Panics Daisy,
P. F. Smith.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Queen of Spades, Wild Rose Farm;

second, Queen of Clubs, Wild Rose Farm; third, , O. J. Mooers;

fourth. Princess Vol. 3, S. B. Mills.

Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Rosalie, Wild Rose Farm; sec-
ond, Lady Windemcre, O. J. Mooers; third, Merl Morgan Vol. 3, S. B.
Mills; fourth, Pearl Morgan, Vol. 3, S. B. Mills.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 625

Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Rosary, Wild Rose Farm; sec-
ond. Lady Pactolus, Vol. 3, S. B. Mills; third. Queen of All, P. F. Smith;
fourth. Midget, P. F. Smith.

Filly Over One, Under T%co — First, Agnes Strawn, S. B. Mills; second,
S. B. Mills; third. Primrose, Wild Rose Farm; fourth, Florence Baker,
Vol. 3, J. B. Baker.

Champion Stallion — First, Cleveland Reade, 5547, O. J. Mooers; second,
Melrose, Wild Rose Farm.

Champion Marc — First, Queen of Spades, Wild Rose Farm'; second,
Lady Windemere, O. J. Mooers.

Get of Stallion — First, Wild Rose Farm; second. Wild Rose Farm; third,
J. J. Lynes.

Grand Display— First, Wild Rose Farm; second. Wild Rose Farm;
third, S. B. Mills.

HACKNEY.

EXHIBITORS.

Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, Illinois; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; Craw-
ford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; Finch Bros., Joliet and Verona, Illinois;
Henry Lefebure, Fairfax, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell,
Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge R. P. Stericker, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Todington, 1133 (10464), Truman's
Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Nepture, 632 (7940), Crawford & Griffin;
third, Ely Imperial, 899 (9208), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth,
Leamington, Chas. E. Bunn.

Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Truman's Prickwillow, Tru-
man's Pioneer Stud Farm.

Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Promoter, Chas. E. Bunn; sec-
ond, The Mikado, Finch Bros.; third, Lunderstone William, 1401, Craw-
ford & Griffin.

Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Henry Lefebure.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, New Lady Gay, 2520 (19390), Tru-
man's Pioneer Stud Farm; second. Wood Molly, 18771, Henry Lefebure;
third, Ardimersay Lottery, 19703, A. L. Champlin.

Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Chas. E. Bunn.

Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Odora, Chas. E. Bunn; second,
Orris, Chas. E. Bunn.

Filly Over One, Under Two — First, Petunia, Chas. E. Bunn.
40

626 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Champion Stallion — First, Todington, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm;
second, Truman's Prickwillow, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm.

Champion Mare — First, New Lady Gay, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm;
second, Olata, CHas. E. Bunn.

Get of Stallion — First, Chas. E. Bunn.

Produce of Mare — First, Chas. E. Bunn; second, Chas. E. Bunn.

Grand Display — First, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Chas. E.
Bunn; third, Chas. E. Bunn.

WELSH PONIES.

EXHIBITOES.

Geo. E. Brown, Aurora, Illinois; Wm. Cooper & Nephews Company, Chi-
cago, Illinois; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, Illinois; B. B. Welty, Nevada,
Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge R. P. Stericker, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

Stallion Three Tears or Over — First, Gwyndy Brenin, 300, Geo. A. Heyl;
second, , Wm. Cooper Nephews Co.

Stallion Ttco Years, Under Three — First, Tip Top, 210, Geo. E. Brown;
second, Gold Dust, Geo. E. Brown.

Mare Three Years or Over — First, Wm. Cooper Nephews Co.; second,
Llwyn Sunset, 215, Geo. E. Brown; third, Ryana, 202, Geo. B. Brown.

Mare Two Years, Under Three — First, Fickle, 208, Geo. E. Brown; sec-
ond, Foregate Polly, 3209, Geo. A. Heyl; third. Music, 207, Geo. E. Brown.

Pony in Harness — First, , Geo. A. Heyl; second, Warwick 93,

Geo. E. Brown; third, Blaze the Way, 190, Geo. E. Brown.

Pair of Ponies in Harness — First, Geo. E. Brown; second, Geo. A. Heyl.

Tandem Team — First, Criterian and Tip Top. Geo, E. Brown; second,
■ , Geo. A. Heyl.

Pony Under Saddle — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Geo. A. Heyl.

SHETLAND PONIES.
EXHIBITORS.

Chas. Backman, Des Moines, Iowa; M. E. Bridgford, Joy, Illinois; Chas.
E. Bunn, Peoria, Illinois; Cassidy & Thompson, Jamaica, Iowa; G. A.
Chaffee, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Freeman Davis, Moulton, Iowa; H. C.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 627

Davis, Ames, Iowa; John Donhowe, Story City, Iowa; O. W. Gale, Moulton,
Iowa; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, Illinois; H. W. Littleton, Harlan, Iowa;
Matt Miller, Spirit Lake, Iowa; W. T. Roberts & Sons, Ames, Iowa; Max-
ine Saber, Des Moines, Iowa; Phillip Shore, Des Moines, Iowa; Mrs. Adam
Stirling, Des Moines, Iowa; B. B. Welty, Nevada, Iowa; Fred Williams,
Barnes City, Iowa.

AWARDS,

Judge R. P. Steeickeb, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Grandee, Chas. E. Bunn; second.
Locust, Chas. E. Bunn; third. King Larigo, 8778, Geo. A. Heyl; fourth.
Prince Hal, Chas. E. Bunn.

Stallion Three Years, Under Four — First, Silver Tips, 9326, Geo. A.
Heyl; second, Exit, Chas. E. Bunn; third. Silver Bob, 9091, Geo. A. Heyl;
fourth, Dermot, 7700, Jno. Donhowe.

Stallion Two Years, Under Three — First, Grandeej Chas. E. Bunn; sec-
ond. Flip, Chas. E. Bunn; third. Silver Tips 2nd, 10436, Geo. A. Heyl;
fourth, Robt. Dell, 10614, Geo. A. Heyl.

Stallion or Mare Foal — First, , H. W. Littleton; second. Deli-
ver, Jno. Donhowe; third, Quickserv, Mrs. Adam Stirling; fourth, Dugold,
W. T. Roberts & Son.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Kancette, Chas. E. Bunn;; second.
Fairy, Chas. E. Bunn; third, Gazelle, Chas. E. Bunn; fourth. Pearl, 8779,
Geo. A. Heyl.

Mare Three Years, Under Four — First, Nancine, Chas. E. Bunn; sec-
ond, Nasturtium, Chas. E. Bunn; third, Minna Rae, 8771, Geo. A. Heyl;
fourth, Harum Sparkle, 9086, Geo. A. Heyl.

Mare Over Two, Under Three — First, Ovilta, Chas. E. Bunn; second,
Mildred Harum, 10561, Geo. A. Heyl; third. Opaque, Chas. E. Bunn;
fourth, Harum Sparkle 2nd, 11790, Geo. A. Heyl.

Mare Over One, Under Two — First, Princess Larigo, Geo. A. Heyl; sec-
ond, Peoria, Chas. E. Bunn; third, Parthenea, Chas. E. Bunn; fourth,

B. B. Welty.

Pony in Harness — First, Locust, Chas. E. Bunn; second. Grandee, Chas.
E. Bunn; third. Prince Hal, Chas. E. Bunn; fourth. Silver Tips, 9326,
Geo. A, Heyl.

Pair Ponies in Harness — First, Locust & Prince Hal, Chas. E. Bunn;
second. Grandee & Kancette, Chas. E. Bunn; third, Anton & Dunton, Jno.
Donhowe; fourth. Lord Kennedy & Joyful, B. B. Welty.

Four-in-Hand — First, Chas. E. Bunn ; second, John Donhowe ; third, H.

C. Davis.

Tandem Team — First, Grandee & Prince Hal, Chas. E. Bunn; second.
Silver Tips & Silver Bob, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Kancette & Fairy, Chas.
E. Bunn; fourth. Beauty Spot & Dermot, Jno. Donhowe.

628 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Pony Under Saddle — First, Queen, 8787, Mrs. Adam Stirling; second,
Dermot, 7700, Jno. Donhowe; third. Dimple, Chas. Backman; fourth,
, H. C. Davis.

Four Colts, Oet of One Sire — First, Chas. E. Bunn; second, Geo. A. Heyl;
third, Jno. Donhowe; fourth, W. T. Roberts.

Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding in Harness — First, Locust, Chas.
E. Bunn; second. Grandee, Chas. E. Bunn.

Grand Display — First, Chas. E. Bunn; second, Geo. A. Heyl; third,
Chas. E. Bunn; fourth, W. T. Roberts & Son.

Pony in Harness — (Local) — First, Beauty Spot, Jno. Donhowe; second,
Anton, 4342, Jno. Donhowe; third. Lightning, 6987, W. T. Roberts & Son;
fourth. Jester, 5735, W. T. Roberts & Son.

Pair Ponies in Harness — First, Beauty Spot & Dermot, Jno. Donhowe;
second, Blanch & Mary, B. B. Welty; third, Anton & Dunton, Jno. Don-
howe; fourth, Lightning & Jester, W. T. Roberts & Son.

Ponies Under Saddle — First, Lady Betty Vol. 17, Mrs. Adam Stirling;
second, Teddis, 6391, Jno. Donhowe; third, Dermot, 7700, Jno. Donhowe;
fourth, H. C. Davis.

PONIES OTHER THAN SHETLAND.

EXHIBITOES.

Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, Illinois; G. A. Chaffee, Minneapolis, Minnesota;
H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; John Donhowe, Story City, Iowa; Sam Hague,
Van Meter, Iowa; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington. Illinois; W. H. Inabet,
Humeston, Iowa; Mrs. Harry B. Kinnard, Des Moines; T. J. Lee, Mitchell
ville, Iowa; H. W. Littleton, Harlan, Iowa; Warren T. MacDonald, Ames,
Iowa; Matt Miller, Spirit Lake, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri;
Geo. Palmer, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois;
Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; B. B. Welty, Nevada,
Iowa.

AWABDS.

Judge R. P. Steeicker, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

Pony in Harness — First, Zambo, Chas. E. Bunn; second, Sthoreen
Bawn, 2401 (17747), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Czarina, Chas.
E. Bunn.

Pony Under Saddle — First, Nantes, Chas. E. Bunn; second, ,

Geo. A. Heyl; third, , Geo. A. Heyl.

Pair of Ponies in Harness — First, Chas. E. Bunn; second, Chas. E.
Bunn; third, Geo. A. Heyl.

Tandem Team — First, Czarina, Chas. E. Bunn; second, Montgomery
Flower, Chas. E. Bunn; third, , Geo. A. Heyl.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 629

MULES AND JACKS.

EXHIBITOES.

Cassidy & Thompson, Jamaica, Iowa; F. B. Duff, Winterset, Iowa;
Loren Dunbar, Earlham, Iowa; A. L. Foster, Winterset; T. J. Lee, Mitch-
ellville, Iowa; O. K. Jack & Horse Company, Valley Junction, Iowa; J. L.
Poling, Lacona, Iowa.

AWABDS.

Judge W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa.

Mule Four Years or Over — First, Maud, Cassidy & Thompson; second
, T. J. Lee.

Mule Over Three, Under Four — First, Molly, T. J. Lee; second,

J. L. Poling.

Mule Over Two, Under Three — First, Joe, T. J. Lee; second, Kate,
T. J. Lee.

Mule Over One, Under Two — First, J. L. Poling; second, Loren Dunbar,

Mule Colt Under One Year — First, , Loren Dunbar; second

, T. J. Lee.

Mine Mules Under 15 Hands — First, Bird, A. L. Foster; second,

F. B. Duff.

Pair of Mules Over 2400 Pounds — First, Maud & Jennie, Cassidy &
Thompson; second, , T, J. Lee.

Pair Mules Under 2^00 Pounds — First, , F. B. Duff; second,

Bird & Bell, A. L. Foster.

Pair of Mules Any Age or Weight — First, Maud and Jennie, Cassidy &
Thompson; second, , T. J. Lee.

Five Mules of Any Age — First, , T. J. Lee; second, ,

J. L. Poling.

Champion Mule Any Age — First, Maud, Cassidy & Thompson; second,
Joe, T. J. Lee.

Jack Three Years and Over — First, Bart, O. K. Jack & Horse Co.; sec-
ond, Judge, O. K. Jack & Horse Co.

CATTLE DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent H, L. Pike, Whiting, Iowa.

SHORT-HORNS.

EXHIBITOBS.

Barr & Rae, Ames, Iowa; H. G. Bowers, Elmwood, Illinois; G. H.
Burge, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; Cahill Bros., Rockford, Iowa; Funke Bros.,

630 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Greenfield, Iowa; W. E. Graham, Prairie City, Iowa; E. M. Hall, Carthage,
Missouri; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wisconsin; Wm. Herkelman, El-
wood, Iowa; Leemon Stock Farm, Hoopeston, Illinois; Theo. Martin,
Bellevue, Iowa; H. G. McMillan & Sons, Rock Rapids, Iowa; Wm. Milne,
Des Moines, Iowa; H. H. Powell & Son, Linn Grove, Iowa; Rapp Bros.,
St. Edward, Nebraska; J. G. Robbins & Sons, Horace, Indiana; Rook-
wood Farm, Ames, Iowa; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; W. W. Seeley,
Stuart, Iowa; D. Tietjen, Bellevue, Iowa; Tomson Bros., Dover, Kansas;
Geo. M. Vader, Churdan, Iowa; R. E. Watts & Sons, Miles, Iowa; Ed.
Whitcomb, Prairie City, Iowa; W. A. Wickersham, Melbourne, Iowa; J.
S. Zook & Son, Fontanelle, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge, John L. Reid, Crombly Bank, Ellon, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.

Bull Three Years or Ot;er— First, Sultan Mine, 320273, F. W. Harding;
second, Hopeful Knight, 244229, G. H. Burge; third. Golden Grove, 299534,
E. M. Hall, Carthage, Missouri; fourth. Monarch Viceroy, 264469, Theo.
Martin; fifth, Blythesome Baron, 224434, Cahill Bros.; sixth, Hallwood
Stamp, 304512, E. M. Hall; seventh, Lakewood Sultan, 270041, H. G. Mc-
Millan.

Bull Two Years and Under Three— First, Hampton's King, 216734, H.
G. McMillan & Son; second. Imperial Victor, 336907, Tomson Bros.;
third. Proud Bobbin, 323815, W. A. Wickersham; fourth. Missies Sultan,
316621, Cahill Bros.; fifth, Cumberland Archer 2nd, 317597, C. A. Saunders.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Foxy Favorite, 336713, Rapp Bros.; sec-
ond. Royal Cumberland, 334808, C. A. Saunders; third. Count Avon,
334946, Rookwood Farm; fourth. Woodland Sultan, 351415, H. G. Bowers;
fifth. Merry Goods, 333575, Cahill Bros.; sixth. Sultan Stamp, 334974,
F. W. Harding; seventh. Choice Sultan 2nd, 333075, G. H. Burge.

Junior Yearling Bull— First, King Cumberland 2d, 352076, H. H. Pow-
ell & Son; second. Cash Tip, 351682, Rapp Bros.; third, Cumberland's
Best, 334805, C. A. Saunders; fourth. Fair Knight 2nd, 350285, H. G. Mc-
Millan & Sons; fifth. Prince Cumberland, 339269, C. A. Saunders; sixth.
Royal Goodfellow, 346258, G. H. Burge; seventh, Locin Dale, 334951, Lee-
mon Stock Farm.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Scotch Cumberland, C. A. Saunders; second.
Correct Fashion, 350511, F. W. Harding; third, The Governor, 351598. D.
Tietjjen; fourth, Hallwood Lad, E. M. Hall; fifth. Silver Sultan, G. H.
Burge; sixth, Princely Sultan, 350513, F. W. Harding; seventh, Hall-
wood Choice, E. M. Hall.

Junior Bull Calf — First, True Cumberland 2nd, C. A. Saunders; sec-
ond. Village Pride, 352176, Rapp Bros.; third, Sultan Selection, 350516, F.

W. Harding; fourth, , F. W. Harding; fifth, Algor Avon, R. E.

Watts & Sons; sixth. Choice Sultan 2nd, 352999, Cahill Bros.; seventh,
Roan Boy, 350627, Wm. Herkelman.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 631

Cow Three Years or Over — First, Nonpareil, 44, 99716, F. W. Harding;
second, Beauty 23rd, 36523, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third, Rosamond,
50165, Cahill Bros.; fourth. Sassy Violet 3rd, 59495, Wm. Herkelmann;
fifth, Gloster's Rose, 1957, R. E. Watts & Son; sixth, Lavendar Bud, 32429,
Funke Bros.; seventh, Florella, Vol. 68, G. H. Burge.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Daisy Queen, 86345, Tomson
Bros.; second. Roan Fashion, 107083, R. E. Watts & Son; third, White
Lily, 85140, Rapp Bros.; fourth, Minnie 4th, 88079, C. A. Saunders; fifth,
Anoka Gloster 3rd, 87208, F. W. Harding; sixth, Countess Hallwood 3rd,
59908, E. M. Hall; seventh, Anna Secrecy 2nd, 86308, Wm. Herkelman,

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Ruberta's Choice, 90184, H. G. Bowers;
second, Scottish Cumberland, 86367, C. A. Saunders; third, Marshall's
Missie, 86337, D. Tietjen; fourth, Ruberta Cumberland, 86366, C. A. Saun-
ders; fifth, Pleasant Valley, Victoria 4th, 99719, Cahill Bros.; sixth. Hall-
wood Rose 4th, E. M. Hall; seventh, Broadhooks Sultan, 104736, F. W.
Harding.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Lady Cumberland, 86364, C. A. Saunders;
second, Mildred Snowball, 86365, C. A. Saunders; third, Queen of Hearts>
105764, Rapp Bros.; fourth, Bonnie Cumberland 2nd, 86363, C. A. Saun-
ders; fifth, Gloster Sultana, 104733, F. W. Harding; sixth. Sultan's Acon-
ite, 86627, F. W. Harding;' seventh. Morning Butterfly, 81241, H. G. Mc-
Millan & Sons.

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Pleasant Mildred, 106369, Rapp Bros.; sec-
ond, Lavender Sultana 2nd, 104737, F. W. Harding; third. Maid of the
Ring, C. A. Saunders; fourth, Bonnie Cumberland 3rd, C. A. Saunders;
fifth, Rosena, 107345, H. G. Bowers; sixth. Princess Rose, 106081, D. Tiet-
jen; seventh, Bonnie Cumberland 4th, C. A. Saunders.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Scottish Cumberland 2nd, C. A. Saunders;
second, Clipper Sultana, 104734, F. W. Harding; third, Gipsey Cumber-
land 1st, C. A. Saunders; fourth, Dutchess of Gloster, 78, C. A. Saunders;
fifth, Gipsey Cumberland 2nd, C. A. Saunders; sixth. Her Excellence,
106079, D. Tietjen; seventh. Bright Belle, 106368, Rapp Bros.

Senior Champion Bull— Sultan Mine, 320273, F. W. Harding.

Junior Champion Bull — King Cumberland 2nd, 352076, H. H. Powell
& Son.

Senior Champion Cow — Nonpareil 44, 99716, F. W. Harding.

Junior Champion Coiv — Lady Cumberland, 86364, C. A. Saunders.

Grand Champion Bull— SuRan Mine, 320273, F. W. Harding.

Grand Champion Coxo — Lady Cumberland, 86364, C. A. Saunders.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, F. W. Harding; second, C. A. Saunders; third,
H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Rapp Bros.; fifth, G. H. Burge; sixth,
Cahill Bros.

632

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 633

Breeders' Young Herd — First, C. A. Saunders; second, C. A. Saunders;
third, F. W. Harding; fourth, Rapp Bros.; fifth, C. A. Saunders; sixth,

E. M. Hall.

Calf Herd — First, C. A. Saunders; second, F. "W. Harding; third, C. A.
Saunders; fourth, Rapp Bros.; fifth, C. A. Saunders; sixth, E. M. Hall.

Get of Sire — First, F. W. Harding; second, C. A. Saunders; third, Rapp
Bros.; fourth, C. A. Saunders; fifth, C. A. Saunders; sixth, H. G. McMillan
& Sons.

Produce of Coiv — First, C. A. Saunders; second, H. G. Bowers; third,
C. A. Saunders; fourth, C. A. Saunders; fifth, R. E. Watts & Son; sixth,

F. W. Harding.

IOWA SPECIALS.

Bull Three Years or Over— First, Hopeful Knight, 244229, G. H. Burge;
second. Monarch Viceroy, 264469, Theo. Martin; third, Blythesome Baron,
224434, Cahill Bros.; fourth, Lakewood Sultan, 27001, H. G. McMillan &
Sons; fifth. Straight Marshall, 247519, D. Tietjen; sixth, Violet's Non-
pareil, 282673, Funke Bros.; seventh, Scotch Avon, 315678, R. E. Watts &
Son; eighth. Royal D., 318312, W. W. Seeley.

Bull Tioo Years, Tinder Three — First, Hamptons King, 216734, H. G.
McMillan & Sons; second, Proud Robbin, 323815, W. A. Wickersham;
third, Missies Sultan, 316621, Cahill Bros.; fourth, Cumberland Archer
2nd, 317597, C. A. Saunders.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Royal Cumberland, 334808, C. A. Saunders;
second. Count Avon, 334946, Rookwood Farms; third. Merry Goods, 333575,
Cahill Bros.; fourth. Choice Sultan 2nd, 333075, G. H. Burge; fifth, May
Clipper, 337688, W. W. Seeley.

Junior Yearling Bull — First, King Cumberland 2nd, 352076, H. H. Pow-
ell & Sons; second, Cumberland's Best, 334805, C. A. Saunders; third. Fair
Knight 2nd, 350285, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth. Prince Cumberland,
339269, C. A. Saunders; fifth. Royal Goodfellow, 346258, G. H. Burge;
sixth. Count Nonpareil, 351033, W"m. Herkelmann; seventh, Corrector,
334788, D. Tietjen.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Scotch Cumberland, C. A. Saunders; second,
The Governor, 351958, D. Tietjen; third. Silver Sultan, G. H. Burge;
fourth. Lavender King, 353118, Funke Bros.; fifth, British Knight 3rd,
353410, Rookwood Farms; sixth, Cadmus, G. H. Burge; seventh, Major,
351957, D. Tietjen; eighth, Lawndale Monarch, Theo. Martin.

Junior Bull Calf — First, True Cumberland 2nd, C. A. Saunders; second.
Algor Avon, R E Watts & Sons; third. Choice Sultan 2nd, 352999, Cahill
Bros.; Roan Boy, 35027, Wm. Herkelmann; fifth. Red Cumberland 4th, C.
A. Saunders; sixth. White Baron, 353004, Cahill Bros.; seventh. Roan
Baron, 353001, Cahill Bros.; eighth. Roan Monarch, Theo Martin.

634

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Cow Three Years or Over— First, Beauty 23rd, 36523, H. G. McMillan &
Sons; second, Rosamond, 50165, Cahill Bros.; third. Sassy Violet 3rd, 69495,
Wm. Herkelmann; fourth, Gloster's Rose, 1957, R E. Watts & Sons;
Lavender Bud, 32429, Funke Bros.; sixth, Florella (Vol. 68), G. H. Burge;
seventh, Scotch Lavender 4th, 13923, Cahill Bros.; eighth, Keepsake (Vol.
68), Cahill Bros.

Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Roan Fashion, 107083, R. E.
Watts & Sons; second, Minnie 4th, 88079, C. A. Saunders; third, Anna
Secrecy 2nd, 86308, Wm. Herkelmann; fourth, Goldie 86311, Wm. Herkel-
man; fifth, Pinegrove Butterfly 2nd, 62447, H. G. McMillan & Sons; sixth,
Victoria's Love, J. S. Zook; seventh. Money's Lady (Vol 77), G. H. Burge;
eighth, Averne 15, J. S. Zook.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Scottish Cumberland, 86367, C. A.
Saunders; second, Marshall's Missie, 86337, D. Tietjen; third, Ruberta
Cumberland, 86366, C. A. Saunders; fourth. Pleasant Valley Victoria 4th,
99719, Cahill Bros.; fifth. Sweet Cumberland, 86368, C. A. Saunders; sixth,
Algor Dorothy, 89158, R. E. Watts & Sons; seventh, Mandolin 3rd, 86839,
H. G. McMillan & Sons; eighth. Lavender Anoka 2nd, 100776, Cahill Bros.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Lady Cumberland, 86364, C. A. Saunders;
second, Mildred Snowball, 86365, C. A. Saunders; third, Bonnie Cumber-
land 2nd, 86363, C. A. Saunders; fourth. Morning Butterfly, 81241, H. G.
McMillian & Sons; fifth, Red Bell, 97913, Cahill Bros.; sixth, Dairy Maid
2nd, 97902, Cahill Bros.; seventh. Golden Girl, 104899, Wm. Herkelmann.

FIRST PRIZE TWO-YEAR-OLD SHORT-UORN BULL AND IOWA CHAMPION
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 635

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Maid of the Ring; C. A. Saunders; second,
Bonnie Cumberland 3rd, C. A. Saunders; third, Princess Rose, 106081, D.
Tietjen; fourth, Bonnie Cumberland 4th, C. A. Saunders; fifth, Lakewood
Emma 5th, 107560, H. G. McMillan & Sons; sixth, Kitty Marr 4th, 107616,
Cahill Bros.; seventh, Victoria Maid, 107621, Cahill Bros.; eighth, Fair
Bell, 104898, Wm. Herkelmann.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Scottish Cumberland 2nd, C. A. Saunders;
second, Gipsey Cumberland 1st, C. A. Saunders; third, Dutchess of Gloster,
78, C. A. Saunders; fourth, Gipsey Cumberland 2nd, C. A. Saunders; fifth.
Her Excellence, 106079, D. Tietjen; sixth. Acorn Lady, 99757, H. G. Mc-
Millan & Sons; seventh. Silver Qirl, 106370, Wm. Milne; eighth. Sweet
Fashion, Theo Martin.

Senior Champion Bull — Hampton's King, 216734, H. G. McMillan & Sons.

Junior Champion Bull— King Cumberland 2nd, 352076, H. H. Powell &
Son.

Senior Champion Cow — Roan Fashion, 107083, R. E. Watts & Sons.

Junior Champion Cow — Lady Cumberland, 86364, C. A. Saunders.

Grand Champion Bull — Hampton's King, 216734, H. G. McMillan & Sons.

Grand Champion Coto — Lady Cumberland, 86364, C. A. Saunders.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, C. A. Saunders; second, H. G. McMillan ■&
Sons; third, G. H. Burge; fourth, Cahill Bros.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, C. A. Saunders; second, C. A. Saunders;
third, C. A. Saunders; fourth, Cahill Bros.; fifth, H. G. McMillan & Sons;
sixth, Wm Herkelmann.

Calf Herd — First, C. A. Saunders; second, C. A. Saunders; third, C. A.

Saunders; fourth, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fifth, Wm. Herkelmann; sixth,
Cahill Bros.

Get of Sire — First, C. A. Saunders; second, C. A. Saunders; third, C.
A. Saunders; fourth, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fifth, G. H. Burge; sixth,
Cahill Bros.

Produce of Coiv — First, C. A. Saunders; second, C. A. Saunders; third,
C. A. Saunders; fourth, R. E. Watts & Sons; fifth, H. G. McMillan & Sons;
sixth, Cahill Bros.

HEREFORD.

EXHIBITORS.

Wm. Andrews & Sons, Morse, Iowa; G. G. Clements, Ord, Nebraska;
W. H. Campbell, Grand River, Iowa; J. P. Cudahy, Belton, Missouri; S. J.
Gabbert, Dearborn, Missouri; O. S. Gibbons & Sons, Atlantic, Iowa; O. E.
Green, Genoa, Nebraska; A. F. Hager, Avoca, Iowa; O. Harris, Harris,
Missouri; Robert H. Hazlett, El Dorado, Kansas; E. W. Kreischer, Mt.

636 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Vernon, Iowa; Makin Bros., Grandview, Missouri; Warren T. McCray,
Kentland, Indiana; Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa; J. H. & J. W. Van
Natta, LaFayette, Indiana; W. S. Van Natta & Son, Fowler, Indiana.

AWARDS.

Judge Robt. D. Mousel, Cambridge, Nebr.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Paragon 12tli, 299116, Makin Bros.;
Prime Lad 9tli, 213963, W. S. Van Natta & Son; third, Fairfax 13th, 289868,
Warren T. McCray; fourth. Prime Lad 38th, 261816, J. P. Cudahy; fifth.
Distinction, 260718, Cyrus A. Tow; sixth, General G., 261924, O. S. Gibbons
& Son; seventh. Beau Folly, 248132, S. J. Gabbert.

Bull Two Years and Under Three— First, Gay Lad 6th, 316936, O.
Harris; second, Fairfax 16th, 316931, J. P. Cudahy; third. Beau Stur-
gess 2nd, 316605, Robt. H. Hazlett; fourth. Prime Lad 10th, 324668, W. S.
Van Natta & Son; fifth, Parsifal 16th, 324422, O. E. Green; sixth.
Freighter 8th, 328187, G. G. Clement; seventh. Polled Ito, 322141, Wm.
Andrews & Son.

Senior Yearling Bull— First, Donald Lad 3rd, 344663, W. S. Van Natta
& Son; second, Corrector Fairfax, 332653, J. P. Cudahy; third. Financier
2nd, 341212, Cyrus A. Tow; fourth. Beau Mischief 11th, 336945, O. E.
Green; fifth. Western Boy 2nd, 341489, O. S. Gibbons & Son.

Junior Yearling Bull— First, Donald Lad 7th, 248415, W. S. Van Natta
& Son; second, Byron Fairfax, 344282, Warren T. McCray; third. Sen-
sation, 347577, G. G. Clement; fourth. Good Lad, 343996, O. S. Gibbons
& Son; fifth. Young Gleed, 356409, J. P. Cudahy; sixth. Paragon 31st,
348986, Makin Bros.; seventh. Director, 349145, Cyrus A. Tow.

Senior Bull Calf— First, Donald Lad 9th, 370527, W. S. Van Natta &
Son; second. Repeated, 359444, O. Harris; third. Paragon 32nd, 371616,
Makin Bros.; fourth, Journal Prince, 368674, W. S. Van Natta & Son;
fifth, Horace Gleed, 358392, J. P. Cudahy; sixth, Dismora, 364834, Cyrus
A. Tow; seventh. Ringmaster, 364249, 0. S. Gibbons & Son.

Junior Bull Calf — Panama Gay Lad, 365249, 0. Harris; second, Bocaldo,
362186, Robt. H. Hazlett; third. Prince Donald, 370541, W. S. Van Natta
& Son; fourth. Real Perfection, 363544, Warren T. McCray; fifth. Prime
Grove, 369771, Wm. Andrews & Sons; sixth. Golden Triumph, 371908, O.
E. Green.

Cow Three Years or Over — First, Princess 16th, 288350, O. Harris;
second. Lady Fairfax 4th, 265180, Warren T. McCray; third, Lady Fair-
fax 9th, 294557, Warren T. McCray; fourth, Miss Filler 2nd, 230514,
S. J. Gabbert; fifth, Marcella, 234335, W. S. Van Natta & Son; sixth,
Priscilla, 204713, O. S. Gibbons & Son; seventh. Queenly, 295583, G. G.
Clement.

Heifer Tioo Years and Under Three — First, Scottish Lassie, 305352,
J. P. Cudahy; second, Banza 316601, Robt. H. Hazlett; third. Prime

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

637

Lady 2nd, 324661, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth. Goodness 2nd, 324445,
Makin Bros.; fifth, Lady Fairfax 12th, 316956, Warren T. McCray; sixth,
Harris Princess 125th, 320357, O. Harris; seventh. Vanity Fair, 323192,
G. G. Clement.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Daisy Fairfax, 332654, Warren T. Mc-
Cray; second, Donald Lass 4th, 344666, W. S. Van Natta & Son; third,
Belle Fairfax, 342052, J. P. Cudahy; fourth. Clematis 3rd, 348990, Makin
Bros.; fifth, Stella, 344679, W. S. Van Natta & Son; sixth. Miss Annabel,
341213, Cryus A. Tow; seventh. Miss Laura B., 341215. Cyrus A. Tow.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Harris Princess 185th, 342335, O. Harris;
second, Harris Princess 184, 342334, O. Harris; third, Sabetha Donald,
344293, Warren T. McCray; fourth. Lady Viola, 349149, Cryus A. Tow;
fifth, Quintella, 351133, Robt. H. Hazlett; sixth, Martha Gleed, 356538,
J. P. Cudahy; seventh, Constance, 347569, G. G. Clement.

GRAND CHAMPION HEREFORD BULL
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Princess Repeater, 359355, O. Harris; second,
Donald Lass 9th, 370532, W. S. Van Natta & Son; third. Sonnet, 371913,
G. G. Clement; fourth, Fleda, 362195, Robt. H. Hazlett; fifth. Miss Brum-
mel, 364838, Cyrus A. Tow; sixth, Fairview Lass, 357284, Wm. Andrews
& Sons; seventh, Domestic, 365034, Wm. Andrews & Sons.

Junior Heifer Calf—First, Celandine 2nd, 371605, Makin Bros.; second.
Princess Repeater 3rd, 365253, O. Harris; third. Spring Beauty, 370546,
W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, Virginia Fairfax, 363557, Warren T.

638 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

McCray; fifth, Folly's Frolic, 365826, S. J. Gabbert; sixth, Marjorie,
371910, G. G. Clement; seventh, Idylette, 362200, Robt. H. Hazlett.

Senior Champion Bull— Gaj Lad 6th, 316936, O. Harris.

Junior Champion BmH— Donald Lad 3rd, 344663, W. S. Van Natta &
Son.

Senior Champion Cow — Princess 16th, 288350, O. Harris.

Junior Cham,pion Cow — Harris Princess 185th, 342335, O. Harris.

Grand Champion Bull— Gay Lad 6th, 316936, O. Harris.

Grand Champion Cow — Princess 16th, 288350, O. Harris.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, O- Harris; second, W. S. Van Natta & Son;
third, Makin Bros.; fourth, Warren T. McCray; fifth, J. P. Cudahy; sixth,
G. G, Clement; seventh, Cyrus A. Tow.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, O. Harris; second, W. S. Van Natta &
Son; third, Warren T. McCray; fourth, Robert H. Hazlett; fifth, G. G.
Clement; sixth, J. P. Cudahy; seventh, Makin Bros.

Calf Herd— First, O. Harris; second, W. S. Van Vatta & Son; third,
Robt. H. Hazlett; fourth, Makin Bros.; fifth, Warren T. McCray; sixth,
J. P. Cudahy; seventh, G. G. Clement.

Get of Sire — First, Warren T. McCray; second, Makin Bros.; third,
W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, J. P. Cudahy; fifth, Robt. H. Hazlett;
sixth, 0. Harris; seventh, S. J. Gabbert.

Produce of Coio — First, Warren T. McCray; second, W. S. Van Natta
& Son; third, O. Harris; fourth, Robt. H. Hazlett; fifth, Makin Bros.;
sixth, G. G. Clement; seventh, 0. S. Gibbons & Son.

IOWA HEREFORD SPECIALS.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Distinction, 260718, Cyrus A. Tow;
second. General G., 261924, O. S. Gibbons & Son; third. Young Albany,
290216, E. W. Kreischer; fourth, St. Elmo R. 265716, A. F. Hager; fifth.
Success, 300915, E. W. Kreischer.

Bull Tivo Years and Under Three— Fir^t, Polled Ito, 322148, Wm.
Andrews & Sons.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Financier 2nd, 341212, Cyrus A. Tow;
second, Weston Boy 2nd, 341489, O. S. Gibbons & Son.

Junior Yearling Bull— First, Good Lad, 343996, O. S. Gibbons & Son;
second. Director, 349145, Cyrus A. Tow; third, Beau General, 368964, O.
S. Gibbons; fourth, Bonnie Brae 30th, 342541, E. W. Kreischer; fifth, St.
Elmo 13th, 357879, A. F. Hager.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Dismora, 364834, Cyrus A. Tow; second, Ring-
master, 364249, O. S. Gibbons & Son; third, Carnot, 364246, O. S. Gibbons
& Son; fourth. Disturber 4th, 364835, Cyrus A. Tow; fifth, Prime Minister,
358488, Wm. Andrews & Son.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 639

Junior Bull Calf — First, Prime Grove, 369871, Wm. Andrews & Son;
second, Fairview Prince, 369476, Cj^rus A. Tow; third. Beau Patrick,
370338, O. S. Gibbons; fourth. Beau General 2nd, 370336, 0. S. Gibbons.

Goto Three Years or Over — First, Priscilla, 204713, O. S. Gibbons; second.
Crocus 2nd, 203169, Wm. Andrews & Sons; third. Princess 2nd, 264207,
Cyrus A. Tow; fourth. Spray, 289600, E. W. Kreischer; fifth. Lady Real
7th, 150065, A. F. Hager.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Princepe Maiden, O. S.
Gibbons; second. Disturber's Queen 2nd, 325351, Cyrus A. Tow; third,
Priscilla 3rd, 336435, Wm. Andrews & Sour; fourth. Diamond's Maid 2nd,
320887, E. W. Kreischer; fifth. Pretty Face, 332493, A. F. Hager.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Miss Annabel, 341213, Cyrus A. Tow;
second. Miss Laura B., 341215, Cyrus A. Tow; third, Carnette, 340292,
O. S. Gibbons & Sons; fourth. Clover Blossom, 342033, Wm. Andrews
& Sons'; fifth. Miss Brae 25th, 342544, E. W. Kreischer.

Junior .Yearling Heifer — First, Lady Viola, 349149, Cyrus A. Tow;
second, Charlotte, 343082, AVm. Andrews & Sons; third, Blanche, 342031,
Wm. Andrews & Sons; fourth. Disturber's Lassie, 4th, 349146, Cyrus A.
Tow; fifth. Pansy Bell 3rd, 346552, O. S. Gibbons & Son.

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Miss Brumme!, 364838, Cyrus A. Tow; second,
Fairview Lass, 357284, Wm. Andrews & Sons; third. Domestic, 365034,
Wm. Andrews & Sons; fourth. Pansy Belle 4th, 364248, O. S. Gibbons & Son;
fifth, Fairview Lass, 364579, Cyrus A. Tow.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Jennie Grove, 369865, Wm. Andrews & Sons;
second. Miss Creamy, 369361, Cyrus A. Tow; third, Astor Grove, 369861,
Wm. Andrews & Sons.

Senior Champion Bull — Distinction, 260718, Cyrus A. Tow.

Junior Champion Bull — Financier 2nd, 341212, Cyrus A. Tow.

Senior Champion Coio — Princeps Maiden, 323658, O. S. Gibbons & Son.

Junior Champion Coxc — Lady Viola, 349149, Cyrus A. Tow.

Grand Champion Bull — Finacier 2nd, 341212, Cyrus A. Tow.

Grand Champion Cow — Dismora, 364834, Cyrus A. Tow.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, Cyrus A. Tow, second, O. S. Gibbons & Son;
third, Wm. Andrews & Sons; fourth, E. W. Kreischer.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, O. S. Gibbons & Son ; second Wm. Andrews
& Sons.

Calf Herd — First, Wm. Andrews & Sons; second, O. S. Gibbcns & Son.

Get of Sire — First, Cyrus A. Tow; second, Wm. Andrews & Son; third,
O. S. Gibbons & Son; fourth, Cyrus A. Tow.
If
Produce of Coid — First, 0. S. Gibbons & Son; second, Wm. Andrews &

Son; third, O. S. Gibbons & Son.

640 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ABERDEEN-ANGUS.
EXHIBITOBS.

R. M. Anderson & Sons, Newell, Iowa; J. V. Arney, Leon, Iowa; Matt
Baker, Mitchellville, Iowa; Otto V. Battles, Maquoketa, Iowa; A. C. Binnie,
Alta, Iowa; W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa.

AW^AEDS.

Judge Dr. H. M. Brown, Hillsboro, Ohio.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Quality Prince, 117284, W. A. Mc-
Henry; second. Thickset Blackbird, 115895, Otto V. Battles; third, Ernest,
91016, W. J. Miller; fourth, Bonnie Ben Royal, 95006, R. M. Anderson
& Sons.

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Kloman, 135617, A. C. Binnie;
second, St. Blaise, 130837, Otto V. Battles; third, Enus, 139634, R. M.
Anderson & Sons; fourth. Black Opal, 125453, Matt Baker.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Protine, 138372, W. A. McHenry; second,
Black Pridewood, 137275, A. C. Binnie; third, Barbara's Pico, 138385,
W. A. McHenry; fourth, Balmot, 130477, Otto V. Battles; fifth, Minden
of View Point 3rd, 139066, W. J. Miller; sixth, Ebony of A., 135657, J. V,
Arney.

Junior Yearling Bull — First, Peter Pan of Alta, 140526, A. C. Binnie;
second. Black King of Rosemere, 137159, Otto V. Battles; third, Enus 2nd,
140648, R. M. Anderson & Sons; fourth. Questman 4th, 140525, A. C.
Binnie.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Marguerite's Lad, Otto V. Battles; second, Proud
Thickset, 149389, W. A. McHenry; third, Rosegay 6th, 142883, W. J.
Miller; fourth, Elbony of A 2nd, 148065, J. V. Arney; fifth, St. Elmo A.,
150050, R. M. Anderson & Sons; sixth, Jussien 2nd, 150049, R. M. Ander-
son & Sons.

Junior Bull CaZ/— First, Enus 3rd, 150053, R. M. Anderson & Sons;
second, Krist Kringle, A. C. Binnie; third, Princeton, A. C. Binnie; fourth,
Ernest 2nd, W. J. Miller.

Cow Three Years Or Over — First, Barbara McHenry 24th, 104144, W.
A. McHenry; second. Black Eileen, 115897, Otto V. Battles; third. Snow-
flake's Queen 2nd, 106543, W. J. Miller; fourth, Ethelda D. 95185, W. J.
Miller; fifth. Pride of Elchies 12, 116879, R. M. Anderson; sixth. Princess
of the Woods, 113354, A. C. Binnie.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Barbara Woodson, 129611,
W. J. Miller; second. Pride of Alta, 12th, 129497, W. A. McHenry; third.
Thickset Myra, 129083, Otto V. Battles; fourth, Eileen of Alta, 129498,
A. C. Binnie; fifth, Glenmere Irene, 130544, Otto V. Battles; sixth, En-
tange of Arndale, 121562, J. V. Arney; seventh. Bell Eclipser of Newell,
131046, R. M. Anderson; eighth, Esmerald 5th, 139632, R. M. Anderson
& Sons.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 641

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Blackcap McHenry 84th, 138378, W. A. •
McHenry; second, Queen of Rosemere, 131206, Otto V. Battles; third,
Abbess of Alta, 140517, A. C. Binnie; fourth. Pride McHenry 85th, 138638,
W. A. McHenry; fifth. Proud Formera 2nd, 137237, A. C. Binnie; sixth.
Key of Des Moines 2nd, 139929, W. J. Miller; seventh. Queen of Leon
2nd, 135656, J. V. Arney.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Blackcap McHenry 88th, 138394, W. A.
McHenry; second, Eileen of Alta 2nd, 140528, A, C. Binnie; third. Rose
of Rosemere, 137157, Otto V. Battles; fourth, Bonnie of Rosemere, 139871,
Otto V. Battles; fifth, Metz Beauty 9th, 141744, W. J. Miller; sixth.
Pride of Blackstone 3rd, 139639, R. M. Anderson & Sons; seventh. Pride
of Elchies 18th, 139638, R. M. Anderson & Sons; eighth, Blackbird Missie
A., 148060, J. V. Arney.

GRAND CHAMPION ANGUS COW
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

Senior Heifer CaZ/— First, Pride McHenry 97th, 149358, W. A. McHenry;
second, Metz Black Bird 8th, 149508, W. J. Miller; third, Myra of Rose-
mere, Otto V. Battles; fourth. Pride McHenry 100th, 149362, W. A. Mc-
Henry; fifth, Metz Pride 5th, 149507, W. J. Miller; sixth, Katrine of A.,
148063, J. V. Arney; seventh. Abbess of Alta 2nd, A. C. Binnie; eighth,
Key of Indianapolis 4th, 150048, R. M. Anderson & Sons.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Barbara 3rd of Rosemere, Otto V. Battles;
second. Black Cap of A., J. V. Arney; third. Blackbird 100th, 150051,
R. M. Anderson & Son; fourth, Katy Key Mura, W. J. Miller; fifth. Black-
bird of Alta 18th, A. C. Binnie.

Senior Champion Bull — Kloman, 135617, A. C. Binnie.
41

642 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ]

Junior Champion Bull — Protine, 138372, W. A. McHenry.

Senior Champion Cow— Barbara Woodson, 129611, W. J. Miller.

Junior Champion Cow — Blackcap McHenry 84th, 138378, W. A. McHenry.

Grand Champion Bull — Kloman, 135617, A. C. Binnie.

Grand Champion Cow — Barbara Woodson, 129611, W. J. Miller.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, W. A. McHenry; second. Otto V. Battles; third,
A. C. Binnie; fourth, W. J. Miller; fifth, R. M. Anderson & Sons.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, W. A. McHenry; second. Otto V. Battles;
third, A. C. Binnie; fourth, W. J. Miller; fifth, R. M. Anderson & Son;
sixth, J. V. Arney.

Calf Herd— First, W. A. McHenry; second. Otto V. Battles; third, W. J.
Miller; fourth, R. M. Anderson & Sons; fifth, J. V. Arney; sixth, A. C.
Binnie; seventh, A. C. Binnie.

Get of Sire — First, W. A. McHenry; second, A. C. Binnie; third. Otto
V. Battles; fourth, R. M. Anderson & Sons; fifth, W. J. Miller; sixth,
A. C. Binnie; seventh, J. V. Arney.

Produce of Cow — First, Otto V. Battles; second, Otto V. Battles; third,
W. A. McHenry; fourth, A. C. Binnie; fifth, A. C. Binnie; sixth, J. V.
Arney; seventh, W. J. Miller.

GALLOWAY.

EXHIBITORS.

C. S. Hechtner, Chariton, Iowa; A. O. Huff, Arcadia, Nebraska; Isaac
Lincoln, Aberdeen, S. Dakota; Straub Bros., Avoca, Nebraska.

AVl'^ABDS.

Judge Chas. Escher, Jr., Botna, Iowa.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Douglas of Meadowlawn, 30618, C.
S. Hechtner; second, Evaline's Sampson, 32255, C. S. Hechtner; third.
Secretary of Crossless, 30939, Isaac Lincoln; fourth, Meadowlawn Crusader,
32210, A. O. Huff; fifth Eloquent, 35186, Straub Bros.

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Marquis, 34815, Straub Bros.;
second, Meckline of L. F., 34575, Isaac Lincoln; third, Millard of L. F.,
34573, Isaac Lincoln.

Bull One Year and Under Two — First, Viscount 2nd, 35181, Straub
Bros.; second, Fearnot of Maples, 35166, C. S. Hechtner; third. Choice
Master, 35185, Straub Bros.; fourth. Royal Douglas, 35383, A. O. Huff;
fifth, Leonard of L. F., 35241, Isaac Lincoln.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Quartermaster, 36225, Straub Bros.; second.
Mack Croff, A. O. Huff; third, Prince Favorite, C. S. Hechtner.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 643

Junior Bull Calf — First, Fortunater, 36226, Straub Bros.; second. King
Favorite, C. S. Hechtner; third, Tona Hawkeye, A. 0. Huff.

Cow Three Years or Over — First, Capitaline, 35178, Straub Bros.; second,
Floss 2nd of Meadowlawn, 28741, C. S. Hechtner; third, Florence of
Meadowlawn, 32316, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, Bessie of Maples, 32252, C.
S. Hechtner; fifth, Locksley Miss, 22956, Isaac Lincoln.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Ladylike, 34014, Straub
Bros.; second, Elizabeth 3rd, 34061, C. S. Hechtner; third. Lady Love of
Maples, 33977, C. S. Hechtner; fourth. Modesty 2nd, 34931, Straub Bros.;
fifth. Careful of Maples 2nd, 33976, C. S. Hechtner.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Daisy Dimple, 35187, Straub Bros.;
second. Miss Stanley 4th of Maples, 33980, C. S. Hechtner; third, Nellie
Douglas, 35279, C. S. Hechtner; fourth. Sunbeam, 35640, A. 0. Huff;
fifth, Martha of L. F., 34576, Isaac Lincoln,

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Nellie of Maples, 35168, C. S. Hechtner;
second. Merry Lady, 36183, Straub Bros.; third, Miss Stanley 5th, 35164,
Straub Bros.; fourth, Polly of L. F., 35239, Isaac Lincoln; fifth, Nelly
Lilly 4th, 36182, A. O. Huff.

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Marianne, 26221, Straub Bros.; second. Care-
ful of Maples 3rd, C. S. Hechtner; third, Clara of Maples 3rd, C. S.
Hechtner; fourth, Jolly of L. F., 36201, Isaac Lincoln; fifth, Lillie Wist-
ful, A. O. Huff.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Myrtle of Maples, C. B. Hetchner; second,
Nellie Melville, 26223, Straub Bros.; third. Lady Sampson, C. S. Hecht-
ner; fourth. Little Mary of L. F., 36204, Isaac Lincoln; fifth. Dainty
Violez, A. O. Huff.

Senior Champion Bull — Douglas of Meadowlawn, 30618, C. S. Hechtner.

Junior Champion Bull — Viscount 2nd, 35181, Straub Bros.

Senior Champion Cote — Ladylike, 34014, Straub Bros.

Junior Champion Heifer — Daisy Dimple, 35187, Straub Bros.

Grand Champion Bull — Viscount 2nd, 35181, Straub Bros.

Grand Champion Cow — Ladylike, 34014, Straub Bros.

ExhiMtor's Herd — First, Straub Bros.; second, C. S. Hechtner; third,
C. S. Hechtner; fourth, Isaac Lincoln; fifth, A. O. Huff.

Breeder's Young Herd— First, Straub Bros.; second, C. S. Hechtner;
third, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, A. O. Huff; fifth, Isaac Lincoln.

Get of Sire— First, Straub Bros.; second, C. S. Hechtner; third, C. S.
Hechtner; fourth, Straub Bros.; fifth, Isaac Lincoln.

Produce of Cow — First, Straub Bros.;, second, Straub Bros.; third, C.
S. Hechtner; fourth, C. S. Hechtner; fifth, C. S. Hechtner.

644 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

POLLED DURHAM.

EXHIBITORS.

E. J. Augsperger, Pulaski, Iowa; L. S. Huntley & Son, Chariton, Iowa;
Leemon Stock Farm, Hoopeston, Illinois, J. H. Miller, Peru, Indiana;
W. W. Seeley, Stuart, Iowa; Walker Bros., Ord, Nebraska; J. J. Williams
& Son, Grandview, Iowa; James Wilson & Sons, Avoca, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge Pkof. Andrew Boss, St. Anthony Park, Minn.

Bull Three Years or Over— First, The Confessor, 284217, J. H. Miller;
second, Buttonwood Tip 2nd, 5016, J. H. Miller; third, Cupbearer Prize,
6468, 295077, Walker Bros.; fourth, Royal D., 318312 (6549), W. W.
Seeley; fifth, Cragg's Hero, 286410 (5956), Leemon Stock Farm.

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Secret Victor, 322861, J. H.
Miller.

Bull One Year and Under Tico — First, Sultan's Creed, J. H. Miller; sec-
ond, Silver Secret, 339882, J. H. Miller; third. Royal Victor 8631 (351852),
J. Wilson & Son; fourth. Golden Hero, Jr., 8002, Walker Bros.; fifth. Royal
Butterfly, 8630, (351851), J. Wilson & Son.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Meadow Sultan, J. H. Miller; second, Miami
Sultan, J. H, Miller; third, Red Marshall, J. H. Miller; fourth. Wanderer's
Sultan, J. H. Miller; fifth. Grand Strathern 8632 (351850), Jas. Wilson &
Sons.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Select Goods, J. H. Miller; second General
Nelson, Walker Bros.; third, Cragg's Archer 2nd, 8697, Leemon Stock
Farm; fourth, Baun Cragg 2nd, 8698, Leemon Stock Farm.

Cow Three Years or Over — First, Queen of Miami 5th, 29818, J. H.
Miller; second, Wanderer's Violet, 68622, J. H. Miller; third. Princess
Lavender, 45th (Vol. 55), Jas Wilson & Sons; fourth, Queen Mabel,
Walker Bros.; fifth, Lady Marshall, 99003, J. H. Miller.

Heifer Tioo Years and, Under Three — First, Lady Craven, 68618, J. H.
Miller; second, Nora Marshall, 99006, J. H. Miller; third. Lady Purity,
70975, J. H. Miller; fourth, Cragg's Beauty (Vol. 5), Leemon Stock
Farm; fifth, Hero's Lady, Walker Bros.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First,' Queenly, 99007, J. H. Miller; second, 4th
Miami Sweetbrier, 89939, J. H. Miller; third. Wistful 2nd. (Vol. 5), J.
J. Williams & Son; fourth, 37th Lady, 99701 (Vol. 5), J. J. Williams &
Son; fifth, Kucklevington Dutchess (Vol. 5), Leemon Stock Farm.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, 20th Miami Victoria, J. II. Miller;

second. Lady Sultana, 89937, J. II. Miller; third. Mazurka Marvel, Walker

Bros.; fourth. Miss Charming, Walker Bros.; fifth, Sylvanite, Walker
Bros.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 645

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Serene 2nd, J. J. Williams & Son; second,
Aurora Belle, Walker Bros.; third, 21st Miami "Victoria, J. H. Miller;
fourth, 39th Favorite, 105948, J. J. Williams & Son; fifth, 42nd Lady,
105949, J. J. Williams & Son.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Miss Modesty, Walker Bros.; second, Sera-
phina Lady 2nd, J. H. Miller; third, Secret Sultana, J. H. Miller; fourth,
23rd Miami 7th, J. H. Miller; fifth. My Lady, J. J. Williams & Son.

Senior Champion Bull — The Confessor, 284217, J. H. Miller.
Junior Champion Bull — Sultan's Creed, J. H. Miller.
Senior Champion Cow — Queen of Miami 5th, 29818, J. H. Miller.
Junior Champion Heifer — 20th Miami Victoria, J. H. Miller.
Grand Champion Bull — The Confessor, 284217, J. H. Miller.
Grand Champion Cow — Queen of Miami 5th, 29818, J. H. Miller.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, J. H. Miller; second, J. H. Miller; third, J.
H. Miller; fourth. Walker Bros.; fifth, Leemon Stock Farm.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, J. H. Miller; second. Walker Bros.;
third, Jas. Wilson & Sons; fourth, J. J. Williams & Son.

Get of Sire — First. J. H. Miller; second, J. H. Miller; third, Jas. Wilson
& Sons; fourth, J. H. Miller, fifth. Walker Bros.

Produce of Cow — First, J. H. Miller; second, J. H. Miller; third. Walker
Bros.; fourth, Jas. Wilson & Sons; fifth, J. H. Miller.

RED POLLED.
EXHIBITOES.

Frank J. Clouss, Barnum, Iowa; C. W. Connell & Sons, Joliet, Illinois;
Davis & Haussler, Holbrook, Nebraska; W. S. Hill, Alexandria, South
Dakota; Joseph Kestel, New Lenox, Illinois; F. W. Lahr, Brooks, Iowa;
J. W. Larrabee, Earlville, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge C. D. Bellows, Maryville, Mo.

Bull Three Years or Over— First, Logan, 13500, Frank J. Clouss; sec-
ond, Teddy's Best, 17603, Davis & Haussler; third, Rutland, 16053, W. S.
Hill; fourth. Marker, 16875, Jos. Kestel; fifth, Taft, 18203, C. W. Con-
nell & Sons.

Bull Two Years and Under Three—First, Reo, 18766, Davis & Hauss-
ler; second. Homer, 19988, W. S. Hill; third, Sampson, 18879, J. W.
Larrabee; fourth. Leader, 19951, C. W. Connell & Sons.

646 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Bull One Year and Under Two— First, Meddler, 20230, W. S. Hill; sec-
ond, Burton, 21870, W. S. Hill; third. Sir William, 19872, J. W. Larrabee;
fourth. Minor, 20994, Frank J. Clouss; fifth, Emerson, 21224, W. S. Hill.

Senior Bull Calf— First, Leo, 21230, W. S. Hill; second, Paul 20995,
Frank J. Clouss; third, Ringland, 20999, Frank J. Clouss; fourth. Leader,
20954, Davis & Haussler; fifth. Jay Rose, 21041, J. W. Larrabee.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Charmer, Davis & Haussler; second, Nailor,
Davis & Haussler; third. Quantity, Frank J. Clouss; fourth, Cy. Young,
C. W. Connell & Sons.

Coiv Three Years or Over — First, Inez, 23477, W. S. Hill; second, Davy
Belle 3rd, 22558, J. W. Larrabee; third, Dewdrop, 21054, Davis & Haussler;
fourth, Nancy, 20169, W. S. Hill; fifth. Labyrinth 5th, 25101, C. W. Con-
nell & Sons.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Florence, 29854, W. S. Hill;
second, Becky, 31848, W. S. Hill; third, Inas, 30468, Davis & Haussler;
fourth. Beauty, 30221, Davis & Haussler; fifth, Ruth, 29686, Frank J.
Clouss.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Jane, 32329, Frank J. Clouss; second,
Sunflower, 31856, W. S. Hill; third, Victorine, 33276, W. S. Hill; fourth,
Gazzell, 32011, Davis & Haussler; fifth. Blossom Belle, 32435, C. W. Con-
nell & Sons.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Lady Dortha 2d 32349, Davis & Haussler;
second, Valantine Lady, 32352, Davis & Haussler; third, Eva, 33289, W.
S. Hill; fourth. Primrose, 32847, Davis & Haussler; fifth, Davy Belle 4th,
31633, J. W. Larrabee.

Senior Heifer Calf— First, Amelia, 33292, W. S. Hill; second, Christ-
mas Belle, Davis & Haussler; third, Pauline, 32897, Frank J. Clouss;
fourth, Jennie, 32845, Davis & Haussler; fifth, Glendolin, 33291, W. S.
Hill.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Miss Cremo 32, Davis & Haussler; second,
Easter Blossom, Davis & Haussler; third. Quality, Frank J. Clouss;
fourth, Elizabeth Ann, 33994, J. W. Larrabee; fifth. Queen Lady, C. W.
Connell & Sons.

Senior Champion Bull— hogan, 13500, Frank J. Clouss.

Junior Champion Bull— Meddler, 20230, W. S. Hill.

Senior Champion Cow — Inez, 23477, W. S. Hill.

Junior Champion Heifer— L,a.dy Dortha 2nd, 32349, Davis & Haussler.

Grand Champion Bull — Logan, 13500, Frank J. Clouss.

Grand Champion Cow — Lady Dortha 2nd, 32349, Davis & Haussler.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, W. S. Hill; second, Davis & Haussler; third,
Frank J. Clouss; fourth, W. S. Hill; fifth, Davis & Haussler.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, Davis & Haussler; second, W. S. Hill;
third, Davis & Haussler; fourth, Frank J. Clouss; fifth, J. W. Larrabee.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

647

Get of Sire — First, Davis & Haussler; second, W. S. Hill; third, Davis
& Haussler; fourth, Frank J. Clouss; fifth, W. S. Hill.

Produce of Cow — First, W. S. Hill; second, Davis & Haussler; third,
Frank J. Clouss; fourth, W. S. Hill; fifth, C. W. Connell & Sons.

HOLSTEIN.

EXHIBITORS.

C. A. Nelson, Waverly, Iowa; H. J. Hemmerling, Dike, Iowa; J. L.
Hoak, Des Moines, Iowa; H. H. Schroedermeier, Waverly, Iowa; Frank
White, Hampton, Iowa.

Judge.

AWAKDS.

, . Pkof. H. H. Kildee, Ames, Iowa.

Bull Three Years or Over-
White.

-First, Groveland Inka Hijlaard, 57856, Frank

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Buffalo Skylark Ames, 56894,
H. H. Schroedermeier; second, Buffalo Bladesdales, Frank White; third,
Colantha 4th's Lad DeKol, 60666, J. L. Hoak.

CHAMPION HOLSTEiN BULL
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

Bull One Year and Under Two — First, Hengerveld King, 73774, C. A.
Nelson; second, Groveland Sir Pontiac Inka, Frank White; third. Sunny
Lad, H. J. Hemmerling.

648 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Model Skylark of Cedarside, C. A.
Nelson; second. Corrector Piebe De Kol, H. J. Hemmerling; third, Sir
Dutchland, 82292, C. A. Nelson; fourth. King Alcartra Piebe DeKol, H.
J. Hemmerling; fifth, Groveland Sir Clothilda Inka, Frank White.

Cow Four Years or Over — First, Lady Ona Hijlaard, 58193, Frank
White; second, Pauline Witkop Netherland, 78122, Frank White.

Cow Three Years and Under Four — First, Groveland Pauline Posch,
102357, Frank White.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Chole Artis Jewel of Cedar-
side, 120932, C. A. Nelson; second, Groveland Johanna Witkop, 137140,
Frank White.

Heifer One Year and Under Tvbo — First, Groveland Idske Pontiac,
137138, Frank White; second, Groveland Pontiac Hijlaard, 137139, Frank
White; third, Colantha Johanna of Cedarside, 152087, C. A. Nelson;
fourth, Jewel Abbekirk Gerben 2nd, 131708, C. A. Nelson; fifth, Grove-
land Witkop Inka, Frank White.

Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Jewel Abbekirk Gerben 3rd, 156624,
C. A. Nelson; second, Groveland Mercedes Inka, Frank White; third,
Groveland DeKol Inka, Frank White; fourth. Sweet Alice Gerben of
Cedarside, 156626, C. A. Nelson; fifth, Lucinda Aaggie De Kol of Cedarside,
C. A. Nelson; sixth, Groveland Pauline Posch 2nd, Frank White.

Senior Champion Bull — Groveland Inka Hijlaard, 57856, Frank White.

Junior Champion Bull — Hengerveld King, 73774, C. A. Nelson..

Senior Champion Coio — Lady Ona Hijlaard, 58193, Frank White.

Junior Champion Heifer — Jewel Abbekirk Gerben 3rd, 156624, C. A.
Nelson.

Grand Champion Bull — Groveland Inka Hijlaard, 57856, Frank White.

Grand Champion Cow — Lady Ona Hijlaard, 58193, Frank White.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, Frank White.

Breeder's Young Herd— First, C. A. Nelson; second, Frank White.

Get of Sire — First, C. A. Nelson; second, Frank White; third, Frank
White.

Produce of Cow — First, Frank White; second, C. A. Nelson; third,
Frank White; fourth, H. J. Hemmerling.

JERSEY.

EXHIBITORS.

E. Bruins, Fairwater, Wisconsin; Burweb Farm, Minneapolis, Minne-
sota; G. A. Chaffee, Minneapolis, Minnesota; B. J. Evans, Minneapolis,

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 649

Minnesota; Chas. Howell, Rockford, Iowa; Geo. S. Redhead, Des Moines,
Iowa; Smith & Roberts, Beatrice, Nebraska.

AWABDS.

Judge Pbof. H. H. Kildee, Ames, Iowa.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Beauvoire's King, 88006, E. Bruins;
second. Combination Golden Prince, 79767, G. Chaffee; third, Stockwell's
Fern Lad, 87843, Smith & Roberts.

Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Eminent's Jubilee, 87283,
Burweb Farm; second, Oxford Warder, 89840, Smith & Roberts; third,
Panola's Ibsen, 93275, E. Bruins; fourth. Golden Stockwell, 86344, G.
Chaffee; fifth, Sigoona Lad, Geo. S. Redhead.

Bull One Year Old and Under Two — First, Ibsen's Glory 92986, E.
Bruins; second. Eminent Cupid, 88741, Burweb Farm; third, Oxford's
Derry Fox, 95360, Burweb Farm; fourth, Dreamwold's Western Fox,
95360, Burweb Farm; fifth, Raleigh's Wonder, 91140, Geo. S. Redhead.

Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Silverine's Admirer, 91076, Smith
& Roberts; second. Combination Golden Champion, 98877, G. A. Chaffee;
third, Hebron's Champion, Smith & Roberts; fourth, Golden Chance's
Majesty, E. Bruins; fifth, Leda's Combination Golden Prince, 98879, G.
A. Chaffee.

Coiv Four Years or Over — First, Mayflower's Glory, 222107, E. Bruins;
second, Dixon's Susitania, 234548, Burweb Farm; third. Sweet Myrtle
3rd, 14184, G. A. Chaffee; fourth, Mourier Lass, 234539, E. Bruins; fifth,
Pedro's Lovely, 166873, Smith & Roberts; sixth. Golden Jolly's Secret,
203659, Smith & Roberts.

Cow Three Years and Under Four — First, Burweb's Night Dream,
258203, Burweb Farm; second, Silverine's Brown Lady, 219449, Smith
& Roberts; third. Coulisse of Oakland, 246589, G. A. Chaffee; fourth.
Champion's Golden Pet, 21566, G. A. Chaffee.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Harbinger's Lass, 234554,
E. Bruins; second, Blanco's Pride, E. Bruins; third, Belmont's Minnie,
244331, Smith & Roberts; fourth, Burweb's Silver Pride, 258204, Burweb
Farm; fifth, Italian Snowdrop, E. Bruins.

Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Merline Isben, 246596, Bur-
web Farm; second, Belmont's Lady Bug, 248718, Smith & Roberts; third.
Combination Golden Princess Mayfern, 259168, G. A. Chaffee; fourth,
Morny Beauvoir 2nd, 246597, E. Bruins; fifth, Guenon's Happy Time,
250410, E. Bruins.

Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Warder's Fair One, Smith & Rob-
erts; second, ; third, Olga's Blanche, 258374, Chas. Howell;

fourth, Belmont's Fairy, Smith & Roberts; fifth. Fawn of Easter's Emi-
nent, 258426, Burweb Farm.

650

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

GRAND CHAMPION JERSEY BULL
Iowa State Fair and Exposition. 1911

Senior Champion Bull — Eminent's Jubilee, 87238, Burweb Farm.
Junior Champion Bull — Isben's Glory, 92986, E. Bruins.
Senior Champion Cow — Mayflower's Glory, 222107, E. Bruins.
Junior Champion Heifer — Warder's Fair One, Smith & Roberts.
Grand Champion Bull — Ibsen's Glory, 92986, E. Bruins.
Grand Champion Cow — Mayflower's Glory, 222107, E. Bruins.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, E. Bruins; second, Burweb Farm; third,
Smith & Roberts; fourth, G. A. Chaffee; fifth, E. Bruins.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, Smith & Roberts; second, E. Bruins;
third, G. A. Chaffee; fourth, Chas. Howell; fifth, Geo. S. Redhead.

Get of Sire — First, Smith & Roberts; second, E. Bruins; third, G. A.
Chaffee; fourth, E. Bruins; fifth, Chas Howell.

Produce of Coiv — First, Smith & Roberts; second, Smith & Roberts;
third, G. A. Chaffee; fourth, E. Bruins; fifth, Geo. S. Redhead.

GUERNSEY. ^

EXHIBITORS.

A. W. & F. E. Fox, Waukesha, Wisconsin; Iowa Dairy Farm, Water-
loo, Iowa; F. L. Kerr, Manilla, Iowa; M. T. Phillips, Pomeroy, Penn-
sylvania; Wilcox & Stubbs, Des Moines, Iowa.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 651

AWAEDS.

Judge E. P. Grout, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Glenwood's Combination 5th, 11354,
A. W. & F. E. Fox; second. Imp. Holden 4th, 12197, Wilcox & Stubbs;
third. King Talladeen of Chestnut Hill, 13460, A. W. & F. E. Fox;
fourth. Imp. Young Hero, 12181, Wilcox & Stubbs.

Bull Two Years and Under Three— First, Langwater Royal, 14253, M.
T. Phillips; second. Lord Mar of Manor, 2373, Iowa Dairy Farm; third,
Yeoman's May King of Langwater, 14797, A. W. & F. E. Fox; fourth.
Imp. Silver King of the Isle, 14363, Wilcox & Stubbs.

Bull One Year and Under Two — First, Rex Mar, Iowa Dairy FarmT
second, Stranford's Glenwood of Pinehurst 3rd, 16202, A. W. & F, E.
Fox; third, Bob Rilma, 16141, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth, St. Paul, 2659,
Iowa Dairy Farm; fifth, Bobetta's Joker, 17373, A. W. & F. E. Fox.

Bull Calf Under One Year — First, , Iowa Dairy Farm; second,

Billy's France of Waukesha, 19066, A. W. & F. E. Fox; third, ,

Iowa Dairy Farm; fourth, Glenwood Knight of Iowa, Wilcox & Stubbs;
fifth. Gay Lad L, 18936, A. W. & F. E. Fox.

Cow Four Years or Over — First, Glencoe's Bopeep, 18602, Iowa Dairy
Farm; second, Selma of Pinehurst 2nd, 19626, A. W. & F. E. Fox; '
third, Aline of Lawton 2d, 23153, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth, Queen Regent
VI, 4909, Iowa Dairy Farm; fifth, Ruggett of Avondale, 5785, Iowa
Dairy Farm; sixth. Duenna B., 20304, A. W. & F. E. Fox.

Cow Three Years and Under Four — First, Lalla of Waukesha, 24771,
F. L. Kerr; second, Calla Luda, 27092, Wilcox & Stubbs; third. Amiable,
Iowa Dairy Farm; fourth. Shop Girl of Haddon, 27381, A. W. &
F. E. Fox.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Princess of Vila Roi, Iowa
Dairy Farm; second, Molly of Pomeroy, 27605, A. W. & F. E. Fox; third.
Princess Euphemia, 27843, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth, Selma A. of Pine-
hurst, 26216, A. W. & F. E. Fox; fifth, Queen Regent VL 34336, Iowa
Dairy Farm.

Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Dora of Pinehurst, 32832, A.
W. & F. E. Fox; second, Fanny of Morants, 34344, Iowa Dairy Farm;
third, Daisy Bell of Sarnia, 35667, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth, Dutchess
of Chatua, 1078, Iowa Dairy Farm; fifth, Glenwood Girl of Waukesha,
29640, A. W. & F. E. Fox.

Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Jedetta of Iowa, Iowa Dairy Farm;
second, College Girl of Waukesha, 35370, A. W. & F. E. Fox; third.
Dairymaid of Iowa, Iowa Dairy Farm; fourth. Sweet Lassie II, Iowa
Dairy Farm; fifth. College Girl of Waukesha, 35370, Iowa Dairy Farm.

Senior Champion Bull — Glenwood's Combination 5th, 11354, A. W. &
F. E. Fox.

652

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CHAMPION GUERNSEY BULL
Iowa State fair and Exposition, 1911

Junior Champion Bull-

-, Iowa Dairy Farm.

Senior Champion Cow — Glencoe's Bopeep, 18602, Iowa Dairy Farm.

Junior Champion Heifer — Jedetta of Iowa, Iowa Dairy Farjn.

Grand Champion Bull , Iowa Dairy Farm.

Grand Champion Cow — Glencoe's Bopeep, 18602, Iowa Dairy Farm.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, Iowa Dairy Farm; second, A. W. & F. E.
Fox; third, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth, Iowa Dairy Farm.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, A. W. & F. E. Fox.

Get of Sire — First, Iowa Dairy Farm; second, A. W. & F. E. Pox;
third, A. W. & F. E. Fox; fourth, A. W. & F. E. Fox.

Produce of Cow— First, A. W. & F. E. Fox; second, Wilcox & Stubbs;
third, A. W. & F. E. Fox.

AYRSHIRE.

EXHIBITORS,

J. F. Converse & Co.; Woodville, New York; Adam Seitz, Waukesha,
Wisconsin.

AWARDS.

Judge E. P. Grout, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Lessnessock First Choice, 11874, J.
F. Converse & Co.; second, Bargenoch Gay Cavalier, 11981, Adam Seitz,

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

653

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Imp. Howies Spices Alex,
12583, J. F. Converse & Co.

Bull One Year and Under Ttfo— First, Fizzaway's Prince, 13301, J. F.
Converse & Co.; second, Peter Pan, 12701, Adam Seitz.

Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Cock-a-Bendic of Spring City, 13714,
Adam Seitz; second, Fizzaway's King Beauty, 13305, J. F. Converse; third,
Imp. Spicey Heir, 13716, Adam Seitz; fourth, Florence's First Choice,
13890, J. F. Converse & Co.

Cow Four Years or Over — First, Sunnyside Lassie, 22790, J. F. Con-
verse & Co.; second, Gladys Fizzaway, 22493, J. F. Converse & Co.; third,
Imp. Barcheskie Cora 27666, Adam Seitz; fourth, Cleopatria of Waukesha,
19848, Adam Seitz; fifth, Fizzaway's Girl, 22494, J. F. Converse & Co.

Cow Three Years and Under Four — First, Imp. Kilnford Bell 3rd, 30643,
Adam Seitz; second. Silver Pet of Spring City, 23502, J. P. Converse
& Co.; third, Fizzaway Clover, 23930, J. F. Converse & Co.

CHAMPION AYRSHIRE COW
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Sir Croft's Queen of Spring
City, 26694, Adam Seitz; second, Dorothy Fizzaway, 28355, J. F. Con-
verse; third, Cleopatra Croft of Spring City, 26693, Adam Seitz; fourth,
Alta Croft of Spring City, 26692, Adam Seitz; fifth, Gladys D. Douglas
Fizzaway, 28355, J. F. Converse.

Heifer One Year and Under Tivo — First, Imported Howie's Emerald,
28173, Adam Seitz; second, Howie's Beauty Fizzaway, J. F. Converse;

654 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

third, Sir Croft's Deuly of Spring City, 27663, Adam Seitz; fourth,
Dorothy Fizzaway, 28355, J. F. Converse.

Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Eminents Jubilee, 87283,

Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Duchess Croft of Spring City,
30176, Adam Seitz; second, Croft Jane Cleopatra, 20173, Adam Seitz;
third, Gladys Hector, 29073, J. F. Converse; fourth. Pansy Pender of
Spring City, 30175, Adam Seitz; fifth, Fizzaway's Lady Semolina, 29074,
J. F. Converse.

Senior Champion Bull — Lessnessock First Choice, 11874, J. F. Con-
verse & Co.

Junior Champion Bull — Cock-a-Bendic of Spring City, 13714, Adam
Seitz.

Senior Champion Cow — Sir Croft Queen of Spring City, 26694, Adam
Seitz.

Junior Champion Heifer — Duchess Croft of Spring City, 30176, Adam
Seitz.

Grand Champion Bull — Lessnessock First Choice, 11874, J. E. Con-
verse & Co.

Grand Champion Cow — Duchess Croft of Spring City, 30176, Adam
Seitz.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, Adam Seitz; second, J. F. Converse & Co.;
third, J. F. Converse & Co.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, Adam Seitz; second, J. F. Converse & Co.

Get of Sire — First, Adam Seitz; second, J. F. Converse & Co.; third,
Adam Seitz.

Produce of Coiv — First, Adam Seitz; second Adam Seitz; third, J. F.
Converse & Co.

BROWN SWISS

EXHIBITORS.

Allynhurst Farm, Delavan, Wisconsin; H. W. Ayfers, Honey Creek,
Wisconsin; S. B. Hefty, Renwick, Iowa.

AWARDS,

Judge E. S. Estel, Waterloo, Iowa.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Zell, 2512, H. W. Ayers; second,
Allynhurst Farm.

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Ilda's Lad, 2844, H. W. Ayers;
second, Fearless, 2926, Allynhurst Farm.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 655

Bull One Year and Under Two— First, , Allynhurst Farm; second,

Charles Green, 3064, S. F. Hefty & Son; third, Cuma's Sultan, 3011, H.
W. Ayers.

Bull Calf Under One Year— First, — , Allynhurst Farm; second,

, Allynhurst Farm; third, Zell B., H. W. Ayers.

Cow Four Tears or Over — First, Myone Baby, 3378, Allynhurst Farm;
second, Arlene, 2769, Allynhurst Farm; third. Golden Beauty, 1753, Allyn-
hurst Farm.

Cow Three Years and Under Four — First, Upland Nick's Prize, 3670,
H. W. Ayers; second, Una, 3596, H. W. Ayers; third, Matilda St., 3864,
S. B. Hefty & Son.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Betty of Allynhurst, 4539,
Allynhurst Farm; second, Molly A., 4663, H. W. Ayers; third. Crocus of
Allynhurst, 4541, Allynhurst Farm.

Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Molly B., 4662, H. W. Ayers;
second, Golden of Allynhurst, 4538, Allynhurst Farm; third, Bertha H.
4630, Allynhurst Farm.

Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Sultan's Crocus, 4781, H. W. Ayers;
second, , Allynhurst Farm; third. Lady B. of Allynhurst, Allyn-
hurst Farm.

Senior Champion Bull — Zell, 2512, H. W. Ayers.

Junior Champion Bull — Allynhurst Farm.

Senior Champion Coio — Myone Baby, 3378, Allynhurst Farm.

Junior Champion Heifer — Sultan's Crocus, 4781, H. W. Ayers.

Grand Champion Bull — Zell, 2512, H. W. Ayers.

Grand Champion Cow — Myone Baby, 3378, Allynhurst Farm.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, Allynhurst Farm; second, H. W. Ayers; third,
Allynhurst Farm.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, Allynhurst Farm; second, H. "W. Ayers.

Get of Sire — First, Allynhurst Farm; second, H. W. Ayers.

Produce of Cow — First, Allynhurst Farm; second, H. W. Ayers; third,
Allynhurst Farm.

TEST OF MILCH COWS.
EXHIBITOBS.

Allynhurst Farm, Delavan, Wisconsin; Burweb Farm, Minneapolis,
Minnesota; E. Bruins, Fairwater, Wisconsin; G. A. Chaffee, Minneapolis,
Minnesota; Iowa Dairy Farm, Waterloo, Iowa; Smith & Roberts,
Beatrice, Nebraska; Frank White, Hampton, Iowa; A. W. & F. E. Fox,
Waukesha, Wisconsin.

656 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AWARDS.

Judge E. S. Estel, Waterloo, Iowa.

First, Lady Ona Hijlaard, 1,436, Frank White; second, Petroes Lovely
Maid, 1,399, Smith & Roberts; third, Arlene, 1,304, Allynhurst Farm;
fourth, Pauline Witkop, 1,285, Frank White; fifth, Shop Girl of Haddon,
1,258, A. W. & F. E. Fox; sixth, Mayflower's Glory, 1,131, E. Bruins;
seventh, Myone Baby, 1,077, Allynhurst Farm; eighth. Imp. Fan III
of the Garenne, 1,001, Iowa Dairy Farm; ninth, Sweet Kitty, 905, G.
A. Chaffee.

CHAMPION HOLSTEIN COW AND WINNER IN TEST OF MILCH COWS
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

PAT SHORT-HORNS.

(PURE BRED).

EXHIBITORS.

F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wisconsin; Rapp Bros., St. Edward, Ne-
braska; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; Walker Bros., Ord, Nebraska;
J. S. Zook & Son, Fontanelle, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge C. D. Bellows, Maryville, Mo.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First,
Benefactor, Tomson Bros.; second. Quality Prince, C. A. Saunders. >

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 657

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First,

Aviator, F. W. Harding; second, Brampton, Tomson Bros.; third, ,

C. A. Saunders; fourth. Roan Seal, C. A. Saunders.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer under One Year — First, Benedict, Tom-
son Bros.; second. Red King, C. A. Saunders; third. Speculation, Walker
Bros.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — First, Benefactor, Tomson
Bros.

Champion, Group of Three Head Owned hy Exhibitor — First, Tomson
Bros.; second C. A. Saunders.

FAT SHORT HORNS.

(GRADE OR CROSS BRED).

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First,

Joe, C. A. Saunders; second, Touch-me-Not, Rapp Bros.; third, ,

C. A. Saunders.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First,
Diamond's Jack, C. A. Saunders; second, Roan Princess, Rapp Bros.;
third, Victor, Rapp Bros.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, Chuck, C. A.
Saunders; second, Lewis, Rapp Bros.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Joe, C. A. Saunders.

Champion Group of Three Head Owned by Exhibitor — First, C. A.
Saunders; second, Rapp Bros.

FAT HEREFORD.
(PURE BRED).

EXHIBITOES.

J. P. Cudahy, Belton, Missouri; Robert H. Hazlett, El Rorado, Kansas;
Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa; J. H. Van Natta & Sons, LaFayette,
Indiana; W. S. Van Natta & Son, Fowler, Indiana.

AWABDS.

Judge Robt. D. Mousel, Cambridge, Nebr.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First,
Clifton 1st, J. P. Cudahy; second, Donald Lad, 324645, W. S. Van Natta
& Son; third, Herbert 2nd, 325229, Cyrus A. Tow.
42

658 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First,
Donald Lad 5th, 344983, J. P. Cudahy; second, Brocade 3rd, 341211,
Cyrus A. Tow.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, Prince, J. P.
Cudahy; second, Donald Lad 10th, 370528, J. P. Cudahy; third. Brocade
4th, 364833, Cyrus A. Tow; fourth, Sterling IX, J. P. Cudahy.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Clifton 1st, J. P. Cudahy.

Champion Group of Three Head Owned by One Exhibitor — First, W.
S. Van Natta & Son; second, Cyrus A. Tow.

FAT HEREFORD.

(GRADE OR CROSS BRED).

Steer. Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year Under Two — First, Teddy
2nd, W. S. Van Natta & Son.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, Albany A.,
Cyrus A. Tow.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Albany A., Cyrus A. Tow.

FAT ABERDEEN-ANGUS.

(PURE BRED).

EXHIBITOES.

R. M. Anderson & Sons, Newell; Otto V. Battles, Maquoketa, Iowa;
Escher & Ryan, Irwin, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge E. T. Davis, Iowa City, Iowa.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Tivo Years and Under Three — First,
Crook, Escher & Ryan; second. King's Choice, W. J. Miller; third. North
Star, Escher & Ryan.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First,
Idol, Escher & Ryan; second, Kitely, Escher & Ryan; third, Black Burn,
W. S. Miller; fourth. Good Enough, Escher & Ryan.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, Idol 2nd,
Escher & Ryan; second, Proud Sir, Escher & Ryan; third, King Steer
of Rosemere, Otto V. Battles; fourth. Black Enterprise, W. J. Miller.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Idol, Escher & Ryan

Champion Group of Three Head Owned by Exhibitor — First, Escher &
Ryan; second, Escher & Ryan; third, W. J. Miller.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

659

FAT ABERDEEN-ANGUS.

(GLRADE OR CROSS BRED).

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First,
King of Shelby, Escher & Ryan; second, Pat, W. J. Miller; third, Edgar,
Escher & Ryan; fourth, Wakarusa King, W. J. Miller.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Ttvo — First,
Buick, Escher & Ryan; second, Proud K, Escher & Ryan; third, Metz
Hero 2nd, W. J. Miller; fourth. East Riverside Prince, R. M. Anderson
& Sons.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, Fulback, Escher
& Ryan; second. Proud Penn, Escher & Ryan; third. Mischief, W. J.
Miller.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Escher & Ryan.

Champion Group of Three Head Owned by Exhibitor — First, Escher
& Ryan; second, Escher & Ryan; third, W. J. Miller.

FAT CATTLE— GRAND CHAMPION.

EXHIBITORS.

Tomson Bros., Dover, Kansas; J. P. Cudahy, Belton, Missouri; Cyrus
A. Tow, Norway, Iowa; Escher & Ryan, Irwin, Iowa.

GRAND CHAMPION STEER
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

660 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AWARDS.

Judge C. D. Bellows, Maryville, Mo.

Judge E. T. Davis, Iowa City, Iowa.

Judge R. D. Mousel, Cambridge, Nebr.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, any age or breed, limited to sweep-
stakes or champion steers, spayed or martin heifers winning in pure
bred Short-Horn, Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, Galloway and the grade and
cross bred sections — Benefactor, Tomson Bros.

FAT CATTLE— GRAND CHAMPION GROUP.

exhibitors.

W. S. Van Natta & Son, LaFayette, Indiana; Cyrus A. Tow, Norway,
Iowa; Escher & Ryan, Irwin, Iowa.

Judge C. D. Bellows,- Maryville, Mo.

Judge E. T. Davis, Iowa City, Iowa.

Judge R. D. Mousel, Cambridge, Nebr.

Grand Champion Group of Three Steers, Spayed or Martin Heifers,
consisting of one steer, spayed or martin heifer two years and under
three, one one year and under tioo, and one under one year, oioned by
one exhibitor. Competition limited to the champion groups in Short-
Horn, Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, Galloway and grade and cross-bred
sections , W. S. Van Natta & Son.

SWINE DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent. . . .R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction, Iowa.

POLAND CHINAS.

exhibitors.

C. F. Adams, Owasa, Iowa; F. W. Akers, Laurel, Iowa; E. J. Augsper-
ger, Pulaski, Iowa; A. J. Birkestrand, Cambridge, Iowa; J. W. Black-
ford, Hillsboro, Iowa; R. R. Blake, Waukce, Iowa; G. B. Burge, Mt.
Vernon, Iowa; M. H. Corey, Lockridge, Iowa; J. H. Cope, Carlisle, Iowa;

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 661

W. J. Crow, Webb, Iowa; C. C. Croxen, Atalissa, Iowa; J. I. Davis, Mt.
Hamill, Iowa; J. S. Fawcett & Sons, Springdale, Iowa; R. H. Fitchen-
mueller, Farmington, Iowa; S. Fleming, Stuart, Iowa; John Francis &
Sons, New Lennox, Illinois; Jas. E. Garrity, DeWitt, Iowa; Geo Glynn,
Sioux Rapids, Iowa; Wm. Griffeon, Mitchellville, Iowa; R. W. Halford,
Manning Iowa; H. J. Hemmerling, Dike, Iowa; A. P. Hoisington, Casey,
Iowa; Chas. Hummer ick, Atlantic, Iowa; O. V. Hunt, Ravenwood,
Missouri; James Jensen, Newell, Iowa; Nels C. Jensen, Exira, Iowa; C.
F. Keeling, Avon, Iowa; A. Kool, Fifield, Iowa; Joe Kramer, Elkader,
Iowa; E. W. Kreischer, .Mt. Vernon, Iowa; P. B. Lake, Moscow*, Iowa;
Henry Lauer, Eldorado, Iowa; Wm Lentz, Ankeny, Iowa; J. V. Lingen-
felter, Altoona, Iowa; G. F. Marshall, & Son, Monroe, Iowa; Theo Mar-
tin, Bellevue, Iowa; Wm. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle,
Iowa; J. E. Meharry, Tolona, Illinois; E. M. Metzer, Fairfield, Iowa;
John F. Myer, Newton, Iowa; S. G. McFadden, West Liberty, Iowa;

D. H. Paul, Laurel, Iowa; J. W. Parker, Columbia, low'a; A. J. Poden-
dorf, Logan, Iowa; V. Reub & Sons, Stuart, Iowa; F. P. Robinson,
Maryville, Missouri; C. V. Robson, Scranton, Iowa; Schain & Keep,
Atlantic, Iowa; P. F. Schwimley, Kalona, Iowa; F. J. Sexsmith, Orient,
Iowa; K. R. Shelden, Monmouth, Illinois; Mark I. Shaw, Monroe, Iowa;
Shively & Denton, Rochester, Illinois; W. Z. Swallow, Waukee, Iowa;
Thompson, Leahy & Hanson, Parnell, Iowa; J. H. Watson, Madrid, Iowa;
Oliver Whitman, Biggsville, Illinois; Wigstone Bros., Stanhope, Iowa;
Williams Bros., Villisca, Iowa; W. C. Lookingbill, Sac City, Iowa; John
H. Fitch, Lake City, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge J. M. Stewart, Ainsworth, Iowa.

Boar Two Years or Over — First, Big Thickset, 158157, J. W. Parker;
second. Defender, A. P. Hoisington; third. Chief Impudence, 145425, J.

E. Meharry; fourth, Look's Model, 165367, J. W. Watson; fifth. Prince
Ito, 163839, Joe Kramer; sixth. Giant Bob, 53361, F. P. Robinson;
seventh. Pawnee Pete, 55115, F. P. Robinson.

Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Chief Again Prince,
170069, Henry Lauer; second. Keen Kutter, 177771, J. E. Meharry; third.
Walkover Boy, 161741, S. G. McFadden; fourth, Master Walkover 2nd,
J. W. Parker; fifth, Columbus Chief, 167419, R. R. Blake.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, I am Banker, 175175,
J. E. Meharry; second. Comptroller 2nd, 172903, J. E. Meharry; third,
Leslie's Special, 176041, Shively & Denton; fourth, Chief Ito, Joe Kramer;

fifth. The Baron, 177653, M. H. Corey; sixth, , Thompson, Leahy

& Hanson; seventh. Crow's Kind, 57395, W. J. Crow.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Peter the Great, 178259,
J. E. Meharry; second. Perfect Spellbinder 2nd, Joe Kramer; third,
Tolono Special, J. E. Meharry; fourth, , Thompson, Leahy & Han-
son; fifth, Hedgewood Boy, Shively & Denton; sixth. The Emperor,
177655, M. H. Corey; seventh. Calendar 2nd, D. H. Paul.

662 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Boar Under Six Months — First, Commissioner, 178263, J. E. Meharry;

second, , R. H. Fichtenmueller; ttiird, , W. J. Crow; fourth,

, S. G. McFadden; tlftli, , M. H. Corey; sixth, , M. H.

Corey; seventh, , James Jenson.

Sow Two Years or Over — First, Peerless Lady, 426044, Wigstone Bros.;
second, Perfect Dew Drop 2nd, 349720, J. E. Meharry; third. Laurel
Queen 2nd, 376278, D. H. Paul; fourth, Giantess A, 401586, Wigstone
Bros.; fifth, Flossy Lady, 128869, F. P. Robinson; sixth, Dewdrop, 426134,
E. W. Kreischer; seventh, Nodaway Bell III, 134884, Williams Bros.

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Cinderella, 395210, J.
E. Meharry; second, Cinderella 2nd, 395212, J. E. Meharry; third, Fancy

Perfection 1st, D. H. Paul; fourth, , J. Pfander & Son; fifth,

Lady Walkover, 135224, Nels C. Jensen.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Carnation, 425000, J.
E. Meharry; second. Blue Bells, Joe Kramer; third, Bonnie 2nd, 424296,
M. H. Corey; fourth, Bashfull Lass 2nd, 897068, J. E. Meharry; fifth.
Lady Winner, W. C. Lookingbill; sixth. Glad Bells, Joe Kramer; seventh,
Jennie, 136231, F. B. Robinson.

Soio Six Months, Under One Year — First, Nannie 9th, 425536, J. E.

Meharry; second, Nannie 10th, 425538, J. E. Meharry; third, ,

Thompson, Leahy & Hanson; fourth, , Thompson, Leahy & Han-
son; fifth. Lady Spellbinder^ Joe Kramer; sixth. The Empress, 424298,
M. H. Corey; seventh. Valla Spellbinder 4th, Joe Kramer.

Sow Under Six Months — First, , R. H. Fichtenmueller; second,

, W. A. Mason, Carlisle; third, , R. H. Fichtenmueller;

fourth, , W. A. Mason, Carlisle; fifth, Anny Gentry, Joe Kramer,

sixth, S. P. Girl, J. S. Pawcett & Son; seventh, , M. H. Corey.

Senior Champion Boar — I am Banker, 175175, J. E. Meharry.
Junior Champion Boar — Peter the Great, 178259, J. E. Meharry.
Senior Champion Sow — Cinderella, 395210, J. E. Meharry.
Junior Champion /Sot/;— Nannie the 9th, 425536, J. E. Meharry.
Grand Champion Boar — I am Banker, 175175, J. E. Meharry.
Grand Champion Sow — Cinderella, 395210, J. E. Meharry.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, J. E. Meharry; second,
Wigstone Bros.; third, J. E. Meharry; fourth, Joe Kramer; fifth, D. H.
Paul; sixth, F. P. Robinson; seventh, W. C. Lookingbill.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, J. E. Meharry; second,
R. H. Fichtenmueller; third, Thompson, Leahy & Hanson; fourth, Joe
Kramer; fifth, D. H. Paul; sixth, M. H. Corey; seventh, S. G. McFadden.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, J. E.
Meharry; second, Joe Kramer; third, D. H. Paul; fourth, F. P. Robin-
son, W. C. Lookingbill; sixth, Nels C. Jensen.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 663

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, J.
E. Meharry; second, R. H. Fichtenmueller; third, Thompson, Leahy &
Hanson; fourth, Joe Kramer; fifth, D. H. Paul; sixth, M. H. Corey;
seventh, S. G. McFadden.

Get of Sire — First, J. E. Meharry; second, J. E. Meharry; third, R
H. Fichtenmueller; fourth, M. H. Corey; fifth, Thompson, Leahy & Han-
son; sixth, Joe Kramer; seventh, D. H. Paul.

Produce of Soio — First, J. E. Meharry; second, J. E. Meharry; third,
R. H. Fichtenmueller; fourth, Thompson, Leahy & Hanson; fifth, Joe
Kramer; sixth, J. W. Parker; seventh, M. H. Corey.

DUROC JERSEYS. ^ '

EXHIBITORS.

H. S. Allen, Russell, Iowa; A. P. Alsin, Boone, Iowa; Ashby, Hockett
& Gardner, Manning, Iowa; L. F. Atwater, Bangor, "Wisconsin; L Baker,
Mingo, Iowa; Balmat & Son, Mason City, Iowa; Baxter & Comer, Car-
linville, Illinois; Frank E. Blackman, Tarkio, Missouri; W. R. Ben-
nethun, Madrid, Iowa; H. E. Browning, Hersman, Illinois; F. B. Butter-
field, Ankeny, lov.a; G. H. Cain, Granger, Iowa; R. Capinegro, Des
Moines, Iowa; V. Capinegro, Des Moines, Iowa; C. C. Croxen, Atalissa;
Iowa; T. J. Current, Hildreth, Nebraska; U. G. Davidson, Corwith, Iowa;
F. H. Dickey, Emmetsburg, Iowa; Mark W. Eddy, Fontanelle, Iowa; F.
Fowler & Son, Menlo, Iowa; J. D. Freed, Kelley, Iowa; S. P. Freed,
Ames, Iowa; Gawley & Southall, Irwin, Iowa; J. E. Grant, Carlisle,
Iowa; Jas. W. Grimstead, Jr., Mitchellville, Iowa; A. F. Hager, Avoca,
Iowa; J. E. Hammer, Paton, Iowa; Hanks & Bishop, New London, Iowa;
Myles Harkins, Pleasantville, Iowa; Harkins & Thornbourgh, Pleasant-
ville, Iowa; F. H. Herring, Iowa City, Iowa; Claude Huffman, Scranton,
Iowa; Ira Jackson, Tippecanoe City, Ohio; John S. Jenks, Fairfield,
Iowa; S. W. Johnson, Rippey, Iowa; John Justice, Ankeny, Iowa; J. W.
Kent, Auburn, Iowa; Knauss & Mow, Soldier, Iowa; Kuper Bros., Belle-
vue, Iowa; P. B. Lake, Moscow, Iowa; H. W. Lineweaver, South Eng-
lish, Iowa; Grant Lynn, Spirit Lake, low^a; S. J. Madison, Nevin-
ville, Iowa; B. C. Marts, Hampton, Iowa; Henry Matern, Lostant, Illinois;
E. D. Michael, Selma, Iowa; C. E. Mundell, Lucas, Iowa; J. W. Mc-
Michael, Carlisle, Iowa; D. Nauman, West Liberty, Iowa; H. C. Nichols,
West Liberty, Iowa; A. A. Pearson, Springdale, Iowa; W. M. Putman
& Sons, Tecumseh, Nebraska; M. S. Pratt, Frederika, Iowa; R. F. Reed,
Delta, Iowa; J. E. Reed, Delta, Iowa; G. D. Rhea, Kennard, Nebraska;
W. M. Sells & Sons, Indianola, Iowa; H. A. Sexsmith, Greenfield, Iowa;
Sheldon Bros., Shannon City, Iowa; Chas. Shepard, Muscatine, Iowa;
J. E. Smith, Victor, Iowa; O. R. Stevens, Rippey, Iowa; S. W. Stewart
& Sons, Kennard, Nebraska; C. N. Stout, What Cheer, Iowa; F. A.
Strong, Orient, Iowa; John Thompson, Lake City, Iowa; C. O. Thorn-
burg, Pleasantville, Iowa; Tupper & Hull, Woodbine, Iowa; Van Meter

664 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

& Caldwell, Williamsville, Illinois; C. E. Veak, Essex, Iowa; Walte-
meyer Bros., Melbourne, Iowa; Ed. L. Wensel, Melbourne, Iowa; Grant
White, Afton, Iowa; Geo. T. White, Dallas Center, Iowa; N. J. Wilkins,
Lake City, Iowa; Hosea Wilson, Blair, Nebraska; S. J. Wilson, West
Branch, Iowa; J. C. Wood, Muscatine, Iowa; R. G. McDuff, Monroe,
Iowa; E. Crab, Reynolds, Illinois; L. R. Van Nice, Russell, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge R. J. Harding, Macedonia, Iowa.

Boar Two Years or Over — First, Valley King, 87311, S. J. Madison;
second, Nora's Wonder, 86679, Gawley & Southall; third, , Gil-
bert Van Patten; fourth, C. H.'s Special, 81871, Claude Huffman; fifth,

, Balmat & Son; sixth, Ohio Col., 87047, W. M. Putman & Sons;

seventh, Muncie Again, 94331, A. P. Alsen.

Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Allen's Wonder Again,
106657, H. S. Allen; second, Foxey Model, 112495, Waltemeyer Bros.;
third, E. L.'s Col. S, Ed. L. Wensel; fourth, Royal Muncie, 112137, A. D.
Freed; fifth. Col. Beaubont, 34523a, H. E. Browning; sixth, Evergreen
Prince, 99853, Grant Lynn; seventh. Golden Model 7th, 97015, John
Thompson.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Golden Model XVII,
Ashby, Hockett & Gardner; second. Belle's Colonel, 98249, John S. Jenks;
third, W. B.'s Golden Model, 112497, V/altermeyer Bros.; fourth. Ring
Master, 34519a, H. E. Browning; fifth. Col. Orion, 34837a, Van Meter &
Caldwell; sixth, B. & C. Col. II, Baxter & Comer; seventh, LaFoUette's
Triumph, 111997, Tupper & Hull.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Crimson Col., 34517a, H. E,
Browning; second. Wonder Chief, B. C. Marts; third. Queen's Colonel,
112503, Waltermeyer Bros.; fourth, Col.'s Wonder, 111961, Hanks &
Bishop; fifth. Wonderful Crimson Again, 111833, H. S. Allen; sixth, A.
P.'s Muncie, 112031, A. P. Alsin; seventh, Crimson of Crimson's Wonders,
F. J. Current.

Boar Under Six Months — First, , Waltermeyer Bros.; second.

Reformer, 35483, Henry W. 'Matern; third. Manager, Van Meter & Cald-
well; fourth, , Waltermeyer Bros.; fifth, , C. O. Thorn-
burg; sixth, Muncie's Best, A. P. Alsin; seventh, Iowa Chief, A. P. Alsin.

Sow Two Years or Over — First, Chief's Queen, 227574n, H. E. Browning;
second. Chief's Maid, 212280, W. M. Putman & Sons; third, Minnie,
251736n, Van Meter & Caldwell; fourth, Model D. II, 81078a, 230648n,
Gilbert Van Patten; fifth, Soloman Queen, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner;
sixth. Advance Girl, 224256, Gawley & Southall; seventh. Golden Queen,
Ashby, Hockett & Gardner.

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Chief's Best, Ashby,
Hockett & Gardner; second, Jewell's Model, 252034, Hanks & Bishop;
third. Crimson's Model, 247174, Baxter & Comer; fourth. Lady Muncie,

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

665

251362, A. P. Alsin; fifth.

Balmat & Son; sixth.

-, W. M.

Putman & Sons; seventh, Only, 65874, H. E. Browning.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Proud Nellie, 288294,
Hanks & Bishop; second. Belle C, 263138, Baxter & Comer; third,

, W. M. Putman & Sons; fourth, Nora's Model, Ashby, Hockett

& Gardner; fifth, Lucy Wonder 116th, 81574, H. E. Browning; sixth.
Model A. n, 81080a, 288662n, Gilbert Van Patten; seventh, Anna, 288910,
Hosea Wilson.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Crimson May, 288290, Hanks
& Bishop; second, R. J. Model, W. M. Sells & Son; third, Perfecto Lady,
S. W. Stewart & Sons; fourth, Red Wing, 288288, Hanks & Bishop; fifth,
W. M. Putman & Sons; sixth. Crimson Lady, 288338, Tupper & Hull;
seventh. High Duchess 1st, 288552, C. E. Veak.

Sow Under Six Months — First, Lena Sensation, S. W. Stewart & Sons;

second, , Waltermeyer Bros.; third, , Gilbert Van Patten;

fourth. Keep Sake, 81674, Henry W. Matern; fifth, Iowa Lady, A. P.

Alsin; sixth, , Gilbert Van Patten; seventh, , W. M.

Sells & Sons.

CHAMPION DUROC JERSEY SOW
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

Senior Champion Boar — Valley King, 87311, S. J. Madison.
Junior Champion Boar — Crimson Col., 34517a, H. E. Browning.
Senior Champion Sow — Chief's Queen, 227574n, H. E. Browning.
Junior Champion Sow — Crimson May, 288290, Hanks & Bishop.

666 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Grand Champion Boar — Valley King, 87311, S. J. Madison.

Crrand Champion Soiv — Chief's Queen, 227574n, H. E. Browning.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, Ashby, Hockett & Gard-
ner; second, H. E. Browning; third, W. M. Putman & Sons; fourth, Baxter
& Comer; fifth. Hanks & Bishop; sixth, H. S. Allen; seventh, Walter-
meyer Bros.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Tear — First, Waltermeyer Bros.; sec-
ond, H. E. Browning; third, Hanks & Bishop; fourth, S. W. Stewart &
Sons; fifth, Henry W. Matern; sixth, W. M. Sells & Sons; seventh, H.
S. Allen.

Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, H. E.
Browning; second, Gawley & Southall; third, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner;
fourth. Hanks & Bishop; fifth, H. S. Allen; sixth, Waltermeyer Bros.;
seventh, A. P. Alsin.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Walter-
meyer Bros.; second, H. E. Browning; third, Hanks & Bishop; fourth,

S. W. Stewart & Sons; fifth, H. W. Matern; sixth, Gawley & Southall.

Get of Sire — First, Hanks & Bishop; second, Waltermeyer Bros.; third,
Baxter & Comer; fourth, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner; fifth, S. W. Stewart
& Sons; sixth, H. S. Allen; seventh, H. W. Matern.

Produce of Soic — First, Waltermeyer Bros.; second, Baxter & Comer;
third, Hanks & Bishop; fourth, S. W. Stewart & Sons; fifth, Henry W.
Matern; sixth, Waltermeyer Bros.; seventh, W. M. Sells & Sons.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE NATIONAL DUROC JERSEY RECORD

ASSOCIATION.

Best Herd, Consisting of Boar and Three Sows, Bred by Exhibitors —
First, Hanks & Bishop; second, Waltermeyer Bros.; third, Ashby, Hock-
ett & Gardner.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY AMERICAN DUROC JERSEY SWINE
BREEDERS ASSOCIATION.

Best Herd, Under One Year, Bred and Owned by Exhibitor— Hanks &
Bishop.

Best Herd One Year Old or Over, Bred and Owned by Exhibitor (Open
to the world)— First, Baxter & Comer; second, G. S. Van Patten.

Best Herd Under One Year Old, Bred and Oioned by Exhibitor (Open to
the World)— First, H. E. Browning; second. Hanks & Bishop.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 667

CHESTER WHITE.
EXHIBITOBS.

Allen Bros., Russell, Iowa; Alden Anderson, Ellsworth, Iowa; Barr &
Rae, Ames, Iowa; B. M. Boyer, Farmington, Iowa; F. J. Davis, Moulton,
Iowa; Geo. W. Debar, Aurora, Iowa; H. A. Dudley, Jefferson, Iowa; W.
H. Dunbar, Jefferson, Iowa; G. L. Emmert & Sons, Mason City, Iowa; C.
C. Evans, North English, Iowa; R. F. Fantz, New Hampton, Iowa; A. B.
Heath, Newell, Iowa; S. B. Hefty. & Sons, Renwick, Iowa; Wm. Hoover,
Oskaloosa, Iowa; T. F. Householder, Newell, Iowa; Thos. F, Kent, Wal-
nut, Iowa; P. B. Lake, Moscow, Iowa; Geo. A. Lasley, Selma, Iowa; J. H.
Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; J. H. Mahannah, North English, Iowa; H.
Meyer, Staplehurst, Nebraska; Will Michael, Selma, Iowa; E. L. Nagle
& Son, Deep River, Iowa; J. T. Perry, Selma, Iowa; Fred "W. Pittman,
Shelby, Iowa; L. C. Reese, Prescott, Iowa; Otto B. Schultz, Nashville,
Michigan; W. W. Seeley, Stuart, Iowa; Frank E. Sherer, Joy, Illinois;
A. J. Spear, Walnut, Iowa; J. L. Stittsworth, Knoxville, Iowa; L. C. West,
Dallas Center, Iowa; Wm. Whitted, Monroe, Iowa; M. W. Young, Ankeny,
Iowa; W. E. Gaffey, Storm Lake, Iowa; O. N. Phillips & Son, Aledo, Illi-
nois,^

AWARDS.

Judge ."Wilson Rowe, Ames, Iowa.

Boar Two Years or Over— First, Wonder, 18069, Wm. A. Hoover; sec-
ond, Chickasaw Choice, 15591, Barr & Rae; third, Teddy's Choice, 18761,
Wm. A. Hoover; fourth, Sam B., 19933, T. F. Householder; fifth. Keep On,
16017, L. C. Reese; sixth, Iowa Protection, 19551, Thos. F. Kent; seventh,
Captain King, Arthur J. Spear.

Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Path Finder, 18179,
L. C. Reese; second, Combination 2nd, 17557, C. C. Evans; third, Vala's,
29230, O. N. Phillips & Son.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Mahaska Lad, 20773,
Wm. A. Hoover; second. Chief Select, 32543, G. L. Emmert; third, Reese
Sam, 18557, L. C. Reese; fourth. Council, 20317, Barr & Rae; fifth. Gold
Model, 27678, H. Meyer; sixth. White Model, 27679, H. Meyer; seventh.
Keep on Boy, 18555, L. C. Reese.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Hustler, 15769, E. L. Nagle
& Son; second, Keep on Favorite, 18561, L. C. Reese; third, Mont Rose
OK, J. H. Mahannah; fourth. Charmer, 20769, Wm. Hoover; fifth. High-
land Choice, Barr & Rae; sixth. Velvet Boy, H. Meyer; seventh, ,

J. A. Loughridge.

■ Boar Under Six Months — First, Taft, 15765, E. L. Nagle & Son; second,
Tom Thumb, 15763, E. L. Nagle & Son; third. Chief Justice OK, J. H.

Mahannah; fourth. Harvester OK, J. H. Mahannah; fifth, , Barr

& Rae; sixth, Verne, 18571, L. C. Reese; seventh, Aledo Boy, O. N. Phil-
lips & Son.

668

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Sow T'wo Years or Over — First, Marie No. 2, 44020, Wm. A. Hoover;
second, Queen's Best, 27908, L. C. Reese; third. Graceful, 24176, W. H,
Dunbar; fourth, Susana, 27904, L. C. Reese; fifth. Miss Perfection, 43000,
Geo. A. Lasley; sixth. Perfection Lady, 25616, C. C. Evans; seventh,
Moddle 2nd, 22904, F. J. Davis.

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Iowa Production, 45848,
Thos. F. Kent; second, Sweet Marie, 29442, L. C. Reese; third. Fancy
Girl, 29446, L. C. Reese; fourth, Up-to-Date, 45716, W. H. Dunbar; fifth,

Alix 3rd, O. N. Phillips & Son; sixth, Reece O. K. 2nd, ;

seventh. Highland Dolly, 32699, Allen Bros.

Soio One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Lady Select, 32545, G.
L. Emmert & Sons; second, Lady Perfection, 32546, G. L. Emmert & Sons;
third, Iowa Tidings, 45850, Thos. F. Kent; fourth. Lady Perfection, J. L.
Stittsworth; fifth, Beulah, 29426, L. C. Reese; sixth, Mary 2nd, 45776,
Wm. A. Hoover; seventh, Iowa Delight, 45936, Thos. F. Kent.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Grace H., 26504, E. L. Nagle
& Son; second, Proud Queen, 32540, G. L. Emmert & Sons; third, Merl,
45636, Geo. A. Lasley; fourth. Peach Bud O. K., 29418, G. L. Emmert &
Sons; fifth. Keep on Winners No. 1, L. C. Reese; sixth, Cora, R. F.
Fantz; seventh. Lady Law, 28997, H. Meyer.

Sotv Under Six Months — First, Joan OK, J. H. Mahannah; second,

, Barr & Rae; third, Genieva, W. H. Dunbar; fourth. Gem's Pride

I, 29420, L. C. Reese; fifth. Gem's Pride II, 29422, L. C. Reese; sixth,
Nellie H, 26514, E. L. Nagle & Son; seventh, Genenie, 26512, E. L. Nagle
& Son.

CHAMPION CHESTER WHITE BOAR
iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 669

Senior Champion Boar — Pathfinder, 18179, L. C. Reese.

Junior Champion Boar — Hustler, 15769, E. L. Nagle & Son.

Senior Champion Sow — Iowa Production, 45848, Thos. F. Kent.

Junior Champion Sow — Grace H., 26504, E. L. Nagle & Son.

Grand Champion Boar^Pathfinder, 18179, L. C. Reese.

Grand Champion Soic — Grace H., 26504, E. L. Nagle & Son.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, L. C. Reese; second, G. L.
Emmert & Sons; third, Wm. A. Hoover; fourth, L. C. Reese; fifth, Thos.
F. Kent.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, E. L. Nagle & Son; sec-
ond, J. H. Mahannah; third, L. C. Reese; fourth, Wm. A. Hoover; fifth,
Wm. A. Hoover; sixth, G. L. Emmert & Sons; seventh, E. L. Nagle &
Son.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, G. L.
Emmert & Sons; second, L. C. Reese; third, Wm. A. Hoover; fourth,
L. C. Reese.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, E. L.
Nagle & Son; second, J. H. Mahannah; third, L. C. Reese; fourth, Wm.
A. Hoover; fifth, Wm. A. Hoover; sixth, O. N. Phillips & Son; seventh,
E. L. Nagle & Son.

Get of Sire — First, E. L. Nagle & Son; second, L. C. Reese; third, Wm.
A. Hoover; fourth, J. H. Mahannah; fifth, G. L. Emmert & Sons; sixth,
W. H. Dunbar; seventh, Wm. A. Hoover.

Produce of Soiv — First, E. L. Nagle & Son; second, J. H. Mahannah;
third, L. C. Reese; fourth, G. L. Emmert & Sons; fifth, Wm. A. Hoover;
sixth, W. H. Dunbar; seventh, Wm. A. Hoover.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY WESTERN 0. I. C. RECORDING CO.
Boar Under Six Months — Climax, R. F. Fantz.
Soiv Under Six Months — Astra, R. F. Fantz.
Get of Sire, Under Six Months — R. F. Fantz.
Produce of Sow, Under Six Months — R. F. Fantz.

BERKSHIRES.

EXHIBITOES.

W. S. Corsa, White Hall, Illinois; C. A. Evans, Elliott, Iowa; Orlando
Jacobs, Mediapolis, Iowa; Jno. C. Miller, Harlan, Iowa; Forest McPher-
son, Stuart, Iowa; Gilbert Van Patten, Sutton, Nebraska; H. E. Woods,
Palmyra, Iowa; Rookwood Farm, Ames, Iowa; J. M. Higby, Boone, Iowa.

670 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

AWARDS.

Judge W. B. Richards, Fargo, N. D.

Boar Ttoo Years or Over — First, Rival's Last, 122000, W. S. Corsa;
second, Rival's Champions Best, 127963, Rookwood Farm; third, Master
Pug, 121173, John C. Miller; fourth, Rookwood Champion's Best, 124926,
Rookwood Farm; fifth. Master Duke 50th, 128400, W. S. Corsa; sixth,
Premier Artist, 121765, H. E. Woods.

Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Robins Corrector,
133967, C. A. Evans; second, Mac's Farm Sensation, 138521, Forest S.
McPherson.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Golden Rival, W. S.
Corsa; second. Master Jewell Duke, 151841, Forest S. McPherson; third,
Baron Duke, 154, J. M. Higby; fourth. Valuable Prince 2nd, 136635, Or-
lando Jacobs.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Rival's Combination 2nd, W.

S. Corsa; second, , Forest S. McPherson; third, , H. E.

Woods; fourth, Homestead Star 20th, 141283, H. E. Woods; fifth. Elm
Creek Premier, 151915, Jno. C. Miller; sixth. Expansion 2nd, 151804, C.
A. Evans; seventh, , Orlando Jacobs.

Boar Under Six Months — First, Captain Stuart, 151850, Forest S. Mc-
Pherson; second, Ames Rival 20th, 152781, Rookwood Farm; third, Ames

Rival 21st, 152782, Rookwood Farm; fourth, , W. S. Corsa; fifth,

Jake, Orlando Jacobs; sixth. Corrector 2nd, C. A. Evans.

Sow Two Years or Over — First, Mistresspiece, 119633, W. S. Corsa;
second. Rival's Duchess 3rd, 108652, Rookwood Farm; third. Duke's Ex-
press 4th, 139933, Forest S. McPherson; fourth. Masterpiece's Handsome
Lady, 123357, W. S. Corsa; fifth, Rookwood Rubicel 7th, 137439, Rook-
wood Farm; sixth, Model Leta 2nd, 113524, C. A. Evans; seventh. Rival's
Banty 9th, 140322, John C. Miller.

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Rival's Princess 2nd,
134527, W. S. Corsa; second, Rival's Lady 3rd, 134524, W. S. Corsa; third,
Mac's Myrtle 6th, 151844, Forest S. McPherson; fourth. Young Amazina,
151807, C. A. Evans; fifth. Masterpiece Queen, 135856, John C. Miller.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Masterpiece Dutchess
Robinhood 7th, W. S. Corsa; second. Premier's Nina 7th, 151802, C. A.
Evans; third, Matchless Perfection 10th, W. S. Corsa; fourth. Lady Jewel

3rd, 151842, ; fifth. Conqueror's Gem 2nd, 151802;

sixth, Rookwood Lady 42nd, Rookwood Farm.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Mac's Myrtle, 8th, 151847, For-
est S. McPherson; second, Mac's Myrtle 9th, 151848, Forest S. McPherson;
third, Charmer Queen 40, W. S. Corsa; fourth. Stumpy Lady E, 151806,
C. A. Evans; fifth. Rival Dutchess 16th, Rookwood Farm; sixth. Match-
less Perfection 13, W. S. Corsa; seventh. Amazing Lady, 151805, C. A.
Evans.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 671

Sow Under Six Months — First, , W. S. Corsa; second, Rival

Lady 33rd, 152787, Rookwood Farm; third. Lady Stuart, 151851, Forest

S. McPherson; fourth, , W. S. Corsa; fifth. Rival Lady 34th,

152788, Rookwood Farm; sixth. Corrector's Belle, C. A. Evans; seventh,
, Orlando Jacobs.

Senior Champion Boar— Rival's Last, 122000, W. S. Corsa.

Junior Champion Boar — Captain Stuart, 151850, Forest S. McPherson.

Senior Champion Sow — Masterpiece's Duchess Robinhood 7th, W. S.
Corsa.

Junior Champion Sow — Mac's Myrtle 8tli, Forest S. McPherson.

. Grand Champion Boar — Rival's Last, 122000, W. S. Corsa.

Grand Champion Soiv — Masterpiece's Duchess Robinhood 7th, W. S.
Corsa.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year— First, W. S. Corsa; second, W.
S. Corsa; third, Rookwood Farm; fourth, Jno. C. Miller; fifth. Forest
S. McPherson; sixth, C. A. Evans.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Forest S. McPherson;
second, Rookwood Farm; third, W. S. Corsa; fourth, W. S. Corsa; fifth,
C. A. Evans; sixth, Jno. C. Miller.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, W. S.
Corsa; second, W. S. Corsa; third, Forest S. McPherson.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, For-
est S. McPherson; second, Rookwood Farm; third, W. S. Corsa; fourth,
W. S. Corsa; fifth, Jno. C. Miller.

Get of Sire — First, W. S. Corsa; second, W. S. Corsa; third, Forest S.
McPherson; fourth, Rookwood Farm; fifth, C. A. Evans.

Produce of Sow — First, Forest S. McPherson; second, W. S. Corsa;
third, Rookwood Farm; fourth, C. A. Evans.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY AMERICAN BERKSHIRE ASSOCIATION.

Best Herd, Consisting of Boar and Three Sotcs Under One Year — For-
est S. McPherson.

HAMPSHIRE.

EXHIBITOBS.

A. M. Bear, Medora, Kansas; J. E. Beckendorf, Walnut, Iowa; R. J.
Boles, Alta, Iowa; W. J. Brinigar & Sons, Blythedale, Missouri; Willie
Essig, Tipton, Indiana; J. R. Lawson, Ravenwood, Missouri; Geo. Lip-
pert, Magnolia, Illinois; Maxwell & Spangler, Creston, Iowa; Clayton
Messenger, Keswick, Iowa; C M. Perrin, Mapleton, Iowa; J. F. Price,
Medora, Kansas; F. T. Quire, Sully, Iowa; Ed. H. Sharp, Leon, Iowa;
Mike Sharp & Son, Coal Valley, Illinois.

672 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Judge Wilson Rowe, Ames, Iowa.

Boar Tivo Years or Over — First, Pat Maloy 1415, Willie Essig; sec-
ond, Blythedale Jim, 2117, Geo. Lippert; third, Col. Brown, 2869, W. J.
Brinigar; fourth. Orchard Hill Duke, 4765, W. J. Brinigar; fifth. Col.
Stone, 2669, J. P. Price; sixth, Capt. Jack, 2045, Clayton Messenger.

Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Compeer, 4779, Willie
Essig; second. Bacon King, 4763, W. J. Brinigar; third, Bollman's Cashier,
5407, Mike Sharp & Son; fourth. Belle Boy, 5671, Clayton Messenger;
fifth, Smoky, 7425, Mike Sharp & Son.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Messenger Boy, 6179,
Clayton Messenger; second, Endwell, 6087, Willie Essig; third, Joe B.,
7223, W. J. Brinigar; fourth. Dr. Scott, 6177, Willie Essig; fifth, Broiler,
6935, Mike Sharp & Son; sixth. Prince Blackfoot, 6395, C. M. Perrin;
seventh, Ravenwood Boy, 5095, J. R. Lawson.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Blythedale Duke 3rd, 7369,
W. J. Brinigar; second. Round Up, 7419, Mike Sharp & Son; third. Neat
Jim, 7025, W. J. Brinigar; fourth, Steady, 7283, Willie Essig; fifth, Abi-
dul Hamid, 6823, Clayton Messenger; sixth, Geno, 7243, Clayton Messen-
ger; seventh, Big Boy, 7433, C. M. Perrin.

Boar Under Six Months — First, Hawkeye, 7383, F. T. Quire; second,
Iowa Banner, 7379, F. T. Quire; third. Queen's Colonel, 7859, Willie Essig;
fourth. The Professor, Geo. Lippert; fifth. Dandy, 7861, Willie Essig; sixth.
Anchor, Mike Sharp & Sons; seventh, Blythedale Lad, 7373, W. J. Brini-
gar.

Sow Two Years or Over — First, Gold Litter, 4614, Mike Sharp & Sons;
second, Utility Lass, 9578, Willie Essig; third, Remsen Queen, R. J. Boles;
fourth, Silvia, 2398, Clayton Messenger; fifth". Walnut Dell, 3288, Clayton
Messenger; sixth, Eclipse Beauty, 5034, A. M. Bear; seventh, Su»san Jane,
2480, Geo. Lippert.

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Golden Locke, 8900,
Mike Sharp & Sons; second, Prairie Queen, 7168, Willie Essig; third,
Mabel, 8368, Mike Sharp & Sons; fourth, Catalpa Lass, 8406, Clayton Mes-
senger; fifth. Miss Mona, 8264, W. J. Brinigar; sixth. Regal, 8502, Willie
Essig.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Topsy, 11966, Mike Sharp
& Sons; second, Lunna Ann, 119958, Mike Sharp & Sons; third, Huldah,
9536, Willie Essig; fourth, Perrin's Beauty, 8592, C. M. Perrin; fifth. Miss
Beauty, 12158, W. J. Brinigar; sixth, Christine, 12148, W. J. Brinigar;
seventh, Hawkeye Princess, 12400, C. M. Perrin.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Missouri's Best, 13058, W. J.
Brinigar; second, Myra Boothe, 13184, Mike Sharp & Sons; third, Mis-
souri Beauty, 13506, W. J. Brinigar; fourth, Hawkeye Rose, 12384, C.
M. Perrin; fifth, Hawkeye Daisy, 12396, C. M. Perrin; sixth, Cora, 13188,
Mike Sharp & Sons; seventh. Sunshine Queen, 13034, Willie Essig.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 673

Sow Under Six Months — First, Miss Professor, 13308, Geo. Lippert; sec-
ond, May Flower, Mike Sharp & Sons; third, Elmside Maid, 13890, Willie
Essig; fourth, Vina, 13930, Willie Essig; fifth, Nice, 13054, W. J. Brini-
gar; sixth, Curley Tail, J. R. Lawson; seventh, Bessie, 13090, F. T. Quire.

Senior Champion Boar — Pat Maloy, 1415, Willie Essig.

Junior Champion Boar — Blythedale Duke 3rd, 7369, W. J. Brinigar.

Senior Champion Sow — Gold Litter, 4614, Mike Sharp & Sons.

Junior Champion Sow — Missouri's Best, 13058, W. J. Brinigar.

Grand Champion Boar — Pat Maloy, 1415, Willie Essig.

Grand Champion Sotv — Gold Litter, 4614, Mike Sharp & Sons.

Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year — -First, Mike Sharp & Sons; sec-
ond, Willie Essig; third, Clayton Messenger; fourth, Geo. Lippert; fifth,
Willie Essig; sixth, W. J. Brinigar; seventh, C. M. Perrin.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, W. J. Brinigar; second,
Mike Sharp & Sons; third, Willie Essig; fourth, C. M. Perrin; fifth, Geo.
Lippert; sixth, Clayton Messenger.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, Mike
Sharp & Sons; second, Clayton Messenger; third, Willie Essig; fourth,
Willie Essig; fifth, W. J. Brinigar; sixth, C. M. Perrin.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, W. J.
Brinigar; second, Mike Sharp & Sons; third, Willie Essig; fourth, C.
M.*Perrin; fifth, Geo. Lippert; sixth, Clayton Messenger; seventh, Ed. H.
Sharp.

FIRST PRIZE HAMPSHIRE HERD
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1911
43

674 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Get of /Sire— First, Mike Sharp & Sons; second, W. J. Brinigar; third,
C. M. Perrin; fourth, Mike Sharp & Sons; fifth, Geo. Lippert; sixth, Willie
Essig; seventh, Clayton Messenger.

Produce of /Soto— First, W. J. Brinigar; second, Geo. Lippert; third,
Mike Sharp & Sons; fourth, Willie Essig; fifth, C. M. Perrin; sixth, Ed.
H. Sharp; seventh, Clayton Messenger.

SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY AMERICAN HAMPSHIRE SWINE
RECORD ASSOCIATION.

Four Pigs Any Sex, Under Six Months, Bred and Owned by Breeder Who
Is Resident of Iowa — First, Clayton Messenger; second, C. M. Perrin;
third. Maxwell & Spangler.

SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY THE HAMPSHIRE ADVOCATE.

Best Pair Pigs, Owned by Iowa Exhibitor — First, Clayton Messenger;
second, C. M. Perrin; third. Maxwell & Spangler.

LARGE YORKSHIRE.
EXHIBITORS.

B. F. Davidson, Menlo, Iowa; B. F. Kunkle, Redfield, Iowa.

AAVAKDS.

Judge Frank Thornber, Carthage, Illinois.

Boar Two Years or Over^First, Lake -Park Corrector, 7907, B. F. David-
son; second, Lake Park Navigator, 12161, B. F. Kunkle.

Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — Deer Creek Dalmany 9th,
13316, B. F. Kunkle.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Oak Grove Boy. 2nd,
14473, B. F. Kunkle.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Oak Grove Lick 1st, 14466,
B. P. Kunkle; second. Deer Creek Long Lad 10th, 14985, B. F. Davidson.

Boar Under Six Months — Davidson's Model 4th, 14986, B. F. Davidson;
second, Davidson's Model .5th, 14987, B. F. Davidson.

Sow Two Years or Over — First, Deer Creek Beauty 10th, 11012, B. F.
Davidson; second, Deer Creek Duchess 5th, B. F. Davidson.

Soic Eighteen Months, Under Tioo Years — First, Deer Creek Daisy, 5th,
13314, B. F. Davidson; second. Oak Grove Maud 4th, 14931, B, F. Kunkle.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Davidson's Model 2nd,
13659, B. F. Davidson; second. Oak Grove Bell 2nd, 14477, B. F. Kunkle.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Deer Creek Daisy 9th, 14983,
B. P. Davidson; second, Deer Creek Daisy 10th, 14984, B. F. Davidson.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 675

Sow Under Six Months — First, Davidson's Model 7, 14989, B. F. David-
son; second, Davidson's Model 6th, 14988, B. F. Davidson.

Senior Champion Boar — B. F. Davidson.

Junior Champion Boar — B. F. Kunkle.

Senior Champion Soiv — B. F. Davidson.

Junior Champion Soiv — B. F. Davidson.

Grand Champion Boar — B. F. Davidson.

Grand Champion Sow — B. F. Davidson.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Tear — First, B. F. Davidson; second,
B. F. Kunkle.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, B. F. Davidson; second,
B. F. Kunkle.

Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor— First, B. F.
Davidson; second, B. F. Kunkle.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, B. F.
Davidson; second, B. F. Kunkle.

Get of Sire— First, B. F. Davidson; second, B. F. Kunkle.

Produce of Sow — First, B. F. Davidson; second, B. F. Kunkle.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY AMERICAN YORKSHIRE CLUB.

Young Herd, Consisting of Boar and Three Sows, Bred by Exhibitor —
First, B. F. Davidson.

TAMWORTH.

EXHIBiTOBS.

C, C. Roup, Iowa City, Iowa; Geo. N. Weighton, Audubon, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge Fkank Thoeis-ber, Carthage, Illinois.

Boar Ttco Years or Over — First, Thorndale Jim 3rd, 5697, C. C. Roup;
second-, Audubon's Pride, Geo. N. Weighton.

Boar Eighteen Months' Under Tico Years — First, Hill Crest Perfection,
61113 D, C. C. Roup.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Ole, Geo. N. Weighton;
second, Knoll Slope Diamond, 7501, C. C. Roup.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Audubon's Choice, Geo. N.
Weighton.

676 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Boar Under Six Months — First, KnoUslope Advance, C. C. Roup.

Sow Two Years or Over — First, Knowle Tallana 6, 4734, C. C. Roup,

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Ez Knowle Best, 6951,
C. C. Roup.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Knoll Slope Almeda,
8458, C. C. Roup.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Sunshine 3rd, Geo. N. Weigh-
ton.

Sow Under Six Months — First, Knoll Slope Baniff 2nd, C. C. Roup.

Senior Champion Boar — C. C. Roup.

Junior Champion Boar — Geo. N. "Weighton.

Senior Champion Sow — C. C. Roup.

Junior Champion Sow — C. C. Roup.

Grand Champion Boar — C. C. Roup.

Grand Champion Sow — C. C. Roup.

Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year — First, C. C. Roup.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, C. C. Roup; second, Geo.
N. Weighton.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, C. C.
Roup.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, C. C.
Roup; second, Geo. N. Weighton.

Get of Sire — First, C. C. Roup; second, Geo. N. Weighton.

Produce of Sow — First, C. C. Roup; second, Geo. N. Weighton.

SHEEP DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent. . . . ; Jno. F. Summers, Malvern, Iowa.

MERINOS, AMERICAN, SPANISH OR DELAINE.
EXHIBITORS.

A. J. Blakely, Grinnell, Iowa; Uriah Cook & Sons, Peoria, Ohio; Samuel
Rail & Sons, Birmingham, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge C. A. Steele, New Moorefleld, Ohio.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Uriah Cook & Sons;
third, A. J. Blakely.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 677

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Uriah Cook &
Sons; third, A. J. Blakely.

Ram Lamb — First and second, Uriah Cook & Sons; third, A. J. Blakely.
Eive Tioo Years Old or Over — First and second, Uriah Cook & Son;
third, A. J. Blakely,

Eioe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Uriah Cook &
Son; third, A. J. Blakely.

Eioe Lamb — First and second, Uriah Cook & Sons; third, A. J. Blakely.

Champion Ram, Any Age — Uriah Cook & Sons.

Champion Ewe, Any Age — Uriah Cook & Sons.

Get of Sire — First, Uriah Cook & Sons; second, A. J. Blakely.

Flock — First, Uriah Cook & Sons; second, A. J. Blakely.

RAMBOUILLET.

EXHIBITORS.

F. W. Cook, West Mansfield, Ohio; F. S. King Bros. Co., Laramie, Wyo.;
Robt. Taylor, Abbott, Nebraska.

AWARDS.

Judge C. A. Steele, New Moorefield, Ohio.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Wyoming Boy, 52084, F. S. King

Bros. Co.; second, Laramie Boy, 52087, F. S. King Bros. Co.; third, ,

F. W. Cook.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Thickset, 59513, F. S. King

Bros. Co.; second, Longfellow, 59512, F. S. King Bros. Co.; third, ,

F. W. Cook.

Ram Lamb — First, Ben Hur, Jr., F. S. King Bros. Co.; second, ,

F. W. Cook; third, McKnab, F. S. King Bros. Co.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Jean, 59716, F. S. King Bros. Co.;
second, Lady K, 53761, F. S. King Bros. Co.; third, , F. W. Cook.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, , F. S. King Bros.

Co.; second, , F. S. King Bros. Co.; third, , F. W. Cook.

Ewe La7nb— First, F. S. King Bros. Co.; second, F. W. Cook; third,
F. S. King Bros. Co.

Champion Ram Any Age — ^Wyoming Boy, 52084, F. S. King Bros. Co.

Champion Ewe Any Age — Jean, 59716, F. S. King Bros. Co.

Get of Sire — First, F. S. King Bros. Co.; second, F. W. Cook.

Flock — First, F. S. King Bros. Co.; second, F. W. Cook.

678 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

COTSWOLD.

EXHIBITOES.

Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co., Chicago, Illinois; Joy Lewis, Camp Point,
Illinois; Lewis Bros., Camp Point, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge W. H. Beattie, Wilton Grove, Ontario.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Lewis Bros.; third,
Wm. Cooper & Nephews.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Lewis Bros.; second and
third. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ram Lamb — First, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.; second, Lewis Bros.;
third, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Lewis Bros.; third, Wm.
Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.;
second, Lewis Bros.; third, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ewe Lamh — First, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.; second and third, Lewis
Bros.

Champion Ram Any Age — Games 154th, 66856, Lewis Bros.

Champion Ewe Any Age — Cooper's Champion, Wm. Cooper & Nephews
Co.

Flock — First, Lewis Bros.; second, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

LINCOLN.

EXHIBITORS.

Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin.

AWARDS.

Judge W. H. Beattie, Wilton Grove, Ontario.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Riley Judge 8th, 19450, Alex. W.
Arnold; second, A. W. A. 104, 19505, Alex. W. Arnold.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tico — First, , Alex. W. Arnold;

second, A. W. A. 117, 22884, Alex. W. Arnold.

Ram Lamb — First, , Alex. W. Arnold; second, , Alex.

\V. Arnold.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 679

Five Tioo Years Old or Over — First, Budding No. 56, 19456, Alex. W.
Arnold; second, Budding No. 259, 19455, Alex. W. Arnold.

Eice One Year Old and Under Two — First, , Alex. W. Arnold;

second, , Alex. W. Arnold.

Ewe Lamb — First, , Alex. W. Arnold; second, , Alex.

W. Arnold.

Champion Ram. Any Age — Budding's Export No. 91, 23164, Alex. W.
Arnold.

Champion Eice Any Age — Budding's Export No. 7, 23165, A. W. Arnold.

Get of Sire — First, Alex. W. Arnold.

Flock — First, Alex. W. Arnold.

HAMPSHIRE BOWNS.

EXHIBITORS.

Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee, Wisconsin; Wm. F. Renk, Sun Prairie,
Wisconsin; Robert Taylor, Abbott, Nebraska; Cooper & Nephews Co., Chi-
cago, Illinois; Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin.

AWARDS.

Judge W. H. Beattie, Wilton Grove, Ontario.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Wm. Cooper & Nephews
Co.; third and fourth, Wm. F. Renk.

Ram One Year and Under Two — First, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.;
second, Wm. Renk; third, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ram Lamb — First and second, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.; third and
fourth, Wm. Renk.

Eice Tico Years Old or Over — First, Wm. F. Renk; second, Wm. Cooper
& Nephews Co.; third, Wm. F. Renk; fourth, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Tu'o^First, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.;
second and third, Wm. F. Renk; fourth, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ewe Lamb — First and second, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.; third and
fourth, Wm. F. Renk.

Champion Ram Any Age — First, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Champion Ewe Any Age — First, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Get of Sire — First, Alex. W. Arnold.

Flock — First, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.; second, Wm. F. Renk.

680 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

SHROPSHIRES.
EXHIBITORS.

A. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin; E. L. Bitterman, Mason City, Iowa;
Chandler Bros., Chariton, Iowa; AVm. Cooper & Nephews Co., Chicago,
Illinois; R. F. & W. M. Fantz, New Hampton, Iowa; W. O. Fritchman, Mus-
catine, Iowa; Theo. Martin, Bellevue, Iowa; Geo. McKerrow & Sons,
Pewaukee, Wisconsin; O. H. Peasley & Son, Indianola, Iowa; Parsons &
Son, Chariton, Iowa; J. L. Plumly, Altoona, Iowa; Wm. F. Renk, Sun
Prairie, Wisconsin; R. A. Satterly, Farmington, Iowa; W. A. Taylor &
Sons, Ames, Iowa; C. J. Wilkinson, Colfax, Iowa; J. S. Fawcett & Son,
Springdale, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge W. H. Beattie, Wilton Grove, Ontario.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Wm. F. Renk; second and third,
Geo. McKerrow & Sons; fourth. Chandler Bros.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Chandler Bros.; second and
third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; fourth. Chandler Bros.

Ram Lamh — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Wm. F. Renk; third, Chand-
ler Bros.; fourth, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Wm. F. Renk; second. Chandler
Bros.; third, Wm. F. Renk; fourth, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Tioo — First and second. Chandler Bros.;
third, Wm. F. Renk; fourth, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ewe Lamb — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, Wm. F. Renk; third
and fourth, Chandler Bros,

Champion Ram Any Age — Chandler Bros.
Champion Ewe Any Age — Chandler Bros.

Get of Sire— First, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, O. H. Peasley & Son;
third, E. L. Bitterman; fourth, Alex. W. Arnold.

Flock — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Wm. F. Renk; third, Geo. Mc-
Kerrow & Sons; fourth, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

IOWA SHROPSHIRE SPECIALS.

Ram Two Years Old or Over— First, Maple Grove King, 298796, W. A,
Taylor; second, Wilkinson's 145, 321002, C. J. Wilkinson; third, Plumly's
361, 33858, J. L. Plumly; fourth. Maple Grove Eclipse, 298795, W. A. Tay-
lor; fifth, Plumly's 341, 333847, J. L. Plumly.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tioo— First, , Chandler Bros.;

second. East View's Success, 342413, E. L. Bitterman; third. East View's

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 681

Hello, 342399, E. L. Bitterman; fourth. Maple Grove Ringmaster, 322037,
W. A. Taylor & Son; fifth, , 342746, O. H. Peasley & Soa.

Ram Lamft— First, East View's Ambition, 342831, E. L. Bitterman; sec-
ond. Masterpiece, 343049, J. S. Fawcett & Sons; third, East View's Duke,
342403, E. L. Bitterman; fourth, Satterly's 29th, 342937, R. A. Satterly;
fifth, Plumly's 350th, 342854, J. L. Plumly.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, , Chandler Bros.; second,

East View's Fern, 321575, E. L. Bitterman; third, , O. H. Peasley

& Son; fourth, , O. H. Peasley & Son; fifth, Satterly's 23rd, 333032,

R. A. Satterly.

Eive One Year Old and Under Two — First, , O. H. Peasley &

Son; second. Maple Grove Columbine, 322042, W. A. Taylor & Son; third,
Satterly's 48th, 342942, R. A. Satterly; fourth, E. L. Bitterman; fifth,
, O. H, Peasley & Son.

Ewe Lamb — ^First, , J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, , E. L.

Bitterman; third, , J. S. Fawcett & Son; fourth, , W. A.

Taylor & Son; fifth, , O. H. Peasley & Son.

Champion Ram Any Age — Maple Grove King, 298796, W. A. Taylor.

Champion Eioe Any Age , Chandler Bros.

Get of Sire — First, E. L. Bitterman; second, R. A. Satterly; third, W.
A. Taylor & Son; fourth, J. A. Taylor.

i^Zocfc— First, "W. A. Taylor & Son; second, E. L. Bitterman; third, O. H.
Peasley & Son; fourth, J. S. Fawcett & Son.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY AMERICAN SHROPSHIRE REGISTRY AS-
SOCIATION.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Maple Grove King, 29876, W. A.
Taylor; second, Wilkin's 145th, 321062, C. J. Wilkinson; third, Plumly's
361st, 33858, J. L. Plumly.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo— First, , Chandler Bros.; sec-
ond. East View's Success, 342413, E. L. Bitterman; third. East View's Hello,
342399, E. L. Bitterman.

Ram Lamb — First, East View's Ambition, 342831, E. L. Bitterman; sec-
ond. Masterpiece, 343049, J. S. Fawcett & Son; third. East View's Duke,
342403, E. L. Bitterman.

Ewe Two Years Old or Ot;er~First, , Chandler Bros.; second.

East View's Fern, 321575, E. L. Bitterman; third, , 0. H. Peasley

& Son.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Ttoo— First, , 0. H. Peasley & Son;

second, , R. A. Satterly; third, W. A. Taylor & Son.

Ewe Lamb— First, , J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, ,

E. L. Bitterman; third, , J. S. Fawcett & Son.

682 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Champion Ram Any Age — Maple Grove King, 298796, W. A. Taylor &
Son.

Champion Ewe Any Age , Chandler Bros.

Get of Sire — First, E. L. Bitterman; second, J. S. Fawcett & Son; third,
R. A. Satterly.

Flock— First, W. A. Taylor & Son; second, E. L. Bitterman; third, 0. H.
Peasley & Son.

OXFORD DOWNS.

EXHIBITORS.

C. C. Croxen, Atalissa, Iowa; Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co., Chicago, Illi-
nois; John Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa; C. S. Hechtner, Chariton, Iowa;
Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee, Wis.

AWARDS.

Judge W. H. Beattie, Wilton Grove, Ontario.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second
and third, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.; fourth, John Graham & Son.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo- — First and second, Geo. McKerrow
& Sons; third, Graham's 753, 58244, Jno. Graham & Son; fourth, Wm.
Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ram Lamb — First, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.; second, C. S. Hechtner;
third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; fourth, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ewe Two Years or Over — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons;
third and fourth, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, Geo.

McKerrow & Sons; third, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.; fourth, Geo. Mc-
Kerrow & Sons.

Eice Lamb — First and second, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.; third and
fourth, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Champion Ram Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.

Champion Ewe Any Age — C. S. Hechtner.

Get of Sire — First and second, Jno. Graham & Son; third, C. C. Croxen;
fourth, C. S. Hechtner.

Flock — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, Wm. Cooper & Nephews
Co.; third, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, Jno. Graham & Son.

IOWA OXFORD SPECIALS.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, John Graham & Son;
third, C. C. Croxen; fourth, C. S. Hechtner,

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 683

Ram One Year Old and Under Tioo— First, C. S. Hechtner; second, John
Graham & Son; third, C. C. Croxen; fourth, John Graham & Son.

Ram Lavii — First, C. C. Croxen; second, John Graham & Son; third,
C. C. Croxen; fourth, John Graham & Son.

Ewe Tivo Years Old or Over — First and second, John Graham & Son;
third, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, C. C. Croxen.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Tioo — First and second, C. S. Hechtner;
third, C. C. Croxen; fourth, Jno. Graham & Son.

Ewe Lamb — First and second, Jno. Graham & Son; third, C. C. Croxen;
fourth, C. S. Hechtner.

Champion Ram Any Age — Jno. Graham & Son.

Champion Ewe Any Age — Jno. Graham & Son.

Get of Sire — First, Jno. Graham & Son; second, C. C. Croxen; third,
C. S. Hechtner.

Flock — First, Jno. Graham & Son; second, C. S. Hechtner; third, C. C.
Croxen.

SOUTHDOWN.

EXHIBITOES.

Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin; Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.,
Chicago, Illinois; R. F. Fantz, New Hampton, Iowa; R. F. & W. M. Fantz,
New Hampton, Iowa.

AWAEDS.

Judge W. H. Beattie, Wilton Grove, Ontario.

Ram Tioo Years Old or Over — First and second, Wm. Cooper & Nephews
Co.; third, Nithside 20th, 25308, Alex. W. Arnold.'

Ram One Year Old and Under Tioo — First, Fantz's 50, 26443, second, R.
F. Fantz.

Ram Lamb — First, Fantz's 51st, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.; second
and third, Alex. W. Arnold.

Ewe Tico Years Old or Over — First and second, Wm. Cooper & Neph-
ews Co.; third, R. F. Fantz, New Hampton.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Alex. W. Arnold; second,
McEwen's Ewe, 32R, R. F. Fantz; third, Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Ewe Lamb — First, Fantz 54th, R. F. Fantz; second, Fantz's 52nd, R.
F. Fantz; third, , Alex. W. Arnold.

Champion Ram Any Age — Wm. Cooper & Nephews Co.

Champion Ewe Any Age — Alex. W. Arnold.

Get of Sire — First, R. F. Fantz; second, Alex. W. Arnold.

Flock— First, R. F. Fantz; second, Alex. W. Arnold.

684 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DORSET.

EXHIBITOES.

Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin; Nash Bros., Tipton, Indiana.

AWARDS,

JtjDGE W. H. Beattie, Wilton Grove, Ontario.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Nash Bros.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Flower's One, 12236, Alex.
W. Arnold; second, Nash Bros.

Ram Lamh — First and second, Nash Bros.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Flower's Three, 12238, Alex. W.
Arnold; second, Nash Bros.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, , Nash Bros.; second,

Flower's Two, 12237, Alex. W. Arnold.

Ewe Lamh — First, Flower's Four, 12239, Alex. W. Arnold; second and
third, Nash Bros.

Champion Ram Any Af/e— Flower's One, 12236, Alex. W. Arnold.

Champion Exce Any Age — Flower's Four, 12239, Alex. W. Arnold.

Get of Sire — First, Nash Bros.

Flock — First, Alex. W. Arnold; second, Nash Bros.

CHEVIOT.

EXHIBITORS.

Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin; G. W. Parnell, Wingate, In-
diana; F. L. Postle & Sons, Camp Chase, Ohio.

AWARDS.

Judge Jas. Scott, Scotland.

Ram Two Years Old or Over— First, Daniel Boone, 5957, F. L. Postle
& Sons; second and third, G. W. Parnell.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two— First and second, G. W. Parnell;
third, Rob, 6564, F. L. Postle & Sons.

Ram Lamb— First, White Stock's Hope, 7061, F. L. Postle & Sons; second.

White Stock's Harry, 7062, F. L. Postle & Sons; third, , Alex. W.

Arnold.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 685

Ewe Two Tears Old or Over — First, F. L. Postle & Sons; second and
third, C. W. Parnell.

Ewe. One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, G. W. Parnell;
third, Edna, 6560, F. L. Postle & Sons.

Ewe Lamb — First, , G. W. Parnell; second, My Lady, 7066, F.

L. Postle & Sons; third, , G. W. Parnell.

Champion Ram Any Age—G. W. Parnell.

Champion Ewe Any Age — F. L. Postle & Son.

Get of Sire—First, F. L. Postle & Sons; second, G. W. Parnell; third,
Alex. W. Arnold.

Flock — First, G. W. Parnell; second, F. L. Postle & Sons; third, Alex.
W. Arnold.

POULTRY DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent Jno. F. Summers, Malvern, Iowa.

AMERICANS.

EXHIBrrOES.

Mrs. Jessie Alexander, Altoona, Iowa; A. L. Anderson, Indianola, Iowa;
J. M. Brown, St. Charles, Iowa; Dr. Thomas P. Bond, Des Moines, Iowa;
J. H. Chandler, Des Moines, Iowa; J. "W. Clark, Scranton, Iowa; E. B.
Cramblitt, Ames, Iowa; Israel Drought, Des Moines, Iowa; Roger Fink-
bine, Des Moines, Iowa; Sherman L. Kline, Scranton, Iowa; C. A. Ken-
worthy, Des Moines, Iowa; Mrs. A. H. Ketchum, Des Moines, Iowa;
Beatrice Mansfleld, Altoona, Iowa; J. R. McDonald, Des Moines, Iowa;
Tom Oxenfield, Marshalltown, Iowa; Lon Polleck, Afton, Iowa; L. S.
Papousek, Moorland, Iowa; D. W. Rich, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; F. L. Rein-
hard & Sons, Ottumwa, Iowa; C. R. Ranch, Lamoni, Iowa; T. L. Rick-
secker, Rosedale, Kansas; C. W. Reeder, Leon, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort
Atkinson, Wisconsin; Julius Sinn, Williamsburg, Iowa; Anthony Stocker,
Des Moines, Iowa; A. D. Severe, Dows, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloom-
field, Iowa; R. E. Ward, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; E. & A. Walrath, Des
Moines, Iowa; Palisade Park Poultry Farm, Iowa Falls, Iowa.

AWAEDS.

Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

Barred Plymouth Rock Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second (59), J. H.
Chandler; third (18), R. E. Ward.

686 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Barred Plymouth Rock Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts; second (1), F.
L. Reinhard & Son; third (100), J. H. Chandler.

Barred Plymouth Rock Hen — First (27), E. G. Roberts; second (25),
R. E. Ward; third (22), Lon Polloclf.

Barred Plyvwuth Rock Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second (86) and
third (97), J. H. Cliandler.

White Plymouth Rock Cock— First (841), second (900) and third (100),
A. D. Severe.

White Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First (97), A. D. Severe; second, E. G.
Roberts.

White Plymouth Rock Hen— First (838) and second (27), A. D. Severe;
third (12), L. S. Papousek.

White Plymouth Rock Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts; second (147), A. D.
Severe.

Buff Plymouth Rock Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First (33), Peter Hove; second, E. G.
Roberts; third (1074), Palisade Park Poultry Farm.

Buff Plymouth Rock Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Plymouth Rock Pullet — First (29) and second (34), Peter Hove;
third (97077), Palisade Park Poultry Farm.

Partridge Plymouth Rock Cock — First, C. W. Reeder.

Partridge Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First (102) and second (125), C.
W. Reeder.

Partridge Plymouth Rock Hen — First (258), second (342) and third
(330), J. W. Clark.

Partridge Plymouth Rock Pullet — First (57), J. W. Clark; second (6)
and third (8), Mrs. Jessie Alexander.

Silver Wyandotte Cock — First (1), J. R. McDonald.

Silver Wyandotte Cockerel— First (299), second (300) and third (298),
F. F. & V. G. Warner.

Silver Wyandotte Hen— First (297), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (11)
and third (37), J. R. McDonald.

Silver Wyandotte Pullet— First (286), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (38)
and third (20), J. R. McDonald.

Golden Wyandotte Cocfc— First (18), Julius Sinn; second (92), E. G.
Roberts; third (19), Julius Sinn.

Golden Wyandotte Cockerel — First (50), second (48) and third (51),
Julius Sinn.

Golden Wyandotte Hen — First (16) and second (17), Julius Sinn;
third (52), E. G. Roberts.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 687

Golden Wyandotte Pullet— First (46), second (15) and third (47),
Julius Sinn.

White Wyandotte Cocfc— First (3), Dr. Thos. P. Bond; second (4),
Anthony Stocker; third (2), Dr. Thos. P. Bond.

White Wyandotte Cockerel — First (72), J. M. Knowles; second (6) and
third (5), Anthony Stocker.

White Wyandotte Hen — First (81), Beatrice Mansfield; second (78)
and third (46), Dr. Thos. P. Bond.

White Wyandotte Pullet — First (98), Beatrice Mansfield; second, E. G.
Roberts; third (80), Beatrice Mansfield.

Buff Wyandotte Cock— First (143), E. G. Roberts; second (105), A. L.
Anderson.

Buff Wyandotte Cockerel— First (273), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second
(86) and third (84), A. L. Anderson.

Buff Wyandotte Hen— First (89), E. G. Roberts; second (83), A. L. An-
derson; third (272), F. F. & V. G. Warner.

Buff Wyandotte Pullet— First (271), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (97)
and third (80), A. L. Anderson.

Black Wyandotte Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Wyandotte Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Partridge Wyandotte Cock — First (51), Israel Drought; second, E. G.
Roberts.

Partridge Wyandotte Cockerel — First (303), F. F. & V. G. Warner;
second (54), Israel Drought; third (302), F. F. & V. G. Warner.

Partridge Wyandotte Hen — First (53), Israel Drought; second (304),
F. F. & V. G. Warner; third, E. G. Roberts.

Partridge Wyandotte Pullet— First (309), F. F. & V. G. Warner.
Silver Penciled Wyandotte Cock— First (583), F. F. & V. G. Warner.

Silver Penciled Wyandotte Cockerel — First (264) and second (265),
F. F. & V. G. Warner.

Silver Penciled Wyandotte Hen — First (262) and second (585), F. P.
& V. G. Warner.

Silver Penciled Wyandotte Pullet — First (260) and second (261), F. F.
and V. G. Warner.

Columbian Wyandotte Cock— First, E. G. Roberts.

Columbian Wyandotte Hen—First, E. G. Roberts; second (12) and
third (13), E. & A. Walrath.

Columbian Wyandotte Pullet— First (14), E. «6: A. Walrath.

Mottled Java Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Mottled Java Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

688 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

R. C. Dominique Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. Dominique Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. Dominique Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts; third, F. L.
Reinhard & Son.

S. C. Rhode Island Red CocA:— First (23), T. L. Ricksecker; second (37),
Roger Finkbine; tliird (88), E. B. Cramblitt.

8. C. Rhode Island Red Cockerel — First (20), second (34) and third
(35), T. L. Ricksecker.

8. C. Rhode Island Red Hen — First (102), T. L. Ricksecker; second
(91), C. A. Kenworthy; third (260), Reinhard & Son.

8. C. Rhode Island Red Pullet — First (33), T. L. Ricksecker; second
(293), J. M. Brown; third (92), Mrs. A. H. Ketchum.

R. C. Rhode Island Red Cock — First (1), D. W. Rich; second (80) and
third (88), Tom Oxenfield.

7?. C Rhode Island Red Cockerel— First (65), D. W. Rich; second (577),
Sherman L. Kline; third (19), C. R. Ranch.

R. C. Rhode Island Red Hen — First (201) and second (230), Sherman
L. Kline; third (107), D. W. Rich.

R. C. Rhode Island Red Pullet—First (67), Tom Oxenfield; second (58),
D. W. Rich; third (20), C. R. Ranch.

ASIATIC.

EXHIBITOES.

Julius Goldsmith, Osceola, Iowa; Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa; Han-
son's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; R. A. Lundberg, Altoona, Iowa; R. G.
McDuff, Monroe, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Port Atkinson, Wisconsin; R. E.
West, Altoona, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

Light Brahma Cock — First, R. E. West; second, Hanson's Poultry Farm;
third. Weir Hart.

Light Brahma Cockerel — First, second and third. Weir Hart.

Light Brahma Hen — First, Weir Hart; second, R. E. West; third. Weir
Hart.

Light Brahma Pullet — First, second and third. Weir Hart.

Dark Brahma Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Dark Brahma Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 689

Bark, Brahma Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third, Hanson's
Poultry Farm.

Dark BraJima Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Cochin Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. E. West.

Buff Cochin Cockerel — First, Julius Goldsmith.

Buff Cochin Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. E. West.

Buff Cochin Pullet — ^First and second, Julius Goldsmith.

Partridge Cochin Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Partridge Cochin Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. A. Lund-
berg.

Partridge Cochin Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. A. Lundberg;
third, R. E. West.

Partridge Cochin Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. A. Lundberg.

White Cochin Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Cochin Hen — First, E. G. Robert.

Black Cochin Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Cochin Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Langshan Cock — First and second, R. G. McDuff; third, R. E.

West.

Black Langshan Cockerel — First, R. E. West; second. Weir Hart; third,
R. E. West.

Black Langshan Hen— First (86), R. E. West; second, R. G. McDuff;
third, R. G. McDuff.

Black Langshan Pullet — First and second, R. G. McDuff; third, R. E.
West.

White Langshan Cock — First, R. E. West.

White Langshan Cockerel — First and second. Weir Hart.

White Langshan Hen — First (1), R. E. West; second (27), Weir Hart;
third, R. E. West.

White Langshan Pullet — First and second. Weir Hart.

MEDITERRANEAN.

EXHIBITORS.

Brookdale Poultry Farm, Chariton, Iowa; Dr. S. L. Beaver, Harlan,
Iowa; Wib. F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; A, P. Chamberlain, Des Moines,
Iowa; W. O. Coon, Des Moines, Iowa; Francis Dorrell, Luther, Iowa;
R. F. Erwin, Cambridge, Iowa; Mrs. G. B. Frost, Des Moines, Iowa; P.
A. Fosselman, Waverly, Iowa; John Foehr, Clayton, Missouri; Mrs.
44

690 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

R. M. Good, Chariton, Iowa; Chas. E. Hines, Des Moines, Iowa; Hanson's
Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; Jas. H. Jones, Des Moines, Iowa; Ellwyn
Lucas, Des Moines, Iowa; Leghorn Hill Poultry Farm, Des Moines, Iowa;
C. A. Mackey, Nevada, Iowa; Mrs. Howard Niswander, Kinross, Iowa;
W. Patterson, Carlisle, Iowa; Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa; Jno. A. Peter-
son, Pilot Mound, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; Rogers
Ranch, Pleasanton, Iowa; P. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; C. W.
Reeder, Leon, Iowa; Anthony Stocker, Des Moines, Iowa; G. F. Statter,
Sioux City, Iowa; 0. 0. Smith, Des Moines, Iowa; W. H. Topp, West-
gate, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; L. C. West, Dallas Center, Iowa;
I. N. Woodward, Indianola, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge F. H. Shellabarger, West Liberty, Iowa.

/S. C Broimi Leghorn Cock — First (19), E. G. Roberts; second (76) W.
O. Coon; third (57), O. O. Smith.

8. C. Brown Leghorn Cockerel — First (1), second (3) and third (2),
W. Patterson.

S. C. Broton Leghorn Hen — First (64) and second (42), 0. 0. Smith;
third (20), W. Patterson.

S. C. Broivn Leghorn Pullet — First (23) and second (14), W. Patter-
son; third, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. Brown Leghorn Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. Brown Leghorn Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. Brown Leghorn Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. Broivn Leghorn Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second (6), Mrs.
G. B. Frost.

8. C. White Leghorn Cock — First, Walter Perkins; second (7), An-
thony Stocker; third, E. G. Roberts.

8. C. White Leghorn Cockerel — First (9), Anthony Stocker; second, E.
G. Roberts; third (122), Jno. A. Peterson.

8. C. White Leghorn Hen— First (87), Jas. H. Jones; second, Walter
Perkins; third, E. G. Roberts.

8. C. White Leghorn Pullet— First (96), Leghorn Hill Poultry Farm;
second, Walter Perkins; third (77), Leghorn Hill Poultry Farm.

R. C. White Leghorn Cock— First, E. G. Roberts; second (180), Rogers
Ranch.

R. C. White Leghorn Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second (188),
Rogers Ranch; third (3), Mrs. Howard Niswander.

R. C. White Leghorn Hen— First (186), Rogers Ranch; second, E. G.
Roberts.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 691

R. C. White Leghorn PuUct — First and second, E. G. Roberts; third
(19), Rogers Ranch.

S. C. Buff Leghorn Goelc — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Ellwyn Lucas;
third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

/S. C. Buff Leghorn Cockerel — First (3), John Foehr; second (119),
Chas. E. Hines; third (5), John Foehr.

/S. C. Buff Leghorn Hen — First (30), Chas. E. Hines; second and third,
Ellwyn Lucas.

/S. C. Buff Leghorn Pullet — First (8), Jno. Foehr; second, E. G. Roberts;
third (121), Chas. E. Hines.

S. C. Black Leghorn Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

8. C. Black Leghorn Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

8. C. Black Leghorn Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

8. C. Black Leghorn Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

iS. C. Black Minorca Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

8. C. Black Minorca if en— First, E. G. Roberts; second (89) and third
(88), R. E. West.

8. C. Black Minorca Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts; second (30), R. E.
West.

R. C. Black Minorca Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. Black Minorca Cockerel — First (25), F. L. Reinhard & Son; sec-
ond (52), Francis Dorrell; third, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. Black Minorca Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. Black Minorca Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts; second (225), F. L.
Reinhard & Son; third (68), Francis Dorrell.

yS. C. White Minorca Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

8. C. White Minorca Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

8. C. White Minorca Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

(Sf. C. White Minorca Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts.

White Faced Black 8panish Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Faced Black 8pa7iish Cockerel— First (36), R. E. West.

White Faced Black Spanish Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second (86),
Hanson's Poultry Farm; third (43), R. E. West.

Blue Andalusian Cock — First, E. G Roberts; second, Wib. F. Clements;
third, (140) Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Blue Andalusian Cockerel — First, (32) R. E. West, second, E. G.
Roberts; third, Wib. F. Clements.

Blue Andalusian Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Wib. F. Clements.

692 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Blue Andalusian Pullet — First (28), R. E. West; second and third,
Wib. F. Clements.

Mottled Ancona Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Mottled Ancona Cockerel — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Mottled Ancona Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second (3689) and third,
Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Mottled Ancona Pullet — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm;
second, E. G. Roberts.

ENGLISH.

EXHIBITOBS.

Brookdale Poultry Farm, Chariton, Iowa; Dr. S. L. Beaver, Harlan,
Iowa; A. P. Chamberlain, Des Moines, Iowa; R. F. Erwin, Cambridge,
Iowa; P. A. Fosselmann, Waverly, Iowa; Mrs. R. M. Good, Chariton,
Iowa; C. A. Mackey, Nevada, Iowa; C. W. Reeder, Leon, Iowa; E. G.
Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; O. O. Smith, Des Moines, Iowa; G. P.
Statter, Sioux City, Iowa; W. H. Topp, Westgate, Iowa; I. N. Woodward,
Indianola, Iowa.

AVTAEDS.

Judge F. H. Sheixabargeb, West Liberty, la.

White Dorking Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Dorking Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Gray Dorking Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Gray Dorking Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Gray Dorking Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Gray Dorking Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Colored Dorking Cock — First E. G. Roberts.

Colored Dorking Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Colored Dorking Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Colored Dorking Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. Red Cap Cocfc— First, E. G. Roberts.

R. C. Red Cap Hen— First, E. G. Roberts.

8. C. Buff Orpington Cock — First (6547), Dr. S. L. Beaver; second, E.
G.' Roberts; third, (140), G. F. Statter.

S. C. Buff Orpington Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, (20) and
third, (5), W. H. Topp.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 693

A?. C. Buff Orpington Hen— First (143), C. F. Statter; second (83) and
thTrd^(90), Brookdale Poultry Farm.

S. C. Buff Orpington Pullet— First (6), L. C. West; second (52), W. H.
Topp; third, E. G. Roberts.

8. C. Black Orpington Cock— First (448), C. W. Reeder; second, E. G.
RobertsT'third (85), A. P. Chamberlin. "

S. C. Black Orpington Cockerel — First (450) and second (101), C. W.
Reeder; third (63), A. P. Chamberlin.

S. C. Black Orpington Hen — First (123), C. W. Reeder; second (91),
O. O. Smith; third (692), A. P. Chamberlin.

S. C. Black Orpington Pullet— First (122), C. W. Reeder; second (56)
and'third (64),"A. P. Chamberlin. ^"^ "^ ^'-"~

8. C. White Orpington Cock — First (50), I. N. Woodward; second (76),
P. A. Fosselmann; third (401), C. W. Reeder.

8. C. White Orpington Cockerel — First (100), Mrs. R. M. Good; second
(70), I. N. Woodward; third (75), C. A. Mackey.

8. C. White Orpington Hen— First (98), C. W. Reeder; second (9273),
P. A. Fosselmann; third (52), I, N. Woodward.

8. C. White Orpington Pullet— First (81), I. N. Woodward; second (88),
R. F. Erwin; third (72), C. A. Mackey.

POLISH.

EXHIBITOES.

E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; W. B. Sullivan, Chariton,
Iowa.

AWAKDS.

Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

White Crested Black Polish Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Crested Black Polish Cockerel — First, W. B. Sullivan.

White Crested Black Polish Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second (9), and
third (4), W. E. Sullivan.

Bearded Golden Polish Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Bearded Golden Polish Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Bearded Golden Polish Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Bearded Golden Polish Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Bearded 8ilver Polish Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Bearded Silver Polish Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

694 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Bearded Silver Polish Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Bearded Silver Polish Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Bearded White Polish Cock — First, B. G. Roberts.

Bearded White Polish Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Bearded White Polish Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Bearded White Polish Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Laced Polish Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Laced Polish Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Laced Polish Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Laced Polish Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Non-Bearded Golden Polish Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Non-Bearded Golden Polish Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Non-Bearded Golden Polish Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Non-Bearded Golden Polish Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Non-Bearded Silver Polish Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Non-Bearded Silver Polish Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Non-Bearded Silver Polish Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Non-Bearded White Polish Cocfc— First, E. G. Roberts.

Non-Bearded White Polish Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

DUTCH.

EXHIBITORS.

E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis. ]

AWARDS.

JtTDGE W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

Golden Spangled Hamburg Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Spangled Hamburg Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Penciled Hamburg Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Penciled Hamburg Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Penciled Hamburg Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Penciled Hamburg Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Penciled Hamburg Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts.
White Hamburg Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 695

Black Hamburg Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Hamhurg Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Hamburg Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Hamhurg Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

FRENCH.

EXHIBITORS.

Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis.

AWARDS.

Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

Mottled Houclan Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts; tliird, Hanson's
Poultry Farm.

Mottled Houdan Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson's Poultry
Farm.

Black Crevecoeur Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Crevecoeur Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black La Fleche Cocfc— First, E. G. Roberts.

Black La Fleche Cockerel — First and second; E. G. Roberts.

Black La Fleche Hen— First, E. G. Roberts.

Black La Fleche Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

GAMES AND GAME BANTAMS.
EXHIBITORS.

R. E. Baldwin, Osceola, Iowa; W. A. Hutton, Des Moines, Iowa; E. G.
Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis.

AWARDS.

Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

Black Breasted Red Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
Brown Red Game Cock — First, R. E. Baldwin.
Brown Red Game Cockerel — First, R. E. Baldwin.
BroiDn Red Game Hen — First, R. E. Baldwin.
Brown Red Game Pullet — First, R. E. Baldwin.

696 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Golden Duckwing Game Cocfc— First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Duckwing Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Red Pyle Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Game Cocfc— First, E. G. Roberts.

White Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. E. Baldwin.

Black Game Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. E. Baldwin.

B. B. Red Game Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

B. B. Red Game Bantam Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

B. B. Red Game Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

B. B. Red Game Bantam Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Brotvn Red Game Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Brown Red Game Bantam Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Broion Red Game Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Brown Red Game Bantam Pullef — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Ducktving Game Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Duckwing Game Bantam Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Duckwing Game Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Duckwing Game Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Duckwing Game Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Ducktving Game Bantam Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Duckwing Game Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Birchen Game Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Birchen Game Bantam Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Birchen Game Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Birchen Game Bantam Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Red Pyle Game Bantam Cock — First, W. A. Hutton; second, E. G.
Roberts.

Red Pyle Game Bantam Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, W. A.
Hutton.

Red Pyle Game Bantam Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.

Red Pyle Game Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Game Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 697

ORIENTAL GAMES AND BANTAMS.

KXHTBITOBS.

Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis.;
F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa.

AWAEDS.

Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

Cornish Indian Cockerel — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son.

Cornish Indian Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Indian Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second, E. G.
Roberts.

White Indian Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Indian Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second, E. G. Roberts.

White Indian Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Sumatra Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Sumatra Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

ORNAMENTAL GAMES AND BANTAMS.
EXHIBITOBS.

Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; E. G.
Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis.; Palisade Park Poultry Farm, Iowa Falls,
Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

Golden Seabright Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Seabright Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Seabright Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Golden Seabright P«ZZef— First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Seabright Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Seabright Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Silver Seabright Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson's Poultry
Farm.

Silver Seabright Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Rose Comb Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

698 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

White Rose Comb Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
White Rose Comb Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
■Black Rose Comb Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Rose Comb Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Rose Comb Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Rose Comb Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts.
White Booted Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
White Booted Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Light Brahma Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson's Poultry-
Farm.

Light Brahma Hen — First and second Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Dark Brahma Cock — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Dark Brahma Hen — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Buff Cochin Cock— First, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Cochin Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Cochin Hen — First, R. E. West; second, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Cochin Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. E. West.

White Cochin Cock — First, R. E. West.

White Cochin Cockerel — First, R. E. West.

White Cochin Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second, R. E. West.

White Cochin Pullet— First, R. E. West.

Black Cochin Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. E. West.

Black Cochin Cockerel — First, E, G. Roberts.

Black Cochin Hen — First, R. E. West; second, E. G. Roberts.

Black Cochin Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. E. West.

Black Tailed Japanese Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Palisade
Park Poultry Farm.

Black Tailed Japanese Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Palisade
Park Poultry Farm.

Black Tailed Japanese Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson's
Poultry Farm.

Black Tailed Japanese Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Palisade
Park Poultry Farm.

White Japanese Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Japanese Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Japanese Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 699

MISCELLANEOUS.

EXHIBITOES.

E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.

AWABDS.

Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

White Silkie Cocfc— First, E. G. Roberts.
White Silkie Hen— First, E. G. Roberts.
White Sultan Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Any Color Frizzle Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Any Color Frizzle Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
Any Color Frizzle Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
Any Color Frizzle Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

CAPONS.

EXHIBITOES.

Harry L. Berry, Des Moines, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

Any Variety Capons — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second, Harry L.
Berry.

EXHIBITION PENS.

AWABDS.

Barred Plymouth Rock Foicls — First, E. G. Roberts.

Barred Plymouth Rock Chicks — First, R. E. Ward.

Bu-ff Plymouth Rock Chicks — First, Peter Hove; second, Wib. F. Clem-
ents.

White Plymouth Rock Fowls — First, A. D. Severe.

White Plymouth Rock Chicks — A. D. Severe.

Silver Wyandotte Fowls — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, Walter
M. Perkins; third, M. A. Hauge.

700 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Silver Wyandotte Chicks— First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, J. R.
McDonald.

Golden Wyandotte Fowls— First, Julius Sinn; second, F. F. & V. G.
Warner; third, A. L. Anderson:

Golden Wyandotte Chicks— First, Julius Sinn; second, A. L. Anderson;
third, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

White Wyandotte Fowls — First, Dr. Thos. P. Bond; second, Beatrice
Mansfield; third. Dr. Thos. P. Bond.

White Wyandotte Chicks — First, A. J. Smith; second, Beatrice Mans-
field; third. Dr. Thos. P. Bond.

Buff Wyandotte Fowls — First, A. L. Anderson.

Buff Wyandotte Chicks — First, A. L. Anderson; second, F. F. & V. G.
Warner; third, A. L. Anderson.

Columbia Wyandotte Foxvls — First and second, E. & A. Walrath.

Partridge Wyandotte Fowls — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, Israel
Drought.

R. C. R\ode Island Red Fowls — First, D. W. Rich; second, Tom Oxen-
field; third, D. W. Rich.

R. C. Rhode Island Red Chicks — First, D. W. Rich; second, C. W. Howell;
third, C. R. Rauch.

8. C. Rhode Island Red Fowls — First, A. Wick; second, F. L. Reinhard
& Son; third, E. B. Cramhlit.

8. C. Rhode Island Red Chicks — First, J. C. Sandmier; second and third,
T. L. Ricksecker.

Light Brahma Foiols — First, Weir Hart.

Light Brahma Chicks — First, Weir Hart.

Partridge Cochin Fowls — First, Miss E. M. Brinckler.

Partridge Cochin Chicks — First, Miss E. M. Brinckler; second, R. A.
Lundberg.

Buff Orpington Fowl — First, Brookdale Poultry Farm; second, L. C.
West; third, F. L. Reinhard & Son.

Buff Orpington Chicks — First, H. T. Parrar; second. Dr. S. L. Beaber;
third, L. C. West.

Black Langshan Fowls — First, R. E. West.

Black Langshan Chicles — First, R. E. West.

8. C. White Leghorn Fowls — First, C. W. Howell; second, Jas. H. Jones.

8. C. White Leghorn Chicks — First, Leghorn Hill Poultry Farm; second

Beatrice Mansfield; third, C. W. Howell.

R. C. White Leghorn Fowls — First, Rogers Ranch.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 701

R. C. White Leghorn Chicks — First, Rogers Ranch.

S. C. Brown Leghorn Fowls — First, W. O. Coon.

S. C. Brown Leghorn Chicks — First, W. 0. Coon.

Black Minorca Fowls — First, Francis Dorrell; second, F. L. Reinhard
& Son.

Black Minorca Chicks — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son.

PIGEONS.

EXHIBITOES.

F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; Wib. F. Clements, Agency, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge W. S. Rtjssell, Ottumwa, Iowa.

Pair Tumiler Pigeons — First and second, F. L. Reinhard & Son.
Pair Turhet Pigeons — First and second, F. L. Reinhard & Son.
Pair Homing Pigeons — First and second, Wib. F. Clements.
Pair Swalloto Pigeons — First and second, Wib. F. Clements.

TURKEYS.

EXHIBITORS.

J. H. Allen, Walnut, Iowa; Hardessen Bros., Des Moines, Iowa; R. H.
Longworth, Polk City, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin;
J. C. Watts, Berwick, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge F. H. Shellabarger, West Liberty, Iowa.

Bronze Turkey Cock — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, Hardessen
Bros.

Bronze Turkey Cockerel — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, J. C.
Watts; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

Bronze Turkey Hen — First, J. C. Watts; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner;
third, J. C. Watts.

Bronze Turkey Pullet — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

Narragansett Turkey Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

702 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Narragansett Turkey Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Narragansett Turkey Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Narragansett Turkey Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Turkey Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Turkey Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Buff Turkey Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts.

Slate Turkey Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Turkey Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. H. Allen; third,
R. H. Longworth.

White Turkey Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. H. Longworth.

White Turkey Hen— First, J. H. Allen; second, E. G. Roberts; third,
J. H. Allen.

White Turkey Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. H. Longworth.

Black Turkey Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Turkey Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Turkey Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Turkey Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.

DUCKS.

EXHIBITOES.

D. M. Dickey, Des Moines, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa;
F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis-
consin; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloomfleld, Iowa.

AWARDS.

JuDGK F. H. Shellabaeger, West Liberty, Iowa.

White Pekin Drake, Old— First, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

White Pekin Drake, Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. F. & V. G.
Warner; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

White Pekin Duck, Old — First and second, F. F. & V. G. Warner.

White Pekin Duck, Young— First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. F. & V. G.
Warner.

White Aylesbury Drake, Old— First, E. G. Roberts.

White Aylesbury Drake, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Colored Rouen Drake, Old— First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson's Poul-
try Farm.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 703

Colored Rouen Brake, Young — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second,
E. G. Roberts.

Colored Rouen Duck, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Colored Rouen Duck, Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson's
Poultry Farm.

Black Cayuga Drake, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Cayuga Drake, Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Cayuga Duck, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black Cayuga Duck, Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

Gray Call Drake, Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, D. M. Dickey.

Gray Call Drake, Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

Gray Call Duck, Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, D. M. Dickey.

Gray Call Duck, Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black East India Drake, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Black East India Duck, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Colored Muscovy Drake, Old — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second,

E. G. Roberts.

Colored Muscovy Drake, Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

Colored Muscovy Duck, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Colored Muscovy Duck, Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson's
Poultry Farm.

White Muscovy Drake, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Muscovy Drake, Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Muscovy Duck, Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson's Poul-
try Farm.

White Muscovy Duck, Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson's
Poultry Farm.

Indian Runner Drake, Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third,

F. L. Reinhard & Son.

Indian Runner Drake, Young — First, second and third, F. L. Reinhard
& Son.

Indian Runner Duck, Old — First (29), second and third, F. L. Rein-
hard & Son.

Indian Runner Duck. Young — First and second, F. L. Reinhard & Son;
third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Blue Swedish Drake, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Blue Swedish Duck, Old— First, E. G. Roberts.

704 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

GEESE.

EXHIBITOES.

D. M. Dickey, Des Moines, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa;
E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; W.
W. Seeley, Stuart, Iowa; L. A. Taylor, Des Moines, Iowa; Weir Hart,
Bondurant, Iowa.

AWAEDS.

Judge F. H. Shellabargee, West Liberty, Iowa.

Gray Toulouse Gander, Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, L. A. Taylor.

Gray Toulouse Gander, Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. E.
West; third, L. A. Taylor.

Gray Toulouse Goose, Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, L. A. Taylor.

Gray Toulouse Goose, Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. E. West;
third, L. A. Taylor.

White Emhden Gander, Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. L. Rein-
hard & Son; third. Weir Hart.

White Emhden Gander, Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. L.
Reinhard & Son.

White Emiden Goose, Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. L. Rein-
hard & Son; third. Weir Hart.

White Emdden Goose, Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. L.
Reinhard & Son.

Gray African Gander, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Gray African Goose, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Brown Chinese Gander, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Brown Chinese Gander, Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

Brown Chinese Goose, Old — First, E. G. Roberts.

Broivn Chinese Goose, Young — First, E. G. Roberts.

White Chinese Gander, Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third,
W. W. Seeley.

White Chinese Gander, Young — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

White Chinese Goose, Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third, W.
W. Seeley.

White Chinese Goose, Young — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Gray, Wild or Canadian Gander, Old — First, D. M. Dickey.

Gray, Wild or Canadian Gander, Young — First, D. M. Dickey.

Gray, Wild or Canadian Goose, Old — First, D. M. Dickey.

Gray. Wild or Canadian Goose, Young — First, D. M. Dickey.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 705

EGG LAYING CONTEST.

EXHIBITOBS.

Wib. F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; R. W. Fasken, Colfax, Iowa; P. A.
Fosselman, Waverly, Iowa; Leghorn Hill Poultry Farm, Des Moines,
Iowa; Walter Perkins, Ames, Iowa; E. T. Roberts, Des Moines, Iowa;
J. C. Sandmier, Waukee, Iowa; L. D. Weinhart, Ankeny, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge E. L. Beck. Des Moines, Iowa.

Egg Laying Contest — First, E. T. Roberts; second, R. W. Fasken; third,
P. A. Fosselman; fourth, J. C. Sandmier.

45

706

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

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708

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SCORING IN GIRLS' COOKING CONTEST, IOWA STATE FAIR, 1911,
FOR IOWA STATE COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP.

Name

Address

Steak and Bis-
cuits

.2 ft-*

(DIM

a o

Florence Draper —
Lillian O. Taff —
Annie L. Heidman
Nina Hester

Des Moines ..

Panora

Granger

Dallas Center

PART XII.

REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS

BY

COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETIES IN IOWA

1911

ADAIR.

W. W. WEST, GBEENFIELD, SEPTEilBEE 27, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Dry; crops are of good quality
but the yield was below the average.

Corn — Quality good; yield only two-thirds of a crop.

Oats — Quality good; average crop.

Wheat — Good, especially winter wheat.

Rye — Not much raised.

Barley — None to speak of.

Hay — None.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Good, but not much grown.

Sorgum — Good.

Clover — Good crop.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Very light yield.

yegetah les — Average.

Apples — Best crop in years.

Other Fruits — Average.

Cattle — Light average on account of short pasturage.

Horses — Up to standard.

Swine — Up to the average.

Sheep — Up to the average.

Poultry — Good.

Bees — Not quite so many as usual.

710 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Drainage — Above the average. '

Other Industries — Good.

Lands — Increasing some.

Report of Fair — Held at Greenfield, September 12, 13, and 14, inclusive.

■ ^ ADAMS.

GEO. E. BLISS, CORNING, OCTOBER, 1911.

Corn — Will yield about one-half a crop; that on new land or sod will
make a little more and that on stalk ground a little less. Good quality.

Oats — Yielded 21 bushels; quality excellent.

Wheat — Averaged 26 bushels for winter and 91/^ for spring. A large
acreage of winter wheat is being drilled this fall.

Rye — Very little rye raised. Twenty-two bushels was harvested per acre.

Barley — Cut short by the drouth, but yielded on the average of 23 bushels
per acre and the quality was excellent.

Flax — None raised in this county.

Buckwheat — Only three fields in the county, but the yield was IZVz
bushels per acre.

Millet — Very little sown — cut half a ton per acre.

Sorgum — Extra good; promises big returns in molasses.

Timothy — Pine quality; yielded nearly one ton per acre.

Clover — Yielded well; excellent quality; being baled and shipped out.

Prairie Hay — Fine this year. Acreage small.

Potatoes — Nearly a failure; tubers about as large as walnuts.

Vegetables — Small yield but excellent quality.

Apples — Largest crop in ten years; beautifully colored.

Other Fruits — 'Strawberries, raspberries and blackberries almost a total
failure.

Cattle — Small number but in good, thrifty condition.

Horses — Farms are well stocked and they are in fine condition.

Swine — The usual number; no disease to speak of now, although some
died last spring.

Sheep — More than the usual number; all are thrifty and fat.

Poultry — Adams county excels in fine poultry. More at the county fair
this year than ever before.

Bees — Honey in abundance this year.

Drainage — Great deal of tile in this county.

Other Industries — ^Creameries are flourishing. Seventy-five per cent of
the farmers sell cream.

Lands— Changing hands at from $75.00 to $150.00 per acre.

Report of Fair— Held at Corning, September 11, 12, 13, 14, inclusive.

ALLAMAKEE.

J. E. O'BRIEN, WAUKON, OCTORER 10, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season— Season .opened favorably, all
crops grew rapidly during April and May and the first days of June. After

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII til

that, until August 1st, it was hot and dry. After the first of August we
had abundant and excessive rainfall, damaging stack grain to some extent.
No killing frost at this date.

Corn — The finest all-around crop ever produced in this country; is now
well matured, stands up well; yield will be above the average and the qual-
ity, excellent.

Oats — Matured too rapidly on account of the hot winds and dry weather.
Grain very small, will weigh from 20 to 30 pounds per bushel; average
yield 30 to 35 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Good average crop, about 20 bushels per acre; quality good.

Rye — Acreage very limited in this county. A good average crop of ex-
cellent quality; will average about 22 bushels per acre.

Barley — Acreage large; matured too rapidly on account of hot, dry
weather. Grain smaller than usual; color good; will average from 25 to
SO bushels per acre. Crop very satisfactory to farmers on account of the
high price.

Flax — Not many acres in the county. That which was sown on good soil
and was well cultivated made an average crop; about 10 or 12 bushels
per acre.

Buckivheat — Acreage limited. Grain well filled; quality good; will
probably be injured by the excessive rainfall. Will average about 17
bushels per acre.

Millet — Very few acres; what there is is good. Crop grown only for
feed.

Sorghum — Crop a little below the average on account of drouth;
grown here exclusively for molasses. Crop has all been saved and

Timothy — Not over half a crop; poor conditions, caused by the 1910
crushed and is considered a profitable crop by producers. »

and 1911 drouth. In some localities the crop was entirely destroyed
by dry weather. Large per cent cut and threshed for seed; yield from
2 to 4 bushels per acre.

Clover — Old stand destroyed by the 1910 drouth; nearly all of the
1911 seeding killed by the hot, dry weather in June and July; that sown
latest may make a stand.

Prairie Hay — Very few acres in the county; crop very light but of
good quality.

Other Grains and Grasses — Mississippi River slough and island hay
very good. On account of low water the past season a large amount was
cut and cured.

Potatoes — Most of the early varieties blighted by the heat and drouth
of June and July. All late kinds very good. Yield will be about the
average for this county.

Vegetables — Generally good; except early cabbage which was Injured
by bugs, worms and other vermin; also took second growth after rains
in July and August.

Apples — Largest crop ever gathered in this county. Early varieties
practically wasted, no market here for them.

712 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Other Fruits— All kinds of grapes and plums; plenty of raspberries,
but blackberries, strawberries, and cherries were but about one-half a
crop; quality was good.

Cattle — Conditions generally very good; no epidemic disease; only an
exceptional case of tuberculosis. Good milch cows in good demand at
about $50.00 per head, or higher. The demand for butchering and feeding
stock exceeds the supply; some are being shipped from Dakota.

Horses — Generally healthy and in good condition; good demand for
all kinds, especially farm and draft horses. A great many shipped from
the county to Chicago, and other eastern and northern points.

Swine — General condition good; no cholera or other epidemic reported
for several years. Farms are well stocked; many finely bred herds. De-
mand and prices good for all breeds.

Sheep — Sheep breeding making slow but sure progress; many finely
bred flocks in the county. The demand exceeds the supply for every
purpose. Mutton very scarce at any price. The 1911 clip was very
satisfactory and the general conditions very good.

Poultry — All varieties quite extensively raised on the farms, especially
chickens and turkeys are increasing rapidly; considerable attention paid
to breeding. Demand and prices good.

Bees — Swarms generally healthy. Only about half the usual amount
of honey produced, owing to the lack of both red and white clover.

Drainage — The county has no artificial drainage to speak of and needs
none. Has good ample natural drainage through its system of natural
streams which flow into the Mississippi on the eastern border.

Other Industries — An inexhaustible supply of iron ore is located about
three miles northeast of Waukon in the center of the county and is
now being developed and operated. There is also a small but complete
wood-working factory located at New Albin, which turns out a very
superior quality of work, including interior finish, bank fixtures, etc.
Also have several button factories.

Lands — Soil very productive, producing all kinds of grain, corn and
vegetables raised in the temperate zones. Is especially well adapted for
the growing of red clover and blue grass. Black top soil with deep yellow
clay subsoil, probably the best soil in the United States for retaining
moisture. This county has never had a crop failure and produced good
average crops in 1910 and 1911 with practically no rain during the months
of June and July. Price varies according to location and whether the
land is rough or smooth. Good prairie land will sell for as high as $125.00
per acre in the western part of the county and in the eastern part good
stock farms may be had for from $35.00 to $50.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — The fair was held at Waukon on September 5th to 8th,
inclusive, and on account of excessive rains was held over one day. Con-
sidering the unfavorable weather we had a very successful fair; all de-
partments were well represented by exhibits of excellent quality. $2,000
was expended on improvements this year and the receipts from all sources
were about $3,000.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 713

AUDUBON.

L. C. CXJBTIS, AUDUBON, OCTOBEE 16, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops not very good on account
of dry weather during the growing season.

Corn — About one-half a crop.

Oats — Were very uneven but the quality was good.

Wheat — The best wheat we have had for many years, especially winter
wheat.

Barley — Was good and was harvested and threshed without getting any
rain.

Sorghum — Very little raised.

Timothy — ^Very good crop in this county.

Clover — Lots of clover raised every year.

Prairie Hay — Very little in the county.

Potatoes — Crop is very short this year on account of drouth.

Vegetables — ^Very short crop.

Apples — One of the largest crops that we ever had in the county.

Other Fruits — Fair crop of all kinds except strawberries, which were
short.

Cattle — A good many are being raised and they are of a much better
grade than a few years ago.

Horses — Quite a horse county. Horses are shipped from here to Chi-
cago, St. Louis and Kansas City by the local buyers. Carload after car-
load goes out of here every year. ,

Swine — There are a great many large hog breeders in this county.
There has been very little disease this year.

Sheep — A great many are raised in this county at present.

Poultry — Quite an industry here; great many shipped out each year.

Bees — Very few.

Drainage — This county has good drainage.

Other Industries — Very few other industries. We have a sweet com
canning factory, which does a good business.

Lands — Steadily going higher in price and the farms are being mproved
each year.

Report of Fair — Held at Audubon. The fair this year was a good one.
Paid out in good shape and had a little left. Our dates were September
19th to 22d, inclusive.

BENTON.

SOL WHITE, VINTON, OCTOBER, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Average 60 bushels per acre.
Oats — Average 30 bushels per acre.
Wheat — Average 25 bushels or more per acre.
Rye — 20 bushels per acre.

714 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Barley — 30 bushels per acre.
Flax — None.

Sorghum — Not much planted.
Timothy — Fair to medium.
Clover — Poor.

Potatoes — Early ones poor; late ones good.
VegetaMes — Good.
Apples — Big crop.
Other Fruits — Big crop.
Cattle — Good.
Horses — Good.
Swine — Good and healthy.
Sheep — Good many small flocks.
Poultry — Good and healthy.
Drainage — Good.

Lands— Prices high. $150.00 to $200.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Hel^^" at Vinton, September 5th to 9th, inclusive. Bad
weather.

BLACK HAWK.

H. B. LTZEE, LA POKTE CITY, OCTOBER 31, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Rather dry in the early part
of the season, but enough rain fell to give the crops a fair growth;
corn did especially well.

Corn — Good crop, possibly up to, or a little better, than a ten-year
average.

Oats — Little below the average yield in some localities, but the quality
was good.

Wheat — Good crop and more than the average acreage of both spring
and winter varieties.

Rye — Not a large acreage but the yield and quality were excellent.

Barley — Small acreage but good quality.

Flax — Very little raised in this country.

Buckwheat — Fair crop but not much grown.

Millet — Very little grown.

Sorghum — Good, but not much grown.

Timothy — Crop below the average; considerable cut for seed.

Clover — Much of it winter-killed, but where the crop stood the winter
the yield was good.

Prairie Hay — Short crop.

Potatoes — Early ones made very poor yields; some varieties of early
planting a failure. Fall rains made the late potatoes a fair crop.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Best crop in years; could not dispose of fall apples. Many
good winter varieties.

Other Fruits — Plums in some localities; abundant crop of cherries.

Report of Fair— Held at La Porte City, October 3d to 6th, inclusive,
and was financially a failure on account of extremely bad weather. -_.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 715

BREMER.

D. A. LONG, WAVEKLY, IOWA, OCTOBER 28, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — All good except meadows, pas-
tures and potatoes.

Corn — 120 per cent yield.

Oats — 100 per cent yield.

Wheat — Little grown, but what there was, was good.

Rye — 100 per cent.

Barley — 125 per cent.

Sorghum — Good yield but very small acreage.

Timothy — 50 per cent.

Clover — 50 per cent.

Prairie Hay — 50 per cent.

Potatoes — 40 per cent.

Vegetables — 90 per cent.

Apples — 140 per cent.

Other Fruits — 150 per cent of plums.

Cattle — Normal.

Horses — Normal.

Sivine — Normal and free from disease.

Sheep — Pew kept; quality good.

Poultry — Normal; some sickness, but generally healthful and doing
well.

Drainage — Not much done this year. The drouth the past two years'
has put a check on draining. •

Lands — In good condition; selling for $75.00 to $200.00.

Report of Fair— Held at Waverly, September 25th to 29. 1911. Weather
good and both the exhibits and attendance taxed the facilities of the
association to the utmost. Total paid attendance, including evenings,
33,354. The financial outcome was very satisfactory; the improvements
for 1911, aggregating $4,639.17, being substantially paid for out of the
profits.

BOONE.

W. C. TREXOjVK, OGDEX, SEPTEMBER 26, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops not up to the average
on account of no rain at the proper time. While some parts of the
county have good crops, other parts have .only about a half a crop.

Corn — General quality of the corn is good and will average two-thirds
of a crop.

Oats — Will average from twenty to forty bushels per acre; quality
good.

Wheat — Not much grown but the quality is very good.

Rye — None. '

Barley — ^None.

716 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Good but not much raised.

Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — Very light crop on account of dry weather.

Clover — Some very good fields of clover; some very light.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — None.

Potatoes — Very light crop.

YcgetaWes — Good.

Apples — Good. :

Other Fruits — Very good.

Cattle — A large number are fatted; not many raised.

Horses — Good grade of horses raised; a large number shipped out
every year.

Swine — One of the principal industries. Many prominent breeders
reside in this county.

Sheep — Not many raised.

Poultry — A big industry; eggs are shipped out by car loads.

Bees — Not many in the county.

Drainage — Mile after mile of tile put in each year.

Other Industries — Have been at a standstill for the last year on account
of the strike at the mines.

Lands — ^Advancing in price each year.

Report of Fair — Held at Ogden, September 13th to 15th, inclusive.
Very good fair. Had no horse racing, but plenty of good free attractions
and they gave good satisfaction.

BOONE.

JOHN S. CKOOKS, BOONE, OCTOSEB 20, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops fair; Season dry and
warm.

Corn — Fair crop; some sections yielded a good crop, others poor.

Oats — Fair yield, about 40 to 50 bushels per acre, quality good.

Wheat — Good crop; not much raised.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — None raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Small amount raised; fair crop.

Millet — Good crop.

Sorghum — Fair crop.

Timothy — About one-half a crop.

Clover — ^Poor; about one-half a crop.

Prairie Hay — Poor; about one-half a crop.

Potatoes — Very poor crop.

Vegetables — Very good crop; especially late vegetables.

Apples — Big crop; apples not very large.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 717

Other Fruits — Fair crop.

Cattle — As to breeding and feeding conditions are about normal.

Horses — Large number of fine horses brought into the county.

Swine — In healthy condition; average number.

Sheep — Good condition; small number.

Poultry — Large numbers of fine poultry raised.

Bees — Not many in county.

Drainage — Large amount of tile being put in; some very large drains.

Other Industries — A number of new coal mines opened in this county.

Lands — Increasing in value; a number of farms changing hands but
not as many as last year.

Report of Fair — Held at Boone, September 19th to 21st, inclusive. A
very fair attendance considering the wet weather. The finest exhibit
of stock and poultry we have ever had.

BUCHANAN.

A. G. EIGBY, INDEPENDENCE, OCTOBEE 30, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — ^Excellent. Lack of moisture
in the early part of the season cut down the hay crop but later rains
brought out the grass for fall feed in fine shape.

Corn — Is not only above the average in yield but is at least from two to
four weeks earlier than last year in point of maturity.

Oats — Fair yield and quality good where harvested and protected from
fall rains. Crop was lighter this year than last, both as to quality and
quantity.

Wheat — Acreage much larger than last year and quality good. In many
cases the yield is even beyond 25 bushels per acre.

Rye — Good average crop in both yield and quality. All small grain
that was left in the shock was damaged to some extent by the fall rains.

Barley — Good.

Flax — None raised, so far as I know.

Buckwheat — Acreage small; yield and quality good.

Millet — Good crop but not a large acreage.

Sorghum — Not an important crop in this county.

Timothy — Light yield on account of dry season, but quality first class.

Clover — Good quality but only a fair yield on account of dry season.

Prairie Hay — Not much in the county but a fair crop where raised.

Other Grains and Grasses — No other grasses except pasture, which was
short on account of drouth. Fall rains, however, have made excellent
pasturage.

Potatoes — Early potatoes practically a failure on account of the"lack~of
moisture. Late potatoes are fair.

Vegetables — Short crop on account of dry season but where properly
tended the quality and yield was good.

Apples — Largest crop in years — far above the average in quality and
quantity.

718 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Other Fruits — Quality fine; all kinds abundant.

Cattle — Doing well; free from disease.

Horses — In a healthy condition and more attention is being paid to
breeding, particularly heavy horses. No epidemics.

Swine — Generally thrifty and free from disease.

8hee,p — Thrifty and doing well where raised. Not generally raised
throughout the county.

Poultry — Large number and free from disease.

Bees — Not many but they have made an abundance of late honey.

Drainage — Considerable tiling being done this season.

Other Industries — Practically no other industries outside of agricul-
tural and mercantile activity. Conditions are go.od and business of all
kinds prosperous.

Lands — Valued at from $7.5.00 to $200.00 per acre, according to location
and improvements.

Report of Fair — Held at Independence, August 22, 23, 24 and 25. A very
successful and satisfactory fair, both from the viewpoint of the manage-
ment and the public.

BUENA VISTA.

C. H. WEGERSLEV, ALTA, OCTOBER 10, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The forepart of the summer
of 1911 was dry and hot. The spring was early and farm work of all
kinds was expedited by the seasonable weather. During the months .of
May and June the temperature was unseasonable, and no precipitation
fell, put during the latter part of the crop season the conditions improved
and the fall proved ideal for crop maturity.

Corn — Corn proved an excellent yield. In spite of early conditions and
lack of moisture, the fields stood the excessive heat and turned out well.

Oats — The yield of early oats was not good but late oats proved to be
of fine quality and an excellent yield. The kernels were heavy and plump,
weighing in excess of machine measure.

Wheat — ^Little wheat raised in the county, but of excellent quality where
raised.

Rye — No rye raised in the county to speak of but what little there was,
was of good quality.

Barley — Same as rye.

Flax — 'Some flax raised on old pasture e;round where broken up. Of
good yield and quality.

Buckwheat — No buckwheat raised.

Millet — The late planted millet proved an excellent fodder crop and
a very heavy yield.

Sorghum — Little raised.

Timothy — Owing to the dry weather the timothy crop was light but of
good quality.

Clover — For the same reason, a light crop. The fall rains proved bfc^ie-
ficial to clover culture.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 719

Prairie Hay — None in the county.

Other Grai^is and Grasses — Hay crop generally light on account of dry
weather.

Potatoes — Early planted potatoes light crop, but late fields yielded well
and the quality was excellent.

Vegetables — Fine; the early spring was favorable to early planting.

Apples — The largest crop in many years was harvested this season.
Thousands of bushels were wasted, as there was no demand for same.

Other Fruits — All fruits, including berries, were of excellent yield and
quality.

Cattle — Cattle were thin during the early summer because of short
pasturage, but late rains brought this out and cattle are in fine condition.

Horses — High in price and scarce in number.

Sicine — The dry season and fine spring favored farrowing and swine
conditions are ideal. The largest showing of hogs at the county fair
ever seen.

Poultry — Conditions favorable and much poultry raised.

Drainage — The dry year made drainage unnecessary, but low fields were
drained to an extent because of favorable conditions.

Other Industries — Business good. Building in the county extensive and
much improvement in farm conditions.

Lands — Not much land changed hands this year, but the prices were
maintained and in some instances raised in price from $5.00 to $15.00
per acre.

Report of Fair — The Buena Vista County Fair was held at Alta, August
15th to 18th, inclusive, and while the exhibits and attractions proved good,
the attendance fell off, owing to causes over which the management had no
control. The financial outcome of the fair was not encouraging.

BUTLER.

W. C. SHEPAKD, ALLISOX, IOWA, OCTOBER 10, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Mostly good; some crops were
hurt by the dry weather during the summer.

Corn — Generally an average crop. That on dry land was hurt some by
the drouth, but all ripened in good condition.

Oats — About an average crop. That on sandy land hurt by drouth.
Grasshoppers took a great deal in the eastern portion of the county. Qual-
ity of grain and straw good.

Wheat — Generally a good crop; above the average. Not much raised in
the county, but the acreage is increasing year by year.

Rye — Not much rye raised; about the average quality. Selling high.

Barley — Not much raised. It is of good quality and is selling high.

Flax — I do not know of any flax in the county.

Buckwheat — I do not know of any buckwheat in the county, but should
think it a very poor year for this crop .on account of the many rains
during the first part of October.

720 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Sorghum — But very little sorghum, but what there is, is good and was
taken to the mill in good condition.

Timothy — Short and thin on account of the early drouth. About two
thirds of the average crop.

Clover — Total failure of new seedings but the fall rains have helped
that which survived the dry weather.

Prairie Hay — ^Not much left but what there is, is good.

Potatoes — Early potatoes, very short crop. The late ones are a good
crop.

Vegetal>les — Did very well.

Apples — The best crop for many years.

Cattle — ^^Good demand for cattle and they are selling high.

Horses — Average supply and demand. Many good ones in the county.

Swine — ^A very good year for swine. No sickness to speak of.

Sheep — About the same as usual; not many in the county.

Poultry — Eggs did not hatch as well as usual; not much sickness.

Bees — Were killed by the severe winter; not many stands survived until
spring. There is but very little honey to be obtained and it is selling high.

Drainage — Progressing rapidly.

Other Industries — Normal.

Lands — Raising in value and selling up to $150.00 per acre for im-
proved farms.

Report of Fair — Held at Allison, September 12th to 14th, inclusive.
Weather conditions were not very favorable. Largest total attendance
in the history of the fair and we came out even financially.

CALHOUN.

T. GEIFFIN, MANSON, OCTOBER 1, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops fairly good; early part
of summer too dry.
Corn — Average yield.
Oats — From 40 to 50 bushels per acre.
Buckwheat — Good.
Millet — Extra good.
Timothy — Light crop.
Clover — ^Light.
Prairie Hay — Light.

Potatoes — Early ones a failure; late ones good.
Apples — Big crop.

Other Fruits — Dry weather injured small fruit.
Cattle — In good condition; late rains have made good pastures.
Horses — Usual number and in good condition.
Swine — Lots of spring pigs.
Sheep — In good condition.

Poultry — County full .of chickens; no disease reported.
Bees — Failure.
Drainage — ^Land well tiled.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 721

Lands — But very little changing hands; selling from $125 to $175 per
acre.

Report of Fair — Held the 22nd to 25th of August, inclusive, at Man-
son. All departments were well filled; unusually good display of stock;
weather fine and crowds good.

CALHOUN.

A. J. HUNTEE, EOCKWELL CITY, OCTOBER, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Average crop except in a small
portion of the county that was struck by a hail storm. The season was
dry during June and July.

Corn — Good, except in the northeastern part of the county, where it
was hurt by hail. Average 40 to 60 bushels per acre.

Oats — Same as corn; average 35 to 60 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Fair; small acreage.

Rye — Not much raised.

Barley — A fair crop but not much raised.

Fla£ — Making a good yield .on new land. Crop somewhat late.

Bnckivheat — Good.

Millet — Good crop.

Timothy — Did not exceed one-half a crop; season was too dry.

Clover — Pastures good; lots of late second growth.

Prairie Hay — Somewhat light but first class quality.

Potatoes — Very light yield.

Vegetables — Plenty of vegetables and of good quality.

Apples — ^Lots of apples, especially the fall varieties.

Other Fruits — Largest crop of plums and cherries we have had for
years.

Cattle — In fine condition and better quality than ever before.

Horses — Lots of good horses and fine colts.

Sivine — Somewhat under the average in quality but lots of fall pigs.

Sheep — An increasing industry.

Poultry — Increasing each year; a fine variety in this county.

Drainage — Do not believe any other county in the state has more
drainage districts than this county; in fact we are pretty well tiled out.

Lands — About $10.00 higher than a year ago; price ranges from $125.00
to $175.00 per acre.

Report of Fair— Held at Rockwell City, July 25-28th. This is our
fourth year and while it was very dry and dusty we had the biggest
crowds and the most exhibits we have ever had.

CARROLL.

CHAS. M. RUSSELL, CAKEOLL, KOVKMBEB 7, 1911.

General Conditions of Crops and Season — One-half average crop. Sea-
son very dry.
46

722 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

(jorn — Two-thirds of a crop; about 30 to 35 bushels per acre; fair
quality.

Oats — One-half crop; 25 to 30 bushels per acre; quality light.

Wheat — 15 to 20' bushels per acre; quality excellent. Winter wheat
good.

Rye — Not enough grown to estimate.

Barley — One-half crop. 15 to 20 bushels per acre. Color and quality
good.

Flax — 8 to 10 bushels per acre; quality fair.

Buckwheat — Not grown.

Millet — Light for hay; no seed crop here.

Sorghum — Fair.

Timothy — Very light; quality good.

Clover — One-half hay crop; good seed crop, yielding from one to three
bushels per acre.

Prairie Hay — Good.

Other Grains and Grasses — Pasture very poor.

Potatoes — One-half crop; from 50 to 100 bushels per acre. Late potatoes
are of good quality.

Yegetahles — Short.

Apples — Extra fine and a big crop.

Other Fruits — Fair.

Cattle — A decrease in number.

Horses — An increase in number and prices are higher.

Swine — An average crop; very little sickness.

Sheep — Not many raised; a large number on feed.

Poultry — An increase over last year.

Drainage — A large amount of tiling done this year and the indications
are more will be done in 1912.

Other Industries — Prospering.

Lends— Going up. $100.00 to $175.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Carroll, September 5-6-7 and 8. The weather
vas against us but we were very successful from an agricultural stand-
point. Exhibits in floral hall were fine and the horse show especially
good. The attendance was good considering the weather.

CASS.

D. P. IIOGAN, MASSENA, OCTOBEK 6, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Below the average.
Cor7i — Good acreage; average about 25 bushels per acre; quality good.
Oats — Yield light, about 20 to 25 bushels per acre; quality good.
Wheat — Winter wheat extra good, both as to quality and quantity.
Spring wheat was also good.
Rye — None.

Barley — Very little grown; quality and yield gooa.
Flax — None.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 723

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — None.

Sorghum — Very little.

Timothy — ^Light crop of hay; seed fairly good.

Clover — New seeding a fair crop; .old seeding light.

Prairie Hay — Very little in the county.

Other Grains and Grasses — Bliiegrass was fair in the spring but very
short during the summer.

Potatoes — Early ones a very light crop; late ones almost a failure.

Vegetables — Small crop.

Apples — Best ever grown here.

Other jPndis— Plums good.

Cattle — Thin on account of poor pasturage. I believe the supply is
short.

Horses — About the same as last year.

Swine — Large stock of pigs but they have not done so well as usual
on account of dry pastures.

Sheep — Good stock of lambs and more than the average number of
feeders. Lambs only are in fair condition. Pastures sLort.

Poultry — Plenty.

Bees — Fair.

Drainage — Considerable tiling being done.

Lands — ^Values holding strong.

Report of Fair — Held at Massena September 4-7 inclusive. A very good
fair. Attendance good. Unusually good swineshow.

CEDAR.

C. F. SIMMERMAKER. TIPTON, OCTOBER 2, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — ^The forepart of the season
was very dry. However, we had occasional rains which insured us good
crops. Had a very heavy rain on September 6th and have had plenty
since that date. Crops in general are good and our farmers are pros-
perous.

Corn — Good crop; above the average; large acreage.

Oats — Fair crop; some fields very poor while others were very good,
going from 40 to 50 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Good; not a large acreage.

Rye — Fair crop; quality good.

Barley — Good; quality fair.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Crop light; quality extra good.

Clover — Fair crop; quality good.

Prairie Hay — None to speak of.

724 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Other Grains and Grasses — None to speak of.

Potatoes — Early potatoes poor; late ones good.

Yegetahles — Good; plenty of all kinds.

Apples — Extra good; going to waste .on the ground. Trees overloaded
with large fruit.

Cattle — Fair supply at home and many are being shipped in from
South Dakota and other points.

Horses — Good horses are scarcer than a year ago; prices high.

Swine — Plenty; very little cholera.

Sheep — Not a great many; some disease in the larger herds.

Poultry — Good poultry plentiful.

Bees — Not a very good year; quality of the honey is good, however.

Drainage — Most of this county is drained out.

Other Industries — Very prosperous.

Report of Fair — Held at Tipton, September 5-8, inclusive. Unfavorable
weather but all departments were well filled and those in attendance de-
clared it the best fair ever held in Cedar county. Good attractions.

CERRO GORDO.

AETHUK PICKFOBD, OCTOBER, 1911.

General Condition of Gro.ps and Season — The season opened in good
time and until the latter part of June there has seldom been a season of
such vigorous growth and splendid promise. However, the lack of rainfall
began to tell on all crops and while some crops were a total failure others
were fairly good.

Corn — On clay subsoil and tile drained fields the crop varies from fair
to good but on sandy soils, with gravel subsoil, the crops are poor.

Oats — Very badly injured by smut, both early and late varieties being
affected. In general the early oats yield better than the late ones. The
straw was good and the yield about one-half to two-thirds of a good crop.

Wheat — Very good quality and generally a good yield. The mixed oats
and wheat yielded better than wheat alone.

Rye — Good quality but quite short in the straw. More rye being sown
than heretofore.

Barley — The yield per acre was light but the crop was saved in good
condition.

Flax — More sown than usual and the crop was of good quality and
cleaner than usual.

Buckwheat — ^Very little buckwheat was sown.

Millet — A good deal of millet was sown on account of the short hay
crop. The growth was remarkable and the weather for curing it was
excellent.

Sorghum — Not as much raised as formerly but the crop was good.

Timothy — Despite the poor hay crop much timothy was cut for seed
and growers realized high prices.

Clover — Last spring's seeding was almost a total failure. No clover
was cut for seed and hay was one-fourth of a crop.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 725

Prairie Hay — Practically no upland prairie hay but owing to the drought
the coarse slough land was good this year.

Potatoes — Early ones an entire failure but late varieties yielded well
and are of good quality.

Yegetables — Scarce early in the season but later plentiful.

Apples — Splendid crop; no wormy or scabby fruit. No sale for fall
apples.

Other Fruits — With the exception of strawberries all small fruits were
a failure.

Cattle — Looking well and are plentiful. Will winter in good shape.

Horses— Fa.iY supply and cheaper than a year ago. The spring lot of
colts were good.

Swine — Free from disease and doing well.

Sheep — Increasing. The short pastures has not affected sheep as other
live stock. The stock of lambs was short this spring.

Poultry — This has been an excellent year for raising young chicks and
the loss from storms, etc., has been less than usual.

Bees — Honey supply short. Bees will go into winter with not enough
honey to keep them until spring.

Drainage — Considerable tile being put in.

Other Industries — Prospering.

Layids — Increasing in value. Many farms have been sold for near the
$100.00 mark and several farms have sold for more.

Report of Fair — Held at Mason City the second week in September.
Weather fairly good; attendance good; attractions good; in fact it was
the best fair ever held. We show about 360 per cent increase in the
premiums paid out over the first fair ever held in the county.

CHICKASAW.

C. L. PUTNEY, NASHUA, OCTOBER 23, 1911.

t-a&sK^

General Condition of Crops and Season — About an average crop.
Corn — Good quality; about 45 bushels per acre.
Oats — Fair quality; about 25 to 30 bushels per acre.
Wheat — Very little raised; small prices; fair yield.
Rye — Very little raised.
Barley — ^Very little raised.
Flax — None.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.
Millet — Good.

Timothy — Good crop; good quality.
Clover — Very little raised this year; quality good.
Prairie Hay — Small crop.

Potatoes — Very few early potatoes; too dry. Late varieties good quality
and good yield.

Vegetables — All good.
Apples — Good.

726 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Cattle — Better stock being raised each year. About the usual number
this year.

Horses — Better quality each year.

Swine — More full blooded hogs and better care taken of them.

Sheep — Very few but on the increase.

Poultry — Increasing each year.

Bees — Very few.

Drainage- — Some tiling being done but not as much as had been
planned on account of the dry weather.

Lands — Increasing in value. Valuations from $80.00 to $125.00 per
acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Nashua, September 5-8. Had a rainy week; at-
tendance was cut down one-half. Exhibits nearly up to average.

CHICKASAW.

G. M. BIGELOW, NEW HAMPTOX, OCTOBER 19, 1911.

Com — General conditions good; acreage large; yield fully up to aver-
age for this locality.

Oats — Good quality; yield about 75% of an average crop.

Wheat — Very little raised; quality poor.

Rye — Practically none grown.

Barley — Fair quality; small yield.

Flax — Fair quality; small yield.

Buckwheat — Scarcely any raised.

Millet — Very little raised.

Sorghum — Good quality; not much grown.

Timothy — Good quality; very light crop.

Glover — None raised this year; too dry.

Prairie Hay — ^Very scarce.

Potatoes — Late ones good; no early ones.

Vegetables — Generally good.

Apples — ^Very good.

Other Fruits — What we had were good.

Cattle — Plentiful and in fair condition.

Horses — In fair condition and plentiful.

Swine — Good condition and plentiful.

Sheep — Not many raised in this county but they are in good condition.

Poultry — Plentiful.

Bees — Not many.

Drainage — Good.

Lands — Prices higher than ever; constantly increasing in value.

Report of Fair — Held at New Hampton on September 12-15 inclusive.
The stock exhibits were not as good as usual but the farm products
exhibit was fine.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 727

CLARKE.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Below average.

Corn — 1,441,810, pop corn 44, sweet corn 22. Total, 1,441,876 bushels.

Oa*s— 503,145 bushels.

Wheat— 9,901 bushels.

Rye — 278 bushels.

Barley — 4, 578 bushels.

Timothy — Seed, 7,794 bushels. Hay 25,409 tons.

Clover — 103 tons.

Prairie Hay — 184 tons.

Poto^oes— 22,373 bushels.

Cattle— 22MS.

Horses— S, 970; mules 466.

St^ine— 29,690.

/STieep— 2,673.

PoMKri/— 205,508.

Report of Fair — None.

CLAYTON.

H. A. AXTELL, STKAWBEERY POINT, OCTOBEB 31, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Excellent.
C07-n — Large crop; excellent quality.
Oats — Same.
Barley — Good quality.
Flax — None raised here.
Buckwheat — Very little raised here.
Sorghum — Quite a little manufactured here. •
Timothy — Considerable marketed here this fall.
Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Large crop; excellent quality.
Vegetables — Plenty for local consumption; good quality.
Apples — Immense crop this year.
Other Fruits — Plentiful this year.

Cattle — Very few in feeding; practically all dairying in this vicinity.
Sioine — Has been a very successful year for swine.
Sheep — Very few in the county.
Poultry — Large numbers shipped from here.
Bees— Very few.

Drainage — Considerable tiling done.

Lands — Bringing good prices, averaging from $80 to $135 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held at Strawberry Point September 5-6-7-8, 1911. Rain
on Wednesday and part of Thursday morning.

CLAYTON.

HENRY LUEHSEN, GARNAVILLO, SEPTEMBER 27, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good average crop; farmers
are well pleased. The dry weather in July put a little damper on the

728 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

small grain and the early potatoes but the fall weather is all that can be
looked for and the corn is maturing fine.

Corn — A bumper crop.

Oats — Good average crop. The rainy weather during threshing time dis-
colored some of it quite badly.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — ^Very little raised; quality good.

Barley — Good crop and the farmers are receiving a good price for it.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — ^Very little raised.

Millet — Not much raised.

Sorghum — Big yield and of good quality.

Timothy — Good yield and selling at a high price.

Clover — 'Small yield.

Prairie Hay — Light yield.

Other Grains and Grasses — About up to the average.

Potatoes — The early ones were a failure but the late ones are doing fine.

Vegetables — Large yield and of good quality.

Apples — One of the best crops we have had for years; fine quality.

Other Fruits — A good all around crop.

Cattle — Our farmers take great pride in their cattle. Some very fine
specimens were on exhibition at the fair.

Horses — Clayton county can boast of having some of the finest draft
and carriage horses. Nothing too good for our farmers.

Swine — Our principal industry. Swine are raised in large numbers and
are of the choicest breeds.

Sheep — A number of our farmers have large flocks.

Poultry — One of our leading industries and the farmers are realizing
a handsome profit from their flocks.

Bees — A good crop of honey.

Drainage — Natural.

Lands — Always increasing in price with but little for sale.

Report of Fair — Held at National, September 5-8, inclusive. The weather
was not very favorable, consequently the attendance was not up to
standard. However the exhibits were better than usual, particularly in
the Fruit, Grain and Vegetables, Ladies' Department and Floral Hall.

CLAYTON.

W. W. DAVIDSON, KLKADEB, OCTOBER 23, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — ^Good.

Corn — Grand crop.

Oats — Good.

Wheat— Fair.

Rye — Good.

Barley — Excellent.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — Very little grown.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 729

Millet — Good.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Fair.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Abundant crop.
Vegetables — Good.

Ap,ples — Splendid yield; good variety.
Other Fruits — Good.
Cattle — Good condition.
Horses' — In good condition; quality good.
Swine — A large number and good.
Sheep — Not many raised.
Poultry — Abundant.
Bees — Very few.
Drainage — Natural.
Lands — High priced.

Report of Fair — Large attendance, weather not very good. Held Sep-
tember 13-15, inclusive at Elkader.

CLINTON.

J. B. AHRENS, CLINTON, SEPTEMBEE 28, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Fairly good; some crops were
light.

Corn — Good yield, running as high as 85 bushels per acre.

Oats — Good yield and good quality.

Wheat — Not much raised but quality was good.

Rye — Not much raised; fair quality.

Barley — Good yield and good quality.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Very light yield.

Clover — Fairly good.

Prairie Hay — Very light crop.

Other Grains and Grasses — Fairly good.

Potatoes — Early ones not much of a yield; late ones good.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Plentiful.

Other Fruits — Plentiful.

Cattle — About the average number; feeding cattle plentiful.

Horses — More than usual this year.

Swine — Larger number than usual.

Sheep — ^Very few raised.

PoMZfry— Plentiful.

730 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Bees — None in this part of the county.

Drainage — ^Good.

Other Industries — Doing a good business.

Lands— Values going up every year, the highest price being $175 per
acre for best improved farms.

Report of Fair— Held at Clinton, September 20, 21 and 22d. The weather
was not very good and therefore the attendance was not so large as in
former years. The exhibits were good.

CLINTON.

G. H. CHRISTENSEN, DEWITT, OCTOBEE 16, 1911.

General Conditions of Crops and Season — Good.
Oats — Fair.
Wheat — Fair.
Barley — Fair.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Millet — None.
Sorghum — None.
Timothy — Fair.
Clover — Fair.
Prairie Hay — Fair,
Other Grains and Grasses — Fair.
Potatoes — Good late potatoes.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Good; above the average.
Other Fruits — Good.
Cattle — Good.
Horses — Good.
Swine — Good.

Sheep — Good; not many nere.
Poultry — Good.
Drainage — Good.
Other Industries — Good.

Lands — Going up; value $125 to $175 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at DeWitt, September 13-15, inclusive. The best
fair in the history of its existence.

CRAWFORD.

O. M. (?RESWELL, ARION, OCTOBER 25, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops light; season extremely
dry.

Corn — ^^Vill average about two-thirds of a crop, or about 25 oushels
per acre.

Oats — Good quality but light yield.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 731

Wheat — Winter wheat excellent; spring wheat yielded from 8 to 20
bushels per acre.

Rye — Fair; not much raised.

Barley — Good quality; light crop.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — None.

SorgMim— None.

Timothy — Seed very good; hay crop light.

Clover — Hay light; seed good yield.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Very light crop.

Vegetables — Very good.

Apples — Plentiful.

Other Fruits — Very good.

Cattle — In good condition and about an average number; very few
feeding.

Swine — In good condition and good stock of young pigs. No cholera.

Sheep — Only kept in this county for feeding purposes.

Poultry — About an average.

Bees — Very poor season for them on account of drouth.

Drainage — None.

Other Industries — None,

Uands — Raising in value but not much changing hands.

Report of Fair — Held at Arion, September 26-28, inclusive. A very suc-
cessful fair.

DALLAS.

O. L. GRAY, DALLAS CENTER, DECEMBER 7, 1911.

Corn — Below average; about 75 per cent of an average crop.

Oats — About 65 per cent of an average crop.

Wheat — Winter wheat fully up to average and spring varieties better
than average.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Average crop; small acreage.

Flax — None raised.

BucJcivheat — Very little raised; poor crop.

Millet— PracticRUy a failure.

Sorghum — Very fair; good quality.

Timothy — Light crop; good quality.

Clover — Same as timothy.

Prairie Hay— Very little cut; good quality.

Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa fair crop; three cuttings, good
quality.

Potatoes — Not over one-half a crop; only fair quality.

"Fegre^a&Zes— Generally light; fair quality.

Apples — Big yield; good quality.

732 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Other Fruits — Cherries an average crop; plums and grapes good; bush
fruit very good.

Cattle— Not many feeding cattle raised; feeders shipped in; feeding
conditions about normal.

JETorses— Good lot of colts; quality improving rapidly.

Swine — Good deal of disease, otherwise hogs are doing well.

Sheep — Light crop.

Poultry — Good crop.

Bees — Poor,

Drainage — Considerable county and private drainage.

Other Industries — Normal.

Lands — Increasing in value but not much changing hands.

Report of Fair — None.

DAVIS.

H. C. LEACH, BLOOMFIELD, OCTOBEE 6, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Only fair.

Corn — About one-half crop.

Oats — About one-fourth crop; quality good; about the usual acreage.

Wheat — ^About two-thirds of a crop; quality fair.

Rye — Acreage small; fair crop; quality good.

Barley — None raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Practically none sown this year on account of the dry
weather.

Millet — Short crop; quality good.

Sorghum — About the average acreage; quality fine.

Timothy — Crop somewhat light; about one-half an average crop.

Prairie Hay — None raised.

Other Grains and Grasses — All somewhat short on account of drouth.

Potatoes — Almost a failure; too dry.

Vegetables — Same as potatoes.

Apples — Large yield; quality good.

Other Fruits — About the same as apples.

Cattle — Scarce. Farmers sold off their herds quite closely during the
dry seasons of 1910-11. Quality is good, however.

Horses — The usual number; mostly draft horses.

Swine — Average number in the county. Poland-Chinas and Duroc Jer-
seys predominate.

Sheep — More sheep than ever in the county and they appear to be
doing well.

Poultry — Very plentiful.

Bees — Scarce,

Drainage — Lots of talk about it but not much being done.

Lands — Selling from $50 to $150 per acre and advancing all the time.
Farmers take quite an interest in building up their land by sowing clover
as a fertilizer.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 733

Report of Fair — Held at Bloomfield, September 12th to 15th, inclusive;
attendance was good and altogether we had the best fair we have ever
had in this county.

DELAWARE.

J. B. HIGMAN, MANCHESTEE, OCTOBER, 1911.

Corn — Good, better than normal.

Oats — Fair yield but badly damaged while in the shock by the ex-
cessive rains. About 35 bushels per acre.

Wheat — About 20 bushels per acre; also damaged by rains.

Rye — 20 bushels per acre, badly colored; selling at 75c per bushel.

Barley — Same as other small grain.

Buckwheat — Looking good.

Millet — Good crop.

Sorghum — ^Yield good, but not much raised.

Timothy — About 3 bushels per acre, selling at $6.00 per bushel. Hay
about one-half crop, selling at $14.00 per ton.

Potatoes — Less than one-half crop. 75c per bushel.

Vegetables — Cabbage and late turnips good.

Apples — About a normal yield; selling at 50c.

Cattle — General condition good, pastures good. Fresh cows bring
around $50.00.

Horses — Selling at good prices.

Swine — Most of the old stock sold and spring pigs rather backward on
account of lack of grain. No hog cholera reported.

Lands — Increasing in value; many sales at $150.00 per acre. Farms
rent for from $3.00 to $6.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Manchester, August 29th to September 1st,
inclusive. Fine display of all kinds of stock; also had good exhibits in
Floral Hall and Grain and Vegetable departments.

DICKINSON.

F. H. KELSEY, MILFORD, OCTOBER 23, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season very dry; small grain
and hay crop light; corn crop fair.
Corn — Estimated at 20 bushels.
Oats — Average 10 bushels, estimated.
Wheat — Estimated at 20 bushels.
Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Fair crop; about 20 bushels per acre; small acreage.
Flax— Too dry for flax.
Buckwheat — ^None.
Millet — None.
Sorghum — Fair.
Timothy — Light.

734 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Clover — Very light.

Prairie Hay — Light.

Other Grains and Grasses — Light.

Potatoes — Late ones are good.

Vegetables — Late ones good.

Apples — Good.

Other Fruits— Y&vy short crop.

Cattle — Scarce.

Horses — Good lot of colts.

Swine — Big crop.

Poultry — Lots of it.

Bees — Quite a number.

Drainage — Considerable done during the past year; some still at it.

Other Industries — Great deal of building being done both in the country
and in the towns.

Lands — ^A good many sales made, some as high as $135.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Milford, September 13th to 15th, inclusive. At-
tendance good.

DICKINSON.

W. W. WHITE, SPIRIT LAKE, OCTOBEK 7, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops light; season dry.

Corn — Acreage above last year; yield about 25 bushels per acre; quality
good.

Oats — Yield 20 bushels per acre; quality good.

Wheat — Acreage normal; quality good; yield 12 bushels.

Rye — ^Very little raised in this county; no report.

Barley — Very light yield; quality fair.

Flax — ^Light yield; very uneven.

Buckwheat — Very little raised; no report.

Millet — Fair yield; small acreage.

Sorghum — Good yield; small acreage.

Timothy — Very light.

Clover — Badly winter killed.

Prairie Ha§ — Light crop; good quality.

Potatoes — Early potatoes light; late ones good average yield; good
quality.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Slightly below average.

Other Fruits — Very good; small fruit fair.

Cattle — Supply slightly under normal; in good condition.

Horses — Usual number; grade improving.

Swine — Average number of young pigs. Weight less than at this time
last year.

Sheep — Good lot of lambs; in good condition and grade improving.

Poultry — Normal.

Bees — Normal.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 735

Drainage — A great deal of drainage being done. Less, however, this
year than last, owing to the dry season.

Other Industries — Fully up to the average of the past ten years, but
not quite so good as last year.

Lands — Fewer sales than a year ago; prices the same or better, rang-
ing from $60 to $140.

Renort of Fair — Held at Spirit Lake, September 6th to 8th, inclusive,
but held over on the 9th on account of bad weather. Exhibits were good;
attendance light.

DUBUQUE.

J. T. DAYKIN, DUBUQUE, NOVEMBER 16, 1911.

General Condition of Crops a?id Season — Good.

Corn — Extra.

Oats — Fair,

Wheat — Good.

Rye — Fair.

Barley — Good.

Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — Fair.

Clover — None.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — Fair.

Potatoes — Go.od.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Extra.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Good condition.

Horses — Good condition.

Swine — Good condition.

Sheep — Good condition.

Poultry — Good condition.

Bees — Fair.

Drainage — Good.

Other Industries — None.

Lands — Fair, and of good value.

Report of Fair — None held.

EMMET.

CHAS. A. ROOT, OCTOBER, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — About 60 per cent of the
average crops; weather too dry during the early part of the growing
season. Crops more or less injured by grasshoppers.

Corn— East portion of the county good; the west portion about one-half
an average crop.

736 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Oats — Light yield.

Wheat — Good crop; small acreage.

Barley — Less than the average crop.

i^tos— Generally good but quite a little did not mature and some in-
jured by the rains after cutting.

Timothy — Very p.oor; not enough rain.

Clover — Poor.

Prairie Hay — Poor.

Potatoes — Early potatoes fair crop; late ones good. Some frozen
in the ground.

Cattle — In good condition. A good many farmers had to cut up corn
for feed during the summer but late rains made good pastures and
brought the cattle out in good condition for winter.

Horses — Good condition.

Swine — Not a very favorable season; no disease.

Sheep — Good.

Poultry — Good season.

Drainage — Extra good season for drainage on account of dry weather.
The county let contracts for over $400,000.00 drainage.

Lands — Quite a few farms changing hands at an advance of from $10.00
to $30.00 per acre.

FAYETTE.

E. A. MCILREE, WEST UNION, OCTOBEE 14, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Have been exceptionally good
in this county the past year.

Corn — One of the best crops produced in many years. The entire
crop came to full maturity without a frost and fully three-fourths of the
crop was cut for fodder. Husking has commenced and the yield is fine.

Oats — Fine quality; yield cut down somewhat by the drouth the
forepart of the season. Straw was exceptionally good.

Wheat — Very little winter wheat, but some spring wheat. The quality
was very fine and the yield good.

Rye — Cut short by the drouth in the spring; not much grown in this
county. !

Barley — One of the largest and most profitable crops raised in the
county. The yield was from 30 to 40 bushels per acre, and the quality
was good. Sold at $1.00 per bushel.

Flax—^oi grown in sufficient quantity to be an item of any conse-
quence.

Buckwheat — Grown in very limited quantities.

Millet— Only grown in small fields, then sparingly.

Sorghuin— Has become quite a factor again. Probably 50 mills have
been working up the crop in this county. The quality of this crop was
extra good this year.

Timothy— K light crop on account of the failure of new seeding, both
last year and this year. The few pieces cut for seed produced extra good
returns. In some cases as high as $50.00 per acre.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 737

Clover — A very low stand. New seeding of last year and this yeax
were both almost total failures.

Prairie Hay — Scarcely any left; light crop.

Other Grains and Grasses — Some alfalfa being sown for experimental
purposes with good results.

Potatoes — Early varieties a disappointment; late ones an excellent
crop.

Vegetables — Exceptionally fine.

Apples — Never more plentiful. At a low estimate I would say that
15,000 to 20,000 bushels rotted on the ground.

Other Fruits — Very plentiful, excepting grapes, which were badly winter,
killed. Wild grapes were plentiful and were of fine quality.

Cattle — Have been in good condition the entire year; no disease;
high prices and in good demand.

Horses — Largely on the increase; no disease; prices high and a fine
stock of young colts.

Swine— 'Sot so plentiful as in some previous years, largely due to the
high price of corn. There has been no disease.

Sheep — Have not been very profitable in this county but the lambs
did well this spring and the prices have been very satisfactory.

Poultry — The dry season was favorable to the raising of poultry and
they have done well.

Bees — Very scarce in the county on account .of disease.

Drainage — Not much done on account of the drouth.

Other Industries — On the increase, particularly the cement industries.

Lands — Have been in good demand at prices from $10.00 to $25.00 per
acre higher than last year.

Report of Fair — Held at West Union, September 5th to 8th, inclusive,
under rather unfavorable weather conditions. Good live stock exhibits
and the grain, vegetable, pantry and kitchen exhibits were fine. The
fruit exhibit was the largest and finest we have ever had. We had good
attractions, although we had no racing; in fact the management is very
W'ell pleased with the outcome of the fair this year.

FAYETTE.

C. H. KNOS, OELWEIN, OCTOBER 28, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — In general the crops are
good.

Corn — Will yield all the way from 30 to 80 bushels per acre; good
quality.

Oats — Quantity good; quality not so good.

Wheat — None.

Rye — None.

Barley — Very little barley raised.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — None.

Sorghum — None.
47

738 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Timothy — Very good.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — None.

Potatoes — Very good.

Vegetailes — Very good.

Apples — Not many.

Cattle — Principally dairy.

Horses — Not enough In the county to supply the demand and shipments
are coming in from the northwest.

Drainage — Most farmers are tiling their farms.

Lands — No increase in the price over last year.

Report of Fair — Held at Oelwein, September 13tli to 15th, Inclusive.
Exhibits and attendance good. The fair association was very much
encouraged over the outcome.

FLOYD.

JAMES A. KING, CHAELES CITY, IOWA, NOVEMBER 15, 1911.

General Condition of Croips and Season — In general, the drouth came
too late to materially injure small grain and was broken in time to
save most of the corn. Hay was generally light. The man who planted
and seeded early, who thoroughly prepared his seed beds, and who culti-
vated assiduously has a good yield of excellent quality.

Corn — Quality very good and in most parts of the county the yield
is ten per cent above the average. That on very sandy ground only was
injured by the drouth.

Oats — Generally very good and the yield above the average. Grass-
hoppers did slight damage.

Wheat — Acreage larger than in years; quality and yield good. Spring
wheat yielded from 18 to 25 bushels and the late went as high as 30
bushels per acre.

Rye — Do not know of any raised this year.

Barley — Do not know of any.

Flax — Good yield and quality; small acreage.

Buckwheat — Do not know of any.

Millet — Small acreage but good average yield.

Sorghum — Do not know of any.

Timothy — Yield about 70 per cent.

Clover — Most of last year's seedings with small grain failed so the acre-
age was cut down considerable.

Other Grains and Grasses — Two or three fields of alfalfa seeded suc-
cessfully.

Potatoes — Early ones practically a failure; late ones about average.

Apples — Unusually large yield of excellent quality.

Other Fruits — Summer fruits injured badly by drouth.

Cattle — Not the usual number but the grade is improving.

Horses — In good condition.

Swine — In good condition.

Drainage — Lots of tile being put in.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 739

FRANKLIN.

C. D. WILLIAMS, HAMPTON, OCTOBER 30, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Very dry up until September.
About two-thirds of an average crop.

Corn — Will go from 20 to 40 bushels per acre. Feeders are offering 55
cents per bushel.

Oafs— Yielded from 20 to 40 bushels.

Wheat — Very little grown.

Rye — No rye.

Barley — Yielded about 20 bushels; very little raised.

Flax — None to speak of.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Some millet.

Sorghum — Good. Only a few small patches.

Ti7nothy — Short crop. Worth about $15.00 per ton.

Clover — Short crop; high prices.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Early ones poor; late ones good. Selling at 50c per bushel

Yegetalles — Good.

Apples — Splendid crop; selling cheap.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Good many cattle but not so many on feed as usual.

Horses — We have splendid horses, mostly of the draft type.

Sioine — Good stock of hogs.

Shee,p — ^An increasing industry.

Poultry — Chickens and turkeys are plentiful.

Bees — Not many.

Drainage — Several drainage ditches in our county but don't think
the open ditch is a success.

Other Industries — We have a splendid sweet-corn canning plant which
is doing a good business.

Report of i^air— Held at Hampton, September 26tli to 29th, inclusive.
One .of the best fairs ever held on our grounds. The weather was not of
the best but we will pay out.

GRUNDY.

L. M. HAWN, GRUNDY CENTER, OCTOBER 12, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Early part of the season was
very favorable for all vegetation and crops but the extremely dry weather
during June and July did some damage to corn and hurt the potato crop
severely. Small grain made a good crop.

Corn — Early growth of corn heavy but was somewhat retarded by dry
weather during the summer season. Favorable weather during September
has matured it in good shape.

Oats — Average 40 bushels per acre, quality good.

Wheat — Small acreage; yield very good.

740 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Rye — None raised.

Barley — Good crop and splendid quality.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — Very little sown; light crop. •*

Sorghum — None grown.

Timothy — Light crop.

Clover — Very light acreage harvested, much of it being winter killed.

Prairie Hay — ^No prairie hay; a little slough hay of poor quality.

Other Grains and Ch-asses — Blue grass is the main pasturage and was
materially affected by the hot dry weather during summer months.

Potatoes — Small acreage compared with former years; yield light but
of good quality.

Apples — Heavy crop; good quality.

Other Fruits — ^Very good crop.

Cattle — Cattle have made very poor gain on account of the dry season
and hot weather. The general condition of grass cattle is below the
average here for this time of year.

Horses — Good grade; prices excellent and many being sold to eastern
buyers.

Sioine — About the usual number raised; generally free from disease.

Sheep — Not many raised in this county but what we have are of a very
good grade.

Poultry — Good price. About the average number.

Bees — Not many; honey crop short.

Drainage — Nearly completed in this county; less being done this season
than for several years past.

Other Industries — Two tile and brick factories running at full capacity
most of the time. Several good creameries throughout the county and
they are putting out an excellent product.

Lands — Rolling prairie. Values remain steady, with prices ranging
from $125.00 to $200.00 per acre. Several sales being made to eastern
buyers.

Report of Fair — Held at Grundy Center on September 19th to 21st. The
attendance was large and the gate receipts were $600.00 above any pre-
vious year. All departments were well filled and the qualtiy of the
exhibits was good, especially in the grain, fruit and vegetable depart-
ments. The large exposition building could not take care of the ladies'
exhibits. Generally speaking the fair was a success in every way.

GUTHRIE.

W. M. WELLS, GUTHRIE CENTER, NO^^MBEE 22, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Splendid season, aside from
the excessive hot and dry weather during the months of July and August.
This dry weather caused a shortage in all grains, pasture and hay.

Corn — Will average 25 to 30 bushels per acre; quality is good. The
farmers state that the feeding value of corn is excellent.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 741

Oats — Probably will average 25 bushels per acre; good quality.

Wheat — Generally produced well. Not a great deal raised here but of
good quality and quantity,

Timothy — Light crop; shortened very much by summer drouth.

Clover — Same as timothy.

Prairie Hay — Same as timothy.

Potatoes — Small yield of early varieties and of poor quality. Late ones
were of good quality and the yield was splendid.

Vegetables — Early vegetables were very poor.

Apples — Best crop in years. Even the uncared for orchards produced
remarkably good quality.

Other Fruits — Generally produced well.

Cattle — Short supply. Stockers shipped freely during summer months.
Some feeding but not so many as usual.

Horses — Not advised.

Stvine — Good lot of spring shoats. Grade improving every year.

Sheep — More sheep are being handled here. Several large flocks are
kept by large stockmen.

Poultry — About as usual, aside from the fact that here and there poultry
raising is more intensified.

Bees — Not advised.

Drainage — Quite well drained. Five county drains in north and east
sections. Some creeks cause considerable trouble by overflow. Individual
farmers have tiled lands pretty thoroughly.

Lands — Range in price from $50.00 to $200.00 per acre. Generally
rolling.

Report of Fair — Held at Guthrie Center. The county fair was a failure
because of the excessive wet weather during the fair week. Great inter-
est was manifested at the opening and no doubt the fair would have
been an unprecedented success except for above causes. We have a hust-
ling management and they will succeed with weather conditions right.

HANCOCK.

H. A. EARLY, ERITT, OCTOBEE 18, 1911.

General Condition of Cro.ps and Season — Very dry during the months
of June, July and August.

Corn — 70 per cent; good quality.

Oats — 60 per cent; fair quality.

Wheat — 65 per cent.

Barley — 70 per cent; good quality.

Flax — 50 per cent; poor quality.

Timothy — 58 per cent.

Clover — 60 per cent.

Prairie Hay — 60 per cent.

Other Grains and Grasses — 60 per cent.

Potatoes — 48 per cent.

Vegetables — 50 per cent.

742 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Apples — 85 per cent.

Other Fruits — 85 per cent.

Lands — Average value, $80.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Britt, September 19th to 21st, inclusive. It
rained on the 20th and 21st but we had a very good crowd. "We cut out
all high-priced races and held only county and farmers races.

HARDIN.

H. S. MARTIN, ELDOKA, OCTOBEB 1, 1911.

Co7-n — 70 per cent.
Oats — Fair.
Wheat — 100 per cent.
Rye — None.
Flax — None.
Timothy — 70 per cent.
Clover — 25 per cent.

Potatoes — Late ones fair; early ones a failure.
Apples — Good.
Cattle — Good condition.
Horses — Good condition.
Swine — Some cholera.
Sheep — Good condition.
Poultry — Good condition.

Report of Fair — Held at Eldora, September 5th to 8th, Rained most
all week. Worst week we have had in 20 years.

HARRISON.

A. B. HASBROOK, MISSOURI VALLEY, SEPTEMBER 25, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has not been fav-
orable for the growth of crops. Lack of rainfall during the months of
July and August has greatly affected nearly all crops. Crops yielded
about two-thirds.

Corn — Greater acreage than usual and was well cultivated. The quality
will be good and the yield about two-thirds of a crop.

Oats — Small acreage; quality good; light yield.

Wheat — Perhaps the greatest crop ever produced in the county. We
had a large acreage and the yield and quality were excellent.

Flax — But little produced.

Millet — Almost no crop.

Sorghum — But little raised; good quality.

Timothy — The dry weather ruined the meadows in many instances.
Yielded from one-half to three-fourths of a ton per acre.

Clover — Short, owing to the drouth,

Prairie Hay — A light crop.

Potatoes — A very light crop.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 743

Vegetables — A light crop; good quality.

Apples — The apple crop is great and the fruit is sound.

Cattle — The exhibit of cattle at the fair was a failure. Much attention
Is given to the importation of cattle into the county. The Herefords,
Red Polled and Short Horns are favorite breeds.

Horses — ^The exhibition of horses was fair.

Swine — Excellent showing of swine at the fair. The Duroc Jersey
is the favorite breed.

Shee,p — Some attention is given to the raising of sheep but there
are not many in the county as yet.

Drainage — The interest in drainage continues.

Lands — Values still increasing. The drainage greatly stimulates the
prices.

Report of Fair — Held at Missouri Valley, September 18th to 21st. "We
had rainy weather which cut down the attendance but the exhibits were
good, although not up to some former years.

HENRY.

JNO. A. BAXTER, WINFIELD, OCTOBEE 21, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — ^We had a very dry season to
start with but plenty of rain fell later and I believe we have about
the average crops.

Corn — About 90 per cent.

Oats — About 60 per cent.

Wheat — 70 per cent.

Rye — 70 per cent.

Barley — 70 per cent.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — 25 per cent.

Millet — 25 per cent.

Sorghum — 25 per cent.

Timothy — 25 per cent.

Clover — 75 per cent.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — 15 per cent.

Yegetailes — 25 per cent.

Apples — 100 per cent.

Other Fruits — 90 per cent.

Cattle — 75 per cent.

Horses — 80 per cent.

Sxvine — 75 per cent. '

Sheep — 75 per cent.

Poultry — 90 per cent.

Bees — 60 per cent.

Drainage — 40 per cent.

Lands — Lands are selling at from $100 to $250 per acre, with not very
much changing hands.

744 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Report of Fair — We held our fair at Winfield, on September 12th to 15th,
inclusive, but owing to rain we were only able to hold it one day and a
half. We had a good display of everything and would have had a suc-
cessful fair had the weather been favorable.

HENRY.

C. H. TRIBBY, MT. PLEASANT, OCTOBER 27, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — ^The early part of the season
was all that could be asked for but excessive heat and dry weather set in
the latter part of June and continued until August.

Com — We never had as good a stand of corn but the hot weather and
lack of rainfall shortened the crop. The quality was good and the yield
average. Large acreage.

Oats — Short straw; yield 15 to 45 bushels per acre; quality good.

Wheat — ^Very little raised and that is all of the fall variety. The crop
was light.

Rye — Not much raised; light this year.

Barley — Small acreage; light crop.

Flax — None.

Buckioheat — Not much raised and what we had was damaged by the
continued wet weather in September and October. •

Millet — Good crop but small acreage.

Sorghum — Less each year.

Timothy — Very light; one-half ton per acre. But little cut for seed.

Clover — Light; large acreage. More being sown each year.

Potatoes — Very light crop; started well but did not have enough mois-
ture to mature. Supply being shipped in.

Tegetables — The very early and late crops good; others light.

Apples — Never better. One-third of the crop went to waste. Not many
grown for commercial purposes.

Other Fruits — Berry crop cut short by excessive heat. Cherries, plums
and peaches were good.

Cattle — Our people claim land is too high to raise cattle on. We
depend mostly on the Missouri River markets for feeders. Not to exceed
one-third of the number raised here 15 years ago.

Horses — Plenty of them. Not so many marketable horses as usual as
they have been picked up by shippers. Our horses have been materially
improved in the last ten years.

Swine — The average number of pigs. The raising of swine is a very
profitable industry in Henry County.

Sheep — Many more are raised than in previous years but the flocks
were materially reduced this season on account of the short pastures.

Poultry — The poultry, especially the chickens, have outgrown all esti-
mates of years ago. Many of our farmers now pay for all their groceries
and part of their dry-goods through this industry.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 745

Drainage — ^We have but little low, marshy ground that requires large
open ditches. Our farms have nearly all been tiled out, or are being
tiled now.

Other Industries — Progressing.

Lands — Too much cannot be said of the fertility of the lands of Henry
County. Our farms have doubled in value during the past 12 years and
today command the very highest prices.

Re,port of Fair — Held at Mt. Pleasant, August 15th to 18th, inclusive.
We had a large attendance; good exhibits; good attractions; in fact the
fair was in every way a success.

HOWARD.

M. B. DOOLITTLE, CBESCO, DECEMBEE 3, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The drouth in June and July
reduced the crops 30 per cent per acre.

Corn — The early planted corn made five-eights of a full crop. That
planted late made a full crop.

Oats — That sown early made a full crop but that sown late was a total
failure.

Wheat — Eighteen bushels per acre.

Rye — Thirty-two bushels per acre.

Barley — Forty-four bushels per acre.

Flax — About one-tenth the usual acreage. Yielded about ten bushels
per acre.

Buckwheat — About one-eighth of the usual acreage. Yielded about 18
bushels per acre.

Millet — None.

Sorghum — One-fourth the usual acreage. Late in growth and not very
sweet.

Timothy — About three bushels of seed to the acre. Hay made three-
fourths of a ton per acre.
Clover — Winter killed. None to report.
Prairie Hay — Five-eighths ton per acre.

Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa, too little and too uncertain to
count.

Potatoes — Early ones made about 50 bushels per acre and the late
ones about 150 per acre.

Vegetables — About three-fourths of a crop; some imported.

Apples — Double crop.

Cattle — Not so many raised as four years ago but the grade is better.

Horses — Numerous. Percheron and Clydesdale predominate.

Swine — Abundant. Generally healthy. Some in the southwestern part
of the state have died from disease.

Sheep — Sold mostly for the Chicago market.

Poultry — An increased number of chickens raised. Ducks, turkeys and
geese scarce.

746 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Bees — There has been no white clover for the past two years and
the bees have made very little honey.

Drainage — Next to nothing being done.

Other Industries — A new furniture factory and a stump grubber factory
have both located in Cresco.

Lands — ^Have increased in value.

Report of Fair — No fair held for the last eight years.

HUMBOLDT.

W. B. WEST, HUMBOLDT, OCTOBER 10, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Not over 50 per cent of the
normal average crop on account of the drouth in June, July and August.

Corn — Will average about 30 bushels per acre. More cut for fodder
than usual, about 10 per cent more than in 1910.

Oats — Average about 30 bushels.

Wheat — Average 12 to 14 bushels; quality fine, both in color and
hardness, grading No. 1 and No. 2 Northern.

Rye — Not much raised.

Barley — Average 30 to 35 bushels, testing 42 to 44 and grading as malt
barley.

Flax — Average 4 to 5 bushels; poor quality, grading No. 2,

Buckwheat — Do not know of any.

Millet — Unable to hear of any.

Sorghum — One or two small lots for fodder.

Timothy — Averaged from 2 to 3 bushels of seed per acre; quality good.
Hay crop very light.

Clover — Very light on account of drouth. Do not know .of any seed.

Prairie Hay — Light and short; quality good. But very little here.

Potatoes — Early averaged 25 bushels per acre and the late ones about 50'.

Vegetables — Very scarce; too dry.

Apples — Fair crop. Dry weather seemed to cause them to fall before
they matured.

Other Fruits — Good crop of plums; grapes fair.

Cattle — No increase of pure-bred herds and fewer stockers and feeders
have been shipped in on account of the short pasture and corn crop.

Horses — Increased interest in breeding good draft type. No interest in
roadsters.

Swine — Increase of 10 per cent in spring pigs; all healthy.

Sheep — About the average stock of young lambs. No extensive feeding.

Poultry — Local packing establishment and organized poultry show stimu-
lating interest in both pure bred and farm flocks.

Bees — Very few here.

Drainage — Presume the dry weather and completed drains are respons-
ible for the decrease in drainage operations.

Lands— Prices steady to strong, ranging from $75.00 to $125.00.

Report of Fair— Held at Humboldt, September 11th to 14th, inclusive.
The average attendance and exhibits with the exception of the cattle
department.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 747
IDA.

MCHAED VABNEB, IDA GROVE, NOVEMBEE 17, 1911.

Corn — Fairly good crop.

Oats — Good.

Wheat — Good.

Barley — Good.

Millet — Good.

Sorghum — ^Very little raised.

Timothy — Poor. ■

Clover — Not a very good crop.

Prairie Hay — A short crop.

Potatoes — One-half a crop.

Yegetalles — One-half a crop.

Apples — Good.

Other Fruits — Cherries, plums and grapes good.

Cattle — Several cars are now being fed for market.

Horses — Good prices and a good many raised.

Svnne — The usual number being fed. Fine lot of spring pigs this year.

Sheep — Decreasing.

Poultry — This county has an abundant supply of chickens, geese and
ducks.

Bees — Most farmers have from 2 to 10 hives of bees.

Drainage — None.

Other Industries — Flour mills and concrete stone factories doing good
business.

Lands — Prices remain about stationary.

Report of Fair — ^No county fair in this county.

i IOWA.

J. p. BOWLING, VICTOR, SEPTEMBER 20, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season early and the outlook
is good for a good crop.

Corn — Good in this section of the county. Out of the way of frost.

Oats — Good quality but small yield.

Wheat — Not much raised here.
. Rye — Good.

Barley — Good.

Flax — Not any raised.

Buckwheat — Good.

Millet — None.

Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — Good but a small yield.

Clover — Good but a small yield.

Prairie Hay — Not much.

Potatoes — Poor crop.
..Vegetables — Good.

748 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Apples — Bumper crop.
Other Fruits — ^Splendid.
Cattle — Good.
Horses — Good.
Sioine — Good.
Sheep — Good.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — Not many here.

Report of Fair — Held at Victor, August 15-17, inclusive. "Weather and
attendance good.

IOWA.

JAMES NICHOLS, WILLIAMSBURG, OCTOfeEB 23, 1911,

General Condition of Crops and Season — The forepart of the season was
dry and hot, but during September and the first part of October we had
an abundance of rain.

Corn — 95% of an average crop.

Oafs— 80 % .

Wheat — Spring wheat 50%. No winter wheat.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — None raised.

Flax — None raised.
. .Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — None raised.
' Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Hay went three-fourths of a ton per acre. The seed was very
good and lots of the timothy was thre^ed on account of the high price
of seed. ' . 1

Clover — Very little this summer but since the fall rains it has started
again.

Prairie Hay — Not any.

Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures were rather poor during the sum-
mer but the rains have helped them this fall.

Potatoes — Early ones almost a failure; late ones good.

Vegetables — A fair crop.

Apples — Abundant.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — In fair condition.

Horses — In fair condition.

Stmne — A great deal of disease. About one-fourth of the spring pigs
have either died or been shipped to market.

Sheep — Very few raised but they are in good condition.

Poultry — Average crop.

Bees — Rather a poor year for bees.

Drainage — The land is pretty thoroughly drained.

Other Industries — ^We have three creameries close by but they did not
do the average amount of business this summer.

Lands — Very good In this vicinity; not much changing hands.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 749

Report of Fair — Held at Williamsburg. We were obliged to hold over
one day on accbimt of rain. Our exhibits were good but the attendance
small. Races were declared off.

IOWA.

ALEX M'LENNAN, MARENGO, OCTOBER 21, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The quality of crops in gen-
eral is fair. The quantity of the earlier crops was somewhat below the
average. We had good spring weather and the ground was in excellent
shape and condition for putting in crops.

Corn — About 95 per cent of a crop; excellent quality and heavy yield,
with more than the average number of acres planted. The soil was in
fine shape to retain the moisture and to withstand the summer drouth.

Oats — Crop somewhat short on account of the hot dry weather. The
quality was good and the straw was fine. Probably would have had an
average crop had it not been for the grass hoppers as they took about
three-fourths of the crop in some fields. Average about 25 bushels.

Wheat — Not raised to any extent in this county. The few fields showed
a good yield and the quality was good.

Ri/e— But very little grown; good yield and quality.

Barley — Not much grown.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little grown.

Millet — Very little grown.

Sorghum — Good quality; very little raised..

Timothy — The crop was a little light on account of the drouth but the
quality was excellent. More cut for seed this year than ever before on
account of the high price of seed, which was from $11.00 to $12.00 per
cwt.

Clover — Not much harvested except for hay. The crop was lighter than
the average on account of the drouth through the summer.

Prairie Hay — None in the county.

Other Grains and Grasses — The pastures at times were very short but
none of them were seriously hurt by the hot dry weather.

Potatoes — The early ones were a light crop on account of the drouth
but the late ones turned out heavier than an average crop.
■ Vegetables — About the average amount raised; good quality.

Apples — A very heavy crop; hundreds of bushels going to waste.

Other Fruits — Plums and cherries were a very heavy crop this year,
better than for years. All kinds of berries were good.

Cattle — Conditions of herds improving every year and the tendency
among even the renters is to breed but the very best. Aberdeen-Angus,
Short-horns, Galloways and Herefords predominate.

Horses — None but the best are being raised here now, mostly heavy
work horses and roadsters. Good demand but the price is not so high
as last year on account of some horses being shipped in here from Da-
kota. There was a better showing of horses at .our fair this year than
usual.

750 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Swine — Average pig crop; all well bred; quite a showing at the fair
this year. Some farmers have lost their entire pure-bred herds through
cholera.

Sheep — Not generally raised although the tendency to do so seems to
be on the increase. The Amana Society have several flocks of several
thousand each.

Poultry — Better showing at the fair this year than usual and the in-
terest taken in poultry raising is on the increase.

Bees — But very few stands in the county.

Drainage — Considerable wet and low land is being reclaimed each year,
both by machinery and hand tiling. Quite an extensive drainage tile
ditch is being put in just now in a drainage district adjacent to Marengo
and is being taxed to the adjoining farms and farms that are to be
benefited.

Other Industries — ^Woolen and flour mills report a good business. A
number of saw mills were in operation last winter and turned out con-
siderable native lumber, mostly dimension stuff. Canning factories on
the average did well. Creameries have done an exceptionally good business
this year and the brick and tile factories have done a rushing business.

Lands — Possibly not as much building done this year as last. Most
of our farms are pretty well improved. More improved methods of culti-
vation and more attention is being given to keeping the soil in a good
state of fertility and more intensive farming practiced by the farmers
each year. Lands range in price from $100 to $225 per acre. Some
broken rough lands have sold as low as $65.00 per acre but there is not
much of this.

Report of Fmr — Held at Marengo on September 19-21, inclusive. The
weather conditions were unfavorable, but nevertheless we had a fair at-
tendance. The machinery exhibit was the largest ever on the grounds
and the live stock exhibit was the best in years and more premiums were
paid by the society.

JACKSON.

W. D. m'caffrey, maquoketa, septembee, 1911.

General Condition of Cro,ps and Season — Good.

Corn — ^Very good crop.

Oats — Fair yield; good quality.

Wheat — Good; not very much sown.

Rye — Not much raised.

Barley — Very good.

Flax — None raised in this county.

Buckwheat — Not much raised.

Millet — Small acreage.

Sorghum — Small acreage.

Timothy — Small yield.

Clover — Small yield.

Prairie Hay — Not much in the county.

Other Grains and Grasses — Very little raised in this county.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 751

potatoes — Small yields.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — ^A large yield.

Other Fruits — ^Large crop.

Cattle — Gfood.

Horses— Good many horses raised and of good quality.

Sioine — Good quality and a good many raised.

Sheep — Not many raised.

Poultry — Good quality; raised extensively.

Bees — ^Very poor.

Drainage — Good natural drainage.

Other Industries — Two lime kilns and a button factory.

LancZs— Increasing in value every year.

Report of Fair — Held at Maquoketa, September 5-8, inclusive. Had a
large exhibit in every department. We had rainy weather but were able
to have some very good racing.

JASPER.

F. E. MEEEDITH, NEWTOX, KOVEMBEE 13, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Above the average. The lack
of rainfall during the growing season cut short small grain and vegetables
but the quality was good.

Corn— 90% of a yield and 100% quality.

Oats— 50 7o of a yield and 100% quality.

Wheat — 75% of a yield and 80% quality.

Rye — Normal. Not much raised in this county.

Barley— 50% of a yield and 90% quality.

Flax — ^Very little raised.

Buckwheat — Normal. Very little raised.

Millet — Normal. Very little raised.

Sorghum — Normal. Very little raised.

Timothy — 50% of a yield; about 80% quality.

Clover — 50% of a yield; about 90% quality.

Prairie Hay — Do not have any.

Potatoes — 60% of a yield; about 100% quality.

Vegetables — 85% of a yield; about 90% quality.

Apples — 100% of a yield and 100% quality. This county never had
more apples, nor of better quality.

Other Fruits — Great quantities of cherries, small crop of berries,
peaches and pears. Most small fruit was badly dried up.

Cattle — About 75% of feeding cattle and about 75% stock cattle.
Both are short.

Horses — About an average; prices a little off.

Swine — About an average; considerable cholera among them.

Sheep — ^About an average.

Poultry — Very good.

Bees — ^An average.

752 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Drainage — This county is making surveys and preparations for about
all of the South Skunk river bottoms are to be drained next year. About
21 miles will be drained at a cost of about $130,000 to $150,000.

Other Industries — About all of the factories of the county are located at
Newton and they are all in a very prosperous condition. Some of them
have been working at night and about all report a gain over last year.

Lands — Not many land sales made until fall, but more large farms have
been sold this fall than ever before at high prices. Three farms of over
150 acres each have sold for $200.00 per acre and smaller farms have sold
for from $125.00 to $175.00 per acre. Prices are from 10.00 to $25.00 higher.

Report of Fair — Held at Newton, August 21-24, inclusive. As a whole
our 1911 fair was perhaps the best ever held. The weather was fine and
the attendance about the largest we ever had. Our racing was good and
well filled; cattle exhibit about an average; horses a little smaller; swine
the largest ever had; sheep an average; women's departments well filled;
vegetables rather small but good for the year. We will have about $600
left after expenses are paid.

JEFFERSON.

A. E. LABAGH, FAIBFIKLD, NOVEMBESl 13, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The general condition of crops
is good despite the drouth this season.

Corn — Will average about one-half a crop; quality good.

Oats — Fine quality; average crop.

Wheat — Very little planted; averaged about 18 bushels per acre.

Rye — Practically none grown here.

Barley — None.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None grown.

Millet — None grown.

Sorghum — Acreage small; quality good.

Timothy — Very light crop owing to the dry seasons.

Clover — Same as timothy.

Prairie Hay — None grown here.

Potatoes — Light crop; too dry.

Vegetables — Plentiful and of good quality.

Apples — Large crop and of extra fine quality.

Cattle — In good condition and the usual number.

Horses — Same as cattle.

Sioine — The usual number and in good condition.

Sheep — Same as swine.

Poultry — In good condition and the average number.

Bees — About 90% have died during the last season.

Drainage — There is no drainage work done in this county.

Report of Fair — None.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 753

JOHNSON.

GEOEGE A. HITCHCOCK, IOWA CITY, OCTOBEB 12, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good,

Corn — Very fine indeed. Made a good growth and was not hurt mucli
by the dry weather.

Oats — Good quality; yield about one-half crop.

Wheat — The fall wheat was good both in quality and yield but the spring
wheat was very poor.

Rye — Grood quality; not much raised.

Barley — Not more than the average yield.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — ^Very little sown.

Sorghum — Not much grown in this county.

Timothy — Very light crop.

Clover — ^Not much lived through the winter but what did made a fair
crop.

Prairie Hay — None to speak of.

Potatoes — Early ones not up to average yield. Late ones did not ripen
so well but the yield was immense.

Vegetables — Late ones very fine.

Apples — We have not had such a yield for years.

Other Fruits — With the exception of peaches all kinds made a good
yield of good quality.

Cattle — Fully the usual number.

Horses — Scarce and high prices.

Swine — The usual number of spring pigs. Not much sickness reported.

Sheep — Very few in this county but what we have are good.

Poultry — Quite an industry with the farmers. Most of them have good
flocks.

Bees — About the usual number and they have put up a good deal of
honey.

Other Industries — Progressing.

Lands — ^Prices high, ranging from $75 to $250 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Iowa City, August 29-September 1, inclusive. We
had splendid weather and good attendance. Best fair we have had in
years.

JONES.

L. W. BUSSELL, ANAMOSA, OCTOBEB 21, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Early spring; very dry sum-
mer; excessive rains in the fall. Crops in general are good; above the
average.

Corn — Very good; heavy yield; good quality.

Oats — Fair; heavy yield; poor quality on account of drouth.

Wheat — Small acreage; fair yield.
48

754 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Rye — Good quality.

Barley — Small acreage; good quality.

Flax — Very little flax raised here.

Buckwheat — Good crop; small acreage.

Millet — Small acreage; quality good.

Sorghum — Very good; quality fine; heavy yield.

Timothy — Average yield; good quality.

Clover — Very little clover, due to winter kill and early drouth,

Prairie Hay — ^Very good crop; good quality.

Potatoes — Early ones light; late ones fine, heaviest crop in years.

Vegetables — Small vegetables good; abundant crop. Tomatoes fine qual-
ity; heavy yield. Cabbage, pumpkins, squash, etc., a bumper crop.

Apples — Bumper crop; heaviest in years, running as high as 22 bushels
to the tree.

Other Fruits— Cherries fine, largest crop in years. Plums the same. All
kinds of berries were abundant.

Cattle — Quality fine. Largest number of young calves seen in years.

Horses — Fine yield. Farmers are raising lots of young colts. Good
outlook for winter sales.

Swine — Good; number of hogs above the average.

Sheep — Average number of sheep raised.

Poultry — Very good. Eggs are plenitful but prices are high.

Bees — Good crop; lots of honey of excellent quality.

Drainage — Natural drainage good; very little artificial drainage done
in this vicinity.

Other Industries — Doing well.

Lands — Steadily increasing in value; average price now about $125.00
per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Anamosa, August 22-26, inclusive. Weather per-
fect; large and enthusiastic crowd; exhibits fine.

JONES.

FEED W. KOOP, MONTICELLO, OCTOBEE 16, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Extra good; forepart of season
dry.
Corn — Better than average.
Oats — Good.

Wheat — Practically none raised.
Rye — Good.
Barley — Good.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — Very little raised.
Millet — Good but very little raised.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Light crop.
Clover — Light crop.
Prairie Hay — None.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 755

Otlier Grains and Grasses — A few farmers have tried alfalfa witli good
results.

Potatoes — Early crop light; late crop good.

Vegetables — Good season.

Apples — Extra large crop.

Other Fruits — Exceptionally good.

Cattle — Plenty; good condition; prices good.

Horses — Plenty and in good condition. Demand not quite so good and
prices some lower.

Svnne — Plenty; no disease; prices good.

Sheep — Few raised; good condition.

Poultry — Chickens plentiful; turkeys scarce.

Bees — Light crop of honey.

Drainage — Sloughs practically all tiled.

Other Industries — Monticello Canning Company put up a big pack of
sweet corn.

Lands — Raising in price but not much changing hands.

Report of Fair — Held at Monticello. August 28-September 1, inclusive.
The weather was fine and the attendance above the average. All ex-
hibits were good and attractions and amusements splendid. Over $1,000.00
in improvements were expended during the summer.

KEOKUK.

GEO. A. POFF, SEPTEMBEE 25-28 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The best in years. This locality
has been greatly favored.

Corn — Fine; will average from 50 to 70 bushels per acre.

Oats — Medium yield; extra good quality.

Wheat — Good yield and splendid quality but not much raised.

Rye — None to speak of.

Barley — None to speak of.

Flax — None to speak of.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — ^None.

Sorghum — Good but not much grown.

Timothy — Light crop but good.

Clover — Never has been so fine. Three heavy crops have been harvested.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — Splendid.

Potatoes — Fair yield.

Vegetables — Fair yield.

Apples — Enormous crop. Many will go to waste as there is no market
for them. Selling for 70c per cwt.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — In splendid condition. Several large breeders here.

Horses — Many fine horses are raised here by breeders who are increasing
their stock.

756 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Swine — Many large breeders and many of the best breeds on exhibition
at the fair.

Sheep — Not so many raised as there used to be.

Poultry — Quite an active interest taken in this industry and many fine
chickens are raised.

Bees — Not many.

Drainage — Good and increasing.

Other Industries — The What Cheer Clay and Product Company are doing
good business.

Lands — Values are still increasing.

Report of Fair — Held at What Cheer, September 25-28. It was cold and
disagreeable on our second day and the attendance was not as large as
usual but Wednesday was a bumper day, fully 8,000 being present. We
were completely rained out on Thursday. All departments were crowded,
our stock show being especially good. Our racing was splendid.

KOSSUTH.

T. P. HARRINGTON, ALGONA, OCTOBER 24, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season and crops were ideal
and fully up to the best ever seen in the county up to June 15th. The
lack of rainfall began to tell upon all crops at about that time and the hot
wind following this with continued dry weather damaged all crops con-
siderably.

Corn — Will average 15 to 30 bushels per acre. Quality was quite good
and there will be no difficulty in securing an abundance of good seed.

Oats — From 5 to 30 bushels per acre and the quality was below weight
but bright and clean.

Wheat — Very good, 15 to 30 bushels per acre. Winter wheat, which was
raised to some extent this year, largely as an experiment, yielded better
than spring wheat and more is being sown this fall.

Rye — Not raised as a staple crop here but what we had yielded well.

Barley — Yielded about the same as oats, but being earlier the quality
was better.

Flax — ^Very poor. Most of what was sown was on tiled and freshly
broken land and was light, mostly a failure.

Buckwheat — Raised in very small quantities. Cannot estimate.

Millet — Very little sown.

Sorghum — Very little sown.

Timothy — Light, but crop harvested in good quality.

Clover — Light crop but good quality.

Prairie Hay — Not much left in the county; lighter than usual. Crop
was saved in good condition.

Potatoes — Early ones were very poor but late rains have developed the
late crop and there will be sufficient for home consumption; good quality.

Vegetables — Early ones a very light crop. The later vegetables devel-
oped well.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 757

Apples — Rather small in size but an abundant crop and remarkably free
from worms.

Other Fruits — Small berries rather scarce. All native nuts were abund-
ant but small in size.

Cattle — The usual lot of young stock. Owing to short pastures they
fared poorly during midsummer but late rains have restored the pastures
and fall feed is abundant. There is a marked tendency toward dairying
and dairy cattle.

Horses — Still high in price and farmers are breeding strongly. The qual-
ity is improving but the high price affords a great temptation to sell off
the best horses.

Swine — More are being raised than during recent years and the quality
is improving.

Sheep — Not extensively raised and no marked change in the tendency
toward sheep.

Poultry — Becoming very popular and more attention is being paid to
pure bred flocks.

Bees — Very few kept.

Drainage — I believe more drainage has been done in this county in the
last few years than in any county in the state. 20,000 acres of low wet
swamp land has been transformed into tillable land by drainage during
the last six years and the work is only about 25% done. It is being done
as fast as men and means to do it can be secured.

Lands— Land values are steadily advancing. They are still low as com-
pared with adjoining states and counties.

Report of Fair — Held at Algona, September 19-22 inclusive. We broke
all previous records in receipts and attendance. The exhibits were very
good although the stock exhibit was reduced by the shortage of pasture.

LEE.

CHKIS HAFFNEK, DONNELLSON, OCTOBER 30', 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Dryest season ever known.
Crops were fairly good during the spring and summer months considering
the season but the corn crop was damaged by excessive rains in the fall.

Corn — Poor crop on account of wet fall.

Oats — Quality good; light yield.

Wheat — Quality good; fair yield.

Rye — ^Very little raised; good yield.

Barley — None raised.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet— Very little.

Sorghum — Goo3' crop.

Timothy — Light crop.

Clover — Fair.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Almost a total failure.

758 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Vegetables — Fair to good crop.

Apples — Big crop; good quality.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Short-horns and Polled Angus predominate.

Horses — Quite an interest taken in horses, Percherons taking the lead,

Sunne — Duroc Jerseys and Poland Chinas predominate.

Sheep — Shropshire and Delaines are in the lead.

Poultry — A great deal of interest taken in poultry raising and all breeds
are represented.

Bees — A very few kept.

Drainage — More attention is being paid to tiling.

Lands — Sells from $125 to $175 per acre.

Report of Fair — Fair at Donnellson was to be held on S^tember 6-8,
but on account of excessive rains had to be declared off. The fair meeting
was a total failure.

LEE.

JOHN WALLJASPEB, WEST POINT, OCTOBER, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The general condition of crops
is somewhat below the average as the unusual dry season cut the pastures
short and also made a deficiency in the hay crop. The drouth began in
May and lasted until the 5th of September, after which time rain has
been very plentiful; in fact too much of it.

Corn — The corn withstood the drouth in good shape and is turning out
about two-thirds of a yield. Many farmers cut up their corn before the
rains set in and the corn is getting musty,

Oats — A fair crop; good weight and quality.

Wheat — Good quality; fair crop.

Rye — Not much sown.

Barley — Hardly any sown.

Flax — Very little sown; not worth mentioning.

Buckwheat — Very' little sown; good prospect.

Millet — Considerable sown; doing well.

Sorghum — Suffered from drouth; quality good.

Timothy — Suffered from drouth; about two-fifths of a crop.

Clover — Suffered from drouth; about one-half crop.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — Not much raised in this district.

Potatoes — Almost a failure; although smaller in size than in former
years they are of good quality.

Vegetables — Not many turnips sown on account of drouth. Cabbage and
other vegetables are doing well.

Apples — A bumper crop; quality fair.

Other Fruits — Peaches a good fair crop; plums and cherries good; goose-
berries and currants good; blackberries dried up. A fine grape crop.

Cattle — On account of the drouth a lot of stock cattle were shipped away
and sold, making the supply much smaller than in former years.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 759

Horses — Prices lower than in former years. The over supply is being
bought by shippers. A good paying industry for the farmer.

Swine — Doing well. But very little disease among the swine.

Sheep — On account of the low price of wool the sheep herds are smaller
than last year; no disease.

Poultry — Have done well this season. Poultry raising is one of the
mainstays of the farmer.

Bees — Very little attention paid to bees.

Drainage — The low lands around Burlington are being drained and the
flat lands on the prairie are being tiled. Owing to the high price of land
now every available acre of ground is being utilized.

Other Industries — Making good progress.

Lands — Selling from $40.00 to $250.00 per acre and is eagerly sought
by the investing public.

Report of Fair — The fair vas held at West Point, on September 26-29,
inclusive. We had a rainy week and the races were declared off. The
stock exhibits were fair but the colt show was exceptionally good. Taking
it all in all we did as well, considering the weather, as any fair around
us held during the month of September.

LINN.

C. A. PATTEN, MABION, OCTOBEB 26, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn— 125%.

Oafs— 80%.

Wheat— 110 7o.

Rye— 100 % .

Barlei/— 110%.

Buckwheat — 100 % .

Sorghum — 110%,

Timothy— 125%.

Clover— 85 % .

Other Grains and Grass — 100%.

Potatoes — Early ones 70%; late ones 125%.

Vegetables — 125%,

Apples — 150%.

Other Fruits— 125%,.

Cattle— dO'%.

Horses— 110 % ,

Swine — 110 % .

Sheep— 100 % .

Poultry— 110%,.

Bees— 90%.

Drainage — 100 % .

Other Industries — 90%.

Lands — 125%.

Report of Fair— Held at Marion, September 26-29 inclusive.

760 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

LINN.

E. E. HENDERSON, CENTRAL CITY, SEPTEMBER 27, 1911.
O

O&neral Condition of Crops and Season — No frost at this writing and all
crops mati^'d. The season was dry in the beginning but late rains have
given the pastures and ground plenty of moisture.

Corn — The best crop in years; all matured and of splendid quality.

Oats — Yielded from 15 to 40 bushels. Excessive rains after the oats
were in the shock affected the quality and made a large percent of it
inferior.

Wheat — Small acreage grown; not up to the usual quality and yield.

Rye — Very little grown this year; poor quality; yield 12 to 25 bushels
per acre.

Barley — Not as much as usual grown ; poor yield and not up to standard
quality.

Flax — ^None grown.

Buckwheat — ^Very little grown.

Millet — Fair, very little grown this season.

Timothy — Good quality; light yield.

Clover — ^Very little clover was grown this season. The dry weather of
last fall killed the greater part of the clover in this section.

Prairie Hay — Light; very little raised.

Potatoes — Early ones nearly a failure but late ones will be of good
quality and a fair crop.

Apples — Large crop; best in years.

Other Fruits — Strawberries lighter crop than usual; other berries a
good fair crop.

Cattle — There will be about the usual number on feed. This is a good
dairy county and milk cows are in good demand and scarce. Feeders
in good demand.

Horses — Plentiful but in good demand. High grade of draft horses
raised principally.

Swine — About the usual number raised; no disease reported in the
county.

Sheej) — A large number raised and in good demand.

Poultry — Getting to be one of the leading industries of the county.

Drainage — About the usual amount of tile drainage being done; quite
a number are using cement tile manufactured in the county. All the clay
tile being used this year is shipped in from outside the county.

Lands — In good demand; selling from $80 to $140 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Central City on September 5th to 8th, inclusive.
We had a rainy week. Exhibits in all departments except the swine
department were above the average. Much interest was manifested and
the attendance surprisingly large considering the weather. The farmers
are taking much interest in the success of this fair as it has been con-
ducted several years without races and has been very successful. This
is the first time for years that we have come out behind financially.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 761

LOUISA. •

J. B. SMITH, COLUMBUS JUNCTION, SEPTEMBEE 25, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The season was remarkable
for the excessive heat throughout the growing season. The rainfall was
but little below the average. The general average of crops is good.

Corn — ^A good average. Some farmers placing it at 95 to 100 per cent,
or 40 to 45 bushels per acre, mostly safe from frost.

Oats — Uneven; some fields a good average, others below; good quality.

Wheat — Not extensively raised but good quality.

Rye — Quality "A-1". Yield fair; acreage limited.

Barley — But little grown except with oats and used locally for seed.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — But little sown; weather unfavorable.

Millet — Acreage limited; quality "A-1".

Sorghum — About an average acreage; quality good.

Timothy — Short growth on account of heat and lack of moisture in
April and May.

Clover — Same condition as timothy.

Prairie Hay — But little grown; quality good.

Other Grains and Grasses — Cow peas are being tried on sandy lands.

Potatoes — Some report favorable crops but in general the crop is short
as to yield. Mostly early varieties.

Vegetables — The intense heat during the growing season was unfavor-
able for early vegetables.

Apples — The best crop, both in quantity and quality, in the history of
the county.

Other Fruits — Cherries were small and berries were nearly a failure
on account of climatic conditions.

Cattle — The condition is good but stock on hand is smaller than
asual.

Horses — In good condition; supply ample. Prices show a reduction.

Swine — Generally healthy; good quality and the usual number.

Sheep — But few are kept. In first class condition.

Poultry — In good condition; supply and production good.

Bees — In fair condition. The supply of honey will not be large.

Drainage — This county has just finished some very elaborate and costly
drainage projects.

Other Industries — Columbus Junction has a pearl button factory that
is doing a good business, "Wapello has a canning factory with an immense
output of sweet corn and in general all industries are progressing.

Report of Fair — Held at Columbus Junction Sept. 6-8, 1911. The attend-
ance was good although was somewhat reduced by the threatening weather.
The exhibits of stock were good and other exhibits fair. A small deficit
financially.

762 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

. . LUCAS.

J. C. Williamson, Chariton, December 4, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — We experienced one of the most
severe drouths this season that we have ever known.

Corn — Will make about 60% of an average crop.

Oats — About an average crop; extra fine quality.

Wheat — Extra good; good quality.

Rye — None.

Barley — None.

Flax — None.

BiicJcwheat — None.

Millet — Very little raised. Not very good.

Sorghum — A little planted and it made a good crop.

Timothy — Hay very light, making from one-half to a ton per acre.
Seed was good and almost all of the timothy was threshed for seed.

Clover — A very light crop, no second crop.

Prairie Hay — Very little prairie hay.

Potatoes — Almost a total failure except the very earliest ones.

Vegetables — Not very good; too dry.

Apples — A good yield and good quality.

Other Fruits — Fair crop.

Cattle — Feeding cattle almost all shipped out. A fair demand for dairy
cows.

Horses — Selling for a great deal less than they were a year ago. We
have plenty.

Swine — Quite a number on hand but not many being fed on account of
the low prices. There are a few cases of cholera in the county.

Sheep — A good many small flocks in the county but they are not in very
great demand.

Poultry — Fair year for poultry. Good prices have been realized for both
eggs and poultry.

Bees — Too dry for bees.

Lands — Farms are not selling very fast but they bring good prices. Quite
a number being sold at auction.

LYON.
CiiAS. W. Bradley, Rock Rapids, Oct. 24, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season very dry until July,
after that time we had plenty of rain. Small grain crop very light; corn
good; grass and pasture good.

Corn — Corn acreage 25%. Average yield 30 bushels per acre; good
quality.

Oats — Very short on account of early drouth. Average yield, about 15
bushels per acre; quality good.

Wheat — Very small acreage; average yield 20 bushels per acre; good
quality.

Rye — Little, if any, grown.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 763

Barley — Acreage 15%. Average yield 10 bushels per acre; extra good
quality.

Flax — Not grown.

Buckwheat — No acreage.

Millet — Small acreage; good yield.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — ^Very light on account of dry season.

Clover — Very light on account of dry season.

Prairie Hay — Very light, owing to dry season.

Other Grains and Grasses — None.

Potatoes — Heavy acreage; quality first class; average 150 bushels per
acre.

Yegetailes — All varieties first class; both as to yield and quality.

Apples — Good quality; heavy yield.

Other Fruits — All kinds a very heavy crop; good quality.

Cattle — First class condition; large numbers raised.

Horses — First class condition; large numbers raised.

Sivine — ^First class condition and a great many raised.

Sheep — A large number and they are in first class condition.

Poultry — A great many and in good condition.

Bees — In very bad condition on account of the early dry weather.

Drainage — Natural drainage good. Land gently rolling and there is lit-
tle, if any, artificial drainage.

Other Industries — Creameries all doing flourishing business. Other small
manufacturing establishments doing a good business.

Lands — Range in price from $100 to $200 per acre. Quality the very
best.

Report of Fair— Held, at Rock Rapids, August 29 — September 1st in-
clusive. A very successful fair.

MADISON.

A. L. Foster, Winterset, Iowa.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops &.re well advanced, owing
to the extreme drouth and the excessive heat which had a tendency to
ripen the early planted crops. The season has been one of extremes.

Corn — Will make from 15 to 50 bushels per acre; quality medium. Quite
a large percent being cut for fodder, which is exceptionally good.

Oats — Quality fair to medium; yield from 20 to 50 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Good quality, especially fall wheat, which was extra good. Yield
from 15 to 30 bushels per acre.

Rye — Not much sown; quality good.

Barley — ^l''ield from 20 to 40 bushels; quality good.

Flax — None grown.

Buckivheat — None grown, owing to the extreme dry season.

Millet — Not much sown on account of the drouth.

Sorghum — Not much grown but what few acres there were was good
quality and will make 40 to 75 gallons per acre.

764 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Timothy — One-half to one ton of hay per acre; quality of seed was fine
but only a small amount of timothy was cut for seed; light yield.

Clover — Fair yield but the quality was as good as an ever harvested.
On account of the dry weather there will not be much clover seed as there
was no second growth.

Prairie Hay — Quality good; not very much in the county.

Potatoes — Almost a failure on account of the bugs, grasshoppers and
drouth.

Tegetalles — Not many grown. Only in localities where there were local
showers.

Apples — Exceptionally large crop and better quality than usual. Winter
varieties are free from worms and are well matured.

Other Fruits — Peaches good and plentiful; plums abundant; raspberries
and blackberries were injured by the drouth.

Cattle — There is a shortage of cattle and they are not in very good con-
dition, owing to the short pastures. The farmers have had to feed hay
and corn fodder for the past two months.

Horses — Seem to be in good demand at fair prices. The farmers are
raising more than usual.

Swine — The average number but they are marketed as rapidly as they
can be fatted on account of the high price of corn.

Sheep — Quite a number of sheep are kept in the county and they seem
to be doing remarkably well.

Poultry — About the usual number. Turkeys have done splendidly.

Bees — The season was entirely too dry for bees.

Drainage — There has been considerable tile put in this season.

Other Industries — There has not been as much building done this year
as last. More cement is being used for building than before.

Lands — Not so much land changing hands as last year.

Report of Fair— He\d at Winterset on Sept. 12-14th inclusive. The ex-
hibits were good but not a very large showing in some departments. On
the whole we had an average fair although the attendance was smaller
than usual on account of threatening weather.

MAHASKA.

C. F. MoMYEB, New Shakon, Sept. 22, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season was dry; crops suffered
from the drouth.

Corn — Large acreage; good quality.

Oats — Poor yield, about one-half a crop; good quality.

Wheat— Spring wheat poor; fall wheat good quality; one-half crop.

Rye — Small acreage; good quality and yield.

Barley — None.

Flax — None,

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — None,

Sorghum — Good.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 765

Timothy — Very light crop; higti price.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — None.
Potatoes — Very light crop.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Excellent.
Other Fruits — Fine.

Cattle — Very few cattle; stockers in good demand.
Horses — Very good; prices high.
Swine — Heavy stock of pigs.
Sheep — Not many raised; very few being fed.
Poultry — Abundant.
Bees — None.

Drainage — Very little tiling.
Other Industries — None.
Lands — High and going higher.

Report of Fair — Held at New Sharon Sept. 18-21 inclusive. Fair weather;
average attendance; excellent races and good attractions.

MARION.
Chas. Pokteb, Pella, Octobee 30, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Although the greater part of
the season was very dry the crops in general are up to the average of
the past five years.

Corn — Acreage increased on account of clover being winter killed. Low
and flat lands made good corn, averaging about 40 bushels and of good
quality.

Oats — About the normal acreage; good quality; average yield 30 bushels
per acre. The straw in general is of good quality.

Wheat — Increased acreage of winter wheat and decreased acreage of
spring wheat. Quality of winter wheat good; spring wheat fair.

Rye — Not much grown; some yielding 22 bushels and some not over 12
bushels per acre.

Barley — None sown.

Flax — None sown.

Buckwheat — None sown.

Millet — Some sown with good results for hay.

Sorghum — Increased acreage. Crop yielding about 125 gallons of mo-
lasses and from 12 to 25 bushels of threshed seed per acre. A number of
farmers sowing cane seed for fodder with good results.

Timothy — Crop short, average less than one ton per acre. Quality of hay
excellent.

Clover — But few fields wintered through last season. First crop not
heavy; second crop fair.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Early ones one-half crop; late ones a good yield and good
quality.

766 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Vegetables — Early ones were good; shortage in the summer; late ones
very good.

Apples — Excellent quality and the largest crop in the last ten years.

Other Fruits — Pears were fine; too dry for the berry crop. Not much
damage from insects or hail.

Cattle — The high grade beef breed predominates. Not as many dairy
breeds being kept as would be profitable.

Horses — A marked improvement in draft horses. A great many of the
good large type basing shipped to eastern markets. The price for aged
horses is not so high this year as last, but young colts bring good prices.

Suoine — Better swine being bred. A good lot of spring pigs and no dis-
ease reported.

Sheep — The coarse wool mutton breed predominates. A number of
farmers have good flocks.

Poultry — Has always been one of our greatest industries.

Bees — The season too dry for a good output of honey; hardly enough
to winter the bees.

Drainage — Progressing.

Other Industries — All seem to be doing a good business.

Lands — But little changing hands but an increase in price over last
year. Well improved farms selling as high as $200.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held October 3-6 inclusive at Bella. A greater interest
taken by exhibitors than ever before and we had a grand, good show in all
departments. However, we had four days of rainy weather and this cut
down the attendance. We had racing every day and our attractions were
good. We will pay all premiums.

MARSHALL.
W. M. Clark, Makshalltown, October 9, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good, with the exception of
hay.

Corn — In fine shape. On July 1st the growth was far ahead of ordinary
years. It has matured in good shape and we will have a full crop.

Oats — Good.

Wheat — Winter wheat a good yield and of good quality; spring wheat
fair.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — But little raised but what we had was good.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Not enough raised to report on.

Millet — Small acreage but a good crop.

Sorghum — None raised for commercial purposes.

Timothy — Not an average crop on account of a light stand; quality good.

Clover — Newly seeded clover was very light, badly winter killed. Some
fields were plowed up without attempting to cut the crop.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Chrains and Grasses — A fair crop.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 767

Potatoes — Early potatoes very light crop; the late ones made an average
yield of good quality.

Vegetables — All very fine.

Apples — An abundance of all varieties and of fine quality.

Other Fruits — Plums and cherries in abundance; grapes fine; very few
peaches; light crop of berries.

Cattle — In good condition and farmers are raising more pure-bred cattle
than ever before.

Horses — A large number of imported horses are being brought into the
county and all draft breeds are more numerous than five years ago. Har-
ness horses are being improved and fine teams can be found in nearly every
farmer's barn.

Swine — More numerous than a year ago. 800 were shown at the county
fair this year.

Sheep — But few in the county but they prove profitable to the farmers.

Poultry — One of the leading industries and on the increase every year.

Bees — But few kept; good results this year.

Drainage — Some drains being put in on low lands with good results.

Lands — Selling from $125 to $225 per acre. The demand is just as good
as the day when it could be had for $100.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Marshalltown on September 11-16 inclusive. We
had one rainy day "out our attendance and receipts were ahead of any
former year. The exhibits of horses and swine were exceptionally large
and other exhibits about as in former years.

MARSHALL.
H. M. Weeks, Rhodes, Octobee 10, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The season opened favorably
and crops were put in the ground in good time. However, the summer
drouth made the pa-stures short; made a light hay crop and did damage
to all field crops.

Cor7i — In the western part of Story county the rains came in time to
bring out a fair crop, probably 90% of an average. The northern part
of Jasper and most of Marshall counties was considerably damaged by the
drouth, probably 80 % of an average crop.

Oats — Harvesting weather was favorable and the crop was cut and
threshed in good condition. The quality was good and the yield from 20 to
25 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Spring wheat is not extensively raised and was a light crop;
from 10 to 15 bushels; good quality. More winter wheat is grown every
year and the crop this season yielded from 30 to 35 bushels of good
quality.

Rye — None raised to speak of.

Barley — Same as rye.

Buckwheat — None.

Flax — None.

Millet — But little grown here.

Sorghum — None.

768 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Timothy — ^Very light crop, less than a ton per acre. The crop was se-
cured in fine shape; quality good.

Clover — Much of last year's seeding was killed in the winter and the
crop was light. Some good yields of seed from the first crop are re-
ported. The second crop did not amount to anything on account of the
drouth.

Prairie Hay — No wild hay except in sloughs.

Other Grains and Grasses — Some farmers are experimenting with alfalfa
with some success.

Potatoes — Early ones almost a failure; late .ones made from 50 to 75%
of an average crop.

Vegetables — Generally a light yield but of excellent quality.

Apples — A fine crop and of superior quality.

Other Fruits — Peaches a failure; pears fairly good; grapes good; all
small fruits a light crop.

Cattle — Stock will go into winter in good condition. Short-horns and
Herefords predominate. No disease. More attention is being paid to
buying and feeding than to dairying.

Horses — Marshall, Jasper and Story counties are all noted for fine
horses. Special attention is given to heavy draft breeds. No disease
among the horses in this section. Young stock doing well and prices are
good for good animals.

Swine — A leading and profitable industry; good lot of pigs and no dis-
ease. Chester White, Poland China and Duroc Jerseys the leading breeds.

Sheep — Only kept in small fiocks but they are of good breeding. This
industry is growing in this section.

Poultry — One business man of Rhodes has done a business since Jan-
uary 1, 1911 in eggs and poultry amounting to $52,000. 25 cars of eggs
and 4 cars of live poultry have been shipped from Rhodes since January
1, 1911. This evidences the importance of this industry.
. .Bees — The past two winters have been fatal to bee keeping; but few are
kept.

Drainage — Public and private enterprise has done much in this line of
work for several years. Most of the swamp land in this district has been
reclaimed.

Other Industries — A very successful Farmers' Creamery at State Center.
We also have successful cement plants in this district.

Lands — High in price. Land with fairly good improvements selling
from $125 to $175 per acre.

Report of Fair — Our fair was held at Rhodes September 19-22, 1911, and
was a success in all respects. The weather was good; attendance good;
very good attractions; fine exhibits, especially horses and swine.

MILLS.

I. J. Swain, Malvekn, Septembee 28, 1911.

General Condition of Cro,ps and Season — The season opened under the
most pleasing auspices, the soil was in prime condition for seeding at

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 769

least two weeks earlier than usual. The growth of crops was entirely
satisfactory up until the first of June, at which time drouth set in and
it prevails at this time.

Corn — Germination perfect, a magnificent stand but the drouth during
the summer months has damaged the crop. There will probably be a
yield of from 25 to 40 bushels per acre.

Oats — Quality excellent; yield below the average, probably 20 to 35
bushels per acre.

Wheat — Yield somewhat reduced by the drouth; quality good. Fall
wheat yields 30 to 40 bushels and spring wheat about 10 to 20.

Rye — Injured by drouth; quality good; yield from 20 to 40 bushels.

Barley — Very little sown.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — None grown.

Millet — Very little sown.

Sorghum — None grown.

Timothy — Very light crop; yield about one-half ton per acre. A large
acreage was plowed up for corn fields.

Clover — Fair yield; excellent quality. Second crop in prime condition,
yielding one and one-half to two tons per acre.

Prairie Hay — Very light yield, probably one to one and one-half tons.

Potatoes — Practically a failure.

YegetaMes — Late yield.

Apples — Prospects are good for a fair crop of excellent quality.

Other Fruits — Medium crop of good quality.

Cattle — Not in the average flesh on account of short pastures; no dis-
ease and a marked improvement in breeding. We have some very fine
herds in the county.

Horses — Increased attention given to the improvement in breeding of
drafters and roadsters. No disease reported.

Sicine — The dry pastures and high price of corn has been against breed-
ers, and hogs are not in the usual flesh. No disease.

Sheep — Very few raised in the county.

Poultry — This industry is receiving increased attention. Many fine
flocks are to be found in the county.

Drainage — Much interest is being awakened in the draining of our lands.
Some extensive projects having been carried forward with most satisfac-
tory results.

Lands— Prices still advancing. Good farms are selling at $150.00 to
$200.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Malvern August 8-11 inclusive, and was attended
by the largest number of visitors in the history of the fair. The exhibits
were fair in all departments and the racing program was good and well
conducted. The increased attendance is credited to the speed program.
49

770 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MITCHELL.

Carl H. Spaanum, Osage, October 17, 1911.

(General Condition of Crops and Season — Generally fair; hay crop rather
light

Com — Average crop.

Oats — About 40 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Generally good.

Timothy — Good crop.

Prairie Hay — Very light.

Potatoes — Early ones very light; late ones good.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — ^Large crop.

Other Fruits — Good.

Report of Fair — Held Sept. 26-29 inclusive. Fair crowd; good exhibits.

MONONA.
Geo. O. Holbbook, Oxawa, October 9, 1911.

(General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair. Some localities slightly
damaged by drouth.

Corn — Average yield.

Oats — Light.

Wheat — Winter, extra good; spring varieties light on account of drouth.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — None raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — None.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — Yield hurt by drouth.

Clover — Yield hurt by drouth.

Prairie Hay — Very light crop; less than half.

Potatoes — Fair yield of late potatoes.

Apples — Good yield.

Other Fruits — Fair.

Cattle — Only small lots, no feeding.

Swine — Good stock of spring pigs; some disease.

Sheep — None.

Poultry — Good; no disease.

Drainage — None needed this year.

Lands — Not much change of ownership; good prices.

Report of Fair — Held at Onawa, September 12-15 inclusive. More inter-
est shown in the fair this year than ever before.

MONROE.

LOREN PERRIIT, AXBIA, OCTOBER 25, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops fair; season dry.
Corn — Average 28 bushels per acre.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 771

Oafs— Average 35 bushels per acre.
Wheat — Average 16 bushels per acre.
Rye — None.
Barley — None.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Millet — None.
Sorghum — None.

Timothy — Average one-third ton per acre.
Clover — Average two-thirds ton per acre.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — ^None.
Potatoes — Very poor; small yield.
Vegetables — Poor.
Ajpples — Exceptionally good.
Other Fruits — None.
Drainage — None.

Report of Fair— Held at Albia, Sept. 26-29 inclusive. Rainy week. The
association will lose in the neighborhood of $350.00,

MONTGOMERY.
M. H. Rathbone, Red Oak, Oct. 31, 1911.

(jorn — About fifty per cent of a normal crop; quality not up to the
average.

Oats — ^About thirty per cent of a normal crop; quality good.

Wheat — Full average crop and very nice quality.

Barley — Full average crop; fair quality.

Flax — None raised here.

Buckwheat — None raised here.

Millet — Practically none raised here.

Sorghum — Practically none raised here.

Timothy — About fifty per cent of an average crop; quality good.

Clover — About fifty per cent of an average crop; quality good.

Prairie Hay— About fifty per cent of an average crop; quality good.

Potatoes — About 40% of an average crop; poor quality.

Vegetables — About 50 per cent of a crop; good quality up to June 1st.

Apples — Very large yield; selling for 50c bushel.

Other Fruits — None to speak of.

Cattle — About seventy-five per cent of the usual number on account of
short pastures after July 1st. Not more than twenty-five per cent will be
fed this winter.

Horses — Good prices and good class af horses. Roadsters and heavy
draft horses are selling for from $100 to $225,

Swine — Some cholera in the western part of the county but lots of pigs
are raised. More Duroc Jerseys than any other breed.

Sheep — None.

Poultry — Lots of poultry; prices good.

Bees — \rery few but they have done well.

772 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Lands — Selling for from $125 to $200 per acre. Not as much change in
ownership in 1911 as usual but farms are better improved than ever be-
fore. Many farmers now have their own lighting and heating plants.

Report of Fair — No fair held this season on account of drouth.

MUSCATINE.

W. H. Shipman, West Libeety, October 27, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The early season was not very
satisfactory but late rains have improved the crops. On the whole the
year will be very good.

Corn — Average acreage. The early planting is not up to the average but
the late planting is much better. We will, therefore, have a good average
crop.

Oats — Good crop and good quality at the time of harvest. The rains
damaged the late threshing.

Wheat — Small acreage; quality and yield good.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Very little raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — Good acreage; late rains making it a good crop.

Sorghum — Good crop in some localities.

Timothy — Yield light; quality first class. Where threshed the seed was
very profitable.

Glover — Light yield; badly winter killed.

Prairie Hay — None in this section.

Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass was short during the summer
months but the fall rains have made good pastures.

Potatoes — Early crop a failure; late ones very good.

Yegetal}les — An average crop.

Apples — A heavy crop; fine quality; many carloads shipped.

Other Fruits — Good crop of small fruit; no peaches or plums.

CaiiZe— Not so many cattle fed as last year. Much interest In the dairy
breeds.

Horses — Good demand for good horses and all selling for good prices.

Swine — Some disease in part of the district. Good stock of pigs.

fif^ieep— Nice lot of spring lambs and much interest taken in them.

Poultry — Turkeys scarce but chickens are plentiful.

Bees — Honey crop short.

Drainage — Some tiling; also some county ditching.

Other Industries — Doing a good business

Lands— Very few farms changing hands. Prices remain at a high figure.

Report of Fair— Held at West Liberty August 21-24 inclusive, and was a
success in every way. Exhibits were especially .good.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 773

MUSCATINE.
H. H. Johnson, Wilton Junction, Octobeb 10, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good crops. Season dry in June
and July but plenty of rain from August 1st to October 10th.

Corn — Good; average about 50 bushels per acre; good quality.

Oats — Average 25 bushels per acre; quality good.

Wheat — Average 22 bushels per acre; good quality.

Rye — 15 bushels per acre; quality good.

Barley — Average 10 to 15 bushels; poor crop.

Flax — None. ,

Millet — Good; heavy crop.

Sorghum — Good; above the average.

Timothy — Very light; one-half to one ton per acre.

Clover — Light.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and G^-asses — None.

Potatoes — Early crop light; late crop exceptionally good.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Apples plentiful; largest crop in twenty years.

Other Fruits— Plentiful.

Cattle — Average number.

Horses — Plentiful, especially draft animals.

Swine — Large number. Dying rapidly from disease in some localities.

S^eep— Plentiful.

Poultry — More poultry in vicinity than for years.

Bees — Above the average; good yield of honey.

Drainage — Good.

Other Industries — Flourishing.

Lands — Average in price from $150 to $200 per acre. Not much chang-
ing hands at present,

O'BRIEN.

Geo. H. Gardnee, Sheldon, Octobek 9, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Less than one-half crop of small
grain and hay not more than 20 % of a crop. The first part of the season
was dry but we have had normal rainfall during August and September.

Corn — 75% of a crop; good quality; well matured.

Oats — 40 % of a crop ; quality good.

Wheat — Winter wheat 75%; good quality. Spring wheat 60%; good
quality.

Barley — 25% of a crop; good color and weight.

Millet — 75% of a crop.

Timothy — 15 % of a crop.

Clover — 20% of a crop.

Prairie Hay — 20 % of a crop.

Potatoes — Early ones made 25% of an average crop; late ones 95%.
Good quality.

774 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Vegetables — Fair; late varieties good.

Apples— 100 % .

Other Fruits — Berries fair; plums, etc., good.

Cattle — Good condition.

Horses — Good condition; slight decrease in value.

Sicine — Good average lot of spring pigs. No cholera; decline in prices.

Sheep — Good condition; decrease in number.

Poultry — Fair to good.

Drainage — Not much tiling done this season.

Lands — Slight increase in values, ranging from $100 to $165 per acre.

Report of Fair — Fair was held at Sheldon August 22-25, 1911. Attend-
ance about 95% of an average attendance; exhibits in all departments
were above normal; races were good and all classes fairly well filled.

O'BRIEN.

J. B. Murphy, Sutherland, October 14, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops poor and season dry.

Com— One-half crop; 15 to 40 bushels per acre.

Oats — One-third of a crop; 6 to 25 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Very little raised; a fair crop.

Barley— Average 8 to 12 bushels per acre.

Flax — None to speak of.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — None.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — Almost a total failure.

Clover — One-half ton per acre.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Early ones a failure; late ones good.

Vegetables — Poor.

Apples — Above the average crop.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Thin and below the average number.

Horses — About the average number. Prices not so high as a year ago.

Swine— Good crop; above the average number. The old hogs nearly all
marketed.

Sheep — About the average number.

Poultry — Above the average number.

Bees — Almost a failure.

Other Industries — Curtailed this year to a great extent.

Lands — Not changing hands.

Report of Fair— HeM at Sutherland, September 6th to 8th, inclusive.
The weather was rainy and cold the first and second day and attendance
was not so large as a year ago.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 775

PAGE.

A. W. GOLDBERG, SHENANDOAH, OCTOBER 11, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Dry season; about one-half
crop.

Corn — About one-third of an average crop.

Oats — Estimated at one-half crop.

WJieat — Full crop.

R'ye — Good.

Barley — None.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — None.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — Light.

Clover — ^Light.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Gi-asses — Alfalfa fair.

Potatoes — Poor crop.

Yegetahles — Light.

Apples — Good.

Other Fruits — Too dry; only fair.

Cattle — Less than average on account of dry pastures.

Horses — Average.

Swine — Average.

Sheep — Quite a number in the southern part of Page county.

Poultry — Usual number; high prices.

Bees — Short.

Drainage — Good.

Other Industries — None to speak of.

Lands — High prices prevail.

Report of Fair — Held at Shenandoah, August 14th to 18th, inclusive.
A very successful fair considering the dry weather. We had good ex-
hibits in all departments and almost as large attendance as last year.
Financially a little to the good.

PAGE.

J. C. BECKNER, CLAEINDA, OCTOBER 26, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The early part of the season
was very favorable and the ground was in excellent condition. It was
hot and dry in Page county during June, July and August, with a few
local showers. However, the crop is a surprise to all, both as to quality
and quantity.

Com — About two-thirds of an average crop.

Oats — Extra fine quality; unusually large yield and the straw is about
as good as hay.

Wheat — Excellent quality and average yield.

776 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Rye — Very little raised but what we had was good quality and a nor-
mal yield.

Barley — Not much grown here.

Flax — None raised in this county.

Buckwheat — Very little grown except for bees.

Millet — Not much grown.

Sorghum — A splendid crop this year.

Timothy — Very light; about one-third of a crop. The new meadows
were some better.

Clover — Quality was the finest I have ever seen and the weather
was ideal for harvesting.

Prairie Hay — Not much grown; quality fine; light yield.

Other Grains and Grasses — Very little grass of any kind this fall on
account of the hot, dry summer.

Potatoes — ^Almost a failure, except the very early ones. Sweet potatoes
were very good.

Yegetahles — Very poor.

Apples — An average crop in most of the orchards; quality only fair.

Other Fruits — Fair crop of strawberries.

Cattle — Looking extra good, considering the short pasturage. About
the usual number,

Horses — Considerable interest in the pure-bred draft type in the county.
The prospect for good horses is very bright for this district.

Swine — A large number raised and some very fine ones.

Sheep — Considerable interest taken in this industry. Some very fine
sheep in the county.

Poultry — Thousands of chickens of all varieties.

Bees — Not much interest taken in bees, although we have a very fine
apiary in Clarinda that ships bees to all parts of the world.

Drainage — Progressing.

Other Industries — Several small industries.

Lands — Steady; not much changing hands.

POCAHONTAS.

J. p. MULLEN, FONDA, SEPTEMBEE 27, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Far below the average; season
very dry.

Corn — About two-thirds of a crop.

Oats — Very little better than one-half a crop.

Wheat — Scarcely any grown in this county; only a fair crop.

Rye — Poor.

Barley — Fair; small acreage.

Flax — Very little, late in maturing.

Buckioheat — About the average crop.

Millet — Good.

Sorghum — Fair.

Timothy — Light.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 777

Clover — Poor.

Prairie Hay — Very light.

Other Grains and Grasses — Poor on account of drouth.

Potatoes — Very light crop; scored one-third of a crop.

Vegetables — Fair.

Apples — Good.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Average.

Horses — Average.

Swine — Better than average.

Sheep — Average.

Poultry — Good.

Bees — Good.

Drainage — Doing a great deal.

OtJier Industries — The butter and egg business shows a decrease; brick
and tile better than average and cement business doing well.

Lands— Steady increase in price, ranging from $80.00 to $155.00 per
acre.

Re,port Of Fair— Ueld at Fonda, August 1st to 4th, inclusive. A very
good fair. Attendance, attractions, exhibits and other entertainments bet-
ter, or equally as good as other years.

POTTAWATTAMIE.

H. M. EAGEE, AVOCA, OCTOBEE 18, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Taken as a whole the season
of 1911 has been very unfavorable for the growing crops. During May
and part of June things were excellent but hot, dry winds came and then
the continued drouth, which did considerable damage. I believe the
most unsuccessful season since 1894.

Corn — About one-half crop, or about 25 to 30 bushels per acre.

Oats — Below the average.

Wheat — Better than average.

Rye — Not enough raised to be of any consequence.

Barley — Fair.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — None.

SorgMim — None.

Timothy — Only fair; too dry.

Clover — Only fair; too dry.

Prairie Hay — ^None.

Other Grains and Grasses — Some little alfalfa but it is not a great suc-
cess here as yet.

Potatoes — About one-half crop.

Yegetahles — Very Poor; too dry.

Apples — ^Very fine quality but think a little short in quantity.

Other Fruits — Cherries particularly good; other small fruits quite good.

778 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Cattle — Very poor season. Many farmers have fed hay and grain since
July 15th. This would hardly be called a dairy county.

Horses — Poor season. Very good grade of horses in the county and
many are sold for other markets. It is my impression that the prices
are not so high as last year.

Swine — There are a great many hogs raised in this county and the
breeding is good.

Sheep — Not many raised but they are of extra good stock.

Poultry — There is nothing on the farm that pays bo well with as little
outlay and there is nothing that yields so well to care and attention as
the chicken. All farmers have large flocks and many are kept in town.

Bees — Not enough kept to supply the local demand.

Drainage — The county is straightening the river and it is the impres-
sion that it will prevent much of the former overflow.

Other Industries — Purely an agricultural county. There are several
flour mills.

Lands — We have very fine soil and ideal conditions for farming. On
account .of the dry season the land is not selling higher, if quite so high,
as formerly.

Report of Fair — Held at Avoca, September 5th to 8th, 1911. Very un-
favorable weather and other attractions, such as the Carnival at Council
Bluffs, kept the attendance down.

POWESHIEK.

C. p. BUSWELL, GRINNELL, OCTOBER 29, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair crops and a very dry
season.

Corn — Will average from 40 to 50' bushels per acre.

Oats — About 35 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Not much wheat raised. Yielded from 10 to 12 bushels per
acre.

Rye — No rye this year.

Barley — About 30 bushels per acre.

FZarc— No flax.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — Light crop.

Timothy — Very light; not over one-half ton per acre.

Clover — Very little clover hay but that was good. Clover mostly win-
ter killed.

Prairie Hay — Very few acres but good; helped out by the fall rains.

Potatoes — Early potatoes not good on account of the dry weather. Late
potatoes very good.

Vegetables — Good crop.

Apples — Large crop of apples; selling at 50c per bushel.

Other Fruits — Good crop of cherries and grapes; other small fruits
scarce.

Cattle— ysot many cattle on accouut of pastures being short and the
prices high.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 779

Horses — High prices prevail. ^lost farmers have just enough horses
to do their work.

Swine — Lots of young pigs; not much sickness.

Sheep — Not many sheep.

Poultry — A great many chickens; selling for 10c per pound.

Bees — Very few.

Drainage — A good many tile have been laid the past season.

Other Industries— A.niova.6bi\es,t buggies, washing machines, cement
blocks, tile and brick.

Lands — Worth from $100.00 to $250.00 per acre; not much real es-
tate changing hands; very quiet.

Report of Fair — Held at Grinnell, September 4th to 7th, 1911. Cloudy,
unsettled weather and a small crowd on the 5th; had a good crowd on
the 6th but it rained at two p.m. and the fair was declared off. We had
a fine display, larger than ever, and a fair field of horses.

POWESHIEK.

JAMES XOWAK, MALCOM, OCTOBEB 30, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — ^Very favorable season up un-
til June 1st, but at that time dry weather set in and continued until
the middle of August. The corn and other grains withstood the drouth
well, except in a few localities. All grains were damaged to some extent
by grasshoppers.

Corn — Good quality; will average about 38 bushels per acre; price now
50 cents per bushel. Corn was damaged by grasshoppers.

Oats — Medium quality and not very heavy yield, will average about
27 bushels per acre. Price at this time 43 cents.

Wheat — Not much raised; fair quality and yield.

Rye-— Not much raised; fair yield and quality.

Barley — Not much grown; good yield and fair quality.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — ^Very little grown; fair quality.

Timothy — Light crop; high priced.
..Clover — Light crop; high price.

Prairie Hay — Light crop; high price.

Other Grains and Grasses — Since September first all grasses and pas-
tures have had a good growth.

Potatoes — Early potatoes a very light yield, sold for $3.00 per bushel.
Late potatoes a good yield and selling for 60c per bushel.

Vegetables — Early vegetables were affected by the drouth and did not
turn out as well as usual.

Apples — Largest crop in many years, selling for 50 to 75 cents per
bushel.

Other Fruits — With the exception of peaches and grapes, small fruits
were a good yield.

780 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Cattle — Fair price; supply above the average.

Horses — High prices; horses scarce.

Swine — Fair price; supply about average.

Sheep — Not many raised here.

poultry — Prices good and the demand steady.

Bees — Honey crop about average.

Drainage — Much tiling being done.

Lands — Have not advanced in value as much as the year previous.

Report of Fair — Held at Malcom on August 21-23rd. The weather was
dry and it was very dusty, which did not help to increase .our attend-
ance. Our exhibits were fair in all departments and our premiums were
paid in full.

PLYMOUTH.

G. A. C. CLARKE, LEMABS, DECEMBER 4, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Total rainfall from January 1,
1911, to November 30, 1911, 22.53 inches.

Corn — Average yield 35 to 40 bushels per acre.

Oats — Average yield 15 to 20 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Average yield 18 to 20 bushels per acre.

Rye — Very small acreage.

Barley — Very small acreage.

Flax — None. * ' '

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Light crop.

Sorghum — None. • • ■

Timothy — Practically a failure.

Prairie Hay — One-half crop.

Potatoes — Average yield 80 to 85 bushels per acre.

Vegetables — Fair crop.

Apples — Large crop.

Other Fruits — Currants poor; cherries fair; plums fair.

Cattle— Total number 28,941; total value $518,422.00.

Horses— Number 14,150; value $689,662.00.

Swine— Number 98,434; value $393,780.00.

^•Tieep— Number 4,800; value $27,000.00.

Lands — 10% increase in value.

Report of Fair — No fair held in this county. Farmers' Short Course
held February 6-11, 1911, at LeMars.

RINGGOLD.

L. F. HALL, TINGLEY, SEPTEMBEE 13, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season very dry.
Corn — Three-fourths yield; will be good quality.
Oats — 25 bushels per acre; excellent quality.
Wheat — Good; 20 bushels per acre.
Rye — Good quality and yield.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 781

Barley — None.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — Good.

Timothy — Good; extra good seed crop.

Clover — Hay good; extra good seed.

Prairie Hay — None to speak of.

Potatoes — Small yield.

Vegetables — Very good.

Apples — Good; large yield.

Other Fruits — Very good.

Cattle — Better breeding; not so many in the county.

Horses — More interest in breeding; normal amount.

Swine — Exceptionally good showing at the fair; not so many in the
county as in other years.

Sheep — Good showing; this industry is on the increase.

Poultry — Better than other years.

Bees — Have done well.

Drainage — Not much done this year.

Lands — Increase in price.

Report of Fair — Held at Tingley on September 6-9, 1911. The exhibits
were larger and better in all departments than in former years but the
rainy weather of each day cut our receipts very materially.

SAC.

GUS W. STBOHMEIEE, SAC CITY, OCTOBEE, 1911.

Geneal Condition of Crops and Season — ^With the exception of potatoes
all crops were fair. The season was very favorable in the beginning but
about the first of June dry weather set in and continued until the middle
of September.

Corn — Average crop and in fair condition. Out of the way of frosts.

Oats — Average crop and good weight, although hurt by the dry weather
the fore part of the season.

Wheat — Fair; not much raised.

Rye — Some raised; good quality.

Barley — Good; well headed; quite an acreage.

Flax — Small acreage but good quality and yield.

Buckwheat — Small acreage; average crop.

Millet — Good; quite a good deal raised.

Sorghum — Good. We have two sorghum mills in operation.

Timothy — Light but good quality.

Clover — Good and well seeded.

Prairie Hay^-Fair but not much left here.

Other Grains and Grasses — Doing fair; some alfalfa doing well.

Potatoes — Short crop; good quality.

Vegetables — Good considering the dry season; fine quality.

Apples — Not much sale but they are fine and we have lots of them.

Other Fruits — Fair and good quality.

782 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Cattle — Doing fine; some being fed; prices good; not the average num-
ber.

Horses — Scarce and good prices prevail.

Swine — In the best of condition; but not the usual number of young
pigs.

Sheep — Fine quality but not many in the county.

poultry — In the best of condition and a great many raised. Produce
company paying good prices for same.

Bees — Season very unfavorable.

Drainage — Lands pretty well tiled.

Other Industries — ^Tile works, stone plant, canning factory for sweet
corn all doing a fine business.

Lands — All land is of the best and selling for fair prices; some changing
hands from $85.00 to $200.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Sac City August 8-11. The largest and best
ever held in our county. We built a large stock pavilion this year and
many other improvements. The fair is in good condition financially
and every one is a booster.

SHELBY.

FEED FEAZIEB, HARLAN, SEPTEMBER 23, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops are fairly good, consid-
ering that we have ha'd the most protracted drouth since 1894.

Corn — We will have about 2-3 of a normal crop of good sound merchant-
able corn.

Oats — The poorest crop ever grown here; poor yield; poor quality.

Wheat — Some winter wheat yielded as high as 38 bushels but not a
great deal sown. Spring wheat not a heavy yield, probably an average
crop for this locality.

Rye — But little grown; fair crop.

Barley — Good crop; about an average yield of good quality.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — None grown except an occasional patch for bees.

Millet — Too dry for this crop; an occasional patch looks fairly well
but little sown this season on account of the dry weather.

Sorghum — Just an occasional patch.

Timothy — Fairly good crop of hay, probably a ton to the acre. Seed
is high priced and much of the hay is being threshed for seed.

Clover — Poor crop; badly winter killed. Crop thin and light.

Prairie Hay — Only a few sloughs of wild hay left; fairly good yield.

Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa is good but we have only a small
acreage. The blue grass has not done well this season.

Potatoes — Poor crop; selling for 40c per peck.

Vegetables — Poor crop of all kinds of vegetables.

Apples — Probably the best yield and quality that has ever been known
in this county. Mostly summer and fall varieties.

Other Fruits — Abundant and good quality.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 783

Cattle — Probably fewer cattle in the county than for years at this sea-
son. Dry pastures and good prices have caused cattle to be sold off
rather close.

Horses — A greater interest being taken in the raising of good horses.
There are many good colts this season,

Svyine — The county is full of fine young pigs; no cholera but much
sickness has been reported and many of the finest herds have recently
died.

Sheep — Not many kept but the interest is increasing.

Poultry — One of our leading industries.

Bees — Only a few small bee farms; not a very good year for them;
too dry.

Drainage — Considerable tiling was done last spring and the west fork
of the Nishna Botna river is being widened and straightened under the
Iowa drainage law.

Other Industries — Doing well.

Lands — ^Values are about on a par with one year ago. Prices range
from $100 to $250 per acre with the average price at about $135.

Report of Fair — Held at Harlan August 21 to August 24 Inclusive. We
had the largest paid attendance ever had at our fair. Our exhibits were
not up to standard so far as quality was concerned but on the whole we
had a very successful fair.

SIOUX.

J. G. VAN DEN BERG, ORANGE CITT, NOVEMBER 30, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Spring was favorable but the
summer months were very dry; in some places the wells gave out. The
crop average is below normal.

Corn — Fair in some localities; owing to dry season the average is light.

Oats — Light crop; early oats poor; late oats will average from 18 to 30
bushels per acre.

Wheat — ^Very fair; averaging from 10 to 22 bushels per acre; good
quality.

Rye — None raised here.

Barley — Poor, average 10 to 20 bushels per acre.

Flax — None raised here.

Buckwheat — None raised here.

Millet — Average crop.

sorghum — Average crop; very little raised.

Timothy — ^Very light.

Clover — Medium crop.

Prairie Hay — Very light.

Other Grains and Grasses — Below the average.

Potatoes — Early potatoes very poor, late very ones good yield and
good quality.

Vegetables — Very good.

Apples — Good quality and good crop.

784 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Other Fruits — Very light.

Cattle — In good condition.

Horses — In good condition.

Swine — No disease; average number of pigs.

Sheep — In good condition.

Poultry — Very good; no disease.

Bees — Not many in this county; average amount of honey.

Drainage — Most of the land has been tiled.

Other Industries — Dairy, farming and gardening have been profitable.

Lands — Well improved in this county and there has been some chang-
ing hands. Prices range from $150 to $190 per acre. Some smaller
tracts have sold for as high as $200 per acre.

TAMA.

A. G. SMITH, TOLEDO, OCTOBEB 12, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — As a rule very good the fore-
part of the season but during the summer until September 1st we had
hot dry weather.

Corn — A very good crop; matured early and is out of the way of
frost.

Oats — Not as good as usual; some report a good yield while others
report a very poor average.

Wheat — Not much grown in this county, especially spring wheat. As
a rule the crop is fair.

Rye — Very good crop, considering the dry summer.

Barley — ^Very fair.

Flax — Hardly any grown in this county.

Buckwheat — Not much grown.

Millet — Not much grown but what we had was fair.

Sorghum — Very good yield.

Timothy — The hot, dry weather did not leave much good hay, but
what there was was good, selling from $15 to $17 per ton.

Clover — Very little.

Prairie Hay — Hardly any left in the county.

Other Grains and Grasses — A poor year for all grains and grasses.

Potatoes — Very small yield and poor quality.

Vegetables — The vegetables did not do well on account of drouth.

Apples — One of the best crops in years.

Other Fruits — All of the very best.

Cattle — Only a few heavy feeders around here. I am, therefore, un-
able to give much accurate information.

Horses — A great many horses in the county and many being sold to
eastern markets; prices are good.

Swine — Thousands of hogs raised in this part of the country. I have
heard of no disease and prices are good. We have all breeds.

Sheep — Very few are owned in the county but I am told the farmers
are buying them.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 785

Poultry — Every farm yard is filled with chickens.

Bees — Not many in the county.

Drainage — Very little land in Tama county that has not been drained
out.

Other Industries — Progressing.

Lands — Price on the increase, selling at $100 to $200 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Toledo September 26-29 inclusive. Several
improvements made this year. Our exhibits were good in both the live
stock and agricultural departments; also the ladies department. It
rained part of the time so that our attendance was cut down somewhat.

VAN BUREN.

D. A. MILLEB, MILTON, SEPTEMBEE 30, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season extremely dry until
September 1st; crops fairly good.

Corn — Two-thirds of a crop.

Oats — One-half a crop.

Wheat — Two-thirds of a crop.

Rye — None to speak of.

Barley — None.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — One-half crop.

Millet — One-half crop.

Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — One-fourth crop; quality good.

Clover — One-fourth crop.

Prairie Hay — Excellent.

Other Grains and Grasses — Only fair.

Potatoes — A failure.

Vegetables — Fair,

Apples — Full crop; quality fair.

Other Fruits — Full crop.

Cattle — Plenty and good stock.

Horses — Same as cattle.

Swine — Quite a number raised.

Sheep — Full crop wool; good price.

Poultry — The average number; prices good.

Bees — Good.

Drainage — Excellent.

Other Industries — All have done well.

Lands — Prices range from $50 to $150 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Milton August 30-September 1, 1911. Good
we;ather; excellent exhibits, good fair in every way, although it was
dry and dusty.
50

786 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

WAPELLO.

H. B. BAKER, ELDON, SEPTEMBEE 20, 1911.

General Condition of Crop and Season — Very good crops considering
tlie extreme drouthy season.

Corn — Very good crop; some damaged in the shock by fall rains.

Oats — Good crop; good quality.

Wheat — Considerable wheat raised in this locality; good yield and
quality.

Rye — Not much sown.

Barley — None.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Fair crop; not much sown.

Sorghum — More raised than for several years; good yield; fair quality.

Timothy — ^Very light crop; hay selling at $18.00 to $20.00 per ton.

Clover — Fair average crop.

Prairie Hay — Very little.

Other Grains and Grasses — Some alfalfa being sown with good results.

Potatoes — Light crop; poor quality.

Vegetables — Very light crop.

Apples— lja.rgest crop ever known; fair quality.

Other Fruits — No peaches; some cherries; all other fruits a light crop.

Cattle — Scarce, owing to the dry pastures during the summer. Im-
provement in breeding.

Horses — Plenty of them and of good stock. Quite a number Importer
in during the last few years.

Swine — Good lot of spring pigs; generally healthy.

Shee.p — Not many sheep in this locality.

Poultry — The county is full of chickens and they have been a good
paying proposition.

Bees — None to speak of.

Drainage — Some drainage being done with good results.

Other Industries — None.

Lands — Prices are about the same as a year ago.

Report of Fair — Held at Eldon, September 5-8 Inclusive. Very good
exhibits in all departments; attendance light on account of threatening
and rainy weather.

WARREN.

JOE m'coy, indianola, octoher 3, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Very dry season.

Corn— 40 % .

Oats—iO % .

Wheat— Fall wheat 110%; spring wheat 30%.

Rye— 100 % .

Barley— iO%.

sorghum— 20%.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 787

Timothy— 25%.

Clover — 30%. Very little clover in the county.

Potatoes — Late ones 50%; early ones 10%.

Yegetables — 50%.

Apples— 100%.

Other Fruits — Cherries and peaches 100%; small fruits 50%.

Cattle— 5fi % .

Horses— IW % .

Swine — 75%.

/STieep— 100 % .

Poultry— IdQJo.

Drainage — 20 % .

Other Industries — Doing well.

Lands — Little changing hands; prices steady with upward tendency.

Report of Fair — Held at Indianola September 5-8 inclusive.

WASHINGTON.

H. W. BEXX, WASHIXGTON^, NOVEMBEB 13, 1911.

Corn — Average yield 45 bushels per acre; quality good.
Oats — Average yield 35 bushels .per acre; quality good.
Wheat — Fall wheat 18 bushels per acre; good quality. Spring wheat
17 bushels per acre; poor quality.

Timothy — Average one ton per acre; quality good.

Clover — Average ton and a half per acre. Good quality.

Potatoes — Small yield and medium quality.

Apples — Heavy yield; quality good.

Other Fruits — Heavy yield; quality good.

Cattle — Average number and in good condition.

Horses — Average number and in good condition.

Svnne — A fourth more hogs than in 1910. Some cholera.

Sheep — A fourth more sheep than in 1910.

Lands — Selling from $150 to $600.00 per acre.

WEBSTER.

J. L. HAXBAHAX, FT. DODGE, NOVEMBEE 16, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair.
Corn — About 35 bushels per acre.
Oats — About 30 bushels per acre.
Wheat — Good crop; acreage small.
Report of Fair — No fair.

WINNEBAGO.

M. M. THOilPSOX, FOBEST CITY, OCTOBEB 24, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Never better for crops up
until July 1st but at this date hot winds struck us and crops were badly

788 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

damaged. From July 1st to September 11th there was practically no
rainfall.

Corn — Damaged by hot winds and drouth about 50%. A large acreage
was planted.

Oats — Damaged by drouth; about 18 to 25 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Small acreage; good quality but small yield, about 18 to 20
bushels per acre.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Small acreage; yield light, about 20 to 25 bushels per acre.

Flax — Small acreage, about 8 to 10 bushels per acre.

Buckwheat — Small acreage; fair crop.

Millet — Small acreage; fairly good crop.

Sorghum — Quite a little planted; good yield.

Timothy — A large acreage planted; crop light on account of drouth;
good yield.

Clover — About the same as timothy.

Prairie Hay — Small acreage in this county; crop is good and prices
high.

Potatoes — Large acreage planted; late potatoes a fine crop, from 200
to 250 bushels per acre.

Vegetables — All kinds a good crop.

Apples — A large crop of fine apples.

Other Fruits — None of consequence.

Cattle — Many kinds raised; some very fine pure breds. Farmers are
taking quite an interest in raising fine stock.

Horses — Good breeding and some fine horees are on the market.

Swine — Duroc Jerseys, Poland China and other breeds raised ex-
tensively.

Sheep — Many good sheep are now raised.

Poultry — This industry is increasing and many fine flocks are raised.

Bees — Not many raised.

Drainage — A large number of drainage districts and a great many
miles of tile put in the last year.

Other Industries — Doing very well.

Lands — Prices range from $85 to $110 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Forest City September 27-30. The finest ex-
hibits we ever had; good attendance, and the fair in every way was a
marked success.

WINNESHIEK.

E. BLAKEMAN, DECOEAH, OCTOBER 6, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Very dry until the first of
September, since that date we have had plenty of rain and there will
be quite a loss from grain spoiling in the stack.

Corn — Good but a light yield.

Oats — Not as good as last year.

Wheat — Same as oats.

Rye — Good. ■

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 789

Barley — Light, badly shrunken.

Flax — Poor and light.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — That sown late was good.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — Light yield, some of it dried up before being cut.

Clover — No clover to speak of; all winter killed.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Very light yield.

Vegetables — Early ones poor; late ones good.

Apples — Fine but not much sale for them.

Other Fruits — Plums were good; other small fruit just a fair crop.

Cattle — In good condition.

Horses — Good demand; high prices.

Swine — Healthy; doing well.

Sheep — Doing well.

Poultry — Hens selling at 8c per pound; chicks at 9c.

JSeesT-Too dry this season for bees.

Lands — Selling from $45 to $100 per acre.

Report of Fair — Our fair was held at Decorah, August 29-September 1,
inclusive. "We were so unfortunate as to have to compete with two cir-
cuses and this caused a decrease of attendance. We had to borrow money
to pay our premiums in full.

WOODBURY.

JOE MOETON, SIOUX CITY, OCTOBEB, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops are much better this
year than the average for northwestern Iowa, owing to the fact that
we had local rains the early part of the season.

Corn — Less than normal, being estimated at 6,500,000 bushels; first
class quality.

Oats — About 50% of the normal crop; a bad season for this crop on
account of lack of moisture.

Wheat — Unusually good crop of wheat; excellent grade.

Rye — But very little rye raised but that was of excellent quality and
a fair stand.

Barley — The barley crop was about 60 % ; good quality.

Flax — About a 75% crop.

Buckwheat — Practically none raised.

Millet — Very little millet raised.

Sorghum — Very good quality and a good crop.

Timothy — Know of none other than that used for hay.

Clover — Unusually fine crop; good quality.

Prairie Hay — About 75% of a crop; good quality.

Other Grains and Grasses — Tame hay and alfalfa a good crop. In
many localities they got four cuttings.

Potatoes — Early ones did not do well but the late ones made an aver-
age crop.

790 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Vegetables — Fair.

Apples — Excellent crop of apples; good quality.

Other Fruits — Small fruits suffered for want of moisture. In parts
of the county there were some very good yields.

Cattle — Not a good year for feeding cattle on account of the poor
pasture. However, there has been the usual number raised and from
all reports they are doing well.

Horses — High priced; no surplus.

Stvine — The average number raised and they are in good condition.
No disease or epidemic reported.

Sheep — A fine quality of sheep raised but not as many as in other
localities.

Poultry — The poultry industry, I believe, has greatly increased during
the last two years. There are many fanciers raising large flocks.

Bees — An unusually small amount of honey on account of the dry
weather.

Drainage — I believe the system of draining the lowlands of Woodbury
county is as good as any county in the state.

Other Industries — Other manufacturing industries we have seem to
be in a flourishing condition.

Lands — Steadily increasing in value and there is a strong marliet for
land in this county; more buyers than sellers.

Report of Fair — The Interstate Live Stock Fair was held at Sioux City,
September 18-23 inclusive. In regard to exhibits and attendance it was
one of the oest fairs ever held by this association. The weather was
good and the patrons seemed perfectly satisfied.

WOODBURY.

JAMES HOBBS, MOVILLE, SEPTEMBEB 25, 1911,

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops generally are of very
good quality but the quantity is less than any year since 1894. The early
spring was very favorable but hot winds and dry weather set in in early
summer and this caused the low yield.

Corn — About 65 per cent of the average crop.

Oats — Yielded from 10 to 30 bushels per acre; light weight.

Wheat — Fall wheat made from 15 to 40 bushels per acre; spring wheat
from 8 to 12 bushels per acre; poor quality.

Rye — Acreage very light.

Barley — 40% of an average crop.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — None.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — Not more than one-half ton per acre.

Clover — One-half crop; about one ton per acre; no second crop.

Prairie Hay — Fine quality and about two-thirds of an average crop.

Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa good.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 791

Potatoes — Early ones a failure; late ones one-half crop.

Vegetables — Two-thirds of a crop; excellent quality.

Apples — Abundant crop; more than enough to supply local demand.

Other Fruits — Strawberries one-half crop; cherries and plums plentiful.

Cattle — Very scarce on account of short pasture. Not more than one-
half the usual number.

Horses — Not in as good condition as usual but the usual number.

Swine — In normal condition. More young pigs than usual; old hogs
mostly sold off.

Sheep — In good condition; not many of them,

poultry — Usual number.

Bees — Not doing well on account of lack of material to work on.

Drainage — Good.

Other Industries — Very prosperous.

Lands — Changing ownership at advanced prices. About $10 or $15
higher per acre than a year ago.

Report of Fair — Held at Moville September 6-8 inclusive. Very success-
ful. Our exhibits were especially good.

WORTH.

E. H. MILLER, NORTH WOOD, OCTOBER 6, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The spring was very nice and
crops were put in in fine shape. Later the season was dry and the crops
on high land were Injured somewhat.

Corn — A fine crop except on high or sandy land. The crop is ma-
turing fine without frost.

Oats — Yield is somewhat uneven. High pieces yielded from 10 to 20
bushels while other fields yielded from 35 to 40 bushels per acre.

Wheat — As a rule wheat did not yield well and it is badly shrunken.

Rpe — Very little sown but that seems good.

Barley — A fair yield; very good quality; good color.

Flax — Early crop yielded fairly well but the late crop was badly in-
jured by the drouth.

Buckwheat — Very little sown but the yield promises to be good.

Millet — A fine crop; not grown very extensively.

sorghum — But little planted; looking fine.

Timothy — A very short crop.

Clover — Poor yield; second crop came on fine and yielded well.

Prairie Hay — Very little here.

Other Grains and Grasses — Slough hay is better than for many years,
owing to the dry weather.

Potatoes — Early crop was badly injured by the drouth but the late crop
is doing fine.

Vegetables — Late ones are good.

Apples — Plentiful and of very fine quality.

Other Fruits — Plums were a fine crop.

Cattle — Plentiful; not in the best of condition on account of short
pastures.

792 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Horses — Plentiful and of fair quality; very few are being sold.

Swine — Only a fair lot of pigs.

Sheep — Very few flocks; fair quality.

Poultry — This industry seems to be on the increase. Large quantities
are shipped weekly.

Bees — Not doing well this year on account of the protracted drouth.

Drainage — A large amount of drainage is being done, both open ditches
and tile drainage.

Other Industries — The dairy industry is one of the leading farm In-
dustries and is conducted very successfully by co-operative creameries.

Lands — Have been changing hands very rapidly in the last two years
and advancing in value.

Report of Fair — Held at Northwood September 25-27 inclusive. We had
fine weather and one of the most successful fairs in years.

WRIGHT.

CHAS. EOTZLER, CLARION, OCTOBER 5, 1911.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair season; very dry.

Corn — Good quality; about 30 bushels.

Oats — Grood quality; about 25 bushels.

Wheat — Good quality; about 18 bushels.

Rye — Not any.

Barley — Very little.

Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — None.

Timothy — Light.

Clover — Light.

Prairie Hay — Light.

Potatoes — Short.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Good.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Good.

Horses — Good.

Swine — Good.

Sheep — Good.

poultry — Good.

Bees — Short.

Drainage — Good and improving fast.

Other Industries — Slow.

Lands — Good.

Report of Fair — Held at Clarion September 5-8 inclusive. Bad weather
all week and our receipts were cut in half. Good exhibits in all depart-
ments.

PART XIII

Directory of Associations and Organizations Repre-
senting Agricultural Interests in Iowa

Iowa Department of Agricwlture — President, C. E. Cameron, Alta; Vice-
President, O. A. Olson, Forest City; Secretary, A. R. Corey, Des Moines;
Treasurer, G. S. Gilbertson, Des Moines.

Iowa State Horticultural Society — President, M. J. Graham, Adel; Vice-
President, F. P. Spencer, Randolph; Secretary, Wesley Greene, Daven-
port; Treasurer, F. O. Harrington, Williamsburg.

Iowa Park and Forestry Association — President, Eugene Secor, Forest
City; Vice-President, M. J. Wragg, Des Moines; Secretary, Wesley Greene,
Des Moines; Treasurer, A. T. Erwin, Ames.

Society of Iowa Florists — President, J. S. Wilson, Des Moines; Vice-
President, J. D. F. Fulmer, Des Moines; Secretary, Wesley Greene, Des
Moines; Treasurer, J. T. Temple, Davenport.

Western Grain Dealers' Association — President, I. L. Patton, Newton;
Vice-President, E. A. Fields, Sioux City; Secretary, Geo. A. Wells, Des
Moines; Treasurer, Geo. A. Wells, Des Moines.

Iowa Corn Qroioers' Association — President, F. H. Klopping, Neola;
Vice-President, Fred McCuUoch, Hartwick; Treasurer, J. W. Coverdale,
Elwood.

Com Belt Meat Producers' Association — President, A. Sykes, Des
Moines; Vice-President, R. M. Gunn, Buckingham; Secretary, H. C.
Wallace, Des Moines; Treasurer, Chas Goodenow, Wall Lake.

Iowa State Highway Commission — Directors, A. L. Marston, Ames;
C. F. Curtiss, Ames; Highway Engineer, Thos. H. MacDonald, Ames;
Assistant Highway Engineer, C. B. McCullough, Ames; Consulting Bridge
Engineer, J. E. Kirkham, Ames; Field Engineer, F. R. White, Ames;
Secretary, Annie Laurie Bowen, Ames.

The Farmers' Grain Dealers Association — President, B. Hathway, Kings-
ley; Vice-President, J. W. Hazans, Barnum; Secretary, Roy McVicker,
Eagle Grove; Treasurer, D. D. Paine, Eagle Grove.

Iowa Swine Breeders' Association — President, Jas. Watson, Madrid;
Vice-President, M. Davidson, Menlo; Secretary and Treasurer, M. P.
Hancher, Rolfe.

(793)

794 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

loica State Dairy Association — President, R. B. Young, Buffalo Cemter;
Vice President, L. L. Flickinger, Fredericksburg; Secretary J. J. Ross,
Iowa Falls; Treasurer, E. T. Sadler, Waterloo.

Iowa Draft Horse Breeders Association — President, G. W. Gribsby, Mad-
rid; Vice-President, C. B. Dannen, Melbourne; Secretary, Howard Vaughn,
Marion; Treasurer, Martin Nelson, Cambridge.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND FAIR AS-
SOCIATIONS IN IOWA.

Adair — Adair County Agricultural Society, Greenfield; President, Geo.
Kramer, Greenfield; Secretary, W. W. West, Greenfield.

Adams — Adams County Agricultural Society, Corning; President, S. M.
Richey, Corning; Secretary, Geo. E. Bliss, Corning.

Allamakee — Allamakee County Agricultural Society, Waukon; President,
J. H. O'Brien, Waukon; Secretary, Geo. Hall, Waukon.

Auduhon — Audubon County Agricultural Society, Audubon; President,
G. W. Hoover, Audubon; Secretary, S. C. Curtis, Audubon.

Benton — Benton County Agricultural Society, Vinton; President, W. H.
Hanna, Vinton; Secretary, H. G. Kruse, Vinton.

Black Haiok — La Porte City District Fair Association, La Porte City;
President, C. E. Ashley, La Porte City; Secretary, H. B. Lizer, La Porte
City.

dent, M. Adams, Alta; Secretary, C. H. Wegerslev, Alta.
Bennett, Tripoli; Secretary, D. A. Long, Waverly.

Boone — Boone County Agricultural Society, Ogden; President, F. W.
Wilkins, Ogden; Secretary, W. C. Treloar. Ogden.

Boone — Boone Driving Park and Fair Association, Boone; President,
A. M. Burnside, Boone; Secretary, John S. Crooks, Boone.

Buchanan — Buchanan County Agricultural Society, Independence; Presi-
dent, W. M. Woodward, Independence; Secretary, A. G. Rigby, Inde-
pendence.

Buena Vista — Buena Vista County Agricultural Society, Alta; Presi-
dent, M. Adams, Alta; Secretary, C. H. Wegersley, Alta.

Butler — Butler County Agricultural Society, Allison; President, John
Caster, Shell Rock; Secretary, W. C. Shepard, Allison.

Calhoun — Calhoun County Fair Association, Manson; President, Thos.
Griffin, Manson; Secretary, C. G. Kaskey, Manson.

Calhoun — Rockwell City Fair Association, Rockwell City; President,
Andrew Stewart, Rockwell City; Secretary, A. J. Hunter, Rockwell City.

Cass — Cass County Agricultural Society, Atlantic; President, F. C.
Schain. Atlantic; Secretary, Carl E. Hoffman, Atlantic.

Cass — Massena District Fair Association, Massena; President, S. D.
Wyckoff, Massena; Secretary, D. P. Hogan, Massena.

Carroll — Carroll Fair and Driving Park Association. Carroll; President,
H. C. Stevens, Carroll; Secretary, Chas. M. Russell, Carroll,

Cedar — Tipton Fair Association, Tipton; President, Jas. G. Cessford,
Tipton; Secretary, C. F. Simmermaker, Tipton.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 795

Cerro Gordo — Northern Iowa Agricultural Society, Mason City; Presi-
dent, Arthur Pickford, Mason City; Secretary, Chas. H. Barber, Mason
City.

Chickasaw — Chickasaw County Agricultural Society, New Hampton;
President, P. H. Brannon, New Hampton; Secretary, G. M. Bigelow, New
Hampton.

Chickasaw — Big Four Fair Association, Nashua; President, W. A.
Granger, Nashua; Secretary, C. L. Putney, Nashua.

Clayton — Clayton County Agricultural Society, National; President,
Jos. Matt, St. Olaf; Secretary, Henry Luehsen, Garnavillo.

Clayton — Strawberry Point District Agricultural Society, Strawberry
Point; President, T. F. Wheeler, Strawberry Point; Secretary, H. A.
Axtell, Strawberry Point.

Clayton — Elkader Fair and Track Association. Elkader; President,
Henry Koehn, Elkader; Secretary, W. W. Davidson, Elkader.

Clinton — Clinton County Agricultural Society, De Witt; President, D.
Armenstrout, De Witt; Secretary, G. H. Christensen, De Witt.

Clinton — Clinton District Agricultural Fine Stock and Fair Association.
Clinton; President, E. C. Matthiesen, Bryant; Secretary, J. B. Ahrens,
Lyons.

Crauyford — Crawford County Fair Association, Arion; President, Wm.
Eggers, Arion; Secretary, O. M. Creswell, Arion.

Davis — Davis County Agricultural Society, Bloomfield; President, J. R.
Sheaffer, Bloomfield; Secretary, H. C. Leach, Bloomfield.

Dickinson — ^Dickinson County Agricultural Association, Spirit Lake;
President, L. E. Francis, Spirit Lake; Secretary, W. W. White, Spirit
Lake.

Delaware — Delaware County Agricultural Society, Manchester; Presi-
dent, F. L. Durey, Manchester; Secretary, J. B. Higmara, Manchester.

Dickinson — Milford Fair Association, Milford; President, S. A. Hol-
comb, Milford; Secretary, F. H. Kelsey, Milford.

Fayette — Fayette County Agricultural Society, West Union; President,
J. S. Smith, West Union; Secretary, E. A. McUlree, West Union.

Fayette — Oelwein District Fair Association, Oelwein; Secretary, C. H.
Knos.

Franklin — Franklin County Agricultural Society, Hampton; President.
J. E. Johnson, Hampton; Secretary, C. D. Williams, Hampton.

Grundy — Grundy County Agricultural Society, Grundy Center; Presi-
dent, H. N. Dilly, Grundy Center; Secretary, L. M. Hawn, Gruhdy Center.

Guthrie — Guthrie County Agricultural Society, Guthrie Center; Presi-
dent, B. F. Davidson, Menlo; Secretary, R. M. Crane, Guthrie Center.

Hancock — Hancock County Agricultural Society, Britt; President, C.
W. Erwin, Britt; Secretary, H. A. Early, Britt.

Hardin — Hardin County Agricultural Society, Eldora; President, J. D.
Reed, Eldora; Secretary, H. S. Martin, Eldora.

Harrison — Harrison County Agricultural Society, Missouri Valley;
President, J. E. Jones, Missouri Valley; Secretary, A. B. Hasbrook,
Missouri Valley.

796 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Henry — Henry County Agricultural Society, Mt. Pleasant; President,
T. F. Campbell, Mt. Pleasant; Secretary, C. H. Tribby, Mt. Pleasant.

Henry — Winfield Fair Association, Winfield; President, R. P. Davidson,
Winfield; Secretary, Jno. A. Baxter, Winfield.

Humloldt — Humboldt County Agricultural Society, Humboldt; Presi-
dent, A. M. Adams, Humboldt; Secretary, W. B. West, Humboldt.

Iowa — Iowa County Agricultural Society, Marengo; President, Frank
Owen, Marengo; Secretary, H, H. Brimmer, Marengo.

loica — Victor District Agricultural Society, Victor; President, Chas.
Raffensperger, Victor; Secretary, J. P. Bowling, Victor.

loica — Williamsburg Pavilioii and Fair Association, Williamsburg;
President, Wm. Cash, Williamsburg; Secretary, James Nicholas, Williams-
burg.

Jackson — Jackson County Agricultural Society, Maquoketa; President,
Wm. Dunlap, Maquoketa; Secretary, W. D. McCaffrey, Maquoketa.

Jaspex — Jasper County Agricultural Society, Newton; President, C. F.
Sauerman, Newton; Secretary, F. E. Meredith, Newton.

Jefferson — Jefferson County Agricultural Society, Fairfield; President,
Sanford Zeigler, Fairfield; Secretary, R. W. Lamson, Fairfield.

Johnson — Johnson^ County Agricultural Society, Iowa City; President,
Bruce Moore, Iowa City; Secretary, Geo. A. Hitchcock, Iowa City.

Jones — Jones County Agricultural Society, Monticello; President, B. G.
Hicks, Monticello; Secretary, Fred W. Koop, Monticello.

Jones — Anamosa Fair Association, Anamosa; President, Chas. Hastings,
Anamosa; Secretary, Dr. L. W. Russell, Anamosa.

Keokuk — What Cheer District Agricultural Society, What Cheer; Presi-
dent, Jas. Stephenson, What Cheer; Secretary, Geo. A. Poff, What Cheer.

Kossuth — Kossuth County Agricultural Society, Algona; President, E.
A. Walcott, Algona; Secretary, T. P. Harrington, Algona.

Lee — Lee County Agricultural Society, Donnellson; President, D. Mc-
Culloch, Donnellson; Secretary, Chris. Haffner, Donnellson.

Lee — West Point District Agricultural Society, West Point; President.
J. W. Stewart, West Point; Secretary, John Wall jasper. West Point.

Linn — Wapsie Valley Fair Association, Central City; President, E. M.
Lanning, Alburnett; Secretary, E. E. Henderson, Central City.

lAnn — Marion Inter-State Fair Association, Marion; President H. J.
Grandall, Marion; Secretary, C. A. Pattern', Marion.

Louisa — Columbus Junction District Fair Association. Columbus Junc-
tion; President, T. J. Klotz, Columbus Junction; Secretary, N. T. Hend-
rix, Columbus Junction.

Lyon — Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Association, Rock Rapids;
President, S. D. Riniker, Rock Rapids; Secretary, Chas. W. Bradley,
Rock Rapids.

Madison — Madison County Agricultural Society. Winterset; President,
Elmer Orris, Winterset; Secretary, A. L. Foster, Winterset.

Mahaska — New Sharon District Agricultural Society, New Sharon; Pres-
ident, R. P. Doze, New Sharon; Secretary, C. F. Momyer, New Sharon.

Marion — Lake Prairie District Agricultural Society, Pella; President,
A. J. Kuypeo-, Pella; Secretary, Chas. Porter, Pella.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 797

MarshaHl — Eden District Agricultural Society, Rhodes; President A. F.
Pike, Rhodes; Secretary, H. M. Weeks, Rhodes.

Marshall — Marshall County Fair Association. Marshalltown ; President,
Warren Nichols, Minerva; Secretary, W. M. Clark, Marshalltown.

Mills — Mills County Agricultural Society, Malvern; President, Sherman
Jones, Malvern; Secretary, I. J. Swain, Malvern.

MitcJiell — Mitchell County Agricultural Society, Osage; President.
Bryon Leighton, Osage; Secretary, Carl H. Spaanum, Osage.

Monona — Monona County Fair Association, Onawa; President, M. B.
Pullen, Onawa; Secretary, Geo. O. Holbrook, Onawa.

Monroe — Monroe County Agricultural Society, Albia; President, Alf.
Timmonds, Albia; Secretary, Loren Perrin, Albia.

Montgomery — Montgomery County Fair Association, Red Oak; Presi-
dent, D. D. Ashby, Red Oak; Secretary, M. H. Rathbone, Red Oak.

Muscatine — Union District Agricultural Society, West Liberty; Presi-
dent, J. C. Nichols, West Liberty; Secretary, W. H. Shipman; West
Liberty.

Muscatine — Wilton Fair Association, Wilton Junction; President, Chas.
C. Kaufman, Wilton Junction; Secretary, Dr. H. H. Johnson, Wilton
Junction.

O'Brien — O'Brien County Agricultural Society, Sutherland; President,
Otto Peters, Sutherland; Secretary, J. B. Murphy, Sutherland.

O'Brien — Sheldon District Fair Association, Sheldon; President, Chas.
Peters, Sheldon; Secretary, Geo. Gardner, Sheldon.

Page — Clarinda Fair Association, Clarinda; President, W. G. Dunn,
Clarinda; Secretary, J. C. Beckman, Clarinda.

Page — Shenandoah Fair Association, Shenandoah; President, Chas.
Aldrich, Shenandoah; Secretary, A. W. Goldberg, Shenandoah.

Pocahontas — Big Four District Fair Association, Fonda; President,
R. F. Beswick. Fonda; Secretary, J. P. Mullen, Fonda.

Pottaicattamie — Pottawattamie County Fair Association, Avoca; Presi-
dent, Dominick Gross, Avoca; Secretary, H. M. Eager, Avoca.

Poioeshiek Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Malcom;

President, Wm. McClure, Malcom; Secretary, Jas. Nowak, Malcom.

Poioeshiek — Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Grinnell;
President, Samuel Jacob, Grinnell; Secretary, C. P. Buswell, Grinnell.

Ringgold — Tingley Fair Association, Tingley; President, C. M. Richard-
son, Tingley; Secretary, L. F. Hall, Tingley.

Ringgold — Ringgold County Agricultural Society, Mt. Ayr; President,
Fred Ashenherst, Tingley; Secretary, C. V. Rhoades, Mt. Ayr.

Sac— Sac County Agricultural Society, Sac City; President, L. E. Erwin,
Sac City; Secretai-y. Gus. Strohmeier, Sac City.

<S7ieZ&2/— Shelby County Agricultural Society, Harlan; President, C. F.
Swift, Harlan; Secretary, Fred Frazier, Harlan.

Sioiix — Sioux County Agricultural Society, Orange City; President, A.
Van der Meide, Orange City; Secretary, J. G. Van der Berg, Orange City.

Tama--Tama County Fair Association, Toledo; President ,C. S. Tenney,
Montour; Secretary, A. G. Smith, Toledo.

798 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Taylor — Taylor County Agricultural Society, Bedford; President, G. W.
Hook, Bedford; Secretary, Clyde Dunning, Bedford.

Tan Buren — Milton District Agricultural Society, Milton; President,

F. P. Blanchard, Milton; Secretary, D. A. Miller, Milton.

Wo.peno— Eldon Big Four Fair Association, Eldon; President, D. A. Jay,
Eldon; Secretary, H. A. Baker, Eldon.

Warren — Warren County Fair Association, Indianola; President, Lee
Talbot, Indianola; Secretary, Joe McCoy, Indianola.

Winnebago — Forest City Park and Fair Association, Forest City; Presi-
dent, F. J. Brooks, Forest City; Secretary, F. L. Wacholz, Forest City.

Winnebago — Buffalo Center District Fair and Driving Park Association-,
Buffalo Center; President, B. D. Sterling, Buffalo Center; Secretary, J.
B. Boyd, Buffalo Center.

Winneshiek — Winneshiek County Agricultural Society, Decorah; Presi-
dent, G. F. Baker, Decorah; Secretary, E. Blakeman, Decorah.

WortJi — Worth County Agricultural Society, Northwood; President, W.

G. Wagner, Northwood; Secretary, E. H. Miller, Northwood.

Wright — Wright County Agricultural Society, Clarion; President, F. P.
Wilson, Clarion; Secretary, Chas. Rotzler, Clarion.

Woodbury — Inter-State Live Stock Fair Association, Sioux City; Pre-si-
dent, F. L. Eaton, Sioux City; Secretary, Joe Morton, Sioux City.

Woodbury — Moville Stock Show and Carnival Co., Moville; Secretary,
Jas. Hobbs, Moville.

FARMERS' COUNTY INSTITUTES IN IOWA.

Adair — President, D. J. Cowden, Adair; Seci-etary, Ed Walsh, Adair.

Adams — President, J. D. Kurtz, Corning; Secretary, A. B. Lewis, Com-
ing.

Allamakee — (Short Course) President, C. J. Helmings, Waukon; Secre-
tary, Theo. Anderson, Waterville.

Appanoose — President, Craig Daniells, Moultom; Secretary, Jno. W.
Wood, Moulton.

Appanoose — S. P. Moring, Exline; Secretary, D. C. Flanagan, Exline.

Benton — President, Fred Hamann, Keystone; Secretary, J. H. Rozema,
Keystone.

Black Hawk — President, F. S. Miller, Waterloo; Secretary, E. M.
Lichty, Waterloo.

Boone — President, G. W. Grigsby, Madrid; Secretary, Chas. Helemes,
Madrid.

Bremer — President, C. W. Pennington, Summer; Secretary, I. D. Hadley,
Sumner.

Buchanan — President, J. H. Minzel, Hazleton; Secretary, Frank Bantz,
Independence.

Buena Vista — President, L. B. Crouch, Storm Lake; Secretairy, S. I.
Edwards, Storm Lake.

Butler — President, Geo. Adair. Shell Rock; Secretary, E. E. Wilcox, Shell
Rock.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 799

Calhoun — President, T. W. McCrary, Rockwell City; Secretary, Henry
Parson, Rockwell City.

Carroll — President, B. C. Grimes, Glidden; Secretary. J. F. Snyder,
Glidden.

Cedar — President, Elmer Coultei', "West Branch; Secretary, Wrigley
Smith, West Branch.

Cerro Gordo — President, D. McArthur, Mason City; Secretary, J. H.
Carr, Swaledale.

Cherokee — President, P. M. Peterson, Cherokee; Secretary, W. P. Daw-
son, Cherokee.

Cherokee — President, H. F. Hoffman, Washta; Secretary, Joe Chapman,
Washta.

Chickasaw — President, M. J. Heald, Nashua; Secretary, E. E. Tracy,
Nashua.

Clay — President, Peter Johnson, Dickens; Secretary, Bert Paddock,
Spencer.

Clayton — President, M. G. Arnold, Strawberry Point; Secretairy, H. A.
Axtell, Strawberry Point.

Clinton — President, D. L. Pascal, De Witt; Secretary, J. J. Garrity,
De Witt.

Dallas — (Short Course) President N. M. Leonard, Waukee; Secretary,

D. E. Fish, Adel.

Davis — President, V. G. Warner, Bloomfield; Secretary, W. C. Hoon,
Bloomfield.

Davis — President, F. L. Gardiner, Pulaski; S.ecretary, J. W. Wray,
Pulaski.

Decatur — President, Fred Woolley, Garden Grove; Secretary, J. W.
Long, Leon.

Delaivare — President, A. E. Mead, Manchester; Secretary, Frank Sly,
Manchester.

Dickinson — President, John Amundson, Milford; Secretary, J. F. Brett,
Spirit Lake.

Emmet— (Sho-vt Course) President, C. F. Long, Estherville; Secretary,
I. J. Robinson, Estherville.

FVoyd— (Short Course) President, Geo. E. May, Charles City; Secretary,

E. A. Sheldon, Charles City.

Floyd— Presidemt, J. R. Waller, Charles City; Secretary, W. W. Birkins,
Charles City,

Fremont — Plresident, Chas. E. Frazer, Sidney; Secretary, H. J. Ross,
Farragut.

Greene — President, Willard Zeller, Cooper; Secretary, F. 0. Rhoades,
Cooper.

Greene — President, J. B. Patrick, Dana; Secretary, J. H. Hughes, Grand
Junction.

Grundy — President, Lew Alberts, Reinbeck; Secretary, Robt. Plager,
Grundy Center.

Guthrie — President, Grant Chapman, Bagley; Secretary, F. A. Mallett,
Guthrie Center.

Hamilton — President, C. G. Felloeson, Stratford; Secretary, Herbert
Waller, Stratford.

800 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Hancock — President, Wm. Rasmussen, Britt; Secretary, Henry Shaffer,
Britt.

Harrison — President, W. S. Kelly, Mondamin; Secretary, Mrs. Stephen
Mahoney, Mondamin.

Henry — President, E. T. Willitts, Mt. Pleasant; Secretary, J. W. Palm,
Mt. Pleasant.

Howard — President, Myron Converse, Cresco; Secretary, Julius Doo-
litle, Cresco.

Humboldt — President, Geo. F. Kitman, Humboldt; Secretary, Charles
Spayde, Humboldt.

Jackson — President, Geo. Blake, Maquoketa; Secretary L. L. Little-
field, Bellevue.

Jefferson — President, R. W. Lamson, Fairfield; Secretary, Chas. H. Ross,
Fairfield.

Johnson — President, E. T. Davis, Iowa City; Secretary, R. P. Adams,
Solon.

Keokuk — President, U. S. Chacey, Nugent; Secretary, A. H. Bake-
house. Sigourney.

Lee — President, Joseph Fry, Weaver; Secretary, E. C. Lynn, Donnell-
son.

Linn — President, T. W. Moody, Walker; Secretary, G. A. Hayzlett,
Walker.

Linn — President, F. D. Hall, Springville; Secretary, Frank Bedell,
Springville.

Louisa — President, S. F. Wilson, Wapello; Secretary, C. B. Wilson,
MooTiing Sun.

Lucas — President, John Q. Werts, Russell; Secretary, J. C. Williamson,
Chariton.

Lyon — President, L. M. Foote, Inwood; Secretary, A. 0. Anderson, In-
wood.

Madison — President, W. D. Patterson, Winterset; Secretary, H. G. Til-
ton, Winterset.

Mahaska — President, J. G. Lyttle, Oskaloosa; Secretary, F. F. Everett,
Lacy.

Marion — President, D. W. Ward, Knoxville; Secretai'y, John D. Schlot-
terbach, Knoxville.

Mills — President, Geo. Parker, Henderson; Secretary, Claud Wilson,
Henderson.

Mitchell — President, H. H. Richards, Osage; Secretary, R. J. Fisk,
Osage.

Monona — President, Perry Livingood, Castana; Secretary, J. E. Mc-
Namara, Castana.

Monroe — President, John Foster, Albia; Secretary, Leslie Perrin, Albia.

Montgomery — President, W. A. Peterson, Stanton; Secretary, C. G. Carl-
ton, Stanton.

Muscatine — President, Newton Lang, Wilton; Secretary, A. Rexroth,
Moscow.

O'Brien — President, Geo. J. Smith, Paullina; Secretary, H. G. Gulp,
Paullina.

TWELFTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 801

Page — President, J. E. Sawhill, Clarinda; Secretary, Jessie Field, Clar-
inda.

Palo Alto — President, Frank Illingworth, Emmetsburg; Secretary, Geo.
Smith, Osgtod.

PaJo Alto — President, V. L. O'Connor, G-raettinger ; Secretary, W. G.
Harrison, Graettinger.

Plymouth— {QYLOvt Course) President, C. L. Trenery, Le Mars; Secre-
tary, Jacob G. Koenig, Le Mars.

Pocahontas — President, W. W. Linnan, Pocahontas; Secretary, Walter
P. Jensen, Pocahontas.

Polli — President, W. E. F. Randolph, Ankeny: Secretary, J. W. Hil-
dreth, Ankeny.

Poiveshiek — President, W. N. Morgan, Guernsey; Secretary, A. P.
Hughes, Deep River.

Ringgold — President, E. E. Xorris, Diagonal; Secretary, Grant Stahl,
Diagonal.

Sac — President, G. S. Angier, Schaller; Secretary, O. 0. Starr, Schaller.

Scott — President, Aug. Lamp, Eldridge; Secretary, A. P. Arp, Eldridge,
R. No. 1.

Shelby — President, Frank D Nelson, Harlan; Secretary, Perry Mayne,
Harlan.

Sioux — President, J. C. Emery, Seney; Secretary G. L. Venard,
Hawarden.

Story — President, W. H. Handsaker, Nevada; Secretary, Roy Bennett,
Ames.

Story- — President, J. H. Cleverly, Maxwell: Secretary, Logan Olingeir,
Maxwell.

Tavia — President, A. L. Ames, Traer; Secretary, R. G. Stoakes, Traer.

Taylor — President, G. N. Reid, Lenox; Secretary, D. C. Mohler Bed-
ford.

Union — President, Wm. Brown, Afton; Secretary, L. J. Nickle, Afton.

Van Buren — President, Geo. V. Leffler, Stockport; Secretary, A. G.
Roberts. Bonaparte.

Wapello — President, Frank Whitcomb, Ottumwa; Secretary. W. Z.
Dexter, Ottumwa. R. No. 6.

Wapello — President, J. H. L. Spilman, Laddsdale; Secretary, T. A. Moore,
Eldon, R. No. 1.

Warren — President, Jas. A. Mason, Carlisle; Secretary, Silas Igo, In-
dianola.

Washington — (Short Course) President, J. I. Wilson, Washington; Sec-
retary, C. E. Deuel, Washington.

Wayne — President, J. C. Snodgrass AUerton; Secretary, L. W. Richie,
Allerton.

Winnebago — President. 0. A. Olson, Forest City; Secretary, R. B.
Young, Buffalo Center.

Woodbury — President, Jacob Moldstadt, Moville; Secretary, M. E.
Twitchell, Moville.

Worth — (Short Course) President, Wm. Fenney. Northwood; Secretary,
O. E. Gunderson, Northwood.

Wright — President, J. O. Middleton, Eagle Grove; Secretary, James M.
Rudy, Eagle Grove.
51

INDEX

Page
PART I.

REPORT OF THE IOWA WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE FOR 1911.

Annual normals for lo'sva 20

Climate and crop bulletins 28

Climate and crop review 24

Climatolog-y for the year 1911 1

Monthly summaries 3

Comparative data for the state, annual 21

Crop Report:

Acreage by counties 42

Average yield per acre and total product by counties 45

Conditions, August 1 39

August 25 39

December 1, final 40

July 1 39

June 1 38

Tabulated crop summary 41

Dates of killing frosts 23

Total Precipitation Chart, 1911 22

Weather and crop service 1

PART II.
STATISTICAL, TABLES OF IOWA'S PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS.

Crops for various years, Iowa:

Barley 51

Corn 49

Flax 54

Hay 53

Oats 50

Potatoes 55

Rye 52

Wheat 50

Crop statistics, principal farm crops of the L'nited States:

Barley 64

Buckwheat 68

Corn 57

Flaxseed 71

Hay 74

Oats 69

Potatoes 72

804 INDEX

Page

Crop statistics, principal farm crops of the United States— Contimied .

Rye 66

T\'heat, winter 59

Wheat, spring- 61

Wheat, all 62

Crop statistics, principal farm crops of the world:

Barley 93

Corn ,» 88

Flax 96

Oats 91

Potatoes 98

Rye 95

Wheat 89

Farm animal stalistlcs. United States:

Cattle, other than milch cows 82

Cows, milch 80

Horses 76

Mules 78

Sheep 84

Swine 86

PART III.

CROP AND OTHER STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR ENDING
DECEMBER 31. 1911.

Crops, acreage, yield per acre and total yield:

Alfalfa " 110

Apples 104

Barley 107

Clover seed 116

Corn 107

Flax seed 110

Hay 110

Oats 107

Pop corn 116

Potatoes 110

Rye 110

Sweet corn 116

Timothy seed 116

Wheat 107

Tabulated crop summary 103

Farms, acreage, total , 104

Average monthly wage paid farm holj) 104

Average size farms 104

Number in state, total 104

Silos, number in state 104

Introductory remarks 101

Live stock statistics, Iowa:

Cattle, all ages 113

Dairy cows and heifers 113

Cattle not kept for milk 113

Hogs, on farms, July 1, 1911 113

Horses, all ages 113

Mules, all ages 113

Poultry, on farms, July 1. 1911 113

Number dozen eggs received, estimated 113

INDEX 805

Page
Live stock statistics, low a.— Continued.

Sheep, kept on farms 113

Shipped in for feeding 113

Sold for slaug-hter 113

Pounds of wool clipped 113

PART IV.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE JOINT SESSION OF THE ANNUAL STATE

FARMERS' INSTITUTE AND CORN BELT MEAT

PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION.

Address, Hon. Henry Wallace 162

Bliss, Prof. R. K., "Present Cattle Feeding- Situation in Iowa" 147

Committee, auditing, report 171

Memorial 162- 189

Resolutions 162- 190

Time 'to be given railway to furnish sheep cars 169- 188

Davenport, Hon. Eugene, "The Redirection of the Stockman's Point

of View" 142

•Directors' meeting 195

Downing, Jas., "The Shrink on Cattle" 176

Election of directors 189

Election of officers 192

Escher, Chas., Jr., "The Selection, Feeding and Fitting a Carload of

Show Steers" 138

Goodenow, Chas., treasurer's report 171

Insurance in the stock yards 182

King, Prof. F. T., "Silage for Fattening Cattle" 155

Present cattle feeding situation in Iowa, Prof. R. K. Bliss 147

President's address, A. Sykes 119

Secretary's report, H. C. "Wallace 170

Silage for fattening cattle, Prof. F. T. King 155

Sykes, A., president's address 119

"The Redirection of the Stockman's Point of View," Hon. E. Davenport 142
The selection, feeding and fitting a carload of show steers, Chas.

Escher, Jr 138

The shrink on cattle, Jas. Downing 176

Treasurer's report, Chas. Goodenow 171

"Walace. H. C, secretary's report 170

Wallace, Hon. Henry, address 162

PART V.

SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND
COMIVIITTEE MEETINGS.

Advertising, 1911 fair 216

Amphitheater, alteration contract 224- 234

Contract completed 197

Painting seats 219

Sanitary closets 222- 223

Summary of contract 198

Animal husbandry, committee 199- 210

Appropriations, advertising 216

From legislature 205-211- 212

806 INDEX

Page

Attractions, 1911 fair 210

Aeroplanes 223

Automobile races 226- 227

Bands and orchestras 221- 222

Electric tandem 217

Moving pictures 226- 227

Night show 210-214-217- 219

Band contracts '. 221- 222

Band stands 219

Battles, O. V., fine for not appearing in stock parade 229

Bills before legislature 205- 212

Board of Agriculture, elections to fill vacancies 215

Meetings 202-211- 228

Oath of office 217

Resignations 213- 215

Bonds of secretary and 'treasurer 198- 216

Buildings, condemned 222

Ordered vi^recked 214- 216

Plans considered 206- 212

Private buildings erected 225

Cattle barns, new roofs 226

Temporary addition 227

Cattle department, exhibitor fined 229

Committee:

Adulteration of foods, seeds, and other products 199

Animal industry 199- 210

Auditing 199- 231

Dairying and dairy products 199

Election of secretary 203- 213

Legislative 199-203- 205

Noxious weeds, fungus diseases in grain, grasses, plants, etc 199

Per diem and mileage 204-216- 229

Powers and duties of the board 199

Resolutions 199-203- 204

Revision of the premium list, rules and regulations 199- 201

Special 210-227- 231

Contracts, cement walks 226

Ice 206

Official catalogue 206

Corey, A. R., elected acting secretary 203

Salary 203

Deemer, Jas. H., appointed superintendent grounds 200

Dempster Mfg. Co., notified to remove windmill towers 224

Des Moines Bridge & Iron Wks., payment in full 197

Summary of contracts 198

Des Moines City Ry., thanks extended 229

Des Moines Electric Co 211-225- 235

Division of horse-breeding, stud books approved 213

Ennis, C. W.. bid for culvert contract 220

Entrance to grounds 221

Executive committee meetings

197-199-200-204-206-211-216-221-222-223-224-225-226-227-230-233-234

Night show arrangements delegated to committee 214

Exhibition space, rental 214

Exposition building, addition 219

Fair days designated 223

Old Settlers' day 226

State day 227

Fence, north 216

Fines for not appearing in stock parade 229

INDEX 807

Page

Fish and game, state department exhibit 226

French draft horses, separate classification 217

Grading, Grand Ave , . 224

Machinery building 220- 230

Grahl-Hermann Co., sheet metal work on machinery building 234

Grounds, landscaping, final report accepted 207

Grounds, rented. Ad Men's club, July 4 223- 224

Firemen's tournament 221

Greater Des Moines Driving club 222

Improvements and repairs authorized 219

Harwood, W. H., appointed land agent 220

Hopley, Peter & Son, premium award protested 231

Horrabin, Jas., contract for grading 221-224-230

Horse barns, repairs 226

Temporary addition 227

Horse department, protest of exhibitors 228-229- 231

Exhibitor fined 229

Horticulture department, special premium on seedling apples 229

Insurance on machinery building 226

Schedule presented 200

International Harvester Co., space for building 225

Iowa building at grounds, ordered wrecked 214- 216

Land, additional 215

Agent , 215- 220

Appropriation for 212

Purchase authorized 215

Lawn seats 219

Ledgerwood, John, resignation tendered 213- 215

Legislative committee 199-203- 205

Lighting contract and equipment 225

Payments 235

Proposition 211

Transformers and equipment 225- 226

Light plant, disposal of 214

Lovejoy, J. E., contracts 220- 224

Payments 234

Machinery building:

Appropriation 212

Bids advertised for and received 214- 217

Charge for exhibition space 214

Closets 222- 223

Contract awarded 219- 220

Grading and culverts 220-221- 230

Insurance i 226

Leveling ground 228

Location 214

Payments 215-230-233- 234

Plans approved 214

Sheet metal work and spouting 234

Massillon Bridge & Structural Co.. contract 219-220-233- 234

Mooney, M. S.. attraction contract 217

Mullen, J. P., elected member of boai'd 215-217

Appointed superintendent implement and machinery department.. 216

Nash, C. A., salary 229

Olson, O. A., elected vice-president 215

Resigned as member of board 215

Patton, C. G, special premium seedling apple exhibit 229

Pain Pyrotechnic Co., fireworks contract 219

Pay rolls, departments 228

808 INDEX

Page

Peak, J, R. & Son, fined 229

Plans for permanent buildings 206

Machinery building- and sanitary closets 212

Sanitary closets:

Appropriation 212

Bids advertised for and received 222- 223

Contract awarded 224

Payments 234

Plans 214- 222

Secretary, acting secretary elected 203- 213

Salary 203-205

Authorized to attend aviation meet 222

Authorized to sign light contract 225

Bonds fixed and approved 198- 216

Resignation tendered 202

Resolution of regret on resignation 204

Shaver Carriage Co., private building 225

Sheep department, additional pens 227

Simonds, O. C, final report 207

Payment in full 207

Simpson, J. C, resignation tendered 202

Salary 200

Smith, O. O., plans for machinery building and sanitary closets. ... 212- 231

Settlement 235

Sketches presented for permanent buildings 206

Speed program 197

Stallion registration bill 210

Stock pavilion, repairs 219

Sanitary closets 222- 223

Seating rearranged 219

Tan bark purchased 225

Stud books approved 213

Studebaker Mfg. Co., moving picture privilege 227

Superintendent grounds, appointed 200

Authorized to haul cinders 198

Purchase material for north fence 216

Wrecking buildings 216

Superintendent implements and machinery, appointed 216

Swine department, petition of Poland China exhibitors 229

Tan bark and sawdust purchased 225

Treasurer, bonds fixed and approved 198- 216

Turnstiles, placed at Grand Ave. entrance 221

U. S. Navy department, exhibit 226

Vice-president, elected 215

Resignation tendered 213

Western Union Telegraph Co., branch office machinery building 227

Windmill towers ordered removed 224

Wright Bros., aeroplane contract 223

Zero Ice Co., ice contract 206

INDEX 809

Page
PART VI.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION.

Cameron, C. E., elected president State Board of Agriculture 330

President's address 237

Chappel, Geo. M., report of the Iowa Weather and Crop service 318

Committees:

Credentials 239- 327

Resolutions 239- 327

Corey, A. R., secretary's report 240

Curtiss, C. F., elected member Board of Agriculture 331

Delegates to Agricultural convention 328

Election of officers 330

Financial statement for various years 278

Gilbertson, G. S., treasurer's report 276

Johnston, R. S., elected member Board of Agriculture 330

Mullen, J. P., elected member Board of Agriculture 331

Olson, O. A., elected vice-president Board of Agriculture 330

Pike, H. L., elected member Board of Agriculture 332

President's address, C. E. Cameron 237

Reeves, E. M., elected member Board of Agriculture 331

Secretary's report, A. R. Corey 240

County and district fairs 253

Attendance and admission fees 258

Financial statement 254

Division of horse-breeding 244

Farmers' Institutes and Agricultural Short Courses 246

Financial statement 248

Farm statistics ' 240

Intensified farming 243

Iowa State Fair and Exposition 260

Attendance 271

Expense warrants issued 297

Improvements, 1911 271

Itemized statement of account 272

Number of exhibits and exhibitors ■ 267

Printing 245

State publicity bureau 241

Sponsler, A. D., "Some Phases of Fair Management" 320

Some phases of fair management, A. L. Sponsler 320

Summers, J. F., elected member Board of Agriculture 331

Treasurer's report, G. S. Gilbertson 276

"Warrants issued, expense 297

Premium 280

Weather and crop service, director's report 318

Wentworth, E. M., elected member Board of Agriculture 331

PART VII.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE IOWA SWINE
BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

Broadening the market for our pork products, W. J. Crow 339

Crow, W. J., "Broadening the Market for Our Pork Products" 339

Election of officers 345

Emmert, F. L., "The State Fair a School for the Young Breeder" 334

Equipment for hog farms, Geo. T. White 336;

810 INDEX

Page

Mills, S. D., "Pure Bred Swine and the Tenant Farmer" 335

Officers of association 333

President's address, J. W. Watson 333

Pure bred swine and the tenant farmer, S. D. Mills 335

Revision of the score card 340

The State Fair a school for the young breeder, F. L. Emmert 334

"Watson, J. H., president's address 333

White, Geo. T., "Equipment of the Hog- Farm" 336

PART VIII.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

Address, H. E. Klester 347

Shoemaker, E. R., president 352

Thompson, S. C 371

Young, R. B., response to address of welcome 348

Address of welcome, H. E. Kiester 347

Anderson, L. P., "Daily Testing of Cream" 379

Committee, auditing 352

Legislative 352

Resolutions 352

Daily testing of cream, L. P. Anderson 379

Discussion 365- 383

Election of officers 387

Ice cream making and its relation to the creamery. Prof. M. Mor-

tensen 376

Joslin, J. C, "The Good and Bad Points of the Convention Butter" 369

Kiester, H. E., address of welcome 347

Lee, Prof. Carl E., "Moisture Content and the Butterfat Standard" 361

Medals awarded 369

Moisture content and the butterfat standard. Prof. Carl E. Lee 361

Mortensen, Prof. M., "Ice Cream Making and Its Relation to the

Creamery" 376

Odell, F. L., treasurer's report 349

Patterson, G. W., "The North Iowa Dairy Improvement Assn." 385

President's address, E. R. Shoemaker 352

Ross, J. J., secretary's financial report 349

Sadler, E. T., "The Power Problem in the Creamery" 355

Secretary's financial report, J. J. Ross 349

Shoemaker, E. R., president's address 352

The good and bad points of the convention butter, J. C, Joslin 369

The North Iowa Dairy Improvement Association, G. W. Patterson 385

The power problem in the creamery, E. T. Sadler 355

Thompson, S, C, address 371

Treasurer's report, F. L. Odell 349

Young, R. B., response to address of welcome 348

PART IX.

EXTRACTS FROM STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER'S REPORT OP 1911.

Adulterated butter 409

Butter, adulterated 409

Number of pounds made and sold to patrons in Iowa as reported

by creameries 413

Output in Iowa 411

Price 410

INDEX 811

Page

■Care of milk and cream 395

Cheese 410

City milk inspection 392

Cooling- milk and cream by using water 396

Cows, number reported by creameries 415

Cream, number of pounds received at creameries 413

Creamery patrons, number reported 415

Dairy trains 402

Encouragement of the dairy and beef cattle growing industries 406

Hand separators, number reported by creameries 415

Tee cream 399

Milk, number of pounds received at creameries 413

North Iowa Dairy Improvement Association 398

Put up ice on the farm 398

Silos and silage 403

Yearly tests 398

PART X.

PAPERS ON LIVE STOCK, AGRICULTURAL, AND MISCELLANEOUS

TOPICS.

REGARDING LIVE STOCK AND POULTRY,

Best method of fattening hogs, J. H. Williams 470.

Dinsmore, Wayne, "Present Status of the Draft Horse Breeding In-
dustry" 460

Feeding for egg production, E. T. Roberts 479

Kennedy, W. J., "Selection of Breeding Stock" 467

Present status of the draft horse breeding industry, Wayne Dinsmore. 460

Poultry as a side issue on the farm, R. B. Rushing 476

Roberts, E. T., "Feeding for Egg Production" 479

Rushing, R. B., "Poultry as a Side Issue on the Farm" 476

Selection of breeding stock, W. J. Kennedy 467

Williams, J. H., "Best Method of Fattening Hogs" 470

AGRICULTURE.

Alfalfa in the corn belt, Hugh G. Van Pelt 518

Profitable potato farming in Iowa 483

Van Pelt, Hugh G.. "Alfalfa in the Corn Belt" 518

MISCELLANEOUS.

A community hobby, Carl N. Kennedy 464

Agricultural fair associations and their utilization in agricultural

education and improvement, John Hamilton 446

Anderson, Margaret C, "Factors in the Life of Farm Girls" 439

Cement silo construction, M. L. King 487

Davidson, J. B., "Planning the Farm in Relation to the Farmstead" 432

Erwin, A. T., "Planning and Adorning the Farmstead" 417

Factors in the life of farm girls, Margaret C. Anderson 439

Good roads a farm asset, J. F. Merry 435

Hamilton, John, "Agricultural Pair Associations and Their Utilization

in Agricultural Education and Improvement" 446

Hammond, Douglas E., "What One Family Did on Eleven Acres" 485

Kennedy, Carl N., "A Community Hobby" 464

812 INDEX

Page

King-, M. L., "Cement Silo Construction" 487

McKerrow, W. A., "Silage for Sheep and Horses" 494

Merry, J. F., "Good Roads a Farm Asset" 435

Methods for preserving- eg-gs, H. H. Simpson 481

P'aint on the farm, use of, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture 503

Planing- and adorning the farmstead, A. T. Erwin 417

Planning the farm in relation to the farmstead, J. R. Davidson 432

Practical methods for disinfecting- stables, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.. 496

Preparation of choice hams, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture 473

Silage for sheep and horses, W. A. McKerrow 494

Silos, cement, construction, M. L. King 487

As a feeding proposition, F. B. Wakeman 491

Simpson, H. H., "Methods for Preserving Eggs" 481

Wakeman, Mrs. F. E., "Why Should Farm Boys Graduate from the

High School" 44?

Wakeman, F. E., "The Silo as a Feeding Proposition" 491

What one family did on eleven acres, Douglas E, Hammond 485

Why should farm boys g-raduate from the high school, Mrs. F. E.

Wakeman 44 J

PART XI.

PRESS REPORTS OF THE lO'WA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION, 1911^
AWARDS AND EXHIBITORS IN THE LIVE STOCK DEPART-
MENTS AND SCORINGS IN SCHOLARSHIP CONTESTS.

PRESS REPORTS.

Breeders' Gazette 549'

Farmer and Breeder 587

Iowa Homestead 527

Prairie Farmer 598-

Twentieth Century Farmer 593

Wallaces' Farmer 572"

AWARDS AND EXHIBITORS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS.

Cattle department 629

Horse department 601

Poultry department 685

Sheep department 676

Swine department 660-

SCHOLARSHIP CONTESTS.

Boys' judging contest 706

Girls' cooking contest 708

INDEX 813

Page
PART XII.

REPORT OP AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS BY COUNTY AND DISTRICT
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

Adair 709

Adams 710

Allamakee 710

Audubon 713

Benton 713

Black Hawk 714

Bremer 715

Boone 715- 716

Buchanan 717

Buena Vista 718

Butler 719

Calhoun 720- 721

Carroll 721

Cass 722

Cedar 723

Cerro Gordo 724

Chickasaw 725- 726

Clarke 727

Clayton 727- 728

Clinton 729- 730

Crawford 730

Dallas 731

Davis 732

Delaware 733'

Dickinson 733- 734

Dubuque 735

Emmet 735

Fayette 736- 737

Floyd 738

Franklin 739

Grundy 739

Guthrie 740

Hancock 741

Hardin 742

Harrison 742

Henry 743- 744

Howard 745

Humboldt 746

Ida 747

Iowa 747- 749

Jackson 750

Jasper 751

Jefferson 752

Johnson 753

Jones 753- 754

Keokuk 755

Kossuth 756

Lee 757- 758

Linn 759- 760

Louisa 761

Lucas 762

Lyon , 762

Madison 763

Mahaska 764

Marion 765

814 INDEX

Page

Marshall 766- 767

Mills 768

Mitchell 770

Monona 770

Monroe 770

Montg-omery 771

Muscatine 772- 773

O'Brien 773- 774

Page 775

Pocahoutas 776

Pottawattamie 777

Poweshiek 778- 779

Plymouth 780

Eing-g-Qld 780

Sac 781

Shelby 782

Sioux 783

Tama 784

Van Buren 785

Wapello 786

Warren 786

Washington 787

Webster 787

Winnebago 787

Winneshiek 788

Woodbury 789- 790

Worth 791

Wright 792

PART XIII.

DIRECTORY OF ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTING
AGRICULTURAL. INTERESTS IN IOWA.

Agricultural department, state 793

Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association 793

Corn Growers' Association 793

County and district agricultural societies and fair associations 794

Dairy Association, State 794

Florists, Iowa Society of 793

Grain Dealers' Association, Farmers' 793

Grain Dealers' Association, Western 793

Highway Commission, State 793

Horse Breeders' Association 794

Horticultural Society, State 793

Institutes, farmers' 798

Park and Forestry Association 793

Swine Breeders' Association 793

3 5185 00260 8477