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THIRTEENTH ANNUAL

Iowa Year Book of Agriculture

Issued by the

Iowa Department of Agriculture

1912

LIBRARY

-^->_ NEWYOPK

BOTANJC. X

DES MOINES

ROBERT HENDKESON, STATE PRINTER
JOHN M. JAMIESON, STATE BINDER

XT

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Office of Iowa State Department of Agriculture.
Des Moines, Iowa, July 1, 1913.

To Bis Excellency, George W. Clarke, Governor of lowai:

SiR: — I have the honor to transmit herewith the Thirteenth
Annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture for the year 1912.

Arthur R. Corey,
Secretary State Board of Agriculture.

INTRODUCTORY

The 1912 Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, presented herewith, is
made up of fifteen parts.

Part I is a reprint of the annual report of the Iowa Weather
and Crop Service for the year 1912. It contains a summary and
monthly review of the climatology for the year; a review of crop
conditions by months ; dates of last killing frost in spring, and first
in autumn ; climate and crop review during crop season ; summary
of weekly climate and crop bulletins issued; summary of crop re-
ports June 1, July 1, September 1 and December 1; a tabulated
crop summary showing production and value of soil products and
a table giving average yield per acre and total products by counties.
Part II presents statistical tables of Iowa's principal farm crops
for the years 1880-1885-1890 and 1896 to 1912 inclusive, showing
average yield per acre; total yield, average farm value December
1, total acreage, and total value; acreage, production and value of
the principal farm crops of the United States in 1909-1910-1911
and 1912 by states; estimated number and average price and total
value of farm animals in the United States January 1, 1913, with
comparisons ; statistics of the principal farm crops of the world for
the years 1908 to 1912 inclusive.

Part III is a tabulation of crop statistics collected by the town-
ship assessors and reported to this department by the county au-
ditors. The data is presented in five tables as follows:

Table No. 1 — Total number, average size and total acreage of
farms, total acreage occupied by farnl buildings, public highways
and feed lots, acreage in pasture, garden, orchard, acreage in crops
not otherwise enumerated and acreage of land not utilized for any
purpose. Total number bushels apples harvested, number silos on
farms and average monthly wage paid farm help during summer
and winter months, by counties for the year 1912.
Table No. 2 — Gives acreage, yield per acre and total yield of com,

J3^ oats, winter wheat, spring wheat and barley, by counties for the

^ year 1912.

C5 Table No. 3 — Gives acreage, yield per acre and total yield of rye,

0"> tame hay, wild hay, alfalfa, potatoes and flax seed, by counties, for

^ the year 1912.

vi INTRODUCTORY

Table No. 4 — Gives number of horses all ages, mules all ages,
January 1, 1913, number of swine on farms July 1, 1912. Number
of dairy cows kept for milk, number other cattle not kept for milk,
and total number of cattle all ages January 1, 1913. Number of
sheep. kept on farms, number shipped in for feeding and number
sold for slaughter. Number pounds of wool clipped, total number
all varieties poultry on farms July 1, 1912, and estimated number
dozen eggs gathered for the year 1912.

Table No. 5 — Acreage in sweet corn, tons gathered for canning;
total acreage pop corn, and yield in bushels and total acreage and
yield in bushels for clover and timothy seed, by counties for the
year 1912.

Part IV. Proceedings of the ninth annual meeting of the Corn
Belt Meat Producers' Association.

Part V. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the State Farmers '
Institute.

Part VI. Synopsis of the proceedings of the State Board of
Agriculture and committee meetings of 1911 and 1912.

Part VII. Proceedings of the State Agricultural Convention, in-
cluding President's address and reports of the secretary and treas-
urer, financial statement of farmers' institutes, financial statement
and statistics of county and district fairs 'and a complete report
of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition for 1912 with detailed state-
ment of receipts and disbursements of the Department of Agricul-
ture for the fiscal year ending November 30, 1912.

Part VIII. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Iowa Swine
Breeders' Association held at Ames, June 11, 1912.

Part IX. Proceedings of the 35th annual convention of the Iowa
State Dairy Association held at Waterloo, October 14-19, 1912.

Part X. Contains extracts from the State Dairy Commissioner's
report for 1912.

Part XI. Extracts from the State Veterinary Surgeon's report
for the period ending June 30, 1912.

Part XII. Contains papers on live stock, agricultural and mis-
cellaneous topics and papers read before county institutes.

Part XIII. Press reports of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition
for 1912; official report of awards in the live stock departments
and the standing and scores made in the boys' judging contest.

INTRODUCTORY vii

Part XIV. Condensed report of agricultural conditions in Iowa
counties by county and district agricultural societies and special
reporters for the year 1912.

Part XV. Directory of associations and organizations represent-
ing agricultural interests in Iowa.

Note: A complete report of the Stallion Registration Division,
including directory giving name and address of owner, name and
breed of stallion, and number of state certificate issued, and other
information relative to the division is published in pamphlet form.

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE
1913

EX-OPFICIO MEMBERS.

Governor of State Des Moines

President of loiva State College Ames

State Dairy Commissioner Des Moines

State Veterinarian Des Moines

OFFICERS.

C. E. Cameron, President Alta

O. A. Olson, Vice President Forest City

A. R. Corey, Secretary Des Moines

G. S. GiLBERTsoN, Trcasurcr Des Moines

DISTRICT MEMBERS.

First District — R. S. Johnston Columbus Junction

Second District — C. W. Phillips Maquoketa

Third District — Elmer M. Reeves Waverly

Fourth District — E. J. Curtin Decorah

Fifth District— E. M. Wentworth State Center

Sixth District— T. C. Legoe What Cheer

Seventh District — Chas. F. Curtiss Ames

Eighth District — Frank E. Sheldon Mount Ayr

Ninth District — John F. Summers Malvern

Tenth District — John P. Mullen Fonda

Eleventh District— U. L. Pike Whiting

The President, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer are elected for
one year.

Terms of Directors from odd-numbered Districts expire second Wednesday
in December, 1913. Terms of Directors from even-
numbered Districts expire second Wednesday
in December, 1914.

COMMITTEES

YEAR 1913

EXECUTIVE.

C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY

0. A. OLSON.

AUDITING.

C. W. PHILLIPS R. S. JOHNSTON

T. C. LEGOE.

RESOLUTIONS.

E. M. WENTWORTH F. E. SHELDON

E. J. CURTIN.

POWERS AND DUTIES OF BOARD.

C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY

O. A. OLSON.
E. M. REEVES. C. F. CURTISS

ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS.

R. A. PEARSON W. B. BARNEY

E. M. WENTWORTH

NOXIOUS WEEDS, FUNGUS DISEASES IN GRAINS, GRASSES, PLANTS, ETC.

E. M. REEVES JOHN P. MULLEN

J. F. SUMMERS

DAIRYING AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.

W. B. BARNEY J. F. SUMMERS

C. F. CURTISS

ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

C. F. CURTISS J. I. GIBSON

H. L. PIKE

LEGISLATIVE.

C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY

0. A. OLSON
J. P. MULLEN E. J. CURTIN

REVISION OF PREMIUM LIST, RULES AND REGULATIONS.

C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY

O. A. OLSON;
R. S. JOHNSTON C. F. CURTISS

H. L. PIKE

ILLUSTRATIONS

Administration Building 214

Alfalfa 652, 654, 656, 657,

658, 660, 661, 662, 664, 666, 668, 670, 671, 673', 674, 676, 678, 679,
682, 685, 686, 687, 688, 6S0, 691, 692, 694, 695, 696, 698, 703, 705, 706

Angus cow 823

Angus bull , ; 747

Animals afflicted with tuberculosis 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574

Boys' Camp at the 1912 Iowa State Fair 444

Brown Swiss cow 837

Champion Berkshires 466

Champion Hampshire pen 466

Chester White boar 848

Count Avon 118

Crop maps 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112

Duroc sow 845

Farm team 800

Guernsey cow and twin calves 554

Hereford bull 820

Hereford cow 772

Holstein bull 833

Interior view Agricultural Building at 1912 Iowa State Fair 311

Interior Live Stock Pavilion Iowa State Fair 600

Jersey bull 833

Map of Iowa showing location of creameries, cheese factories and

condenseries 553

Oxfords, first get of sire 756

Polled Durham bull and cow 827

Precipitation chart 24

Percheron mare 790

Red Polled bull 724

Sanitary and insanitary milk 540

Shire yearling 795

Short-horn bull 721

Short-horn heifer 815

Shropshire ewe 859

Silos in Iowa, map indicating location 630

View of one portion Iowa State Fair Grounds 3'0'2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal.

Introductory.

State Board of Agriculture.

Standing Committees.

Index to Illustrations.

PART I.

Report of Iowa Weather and Crop Service, 1912 1-48

PART II.

Statistical tables of Iowa's principal farm crops for the last thirty-
three years; farm crops and live stock statistics of the United
States, by states, for 1912; total farm crops of the world for the
years 1908 to 1912 inclusive 49- 92

PART III.

Crop and other farm statistics for the year 1912 gathered by town-
ship assessors and reported to the department by county audi-
tors; also crop maps showing the distribution, total and average
yield of the principal crops for each county 93-118

PART IV.

Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Corn Belt Meat Producers

Association 119-214

PART V.

Proceedings of the annual meeting of the State Farmers Institute,

December 10, 1912 ■ 215-236

PART VI.

Synopsis of Proceedings of the State Board of Agriculture and

Committee meetings 1911-1912 237-302

PART VII.

Proceedings of the State Agricultural Convention 303-466

PART VIII.

Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders

Association, 1912 467-486

PART IX.

Proceedings of the thirty-fifth annual convention of the Iowa State

Dairy Association, October 14-19, 1912 487-530

xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART X.

Extracts from the State Dairy Commissioner's Report of 1912 531-554

PART XI.

Extracts from State Veterinary Surgeon's Report, 1912 555-600

PART XII.

Papers on live stock, agriculture and miscellaneous topics — papers

read before county farmers institutes 601-712

PART xin.
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1912, press reports and live stock

awards, results in boys' judging contest 713-884

PART XIV.

Condensed reports of agricultural conditions by county and district

agricultural societies in Iowa for 1912 885-962

PART XV.

Directory of associations and organizations representing agricul-
tural interests in the state 963-972

IOWA'S SOURCE OF WEALTH

FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1912.

COMPILED FOR THE IOWA YEAR BOOK OP AGRICULTURE FROM
STATISTICS GATHERED UNDER THE IOWA STATISTICAL LAW.

ACREAGE,

PRODUCTION, AVERAGE YIELD AND VALUE PER ACRE AND TOTAL
VALUE OF IOWA FARM PRODUCTS FOR THE YEAR 1912.

83

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Corn

9,420,434

4,874,752

497,938

389,371

389,410

73,315

120,035

24,121

2,625,744

7&4,374

46' 644

419,097,329 bu.
207,819,162 bu.
11,460,943 bu.
5,702,539 bu.
11,100,558 bu.
1,322,382 bu.
11,277,537 bu.
238,442 bu.
3,138,940 T.
836,735 T.
105,936 T.
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated
Estimated

44.5

42.6

23

14.6

28.5

18

93.9
9.88
1.2
1.1
2.3

$ .36

.27

.78

.76

.50

.61

.44

1.31

9.89

7.43

ll.OO

$ 16.02
11.50
17.94
11.00
14.25
10.98
41.31
12.94
11.86
8.17
25.3

$ 150,875,038.44

56,111,173.74

8,939,535.54

4,333,929.64

5,550,279.00

806,653.02

4, 962, 116. £8

312,359.02

31,044,116.60

6,216,941.05

1,165,296.00

7,500,000.00

*> 300 OOO 00

Oats

Winter wheat _. _

SprinsT wheat •-

Barley

Rye

Potatoes

Flax seed —

Hay (wild)

Alfalfa

Miscellaneous crops — -

104,708

Timothy seed

514,212
44,237
19,265
34,269
45,793

134,735
8,968,644

Clover seed

516,756.00
600 OOO 00

Pop corn —

Sweet corn

1 137 500 00

Garden truck

1,500,000.00

5,500,000.00

85,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

Orchards

Pasturage .

Ensilage

Total value of farm crops

$ 378,371,674.33

1,500,000.00
53,000,000.00
30,000,000.00

Wool

Estimated
Estimated
Estimated

Dairy products

Poultry and eggs

Total val. farm products

$ 462,871,674.33

NUMBER, AVERAGE VALUE AND TOTAL VALUE OF LIVE STOCK

JANUARY 1, 1913.
(Figures taken from United States Year Book of Agriculture, 1912.)

ii

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Horses _

1,568,000
56,000
1,337,000
2,607,000
8,720,000
1,249,000

$ 120.00

124.00

50.30

33.00

12.00

5.10

$ 188,160,000

6,944,000

67,2.51,000

86,031,000

104,640,000

6,370,000

Mules _. J

Milch cows . .

Other cows __ .._

Swine

Sheep ...

Total

$ 459,396,000

1

xvi IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

]OWA FARM STATISTICS

Land area of Iowa 35,575,040

Total acreage in farms 30,914,178

Total number of farms 189,969

Average size of farms, acres 162.8

Total population, 1910 2,224,771

Rural population, 1910 1,544,717

Farms operated by owners and managers, 1910 134,929

Farms operated by tenants, 1910 82,115

Number of silos on farms 6,781

Value of live stock. $459,396,000

Value of farm crops and other products $462,871,674

Total value of live stock, farm crops and other products $922,267,674

Average value live stock, farm crops and other products per
farm $ 4,854

PART I.

Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service

for 1912

George M. Chappel, Director

The meteorological and statistical data contained in this annual
report have been compiled from the monthly and weekly bulletins
issued by the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, in co-operation with
the Weather Bureau of the United States Department of Agri-
culture. The data have been condensed, and it is believed that the
matter will be valuable and convenient for reference and compari-
son in future years.

Reports have been received regularly each month from 118 co-
operative meteorological stations, and from the U. S. Weather Bu-
reau stations at Des Moines, Davenport, Dubuque, Charles City,
Keokuk, and Sioux City, Iowa, and Omaha, Neb.

The instrumental equipment has been kept up to a high standard.

This office distributed 28,400 copies of the Monthly Review of
the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, and 65,000 copies of the
Weekly Weather Crop Bulletins. The daily weather forecasts were
distributed daily to 243,000 telephone subscribers. Daily forecasts
were also distributed by rural mail to 2,000 addresses and by
ordinary mail to 1,850 addresses. Daily forecast messages were
sent to 78 towns by telegraph at expense of the U. S. Weather Bu-
reau, and special Avarnings of the approach of cold waves and
heavy storms were also distributed whenever issued. Arrange-
ments were made through the Horticultural Department of the Iowa
State College to send frost warnings, during the fruit blooming
season, to all orchardists in the state who were prepared to use
orchard heaters in case of frost or injurious temperatures.

CLIMATOLOGY OP THE YEAR, 1912.

The climatic records for the year 1912 show some very unusual condi-
tions. January was the coldest month on record in Iowa, and the average
temperature for the first three months was the lowest on record since the

2 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

establishment of the weather service. Those months also gave more snow
than any like period. The monthly mean temperature w^as below the
normal from June to October, inclusive, except in July, which gave a slight
excess, and the precipitation was deficient from April to August, inclusive.
Heavy snow fell over the southern and eastern counties on April 17th;
freezing temperatures were general over the larger part of the state on
May 14th, and light frost occurred in some of the northern counties on
June 7th. Notwithstanding these unusual conditions, and the fact that
seed corn was poor, and cut and wire worms were more destructive than
usual, it is remarkable that the yield of crops, as a whole, was the largest
in the history of the state. The year closed mild and pleasant; from
about the middle of October to December 31st there was a great excess
of temperature and a deficiency of precipitation. The deficiency of snow-
fall during this period was especially marked, and the great number of
clear, mild days was probably unprecedented.

Barometee (reduced to sea level). — The average pressure of the atmos-
phere for the year 1912 was 30.03 inches. The highest observed was 30.86
inches, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on January 12th. The lowest
pressure observed was 29.19 inches at the same station on April 13th.
The range for the state was 1.67 inches.

Temperature. — The mean temperature for the state was 46.4° or 1.1°
below the normal. The highest annual mean was 50.6° at Keokuk, Lee
County. The lowest annual mean was 42.3°, at Northwood, Worth County,
and at Sibley, Osceola County. The highest temperature reported was
104° at Ottumwa, Wapello County, on September 8th. The lowest temper-
ature reported was — 47° at Washta, Cherokee County, on January 12th.
The range for the state was 151°.

Precipitation. — The average amount of rain and melted snow for the
year, as shown by the complete records of 107 stations was 28.89 inches,
or 3.76 inches less than the normal, and 2.48 inches less than the average
amount in 1911. The greatest amount recorded at any station was 38.13
inches at Guthrie Center, Guthrie County, and the least amount was 15.25
inches at Inwood, Lyon County. The greatest monthly precipitation was
10.12 inches at Audubon, Audubon County, in September. There was no
precipitation at Rock Rapids, Lyon County, in November. The greatest
amount in any consecutive 24 hours was 5.50 inches at Olin, Jones County,
on August 19th.

The average amount of snowfall was 39.5 inches. The greatest amount
recorded at any station was 77.2 inches at Earlham, Madison County,
and the least amount was 10.2 inches at Clear Lake, Cerro Gordo County.
The greatest monthly snowfall was 52.5 inches at Earlham, Madison
County. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 84 days.
This is 3 less than for 1911.

Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The
highest velocity reported was 52 miles an hour from the northwest at
Sioux City, Woodbury County, on January 8th.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 181;
partly cloudy, 96; cloudy, 89; as against 165 clear days, 99 partly cloudy,
and 101 cloudy days in 1911. Considerably more than the normal amount
of sunshine was experienced.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I

MONTHLY SUMMARIES

JANUARY.

January, 1912. was probably the coldest month ever experienced in
Iowa since its settlement. The monthly means for the larger part of the
state were lower than ever before recorded. Not only were the monthly
means the lowest on record, but the monthly minimum and maximum
temperatures were lower than shown by previous records at most sta-
tions, and the duration of the extremely cold period exceeded anything of
the kind in the history of the state. The longest record we have for a
station still in operation is for Dubuque, and the official in charge, Local
Office, U. S. Weather Bureau, at that place, says: "The record for mean
temperature dates back 61 years, and is complete, with the exception of
2 or 3 years. The monthly mean temperature for January, 1912, Is about
1.5° lower than ever before recorded at this station for any month. There
were 16 consecutive days with the lowest temperature below zero. The
average temperature for the first 12 days was 7.1° below zero. For the
8 days from the 5th to the 12th, inclusive, the average was 10.4° below
zero, and for the first 21 days the average was 2.1° below zero. There
were 21 days with the minimum of zero or below, or 2 more than ever be-
fore recorded during any one month. There were 6 days with the maximum
temperature below zero, or 2 more than ever before recorded in any one
year. On the 5th the temperature remained about 18° below zero during
the hours of daylight. It was 19° below zero at noon with full sunshine.

A station was maintained at Monticello, Jones County, from 1854 to 190'6,
inclusive, and the lowest monthly mean temperature at that station dur-
ing that time was 4.6°, in January, 1862, which is 2.2° higher than the
mean for the past month at OMn, which is in the same county and about
18 miles south of Monticello. At Iowa City, we have a record since 1858,
and the mean for the past month (4°) is 3° lower than in January, 1883,
which is the lowest previous record. At Logan, in Harrison County, the
mean for the past month is 6,5°, which is 0.6° lower than ever before
recorded, and the records date back to 1867. The. lowest monthly mean
recorded at Myscatine, between 1839 and 1900, was 6,2° in January, 1857.

The first 21 days of the month were extremely cold, and the daily min-
imum temperatures were below zero over the larger part of the state on the
first 16 days, and the maximum temperatures were also below zero on sev-
eral of those days. The coldest period was from the 5th to the 13th, The
last decade was considerably milder, but the minimum temperatures were
below zero on several of those dates over the northern half of the state.

4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Although it was the coldest month ever recorded in the state there was
an entire absence of severe winter storms. Nearly all of the precipitation
was in the form of snow; the only rainfall was a light mist over the
southern half of the state on the 25th and 28th, and as the temperature
was below freezing, the rain froze as it fell, covering everything with a
coat of ice. Snow flurries were frequent between the 7th and 18th, but the
daily amounts were generally small.

The amount of snowfall was considerably below the normal, and the wind
movement was comparatively light. There was, however, so little thawing
weather the snow remained dry, and even though the wind movement was
light, the snow drifted badly and this, together with the severe cold
weather during the first and second decades greatly interfered with rail-
road traffic. Passenger trains were delayed and freight service was com-
pletely demoralized. In the cities and towns numerous water pipes, and
in some instances, water mains w^ere frozen, causing much loss and great
inconvenience. Sleighing was excellent throughout the month, except in
the southern tier of counties, where the snow was nearly gone at the close
of the month. The ground being covered with a heavy mantle of snow,
fall sown grains were thought to be in good condition, but peach trees
are reported to be seriously damaged by the severe cold. All live stock
is in good condition, and, fortunately, most farmers secured sufficient
corn fodder last fall to feed the stock during the winter, but in some
localities the supply of feed is getting short and hay is very high price.
The ice harvest is nearly completed and the quality is unusually fine.
At the close of the month at Davenport the ice was 14.5 inches thick;
at Des Moines, 21.0 inches; at Dubuque and Sioux City, 20 inches; and
at Keokuk, 12 inches. Except for the extremely low^ temperature, the
month was unusually pleasant for a winter month.

Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown
by the records of 114 stations, was 4.2°, wiiich is 15.1° below the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 0.1°, which is 16.1° below the normal; Central section, 4.3°, which
is 14.9° below the normal; Southern section, 8.3°, which is 14.1° below^
the normal. The highest monthly mean was 11.8, at Keokuk, Lee County,
and the lowest monthly mean, — 3.0, at Elma, Howard County. The
highest temperature reported was 49°, at Denisou, Crawford County, on
the 22d; the lowest temperature reported was — 47°, at Washta, Cherokee
County, on the 12th. The average montWy maximum was 39°, and the
average monthly minimum was — 33°. The greatest daily range was 52°,
at Chariton, Lucas County. The average of the greatest daily ranges w^as
38*.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
the records of 120 stations, was 0.53 inch, which is 0.52 inch below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Nopthern section,
0.69 inch, which is 0.13 inch below the normal; Central section, 0.66 inch,
which is 0.44 inch below the normal; Southern section, 0.25 inch, which
is 0.99 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 1.90 inches, occurred
at Rockwell City, Calhoun County, and the least, a trace at Elliott, Mont-
gomery County. The greatest amount in any twenty-four hours, 0.80 inch.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 5

occurred at Rock Rapids, Lyon County, on the 28th. Measurable precipi-
tation occurred on an average of 5 days.

Snow. — The average fall was 5.5 inches. The greatest amount was 19.0
at Rockwell City and the least was a trace at Elliott.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 14;
partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 10. The duration of sunshine was above the
normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 66 at Charles City;
45 at Davenport; 63 at Des Moines; 60 at Dubuque; 46 at Keokuk; and
45 at Sioux City.

Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
52 miles an hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County,
on the 8th.

JANUARY NORMALS FOR IOWA, 1890-1912.

Normal temperature for January, 19.1°.
Warmest January, 1891, with mean temperature of 26°.
Coldest January, 1912, with mean temperature of 4.2°.
Normal precipitation for January, 1.07 inches.
Wettest January, 1890, with total precipitation of 2.03 inches.
Driest January, 1899, with total precipitation of 0.28 inch.
Average depth of snowfall for January, 6.9 inches (1892 to 1912 in-
clusive).

Greatest snowfall in January, 12.6 inches, in 1898 and 1910.
Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, 5.
Prevailing direction of wind, northwest.
Average number of clear days, 13; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 10.

FEBRUARY.

With the exception of the low temperatures during the first 12 days,
and the abnormally heavy snow storm over the southern and eastern
counties on the night of the 25th and the 26th, February, 1912, was a very
pleasant winter month. For the state, as a whole, the temperature was
slightly below and the precipitation slightly above the normal, but the
excess of precipitation was due to the abnormally heavy snow on the
25th-26th, which was confined to the southern and eastern counties; the
northwestern third of the state reporting a decided deficiency of precipita-
tion. Over the southern and especially the extreme southwestern counties,
the storm broke all former records as to amount and the short time in
which it fell. More than 20 inches fell in Fremont and Page counties and
most of it fell in about 12 hours. The high winds that obtained during the
storm caused the snow to drift badly, and as a result, traffic on highways
and railroads was delayed and many highways were blocked for two or
three days.

During the first 12 days of the month, low temperatures prevailed, after
which milder weather obtained until the 26th. The . maximum tempera-
tures ranged between 40° and 50°, the highest being recorded at most
stations on the 23d. The 2d, 3d, 4th and 9th were the coldest days, the
minimum temperatures varying from — 10° to — 20°. The ground was

6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

covered with snow during the entire month over the northern, central and
northeastern counties, but over the southern and western counties the
ground was practically bare betAveen the 19th and 24th, and in the extreme
northwestern counties there was little or no snow on the ground after the
20th. Wiinter grains are thought to be in good condition. Stock has
wintered well notwithstanding the severe cold weather, but feed is getting
scarce and hay is high in price.

TEMPERATtTRE. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown
by the records of 113 stations, was 18.1°, which is 1.1° below the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 15.9°, which is 0.3° below the normal; Central section, 17.7°, which
is 1.9° below the normal; Southern section, 20.6°, which is 1.2° below the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 23.4°, at Northboro, Page County,
and the lowest monthly mean, 13.4°, at Charles City, Floyd County, and at
Forest City, Winnebago County. The highest temperature reported was
57°, at Keokuk, Lee County, on the 23d; the lowest temperature reported
was — 30°, at Decorah, Winneshiek County, on the 3d. The average
monthly maximum was 45°, and the average monthly minimum was — 15°.
The greatest daily range was 53°, at Sibley, Osceola County. The average
of the greatest daily ranges was 36°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
the records of 121 stations, was 1.21 inches, which is 0.15 inch above
the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern sec-
tion, 0.46 inch, which is 0.48 inch below the normal; Central section, 1.21
inches, which is 0.13 inch above the normal; Southern section, 1.95
inches, which is 0.80 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 3.25
inches, occurred at Lenox, Taylor County, and the least, 0.04 inches, at
Inwood, Lyon county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.00
inches, occurred at Northboro, Page County, on the 25th-26th. Measur-
able precipitation occurred on an average of 5 days.

Snow. — The average fall was 11.2 inches. The greatest amount was
33.5 inches at Clarinda, Page County; the least amount was 0.5 inch at
Inwood and Rock Rapids, Lyon County.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
10; partly cloudy, 9; cloudy, 10. The duration of sunshine was slightly
below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 63 at
Charles City; 40 at Davenport; 64 at Des Moines; 44 at Dubuque; 41 at
Keokuk; and 51 at Sioux City.

Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
41 miles per hour from the north, at Sioux City, Woodbury County,
on the 1st.

FEBRUARY NORMALS FOR IOWA— 1890-1912.

Normal temperature for February, 20.6°.

Warmest February, 1892, with mean temperature of 28.1°.

Coldest February, 1899, with mean temperature of 12.2°.

Normal February precipitation, 1.11 inches.

Wettest February, 1911, with total precipitation of 2.76 inches.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 7

Driest February, 1904, with total precipitation of 0.41 inch.

Average depth of snowfall, 7.3 inches, (1892 to 1912 inclusive).

Greatest snowfall in February, 15.5 inches in 1905.

Least snowfall in February, 2.6 inches in 1902.

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, 5.

Prevailing wind direction, northwest.

Average number of clear days, 12; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 8.

THE WINTER OF 1911-1912.

The mean temperature for the three winter months is 16.7°, which
is 5.9° below the normal for the state. The highest temperature reported
was 60°, at Keokuk, Lee County, on December 10th. The lowest tempera-
ture reported was — 47°, at Washta, Cherokee County, on January 12th.
The average monthly precipitation for the state was 1.44 inches, and the
average total precipitation was 4.31 inches, or 0.91 inch above the winter
normal. The average total snowfall, unmelted, was 29.3 inches, or 12.0
inches more than for the winter of 1910-1911. The average number of
days with .01 inch or more of precipitation was 17, or 3 more than for
the previous winter. The average number of clear days was 37, partly
cloudy, 22; cloudy, 32, as compared with 36 clear, 21 partly cloudy, and
33 cloudy days during the winter of 1910-1911. The winters of 1892-3;
1903-4; and 1904-5 were colder than the past winter. The average tem-
peratures for those winters were 14.9°, 16.1°, and 15.8° respectively, but
January, 1912, was much colder than any month on record.

MARCH.

With the exception of March, 1899, the month was the coldest March
of which we have a record in this state. The average temperature of
the past month for 113 stations is 24.9°, and while the mean of the rec-
ords of 125 stations for March, 1899, was 23°, the average tempera-
ture of the regular weather bureau stations at Charles City, Davenport,
Des Moines, Dubuque, Keokuk, Omaha, and Sioux City, where the ther-
mometers and their location have remained practically the same, is
0.4° lower for the past month than it was for March, 1899. The records at
Dubuque, which are complete for 60 years, except for 1857, 1872 and 1873,
show the month just closed to have been 0.6° colder than any other
March in the history of the station. The first half of the month was
remarkable for the persistency of low temperatures, the means being
from 10° to 25° below the normal almost daily. The latter half of the
month was milder, but on only one or two days was the mean temperature
above the normal or the minimum temperature above the freezing
point. However, a decided change to spring-like conditions set in toward
the close of the month, during which time the snow melted rapidly and
by the 31st it had practically disappeared, except where it lay in drifts.
Some frost remained in the ground at the close of the month, but the
amount was inconsiderable. Nearly all of the precipitation was in the
form of snow, and while there were four principal storm periods, the
storms of the 14th-15th and 20th were the only ones of importance. That

8 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

of the 2()th, when more than a foot of snow fell generally, was one of the
heaviest March snow storms on record. It was not, however, as injurious
to railroad traffic as the storm on the 14th, when all cuts were drifted
full of snow and many trains were delayed from 10 to 24 hours, and on
some of the branch lines trains were abandoned for one or two days. Ice
in the rivers, in the southern half of the state went out between the
24th and 28th, but in the extreme northern counties the ice was still
intact. All rivers and creeks were rising rapidly at the close of the
month, and in the southern counties were out of their banks. No field
work was practicable, but fall sown grains were showing up in good con-
dition after the disappearance of the heavy snow, which had covered the
fields since December 17th.

Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown
by the records of 113 stations, was 24,9°, which is 9.1° below the nor-
mal for Iowa. By sections, the mean temperatures were as follows:
Northern section, 23.6°, which is 7.6° below the normal; Central
section, 24.5°, which is 9.7° below the normal; Southern section,
26.6°, which is 10.1° below the normal. The highest monthly mean
was 29.8°, at Keokuk, Lee County, and the lowest monthly mean, 21.6°,
at Estherville, Emmet County. The highest temperature reported was
70°, at Mount Ayr, Ringgold County, on the 30th; the lowest temperature
reported was — 19°, at Corning, Adams County, on the 9th. The average
monthly maximum was 58°, and the average monthly minimum was
— 5°. The greatest daily range was 50°, at Keosauqua, Van Buren County.
The average of the greatest daily ranges was 35°.

Pbecipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
the records of 121 stations, was 2.01 inches, which is .09 inch above the
normal. -By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
1.46 inches, which is 0.27 inch below the normal; Central section, 2.30
inches, which is 0.32 inch above the normal; Southern section, 2.26
inches, which is 0.21 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 5.25
inches, occurred at Earlham, Madison County, and the least, 0.60 inch,
at Clear Lake, Cerro Gordo County. The greatest amount in twenty-four
hours, 1.59 inches, occurred at Guthrie Center, Guthrie County, on the
20th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 7 days.

Snow. — The average snowfall was 19.1 inches. By sections the averages
were as follows: Northern, 12.8 inches; Central, 22.2 inches; Southern,
22.4 inches. The greatest monthly amount reported was 52.5 inches at
Earlham, Madison County.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
15; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 10. The duration of sunshine was above
the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 70 at Charles
City; 54 at Davenport; 63 at Des Moines; 59 at Dubuque; 53 at Keokuk,
and 59 at Sioux City.

Wind. — Northeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
36 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County,
on the 17th.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 9

MARCH NORMALS FOR IOWA— 1890-1912.

Normal temperature for March, 34,2°.

Warmest March, 1910, with mean temperature of 48.9°.

Coldest March, 1899, with mean temperature of 23.0°.

The mean temperature for March, 1912, was 24.9°.

Normal March precipitation, 1.74 inches.

Wettest March, 1901, with total precipitation of 2.64 inches.

Driest March, 1910, with total precipitation of 0.17 inch.

Average depth of snowfall, 5.4 inches (1892 to 1912, inclusive.)

Greatest snowfall in March, 19.1 inches, in 1912.

Least snowfall in March, trace, in 1910.

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, 6.

Prevailing direction of wind, northwest.

Average number of clear days, 12; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 11.

APRIL.

The average temperature and precipitation varied but little from the
normal for April; the temperature being only 1.4° above and the pre-
cipitation 0.14 inch below the normal. The excess of temperature, how-
ever, occurred during the first half of the month, which was moderately
warm, except on the first three days when the minimum temperatures
were near or below the freezing point; the 3d being the coldest day of
the month and the 5th the warmest. Warm periods prevailed on the
4th and 5th and from the 10th to the 12th. The latter half of the month
was cool. The precipitation was well distributed throughout the month;
the 3d being the only day on which no precipitation was recorded in
the state. An unusually heavy snow storm for April prevailed over the
southern and eastern counties on the 17th. Thirty-six stations within the
area of the storm reported an average of 4.0 inches of snowfall; the
greatest amount being 12.0 inches at Wapello.

The prevailing wind velocities were much greater than usual for April,
and exceeded those for March. Several destructive wind storms occurred,
the most damaging ones reported being in the vicinity of Earlham and
Boone, on the 13th.

As a whole the month was quite favorable for farm operations, but
owing to the fact that no field work was done during March, spring
plowing, seeding and planting were delayed and seeding was not completed
until the close of the month, and no corn planting was done. At the end
of the month the early sown oats were up, and showed a good stand,
grass was improving and some stock was in pasture. Cherries and plum
trees were beginning to bloom in the southern counties, but in the re-
mainder of the State the buds were still dormant or just beginning to
swell.

Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 114 stations, was 49.9°, which is 1.4° above the normal
for Iowa: By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: North-
em section, 48.5°, which is 1.7° above the normal; Central section,
50.1°, which is 1.6° above the normal; Southern section, 51.2°, which ig

10 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

0.9° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 53.0°, at Keokuk,
Lee County, and the lowest monthly mean, 46.4°, at Estherville, Emmet
County. The highest temperature reported was 84°, at Inwood, Lyon
County, on the 5th; the lowest temperature reported was 20°, at Decorah,
Winneshiek County, on the 3d. The average monthly maximum was 75°,
and the average monthly minimum was 27°. The greatest daily range was
45°, at Cedar Rapids, Linn County. The average of the greatest daily
ranges was 36°.

PBEcn^iTATiox. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the
records of 122 stations, was 2.66 inches, which is 0.17 inch below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 2.51
inches, which is 0.04 inch above the normal; Central section, 2.51 inches,
which is 0.36 inch below the normal; Southern section, 2.97 inches, which
is 0.20 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 5.66 inches, occurred
at Creston, Union County, and the least 0.78 inch, at Waverly, Bremer
County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 1.83 inches, occurred
at Northwood, Worth County, on the 13th. Measurable precipitation oc-
curred on an average of 8 days.

Snow. — A measurable amount of unmelted snowfall occurred at 36
stations, the average fall being 4.0 inches. Practically all the snow for
the month fell on the 17th. The average for the State was 1.1 inches.
By sections the averages were as follows: Northern, 0.1 inch; Central,
1.4 inches; Southern, 1.8 inches.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 13;
partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 9. The duration of sunshine was nearly normal,
the percentage of the possible amount being 70 at Charles City; 60 at
Davenport; 72 at Des Moines; 64 at Dubuque; 52 at Keokuk; and 56 at
Sioux City.

Wind. — Southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
48 miles per hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on
the 25th.

APRIL NORMALS FOR IOWA— 1890-1912.

Normal temperature for April, 49.0°.

Warmest April, 1896, with mean temperature of 54.5°.

Coldest April, 1907, with mean temperature of 41.5°.

Normal April precipitation, 2.94 inches.

Wettest April, 1897, with total precipitation of 5.35 inches.

Driest April, 1907, with total precipitation of 1.32 inches.

Average depth of snowfall in April, 2.0 inches, (1892 to 1912, inclusive).

Greatest snowfall in April, 6.0 inches, in 1893.

Least snowfall in April, trace, in 1897, 1898, and 1902.

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, 8.

Prevailing direction of wind, northwest.

Average number of clear days, 12; partly cloudy, 9; cloudy, 9.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 11

MAY.

May was warm and moderately dry, but on the whole the conditions
were favorable for agricultural pursuits. The average temperature was
2.6° above normal, and the rainfall, 1.17 inches below the average of past
years. The rainfall was, however, well distributed throughout the month,
and fairly well distributed geographically, the only sections reporting less
than an inch being Carroll, southeastern Harrison, northern Cass and
Mills Counties. Over a part of Cherokee and Buena Vista Counties the
monthly amount exceeded 6.00 inches, but more than half of it came in a
heavy downpour on- the 26th-27th. Over the central and south-central
counties, heavy showers occurred on the 10th or 11th, during which several
stations received more than 3.00 inches. The heavy rainfall in Cherokee
County on the 26th-27th did considerable damage by washing plowed fields
and taking out several bridges. The temperature was above the normal
except from the 11th to 17th, inclusive, and on the 28th and 29th. The
lowest temperatures generally occurred on the 14th, when the minimum
was near or below the freezing point in all but the extreme southern coun-
ties, and heavy frost occurred in many localities, but no material damage
was done except to prevent the germination of corn that had been planted.
Rapid progress was made in plowing, planting and re-planting. Owing to
poor seed, cold weather, cut and wire worms, considerable replanting was
necessary, but at the close of the month nearly all of the corn was planted
and the early planting was up, and showed a fair to good stand. The cool
weather and frequent showers were beneficial to all small grains and
grasses. Spring seeding of timothy and clover were especially in good
condition. Fruits were only in fair condition. Apple trees failed to pro-
duce the usual amount of bloom, due probably to over-bearing and the
drought of last year. Cherries will be about two-thirds of a crop, but
plums will yield well.

Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 111 stations was 62.7°, which is 2.6° above the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 60.1°, which is 1.6° above the normal; Central section, 63.0°, which
is 2.8° above the normal; Southern section, 64.9°, which is 4.8° above the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 66.6°, at Keokuk, Lee County, and
the lowest monthly mean, 57.6°, at Estherville, Emmet County, and at Sib-
ley, Osceola County. The highest temperature reported was 97°, at Pacific
Junction, Mills County, on the 26th; the lowest temperature reported was
29°, at Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County, on the 14th, at Decorah,
Winneshiek County, on the 14th, at Pacific Junction, Mills County, on the
14th, and at Washta, Cherokee County, on the 17th. The average monthly
maximum was 88° and the average monthly minimum was 34°. The
greatest daily range was 45°, at Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County, and
at Fort Dodge, Webster County. The average of the greatest daily
ranges was 37°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 118 stations, was 3.33 inches, which is 1.17 inches below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
3.60 inches, which is 0.95 inch below the normal; Central section, 3.22
inches, which is 1.25 inches below the normal; Southern section, 3.17

12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRlClTLTURE

inches, which is 1.30 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 6.41
inches, occurred at Alta (near) Buena Vista County, and the least, 0.72
inches, at Atlantic, Cass County. The greatest amount in twenty-four
hours, 4.42 inches, occurred at Des Moines, Polk County, on the lOth-llth.
Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 10 days.

Snow. — No snowfall was reported.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 14;
partly cloudy, 11; cloudy, 6. The duration of sunshine was slightly above
the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 77 at Charles City,
68 at Davenport, 77 at Des Moines, 62 at Dubuque, 68 at Keokuk, and 67 at
Sioux City.

Wind. — Southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
43 miles an hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on
the 26th.

MAY NORMALS FOR IOWA, 1890-1912.

Normal temperature for May, 59.8°.

Warmest May, 1896, with mean temperature of 65.5°.

Coldest May, 1907, with mean temperature of 53.5°.

Normal May precipitation 4.48 inches.

Wettest May, 1892, with total precipitation of 8.77 inches.

Driest May, 1894, with total precipitation of 1.87 inches.

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, 10.

Prevailing direction of wind, southeast.

Average number of clear days, 12; partly cloudy, 11; cloudy, 8.

JUNE.

The first and second decades of the month were unusually cool and
cloudy, but the last decade was generally clear and dry with the tem-
perature considerably above the normal. The average temperature for
the month was, however, 2.6° below the average of June for past years.
Light frost occurred on low ground in a few localities in the northern
counties on the 7th but no damage was done. The 1st, 2d and 4th were
also exceptionally cool days; the lowest temperature reported being 34° at
Alton, Sioux County, on the 4th, and at Larrabee, Cherokee County, on the
7th. Higher temperatures prevailed after the 20th, the highest occur-
ing between the 26th and 29th, when all but one station in the state re-
ported maximum readings of 90° or higher, the highest being 101° at
several stations. Showers were frequent, quite well distriButed, but gen-
erally light during the first and second decades. After the 20th the
weather was very dry, only a few light and widely scattered showers
being reported during the last 4 days.

From an agricultural view point, the month was very favorable, not-
withstanding the fact that the weather was too cool for corn during the
first 20 days. Sjnall grain, grass and potatoes made rapid growth, and
at the close of the month, rye, fall wheat, and early oats were beginning
to ripen in the southern counties, and all grains were headed out and
filling nicely in the northern counties. The warm, dry weather during

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 13

the last week or ten days was very beneficial to small grain in check-
ing the development of rust and smut. It was also beneficial to corn
which made rapid growth but was still uneven in stand and size. There
was more than the usual amount of replanting done on account of poor
seed, cool weather and cut and wire worms. Considerable clover and
some timothy was put up in fine condition during the last 7 days. The
yields of cherries and strawberries were not up to the average, but the
size and quality of cherries were much better than usual. At the close
of the month all crops are in good condition, but late potatoes, late planted
corn, pastures, garden truck and fruit, especially bush berries, would be
benefited by rain.

Temperature. — The mean monthly temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 113 stations, was 66.2°, which is 2.6° below the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
Section, 64.4°, which is 3.0° below the normal; Central Section, 66.3°, which
is 2.7° below the normal; Southern Section, 67.8°, which is 2.2° below the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 70.8°, at Tipton, Cedar County,
and the lowest monthly mean, 62.4°, at Sibley, Osceola County. The high-
est temperature reported was 101°, at Baxter, Jasper County, on the 28th,
at Forest City, Winnebago County, on the 29th, at Odebolt, Sac County, on
the 28th, and at Pacific Junction, Mills County, on the 27th and 28th; the
lowest temperature reported was 34°, at Alton, Sioux County, on the 4th,
and at Larrabee, Cherokee County, on the 7th. The average monthly
maximum was 95°, and the average monthly minimum was 42°. The
greatest daily range was 48°, at Washta, Cherokee County. The average
of the greatest daily ranges was 36°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 121 stations, was 2.74 inches, which is 1.78 inches below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern Section,
2.26 inches, which is 2.31 inches below the normal; Central Section, 3.17
incheis, which is 1.20 inches below the normal; Southern Section, 2.80
inches, which is 1.82 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 5.71
inches, occurred at Harlan, Shelby County, and the least 0.78 inch at Rock
Rapids, Lyon County. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours 3.04 inches
occurred at Harlan, Shelby County, on the 13th. Measurable precipitation
occurred on an average of 7 days.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 15;
partly cloudy, 9 ; cloudy, 6. The duration of sunshine was above the nor-
mal, the percentage of the possible amount being 86 at Charles City; 75
at Davenport; 74 at Des Moines; 73 at Dubuque; 66 at Keokuk; and 64
at Sioux City.

Wind.— Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
36 miles an hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the
2nd.

14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

JUNE NORMALS FOR IOWA— 1890-1912.

Normal temperature for June 69.4°.

Warmest June, 1911, with a mean temperature of 75.7°.

Coldest June, 1903, with mean temperature of 64.6°.

Normal precipitation for June, 4.37 inches.

Wettest June, 1890, with total precipitation of 7.76 inches.

Driest June, 1911, with total precipitation of 1.82 inches.

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, 9.

Prevailing direction of wind, southeast.

Average number of clear days, 13; partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 7.

JULY.

From the view point of the agriculturist, July, 1912, was an exception-
ally favorable month. The average temperature was 1.2° above the nor-
mal and the rainfall was only 0.73 inch below the average of past years.

The temperature was generally above the normal during the first de-
cade of the month, and was below the seasonable average most of the
time after the 15th, although there were one or two days during that
period when the day temperatures approached very near to or slightly
above the century mark. The coldest period was between the 15th and
19th, inclusive, when the minimum temperatures were generally below
50° over the northern and central districts, the lowest being 38° at Rock
Rapids on the 17th.

The rainfall came in the form of local showers generally accompanied
by thunder and lightning, and in a few localities by hail and wind squalls.
The showers were, however, well distributed throughout the month and
fairly well distributed geographically, but the greater amounts of rainfall
were reported from the northern and central counties, and the least from
the southwestern counties. The only sections reporting less than 2.00
inches were in Cass, Adair, Taylor, northern Montgomery, Wayne, Appa-
noose and Delaware counties. From there the amounts increased to 6.60
inches in Washington County and 7.40 inches in Mitchell County, the
average for the state being 3.71 inches, which is 1.44 inches more than
was reported for July, 1911, and 1.85 inches more than in July, 1910.
All parts of the state received enough moisture to keep growing crops
in prime condition, except in a few localities in some of the southern
counties where late corn, pastures and potatoes would have been benefited
by a more generous supply.

As most of the showers occurred at night, rapid progress was made in
haying and harvesting, and the bulk of the hay and small grain crops
were secured in fine condition. Threshing was well advanced by the
end of the month, in the southern, and good progress was made in the
central districts. Early reports from threshers indicated an abnormally
large yield of all small grain, except in the southeastern counties where
winter wheat was light on account of winter killing. Corn made an ex-
ceptionally rapid growth, and in spite of the late spring, poor seed, and
the ravages of cut and wire worms, which necessitated much re-planting,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 15

the crop was only a few points below the average of past years on July
31. All of the crop is strong and vigorous and gives promise of a large
yield. Potatoes and pastures were generally in good condition.

Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 116 stations, was 74.6°, or 1.2° above the normal for
Iowa. By sections the means were as follows: Northern, 72.7°, or 0.6°
above the normal; Central, 74.7°, or 1.0° above the normal; Southern,
76.5°, or 2.0° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 78.7°, at
Northboro, Page County; and the lowest mean was 70.0°, at Sibley,
Osceola County. The highest temperature was 103°, at Little Sioux,
Harrison County, on the 14th, and at Clarinda, Page County, on the same
date; the lowest temperature reported was 38° at Rock Rapids, Lyon
County, on the 17th. The average monthly maximum was 98°, and the
average monthly minimum, 49°. The greatest daily range was 44°, at
Decorah, Winneshiek County, and at Spencer, Clay County. The average
of the greatest daily ranges was 36°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 123 stations, was 3.71 inches, or 0.73 inch less than the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows:: Northern, 4.68
inches, or 0.40 inch more than the normal; Central, 3.60 inches, or 0.91
inch less than the normal; Southern, 2.85 inches, or 1.69 inches less than
the normal. The greatest amount, 7.56 inches, occurred at Grand Meadow,
Clayton County, and at Guthrie Center, Guthrie County; and the least,
1.17 inches, at Greenfield, Adair County. The greatest amount in 24 con-
secutive hours, 3.43 inches, occurred at V/ashington, Washington County,
on the 20th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 10 days.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 17;
partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 4. The duration of sunshine was about that
usually experienced, the percentage of the possible amount being 76 at
Davenport, SO at Des Moines, 75 at Dubuque, 72 at Keokuk, and 71 at
Sioux City.

Wind. — ^South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 40
miles an hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on
the 14th.

JULY NORMALS FOR IOWA, 1890-1912.

Normal temperature for July, 73.6°.

Warmest July, 1901, with mean temperature of 82.4°.

Coldest July, 1891, with mean temperature of 68.5°.

Normal July precipitation, 3.95 inches.

Wettest July, 1902, with total precipitation of 8.67 inches.

Driest July, 1894, with total precipitation of 0.63 inch.

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, 8.

Prevailing direction of wind, southwest.

Average number of clear days, 17; partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 4.

16 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AUGUST.

The temperature was generally below the normal during the first 15
days, but was above the average during the latter half of the month.
The average rainfall was but slightly below the normal, the deficiency
being only 0.21 inch. All of the precipitation came in the form of local
showers and practically all of them were accompanied by thunder and
lightning, and in a few instances by wind squalls. The showers were
fairly well distributed throughout the month, and with the exception of
an abnormally heavy downpour over Dubuque, and nearby counties on the
night of the 18th and 19th, and heavy showers in the west central coun-
ties during the third week, and a deficiency of moisture over the south-
eastern counties, the rainfall was well distributed geographically. The
frequent showers interfered with threshing and stacking small grain, and
damaged some of it in shocks, but they were of material benefit to late
corn, potatoes and pastures. Under the effects of a plentiful supply of
moisture and the high temperatures that prevailed during the latter half
of the month, and especially the last week, corn made very rapid progress
toward maturity; but owing to the large amount of replanting done, the
crop as a whole is 10 days or two weeks later than usual, and will require
most favorable conditions to fully mature before the 10th of October.

Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 111 stations, was 71.0°, or 0.8° less than the normal. By
sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern, 68.9°, or
1.4° less than the normal; Central, 71.2°, or 0.7° less than the normal;
Southern, 72.8°, or 0.5° less than the normal. The highest monthly mean
was 75.0°, at Northboro, Page County, and at Ottumwa, Wapello County.
The lowest monthly mean was 65.8°, at Grand Meadow, Clayton County.
The highest temperature reported was 101°, this occurring at 8 stations,
and with one exception, on the 25th, the lowest temperature reported
was 40°, at 4 stations, on the 3d, 4th or 14th. The average monthly
maximum was 95°, and the average monthly minimum was 47. The
greatest daily range was 46°, at Little Sioux, Logan and Spencer. The
average of the greatest daily ranges was 34°.

Precipitation, — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 120 stations, was 3.78 inches, or 0.21 inch less than the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern, 4.60 inches,
or 1.08 inches more than the normal; Central, 3.81 inches, or 0.24 inch
less than the normal; Southern, 3.01 inches, or 1.39 inches less than the
normal. The greatest amount, 7.90 inches, occurred at Fayette, Fayette
County, and the least, 0.89 inch, at Washington, Washington County.
The greatest amount in twenty-four consecutive hours, 5.50 inches, oc-
curred at Olin, Jones County, on the 19th. Measurable precipitation oc-
curred on an average of 10 days.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
15; partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 6. The duration of sunshine was less than
the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 65 at Charles
City; 69 at Davenport; 64 at Des Moines; 64 at Dubuque; 61 at Keokuk;
and 73 at Sioux City.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 17

Southwesterly winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 39
miles an hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the
11th.

AUGUST NORMALS FOR IOWA, 1890—1912.

Normal temperature for August, 71.7°.

Warmest August, 1900, with mean temperature of 77.4".

Coldest August, 1890, with mean temperature of 68.4°.

Normal August precipitation, 3.61 inches.

Wettest August, 1903, with total precipitation of 6.64 inches.

Driest August, 1901, with total precipitation of 1.29 inches.

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, 7.

Prevailing direction of wind, south.

Average number of clear days, 16; partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 5.

SEPTEMBER.

The period of high temperatures that began on August 30th continued
until September 9th, the temperature gradually increasing, and culminat-
ing with readings above the century mark at several stations in the south-
ern section on the 8th and 9th. The highest temperature reported was
104° at Ottumwa on the 8th. Much cooler weather prevailed after the
9th, and the temperature was below the normal nearly every day after the
12th; the lowest occurring generally on the 26th or 29th, when heavy to
killing frosts with temperatures near or below the freezing point were re-
ported from all sections of the state. Showers were frequent and the
amounts of rainfall were fairly well distributed, except over Jefferson,
Wapello, Davis and Appanoose Counties, where the total for the month
was considerably less than one inch. The greatest amounts are reported
from the west-central counties. Rain fell somewhere in the State on every
day of the month except the 30th; and as a result threshing was delayed
and considerable grain in shock and stacks was damaged. The rains, how-
ever, put the ground in excellent condition for fall plowing and seeding,
and were very beneficial to pastures and meadows. Corn made unusually
rapid progress toward maturity during the first 12 days of the month, but
the cool weather following checked the rapid development, and about 20
per cent of the crop was more or less damaged by the killing frosts and
freezing temperatures during the last week. The total yield will, however,
be greater than was ever before produced in the State.

Temperatuee. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 109 stations, was 62.1°, or 1.6° less than the normal. By
sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern, 60.3°, or 1.8°
less than the normal; Central, 62.2°, or 1.4° less than the normal; Southern
63.7°, or 1.8° less than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 67.4°,
at Keokuk, Lee County, and the lowest monthly mean was 57.6°, at Rock
Rapids, Lyon County, and at Sibley, Osceola County. The highest temper-
ature reported was 104°, at Ottumwa, Wapello County, on the 8th; the
lowest temperature reported was 24°, at Bedford, Taylor County, on the
26th and 30th. The average monthly maximum was 95°, and the average
2

18 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

monthly minimum was 30°. The greatest daily range was 47°, at Bedford.
The average of the greatest daily ranges was 34°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 119 stations, was 3.98 inches, or 0.57 inch greater than the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern, 3.0-9 inches,
or 0.32 inch less than the normal; Central, 5.14 inches, or 1.90 inches more
than the normal; Southern, 3.70 inches, or 0.13 inch more than the normal.
The greatest monthly amount, 10.12 inches, occurred at Audubon, Audubon
County, and the least, 0.28 inch, at Centerville, Appanoose County. The
greatest amount in 24 consecutive hours, 4.10 inches, occurred at Guthrie
Center, Guthrie County, on the 2d. Measurable precipitation occurred on
an average of 11 days.

Snow. — A trace of snow occurred at Marshalltown on the 18th, at North-
wood, on the 26th and at Storm Dake on the 17th.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — ^The average number of clear days was 12;
partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 10. The duration of sunshine was somewhat less
than the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 63 at Charles
City, 60 at Davenport, 52 at Des Moines, 58 at Dubuque, 63 at Keokuk
and 56 at Sioux City.

Wind. — Southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
40 miles an hour from the west, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the
5th.

SEPTEMBER NORMALS FOR IOWA, 1890-1912.

Normal temperature for September, 64.1°.

Warmest September, 1897, with. mean temperature of 70.9°.

Coldest September, 1896, with mean temperature of 58.5°.

Normal September precipitation, 3.19 inches.

Wettest September, 1911, with total precipitation of 5.12 inches.

Driest September, 1899, with total precipitation of 0.93 inch.

A trace of snow fell in the State during September, 1908, 1911 and 1912.

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more precipitation, 7.

Prevailing direction of wind, south.

Average number of clear days, 15; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 7.

OCTOBER.

October, 1912, was characterized by an unusually long period of fine
Indian summer weather during the latter half of the month; there being
only one storm period, of short duration during that time. The first half
of the month, how§ver, gave an excess of rainfall, but most of it came
during a few heavy showers, so the month, as a whole, was exceptionally
pleasant and favorable for farm operations and other out-door work. The
mean temperature was about normal, there being an excess of only 0.3°.
There was no very cold weather until the 23d, when freezing tempera-
tures occurred in all parts of the state, being the first killing frost in the
counties adjacent to the Mississippi River. Another and generally colder
period occurred near the close of the month; the lowest temperature at
most stations being recorded on the 30th.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YETAH BOOK— PART I 19

While rain fell on an average of 6 days, most of the rain came between
the 9th and 11th, and was much heavier in the southern than in the
northern counties. A few flakes of snow, being the first of the season,
were observed at numerous stations in the southern half of the state on
the 30th or 31st. Considering the season of the year and the compara-
tively few rainy days there was more than the usual number of thunder-
storms. A very destructive electric storm occurred in the vicinity of
Dubuque on the afternoon of the 20th, during which considerable property
was destroyed by fire.

The dry, clear weather was very favorable for drying out the corn
crop and harvesting potatoes. Corn was not quite dry enough at the end
of the month for cribbing, although considerable husking was done dur-
ing the last decade of the month. Fall plowing progressed rapidly and
winter grains and pastures are in fine condition.

Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 114 stations, was 52.2°, or 0.3° above the normal for
Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern,
50.3°, or 0.2° above the normal; Central, 52.2°, or 0.4° above
the normal; Southern, 54.0°, or 0.2° above the normal. The highest
monthly mean was 56.6°, at Bloomfield, Davis County, and the lowest
monthly mean 46.4°, at Rock Rapids, Lyon County. The highest tempera-
ture reported was 92°, at Bonaparte, Van Buren County, on the 6th; the
lowest temperature reported was 16°, at Inwood, Lyon County, on the
30th. The average monthly maximum was 85°, and the average monthly
minimum was 24°. The greatest daily range was 52°, at Keosauqua, Van
Buren County. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 38°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 120 stations, was 2.97 inches, or 0.62 inch more than the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern, 1.88 inches,
or 0.39 inch less than the normal; Central, 3.33 inches, or 0.89 inch more
than the normal; Southern, 3.71 inches, or 1.36 inches more than the
normal. The greatest amount, 5.77 inches, occurred at Bloomfield, Davis
County, and the least, 1.03 inches, at Decorah, Winneshiek County. The
greatest amount in 24 consecutive hours was 2.60 inches on the 11th, at
Bloomfield, Davis County. Measurable precipitation occurred on an aver-
age of 6 days.

Snow. — The first snowfall of the season occurred on the last day of
the month, being confined to the southern half of the state. Only two
stations reported more than a trace.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 21;
partly cloudy, 3; cloudy, 7. The duration of sunshine was considerably
above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 72 at
Charles City; 74 at Davenport; 75 at Des Moines; 67 at Dubuque; 71
at Keokuk; and 75 at Sioux City.

Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 48
miles an hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the
28th.

20 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OCTOBER NORMALS FOR IOWA— 1890-1912.

Normal temperature for October, 51.8°.

Warmest October, 1900, with mean temperature of 59.3°.

Coldest October, 1895, with mean temperature of 46.0°.

Normal October precipitation, 2.32 inches.

Wettest October, 1900, with total precipitation of 3.91 inches.

Driest October, 1895, with total precipitation of 0.47 inches.

Normal snowfall for October, 0.4 inch.

Two stations reported measurable amounts, and several reported a trace
of snowfall on October 31, 1912, all of which were in the southern part of
the state.

Greatest snowfall in October, 3.6 inches in 1898.

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more precipitation, 6.

Prevailing direction of wind, northwest.

Average number of clear daj^s, 16; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 8.

NOVEMBER.

November, 1912, was an ideal month for gathering the largest corn
crop ever produced in this state, and for all other outdoor work. The
weather was mild and dry, with a great excess of sunshine, there being
an average of 18 clear days, 8 partly cloudy, 4 cloudy, and an average of
only 2 days with an appreciable amount of precipitation. During the past
23 years, there have been only four Novembers that gave a higher mean
temperature than obtained during the past month, and only one with a
smaller number of rainy days. While a few of the nights were moderately
cold, the days were generally mild and pleasant, and corn husking was in-
terfered with on only one day, so that rapid progress was made in that
work, and at the close of the month nearly all of the crop had been har-
vested. With the exception of a rather severe tljunderstorm at Clarinda
on the 5th, no storms of consequence were reported, and but little snow
fell; the average snowfall being a trace in the northern and central sec-
tions of the state, and 0.1 inch in the southern section. The greatest
monthly snowfall was 1.0 inch at Stockport, Van Buren County.

Tempeeatuee. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown
by the records of 112 stations, was 40.1°, or 4.2° higher than the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern,
38.0°, or 4.3° higher than the normal; Central, 40.3°, or 4.6° higher than
the normal; Southern, 41.9°, or 3.7° higher than the normal. The highest
monthly mean was 44.4°, at Keokuk, Lee County; and the lowest monthly
mean, 34.7°, at Rock Rapids, Lyon County. The highest temperature re-
ported was 77°, at Northboro, Page County, on the 11th; and the lowest
temperature reported was 6°, at Inwood, Lyon County, on the 24th. The
average monthly highest was 69°; and the average monthly lowest was
14°. The greatest daily range was 47°, at Lake Park, Dickinson County,
and at Rock Rapids, Lyon County. The average of the greatest daily
ranges was 37°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by
the records of 123 stations, was 0.98 inch, or 0.41 inch less than the normal.
By sections the averages were as follows: Northern, 0.95 inch, or 0.36

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 21

inch less than the normal; Central, 1.03 inches, or 0.40 inch less than the
normal; Southern, 0.96 inch, or 0.48 inch less than the normal. The great-
est amount, 2.38 inches, occurred at Storm Lake, Buena Vista County, and
there was none, at Rock Rapids, Lyon County. The greatest amount in
any 24 consecutive hours, 2.38 inches, occurred at Storm Lake, on the
12th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 2 days.

Snow. — The average fall for the Northern Section was a trace, for the
Central a trace, and for the Southern 0.1 inch. For the state the average
was a trace. Stockport, Van Buren County, reported the greatest monthly
snowfall, 1.0 inch.

Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 18;
partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 4. The duration of sunshine was much above the
normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 69 at Charles City;
66 at Davenport; 81 at Des Moines; 57 at Dubuque; 69 at Keokuk, and 74
at Sioux City.

Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
at the rate of 48 miles an hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Wood-
bury County, on the 22d.

NOVEMBER NORMALS FOR IOWA— 1890-1912.
Normal temperature for November, 35.8°.
Warmest November, 1899, with mean temperature of 43.9°.
Coldest November, 1896, with mean temperature of 29.6°.
Normal precipitation for November, 1.45 inch.
Wettest November, 1909, with total precipitation of 5.39 inches.
Driest November, 1904, with total precipitation of 0.15 inch.
Average depth of snowfall for November, 2.4 inches (1892 to 1912 in-
clusive).

Greatest snowfall in November, 8.7 inches in 1898.

Least snowfall in November, trace in 1912.

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, 5.

Prevailing direction of wind, northwest.

Average number of clear days, 13; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 9.

DECEMBER.

December, like November and the latter half of October, was unusually
mild and pleasant, with high average temperatures, deficiency of precipi-
tation, excess of sunshine and no storms of importance. It was the warm-
est December since. 1896, and the mean temperature has been exceeded
only twice, December, 1891, and 1896, since state-wide observations began
in 1890. The 12th was generally the coldest day, but the lowest tempera-
ture recorded in the state, — 13°, occurred at Inwood, Lyon County, on the
6th.

The precipitation was light, there being only 62 per cent of the normal
amount and most of it came during the first five days. After the 5th,
only light snow flurries occurred at most stations. The amount of snow-
fall was also very light, and especially so over the central and southern
districts, where the average amount for the month was only 0.6 inch. The
greatest amounts of snowfall were reported from the extreme north central
counties. The clear, mild and dry weather was favorable for all kinds of

22 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

out-door work, but the ground is very dry and more snow is needed for
fall sown grains.

Tempebattjee. — The monthly mean temperature for the state, as shown
by the records of 115 stations, was 29.2°, or 5.6° higher than the normal for
Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern,
26.3°, or 5.4° higher than the normal; Central, 29.8°, or 6.0° higher than
the normal; Southern, 31.6°, or 5.4° higher than the normal. The highest
monthly mean was 34.8°, at Ottumwa, Wapello County; and the lowest
monthly mean, 21.6°, at Rock Rapids, Lyon County. The highest tempera-
ture reported was 64°, at Keokuk, Lee County, on the 5th; the lowest
temperature reported was — 13°, at Inwood, Lyon County, on the 6th.
The average monthly highest was 55°, and the average monthly lowest
was zero. The greatest daily range was 46°, at Inwood, Lyon County. The
average of the greatest daily range was 38°.

Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the state, as shown by the
records of 122 stations, was 0.74 inch, or 0.45 inch less than the normal.
By sections the averages were as follows: Northern, 0.91 inch, or 0.12
inch less than the normal; Central, 0.71 inch, or 0.49 inch less than the
normal; Southern, 0.59 inch, or 0.74 inch less than the normal. The
greatest amount, 1.75 inches, occurred at Northwood, Worth County, and
the least, 0.10 inch, at Lake Park, Dickinson County, and at Sheldon,
O'Brien County. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours, 1.30
inches, occurred at Chariton, Lucas County, on the 1st. Measurable pre-
cipitation occurred on an average of 3 days.

Snow. — The average snowfall for the state was 1.1 inches. By sections
the averages were as follows: Northern, 2.2 inches; Central, 0.4 inch;
Southern, 0.8 inch. The greatest monthly amount,. 11.0 inches, occurred
at Northwood, Worth County.

Sunshine and CLoumNESs. — The average number of clear days was 18;
partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 6. The duration of sunshine was much above
the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 64 at Charles
City; 71 at Davenport; 73 at Des Moines; 55 at Dubuque; 66 at Keokuk;
and 67 at Sioux City.

Wind. — Southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
47 miles an hour from the north, at Sioux City, Woodbury County, on the
1st.

DECEMBER NORMALS FOR IOWA— 1890-1912.

Normal temperature for December, 24.4°.
Warmest December, 1891, with mean temperature of 32.3°.
Coldest December, 1909, with mean temperature of 15.5°.
Normal precipitation for December, 1.20 inches.
Wettest December, 1911, with total precipitation of 2.57 inches.
Driest December, 1910, with total precipitation of 0.37 inch.
Average depth of snowfall for December, 6.2 inches (1892 to 1912 in-
clusive).

Greatest amount of snowfall in December, 15.9 inches in 1897.
Least amount of snowfall in December, 1.1 inches in 1912.
Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, 5.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— ANNUAL.

23

Temperature

03

3

a

§

o

n

<v

ID

^

K

Date

Date

Precipitation

in inches

03

3

^^

a

3

S3

a

n

3

eS

c«

0)

C3

OJ

<

O

H^

1891__

1894..
1895_.

1900..
1901..
1902..
1903..
1904..
1906-.
1906..
1907..
1908..
1909..
1910..
1911..
1912..

48.0
47.3
46.6
45.7
49.7
47.2
48.6
47.8
47.7
47.3
49.3
49.0
47.7
47.2
46.3
47.2
48.4
47.4
49.5
47.4
48.6
49.5
46.4

110
106
104
102
109
104
104
106
103
104
103
113
9S
101
100
104
102
102
101
103
108
111
104

July 13

August 9..

July 11

July* 13-...

July 26

May 28

July 3

July* 23--..
August 20..
September
August 3...

July 22

July 30

August 24. ,

July 17

August 11-

July 21

July 5

August 3— .
August* 15.

July 16

July* 3

September J

—27 i

-31 i

—38

-36

—37

—33

—20

—30

—25

—40

—27

—31

—31

—27

—32

—41

—32

-^1

—18

—26

—35

—35

-47

January 22...
February 4...
January 19...
January 14...
January 25...

February 1

January 4

January 25...
December 31. ..
February 11..
February 15.
December 15..
January 27...
December 13..
January 27-_.
Febi-uary 2*.
February 10.
February 5..
January 29-_.
February* 15.
January 7...
January 3...
January 12...

31.30

45.74

16.00

32.90

49.05

23.48

36.58

48.77

24.78

27.59

33.27

19.19

21.94

29.81

15.65

26.77

35.25

18.57

37.23

51.60

28.68

26.98

36.18

20.21

31.34

55.47

19.51

28.68

42.06

21.79

35.05

47.33

25.05

24.41

37.69

16.35

43.82

58.80

20.14

35.39

50.53

26.41

28.51

38.93

19.34

36.56

52.26

24.66

31.60

44.34;

20.63

31.61

43.90

19.93

35.26

49.98

24.11

40.01

53.48

27.20

19.87

27.99

12.11

31.37

46.77

19.74

28.89

38.13

16.25

34.2
37.2
19.2
26.0
22.6
38.8
40.3;
23.4
25.8
38.5
28.0
19.4
29.2
38.3
32.8
24.0
22.7
49.0
23.4
35.3
39.5

'And other dates.

ANNUAL NORMALS FOR IOWA— 1890-1912.

Annual normal temperature, 47.8.

Warmest year, 1894, with mean temperature of 49.7°.

Coldest year, 1893, with mean temperature of 45.7°.

Annual normal precipitation, 31.45 inches.

Wettest year, 1902, with total precipitation of 43.82 inches.

Driest year, 1910, with total precipitation of 19.87 inches.

Average annual snowfall, 30.8 inches.

Greatest annual snowfall, 49.0 inches in 1909.

Least annual snowfall, 19.2 inches, in 1894.

Average number of days with 0.01 inch or more precipitation, 81.

Prevailing direction of wind, northwest.

Average number of clear days, 164; partly cloudy, 104; cloudy, 97.

24

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

D I

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 25

CLIMATE AND CROP REVIEW

SEASON 1912.

Notwithstanding the fact that both the average temperature and the
average precipitation were below the normal, and especially so during the
growing season, the year 1912, was, from an agricultural standpoint, the
most productive year in the history of Iowa. The yield of all staple farm
crops was far in excess of the average of past years. . Considering the fact
that the spring was late and cold, seed poor, cut and wire worms destruc-
tive, and the unusually great amount of replanting done, the abnormally
large yield of corn is remarkable; the estimated yield being nearly
5 bushels per acre more than was ever produced in the state, and 12 bushels
per acre more than the average of the past 22 years.

The first three months of the year gave the lowest average temperature
and the most snow of any like period since the establishment of the
Weather Service in Iowa. January was the coldest month ever exper-
ienced in the history of Iowa. Not only was it the coldest, but the dura-
tion of the extremely cold period broke all previous records. The severe
cold weather caused a great amount of damage to water pipes and mains,
and suffering among the poor people and live stock, but fortunately the
ground was covered by a thick mantle of snow which protected the fall
sown grains.

With the exception of low temperatures during the first 12 days and
the heavy snow storm over the southern and eastern counties on the night
of the 25th and 26th, February was a very pleasant winter month. The
high winds accompanying the snow storm in the southern counties caused
the snow to drift badly, and as a result traffic on highways and railroads
was delayed. Many highways were blocked for two or three days.

March was one of, if not the coldest month of that name on record, and
it gave more snow than any month of any year since state-wide observations
began in 1890. The first half of the month was remarkable for the persis-
tency of low temperatures, the mean being from 10° to 25° below the nor-
mal almost daily. The latter half of the month was milder, but on only
one or two days was the mean temperature above the normal or the min-
imum temperature above the freezing point. However, a decided change
to spring-like conditions set in toward the close of the month, during which
time the snow melted rapidly, and by the 31st it had practically disap-
peared, except where it lay in drifts. Heavy snowstorms occurred on the
14th-15th and 20th, which were injurious to railroad traffic. Many trains
were delayed from 10 to 24 hours, and on some of the branch lines trains
were abandoned for one or two days. In the southern half of the state, ice
in the rivers went out between the 24th and 28th, but in the extreme north-

26 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

ern counties the ice was intact on the 31st. Practically all of the frost was
out of the ground by the close of the month. No field work was practicable,
but fall sown grains were showing up in good condition after the disap-
pearance of the heavy snow, which had covered the fields since December
17th.

The most important features of April were the destructive wind storms
at Earlham and Boone, on the 13th, and the unusually heavy snowstorm
over the southern and eastern counties on the 17th. Thirty-six stations
within the area of the storm reported an average of 4.0 inches of snow-
fall; the greatest amount being 12,0 inches at Wapello. As a whole, the
month was quite favorable for farm operations, but owing to the fact that
no field work was done in March, spring seeding was not completed until
the close of the month. At the end of the month the early sown oats were
up. grass was improved and some stock was in pasture. Cherry and plum
trees were beginning to bloom in the southern counties, but in the re-
mainder of the state the buds were still dormant or just beginning to swell.

May was warm and moderately dry, but on the whole the conditions
were favorable for agricultural pursuits. The average temperature was
above the normal, but freezing temperatures occurred in all but the extreme
southern counties on the 14th, though no material damage was done except
to prevent the germination of corn that had been planted. Owing to poor
seed, cold weather, cut and wire worms, considerable replanting was nec-
essary, but at the close of the month nearly all of the corn was planted
and the early planting was up. The cool weather and frequent showers
were beneficial to small grains and grasses.

From an agricultural viewpoint, June was a very favorable month, not-
withstanding the fact that the weather was too cool for corn during the
first 20 days. The average temperature and rainfall were below normal,
but temperatures ranging from 90° to 101° were recorded between the 26th
and 29th, and light showers were frequent prior to the 20th. After the
20th the weather was very dry. All vegetation made rapid growth, how-
ever, and at the close of the month small grains were beginning to ripen
in the southern and were headed out and filling nicely in the northern part
of the state.

The temperature was generally above the normal during the first decade
of July, and was below the seasonable average most of the time after the
15th. although there were one or two days during that period when the day
temperatures approached, or were slightly above, 100°. The showers were
generally light, but all parts of the state received enough moisture to
keep growing crops in prime condition except in a few localities in the
southern counties, where late corn, pastures and potatoes would have been
benefited by a more generous supply. As most of the showers occurred
at night, rapid progress was made in haying and harvesting, and the bulk
of the hay and small grain crops were secured in fine condition. Threshing
was well advanced by the end of the month in the southern, and good
progress was made in the central districts.

The temperature was generally below the normal during the first 15 days,
and above the average during the latter half of August. Although the
average rainfall was slightly below the normal, showers were frequent and
fairly well distributed. The frequent showers interfered with threshing

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 27

and stacking small grain, and damaged some of it in shocks, but they were
of material benefit to late corn, potatoes and pastures. Corn made rapid
progress toward maturity, but owing to the large amount of late planted
corn, the crop as a whole was 10 days to two weeks later than usual.

The first 10 days of September were excessively warm, but much cooler
weather prevailed after that date with killing frosts and temperatures near
or below the freezing point on the 26th and 29th. Rain fell somewhere in
the state on every day of the month, except the 30th, and as -a result thresh-
ing was delayed and considerable grain in shock and stacks was damaged.
The rains, however, put the ground in excellent condition for fall plowing
and seeding, and were very beneficial to pastures and meadows. Corn made
unusually rapid progress during the first 12 days, but the cool weather
following checked the rapid development, and from 20 to 30 per cent of tlie
crop was more or less damaged by the killing frosts and freezing tempera-
tures during the last week.

The first half of October was wet, but the remainder of that month and
all of November and December was dry and pleasant, with much Indian
Summer weather during the early part of the period. There being no
storms of importance after the middle of October, rapid progress was made
during October and November in gathering the largest crop of corn ever
produced in the state, and practically all of the crop was in cribs by the 10th
of December. The contrast between the first three and last three months
of 1912 was very marked. The first three months were abnormally cold
with an excessive amount of snow, while most of the last three was mild
and pleasant with a great excess of clear days.

28 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CLIMATE AND CROP BULLETINS

Summaries of Weekly Bulletins Issued in the Season of 1912.

Bulletin No. 1. — For the week ending April 14. — The winter was se-
verely cold and of long duration, and the amount of snowfall was the
greatest on record. The larger part of the state was covered with snow
nearly all of the time from December 20th to about March 25th. The
snow went off rapidly after March 20th, but as there was but little frost
in the ground, the larger part of the water was absorbed by the soil, yet
all streams were at a high stage at the close of the month, and much bot-
tom ground, especially in the southern counties, was flooded. The heavy
mantle of snow afforded a good protection to fall-sown grains and grasses
and they are now in good condition, except in the counties along the
Mississippi River from Scott county southward, where the snow covering
was light during the cold weather in January and most of February. The
past week has been favorable for field work, and much seeding, plowing
and disking has been done with the soil in excellent tilth. The acreage
,of winter wheat is much greater than it was last year, but the extent of
spring seeding depends largely on the conditions during the next few
days, as only about one-half to two-thirds of the acreage intended for
small grain has yet been seeded. Many potatoes have been planted and
gardens made. Fruits have remained nearly dormant as yet, and except
peaches and pears, are reported to have been uninjured by the low winter
temperatures. Live stock came through the winter in fairly good condi-
tion, but in most sections the supply of hay and rough feed has been en-
tirely or nearly exhausted. While the season opens a little later than
usual, the conditions at present are favorable for a good crop year.

Bulletin No. 2 — For the week ending April 21. — The third week in
April was colder than usual, the average daily deficiency in temperature
being about 5 degrees. Freezing temperature was reported from the larger
part of the state on several mornings, and one of the heaviest April snow-
storms on record in this state occurred over the southern and eastern
counties on the seventeenth'. Several stations reported from seven to eight
inches of snowfall, but crops and fruit were not far enough advanced to
receive damage from the snow or freezing temperature. The heavy show-
ers on the afternoon and night of the twentieth gave an excess of precipi-
tation for the week. Farming operations were somewhat retarded in the
counties where the snowfall was heaviest, but in the larger part of the
state fair progress has been made in seeding and plowing, with the soil in
tine working condition. Seeding of small grain is nearly finished in north-
ern and western counties, but in the eastern and southeastern counties
only about 75 to 80 per cent of that work has been done. Late reports

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 29

show that there was more fall wheat winter killed in southern and east-
ern sections than was indicated last week. Many fields are spotted and
some of them will be plowed up and replanted to other crops, but for the
state as a whole, fall-sown grains are in fine condition. Grass is starting
nicely, and in some localities stock is in pasture.

Bulletin No. 3. — For the week ending April 28. — While the temperature
was only slightly below the normal, the nights were cool. Frost was gen-
eral, and freezing temperature occurred on one or two nights in the
northern counties. The weather was, however, favorable for field work;
the only precipitation being light showers on the twenty-fifth, and light
to moderately heavy rains on Sunday, the twenty-eighth, over the south-
ern and western sections. Seeding is practically finished, most of the
early potatoes have been planted and much ground has been plowed, pre-
paratory to corn planting. The cool weather has retarded the growth of
vegetation, but early-sown oats are up and show a good stand. Grass is
improving and in many localities stock is in pasture. Cherries and plums
are beginning to blossom in the southern counties, but in the remainder
of the state the buds are still dormant or just starting to swell. The
spring pig crop suffered severe loss during March on account of the cold,
wet weather, but April pigs are doing well.

Bulletin No. 4. — For the week ending May 5. — The past week was
warmer than usual, the daily excess of temperature ranging from 2 to
5 degrees, and weather conditions were generally favorable for rapid
progress in farming operations. Heavy rains on April 28th, and frequent
showers during the week did, however, delay field work to some extent in
southern counties. Light to copious showers occurred in nearly all parts
of the state on the 2d, 3d or 4th, and gave ample moisture for present
needs. The warm rains, and the high temperatures during the last four
days have caused an unusually rapid growth of all vegetation. Most of
the trees are green, fruit trees are in blossom, and grass and small grain
have made a decided improvement. All fruit trees, except apples, show an
abundance of bloom. Spring sown grain and grasses have made a good
start, and show a strong, vigorous stand. Much ground has been prepared
for corn, and some planting was done in many localities during the latter
half of the week. With favorable weather planting will be general during
the coming week. Most of the live stock is in pasture and obtaining suffi-
cient feed.

Bulletin No. 5. — For the week ending May 12. — The weather during the
first five days of the week was ideal for field work and the growth of vege-
tation. The average temperature was above the normal, though no unus-
ually high temperatures prevailed, and the precipitation was deficient
until Friday night and Saturday when heavy, and in many localities, ex-
cessive rains fell; the greatest amounts of rainfall being reported from
the southern and central counties. All vegetation made rapid growth, and
good progress was made in preparing corn ground. Considerable corn
was planted in nearly all sections of the state with the soil generally in
fine tilth, but the late rains and the cool weather prevailing at the close
of the week will retard planting for a day or two. Meadows and pastures

30 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

have made a decided improvement, and where the rainfall was heavy, a
fair to good crop of hay is assured. Oats are beginning to stool nicely and
all small grain is in good condition. Reports continued to show a defi-
ciency of bloom on apple trees, but other fruits, except peaches, give prom-
ise of good yields.

BuiXETiN No. 6 — For the week ending May 19. — The week was cool, and
cloudy, with a decided deficiency in the rainfall. There was, however,
considerable excess of moisture in the southern and central district caused
by heavy rains near the close of the preceding week which retarded corn
planting for several days. Light to heavy frosts occurred on two or three
mornings in all parts of the state, with freezing temperature in many
localities on the 14th. The frosts did little or no damage to fruit, but
tender garden stuff w^as slightly injured on low ground. The germination
of corn was, however, retarded and in a few places the seed is reported
to have rotted in the ground. Fair progress was made in planting corn
during the latter half of the week, but only about two-thirds of the crop
is in. Some of the early planted corn is up and shows a fairly good
stand. All of the early and some of the late potatoes have been planted.
Spring seeding of grass and clover is in prime condition. Pastures and
meadows are making good growth, and small grain crops are doing
well. Cherries are not setting as well as indicated by the heavy bloom.
Plums give promise of full crop, and apples are setting fairly well con-
sidering the small amount of bloom. Generally the crop conditions are
fairly good, needing higher temperatures and occasional warm rains
to make the outlook bright and satisfactory.

Bulletin No. 7. — For the w^eek ending May 26. — The week was warm
and generally dry. The temperature ranged from normal in northern
to 9 degrees above the normal in southern counties and the rainfall was de-
cidedly deficient except in the vicinity of Dubuque where 2.59 inches
fell. Almost ideal conditions prevailed during the week for field work,
and the time was well improved. Corn planting is finished in many
localities and all of it that has been planted since the 11th inst, is coming
up nicely and shows a fairly good stand. Much of the early planting has
been replanted on account of cold weather, weak seed and the ravages
of wire worms. The fields are generally clean and the soil is in good
condition. Small grain, grass in pastures and meadows, potatoes and
garden truck have made good progress under the effects of high tem-
perature and abundance of sunshine, but now need more moisture to keep
up normal growth. Rye is heading in southern, and fall wheat is two
feet high in central districts. The following report by the Secretary, State
Horticultural Society shows the condition of fruit: "Apples, 35 per cent;
pears, 61; American plums, 80; cherries, 55; grapes, 65; red raspberries,
57; black raspberries, 65; blackberries, 35; currants, 72; gooseberries, 86;
strawberries, 70 per cent of a full crop. Ben Davis, Jonathan and Wealthy
apple trees will not bear much fruit this year. Ben Davis trees are in
very poor condition. There was some winter killing of blackberry and
raspberry canes."

Bulletin No. 8. — For the week ending June 2. — The past week was ex-
ceptionally favorable for field work, notwithstanding the fact that ex-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 31

cessive rain fell over some of the northwestern counties on May 26th
and 27th, and heavy showers occurred in the southwestern and west
central districts on Friday night, and light to copious showers occurred
in all other parts of the state some time during the week. Considerable
damage was done in Cherokee county by the heavy downpour of rain.
Fielda were badly washed and several bridges were taken out by high
water. The average temperature was about normal, although the nights
were cool. Planting and replanting of corn is nearly finished. The late
planting is coming up and shows a fair to good stand. The first cultiva-
tion has begun, and the fields are generally clean and in good condition.
Small grain and grass have continued to make rapid progress except in
a few localities, especially in the southwestern and southeastern counties
where the rainfall was deficient prior to the last week. The late rains
will, however, be of great benefit in all sections. Winter wheat and rye
are heading in northern, and the first cutting of alfalfa was harvested in
southwestern counties. Most of the late planted potatoes are up and
give promise of a good crop. Strawberries are beginning to ripen in
southern districts with prospects of fair to good yields.

Bulletin No. 9. — For the week ending June 9. — The past week was un-
seasonably cold, and over the larger part of the state much drier
than usual. The daily mean temperature ranged from 6 to 8 degrees
below the normal. Light frost occurred on low ground in the northern
counties on the morning of the 7th, but no material damage was done.
The rainfall was generally light, but copious to heavy showers occurred
in the Des Moines valley on the 5th. The conditions were favorable
for field work, and rapid progress was made in cultivating corn. Practi-
cally all of the early planting has been plowed once, and much of it the
second time. Small grain and grass, especially spring seeding of timothy
and clover have made good growth, but the hay crop will not be up to
the normal. Clover cutting will begin in the southern counties during
the coming week, with prospects of a light yield. Cherries and plums
promise a fairly good crop, but the "June Drop" of apples is heavy on
some varieties.

Bulletin No. 10. — For the week ending June 16.- -This has been the
best growing week of the season. The average temperature has been about
normal, and while the sunshine was somewhat deficient, the rainfall
was generally above the average. Showers were frequent and fairly
well distributed, but the amounts of rainfall varied from .01 inch in
southern Taylor County to 4.44 inches in Calhoun County. The rainfall
was also heavy in Wayne and Decatur Counties, where severe local
storms occurred, accompanied by high winds and some hail, which,
with the heavy rain, did considerable damage to fields and crops. All
crops have made good progress, but in many localities, oats and some
fall wheat, on rich ground, are getting rank and have a tendency to
lodge if wet weather continues. Corn has improved during the past
few days, and the cultivation of the fields is being rushed as rapidly as
possible. The fields are generally clean, and the soil is in fine condition.
Pastures are unusually good. In fact there is more grass in some
sections than is needed for the small number of cattle on hand. While

32 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the iiay crop will not be quite up to the average, it will be much better
than last year. Potatoes are fine, and in many localities there has been
sufficient rainfall to mature the early crop. Homegrown strawberries
of excellent quality are on the market. Cherries are ripening, and are
larger and of better quality than last season. Plums give promise of
good yield.

Bulletin No. 11. — For the w-eek ending June 23. — The first four days
of the week were abnormally cool and generally cloudy with frequent,
but very light scattered showers. The last three days were moderately
warm, clear and pleasant, but the average temperature was about 8 de-
grees below the weekly normal. The rainfall was also much below the
average, but the rains of the previous week were sufficient to keep the
ground in fine condition. It has been too cool for the rapid growth of
corn, but the crop is doing as well as could be expected. It is, however,
small for the season, and very uneven in height. Some of it is just com-
ing up, while some is nearly knee high, and is being cultivated the third
time. The fields are generally very clean. Small grain is doing excep-
tionally well, though in a few localities some rust is reported in winter
wheat and smut in oats. Rye is beginning to ripen in the southern
counties, biit for the state as a whole the small grain harvest will be
about a week later than usual. Blue grass is much better than for the
past several years, but timothy and clover is variable; some sections
reporting very good crops, while in many localities they are light, and ■
the average yield of hay will be a little below the average. Potatoes
continue very promising. Berries and cherries are of extra fine quality,
but the yields are below normal. Plums will be much above, and apples
below the average.

Bulletin No. 12. — ^For the week ending June 30. — The past week was
very warm and unusually dry; the only rainfall reported being a few
local and generally light showers in the southwestern and southeastern
counties on one day. The high temperatures and bright sunshine have
been favorable for the rapid advancement of corn and curing clover hay.
Corn has made very rapid growth, but it is still uneven in height. Some
of it has been laid by, and all of the fields are clean. Some of the
late planted corn is beginning to show the effect of the dry weather, but
if rain comes within the next week or ten days it will continue to make
good progress. Early corn is in fine condition; the root system being
sufficiently developed to reach moist soil. The dry weather has also been
generally favorable for small grain in checking the development of rust
and smut, and stiffening the straw, thereby lessening the possibility of
lodging, Oats and other small grains have headed in all parts of the
state, and are filling well. Rye, fall wheat and early oats are beginning to
ripen in the southern counties and with favorable conditions the harvest
will begin during the coming w^eek. Considerable clover and some timothy
hay were put up in fine condition, and haying will be general in a few
days. While all crops are still in good condition, late potatoes, late planted
corn, pastures, garden truck and fruit would be benefited by rain.

T^iiltlTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART 1 33

Bulletin No. 13. — For the week ending July 7. — The weather during the
past seven days was exceptionally favorable for farming operations, and
in most sections for the growth of crops. The average temperature was
about 5 degrees above the normal, and while the rainfall was decidedly
below the average, niany localities received light to copious, and in a few
sections, moderately heavy showers. The warm, dry weather, and the
excessive sunshine were very beneficial for haying and harvesting. Much
hay was put up in the best condition; the yield being somewhat below the-
normal. Most of the rye and winter wheat, and many early oats are in
shock in the southern counties, and harvest has begun in central and
northern sections. All small grains give promise of good to extra good
yields, but late oats need rain to fill to the best advantage. Considerable
rust is reported, but probably no more than usual. Corn continued
to make rapid growth, and half of it is nearly up to the normal height
for this season of the year. Some of the earliest planted fields in the
extreme southeastern counties are beginning to tassel, while much of the
late planted corn is less than 12 inches high. Pastures remain generally
good, but are beginning to dry up and should have rain at once. Corn,
potatoes, late oats, fruit and garden truck also need rain. Much of the
timothy, especially in the southern counties, will be saved for the seed.

Bulletin No. 14. — For the week ending July 14. — Under the effect of
high temperatures and frequent and fairly well distributed copious show-
ers all crops have made rapid progress. There was, however, consider-
able damage done in some localities by hail, heavy rains and high winds
in lodging grain, but this will be more than counterbalanced by the bene-
fit received by corn, late grains, spring seeding of timothy and clover,
pastures, potatoes, gardens and fruits. Corn made very rapid growth,
and a large portion of it is now up to the normal for the middle of July.
Many of the early fields in the southern counties are beginning to tassel,
and all of it has a good color. Owing to the fact that in most localities
the showers came at night, rapid progress was made in haying and har-
vesting. About all of the rye, fall wheat and early oats in the southern
counties are in shock, and threshing will begin in that section of the
state during the coming week, with prospects of good to heavy yields.
About half of the hay has been put in fine condition. The quality of
timothy is extra good, and while the yield is not quite up to the average,
it is much better than last year. Reports continue to indicate that much
of the timothy will be saved for seed, especially in southern counties. All
field crops are now in prime condition, and with occasional good showers
give promise of large yields.

Bulletin No. 15. — For the week ending July 21. — The past week was
unusually cool; the average daily deficiency of temperature ranging from
6 to 10 degrees. The average precipitation was much above the normal,
except over the three southern tiers of counties, where it was very dry
up to Saturday night. In the three northern tiers of counties, and in
portions of the central sections the rainfall was heavy; nearly all sta-
tions reporting more than 2.00 inches, and several more than 3.00 inches.
The first four days of the week were, however, clear and dry, and rapid
3

34 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

progress was made in haying and harvesting. Threshing is now general
in the southern counties, and early reports indicate yields much in excess
of the average of past years. In the northern sections where the late
rains were heavy, oats are badly lodged and will be difficult to harvest.
The rains will also prevent work in the fields in that section for two or
three days, but they have been of great benefit to corn, pastures, potatoes,
spring sown grasses, gardens and fruits. Corn made good growth during
the week, even though the weather was cool, and the crop is in good
condition and improving daily.

Bulletin No. 16. — For the week ending July 28. — The conditions during
the past week were almost ideal for growing crops, and for haying, har-
vesting and threshing. The temperature was about normal, and while
the rainfall was generally deficient, nearly all parts of the state received
light to copious showers. Some localities in the southern districts, how-
ever, need rain badly for corn, potatoes and pastures, but for the state as
a whole all crops are in excellent condition. Haying is nearly finished,
and the crop has been put up in fine shape. The yield of hay is better than
anticipated and the quality is extra good. The small grain harvest has
progressed rapidly, and the bulk of it will be completed by the end of the
coming v/eek. Early reports show some exceptionally large yields and
fine quality of grain. The yield of winter wheat ranges from twenty-five
to fifty bushels per acre; oats thirty to sixty-five and barley, twenty-two
to thirty bushels. No timothy has yet been threshed, but a large acreage
has been cut for seed. Corn has made rapid growth, and the early fields
are shooting nicely, but the crop as a whole is not yet quite up to the
normal in size and development; although the prospects are good for bet-
ter than an average yield if favorable weather continues. Potatoes are
generally in good condition and give promise of a large crop.

Bulletin No. 17. — For the week ending August 4. — The past week was
cool and dry; the average daily deficiency of temperature being about
6 degrees, and only a few light and widely scattered showers occurred.
The conditions were fine for harvesting, stacking and threshing, but were
too cool and dry for corn, and too dry for pastures and potatoes. Nearly
all of the small grain has been secured in fine condition, and rapid
progress is being made in threshing. The yields of wheat, oats, rye and
barley are exceptionally large except in the southeastern counties where
the winter wheat is very light. Corn is still in good condition, but needs
rain and warmer weather. Pastures are drying up in many localities,
and potatoes also need rain.

Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents on Aug.
1st. Much of the late and replanted corn is still backward, but all of
it is strong and vigorous. The average condition of the crop is placed
at 93 per cent or four points better than on July 1st. The estimated
condition of pastures is 92 per cent and potatoes 94 per cent, showing a
loss of three and four points respectively during the past month. On
August 1, 1911, corn was rated at 69 per cent, potatoes 34 and pastures
38 per cent. Threshing has not yet become general in all parts of the
state, but early reports indicate an average yield of twenty-five bushels

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 35

per acre of winter wheat; spring wheat, 18; oats, 40; barley, 32; rye, 21.
These figures are subject to change, but if maintained by final reports,
yield per acre of rye and winter wheat will exceed all previous records
and the yields of spring wheat, oats and barley have been exceeded only
once during the past 22 years.

Bulletin No. 18. — For the week ending August 11. — The past week was
cool and showery, with an excess of cloudiness and humidity. The aver-
age daily deficiency of temperature was about eight degrees, and while the
average rainfall was about normal, many localities reported an excess of
moisture. In some sections showers occurred every working day of the
week, which delayed threshing and stacking, but the bulk of shock thresh-
ing is finished in the southern, and is well advanced in the northern dis-
tricts. Reports continue to show large yields of small grain. Corn is
still doing well, and with favorable weather in the future will make one
of the largest crops ever produced in this state. Many of the early planted
fields in southern and central counties are now in the roasting ear stage,
and the late planted fields are making rapid growth, but would do better
with warmer weather. Pastures and potatoes are improving, and are gen-
erally in good condition. Fall plowing for winter wheat has begun in
southern sections.

Bulletin No. 19. — For the week ending August 18. — Showery weather
continued during the week, with the average temperature about normal,
but the week closes with much warmer weather. Showers were frequent,
and the rainfall heavy over the western two-thirds of the state; the
largest amounts of rainfall being reported from the Missouri Slope, where
many stations received more than three, and a few more than four inches.
Slow progress was made in threshing and stacking, and some grain in
shocks was more or less damaged by wet, cloudy weather. Corn has made
fair growth, and over the western half of the state has received sufficient
moisture to mature the crop. Pastures and aftermath in meadows have
been revived, and are now in fine condition. Late potatoes also give prom-
ise of a good crop. Telegraphic reports indicate heavy rains in north-
eastern part of the state during the 24 hours ending 7 a. m., August
19th. Dubuque reports 5.16 inches, and Waterloo, Black Hawk county,
4.00 inches.

Bulletin No. 20. — For the week ending August 25. — The weather con-
ditions were much more favorable during the past week than they were
during the preceding two weeks. The temperature was above the normal,
and very few showers occurred after the 20th. The rainfall was, how-
ever, excessive in a few localities on the night of the 18th, and especially
over the northern counties of the east central district. Dubuque reported
5.23 inches; Delaware, 4.82 and Waterloo, 4.00 inches. A heavy shower also
occurred in the southern part of Page county on the 20th. Rapid progress
has been made in stacking and threshing, since the 21st, but considerable
grain, in shock and stack, has been damaged by the wet weather of the
previous week. Under the effect of high temperatures, corn made rapid
growth, and much of it, in early planted fields, has passed the roasting ear
stage and is beginning to dent. The late planted fields are in fine condi-

36 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

tion, but will require warin, dry weather during all of September, to fully
mature. Pastures are in excellent condition, and meadows promise a fair
second crop of hay. Early apples, early grapes and plums are being har-
vested. Plums and grapes are plentiful, but the apple crop is unusually
light. A large acreage is being plowed for winter wheat.

Bulletin No. 21. — For the week ending September 1. — In respect to
temperature and moisture the past week was about all that could be de-
sired for the advancement of corn and for general farm work. The lack
of moisture is, however, beginning to retard plowing in some parts of
the state. The temperature was considerably above, ana the rainfall be-
low the normal until Saturday night when copious showers occurred in
many localities. Corn made very rapid progress toward maturity, and
gives promise of an exceptionally large yield if no damaging frost occurs
before October 10th, which is the average date of the first killing frost
of autumn at Des Moines. The effect of dry weather was beginning to
show on pastures and potatoes, but the showers on the night of August
31, and September 1st, will be of great benefit. Good progress was made
in stacking and threshing, and practically all of the small grain is now
in stack or has been threshed.

Bulletin No. 22. — For the week ending September 8. — The past week
was one of the hottest of the season, with abundant sunshine, and a high
percentage of humidity. Showers were frequent during the first half of
the week, and were quite general, although the rainfall was very light
in the southeastern and northwestern counties. The heaviest rainfall
occurred over the southwestern quarter of the state, and copious show^ers
were reported from the central and northeastern districts. More than five
inches of rain fell in Audubon and Guthrie counties, ana more than four
inches in Shelby county. The weather was unusually favorable for forc-
ing the maturity of corn, but the crop will require four more weeks of
dry, warm weather to put it beyond danger of killing frost. Much of the
corn is dented, but a large portion of the crop is only in the roasting ear
stage. Considerable threshing was done, except where the rainfall was
the heaviest, and there rapid progress was made in plowing and seed-
ing fall grains. Pasturage is generally in good condition and late pota-
toes are doing fairly well.

Bulletin No. 23. — For the week ending September 15. — The first two
days were very warm, but the latter half of the week was cool, with
temperatures near the frost line in the northern counties on the morning
of the 14th. More than the usual amount of cloudiness prevailed, and
showers were frequent, although the southeastern part of the state re-
ceived very little moisture until Saturday night when heavy rain fell.
Corn made very satisfactory progress, and the early planted fields, in the
southern counties, are now being cut for silage and fodder. The abnor-
mally high temperatures during the first ten days of the month caused corn
to mature rapidly, and probably fifty per cent of the crop is safe from a
moderate frost, but the late fields need two or three weeks of good warm,
dry weather to put them beyond danger of injury of even a heavy frost.
Considerable corn was gathered for seed during the week, and most farm-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 37

ers will probably secure their seed at the earliest date possible. Thresh-
ing has been further delayed by showers, but pastures, meadows and late
potatoes were greatly benefited by the needed moisture. The showers
have also been of great benefit to fall plowing and seeding, and that work
is being rushed.

Bulletin No. 24. — For the week ending September 22. — The third week
in September was abnormally cold, with an excess of cloudiness and fre-
quent showers. The average daily temperature was about 7 degrees below
the normal, and light frost occurred in exposed places on the 19th and
21st, but no damage was done. Showers occurred in some parts of the
state on five days, and while the rainfall was fairly well distributed it
was generally below the normal although many localities received a slight
excess. The rapid maturing of corn was retarded by cool, wet and cloudy
weather, but it made considerable progress and 65 to 75 per cent of the
crop is beyond injury by a moderately heavy frost. The remainder of
the crop needs ten days of warm, drying weather to make it safe, and
three weeks to put it beyond danger of a hard freeze. Silos are being
filled and considerable corn put in shocks. Seed corn is being secured
in many localities, and that work will be general during the coming
week. The wet weather has also prevented much threshing being done,
and considerable grain in shocks and stacks is reported to be badly dam-
aged. The soil is in excellent condition for plowing, and where the rain-
fall was not too heavy fall seeding progressed rapidly. Pastures, meadows
and late potatoes are doing well.

Bulletin No. 25. — For the week ending September 29. — The damp,
cloudy and cold weather which prevailed during the third week of the
month continued during the past seven days. Heavy to killing frosts
were general, and freezing temperatures occurred in many localities on
two or three mornings. Variable reports are received as to the damaging
effect of the recent frosts on the late-planted corn, but the extent of injury
will not be fully determined until after the crop has been harvested.
Probably 20 per cent of the crop was somewhat damaged, but as a whole,
the crop is remarkably large and sound in view of the fact that the spring
was late, and at many times during the season the weather was not con-
sidered to be favorable. Probably 80 to 85 per cent of the total yield will
be sound and merchantable, add the balance will possess much feeding
value. That there was not more damage done by the frosts is due to the
fact that over the large part, if not all of the state, the weather became
cloudy early in the morning after each frost and remained so during the
day. The final reports for the season will show that Iowa has produced
one of the largest, if not the largest crops of corn and small grain in the
history of the state. In fact, all crops have been good except apples. The
frequent and well-distributed showers have put the ground in excellent
condition for fall plowing, and considerable winter wheat was sown dur-
ing the past week. Pastures are in fine condition and stock is generally
healthy except some hog cholera prevailing in the southwestern counties.

38 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE .

IOWA CROP REPORT, JUNE 1, 1912.

Acreacfe of Farm Crops, Estivvated Condition of Staple Crops, Fruit and

Live Stock.

Reports received June 1st, from county and township correspondents
of the Iowa Weather & Crop Service, show the following results as to the
acreage and average condition of staple farm crops; also the condition of
fruit and live stock.

Corn. — The estimated number of acres of corn planted is 9,199,610, or
an increase of 336,286 acres, as compared with the area reported by the
township assessors for 1911. The average condition of corn on June 1st
was placed at 92 per cent, as against 105 per cent on June 1, 1911.

Oats. — The area of oats is estimated to be 4,655,100, or about 2 per
cent less than the area harvested last year. The average condition is the
same as on June 1, 1911, 100 per cent.

Wheat. — The area of winter wheat is placed at 333,710 acres, and
spring wheat, 506,650, making a total wheat acreage of 840,360 acres, or
a decrease of about 6 per cent as compared with the acreage reported by
the township assessors for 1911. The estimated condition of spring wheat
is 96 per cent, and winter wheat, 90 per cent, as compared with 100 per
cent for both in 1911.

Barley. — Acreage sown, 294,935 acres; condition, 99 per cent, or 1 per
cent less than last year.

Rye. — Acreage of rye sown, 42,970; condition of the crop, 95 per cent,
or 2 points less than on June 1, 1911.

Flax. — The acreage of flax is 37,305, which is a decrease of 5 per cent
from last year. Condition, 99 per cent.

Potatoes. — The acreage of the potato crop is estimated to be 124,030
acres, which is 1,296 acres less than the area planted in 1911. Condition
of crop, 98 per cent.

Hay. — The acreage of tame and wild hay is 3,682,359, or a decrease of
248,122 acres. Condition, 95 per cent as compared with 88 per cent last
year.

Alfalfa. — Area, 32,780 acres, which is an increase of 7 per cent over
last year. The condition on June 1st was 94 per cent, as compared with
100 per cent last year.

Pastures. — The acreage is about 97 per cent, and the condition is 99
per cent or the same as last year.

Condition of fruit based on an average condition of past years:

Apples, 37 per cent; plums, 79; peaches, practically nothing; cherries,
60; grapes, 70; strawberries, 75; raspberries, 70; blackberries, 45 per
cent.

Condition of Live Stock. — Cattle, 95 per cent; sheep, 97; hogs, 95;
spring pigs. 81; horses, 97; foals, 92 per cent,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 39

IOWA CROP REPORT JULY 1, 1912.

The following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents show-
ing the estimated condition of staple crops, July 1, 1912, as compared
with the average condition on that date in past years: Corn, 89 per cent;
oats, 100; spring wheat, 95; winter wheat, 90; barley, 99; rye, 96; flax,
96; potatoes, 98; hay, 86; pastures, 95 per cent. On July 1, 1911, the
conditions were as follows: Corn, 102 per cent; oats, 72; spring wheat,
80; winter wheat, 88; rye, 89; barley, 79; flax, 84; potatoes, 53; hay,
57; pastures, 60. The Secretary, Iowa State Horticultural Society re-
ports condition of fruit as follows: Summer apples, 21 per cent; fall
apples, 20; winter apples, 17; pears, 25; American plums, 77; cherries,
50; red raspberries, 51; black raspberries, 65; blackberries, 40; grapes,
69; currants, 70; gooseberries, 72 per cent of a full crop.

IOWA CROP REPORT, AUGUST 1, 1912.

Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents on Aug-
ust 1. Much of the late and replanted corn is still backward but all of
it is strong and vigorous. The average condition of the crop is placed
at 93 per cent or four points better than on July 1st. The estimated con-
dition of pastures is 92 per cent and potatoes 94 per cent, showing a loss
of 3 and 4 points respectively during the past month. On August 1, 1911,
corn was rated at 69 per cent, potatoes 34 and pastures 38 per cent.
Reports indicate an average yield of 25 bushels per acre of winter wheat;
spring wheat, 18; oats, 40; barley, 32; rye, 21. These figures are subject
to change, but if maintained by final reports, the yield per acre of rye
and winter wheat will exceed all previous records, and the yields of spring
wheat, oats and barley have been exceeded only once during the past 22
years.

IOWA CROP REPORT, SEPTEMBER 1, 1912.

Reports made on September 1st by crop correspondents of the Iowa
Weather and Crop Service, show that the condition of corn was 95 per
cent, as compared with the average on that date in past years, or a gain
of 2 per cent since August 1st, and 20 per cent better than on the same
date last year. On a basis of prospective yield, with dry warm weather
until the middle of October, the present condition would be considerably
above 100 per cent, as the crop is heavily eared, and if it matures before
frost comes the yield will be the largest on record in the state. It is
estimated that with normal weather conditions about 30 per cent of the
crop will be safe from frost on September 15th; 54 per cent on September
25th; 72 per cent on September 30th; 87 per cent on October 10th, and 96
per cent on October 15th; but with dry, warm weather until the middle of
October, practically all of the crop will be out of danger.

The average condition of late potatoes was 90 per cent, or a loss of 4
points since August 1st, due to dry weather and blight in some sections
of the state.

40 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

The reports indicate that only about one-third of the threshing has
been done, and up to the present time, the average yields per acre of small
grains are as follows:

Winter wheat, 25 bushels; spring wheat, 18; oats, 46; barley, 33; rye,
22; and timothy seed, 4.8 bushels. The estimated acreage of timothy cut
for seed is 308,800 acres, or 82,000 acres more than were harvested last
year. If the above average of 4.8 bushels per acre is maintained until
all of the crop has been threshed, the total yield will be about 1,493,000
bushels, but all figures as to average yields are subject to change when
the final report for the season has been tabulated.

FINAL REPORT FOR THE STATE— TOTAL YIELD OF SOIL PROD-
UCTS—VALUE AT FARM PRICE, DECEMBER 1, 1912.

Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the
Iowa Weather & Crop Service, showing the average yield per acre and
total yields of staple soil products, and the average price at the farms
or nearest stations, December 1, 1912:

As a whole, the crop season of 1912 was the most productive one in the
history of Iowa. The total yield of corn, oats and winter wheat was far
in excess of any previous year, and all other crops, except apples, were
nearly up to the maximum of production. Notwithstanding the fact that
the average price of soil products is much below the prices prevailing on
December 1, 1911, the total value of this year's crop exceeds that of last
year by about $3,429,514, and if good seed corn had been used last spring
an additional $10,000,000 could have been added to the value of this year's
crop.

Corn. — The revised estimate of the acreage of corn is 9,199,610 acres,
or 336,286 acres more than was planted last year, as shown by the report
of the township assessors. The average yield per acre for the state this
year is 45.8 bushels, making a total yield of 421,368,400 bushels, or 33,-
019,480 bushels more than was ever before produced in the state in one
year, the next largest yield being 388,348,920 bushels in 1906. The average
farm price on December 1st was 36- cents per bushel, making the aggre-
gate value $151,698,624. Last year the estimated yield was 32.9 bushels
per acre, aggregate yield 281,366,600 bushels; average farm price was 54
cents per bushel, making the aggregate value $151,937,964 or $239,340 more
than the value of this year's crop. Fully one-third of this year's crop is
either soft or chaffy, due to the fact that much of the crop was not fully
matured when the severe killing frosts, and in many sections of the
state, freezing temperatures, occurred between the 26th and 29th of Sep-
tember. The weather has, however, been generally favorable since Octo-
ber 11th, and husking is now completed in many localities and will be
practically completed w^ithin the next week.

Oats. — The area harvested was 4,665,100 acres; average yield, 44.4
bushels per acre; total yield, 206,949,700 bushels; aggregate value at 27
cents per bushel, $55,876,419, or $3,408,984 less than the value of last year's

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 41

crop. The total yield this year was, however, 86,741,400 bushels more
than was produced in 1911, and 5,349,700 bushels in excess of the big
crop of 1895.

Spring Wheat. — Area harvested, 506,650 acres; average yield 18.7
bushels per acre; total yield, 9,486,700 bushels; price per bushel, 76 cents;
total value, $7,209,892.

Winter Wheat. — Area harvested, 333,710 acres; average yield per acre,
24.3 bushels; total yield, 8,133,530 bushels; average price, 78 cents per
bushel; total value, $6,344,153.

Barley. — Average per acre, 32.5 bushels; total yield, 9,587,760; farm
price, 50 cents; total value, $4,793,880.

Rye. — Average yield, 20.7 bushels per acre; total crop, 888,530 bushels;
farm price, 61 cents; total value, $542,003.

Flax Seed. — Average per acre, 11.3 bushels; total product, 423,060
bushels; total value at $1.31 per bushel, $554,208.

Potatoes. — Average yield per acre, 104 bushels; total yield, 12,904,500
bushels; average price, 44 cents; total value, $5,677,980.

Hay (Tame).— Average yield, 1.6 tons; total yield, 4,287,600 tons;
average price, $9.89; total value, $42,404,364.

Hay (Wild). — Average yield, 1.4 tons; total yield, 1,085,440 tons; aver-
age price, $7.43; total value, $8,064,819.

TABULATED CROP SUMMARY.

Corn — — - - — 421,368,400 Bu. $151,698,624

Oats 206,949,700 Bu. 55,876,419

Spring wheat 9,486,700 Bu. 7,209,982

Winter wheat — 8,133,530 Bu. 6,344,153

Barley 9,587,760 Bu. 4,793,880

Rye 888,530 Bu. 542,003

Flax seed 423,060 Bu. 554,208

Potatoes 12,904,500 Bu. 5,677,980

Hay (Tame) 4,287,600 Tons 42,404,364

Hay (Wild) 1,085,440 Tons 8,064,819

Pasture and grazing Estimated 85,000,000

Ensilage Estimated 4.000,000

Timothy seed Estimated 2,300,000

Clover seed Estimated 516,736

Alfalfa and millet Estimated 1,200,000

Sweet corn _ Estimated 1,137,500

Pop co-m Estimated 600,000

Fruit crops Estimated 5,500,000

Garden truck Estimated 1,500,000

Miscellaneous crops Estimated 7,500,000

Total value $392,420,668

The estimated value of soil products for 1911 was —$388,991,154

42

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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PART II

STATISTICAL TABLES

OF

IOWA'S PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS

CORN CROPS— 1880, 1885, 1890'.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

Year

2

<

.2

if!

<D

a

03

1880 —

41
33
28

230,633,200
224,636,522
239,675,156

.23
.41

$ 57,658,300
51,666,400
98,266,814

5,625,200
6,803,834
8,550,827

1885 -

1890

CO'RN OROtBS— 1896-1912.

Statistics CompiJed from Reports of Crop SeTvice Division of Iowa State Department of

Agriculture,

Y

"3

1!

Is

<

2
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>>

1
o

g = S

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be

V

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1896

39

1 29
34.5

312,692,210
239,452,150
289,214,850
306,852,710
345,055,040
227,908,850
296,950,230
230,511,310
323,853,330
345,871,840
388,836,252
246,898,460
£01,873,150
308,036,868
334,374,428
281,366,600
421,368,400

$ .14
.17
.23
.23
.27

$ 43,916,900
40,706,860
66,519,400
70,429,410

8,043,390
8,253,522
8,396,286
8,460,521
8,618,660
8,687,480
8,700,000
7,398.320
9,000,000
9,285,150
9.443,960
8,858,000
8,399,610
8,681,850
8,399,712
8,534,500
9,199,610

1897

1898 .-

1899

36.3

40.3

26.2

34

31

36

37.2

41

29.6

35.9

1900

1901 _

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.28 j a3.432,700
.36 ^^ ''"ii (^71

1902

1903 --

190-t

1905 - .

.35
.35
.33
44

113,348,665
121,055,144
128,155,143

10S fiSf^ S99

1906

1907

1908

.51 153, 955 ,'306

51 j iw c/4<i arv?

1909 _. _

34.6
39.8
32.9
45.8

1910

1911

1912

.36
.54
.36

120,374,794
151,937,964
151,698,624

Average 17 years

35.5

305,948,040

$ .35

105,962,821

8,609,445

50

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

OATS— 1880, 1885, 1890
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

(U

^

Year

13

2
>>

63 »-, S

>

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1885
1890

35
32.5

42,288,800

$ .23

71,737,900

.21

80.002,735

.38

$ 9,496,424
15,064,959
30,401,039

1,179,680
2,207,820
2,758,715

OATS— 1896-1912.

Statistics CompiJed from Reports of Crop Service Division of lo'.va State Department of

Agriculture.

Year

n

<

"3
1

3

"3

"3
o

to

S3

<

1S96

26

30

32

34.5

35

32

31

25.9

29.4

83.8

34

24.5

25.5

27

36

25.7

44.4

73,450,000
132,517,150
139,915,340
140,647,300
138,832,300
114,883,000
92,907,900
99,012,660
118,435,570
146,439,240
142,036,5:30
111,190,400
112,830,490
117,083,850
169,207,098
120,208,300
206,949,700

$ .12
.16
.21
.19
.20
.35
.24
.30
.26
.25
.27
.39
.43
.85
.27
.41
.27

$ 8,814,000
21,211,880
29,383,220
26,722,980
27,766,460
40,209,230
22,297,000
29,703,793
80,793,284
36.609,810
3^,349,878
43,364,256
48,517,110
40,979,348
45,685,916
59,285,403
55,876,419

2,825,000
4 40'), 7 62

1897

1898

4 '^99,213

1899 — — -

4,069,557

1900

S,S;J1,690
3,7!^K),''20

*1901

1902

3,770,624

tl903

3,822,S22
4,018,980

1904

1905

4,177,545
4,166,800
4,536,170
4,481 650

1906 _

1907 _

1908

1909 _..

4,sr2,i;:4

1910

4,697,749
4,660 50<:'
4,665,1(.K)

1911

1912

Average 17 years

31.0

128,032,166

$ .27

$ 35,621,735

4,155,916

*Short corn crop.
tExcessive moisture.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

51

WHEAT— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agriculturnl Society.

WHEAT— 1806-1912.

Statistics CompiJed from Reports of Crop iService Division of Iowa State Department of

Agriculture.

Year

-O 03

-o ?

.^ Xi

.2 -a

P»a;^

^u ^

? O bi3

a> o Jr

^^a

^*-

S '- "

S a) a
t* G to

^^■^

<

<

2«

<D 0)

g":

1897

1898

1899

1800

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905 _

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

Av. 17 yrs-

13

17

13.4

13

14.8

16.5

12.7

11

14.3

13.3

15.3

17.6

13

18

12.6

16.9

9.1

14.3

14.4

20.2

15

23

13

19.8

15.4

19.7

12.5

18.2

19.3
13.1

18.5
19.7

18.7

24.3

14.1

17.7

7,047,235

12,941,600

19,152,352

19,574,792

20,280,280

17,429,230

12,680,800

9,481,350

7,080,430

5,155,760

5,603,880

4,402,320

4,968,250

3,80^,460

6,773,799

4,674,500

9,486,700

10,031,926

3,351,550
1,671,454
3,168,916
226,040
1,018,070
865,770
825,045
1,435,380
1,017,000
1,253,020
1,566,050
1,698,101
1,678,540
3,621,953
3,635,405
3,959,000
8,133,530

2,301,460

10,398,785'

14,613,054

22,321,268

19,900,830

21,288,350

18,295,000

13,532,845

10,916,730

8,097,430

6,408,780

7,169,930

6,100,421

6,646,790

7,431,413

10,409,204

8,633,500

17,620,230

77

020,000
813,650

,602,000
701,490
799,370
965,000
062,640
167,643

,044,809
614,321
579,697

,974,302
716,239
688,272

,951,915
683,715

,554,135

739,245

1,222,974

1,484,682

1,559,931

1,492,630

1,188,239

1,021,281

837,422

846,070

420,068

443,810

424,407

408,614

502,762

546,179

559,272

840,360

12,340,268

$.72

$ 8,290,541

855,173

52

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BARLEY— 1880. 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

<i>

-a

X3

S 3^

Year

2

1:3 t, S

(UO'S

s

^

-5

s^s

"3

03

OJ o

O) c3 QJ

»-.

p» ft

o

> >Q

o

o

<

H

<J

&H

<!

1880 _.

23
27
24

4,600,000
5,737,095
8,664,368

$ .42
.33

.47

$ 1,932,000
1,893,241
1,722,254

200,000

1885

212,485

1890

152,682

BARLEY— 1896-1912.

Statistics CompiJed from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of

Agriculture.

Year

Is

<

T5
O

"3

W S- Q)

sli

"3
>

"3
1

o

<

1896

29

25

27.5

25.6

26.3

24.2

25

24.7

25

27.5

26.5

24.6

26.7

17.5

25.9

22.9

32.5

15,881,618

14,076,850

14,138,000

14,719,310

12,695,200

14,654,410

15,380,910

12,179,790

12,317,710

15,566,770

14,858,830

9,893,330

10,629,660

10,352,040

8,614,541

7,197,090

9,587,760

$ .20
.23
.30
.30
.33
.44
.33
.37
.34
.33
.36
.60
.50
.46
.56
.90
.50

$ 3,176,320
3,237,670

4,209,740
4,415,570
4,189,410
6,447,940
5,075,710
4,506,522
4,188,021
5,137,034
5,349,178
5,935,998
5,314,830
4,761,938
4,824,143.
6,477,381
4,793,880

547,642

1897

551,867

1888

509,580

1899

557,598

1900

501,740

1901

604,610

1902

594,070

1903

493,108

1904

493,370

1905

565,700

1906

558,870

1907

397,210

1908

307,408

1909

562,622

1910

324,571

1911

313,147

1912

294,935

Average 17 years

25.6

12,514,342

$ .41

$ 4,825,958

481,062

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

53

RYE— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

Year

2
1^

2

a;

v.

a)

a>

2£

•3

25 S

a> e) (i>

a

08

2i

> p.

Q

> >Q

o

t>

<^

^

<

H

<J

1880

14

15
16

574,000
1,710,000
1,608,960

,.38
.42
.51

$ 218,120
718,200
820,570

41,000

1885

114,000

1890 - _

100,560

RYE— 1896-1912.

Statistics CompiJed from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of

Agriculture.

Year

2

1!

n

<

1

"3

OS ^., S

<

>

<

1896

16

15

16

16.3

15.6

15.8

17

15.6

15

18

17.5

17

17.1

13.4

13.8

16.8

20.7

1,891,716

3,490,344

3,370,550

2,061,160

1,621,130

859,630

882,830

1,923,060

1,517,090

1,283,500

1,093,160

900,060

869,072

556,846

407,058

486,130

888,530

$ .25
.34
.38
.40
.43
.48
.40
.44
.54
.52
.48
.61
.63
.60
.61
.79
.61

$ 486,680
1,186,710
1,280,800
824,460
697,300
859,630
353,132
846,146
819,228
667,420
520,719
549,036
547,515
334,107
248,305
384,043
542,008

121,670

1897 _ -

226,198

1898

1899 _

210.309
126,236

1900

103,680

1901

54,390

1902

55,150

1908

123,273

1904

99,500

1905 __ -

71,305

1906

1907 _

1908 _ -_

62,630
62,97'5
50,893

1909

41,606

1910

29,502

1911

28,710

1912 . „

42,970

Average 17 years

16.3

1,417,751

$ .50

$ 655,720

88,288

54

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

HAY— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

-o

TJ

3

(U

1

■Is

1

13

T3

2§

^1 ^

> 1 >.

s

Year

.«

ss

_q;

a§-

ll

0)

2a

M

^1

II

5^

2i-a

03 —

o

<

H

<!

H

H

<

♦sj

H

<

*1880

*1885

1890

1.5

4.991,335

$6.84

$^,140,731

3,327,557

*No authentic data obtainable.

HAY— 1806-1912.

Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of

Agriculture.

Year

•Is

by a;

2s
<

1

<

1

"3

"3
>. 1

a;

2^ s

2"2

1

53 —

I-

<

1896

1897 _

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.1
0.8
1.6

3,376,440

3,362,287
3,852,561
4,852,941
3,600,010
3,711,680
4,139,040
5,216,404
4,499,090
6,477,300
4,892,950
5,117,878
5,838,640
5,828,580
3,876,844
3,246,200
4,287,600

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.6

1.4

1.1

0.9

1.4

2,325,000
1,939,117
1,^5,419
1,458,195
1,580,050
1,268,700
1,202,860
1,191,345
1,091,590
1,313,310
1,110,690
1,172,590
1,445,989
1,219,630
807,280
683,385
1,065,440

5,701,440
5,301,320
5,498,080
5,311,130
5,139,060
4,980,380
5,641,900
6,407,749
5,590,680
7,790,610
6,003,640
6,290,468
7,284.620
7,048,210
4,684,124
3,929,585
5,373,040

$4.50
4.50
4.30
5.75
6.50
8.25
6.80
5.75
5.62
5.50
7.50
8.50
6.16
7.42

10.15

$3.30
3,70
3.50
4.90
5.00
6.30
5.50
4.95
4.50
4.50
5.50
6.75
5.09
5.90
« m

$22,782,000
22,304,000
22,281,000
29,350,000
31,120,000
38,712,000
36,787,322
35,891,480
30,197,040
41,535,045
42,805,920
51,316,945
43,326,060
50,443,781
45,808,207
50,653,116
50,469,183

3,800,960
3,315,972
4,104,967
3,742,655
4,078,960

1898

1899 —

1900 _ _. -

1901

3,608,450
3,391,408
3,651,894
3,707,298
4,692,925

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

4,418,600

1907

1908

1909 —

4,268,730
4,146,870
4,299,740
4,367,725
4,214,540
3,682,359

1910

1911

1912

13.44 ! 10.28
9.89 j 7.43

Av. 17 yrs.

1.5

4,440,320

1.3

1,322,976

5,763,296

$7.09 $5.59

$37,987,241

3,970,238

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

55

FLAX— 1880, 1SS5, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

"oj

12

Year

Kg

2

Ma, a

>

S

h

"3

<U 03 O'

■3

S3

2J

> Oi

o

> >Q

o

o

<

^

<1

B

•<

1880

10

1,034,200

$ l.OO

$ 1,034,200

103,420

«1885 -

.94
1.10

2,503,293
3,276,989

1890

10.5

2,929,081

283.722

^No other data.

FLAX— 1896-1912.

Statistics CompiJed from Reports of Crop Serrvice Division of Iowa State Department of

Agriculture .

Year

2

-I

> a

<

•a
>>

I

iff

<v a-S
a» 03 a*

D
>

1

.03
l-c

o

<

1896

9.5
10
10.5
11.2
11.7
18.8

8

8.7
11

9.8
10.7
10. S
11.3
10

8.6

8.5
11.3

1,946,720

2,498,600

2,376,600

1,597,790

1,222,980

916,890

755,350

355,160

591,140

173,770

205,280

461,960

461,580

173,650

170,387

173,710

423,060

$ .95

.87

.80

1.04

1.50

1.29

1.00

.78

1.15

.90

.97

.98

1.01

1.29

2.28

2.00

1.31

$ 1,135,000

2,173,782

1,901,280

1,661,898

1,834,470

916,890

725,350

277,024

679,811

156,393

200,091

408,640

466,195

223,647

388,482

347,420

554,208

199,128

1897 —

249,882

1898 -

225,014

1899

142,175

1900

108,850

1901 _ —

104,140

1902

94,767

1903

40,823

1904

51,370

1905

17,732

1906 - _ _

19,160

1907 __- .-

42,790

1908

40,833

1909

17,365

1910

1911 - - —

19,821
20,205

1912 - —

37,305

Average 17 years

10.6

826,039

$1.18

$ 822,975

84,198

56

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

POTATOES— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.

d)

X3_^

-a

si-

Year

53 t- S3

V

bea

>>

>

bt

ss

1

oi 03 a;

rt

OS

> ft

o

>>Q

o

o

<

H

ol

H

<5

1880

95

10,165,000

$ .35

$ 3,557,750

107,000

1885

82

12,874,000

.40

5,149,600

157,000

1890 _.

49

8,332,352

.81

6,749,205

170,048

POTATOES— 1896-1912 .

Statibties CompiJed from Reports of Crop Senvice Division of lowJi State Department of

Agriculture .

Year

ft

So;
<

2
"5

1

III

> >Q
<

0)

3

>

1

a>
bo

o

1896

87

60

76

98

78

37.4

91

53.8
125

84
101

8-4

89.9

90

75.3

71
101

1+,S14,795
10,051,910
12,538,410
15,252,934
10,850,900

5,098,460
12,051,670

6,082,694
14,255,680

9,352,190
11,697,500

9,8*7,430
10,658,290
12,427,595

9,986,881

9,386,390
12,904,500

$ .21
.4-5
.31
.24
.40
.90
.34
.75
.28
.50
.48
.62
.59
.53
.58
.71
.44

$ 2,962,950
4,523,360
3,826,900
3,660.714
4,340,360
4,588,610
4,095,650
4,562,020
3,991,590
4,676,045
5,614,800
6,106,406
6,288,391
6,586,625
5.792,391
8,353,887
5,677.980

170,285

1897

163,248

1898

164.466

1899

154,243

1900 -

149,680

*1901 .

136,300

1902 - _.

138,484

tl903

113,433

1904

113,250

1905

111,335

1906

115,310

1907

117,350

1908

118,517

1909

138,139

1910 -

132,640

1911 .... -

132 ,865

1912

124,030

Average 17 years

82.7

11,015.190

$ .49

$ 5,038,100

134,916

*V€ry dry.
tVery wet.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR B00k--PART 1!

8t

l-H 60

n

-o

H

-1^

<»1

a

H

P

ce

©

P

5

W

Eh

P

T3

2cj

Is

58

5a

(1) 2

-1
o

.0

s«(

S R^SSIg

Cl O 5- CO •*

10 CO CI <o:^ S.^.^Sg {2?|5SSS ^„«%t-^.S 'o^^/^iSS

rHcoi>OiiM i-hooinoooo comooi^M O^OsCOt^C-J

r-l <M i-I(Mi-<IMpH CO OOCOO COIMCOTli-l

;s m^%i ip.ii g||gi

CO c^ ©q (M t- in o"«otoincy ooioosooo

iH CO 1-1 CO <M -* CO t- 10 C-l (M CO (M O

icoo m(Mioco-fl< tr^

I 00 CO
> CO -^
1 t- CO

i-H X (M • in -^ i

"^ '^' "^^ !M 00 I

in -K CO Q O o t-'t-T"^"^ CO-*'

I-H CO t-H -^ (M -^ 00 0 00 COCO'

OOOOscyO i-HM«50iOO inco<Ni-ico coiMOOcoOl Scii-iciOOS
•"H t^ '^'^ "* COOOOt^CO Ttft^Ol-^rH O0t^-*t^t^ ■^t^OiC'lrH

i-ii-T iMcot-^coc"

to CO m 'M Ci

r-l CO 1-1 ■* (M

I 0> 00 rH C-I

CO <M (M m 1

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8 gS§S53 SS^^

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■ 00 t^ 00 ^ -* CO in m ■'ti CO -*

^ 8S38S3S ^^r^SS g?Hf:g3S S38S;

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csicoinoioo r-H CO ^ -P o
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i-H ^ t^ t^ in

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i-Ti-Tc? C^'oOicOCO

•* in i-i CO in

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Co" 55 O* rH CO

in r-l I

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LO ^ t~ rj O
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CO CO (M 05 00

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mo m CO r-l

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c?S^S2

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in in 00 in 0

mo i> Ml eg

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c»7 CO CO rH CO
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i

0 0 0 0 m

50.0
38.6
38.0
42.5
34.0

36.5
24.0
33.8
18.2
17.9

1S.8
13.0
42.8
40.3
40.0

ot^moo

m © CO (M o CO eg m rH 05 t^ <

rHCg'*'*rH mi-ICOOOOO -^<
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IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

a> "O

si

Q, to

og

"3 *^

S3 a

flrH

C3

55

5a

00 a«g C;JO
t^ t^ O lA «D

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2,168
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1,106

613

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2,370

1,803
1,929
1,653
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2,244
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1,381
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80

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS.

(Figures furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture,
except where otherwise credited.)

CORN.

Corn crop of countries named^ 1908-1912.

Country

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

NORTH AMERICA.

United States

Canada:
Ontario

?.,'368,6ol,000

21,742,000

1,126,000

150,000,000

2,552,190,000

18,211,000

1,047,000

170,000,000

2,886,260,030

17,858,000

860,000

190,766, OCO

2,531,488,000

18,001,000

768,000

130,000,000

3,124,746,000
16,047,000

Quebec

Mexico.

514,000
(1)

Total . -_.

2,841,519,000

136,055,000
1,344,000
4,004,000

2,741,4-18,000

177,155,000
1,178,000
6,671,000

3,095,739,000

175,187,000
1,378,000
6,514,000

2,740,-255,OCO

27,675,030
1, •2-21,000
3,643,000

SOUTH AMERICA.

295,338,003

Chile

(1)

Uruguay

(1)

Total

141,403,000

15,170,000

146,122,000

•20,536,000

8,S2l,00a

135,004,000

15,657,000

161,860,000

21,752,000

10,972,000

183,079,000

16,823,000

187,733,000

25,589,000

10,051,003

32,539,000

11,856,030

137,421,000

24,005,000

8,416,000

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:
Austria

15,053,0 0

Hungary proper

Croatia-Slavonia — -
Bosnia-Herzegovina

184,045,000
(1)
8,555,000

Total Austria-
Hungary

Bulgaria

Franfc

190,649,000

20,717,000
26,247,000
95,953,000
15,000,000
78,892,000

49,663,000
11,449,000

•no, 241, COO

20,472,000
26,075,000
99, -289,000
15,000,030
70,138,000

29, -223.000
10,375,000

240,196,000

2S,3oO,OCO
23,399,030

101,7-22,000
15,000,000

103,665,000

63,089,000
14,093,000

181,698,000

SO,5CO,00(
16,860,030
93,680,000
15,000,00ti
110,712,0<X

(1)

Italy — -

98,638,030

(1)

i9, 000,000

Russia:

Russia proper _.___-

(1)

(1)

Total Russia

Scrvia _.

61,112,000

21,010,000
20,115,000

39,598,000

34,453,000
26,433,000

77,182,000

33,204,030
27,366,000

(2) 82,286,000

•:6, 531, 000
28,730,000

(2) 79,^34,000

a)

25,069,000

Total -- -

529,695,000

402,000
65,000,000
20,000,000

541,699,000

426,000
65,000,000
20,000,000

050,094,000

556,000
70,294,000
20,000,000

585,997,000

554,000
67,903,000
20,000,000

AFRICA.
Algeria -

374,000

■ 69,913,000

Union of South Africa-

(1)

Total

85,402,000

85,426,000

90,850,000

S8 457,000

(L) No official data received.

(2) Includes Asiatic Russia (10 Governments ol!).

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

81

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS.
CORN-Continued.

Country

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

AUSTRALASIA.

'•.istralia:

Queensland _-

3,191,000

4,671,000

525,000

1,000

2,855,000

5,380,000

671,000

2,000

2,588,000

7,322,000
1,195,000

i,oon

7,000

4,601,000
7,833,000
1,013,000

1,000
7,000

New South Wales-

Victoria

Western Australia...

Total

8,388,000
519,000

8,908,000
736,000

11,113,000
750,000

13,455,000
478,000

9,186,030
278,000

NeAv Zealand

Total Australasia.

8,907,000

9,644,000

11,863,000

13,933,000

9,464,000

Grand total

3,606,926,000

3,563,221,000

4,031,625,000

3,461,181,000

(3)

Total production of corn in "countries named" (the so-called "world crop"), 1894-1912.
[As compiled by the United States Department of Agriculture.]

Tear

Productica

Year

Production

1894

1,671,307,000
2,834,750,000
2,964,435,000
2,587,208,000
2,682,619,000
2,724,100,000
2,792,561,000
2,366,883,000
3,187,311,000
3,066,506,000

1904

3,109,252,000
3,461,181,000
3,963,645,00)
3,420,321,000
3,606,926,000
3,563,221,000

1895

1905 ...

18C6

1906

1897 . -

1907

1S0S

190S

1S99 _ - -

1 1909 --.-...

1900 . -

1 1910

4,031,625,000
3,461,181,000

1901 _- .

1 1911

1902

1 1812

1903

1

(3) Total of countries whence returns have been received in 1912 is 4,016,750,000 bushels,
against 3,133,421,000 bushels for same countries in 1911.

82

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS-Continued.

WHEAT.
Wheat crop of countries named, 190S-1912.

Country

NORTH AMERICA.

United States

Canada:

New Brunswick

Ontario

Manitoba

SasK-atchewan

Alberta

Other

Total Canada.—

Mexico

Total

SOUTH AMERICA.

Argentina _-_ _.

Chile

Uruguay

Total

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:

Austria

Hungary proper

Croatia-Slavonia —
Bosnia-Herzegovina

Total Austria-
Hungary

Belgium

Bulgaria .—
Denmark __

Finland

France

Germany _-

Greece

Italy

Montenegro
Netherlands

Norway

Portugal _.-
Roumania -

1909

1910

1911

Bushels I Bushels Bushels Bushels

1912

Bushels

664,602,000 683,350,000 635,121,000

349,000

18,057,000'
50,269,000
34,742,000
6,S42,000|
2,175, OOO!

395,000!

16,262,000

52,706,000

85,197,000,

9,579,000

2,605,000

371,000

17,805,000

41,159,000

81,139,000

6,593,000

2,923,000

621,338,000 730,267,000

270,000
19,252,000
60,275,000
97,665,000
36,143,000
2,313,000

225, OCO
13,638,000
58,8S9,0G0
93, 849, OCO
30,574,000
2,051,000

112,434,000
10,000,000

166,744,000j

io,ooo,oooi

149,990,000
11,976,000

215, 918, OCO
12,000,000

199, 236, 0:0
12,000,OCO

787,036,000 860,094,000 797,087,000 849,256,C00i 941,503,000

192,487,000 156,162,000 131,010,000 145,981,000 166,190,000
18,915,000 17,671,000 19,682,000 18,184,000 20,000,000
7,430,0001 8,595,000 7,750,000 6,009,000 8,757,000

2lS,832,000i 182,428,000 158,442,000; 170,174,000 194,947,000

62, 129, 000 I

152,204,000

13,220,000

3,023,000

58,477,000

113,352,000

11,662,000

2,594,000

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland

Northern Caucasia-
Total Russia
(European) .

230,576,000

13,393,000

36,496,000

4,318,000

111,000

317,765,000

138,440,0001

8,000,000

152,236,000

200,000

5,121,000

333,000

8,000,000

54,813,000

383,016,000
21,182,000
84,964,000

58.213,CO0:

169,700,000

11,434,000

2,671,000

58,865,000

174,888,000

15.881,000

2,941,000

489,162,000

186,085,000

14,603,000

32,071,000

3,829,000

134,000

356,193,000

137,999,000!

7,000,0001

190,378,000

200,0001

4,158,0001

313,000

8,000,000

56,751,000

586,819,000

21,194,000

103,465,000,

__J 1.

242,018,000

12,449,000

42,247,000

4,547,0001

125,000;

257,667,000j

141,884,000

7,000,000

153,403,000

200,000

4,441,000

294,000

9,000,000

110,761,000

552,067,0001.

22,757,000

124,589,000

252,575,000

14,616,000

48,000,000

4,469,000

125,000

315,126,000

149,411,000

8,000,000

192,395,000

200,000

6,511,000

271.000

11,550,000

93,724,000

711,478,000' 609,413,000' 447,016,000

69,712,000

169, 510, OCO

14,855, COO

2, 993, COO

257,070,000

15,000. a:o

45,000,000

4,000,000

130,000

334,871,0C0

160,224,000

7,000,000

165,720,000

200, ca-)

4, 500, COO

332,00>

7,. ^00, COO

83,924,000

623,728,000

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS— Continued.
WHEAT- Continued.

Country

EUROPE-Cont.

Servia _

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey (European).

United Kingdom:

England

Wales

Scotland

Ireland

Total United
Kingdom _.

Total

ASIA.

British India including
such native States as

report

Cyprus

Japanese Empire:

Japan

Formosa

Total Japanese
Empire

Persia

Russia:

Central Asia

Siberia

Transcaucasia

Total Russia

(Asiatic)

Turkey (Asia Minor
only)

Total

AFRICA.

Algeria

Egypt

Tunis

Union of South Africa.

Total

AUSTRALASIA.
Australia:

Queensland

New South Wales-.

Victoria

South Australia

Western Australia .
Tasmania

Total Australif
New Zealand

Total Australasia

Grand totaL

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

Bushels Bushels

Bushers

Bushels

Bushels

!

11,495,000

119,970,000

6.756,000

3,527,000

19,462,000

16,126,000

144,105,000

6,978,000

3,568,000

20,000.000

15,561.000

137,448,000

7,450,000

2,756,000

20.000,000

15,312,000

148,495,000

7,945,000

3,524,000

20,000,000

14,000,0v0

109,783,000

7,832.100

3,000,000

18,000,000

SI, 371,000

S66, OOO

1,854,000

1,438,000

60,121,000
1,147,000
2,111,000
1,809,000

53,464,000
1,122,000
2,020,000
1,716,000

60,729.000
1,118,000
2,786,000
1,656,000

54,219,000
1,124,000
2,472,000
1,564,000

55,629,000

65,188,000

58,322,000

66,289,000

59,409,000

1,675,803,000

228,670,000
2,556,000

22,587,000
200,000

1,965,157,000

285,189,000
1,912,000

22,966,000
200,000

1,926,986,000

359,654,000
2,169,000

24,487,000
200,000

1,804,854,000

374,845,000

2,394,000

25,645,000
200,000

1,926,223,000

366,370,000

2,000,000

25,000,000
200,000

■^2,787,000

.0,000,000

21,416,000

55,755,000

66,000

23,166,000

16,000,000

26,429,000

45,269,000

94,000

24,687,000

16,000,000

24,009,000

52,140,000

133,000

25,845,000
16,000,000

25,200,000
16,030,000

77,237,000
35,000,000

71,792,000
35,000,000

76,282,000
35,000,000

62,475,000
35,000.000

103,283,000
35,000,000

382,250,000

31,200,000

30,000,000

3,674,000

2,500,000

433,059,000

29,739,000
30,000,000
6,430,000
2,500,000

513,792,000

35,722,000
32,623,000
5,512,000
2,500,000

516,559,000

35,874,000

38,046,000

8,635.000

2,500,000

547,853,000

27,507,000

32,000,000

4,225,000

2,500,000

67,434,000

715,000

9,444,000

12,482,000

19,739,000

3,018,000

665,000

68,669,000

1,241,000
15.9'71,000
24,081,000
20,009,000

2,538,000
723,000

76,357,000

1,621,000
29,431,000
29,687,000
25.926,000

5,779,000
819,000

85,055,000

1,055,000

28,793,000

35,910,000

25,112,000

6,083,000

1,156,000

66,232,000

294.030
25,879,003
21,550,000
20,994,000
4,496,000

681,000

46,063,000
5,743,000

64,563,000
9,049,000

93,263,000
9,008.000

98,109,000
8,535,000

73,894,000
8,000,000

51,806,000

73,612,000

102,271,000 106,644,000

81,894,000

3,183,161,000

3,583,019,000

3,574,935,000

3,532,542,000

3,758,652,000

84

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS— Continued.

WHEAT— Continued.

Total production of Avheat in "countries named" (the so-called "world crop"), 1891-1912.

[As compiled by the United States Department of Agriculture.]

Tear

Production

1 Tear

Production

1891

Bushels
2,432,322,000
2,481,805,000
2,559,174,000
2,600,557,000
2,593,312,000
2,506,320,000
2,236,268,000
2,948,305,000
2,783,885,000
2,640,751,000
2,955,975,000

1
1902

Bushels

3,090,116,000

1892

1903

3,189,813.000

1893 .. _-

1904

3,163,542,000

1894

1905

3,327,084,000

1895

1906 — -

3,434,354,000

1896 - --

1907

3,133,965,000

1897

1908

3,183,161,000

1898

1909

3,583,019,000

1899

1910

3,574,935,000

1900

1911 -- -- -- —

3,532,542,000

1901

1912 ..

3,758,652,000

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

85

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS-Continued.

OATS.

Oat crop of countries named, 1908-1912.

Country

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

NORTH AMERICA.

United States

Canada:

New Brunswick

Quebec

807,156,000

5,057,000
35,476,000
103,821,000
44,711,000
29,205,000
22,802,000

9,303,000

1,007,129,000

5,775,000
42,501,000
109,192,000
56,267,000
91,796,000
38,376,000
10,559,000

1,186,341,000

6,351,000
48,927,000
128,917,000
41,742,000
61,367,000
23,644,000
12,501,000

922,298,000

5,727,000
37,512,000
82,679,000
57,893,000
97,962,000
56,964,000

9,849,000

1,418,337,000

5,359,000
30,267,000
91,899,000
53,806,000

Ontario

Manitoba -- -

Saskatchewan

Alberta

105,115,000
62,936,000
12,351,000

Other

Total Canada-
Mexico --

250,377,000
17,000

353,466,000
17,000

323,449,000
17,000

348,586,000
17,000

361,733,000
17,000

Total -- -

1,057,550,000

33,949,000

1,817,000

239,000

1,360,612,000

31,984,000

2,373,000

462,000

1,509,807,000

36,488,000

2,611,000

400,000

1,270,901,000

47,192,000

1,861,000

590,000

1,780,067,000

69,169,000

2,000,000
1,825,000

SOUTH AMERICA.

Argentina

Chile

Uruguay

Total

36,005,000

144,069,000

70,168,000

4,253,000

3,572,000

34,819,000

148,825,000

92,270,000

5,607,000

4,575,000

39,494,000

126,548,000

70,701,000

5,445,000

5,322,000

49,643,000

135,143,000

89,656,000

6,442,000

^ 5,405,000

72,994,000
146,376,000

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:

Austria

Hungary proper

Croatia-Slavonia

Bosnia-Herzegovina -

77,521,000
6,224,000
4,762,000

Total Austria-
Hungary

222,062,000

43,058,000
11,252,000
40.4.37,000
18,321,000
285,837,000
530,126,000
30,000,000
19,683,000
11,315,000
17,212,000

743,523,000
66,135,000
24,860,000

251,277,000

43,231,000
9,356,000
42,170,000
19,759,000
331,183,000
628,712,000
43,402,000
19,361,000
8,804,000
25,945,000

960,498,000
73,758,000
33,428,000

208,016,000

35,000,000
10,789,000
40,596,000
18,000,000
290,776,000
544,287,000
28,574,000
18,039,000
10,488,000
29,647,000

869,736,000
65,510,000
31,002,000

236,646,000

40,000,000
12,000,000
41,188,000
22,642,000
303,328,000
530,764,000
40,973,000
17,724,000
8,593,000
26,222,000

234,883,000
38,003,000

Bulgaria

11,500,000

42,000,000

26,618,000

France

328,601,000

Germany -- __ --

586,987,000

Italy

28,306,000

Netherlands

Norway _ _ _

16,000,000
11,607,000

Roumania

20,775,000

Russia:

Russia proper

Northern Caucasia

Total Russia
(European) _—

834,518,000

3,057,000
28,114,000
72,773,000

1,067,684,000

5,810,000
34,307,000
69,292,000

966,248,000

5,364,000
29,018,000
75,238,000

792,902,000

5,050,000
33,858,000
63,462,000

972,111,000
4,750,000

Spain

Sweden

23,035,000
75,900,000

86 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS— Continued.
OATS-Continued.

Country

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

Bushels

1

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

EUROPE-Cont.
United Kingdom:

82,470,000

7,133,000

37,920,000

54,032,000

80,573,000

7,233,000

39,097,000

57,467,000

80,225,000

8,018,000

37,425,000

65,770,000

74,119,000

7,087,000

36,757,000

69,207,000

68,706,000
7,040,000

Wales

Scotland

37,600,OCO

Ireland

66,867,000

Total United
Kingdom

181,555,000

184,370,000

191,438,000

177,170,000

180, 215, COO

Total

2,349,320,000

382,000

17,371,000

89,500,000

27,000

2,784,663,000

385,000

15,633,000

62,033,000

37,000

2,501,518,000

515,000

12,812,000

66,874,000

57,000

2,352,522.000
466,000

2,601,288,0CO

ASIA.

Cyprus

Russia:

Central Asia

500,000

Siberia -

..

I

, 1

Total Russia
(Asiatic)

106,8€8,000

77,703,000

79,743,000

65,454,000

95,473,0C0

Total -- _

107,280,000

10,651,000
1.736,000
3,500,000

78,088,000

9,600,000
5,443,000
3,500,000

80,258,000

13,306,000
5,374,000
3,500,000

65,920,000

11,520,000
4,650,000
3,500,000

95,973,0CO

AFRICA.
Algeria _ __ __

12,287,000
2,067,000
3,500,000

Tunis - ^—

Union of South Africa..

Total

15,887,000

10,000
879,000

5,365,000
902,000
745,000

1,574,000

18,543,000

40,000

1,154,000

11,475,000

1,320,000

765,000

1,900,000

22,180,000

52,000
2,029,000
8,163,000
1,247,000
1,287,000
2,422,000

19,670,000

52,000
1,756,000
10,005,000
1,172,000
801,000
2,128,000

I7,854,00(.i

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:

Queensland ..

New South Wales-

Victoria -- — -

South Australia

Western Australia

Tasmania

Total Australia..
New Zealand

9,475,000
15,495,000

16,654,000
19,503,000

15,200,000
13,935,000

15,914,000
10,412,000

9,863,000
20,000,000

Total Australasia

24,970,000

36,157,000

29,153,000

26,326,000

29,863,000

Grand total

3,591,012,000

4,312,882,000

4,182,410,000

3,784,9^,000

4,598,059,000

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

87

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS-Continued.

BARLEY.

Barley crop of countries named, KOS-1912.

Country

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

NORTH AMERICA.
United States

166,756,000

79,000
2,170,000
21,124,000
17,093,000
1,952,000
3,881,000
463,000

173,321,000

173.8.32.000

160,240,000

74,000
0 41 •? OClO

223,824,000

69,000

2,163,000

14 745,000

Canada:

New Brunswick

Quebec

94,000 73,000
2,604,000i 2 547,000

20,952,000 20,727,000 13'76O^0OO

20,866,000; 13,826,0001 14,447,000

4,493,000: 3,5S8.000i 5,445,000

5, £99, 000: 3,953,000^ 4,151,000

390,000 424,000 3J1,C00

Manitoba

14,965,000
5,926,000
5,780 000

Saskatchewan

Alberta -—

Other

366,000

Total Canada

Mexico

46,762,000
7,000,000

55,398,0O0j 45,148,000
7,O0O,00O[ 6,329,000

40,631,000
6,500,000

44,oi4,o:;o

6,500,000

Total

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:

220,518,000

69,497,000
56,324,000
2,552,000
2,389,000

235,719,000 225,309,000

75,565,000! 64,932,000
71,868,000' 53,630,000
2,394,000 2,732,000
3,755,000, 3,787,000

207,371,000

69,383,000

73,595,000

3,146,000

2,970,000

274,338,000

74,145,000

70.173,000

2,816,0tO

2,857,000

Hungary proper

Croatia-Slavonia

Bosnia-Herzegovina-

Total Austria-
Hungary ..

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

Finland

France

130,762,000

4,409,000
11,311,000
20,166,000

5,131,000

40,673,000

140,538,000

153,582,000

4,574,000

9,322,000

21,599,000

4,887,000

46,144,000

16O..'5.51.0OO

125,081,000

3,748,000
14,083,000
21,793,000

5,000,000

43,477,000

133,330,000

149,094,000

4,595,000
16,000,000
21,016,000

6,631,000
47.631,000
145.132.000

149,991,000

4,C0O,0CO
15,000,000
22,000,000
6,754,000
50,646,000
159,924,000
8,403,000
4,000,000
3,083 0"0

Italy

9,000,000 10,951,000
3,953,000 3,332,000
3,028,000 2. .596. 000

9,483, OOOi 10,882,000

3,104,0001 3,416,000

2,900.0001 2,550,000

29 359,000 26 l.'^V 000

Roumania

12,873,000

297,449,000
23,790,000
40,219,000

19,955,000

382,163,000
26,671,000
55,900,000

21,295,000

Russia:

Russia proper

368,840,000
21,959,000
62,709,000

Poland --

Northern Caucasia...

Total Russia
(European)* ...

Servia

367,458,000

3,3.51,000
69,596,000
15,520,000

46,353,000
2,682,000
7,410,000
7,064,000

464,734,000

6,.314,O0O
81,579,000
13,900,000

52,323,000
2,804,000
7,731,000
8,258,000

453,508,000

6,795,000
76,308,000
14,763,000

48,777,000
2,896,000
6,578,000
0,846,000

401,228,000

4,609,000
86,792,000
13,725,000

43,378,000
2,729,000
6,488,000
7,099,000

451,861,00C

4,000,000
59,994,000
13,660,000

42,951,000
2,839,000
7,115,000
7,259,000

Sweden

United Kingdom:

Wales

Scotland

Total United
Kingdom

63,509,000

71,116,000

65,097,000

59,694,000

60,164,000

Total

901,278,000

1,075,136,000

1,007,829,000

999,152.000

1,034,778,000

*Exclusive of winter barley.

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CRO PS-Continued.
BARLEY— Continued.

Country

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

ASIA.
Cyprus -

2,613,000

87,138,000
34,000

2,469,000

87,185,000
34,000

2,121,000

81,953,000
44,000

2,229,000

86,468,000
50,000

2,000,000

Japanese Empire:
Japan

87,5C0,0C0
50, COO

Formosa

Total Japanese
Empire

Russia:

Central Asia

87,172,000

4,345,000

6,103,000

13,000

10,461,000
100,246,000

41,543,000
5,057,000
3,000,000

87,219,000

4,099,000

4,775,000

10,000

8,884,000
98,572,000

31,511,000
9,186,000
3,000,000

81,997,000

4,630,000

5,511,000

29,000

10,170,000
94,288,000

47,790,000
6,660,000
3,000,000

86,518,000

87,550,000

Siberia - -- -

Transcaucasia —

Total Russia
(Asiatic)*

Total _.

10,006,000
98,753,000

47,5S8,000
13,319,000
3,000,000

12,263,000
101,813,000

AFRICA.

32,887,OCO
4,823,000
3,000,000

Timis

Union of South Africa-

Total

49,600,000

67,000

77,000

1,093,000

585,000
79,000

154,000

43,697,000

142,000
172,000
1,706,000
852,000
77,000
190,000

57,450,000

2«0,C00
281,000
1,056,000
713,000
105,000
158,003

63,907,000

86,000

85,000

1,383,000

562,000
35.000

147,003

40,710,000

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:

Queensland

New South Wale5—

South Australia - -

Western Australia .-

Tasmania _.

Total Austraha-
New Zealand _

2,055,000

1,200,000

3.139,000

2,000,000

2,513,000
1,345,000

?,298,000
&5O,0OO

1.370,000
1,000,000

Total Australasia

8,255,000

5,139,000

3,858,00)

3,248,000

2,370,0?0

Grand total

1,274,897,000

1,458,263,000

1,388,734,000

1,372,431,000

1,454,009,000

*Exclusive of winter barley.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

89

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS— Continued .
RYE.
Rye crop of countries named, 1908-1912.

Country

NORTH AMERICA.

United States

Canada:

Quebec

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Alberta

Other

Total Canada-
Mexico

Total

EUROPE.

Austria-Hungary:

Attstria

Hungary proper - —
Croatia-Slavonia _.-
Bosnia-Herzegovina

Total Austria-
Hungary -—

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

Finland

France - —

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

Roumania

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland

Northern Caucasia-
Total Russia
(European)

Servia

Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom

Total

ASIA.

Russia:

Central Asia

Siberia

Transcaucasia

Total Russia
(Asiatic)

1S08

Bushels

31,851,000

325,000

1,030,000

101,000

41,000
200,000

14,000

1,711,000
70,000

113,3(»,0(X)

45,185,000

2,520,000

298,000

161,312,000

22,199,000

5,604,000

19,170,000

11,195,000

51,703,000

422,688,000

5,000,000

15,866,000

869,000

2,610,000

673, 736, (XX)
77,954,000
6,983,000

758,

,000

974,000

20,412,000

26,052,000

1.776,000

1.532,143,000

1,326,000

22,775,000

9,000

1909

Bushels

29,520,000

335,000

,097,000
75,000
38,000

152,000
18.000

1,715,000
70,000

31,305.000

117,279,000

44,858,000

2,393,000

363,000

164,898,000

23,154,000

6,906,000

18,922,000

12,085,000

54,934,000

446,763,000

5,032.000

17,652,000

1,011,000

3,090,000

783,055,000

86,775,000

7,335,000

877,165,000

1,754,000
34,901,000
25,728,000

1,954,000

1,695,949,000

1,498,000

18,152,000

18,000

19,668,000

1910

Bushels

34,897,000

308,000

923,000

92,000

49,000

162,000

10,000

1,544,000
70,000

36,511,000

112,497,000

49,686,000

2,318,000

394,000

164,895,000

22,085,000

9,045,000

19,564,000

11,000,000

44,064,000

413,802,000

5,439,000

15,357,000

896,000

7,885,000

750,316,000
83,573,000
9,811,000

843,700,000

1,513,000
27,596,000
24,154,000

1,800,000

1,612,785,000

1,011,000

22,895.000

22,000

23,928,000

1911

Bushels

33,119,000

321,000
1,766,000

564,000
18,000

2,669,000

70,000

),858,000

105,269,000

50,353,000

2,674,000

379,000

158,675,000

23,089.000

12,000,000

19,286,000

10,153.000

45,894,000

427,776.000

5.297.000

16,110,000

948,000

4,989,000

742,376,000

1,711,000
28,897,000
23,825,000

1,750,000

1,522,776,000

32,953.000

90

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS-Continued.

RYE- Continued.

Country

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

Bushels

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:

Queensland __

1,000
56,000
22,000

1,000
51,000
33,000

3,000
66,000
27,000
15,000
10,000
18,000

2,000
59,000
30,000
8,000
6,000
24,000

NcAV South Wales

Victoria

South Australia

Western Australia _.
Tasmania

5,000
15,000

4,000
18,000

Total Australia. -
New Zealand

£9,000
73,000

107,000
94,000

139,000
100,000

129,000
109,000

58,000
90,000

Total Australasia

172,000

201,000

239,000

238,000

148,000

Grand total

J, 590,057, 000

1,747,123,000

1,673,473,000

1,578,603,000

1,899,551,000

Total production! of rye in "countries named" (the so-called "world crop"), 1S95-1912,
[As compiled by the United States Department of Agriculture.]

Tear

Production

Year

Production

1895

Bushels
1,468,212,000
1,499,250,000
1,300,645,000
1,461,171,000
1,583,179,000
1,557,634,000
1,416,022,000
1,647,845,000
1,659,961,000
1,742,112,000

1905 _. - _. — --

Bushels

1896

1,495,751,000
1,483,395,000
1,538,778,000
1,590,057,000
1,747,123,000
1.673,473,000
1,578,603,000
1,899,551,000

1897 _

1906

1898 _- _-

1907

1899 - -

1908

1900 .

1909

1901

1910

1911 .- . ..

1902

1903 —

191-^

1904 —

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II

91

STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS-Continued.
FLAX,
Flax crop of countries named, 1909-1911.

Country.

Seed.

Fiber.

1909

1910 1911

i

1909

1910

1911

NORTH AMERICA.
United States

Bushels
19,513,000

Bushels Bushels
12,718,000 19.370.000

Pounds

Pounds

Pounds

Canada:

Quebec

19,000
118,000

Ontaro —

!

Manitoba

317,000

1,787,000

109,000

290,000

i S99.000

Saskatchewan

3,448,000i 6,413,'000
64,000; 418.000

Alberta _

Total

2,213,000
150,000

3,802,000
150,000

7,867,000
150,000

Mexico _ --

_.

Total North

America __

21,876,000

41,291,000
522,000

16,670,000

28,212,000
600,000

27,387,000

28,424,000
660,000

SOUTH AMERICA.
Argentina

Uruguay _.

Total

41,813,000

852.000
186,000
30,000

4,000

28,812,000
663,000

24,084,000
697.000

EUROPE.

Austria -Hungary:

Austria . _ .

68,136,000
20,118,000
9,000,000

1,400,000

50,191,000
18,492,030
8,143,0C0

1,000,000

46 646,000

Hungary proper...
Croatia-Slavonia -
Bosnia-

Herzegovina —

164,000 170,000
80,000 80,000

4,000 4,000

19,000,000
8,000,000

1,000,000

Total Austria-
Hungary _.

Belgium

1,072,000

800,000
2,000
436,000
281,000
219,000
205,000

19,767,000
948,000
583,000

1
861,000 901,000

300,000 300.000

98,654,000

27,000,000

200,000

30,494,000

7,242,000
13,488,000

1,628,000

1,022,484,000
42,450,000
26,130,000

77,826,000

28,000,000

709,000

38,106,000

6,883,000
14,189,000

4,448,000

74,646,000
28,000,00

Bulgaria -

8,000
416,000
232,000
816,000
363,000

16,743,000
816,000
590,000

10,000
496,000
341,000
374,000
603,000

800,000

France _. _

Italy

45,004,000
6,078,000

Netherlands

20,929,000

Roumania - --

4,000,000

Russia:

Russia proper

Poland --

North Caucasia

Total Russia
(European)

Servia

21,298,000

18,149,000

21,000,000

1,091,064,000

872,000

1,449,000

16,061,000

1702,477,000

2,192,000
1,400,000
19,882,000

1,034,000,000
2,091,000

Sweden

21,000

20,000

17,000

1,500,000

25,179,000

Total ..

23,834,000

20,665,000

24,042,000

1.288.122.000 891.112.000

1.242. 227.000

ussia.

tincludes Asiatic R

92 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUTIE

ST.ATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS— Continued.
FLAX- Continued.

Country.

Seed.

Fiber.

1909

1910

1911

190e

1910

1911

ASIA.
British India

Bushels
11,552,000

966,000
771,000
107,000

Bushels
17,112,000

429,000
832,000

Bushels
22,544,000

Pounds

Pounds

Pounds

Russia:

51,864,000

38,109,000
6,429,000

'

''

Total Russia
(Asiatic) ..

1,844,000

1,261,000

887,000

96,402,000

(t)

49,0OO,0CO

•

Total Asia

AFRICA.

Algeria

13,396,000
8,000

18,373,000
4 000

23,431,000
ifi ono

96.402,000

49,000,000

Grand total -.

100,927,000

84,524,000

98,960,000

1,384,524,000

891,112,000

1,291,227,000

JIncluded in European Russia.

PART III

Crop and Other Statistics for the Year Ending

December 31, 1912, Collected by

Township Assessors

The statistics collected by township assessors under the provi-
sions of chapter 86, acts of the thirty-third general assembly, are
presented in this chapter. These statistics are ^thered by the
assessors direct from the farms and turned in to the county audi-
tor who tabulates them and forw^ards them to the office of the
secretary of the state board of agriculture. There is naturally
some variation in these figures as compared to those shown by the
Iowa Weather and Crop Service, whose reports are secured from
estimates made by the crop reporters over the state.

Table No. 1. Gives the total number, average size and total
acreage of farms, total acreage occupied by farm buildings, public
highways and feed lots, acreage in pasture, garden, orchard, crops
not otherwise enumerated and land not utilized for any purpose.
It also shows the total number of bushels of apples harvested, num-
ber of silos on farms and average monthly wages paid farm help,
summer and winter months by counties, for the year 1912.

Table No. 2. This gives the acreage, yield per acre and total
yield of corn, oats, winter wheat, spring wheat and barley b^/
counties for the year 1912.

Table No. 3. This table shows the acreage, yield per acre and
total yield of rye, tame hay, wild hay, alfalfa, potatoes and flax
seed, by counties, for the year 1912.

Table No. 4. The figures on live stock are given in this table
showing the number of horses of all ages and mules all ages on
the farms January 1, 1913, and the number of swine July 1, 1912 ;
the number of dairy cows kept for milk, number of other cattle not
kept for milk and total number of cattle all ages on farms Janu-
ary 1, 1913 ; the number of sheep kept on the farms, the number

94

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

shipped in for feeding and the number sold for slaughter; the
total number of pounds of wool clipped; the total number of all
varieties of poultry on farms July 1, 1912, and the estimated num-
ber of dozen of eggs gathered for the 3^ear 1912.

Table No. 5. Gives the total acreage of sweet corn, the tons
gathered for canning, total acreage of pop corn and yield in
bushels and the total acreage and yield in bushels of timothy seed
and clover seed.

The following is a brief summary showing acreage, production,
average yield per acre and total value of Iowa farm products for
the year 1912.

1912-TABULATED CROP SUMMARY— 1912

Acreage

Production

<v

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o

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Total Value

Corn

Oats

Winter wheat

Spring wheat

Barley

Rye

Potatoes

Flax seed

Hay (Tame)

Hay (Wild)

Alfalfa

Miscellaneous crops

Timothy seed

Clover seed

Pop corn

Sweet corn

Garden truck

Orchards

Pasturage

Ensilage

9,420,434

4,874,752

497,938

389.371

389,410

73,315

120,035

24,121

2,635,744

754,374

46,644

104.708

514,212

44,287

19,265

34,269

45,793

134,735

8,968,644

Total value farm crops-

Wool

Dairy products

Poultry and eggs

Total vaJ. farm products

419,0S7,32C- bu.

07,819,162 bu.

11,460,943 bu.

5,702,589 bu.

11,100,558 bu.

1,322, .382 bu.

11,277,537 bu.

238,442 bu.

3,138,940 T.

836,785 T.

105,986 T.

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

Estimated

44.5

42.6

23

14.6

28.5

18

1.2
1.1
2.3

Estimated
Estimated
Estimated

.27

.78

.76

.50

.61

.44

1.31

9.89

7.43

11.00

16.02
11.50
17.94
11.09
14.25
10.98
41.31
12.94
11.86
8.17
25.3

$ 150,875,
56,111,

8,939,
4,333,
5,550,

806.
4,962,

312
31,044
6,216
1,165,
7,500,
2,300

516

600
1,137
1,500
5,500
85,000
4,000

038.44

173.74
535.54
929.64
,279.00
653.02
116.28
,359.02
,116.60
941.05
296.00
OOO.OO
,000.00
,736.00
,000.00
,500.00
OOO.OO
,000.00
,000.00
,000.00

$ 378.371,674.33
1,500,000.00
53,000,000.00
30,000,000.00

$ 462,871,674.33

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III

95

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96

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

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THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III

97

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116

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE NO. 5

Acreage in sweet corn, pop corn, and acreage and total yield of timothy and clover
seed, by counties, for the year of 1912.

Sweet Corn

Pop Corn

Timothy Seed

Clover Seed

"gic

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CO

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Counties

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1

15

6

10

89

115

7

2

52

3

17

158

133

6

16

69

3,592

360

30

200

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1,523

4,219

249

63

2,241

183

576

5,317

3,187

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2,871

Adams

Allamakee

9

21

356

6,274

3,400

18

1,997

846

845

119

523

13

1,362

369

10

165

1,329

18,156

1,026

162

6,915

2,300

3,119

138

2,277

So

3,801

1,226

Appanoo'^e

Audubon

Black Hawk _ _

Boone

Bremer

Buchanan

Buena Vista

Butler

Carroll _

Cass

Cedar

Cerro Gordo

Cherokee

Chickasaw

3

Clarke

Clay

Clayton _. .-

19

139

255

2,346

13

237

-.

113

2

74

3

5

1,212

3

21

9

68

34

57

99

304
6,609

3,379 1
74

"2^644"

81

140

12,670

60

670

102

1,570

936

251

3,525

Crawford

3

195

13

598
42
15

450

60

1,523

14

270

1,145

72

100

1,034

Dallas

Davis

Delaware

Des Moines

Dickinson

Dubuque

Emmet

Fayette

1,035

33

922

896

1

3,509

2gO»

2,928

2,554

3

Floyd

FranHin

Fremont

Greene

Grundy

Guthrie

116
14

21 1
5
5

747

295
21

580

50

14

2,133

89
12
18

4,234
477

Hamilton

Hancock

Hardin

Harrison -

18

63

8

5,412

2

_.

2
25

467

"2^332"

262

182,957

69

"""135"
58
281

Henry

Howard

Humboldt

Ida

23
10

"""ise'

2

314

418

4

6

87

74

2,816

'""if 9"

5
1,006
1,276

6

Iowa

Jackson

Jasper

Jefferson

Johnson _ _

Jones

Keokuk

fl

314
1,680

Kossuth —

9 ' 55

15,511

5,329

5,204

14,533

3,527

5,304

1,517

837

471

2,311

1,016

2,0:4

754

612

1

3,992
4,561
1,524
1,654
5,350

25,510
7,550
3,108
1,564
1,119
1,101

22,919

21,946
3,479
1,950
3,482
1,235
1,232
6,057
4,048
1,895
345
681
2,189

10,175

672

1,496

712

866

2,587

9,215

1,088

1,533

17.996
1,968
2,338
6,120
3,337
2,035
3,751
2,171

56,422

22.509

17,964

66,539

15,174

28,460

7,217

4,490

1,965

10,146

5,650

8,372

3,455

7,062

13,506

22,923

7,129

9,919

19,244

125,580

35,520

12,473

6,936

4,511

6,282

93,061

109,673

14,658

9,214

13,804

4,047

5,397

20,885

18,314

8,159

2,979

12,997

43,666

3,438

7,5S0

6,290

1,338

12,193

35,195

6,634

8,300

85,335

6,635

11,590

33,483

15,627

9,285

16,636

11,687

177

220

374

319

3,625

7,071

52

67

188

58

115

102

78

71

235

345

10

7

50

63

41

64

64

t8

134

114

299

419

435

364

33

84

47

64

1,126

423

10

20

669

787

72

49

6,006

9,521

83

236

161

202

321

319

65

580

577

547

' 631

1,076

1,726

1

8

2,191

3,835

375

599

5

10

168

187

133

101

70

62

354

445

54

37

51

122

102

103

619

1,073

26

32

91

64

96

77

229

346

2,782

3,506

2,828

3,260

299

362

159

402

171

212

598

1,533

73

102

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III
TABLE. NO. 5— Continued

117

Sweet Corn

Counties

Pop Corn

Timot

m

0)

X3

3

^

o

O

o

<

H

•<

Clover Seed

X3

3

£i

ai

<u

a

o

o

<

Eh

Lee

Linn

Louisa

Lucas

Lyon

Madison

Mahaska

Marion

Marshall

Mills

Mitchell

Monona

Monroe

Montgomery .-

Muscatine

O'Brien,

Osceola

Pnge

Palo Alto

Plymouth

Pocahontas -—

Polk

Pottawattamie

Poweshiek

Ringgold

Sac

Scott

Shelby

Sioux

Story

Tama

Taylor

Union

Van Buren

Wapello

Warren

Washington _—

Wayne _._

Webster

Winnebago

Winneshiek

Woodbury

Worth

Wright

Total

71
754
805

IS

23
169

12

1

904

22
123
499

10
395

143

4>

85

4

902

914

461

10

836

64

172

257

8-23

4

21

22
1,283

1

56
81

4

34,269

177

2,201

1,786

295

195

594

35

3

2,688

25

544

11,421

26

1,378

4

33

476

337

107

1

2,207

2,325

1,466

22

3,128

188

50O

2,543

570

2^2
,458
1
395
337

106,650

SO

143

7,197

2

102

3,963

27

295

943

25

695

28,477

7

228

471

8

191

9,279

88

1,630

2,979

4

100

3,688

91

1,667

2,841
536

8,124
350

545

20,470

10

45

10,262

3

110

1,098

29

1,158

1,428

159

4,771

5,195

58

1,625

5,732

31

587

1,737

109

1,504

1,085

124

3,800

924

131

3,451

1,204

94

3,874

779

17

376

2,290

11

520

8,495

4

164

23,248

8,408

328,904

1,460

3

220

723

2

45

1,670

4

101

5-^2

2

65

920

2

43

4,333

3

165

10,362

4

108

14,915

6

72

11,176

28

140

0,117

4

203

9,S91

22

4S3

2,061

2

7

43,214

53

480

1,001

17

26

1,092

12,728

536

16.828

1.26'

3

109

1,613

4
19,265

312

796

647,537

514,212

37,265

17,898

4,577

151,819

2,204

48,013

6,803

15,905

14,829

2,097

37,904

1,407

52,498

4,937

5,722

58,908

27,004

6,853

5,794

6,121

7,057

4,482

6,444

39,496

91,910

7,793

3,136

6,676

2,500

4,309

23,252

48,248

78,316

53,487

£0,427

54,95?

9,206

158,733

3,795

4,691

50,281

5,797

6,618

3,935

531

157

566

1,121

2,418

1,674

890

31

49

73

270

605

16

99

6

102

2

123

49

993

73

469

410

67

126

320

63

174

142

202

592

651

117

534

525

616
261

22

44,237

608
418
322
984

2,038

4,237

2,329

1,071

34

93

149

482

497

9

182

5

226

6

152

48

855

70

782

584

183

248

292

351

81

347

185

1,047

853

156

733

1,163

737

111

521

414

13

64,115

118

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

COUNT AVON, GRAND CHXMPION
International Live Stock Show, Chicago, 1912

PART IV

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Ninth Annual Meeting of the Corn Belt Meat
Producers Association

HELD AT

Savery Convention Room, Savery Hotel, Des Moines, la.,
February 18, 19, 1913

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 18.

The regular time set for the annual meeting of the Corn Belt
^iTeat Prcducers' Associati: n is the second week in December of
e^.ch year. Owing to the fact that the legislature met in Des Moines
this week, the directors thought it adv^isable to cause a postpone-
ment of the annual meeting until February. Accordingly, a formal
meeting was held on the regular date and adjourned until February
18th and 19th.

It was the mcst largely attended meeting in the history of the
ass:ciation, and the interest was sustained from the beginning to
the end, each session being well attended.

The meeling was called to order by President Sykes at 10 a. m.,
and after prayer hj Reverend J. F. Jamieson, of the Elmwood
United Preshyterian Church, President Sykes delivered his annual
addres ', fs follows:

PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL ADDRESS.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: We again welcome you to the annual
meeting of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, and invite you to
participate with us in the feast of good things that your v/orthy secre-
tary will dish up to us through the splendid program he has prepared.

120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

It again becomes my humble duty, as president, to give to the mem-
bership an account of our stewardship during the past year, and of the
success or failure of the association. So I am glad to be able to report
that your association has made a healthy and substantial grov»'th during
the year 1912. On account of there being no big rate fights on, the organ-
ization has not been as much in the limelight or attracted as great atten-
tion as in some preceding years, but it has moved steadily forward,
and has secured some very beneficial results for its members during
the year.

At the time of the last annual meeting there were pending two very
important cases which your association was handling in the interest of
the farmers and stockmen of Iowa. One was the proposed advance in
rates of 33 1-3 per cent on stocker and feeder cattle and sheep, which
was pending before the Interstate Commerce Commission; the other the
advance in minimum weights on cars of live stock shipped within the
state, pending before the Iowa Railroad Commission. As you will re-
member, at that time the public hearings before the commission had
been concluded, and dates set for the submitting of printed briefs and
for oral arguments at Washington, D. C. Accordingly, soon after the
annual meeting. Judge Henderson, Commerce Counsel for the state,
and your president and secretary, set about preparing the brief, to be
submitted by January 2d. Then followed the preparation for the argu-
ments to be made before the entire commission at Washington, on Feb-
ruary 10th.

Your board of directors had felt that it was essential to have some-
one with practical knowledge of the live stock business appear with Judge
Henderson before the commission and present that side of the case. Ac-
cordingly, they voted that your president should act in this capacity.
So Judge Henderson took up the legal phases of the question, and I
endeavored to present the case from the standpoint of the feeder in the
feeding and transportation of his stuff, and to show how unreasonable
was the demand that the railroads were making, and how seriously such
a radical change in rates would affect the feeding business in Iowa.

Aside from Judge Henderson and myself, the Live Stock Exchanges
of Kansas City, Omaha, Sioux City and South St. Paul were represented
before the commission, and made arguments in favor of a continuance
of the old rates and customs. On the other hand, the railroads were
represented by their ablest counsel, and it made a hayseed's knees shake
somewhat to be pitted against such an array of talent. But we got
through alive, and the case was submitted; and on March 23d the com-
mission handed down its decision, refusing to allow the railroads to cut
out the 75 per cent rate on stockers and feeders. This was a complete
victory for the association and the live stock exchanges that assisted
in the case.

The winning of this case means a saving to the farmers and feeders
of the state of from $200,000 to $300,000 annually in freight rates, and
demonstrates the importance of keeping up your association so that you
may be ready at any time to jump in and make a fight for your rights.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 121

The minimum live stock car case had progressed about as far as the
case just referred to during the fall of 1911, and at the time of our
last meeting was waiting for the printed briefs and arguments to be
presented to the commission. On account of numerous unavoidable de-
lays the final arguments were not made in the case until May 7th, and
the commission did not render its decision until September. It provides
that the standard minimum shall be 22,000 pounds on fat cattle, 20,000
on stocker and feeder cattle, 16,000 on hogs, 20,000' on sheep in double-
deck cars, and 10,000 on sheep in single-deck cars; these minimums
to apply regardless of the size of the car ordered. It is therefore not
necessary to order small cars for shipment within the state in order to
be protected on the low minimum.

This case has had quite a history, and the rule that was promul-
gated and kept in force, which protected the farmers from overcharges
on light loads of stock by ordering small cars, was the direct result
of the work of the officers of this association, who appeared year after
year for six years before the railroad commission and fought out the
case with the railroad attorneys. But now we have an order from the
commission that does away with this necessity and fixes the minimums
on the different kinds of live stock as before stated, regardless of the
size of the car ordered. This is certainly a great saving to the farmers
who ship in one or two loads of feeders at a time, and who ship out
light loads of stock to our home markets; and it is safe to say that this
decision will save the farmers and shippers of Iowa from $50,000 to
$75,000 per annum in excess weights.

Judge Henderson, commerce counsel, prepared the brief and made the
argument in the last case, and his work has been highly satisfactory
throughout.

I am glad to be able to report to you at this time that the question
of the rate on fat sheep, when loaded for interstate shipment in single-
deck cars, when double-deck cars had been ordered, has at last been
settled, and the rate on such sheep shall be the double-deck rate; pro-
vided, however, that the shipper gives the railroad five days' notice
when ordering double-deck cars. You should therefore order your double-
deck cars five days in advance in order to secure the double-deck rate
when single-deck cars are furnished by the railroads. It will be remem-
bered that this matter was taken up at the annual meeting, and a com-
mittee was appointed to recommend the length of time that should be
given railroads to furnish double-deck cars. This committee reported
that in their judgment three days was sufficient time, and this report
was at once sent to the Interstate Commerce Commission. But in their
deliberations they thought that time too short, and extended it to five
days.

During the fall of 1911, the railroads made application to the Railroad
Commission for an advance of 12 1^ per cent in rates on all kinds of
live stock shipped within the state. This case was never pushed, and
I understand the railroads never requested a hearing on the applica-
tion, and that just recently they dismissed the case. This was certainly

122 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

very courteous on their part, as it no doubt relieved the association
of a very bitter and prolonged fight to prevent those advances. But
I am inclined to the belief that if the farmers had not been organized,
and had there been no Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, thos3
advances wouM not only have been requested, but they would have
been put into effect, and the farmers would have been paying them for
some. time; for I do not believe the railroads were merely trying to run
a bluff when they filed their petition asking for the advance. This again
demonstrates the value of your organization.

Now, just a word about the recent movement of the Chicago Live
Stock Exchange to advance commission charges for sslling live stock.
Ever since the closing of the offices of the Co-operative Live Stock Com-
missicn Company, we have felt that it would only be a question of time
until a demand would be made for advanced commissions; an:l the very
light receipts during the past summer gave the agitatois and the fel-
lows who were just hanging by the "skin of their teeth," an excuse to
make this demand. I learned during the month of July that such a
movement was on foot, and at once wrote the president of the exchange,
asking for information concerning it. He replied that a committee had
been appointed from the exchange to investigate the matter, hear com-
plaints, and report later. The secretary being away on h:s vacation,
I at once formulated a remonstrance, protesting in the name of the
association against any advance in commissions, and asking that a com-
mittee of stockmen from this association be granted a hearing before
a vote was taken. This remonstrance and request were forwarded to
the committee from the exchange, and from correspondence that fol-
lowed, both Mr. Wallace and myself got the impression that such a
meeting would be arranged, and that we would be notified thereof. Act-
ing on this belief, the committee to represent the stockmen were se-
lected and notified to be in readiness to go to Chicago at any time,
to take part in the hearing. Time passed, , but no word came caling
us to Chicago, and we had about concluded that the special committee
had reported unfavorably on the advance and decided to drop the mat-
ter, for the present, at least, when, to our surprise, one day while the
state fair was on, there was delivered to the secretary and m^yself a
bunch of telegrams from commission men who were opposed to the ad-
vance, stating that the exchange wouM vote on the advance the next
morning at nine o'clock. This was indeed short notice, and we had to
act quickly. So we hurriedly gathered together at the headquarters
all the members of the association whom we could find, and passed a
resolution denouncing the move as unjust and unfair, because the com-
mittee had not consulted the wishes of the stockmen in the matter; and
the members began to fire in telegrams to their different commission
firms, protesting against the advance. Some twenty-five or thirty mes-
sages were sent, and the result was that the advance was voted down
by a large majority.

But the agitators and the seekers of spoils were not to be downed
in that way; so they continued their quiet work, until one day, without
your officers having any knowledge of what was going on, a vote was

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 123

taken, and the following increasss, as I understand it, were made in
commissicns. On all straight carloads of live stock over the following
minimums, an extra charge of 5 cents per hundred is made:

Cattle 23,000 pounds

Hogs 17,000 pounds

Sheep in double-deck cars 22,000 pounds

Sheep in single-deck cars 12,000 pounds

Up to these minmium weights, the commissions remain the same as
before.

I have gone into this question quite thoroughly, in order to let the
members know the situation, and that the officers did all in their power,
with the knowledge they had, to prevent any advance. Had the com-
mittee from the exchange acted fairly and kept us informed, instead of
putting the thing through on the quiet, as w^as done, we believe all ad-
vances could have been defeated.

SHEEP A>:D nCGS IN DOUBLE-DECK CARS.

Demand has come from some of our members that the railroad
companies should permit them to load both hogs and sheep in the same
double-deck car, i. e., one deck with hogs and the other with sheep. At
the present time, if w^e load hogs and sheep in both decks, they permit
it without extra charge; but if the shipper keeps them separate and loads
a deck of each, he is charged the single-deck rate and the single-deck
m.inimum is enforced on both hogs and sheep. This matter should be
taken up by this organization and corrected, for there is no good reason
why a shipper should not be allowed to load a deck of hogs and a deck
of sheep in the same car without being penalized. This practice would
give the companies more w^eight to haul in one car, and would naturally
inure to their benifit.

SERVICE AND ACCOMMODATION ON STOCK TRAINS,

Without doubt, the past year has been one of the worst in regard
to service and accommodations for the stockmen that we have experi-
enced for years, and a flood of complaints and protests has been filed
by our members from all parts of the state. Had these complaints been
confined to the winter months of 1912, when the snow and cold were
so severe, we should not have wondered at them; but the facts are that
the shippers have complained of the poor service and accommodations
during the entire summer and fall. The shippers' reports filed by our
members show that the service was slow and the accommodations for
the stockmen very bad in many instances. Especially is this true as
to overcrowding of way-cars and their unsanitary condition. It is a
very common occurrence to crowd from twenty to thirty men into one
of these way-cars. This is certainly overcrowding humanity, and it
seems to me that from a humanitarian standpoint the railroads should
furnish at least decent accommodations for the shippers, so that they
might ride with as much ease and comfort as the animals they are
shipping.

124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Also, many complaints come from shippers that their stock has
been unloaded at some small town where there is neither feed nor
water, and but a few miles from the Union Stock Yards, because the
conductor claimed the thirty-six-hour limit had expired. I find that stock
is often unloaded within twenty-five to fifty miles of Chicago, and al-
lowed to remain in those little two-by-four yards for from eight to
twelve hours, when, at the pleasure of the railroads, they are picked
up and taken into the stock yards, arriving too late for the market,
and of necessity must be held over until the next day. This is certainly
a gross injustice on the part of the railroads, by taking undue advan-
tage of the thirty-six hour law. The intention of the law was to give
the railroads ample time to deliver the stock from the farthest point
in Iowa inside of the thirty-six-hour limit. We well remember their
plea for an extension of the twenty-eight-hour law, in order to enable
them to reach the market without the necessity of unloading the stock,
which they claimed they could not do under the law as it was then
enforced. At that time the stockmen believed that the railroads were
acting in good faith, and took them at their word, and consented to the
extension of time to thirty-six hours; but since then we have learned
that they were only playing for more time to get our stock to market,
and that the speed on stock trains has been reduced in proportion to
the extension of time, and that the percentage of live stock now un-
loaded on account of the expiration of the time limit is practically as
large as it was under the twenty-eight-hour law. This should not be
the case, however, and it does seem to me that any Iowa-Chicago line
of railroad ought to be ashamed to confess that it can not deliver a car
or cars of live stock from the farthest Iowa point to Chicago inside of
thirty-six hours, when they formerly did it almost every day in the week
inside of twenty-eight hours.

These questions have been taken up by your officers wath the offi-
cials of the different railway companies without avail, and practically
no headway has been made toward solving these vexatious problems.
So I hope this convention will thresh them out and decide what is the
proper course for this organization to pursue in dealing with these very
important matters, which not only affect the profits on your live stock
and reduce your bank accounts, but have to do with your comfort and
safety while accompanying your stock to market.

Then there is the question of a five-day-per-week Chicago market, in-
stead of three, which is being agitated again by the commission men
of the Chicago Live Stock Exchange. Some time ago a meeting was
held in Chicago, at which representatives of the exchange, the packers
and the railroads decided to try to further the plan for a five-day-per-
week market, and if possible, distribute the receipts more evenly over
the five-day period. They are now asking the feeders and shippers to
join with them in making this plan a success. This is certainly a
commendable undertaking, and one in which our members should most
heartily join, I have written a number of reliable commission firms
concerning the success of the market on off-days, and the consensus
of opinion coming from them is that, quality considered, the stock sells

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 125

as well on those days as on the regular market days. They say the
railroads are also delivering the stock in good time for the market on
those days. We all know the evils and disadvantages of flooding the
market on Monday and Wednesday, and if we can co-operate to distrib-
ute this stock more evenly over five days of the week, and in that way
prevent the heavy runs and bad breaks in the market, which mean the
loss of thousands of dollars to the live stock interests, it is certainly
our duty as well as to our advantage to do it.

Now, there are some things to which I wish to invite the attention
of the present general assembly:

PHYSICAL VALUATION OF KAILROADS.

For years there has been some agitation along this line, and some
of our best economists and rate experts have advocated a physical valu-
ation of our railways, so that our State Railroad Commission could have
some intelligent way of arriving at what is a fair rate for both the
carriers and the people. Under our present system there is no scien-
tific way for the commission to arrive at what is a proper rate for the
railroads to charge. Other states have taken the lead in this matter,
and have passed laws providing for the physical valuation of their public
carriers, and they seem to be making good headway in regulating and
adjusting their rates. Then why should the great state of Iowa be found
so far in the rear in this matter? It seems to me that the present leg-
islature could perform no greater service to the people of the state than
to pass a bill providing for such valuation, and I hope this organization
will go on record as favoring that legislation.

Then there is the question of revising our present laws affecting
taxation. There is a movement on foot at this time to increase the
taxes on farm property and reduce them on other classes of property,
the claim being made that the farmers are not paying their share of the
taxes. In reply to this charge, I will state that in my judgment farm
property is paying a larger proportion of the revenues — both county
and state — than any other class of property, for the simple reason that
farm property can not be covered up from the assessor, while it is a
notorious fact that a large percentage of practically all other classes
of property is hidden away from the assessor when he makes his call.
It doubtless is true that our tax laws need revision, but I wish to go
on record as being opposed to any measure that will place a greater
burden of taxation upon the agricultural interests, as I verily believe
they are paying their share; and I hope this association will take a de-
termined stand against any such measure.

The question that is uppermost in the minds of most farmers today
is the prevention and cure of hog cholera by means of virus and serum.
As you well know, hog cholera has devastated thousands of herds during
the past year. Never in our history have we sustained such a loss. So
I feel it is time we were bestirring ourselves to prevent a recurrence
of this fearful loss in the future, if possible; and to this end I believe
the present legislature should make a liberal appropriation for the es-

126 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

tablishment of a well-equipped plant for the manufacture of the serum
and virus where a sufficient amount can be kept on nand to meet the
requirements of the farmers of the state; the manufacture, sale and
distribution of the product to be directly under the supervision of the
state veterinary surgeon and his assistants, which I believe to be the
only department that can properly police and safeguard the handling of
this most dangerous product. I hope this convention will speak out
freely and let the legislators know what you desire along this line.

Our splendid agricultural college and the extension department are
doing a splendid work in teaching scientific agriculture; and through
the farmers' institutes and short courses this knowledge is being brought
within the reach of thousands of boys and girls w^ho could not otherwise
secure it. This work should be commended and encouraged not only
by this convention, but by the members of this organization individu-
ally, and I would suggest that a suitable resolution be passed by this
body.

It again becomes my duty, as I view it, to *call your attention to the
very grave danger of live cattle and dressed meats being placed upon
the free list at the coming special session of congress. Year after year,
I have warned you against this danger to the live stock industry, and
now, as the time approaches for the calling of an extraordinary session
of congress to revise the tariff, because of the demand of the consum-
ing pub'.ic for cheaper meats, I apprehend that we must bestir ourselves
or our fears will become a vivid reality. With land worth $150 to $200
per acre being used to produce and fatten this live stock on, and with
high-priced feed and labor, it goes without saying that low^a farmers
can not compete in the markets with free cattle and free meats from
Mexico and the South American republics, where land has scarcely
any value, and where labor may be had for a mere pittance.

We well know that from time to time representatives of great manu-
facturing interests have appeared before the congressional committee
on ways and means, and declared that if the tariff is reduced on their
products, they would be forced to reduce the w^ages of their employes.
And now the farmers and stockmen, who are paying the highest wages
of any class of employers of unskilled labor, are threatened with the
competition of free cattle and dressed meats from countries where labor
costs from one-half to three-fourths less than it does here, and land is
worth only about one-hundredth part of what it is in Iowa. And yet if
this condition is forced upon us, we can neither reduce the cost of labor
nor the price of land and feedstuffs which are necessary to produce the
cattle and the dressed meat. So on the narrow margin of profit that
the cattle feeders in the corn belt now receive, I can not see anything
but disaster and failure and going out of the business if live cattle and
dressed meats are placed on the free list; and I believe this organization
should be aroused as to this approaching danger and take the defensive
position that as long as this nation is committed to a tariff system,
either for protection or for revenue only, the farmers and stockmen are
entitled under such system to the same measure of benefits and pro-
tection as are accorded to the manufacturer of other products. Likewise

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 127

we should resist in every honorable way and with all our power 'the
passage of any measure that would place live cattle and dressed meats
on the free list.

THE CO^CMERCE COURT,

Year after year, since the Commerce Court was created, I h?ive been
calling attention to this needless expenditure of money for the main-
tenance of this court, for no other purpose, apparent'y, than to nullify
the work of the Interstate Commerce Commission and thwart the will
of the people. It seems to me that the recent developments and the
scandal that has been heralded over this country through the impeach-
ment and conviction of Judge Archbold, a prominent member of this
court, should be sufficient evidence to convince one and all that the
Commerce Court is not maintained for the best interests and the pro-
tection of the people, and should lead congress to repeal without delay
the act creating this court. I hope this organization will again take a
decisive stand against this court and demand its dissolution in words
of no uncertain sound.

Death has again entered the official family of your association, and
during the last summer removed from our midst our esteemed brother
and fellow-laborer in the good work, T. A. Thornburg, of Linden, Iowa,
director fro^m the seventh district. Tom Thornburg, as he was familiar-
ly known by his friends, was a very exceptional m^an. Calm, deliberate,
self-possessed, always taking time to analyze the situation before act-
ing, he became one of the most valued counsellors of this association.
He was also a man of congenial character and sterling integrity, whom
to know w£s to love and admire. He was one of those men who could
impart inspiration to a movement merely by his presence, though uncon-
sciously to himself. He attended the first meeting of this association,
and took an active part in its formation. He was at once chosen director
from the seventh district, which place he filled with credit and distinc-
tion continuovs'y until his death. He was also during the entire time
an honored m.ember of the executive committee, and one of our most
trusted counsellors. But he is gone, and I feel, as I believe you do, that
your association has suffered an irreparable loss in his death.

I would recommend that this convention pass a suitable memorial
in recognition of his valued services and sterling worth, and that it be
published in the coming annual report and a copy be sent to the be-
reaved wife and family.

Before closing this address, I wish, as president of your association,
to publicly thank the board of directors and your worthy secretary for
their loyal support and splendid service during the past year. Then I
wish to commend that enthusiastic and untiring bunch of men scat-
tered over the state, always ready to push the good work along, and to
extend to them our most hearty appreciation of their efforts.

Neither am I forgetful of the splendid recognition that has been
given the work of your association by both the daily and weekly press
of our state.

128 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

To one and all I wish to say, "I thank you." We shall appreciate
your help in the future, and I hope and trust that the Corn Belt Meat
Producers' Association may always be conducted in such a way as to
merit your favor and support.

In conclusion I wish to make some reference to the future of your
organization, which I feel depends largely on the interest each individ-
ual, member takes in its success. As I have repeatedly said, your officers
can not make this organization a success without the co-op'eration of the
local members. It is the personal touch of each member upon his neigh-
bor that keeps up the interest and advances your association's standing
from year to year. This organization has proven that it can secure
splendid results and be of great value to the farmers and feeders, and
it is up to the members to see that it is maintained and properly con-
ducted. In my judgment, the great danger to your organization is in
the membership concluding that because there is nothing of a spec-
tacular nature being accomplished, which would tend to keep the asso-
ciation in the limelight, there is no further work for it to do, and hence
no necessity to continue its existence. To all who might have such a
thought in mind, I wish to say that the value of your organization is
not measured by what it accomplishes on the surface. No one can
tell what unjust measures, rules and practices might be imposed upon
the farmers and stockmen if it were not for the fact that your associa-
tion stands as a watchdog over your interests, preventing many unjust
attacks from being made, as well as defeating many that are made.
Now, what will happen if you allow this association to go to pieces?
Simply this: The questions of rate advances, poor service and accom-
modations, bad legislation, and all kindred subjects affecting you, will
come up and be disposed of without your being represented or having
any voice whatever in the matter; and it is to be presumed that they
will not be disposed of in such a satisfactory way as if you had repre-
sentatives taking part and looking after your interests.

As a parting admonition, let me urge upon you, one and all, the
maintenance of your organization. It has proven its worth, it has many
times over justified its existence, and it will continue so to do in tho
future if you will encourage and sustain it.

I thank you.

The following- paper was then read by George A. Wells, Secretary
of the AVestern Grain Dealers' Association:

THE APPLICATION OF THE MOISTURE TEST IN GRADING CORN.

BY GEOKGE A. WELLS.

Secretary of the Western Grain Dealers' Association.

Corn is the most wonderful and resourceful of all grains, because it
contains so many different constituent elements that apply to the needs
and welfare of humanity.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 129

I understaiul that, including the by-products of the manufacturers,
there are upwards of 200 different products of corn. Thus, containing so
many different elements, the general character of corn is naturally com-
plex, and sensitive, and that, as we know by experience, is demonstrated
by the manner in which it responds to good breeding and cultivation in
the growing by increased yields and improved quality, and as readily
succumbs to deterioration and the processes of decay if submitted to
improper treatment and care during the curing process or while in store.

Since the time of its first use by civilized people, corn has devel-
oped into numerous types and varieties, and its character has been
changed more or less at the hands of the growers and professional
breeders. In fact, it has been found practical to breed corn with the
idea of increasing the comparative quantity of a particular food ele-
ment, such as protein, fat, starch and sugar, etc., and I believe that, un-
consciously perhaps, corn growers and breeders have developed types
and varieties of corn that naturally and inherently contain an unreason-
able proportion of water, that is one of the dominating elements con-
tained in the grain, and Avhich is of no intrinsic value, but does great
harm in effecting a deteriorating and decaying condition if excessive
in quantity, that rapidly depreciates its value, oftentimes disastrously,
and results in financial loss to the possessor of the corn, whether it be
the farmer, the grain merchant, or the transportation company.

It is only a few years since Secretary Wilson, of the United States
Department of Agriculture, began to investigate the moisture content of
corn and its effect on the keeping qualities of the grain.

The investigations developed the fact that the minimum moisture
content of corn is about 12 per cent, the same as contained in the air,
and that it may run as high as 30 per cent, and even more.

Some fifteen or eighteen years ago, I had an experience in connec-
tion with the purchase of about a million bushels of ear corn that was
bought during the fall and stored in well-built, ventilated cribs, and held
until the next summer, when it was shipped to market. An accurate
record of the weight of this corn as purchased from the farmers was
kept, and also the weight on which it was sold, and the result was an
actual loss or shrinkage of 16 per cent in the weight of this lot of corn,
figured on a shelled corn basis.

It has been demonstrated that the extremely large yields of corn
are apt to show the lowest comparative percentage of dry matter con-
tent. In other words, the extremely large yield seemed to show a great-
er increase of the moisture content than of the dry matter content com-
paratively. And it would seem that there is a tendency on the part of
the corn growers to obtain large yields, regardless of quality, and the
dry matter content, that in fact constitutes the entire intrinsic value
of the corn, as the water certainly has no intrinsic value either for feeding
purposes or manufacturing.

I desire also to call your attention to the fact that the agricultural
colleges, and the agriculturists, of which in these days there are many,
have given their attention almost entirely to the matter of improving
9

130 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

the yield of corn, and have absolutely neglected the importance of car-
ing for the corn after it is harvested, with the idea of making it most
valuable commercially, and putting it in shape to keep well in trans-
portation and in store.

I also wish to sound a note of warning to the corn growers, that too
much water in corn is a, dangerous thing. In this particular, I refer to
the inherent moisture that is grown into the corn or contained in the
grain before it is harvested. The state of South Carolina prohibits the
sale of any corn v/ithin the state that shows more than 30 per cent of
acidity, and such corn may be confiscated under the law of that state.
Mr. E. J. Watson, commissioner of agriculture of the state of South
Carolina, in his address before the Grain Dealers' National Association,
at Norfolk, last October, said:

"There are going to be some startling developments connecting King
Corn with the disease of pellagra."

He asserted that this disease is a result of the excess of acidity in
corn, and that this excess of acidity is the result of fungus growth that
develops in the corn. He says:

"The relation of moisture is simply this — moisture back in the field
before the corn is taken out, naturally, essentially is the basic founda-
tion of the fungi."

The point that I am trying to emphasize in this connection is the
great necessity of giving more attention to the growing and curing of
the corn to avoid the disastrous results that I have mentioned, and also
to produce corn that will be more valuable for feeding and manufac-
turing purposes.

As I have already stated, corn when offered for sale by the farmers,
immediately after husking, usually contains from 18 to 30 per cent of
water, and it is not until after January 1st that any of it as a rule be-
comes cured out sufficiently to reduce the moisture content to 16 per
cent, which is, in fact, about the minimum percentage of water content
of any corn sold by the farmers, unless it may be in the very last days
of an old crop, when the corn has passed through the heat of the
summer.

The grain trade has always suffered heavy losses in the handling
of corn, because of it getting into a heating condition while in transit
or in store, because of an excessive moisture content. A few years ago,
heavy shipments of corn were made from this state to the southern
distributing markets of St. Louis, Memphis, Louisville, most of which
arrived in a heating condition. There were no driers in those markets
that could be used in the handling of this corn, and nothing could be
done except to forward it to New Orleans, where hundreds of carloads
were finally dumped into the gulf. The condition of this corn became
so bad while standing on the tracks at New Orleans that the health
authorities insisted upon disposing of it in this manner.

Since the Department of Agriculture began the investigation of the
moisture content of corn, and subsequently the invention of the moisture

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 131

test by Doctor Duvel, who is now the head of the Bureau of Grain
Standardization, it is consequently possible to determine accurately the
moisture content of corn, and to avoid possibility of heavy losses in
the handling and storing of it, that will be made very plain to you
by the demonstration of Doctor Duvel's moisture test by Mr. Brown, who
will follow me.

I certainly would not criticise the farmer for selling as much water
in his corn as the purchaser will accept, if there is no disposition on
the part of the grain buyer to discriminate in the price, and it is
my opinion that the grain buyer who does not buy corn on the basis
of the moisture test, and does not provide himself with a tester, does
an injustice to the farmer who sells corn of light moisture content,
and directly encourages the production and sale of corn with heavy
moisture content.

The Grain Dealers' National Association, in promulgating uniform
grading rules, provides for a consideration of moisture test in grading
corn as follows:

No. 2 corn 16 per cent maximum moisture content

No. 3 corn 19 per cent maximum moisture content

No. 4 corn 22 per cent maximum moisture content

Corn grading more than 22 per cent of moisture is considered as no
grade.

Most of the corn marketed at this time is grading No. 3 and No. 4,
on account of moisture content, that would otherwise grade No. 2 and
I would say that about two-thirds of the corn being marketed at this'
time by the farmers contains more than 19 per cent of water, so that
about one wagon load out of every five or six represents the water that
is being sold in the corn, and it naturally follows as a result of the ap-
plication of the moisture test that the market value of corn is based
very largely on the moisture content. As, for example, at Chicago, on
January 2Sth, the sales were on the following basis:

17 per cent moisture 47% cents per bushel

18 per cent moisture 47% cents per bushel

19 per cent moisture 47i/4 cents per bushel

20 per cent moisture 46i4 cents per bushel

21 per cent moisture 45i^ cents per bushel

22 per cent moisture 44% .cents per bushel

23 per cent moisture 44 cents per bushel

24 per cent moisture 43 cents per bushel

25 per cent moisture 42 cents per bushel

This shows a difference of about 5% cents per bushel value as be-
tween 17 per cent and 25 per cent moisture content corn.

The Table No. 16, published by the United States Department of
Agriculture, that has been handed to you, gives the relative worth of
grain on a dry-matter basis, showing the price per unit of measure
from 40 cents to $1 per bushel, and the difference in value for each
one per cent of moisture from 12 to 25 per cent, and you will note that

132 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the Chicago market values that I have given practically reflect the
differences applying to each one per cent of moisture as shown by this
table.

This close comparison between the actual sales in Chicago and the
dry-matter basis shown by the card would not probably hold if there
would be an excessive volume of receipts of extremely heavy moisture
content corn, as the supply of that particular kind of corn would ex-
ceed the demand, and, as frequently occurs, the capacity of the driers
might not be sufficient to take care of it, consequently buyers would
not feel that they are safe in buying the corn with heavy moisture con-
tent and take the risk of storing it or forwarding it in transportation
with such heavy moisture content.

I am not informed technically as to the feeding value of corn, but
I assume that an excessive amount of moisture in corn does not con-
tribute to meat production.

If as a feeder you should buy 1,000 bushels of 24 per cent moisture
content corn, 8 per cent of your money would be expended for excess-
ive water content above the normal moisture content of the 16 per
cent; that is, considering that the average moisture content of the best
quality of corn v.'ould be about 16 per cent.

If the price of corn is 40 cents per bushel, based on the maximam
of 16 per cent moisture content, your loss by excess moisture would be
$32 on the purchase of the 1,000 bushels.

In other words, you should pay $32 less for 1,000 bushels of 24 per
cent moisture content corn than for 1,000 bushels of 16 per cent mois-
ture content corn, at 40 cents per bushel, in order to receive the same
feeding value.

In conclusion, I want to urge upon you as growers of corn to give
the question of the moisture content in breeding, growing and caring
for the corn after it is harvested, your earnest attention, in order that
we may not incur further interference in the marketing of this most
valuable of grains by drastic pure food regulations with which we are
now threatened.

Following Mr. Well's address, Mr. Brown, of Chicago, made a
practical demonstration of the use of moisture-testing apparatus.

Afternoon Session.

President Sykes, presiding.

Professor John A. Evvard, of the loAva Agricultural College, de-
livered the following address:

BEEP MAKING IN IOWA.

By John M. Evvard, Animal Husbandry Section, Iowa Experiment Station.

How shall we feed our cattle so as to make the maximum profit?

This is the dominant issue in beef making in Iowa. The first essential

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 133

is that we shall prevent the waste of coarse fodders, efficiently convert-
ing them into salable beef. Our corn stalks, fed as silage, should yield
a big revenue. We must have legumes in our rotations, preferably al-
falfa or clover, although soy beans and cowpeas may do, so as to keep
up the nitrogenous fertility. The successful general farm practices in-
clude a legume as one of the crops. These rough leguminous hays grown
in our fields and fed in our feed lots or as pasture not only will keep
up the nitrogenous fertility, but will furnish the organic matter so vitally
essential in a productive soil The fertility residue resulting from cattle
feeding must ever and anon be one of the profits derived from the feed-
ing operation. The time has not yet come when we can advantageously
buy in commercial quantities all of the fertilizing elements, such as
nitrogen, phosphorus, etc., needed in the maintenance and conservation
of our soils.

We are on the border-edge of a new beef making period. It is now
up to us to cut all the costs of production to their minimum. This is
to be done largely by refining the operation, growing our own cattle of
the best possible beef making breeds, and finishing them out as baby
beeves. We will grow alfalfa and clover because they are premier cattle
feeds as well as most superior soil restorers. We here in Iowa should
bear in mind that our location is ideal for beef production, that we are
in the center of a cheap food producing region, and that on all sidesi of
us the best parts of other states touch. We have as cheap corn as any
state in the Union, which means cheap silage. We can also grow alfalfa
and clover, and, because of their relative cheapness as compared to
other states, market such feedstuffs to more advantage through the live
stock than by selling them direct from the farm. Beef finishing and
growing tend to ultimately settle in those sections of abundant cheap
feed. Meat, milk, poultry and egg production,are centering in Iowa be-
cause we can thus condense our products for shipment and at less pro-
duction cost than our neighbors. If any middle west state is going to
raise cattle, it is going to be Iowa, largely because transportation facili-
ties, general location and economic advantages favor us.

What is the value of an acre of corn stalks if preserved in the form
of silage? Our figures, secured by actual trial, show that when clover
hay is worth $10 as a cattle food, corn silage is practically worth two-
fifths as much, or $4. Last year, with silage costing $3.20 a ton, the clo-
ver hay would have had to have been bought at $7.66 to have been
equally as efficient. However, assuming silage to be two-fifths as valu-
able as clover, which is less than the figures show, we find that ten tons
of corn silage was worth, at the rate of $4 per ton, $40. We have the
following charges, however, against this ten tons:

Fifty bushels of corn, at 82 cents per bushel $16.00

When corn is worth 40 cents at the elevator, as it now is, the
field value will be at least 8 cents less, or 32 cents per
bushel. Eight cents covers husking, board of man, feed
of the team, maintenance of wagon and hauling to market.

134

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Cost of putting ten tons of silage into the silo, at 70 cents per ton. . 7.00
This includes all costs of machinery depreciation, as well as
horse and man lahor.

Value of the stalks as they stand in the field 1.00

Storage in an Iowa silo, at 23 cents per ton 2.30

Total charge against the ten tons of silage $26.30

Deducting the charges against this acre of silage, or ten tons, we
have left for the corn stalks a value of $13.70 an acre, and if clover
hay is worth $10 a ton, an acre of corn stalks from fifty bushel corn
land is easily worth this $13.70. Does it not pay to gather and put into
the silo a part of them?

To determine the comparative value of silage and clover for two-
year-old cattle, and furthermore, to discover the best methods of feed-
ing silage, we have carried on quite comprehensive experiments at the
Iowa experiment station the past few years. One trial, especially that
of 1911-1912, in which five lots of ten steers each were fed, expresses
typically the general results of our experience. That corn silage is a
most acceptable and efficient fattening steer feed, the following figures
rlearly show:

CORN SILAGE A PROFITABLE CATTLE FEED.

Two-year-old steers, ten in a lot, November 23, 1911, to April 21, 1912 —
150 days. Animal Husbandry Section, Iowa Experiment Station.
Shelled corn and cottonseed meal, all lots.

Full-fed, 40 days.

90 days.

>

O

'S

1

1

Initial weight

Final weight

Daily gain, average . . .

Feed eaten, daily aver-
age:

Shelled corn

Cottonseed meal

Clover hay

940
1,229.7
2.398

20.20
2.28
9.02

$12.63

10.83

7.69
17.27
2.669

943
1,299
2.373

16.95
3.08
3.90

22.35

$11.77

9.62

7.72
22.22
1.617

919
1,261.3

2.281

15.60
3.08

920
1,246
2.169

13.71
3.08

922.8
1,257
2.228

14.64
3.08

Corn silage

Cost of a 100 per cent
gain, excluding hogs

Net cost of a 100 per cent
gain, deducting hog
profits

27.10
$10.65

9.10

7.61

22.03 •

2.482

30.81
$10.74

9.08

7.60
22.45
2.568

28.62
$10.72

8 81

Actual selling i)rice at
Ames*

7 62

Net profit on each steer. .
Shrink, per cent

23.46
2.307

*Initial home cost equals $4.65. Chicago values are: Lot 1, $8.20; Lot
2, $8.15; Lots 3, 4 and 5, $8.10. Hogs, $6.10 first ninety days, $7.50 last
sixty days. Feed prices: Corn, 50, 51, 55, 57 and 65 cents, by months;
cottonseed meal, $28; clover, $15; silage, $3.20. Roughage fed according to
appetite, twice daily, except Lot 5 limited last two months.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 135

The silage fed cattle, without a single exception, returned greater profit
than where clover was fed as the lone roughage. By using silage, the
gains were cheapened and the profit per steer increased.

Where both clover and silage were allowed as compared to ciither clovtr
or silage alone, the steers being put upon a full feed in forty days, the
advantagfs are slightly in favor of the clover-silage combination. Inas-
much as it is fundamentally important that we grow legumes such as
clover or alfalfa upon the farm, we are glad indeed, that the figures show
that both the clover and silage can be used to advantage when fed in com-
bination. Alfalfa should give slightly better results than clover, because
of its higher protein content and better average quality. In the absence
of a legume hay, experience has taught us that some oat straw may be
utilized to advantage. Steers getting a full feed of silage, however, will
consume very little dry roughage, be it a legume or other roughage.

The co.st of silage as figured in our 1911-1912 test was $3.20 a ton. We
are all interested in silage costs, and how we shall figure them. The above
summary of cost shows our method of figuring, basing the silage value as
nearly as possible upon its market worth, and using the elevator market
price of corn as a basis.

These costs of course allow the growler a profit on his field corn if the
market permits. Fertility hauled from the farm in the corn grain and
cobs (if these are sold) is not credited. According to the above compu-
tation, based upon actual figures, with corn worth 40 cents at the market,
we find that silage costs $2.63 a ton. With every cent increase in the
price of corn, the silage goes up 5 cents a ton. With corn at 50 cents a
bushel, silage is worth $3.13.

How much silage shall we feed, and how shall we distribute it during
the feeding period? Our experience clearly shows that steers getting silage
should be given a very heavy feed from the very beginning of the fatten-
ing period. To induce the consumption of a maximum amount of silage
early in the feeding game, the corn can be somewhat limited. We com-
pared different methods of feeding silage, as shown in the table presented,
one lot being put on a full feed of grain the first forty days, the other two
in ninety days. The first lot w^as allowed all the corn and silage they
would eat, according to appetite, throughout the entire period. They
made a little more rapid gain than the other lots, but a smaller profit,
namely, $22.03 per steer. Where silage was pushed heavily the first ninety
days, and both silage and corn allowed according to appetite the last sixty
days, the profits w^ere $22.45. The last lot put on a full feed of grain in
ninety days, the corn being heavily pushed and the silage limited, showed a
still greater profit, or $23.46; this in spite of the increased cost of corn,
which mounted from 50 to 51 cents the first two months to 57 and 65
.cents, respectively, the last two months. If the corn had continued at the
same average price as during the first three months of the feeding period,
or 52 cents, the lots fed heavily on silage and light on corn early in the
period, and heavy on corn and light on silage at the finish, would have
clearly out-classed the ordinary method of full feeding both silage and
corn from the beginning.

136 IOWA DEPARTIVIENT OF AGRICULTURE

The steer will eat too much of the bulky, watery silage at the finish of
the fattening period. When on hay, the steer naturally comes down from
twenty pounds the first month to four pounds the- last month, the grain
going up accordingly. In this case, the grain tastes better than the hay.
With silage, however, the steer, instead of. going back on the silage to
the extent of 80 per cent, eats about fifteen to twenty pounds at the finish,
as compared to fifty at the beginning, or a decrease of only 60 to 70 per
cent; he likes silage too well. As the capacity becomes limited, and the
gains more concentrated, thus requiring more dry matter per unit increase,
the object should be to keep the feed just a little bit better than the cat-
tie, which merely means that the grain should form a steadily increasing
proportion of the ration as the animal puts on the marketable bloom.

The shrinkage on silage-fed cattle is not ordinarily greater than on dry-
fed ones. Our shrinkage trials clearly indicate that cattle receiving both
silage and dry roughness during the feeding period shrink less than those
on either dry feed or silage alone. The clover cattle in the winter of
1911-1912 shrank more than any of the silage lots, or 2.669 per cent, while
those getting both clover and silage shrank the least, or 1.617 per cent.
The silage lots ranged from 2.307 to 2.568 per cent. In 1910-1911, the
average shrink for the three silage-fed lots was less than the clover, while
the two lots receiving both silage and clover, shrank respectively, 1.504 and
1.989 per cent, as compared to 2.548 per cent for clover and 2.731 per cent
for silage. In shipping silage-fed steers, we make it a point to keep some
silage in the ration until the steers are shipped. We maintain the former
taste of the ration as nearly as possible, decreasing the supplement some-
what, however, and adding some oats and dry hay, preferably timothy,
together with oat straw if available. The corn feed is decreased only suf-
ficient to allow for the consumption of some oats, say one-fourth to one-
third of the ration. By following these precautions, our silage-fed cattle
have shipped, filled and sold v\'ell. In the spring of 1912, not a single steer
showed a tendency to laxativeness until the yards wxre reached.

That a good quality of silage, efficient for beef production, be made,
due attention must be paid to maturity, palatability, quality and moisture.
The best silage is made at about the fodder cutting stage, when the ears
are well dented and the leaves not too dry. It is well to let the grain de-
velop as much as possible without losing too much of the stalk's green-
ness. I would rather cut corn too mature, and put water on it, than cut it
too green. Green corn makes dark, sour silage, while mature corn makes
light, uniform-colored silage. Silage, to be palatable, must be sweet and
free from mold. The peculiar, pungent, stimulating taste typical of good
silage is easily recognized. If the knives are kept sharp, the shucks will
be cut finely enough to avoid waste. Dull knives allow the whole shucks
to go through; these shucks are particularly prone to collect in chunks and
form a starter for mold. By quality of silage, we refer to the percentage
of grain as compared to stover, the grain content should be high. It seems
as though the higher yielding fields of corn make the better silage, possibly
due to the fact that such fodder furnishes more nearly optimum moisture
conditions. The moisture should not be over 70 per cent, better still if it

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV

137

is 65 per cent. An animal will consume more dry matter in the form of
silage if the moisture is 65 per cent than if it is 70 to 80 per cent; further-
more, too much moisture is undesirable because it tends to produce a sour
silage. About 40 per cent of the emphasis should be placed upon maturity,
30 per cent upon palatability, 20 per cent upon quality, and 10 per cent
upon moisture.

The striking efficiency of silage for a short feed is surprising. To show
you that silage tends to put on very rapid gains early in the period, as
well as cheap ones, I place before you some figures:

SILAGE SUPERIOR FOR SHORT FEED.

Two-year-olds of 1,000 pounds, ten in lot, November 22, 1910, to April
21, 1911, 150 days. Animal Husbandry Section, Iowa Experiment Sta-
tion. Shelled corn and cottonseed meal, both lots.

90 Days.

1

>
o

O

Daily gain, average

Cost of 100 pounds*

2.80
$7.15

3.11

$5.84

120 Days.

Daily gain, average

2.66

$7.84

2 68

Cost of 100 pounds*

$6.12

Entire Period, 150 Days.

Daily gain, average

2 61 2 45

Cost of 100 pounds*

$7.91 $7.^2

*Hogs excluded. Corn, 36 cents; cottonseed meal, $28; clover, $10; si-
lage, $2.50.

For a ninety-days feed, silage is the best roughage available in the
corn belt. It clearly outclasses clover, as is shown by a gain of 3.11
pounds over 2.8 pounds. The cost of a hundred pounds gain is also
much cheaper, or $5.84 as compared to $7.15. As the period progressed,
the clover seemed to gain an advantage, due largely, however, to the
method of feeding. We did not know at that time that it was necessary
to limit the silage at the end of the fattening period to secure optimum
results. As a result, the silage steers ate more of the canned corn fod-
der than was best. All of the cattle feeders who passed through the sheds
at about ninety days remarked much in this vein: "How much better
those silage-fed steers do look! They have more finish, and certainly
would outsell the others 25 cents on the hundred." Actual experiment
has shown, as compared to clover in a ninety-day feed, that silage cattle
rightly fed will sell from 10 to 75 cents higher. The enhanced value of
the carcass, coupled with the more rapid and cheaper gains, tells the
Story of silage short feeding superiority.

138

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Corn silage is not a complete food for fattening cattle, being espe-
cially deficient in muscle formers. We have to supply this deficiency by
buying protein concentrates, such as cottonseed meal, cold pressed cake,
linseed oil meal and others. Alfalfa and clover help somewhat, but are
not sufficient. To determine whether or not clover furnishes sufficient
protein to balance a ration of shelled corn and silage, we carried on a
practical feeding trial in 1910-1911. The advantage of feeding cotton-
seed meal is depicted in the more rapid and cheaper gains and in the
enhanced value of the carcass.

SUPPLEMENT YOUR CaRN AXD SILAGE IT PAYS.

Two-year-old steers of 1,000 pounds. 1910-1911 results. Animal Hus-
bandry Section, Iowa Experiment Station.

90 Days Feed.

Daily gain, average

Daily feed, average —

Shelled corn

Cottonseed meal

gilage

Clover

Cost of 100 pounds gain,

Increased selling price, due to cottonseed meal, 10 to 25 cents.

In this trial, corn was valued at 36 cents, cottonseed meal at $28,
clover at $10, and silage at $2.50. Cottonseed meal was added to the
the shelled corn-silage-clover lot during the last sixty days of a 150-day
period, but in spite of the comparatively higher finish Induced by the
meal, these cattle when put upon the market, sold for 20 cents a hun-
dred less than the steers receiving cottonseed meal during the entire
five months. These figures are somewhat striking. Ordinarily we ex-
pect the gains to be more rapid, and to cost less where cottonseed meal
is allowed. In addition, we get the added profit by increasing the total
gains and the finish upon the cattle. An enhanced value of 25 cents
a hundred pounds is equal to $3.50 on a 1,400-pound steer. One readily
sees that he does not have to enhance the value of the finished carcass
much to make quite a difference in the results.

Having spent practically five years in Missouri, and three with the
experiment station. I can not refrain from giving you some of the re-
.cent results secured there by Professor Allison. Where $33 oil meal
Y/^fy added to 40-cent corn, $3.50 silage and $10 rloyer, to two-ye^voKl

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV

139

steers, for a period of 130 days, the gains were increased over the basal
ration from 2.31 to 3.15, the cost decreased from $6.97 to $6.89, the sell-
ing price increased from $6.10 to .$6.45, and the shrink decreased from 5.9
per cent to 5.4 per cent. What more could we ask of a supplement than
this; and yet just 2.7 pounds of this oil meal was fed daily per steer dur-
ing the entire feeding period. It was further found that $30.25 meal and
$25.50 cold pressed cake in the next year, when added to corn, clover and
silage, increased the gains from 2.65 to 2.85, increased the selling price
25 to 30 cents, and profit per steer $3 to $5. The judicious and intelligent
use of supplement along with corn and corn silage should increase the
profits from the silage feeding operations. This is true even though clover
or alfalfa are allowed in conjunction with a full feed of silage. The fat-
tening steer will not eat enough of these leguminous hays to balance the
ration from a practical dollars and cents standpoint

Which protein concentrate is cheapest and best? That depends on
the roughage you are feeding it with, as well as upon the age of the cat-'
tie. We have known for a number of years that linseed oil meal was
especially adapted to calf feeding, or the making of baby beef, giving re-
sults wholly beyond our most sanguine expectations. A comparison of
cottonseed and linseed meal was made by the animal husbandry section
in the winter of 1909-1910, the calves being fed for a period of 203 days.
The basis of the ration was corn and cob meal, in conjunction with some
coarse over-ripe clover hay. These surprising results are given for your
consideration:

COTTONSEED VS. LINSEED MEAJL.

Calves (fourteen at 385 pounds), November 19, 1909, to June 10, 1910—
203 days. Animal Husbandry Section, Iowa Experiment Station.
Corn and cob meal, supplement, and clover hay.***

T3

(D

o

S

n

11
.2 a

o

J

2.185

2.305

13.40

13.70

1.84

1.84

2.05

2.04

613

594

83

80

94

89

$5.49*

$5.29

6.46**

8.00

7.75

8.00

3.02

3.63

58.5

60

Daily gain, average

Daily feed, average —

Corn and cob meal . .

Supplement

Clover hay

Feed for 100 pounds gain-
Corn and cob meal . . .

Supplement

Clover hay

Cost of 100 pounds gain. .

Selling price of "babies"

Shrinkage, per cent

Dressing, per cent

*Corn and cob meal, 43 cents; cottonseed meal, $30; linseed, $30; hay,
$10. **Corn and cob meal, 53 cents; cottonseed, $30; linseed, $30; hay, $12.
***Clover somewhat coarse, cut too ripe. Cottonseed meal, 46.85 per cent
protein; oil meal, 40.45 per cent.

140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

That the linseed oil meal calves should out-gain those getting cotton-
seed meal, require less feed per hundred pounds gain, and make cheaper
gains (supplement costing the same), and that they should sell for a
higher price, and dress a higher percentage, but shrink more, is not sur-
prising. However, we are somewhat dumbfounded when we learn that
the cottonseed meal, in order to have broken even with oil meal at $30 a
ton, would had to have been bought at $13.28, or, putting it in another
way, that with cottonseed meal costing $30, we could afford to pay $46.44
a ton for the oil meal, and still come out even. When you decrease the
cost of gains 20 cents and increase the selling price 25 cents a hundred,
it makes a big difference in the profits. This is precisely what oil meal
did as compared with the cottonseed meal. That the somewhat coarse
clover, cut when over-ripe, is indirectly responsible for the good showing
of the oil meal is quite likely.

In making the computation concerning the worth of oil meal, we
counted the initial cost of the calves at $7.80, figured corn and cob meal
at 43 cents, and the hay at $10. By changing the value of the corn and
cob meal to 53 cents, and increasing the hay to $12, we find that we
could afford to pay $46.28 for the oil meal, as compared to $30 for the
cottonseed meal. The differences in the price of corn and hay mentioned
made little difference in the relative efficiency of the oil meal.

That oil meal should run 40.45 per cent protein is somewhat unusual,
this being about five pounds higher on the hundred than is usually guar-
anteed and found. However, the cottonseed meal also runs 46.85 per cent
protein, or from five to six pounds higher than common. This makes the
relative comparison as reliable as though the normal percentage were
found in both, or 35 per cent for the oil meal and 41 per cent for the cot-
tonseed meal.

That the roughage fed should affect the efficiency of oil meal, I have
alluded to. In figuring over some of the recent Nebraska experiments, I
find that where cold pressed cake is costing $25, the same being fed in
conjunction v/ith corn and corn silage, that one could not afford to pay
more than $27.66 for linseed meal in order to come out even. This is on
calves. A later trial run on the same cattle, the roughage being changed
from silage to prairie hay, showed that when cold pressed cake cost $25
that linseed meal is worth every cent of $37.66. Here is an emphatic
difference in the efficiency of the supplement caused indirectly by the
roughage.

That linseed was especially efficient when fed with timothy hay, I have
often noticed. Cottonseed meal fed with timothy tends to aggravate tne
constipating tendency of the ration, while the laxativeness of the linseed
has the opposite effect. Where linseed is fed with corn silage, the laxa-
tive principle is not especially needed, hence we find that the relative
efficiency of linseed in this case is not marked.

As the cattle become older, linseed becomes relatively less efficient as
compared to cottonseed. Professor Allison, of Missouri, in 1911, fed some
long two-year-olds, comparing cottonseed and oil meal. Counting the two
supplements at the same price, the relative profits of the cottonseed per

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV

141

steer were twice as large as the oil meal. The gains were also more
rapid with the cottonseed, or 2.87, as compared to 2.6. Silage was used
as a roughness in this experiment.

The relative efficiency of oil meal and cottonseed meal, therefore, is
not easy to express in figures. However, when silage is being used, oil
meal is probably worth for calves about $35 a ton, when cottonseed costs
$30; for yearlings $32 or $33, while with two-year-olds or older it is a
toss-up. Now when prairie or timothy hay, corn fodder, corn stover, mil-
let, or other neutral or constipating roughage is used, oil meal for calves,
with cottonseed rneal at $30, should be worth 337 to $39; with yearlings,
$34 to $35, and with two-year-olds or older $31 to $32.

How about cottonseed meal versus cold pressed cake? We compared
these two supplements with the following results:

COTTONSEED MEAL VS. COLD PRESSED CAKE.

Yearlings (seven at 700 pounds), December 18, 1908, to June 4, 1909—168
days. Animal Husbandry Section, Iowa Experiment Station. Corn
and cob meal, supplement, and mixed hay.

^

c3

^-^

a 2

^

•72 *"

CO

03 ^

OJ

CO ri

;-i

^2

3 c3

O

o

Daily gain, average

Daily feed, average —

Corn and cob meal . . .

Supplement

Mixed hay

Feed for 100 pounds gain-
Corn and cob meal . .

Supplement

Mixed hay

Cost of 100 pounds gain . .

Selling price of cattle

14.43
4.35
5.29

*Corn and cob meal, 43 cents; cottonseed meal, $30; cold pressed cake,
$25; hay, $10. **Corn and cob meal, 53 cents; cottonseed meal, $30; cold
pressed cake, $25; hay, $12. Cottonseed meal, 42.867 protein; cold cake,
28.09 per cent.

With the yearlings, mixed hay being used, the two supplements gave
practically equal gains, equal costs, and equal selling prices. The cold
pressed cake, however, was figured at $25 and the cottonseed meal at
$30. .It is interesting to note that the staple average price difference be-
tween these two feeds as determined directly by supply and demand (or
indirectly by the common sense of the feeder), is approximately $5.

At the Missouri station. Professor Allison compared cold pressed cake
and cottonseed meal. He fed them, however, in equal quantities, which

142 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

is somewhat objectionable from a practical standpoint. The results prob-
ably would have been different had he based his allowance on equal money
values or on equal protein content. As it was, however, he found that the
gains of the cattle were practically the same, but the cold pressed cattle
sold for 5 cents higher. The profits were practically the same with $30
meal and $16 cake. One serious disadvantage of the cake, as shown by
the figures, is that it seemed to inhibit silage consumption to the extent
of four or five pounds per head daily, which, on the two-year-old steer
is quite an item in the production of cheap gains.

The preparation of the -corn fed is likewise dependent somewhat upon
the roughage. With dry hays, it has been our custom to recommend that
broken ear corn be fed up until the time that the steer begins shelling the
corn himself, when a portion of the corn, as gauged by the steer's appetite,
should be given shelled. It seems that it does not pay to grind unless one
has no hogs to follow. Toward the end of the feeding period, the addition
of the cob to the ration is preferably undesirable, and it may be that our
observations showing the superiority of shelled corn at this time may be
interpreted on the cob theory, namely, that it should not occupy im-
portant space in the paunch during the finishing process, when grain
would do so much better.

Corn and cob meal has never appealed to me very strongly unless it
were in the "getting-on-feed process." Experiments run by the Illinois
station showed that the broken ear corn, when fed in conjunction with
dry clover, was superior to corn and cob meal. Professor Coffey, of the
same station, working with lambs, has also shown that the ear corn was
much more efficient than the corn and cob meal.

Our experience with lambs this winter has shown clearly that where
alfalfa is used, the grain and alfalfa being kept the same in all the lots,
that the broken ear corn is the most efficient, shelled corn second, and
ground corn clearly the least desirable method of preparation. On the
same amount of corn and alfalfa, the broken ear corn lambs lead, shelled
second, and ground last, in actual gains made. On silage, ground corn
and broken ear are practically tied in the amount of gains, with shelled
corn last.

That shelled corn is more desirable for cattle receiving silage is
somewhat indicated by the Illinois station results of last year. However,
the results are not conclusive. We have found at this station that shelled
corn is very efficient, and our judgment is that it is better than the broken
ear when fed in conjunction with silage. We do not believe it pays to
grind because of the added expense incurred.

The age at which we should market our cattle is dependent, of course,
upon whether we grow them or buy them. If we grow our own beef
from well-bred dams and sires of the typical beef breeds — Angus, Short-
horn, Hereford and Galloway — we can not afford to keep the calves through
the yearling and two-year-old stage. We must get rid of them as quickly
as possible, marketing them as baby beef at the handy weights of 1,100
to 1,200 pounds, and while they are still yearlings.

That the "pushing from birth" and "early marketing" pays is clearly
shown by some practical farm figures presented.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV

143

IMAKE BABY BEEF OR WELI^BRED, HOME-GROWN CATTLE.

Actual Farm Figures*, computed by Animal Husbandry Section, Iowa
Experiment Station. Herefords of identical breeding; calves and
yearlings fed, beginning January 1st.

i

1

H

CQ

20

23

336

259

475

775

1140

1144

1.979

1.425

12.72

13.63

1.94

2.07

.39

.27

.56

1.43

2.21

2.25

3.27

2.00

2.27

$10.79

$15.65

6.00

5.70

10.55**

10.48**

20.03

14.04

Number of cattle

Number of days

Initial weight

Final weight

Daily gain, average

Daily feed, average —

Shelled corn

Cotton or linseed meal

Bran

Oats

Corn stover

Corn silage

Alfalfa hay ■. .

Pasture ***

Cost of feed for 100 pounds gain. . . .
Initial cost per 100 pounds (home) . .
Selling price per 100 pounds (home)
Net profit per head

♦Walnut Ridge Stock Farm, Monona County, Iowa. **Baby beeves,
fifteen at $11.10, five at $10.15, Chicago; two-year-olds, eight at $10, fif-
teen at $11.40, Sioux City. ***Baby beeves on pasture May 27th to Octo-
ber 16th (142 days); two-year-olds on pasture May 21st to August 19th
(90 days).

Feed Costs — Corn, 65 cents; cottonseed meal, $30.50; oil meal, $38;
bran, $28; oats, 26 cents; hay, $10; stover, $3; silage, $4; pasture, 60
cents a month for babies, 70 cents for yearlings. Chicago market about
5 to 15 cents higher on Decem.ber 2d than on September 16th.

When we consider that the actual value of the calves at the start was
$6, and of the yearlings $5.70 a hundred, we can readily see that there was
not much profit in carrying calves over the second year. Furthermore,
when it came to finishing out these cattle, the babies made the most
rapid and economical gains, and furthermore sold on practically an
identical market for the same money as the tw^o-year-olds.. The net profits
of the operation showed $6 a head in favor of the babies, or $20.03 as
compared to $14.04. These figures are quite accurate, and show the
futility of keeping well-bred home-grown cattle until they are two-year-
olds before they are fattened on the average tillable corn belt farm.

Silage deserves the emphasis in this address. It is altogether fitting
and proper in closing to quote some of the many advantages of conserving
part of the corn crop as silage. They may be enumerated as follows:

144 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

A sure crop of roughage.

Large yield per acre at a comparatively small cost per ton.

Increases the stock carrying capacity of the farm.

The nutrients of corn conserved in efficient form.

No waste in feeding, and but little in keeping. The spoiled layer of
silage on top can be thrown to the hogs, and they wall gather the corn
from it. Better still, husk out the fodder and run stover only on top
of the silo, thus you will waste no corn grain; stover is cheap.

Succulent, furnishing pasture conditions in the winter time.

Palatable, relished by all domestic animals.

Convenient to feed. No long hauls on wet land; no muddied and
puddled fields; no snow up the coat sleeves, as in the fodder way.

Conserves fertility, indirectly, by removing the temptation of selling
corn from the farm.

May supplement drouth-stricken pastures.

Stores and keeps well, much better than clover hay, which inclines
to become dusty.

Economically stored.

Help to destroy w^eeds.

Puts finish and bloom on stock such as few other feeds do.

Silage-fed cattle ship well if handled ri^tly.

May save immature corn.

Jerome Smitii, Corning : Dees all this profit come about by the
uee of the Iowa silo, and does that mean one built in Iowa?

Professor Evvard : We refer to the Iowa silo because it really is
a farm silo — the hollovN' block silo, made out of the clay products of
the soil. This silo has been pushed by the engineering department
at Ames, and has been found very successful. Although we have
been bulieted around by the wooden silo and other silo men, the
Iowa s"lo is good; it will keep silage as well as any other silo, and
it is as cheap. I am not sure that you can store silage for 23 cents
a ton in all the other silos, and I know you can in the Iowa silo.

A Member: My brother has a hollow block silo, and the silage
has spoiled for eight inches all the way around. What is the
trouble ?

Professor Evvard: The silage probably was not tamped well
around the edges. It is important in putting up silage to keep a
man going around at the A^ery edge and keep it tamped down solid-
ly. It may be that that could be remedied somewhat by putting a
thin coat of cement on the inside of the silo. I would advise you to
v/rite to Professor Davidson, of the engineering department.

A Member : There were two men Avorking in this silo continually,
and on the second filling they ran the hose up into the silo and wet

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL- YEAR BOOK— PART IV 145

it down thoroughly and tramped it down; and nevertheless that
second filling" never paid for putting it in, and eight inches spoiled
all the way around.

Professor Evvard : If the men tramped around right at the
edge, there must be some other factors working. There are many
men here who have used hollow block silos ; perhaps they could give
you some information.

James E, Downing: I would like to ask what is the experience
as regards the fill at the market of silage-fed cattle as compared
^vith straight corn-fed?

Professor Evvard: Some record the experience that silage-fed
cattle drink more when they get to market. Some of ours did and
some did not. I know that they shrink very little going to market.
Some of them went clear to Chicago without a bit of laxativeness.

The President : The next subject on the program is "Some Prof-
itable Yfays to Produce Beef," by Mr. Rex Beresford, beef cattle
expert of the Beef Producers' Association.

PROFITABLE BEEP PRODUCTION.

Mr. Beresford: Mr. President and Gentlemen — I see that on the program
for tomorrow you have Mr. McCroskey, president of the Kansas City Live
Stock Exchange, and he is going to talk to you about the prospective feed-
er cattle supply. Under these circumstances, I hesitate a good deal about
trying to say anything about the prospective feeder cattle supply for the
Iowa cattle feeder, although personally I have some pretty strong convic-
tions on that subject. In fact, when I started out laboring under this high-
sounding, euphonious title that Mr. Sykes announced a while ago, "beef
cattle expert for the Iowa Beef Producers' Association," the first thing
that happened to me every time I stepped on the cattle feeder's farm was
to have these questions fired at me: "Where are we going to get our
feeders?" or "How much are we going to have to pay for feeders this next
fall," or "How are we going to get cheaper feeders?" or some other
phase of this feeder cattle problem. They were fired at me so often
that I thought I had better try to get wise, if possible, as to the feeder
cattle prospects for Iowa and for the United States. So I got busy and
got together all thie statistics as to the beef cattle supply in the various
feeder cattle producing states that I could get hold of. Of course, I took
Uncle Sam's figures in general; then the census figures; then I wrote
to the secretaries of the various boards of agriculture in the states that
have been producing beef cattle; and I tried to digest all these figures
and com.e to some conclusion. The more figures I got together, the more
discouraging the outlook seemed; because when we began to look back on
the situation, say about twelve years ago, we had, according to the census
figures in 1900, a little better than 50,000,000 head of beef cattle in the
United States, a pretty good percentage of which was breeding stock. In
10

146 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

1912 we had about 37,000,000 head, or a little better. Secretary Wilson's
latest announcement is about 36,200,000 head, and personally I believe
that he is just a little bit high in his estimate. But from the figures that
I could gather from the secretaries of the boards of agriculture, the
cattlemen, the secretaries of the beef producers' associations, and all
the organizations that I could reach during this last year, I have come
to the conclusion that there are just about forty per cent of the breeding
beef cattle in the west, the northwest and the southwest, that there were
eight, ten and twelve years ago. I don't claim that these figures are ab-
solutely right or authentic, but from the figures I can get together from
these sources, that is just about the situation. The fact that so much
land has been placed under irrigation, so much dry farming propaganda
distributed, and so much of the range country cut up into small farms
and homesteaded, has spoiled the cattle range. Also, the sheepman has
come in, and that has helped spoil the feeder supply out there, because
where the sheep graze the cow has pretty slim picking.

All these facts together set me to thinking that perhaps we were not
going to be able to get enough feeders. Those of you who have tried to
buy feeders any time within the last year have had that brought home
pretty plainly, because you have not been able to get the feeders you
wanted at prices you would like to pay. Sometimes they make a man's
hat rise straight up, if he has any hair underneath it, when they price
these feeders that you would like to take home. So I tried to see if in
the state of Iowa there was any way of getting around this feeder cattle
proposition; whether we could raise beef cattle here; whether anybody
had done it; whether there was any prospect of profit in it. As soon as
I began to ask men about this, the average man in the cattle feeding
business would tell me right away: "You can't keep a cow on $150 or
$200 Iowa land for her calf and make any money at it; you have got to
milk the cow if you keep her in Iowa." But I hated to take that sort of
an answer all the way around, and so I began to hunt around for men who
had been doing something of that sort, and I visited, all told, during this
last year, ninety-seven men who have been keeping cows and growing
what we call baby beef here in Iowa,

You have seen from the chart that Professor Evvard showed you a
short time ago that there is some saving in the baby beef proposition
over the two-year-olds when you have the cattle all grown here. The
yearling feeds out better. Of the ninety-seven men that I found who had
been growing baby beef in Iowa, I could get figures from just twenty-
four. The rest could not tell me that they made some money; a couple
said they hadn't made any. Only two were visited who had lost money
during a period of from three to twelve years, and even those two thought
they had made a little this last year. But from the twenty-four men
referred to I got pretty fairly accurate figures on the total cost of pro-
ducing those calves. During the last year these men had produced 816
calves. They had brought them along as calves following the cows to
pasture, had fed them from weaning time on. and sold them some time be-
tween the last of April and the first of September. They averaged about
832 pound? per head, apd they sold at an average price of $8.60 a bun-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 147

dred. That meant that they brought $69 a head. We figured up the
amount of feed that it had taken to produce those calves, and instead
of taking each man's farm prices, we standardized the price, putting an
average of 60 cents a bushel on corn, corn silage as high as $4 a ton;
clover hay as high as $15 a ton; and we charged the old cow and her
calf $1.50 a month for pasture during the pasture season. For these 816
calves it cost, counting the cost of keeping not only the cow that pro-
duced the calf, but the extra cows necessary to produce just about an
average of 85 per cent of calves, the cost of service, of feeding the calf
up to the time of sale, and everything else, it cost about $62 a head under
1911 and 1912 conditions, growing them up to 832 pounds in weight.
That means that there was $7 a head profit on those calves.

That looked to me like a pretty fair solution — for some men at least —
of this feeder cattle proposition. That is not handed out as a cure-all
for everybody, or with the thought that all the cattle feeders ought not
to buy feeders any more, but go into the production of baby beef; but it
shows that some men are producing beef on Iowa land that ranges as
high as $225 an acre down to as low as $95, and some of it even as low
as $85 or $90 an acre, sweeping from the northwestern part of the state
clear down to the southeastern. These figures came from close to eighty
counties, so that they are fairly representative of the state of Iowa.

The man who made the most money on his calves was the one who had
the best grade of breeding stock to start with. It does not take long to
see that you can't make baby beef out of dairy stock or a very poor
grade of scrub stock. Your cow must be a pretty fair grade of breeding
cow, with some beef blood in her. She does not need to be what you call
a high-class beef cow, but she must have some beef type. The strongest
emphasis needs to be laid on the character of the sire of these calves from
which we are going to try to make baby beef. You can't make baby
beef out of the calves that come from what is commonly known as a glue
bull — one that dresses out into more hoofs, horns and bones than he does
beef; the calves don't begin to mature early enough; they won't fatten
out, and there is no use in monkeying with them. The sort of sire the
man had who made the best success out of the baby beef proposition
was a bull of low-set, close-to-the-ground type, wide and thick-fleshed,
heavy in the hind quarters, thick, heavy and smooth in the loin, and
wide in the ribs and back. I have seen a good many of the sires that
have been getting baby beef calves during the last year, and the men who
are making the best at this business don't always buy a bull with just
the proper turn of horn for a prize winner in that particular breed, or the
proper markings, or anything of that kind; but they go out after the sire
that is strong where you want your calf to be strong. You can't get the
baby beef calf from any other source except a sire that would have made
a good baby beef himself.

Another thing is the care of the pastures. The men who made the
best success out of the baby beef business took the best care of their
blue grass pastures, who had the most stock on the fewest acres of pas-
ture, who got the most food off every acre; and most of these men who
were doing good work in that line were hauling some manure on these

148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

pastures. They were men who cut the ragweed before it went to seed,
and some of them had paid a little attention to disking the seed-bound
places and putting in a little grass seed on the places where it had been
killed out.

Another thing was the silo. Professor Evvard has talked silage to you
a good while, and I would like to talk it some more, because the silo is
one of the indispensable things when you are trying to make baby beef.
When you can feed the old cow through the winter on from 35 to 40
pounds of silage and 6 or 7 pounds of hay, and have her come out in
better shape in the spring than she went in in the fall, you can afford
to keep her for the calf she will raise. If you try to feed her out on
$15 clover hay, supplemented with high-priced corn, you can't afford to
keep her for the calf she will raise. But when you make use of these
cheaper feeds in the winter-time, you can do it at present prices, or even
at a little bit lower prices than we have right now.

In addition to the points mentioned, the making use of rough feed in
other ways than through the silo, and the furnishing of proper shelter
comes in. Good care of the cattle themselves helps out a whole lot in
lowering this cost of beef production. A man who goes into the baby
beef business with the expectation of not paying any attention to the
calves is likely to have a pretty low per cent of live calves to his credit
when he gets his calves finally out on pasture and sucking the cow for the
summer. If he is going to make a success of the business, he must
know something about the cattle business, and follow that pretty closely
while he is in it. He can't be in a good many other jobs at the same time
and depend altogether on the hired man. The boys will do better than
the hired man, usually, especially if they own a share in those calves.

There is another way of producing beef here in Iowa that brings even
a little more profit than the straight baby beef proposition. This is a con-
vention of the meat producers of the state, and it is not safe, I sup-
pose, to say much about dairying! I reckon, too, it is not safe to talk
about that dual purpose cow; in fact, I have never said anything about
that dual purpose cow before any audience but what I have been stepped
on before I got outside the door! But it is a good deal this way about
the dual purpose cow for the Iowa farm. As one of the boys up at Ames
put it one time when I was debating the question of whether or not there
was a dual purpose cow: "The theory of the dual purpose cow has been
dead for twenty years or more; but as a living fact, the old cow is on
hundreds of Iowa farms today."' And she is. I did not know there were
so many of them until I began to hunt around for this beef-producing
proposition in Iowa. I have struck a great many farmers who are keep-
ing the old red cow that milks pretty well and is still able to produce
a calf that will feed out into a decent sort of steer; and I have met a good
many who are making money on just that proposition. They made it this
last year, and are expecting to do it again this year, and for a good many
years to come. And while I don't want to pose as a prophet (you know
what the Bible says about the old prophets being dead and the young
prophets fools), I will be fooled just the same unless there is a good
deal more beef production in that way carried on in Iowa for a good

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 149

many years to come. They are doing it in England; they are still mak-
ing beef and milk together from some of those old Short-horn cows. In
Iowa it seems to go by localities. I found towns where I would hear of
half a dozen men hauling cream to the station or selling milk to the
creamery, and yet feeding some steers. If you run out into that neigh-
borhood you will usually find that it is four or five farmers together who
are milking the old cow and growing the calf — sometimes on skim-milk,
sometimes two calves to the cow, sometimes they were mixing things up
in such shape that it would take a Philadelphia lawyer to decide just
how they were doing the thing. They grow them on the skim-milk and
the feed that they get during the first year, and then they begin to feed
them and get them on the market at the age of two years or twenty-six
months. The cost of making the finished beef out of that calf is to be
taxed against the calf, but the old cow has paid the calf's board up to
the end of the first year. It takes a man who is a skillful feeder to
handle calves in that way and make them come out well. You can't
make a very good steer out of a skim-milk calf — that is, our average idea
of one; but calves can be grown on skim-milk with the proper supple-
mental feed of oil meal and oats and oil meal and alfalfa hay and
silage, and come out right good calves.

Those are the two main methods of profitable beef production that I
have found here in Iowa. There have been some mixtures of the two.
Some men have tried to combine a little bit and milk the cow until she
begins to slack up; then turn the calf in and let it have the milk the
rest of the summer. The good part of the whole thing is that these
men are making money at it.

I have been accused by some men who have heard me talk about beef
production in this way of advising everybody in the state of Iowa who is
not in the dairy business, or who couldn't get plenty of feeders right
away at a cheap price, to go to producing beef in, one of these ways, but
I don't want to be taken as advising anything of that kind, because to
produce baby beef profitably a man has to know how to grow calves. He
has to pay some attention to his business, just the same as the man who
is producing any other sort of live stock profitably; just the same as the
man who is feeding steers profitably has to go at it with some intelli-
gence, and a whole lot more brains than the average man shows who
doesn't keep any sort of live stock; because if he showed the very highest
grade of intelligence, he would be likely to keep some live stock on his
farm to keep up its fertility. Not every farmer is fitted for that sort of
business, or has his labor or market conditions so that he can handle
every sort of beef production; but there are a good many men in Iowa
who are selling corn this year for from 33 to 40 cents a bushel who will
come to the point where they will keep some cattle on those farms, when
they can't get feeders, because they are beginning to find that this fer-
tility proposition is worth looking into. We had Professor F. G. King,
of the Indiana experiment station, on our beef cattle special last Decem-
ber, and he startled some of us when he told us that Indiana's fertilizer
bill for the last year amounted to a little more than the total receipts
from the sales of their surplus live stock from that state. The Illinois

150 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

fertilizer bill has doubled three times in the last six years, and they are
already beginning to ship some commercial fertilizers into Iowa to help
ont the fields on the farms of the men who have not been keeping live
stock. A lot of these fellows are going to producing beef rather than go
into the dairy business, to get manure to put on these fields that are
growing thin and running out.

I don't believe that under the circumstances there is likely to be any
over-production of beef here very soon, so that we w'ill knock the bot-
tom out of the market, considering the fact that there are so few beef
cattle in the western states — and in any other part of the United States,
for that matter. We are short on beef cattle all the way around.

I am sure my time is up, and I want to thank you for the hearing that
has been given me.

The President : Doctor J. I. Gibson, state veterinarian, is going
to give IS a lecture on the prevention of hog cholera, and how to
handle it in Iowa.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OP HOG CHOLERA.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Corn Beit Meat Producers' Associa-
tion: Mr. Wallace, your secretary, is to blame for getting me in this
position. At this time of year we are so busy that we haven't much time
to give to extras, and I have not been able to reduce a paper to writing.
I wdll try to give you a little talk along the line of control of hog cholera
and other diseases, which may be of some benefit.

In order to successfully combat any contagious or transmissible disease,
you must have a system. You must know the nature of the virus or germ
of that disease, and by what means it is transmitted from one animal to
another. Now, we must first admit that we don't know what the germ
of hog cholera is; nobody has found it yet. We further realize that it is
one of the most minute germs, in that there is no filter paper fine enough
to prevent its passage in fluid through the paper. Apparently, no micro-
scope is able to reveal the germ. It is called the filterable germ; that is
all we know about it; and that name was given it because we found out
that the finest filter paper will not stop the flow of the hog cholera germ.
You know what a filter is in the drug store: a funnel-shape with a paper
similar to blotting paper — some fine and some coarse.

Now, there is no use of my spending any time telling you about hog
cholera; you all know what it looks like, to your sorrow. You have all
read in the papers that last fall Professor Kennedy made a systematic
inquiry, covering the entire state, as to the existence of hog cholera and
the number of hogs that died in the various counties. He got reports
the latter part of November from eighty-five counties that had had
cholera in them. He also asked some of the best men in those counties to
gather the best information possible as to the loss and let him have it.
We all pay some attention to our crop reports and our weather reports
and statistics of that kind, and he undertook to gather this knowledge as
carefully as such statistics are gathered. A great number of counties
reported 400,000 loss, a number 300,000, and so on down the line. Then

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 151

he made his figures, based upon an ordinary crop of hogs in the state, and
came to the conclusion that we were losing at least a million dollars'
worth, not less than $12 per head

While I was speaking about the filterable germ, I should have said
that we base our theory that it is a germ disease upon the fact that it is
transmissible by inoculation from one hog to another. We have some of
the most deadly epidemics imaginable that are absolutely harmless so
far as any other animal is concerned, unless they get in touch with the
same cause. For instance, the horse plague which affected the southwest
country last fall could not be transmitted from one horse to another by
blood serum or serum from the cranial cavity. Cholera is easily trans-
missible, and surely transmissible in every case, unless you undertake to
transmit to either a natural or acquired immune.

Now, we believe hog cholera may be prevented, and some things have
been done toward laying the foundation for its control. There is an as-
sociation called the United States Association of Live Stock Sanitary
Boards, which meets every year in Chicago, about the time of the Inter-
national show. The membership is made up of state veterinarians, mem-
bers of live stock sanitary boards, and men in control of diseases in the
various states, and some of those engaged in laboratory work. Last De-
cember they adopted a set of resolutions that I will give you the gist of,
so you will know what they are aiming at. One is that all stock cars
at the end of a shipment of live stock be cleaned and disinfected. You
have all seen the stock cars go up and down the roads all the season,
with from one to two feet of manure in them, reeking with cholera and
tuberculosis, and nobody knows how many other germs. Manure is one
of the best mediums for the virus of these diseases to live in. At every
crossroads that stuff is being rooted and kicked out of the cars all over
this country. One ruling that the Live Stock Sanitary Association made
relative to that was that these cars should not be disinfected simply by
steam and whitewash, but be cleaned and disinfected. Wouldn't you
gentlemen rather have a car come to you to load your cattle or hogs in,
that was clean and properly sanded, than to have it reeking with filthy
manure that had been there all season? You know what it is to ride by
a trainload of empties in the summer-time, coming back for your stock;
you often have to put the windows down, especially if you stop at a sta-
tion alongside of those cars.

Another means of spreading of disease is the shipping of breeding hogs
from state to state. The Live Stock Sanitary Association passed a resolu-
tion favoring the treatment of all hogs shipped from one state to another,
except for immediate slaughter, but they didn't specify which treatment.
You have heard that there are two lines of treatment to be followed, but,
contemplating probably that it would be the serum only treatment, they
specify that it should be given not more than thirty days prior to ship-
ment. I happened to be on that committee, and after I thought the mat-
ter over, I concluded that we should have specified in that resolution
that if it was serum only treatment, not more than thirty days prior to
shipment; and if the serum simultaneous treatment, not less than thirty,
or probably not less than sixty days; because the simultaneously treated
Jiog may carry cholera.

152 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

I presume a number of you gentlemen here have attended the state
fair year after year, and probably, being ambitious to have a good crop
of hogs the following year, have bought a good boar. You got him home;
pretty soon he showed up sick, and died shortly; the hogs at home be-
gan to get sick, and they died. The fact was, you got a case of cholera
from the state fair or the Sioux City fair or some other fair. That was a
sort of package on the side in addition to what you paid for a nice boar.
You know you always pay a good price when you buy one at the fair;
you can buy them cheaper at the farm. Years ago we instituted an in-
spection of hogs at the state fair. We were the first state to start it.
Some thought it was sanitation on paper or just for the looks of it, or
the sound of it; they thought we would not know whether there were
any sick hogs at the fair or not. But we soon found out that every ex-
hibitor at the fair was a detective so far as his neighbors in the other
pens were concerned, and not a hog could miss a meal or cough sixteen
times in succession but what I knew it inside of an hour. We have oc-
casionally had cholera at the fair and been able to keep it from spread-
ing. Last year thirty-two hogs were shipped by one man to the Iowa
state fair, and after they were there two or three days we saw the first
symptoms of cholera. Two sows farrowed, with fifteen little fellows. We
had Doctor Knowles sent here by special request to the Department of
Agriculture to administer serum to all the hogs at the fair, if the ex-
hibitors wished it. We gave this man's hogs the serum treatment down
to the little fellows two days old, sent him home immediately, and used
disinfectants very freely. We afterwards heard from him that Doctor
Knowles picked out three hogs and said they would die sure, and there
were three or four others that he would not promise to live; and, sure
enough, he lost seven out of the thirty-two hogs at the fair. He took
occasion to say that not one of the little fellows born there died, and
that they and their mothers were doing well.

So the Live Stock Sanitary Association passed another resolution,
favoring the treatment of ail hogs exhibited at state, district or county
fairs. Following that up, we have rulings now by our Animal Health
Commission ready to present to the executive council, to put those things
in force regarding all our fairs in Iowa, and regarding the shipment of
breeding hogs, or even feeding hogs, into Iowa, unless they be treated.
All this will be a part of the machinery if we are going to try to control
hog cholera.

When we come down to the question of controlling it at home on
the farm, I am glad to say that there are a good many hog raisers in
Iowa who have this machinery at work so far as they are individually
concerned. I know hog men that don't ask the privilege of going to
any neighbor's hog lot, and very kindly request their neighbors not to
go to theirs when they come to see them on Sunday afternoon. Then
there are other ways of spreading the disease. We have the common
carriers, the crows and the pigeons and the dogs — and the hog buyer.
He is one of the most prolific sources of the spread of cholera. He
works just in front of the outbreak — that is, so far as the hogs appear
to be in bad condition he is ahead of it; but probably the infection is

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 153

right there; so he will have to bo quarantined too, along with the rest
of them.

Let me say to you that there is a normal cholera season; it cor-
responds to the normal typhoid season, beginning in midsummer and
running through the fall and on into the winter. In a normal year we
might not hear of an outbreak of cholera in April, May or June in the
state, but we would look for them in July. Suppose we get notice that Jones,
in the center of a certain township in a certain county, has hog cholera.
We go there and apply the quarantine to Mr. Jones and to all connected
with him, forbidding them to go to any neighbor's hog lots, and for-
bidding any neighbor to come to Mr. Jones' hog lots. We find a number
of the hogs already sick with cholera, and when they are already sick
they are gone, except for the few that may have constitutional stability
enough to go through, or may have some degree of natural or acquired
immunity to help them through. We take the temperature of the hogs,
as fever is one of the first symptoms in hog cholera. Perhaps some
have already died, and we inquire what disposition was made of the
carcasses. Those that are sick and we think there is no hope for, we
w^ould ask Mr. Jones to kill right away, pile them up and burn them,
and with them burn all the bedding about the lots and pens; and if
the hog lots are good, you can rake and sweep them and burn the
Takings and sweepings. Then use the disinfectant, and use the serum on
those hogs that you think there is a show to save. If we get there
early we might save ninety per cent, in place of losing ninety per cent.
As an additional safeguard,, you could go all around Mr. Jones' lot for
a mile or two, but you w^ould want to disinfect yourself before you went
— your shoes and all your clothing. We have veterinarians now using serum
in Iowa so carefully that when they are using the simultaneous method
they strip off their jumper suit, and their old rubbers, if they have rub-
bers on, and the towels (they buy five-cent towels by the wholesale), and
in the presence of the farmer they do the work, for they burn the whole
thing, and disinfect every place where possibly they might have dropped
any of that virus. That is the proper way to do. We have other veter-
inarians traveling over the state with knee boots on that are smeared
with cholera blood to the top of them, and they never stop long enough
to disinfect the boots. That is not doing it right.

The Dominion of Canada would kill all of Mr. Jones' hogs and pay
him for them. Then they disinfect the premises, and say they are so
successful that they haven't thought it necessary to go into the serum
business.

The state of Ohio is supposed to be in the advance of all other states
just now in the handling of hog cholera. They have finished a plant in
which is invested $125,000. It has an eighty-acre farm with a complete
line of laboratories and buildings for serum production. They are using
it on every herd under quarantine, and none but the men employed
by the state of Ohio are injecting one drop of it, supposedly because
they know how to do it without exposure to anybody else. I believe that
is the right way to adminster the simultaneous treatment. I could give
you instances where the simultaneous treatment was used in a man's

154 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

herd where no cholera existed and no immediate danger of it in the
community.

I could give you one instance for which I have the word of a breeder
of hogs who has carried the hlue away from Des Moines a number of
times. A neighbor came eight miles to see him, and started to go out
to see the hogs. This man said to him: "You had better not go into
hog barns; I have got cholera." He had given the simultaneous, and
the serum had not been up to full potency, and some had died as a re-
sult. "Oh," said the man, "I am not afraid of cholera; I use so-and-so
in the swill barrel; I have never had it and never expect to." They went
in. At the right time, cholera broke out in the visitor's herd and spread
to other herds. That was a secondary result from simultaneous treat-
ment. If the first man had been under proper quarantine, such as is in
vogue in Ohio, and should be in other states, the visitor would have been
forbidden to go into that barn, and he would not have started the out-
break on his own farm and the farms of his neighbors.

I suppose you all knov/ how serum is made. The first step, supposing
that we have some serum and some viru:5 on hand, is to select an adult
hog, the bigger and stronger, the more resistance to cholera. That hog
is given a full inoculated dose of the strongest cholera virus, and with
it a full dose of potent serum. The result will be that he will be
immunized. He may or may not be sicl?:. As a rule, they are delicate
for about three days and miss their meals most of the time; but at
the end of ten days that hog is as well as ever, and is absolutely im-
mune to cholera. The reason we know he is immune is that the next
step in the process is to make a hyper-immune of him, and we give
him enough virus to kill a thousand hogs like him if they are sus-
ceptible to cholera, and he never misses a meal. Ten days after he gets
that big dose he is ready to bleed for serum. I should have said in the
start that he must be a hog with a long tail; we can't use the tail-less
hog for bleeders. Ten days after he is immunized we cut a piece off this
tail until we can get it to bleed. We put him in a crate and have a
clean sheet that covers the whole part, and the tail comes out in a
little hole in the sheet. The tail is shaved and disinfected and sponged
with alcohol, so that it is antiseptic and free from any germ infection;
and we bleed him into a covered vessel from the end of the tail. It will
bleed a few minutes and stop, and then by snapping against the tail
will start again. Some bleed every seven days; some every ten. You
bleed him what you think he can stand without getting weak. I
think probably the general rule is ten-day intervals. These hogs are
given a pretty good ration of feed. The Ohio laboratory has even of-
fered the balanced ration, which is all right. Our experience is that
you can't put them on full corn ration, or they will be too fat before you
get through bleeding them. After you have ble(^ him three times, if
you have lots of tail left (I don't know why it is that an audience laughs
at that!), you can re-hyper-immunize him. The theory is not properly
worked out yet as to what quantity you should give him in that re-
hyper-immunization. It is supposed from the experience that has been
had in the production of anti-toxins that each animal is probably only

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 155

capable of giving a certain amount of an anti-toxin, or a certain number
of anti-bodies which are in the hog cholera serum. If the tail is short,
and you don't re-hyiDer-immunize, ten days after the third tail bleeding,
you bleed him from the throat, and get all the blood he has. His carcass
is pork, accepted by the government inspector, and claimed by all lo
be the purest carcass of pork that goes to the market, unless he might
have abscesses. If he has, the government inspector is there to see
if he has any local abscesses from any of the injections that would
condemn the carcass. The clot is taken out of that blood, and the
serum of the blood goes to market, with a small percentage of preserv-
ative added to keep it.

You have heard something about the testing of serum. A fairly practical
test calls for three pigs, and preferably from the same litter, in the hope
that they will be as near alike in all their characteristics and in their sus-
ceptibility as it is possible to get three pigs. You may get in any litter of
pigs one that is a natural immune against cholera and won't take it at
all, but that is the exception. To No. 1 you give a full inoculated dose of
cholera virus — nothing more. He should die in just ten days, if you have
good virus — that is, in summer weather; in cool fall weather a virus pig
may go to twelve or even fourteen days, and yet your virus may not be
weakened at all. In the summer time, when the temperature is around 100
degrees, he may die in nine days, and once in a while in eight. No. 2 we
give the full dose of virus and half a dose of serum; and No. 3 we give the
full dose of virus and the full label dose that goes with every serum bottle.
No. 2 may be very sick and pull through. No. 3 should not be very serious-
ly disturbed. He may miss a meal or two, but is rounded out in a few days
in fine shape. If No. 2 lives and No. 3 is not very sick, you may say you
have good enough serum to send out.

The serum receives a little backset from one fact that I want to remind
you of, and that is that the government starts us out on a half dose. If
you have a serum of the highest potency, that original. government dose
will work very well; but every laboratory in the country has now on its
label practically double the dose that we started .with, and I think that
counts for better results in most communities where the serum has been
used for several years. The serum alone does not sicken a hog, and there
is no possible way that you could inoculate a hog with good serum.
The serum simultaneous gives the hog a mild dose of cholera and a dose of
serum to carry him through it. It is the only treatment that should be
called vaccination, because it produces the disease in a mild form.

You all know that pregnant sows are apt to abort in cholera. We
have had some history of the simultaneous treatment causing abortion,
HO wo sometimes warn a man against the use of it on sows well advanced
in pregnancy.

Some years ago several men started out on the theory that they could
I'reed a rac« of immune hogs. That matter has had a good deal of atten-
tion since the serum treatment came in vogue. Doctor Reynolds, of Min-
nesota, has experimented along this line, and there is a peculiar thing
about this transmitted immunity — what there is of it — to the young.
The hyper-immune — the one that has produced our serum — will not give

156 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

birth to pigs that are any better immunes than from a sow that has had
the simultaneous and is herself just a healthy immune — never hyper-
immunized. That immunity in those little pigs lasts from three to eight
weeks after birth. To prove that they are able to carry anti-bodies, Doctor
Reynolds made serum from the blood of the little pigs born of immune
mothers, and used it in simultaneous treatment against virus, and found
it would protect the hogs just the same as the serum we produced. I had
one report where some of these pigs from immune mothers at about the
right age — eight or ten weeks — ^began to take cholera. In that herd was
one litter that was still nursing beyond the ordinary nursing period. The
cholera did not touch them while they nursed the mother. Whether that
was due to the fact that they were getting the ideal diet, or whether the
mother was giving them anti-bodies in the milk, I do not know; that has
never been tried out.

Doctor Reynolds has worked out another proposition. He gives an ac-
count of one sow, called "the old red sow," in his reports. First let me
tell you that he w^as working on theory — and they are now using it in
.-Centucky — of giving these pigs from the immune mothers a dose of vir-
ulent blood when they are three w^eeks old. They could stand that with-
out any serum and come through all right with a very small percentage of
loss. That would immunize them until they were quite good sized hogs
and had reached the age when you could hope to give them a permanent
immunity if you wished to use the simultaneous method on them. In using
his virulent blood treatment on these pigs from an immune mother, he
used it on the old red sow's first litter successfully; not one died. He
used it on her second litter, and not one died. He used it on her third
litter, and they all died. For some reason or other, she failed to transmit
any immunity to that third litter. I don't know that the doctor has ever
expressed an opinion as to whether she had lost her own immunity or not,
but he re-immunized her by giving her another simultaneous treatment,
and her fourth litter took the virulent blood without a bit of trouble.

The great difficulty in maintaining an immune herd is that you can't
give permanent immumty to a young pig. Some of them you may im-
munize for life when they are forty pounds in weight, but there will be
some more of them subjects for cholera any time after six months. The
same is true of vaccination in the child. You know the changes are
more rapid in the young, and therefore you can't promise a permanent
immunity on a young, growing pig.

Now, you know the question is up with the legislature as to what
they will do with this matter. The animal husbandry committee of the
house have three or more bills before them. They had four bills to
consider, and they undertook to write a committee bill, and got all
muddled up on it, and the whole matter is back in their committee
again; so they have not made any advancement. There is another bill
before the agricultural committee of the senate, and they are going at
it in a systematic way. They have sent out letters containing questions
upon all phases of the treatment to a list of people. I furnished a list
of customers who had ordered serum from us of our own production, and
also of the Kansas serum we have been using this fall. Senator Allen is

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 157

going to undertake to tabulate some facts or figures from these answers.
Probably 300 letters went out.

There is a dispute about "where the serum laboratory shall be located,
and with that little campaign there has been some misrepresentation.
Some say they are all ready to make it at Ames. I know every foot
of the ground at Ames, and I don't think they are. Then, too, after
having taken care of the kid for four years, when there was not pro-
vided half ration for it, I object to having it taken away from me now
that it is going to be strong and able to stand and go some. You
gentlemen can line yourselves up on either side you please.

There is one question as to whether every Tom, Dick and Harry
should be permitted to sell serum to the people in Iowa. I say that
every plant should be investigated, and first see if they are equipped to
make serum, and then that they understand that there is some authority
in the state who is liable to test their serum any day, the same as the
milk inspectors in Des Moines and other cities walk up to a milkman
on any corner and say: "Give me a bottle of milk." There was one bill
written by the committee that said they might require the manufacturer
to send a bottle of serum for a test. I think that is a joke. That was
not in any bill that I had anything to do with, however.

There is one other phase of the hog business that I wanted to give
you gentlemen. I got some figures from Doctor Melvin, chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, in regard to tuberculosis in hogs that were
killed in our Iowa abattoirs. I believe it is true that more of our Iowa
hogs are killed without the state than within, and my figures probably
cover approximately half of our production of hogs. Doctor Melvin says
(I got this in November) : "During the last year there were killed at the
Iowa abattoirs 2,555,576 hogs. Of these, 167,676 were tubercular. And,
by the way, that figures 6l^ per cent of them. Those 6% per cent,
figured at 250 pounds live weight, $7 a hundred, amount to $2,934,347.50 —
nearly three million dollars' worth. So if that only represents half of
the work, we have this to take home with us: that we have produced in
Iowa in the last year $6,000,000 worth of tubercular pork. One tuber-
cular steer in your feed yard may infect all the hogs that run in the
yard, even if there are several carloads of cattle in the yard. They
made one experiment in Ames on transmitting tuberculosis to the hogs
with the milk of a bad cow, and in twenty days every hog had tuber-
culosis. Now, as an economic question, I believe we could afford to do
something to curtail this $6,000,000 worth of tubercular pork, but it is
a pretty difficult thing to get an appropriation to do things with. If
a man is going to feed three or four cars of cattle and put the right
number of hogs behind them, might it not pay him to test those steers
and know when he starts the bunch on feed whether there is a case of
tuberculosis in the yard or not? I say to every bunch of stockmen that
I have a chance to address: "You can't afford to feed carcasses of dead
animals to your hogs, because you never know but the carcass will
cost you more money than it is worth from the point of feeding value.
A feed of fresh meat to a bunch of hogs when they are not used to it
physics them and throws them back two or three days, and there is no

158 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

gain in it anyway. Some fresh meat might be fed clear through the
period at intervals without upsetting the hogs and giving them a set-
back, but you take my advice, gentlemen, and -burn all your old carcasses.
Don't bury them, either, because some day you will be burying some-
thing that you can never get rid of, and that will live longer than you
will in the soil.

DISCUSSION.

A Member : How about this tankage we buy, then ?

Doctor Gibson: The process of producing tankage should ren-
der it aseptic from infection. We have had some reports that
would look as if cholera had been caused by tankage, but we have
not been able to check that matter up. If such is the case, I am in-
clined to think that it was infected with cholera after it was made
into tankage. The steam process ought to have'rendered it safe.

You have heard a good deal of talk in the last few years about
our loss of population. I will tell you that there were eighty sets
of emigrant papers in my office this morning for approval. If
you figure that there are eighty men owning those eighty ship-
ments, and that they are heads of families, with five to the family,
you have lost 400 citizens today. That is the way they compute
school statistics, and you know most of those fellows are thrifty in
every way, and they are going to get broader acres for the increas-
ing numbers of the family. This is the one state in the Union that
could put 400 men in condition to pull up stakes and take with
them some live stock and go somewhere to buy a farm. We furnish
all the northwestern country with their best citizens, and we fur-
nish California with her best millionaires. In the last six months,
we lost 4,720 of population, figured on the same basis. But you
would be surprised, were you in my position, to see how many are
coming back. They write me to "send me a permit to send my
stock back to Iowa, and let Doctor So-and-So, at such a town, who
used to test my stock, test me when I get there ; I am coming back
to good old Iowa; and will be mighty glad to get home."

A Member: How long after the hog is vaccinated can it be sold
for slaughter ?

Doctor Gibson: That is one thing that I wish Ames had told
us. They have an experiment station and a laboratory equipped
for experimental work; and the government has its experimental
biboratories ; but no man has yet told us Avhen it is safe to ship
an immunized hog to market. The more important question is when
an immunized boar, for instance, can be shipped out to a customer

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 159

to be put into his herd. Nobody has told us that yet. It is be-
lieved by some that some hogs that have the simultaneous treatment
become permanent carriers of cholera virus, the same as some peo-
ple become permanent or indefinite carriers of typhoid bacilli. We
Imow that is true as regards typhoid fever in the human and this
disease in hogs resembles it very closely. I can't answer that, and
I don't know any man who can.

A Member: How long will immunization last^

Doctor Gibson: If properly done on any hog that weighs 100
pounds or over, it should be permanent; but on hogs under fifty
pounds no man can say whether they are permanently immunized
or not.

A Member: I have a brother living at Emporia, Kansas. Last
year he got the cholera among his hogs. He got some of the sj'rura
from the Kansas Agricultural College and inoculated the hogs after
the disease had appeared. He lost about eighty per cent of them,
and afterwards it was claimed by some people that the serura was
probably too old or had lost its potency.

Doctor Gibson : That could be, and that was serum only. The
government has given us some tests on serum five years old setting
on a shelf exposed to all the changes of temperature, and had it
protect a hog against a proper dose of virus. Of course, that is an
extreme, but it is believed that serum carried over a year is good,
and if it was once good, it is liable to be good until you have used
ir, for any reasonable length of time.

They have learned some lessons in Kansas. They recommend
now that you give a hog a dose of serum first and prepare him
for the simultaneous, and then when you give him the simulta-
neous he will not be sickened by it, or killed, or so apt to develop
cholera. Every firm that is at all conscientious tells you when
they send you serum and virus that you are liable to lose two to
five per cent of your hogs when you treat them. They view the
average herd of hogs in Iowa as 100 in number — I think they would
average that — and that means that two to five hogs are going to
die from that treatment. What do they die of? They die of chol-
era. There will be another five per cent that will have spots on
their bellies, showing that they have cholera and may pull through.

A Member : How long should it be between those two treatments?

Doctor Gibson : They should be ten days apart. They now call
it three treatments : serum treatment, serum simultaneous, and dou-
ble method.

160 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

A ]\f ember: I heard of a treatment when they gave them both
the same day.

Doctor Gibson: That is the proper simultaneons treatment: put
the serum in one thigh and tlie virus in the other.

MARKET WEIGHING OP LIVE STOCK.

BY JAMES E. DOWNING, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICITETURE. WASHINGTON, D. C.

The present system of weighing stock to obtain the amount of freight
at Chicago was inaugurated twenty-five years ago. Since then the num-
ber of head received per year has increased 7,550,206, or 78 per cent,
while the valuation has increased $172,742,936, or 136 per cent. These
figures are taken from the reports of the Union Stock Yards Transit
Company, of Chicago.

To meet this gain, the facilities at the yards have been increased
until there are now 500 acres of land occupied, of which 450 acres are
payed. The length of the railroad tracks is 300 miles. There are 13,000
pens, of which 8,500 are covered. There are 725 chutes, and 25,000
gates. On hot days, 7,000,000 gallons of water are consumed from the
twenty-five miles of troughs, fed by 90 miles of water pipe. At night
the 50 miles of electric light wire furnishes current for 450 arc lights
and 10,000 incandescent lamps.

This market was established at the close of 1865. There were no
calves received until 1881. In 1912, there were over a half million
calves received alive and 3,383 dead. Approximately 16,000,000 other
animals were handled besides the calves during 1912, so that the claim,
"the greatest live stock market of the world," which is made for Chi-
cago, would appear to be fully justified.

I have gone into these details to impress you with the growth of
the Chicago market in general, but what I desire to point out more spe-
cifically is the system now in use of arriving at the amount of freight
to be charged shippers. While other things at this great stock center
have advanced and improved, this system of weighing does not appear
to have kept step with other things in the last twenty-five years, or
since it was installed. One instance of the growth of the market that
has a direct bearing on the present system of weighing may here be
cited. I refer to the extension of the yards from time to time, which
has necessitated the removal of railroad tracks and scales, until today
the track scales of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul road, where
their cars are weighed, are as much as twenty-two miles distant from
the unloading chutes. After the cars are unloaded, they must be hauled
that distance before, the light or empty weights can be obtained. You
ean readily appreciate how much time such a method of weighing must
necessarily consume on a road that stands second in the amount of
stock delivered at the Chicago market.

Furthermore, in weighing loaded cars drawn slowly over automatic
scales, as is the case at Chicago, the beam does not register anything
under 100 pounds. The drawbars of the cars are not uncoupled, so that
any downstrain goes as weight. The fractional part of 100 pounds and

l^HiRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV l6i

the downstrain, if any, may not be a serious consideration in a single
car, but in a run of 2,000 cars they might well be so. The same things
apply in like manner to the re-weighing on the railroad scales, which
is done under the same conditions.

Again, the entire train is pulled over the scale at the rate of about
three cars per minute, and by mechanical operation each car registers
its own weight. It frequently happens, however, that the automatic de-
vice gets out of order and gives erratic results, without the knowledge
of the operator, notwithstanding the care exercised to keep it in perfect
working order. Such instances of incorrect weights have made neces-
sary a refunding system, which consists of a settlement with the ship-
per on his hoof or sale weight, less an allowance for fill. To get these
differences adjusted by all concerned, necessitates a delay in final settle-
ment that at times approaches that indefinite period called the "limit."

The most important matter connected with the weighing system at
Chicago is the delay which it occasions in the delivery of the animals.
The records show that something like 80 per cent of all live stock is
received at the yards between 12 o'clock midnight and 8 o'clock in the
morning. It has been estimated that if the weighing on track scales
could be discontinued, there would be a saving in time of from two to
four hours in the delivery of the stock to the unloading chutes. You
shippers all know the value of a good run to market, but it must be
trying to lose this advantage through delays after arrival. My observa-
tion has been -that animals need all the time they can get from daylight
to 8 o'clock in order to rest and fill. Records I have made will, I be-
lieve, bear me out in the statement that stock fill best during this period
under normal conditions.

The fill at market is a valuable asset to the shipper. A pound of
fill at market is as valuable as a pound of meat put on in the feed lot.
It brings just as much money. For example a loss of ten pounds of fill
per head in a load of twenty-five cattle that sell for, say, 8 cents, means
$20. That sum will not pay the freight in most instances, but it will
pay a good part of it.

It is obvious, therefore, that delays at market may prove expensive,
not only with cattle but with hogs, especially in hot weather after they
have been kept cool in transit, as can be done by frequent showering.
If they encounter delays, the loss through smothering might easily he
serious.

In this connection it might be of interest to know that 27,703 dead
hogs, valued at $481,062.60, were taken out of the cars at the Chicago
market in 1912. It is estimated that ten per cent of the dead hogs re-
ceived at Chicago are loaded dead at point of origin. Assuming this
estimate to be accurate, and deducting it from the total sum, it leaves
$432,956.34 as representing the value of the smothered hogs received
at Chicago during the past year. These figures do not take into account
pigs averaging about fifty pounds.

There are other details that have a bearing on the system of weigh-
ing now in use in Chicago, but those that have been presented appear
to be the more important. It may be remarked in this connection that
11

162 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AaRICULTURE

it does not seem consistent witli modern methods to weigh a volume
of business that reaches over $300,000,000 by a similar system that
was installed when the business was only $166,000,000. In other words,
since the present system was inaugurated, the check-rower has come
into use, the self-binder, the hay fork, the manure spreader, the silo,
the gas engine, the cream separator, and the automobile. These are
but a few of the many instances ol' the progress of our time, and the
things now established as necessary to our work. All serve to very
materially reduce the amount of toil and the number of people em-
ployed, yet the Western Weighing Association, at Chicago, maintains
twenty automatic and two beam scales, with night and day weigh-
masters for each, in order to carry on the business of weighing stock.
These remarks are not intended as a criticism, but as a comparison of
how the shipper has progressed at home with the instruments of his
labor, while a system is still in vogue at the largest market in this
country that would not be employed by a going business concern. It
is not a very difficult matter usually to find fault with that which an-
other has to do. The object of this paper, however, is not so much to
criticise as to present a comparison with another method of securing
the weight for freight charges which is in use at other stock centers.

I have already acquainted you with an outline of the situation at
Chicago. I now wish to direct your attention to a system somewhat
recently adopted at South Omaha, Sioux City, St. Joseph and National
Stock Yards, whereby the weighing of stock in cars, before unloading,
is done away with. I desire to state that my personal knowledge of
the details of this latter method is confined to the plan in operation
at South Omaha, but I am informed that the other cities mentioned
have in operation the same general plan, although the details may differ
somewhat. The main features of the system are as follows:

1. All weighing on track scales is abandoned.

2. The weights on all shipments are ascertained by the Western
Weighing Association at the accounting office of the stock yards com-
pany.

3. The railroads convey the stock from the main-line trains by means
of switch engines, immediately on arrival, placing the cars on the stock
yards transfer tracks. The stock yards switch engines then take the
cars to the unloading chutes, where the stock is unloaded and yarded.

4. W^hen the stock is sold, the hoof or sale weights are taken to
the Western Weighing Asso'Ciation by the commission firm, where the
amount of freight, less a fill allowance, is calculated.

5. The fill allowance is deducted as follows: Cattle on the cars
less than twelve hours, 500 pounds per car; cattle on the cars over
twelve hours, 800 pounds per car. The allowance for hogs is 300 pounds
per car for single-deck cars and 600 pounds for double-deck cars, re-
gardless of the time in cars. No fill allowance on sheep. The weight
of dead or crippled animals is estimated.

6. The weights on shipments of two or more cars from one con-
signor to one consignee, from one station, on any given day are aver-
aged. For example: John Jones has five cars of cattle consigned to

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 163

one commission firm. One car weighs 20,000 pounds, another 22,000,
another 23,000, another 24,000, and another 25,000 pounds. The com-
bined weight of these cars is 114,000 pounds. The average weight of
these five cars is 22,800 pounds. Assuming the minimum fill allow-
ance of 500 pounds per car, this will reduce the net average weight to
22,300 pounds per car, and the freight on each car will be the same.

7. After the freight is figured on this basis, the commission man
takes the slips with the car numbers and freight charges to the Stock
Yards Company, where the handling charges are added. This closes
the matter with the consignee.

This, in brief, is the later method of weighing, whereby hoof or
selling weights are utilized as a basis for ascertaining the amount of
freight to be charged for. Let us take a moment and analyze this
method. I have weighed at different times and over various scales
several hundred empty stock cars, to ascertain the amount of bedding
contained in each. My experience is that it is not practical to attempt
to weigh more than twenty-five cars in one train, for the reason that
too much time is consumed in getting each car properly on the scales.
So that the train of fifty cars of stock must be cut in two. There is no
saving of time in the weighing of loaded cars as compared with empties;
in fact, the empties are spotted more easily. The amount of slack is
the same, but the engine can not .control loads as well as empties. The
point I want to bring out, however, is that weighing twenty-five cars,
one at a time, means twenty-five bumps or jerks to a car of cattle, and
I believe you will agree with me that twenty-five bumps do not in any
way lessen the amount of shrink in the animals.

Men who weigh cars every day acquire more skill and speed in the
operation, but my personal experience has been that I could not weigh
more rapidly than one car in two minutes, and obtain correct weights.
In fact, I never found a crew that could spot cars faster than one in two
minutes. Under favorable conditions, then, the weighing of twenty-five
cars would consume fifty minutes before the stock could be delivered
to the transfer track. To this should be added the time necessary to
make the trip from the railroad scales to the transfer track. It must
be understood that the above time for weighing does not apply to the
automatic scales at Chicago, previously referred to. The latter, of course,
are much more rapid.

Delays and bumps, jvhich are two important factors, having a direct
bearing on shrink, have therefore been eliminated under the method
now in use in South Omaha. As regards the delay, it is estimated that
on the average an hour and a half in time has been saved the shipper
in getting his stock unloaded; while as to the bumping, it would be
indeed difficult to form any estimate of the saving to the shipper by rea-
son of his stock being unloaded soon after arrival, so tftiey will not have
to endure the jolting necessary to weighing each car on track scales.

Another advantage which appears worthy of consideration consists
in the fact that the hoof weights are recorded with a balanced beam
that takes into account amounts under 100 pounds. Furthermore, the
shipper has an opportunity of seeing his animals weighed if he desires.

164 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

In discussing the old and new system at South Omaha, I do not
wish to be understood as comparing Omaha with Chicago. The system
at Chicago of weighing over automatic scales is, beyond question, more
rapid than the old system used at South Omaha. The thought I wish
to present has to do with applying the new system at South Omaha to
the Chicago situation. While this new method has only been in effect
since March 16th, last, not one with whom I came in contact in South
Omaha would give any consideration to a return to the old system.

There is one feature of this new system, however, that appears to
be open to criticism. While the plan as a whole appears to be prac-
tical and sound, the amounts deducted from the sale weights as fill
allowances are open to question. The stock yards people admit this part
of the plan is a bit crude and uncertain. They started with the best
information they could obtain, and are anxious to secure accurate and
reliable data that will make these tariffs less liable to question. Once
this matter is adjusted on a basis equitable to all concerned, there ap-
pears to be no serious objection to some such plan being generally
adopted at all of the principal markets, so that shippers can have a
uniform method of weighing that will avoid delays and jolts and come
somewhat more nearly recording the exact weight for which they should
be charged freight.

An informal discussion in regard to the manner of taking
Aveights followed, participated in by I\Ir. D. D. Cutler, representing
the Chicago and North Western Railway; Mr. Will Drury, and
Mr. R. ]\I. Gunn.

President Sykes announced the appointment of the following
committee on resolutions : Will Drury, Sac ; R. M. Gunn, Black-
hawk; F. D. Steen, Muscatine; W. L. Drennan, Adams; F. A. Stil-
well, Poweshiek; W. T. Hamilton. Washington; R. A. Lenocker,
jMadison; W. S. Bassett, Benton; J. C. Oliva, Iowa; D. P. Hogan,
Cass; T. W. Webb, Ida; A. W. Pilmer, Cherokee; J. T. Chandler,
Henry.

The convention thereupon adjourned to 9 :30 a. m., Wednesday.

THE BANQUET. *

On Tuesday evening, the annual banquet of the association was
held at the Savery Hotel. This was the most largely attended ban-
quet that the association has ever held, and was a most thoroughly
enjoyable affair. Following is a report of the different talks made :

President A. Sykes: Friends of the Meat Producers' Association
and Fellow Banqueters: We again celebrate the annual banquet of the
Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, I think in a very pleasant way.
I wish to say in behalf of the officers of this association that it has
been very gratifying to them to see the splendid audience here this

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 165

evening, and to see the interest that is manifest in our association, that
men have come here from all over the state to attend this annual gath-
ering and this annual banquet.

I might just say here that this is the fourth one of these annual
banquets that we have held, and every one gets better, and at every-
one the attendance gets larger. So we feel that we are growing in inter-
est, and, as I suggested this evening to one of our friends, we are becom-
ing more conspicuous year after year as an organization.

Nine years ago this organization was formed. Just about this time
in the year, as I remember. This organization, I think, was not formed
to take undue advantage of anybody, of any corporation, of any concern.
If I have a proper conception of the object of this organization, it was
simply to protect and safeguard the farmers' and sto.ckmen's interests
of the state of Iowa, and I think that the organization has attended
strictly to business, and I think that we have enjoyed some beneficial
results that have been done through this organization, and that this
meeting tonight clearly demonstrates that fact and the interest that is
manifested by you men who have come here to take part in this annual
gathering. And if the organization is continued along the same lines, I
know of no reason why any serious objection should be raised to it, be-
cause we have learned one thing, gentlemen, and that is as individ-
uals we do not count for much any more. If we desire to accomplish
anything of any great importance affecting our own interests, it l30-
comes necessary for us to .co-operate, to organize, to unite, to associate
ourselves together in a way that we can bring a united effort to bear on
certain interests, on certain measures, on certain committees, on certain
commissions; and questions of that character that we take up we must
take up in this way if we secure the desired results. And I think this
association has demonstrated the fact that it can produce some very
beneficial results to the farmers and live stotk interests of the state if
it is properly handled and conducted along the lines which I believe it
was originally intended that the organization should be conducted along.
We have with us this evening a man who has been preaching co-op-
eration and soil fertility and diversified farming and all of these ques-
tions that confront the farmers and the stockmen today, for the last
twenty-five years, possibly longer, in the state of Iowa, a man whom
we all love to honor and to listen to, a man, I might truthfully say, at
whose feet most of us have sat and drank in the knowledge that he has
imparted to us ever since we have been struggling to make a livelihood
for ourselves and to care for our families, and tonight the first speaker
on the program that I am going to introduce is that gentleman. Uncle
Henry Wallace. (Applause.)

Mr. Henry Wallace: Mr. Chairman and Fellow Stockmen— It is a
very great pleasure for me to meet you tonight. I believe I have met
you almost every year. I know this association from its beginning. I
had something to do with the founding of it, and of the guiding of it in
its earlier years. And while you have been deliberating over your ban-
quet, I have also been deliberating. I have been wondering whether
you really know the important position that you oc<;upy in the state of

166 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Iowa and the middle west. Now, there are some men who have a very
exalted opinion as to their position and their place in the world, but
men who really do things are usually modest ahout it, and I believe
that you belong to the modest sort. I have been wondering whether you
know or realize hov/ much of the fertility of Iowa, of the future citizen-
ship of Iowa, of the future statesmanship of Iowa, depends upon the
men who are present here tonight.

Iowa, I believe, feeds about eighty per cent of its corn. There is
about twenty per cent of it that goes across state lines. The men who
are the best custom^ers for the corn are the men who feed live stock, and
if the live stock business was to go out, you would hear a wail from one
end of the state to the other, and you would not any longer talk about
land worth two, three, four or five hundred dollars an acre, ifpon the
stockmen of Iowa, depends very largely the maintenance of the fertility
of her soil, and there is no way, gentlemen, of maintaining soil fertility
except by adding to it vegetable matter. Twenty years of farming wears
out the vegetable matter in the soil which the Lord has been putting
here for about 7,000 years, or such a matter. When you wear that out,
j'-ou must restore it. How are you going to restore it except by growing
live stock? You let the corn growers go on for another twenty-five
years, and it will be a different Iowa from what you see now, growing
corn and sending it off to the markets of the world for somebody else
to make money out of. \y'hat nation on this earth ever got rich by
sending crude raw material? You must send it in the shape of the
finished product, and your finished product is live sto.ck — the best cat-
tle, the best hogs, the best horses — I won't say the best sheep, but we
will com.e to that by and by — on the face of the earth. The only other
way you can do it is by growing clover and plowing it under once
in four years, and you are not going to do that Nobody else will.
You have therefore a most important place to take in this country.

Now, mind you, if you don't look out, you are going to hear some-
thing drop. Congress can not stand up against the hungry stomach,
and the first thing you know the ports of the Atlantic and the Gulf
will be throv/n open to the cattle from South America, and you will
have to sell your cattle at the prices that the South Am^erican will ask
for his, on the Atlantic, Pacific and on the Gulf of Mexico. Then where
will the corn raiser be? For the next thing that v/ill follow is taking
the tariff off corn, and the price you will get for your corn is the
price at the port, less what the railroads charge you. Now it isn't
these measly democrats that are going to do that altogether. (Laugh-
ter.) Not by any means. It is the men who handle "big business.''
And there is no politics in big business. We used to have a man
at this meeting who gave us some grand addresses. You know who
I mean — Murdo MacKenzie. You know where he is now? In Brazil,
on a salary of $50,000 a year, looking after the cattle of John Rocke-
feller and Stillman and Morgan. Those men* think in world ideas, and
they knov/ that sooner or later they will be able to get a ship subsidy
and throw open the ports of the Atlantic to South American meats.
What are you going to do about it? So I might talk on a long time.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 167

and probably not say anything but what some of you have read more
or less in Wallace's Farmer over and over again. If you haven't, you
ought to.

But I was thinking of another line, I was just wondering if you
realize how much of the best things in this world of the revelations
from heaven come through stockmen, how much of our Bible is written
by stockmen. I have commenced to study the Bible lately. I have
been looking at it also in the line of the sto.ck business as well as
other things. Now, it is supposed that Adam was a stockman. That
isn't true at all. He was a gardener, a horticulturist, the father of all
the insect pests. Of course they fead no stock in the antediluvian days
because they didn't eat meat. They were vegetarians. I don't know
whether that is why they lived so long or not. But when you come
dov^^n to Noah, they were allowed to eat meat. The old fellow went
into the horticultural business again, and you know what happened to
him. He got <lrunk. Really, the first great big stockman was Abraham.
I was just reading today about that long trip that he made, six hun-
dred miles northwest to get over the fords of the Euphrates and five
hundred miles to get down to the promised land of magnificent stock
country. Now, he traveled and roamed around there, but he went
down to Egypt and got into trouble and had to be ordered out. And
then I was thinking about that grandson of .his, the fellow that put
the spots on the cattle. If I ever meet him, I am going to ask him
just how he did it, because I never could understand it. (Applause.)
Then the next big fellow that we read about was a man named Moses,
that was city born and city bred, a graduate of the University of Egypt,
but he never amounted to a hill of beans till he got out in the country
with an old stockman, married his daughter, lived there forty years,
and that is the fellow that gave us republican institutions, representa-
tive government. And he got the idea from that old ranchman out
there, his father-in-law,

Novv, you go on down through all those old Scriptures, and you
will be surprised to find the number of men through whom God has
revealed His will that were stockmen. Take David. He was a good
many other things besides a stockman; had some of the stockman's
faults and some of his virtues, a splendid good fighter and liked the
women. But you know he is the man that has voiced the highest emo-
tions of human nature in all ages, and many of his old illustrations
are those of the stockman. And there was Solomon. He was a big
farmer as well as a good many other things. And so on, you might
go on down through and see to what extent religious thought and
philosophy and the highest conceptions come through men that were
stockmen. Look at Amos, the farmer herder of Tekoa and the gatherer
of sycamore fruit. And do you know "the glad tidings of great joy"
that came to all people were first heard, not by the lawyers in the
temple, nor the priests, but by shepherds watching their flocks by
night — stockmen like you and me. (Applause.)

President Sykes: I have been a very busy man today. Somehow
it has fallen to my lot to preside over this gathering from ten o'clock

168 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

this morning at least up to the present time. I have done a great deal
of talking, as you v/ill recognize by the condition of my voice this
evening, and I feel it would be almost an imposition upon myself, in
face of the fact that we have got a man present here who can preside
so perfectly at a banquet of this character, that I am just simply
going to play flunky the rest of the evening and introduce to you our
worthy secretary, H. C. Wallace, who will now act as toastmaster for
the rest of the evening.

Mr. V/alhi.ce: Mr. Ingham suggests I continue the description on
dow^n through. I will not undertake that. This is an unusual meeting
of our association in some respects. It is the largest gathering we
have had around the table, larger than any that have preceded it.
There are more young men here than at any other meeting, which
gives us a lot of hope for the future, because those who first started
this work are getting older as the years go by, and the young men
must com.e on and take it up. It is unusual for another thing, for
some of those Vvho were the wheel horses in the earlier days are not
here. We miss them. Some of them have dropped by the way, and we
mourn for them. Some of them have not been able to reach here for
one reason or another.

It has been our custom in the past, and I see no reason why we
should depart from it now, that we first rather renew the old ties and
call upon some of the men who were the powerful forces that started
this machine in motion, and I am going to open my part of it by call-
ing upon Mr. Ames, our first president, for a few words.

Senator A. L. Ames: Mr. Toastmaster, Friends of the Association — I
don't know what I have done to the toastmaster or to the members of
the association that I should be put off here in the corner and given no
idea that I was to be called upon to say anything at all tonight. Your
president has made the excuse that he has been a very busy man all day.
I might say that I have been a very busy man for the past five weeks. I
have not been thinking very much about the association. We have been
considering highways and other things not connected with highways, that
you have heard about more or less, and I have not been considering what
you might want to do in regard to the association meeting. I was not
able to be here this afternoon and listen to the different talks along the
different subjects, the various subjects which interest the farmers and
feeders of the state. I wish I could have been. The speakers no doubt
gave you lots of information that I would liked to have listened to. We
have been very busily engaged here in a corner by ourselves figuring out
some problems of feeding and discussing other things of interest.

I want to say that as a member of the association I never have been
sorry for a moment that I helped in any way to organize this association.
I believe we have accomplished considerable good. W^e haven't made very
much fuss about it. We have gone along and attempted to point out
some of the things that should be remedied, and tried to show the rem-
edy. I think I can see, and Uncle Henry has mentioned some of the
things that are going to be of vital interest to the feeders of this great
state and of this nation, and I don't believe there is another question, any

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 169

other one question, that is of such vital interest today to the meat-pro-
ducing interests of the United States as that of the ship subsidy proposi-
tion. I consider that the vital point. Also I am fearful for this great
canal and the regulations which are going to be put into effect on the
great canal, because it looks to me to be the opening wedge looking
towards the subsidy proposition. And as sure as we sit here tonight, if
that subsidy goes into effect, you will find that our meats will come
in competition with all the meats of other countries, and I believe that that
will sound the death-knell to the present values that you are now re-
ceiving, and even if our farms are kept up to this high fertility at which
we now have them, that the values of the products which we grow on
those farms will be depreciated very materially. I do not care to say
how much, but I do undertake to say that when you come in competition
with the cheap labor of South America and the Central American and
Mexican states, that the values which we now get will be very materially
depreciated. You need not think for a moment that those men who are
thinking, as Uncle Henry says, in world-wide ideas, are for one moment
forgetting that they control today all of the machinery for putting this
meat into the hands of the consumer, and that is- the first step which
they are going to take to bring that into effect, because the more that
they use, the better opportunity they have to reap their reward. It looks
to me as if that was the keynote to the situation, and the thing for us to
do is to put forth our efforts in every reasonable way to hold the bal-
ance of trade where it now exists for us here in the United States, and
that is one of the future things which this association must undertake —
the education of the people along those particular lines. (Applause.)

The Toastmaster: I suppose it is only fair to the gentlemen whom I
may call out to say that it has always been our custom here to feel free
to call upon any man who looked guilty, without any previous warning.
Of course some of our visitors may have a haunting suspicion that they
are likely to be called out, but our members never do have. I want to say
this to you, that gentlemen in Des Moines who have attended our ban-
quets have repeatedly told me after they were over that they were the
best banquets and the best speeches that they had heard in this city.
And if we had time to go through, I think we could take seventy-five per
cent of the men who sit around this table and get some good speeches
from them without any previous warning.

Now, I am going to follow that policy tonight, so far as our time lasts,
and I feel perfectly free in doing it because I know our members H ill
acquit themselves creditably.

We can not think back on the early days of the association and the
fight we have been through without unconsciously thinking of one man
who bears a good many scars in our behalf. He has reached what may
seem to us pleasanter days just now than he enjoyed with us a few years
ago, and yet I venture to say that if he told the real story of his expe-
riences the past year, he would say that the troubles he had in our as-
sociation were small indeed compared with what he has had since he left

170 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

it. I refer to Mr. Thorne, our old attorney, and now a member of our
railroad commission. We always like to hear from him. (Applause.)

Mr. Clifford Thorne: Members of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' As-
sociation— It of course always gives me great pleasure to face this crowd
of men, and I owe so much to you that I always feel when I come before
you that it is up to me to give sort of an annual report of what I have
been doing. I got that habit from the old days. And I am going to de-
scribe just a few things that I have witnessed during the past year, be-
cause I believe that you ought to realize that you are still keeping up the
fight.

About two or three weeks ago, I was in a room about this size, or
s.maller, and there was present in that room and arguing against a prop-
osition for which I was fighting, a man about sixty years old, a man who
is chairman of the executive committee representing all the railroads in
the United States. Think of it! One man, the authorized representative
of companies owning fifteen billion dollars' worth of property, with an
annual income of over two billion. It is such scenes as that that make
me realize so strongly the necessity for organization on our part. And
during days of peace and quiet, don't forget to draw the lines tighter
and get ready for some scrap that may loom up in the near future.

Ycu folks are trying to make two grains of corn grow where one
grew before. That is important. Some man has said that the greatest
of people are those that can make two blades of grass grow where one
grew before. But that is only half of the task. After the grass grows,
it is somewhat Important to know who gets the grass. (Laughter.) I
would not care much if you produced four times as much corn as you
do today if J. Pierpont Morgan got all the corn. The question of who
shall own the corn is of equal significance with the problem of raising
more corn.

In dealing with these problems, we have devised different methods of
work, and during the past year I have had occasion to study somewhat
the methods, of considering them, threshing them out, and reaching con-
clusions. Eight western state commissioners joined in filing a brief in
the United States Supreme Court in the Sanborn rate case. We have
taken the position that state regulation is worth preserving. And, after
all, the final conclusion upon these great problems rests a great deal upon
your conclusions. The leaders are merely our servants. They look to
you and to me to know what they ought to say and what they ought to
do. Now, is it wise to do away with state regulation? If it is wise to
drop state regulation as to railroads, why not drop it as to all other
interstate commerce? And remember interstate commerce is making up
today the great bulk of all the business of this nation. This, delicate bal-
ance between the state and federal government is the chief distinguishing
characteristic of the American form of government. That is the feature
that distinguishes our government from all other nations in the past.
Greece and Rome, other countries, have tried federal government, but
they generally failed. It was not till America came along and demon-
gtrated to the world that it was practicable to join and combine that

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 171

great central government with local home rule that we compelled peace
and respect and order at home and abroad. That is what state govern-
ment is.

Let me give you a concrete illustration of what it means, this home
rule, as compared to national government rule. Suppose the Iowa State
Railroad Commission should advance freight rates on canned fruit and
vegetables, and two thousand other articles. Wouldn't there be a howl
raised over this state? You would demand the reason for it. That is
precisely what has been going on in the nation. It is so far away that
we hardly realize it when it does occur. You have heard a great deal
about the woolen schedule, and Schedule K is almost a household term.
I wonder what ones of you here realize that during the past year the
railroads proposed an advance on canned fruits and vegetables throughout
this whole v/estern part of the nation. The action of the state govern-
ment is closer home. A few men can get together and push through a
proposition of importance. You yourselves know that a few people in
this association were able to do it. Y&u folks were able to suggest a com-
merce counsel law in Iowa, a department of government of great impor-
tance and value. If that had been undertaken in the nation, you would
have failed. As a matter of fact, it has been undertaken in the nation,
and it has failed up to the present time. But we succeeded in Iowa.

A few years ago we adopted an anti-discrimination law, compelling the
sale of products for the same price in different parts of the state, after
making due allowance in the freight rates. That law has been copied in
a dozen different states in the nation. It has since been upheld by the
supreme court of Iowa, and a dozen different courts. That same law they
tried to introduce in the nation, and it never got through. It is not yet
made a statute by congress, and it probably will not be for years and
years to come. You had slavery abolished in this country in states long
before you ever had slavery abolished in the nation. You had a pure food
law in the states before you had it in the nation. You had temperance
law^s in the states long before you had them in the nation, and the action
just recently of the United States congress recognizing and enforcing the
action of the state relative to temperance laws drives home the value
and the importance of having state regulation. I hope that this system
of state and national government will continue. Every important step
of progress along these lines during the past generation has originated
with the states and not with the nation. We had regulation in this state
twenty years ago — the real article twenty years before they ever had it
in the nation. Fifteen or twenty years ago the supreme court said valu-
ation was the basis of all rate making, and there have been ten different
states valued their property since then, and congress has been dilly-dal-
lying with it all these years, doing nothing and accomplishing nothing
along those lines. I simply want to impress upon you what I think is
one of the important lessons that I have learned during the past year,
that there is value in the state government, in the preservation of her
proper functions, and I hope you will jealously do your part in guarding
that.

172 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

One other matter that I have been interested in during the past year
relates to the valuation of railroad properties. I was chairman of the
committee on valuation of American railroads of the National Association
of Railway Commissioners. Now there is a popular belief that the regu-
lation of watered stock is the cure-all of many of our questions in regard
to public service regulations. Many people think that when a company
Issues a hundred thousand dollars' worth of stock that they are entitled to
a return on it. As a matter of fact, there is not a court in the land that
holds that to be true that I know of. I examined the records of ten dif-
ferent states that had valued their railroad properties last year. Not
one of those states used capitalization as the basis. In the Knoxville water
case, the supreme court of the United States computed and estimated what
should be the basis for the return, and they totally disregard all matters
of capitalization. In the Consolidated Gas case the same is true. They
are not entitled to a return on the capitalization. They are entitled to a
return upon the value.

But the amazing thing is the great diversity in methods of finding
value. No two men, I find, could go to work and value the same piece
of property and reach conclusion, one fifty per cent greater than the
other, though one was just as honest as the other. A few years ago a
man up in Michigan valued the property of one railroad. Two years ago
he valued the same railroad for precisely the same purposes. Remember,
this is the same man. And he got a value of $20,000,000 greater than the
other time, when he valued it two years prior, and there had been no
substantial addition to the property in the meantime at all.

I found a fellow in Michigan who said on the little items of con-
tingencies a railroad should be allowed ten per cent — an able and compe-
tent man. A fellow dov^'n in Oklahoma, at the head of their engineering
department, said two per cent is enough. There is a difference of eight
per cent. What will that mean if congress during the next few days
makes a national valuation required by the Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion? It means a variation according to current methods, of more than
a billion dollars on that one item of contingencies.

On interest during construction there is another problem. They agree
that five or six per cent is a reasonable rate, but they don't agree over
what period the road should be constructed. Over in Kansas it takes
about a year to construct a hundred miles. Over in Nebraska, right across
the line north of it, they say it takes four years to construct a hundred
miles. There is a big variation. Over in Minnesota they say a railroad
is entitled to a return on the value of its real estate. In Wisconsin they
say it is entitled to three times the value of its real estate. There is an-
other variation of several hundred millions.

You talk about these questions of graft and dishonesty. Those are
small and insignificant compared to the determination of some of those
technical problems of engineering questions. The great Gould scandal
only involved twenty-three million dollars. The great Northwestern Pa-
cific steal only involved about seventy million dollars. In the little
question of contingencies there is a thousand million dollars involved. All
of the £ra.ft in our insurance companies, all of the graft in the history

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 173

of American railroads, since they were first constructed down to the
present time, all put together, is not of so great importance — measured
by the standard of dollars and cents — as the little problem of whether
you shall allow two per cent or ten per cent, for contingencies in estimat-
ing the value of a property. The questions of watered stock and high
finance are exciting and sensational, but when it comes down to bedrock,
the great questions which you have to deal with are not steals and grafts
so much as these business questions. I think we are learning that fact
more and more as we get further into the discussion of these subjects.

Last summer there was an advance proposed in the freight rates on
butter, poultry and eggs. Ordinarily that would have gone through with-
out any trouble. Now you people are interested in that proposition. I
have told it to a number of people before, but I have not described it to
the organization, and I think that you would be vitally concerned. I
asked the dairy and food department about what was the volume of the
movement from Iowa to the Atlantic coast, and they told me. I confirmed
that by reference to the State Poultry Association, and I found that that
one little advance on butter, poultry and eggs, if allowed to go into ef-
fect, would cost this state over $360,000 a year. The matter was pre-
sented to the official classification committee in New York City by your
commerce counsel Judge Henderson, and myself, and the advance was
,not put into effect. I am saying these two things right in the same
breath, so as to give the proper impression. I don't want to make the
claim that we caused it, that we prevented it going into effect, and yet as
a matter of fact, it did not go into effect. That is merely an example of
hundreds and hundreds of items that concern us. These questions, these
problems that we are dealing with, are subjects that we must approach
from a business standpoint, without heat, and at the same time fairly and
honestly. I believe that you men out here on these broad western prai-
ries, far from the mad mobs and frenzied financiers of the cities — I be-
lieve that you men will be the arbiters of the destinies of this nation, and
when it comes to the solution of these great questions that are challenging
the attention of thinking men of today, that you people will do more than
any other body of people towards reaching a fair and just conclusion and
determination of those questions to the best interests of our country. I
thank you. (Applause.)

The Toastmaster: The members of this association have always
shown a very lively interest in it, and a great many of our friends have
shown an interest in it — a great many of the citizens generally who
are not especially allied with the agricultural interests have neverthe-
less watched our course with considerable interest. And there is an-
other class of gentlemen who have apparently kept interested. I refer
to cur railroad friends. We have found them whenever we appeared be-
fore the state commission or before the Interstate Commerce Commission.
If we have gone before a legislative committee, we have found them
there. And tonight, for the first time, I think, although that is not our
fault, we have some of them with us. And I want to say for the gentle-
man whom I am going to introduce now. that while we havp> been on

174 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

opposite sides of the fence most of the time, we have been opposed to
each other almost every place we have met, yet we have always found in
him a clean, fair fighter, and a thoroughly kind, considerate gentleman,
whom it has been a pleasure to meet, although our interests have usually
been exactly opposite. I refer to Judge Davis, the Iowa attorney of the
Chicago and North Western, and we would like to hear from him. (Ap-
plause.)

Mr. James C. Davis: Mr. Chairman, and My Brother Beef Growers of
Iowa (Applause): Some gentleman met me the other day, and he said:
"Davis, how do you feel when the legislature is in session?" I tried to
make an answer, but the other night I was at the theater and one of the
actors described another one who was in love as having, "a God-save-us
look in his eye," and I thought that might describe my general feeling
while the legislature is in session. (Laughter.)

I don't know whether you gentlemen know it, but I am really qualified
to be a member in good standing of this association. I have three cows.
(Laughter.) I have a Jersey, I have a Short-horn, and I have a Holstein.
And I use the Holstein milk to water the Jersey with. (Laughter.) I
said to my man the other day — he is selling milk — I work for the rail-
road, and try to earn money enough to keep the place going. He told me
he had sold 269 quarts of milk in January, and I said, "William, what
are you getting?" He said, "I am getting ten cents a quart." I said,
"That is a pretty good price, isn't it?" "Well," he says, "I am selling
it all as Jersey milk." (Laughter.) I said, "How do you do it?" And he
said, "The Holstein gives most of the milk, but I just flavor it a little
with the Jersey." It made me think, and you will recognize I am getting
into pretty high-class in this milk business. (Laughter.)

I wish that the men who represent the railroads and the men that are
the bone and sinew of Iowa, as you men are, could get a little closer to-
gether. I wish I could get Senator Doran to believe me when I make
some statement about railroads. You know I am pretty familiar with
most of you. There is Bill Drury, and Justin Doran, and Mr. Ames, and
Brady — we all served in the thirty-second together. We are like veter-
ans. When we get together, we talk over our trials and battles, and I
generally talk of my defeats. I have no victories. The truth of it is
that if you would just take my standpoint and look at this situation —
ordinarily there are about seventy-five or eighty railroad bills introduced
in the legislature — all of them bad, as a general rule. (Laughter.) Most
of them are not introduced to pass.

I heard a story of a gentleman who visited a farmer who was very
prosperous and well-to-do, and the farmer had a great, big, black dog with
a fierce bark. The farm was threaded by a railroad that ran along, and
every time one of the big transcontinental trains came along that
wouldn't stop at Buckingham, Ames, one of those you see go by and
want to stop and won't, this dog would run out and bark and run after
it till he had run himself down. And the man said "Why don't you
break that dog of chasing trains?" "Oh," said the farmer, "it helps the
dog, and it doesn't hurt the railroad." (Laughter.)

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 175

But, seriously, gentlemen, you men represent the great wealth of
Iowa. You represeat the thirty-five millions of broad, fertile acres that
make this state great and prosperous. In a rather humble capacity, I
represent one of the railroads that serves you. It has been stated a great
many times that we have ten thousand miles of railroad here in Iowa.
Our population is comparatively sparse. We have only about 215 men
for each mile of railroad. And when you come to think of the business
that the railroads do for you here in Iowa, I want to say to you that it
is largely interstate. Mr. Thorne suggested, and there is, a great strug-
gle going on now as to whether the United States of America, with the
great Interstate Commerce Commission, shall control the railroads, or
whether there will be that constant clashing and that serious question
all the time as to whether this is local or whether it is interstate, but I
want you to think just a moment of Iowa.

The local freight business in Iowa does not amount to ten per cent of
the business that the railroads do here. Why? The whole state of Iowa
is engaged in practically the same business. We are all in the agricul-
tural business. Every county raises a surplus. No one county sells corn
to another county in Iowa. No one county sells cattle to another county
in Iowa. The truth of it is that the great products of Iowa go on these
long interstate journeys. Now here is the serious problem. I don't claim
that I am any better than anybody else, but simply" because I represent
a railroad, I want to stand with other people and be ranked as a good
citizen. I have got just as many children as Harry Wallace — just ex-
actly. I don't know but what if we live ten years, I will beat him.
(Laughter.) We are both of us industrious and both of us red-headed.
Why should we not succeed? (Laughter.) But what I plead for is a
little better acquaintance. I say, here is the North Western railroad, with
1,700 miles of road, here in your state. We are assessed for taxation at
fifty millions of dollars. Isn't it necessary that someone shall stand for
that property and try to protect it? Should I be criticized if I go before
the legislature with my friend Wallace, for whom I not only have a very
sincere affection but a high regard? There was a time when Mr. Thorne
and I did not know each other very well, but we are getting better ac-
quainted as we go along, and we are getting to be mutual respecters of
each other. Why, when this Corn Belt Meat Producers Association came
into existence, I think Jimmy Ryan was your first secretary. And Jimmy
came down and spent about ten days, and went up to Fort Dodge. Some-
body said to him, "Jimmy, how did you get along up there?" He says,
"Fine." "Did you meet the railrbad fellows?" "Oh, yes," he said, "I got
pretty well acquainted with them." "What kind of fellows are they?"
"Oh," he says, "they aren't so bad. Why, there's that fellow Davis that
represents the North Western. He is so dog-gone ugly he is fascinating."
(Laughter.) So if we could just get a little better acquainted, if you
could understand the railroad business a little better, if we could under-
stand your business a little bit better, there is no reason why we should
not get along better together.

I undertake to say that the relations between the people of the state
of Iowa and the railroads were never fairer, never cleaner, and should be

176 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

more cordial now than at any time in the history of the state. There is
no discrimination. There is no free transportation. We have been legis-
lated out of politics. I am a retired politician. I am not in politics any
longer. And I don't see why we should not meet and settle these questions
as business men. You can't be prosperous without the railroads prosper.
You can't let the railroads fall into discredit and bankruptcy without
feeling the effect of it yourselves. Born here in the state of Iowa, having
the same pride of state that you men have, rearing my family in the
same way that you people rear yours, why shouldn't we railroad men be
able to meet you on a fair, square plane of equality, man to man, and
thresh our business propositions out as business men, in fairness and
without prejudice? That is what I stand for, and that is what I hope
some day to see accomplished. I thank you, gentlemen. (Applause.)

The Toastmaster: A good many years ago — don't know just how-
many — seven or eight, I think — we had the governor of this state. He
addressed us, I think, in the old Y. M. C. A. auditorium. I don't know'
what impression he made on the others of you who are here tonight, and
who heard him then, but he said one thing that stuck in my mind.
Towards the close of his address, he said: "You people are alive now.
You have already accomplished some good. For goodness' sake, stay
alive." That comes back to me every time we have our annual meeting.
We have with us tonight fcr the first time since then another governor
of Iowa, Governor Clarke, whom I am going to introduce at this time.
(Applause.)

Governor George W. Clarke: Mr. Toastmaster and Gentlemen — I sup-
pose I am treated tonight exactly as all the other men have been treated
who have spoken — simply called upon without having had an opportun-
ity to know that we were going to be called on. If I make half as good
a speech as the other men have made here tonight, I will have made a
good speech, because their speeches were extraordinarily good to my
mind, every one of them. W^e have gone back here in these speeches to
Moses and Abraham, and all the way from that time down to the present
time, and the discussion of the North Western railroad. I found out
Abraham was a stockman, and Moses v/as, and pretty near all of the
other old Bible worthies were stockmen, and I wondered w^hile Mr. Wal-
lace was speaking if they had any such stock in those days as you men
have. I don't believe they had. I don't believe they had the fine stock
in that time that we have today. And then I began to ask myself the
question, "After all, aren't we just beginning in this world?" I rather
think that we are.

We hadn't made very much progress up to seventy-five or a hundred
years ago from the days of Abraham and Moses. Not any at all, I guess,
as far as transportation is concerned. Mr. Davis has been talking about
that. Our transportation at that time was exactly the same that they
had in the days of Abraham, and he was dozing before his tent down in
the land they called Uz, or some other country down there, anyhow. Ex-
actly the same sort of transportation then. But we have made a great
deal of progress in the last seventy-five or ^ hundred years. These rail-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 177

roads have all been built in this country. This country has been deveh
oped within that time, and this stock that you men own has been devel-
oped so that it is a higher grade and a better grade of stock than Moses
or Abraham or any other man that lived back of a hundred years ago
ever knew of or thought of having. The fact of the business is that there
was no man that lived a hundred years ago who ever thought that we
would have such a country as we have here now. Absolutely beyond the
dream of any man who lived a hundred years ago. And yet I think we
are just simply beginning in this country — just beginning.

We are just beginning to do things after a permanent sort of a fashion,
just beginning to think of questions of that kind. We are just beginning
to deal with the great problems with which hum.an life has to do, and it
has to do witli our methods of living and with the advancement of man-
kind. Only a few days ago the fire marshal over here laid on my desk
his report, and I looked over it, and I saw a report of the fires in the
state of Iowa, something like three thousand of them, with millions of
dol'ars of loss. And then I thought we are just beginning to build perma-
nent buildings here in Iowa, fireproof buildings. Just beginning, I say, to
do things in a permanent sort of way, getting our civilization, if you please,
upon a permanent, lasting foundation. It never has been in the history
of the world upon what we call a permanent, sound, solid foundation.

And so I say v*'e are coming up here tonight and discussing these
questions here, and although the world is thousands of years old, we are
just at the beginning, and it doth not yet appear what we shall be. But
I tell you we do know that here in Iowa we shall be one of the greatest
states in the Union. Mr. Thorne, over there, talked about the commerce
of this country, and about the control of commercial affairs in this coun-
try, about state and interstate commerce, and the thought occurred to me
that after all a country is just exactly what its commerce is, no more nor
no less. Its commerce measures exactly what a country or what a people
is. It is an exact measure of it. And whoever, if you please, controls the
commerce of a country controls the destiny of that country. (Applause.)

Men talk about these great transcontinental lines of railroad across
this country and the wonderful traffic that is carried by them, absolutely
beyond the conception of any man who sits at these tables tonight, these
arteries of commerce here. They constitute the very life-blood of this
nation, the very life-blood of it. And I say measures what this nation is
and what the commerce of this country is to be in the future, is an
exact measure and prophecy of what this nation shall be in the future.
And I think it is absolutely essential that the people of this country
control, if you please, the commerce and the traffic and the means of
transportation, because if they do they control the destinies, I say, of the
country. So I think, with others who have spoken tonight, that it is ab-
solutely essential that there should be this control. But Mr. Davis sug-
gests, why can't we move right along together? And why not now,
when you come to think of that question? Are your interests any differ-
ent, after all, from the interests of the railway company? Are not your
interests mutual? Can the one be developed without the other develop-

la .

178 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ing? Can there be any business growth if the other is depreciated in its
capacity to add to what it has accomplished? We must all go up to-
gether. There is no question about that at all, and our interests are
absolutely mutual interests. But I need not say anything further along
that line. These are suggestions that come to my mind from what has
been said here by those who have spoken before. I have suggested that
we are just beginning in this country, and I think that is true. The
world has just reached a point, if you please, a point of vantage. It has
just planted its feet now upon a vantage ground from which it can be-
gin to grow and develop into a mighty country, into a great world, if
you please, and everything that we are doing now or trying to do is
suggesting this tonight.

You take the legislature over here. What are we talking about over
here? What thoughts are in the minds of the people. Why, the thought
of the people is, we must begin to grow, to develop. In other words,
Iowa, if you please, must put on some new clothes. It has worn its old
clothes practically out, not quite down to the seat of its pants or the
knees of its breeches, but that is the way people are beginning to feel, any-
way. So we are beginning to make permanent roads, beginning to talk
about better school facilities, beginning to talk about public utilities bills,
and workingmen's compensation acts. These are things that were not
thought of or talked about twenty-five years ago, if you please. All in-
dicating the growth of the public thought and the development that lies
right ahead of us in this country. And so I want to congratulate you, if
you please, that you come together to discuss these questions of mutual
interest, and I say they are of mutual interest; and, whatever you do, it
doesn't make any difference what it is, is helpful to another. I think
that any man's life is helpful to all other lives if it is any sort of a
decent life at all. I think that is true with what a man does.

Now there may be men here, there may be men in this city, who are
simply giving themselves to making money simply for the purpose of
establishing a fine home, rearing their family, and all that kind of thing,
but whatever his notion may be of what he is doing or what he is going
to accomplish, he can not do it without helping you and without helping
me, and without helping us all. I don't know how I can better illustrate
my thought so you will get it than by saying: You go up and down the
avenue out here. It is a beautiful avenue out here in the city of Des
Moines, beautiful homes, fine homes. Nobody can go up and down that
avenue at certain seasons without admiration for those homes and the
beautiful surroundings that are there, the good taste that has been de-
veloped, and all that kind of thing. That man who built the home on the
avenue, if you please, may have thought of nothing more than simply the
expenditure of his money and perhaps a selfish interest in building a
home, but throughout all time, so long as that home is there and those
beautiful grounds are there, every man that passes up and down that
avenue receives a benefit from it and an enjoyment in it, and he makes
a contribution, if you please, to society and to the state. So I say it
floes not make much difference what our lives are, if they are along

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 179

decent lines at all, they are helpful in spite of ourselves. And so when
you come here tonight in this gathering to discuss questions of interest,
you are helping all Iowa.

There was a thought suggested by Mr. Thorne a while ago that here
in this country, compared with other countries, I thought of the refer-
ence Mr. Green, in his history of the English people, made in closing up
that history, referring to the conditions in England and in Germany, the
old civilizations of the world and what had happened there, and he wound
up by saying: "Not along the Thames, not along the Rhine, not in the
old countries of the world, but along the Mississippi river, in North
America, are the great problems of the Anglo-Saxon race to be worked
out." And that is where you live, if you please, in the heart of the Ameri-
can continent, upon that great river. You live in a country, if you please,
which has in the fertility of its soil and in its promise of the future,
greater promise than any other in the world, and when we have the great
population that we shall have here in the years that are not distant in
the future — we are increasing by millions every year. James Hill says
we will have two hundred millions here within fifty years — a great popu-
lation then is to fill this Mississippi valley, and great wealth is to be
here, and a mightier people is to live in the center of the American conti-
nent, as predicted by Green, than has ever lived in the history of the
world, and here are the great problems of humanity to be worked out.
And you are beginning to work them out. You are beginning to lay the
foundation of the solutions of the great problems of the world here, and
I congratulate you that we are located right here in the center of the
best country in the world. I thank you. (Applause.)

The Toastmaster: This association has been wonderfully helped by
the press of the state, and by none so much as by The Register and Leader,
of this city, of which Mr. Harvey Ingham is the editor. We have had
the pleasure on one or two occasions of hearing from him, and we are
fortunate tonight in being able to once more call upon him. (Applause.)

Mr. Harvey Ingham: My Brother Stockmen — I say that with a great
deal of assurance, because I am a regularly admitted member of this as-
sociation. I don't remember now what the occasion was for admitting me
to membership, but I am very confident it was not the ownership of a
dairy cow. (Laughter.) To prove my right to sit with a body of stock-
men, I want to devote my remarks to matters directly pertaining to the
stock business, at least to one feature of it. I was surprised when your
toastmaster remarked that there were more young men present in this
association meeting at this time than had ever been before, because I had
only a few minutes before commented to Uncle Henry Wallace on the
number of gray heads here in this body, and I was asking him where
the young men were who were going to take the places of these older
men in the stock business in the Mississippi valley. Now your toast-
master may be right that the young men are going to take up this
business, but I tell him the statistics show that the consumption of meat
has increased enormously faster than the production of meat in this coun-
try, that while the number of people in our cities and our great centers

180 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

who are demanding high-priced steaks has increased rapidly, and the eat-
ing mouths are increasing, doubling and trebling, the men who are actual-
ly out on the farms producing beef have not increased in number. On
the contrary, if anything, there is a gradual tendency to shrinkage. And
the question before the stockmen now for the future is. What is going
to hold the young men of this country to the stock producing business?

Now I am not going to attempt to answer that question any further
than to say that rural life must be made attractive in the Mississippi
valley. In the open competition of opportuunities in life there must be
something just as attractive in rural life to the young men and the
young women of the future as there is to town life, because, my friends,
the money is going to accumulate here to such an extent that the young
men of the future are going to be in position to choose what life they
will pursue, and they are not going to remain on the farm simply because
they have to stay there. And unless rural life in the Mississippi valley can
be made attractive, the young men are not going to remain in rural pur-
suits.

Now I could say something tonight on the general subject of how
to make rural life attractive in the Mississippi valley, but I presume it
v/ould be better, in the short time that we have, that I talk about some-
thing else. I am going to offer just one sentiment in connection with
rural life, and that is our life in this great state tonight, and that is
to encourage upon stockmen, upon all men, a more careful attention to
public affairs.

Now it is very easy for us to flatter ourselves that we are giving
attention to public affairs, but the fact is, my friends, that our pri-
mary elections and our other references and referendums of public ques-
tions to the people have been disappointing, and with the tendency in
these later years of bringing government directly home to the people unless
the people are willing to assume the responsibilities which this increase
in rights brings to them, we are going to find ourselves seriously disap-
pointed in some of the results. Now we have had in this city within the
past ten days a referendum of the proposition to vote $500,000 of our
money to the schools of this city. There are not less than 20,000 male
voters in the independent district of Des Moines. There were probably
20,000 more female voters who were entitled to vote on that bonding
question. A great effort was made to interest the women in this elec-
tion. Out of a total number of votes in the district — certainly not less
than 35,000 — the highest vote polled was 5,000 votes, and that vote was
so distributed and so cast that it was evident on the face of it that it
was cast almost wholly with reference to local interests and local preju-
dices. As a referendum it was a farce. It cost this city $5,000 to hold
that special election.

I say to you tonight that the initiative and the referendum will only
be failures and followed by disappointments unless the people can be
brought to a keener realization of the responsibilities of citizenship and
the necessity of interesting themselves in these public questions. Now
what has been the effect of the primary election? What have been the
results? It has been necessary for our legislature to actual Iv enact a law

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 181

that names of candidates shall be shuffled on the ballot so that each
man will have the luck of position at the head of the ticket in order to
secure a fair chance in a primary election. Now what sort of a commen-
tary is that on the voters of the most intelligent state in the nation? My
friends, the people of the state of Iowa have got to take a more intelligent
interest in their city, in their state, in their own duty and responsibility
as citizens if they are going to be able to meet on equal terms the rail-
roads they are dealing with, for they are intelligent to their own interests.
It is going to be necessary for the people of the state of Iowa to vote
more intelligently, and to devote more time to a serious consideration of
their part in this government, and to come together more intelligently and
effectively if they are ever going to compete on even terms with the cor-
porations with which they are dealing. I agree wholly with Judge Davis
that the time is coming when the railroads and the stock shippers and
all people should come together in a fair and intelligent consideration of
their mutual interests, but I say to you, my friends, that we are not going
to come together on an equal basis until you and I and the rest of us
come together with equal information and equal intelligence, as to our
part of the bargain. It will require not merely this organization that you
are members of, it will require not merely an organization that covers an
individual state — it will require an organization that is national in its
extent, that can appear before the Interstate Commerce Commission, be-
cause, as Judge Davis says, your interests are largely interstate, and you
know it has been the orders of the Interstate Commerce Commission that
have largely affected your rights and your rates. It will require an organ-
ization that is national in its extent, and in order to form such an organi-
zation it will require intelligence, it will require a serious consideration
of public affairs, and it will require a stern determination on the part of
every man in the state of ours to be at the polls and to do his full duty as
a citizen.

Now it has been said here by Governor Clarke and by others that the
great possibilities of the future lie in this Mississippi valley, but, my
friends, they do not lie with the soil, and they do not lie with the cattle.
They lie with the men in this Mississippi valley. The cities of this world
have not been built where the wealth was, where the natural resources
were, but where the men were. There is more gold tonight in the city
of London than in any other one spot in the world, and yet there was
never an ounce of the precious metal discovered in the British Isles. Mex-
ico produces almost as much or more silver than all the rest of the world
together, and yet there is not much silver in Mexico. Even the wealth
of the mines is not where the mines are, but where the men are. The states,
the cities, the business, the commerce of the world are built by men, and
the future of this Mississippi valley is not with its natural fertility and
not with its resources, but with its men. I want to say to you tonight
that it is just as possible for Iowa to become a worn-out state, as some
of the New England states are, as it has been for them. You can mine
the soil of Iowa as easily as they have mined theirs, and if there is not
greater intelligence in the people of this Mississippi valley, we will ac-
complish no more than thev have aocomnlished Tbp. future is with vnn

182 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and the future with you is in your individual capacity, doing your
duty as a citizen. My friends, we can not rely on others. We must
look to ourselves. And the great and primary duty of the people of Iowa
is individually, each man by himself, taking an interest in these public
affairs and doing his full duty, not only in his local township, not only in
his county, not only in his state, but in the nation at large. I want to
say to you that this is one of the serious problems of our time, is
to bring home to the people themsalves their responsibility to be well
informed, and to act when the time comes. (Applause.)

The Toastmaster: At our last meeting, a year ago in December,
I had the pleasure of introducing the on]y commerce counsel in captiv-
ity. He was only six months old then, and he filled our hearts with
joy by the splendid optimistic talk he gave us. Now he is a year older,
and he bears a good many scars of battle, and some of them have been
delivered to him on our account. I know our members have a curiosity
to know whether that same optimistic spirit pervades him now that did
a year ago. I refer to Judge Henderson. (Applause.)

Hon. J. H. Henderson: Mr. Toastmaster and Gentlemen — It was a
year ago that I was here, and I am thinking now that in reference to
the work that I have had to do that I w^as a good deal smarter than
I am tonight, because I know that I know a good deal more now than I
did then. Some of these friends have said that they have been taken
by surprise or were not notified that they were to talk. I was not
notified, but I have not been taken by surprise, because I was fooled
once. I came here last year and they set me at this end of the table,
and I supposed that that was just a quiet, nice place for a guest to sit,
and I was called on. And w^hen they set me down at this table at the
same place, I knew then that I was to be called on, and I really have
not enjoyed my supper.

I feel a little bit more as if I belonged to you. I talked about be-
ing a lawyer and acquainted with lawyers' ways, and I think I said
something that if it were in a gathering of lawyers, I would feel a little
bit better, because I would know how much to believe of what they
said. I feel tonight that I can go along a little bit further now and
know somewhat of how much I am to believe of what you say.

I come on one line of my ancestry from tillers of the soil, and
raisers of stock as far back as I can trace the lineage, and on the
other side I come from tanners and shoemakers and office-holders, and
I believe I have got a little bit of a combination of both strains in my
nature, as I have farmed a little and have held office quite a little.

I have been thinking as I have been sitting here this evening
and looking into your faces, that here is represented tonight the
strength and the solidity and the permanency of this great state, a
state of which I am proud because I live in the county in the state in
which I was born, and live in the township in which I was born, and
have lived in the same ward and precinct in which I have ever cast a
vote in this state. I have great pride in the great state of Iowa, and
it is a pleasure to be with those whom I know and recognize as being

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 183

of the stalwart citizenship of the state that not only produces its
wealth and its material resources, but adds to the standard and the
dignity and the manhood of its citizenship. And I have been impressed
that you gentlemen here tonight around this banquet table are taking
a little bit of rest from the daily toil that you have in the management
and looking after of your farms and your stock interests, and that it
would be a good time and that it should suggest that there is something
more than simply broadening its acres, improving its fertility and the
improvements that are upon it, and raising the grade of your stock.
That you are getting beyond that, and saying that there is due from
each and all of you a service that is to be performed, a service — ^not
that in its narrower sense, but a service that includes everything that
tends to upbuild and to ennoble humanity, a service that every man
owes for himself, for his family, for his community, for his state, and
a service that must be performed before any man performs his duty,
and I believe that the service that comes m.ust be more than that to
gratify ambition and acquire a larger amount of wealth, a service that
brings good blood, not only to you gentlemen upon the farms and in
the stock fields, but to those of us who occupy and follow other pro-
fessions and other occupations.

I began the work a little over a year ago with but little knowledge,
and have believed now, and have felt the feeling grow with me as the
years have come, that there was something more than simply per-
forming the daily routine of duties, som.ething more than simply look-
ing after and answering the immediate demands, but that there was a
call upon me as upon others, a stronger and higher duty and better
service in the interests of my people, and it is with that spirit that I
have undertaken, during the time that I have been endeavoring to fill
the office of commerce counsel, to give the service that I conceive is
due from every man and due from a public official. That serrice — the
best that we can do — wall not reach what we would desire, but it is a
service, when given w^ith all of the force and might, and with all of the
strength that is within us, is all that is asked, and when the service is
rendered, rewards shall come.

The work has been pleasant in many respects. The work has been dif-
ficult in some particulars. It has been hard for me to change the habits
of a lifetime in the trial and in the management and disposition of cases.
There comes an investigation of nev/ questions. I have not felt that there
was any difficulty or trouble in determining the construction of statutes
or the application of the principles of law, for that I have felt I had in
some degree, in some measure, acquired during the years of a somewhat
active life. I say I felt but little embarassment with those questions, but
it was difficult when I had to sit down and take hold of questions or prob-
lems that were outside of the training that I had had during the years
before. I have done the best I knew how and I am ready to continue do-
ing that work so long as it shall be my duty to perform the duties of the
office and hold that position.

Something was said about this being a great granary in the midst of
the greatest nation, and that within thie Mississippi valley will be found

184 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the population of this country. It has been truly said that this country
does not become great and prosperous upon its material resources so much
as it does upon its men, because the present and the future of the great
growth of this country demand from me and from all others that greater
degree of service that each owes because of the interests being devoted —
you engaged in your daily occupation upon your farm, and the merchant
in his. store, and the others without organization, it must be that there
shall be in some organization such as you have, the protection of your
interests. But beyond that there must be, in my judgment, by the state
provided, the persons who shall be charged with the duty of protecting and
taking care of these interests, because the larger interests, the corporate in-
terests— the railroads are particularly referred to — have their organizations
and their corps of officers, and they have all of their different lines and
departments, and specialists, and it is necessary that there shall be in
those who undertake to represent the people a corresponding degree of
intelligence and a corresponding knowledge of the facts, and above all
an integrity and a faith in the people, and faith in the officer himself, and
a desire that the full service exacted of him shall be performed.

I am pleased to be here tonight, because I recognize the very strong
factor that this organization has been in the administration of the af-
fairs of the state. I understand that it was largely through your efforts
that the position which I now am trying to fill was created, and because
of that I want to come and let you know how I feel in regard to these
matters, and be able to stand before you and give expression to such
words as I may that come from the heart, that you may understand that
there is and will be an effort to perform that service which I believe is
due. (Applause.)

The Toastmaster: Now, the hour is late, and I am going to close this
program as I began it, with a w^ord from one of the original members,
one of the old wheel horses who has always pulled his full share of the
load, Mr. William Drury, of Sac county. I caught him just as he started
out here. (Applause.)

Mr. Will Drury: It is rather a hard position to call on a farmer to
end up an evening of this kind, after hearing editors and lawyers, and the
governor, and our worthy secretary and president. But I feel a good
deal like the Irishman up in our country. One day he met Brady, who
said: "Jim, what would you be if you wasn't an Irishman?" he says:
"I'd be damned sorry." (Laughter.) That is the way I would feel if I
was not a member of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association. (Ap-
plause.)

Mr. Ingham has called our attention to the duties we have today, the
people of the state of Iowa. I am going to call his attention to what we
have done in the nine years we have been an organization. If Mr.
Ingham had known and followed back to the time a few of us came down
here to plead our cause with the legislature, when they thought we had
no case. Look tonight at the friends we have over here on the hill, and
the olive branch extended by our friend Davis. He must realize we have
made advancement. Mr. Ingham . spoke about the gray-headed men. I

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 185

can say the same as our friend and secretary, that the young men are
more represented here than ever before. But I want you to go home to
your boys and your neighbors, and next year have still more of the young
men come, because the old wheel horses are getting to a point where they
will have to quit. We want you to see that the boys come down to the
Meat Producers' Association. Say to them that there is a class of men
that is doing some good, and the state of Iowa is trying to do some good
for you. And instead of the boys coming alone, you come with them.
I don't think there is any way you can do yourselves more good than by
sitting here and listening to what such men as we have had on our pro-
gram today and this evening have to say. These things are problems that
we have got to solve ourselves, and we can solve them in our homes and
on our farms.

I oftentimes think — I hate to hear it, too, because it is a fact — that
you will hear a lot of men v/ho have moved to town say, "You hadn't ought
to come to town. You hadn't ought to leave the farm." I have always
been sorry to hear that, but I have noticed that very few of them ever
move back. (Applause.) Jim Davis can talk about his dairy cow, but he
isn't milking her. (Laughter.) I don't know whether Mr. Ingham has
got a cow or not.

But I think we have spent a very pleasant time — I am sure I have — and
I thank you. (Applause.)

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 18.

]\IoRNiNG Session.

President Sykes presiding.

The President: The first thing on the program this morning is
an address on "The Railroad and the Stockman/' by Mr. Fred H.
Hammill, assistant general superintendent of the Chicago and
North Western Railway.

THE RAILROAD AND THE STOCKMAN.

Mr. President, and M^embers of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Associa-
tion: I rather feel that I am doubly handicapped this morning in ap-
pearing before you gentlemen, first, for the reason that I was called to
Chicago last Friday, and rather unexpectedly, you might say, handed a
position that is a little bit out of my line, and I feel that the shock of
that, as well as being asked by the vice-president to represent him in ap-
pearing before your association, is rather too much for me. Mr. Aishton,
of course, is well known in Iowa by a great many of you shippers, and
I feel that I have a difficult proposition before me in attempting to
represent him.

I had an opportunity last night of attending your banquet. It af-
forded me a great deal of pleasure, and I saw there the faces of a good
many men who are shippers on the North Western road. Being among

186 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the stockmen, I felt that a stock story and illustration of the red tape
that the railroads are sometimes accused of would not be out of place.

On our western lines we frequently are called upon to send out engi-
neers who are strangers to the territory. A few seasons ago an engineer
from one of the northern territories, where they don't have much stock
business, was sent out. He ran into a bunch of stock and killed a very
fine steer. When he got it off the road, the fireman said: "It will be
necessary for you to make out and sign a long report." That was rather
new to him. He got one of the blanks with a lot of questions. The
first was: "What did V'ou see first?" "I saw a big, black steer coming
out of the big tall grass." "What did you next see?" "I saw the big
tall grass coming out of the big, black steer." It is needless to say that
that was the most valuable animal in the bunch.

Last night we heard considerable comment from our attorneys and other
professional men about their connection with the live stock business of
Iowa, and I was very much pleased to hear our attorney, Mr. Davis, state
that he was in the live stock business, having three cows out on the boule-
vard. That brought to my mind how close I came to being connected
with the farming interests of Iowa. In our family there were but two
boys. Father had an ambition to make farmers out of us. Early in life
I smelled the car smoke; my brother had an aspiration for a college edu-
cation, and the farming proposition was given up. I just state that to
indicate how small a margin we sometimes have for changing our en-
vironment. Railroad men — who are we? We are boys coming from the
same towns that you gentlemen do. We had the same opportunity you
boys do, but we chose as our avocation the railroad business. We got
into it with earnestness; we try to be fair and make it a success. Isn't
it proper that we grant to you gentlemen all consideration in your line
of business, assuming that you are working on the same basis, and
shouldn't you grant to us as railroad men the same opportunity and the
same consideration? A.nd along that line, it is a little discouraging when
the rank and file who have grown up into these official positions come
into a town, and raise our families alongside of yours, to be treated as
tools of soulless corporations. It is therefore my desire in speaking to
you to treat the subject fairly on both sides.

Speaking from the railroad standpoint, the company which I represent
has invested in the handling of the stock proposition 5,000 cars, repre-
senting $4,000,000. We have in the state of Iowa 236 stock yards, served
by thirty miles of track. In looking over statistics in Chicago, we find
that the receipts in the Union Stock Yards by the stockmen during the
year of 1912 amounted to 255,088 cars of stock, of which approximately
58,000 came over the North Western railroad. In the month of Decem-
ber we find that 51 per cent of the stock received in the Union Stock
Yards via the North Western railroad originated within the state of Iowa.
We are proud to state that a little less than eight-tenths of one per cent
of that stock was late for the market.

The first difficulty we encounter as railroad men is the distribution of
stock cars from our congested terminals after the receipt of
1,000, 1,200 or 1,500 cars in Chicago. We all know the con-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 187

gested conditions in Chicago. We liave to start on Monday morning,
after those big runs, and organize trains to move these stock cars four
or five hundred miks for the next day's heavy run, which is the next Sat-
urday. About 25 per cent of these cars we have to set out at the Miss-
issippi river for cleaning and repairs; consequently, we, as railroad men,
start practically on the first of the week to get ready for the next heavy
run on the following Saturday. The necessity for anticipation of orders
on the part of stock shippers is one of the important features in the han-
dling of the stock business. We recognize the. difficulty of the stockmen
on account of uncontrollable conditions in the market, but if you could
anticipate a little closer and place your orders as near as you possibly
can, it gives a better opportunity for the adjoining stock raiser to get
his cars. The uncertainty also creates a hardship for the railroads. They
might haul a bunch of stock cars four or five hundred miles in anticipa-
tion of your order for ten or fifteen cars for Saturday, and then when we
get out tliere have it canceled; and we then have to take those cars to
other points at considerable expense.

All railroads in the state of Iowa have schedules based on a main
line Chicago movement. We start as early as five o'clock to consolidate
this stock in small trains, and take them to junction points on double
tracks; and you can recognize the necessity of all of us co-operating in
order that these pick-up trains may get into the junction point, be con-
solidated, and arrive at the market at the proper time. You can readily
recognize the difficulty and the disadvantage at which you place your
brother stockman if a little inactivity on your part has caused a delay
to his stock. The stock arrives at the Mississippi river points with
probably thirty-five or forty cars in the train. Because of this unfore-
seen— possibly unavoidable — delay at some of these originating points, we
are obliged on account of the twenty-eight or thirty-six hour law, to
set out one or two cars in the train. The law must be obeyed, and we
are not criticizing it, but the net result is obstacles to the stockman
and the railroad in handling the stock. I only touch upon that point to
indicate that we must be fair in each others' consideration for the other.
Your interests are ours; ours are yours.

Another point is this: You who have never been in the railroad busi-
ness hardly appreciate the personal effort required on the part of the
entire organization in the handling of ten, twelve or fifteen hundred cars
of stock. We are sometimes accused of having peculiar vocabularies.
We start on Saturday afternoon and begin pickiKg up stock. Between
Saturday afternoon at five o'clock and Sunday night at ten or eleven
o'clock every conductor, engineer, fireman, brakeman — 'the maximum
force — is in the roundhouses and the stations. All telegraph operators,
train dispatchers, all officials — superintendents included — spend their en-
tire time watching the stock movement. We don't get a chance to go
to church. How can you blame us for our vocabularies?

In looking over the records in Chicago, we find that 55 per cent of the
stock received at the Union Stock Yards arrives on Mondays, 25 per
cent on Wednesdays — the two large markets — and 20 i>er cent during the
balance of the week. We also learn that the stock market for hogs opens

188 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AaRICULTURE

at 8:00 a. m. and closes at noon; for cattle opens at 10:00 a. m. and closes
at 3:00 p. m., practically four hours a day, two days in the week.
Eighty per cent of your stock that arrives in the Union Stock Yards is
handled in practically eight hours on two working days out of a six-day
week. The point I wish to bring out on that is, could we not with justice,
and probably advantage to both of us, have some better or more uniform
arrangement of our stock markets, so as to prevent the railroad men
all going down at one load?

We frequently hear this remark — I have in my last few years' ex-
perience in Iowa: What is the matter with Iowa? What is the matter
with the stockman? We will say now: What is the matter with the
railroad man? I say, gentlemen, nothing with any of us. Iowa is one
of the most beautiful states in the Union. I came here, you might say,
an emigrant, ten or eleven year ago. I have worked up and down your
prairies. I consider it my home. And being appointed to this position
in charge of the state of Iowa, I consider it one of the best positions
to which I could have been appointed on the North Western railroad.
There is nothing the matter with the railroads or stockmen. What we
want is a little more thorough recognition of each other's class; we want
a better acquaintance with each other. We are of the same family; we
are all after the same ends, to make the best success possible of our
business. We grant that to you, and hope to have the same consideration
given us.

In conclusion, I would like to say that in coming to the head of the
operating department of Iowa, I want to solicit from you gentlemen
your co-operation and assistance in every way possible. If you have any
difficulties in which we can help you, we would like mighty well to hear
from you, and our local representatives and myself will be glad to come
on request and go over the situation with you. If there are difficulties
that can not be overcome, I assume you, gentlemen, we will put forth
our every effort that our experience and our ability as railroad men to
handle the transportation business.

Discussion.

Charles Goodenow, Wall Lake : In regard to billing what we
call mixed stock, I shipped a car of sheep and hogs, a deck of each,
in a donble-deck car. I put the sheep by themselves and the hogs
by themselves; the first in the lower and the second in the upper
deck. I did that for the reason that I only had one deck of sheep.
The rate, as I figured it, avouIcI be 231/^ cents, for the reason that
the rate on hogs is 231/^ cents. The rate on a double' decker of
sheep would be 23 cents. When they arrived in Chicago, they
charged me 25 cents for single-deck sheep and 23% cents for single-
deck hogs on that one car. I would like to know why they should
charge me for two cars when only one was used, when the rule says
plainly that you can ship mixed cars, and they shall take the higher

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 189

rate with the higher minimum. The railroad men told me that if I
had put some sheep in the lower deck and some hogs in the upper
deck, they would have had to charge me 23^2 cents for 22,000 pounds
— the sheep minimum and the hog rate. The rule says also that you
can mix them whether in a single or double-deck car, but in build-
ing the partition you must not use any nails. Of course, I can see
that they want it done as carefully as possible, but how would a
man build a partition Avithout using nails and a hammer 1 That is
what I want to find out, if anybody can tell me.

Mr. liammill : Ycjars ago a temple was built without any nails ;
speaking about the rate, that is a matter handled by the traffic de-
partment. Mr. D. D. Cutler is here, and I know he will make a
note of that proposition and will be glad to advise you in that spe-
cific case. In regard to the mixing, I don't think that made any
particular difference, but Mr. Cutler will advise you about that.

Mr. Goodenow: I had this up with the traffic department, and
put in a claim for the difference. I forget the exact amount of
money, but it was quite a sum. It looked to me as if I was doing
the railroad company a favor, because they all admit this is the
day of tonnage. If I could put all my stuff in that single car,
wouldn't it be better than for me to use two cars? Why should
the company penalize me for trying to protect their interests?

Mr. Hammill: I am going to enlighten myself on that, Mr.
Goodenow, and I take it that Mr. Cutler will be glad to take it up
with you.

Mr. Goodenow : You will find that occurs quite often, because
the stockmen through the country are doing that.

H. C. "Wallace : There has been a good deal of complaint on the
part of t4ie stockmen against the over-filling of these stock men's
cabooses. I have a great many reports from off your road that
there have been some very bad conditions there. Among other
things, our report calls for the number of men who are traveling
on that caboose who are not entitled to — that is, who are neither
shippers nor bona fide employes of the shippers. This association
has gone on record as being utterly opposed to the use of stock-
men's passes by others than stockmen. It seems to us that the re-
sponsibility for that misuse of the pass might be charged to the sta-
tion agents of your roads. Now, while you are here, tell us about
tl:at and what you are doing to prevent that misuse of the pass.

190 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. Hammill: There is no question but there is considerable
misuse of the stock contract.

Mr. Wallace : Whose fault is it 1

Mr. Hammill : The agent is a servant of the shipper, and wants
to.be in right with him, and of course he accommodates him to that
extent. He is wrong in doing so, but the first wrong is in the re-
quest of that consideration. At Clinton we kept a record for quite
a while of the number of stockmen that came w^ith each train. My
recollection is that we at one time had one stockman accompanying
every three cars of stock. We also tried to sort out which was the
stockman and which was not. We found at least fifty per cent of
the men coming in were net stockmen; they wore collars whiter
than mine, and their hands were not any harder. That is one thing
that the stockmen must overcome ; you can help us a great deal on
that.

Mr. AVallace: My contention is that your station agent knows
very well whether a man is a bona fide stockman or not, and that,
as a matter of fact, your station agents are largely responsible for
this misuse of the pass. If a merchant or boy around town wants
to go in, your station agent knows that fellow, and that he does
not belong in the caboose ; and yet he connives at the thing and per-
mits the abuse, with the result that the stockman himself is com-
pelled to occupy a car which is filthy and overcrowded, and often
has no place to sit. Don't your regulations forbid that, and can't
your station men absolutely prevent it? There might be excep-
tional cases where some neighbor out in the country might go, but
in that case he is properly an employe of the stockman.

Mr. Hammill : Just how far the agent would go to discriminate
as to whom to assign to be the legal man to be in charge of the
stock is rather a fine point, and if we get any improvement on that
it will have to be done by the co-operation of the stockmen. We
would guarantee our support from our side of the fence to help
you gentlemen do away with that practice. If you folks will bring
it up with your stockmen and indicate to them what it means to
them, and state that the railroads are Avilling to help on that prop-
osition, we will guarantee to do our portion of it with our agents
and indicate to them that we want to arrange so that the stockmen
can have room to take care of themselves properly, and I am satis-
fied we will see quite an improvement.

Thirteenth annual year book— part iv 191

Will Drury, Early : Now that you are out in this state, perma-
nently I hope, I would like, for the benefit of the stockmen out of
Sioux City, to have the weights of the stock changed from Sioux
City out. There is no man who buys cattle in the stock yards of
the west who doesn't get anywhere from 50 to 100 pounds fill. At
the stockyards at Sioux City, the railroad company takes the buy-
ing w^eight of stock cattle and subtracts 300 or 500 pounds, and
charges freight to the shipper on that weight — when, as a matter
of fact, it is anywhere from 1,000 to 1,500 pounds more than he
should pay for. I bought a load there in November. I thought I
knew my business pretty well, but the fellow that billed them knew
more than I did. I weighed them about noon, and they were not
shipped out until that night. When I got my bill, I think there
was 300 or 500 pounds subtracted, and just to see what I had been
paying for, I reweighed the cattle, and I can make an affidavit —
I have the figures with me — that the shrink on those cattle was
seventy-seven pounds to the head. There were twenty-six cattle in
the car, and the excess of freight was right around 1,500 pounds.

Mr. Hammill : As I understand it, that stock came in from some
northern point to the market. You bought the stock and wanted to
ship it to Sac City. You are billed out w^ith the receiving weight
minus so many hundred pounds, and your theory is that the stock
should be weighed before it is shipped out ?

Mr. Drury : Yes, or take the sworn statement as to the weights
at destination.

Mr. Hammill : That is a matter that I would not care to reply
to offhand; but I will give it proper consideration with the traffic
department.

The President: We will now hear from Mr. W. M. Whitenton,
general manager of the Rock Island.

Mr. President and Gentlemen: I have not come prepared for any
particular discussion. I didn't know that I would be called on. In
fact, Mr. Wallace only yesterday invited me to come over to listen to
Mr. Hammill's talk, and I was very glad to do so. However, I am
very much pleased to be here, and to meet you gentlemen, representing
one of the greatest industries in this state; and as a representative of
one of the state's transportation lines, I want to say to you that I am
very much interested in the transportation of live stock. The interests
of the railroads, the stockmen and the farmers are mutual; there are no
insurmountable barriers between us. The trouble is, as I view it, that
we don't know each other. The railroad man assumes that he knows
all about your business, and just how you ought to conduct it, and he

192 iOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE^

doesn't want anybody to tell him anything about it. The stockman, of
course, knows all about his business, and he thinks he knows all about
the railroad's business, and he wants to regulate it. When we get in
that attitude, our horns stick out and our hair sticks up, and we get
a club and go after each other. You never can accomplish anything
that way. I want to say that I am no fighter. I think that ninety-nine
per cent of these imaginary troubles can be settled and adjusted by
getting acquainted with each other. I have been in the railroad business
for a good many years (although I am not very old; I don't want any-
one to misunderstand me on that), but I have never yet gone into a
community or gone before any body of men to discuss a question that
was not settled fairly satisfactorily to all interests. Neither side always
got just what it wanted; there have to be concessions; but after we
get better acquainted with the subject, and know all of the details and
the facts on all sides, we have a different opinion about these things.
I am interested in the stock business because it means revenue to the
interests that I am trying to represent, and also for another reason.
My friend Hammill said he came near being a stockman, but I can go
him one better. I was born and raised in Texas; my father was in
the stock business practically all of his life. He owned a great many
thousand head of cattle in his time. I spent nearly four years of my
life on a cattle ranch. The first railroad train I ever saw was after
having gone with a herd of about 28,000 cattle from down in western
Texas. Y/e started below Brownwood, and drove across the plains to
Dodge City, and there shipped them. I saw the first time in my life
the black smoke of a railroad train, and I took up with it after that,
and have been following it ever since. So I am interested in the stock
business and the stockman from that viewpoint. I have many very
pleasant recollections of my four years' experience with the cowboys. I
was the kid of the bunch, but they took pretty good care of me. We
had lots of good times. They used to put me on a bucking broncho,
and once in a while they would get one that would throw me twenty or
thirty feet in the air; and that was lots of fun — for them. It wasn't
much for me, but I had just about sense enough to try it again when
they would tell me that I was the best rider in the bunch, and the only
one that coiild ride it.

But I am interested in the stock business and the stock transportation;
I want to know more about it. I want to know what your needs are.
The Rock Island railroad has more mileage than any other railroad in
the state of Iowa. Our stock business is not as heavy as the North
Western's. I would like to know personally each shipper of live stock
in this state, if it were possible. I would like to have you tell me what
we should do, in your opinion, to improve our service.- (Voices: Get them
in there in time for market. Get us cars when we want them.)

Those are all very pertinent, and we might quote statistics. I happen
to have in mind the fact that in the year 1912 eighty-seven per cent of
the stock that we took into the Chicago market went in there on time,
and were unloaded on time; thirteen per cent of it was late. It is the
thirteen per cent, of course, that should have been on time. We could

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 193

go into defending our service, and we might say that the stockman has
not done his part in every instance. I know of a few instances where
stockmen, it seemed to me from my way of thinking, have 'been very
arbitrary in their time of loading. They wouldn't load except at a cer-
tain specified time, or until the train got there, although the facilities
were such that they could have done so. However, it is not always true that
the facilities are right; the railroads are in many ways to blame for a
good deal of the trouble. We depend a great deal — and necessarily so —
upon what our agents and employes tell us about these things, and we
don't go into it deep enough to get all of the facts. It is a very serious
problem to get competent men who will take an interest in the per-
formance of their duties as though they owned the property. I have
always been an advocate of the idea that a man occupying a position
as agent, clerk, telegraph operator or conductor should run his business
just as though he owned the property, but it is a very hard thing to
get men of that kind. They will snap you up when you go in and ask
questions that you have a right to know, and they will do many
things that are bad. The managing officers of these properties do
many things that are contrary to instruction that we never know of,
and the railroad, of course, is judged largely by the kind of a fellow
that the local agent is. Just a short time ago, I told one of our agents
that there was no reason in the world why the local agent should not
and could not be the biggest man in his town or community, if he is the
right kind of a fellow. He comes in contact with more people, probably,
than any other individual in the community; he has better opportunity
for being posted on general conditions and general business through the
country than anyone else; and if he is the right kind of a fellow and
taking an interest in his work as he should, he ought to be a leader
in that community, helping to mould public sentiment, finding out what
the shippers and the patrons of the transportation company want and
desire and need, and bringing that constantly up to his managing officer,
superintendent or general manager; but you will be suprised to know
that there is very little of that going on. I have been in this territory
nearly a year; I have solicited agent after agent personally to write me
the conditions and tell me the sentiment of the people of their com-
munities. I have spent in the year 1912 twenty-four days out of every
month out on the line of road, trying to get familiar with the needs of
our property. I know that there are many things that we ought to do
and that we can do, and that we are not doing. First, however, before I
can remedy things, I must know what the trouble is. It is only a short
time ago that Mr. Wallace was kind enough to bring two or three
gentlemen from a town on our line up to my office. They had a
tremendous grievance when they came in there. We sat and discussed
the proposition, and just a few days ago, Mr. Wallace, I got a letter
from one of those gentlemen, stating that the things he complained of
had been entirely corrected, and that the service and operating conditions
were going more satisfactorily at this station than they had in the last
ten years. We can correct seventy-five per cent of the troubles that are
now bothering you if we can get in touch with you gentlemen. I solicit
13

194 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

most heartily your co-operation. I will sit down and discuss the matter
with you, and tell you my side of the trouble, and you tell me yours.
I won't promise to do everything that you suggest, but I will be fair,
and if I can't do it, I will tell you why I can't. Now, we are not al-
ways reasonable, and you are not always reasonable. We have got to
find the common ground upon which we can stand. We have got to
find the conservative, middle ground. We have got to approach and con-
sider this subject of railroad transportation as one of mutual interest to
each of us, and we have got to meet it with that idea in our minds.
We can't do the impossible, and very frequently we don't do the possible,
because we don't know about many of the conditions that are wrong.
And sometimes when we do know about them, we don't do anything
to correct them, and of course that makes people sore and does not
have a tendency to inspire confidence in the managing officer. Our
shortcomings are many, I know, but it is my sincere desire to remedy
those things just as rapidly as I can, and we can remedy some of them
by having friendly co-operation with all of the shippers. There is no
class of shippers in this state that require railroad transportation of
the character and class that you gentlemen do; you have got to have
it in order that your business may prosper. We want to give it to you.
You may ask, why don't you do it? I am doing all that I can, with
the information that I have, to give it to you. I know that in many
instances it is not satisfactory, but if you will get in communication
with me, and tell me the difficulties at your place, and keep on telling
me about them, I will keep on endeavoring and trying to remedy and
improve the service.

DISCUSSION.

J. C. Oliva, ]\rarengo : Last month my neighbor and I made up
our minds that we would ship our cattle, and we were going to
ship together. I ordered the cars for both of us about a week ahead
of time. I think I ordered them on Thursday morning to ship for
the following Tuesday. AVe were going to ship two of cattle and
one of hogs, and I ordered three cars. On Monday I found that
I couldn't get the hogs together, so I countermanded the hog car.
There were three cars on the track ; one of them had the draw-bar
pulled out; the other two were apparently good cars. I gave my
neighbor the best cattle car of the two. We got them loaded up
probably about twenty minutes before the train was due, and I hap-
pened to walk around there and saw that one end of my neighbor's
cars was off from center on the truck. I called the attention of some
of the men around there, and they said it would never go. I in-
formed the agent, and he said they wouldn't take it. Then I went
to urging the agent to furnish us another car, and he wired to
places where he thought he could get it, but the dispatcher told

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 195

him there was nothing moving. We had the contracts made out,
ready to hook on and go. The agent wouldn't guarantee him a car
for the next day. There was a stock car loaded with lumber just
across the track at the station, but there was too much lumber in
it to unload right away, so he took the cattle home; but the agent
wouldn't let him take them out of the yard until he returned his
contract, which he did. I had gone on with mine. If he had got
the car the next day, the market was lower, and there would have
been considerable loss to my neighbor. He is a good sort of a fel-
low, and didn't put in a claim against the company, and I didn't
urge him to. I guess it was a good thing, because he still has his
cattle, and the market is doing better. But you can realize what a
disadvantage it was, and humiliation, after he had calculated to
shii^ and had driven his cattle several miles to town, not to get the
cars, after they had been ordered a week ahead. When I got back
from Chicago, I noticed that there was still one car on the track
with the drav:-bar pulled out. I heard afterward that the car that
was off center had ])een loaded with sheep the Sunday before, and
unloaded ; so the agent surely knew the condition of the car before
we loaded.

Mr. AVhitenton : Of course the natural assumption of the patron
is — and it is correct from his viewpoint — that of course the rail-
road management are responsible for those cars being in bad order,
and that they sent them out in that condition knowingly. Of
course we don't do that, but you can't understand why the cars
would stay there a week in bad order. One car was loaded a week
previous and unloaded, and the agent knew of it. Some trainmen
in setting that other car out, pulled the draw-bar out, and the prob-
abilities are that they made no report of it. It was the agent's duty
to take the check of his yard every morning and evening and know
the condition of every car there ; and if he is going to need stock
cars put in there by the dispatcher for loading the following day,
he ought to get busy and get someone out there to put a draw-bar
in that car. A couple of men with jacks could have put that car
back on its center; it is a smaller task to do that than to put in the
new draw-bar. Two men could have cleaned the Avhole thing up
in three hours if some one had gotten busy and taken the interest
they should in the company's welfare and had a proper idea of ac-
commodating and taking care of the shipping public.

Mr. Oliva: As to the car with the disabled draw-bar, they
couldn't have fixed it out there, because it seemed that the timber

196 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

vvas all nicked and caved in; but if he had ordered the three cars
rs I directed, we would have had the two cars. All the way down
to Chicago I saw stock cars loaded with coal and other freight com-
ing in. That didn't look right to me, but of course I am not a rail-
road man and am not here to dictate.

Mr. Whitenton : Of course the railroad companies are doing just
as you are : trying to conduct their business with the least possible
investment consistent with a return on the investment. We are
loading stock cars with company coal or other coal going to the
northwest, where we get a load back. It is not a question of hav-
ing sufficient stock cars in this territory to take care of the busi-
ness, because we have. It is simply a question of distribution and
movement. As the gentleman before me said, it is quite a prob-
lem at this time to get empty cars out of Chicago. There is quite
congestion of traffic on all lines in Chicago at this time. We have
this morning in Chicago about 1,500 cars of grain, waiting to be
unloaded at the various elevators, and they are only unloading at
the rate of about 300 cars a day. That makes it difficult to get our
cars through the yards and get them moving as fast as we should.

Mr. Oliva : The section men were right there, and we asked them
v/hether they couldn't put the car on the center, and they said that
they didn't have any jacks, and didn't want to tackle it. I sup-
posed it was out of their line of business, and we didn't insist on
it; but the ccnductor said the track jack could have put that back
on center in a short time.

]\Ir. AVhitenton : Any ordinary car can be put back on its center
in thirty minutes. That is another case where they didn't do what
they should.

J. F. Eisele, Malcom: Our stock yards are so situated that we
have to push the cars uphill to get them to the chute. It is a little
bit on the wind, and the same iron is on there that was there thirty
years ago, and I guess the same ties, and when it is a little cold it
is almost impossible to push the cars up to the chute, and the most
of the time we have no crowbar. The Brooklyn section hands claim
the Malcom hands steal their bars, and the Malcom hands say they
steal ours. That has been a standing complaint to my recollection
for twenty-eight years, and from Mr. Preston down the line they
have all said they were going to fix it. The last few years we gave
it up ; we got promises, but we never got it fixed.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 197

Another thing. We think we have as fine an agent in our town
as there is on the Rock Island. He is courteous, and seems to be
everything that he should be ; but if we try to find out something,
he tells us that the dispatcher will snap his head o&. if he asks him
a question. We never can find out whether or not we are going to
get cars, and it is often a difficult matter to learn where the train
is. As near as I can find out, the reason the stock leaves our station
and goes over the North Western and Milwaukee is because the
agent can't tell even the night before whether we will be able to
L)ad a car the next morning, unless they are standing on the track.

I was on the train going to Chicago three or four weeks ago, and
at West Liberty they let one of your trains off the B., C. R. & N.
come in ahead of us, and they had a lame engine. Finally we got
to Walcott, and there were two good-sized trains of stock — prob-
ably thirty or forty cars to the train — and we were behind this
engine that died at Walcott. We w^ere four hours getting coupled
up as near as I can remember. Of course, I don't understand why.
The railroad men were using some big language, and they didn't
seem to be to blame for it ; they were in a hurry, trying to get out.

Mr. Whitenton: I am very familiar with that particular inci-
dent, and I want to say to you that it was one of the rottenest
pieces of railroading, if you will excuse the language, that I have
over been in contact with. There was absolutely no excuse for it.
It is another case of the employes being absolutely incompetent, and
still they had been there for years. They said their engine had
been lame all day. It was put on the train at Cedar Rapids, and
came right out of their roundhouse. The engineer had never said
a word to anybody that he was having trouble with his engine. The
trainmaster was at West Liberty, and he said nothing to him about
it. There were two conductors; one of them h^id been in the serv-
ice of the company fifteen years and the other about twenty-one
\ears. They were in charge of that doubling-up process after the
engine failed. The only thing to do was to double up and clear the
main line, and any boy fifteen years old ought to have handled the
arrangement and gotten the thing to moving in forty-five minutes ;
but they sat down there and indulged in big talk and absolutely did
nothing.

Now, after that performance, they went on to the junction at
Davenport, and had another delay because of the other train just
ahead of that. What happened then ? An engineer coming down
the hill (and this is only eight-tenths of one per cent grade), with

198 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

only thirty-five cars in his train, sat up there looking out over the
country and let his engine drift down and run over the switch and
oft' the track, not noticing the signal, although the flag was out
there; and it took an hour and a half to put that engine back.
Then when they got on down, another engine that had been delayed
by that ran out of water and died before he got to Silvis.

I am very glad you think that we have a good agent, but I am
afraid I will have to disagree with you just a little. When the
agent tells you that the train dispatcher cuts him off, and he can't
do this, that and the otlier, that is all tommy-rot. I have been all.
through the railroad gang. I started in on section, and from there
went into a station as station helper, and learned telegraphing. 1
have been an agent and a train dispatcher; I dispatched trains for
some eight or ten years. When I Avas an agent, I never let a train
dispatcher cut me off; he couldn't get rid of me. If I wanted to
know anything in taking care of the business of m^y station, I made
him give me the information. He couldn't get rid of me by giving
me a sharp answer or cutting me off; he had to tell me something
before I would ever let loose of him. There is a way on the rail-
road, just the same as there is in your business, to get information
and results. The agent can, if he is the right sort of a fellow, take
care of seventy-five per cent of the troubles at his station. He can
find out and know almost without cpiestion what his car supply is
going to be the following day. The trouble with the majority of
employes, not only in railroading but otherwise, is that they are
machines; they want somebody else to do their thinking for them.
If I can get a man to thinking and acting, even though he makes
mistakes, I am pleased.

Mr. Eisele: Isn't it a fact that the agent doesn't know whether
he is going to be furnished cars?

Mr. Whitenton : He can find out. In the first place, the man
who dispatches trains doesn't have anything to do with the cars;
there is a man especially assigned to that work. He knows twenty-
four or forty-eight hours in advance alwaj^s what he can do on the
car supply, or has a very good idea. Once in a while he gets up
against it; some fellow stubbed his toe and doesn't get the cars out
just as he should; but he knows approximately the time, and
whether he can furnish cars that have been ordered or not.

W. T. Hamilton, Wellman : I would like to know why this con-
dition exists at Rock Island in regard to taking care of the ship-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 199

pers over your road to Chicago. I have been in eastern Iowa for
thirty or thirty-five years, and the conditions are about the same
as when I commenced shipping. You never know where you are at
when you get off your train; there never is anybody to tell you
v/here the caboose will be. There will be three or four trains to
make up at Silvis, and a man doesn't know where his stock is or
vhat caboose to get into, and they all pile on one caboose.

Mr. Whitenton : I will be perfectly frank with jou, Mr. Hamil-
ton; I don't know why the conditions in that respect are as they
are at Silvis.

Charles Cessna, Grinnell: I find the conditions at Silvis about
the same as already stated. At Savanna and at Clinton, on the Mil-
waukee and North Western, they are some better. Before you get
off your train on the Iowa division at Savanna, or going from Ma-
rion to Savanna, the conductor comes around and punches your
pass, and says: "This is second 62, or length 62," or whatever it
might be. We all go to a certain place to eat. A brakeman comes
in and says: "All men who came in on second 62" (or if the two
trains double up, he says, "second 62 and 63") and the bunch fol-
lows him and gets in the car, and are with the stock nine times out
of ten. At Silvis a man has no way to know what train his stock
is on. AVe get off our trains and they are switched and doubled up,
and they pull the train by and stop the caboose in front of the
office, and all get on who can. Mr. Eisele and I have several times
got an order to stop the passenger train at Silvis and got on it. Of
(ioursc when vv'C do that we lose our return pass.

I\Ir. Whitenton: I will be very glad to look into that Silvis situ-
ation.

Will Drurj^, Early: I would like to ask Mr. Whitenton if he
couldn't take up the matter of receipts with the railroads west of
Chicago, and give the shippers some line as to what they would be.
Yesterday v/e heard from our commission man in Chicago, Mr.
Walters, stating that the Ics? to shippers on Monday's market
v/as $45,000, while their gain on a light run would be only $15,000.
After a big run, the Drovers' Journal will send out the report that
the fool stGckm.en flooded the market. There is no way that the
stockmen can find out v/ho are going to ship except through the
railroads and if there was a bulletin out twelve hours before the
shipment, they would not flood the market so. Forty thousand or
sixty thousand hogs in Chicago means a tremendous loss to the

200 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

stockman, and no benefit to the railroads, and the packer gets all
the benefit.

Mr. Whitenton: It would be very easy, so far as we are con-
cerned, to tell our agents, say on Friday, that the orders were about
;.'o many for ]\Ionday morning's market; and I know of no reason
why other lines couldn't do the same thing.

Mr. Drury : There would have to be an understanding between
i.'-ie railroads to send in the reports to one headquarters. Fifty-one
per cent of the stock that goes into Chicago originates in Iowa,
and if the Iowa shipper had a tab on that, it wouldn't hurt the con-
sumer any, or the railroads, and it would help the shipper.

Mr. Whitenton: I will be very glad to take that up with the
other lines and see what we can work out of it.

The President: I hope you w^ill be perfectly free to follow the
suggestions that have been made, and that you will take these mat-
ters up with your local men; and if you can't reach a satisfactory
conclusion, refer them to the officers of your association, and let
them take them up with men like Mr. Whitenton and Mr. Hammill,
v\iio are men in authority on these railroads, and who can do some-
thing for you.

There was just one suggestion that came to my mind in connec-
tion with that complaint that Mr. Oliva presented here, and that
was that where Mr. Oliva and his friend made the mistake, in my
judgment, was that after those cattle were loaded and billed, they
didn't turn them over to the Rock Island Railroad Company. The
agent had signed the billing, and if they had simply said to him:
** These cattle are in the hands of the Rock Island, and it is up to
you to get them out of here or care for them," that would have
been all there was to it; the agent would have got busy and done
something. Two hours' work there would have put that car in
condition to go on that same train, and if the responsibility had
been thrown on that agent, he would have recognized it and those
cattle would have been gotten out of there.

IMr. Oliva: We considered that point also, but my neighbor
wanted to go when I went, and there was no possible show appar-
ently that he could go that day ; and so he decided to take the cat-
tle home and feed them a little longer, because the market didn't
«iuit him any too well, anyway.

The President : Our old friend, Clifford Thorne, is going to give
us a talk at this time. As you know, he has been very close to this

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 201

association for a great many years, and we would hardly feel that
a program was filled out unless we had a word from him.

Mr. Thorne: Mr. Sykes says he has arranged for me to speak to fill out
the time this morning! Last night you good folks heard about that rail-
road train plowing through the country, and the farmer who had the dog.
The dog chased the train and barked and caused so much havoc in the
vicinity that complaint was made about it, and the farmer said, "Oh,
well, it is good for the dog, and it doesn't hurt the railroad any; so
let him bark." Now I suppose that I am the dog. I suppose the idea
is that it is good for me, and it doesn't hurt the railroads any, so
let me bark! I imagine that if that is the situation, there are functions
of value that I might perform. I might take the position of a sort of
mediator, and I don't know but what I have been rightfully criticized,
and that I should try to get you people together more than I do, if I
were a broad-gauged man. But you know if that dog would try to get
that farmer and the railroad train together, it might be hard on the
dog. He could lick the farmer's hand, but when he tried to lick the
train of cars, it might cause bruises on the dog, and I have been getting
some of those bruises during the past year that I want to tell you about.

I think that this discussion today has been very instructive and very
valuable. I do think that we must take a more friendly attitude to-
ward each other and get rid of some of these unfortunate circumstances
that exist. At the same time, there are circumstances where wrongs
exist and they are not rectified when you go to headquarters with them,
and I am here to add my complaint to Mr. Whitenton and these rail-
road officials, and I mean business about it. It would have been very
well if I could come here in a different frame of mind, but during the
past year I have had occasion to make requests of the railroad companies,
and I have gone to their highest officials with them, and have been ig-
nored absolutely. So I come back to you folks who put me where I
am. If I can't get relief there, I propose to keep coming back to you
folks until I am treated right in regard to those things.

A year ago you remember I told you about going up to a classifica-
tion meeting. And, by the way, do you know what a classification is?
I will bet a farm that there isn't a man in the audience outside of the
employ of the railroad companies that can tell me, A classification is the
basis of the whole rate structure in this country, outside of your commod-
ity tariffs. Your commodity tariffs may cover the great bulk of the traffic,
but there are over 7,000 articles that they classify. It would be impractical
to name the rates on every one of those 7,000 articles between every
two points in the United States; if you started out to do that, it would
take more books than there are in the congressional library at Washing-
ton to hold the tariffs, and then you would have to have that duplicated
all over the country. They distribute these 7,000 or 8,000 articles into
five or ten different groups, and then name rates on those classes between
points, instead of between points on each article. You can see from
that explanation how fundamental a classification is; and when they
scratch out the figure 2 and write the figure 1 opposite "butter, poultry

202 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and eggs," that little action automatically raises that freight rate over
$300,000 a year. I went before the classification committee. I saw
the shippers getting up there and stating their cause of action, one
after the other, four or five minutes to each. You couldn't hear the
men thirty feet away because of the buzz of fans. Siiiteen men in front
making the freight rates for half a continent — a greater power than any
congressional committee now in operation doing its work at Washington!
I said to the chairman of that committee after that hearing: "I v:ant
to hear the other side of these discussions. I don't hear any answer in
discussion here. Why can't I go in and hear you people talk about
these things? I want to hear the railroads' side." "No," he said;
"nothing doing; you can't do that." Those questions affecting the shippers
of this state were decided by the railroad companies, interested parties,
in star-chamber session, without .a representative of the shippers being
allowed to be present, when the chairman knew that I v/as a member
of the Iowa State Board of Railroad Commissioners and trying my
level best to look after my duty when I was there. I say that is dead
wrong. A little bit after that meeting, I got a book at the office showing
the proposed changes, and they named about 2,000 of them. I asked
our boys to check that over by evening of that day; I wanted to know
whether there was a general advance or a reduction. One of them said,
"I can do it by tomorrow morning." The next morning, he said it
would take him three months, and then I wired different states, and
they sent men to Kansas City, and we analyzed a certain portion of
that, asked for a suspension, and the entire classification was sus-
pended. Among the things that were suspended was 100 per cent ad-
vance on binding twine, and that has now been permanently suspended.
There was a 50 to 100 per cent advance on silos. There were advances
on minimum weights in cars. I am not fighting the proposition that
you have to get good loads in cars, and as the size of cars gradually
increases, the size of minimum weights ought to gradually increase as
a general policy; and yet it is not fair to say, simply because it is
right to gradually increase the loads, that it must be applied to every-
thing. Let me give you one concrete illustration which does not affect
you at all. There was an advance on Ferris wheels that go around to
cur county fairs and our street carnivals of 50 per cent on the mini-
mum weight, because two wheels can be put in a car, although, as a
matter of fact, never more than one is shipped in a car.

The carriers took the ground that in framing the minimum weights
for the United States, only physical capacity of the cars should be con-
sidered, and the Interstate Commerce Commission was directly divided
on that proposition. There were decisions in support of that side of
the case by eminent members of the commission, but at the conclusion
of our hearing the Interstate Commerce Commission ruled that com-
mercial conditions must also be considered in framing minimum weights.
In the case of the Ferris wheels, there would have been an instance
of an advance of 50 per cent minimum weight that would be absolutely
unreasonable. The point is that there is a fundamental proposition,
nation-wide in importance, that will help determine on a fair basis your
minimum weight.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 20'3

Now, I asked the representatives of these railroad companies at
Chicago to let me look over their records of minimum weights for a
year, to find out what actual movements of articles there were. Could
there be a fairer request than that? Here I am, an attorney for you
people, those people had all the information in their possession. Wasn't
it right, gentlemen, that I should see their records, showing the mini-
mum weights? They let us send up a man, left him to examine the
records for two or three days, and then stopped him and denied access
to your chosen representative to their records of minimum weights. I
say that kind of thing must never be repeated, and the next time I ask
these railroad companies for information, I want them to know through
Mr. Whitenton that if they don't give it to me, I am going to keep on
te;ling the folks over this state what they are doing until they learn
to come across!

During that case there were some recommendations by the uniform
classification committee. I asked for a copy of those recommendations,
because they w^ere using their recommendations as a basis for the
change in rates; and that was refused. The result of the case was that
the commission laid down a few general principles, and the question
of a practical application of those principles is now at stake. Of course
it is all right to have a general principle, but it is also important to
see that applied practically; I hope those will be. They made specific
orders on about 100 different cases that were heard during the case.

Now that I have made these statements as to my sore spots (and I
have stated them as forcibly as I could with my meager capacity, to you
folks; I stated them to the railroads before, and didn't get results), I
feel better; I have got it out of my system! And I will say
on the other side of this story that we have lots of complaints
come into our office that are absolutely groundless, and lots of com-
plaints that have a good foundation; and I will say that when I go to
consult with these railroad officials in the city of Des Moines, I have,
without any exception, received the finest kind of treatment. One of
the broadest-gauged, biggest men in the whole railroad service in this
country that I know of or have had any dealings with sits right here
in your presence — Mr. Whitenton; and I am in hopes that as a result
of his presence in this state, a healthier and better relationship will be
created between us and the carriers.

Last night considerable was said about our interest being mutual,
and that there was no reason why we couldn't waive all differences.
There is a great deal of truth in that, especially as to service. Serv-
ice is one of the most important things that you have to deal with, and
one of the hardest things for us to deal with. When an employe of a
railroad company violates orders or makes a mistake, it is hard for me
to say how a state commission can devise an order that will compel
that employe to do his duty. We will try to help solve these problems,
but while we are trying to do that, please remember that the carrier
is equally earnest and solicitous in solving the same problems that we
are trying to solve, and it is only where we would have better judg-
ment than he that we would succeed; and you know that he, with

204 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

his years of experience in dealing with those problems, is more liable
to solve a service question than a railroad commissioner is because he
is just as anxious as the railroad commissioner is, to secure that reason-
able service. At the same time, we are trying now, and will continue
to try with all of our might and main, to remedy these conditions,
because I know what a bad service means, and I know how that becomes
more important to any given shipper than the rates on that particular
haul.

But there is another phase of those questions where our interests are
not in common, and there is no use trying to evade the point, because
it does exist. Judge McPherson said yesterday, according to the papers,
that we ought to quit fighting for better rates; that it is a matter of
service solely, or chiefly, that you are interested in; that the rates are
not unreasonable. That brings up the other side of that problem. If you
are making cattle and hogs, you want to make a good quality of cattle
and hogs; it is to your own and the consumer's interest that you
should. In that respect, your interests and the consumer's are exactly the
same. But when it comes to paying for those cattle and hogs, your in-
terests and the consumer's are directly opposed to each other, and there
is no use trying to beat around the bush. It is to the interests of the
carriers to do this service well, and to get as much as they reasonably can
out of it, so that it doesn't hurt business generally. It may seem to you
that I have given too much attention to interstate matters, but when I
call your attention to the statement of Mr Davis last night, that over 90
per cent of the business is interstate, you can perhaps see the reason why
a great deal of attention ought to be given to interstate matters. As to
interstate matters, I am not a judge, but a prosecutor, and therefore I
may take the attitude of an advocate as to interstate matters. I will
co-operate with Mr. Whitenton and Mr. Davis and these other railroad
men any day to make it impossible for the railroad commission to be
both prosecutor and judge. It is a bad combination; it unconsciously
biases the judgment of a man. If we are continually lawing with each
other in court, neither one of us would like to see the other side on the
bench in a case where the other's interests were involved. I am perfectly
willing to change that, but so long as the law remains as it is today, I
feel it is my duty to attend to that 90 per cent of the business, until the
commerce counsel department gets thoroughly developed. When that day
comes — and it ought to come shortly — I think the commerce counsel
should attend to all interstate matters, and the state commission be re-
lieved of those duties. At the present moment, anybody who tells you
that our interstate rates are right is not telling you the truth. You
people are anxious to build up Iowa, aren't you? You are not just rais-
ing cattle and hogs; you want to see cities develop here and factories
come to this state; and one of the finest things about the Corn Belt As-
sociation is the fact that you do discuss these big, broad questions. One
essential to the building up of factories in this state is an equitable ad-
justment of freight rates.

I was down here at Keokuk, trying a case before the Interstate Com-
merce Commission the other day, and I had Mr. Hugh L. Cooper on the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 205

stand, Mr. Cooper has built more water power than any other three men
on the face of the earth. He would certainly estimate to its full the im-
portance of cheap water power. But listen to his testimony: He said
that he had made careful estimates of the cost of power on a representa-
tive commodity. The commodity he took* was flour; and he swore that
it cost approximately one and two-thirds cents a hundred pounds to make
flour, so far as the power is concerned. The difference in freight rates
between Quincy and St. Louis in first-class traffic from the Atlantic coast
is 9 cents down to 4 cents for the lower classes, while the power only
costs one and two-thirds cents a hundred pounds. That is representative
of the rate on thousands of articles. In other words, if you wanted to
build a factory, and were considering going to Keokuk or to Quincy,
thirty-one miles down the river, if Keokuk offered to give you the power
free of charge as long as you are in business, it would pay you to go
to Quincy instead of Keokuk, because of the freight rates. Of course there
are other factors than power and freight rates involved in our manufac-
turing and jobbing business, but I have found in my short life that there
isn't very much difference between our human morals in the long run.
You will never be able to build up factories in Iowa as Chicago and St.
Louis have — you will never get a Chicago or a St. Louis in Iowa — until
you are on a parity with Chicago and St. Louis.

There was a statement made last night about the development of this
country. That is a very interesting proposition to me. You know we
are closer to the center of population and to the center of production
than those states and cities in the east, and I do truly expect to see the
day come when this will be the industrial center of the United States.
The center of population is just over here in Illinois or Indiana, close to
the Mississippi river. The manufacturers in the east are looking for lo-
cations out here in the west. They know that if they don't come out
here to this section of the country, their competitors will, or some other
competitors will grow up here and take the business. They are coming
here, and the question is, where will they come to? Will they come to
Chicago and vicinity, St. Louis and vicinity, or will they come into Iowa?
Already, the far-sighted financiers of the country realize the strategic
importance of locating in this part of America. Where did the steel trust
locate their great plant? At Gary, Indiana, close to Chicago. Where did
the Standard Oil Company build its great new plant? At Whiting, Indi-
ana, close to Chicago. The Sugar Creek Refinery is just out of Kansas
City. The greatest milling houses in the country are at Minneapolis. The
greatest production of live stock is down south; corn up here; wheat and
oats right through this section. Those two greatest financial concerns in
the country, fully appreciating that fact, have come out here in the heart
of the United States, close to the Mississippi valley, and it is only a
question of time till where you and I now are will be the industrial cen-
ter of the United Statesi. If we can only get on an equality with these
rival cities, we can have a few cities within the state of Iowa. The regu-
lation of these things is necessary.

206 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

I think the work that we have been doing in regard to railroads is
just pioneering in regard to other business. Today you have over at the
state house pending measures providing for the regulation of public utili-
ties. There is just one phase of that that somewhat embarasses me. Mr.
Erickson, of Wisconsin, says that he devotes 75 per cent of his time to
the public utilities, and the balance to the railroads. Mr. Lee, of the
Washington railroad commission, said that he didn't have any time at
all to give to the railroads since they had the public utility law in Wash-
ington. It will be rather &ad if I have to devote all of my time, or four-
fifths of it, to the public utilities — v/ouldn't you think so, Mr. Whitenton?
I?ut the time is coming, I sincerely hope, that Iowa will not find it nec-
essary to copy after Wisconsin or any other state. We have been late in
securing public utility regulation in this country, but we can profit by the
experience of other states. We can get some good ideas from the John-
son (California) law, and the Hughes (New York) law, and the La
Follette law in Wisconsin, and the Oklahoma, Ohio and Virginia laws.
"We can take the best results of their experience in regard to these mat-
ters and incorporate them in a great Iowa public utility law, wliich I
think will be done. There are other lines of big business going to be
regulated. Recently a man very prominent in one of our political parties
said at Chicago that monopolies are going to pass out of existence, and
that the business men of this country must make up their minds to that
fact. Do you really think that is true? Take it in your home town,
do you want one telephone company, or three or four? Isn't it better
for you to have just one telephone company, if that one is charging rea-
sonable rates? You don't want tv/o or three or half a dozen receivers
in your house in order to be able to talk to your neighbors and friends.
The same is true about your water works and gas works. You don't
want a number of rival concerns to make competition more costly and
make the employment of additional help necessary to give you the serv-
ice that one set of men would give you if there was only one company
there. If you live in a town which a couple of railroads to Chicago, do
you want half a dozen more, making the cost pile up which they have
to pay, and increasing the value upon which they have to pay a return?
You don't want that situation, and we don't want any settled rate wars;
we want a reasonable cost. We don't want service below cost, but we
want to give them a reasonable return, therefore let them combine, and
then we attempt to regulate them after they have combined. This thing of
busting the combinations is hard to carry through. A few years ago,
they busted the Standard Oil Company in Ohio, and drove it out of the
state; it has been there ever since. They drove it out of Texas; but it
is there yet. Hadlej^ down here, made a national reputation driving the
Standard Oil Company out of Missouri, and yet she is there just as much
today as she ever was. Last year the attorney general busted the Stand-
ard Oil Company, dissolved it, and drove it out of existence in the
United States of America; and yet the Standard Oil Company has been
here ever since, and her stock sold a hundred million dollars higher on
the market the week after she was busted. It may be possible to destroy
these combinations or create effective competition but by our past exper-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 207

ience I should judge that it is going to take considerable time to per-
form that task; and while that time is going by, if I mistake not, you
peop'e and other folks over this country are going to demand that we
shall have regulation of all big business; and I suggest to your minds one
principle that shall guide in that kind of legislation. I suggest to you
that whenever a business becomes dominated by a monopoly, just that
soon it shall be regulated, and the prices it charges shall be regulated.
Somebody said to me, when I suggested that principle to him: "I sup-
pose you would have them trying to regulate the price of potatoes in
Bird'seye, Iowa, and Houston, Texas, and Blue Grass, Nebraska?" Well,
I will tell you that if the day ever comes when a small group of men
can get together, like that Western Classification Committee that I told
you about, in a room in Chicago, and can fix the price on potatoes in
Bird'seye, Iowa, and Houston, Texas, and Blue Grass, Nebraska, and every
other town and village in the western half of the United States, I will say,
just that instant we must have regulation of the price of pota-
toes. I don't think it will ever be possible for that day to come. I
don't think the farmers of the country can ever get together and agree
as to the price of grain and live stock, because you will always have
competition in the production of these necessaries of life, and because it
only takes a small investment to produce them. Anybody can go into
business and become a competitor; but it takes quite a little investment
nowadays to produce an investment to compete with the Standard Oil
Company.

I don't want to leave the impression on your minds that tnis is going
to be a continual fight as far as I am concerned. Mr. Whitenton said he
wasn't a fighter. I am in hopes that the day will come when we can
all sit down in peace and quiet, love and charity. And in regard to these
big problems, I think while here and there there are abuses, yet I be-
lieve we are getting closer together. I know it is not my ambition at all
to hurt capital. I want to see capital have an adequate return, and it is
return that the companies want. They are not giving this service out of
philanthropy; it is the rates that they are after; it is their revenue they
want to protect; and I am perfectly willing and anxious that it shall be
protected and that capital shall have an abundant return; because when
you prevent these railroad companies from getting a reasonable return,
it means that they can not get capital to build better cars, better road-
beds, better engines; and it is up to us to see that they shall have abun-
dance, in order to make their investments attractive so that they can get
the capital to give us better facilities that we are demanding of them.
And then, do you know, I think after this commerce counsel department
is thoroughly developed and has abundance of employes provided by the
state, and after I am not prosecuting cases any more, Mr. Whitenton,
but just hear people try cases before me, I sort of believe that I will quiet
down and get peaceable-like. I have thought, too, that there was a cer-
tain salve that you might rub on my sore spots and relieve the situation
a little. I don't know whether you have heard about the great American
salve or not. I told these gentlemen about it once, a long time ago, and
I am going to tell it again, so that you can hear it.

208 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

There was a man peddling out in the country down south one day,
and he leaned up against the fence and called to a farmer who was
working in the field to come up. The farmer came up, and the peddler
said: "I have some American salve that I would like to sell you — a
splendid article — wonderful power. You see that dog that you have over
there? If that dog should happen to get his tail cut off some time, you
could just rub a little bit of this salve on the tail where the dog came
off, and on the dog where the tail came off, and the two would grow to-
gether all right." "Oh," said the farmer, "that ain't nothin'. You see
that other dog over there? One time I took that dog to the city and a
street car ran over his tail, and I picked up the dog and the little tail
and took them home, and I rubbed a little home-made salve on the tail
where the dog came off, and on the dog where the tail came off, and a
new dog grew out on the tail and a new tail grew out on the dog, and
I had two dogs; and before I got out of town they arrested me for retail-
ing dogs w^ithout a license." If the railroads w^ere to rub some of that
salve on me, maybe that would help out!

The conventicn thereupon adjourned to 1 :30 p. m.

Afternoon Session.

]Mr. "Will Drury submitted to the members present the sugges-
tion that an arrangement might be made with the railroads by
which berth cars could be furnished stockmen from the ^Missouri
river to Chicago at the rate of 50 cents per hundred miles. The
sentiment of the members was practically unanimous in favor of
such an arrangement.

The President: We will now listen to an address by Mr. T. W.
Tomlinson, secretary of the American National Live Stock As-
sociation, whose home is in Denver, Colorado.

Mr. Tomlinson: Mr. President and Gentlemen — I will not tire you by
talking of the work of our national association, but will touch on some of
the important questions. One which is now confronting us and you is
the tariff question. You will recall that at the last session of congress,
the democrats, for political purposes only, passed what is called the
free list. That followed the failure of the Canadian reciprocity treaty,
which was to admit from Canada cattle and all grain products free,
and made a slight reduction in the duty on meats and flour. Our asso-
ciation opposed the Canadian reciprocity treaty more as a matter of
principle than on account of the effect it might have on live stock
values in this country. However, we then contended — and still contend
— that the free importation of cattle would have an appreciable effect
on live stock prices in this country. If you followed the discussion of
that matter closely in the papers, you will probably recall that the
proposers of that treaty — President Taft at the head of them — insisted
that live stock was higher in Canada than in the United States, anc,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 209

that the free interchange would result in great benefit to this coun-
try, because we could sell our live stock in Canada at a higher price
than we could get in this country. During the past year, probably
20,000 cattle have come from Canada to the Chicago market. Those
paid a duty of $25 a head. That is the best evidence that cattle are
not higher in Canada than in the United States. We opposed the treaty
as a matter of principle. It was the opening wedge. If we could see
that cattle could be brought in free from Canada, we had no ground
to stand on for opposing the entry of free cattle from Mexico; neither
did we have any ground for opposing the free meat proposition.

The free list proposition which is pending before the ways and means
committee in Washington provides for free entry of meats, grain and
grain products, practically all the products of the farm. It takes off
the duty on some agricultural implements, puts boots and shoes on
the free list, some kinds of lumber, and certain kinds of leather. You
would surrender about 100 per cent and get back two and a half or
five per cent. It is a bill absolutely against the interests of the
stockman and the farmer. It takes away from you every scintilla of
protection or benefit that now inures to you by reason of the present
duty on your products.

This tax question (because the tariff is in reality an indirect tax)
is as old as history. It has disturbed all nations at all times. You
remember the Boston Tea Party. I heard a man this morning talk
about the increased tax on his land in Iowa. The tax matter is always
one of great dispute, and the tariff is probably the most disputed item
in all our government affairs. If there was any possibility of this
country going onto a free trade basis, we might complacently view the
putting of our products on the free list; but free trade is an irri-
descent term. It takes a vast amount of money, about three-quarters
of a billion dollars annually, to support this government, and we raise
by import duties on the products coming into this country close to
$350,000,000 annually; the balance comes from the internal revenue taxes
on liquors and tobacco, and a small proportion comes from taxes on
corporations and from miscellaneous sources. When the income tax
comes in, that may contribute about $100,000,000 more; but I suppose
about the time we get that income tax in, our expenses will increase suf-
ficiently to eat that up. Unless some other sensible and less burdensome
method of raising $350,000,000 is devised, we must perforce pursue the
same plan of raising that vast amount of money to support the govern-
ment. Congress does not propose to put these items that pay heavy du-
ties on the free list; they will select only those on which the revenue
is possibly inappreciable. No one is talking about putting live cattle on
the free list, simply because live cattle pay a duty coming into this coun-
try in a very appreciable amount. We are importing from Mexico close
to 250,000 cattle annually (not so many right now, on account of the in-
ternal dissension), which will pay at least $3.75 a head. There is an
item of revenue which the government needs, and which the ways and
means committee is not going to overlook. They are tempted, of course,
to reduce and put on the free list those articles which do not yield to
14

210 IOWA depart:\ient of agriculture

the government very much revenue, and at present meats, grain and grain
products do not yield very much. However, we stand for principle. If
there be any benefit coming from the imposition of any kind of duties
(and you must concede that there is a benefit arising from an import duty
on articles which you produce in this country), we want that benefit or
favor distributed equitably. We don't Vv'ant the farmer to stand all the
burden and the manufacturer to reap all the benefits. Take the Mexican
cattle situation: the contracts covering those cattle provide that in the
event the duty is removed, the price to the seller in Mexico will be in-
creased by the amount of the duty. Therefore this country would not get
any cheaper cattle from Mexico; neither would they from Canada. You
would simply pay the present prevailing price, and the benefit would be
transferred from this country to Mexico or Canada.

There is a great diversity of opinion as to whether the free importa-
tion of meats would have a very marked effect on live stock prices in
this country. Uncle Henry Wallace voiced a very general sentiment last
night when he said it would be disastrous to the live stock interests of
this country. I agree with him entirely in what he said, under normal
conditions. Possibly today, with extraordinary world conditions and
shortage all over the world, the effect of the free importation of meat
might not be so great as some would have us believe. Still the moment
conditions get back to normal, and you have all you want in this coun-
try and a little to export, and they bring in a few shiploads from South
America, it will have a pronounced effect on prices all over this country.
Now, congress ought not to legislate to meet the present abnormal condi-
tions; it ought to be broad and big enough to view the conditions that
may arise in the next two or three decades. Under the stimulus of the
present profitable prices, there is no doubt in my mind, and there should
not be in yours, that the live stock production of this country will rapidly
resume its former condition, when we had plenty for ourselves and some
for export. Of course we have plenty of hogs for export, and we export $100,-
000,000 worth of hog products annually. We raise about 80 per cent of
the corn crop of the world, and have vastly more hogs than any other
nation in the world. We will never cut much figure in the exportation of
sheep, because we can't compete with Australasia.

There was a hearing in Washington on the matter of import duties on
agricultural products and live stock, known in tariff parlance as "Schedule
G." Our association arranged to be represented down there, and our
Mr. Cowan went there with the resolutions of our Phoenix meeting, and
presented them to this committee in the form of a brief, which I will be
very glad to send to anyone interested. It is a compendium of all useful
and interesting information on the question of live stock conditions in
this country and abroad, and the possible effect of the tariff.

When I came through Kansas City on Monday, I stopped off to find out
the status of a suit which had been won against fourteen members of
the Traders' Exchange, involving the fate of the ill-fated Co-operative Com-
mission Company, with which I suppose a good many of you are famil-
iar. That judgment is now in the supreme court of Missouri; it has
been there for a couple of years. The judgment now amounts to close to

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 211

$70,000. The supreme court of Missouri will undoubtedly hand down its
decision, if not this spring, certainly next fall. I have every confidence
that it will be in our favor. While we were not entirely successful in
running a co-operative commission com.pany (and I eay "we" because you
had as much to do with it, I think, as I did) we were successful in a
good many ways; we had our victories as well as our defeats. When the
Co-operative Commission Company started its existence, there were num-
erous decisions of federal and slate courts to the effect that all these live
stock exchanges were highly beneficent associations. Even the Traders'
Exchange got a decision to the effect that it vvas a very laudable com-
bination of enterprising business men. When we commenced to meet
with our troubles at Kansas City, one of the duties devolving upon me
was to start a fev/ law suits. I prevailed upon the attorney general and
governor of Kansas to interest themselves, on behalf of the Kansas ship-
pers, and they had a long-drawn-out lawsuit involving taking testimony
for about seventy-five days. When the case was finally decided, a perma-
nent injunction was given against any boycott on the Kansas City yards,
so far as the Traders' Exchange was concerned. By the way, the state of
Kansas spent about $15,000 in that suit.

Inasmuch as the Traders' Exchange boarded over in the state of Mis-
souri, we thought it best to do a little work on the Missouri side as well,
and we interested Governor Hadley, also Attorney General Major (now
governor), and they took it up. Attorney General Major filed that suit,
used our attorneys in the case, and got a very sweeping victory. The
Traders' Exchange is practically out of existence on the Kansas City
market; there are about as many independent traders as members of the
exchange. I am informed that anybody can go in there and buy live
stock from the commission men without any trouble. We have won so
far four different cases against these combinations in and around the
Kansas City market on both the Kansas and Missouri sides, and if
another co-operative commission ever sees fit to start, as I presume will
be done in the future, it can successfully operate on some of these mar-
kets— although I probably will not be connected with it.

You probabT are acquainted with the advance of commission charges
at these various markets. I am not one who thinks that the commission
firms are getting over-rich at the present charges; in fact, I think their
net results are not any more than reasonable. The trouble is that there
are too many commission firms in business; you all know that as well as
I do. Of course they can't regulate that; they would probably be a trust
themselves if they tried to limit the number of commission men operating
at any particular point. However, I am satisfied that if there were
about a third the number of commission firms, they could make a whole
lot more money, even at the 'charges, prevailing before the advance. I
have no antagonism to any of these commission firms; I number them
among my best friends, as well as the railroad men; at the same time, it
is a business proposition with them, and it ought to be with you. 1
have been follov/ing up this matter down in Missouri quite a little; I
take a keen interest in everything that affects the interest of the live
stock men, no matter where it occurs. I have had quite a little corre-

212 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

spondence with some of the legislators in Missouri, and they have evolved
a scheme down there to have a live stock commissioner who is to have
jurisdiction over the stockyards and all the charges of the affiliated con-
cerns in those markets. A very strong delegation of Kansas City com-
mission firms went down to try to beat it, but it will probably be pretty
difficult to oppose the creation of an independent bureau of that kind
to investigate and regulate such charges. I suggest that this great state
of Iowa ought to take some action regarding the stock yards within your
own borders, and perhaps then you can get the Illinois people to do the
same thing. It is the only way you can correct these continual advances
of commission charges. You have got to organize and be prepared to
beat these combinations, and if you can beat them through the means
of proper laws, so much the better.

I want to refer to western land conditions, which I think ought to
be of as much interest to you as it is to us western people. You get your
best live stock, so they tell me, from the western range. You know the
ranges have been cut up; possibly you also know that the high prices the
past few years have resulted in a great many of these range men cleaning
up. Since they have done that, they have never had a chance to get back
in, and a good many don't want to go back under the old free range con-
ditions, where the grass belongs to everybody, and nobody protects. Those
of you who have traveled in the west know very well that the semi-arid
country there is not like Iowa; it is never going to be settled up in
prosperous farms. Possibly there may be some successful dry farming
done. One of the potent factors contributing to this decrease in live
£tock in the west is the very unsatisfactory range conditions. Our as-
sociation has been trying for years to get some kind of federal control
of the open range similar to the supervision that runs on the forest re-
serve system, whereby a man can lease and fence and prove and watch his
land, and thereby increase the production of a specified amount of land.
It has been estimated by well-informed range men that the open range
could produce fifty per cent more live stock of all kinds under the lease
law than at present. You have as much interest in that land as Col-
orado or Wyoming has; you are interested in all the national resources,
for Iowa helped pay for this public land, as well as other western states.;
and I hope you will pass some resolutions along that line. This, I am
sure, will contribute to increase the production of live stock, and tend to
avoid the necessity for putting meats on the free list.

Last summer I was in Washington on a good many matters, and hap-
pened to be down there at the time this free feeder rate case was being
tried. I was the only live stock man before the Interstate Commerce
Commission on that very important matter At the same time an attack
was being made on the meat inspection by some wild-haired man who
claimed the government was permitting a lot of impure meats to be
sold. Our association looked after that very creditably, because the bill
never got out of the committee. There are hundreds of things of that
character which our organization looks after. I personally try a great
many rate cases involving western railroad rates. Our organization

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 213

stands for a great many matters which it is not necessary to discuss, but
in any of which I am sure you are interested.

The American National Live Stock Association has a large individual
membership. We comprise in our membership all the important live
stock organizations of the west, numbering something over seventy-five.
We get our great strength from these different organizations. We have
only two individual members in Iowa. I have not come down here for
the purpose of importuning you to join our association as individual
members, although I should like very much to see you do so. As a mat-
ter of fact, I never appeal to anyone to join our association, because
there are enough public-spirited men throughout the United States to sup-
port it, and we find we are growing in strength year by year. The Corn
Belt Meat Producers' Association has been a member for seven or eight
years, and we have valued your membership very highly. As a matter of
fact, I have spoken of your association with a great deal of pride in
various state meetings, and I am not flattering you when I say that you
have the best and strongest organization of its kind in this country. It
is a great credit to the men who organized and have carried it on.

I must say frankly to you, however, that the support you have given
us — at least financially — has not amounted to very much. Before I left
my office in Denver, I made a memorandum as to what the Corn Belt Meat
Producers' Association had paid us. You continued in pretty good member-
ship as a paying member until 1908; since then you paid nothing until De-
cember of last year, and then for some reason you sent us $25. This is a
pretty meager contribution for an organization of your prominence to make
to a national association. I think if I was a member of the Corn Belt
Meat Producers' Association, I would feel rather ashamed of that rec-
ord. If our organization is worth anything to you, and you feel that
you wish to be continued as a member, I think we are entitled to much
more liberal support. We don't allow any organization to come in for
less than $50 annual dues, and I don't think we have any organizations
of any consequence on our books that pay less than $100, and they run
from that up to $1,500 annually. The Texas association pays us $1,500,
the Wyoming association $750, the Arizona association $500. The Mon-
tana association has been paying us $600.

With this statement I am going to thank you for your kind attention,
and express the hope that when our national association meets again
next year in Denver, some of you will come out and have Iowa repre-
sented. I forgot to mention that at none of our last few annual meet-
ings has anyone represented your association. You can't make a na-
tional association very strong unless some of you take a little interest
in it. If you think you are big enough to get along yourselves, that
is your business; I am not urging you to come in; but if you want to
avail yourselves of our services and help your fellow stockmen every-
where, come in and help us do it.

214

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

PART V

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Annual Meeting of the State Farmers' Institute,

House Chamber, State House, Des Moines,

Iowa, Tuesday, December 10, 1912

The meeting was called to order at 1 :30 p. m. by Mr. C. E.
Cameron, President of the State Board of Agriculture. In open-
ing the meeting President Cameron said:

I am sorry that our crowd is so limited today. Heretofore it has been
customary for us to meet with the Corn Belt Meat Producers Associa-
tion of Iowa, and hold a joint session. At the last moment, the Meat
Producers Association decided not to hold their meeting at this time, but
later in the new year, and we have a counter attraction in the District
County Fair Association,

Now, I have prepared a program and it gives me pleasure, gentle-
men, to introduce to you this afternoon, as the first speaker, Mr. Thomas
H.' MacDonald, who will speak to you on "Iowa Roads and Their Fu-
ture Improvements."

Professor MacDonald: I did not expect to deliver this talk in the
presence of such a distinguished company this afternoon.

You all can impersonate the men that will be sitting in your places
a few weeks from now, and I hope that the men who do occupy these
places will give us favorable consideration of some of the important
matters of road improvement, as I believe they will. Before beginning
the paper that I have prepared for this afternoon, I want to call your
attention to the road convention that we will have next week in Des
Moines. This convention, while it is a delegate convention, made neces-
sary by the experience of a few years ago, all of the presidents and sec-
retaries of county institutes are delegates thereto, and it is our hope to
bring together in convention the men over the state from each county
who are the most interested in road improvements. We have prepared
really three programs. First, is one we call our suggestions for legis-
lative program, and that is a program in which different lines of legis-
lation will be taken up and discussed briefly by several men on each
topic, and then thrown open for discussion by all the delegates. It is

216 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

our idea not to make a set program, but to have a full and free dis-
cussion as near as possible by all of the delegates. In the evening, we
have what we call our educational program. At this program we take
up the work of road building, as it has been carried on in various
parts of the United States, and I believe at this meeting we will have
some of the best educational features along road improvement lines that
have ever been shown in this city. Through the courtesy of the Port-
land Cement Company we have a series of moving pictures which will
be shown that evening, taken to show the construction of concrete roads in
various parts of the United States, especially of Wayne county, Michi-
gan, which is the banner county of the middle west so far as ways is
concerned. Through the courtesy of the Brick Manufacturers Asso-
ciation, we will have a series of views showing brick construction, and
another showing dirt moving machinery in operation, and these we call
our educational program. It has its feature of advertising, of course,
but it is this advertising feature .that is the best educational matter that
can be procured along these lines. The third program is to be reports from
all the organized state roads. That is all the organized roads, including
the trans-state roads, and the shorter lines over the state, and we hope
to have full reports from nearly all of the roads. I hope that as many
of you as possible may attend this meeting and take part in the discus-
sions. The topic I was assigned this afternoon is "Iowa Roads and
Their Future Improvements."

The road problem in Iowa is primarily an educational one. Senti-
ment has been aroused to a point far exceeding any thoughts of those
who have been closely in touch with the road work. This sentiment I
believe is sound, the foundation is good, and the outlook for the right
kind of legislation is bright, but this sentiment, in its present healthy
condition, will exist in that condition just as long as the best interests
of the state are conserved in road legislation that is passed, or in any
other steps that are taken to promote better highways. Iowa, as a state,
occupies at present a middle ground. The states which have taken the
most advanced position, as states, are those of the far east, such as
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and of the far west,
such as California and Washington. These states have entered into road
building as an important function of the state government, and have
appropriated large sums of money to carry on this work. New York
startled the world a few years ago by issuing fifty million dollars worth
of bonds to aid road building. Almost before our wonder at this radical
measure had ceased, a second issue for the same amount was passed at
the recent election.

The other extreme is illustrated by the states which, as states, have
taken absolutely no part in road work, evidently regarding it purely a
function of the township and county governments.

In the middle position are the states which have extended aid of
an engineering and advisory nature, but which have appropriated no
money for actual construction work. Iowa was one of the first states
to begin work of this character. The present highway commission was

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 217

established in 1904 as a department of the Iowa State College. Other
states which started under this plan later have by a more liberal policy-
extended the activity and usefulness of their commissions much beyond
that of our own state. A conspicuous example of this class is Illinois.
The first appropriation for the highway commission in Iowa was $3,500.
The first appropriation for the highway commission of Illinois was $50,000.
This year the appropriation for the Iowa commission has increased to
$10,00'0, the appropriation in Illinois has increased to $100,000. The
state commission of Minnesota has $150,000 for engineering alone; that
of Wisconsin $350,000 annually to be used for road and bridge construc-
tion and $40,000 for engineering expenses.

It will be seen from the above that there are three positions which
different states have taken, Iowa holding the position between the states
now doing the most and those doing the least toward road improve-
ment. It will also be seen that she is fast losing the company of such
states as Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan and that to hold a place of
equal rank with these sister states a considerably better appropriation
must be made for state road work by the forthcoming general assembly.
A study of road conditions as they exist shows that the recent tendency
in the United States has been toward a more centralized form of con-
trol. From the time the system of state aid was first introduced by
New Jersey in about 1891, state after state has adopted this principle
either through direct financial assistance or at least through engineering
aid. It is not always easy to see by what process of reasoning various
states have adopted the policy now extent. For instance, New York
has issued a total of $100,000,000 worth of bonds. To date about
$50,0^00,000 have been spent.

There are very few, if any, materials for road surfaces now in use
that will last fifty years or even nearly fifty years. This means that
before the bonds are taken up, part of the roads, at least, paid for out of
the proceeds of the bonds will have been destroyed. This is a condi-
tion that is already causing concern, and it would seem to be an unwise
policy for any state to issue long lived bonds for short lived roads.
There are some items for which bonds might be issued profitably. If a
road is re-located, a steep grade reduced, adequate drainage provided of
permanent character, — such items might be added to the permanent value
of a road, but if a road surface is built which within the first year of its
life requires maintenance and which each year following, requires larger
sums to be spent upon it then the investment is a questionable one.
Including the automobile tax, the road fund will this year amount to
more than seven million dollars and will probably never again be as low
as this, but rather will increase. If this amount of money can be wisely
and judicially expended, far greater results can be shown than for any
time in the past.

In my judgment, long time bond issues should not be even consid-
ered. At the present time even short time bonds should not be issued
by the state. The seven million dollars, however, is raised by local
taxing authority; that is with the exception of the automobile tax this

218 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

sum is raised by township and county taxes. Any attempt by the state
to direct the expenditure of this money at once meets with the most
violent opposition from those in control of these funds at present. This
opposition comes partly from the time honored objection that such
control destroys and does not accord with democratic principles of
government, but it comes more because these objections are fostered
by those whose own interests would suffer from a careful system of
expenditure of this money.

So far as the bridges are concerned, the state can conscientiously
prescribe the kind and strength of bridges that must be built by the
counties and insist upon state authority passing upon the plans and
construction of these bridges regardless of whether the revenue comes
from state or local funds. This policy can be justified from the stand-
point of public safety and public convenience. The startling disclosures
in Polk county of the unbusinesslike methods of spending bridge money
running up into the hundreds of thousands of dollars and the yet more
recent recovery by the state and county authorities, of $20,000,
which Clinton county had actually paid out for bridge work not re-
ceived, are facts which cry aloud to the state to make adequate provi-
sion for proper regulation of bridge construction.

In my judgment after having investigated personally the situation from
both Polk and Clinton counties, as well as in a number of other counties,
where conditions practically as bad have existed, the officials and con-
tractors concerned are not so much to blame as the system, or rather the
lack of system, which the state has prescribed. It seems to me a lasting
shame to the fair name of Iowa that about two and one half millions of
dollars are spent for bridge construction annually without a single law
to guarantee to the tax payer adequate return for his money or to the
traveler adequate safety in passing over the structures built. The
strongest influence brought to bear two years ago on road legislation was
by and through the bridge lobby. It remains to be seen if such a per-
formance can be safely repeated this year. So far as roads are concerned
the state may through the principle of state aid treat the problem from
the educational standpoint and also conserve the principles of local gov-
ernment. The Wisconsin plan, adopted in 1911, by which a policy of state
aid has been extended to the local communities under which the county,
township and state co-operate in paying the cost, with general supervision
by the state highway commission, administered in a liberal and fair
minded way, is meeting with an extremely favorable reception there
and a plan similar to this would doubtless work well in this state.

There is this obstacle, however, to be overcome in Iowa, the compara-
tive meager distribution of road material. Road material of a suitable
nature is not widely distributed in this state and construction will be
limited largely to one of three classes of road; first, earth roads; sec-
ond, gravel roads; and third, concrete or brick roads. It is not neces-
sary to dwell upon the details involved. Generally speaking, macadamized
roads will never become widely useful in our state. Thus the avail-
ability of material will determine that for the present at least one of the
three types above mentioned must be used.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 219

For the building of earth roads the Poweshiek county plan of build-
ing roads under county management has by the practical success of its
four years operation demonstrated that the county should undertake the
building and maintenance of the main traveled county roads, the more
local roads being left to the care of the township.

For the building of the more permanent types, beginning with the
least expensive of these, the gravel read, the state should pay a por-
tion of the cost and provide engineering aid and supervision. When
the hrit appropriation for road building is made, an appropriation should
also be made for road maintenance so that Iowa may not need to repeat
the experience that other states have suffered in having high class
roads rapidly deteriorate through lack of any money for their repair.
Such a plan would require in each county a capable county superintend-
ent of roads who should be an experienced engineer, and would require
his co-operation with the highway commission with its powers extended
and with considerable larger appropriations. It has been urged as, an
objection to the county engineer that the cost would be too great. In
my judgment, it is only necessary, to point to Clinton county to show
that an engineer could have been maintained for a period of ten years
at $2,000 per year at a cost not greater than the amount which admittedly
wou'd have been lost to that county had not conditions been discovered,
and for this one county in which recovery has been made of money for
which value had not been received there are many others where such
conditions will never be brought to light. Such conditions are conclu-
sive evidence of the desirability and economy of capable engineering
supervision.

There is one other field in which the state should take an advanced
stand, that one being purely an educational one. We are now about to
spend larger sums than ever before upon road improvement especially
upon permanent road improvement and the state should build as many
demonstration roads as possible. In my judgment no more favorable lo-
cation for some of these roads could be found than the state fair grounds.
By building on these grounds stretches of different types of permanent
roads, the state would overcome a serious condition which now exists
there, especially during hot, dry weather, and would afford an object les-
son to thousands of interested citizens from every part of the state. For
building these roads, the highway commission would gladly furnish
engineering supervision and most of the machinery necessary. We have
already taken up the matter with some of the cement companies who
have pledged themselves to aid liberally in the construction of concrete
roads. Other material companies will be glad to donate or furnish at a
low cost the particular type of road material manufactured by them.
Thus at a very comparative low cost the state would increase the value
of its own property, improve the fair grounds to a remarkable extent,
and enable the state fair to carry out in a broad degree its function as
an educational institution to the people of the state. So far as the com-
mission is concerned we will co-operate heartily in an effort along this
line, to the end that before the next state fair is held there will be val-
uable object lessons in permanent road building on these grounds.

220 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

There may be men who would take issue with the statement that the
state is about to begin with the building of permanent roads. The main
work done for the last ten years was done along the line of dirt road
improvement. I find where the earth roads have been brought up to
the highest standard as a rule, they are beginning to talk about a more
permanent type of road. I do not know how soon this may come, but
I do not believe from observations taken all over the state that it will be
a long time before a beginning is made along the line of permanent con-
struction. I hope when it comes it will come along safe and sane lines
and will not involve the issuing, at least to begin with, of long time bond
issues for short time roads, which in my judgment some of the states of
the east have done.

The Chairman: If there is any question anyone wishes to ask
Mr. MacDonald I know he will be pleased to answer them.

Mr. J. E. Mershon : It has been suggested by a local organiza-
tion here that a good plan to begin our road work in Iowa is to
have the state appropriate money for the highway commission
that may be used to offer prizes to be given to localities or to
counties for the construction of roads that may be approved in
its methods of construction by the highway commission, and I
would like to ask Prof. MacDonald if he knows if such plans
have been successfully carried out in other states.

Prof. MacDonald: I will answer that question by saying that
the only work that is attracting the attention of the country at
large is that which has been done under the plan mentioned by
you of the state aiding the local communities with machines, as
prizes, which is along the line you mention. For different classes
of roads they offer certain rewards, and all of the states of the
east who are taking up the work at all have adopted this prin-
ciple of state aid, and we have it now in the middle west — Wiscon-
sin, Minnesota, Michigan — these are the nearest states. We have
the same principle in our road work, and it is unquestionably a
very favorable way in which to begin work of this character.

Mr. Henry Wallace : I would like to ask Mr. MacDonald if he
has any information as to the annual cost of keeping up macad-
amized roads — annual upkeep?

Mr. MacDonald: Mr. Chairman — Mr. Wallace is a long-time
friend of this macadam proposition, and if he had been here
sooner he would have heard my statement that macadam, I did
not think, would be of use on account of the expense of main-
taining these roads, and in my judgment the upkeep of macad-
amized roads is too great to consider it as a permanent type of
road except in some localities where they have the stone along

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 221

the road. I think the type of roads they are adopting now in
Wayne county, IMichigan, and in some parts of Ohio, of dirt and
brick with dirt and gravel roads alongside for dry weather
travel is a better proposition by far for such a state as we
have. With gravel you can make use of local material for
concrete roads, or concrete with dirt tops, and I believe that
this is the type of roads that will be more satisfactory in this
state.

The Chairman: In preparing our program we had two propo-
sitions— two live questions for Iowa people to consider, and upon
the first one Mr. MacDonald presented the question of good roads.
Our next paper is the question of publicity and advertisement by
the state, and I have the pleasure in presenting to you, gentle-
men of this convention, Mr. F. W. Beckman of the Department
of Agricultural Journalism and Publicity at Iowa State College.

Prof. F. W. Beckman: I am going to talk to you rather informally be-
cause I have not had time to put what I want to say about advertising
Iowa into a formal paper. I shall not pose as an authority upon ad-
vertising. I have been a newspaper reporter or editor ever since I left
school and I have filled acres of space with news and opinions and other
publicity matter, but I have not been in the business of advertising as
such. At the same time, advertising has been more or less of a hobby with
me and has received such study as a man gives to a hobby. There are
some things, however, relating to this proposal to advertise Iowa that
are so plain that any man of common sense, whether he.be an advertising
expert or not, is qualified to discuss. It is about those things that I
want to talk this afternoon.

You will be interested, first of all, in two stories of real life in Iowa.

One is the story of a man in western Iowa who became dissatisfied with
Iowa conditions some years ago. While in this frame of mind, he read
glowing advertising accounts of the Wenatchee and other far western
apple growing districts. Inspired to believe that he was wasting his
abilities in cultivating mere Iowa soil, he determined to go west and find
fortune there;. He sold his land for something like $20,000 and invested
most of it in twelve or fifteen acres of land in Washington at something
like a thousand dollars an acre. He bought it at that price because it
had been demonstrated that upon one-tenth of an acre a man had grown
a crop of apples worth $50. Upon ten times that, or an acre, he could
grow $500 worth, and upon ten acres he could grow ten times that, or
$5,000 worth. So this Iowa man was thoroughly convinced that the land
was worth a thousand dollars an acre at least. Only a year or so ago, an old
neighbor visited this Iowa man who had gone west. To that old neigh-
bor, he made this surprising statement when the two began to exchange
confidences:

222 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

"My friend," he said, "if I had taken my $50,000 and invested it in
some land I know of in Harrison county at a hundred dollars or so an
acre, I would have heen just as successful in establishing a commercial
orchard there as I have been here. My experience is this, that a man has
to face no greater problems in growing apples in the favorable sections
of Iowa that he does out here. I wish I were back in Iowa and that I
had understood Iowa and Iowa possibilities."

The other story in which you will be interested is about a man who
lives in Waterloo and owns a farm or two near Waterloo. He is worth
something like $150,000 or $200,000, and chiefly because Waterloo has
been growing factory smoke stacks in the past ten years and the develop-
ment of its industries has caused a great movement of population toward
Waterloo. This man was wise enough to keep his farms and they have
increased wonderfully in value. Not long ago, he needed a gasoline engine
and a cream separator on his farm. He sent his money to Racine, Wis-
consin, for the gasoline engine and to some city in New Jersey for his
cream separator. He ignored absolutely the fact that in Waterloo, the
city which had made him rich, are concerns which manufacture as good
gasoline engines and as good cream separators as are made anywhere.
His wealth had been made in Iowa; he had sent his good Iowa money
away to buy the things that might have been bought at home.

What do these two stories indicate? Well, they indicate a number of
things.

To begin with, the first story illustrates the great exodus of population
from Iowa to other districts which has been going on for years, in large
measure because Iowa people do net understand Iowa's possibilities. The
census statistics show that more than half a million native born lowans
are living elsewhere, while only about 1,800,000 native lowans are still
living within the state. We have thus lost in recent years more than
half a million of our sons and daughters who should have given the best
in them to our state, but who have devoted themselves and their energies
to the up-building of other commonwealths.

Every spring in one community or the other, car load after car load
of household goods is loaded by people who are on the move in a vain
search for better things elsewhere. California is populated largely by
lowans. They hold annual picnics on the coast which are attended by
tens, of thousands of former inhabitants of the Hawkeye state. At such a
picnic at Lcs Angeles sometimes 40,000 to 50,000 former Iowa people ac-
tually register. The Dakotas, Minnesota, Colorado, Nebraska, Wyom-
ing, the states of the northwest— Oregon and Washington— are filled
with lowans.

It is hard to estimate how much this loss of population has cost the
state. It is probably true that if we represent the loss in dollars and
cents it would not be less than half a billion dollars, counting human
life at only a thousand dollars per individual, and that is as cheap as
Iowa human life goes. This loss of population means also an enormous
property loss, because these people took good bank accounts with them.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 223

The property loss represents not less than another half-billion dollars,
making a billion dollars in all.

This exodus of people has meant the loss of strong men and women
and their influence and helpfulness in upbuilding Iowa. But worse yet,
it has meant a black-listing of Iowa in the census reports, if I may use
that word and it is not too harsh. In the population records Iowa has
dropped to the bottom because this exodus has brought about this fact:
Of all the states in the union, Iowa is practically the only one to show
a loss of population in the period from 1900 to 1910. There is no use of
dwelling upon these figures. They are stamped indelibly upon the mem-
ory, and the shame of them is fresh in the feelings, of every loyal
lowan.

The second story indicates that in all these years there has been a tre-
mendous outflow of Iowa money to buy goods elsewhere and consequent-
ly that there has been less buying of homemade goods than there ought
to be. It is difficult to estimate how much money Iowa folks send away
from the state thus needlessly each year. It is safe to say, however, that
it amounts to many millions every year.

There would be wonderful results for Iowa industries if Iowa folks
bought in Iowa the goods that are produced in Iowa. I wonder how
many of you ever made a study of the manufacturing statistics of the
state. I v/onder how many of you have any idea how many different
things you might buy in the state if you wanted to. Iowa manufactures
a variety of articles almost beyond belief, numbering 500 or 600 different
things. The products manufactured in Iowa in 1910 were worth $335,000,-
000. Our farms, of which we boast most properly, produced grain crops
in that same year worth $362,000,000. Those figures ought to convince
you that there is not so great a difference in importance between Iowa's
industries and Iowa's agriculture as we generally believe there is. It is
because we do not know, that we persist in saying that Iowa is not a
manufacturing state. It is because we have not opened our eyes to the
development of Iowa industries. It is because we do not understand and
appreciate v/hat our manufacturers can do, that we send our money to
help build factories, outside the state and to encourage industry else-
where. If our money had not gone all the years to buy goods elsewhere,
if it had not been invested in factories elsewhere, Iowa would have even
greater industries than it has today.

Last summer I heard an Indiana woman speak to an Iowa audience
upon the rural life question as it concerned the matter of improving the
rural districts. She made this striking statement: "If you people of
Iowa would only spend in Iowa the money you made in Iowa, it would
indeed be a garden of Eden." Let us give those striking words broader
application. If we people of Iowa would spend for Iowa goods and Iowa
products the money that we get from Iowa soil and from Iowa labor, this
commonwealth would indeed be vastly greater in agriculture and in-
dustry than it is at the present time.

Because we do not know, because we do not appreciate either the agri-
cultural or the industrial resources of the state, we have lost hundreds

224 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

of thousands of men and women and we have lost hundreds of millions
of dollars; yes, billions of dollars in material wealth.

But the greater loss of these two is the human loss, the loss of human
genius and human skill which cannot be measured in dollars and cents.
Of course, it is not possible to keep in Iowa all the genius born in Iowa,
because genius naturally scatters to every direction of the compass.
It is not possible to keep within the state and give opportunity to all the
talent it produces, but think what would it have meant if we had kept
in Iowa so great a genius as Armstrong who built the great terminal
of the Northwestern Railway at Chicago. Think what it would have
meant for the state if his genius for engineering had been directed to
the development of the industries of Iowa. What would it have meant
for the state if it had been possible to keep here George M. Reynolds,
who ranks as one of the greatest financiers of the nation and if his
energies had been directed toward the upbuilding of the commonwealth.
What would it not have meant to the agricultural interests of the state
if Iowa had not lost the late S. A. Knapp who left us to devote some of
the greatest labor of his life to the agricultural development of the south.
I might go on naming men whom we have lost and whose genius has
helped to develop commonwealths elsewhere. There are artists — we can-
not even keep here Iowa-made cartoonists and as soon as we develop one
we let him go elsewhere to exercise his genius. There are scientists,
doctors, journalists, agricultural leaders, captains of industry, who were
born and reared in Iowa, but who have given the choicest labor that is in
them to other people. The loss of these men has been great to our state,
though of wonderful profit to the nation. It may not be fair to expect
to keep them all, but it is reasonable that we should keep more of them
than we do.

What is wrong?

Has not Iowa wealth? No man can say that it has not, because from
sea to sea there is no more productive spot, no happier region. Those
who know, say that in all the world there is no similar area of land which
God has more bountifully blessed.

It is chiefly ignorance of Iowa's true worth and lack of understanding
of her resources and her opportunities that are responsible for the outflow
of both men and money from the state. Men do not understand that in
both agriculture and in the industries they can find splendid opportunity
for the investment of their money and their labor. They do not under-
stand that they can buy of Iowa factories the majority of the things
that they need to satisfy their physical needs.

How many of you men know that some of the choicest woolens made
in the world today are made in Iowa? How many Des Moines people
who go to buy a woolen blanket ask for an Amana blanket? Probably
not many ever think of it. Yet in the city of New York those who are
particular about blankets try to get Amana blankets. The buyers for
the best New York department stores seek to get them for their trade.
One big establishment advertised as though it were a tremendous achieve-
ment in business that it would put upon sale $39,000.00 worth of Amana
blankets on a particular date. Yet in Iowa, but one man in ten, I will

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 225

venture to say, if that many, knows anything of the Amana blanket or
demands it when he buys a blanket for himaelf.

How many of us know of the wonderful development of the beet sugar
industry in Iowa? How many understand that it is a successful industry
and that Iowa might as well manufacture all of its own sugar as not?
It is a successful industry and now well established. Yet a few years'
ago, when men who had confidence in the industry promoted the factory,
not only were most Iowa people ignorant about what they were doing,
but a few of those who did know almost killed the project. Hardly had
the Waverly men started to manufacture sugar out of beets when some
man, either through misguidance or otherwise, came out with an in-
terview in a D'es Moines newspaper to the effect that the industry was
all buncomb, that the farmers were being fooled by it, and that it was
not adapted to the state of Iowa. As a result of that newspaper article,
the manager of that beet factory faced this situation: He had signed up
farmers to grow something like 6,000 acres of beets for the year's cam-
paign, but that total slumped immediately to 2,000 acres and he had hard
trouble to get beets from 1,500 acres. That experience came very nearly
being the destruction of the beet sugar industry in Waverly. It sur-
vived, however, and this year more than 5,000 acres of beets were success-
fully grown in Iowa by men who have learned how to do it and who
have adapted themselves to the work, and are making a profit out of it.
The average yield of beets in Iowa this year was something like twelve
tons per acre, for which the farmer got $5.00' a ton if he delivered them
on side track and $5.50 if he delivered them to the factory.

Beet growers are not going to make great fortunes out of growing
beets, but let me tell you what one farmer did with a forty acre field
this past season. It cost him something like $40 an acre to produce forty
acres of beets that yielded about twenty tons per acre. He got $5.50
a ton for them. Twenty times $5.50 makes $110 per acre income. If his
expense was $40 per acre, you can figure his profit quite readily.

As you go through the beet growing districts, you can recognize the
farms on which beets are grown by the more prosperous appearance of
the farming. That rule, of course, is not absolute, however, but the fact
is here, that the beet grower is prosperous. He will tell you now that he
understands it, that it has added something to his prosperity. It gives
him a good cash crop and beet growing fits into the rotation and helps
his land. Most of us are ignorant of these facts even today.

It is customary for folks to talk about western apples as though they
represent the best, yet outside growers tell us that southwestern Iowa is
the ideal home of the Jonathan apple, and the Jonathan apple, you know,
cannot be beaten for all round usefulness. Every year since there has
been a national exhibit of apples, an Iowa man from the western or south-
western part of the state has carried away the highest prizes for Jona-
thans. Season after season the growers of Colorado, Washington and
Oregon have come to this annual show, determined to wrest the honors
from Iowa growers, but in vain. Iowa can grow Jonathan apples as can
no other district in the world.
15

226 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

As for Bartlett pears, Harrison county has won first-class honors
again and again with its product. Down in Marion county, I am told,
one man a year ago produced 14,000 bushels of pears upon eighty acres
which he sold for something over $2.00 a bushel. It is estimated that his
profit on that eighty acres ran from one to two hundred dollars an acre,
"what can be done one year under favorable conditions can be done an-
other. Simons Brothers of Hamburg, Iowa, are commercial apple grow-
ers with forty acres in apples. Their receipts have run as high as $396
per acre, leaving a profit margin of $200, which is not bad for Iowa when
most of us think that Iowa land is not adapted to fruit growing.

These stories of what men who have faith in Iowa soil are accom-
plishing at home might be multiplied without end. They may be told
of crops of other kinds as well as fruit. For instance, onions may be
grown profitably here even though popular opinion is that a man must
go to Texas or California to produce them. We associate the Bermuda on-
ion with parts of Texas and California, yet a man at Ottumwa named
Schwartz has discovered the secret of growing Bermudas in that vicinity
successfully and he has produced them as fine as they can be produced any-
where else. He does it with a new system of irrigation that he has de-
vised and he expects, when he gets his land in full swing, to produce from
600 to 1,000 bushels per acre.

A farmer named Schutter in Scott county produced this past year 12,257
bushels of onions from thirteen acres, an average of 943 bushels per acre.
One acre produced 1,200 or 1,300 bushels. He received an average
price of 38 cents per bushel for them. A total of $4,657.00. He could not
tell just how much it cost him to produce these onions, but according to
government statistics on onion growing, it probably cost him from $150
to $200 an acre. Granting that it cost him the larger amount, his
thirteen acres produced him a profit above all expense of $2,027. Peo-
ple who are ambitious to go into intensive farming need not go to
Texas or California or the northwest when such opportunities lie right
here ready for them.

These wonderful stories are not confined to agriculture alone. There
are opportunities in manufacturing just as good as in agriculture. Up
at Ames on the second floor of a building there may be found the larg-
est pennant factory in the United States. You know what the pennants
are, the banners used by high schools, colleges and clubs of all kinds.
In Ames, the factory that makes these is the largest of its kind in the
country and it has grown up there naturally. In the town of Nevada, a
man has built up a candy factory which manufactures after-dinner-mints
as a specialty and ships them by the ton lot to big dealers in New York
and Philadelphia. There is a demand for every pound of stuff that he
can produce and more, and it keeps him busy building up his establish-
ment to meet the demands upon it. These are mere illustrations. I have
not time to give any more. They are typical, however, and they make it
clear that there is no reason why Iowa should not manufacture scores
of things as successfully as it is manufacturing these pennants or these
after-dinner-mints. As the story has been told me, one of the geniuses

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 227

who got away from Iowa was Gillette, the safety razor man. Was
there any reason why he and his ability could not have been turned
loose in Iowa as well as somewhere else? The opportunity for both agri-
cultural production and industrial production are here. It is simply
up to us to make use of them.

Ignorance about Iowa and its resources has been largely responsible
for this great exodus of population from the state and the out-flow of
Iowa money to other sections for investment. Possibly a lack of senti-
ment may also be responsible. We have been accused of being disloyal
to the state. I do not like to confess that, but there seems to be reasons
to believe that we are not loyal to the state's best interests. If we
would only adopt this motto, which has been proposed: "Grown in Iowa,
made in Iowa," and then add to it "sold in Iowa;" if that sentiment could
be held and acted upon generally, there would be no question about a
marvelous development in the state. We are not sentimental enough
about Iowa. We are too matter of fact about its great resources.

Moreover, we are seriously individualistic. To be plain, we are too
selfish. We think too much of ourselves and our own particular individual
interests and we do not think enough of Iowa in the large. We need to
develop among ourselves more community interest and larger commun-
ity sympathies. Our various towns and cities have only recently learned
that there is benefit to be gained in co-operation. Our farmers and our
towns people have not yet learned that they have common interests for
whose promotion they should unite. We fight too much for our individual
selves. We have not enough sentiment for the whole state. Recently I
asked a man who knows Iowa thoroughly why it is that we are so wrapped
up in our own local affairs, in our own smaller interests, and why it is
difficult to get men to work for a large community interest. He said that
he believed that it was due to the fact that in Iowa we have empha-
sized very strongly the importance of township government. This is un-
common. Township government and the authority of township officers
have developed more strongly here than any where else, and that has
been quite largely responsible for our individuality in Iowa and our
lack of sentiment for a greater Iowa.

Besides that, there is a lack of faith in Iowa. Men do not believe
strongly enough in the resources of the state. They do not have faith
in its ability to produce to invest their money in industries and enter-
prises and to make the soil yield its utmost. Rather, they go elsewhere
for opportunity, overlooking the chance that there is right at home.

What can be done to remedy this situation?

In the first place, it is important that the people of the state be edu-
cated to understand the importance of the resources of the state and the
value of the opportunities that are here. Ignorance upon these things,
lack of understanding about Iowa, are at the bottom of Iowa's problems.

How are we going to educate our own people to know Iowa, that being
fundamental? There is only one way. I believe it must be done through
publicity, through advertising, through the making known to ourselves

228 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

what the resources of our state are. It must be done by holding up be-
fore the people such facts as I have given you here this afternoon, about
the opportunities in the state and by telling them over and over again
that Iowa is a land of opportunity agriculturally and a land of oppor-
tunity industrially. We must also, in addition, let the outside world
know about our advantages and bring back to Iowa the wealth that has
been flowing out from its borders to go elsewhere for many years. We
must educate both our people at home and the people abroad to the ap-
preciation of what Iowa holds within her boundaries. But the first task
is home education.

How shall we proceed to do this? There is a good deal of difference
of opinion about that. As I said at the beginning, I am not an advertising
expert. I have no scheme or schemes for advertising Iowa that I want to
recommend. I am not going to discuss the merits of any proposed plan of
publicity for the state. I came here merely to say to you that we need to
do something, that we need to do something right away, that we need to
set about immediately to find out just what should be done. It may be
that it will be wise to appoint a general publicity board or commission.
That has been suggested, but I am not familiar enough with the details
of that plan to discuss it.

I do have, however, one simple suggestion that I want to leave with
you men of the agricultural society. It may seem so simple that it may
not strike you as being worth while. My suggestion is based upon this
idea: You remember the old declaration of war times that the way to
resume specie payments was to resume. Well, the way to begin ad-
vertising Iowa is to begin. Moreover, I do not know any better way to
begin than for your own agricultural society to begin. You already have
an organization that can be used for this purpose and probably you can
find enough money somewhere to make a start. The important thing
right now, is to make a start and nowhere does anybody have a better
opportunity to make a start than you do.

I suggest that somehow, someway you authorize your secretary to
find a way to do for Iowa what Coburn has done for Kansas. Coburn has
gained a wide reputation because of the valuable publicity he has given
Kansas. He has brought Kansas into favor again after many years of
disfavor and public disregard. He has given that state its proper place
in the eyes of the world, and he has done it without any elaborate or-
ganization or machine back of him. When Coburn made up his mind to
advertise Kansas, he just advertised it, that was all. He set out to ad-
vertise his state without any more fuss than he would start down town
to his work in the morning, and he got there.

When I was asked to speak to you at this session, I wrote to Mr.
Coburn and asked him to tell me something of his method of advertis-
ing Kansas and promoting that state's interests. I am going to read his
letter here, because I believe that it points a way and offers just the
practical kind of a suggestion that our society needs. This is Mr. Coburn's
letter:

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 229

"Topeka, Kansas, 1912.
"F. W. Beckman, Ames, Iowa.

"Dear Sir: Your letter of November 25th is at hand, and I have gath-
ered up a few samples of booklets, brochures, and the like, typical of the
sort of advertising literature we have been disseminating ever since I
have been secretary of the board, for nineteen years. There is no regu-
larity about the issuance of these, and in fact, under the law, it is no
part of our work. Neither are we provided with any funds for the pur-
pose, and hence it might quite appropriately and truthfully be called
"a work of love."

"The state has no officially designated 'Advertising Bureau' or 'Immi-
gration Department,' and while the work of this board is mostly in be-
half of the farmers who are here, I see so many ways to favorably ex-
ploit our resources, productions, possibilities and advantages, I cannot
resist the temptation to let the world know about it, as often as I can
spare time for that purpose. Doing something of this sort, that is not re-
quired of me officially, is in fact my recreation, and is thrown in with my
other duties for good measure. We also issue a lot of short mimeograph
articles about some feature of Kansas and her agriculture, which are sent
to the agricultural and other papers throughout the nation, and abroad,
and it is surprising what a large percentage use the material. This space
of course costs us nothing, more than the labor of compiling the matter
and the two-cent stamp for mailing it.

"Back of most of our advertising, stands our annual statistics, which
the board of agriculture has gathered and compiled from the beginning,
making a half-century record that affords a w^onderfully prolific source of
most excellent advertising matter, in showing advancement, growth and
prosperity. The record has been consistently kept, without change of sys-
tems, and hence it is uniform for the whole period, making it of the very
greatest possible value. It has of course been improved, that is, the
method has been improved from time to time, but the whole scheme of
our statistical work remains practically on the foundation on which it
was first laid out.

"The real big work of the board, however, has been in its helpfulness
to the man who is tilling our fertile prairies. The department, from its
beginning as the state agricultural society in 1862, has issued quarterly
and biennial reports, and these contain information of much value to the
farmer. The biennial reports, for instance, are large, bound, illustrated
volumes, in editions of 20,000 copies, but the supply is exhausted by the
time the printer makes the delivery of the last installment. I presume
you are familiar with these reports, or rather their appearances, anyway,
and if not, and you wish to examine them, you will find them in the
library of your college.

"I regret to say I cannot estimate the results of our publicity work,
for I have no way of gauging that except in the immense mail it brings
here, making request for more detailed information. We respond to these
so far as possible by letter, and also mail a copy of our report entitled
'Kansas — Facts and Figures.' But, our office force is limited, and is

230 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

kept busy with its other regular work, so that it is out of the question
for us to take up each inquirer's letter and answer it as should be done,
that is in detail. If this were attempted, it would of course mean some
machinery for securing the information from the various localities in the
state.

"It is likely you may be able to estimate the value to Kansas of my
publicity work better than I. You know pretty well what it is worth to be
placed before the world in a favorable light, particular'y when any inves-
tigator will find that nothing but facts have been set forth.

"Quite a few strangers still judge Kansas by the early history of her
pioneers, and I feel that we have to a considerable extent corrected that
misapprehension, and that, too, is worth something.

"Very truly yours,

"F. D. COBURN."

In this letter there is a simple plan and a plan that is within your reach.
It may be that a more elaborate scheme, including a board or commission,
will be more satisfactory later, but it is difficult to get an elaborate
scheme into motion. It is difficult to organize a large piece of machinery
and get it well greased with the money needed to operate it. The Coburn
idea has this to commend it. You can adopt it and use it with the office
machinery you already have. At the most it will not be necessary for
you to employ more than the part time of a first-class man and provide
him with a litt'e money for clerical work and postage. Coburn of Kansas
carries on an extensive publicity work for his state and a mighty useful
publicity work and at' the same time he does many other things.

It seems to me that it is wholly within the province of the State Agri-
cultural Society to do what Coburn of Kansas has done. Your society
would be promoting in the best possible way the agricultural interests
of the state by carrying on a campaign of publicity that would educate
our people to an understanding of the opportunities that there are in
Iowa. Of the need of advertising along this line neither you nor other
men can longer have doubt. It is time that somebody did something to
keep Iowa folks and Iowa money at home and no organization is in better
position to make a start than yours.

The President: We have on the program this afternoon a
man who has kindly consented to talk to yon, and I present to
yon Lientenant-Governor Harding of Sionx City :

Lieutenant-Governor Harding: Mr. Chairman and Qontlemen — It is a
pleasure to me to meet with the farmers of Iov>'a. You are all actively
engaged in the business. You know there is a false notion in the minds
of some bankers and business men in the state that they are not farmers.
The fact is that everybody who lives in Iowa and has any part in the in-
dustrial life of the state is a farmer, and therefore it seems to me that this
fair association is one of the very important associations within the state.

I have no prepared speech to deliver this afternoon. This you will
know from the fact that the program committee did not assign me a

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 231

subject. I am at liberty then to wander around as I may see fit, and say
a few things if they happen to occupy to me as I go along.

I understand that you are gathered here today to consider the work
of the next year, and to complete the work of the past year. You have
in charge the annual state fair that is held out here on the fair grounds.
To my mind this is one of the largest, best and most important educa-
tional institutions in the state. One that is not appreciated as much as
it ought to be by the people of the state, nor is it used as much by the
people of the state as it deserves. It is not wholly the fault of the people
nor is it wholly the fault of this agricultural society. We have been
having it so easy in Iowa that we have neglected many of the important
matters and things that other states have used, and to advantage. You
talk about California and other western states that are advertised a great
deal. If you go to plant an orchard in that western country, you have
to build the place in which to plant the orchard. In Iowa you have the
place already prepared, and so you don't plant the orchard. Iowa has
the possibilities of being a great fruit producing state. And so it is with
many other things; many of the magnificent things that are advertised
in these other states are lying around loose in Iowa and not used. We
have been just farming the surface of the soil here. We have not been
digging down into the hidden things of Iowa. Iowa is rich in hidden
treasures that are lying here to be opened up by us and by the coming
generations.

The state fair, as I understand it, has two objects. One is entertain-
ment— high-class entertainment — entertainment that will elevate the cit-
izenship of the .state. That feature of the fair is easy to care for. The
other feature is education. The latter is the most important feature,
and the one that should receive the most careful consideration here and
at every other time when you meet. We all know that it is impossible
for every citizen of the state to visit the state fair in Des Moines. The
state fair ought not to be solely an agricultural exhibit. It ought to in-
clude every industry in the state. We ought not to be satisfied with hav-
ing the best cattle, sheep, horses and hogs here and placing them on exhi-
bition, but we should bring as well the best product of the inventive mind
of the state and put that on exhibition. The state fair should be an edu-
cational institution where people can come and study the various subjects
in which a great people are interested. If a man is interested in the
blacksmith business, he ought to be able to come to the state fair and get
information here that he can get nowhere else because the best should be
here. The one thing about the state fair that is better than all the other
fairs is that you have the best product of the state, and that you know
is the ideal. Every successful man, every successful institution has an
ideal. You find out here at the state fair the best animals that are raised
in the state of Iowa. Anyone who is interested in that particular line of
industry can go out there and have his ideal satisfied, or at least if it is
not satisfied, or if he has not an ideal, then he can get the inspiration that
will give him an ideal. The only thing in life that causes the boy to look
forward and go through school, to go through hard work and drudgery is
the fact that some place, somewhere, the boy sees an ideal to which he is

232 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

building. You go into the schools, you read your newspapers, you go to
church, they all hold up before you some man who has made a success in
life, and point to him as the ideal. All these are inspirations to boys and
girls to try and make their lives meet the ideals presented.

If you want Iowa farmers to raise good horses, furnish them with an
ideal, something they can look forward to. When you have done this
you have helped the individual so that he can go back home and go
through the drudgery, the hard work and do it as a pleasure, because
he has an ideal. When I was a small boy, one day I came along where
an old man was plowing. He had a span of old horses and a walking
plow. The ground was rough and hard and it seemed to me as though
it was hard work to go through that performance. I said to him, "Uncle,
tha,t is pretty hard for you." But he said, "My lad, you are mistaken.
This is not hard work. When I have hold of the handles of the plow I
do not see the black hard soil there. I see next year, the green fields, I
see the waving golden grain, I see the shocks, and finally, I see the grain
in the bin and so I can go through this all day, because before me there
is an ideal, the finished product." What we want to do at our state fair
is to bring ideals before the people of Iowa, so that they will catch an
inspiration and with this inspiration go back home and go through what
to the average man would be drudgery, but to them will be pleasure.
The problem is to furnish the ideal and then to scatter the inspiration
from this ideal broadcast over the state. How are we going to do this
thing? We have not been carrying the thing that is gathered here at
Des Moines at the state fair back to the home folks.

I was down here a couple of years ago. I saw the stock parade. I was
in the pavilion, and saw a million dollars' worth of stock in there one
evening. One day I saw the horse races. Another day I went down to
the various pens and around, then I went home. My neighbor did not
attend, but I tried to tell him about it. He could not see the picture that
I saw. There is something wrong. My neighbor was entitlv^d to that the
same as I was, but he did not happen to be a member of the legislature
so he did not have a pass, and he figured more on passes than I did. I
came down and got in and that is all right — (you have to educate the
legislators). My neighbor hadn't the pass and he didn't get the benefit
of the state fair. In the public schools they are teaching geography and
other things with moving pictures. It has occurred to me, and I say this
in all seriousness, the state of Iowa can well afford to invest money in
the necessary machinery to take pictures of the crowds, the stock in the
pens, the stock in the pavilion, and all of the other attractions that are
on the fair grounds and take these back home to the people of Iowa by
showing the pictures out in the school houses and around. Show the
people of Iowa what the people of Iowa are doing. It might cost a little
money, but what is the difference if it does. Who would not pay fifty
cents any time to go into a moving picture show some night in his public
school house or in the town hall, if he could see reproduced the state fair
of Iowa. Would not this be carrying the ideals of the best people of Iowa
industrially back to the folks who did not have opportunity to see this?

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 233

I notice a few professors from Ames here and I suppose there are
some professors here from other educational institutions. It is a good
thing to have these educators meet with this fair association. The criti-
cism I have to make of our educational institutions is this: We pay
men good salaries — maybe not as high as we ought to — and they dig
away year after year working in science and mathematics and these
various other studies and then give this information out only to' the people
who can afford to attend these institutions for a period of years. My
criticism of the educational institutions of the state is that the knowledge
which these professors have and the discoveries which they make are
not reaching a large enough percentage of the people of the state. What
the state ought to do is to take the results that these professors are obtain-
ing and carry them out to the people of the state.

A boy is living on a farm. He has never passed through the. high
school and therefore cannot pass the entrance examination to any state
school. He has to take care of himself. The boy who has had high
school advantages, who can pass the entrance examination, can get into
the state school. The state furnishes to the boy who wants to be a lawyer
an opportunity to become a lawyer. When the state invests her money
for education it is her business to invest it so that the investment will
reach the individuals that need the education and those individuals who
need this education are the ones far away from the centers, the ones
v/ho are not liable to get to these centers of education.

This suggestion in reference to educational institutions is one that can
be fairly made to the state fair association.' There is a new industry
in this country. It is the moving picture industry. I do not know whether
it can be worked out now or not, but I believe that the moving picture
can be made a part of our great educational system in this state. There
is an agitation on now for clean pictures; some of the preachefs are
fussing around about these picture shows trying to have it arranged so
that only clean pictures can be shown. This is all right; we want clean
pictures. You will never get clean pictures, however, by passing law^s
against dirty pictures. The state will get clean pictures when the state
sees to it that clean pictures are furnished. Whose business is it to
furnish these clean pictures? It is the business of the people and you
are the people. You represent Iowa and it is your duty to initiate these
things. Oh, I know how you feel because I have been sitting back of
one of these desks. I have had men who are interested in these things,
who have seen the opportunities and the possibilities and yet they would
sneak up to my desk and say, "I beg your pardon; I am awfully sorry
to encroach upon your valuable time, but if we had a little money we
could scatter this information we have been accumulating here." Gentle-
men, I say do not go to the legislature and beg; go to them and demand
rights. You are the representatives of the people of Iowa and you have
a right' to demand these things. That is what you are put in these posi-
tions for. You are not doing your duty to the people unless you do
present these needs in an open and manly way to the legislature. If
the legislature does not send men here big enough to listen and meet

234 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

these demands, then see that such men are sent here. We will never
become a big state on the three cent plan. People are willing to pay-
taxes if they know that the money is going to bring results. Do not
blame the people for not wanting to pay taxes if they only get thirty-five
cents on the dollar in value. The trouble with Iowa has been this: We
make the original investment and then do not go on and spend the neces-
sary money to make that investment pay dividends. It is not fair to you
men who devote your time and energy to building this great fair out
here that it should simply be in existence for one week in the year.
The information that can be and is accumulated here ought to be used
during the weeks and months of the coming year and taken where it
will do the most good. Where it will reach all the people of the state.
The way to do this is to create a publicity department.

I "vfas very much interested in w^hat my good friend Beckman said
about the beet industry of Waverly. It occurred to me, friend Beckman,
that perhaps the state of Iowa ought to have taken legal action against
that newspaper which published the interview w^hich nearly killed the
beet indutry in the state. Every once in a while some newspaper will take
a rap at Iowa, at some of Iowa's industries, in the guise of news and
nearly strangle the thing to death. My good newspaper friends, I hope
you will talk over with the managing editor the importance of seeing
to it that the news items that go out do not injure enterprises in the state.
I do not believe a newspaper has or ought to have the right to print such
stories until it finds out whether they are facts and whether or not they
will injure the interests in the state that ought to be protected. Print
the truth, but do not print the "hot air" stories simply for the sake of
printing something.

A friend of mine was telling me today that Iowa leads the nation in
the production of corn and oats. This, as I understand it, is according to
government report. I have not seen the news in any newspaper printed
in Iowa. Such a startling fact ought to furnish a slug head in some good
Iowa newspaper. If some of those western states had something like
that they would telegraph it around the world every day for a week.
They w^ould let the folks know everywhere that they were leading in
something, yet in Iowa we go along and pay no attention to these things.
What we want is better co-operation for publicity. What we want is
better co-operation among organizations of this kind and our newspapers
They want the news. The public wants the news and the news will help
Iowa.

I have had in a small way experience on the other side of the question.
I was a reporter once and I know how hard it is to get news out of the
fellow who really has information to give out. The newspapers of Iowa
would gladly print many of the important facts that have been displayed
here this afternoon by our friends, but nobody gives them to the papers.
The reporter is a busy man. The sensational story is easy to write and
is eagerly sought by the public. The result is the sensational story is
furnished rather than the cold, hard facts. We need publicity in Iowa
and the fair association of the state owes a duty to the state to see to
it that the information that is gathered because of its position here is

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 235

scattered broadcast over the state. If it needs a little money to do the
work with it is the business of the legislature to furnish it with the
money. It does not require very much money to do these things, but
whatever is required ought to be spent. When we have done this we will
have accomplished much for this good old state which we all love. Iowa
has a great fair. Everyone who attends once wants to come back. Many
people, however, cannot shape their plans so they can be here just during
the week that the fair is held and I believe it is worthy of your considera-
tion that you take up and work out some method whereby you can carry
back to the people of Iowa some conception of the magnificent exhibition
that you have out on the state fair grounds.

I do not know whether I have suggested anything along this line that
will interest you, but I do know that personally I am interested in Iowa;
that I am interested in the fair; that I am interested in education. I love
this old state. She has always been my home and I trust always will be.
I trust I shall always be willing to stand out on the firing line and fight
for the things that will make Iowa known to Iowa people and make it a
better state in which to live and a better state growing continually so that
finally we can say that Iowa is the best state and the best place in the
union to live. That she has the best educated people, the best moral
people and then everything will be as we desire. We have the oppor-
tunity; we have the soil; we have the climate; we have everything. All
we have to do is to put our hands to the plow and all push together. I
believe there are greater things to Iowa than any of us have ever dreamed.
(Applause.)

The President: This concludes our program for this after-
noon. Tomorrow morning at 9:30 in this room will convene
the business meeting of the association. The department of
agriculture report. The report of the secretary and treasurer.
The report on the benefits of the boys' state fair camp is very
interesting.

Mr. Mershon : I asked Mr. MacDonald a question that I think
he did not fully understand. Anyway he did not answer it. It
was something as to the method of giving prizes for the best
upkeep of the road. The point in my mind was by the local or
township road boards. Whether that had been worked out any-
where as far as you knew or not, and whether it was feasible.

Mr. MacDonald : I did not understand the question to be that
at all. I thought he had reference to state aid. There is a town
in this state that has probably done more along the line of giving
prizes than any other place with which I am familiar. Mount
Ayr, in the southern part of the state, has developed a road
system leading into Mount Ayr to a remarkable degree by-
giving prizes for the best maintained earth road, maintained

236 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

by the use of the road drag. We are to have a discussion on
that next week by Mr. Beard. They call it the Mount Ayr plan
of road building, and it has been a very successful plan. The
giving of prizes by the commercial club in that case, and I see
no reason wh}^ the state should not take an active part in some-
thing of that kind. I believe for the maintenance of earth roads
by the use of the drag that the state could afford to maintain in
every toAvnship either a system of prizes for one or more miles of
road that would be kept up in the township as an object lesson
for the township, or would simply pay to have the work done, and
regard it as a maintenance proposition.

Mr. Mershon: What is the nature of these prizes?

Mr. MacDonald : They are cash prizes. I am not familiar with
the amounts of them. I think the cash prizes have run as high as
fifty dollars for a mile of road. I am not familiar with the details
of the prizes offered, but they are cash prizes.

The meeting then adjourned.

PART VI

SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS

OF

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

AND

COMMITTEE MEETINGS
1911-1912

MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 14, 1911.

Meeting was called to order by the president at 10 :00 a. m. and
the following members responded to roll call: Cameron, Olson,
Corey, Johnston, Reeves, Curtin, Curtiss, Sheldon, Summers, Mul-
len, Pike, Barney and Gibson.

Minutes of the meeting of the board on September 2nd were
read and approved:

The matter of fines imposed upon 0. V. Battles and J. R. Peak
& Son, exhibitors at the 1911 state fair who failed to lead out
their stock for the parade on Friday afternoon, was discussed.
Mr. Johnson moved that in the case of Messrs. Peak $25.00 of the
fine be retained and the balance ($75.00) forwarded to them.
Seconded by Mr. Reeves. Motion prevailed.

In the matter of protest against the colt exhibited by Peter
Hopley & Son in the Belgian Futurity, Mr. Curtiss moved that the
protest be not sustained in view of the fact that the evidence sub-
mitted substantiated the breeding of the colt as claimed, and that
the premiums, amounting to $100.00, won by this colt be paid to
Peter Hopley & Son. Seconded by Mr. Pike. Motion prevailed.

238

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

The following newly elected members were sworn in by H. L.
Bosquet: Messrs. Cameron, Olson, Johnston, Eeeves, Curtiss,
Summers, Mullen and Pike.

The Board proceeded to the election of a secretary and a treas-
urer for the ensuing year. Mr. Johnston moved that Mr, A. R.
Corey be elected secretary, at the salary fixed by law ($1,800.00).
Seconded by Mr. Sheldon. Election unanimous.

Mr. Curtin moved that Mr. G. S. Gilbertson be elected treasurer
to succeed himself, at a salary of $100.00, for the ensuing year.
Seconded by Mr. Pike. Election unanimous.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the Secretary be required to give a
surety bond for $10,000.00, and that the fee for same be paid from
the fair receipts. Seconded by Mr. Sheldon. Motion prevailed.

Mr. Corey made a report concerning expenditures, receipts and
improvements for the past year, with recommendations and sug-
gestions for the coming year as follows :

RECEIPTS OF 1911 FAIR COMPARED WITH 1910.

1911

1910

Increase

Decrease

$ 1,729.00
1,146.00
170.00
658.05
1,206.00
3,641.50
1,172.50
],086.35
2,800.00

34.75

24,182.47
5,351.50
2,604.00
6,502.97
5,092.27

626.50
121,505.50

$ 1,702.00
808.00
508.00
393.00
908.00

3,071.92
805.00
823.55

2,575.00

6.65

21,422.03
5,907.15
2,398.00
5,616.92
4,212.91

1,039.39

104,584.00

3S8.25

$ 27.00
248.00

Cattle department

Sheep department _.

$ 838.C0

Poultry department

265.05
298.00
569.58
367.50
212.81
315.00

28.10
2,760.44

Swine department _.

Machinery department

Agricultural department _ _. _ _

Dairy department _„

Pine arts department

Transportation and public safety depart-
ment

Concession department

Speed department

556.35

Exhibitors' tickets

206.00
886.05
879.36

Forage department

Association special premiums

Miscellaneous receipts, secretary's depart-
ment _

412.89

Ticket sales

16,921.50

Sale of light and power

388.25

$179,549.67

$157,259.77

$ 23,981.30

$ 1,694.49

Incr e a se— $22 , 289 . 90 .

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI

COST OP ADVERTISING 1911 FAIR.

Country weekly papers $2,609.25

Plates for weekly papers 635.13

Papers in foreign languages 11.00

Daily papers outside of Des Moines 260.99

Miscellaneous Des Moines papers 156.87

Des Moines city daily papers 1,113.57

Agricultural and live stock papers 1,156.65

Horse papers (speed program) 464.42

Pay roll publicity department $ 660.25

Printing 5 editions "Greater Iowa"—

5,000 each 2-S pg., 34 pg 231.45

Postage on "Greater Iowa"— 5 issues 215.00

lOCVI "Ding" hangers $ 379.50

100 M 2 color 8 pg. heralds 398.25

Outdoor signs 133.28

Miscellaneous advertising 45.50

For distribution of advertising matter $ 769.00

Billboard service and paper 586.88

Cuts and electros $ 179.00

Miscellaneous printing 57.49

Photos 1910 and 1911 fairs 274.00

Miscellaneous advertising items 114. 5S

239

,407.88

1,106.70

956.55

1,355.88

625.07
$10,432.06

STATEMENT OP RECEIPTS ON ACCOUNT OP TICKET SALES POR
1911, COMPARED WITH 1910.

1911

1910

Increase

General admission _.

$ 75,589.00
2,290.25
6,325.75
3,130.00

$ 66,750.50
2,067.75
5,857.50
2,272.00

% 8,838.50
222.50
468 ''S

General admission after 5 P. M

Children and half fares

Campers

858 00

Total outside gates

$ 87,335.00

$ 8,526.50

6,005.25

1,567.50

777.25

$ 76,947.75

% 6,553.50

5,121.00

1,031.25

320.25

$ 10,387.25

$ 1,973.00
884.25

Day amphitheater general admission

Day amphitheater reserved seats

Day amphitheater box seats -—

536.25

Day amphitheater quarter stretch

457 00

Total day amphitheater -_..___. ...

$ 16,876.50
$ 7,808.50

$ 13,026 00 lifi s Rsn no

Night amphitheater general admission

«B ft 9JU .f^n

% 1,554.00
530.25

Night amphitheater reserved seats

4,660.75 4.130.50
1,063.50 800.25

Night amphitheater box seats --

263.25

Total night amphitheater.- - _.

$ 13,532.75 ift n 18.'>.9:5 iR '>. .^47..<iO

Stock pavilion reserved seats

Stock pavilion standing room

$ 3,301.50
459.75

$ 3,048.50 $ 25:^.00
376.50 83.25

Total stock pavilion

$ 3,761.25

$ 3,425.00 $ 836.25

Total ticket sales

$121,505.50

$104,584.00 « 16.921.50

240 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STATEMENT OF EXPENSE OF 1911 FAIR COMPARED WITH 1910.

Executive committee meetings

Special committee meetings

Express, telegraph and telephone

Postage

Printing [

Printing tickets 5

Advertising

Music and attractions

Light and poAver

Water

Office supplies, stationery, etc

Forage

Salaries and clerical hire

Board meetings

Assistants and foremen

Scavenger work

Cleaning grounds

Cleaning buildings 1

Cutting grass and weeds

Hauling manure J

Miscellaneous labor during fair

Care of streets during fair

Track work

Pay roll and expense president's depart-
ment

Pay roll and expense secretary's depart-
ment _.

Pay roll and expense treasurer's depart-
ment __

Pay roll and expense concession depart-
ment

Pay roll and expense speed department

Pay roll and expense horse department

Pay roll and expense cattle department

Pay roll and expense swine department__--
Pay roll and expense sheep department..
Pay roll and expense poultry department..
Pay roll and expense machinery depart-
ment _. -—

Pay roll and expense agricultural depart-
ment _-

Pay roll and expense dairy department...
Pay roll and expense horticultural depart-
ment .,

Pay roll and expense floricultural depart-
ment _.

Pay roll and expense fine arts department

Pay roll and expense school exhibits

Pay roll and expense admissions depart-
ment ..

Pay roll and expense transportation and

public safety

Pay roll and expense ticket department..
Pay roll and expense women's rest cottage

Model farm exhibit -1_

College exhibit

Plants and flowers

Freight and drayage

Iowa Pioneers' day

Premium ribbons and badges...

Boys' and girls' contests

Decorating buildings .

Rental tents, chairs, etc

Miscellaneous —

Tan bark and sawdust

Grounds department supplies

Refimd on admissions

Dues American Trotting association

Refund special premium money

Miscellaneous expense

1911

$ 891. CO

1,266.04

327.95

861.50

2,814.13

10,452.06

14,345.78

782.64

436.06

259.48

5,983.29

2,740.75

645.50

485.54

848.13

911.32

1,199.87

174.90

615.55

904.25

99.05

324.09

453.50

675.55

2,006.75

1,530.15
938.20
1,245.20
1,272.15
610.40
394. OO
327.62

583.3.5

597.90
312.50

88.0?
590.90
254.88

2,683.85

3,516.01

537.25

58.15

602.30
600.04
531.85

31. 8S
167.05
708.43

61.46
414.52
631.75

223.. 51
218.16
50.50
100.00
IGO.OO
545.8:3

1910

485.40
998.62
362.40
700. OO

2,012.63
749.04

9,985.19
25,520.25

1,641.65
315.73
314.41

5,404.54

4,265.00
707.80
139.31
64S.40

Increase

,045.60

1,437.68
89.75
396.42

435.50

681.40

l,i

.95

1,164.10
686.15
1,230.50
1,027.05
614.55
595.00
253.00

742.72

382.50
186.75

170.15

77.00
588.81
268.86

2,253.39

3,655.46

482.00

59.60

1,377.73

6a5.79

492.18

36.75

131.28

632.15

75.71

290.00

565.50

1,148.84

505.60
277.42

164.50

52.46
466.87

120.33

558.75

.346.23
199.73

859.14

18.00

323.80

366.05

252.05

14.70

245.10

99.00
74.62

215.40
125.75

75.44

10.50

2.09

430.36

55.25

35.77
76.28

124.52
86.25

179.17

$ 81,603.12 [$ 80,513.68 $ 6,523.45 $ 5,434.01

Decrease

34.45

1,174.47
859.01

54.97

1,524.25
62.30

533.43

5.85

4.15

159.39

13.98

139.45

1.45
775.43

4.87
'14/25

Net Increase— $1,089.44.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI

241

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF PREMIUMS PAID, 1910 AND 1911

1911

1910

Increase

Decrease

Horses

$ 14,184.00
12,031.00
3,610.00
2,388.00
1,042.00
3,524.00

&5^i.50
1,115.75

627.00
1,278.60
1,744.50

493.00'

8.50.00
12,310.00

1.50.00

$ 10,381.00

11,778.00

4,135.00

2,146.00

1,0:36.00

3,074.00

798.00

892.00

602.00

945.00

1,753.50

422.00

1,000.00

10,755.00

$ 3,803.00
2S3.0O

Cattle

Swine

$ 495.00

Sheep

242.00

6.00

450.00

57.50
223.75

25.00
333.60

Poultry

Agriculture -

Pantry and apiary

Fruit

Dairy

9.0O

Schools

71.00

Scholarships

150.00

Speed department premiums

1,. 555.00
150.00

Auto parade premiums

$ 56,-;64.35

$ 49,717.50

$ 7,200.85

$ 654.00

Net increase— $6,546.85,

1911

1910

Expense of fairs

$ 81,603.12
56,264.35

$ 80,513.68
49,717.50

Premiums _

Total — „

$137,868.51

$ 130 231 18

Increase— $7,636.33.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

$ 7,2&3.44
&3,275.72
179,549.67

Receipts other than fair _

Receipts of fair .

Total receipts

$1 4,429.29
1.37,867.51
109,775.04

$270,108.83

Disbursements other than for fair or improvements

Expense of fair - _ -.

Cost of improvements ._ -. _

Total disbursements . -

$ 3,500.00
2,000.00
1,000.00

252,071.84

Estimated receipts from stallion certificates

Estimated receipts from sale of light olant apparatus. _

State appropriation for insurance . _

Additional credit

$ 294.12
193.68
100.75
392.27
91.14
2,625.00

6,500.00

Total credit

$24,536.99

Unpaid balance on contracts and bills on file:
Massillon Bridge & Structural comnanv contract

J. E. Lovejoy, machinery building contract

J. E. Lovejov, closet contract

Des Moines Electric company, balance on bill

Miscellaneous unpaid bills on file _-. __ . _

Balance of state appropriation for land in hands of treasurer

Total debits .

8,696.96

Net credit

$ 20,840.03

16

242 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

IMPROVEMENTS FOR 1912.

The foregoing statement shows there will be available about $21,000.00
of this year's receipts and receipts up to April 1, 1912. The expenditures
necessary to pay balances on contracts, outstanding bills, and the running
expense of the department up to May 1, 1912, will amount to about
$7,000.00. This is in accordance with disbursements for the past two years.
I am not going to attempt to make recommendations for improvements
for another year for I feel the board is perfectly familiar with the needed
improvements and are better qualified to determine what should be done.
However, in order to assist the board as much as possible and to call
attention to a few improvements that have been talked over by the com-
mittee and other members of the board, I wish to remind you of the
following :

I believe the board should consider the advisability of putting in cement
curbing around the exhibit spaces in the machinery building. From
the present outlook it will be impossible to floor this building for a year
or two at least. This curbing will give uniform height to all exhibit
platforms and will do away v/ith the expense of putting in 2x6 temporarily
around the platforms as was necessary last year. This curb is con-
templated in the completed floor and will be a permanent improvement
if made at this time. There are 4,600 lineal feet of this curbing and it
would cost 15 cents per foot, or $790.00.

The board should also give serious consideration to the placing of a
cement floor in the agricultural building. We are all familiar with the
condition that has existed in this building for years, especially the last
year when the grounds were extremely dry and dusty. On account of
the central location of this building, and the large crowds that continu-
ally pass through it, it has been impossible to keep down the dust or to
preserve the exhibits in good shape. There is a total of 2,000 sq. ft. of
floor space, and at the best estimate received it would cost .06c per sq. ft,
or $1,920.00.

For 5'our information I am also presenting an estimate on some other
cement work that I secured estimates on:

To combination curb and gutter on south side of Grand Avenue
from N. E. corner of Machinery Building to Grand Avenue
entrance, and on north side of Grand Avenue from bridge to

entrance, 1,400 ft. at 40c per foot $ 560.00

To combination curb and gutter from a point N. E. of Agricul-
tural Building on Grand Avenue and south on east side of
Rock Island Avenue to Capitol Avenue, 600 ft. at 40c per foot. . 240.00

To cement driveways on north side of Machinery Building,

3,000 sq. ft.
To 20 foot walk along north and east sides of Machinery Build-
ing, 19,000 sq. f t 1,980.00

I believe we will all agree that the club dining hall is too small to
properly accommodate the help that avail themselves of its privileges.
It has been suggested that the space under the porch east of our kitchen
and immediately north of the present room be excavated and fitted up
for the board table. This could be done at a small expense.

It has been suggested that we could, for the expense of the apparatus,
install ten or a dozen shower baths in the room west of the closet under
the seats in the swine pavilion, for the use of the exhibitors and help

THIRTEENTH ANNl'AL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 2;^

engaged in the care of stock. I am sure this would be appreciated by our
exhibitors and inasmuch as we have provided wash stands for the stock
it might be well to give the human being a little consideration along
this line.

There is another matter of improvement that I believe the board should
give consideration at this time, and that is changing the street car en-
trance as contemplated in our permanent ground plans. We now have
a deed on fite for fifteen of the thirty-five lots that it will be necessary
for the department to acquire in order to make the change. About one-
half of the remaining lots will have to be condemned and the balance
will be purchased by our agents as soon as titles can be perfected. In
making this change we will gain the use of 224,650 sq. ft., or a little more
than five acres of land. Over one-half of this ground is now occupied
by street car tracks, loop and station, and the balance would be added
by the twenty-seven lots purchased along Walnut street. The fact that
we would gain five acres of ground in the most congested district on the
grounds, which could be used to advantage for concessions, machinery
exhibit, etc., should command your attention. This change would greatly
improve the transportation facilities between the grounds and the city,
as the plan calls for storage tracks where cars may be set out during the
slack in traffic in the afternoon. We are all familiar with the present
arrangement whereby the street car company stores cars on the main
track during the afternoon and evening. This necessitates discharging
passengers near the drug store and requiring them to walk 800' feet along
a string of cars and over a narrow cinder walk to the street car entrance,
or else walk up Thirtieth Street to the Grand Avenue entrance.

STATEMENT SHOWING AMOUNT OF INSURANCE IN FORCE ON

BUILDINGS, AMOUNT OF PREMIUMS, AND DATES

OF EXPIRATION.

Building

Pire'

Total

Tornado

Total

Premi'ms

Expi'at'n

fipTiprnl fnrTn<3

$ 47,000.00

$ 47,000.00

$l,6i&4.35

9-30-13

Swine pavilion

$ 3,000.00
12,000.00

9-30-13

15,000.00
2,000.00

75.00
26.00

9-26-13

2,000.00

9-26-13

TTnrcP hnm rhriplr"!

$ 5,000.00
3,500.00
6,500.00
3,000.00
3,000.00

5,000.00

&-21-13

TTnrsiP hnrn fbripW)

4- 8-12

15,000.00

10,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00

15,000.00

432.50

9-1^12

9-26-13

Cattle barn (brick)

6,000.00
4,000.00

6,000.00
4,000.00

180.00
120.00

7-7-12

Power house

9-26-13

Agricultural building

Agricultural building

Agricultural building

Administration building

Administration building

3,000.00
3,000.00
4,000.00
13,000.00
4,000.00

3,000.00
3,000.00
4,000.00
10,000.00
3,000.00

5-12-14

5-13-14

10,000.00

10,000.00

300.00

5-23-14
8-18-14

17,000.00
15,000.00
1,500.00
3,000.00
4,000.00

13,000.00
13,500.00
1,500.00
3,000.00

490.00
450.00

82.50
131.26
100.00

75.00

8-17-14
8- 1-14

Closet near horse barns

8- 1-14

8-5-12

8-14-12

15.000.00

8-20-14

Admiiiistration building fur-

2,000.00
1,000.00

1,000.00
1,000.00

8-18-14

Administration building fur-
nishings

3,000.00

2,000.00

85.00

8-17-14

Total

$127,500.00

'$147,000.00

$4,211.61

244

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
EXPERATIONS.

Tire

Tornado

Premiums

1912 .

$ 20,000.00
61,000.00
46,500.00

$ 16,000.00
76,000.00
55,000.00

$ 603.76

1913 __

2,155.35

1914 _ _

1,452.50

■

$127,500.00

$147,000.00

$ 4,211.61

On motion the Board adjourned until 1 :30 p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 14, 1911.

The following members were present at the afternoon session:
Cameron, Olson, Corey, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, Curtfn, Curtiss,
Sheldon, Summers, Mullen, Pike and Gilbertson.

Prof. A. y. Storm, Superintendent of the School Exhibits De-
partment, made a report of his department. On motion of Mr.
Summers the report as read was accepted, including recommenda-
tions for 1912, the amount of premiums offered to be limited to
$1,000.00.

The matter of a boys' camp at the 1912 state fair was discussed.
Mr. Reeves moved that a plan be adopted along a line similar to
that in vogue in New York; seconded by Mr. Curtiss. Motion
prevailed. Mr. Curtiss moved that the president appoint a com-
mittee of three to outline and present a plan in detail; seconded
by Mr. Mullen. Motion prevailed. The president appointed as
such committee Curtiss, Reeves and Corey.

Mr. Chapman of Minneapolis made a short talk in regard to
agricultural extension work throughout the United States, stating
that the Bankers Association stood ready to lend their aid and
influence to such movement as the agricultural interests oJ the
various states recommended.

Mr. Curtiss offered the following resolution and moved its adop-
tion; seconded by Mr. Pike. Motion prevailed and the motion as
read was adopted.

Resolved, That the Iowa State Board of Agriculture favors legislation
granting federal aid for extension work in agriculture and home economics
in the several states and territories under the direction of the agricul-
tural colleges; and federal aid for instruction in agriculture, horn©

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 245

economics and the trades and industries in the secondary schools, and
for the training of teachers in the state normal schools and agricultural
colleges for instruction in these branches under such regulations as the
state legislature may establish.

The secretary read a report on the boys' judging contest at the
last fair and recommendations for the coming year from the
superintendent of the contest. On motion of Mr. Curtiss, seconded
by Mr. Johnston, the rule requiring each contestant to bring an
ear of corn was eliminated, and the amount of prizes offered was
allowed to remain the same as for 1911. The girls' cooking con-
test was discontinued.

John W. Budd, city engineer for Des Moines, appeared before
the board in regard to the proposed Seventh Ward sewer in the
vicinity of the fair grounds and explained its location, probable
cost, etc.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the board recommend to the governor
the re-appointment of Dr. Geo. M. Chappel as director of the Iowa
Weather and Crop Service ; seconded by Mr. Olson. Motion pre-
vailed.

Mr. Phillips moved that the management of the 1912 state fair
be delegated to the executive committee and the elective mem-
bers of the state board of agriculture; seconded by Mr. Curtiss.
Motion prevailed.

Mr. Johnston moved that the executive committee appoint the
superintendents of the various departments and report same later ;
seconded by Mr. Curtin. Motion prevailed.

Mr. Sheldon moved that Jas. H. Deemer be elected superin-
tendent of the fair grounds for the ensuing year at a salary of
$1,200.00, with free pasturage for two cows and not to exceed ten
head of hogs and one team, and grain and hay for one team which
are to be used for work on the grounds. Motion seconded and
prevailed.

Mr. Johnston moved that the days and dates for the 1912 state
fair be from Thursday, August 22nd, to Friday, August 30th, in-
clusive, the same rate of admissions as charged in 1911, and that
all exhibits be held on the grounds until six o'clock Friday even-
ing and the gates be guarded by the police until that hour.
Seconded by Mr. Mullen. Motion prevailed.

Mr. Curtin moved that the president appoint a committee of
three to confer with the Great Western and Rock Island railway
officials to see if something could be done to better the loading
facilities at the fair grounds. Seconded by Mr. Reeves. Motion

246 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

prevailed. The president appointed as such committee Messrs.
Curtin and Johnston.

The executive committee recommended that the superintendents
of departments be as follows, and on motion of INIr. Johnston,
seconded by IMr. Sheldon, the report of the committee was
accepted.

SUPERINTENDENTS OF DEPARTMENTS, 1912.

Transportation and Public Safety E. M. Wentworth

Tickets C. W. Phillips

Admissions 0- A. Olson

Concessions and Privileges W. C. Brown

Grounds J- II- Deemer

Live Stock Sanitation L I- Gibson

Horses, Ponies and Mtiles C. F. Curtiss

Speed E- J- Curtin

Cattle H- L- Pike

Swine R- S. Johnston

Sheep J- I^- Summers

Poultry J. F. Summers

Implements and Machinery J- P. Mullen

Agriculture F. E. Sheldon

Pantry Stores and Apiary F. E. Sheldon

Dairy W. B. Barney

Horticulture E. M. Reeves

Floriculture Wesley Greene

Fin.e Arts, etc T. C. Legoe

School Exhibits A. V. Storm

Publicity Ora Williams

Mr. Curtiss moved that the matter of the score card privilege
for 1912 be referred to the executive committee with power to
act ; seconded by Mr. Olson. Motion prevailed.

On motion of Mr. Reeves the board adjourned until 9 a. m.,
Friday, December 15th.

Mr. Wentworth moved that the revision of the premium list for
1912 be referred to the executive committee and the superintend-
ents of the three live stock departments ; seconded by Mr. Mullen.
Motion prevailed.

Mr. Mullen recommended that the floor in the machinery build-
ing be laid before the next fair, and that the aisles be reduced to
15 or 16 feet ; that the size of signs to be used in the building be
specified ; and that gasoline engines propelled by -their own power
be eliminated. Also that notice be given through the premium
list that exhibitors may have space heretofore occupied by them

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 247

if they notify the secretary before the first of July of their in-
tention to occupy same.

Mr. Wentworth recommended that the executive committee au-
thorize Mr. Deemer before the winter passed to make such altera-
tions in the camp grounds as would change the streets and make
it more convenient to get tents pitched and get the people
through.

Mr. Curtiss presented a form of inquiry to be addressed to live
stock exhibitors in the matter of improving the shipping facil-
ities and moved that the secretary be instructed to send same out ;
seconded by Mr. Olson. Motion prevailed.

MEETING OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1911.

Board met at nine o'clock Friday morning with the following
members present: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Johnston, Reeves,
Wentworth, Curtiss, Sheldon, Summers, Mullen and Pike.

Mr. Wentworth took the oath of office before H. L. Bosquet.

Minutes of the meeting of December 14th were read and ap-
proved.

The surety bonds of Secretary Corey for $10,000.D0 and the
bond of G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer, for $50,000.00, were presented.
Mr. Curtiss moved that the bonds be approved and placed on
file ; seconded by Mr. Wentworth. Motion prevailed.

The matter of a babies' health contest at the 1912 state fair
was presented to the board by a committee composed of Dr.
Lenna L, Meanes, representing the American Medical Association,
Mrs. Brown, representing the National Mothers' Congress, and
Mrs. Johnston, representing the Mothers' Congress of Des Moines.

On motion the board adjourned until 1 :30 p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

FRIDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1911.

Members present: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Johnston, Phillips,
Reeves, Curtin, Wentworth, Curtiss, Summers, Mullen, Pike and
Gilbertson.

248 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. Curtiss moved that the executive committee be authorized
to change the street car entrance as contemplated on the plans,
provided satisfactory arrangements could be made with the street
car company. Seconded by Mr. Pike. Motion prevailed.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the executive committee be authorized
to put on a dog show at the 1912 state fair, provided satisfactory
arrangements can be made with the American Kennel Club.
Seconded by Mr. Summers. Motion prevailed.

Mr. Johnston offered the following resolution and moved its
adoption :

Resolved, That the board appropriate not to exceed $500.00 for a baby
health contest; that suitable place be arranged for; that the executive
committee be authorized to appoint a superintendent of the department;
it being further understod that the Mothers' Congress procure all neces-
sary help and assistants and that the American Medical Association ar-
range for judges; the assistants and judges to work without remuneration
from the state fair board.

Seconded by Mr. Wentworth. IMotion prevailed.

Mr. Curtiss moved tiiat the executive committee be authorized
to make improvements in the club dining room in the administra-
tion building by excavating east of the kitchen and making a
dining room for the board. Seconded by Mr. Curtin. Motion
prevailed.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the executive committee be authorized
to install what shower baths are deemed necessary in the south
side of the swine pavilion this year. Seconded by Mr. Pike. Mo-
tion prevailed.

The matter of a floor in the agricultural building was discussed
and Mr. Reeves moved that the executive committee be instructed
to have a cement floor put in; seconded by Mr. Wentworth.
Motion carried.

Mr. Reeves moved that a brick or cement floor and curbing
around the exhibit spaces be put in the machinery building be-
fore the next fair. Seconded by Mr. Mullen. Motion prevailed.

Mr. Johnston moved that the president appoint a committee on
per diem and mileage; seconded by Mr. Wentworth. Motion
prevailed. The president appointed as such committee Messrs.
Johnston, "Wentworth and Curtin.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the board make the same appropriation
as last year for the Agricultural College exhibit, or whatever may
be necessary up to $800.00 to duplicate the amount put in by the
college. Seconded by Mr. Pike. Motion prevailed.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI

249

Mr. Wentworth moved that the members of the board who at-
tended the International Live Stock Show at Chicago, in Decem-
ber, 1911, file their bill of expense and that warrants be drawn
for the amounts. Seconded by Mr. Reeves. Motion prevailed.

]\Ir. Johnston, chairman of the committee on per diem and mile-
age, presented the folloAving report and moved its adoption.
Motion prevailed and warrants were ordered drawn for the
amounts named.

Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg
to report as follows:

Name

Days

Rate

Amo'ut

Miles

Amo'nt

Total

No.

O. E. Cameron _.

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
3
6
6
6
6
6

$ 4.00
4.0O
4.00i
4.0O
4.0O
4.0O
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.0O
4.0O

$ 24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
12.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00

140
155

158

210

123

195

60

85

37

123

160

117

20O

$ 14.00
15.50
15.80
21.00
12.30
19.50
6.00
8.50
3.70
12.30
16.00
11.70
20.00

$ 38.00
39.50
39.80
45.00
36.30
43.50
30.00
20.50
27.30
36.30
40.00
35.70
44.00

9240

0. A. Olson

9241

R S. Johnston

9242

C. W. Phillips - - —

9243

E. M. Reeves

9244

E. J. Curtin _- _

9245

E. M. Wentworth

9246

T. C. Legoe

9247

C. P. Curtiss

9248

F. E. Sheldon

9249

J. F. Summers —

9250

J. P. Mullen

9251

H. L. Pike _

9252

$475.90

Respectfully submitted.

R. S. JOHNSTON,
E. M. WENTWORTH,
E. J. OURTIN.

Mr. Johnston moved that the executive committee be authorized
to get an estimate on a section of the horse barn, a section of the
cattle barn, a street car entrance building, and a subway under
the race track, and report at the next meeting of the board. Sec-
onded by Mr. Wentworth. Motion prevailed.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the executive committee be authorized
to petition the city council for a sewer on Dean Avenue from a
point on the southeast corner of the SAvine i)avilion west to the
junction of 30th Street. Seconded by Mr. Curtin. Motion pre-
vailed.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the matter of securing bands and at-
tractions for the 1912 fair be referred to the executive committee
with powder to act. Seconded by Mr. Wentworth. Motion pre-
vailed.

Mr. Phillips moved that the matter of repairs, walks, curbing,
road building and street improvement, and all unfinished busi-
ness, be left to the executive committee with power to act.
Seconded by Mr. Mullen. Motion prevailed.

250 iOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
DECEMBER 16, 1911.

Members present : Cameron, Olson and Corey.

The committee met for the purpose of carrying out work out-
lined at the Board meeting.

The committee had a conference with John R. Ilarrigan, Man-
ager of the Des Moines City Railway Company, and laid before
him an outline of the change desired in the street car entrance at
the fair grounds.

Meeting adjourned.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
JANUARY 24-27, 1912.

Members present: Cameron, Olson and Corey.

The meeting was called for the purpose of meeting a committee
from the Mothers' Congress to make arrangements for a baby
health contest at the 1912 fair, and to meet the officers of the Des
Moines Kennel Club and make arrangements for a dog show at
the 1912 fair, and to transact such other business as might come
before the committee.

Secretary was instructed to execute a contract with the Des
Moines Ice Company for filling the ice house on the fair grounds
and selling ice on the grounds similar to last year's contract.

Secretary was authorized to contract with the Purcell Printing
Company of Hampton, Iowa, for printing the premium list at
$5.25 per page.

The committee met with Wm. E. Moyer and G. V. Harritt to
consider the proposition for an automobile show for another year.
It was agreed to enter into a contract similar to the one of 1911
for space under the amphitheater for an automobile show, the
department to receive 60 per cent of the gross receipts, and secre-
tary was authorized to execute contract.

The secretary was instructed to get out plans and specifications
for the floor in the Agricultural Building, and brick floor in the
Machinery Building and curbing around exhibition space in same,
and to advertise for bids for the above work and material.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 251

The committee met with Mary T. AVatts, chairman of the Baby
Health Contest Committee, and agreed upon the classification and
prizes for the baby health contest at the 1912 Iowa State Fair : .

It was also agreed that the department would furnish suitable
quarters for the contest, pay the railroad fare of judges not to
exceed $25.00, and pay for stationery, postage, etc., not to exceed
$25.00. Mrs. Watts consented to act as Superintendent of the con-
test and stated that the Mothers' Congress would provide the
necessary assistants and that the Iowa division of the American
Medical Association would furnish judges and trained nurses to
judge and care for the babies, all to serve without expense to the
department.

The committee met with George M. Weaver and R. D. Lancas-
ter, president and secretary respectively of the Greater Des
Moines Kennel Club, and made a proposition for a dog show at
the 1912 Iowa State Fair, to be held under the auspices of the
Greater Des Moines Kennel Club.

The bill of the Underwood Typewriter Company for a new ma-
chine amounting to $70.53, and the balance due the Des Moines
Electric Company amounting to $358.23, were allowed and war-
rants ordered drawn.

The committee visited the grounds to investigate the need of
additional land east of the swine pavilion for camp grounds for
the swine and sheep exhibitors, also to look over the land pur-
chased by the Inter-state Realty Company for the department.

The secretary was instructed to draw up a contract with James
H. Deemer, Superintendent of Grounds, dating same from Jan-
uary 1, 1912, in accordance wdth the resolution of the board.

The committee met with John R. Harrigan, Superintendent of
the Des Moines City Railway Company, to ascertain what action
the company had taken relative to the contemplated change in
the street car entrance at the fair grounds. Mr. Harrigan in-
formed the committee that the company had taken no action but
would be able to give definite information by the 5th or 6th of
February.

It was agreed that the executive committee and Mr. E. J. Cur-
tin, Superintendent of Speed, attend the meeting of the Iowa,
Nebraska and South Dakota Circuit and the meeting of the
Northwest Iowa Fair Circuit at Sioux City January 31st and
February 1st.

On motion the committee adjourned.

252 TOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MEETING OF COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF PREMIUM

LIST.

FEBRUARY 28, 1912.

Committee met with the following members present : Cameron,
Corey, Curtiss, Pike and Johnston.

The bids for work at the fair grounds, consisting of floor in
the agricnltiiral building, floor in exhibition spaces in machinery
hall, curbing and gutter on Grand avenue, being on file, it w^as
decided that the committee open these bids before taking up the
revision of the premium list.

Bids were received on the following proposals:

PROPOSAL NO. 1.

FLOOR IN AGRICULTURAL BUILDING.

The undersigned having carefully examined the plans and
specifications for the proposed cement floor in the agricultural
building on the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds, hereby
propose to furnish all materials and labor to complete said floor
in accordance with specifications and instructions to bidder, for
the sum of cents per square foot.

PROPOSAL NO. 2.

COMBINATION CURB AND GUTTER.

The undersigned having carefully examined the plans and
specifications for the proposed combination curb and gutter on
the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds, hereby propose to
furnish all materials and labor to complete curbing in accordance
with specifications and instructions to the bidder for the sum of
cents per lineal foot.

PROPOSAL NO. 3.

CURBING, MACHINERY HALL.

The undersigned having carefully examined the plans and
specifications for the proposed curbing around exhibition spaces
in Machinery Hall on the Iowa State Fair and Exposition
Grounds, hereby propose to furnish all materials and labor to
complete curbing in accordance with specifications and instruc-
tions to bidder, for the sum of cents per lineal foot.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 253

PROPOSAL NO. 4.

300,000 BRICK DELIVERED TO MACHINERY HALL.

The undersigned hereby propose to furnish 300,000 sidewalk
brick delivered to machinery hall on the Iowa State Fair and

Exposition Grounds for the sum of $ per thousand.

The sample brick submitted to be a fair sample of the brick we
propose to furnish. Same to be delivered as per request of owner.

PROPOSAL NO. 5.

LABOR ON MACHINERY PIALL.

The undersigned having carefully examined the plans and
specifications for the proposed floor in machinery hall on the Iowa
State Fair and Exposition Grounds propose to furnish all labor
to complete floor in said building in accordance with specifica-
tions and instructions to bidder, for the sum of cents

per lineal foot.

PROPOSAL NO. 6.

LABOR AND BRICK FOR FLOOR IN MACHINERY HALL.

The undersigned having carefully examined the plans and
specifications for the proposed floor in the machinery hall on the
Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds, hereby propose to
furnish all materials and labor to complete floor in said building
in accordance with speciflcations and instructions to bidder, for

the sum of $ The sample of brick submitted is a fair

sample of the brick we propose to use. This does not include
cement curbing around exhibition spaces.

The following is the tabulated bids received on the above pro-
posals :

254

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Contractor's Name and Address

-a
.S3

IL

ill

No.;2— Comb'ncurb
aud gutter, Grand
avenue, per lineal
foot

No 3-Curbingin
Machinery bldg
per lineal foot

1 No. 4-Brickfor

flooring Machin-
1 ery bldg per M

be

ill

si

ft."
ill

no

6.9

600

48

26c

26

26

30.4

30

30

23.9

20

22ic

The AVngner Co., Des Moines, Iowa

*80.1

4,950.00

7 4-7
8i
lOJ
7.9
8^

65

""50""

6,699.00

Hartle & Hall, Des 3Ioines, Iowa

McRae Construction Co., Des 'Moines

Bates & Thomas, Des Moines, Iowa

Louis Runbeck, Des 3Ioines, Iowa

36

36

*81.00

$ 13.00

J. W. Turner Imp. Co., Des Moines, la.
Frank K. 'Hunt, Des Moines, Iowa

.89

8.99
7.49
7h

65

23

5,353.50

Jas. A. Stanley, Des Moines, Iowa

13.00

J. L. Hansman, Des iMoines, Iowa

Lytton-Reinking Const. Co., Des Moines

7.9
71
Si
7.7
8i
5%
SS
10

75
90

27
33

26.2
30i

5,600.00
5,926.59
6,139.98

J. S. McLaughlin & Sons, Red Oak, Iowa
L. J. Johnson & J. R. Potts, Des Moines

64
70
45
75
75

31

24i

16

30

30

;

t3,15O.0O

James Horrabin, Des Moines, Iowa

J. B. MtGorrisk, Des Moines, Iowa

C TT' TTptins Afnlinp TH

*76.41

*SO.0O

§9,744.00

Lindblom & Johnson, Des Moines, Iowa

Cook Const. Co., Des Moines, Iowa

Christie Const. Co., Des Moines, Iowa..

05
5i

m

80
50
65

20

m

24

5,498.00

13.00

lOJ

4,585.00

*Per square yard.
tCement brick.
§Complete aJI work.

After the committee had gone over the bids carefull}^ it Avas
evident that Potts Brothers were the lowest bidders on the com-
bined work provided we permitted them to use cement brick in
place of sidewalk brick as specified for floor in Machinery Build-
ing.

The committee decided that it would not be advisable to use
the cement brick for the reason that they had no knowledge of
any tests of these brick, nor did they know of any place where
they had been used for a similar purpose.

Potts Brothers were called before the committee and asked
to submit a proposition for a three inch cement floor in Ma-
chinery Hall, with same specifications as floor in Agricultural
Building, except blocks were to be cut clear through and three
feet square.

Mr. Lindblom of the firm of Lindblom and Johnson, Avho were
low bidders on floors in Agricultural Building, was also called
before the committee and asked to make a similar proposition
for floor in Machinery Hall.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 255

Potts Brothers made the following proposition:
"We will lay three-inch floor in. Machinery Hall, same specifications as
in Agricultural Building for 5^2 cents, providing we are awarded con-
tract for floor in Agricultural Building at the same figure and the con-
tract for cement curbing as per our bid." Potts Bros.

Mr. Lindblom's proposition was as follows:

"Will hereby agree to build the floor in Machinery Building, furnishing
the material, do the excavating, lay three-inch floor, same as in Agricul-
tural Building, except cutting the blocks. Will cut the blocks three feet
square as specified and do a first class job for the sum of .07c per square
foot." Lindblom & Johnson.

The following is the summary of the two propositions on which

the contract was awarded:

POTTS BROTHERS, DES MOINES, IOWA.

32,000 sq. fr. 3 in. floor in Agricultural Building at 514c $ 1,760.00

450 lineal ft. combination curb and gutter at 45c 202.50

65,750 sq. ft. 3 in. floor. Machinery Hall at sy^c 3,616.25

4,200 lineal ft. curbing Machinery Hall at 16c 672.00

Total for all work $ 6,250.75

LINDBLOM & JOHNSON, DES MOINES, IOWA.

32,000 sq. ft. 3 in. floor in Agricultural Building at .05c $ 1,600.00

450 lineal feet, combination curb and gutter at 80c 360.00

65,750 sq. ft. 3 inch floor Machinery Hall at 7c $4,602.50

4,200 lineal feet curbing Machinery Hall at 20c 840.00

Cost of floor in Machinery Hall 5,442.00

Total for all work $ 7,402.00

Potts Brothers having the low bid the committee awarded
them the contract and authorized the Secretary to execute con-
tract and bond.

256 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

REVISION OF PREMIUM LIST.

President Cameron announced the committee was now ready to
take up the matter of revision of the rules and regulations and
classification of the premium list for the Iowa State Fair and
Exposition for 1912.

PREMIUMS OFFERED.
IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION.

1911-1912.

Offered by Offered by Increase h\ Decrease

Departm't Departm't Departm't by Dep't

1912 1911 1912 1912

Horses - $13,233.00 $12,957.00 $276.00

Speed - - - 15,250.00 14,750.00 500.00

CattJe 11,252.00 10,505.00 657.00

Swine 4,030.00 3,918. CO 112.00

Sheep 2,748.00 2,738.00 10.00

Poultry 1,9S9.00 1,867.00 122.00

Agriculture 4,008.00 3,586.00 422.00

Pantry and Kitchen 828.50 5<J7.50 261.00

Apiary 295.00 295.00

Dairy 657.00 657.00

Horticulture 1,482.75 1,163.75 319.00

Floriculture 1,279.00 1,279.00

Pine Ai-ts 1,869.50 1,955.50 $86.C0

Work of Children 170.50 158.50 12.00

School Exhibits 867.00 735.00 132.00

Dog Show 1,000.00 1,000.00

Babies' Health Contest 280.00 280.00

Scholarships 650.00 1,000.00 350.00

Exhibit Iowa State College 800.00 800.00

$62,689.25 $59,022.25 $4,103.00 $436.00

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
FEBRUARY 29, 1912.

Members present : Cameron and Corey.

Contracts were entered into with the following bands for en-
gagement at the 1912 state fair : Patrick Conway Band, Syracuse,
N. Y., consisting of forty pieces, including a lady soloist, for
seven days, at $2,500.00; and Libera ti's Band, New York City,
consisting of forty-two pieces, including six grand opera singers,
for seven days, at $2,520.00.

The superintendent of grounds was instructed to rent all avail-
able ground directly north of the fair grounds, to be used during
the fair for plowing demonstrations and an aviation field, and put
in an early crop that would not interfere with the use of the
ground during the fair.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI

257

The superintendent of grounds was instructed to employ a
competent engineer to set grade stakes for floor in the agricultural
building. Also to lay the necessary sewer pipes to down spouts
and concession booths in said building, and lay li/4 inch water
pipe necessary for flushing the floor.

Contract with the superintendent of grounds drawn by the
secretary was approved.

The speed program, which had been previously discussed with
Mr. Curtin, superintendent of the speed department, was adopted.

The president announced the appointment of the following
standing committees for 1912 :

C. E. Cameron

C. W. Phillips

EXECUTIVE.

O. A. Olson

AUDITING.

R. S. Johnston

A. R. Corey
T. C. Legoe

E. M. Went worth

KESOLUTIONS.

F. E. Sheldon

E. J. Curtin

C. E. Cameron

E. M. Reeves

POWERS AND DUTIES OF BOARD,

0. A. Olson

A. R. Corey
C. F. Curtiss

ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS.

E. W. Stanton E. M. Wentworth W. B. Barney

NOXIOUS WEEDS, FUNGUS DISEASES IN GRAINS, GRASSES, PLANTS, ETC.

E. M, Reeves J. P. Summers O. A. Olson

W. B. Barney

C. F. Curtiss

DAIRYING AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.

O. A. Olson

ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

H. L. Pike

J. F. Summers

J. I. Gibson

C. E. Cameron

C. W. Phillips

LEGISLATIVE.

O. A. Olson

A. R. Corey
F. E. Sheldon

REVISION OF PREMIUM LIST, RULES AND REGULATIONS

0. A. Olson

C. E. Cameron

R. S. Johnston
H. L. Pike

A. R. Corey
C. F. Curtiss
J. P. Mullen

17

258 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

President Cameron instructed the secretary to write the mem-
bers to the effect that there would be a meeting of the board at
nine o'clock Tuesday, March 12th, to determine just what por-
tion of the horse barn should be built this year and to transact
such other business as might come before the board.

MEETING OP THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
MARCH 12, 1912.

Meeting was called to order by President C. E. Cameron at 10 :00
a. m.

The following members responded to roll call : Cameron, Olson,
Corey, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Wentworth, Legoe,
Curtiss, Mullen and Pike.

Minutes of board meeting on December 15th and minutes of
special committee on revision of the premium list on February
28th were read and approved.

The President announced that the purpose of the meeting was
for the board to determine what permanent improvements should
be made on the grounds this year in addition to those authorized
by the board on December 15th, and to authorize the Executive
Committee to have working plans drawn and to advertise for bids
and let contract.

The secretary presented a statement of the financial condition
of the treasury on March 1, 1912, showing there would be avail-
able about $20,000 from balance on hand and estimated receipts
from sources other than fair up to June 1, 1912.

Also the following statement of estimated cost of improve-
ments authorized by the board and those necessary to put the
grounds and buildings in proper condition for the 1912 fair.

AUTHOKIZED BY EOARD, DECEMBER 15X11.

Floor in Machinery Hall (contract let) $ 4,288.00

Floor in Agricultural Building (contract let) 1,760.00

Combination curb and gutter (contract let) 202.50

One-half of new street car entrance 3,000.00

Purchase price of street car company's share in old

entrance 750.00

Change in fence to enclose additional ground pur-
chased (2,200 feet) 500.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PAUT VI 259

Addition to Club Dining Hall 14x30 200.00

Shower baths and floor in room under swine pa-
vilion, 12x76 * , 300.00

Due on last year's contracts 588.00

$ 11,588.50

ESTIMATED BUILDING REPAIKS, ETC., NECESSARY TO PUT GROUNDS IN PROPER
SHAPE PRIOR TO 1912 FAIR.

Removing and rebuilding booths, tables, etc., in
Agricultural Building and placing drains and
water pipes under floor $ 500.00

Grading, cindering and improving new streets, pro-
viding new changes are made in street car en-
trance 1,500.00

Two cars of road oil for streets 500.00

Rebuilding sky lights and replacing broken glass

in Machinery Hall 750.00

Painting roof and cornice on agricultural building
and painting up brick under windows 250.00

Painting roof on Administration Building 100.00

Painting roofs on three horse barns 150.00

Painting cornice on amphitheater 50.00

100 iawn seats 200.00

Miscellaneous improvements and supplies for super-
intendent of grounds, chargeable to improvements
and repairs not enumerated above 2,000.00

Moving six horse barns, filling and replacing

stalls, etc 900.00

6,900.00

. $ 18,488.50

The Executive Committee reported the estimated cost of improvements
under consideration as follows:

For one unit of cattle barns $ 6,000.00

For one unit of horse barns 10,000.00

For cross section of horse barn, 156x224, as per
plans and estimates prepared by architect, 0. 0.
Smith, Nourse & Rasmussen:

Mason work 4,140.00

Carpenter work 9,700.00

Sheet metal and roofing 3,080.00

Painting 495.00

Hardware 85.00

Steel work 5,500.00

$ 23,000.00
The board decided that the logical portion of the horse barn
to be built this year would be the cross section as outlined in
sketch.

260 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. Curtin offered the following resolution and moved its
adoption. Seconded by Mr. Curtiss:

Resolved. That the State Board of Agriculture approve the plans and
sketches for the proposed cross section of the steel and brick horse barn
as submitted by O. O. Smith, Nourse & Rasmussen, associated architects,
and be it further

Resolved, That the Executive Committee and Mr. C. F. Curtiss be, and
they are hereby authorized and instructed to have working plans made
and to advertise for bids on same. And be it further

Resolved, That the Executive Committee and Mr. C. F. Curtiss be, and
they are hereby authorized to award contracts for the above work to the
lowest responsible bidder.

The secretary called the roll :

Those voting aye were :

Cameron, Olson, Corey, Johnston, Reeves, Curtin, Wentworth,
Legoe, Curtiss, Mullen and Pike.

Those voting no — None.

Those absent — Phillips, Sheldon and Summers.

The president declared the resolution adopted.

Mr. Wentworth moved that the matter of moving all the old
horse barns and installing closets and shower baths in the pro-
posed new horse barn be left to the Executive Committee, with
the recommendation that same be done if possible. Seconded by
Mr. Johnston and carried.

Mr. Reeves offered the following resolution and moved its
adoption :

Resolved, That no officer or employe in any department of the fair shall
have any concession or privilege, or any interest or connection with any
concession or privilege pertaining to the fair.

The motion prevailed.

The secretary presented an itemized statement of the cost of
advertising the 1911 fair and the proposed budget for 1912.

On motion the advertising budget for 1912 was approved.

The president appointed a committee on per diem and mileage :
Johnston, Wentworth and Curtin.

The committee reported as follows :

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI

261

Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to report
as follows:

Warrant

No. Name Days Rate Amount Miles Amount Total

9318 C.E.Cameron 3 $4.00 $12.00 140 $14.00 $26.00'

9319 O.A.Olson 3 4.00 12.00 155 15.50 27.50

9320 R. S. Johnston 3 4.00 12.00 158 15.80 27.80

9321 C.W.Phillips 3 4.00 12.00 210 21.00 33.00

9322 Elmer M. Reeves. .. 3 4.00 12.00 123 12.30 24.30
9323' E. J. Curtin 3 4.00 12.00 195 19.50 31.50

9324 E. M. Wentworth.. 3 4.00 12.00 60 6.00 18.00

9325 T. C. Legoe 3 4.00 12.00 85 8.50 20.50

9326 Chas. F. Curtiss. . . 3 4.00 12.00 37 3.70 15.70
F. E. Sheldon

J. F. Summers

9327 Jno. P. Mullen 3 4.00 12.00 117 11.70 23.70

93'28 H. L. Pike 3 4.00 12.00 200 20.0'0 32.00

$280.00
Respectfully submitted,

R. S. JOHNSTON,

E. M. WENTWORTH,

E. J. CURTIN.

On motion board adjourned to meet on call of president.

SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING, AUDITORIUM HOTEL,

CHICAGO, ILL.

MARCH 18-20, 1912.

The special committee composed of the executive committee
member, E, J. Curtin, and superintendent of privileges and con-
cessions, Mr. W. C. Brown, met at the Auditorium Hotel in Chi-
cago with the managers of the western state fairs for the purpose
of selecting attractions and carnival company and to consider
various propositions for the night show at the amphitheater.

The committee closed contract for the Nat Reese Carnival com-
pany; also signed contract for Conway's Band and Libera ti's
Band.

Contracts for attractions were deferred until the committee
could determine on the night show for the amphitheater.

262 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
APRIL 2-3,, 1912.

Committee m_et with all members present ; also Member Curtiss.

The committee meeting was called for the purpose of meeting
with Mr. C. B. Irwin, representing the Irwin Brothers, owners
of the Cheyenne Frontier Show, and to consider finally the propo-
sition for the above show as the night attraction at the amphi-
theater.

After careful consideration of the proposition the committee
closed contract for a consideration of $12,000.00 for six days
and six nights.

Copy of contract on file.

The secretary Avas instructed to advertise for bids on the horse
barn; said bids to be filed by 12 o'clock noon on the 3d day of
]\Iay.

The secretary was authorized to contract with Mrs. Matilda
Winterrowd and J\Iiss Stella Henderson for the two ten-acre tracts
directly north of the fair grounds at $9.00 per acre ; the same to
be put into crop and to be used for aviation field and plowing
demonstrations during fair week.

On recommendation of J. F. Summers, superintendent of the
poultry department, a rule was adopted and ordered printed in
the rules of the Poultry Department, limiting exhibitors from
outside the state from showing more than fifty birds.

The secretary was authorized to send representative on trade
special run over the C, R. I. & P. and Northwestern lines from
Des Moines to West Liberty and return, on the 14tli, 15th and
16th of May ; the expense to be $35.00 for the trip.

The secretary was instructed to submit a bid of $250.00 to the
Chicago Daily Live Stock World for two Poland China Futurity
Shows. One to be held at the Iowa State Fair in 1912 and one
in 1913.

The superintendent of grounds was authorized to order two
dump wagon boxes for use on grounds.

The committee put in a greater portion of Thursday on the
grounds going over minor improvements and in determining
location of old horse barns that will have to be moved in case
new horse barn is built.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 263

The secretary was authorized to start condemnation proceed-
ings against the Patterson, Brown, Barry and Phillips and the
Italian Real Estate Company properties unless an agreement
between them and Mr. Harwood could be reached by the first of
the week.

The committee and Professor Curtiss went over the plans and
specifications for the horse barn. They instructed the architect
to secure a separate bid on asbestos shingles from the Central
Asbestos Supply Company of Des Moines, using Keasbey & Mat-
tison Company shingles to furnish the material and complete the
roof. They also authorized the secretary to secure a bid from
the Rockford Steel Fixture Company for 126 No. 1 Standard hay
racks and the same number of No. 1 Standard feed mangers.
The same to be put in place by contractors.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
APRIL 10-11-12, 1912.

Committee met with all members present ; also Member Curtiss.

The first estimate on cement floor in agricultural building,
amounting to $600.00, was ordered paid.

The three windmill towers east of race track were condemned
and the Dempster Manufacturing Company was notified to re-
move same.

The committee instructed the superintendent of grounds to
have Potts Brothers place combination curb and gutter on east
side of Rock Island avenue from Capitol avenue to northeast
corner of agricultural building and on the south side of Grand
avenue from street crossing west of administration building to
bridge, as soon as floor is completed in agricultural building.

The superintendent was instructed to place a cement culvert
across the street running north from Grand avenue west of Dodd
and Struthers buildmg. Also to make fill in space between bridge
and track Avest of amphitheater, Avith a view of using same for
storage of track tools.

Also to plow and level all new ground and have same properly
seeded.

The matter of bidding for the National Draft Horse Breeders'
Futurities opened by the Chicago Daily Live Stock World was

264 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

discussed by the committee and C. F. Curtiss, superintendent of
the horse department, and it was agreed that the management
of the Iowa State Fair would make the Live Stock World a propo-
sition as follows : The management of the Iowa State Fair agree
to add $1,000.00 to the eight futurities for j^earling draft stal-
lions and fillies for 1912 provided the show was awarded to Iowa
in 1913 and 1914 at the same figure ; the Live Stock World to guar-
antee that the money offered in these futurities each year, not in-
cluding the amount put up by the Iowa State Fair, amounts to
$2,000.00 in cash.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
APRIL 23-25, 1912.

Committee met with Members Cameron and Corey present :

A conference was held with Mr. Harrigan, manager of the Des
Moines City Railway Company, and Mr. Smith, who represented
the Harris interest in the railway company, relative to changing
the tracks and street car entrance to the grounds. The plan was
thoroughly gone over and IMessrs. Harrigan and Smith indicated a
willingness to change the tracks providing the management of the
fair would provide an adequate entrance and exit.

Committee met with all members present; also board members
Mullen, Sheldon and Curtin, and Assistant Superintendent of
Speed, Mr. A. L. Denio.

The committee considered the proposition submitted for the
fireworks program, to be put on in connection with the Cheyenne
Frontier Days in front of the amphitheater each night, by Mr.
Gordon, representing the Pain Fireworks Company and Mr. Duf-
field, representing the Newton Duffield Company.

The Superintendent of Grounds was directed to order new
fencing for enclosing new ground on south side, and twenty-six
inch strip on south side of Machinery Hall ; to order five barrels
linseed oil and to paint roofs of all buildings except stock pavilion.

To take charge of moving Crawford House to new location on
Capitol Avenue.

The space under east end of grandstand was assigned to U. S.
Navy Department for their exhibit, with the understanding that
we are to be to no expense for floor or enclosing same.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 265

SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING.

MAY 3-5, 1912.

The cominittee met with the following members present: Cam-
eron, Olson, Corey, Curtiss.

The proposal of the meeting was to open bids on the horse barn
which w^ere to be on file at twelve o'clock noon, May 4th.

The following is the form of proposal on which bids were
received.

"To the Iowa State Board of Agriculture,
Des Moines, Iowa.

Gentlemen: The undersigned having carefully examined the plans and
specifications for the proposed new horse barn to be erected on the Iowa
State Fair Grounds, hereby propose to furnish all the materials and
labor necessary in the erection and completion of all parts of the build-
ing, as per plans and specifications, not including any plumbing, electric
wiring, metal feed boxes and hay racks, rolling steel doors, asbestos shin-
gle roof, the connecting of the down spouts to sewer and the grading of the
interior of the building for the sura of $

If the stalls in the new building are constructed of hard maple plank
instead of yellow pine, 'the posts to remain oak,' add to above bid the
sum of $

Time of completion of building August 1, 1912. Roof completed ready
for asbestos shingles not later than July 22, 1912. Roof must be com-
pleted by August 15, 1912.

Enclosed find certified check for 5% on original contract price made
payable to A. R. Corey, Secretary."

The following is a tabulation of the bids received for general
contract :

For Additional

Bidder general for hard ma- Total

contract pie in stalls

Chas. Weitz & Sons, Des Moines $ 21,750.00 $ 250.00 $ 22,000.00

J. B. M:cGorrisk, Des Moines 23,600.00 300.00 23,900.00

J. E. Lovejoy, Des Moines 20,670.00 240.00 20,910.00

Benson & Marxer, Des Moines 21,000.00 575.00 21,575.00

Jas. Maine & Sons Co., Des Moines 20,744.00 310.00 21,054.00

W. H. Brereton, Des Moines 21,000.00 325.00 21,325.00

The following proposals were received for furnishing asbestos
and metal shingles and completing the main roof on barn :
Central Asbestos & Supply Co., Des Moines, Keasby & Mattison

Company Asbestos Shingles $ 4,400.00

St. John & Barquist Company, Des Moines:

Johns-Mansville Asbestos Shingles 4,263.00

266 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Cortright, 10x14 Victoria Metal Shingle 3,375.00

Cortright, 10x14 Galvanized Shingles 3,740.00

Backman Sheet Metal Works, Des Moines:

Cortright, 10x14 metal shingles at $6.25 per square plus

$140.00 for flashing valleys, etc., approximately 360 squares 2,570.00

The committee decided that inasmuch as the bids for asbestos
shingles were so much in excess of those for metal shingles they
would not be considered.

The proposals as tabulated above were read to all bidders
present.

The committee with Mr. Eassussen, architect for Machinery
Hall, and Mr. Love joy, general contractor for said building,
visited the grounds to determine what should be done toward re-
placing broken skylights and re-laying drains. It was the opinion
of the architect and the committee that if Mr. Lovejoy would
place a 2x4 under each metal strip supporting the glass in the
skylights, repair the metal frames, and replace all broken glass,
they would be accepted. The drain pipes from all down spouts
to be uncovered and placed at proper grade and all broken metal
soil pipes to be replaced with new ones.

Mr. Lovejoy agreed to make these repairs to the satisfaction of
the architect and committee at once.

The matter of letting contract for the horse barn was again
taken up.

Motion was made that Mr. Lovejoy, the lowest bidder, be
awarded the contract and that the secretary and architect be au-
thorized to execute same. Motion carried. Mr. Lovejoy was
called before the committee and his attention was called to a few
changes that had been made on original plans which he agreed to
make, if he was awarded contract, without additional cost. He
also stated he would accept the proposal from the Backman Sheet
Metal Works for putting on roof at their bid and would put it in
with his general contract. The secretary was directed to co-
operate with the architect in drawing up a contract to this effect.

The committee, with C. F. Curtiss, visited the grounds and
agreed upon the location for the old horse barn, which is to be
moved to make room for the new cross section of the permanent
horse barn.

The committee granted the National Aviators of Des Moines
the use of the Grandstand and infield on May 30th, for the usual
rental of $100,00 for the day, for an aviation meet.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 267

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
MAY 15-16, 1912.

Committee met with all members present.

On "Wednesday morning the committee met at the grounds at
10:00 a. m., with the Sheriff's jury selected to condemn property
for addition to fair grounds.

The Sheriff's jury made the following awards:
Italian Real Estate Company:

Lots 19-28 inclusive, Block "A" Cotton Mill Addition to Grant

Park — vacant $ 1,000.00

Mrs. Eva Brown, et al.:

Lots 23-24-25 Block H, Redhead's Addition to Grant Park-
two houses 1,500.00

Mrs. Anna Peters Barry:

Lot 15, Block "P" Redhead's Addition to Grant Park — one

house 500.00

Frank Thompson:

For vacating .3307 Logan Avenue 10.00

To expense of sheriff's jury 39,50

$ 3',049.50

The Secretary was directed to issue warrant for above amount
and turn same over to Ben. J. Ness, Sheriff of Polk County.

The Secretary was instructed to co-operate with the Attorney
General 's office in preparing a petition to be presented to the city
council, asking for the vacation of streets and alleys on the
ground recently acquired by the state.

The following petition was presented at the regular meeting of
the council at 10 :00 a. m., May 17th, 1912.

PETITION.

To the Honorable Mayor and City Council of the City of Des Moines:

The undersigned respectfully request and petition your honorable body
for the vacation of the following streets and alleys located in Grant Park
Addition to the City of Des Moines, Iowa, to-wit:

Walnut street from the west line of Lot ten (10) in Block D to

Thirty-first street;
Thirty-first street from the north line of Logan avenue to the north

line of the plat of Cotton Mill Addition;
The alley in Block D from the west line of Lots ten (10) and twenty-
two (22) to Thirty-first street;
All that part of Logan avenue in Redhead's Addition from Thirty-
first street east to the Iowa State Fair Grounds;
All that part of Thirty-second street from the south side of Logan
avenue to the north line of Dean avenue;

268 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

All of the alley in Block H, Redhead's Addition;
All of the alley in Block F from a point nine feet west of the east
line of Lots nine (9) and twenty (20) in Block F to thirty-
second street.
In exchange for the vacation of the above described streets and alleys,
the Iowa State Board of Agriculture hereby tenders to the city of Des
Moines deeds to lots nine (9) and twenty-one (21) in Block D, Cotton
Mill Addition to Grant Park in the city of Des Moines.

Respectfully,
IOWA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
Per

Messrs. Olson, Wentworth and Deemer, in company with en^
gineer, John Budd, went over the camp ground proposition and
instructed Mr. Budd to lay out the main streets east and west
with cross streets running north and south.

The Secretary was directed to write the Hays Pump and Planter
Company, Galva, Illinois, and the Emerison-Brantingham Com-
pany, Rockford, Illinois, that their buildings had been condemned
by the Executive Committee and that the same must be removed
on or before the 18th of June, 1912.

The Des Moines Bridge & Iron Company was given an order to
replace all inside braces on the counter balanced roof on Ma-
chinery Hall with heavier iron; the same as the five braces re-
placed by them and passed upon by the committee.

The committee instructed the Secretary and the Superintendent
of Grounds to determine what change should be made in the
drains from down spouts in Machinery Hall, and to co-operate
with Mr. Lovejoy in making the change at once.

The Secretary Avas directed to advertise the seven houses ac-
quired by purchase and condemnation proceedings to be sold at
auction on May 31, 1912.

The Secretary was also instructed to have the insurance com-
panies adjust damage done to dome of Exposition Building on
night of May 10th.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

MAY 30, 31, June 1, 1912.

Committee met with all members present.

The purpose of this meeting was to co-operate with a committee
/rom the Minnesota and South Dakota State Fairs in securing

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 269

aeroplane attraction for the three fairs. Propositions on file were
considered and a number were presented by the representatives of
aviation concerns. The joint committee practically agreed upon
the proposition submitted by Mr. Corrothers representing the
National Aviators of Chicago for one Curtis and one Wright bi-
plane and one Newport monoplane, each aviator to make two
flights daily, for the sum of $2,800.00 for each of the three fairs ;
pro rata amount deducted for flights not made. The committee
authorized Mr. Simpson and Mr. Mcllvaine, secretaries of the Min-
nesota and South Dakota State Fairs respectively, to attend the
aviation meet in Chicago on the 31st inst. and if the National
Aviators made satisfactory flights to contract for same and du-
plicate contract for the Iowa State Fair.

The committee met at the grounds at 2 o'clock p. m. to attend
the auction sale of houses on the ground condemned by the state
for state fair purposes. The following is a list of the properties,
to whom sold, and amount for which each was sold :

Sale price

3 room house, 3030 East Walnut, Chas. Mayfield, 1012 Allen $ 99.00

4 room house, 3145 Logan, L. R. Tillotson, 1421 Maple 72.50

4 room house, 3201 Logan, H. F. Deets, 35th and Hubbell 100.00

3 room house, 3202 Logan, E. Clarke Campbell, 2210 E. Walnut' 100.00

3 room house, 3205 Logan, Caleb Johns, 804 E. 30th St 100.00

4 room house, 3207 Logan, H. R. Lovejoy, 836 25th St. Court.. 172.00

7 room house, 3209 Logan, T. L. Sellers, 36th and Dean 415.00

Barn, J. L. Barr 17.00

The committee had a conference with Dr. J. I. Gibson, State
Veterinarian, relative to the rule promulgated by the Animal
Health Commission requiring vaccination of swine exhibited at
the Iowa State Fair and the Interstate Live Stock Fair at Sioux
City. An agreement was reached that inasmuch as the rule had
never been approved by the Executive Council and was therefore
not in force, that the same would be withheld until after these
two shows. It was further agreed that the two departments
would co-operate and make application to the U. S. Department
of Agriculture for the services of one of the department's experts
to attend the Iowa State Fair this year for the purpose of ad-
ministering the vaccine to swine on exhibition providing it meets
with the wishes of the exhibitors.

The committee met at the office of the Department of Agricul-
ture with Mr. Emil G. Schmidt and Mr. J. H. Harrigan, president
and general manager respectively for the Des Moines City Rail-

270 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

way Company, for the purpose of considering the change in the
street car entrance at the fair grounds.

The correspondence with Mr. C. F. Curtiss and Mr. 0. J. Mooers
relative to the use of one of the show horse barns and the stock
pavilion by Mr. Mooers was considered. The committee agreed
to grant Mr. Mooers the use of one barn at the usual rental of
$1.00 per stall per month, and the use of the pavilion during rainy
weather and the winter months free.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
JUNE 13, 1912.

Committee met with all members present.

The president of the Des Moines City Railway Company, Emil
G. Schmidt, met with the committee to further consider changes
in the street car entrance to the fair grounds.

An agreement was reached whereby the City Railway Company
agreed to change their tracks providing the state fair manage-
ment would give said company a twenty-five year lease on the
south forty feet of lots 2 to 25 inclusive in block A and lots 10
and 22, block D, Cotton Mill Addition to Grant Park, on which
to construct the necessary sidings, loop, switches and turnouts.

EXECUTIVE AND SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING.
JUNE 18-21, 1912.

The executive committee met with all members present, also
board members Johnston, Curtin, Summers, Curtiss, and assistant
superintendent of the speed department, A. L. Denio.

The following contracts were approved:

Contract with the National Aeroplane Company of Chicago for three
aeroplanes.

Contract with R. R. Colwell, Mansfield, Ohio, for the score card privilege.

Contract with the Midwest Advertising Agency for publishing the
oflScial catalog.

Propositions from Iowa bands and orchestras were considered.
The committee decided to award contract for band to the Fifty-
fourth Infantry Band of Ottumwa at $875.00, twenty-five mu-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 271

sicians, for six days; and contracts for two orchestras, one to
Graham's Orchestra, sixteen musicians, for five and one-half days,
at $409.00, and one to the Jeffers' Concert Orchestra, sixteen mu-
sicians, six days, at $436.00. The secretary was authorized to
execute contracts with the above organizations.

The secretary was directed to order 100 lawn seats from the
Central Iron Works at the same price as paid last year.

Potts Bros, were authorized to place five inch concrete ap-
proach in the main entrance to the Machinery Hall at twelve
cents per foot.

The various days of the 1912 fair were designated as follows:

Thursday and Friday, Aug. 22 and 23 Preparation Days

Saturday, Aug. 24 Children's Day

Sunday, Aug. 25 Music Day

Monday, Aug. 26 Des Moines Day

Tuesday, Aug. 27 Soldiers' Day

Wednesday, Aug. 28 State Day

Thursday, Aug. 29 Pioneer Day

Friday, Aug. 30 Parade Day

The executive committee and Mr. Curtiss, superintendent of
the horse department, considered the proposition from Mr. 0. J.
Mooers of Columbia, Mo., for his saddle horse ''Poetry of Mo-
tion" as an attraction for the night horse show, and the proposi-
tion of Geo. A. Heyl of Washington, 111., for a six-horse Shetland
pony team. It was agreed to offer $100.00 each for these at-
tractions.

The secretary and the superintendent of grounds were author-
ized to inspect the bleachers on the Minnesota State Fair grounds
and proceed with the construction of 192 feet of bleacher seats at
each end of the grand stand according to sketches made by 0. 0.
Smith and ideas gathered from an inspection of the Minnesota
bleachers. ' : '

The secretary was instructed to get bids on 160 feet of street
car station from the Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works and such
other firms as desired to bid on same, the plan drawn by the
above firm to be adopted.

272 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
JULY 8, 9, 10, 1912.

Committee met with all members present, also Board members
Legoe, Eeeves, Johnston and Mullen.

Mr. Legoe, member of the Auditing Committee, examined and
approved all paid bills on file.

The executive committee considered the following bids on 160
feet of the street car station ; same to be built in accordance with
plans and specifications submitted by the Des Moines Bridge &
Iron Works:
Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, Des Moines, Iowa:

Building complete, including foundation $ 3,539.00

R. T. Hartraan Co., Des Moines, Iowa:

Building complete, including foundation 3,918.00

The contra'ct was let to the Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works
on the above bid and they were instructed to proceed with the
work at once.

The secretary was instructed to order 20,000 gallons of No. 4
road oil for use on the streets at the fair grounds.

Sestier Bros, of Des Moines met with the committee and agreed
to enter into contract to take care of the manure from all of the
barns for the entire period of the fair for $200.00, the manure to
be removed in boxes that would not permit any litter over the
grounds.

It was agreed that inasmuch as J. E. Lovejoy at that time had
all the skylight glass for the machinery building on the ground,
and there was still a balance due on the horse barn, that he be
released from his bond on the machinery building.

Superintendent of grounds was instructed to make contract
with the King Construction Company of Des Moines to make
fill in the new horse barn, street car station, speed barn, streets,
etc., at 35 cents per yard. Also to build a viaduct across the ditch
at the upper turn of the track and put in a draw gate at that
point. And to purchase sixty garbage cans for use in the camp
grounds.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 273

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
JULY 21, 1912.

Committee met with all members present. The meeting was for
the purpose of considering improvements at the fair grounds and
making arrangements for the 1912 fair.

The plan for two corrugated iron doors for the driveway en-
trances on north side of the new horse barn was approved and
secretary was 'authorized to place the oirder for same.

The changes on the switchboard as outlined by Mr. Stevenson
of the Des Moines Electric Company were approved and they
were authorized to go ahead with the work ; the estimated cost to
be between $500 and $600.

The contract with the Des Moines City Railway Company was
gone over, and with the exception that it should not include lot
12 for the use of the street car company and that it should not
require the management of the Iowa State Fair to furnish turn-
stiles for exits. With these corrections the secretary was author-
ized to sign same and forward it to President Cameron for his
signature.

Secretary was authorized to order one thirty ton car of tan
bark for use in the carriage section of the horse barn and in the
stock pavilion.

Also to order six ventilators for the cross section of the horse
barn.

Invitation was extended to ex-President Roosevelt, President
Taft and Hon. Woodrow Wilson, through the respective national
committeemen, that they be present one day during the Iowa
State Fair.

The committee met with Mr. Geis Botsford, secretary of the
Des Moines Commercial Club, and together called on the M. &
St. L. Ry. Company, the Des Moines, Fort Dodge & Southern and
the Colfax interurban companies, relative to rates during the
state fair.

18

274 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

JULY 30-AUGUST 3, 1912.

Committee met with all members present for the purpose of
an anging daily program of the fair and going over improvements
at the grounds.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
AUGUST 10-13, 1912.

Members Olson and Corey present, also board members Phil-
lips, Mullen, Johnston, Summers, Pike and Curtiss. .

All paid bills on file were audited and approved by C. W. Phil-
lips, member of the auditing committee.

Stalls and pens were assigned by the respective superintendents.

The secretary was authorized to order seventy five patent fly
traps at 75 cents each to be used on the fair ground during the
fair.

The executive committee with the superintendent of grounds
went over final improvements and changes to be made at the
grounds before the fair opened.

Mr. 0. A. Olson and Mr. F. M. Barnes of Chicago were directed
to make a trip to Cheyenne to witness ''Cheyenne Frontier Days*'
for the purpose of getting ideas which would be beneficial in re-
producing the show at the Iowa State Fair.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
DURING FAIR.

The $50.00 which was allowed for premiums on seedling apples
in the Horticultural Department was transferred to the Flori-
cultural Department for the purpose of keeping up table decora-
tions on Thursday and Friday.

Secretary was directed to issue warrant for $5,500.00 to J. E.
Lovejoy, being third payment on second estimate on new horse
barn, < , '^1

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 275

MEETING OP STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
AUGUST 31, 1912.

Board met in the Board Room of the Administration Building
at 9 :30 a. m. with President Cameron in the chair. The follow-
ing members responded to roll call: Cameron, Olson, Corey,
Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Wentworth, Legoe, Sheldon,
Summers, Pike, Mullen and Gilbertson.

On motion the reading of the minutes of the last board meet-
ing were deferred until the December meeting.

Pay rolls for the various departments were presented by the
superintendents as follows :

School exhibits department $ 204.50

Secretary's office 634.25

Press bureau 83.50

Forage department 600.50

Railroad fare, boys' camp 411.36

Dog show 3'64.50

Horse Department 219.50

Treasurer's department 1,457.10

Machinery department 467.35

Poultry department 263.10

Sheep department 335.50

Admissions department 2,436.50

Ticket auditing department 355.75

Floricultural department 69.00

Horticultural department 81.58

Fine arts department 477.80

Administration building employes. 414.50

Ticket sellers, concession department 672.75

Privilege department 116.00

Swine department 416.87

Speed department 719.21

Police department 3,569.00

Agricultural department 380.75

Cattle department 622.05

Mr. Curtin moved that the pay rolls of the various departments
as read by the seeretary be approved and that the secretary be
authorized to draw expense warrants for the separate amounts
and deposit same to the credit of the superintendents, and that
the superintendents issue pay roll checks against same in pay-
ment of pay roll. Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. Johnston moved that Mr. W. C. Brown be allowed $500.00
for expense and services as superintendent of privilege and con-
cession department. Motion seconded and carried.

276 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. Wentworth moved that the salary of C. A. Nash, assistant
seereta,ry, be fixed at $125.00 per month, commencing with Sep-
tember. Motion seconded and carried.

The president appointed the following committee on per diem
and mileage : Messrs. Johnston, Legoe and Summers.

Mr. Johnston presented a communication signed by one hun-
dred and thirty-two swine exhibitors which read as follows:

"To Wliom It May Concern:

We the undersigned wish to leave or be released from hog pavilion of
the Iowa State Fair at prompt 4:00 o'clock p. m., Aug. 30th, instead of
being held until later.

"If not released at said time do not expect us back to your fair again."

Mr. Olson moved that the communication be placed on file.
Motion seconded by Mullen and carried.

The secretai'y presented a communication from Mary Naylor,
secretary of the Women's and Children's Hospital, relative to
refund of amount paid for booth in stock pavilion in which they
conducted a lunch stand. Mr. Wentworth moved that the secre-
tary notify Mary Naylor that her request could not be granted.
Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. Curtin moved that A. R. Corey and G. S. Gilbertson be al-
lowed $25.00 each to cover extra services and sundry expense
during the two weeks of the fair. Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. Cameron presented in an informal manner a proposition
for the board to consider before the December meeting relative
to opening the fair on Thursday with a full program and re-
leasing all exhibits Friday morning of the following week.

The committee on per diem and mileage made the following
report. On motion duly seconded and carried the report of the
committee was adopted and the secretaTy was instructed to issue
expense warrants for the separate amounts :

Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to report
as follows:

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 277

Name Days Rate Amount Miles Amount Total

C.E.Cameron 21 $4.00 $84.00 140 $14.00 $98.00

O. A. Olson 21 4.00 84.00 155 15.50 99.5U

R.S.Johnston 21 4.00 84.00 158 15.80 99.80

C. W. Phillips 21 4.00 84.00 210 21.10 105.00

E. M. Reeves 21 4.00 84.00 123 12.30 100.30

E. J. Curtiu 21 4.00 84.00 195 19.50' 103.50

E. M. Wentworth 23' 4.00 92.00 60 6.00 98.00

T. C. Legoe 21 4.00 84.00 85 8.50 92.50

C. F. Curtiss 21 4.00 84.00 37 3.70 87.70

F. E. Sheldon 21 4.00 84.00 123 12.30 96.30

J. F. Summers 21 4.00 84.00 117 11.70 95.70

H. L. Pike 21 4.00 84.00 200 20.00 104.00

J.P.Mullen 21 4.00 84.00 118 11.80 95.80

Respectfully submitted,

R. S. JOHNSTON,
T. C. LEGOE,
J. F. SUMMERS,

Committee.

On motion the board adjourned to meet at the call of the
president.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
SEPTEMBER 13-14, 1912.

Committee met with all members present.

The purpose of this meeting was to make settlement on con-
tracts and to approve bills on file that should be paid at an early
date, and to transact such other business as was brought to the
attention of the commitee.

Mr, K. H. Guthrie and Mr. Bond, representing the Iowa Poultry
and Pet Stock Association, appeared before the committee with a
request that their association be granted the use of the poultry
coops for their annual show, December 26th to January 2nd. An
agreement was reached whereby they were to replace all dam-
aged or lost coops and feeding cups, clean coops at the close of
their show, receive and deliver coops at Coliseum door, and pay
a rental of $150.00 for the use of same. The secretary was di-
rected to draw up a contract to this effect.

The secretary was instructed to have the $15,000 fire and tor-
nado insurance, now in force on the first three sections of the

278 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

permanent horse barn, re-written to cover "Permanent brick
horse barn," including cross section built during 1912, and to have
written $5,000 additional fire and tornado insurance on said barn.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
OCTOBER 17-18.

Committee met with all members present.

A report of the case of Mrs. Eva Brown, et al, against the
State of Iowa, on appeal from the award of the jury which con-
demned the Brown property on the 15th day of May was brought
to the attention of the committee.

The trial jury allowed Mrs. Eva Brown, et al, $2,000.04 with
interest at 6 per cent from May 15th, and other expenses of trial
amounted to $127.05.

It was the opinion of the committee that inasmuch as the state
was not allowed to introduce as evidence the amount the houses
were sold for at public auction and were not permitted to show
amount paid for adjoining property that an appeal should be
asked for.

To this end the committee appeared before the Executive Coun-
cil and asked that the case be appealed.

The claim of A. Palmer, Marshalltown, Iowa, for express
charges on school exhibits from Marshalltown to Des Moines and
return, amounting to $38.84, was brought to the attention of the
committee. In so far as the published conditions state that freight
charges will be paid on school exhibits the committee allowed a
claim of $6.20, an amount equal to freight cha*rges.

The secretary and superintendent of grounds were instructed
to check up the settlement with J. E. Love joy, on contract for the
horse barns and to go over the work carefully with the architect
and see that all the work was complete.

AUDITING COMMITTEE MEETING.

OCTOBER 17-18.

The committee met with members Johnston and Legoe present.
The committee audited and approved all bills on file that had
been paid since last meeting; also all unpaid bills on file.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V I 279

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
NOVEMBER 13, 1912.

Members present: Cameron and Corey.

The committee met with John Newburn, attorney for Eva
Brown, et al, for the purpose of considering a proposition to settle
the case in which the State had filed notice of appeal.

In accordance with judgment of the court rendered on or about
the 4th day of October, 1912, the plaintiffs were allowed as
follows :

For property $ 2,000.04

Interest from May 15th, 6 % 60.00

Costs and attorney fee 141.65

Total $ 2,201.69

Mr. Newburn proposed that the State pay Mrs. Brown, et al,
$1,800.00 (and settle all cost.

The committee refused to make this settlement, but agreed to
pay Mrs. Brown, et al, $1,800.00 and pay one-half the costs. This
was accepted and the following stipulation of settlement was
filed with the Clerk of Court and Sheriff of Polk County.

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE STATE OF IOWA, IN AND FOR

POLK COUNTY.

Eva Brown, Curtis H. Brown, Albert Brown, W. H.
Brown and Mary A. Johnson,
Plaintiffs.
vs.
State of Iowa,

Defendant.

Law No. 21531
Stipulation of
Settlement.

It is hereby stipulated and agreed by and between the plaintiffs and
the defendant herein that the plaintiffs accept the sum of eighteen hun-
dred dollars ($1,800.00) in full settlement of their claim and judgment
of the court, rendered on or about the 4th day of October, 1912, in the
above entitled cause. The plaintiff's further agree to pay one-half (Yq)
of the costs, and the appeal herein taken by the defendant is hereby-
dismissed. ' " ' ' ^ '^^W\
It is further agreed by the defendant that the sheriff shall pay said
amount of said eighteen hundred dollars ($1,800.00) to plaintiffs less the
one-half (i/^) of costs which he shall pay into court.

JOHN NEWBURN,

Attorney for Plaintiffs.
C. A. ROBBINS,

Attorney for State,

280 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The $2,000.04 on deposit with the Sheriff was paid as follows :

Eva Brown, et al $ 1,729.18

Costs paid into court 141.65

Refunded to state 129.21

$ 2,000.04

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
NOVEMBER 23, 1912.

Committee met with all members present.

The committee read each of the thirty-two essays on file on
' ' What I Saw and Learned at the Iowa State Fair, ' ' marking them
on the following basis: General description 50%, Composition
25%, What I learned 25%.

Forest H. Ford of Tipton, Iowa, received the highest markings
on this basis and was awarded the trip to the State Agricultural
Convention.

The program for the state farmers' institute and state agricul-
tural convention, as jDresented by the secretary, was approved by
the committee.

The matter of moving the present ice house on the grounds was
brought to the attention of the committee ; also the proposition
of the Des Moines Ice Company to build a new house with the
assurance that said company have the ice privilege for a period
of five years on the basis of the 1912 contract. The committee
agreed to this proposition and instructed the secretary to draw
up contract with said company, reserving the right to take over
building at any time when said company was not, in their opinion,
carrying out contract for ice privilege.

The following settlement was made with Mr. J. E. Love joy on
contract for extras for horse barn. The secretary was instructed
to issue warrant for $2,000.00 on account, the balance to be ar-
ranged for at the annual meeting.

J. E. Lovejoy, Contractor,
Des Moines, Iowa.
Iowa State Board of Agriculture, Dr.

To general contract for horse barn $ 21,050.00

Additional contract, roofing 348 squares at $6.25 2,349.00

Two pair 10x12 doors and frames, south elevation 78.00

Changing two pairs windows in front elevation 87.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 281

One pair doors on west, 12x16, hangers and painting 50.25

18 squares 3 ply Rex Flintkote roofing at $3.25 58.50

541/^ hours' time laying same at 65c 35.43

Making and setting ventilator curbs 6.50

43 cubic yards extra concrete under north and south main walls

at $6.00 258.00

Extra time digging for additional foundation 17.20

Total amount contract and extras $ 23',989.88

CREDITS.

Warrant June 27 $ 5,600.00

Warrant August 2 3,000.00

Warrant August 10 2,500.0'0

Warrant August 22 5,500.00

Warrant September 21 3,000.00

840 square feet cement floor omitted in future toilet

rooms at .07c 58.80

18 sash furnished on south side of barn from old

section 19.00

Additional credit allowed 12.0'8

Total credit allowed 19,689.88

Balance due on contract and extras $ 4,300.00

MEETING OF THE IOWA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1912.

Board convened at 9 :30 a. m. with President Cameron in the
chair and the following members present : Cameron, Olson, Corey,
Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Wentworth, Legoe, Cnrtiss,
Sheldon, Summers, Mullen, Pike and Pearson.

Minutes of the board meetings on JMarch 12th and August 31st
and executive committee meetings were read. On motion of Mr.
Wentworth, the records as read and the acts- of the executive
committee were approved.

On motion of Mr. Legoe the board adjourned.

The following newly elected members of the board were sworn
in by H. L. Bosquet : Cameron, Olson, Phillips, Curtin, Legoe,
Sheldon and Mullen.

Secretary called the roll and the following members responded :
Cameron, Olson, Corey, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Went-
worth, Legoe, Curtiss, Sheldon, Summers, Mullen, Pike and Pear-
son.

282 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Next order of business being the election of secretary, Mr.
Legoe moved that Mr. A. R. Corey be elected to succeed himself;
motion seconded by Mr. Johnston. On roll call the vote resulted
as follows : Aye — Cameron, Olson, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves,
Curtin, Wentworth, Legoe, Curtiss, Sheldon, Summers, Mullen
and Pike. Nays — None. Mr. Corey was declared duly elected
member of the board for the ensuing j^ear.

Mr. Wentworth moved that the bond of the secretary for
$10,000 in the American Surety Company be approved and war-
rant ordered drawn for $25.00 in payment therefor ; seconded by
Mr. Legoe. Motion carried.

Mr. Phillips moved that Mr. G. S. Gilbertson be elected treas-
urer for the ensuing year to succeed himself, and that his salary
be fixed at $100.00 per annum; seconded by Mr. Pike. On roll
call the vote resulted as follows: Aye — Cameron, Olson, Corey,
Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Wentworth, Legoe, Curtiss,
Sheldon, Summers, Mullen and Pike. Nays — None.

Mr. Wentworth moved that Mr. J. H. Deemer be elected super-
intendent of fair grounds for the ensuing year at a salary of
$1200.00 per year, under terms and conditions of contract for
last year. Seconded by Mr. Legoe. On roll call the members
voted as follows : Ayes — Cameron, Olson, Corey, Johnston, Phil-
lips, Reeves, Curtin, Wentworth, Curtiss, Sheldon, Summers, Mul-
len and Pike. Nays — None.

Dates for the 1913 fair were discussed. Mr. Johnston moved
that Wednesday and Thursday, August 20 and 21, be known as
preparation days and that the fair proper open on Friday morn-
ing, August 22, and continue until Friday morning, August 29;
admission fee to be 25 cents on Wednesday, the 20th, Thursday,
the 21st, and Sunday, the 24th, and 50 cents for the remainder
of the fair; the fair to commence with a full program on Friday,
the 22nd. Mr. Curtiss offered the following amendment to the
above motion: No exhibit or concession shall be removed, packed
or changed in any manner, or any decorations removed, before
six o'clock a. m., Friday, August 29th. The amendment was ac-
cepted and the motion seconded by Mr. Wentworth. On roll call
the vote resulted as follows : Aye — Cameron, Olson, Corey, John-
ston, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Wentworth, Curtiss, Legoe, Shel-
don, Summers, Mullen and Pike. Nays — None.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 283

Mr. Legoe moved that the details of classification, rules, etc.,
for the fine arts department be left to the superintendent of the
department and the executive committee. Motion carried.

Mr. Phillips moved that the management of the 1913 fair be
delegated to the executive committee and the elective members
of the board; seconded by Mr. Reeves. Motion carried.

Secretary Corey made the following report to the board :

To the ]\llembers of the State Board of Agriculture:

The following is a summary of the financial condition of the treasury
on December 1, 1912:

Balance on hand, December 1, 1911 $ 18,036.99

Receipts other than fair 22,579.82

Receipts of fair 185,701.21

$226,318.02

Disbursements other than fair improvements $ 4,101.43

Expense of fair 143,968.89

Permanent improvements 71,056.56

Maintenance of grounds and buildings 6,575.51

225,702.39

Balance on hand December 1, 1912 $ 615.63

Unpaid bills on file:

■T. E. Lovejoy, balance on contract $ 2,300.00

J. H. Queal & Co., balance on lumber bill 539.31

John Christie Co., insurance premiums 150.00

W. H. Brereton, brick 49.50

Miscellaneous bills 46.83'

Total unpaid bills $ 3,085.64

Less cash balance 615.63

Net debit $ 2,470.01

Estimiated receipts to May 1st:

From Stallion Registration Division $ 8,500.00

State appropriation for insurance 1,000.00

Other receipts 500.00

Total estimated receipts to May 1st $ 10,000.00

Net debit December 1, 1912 $ 2,470.01

To estimate amount of warrants necessary to issue

to May 1, 1913 7,500.00

$ 9,970.01

From the foregoing statement it would seem necessary for the
board to authorize the executive committee to borrow about
$3,000.00 to pay the balance due on contracts and bills on file and
to carry us over until receipts from the Stallion Registration
Division start coming in. I -believe, with this amount, and the
receipts anticipated we can manage to get along until May 1st.

284 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

This Avould not take into consideration any improvements the
board may decide to make.

The board should at this time determine what permanent im-
provements we expect to ask the legislature to make appropria-
tions for and authorize the committee to have sketches and es-
timates made up for the information of the Agricultural and
Appropriation Committees.

A sheep barn and show ring is probably the most needed im-
provement at the present time and could be built at a cost of
$25,000.00 or $30,000.00. A cross section of the permanent cattle
barn and the completion of Machinery Hall should be considered
in the list for state appropriations this year.

There is also a movement started by the women's clubs through-
out the state for a women's building in keeping with the other
permanent improvements on the grounds, and we will be obliged
to admit there is considerable merit in their request.

We should also ask the legislature to appropriate a sufficient
amount to purchase the eight lots to square out the southwest
corner of the grounds and the corner where the drug store is
located.

On account of the condition of our treasury any improvements
made at the grounds this year will necessarily have to come from
state appropriations or anticipated receipts of the 1913 fair.
These, I believe, should be taken up at a board meeting after we
know what the legislature is going to do in the way of appropria-
tion.

Needed improvements that should have the attention of the
board at this time or a later date, and to be made from anticipated
receipts of the fair would be the completion of the street car
entrance, covering ditch from machinery building to south line
of grounds, installing closets in new horse barn, cement walk on
south side of the street from street car station to Eock Island
Avenue, and such other minor improvements as the board may
deem necessary, and the general repair and maintenance of
grounds and buildings must also be taken into consideration.

I also wish to call the attention of the board to the following :

Insurance expirations for 1913 will amount to $2,155.00, against
$550.00 during the past year. However, they will not come due
until along in September. At present we have no insurance on
the amphitheater and it has been suggested that we carry $15,000

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 285

or $20,000 tornado on account of the danger by windstorm to the
roof.

I would suggest if the dog show is to be continued as a feature
of the fair that we appoint a superintendent for the bench show,
take out a membership in the American Kennel Club, and con-
duct the show under our own management another year. The ar-
rangement we had with the Des Moines Kennel Club this year did
not prove satisfactory as the expense incurred was too great for
conducting the show.

The automobile show could, no doubt, he handled by the super-
intendent of the machinery department with equal satisfaction to
exhibitors and we should not anticipate any trouble in disposing
of the space at the same rate. Should the rate per square foot
be reduced to 25 cents we would still increase the receipts and
would be making some concession to all the exhibitors.

The success of the boys' camp this year should warrant the ex-
pense for continuing the plan another year.

The babies' health contest proved such a success that it should
have the support of the management again this coming year.

Copy is now read}^ for the report of the Stallion Registration
Division and if this law is to be properly enforced the report
should be placed in the hands of each stallion owner and graduate
veterinarian in the state soon after the first of the year. The
executive council granted the department the right to publish
4,000 copies of this report as a supplement to the Year Book, and
we should have in addition to this 3,000 copies in order to supply
the list referred to. These may be ordered as an additional run,
without charge for the composition, and paid for out of the re-
ceipts of the Stallion Registration Division if the board so orders.

The board should at this time make appropriation for premiums
for school exhibits and authorize the printing of the list, so that
they may be sent out early in the school year to insure, a good
exhibit in this department.

I believe it would be advisable to issue 500 pamphlets contain-
ing the itemized statement of receipts and disbursements of. the
department for the fiscal year ending November 30, 1912, infor-
mation concerning appropriations for state fairs in other states,
statistics relative to the state fair, county and district fairs, farm-
ers' institutes, etc., for the information of the legislators.

It has been suggested that the board should set aside a location
for a fish and game building on the grounds and ask the Fish

286 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and Game Department to erect a permanent building thereon for
housing their exhibit.

It is quite evident that some action will be taken by the legisla-
ture this winter relative to permanent road building in our state.
You will recall that last session a bill was introduced asking for
an appropriation of some $10,000 or $15,000 for building five miles
of experimental roads in the state and it failed to pass for the
reason that a majority of the house could not agree where the
experiment should be carried out. No location in the state of
Iowa would afford a better opportunity for inspection of roads
of this sort than the state fair grounds. Should this matter come
up again this winter I believe it would be well for the board to
suggest this proposition to the legislature. The preliminary ex-
pense of grade and drawings has been taken care of in the per-
manent plans on file in this office.

The Rock Island railroad has within the past year purchased
about eighty acres of ground between the Wabash tracks and
their present tracks, extending from 20th to 34th street. This is
to be used for transfer yards and storage tracks and will provide
ample storage for cars switched to the grounds during the fair.

I understand the Rock Island officials have already promised
the Commercial Club that they would provide additional plat-
forms at the grounds and accept L. C. L. shipments from the
grounds next year. However, it will be necessary for our com-
mittee to take up the matter relative to additional sidings and
loading platforms for stock before another fair. The data col-
lected from exhibitors at the close of the fair relative to the
manner in which live stock shipments Avere handled should be
sufficient to base our request for track and platform extensions.
Another matter that should be looked into is the demurrage
charged by the Rock Island on palace cars rented and used by our
live stock exhibitors.

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS OF 1911 AND 1912 FAIRS.

1912 1911 Increase Decrease

Horse department $1,745.00 $1,729.00 $16.00

Cattle department 98S.0O 1,146.00 $158.00

Sheep department 138.00 170.00 32.00

Poultry department 731.45 658.05 73.40

S-wine department 1,076.00 1,206.00 130.00

Machinery department 6,191.87 3,641.50 2,549.87

Agricultural department 1,695.00 1,172.50 522.50

Dairy department 1,731.85 1,036.36 695.49

Fine Arts department 2,890.00 2,890.00

Police department 69.90 34.75 35.15

Concession department 23,632.85 24,182.47 519.62

Speed department 6,166.00 5,351.80 814.20

Exhibitor's tickets 2,612.00 2,604.00 8.00

Forage department 5,595.10 6,502.97 907.87

Association specials 4,894.46 5,092.27 197.81

Miscellaneous receipts 799.30 626.50 172.80

Ticket sales 123,143.75 121,505.50 1,638.25

Dog show 1,601.18 1,601.18

$185,701.21 $179,549.67 $8,126.84 $1,975.30

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI

287

STATEMENT OF EXPENSE OF THE 1912 FAIR AS COMPARED

WITH 1911.

1912

Executive committee meetings $938.00

Special committee meetings 1,211.54

Express, teJegraph and telephone 479.28

Postage 1,032.16

Printing — 3,013.17

Advertising 10,701.05

Music and attractions 26,739.45

Light and power 1,052.64

Water during August 294.97

Supplies, stationery, etc. 356.08

Forage 4,983.00

Salaries and clerical hire 2,290.25

Board meetings 280.00

Assistants and foremen (grounds) 740.20

Scavenger work, closets, etc. 679.25

Track work 320.75

Cleaning streets, oiling, etc. 743.18

Miscellaneous labor during fair 625.16

Cleaning buildings before and after fair 592.04

Gleaning grounds before and after fair 777.53

Pay roll and expense, Pres. department 512.50

Pay roll and expense, See'y department 650.25

Pay roll and expense, Treas. department-. 1,629.10

Pay roll and expense. Concession dept. 1,635.45

Pay roll and expense. Speed department.. 1,144.32

Pay roll and expense. Horse department.. 1,458.10

Pay roll and expense. Cattle department-. 930.05

Pay roll and expense. Swine department... 575.47

Pay roll and expense, Sheep department.. _ 418.00

Pay roll and expense, Poultry department 394.10

Pay roll and expense, Machinery dept. ... 620.56

Pay roll and expense, Agricultural dept... 583.05

Pay roll and expense, Dairy department... 793.97

Pay roll and expense. Horticultural dept._. 304.14

Pay roll and expense, FJoricultural dept 69.00

Pay roll and expense, Fine Arts dept 581.15

Pay roll and expense. School Exhibits 219.40

Pay roll and expense. Admissions dept. 2,031.45

Pay roJl and expense. Police department... 3,964.30

Pay roll and expense. Ticket department... ^83.25

One-half expense Iowa State College exhibit 702.73

Expense boys' judging contest 47.00

Pay roll and exp.. Women's Rest Cottage.. 57.75

Pay roll and expense, dog show 1,196.25

Expense boys' camp 1,237.83

Expense Babies' Health Contest 45.33

Plants and flowers 535.84

Freight and drayage 70.85

Premium ribbons and badges 834.68

Hauling manure 233.00

Miscellaneous ground supplies 296.65

Tan bark and saw dust 149.50

Refund on admissions 9.50

Expense Iowa Pioneers' Day 131.75

Dues American Trotting Association.-. . lOO.OO

Ground rental for aviation field and plow-
ing demonstrations ■ 175.50

Building decorations 800.00

Grain decorations and model farm exhibit..

Placing and removing chairs, amphitheater 120.00

Rental chairs, tents, cots, etc. 569.76

Refund special premiums not awarded 265.00

Care water system during fair 170.00

State Day banquet 126.25

Coal and fireman, Adm. Bldg. and dining

hall 109.07

Miscellaneous signs 55.75

Miscellaneous expense of fair 311.45

$ 85,829.74

Net increase $ 4,226.58

1911

Increase

Decrease

$991.00

$53.00

1,266.01

54.50

327.95

$151.33

864.50

167.66

2,814.13

199.04

10,452.06

288.99

24,345.78

2,393.67

782.64

270.00

436.06

141.09

259.48

96.60

5,963.29

930.29

2,740.75

450.50

645.50

365.50

485.54

2.54.56

848.13

168.88

324.09

3.34

99.05

044.13

904.25

279.09

1,199.87

607.83

914.32

1.36.79

453.50

59.00

675.55

16.30

2,006.75

377.05

1,530.15

105. SO

938.20

206.12

1,245.20

212.90

1,272.15

342.10

610.40

34.93

394.00

24.00

327.62

06.48

583.35

37.20

597.90

14.85

312.50

481.47

245.59

58.55

88.00

19.00

590.90

9.75

254.88

35.48

2,683.85

70.40

3,516.01

448.29

537.25

54.00

699.04

3.69

61.46

14.46

58.15

1,196.25

1,237.83

45.33

.40

561.85

26.01

31.88

38.97

708.43

126.25

615.65

3S2.65

218.16

78.49

223.51

74.01

50.50

41.00

167.05

35.30

lOO.OO

70.00

105.50

f 414. 52

^602. 30

120.00

216.82

651.75

81.99

190.00

75.00

146.73

23.27

119.55

6.70

104.59

4.48

35.45

20.30

244.41

67.04

$ 81,603.16

$9,314.49

$5,087.91

288 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

COMPARISON OF PREMIUMS, 1911 AND 1912.

1912 1911 Increase Decrease

Horses $ 14,940.00 $ U,184.00 $756.00

Cattle - — 11,738.00 12,061.00 $323. CO

Swine 4,042.00 8,640.00 402.00

Sheep _ 2,306.00 2,388.00 82.00

Poultry 1,112.50 1,042.00 70.50

Agriculture 4,059.00 3,524.00 535.00

Pantry and apiary 1,092.50 856.50 2.36.00

Fruit 1,139.25 1,115.75 23.50

Dairy 627.00 627.00

Plants and flowers 1,382.40 1,278.60 103.80

Pine arts 1,662.50 1,744.50 82.00

SchooJs 430.00 493.00 63.00

Scholarships 650.00 850.00 200.00

Speed department 12,360.00 12,310.00 50.00

Auto parade 150.00 150.00

Dog show 318.00 318.00

Babies' health contest — 280.00 280.00

$ 5S,139.15 $ 56,264.35 $ 2,774.80 $ 900.00

RECAPITULATION TICKET SALES, 1912 FAIR COMPARED WITll 1911.

1912 1911

Number Value Total Value Number Total Value

General admission 136,742 $.50 $68,371.00 151,178 $75,589.00

Gen. admission after 5 p. m 12,066 .25 3,016.50 9,161 2,290.25

Children 11,672 .25 2,918.00^

Half fare 15,313 .25 3,828. 25J 25,303 6,325.75

Campers 1,569 2.00 3,138.00 1,565 3,130.00

Total outside gates 183,638 $81,271.75 193,467 $87,335.00

DAY AMPHITHEATER.

Bleachers and paddock 19,908 $.25 $4,977.00

Quarter stretch 1,679 .25 419.75 3,109 $777.25

Reserved seats, upper half 17,101 .50 8,550.50

Reserved seats, lower half 5,900 .75 4,432.00

Reserved box seats 1,280 1.00 1,2S0.C0

Day amphitheater (at 2oc) „ 34,106 8,526,50

Day amphitheater, reserved seats (at 50c) 12,010 6,006.25

Day amphitheater, box seats ' 2,090 1,567.50

Total Day Amphitheater $19,659.25 $16,876.50

NIGHT AMPHITHEATER.

Bleachers and paddock 29,939 $.25 $7,484.75

Reserved seats, upper haJf 13,785 .50 6,892.50

Reserved seats, lower half 5,131 .75 3,848.75

Reserved box seats 833 l.OO 833.00

Night amphitheater (at 25c) 31,234 $7,808.50

Night amphitheater, res. seats (at 50c)__ 9,321 4,660.75

Night amphitheater, box seats (at 75c)_. 1,418 1,063.50

Total Night Amphitheater $19,059.00 $13,532.75

STOCK PAVILION.

Reserved seats 6,020 $.50 $3,010.00 6,60S $3,301.50

Standing room 575 .25 143.75 1,839 459.75

Total Stock Pavilion $3,153.75 $3,761.25

Total Ticket Sales $123,143.75 $121,505.50

$128,143.75 . 1912

121,505.50 1911

$ 1,638.25 Increase.

Mr. Johnston moved that the executive committee be author-
ized to submit a list of superintendents for departments for the
coming year. Seconded by Mr. Curtiss. Motion carried.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 289

Mr. Curtiss moved that the executive committee be instructed
to secure options or estimates necessary to secure additional lots
adjoining the fair grounds, and include this in making recom-
mendations to the legislature. Seconded by Mr. Mullen. Motion
carried.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the executive committee be authorized
to get an estimate on the expense of covering the ditch from the
south side of the race track to the south end of the street car
entrance, also from the south side of the track to the south line
of the grounds, to be submitted to the board at their next meet-
ing. Seconded by Mr. Wentworth. Motion carried.

The secretary was instructed to get an estimate on the cost of
constructing the proposed subway under the race track.

Mr. Summers moved that the executive committee be instructed
to have the architect draw suitable plans and make estimates for
a ncAV sheep barn, with approximately 400 pens capacity, style of
architecture to be similar to the swine pavilion ; recommendations
for such barn to be included in recommendations to the legisla-
ture. Seconded by Mr. Johnston. Motion carried.

Mr. Mullen moved that the executive committee include in its
recommendations to the legislature a request for sufficient appro-
priation to complete the machinery building. Seconded by Mr.
Wentworth. Motion carried.

On motion of Mr. Summers the board adjourned until 1 :30
p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Board convened at 1 :30 w^ith members present as at morning
session.

Secretary read the report of the executive committee on ap-
pointment of superintendents of departments for 1913, as follows :

Grentlemen : The executive committee recommend the following super-
intendents of departments for the 1913 fair:

SUPERINTENDENTS OF DEPARTMENTS.

Transportation and Public Safety E. M. Wentworth, State Center

Tickets C. W. Phillips, Maquoketa

Admissions O. A. Olson, Forest City-
Concessions and Privileges W. C. Brown, Clarion

19

290 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Grounds J. H. Deemer, Des Moines

Live Stock Sanitation J. I. Gibson, Des Moines

Horses, Ponies and Mules. C. P. Curtiss, Ames

Speed E. J. Curtin, Decorah

Cattle H. L. Pike, Whiting

Swine R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction

Sheep J. P. Summers, Malvern

Poultry J. P. Summers, Malvern

Implements and Machinery J. P. Mullen, Fonda

Agriculture P. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr

Pantry Stores and Apiary P. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr

Dairy W. B. Barney, Des Moines

Horticulture E. M. Reeves, Waverly

Floriculture Wesley Greene, Des Moines

Fine Arts, etc T. C. Legoe, What Cheer

School exhibits E. C. Bishop, Ames

On motion of Mr. Curtiss the above report was unanimously
adopted.

Mr. Phillips moved that the executive committee be authorized
to borrow any amount of money not to exceed $10,000.00, to be
used for necessary purposes for the department until the receipts
of the department provided sufficient funds, to take care of bills
that demand immediate payment. Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. Curtiss moved that a committee composed of Messrs. Cam-
eron, Curtin and Denio be authorized to investigate paddocks on
other fair grounds and submit plans and estimate for a paddock
at the next meeting of the board. Seconded by Mr. Johnston.
Motion unanimously carried.

Mr. Wentworth moved that the executive committee be re-
quested to take up the matter of the purchase or erection of a
suitable building for men-racks for men employed in the admis-
sions and public safety departments, and also for closets in the
camp grounds as recommended in the department report. Motion
seconded and carried.

Mr. Pike moved that the executive committee have plans pre-
pared for a cross section of the cattle barn preparatory to asking
for an appropriation from the legislature. Seconded by Mr.
Curtiss. Motion prevailed.

The secretary read a communication from the Iowa Short Horn
Breeders' Association relative to the purchase of the building on
the grounds formerly owned by the Short Horn Association and^
now used by the fair management for a postoffice. Mr. Curtiss
moved that the executive committee be authorized to purchase
the building if satisfactory to the Short Horn Association, allow-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 291

ing them $100.00 for the building on the condition that the
$100.00 be expended for cups to be offered at the fair of 1913
and succeeding years for Iowa Short Horn breeders, and that
the secretary be instructed to explain to the association in re-
gard to the building — that same had been removed and repaired
at the expense of the fair and that Mr. Pike, as superintendent
of the cattle department, be included on the committee making
such arrangement. Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the board contribute one-half of the ex-
pense of the Iowa State College Exhibit, not to exceed $800.00,
the same as heretofore. Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the boys' camp be continued the com-
ing year similar to the plan followed in 1912. Motion seconded
and carried.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the board authorize the printing of
3,000 additional copies of the bulletin published for the Stallion
Registration Division, and that same be paid for from the fees
of that division. Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. Corey recommended that 1,000 pamphlets containing a
statement of expenditures of appropriations by the legislature,
and information in regard to state aid to county and district
fairs be issued for distribution among the legislators and for gen-
eral circulation. Seconded by Mr. Summers. Motion carried.

A committee composed of Mrs. Mary T. Watts, Mrs. C. R.
Brenton, and Mrs. J. C. Bennett, representing the Iowa Congress
of Mothers, appeared before the board in regard to the Child's
Welfare Exhibit and a permanent women's building on the
grounds.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the matter of improving the facilities
for loading and unloading at the Rock Island platforms at the
grounds be taken up by the executive committee and the super-
intendent of transportation. Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. Curtiss moved that the board indorse the movement for
a women's building on the fair grounds, and that the women's
committee be asked to have plans of the building put in form
and secure an estimate of the cost of same from an architect.
Seconded by Mr. Johnston. Motion carried.

Mr. Johnston moved that the executive committee be author-
ized to co-operate in every way possible toward furnishing a
suitable place on the fair grounds for the building of permanent

292 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

roads for demonstration. Seconded by Mr. Curtiss. Motion
carried.

Mr. Wentwortli moved that the executive committee and Mr.
Curtiss be requested to work out plans along the line suggested
by Mr. Curtiss in regard to farm contests and for a publicity
man for the department. Seconded by Mr. Pike. Motion carried.

On motion of Mr. Mullen the board adjourned until 9 :00 a. m.,
Friday, the 13th.

MEETING OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 13, 1912.

Board convened at 9 :30 a. m. with the following members
present: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves,
Wentworth, Sheldon, Summers, Mullen and Pike.

Minutes of the board meeting on Thursday, the 12th, were
read and approved.

Revision of classification for premium list and reports of
superintendents was next taken up.

Mr. Pike made a verbal report of the cattle department; also
recommendation for changes in premium list.

Mr. Johnston made report of the swine department as follows :
To the State Board of Agriculture:

Gentlemen: The swine department of the Iowa State Fair for 1912
was up to the high standard of past years. While the capacity of the
building was not required, yet a formidable display was on hand, both
as to quality and number. Only twice in the nine years that I have acted
as superintendent of this department have we had more room than
required; the past year being one of them, at which time there was a
total of 1,076 pens paid for out of a total number of 1,154 in the building.
The swine show at the Iowa State Fair ranks very high and it is under-
stood generally that if you win at Iowa you can win anywhere.

The wants of the swine people are well supplied. As you are fully
aware, the swine building in itself is all that can be desired. We have
the popular classification and offer as much, or more, money as any other
fair. The comfort and sanitary conditions of the building are almost
perfect. Only one improvement seems to be needed and that is an ar-
rangement of sun shades at such portions of the building as are badly
affected by the rays of the sun from three to six o'clock P. M. While
the morning sun is somewhat to be dreaded it is not so much feared as
the afternoon sun. We would recommend that the fair board look after
this improvement before another fair.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 293

This year the management was kind enough to install baths, both for
the hogs and the attendants. Three wash basins were installed on the
inside square of the building, much to the satisfaction of the exhibitors.
Shower baths were installed in the show pavilion and at once became
popular with exhibitors and herdsmen. This, we believe, was the only
place on the grounds where free baths could be had. A much needed
improvement in these would be some way to heat the water. With the
improvements this year we should claim the swine interests almost per-
fectly cared for so far as equipment goes.

A wide spread of disease, not only in Iowa but in surrounding states,
no doubt kept many away from the fair. While no cure for swine plague
or cholera has been found, we are convinced from personal experience
that the serum treatment is the nearest cure yet discovered and we would
urge the Iowa Department of Agriculture to pass suitable resolutions
asking the next legislature to make a liberal appropriation for the manu-
facturing of serum. At the present time the facilities and means for
manufacturing this serum are not such that the serum can be had many
times when needed.

It is a well known fact that swine are brought to the fair for show
and for sale; the sale stuff often times not being as creditable as we would
wish, but we are loath tp discourage this feature of the show as it brings
many people to the fair and encourages the breeding of pure bred hogs.

It seems there must always be something to worry the superintendent
and at the present time it is the selection of judges in the Poland China
and Duroc .Jersey classes. The fight among the Poland China breeders is
in regard to the medium and large type features; both have some merit
and we believe will ultimately terminate in much good to both.

Summing up the swine department, we would consider the exhibitors
well satisfied in every branch of the show and would pronounce it almost
as nearly perfect as a department can be made.

Mr. Johnston moved the adoption of the following rule in
regard to vaccination of hogs :

"All animals will be inspected by a veterinarian upon arrival at the
grounds and those that have not been vaccinated within thirty (30) days
prior to the fair will be treated with serum for prevention of disease."

The motion was seconded by Mr. Wentworth and unanimously-
adopted.

Mr. Sheldon made a report of the agricultural department.

Mr. Reeves moved that all concessions in the agricultural build-
ing be put in charge of the superintendent of the agricultural
department. Seconded by Mr. Olson. Motion prevailed.

Mr. Summers made the following report of the poultry depart-
ment :
To the State Board of Agriculture:

Gentlemen: The poultry department in common with most of the other
departments of the state fair showed a satisfactory increase in the number

294 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

of exhibits shown as well as the interest taken in the affairs of the
department by the exhibitors and the public.

The plan of excluding the carlot or huckster exhibitors inaugurated
last year proved to be a great success. In spite of the fact that the un-
favorable poultry season has caused a shrinkage in the size of all poultry
shows during this season our exhibits at the state fair were increased
by nearly 200 birds. This we believe is the result of the encouragement
offered to legitimate breeders. The income of the department was also
substantially increased over that of 1911. Both the egg laying contest
and the egg show attracted much attention and proved to be valuable
as an educational feature of the poultry department.

In looking forward to this year's fair I would call your attention to
the urgent necessity for more exhibition coops as the exhibits have out-
grown the present cooping capacity. With these added facilities the
poultry department will keep pace with the other departments of the
Iowa State Fair.

It would receive the most hearty approval of the poultrymen of the
state if arrangements could be made whereby several inexpensive silver
cups could be awarded to sweepstakes winners; thus definitely designating
certain low^a State Fair champions in the poultry department as in several
of the other live stock departments. Such trophies need not be expensive
as the honor more than the pecuniary value will be considered by the
winners.

Mr. Summers moved that the following recommendations be approved
and adopted: To offer cups for sweepstakes cockerel and pullet for the
four distinct strains: American, Asiatic, Mediterranean and English; also
that additional coops be placed in the poultry building before the 1913
fair. Motion seconded and carried.

IMr. Mullen, superintendent of the machinery department,
made the following report and recommendations:
To the State Board of Agriculture:

Gentlemen : I would respectfully recommend that the re-letting of space
by exhibitors, either in the buildings, for which they claim ownership,
or the outside space owned by the fair association, should be strictly
prohibited and notification of that fact be included in each and every
contract.

I would also recommend that one sprinkler be set aside for the use of
the machinery department, to be used in machinery hall and the streets
running through the machinery exhibits. This could be taken care of by
the men who furnish steam and gasoline engines with water.

I also believe there should be a limit to the amount of space assigned
to each outside exhibitor; also that there should be more definite arrange-
ments made for exhibitors to secure electric power to run their machinery,
and an easier method of obtaining it from the officers of the electric
light company.

It is the opinion of the machinery department officials that the auto-
mobile exhibit should be directly under the management, and in charge of
the machinery department; also the price of space for the automobile
exhibit under the amphitheater should be 25c per square foot.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 295

Mr. Mullen recommended that the nominal charge of $1.00 be
made for outside space and that contract be written for such
space. On motion of Mr. Mullen the above report and recom-
mendations were adopted.

Mr. Reeves made report of the horticultural department as
follows:

To the State Board of Agriculture:

Gentlemen: In reporting the outcome of the fruit department at the
1912 fair I can say that it was a decided success. The fruit crop was
small over most of the state and it took an unusual amount of work to
secure the exhibits, but they came from all districts although the southern
was poorly represented. The distance their exhibits have to come and
the consequent expense, together with a poor crop, was the reason given
for their failure to show. They, together with exhibitors from other
parts of the state, claim that they are poorer paid for their efforts and
for the benefit they are to the fair than any other department exhibitors.
One man who helped in putting up an exhibit said that it did not pay.
While they brought three wagon loads of fruit and it took the time of
three men to place and care for their fruit, they also brought some corn
in a suitcase and handed it to an attendant and received about the same
in premiums from each department. By increasing the premium list
each year we have been able to secure a good showing so far. However,
its seems that we must soon face the necessity of doubling the premiums
to hold the old exhibitors who have made this department so attractive
for the past years and to secure the new ones who must take the place
of those who yearly drop from our list.

There was this year fully the usual number of plates of fruit shown
and of a higher quality. The management insisting on a high quality to
secure the awards has had the desired effect and as a rule none but good
fruit is shown, which is a decided advance over the practice a few years
ago. On account of a poor crop Mr. C. G. Patton did not show his seedling
apples but the many inquiries for them showed the interest of the public
in his valuable work.

Mr. B. A. Mathews showed about seventy varieties and being constantly
on hand to answer questions has created quite an interest in the growing
of fruit in the state.

The new feature was the box exhibit of apples. While this was largely
made by the department as an object lesson, there were good exhibits by
growers and an interest has been aroused by the efforts of the past three
years that will not only insure good box exhibits in the future but cause
growers to market their choicest grades in better shape as is done in the
west.

The box packing school received much attention from exhibitors and
visitors and this should be continued. However, as we now have trained
experts in the state it will not be necessary to send to Hood River for
a teacher for this work.

296 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The fruit department would show to better advantage if it could all
be placed on one floor. Having a part in the galleries does not give the
best impression to visitors and is inconvenient in many ways.

The new cement floor in the building called for much praise from all
and is a decided improvement in cleanliness and caring for the exhibits.
A place in which to store empty boxes during the fair is much needed in
this department and the enclosing of a room in each of the two south
corners of the gallery might be made to serve this and the agricultural
department while they jointly occupy the building.

Mr. Wentworth made the following report of the public safety
and transportation departments:
To the State Board of Agriculture:

Gentlemen: The steady growth of the Iowa State Fair has been wel?
shown through the reports of the various officers and superintendents
But, to me, it is especially noticeable through the requisitions made upon
this department.

In 1911 we had a total of one hundred forty-four men; one hundred
twenty-seven foot, fifteen mounted, the chief and assistant chief, with an
aggregate of 1,023 days' service. In 1912 we had one hundred sixty-three
men; one hundred thirty-seven foot, twenty-four mounted, the chief and
assistant chief, with an aggregate of 1,201 days' service.

The early installation of exhibits and policing of the camp grounds
required the services of eleven men before the fair actually opened and
we were required to hold a number of the men several days after its
close. In order to keep the expenses at a minimum it is our practice to
request the men to report on different days. As a result fifty did not
enter the service until after Sunday. Fifteen of them working the three
big days only, while twenty-two worked ten days or more.

The department endeavored this year to distribute as broadly as con-
sistent the appointments; some seventy counties having representation.
Eighteen of our men this season were regular police in their home towns
and I would here express my appreciation to the mayors of those towns
for their courtesy in granting us such services.

The camp ground is steadily growing in popular favor, 1,598 tents, by
actual count, being reported from the camp headquarters, which also
estimated 6,500 people actually taking advantage of the opportunities
afforded and I feel the figures are conservative.

I regarded myself as particularly fortunate to secure the services of
Mr. W. H. Walker, formerly general agent of the Rock Island Lines, Des
Moines, as assistant in the Transportation Department. His complete
familiarity with all conditions made him especially useful to the exhibi-
tors who were warm in their expressions of appreciation for aid received.

The demand for buildings and accommodations for exhibitors has been
so persistent that the department has not been able to give the attention
to quarters for employes that they not only deserve but have a right to
expect. We have been favored by well-nigh perfect weather the past two
years, otherwise the tents would not have been at all satisfactory, and I
hereby recommend the purchase or erection of a suitable building with
accommodations for two hundred men, as it will not be five years before

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 297

the proper protection of exhibits and grounds will require such a force.
A new barn for the horses of the mounted police is an immediate and
absolute necessity and must be provided before another fair.

I would urge the attention of the board to the matter of wages and
recommend an increase of fifty cents per day for both the mounted and
foot men. It has been particularly difficult to get men with good mounts
at the wages allowed, for by the time the freight, the feed bills and their
own board is paid, they find it hard to break even.

The question of uniform is worthy of consideration and I hope to
interest the board in the matter later.

The growing popularity of the camp grounds is making additional de-
mands for sanitation and I recommend two new closets to be built near
the eastern end of the grounds, and that the old closets be rebuilt with
such changes in location as may best serve the interests and conveniences
of the patrons.

On motion the board adjourned until 1 :30 p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Board convened at 1:30 with the following members present:
Cameron, Olson, Oorey, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, Wentworth,
Summers, Mullen and Pike.

The secretary read the following communication from Mr. W.
C. Brown:

Des Moines, Iowa, Dec. 13, 1912.
To the Board of Directors, Officers and Managers of the Iowa State Fair
and Department of Agriculture:

Gentlemen: I desire to thank you for the appointment to the position
of Superintendent of Privileges and Concessions, but having been elected
treasurer of state at the recent election it will not be possible for me to
accept the appointment.
Thanking you for past favors and courtesies, I beg to remain.

Sincerely yours,

W. C. BROWN.

Mr. Wentworth moved that the resignation be accepted and
that the secretary tender to Mr. Brown the thanks of the board
for the long, efficient and faithful service he has given the fair.
Motion seconded by Mr. Olson and unanimously carried.

Mr. Mullen moved that the executive committee make the se-
lection of a superintendent of privileges and concessions to
succeed Mr. Brown. Motion accepted by Mr. Pike and carried.

The president appointed as committee on per diem and mile-
age Messrs. Johnston^ Summers and Pike,

298 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Secretary read the report of the superintendent of the school
exhibits department as follows:
To the State Board of Agriculture:

Gentlemen: The school exhibits department has shown a wonderful
growth since its organization. The effects of this exhibit, as a stimulus
to better work and right direction in public education, is very evident
in M-any parts of the state where schools have participated one or more
years by making an exhibit.

While comparatively small percentage of Iowa's 28,000 school teachers
can be present at the state fair, a great number of leaders in education
are present for one or more days, either in connection with the care of
exhibits from their schools, or as individuals interested in seeing and
knowing more of the work represented in the educational exhibits and
other departments of the state fair.

A surprisingly large number of teachers olDtain permission for at least
a day off from their regular duties and visit the educational exhibit.
The number of school pupils who actually file through the aisles, observing
their own work and that of other school children, mounted and displayed
in an attractive way, is very large in the aggregate during the session of
the fair.

The information these people receive from observing good school work
and the inspiration which comes to them from a proper recognition of
such work has an influence reaching back into the home school district,
which is most productive of good in supplementing the efforts of teachers
and school administrators to direct school activities in the right way.

The expressed appreciation of school patrons who visit the exhibit and
the attitude of those interested in public school education generally is a
sufficient recognition of the value of the school department exhibit, and
provides a very strong reason for increasing its effectiveness. The work
of building up a sentiment favorable to this exhibit among teachers, super-
intendents and others who contribute to its success, has been well done,
and we are now ready for a further development, which will mean much
to the state of Iowa in the way of giving direction and encouragement to
public school work.

From my experience with the education exhibit since its origin, and
from mj'- observations of what can be done along this line, I am pleased
to submit the following recommendations relative to this department for
the ensuing year:

MORE EXHIBIT SPACE NEEDED.

1. The crowded condition of the exhibit last year and the demand for
space was such that it appears that one of two policies would be advisable
for next year.

(a) To inerease the amount of exhibit space sufficiently to properly
display the exhibits which will be offered, or,

(b) To limit the size, amount and character of exhibits which will be
accepted.

The educational exhibit could well occupy a space at least four or five
times as l^rge as that occupied la.st year. I believe that the development

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 299

of the educational exhibit is sufficient recognition of its value and that
if the same could he provided, a separate building for the school exhibit
department, where there could be sufficient room and light for displaying
in the right way such exhibits as would l)e offered, such action would
be entirely justified, and appreciated by those concerned.

If further room cannot be provided, it is my opinion that the number
of classes or the number of exhibits under the different classes should
be reduced sufficiently to provide for a proper display of the exhibits
which are offered.

On the other hand, there are a number of good things in education
which, in my opinion, ought to be provided for in the state educational
exhibit but which cannot b^ provided for unless further exhibit space can
be secured. These will be mentioned under separate heading in this report.

REVISION OF PREMIUM LIST.

2. A study of the premiums awarded the past year indicates that 140
premiums which were offered were not awarded. In most cases the reason
of failure to award premiums was because of no exhibits being made for
the particular premiums. In some cases exhibits were not offered because
of a lack of room for properly displaying the exhibits called for. In
other cases it appears that the exhibits called for were not such as the
schools find it convenient to make. I recommend that a careful exami-
nation of the premium list be made and that where premiums are offered
for exhibits which it appears are not likely to be made, that such be
modified so as to call for those things which are most likely to be sup-
plied by the schools.

ADDITION TO PKEMIUM LIST.

3. One feature of school work which will receive special emphasis the
ensuing year, and for which I believe an excellent showing could be made
at the state fair, is that of Iowa Boys' and Girls' Club work, especially
the gardening and canning club work, which could be organized for
exhibit purposes very effectively. The exhibit could be made largely by
clubs or by individuals, and if properly displayed, ought to make a good
drawing card at the fair. These exhibits made in some of the southern
and eastern states last year were very attractive features. If space can
be provided for this purpose and premiums offered for such exhibits, I
am sure from our membership of 14,000 young people we could get a
display that would be a credit to the state fair and to the work of the
.schools.

In addition to the general classes for exhibits by schools, I believe that
some arrangement of other special classes could be made by which schools
which are not in position to make a representative general exhibit would
make a special feature exhibit of particular phases of the work which are
being handled by their particular schools. If exhibit space will permit,
I believe it very desirable that a larger number of schools be induced to
participate by arranging an exhibit in some particular line, without ref-
erence to any other work. This would allow each school to compete in a
division in which it is especially prepared to make an exhibit, and would
permit of a greater representation of schools and a better specialization

300 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICIILTURE

of exhibits in display. I believe that a strong emphasis should be placed
upon exhibits of work in agriculture, domestic science and manual train-
ing, and that inducements ought to be offered which will bring exhibitors
in these lines from a greater number of schools.

EARLY ISSUE OF PREMroM LIST.

4. The school work exhibited at the state fair is prepared almost en-
tirely during the school year ending about June 1st. A great proportion
of the work should be that which is done during the year. Unless teachers
are expecting to make an exhibit, in most cases, the work of the pupils
which might well contribute to such an exhibit is not preserved to the
end of the year in a condition which would justify its exhibition. The
exhibit necessarily must be planned during the school year. If the
premium list for the education department could be issued in pamphlet
form about the first of the year, it would enable schools to make better
representations of their work.

LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS.

5. As a drawing feature of value, I believe that a series of educational
lectures and demonstrations could be arranged with very little expense,
where at certain times each day people interested in the subjects announced
could come for a brief period and listen to lectures and witness demonstra-
tions in educational lines which would be of value. I am quite sure that
the series of lectures could be arranged for if a suitable space for an
audience of limited size could be provided. It need not be a large space,
but should be easily accessible.

In the demonstration work, I believe it would be possible to arrange
each day to have in operation one of the garden and tomato canning clubs
which we are now organizing, where the regular work would be carried
out, the young people taking the fruit or vegetable as they come from
the garden or orchard, preparing them for canning, and completing the
work by sealing the cans, labeling them and presenting them for inspec-
tion, use or marketing.

If your board favors this idea I shall be pleased to contribute any
services which I am able in carrying it out. We are now working under
the co-operative arrangement with the department of agriculture in these
courses and expect to have sufficient help to facilitate the work in every
county in the state. If any of the above recommendations seem worthy
of attention and you desire anything further as to detail in application
of any one of them, I am at your service for whatever I may be able to
do in furthering the interests of the work.

Very truly yours,

E. C. BISHOP.

Mr. Johnston moved that the appropriation in the school ex-
hibits department be the same as in 1912, and that the recom-
mendations and classification be left to the secretary and the
superintendent of the department. Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. Johnston moved that the matter of music and attractions
for the 1913 fair, and all unfinished business, be delegated to the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 301

executive committee with power to act. Seconded by Mr. Went-
worth. Motion carried.

The committee on per diem and mileage filed the following
report, which, on motion of Mr. Johnston, was adopted and war-
rants ordered drawn for the various amounts:

Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to report
as follows:

Name Days Rate Amount Miles Amount Total

C. E. Cameron 6 $4.00 $24.00 140 $14.00 $38.00

O.A.Olson.., 6 4.00 24.00 155 15.50 39.50

R. S. Johnston G 4.00 24.00 158 15.80 39.80

C. W. Phillips 6 4.00 24.00 210 21.00 45.0'0

E.M.Reeves 6 4.00 24.00 123 12.30 36.30

E. J. Curtin 5 4.00 20.00< 195 19.50 39.50

E. M. Wentworth 6 4.00 24.00 60 6.00 S'O.OO

T. C. Legoe 5 4.00 20.00 85 8.50 28.50

C. P. Curtiss 5 4.00 20.00 37 3.70 23.70

F.E.Sheldon 6 4.00 24.00 123 12.30 36.30

J.F.Summers 6 4.00 24.00 160 16.00 40.00

J. P. Mullen 6 4.00 24.00 117 11.70 35.70

H.L.Pike 6 4.00 24.00 200 20.00 44.00

$476.30
Respectfully submitted,

R. S. JOHNSTON,

H. L. PIKE,

J. F. SUMMERS,

Committee.

Mr. Wesley Greene, superintendent of the floricultural depart-
ment, made a verbal report of that department.

Mr. Wentworth moved that the matter of approval of the
bond of the treasurer be referred to the executive committee
i^dth power to act.

On motion of Mr. Summers, seconded by Mr. Pike, the board
adjourned.

PART VII

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

State Agricultural Convention

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 11, 1912.

The convention was called to order at 10 :00 A. M. by Mr. C. E.
Cameron, president of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture. Mr.
0. A. Olson, vice-president, presided while President Cameron
delivered the following address:

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS-

C. E. CAMERON, ALTA, IOWA.

Again we meet for the Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture of Iowa. It is with pleasure I welcome you to
this meeting. It is a source of gratification to the officers of the de-
partment to meet you, especially this year after the successful fair of
1912.

It would be difficult for me to single out any department and tell
you the success of the fair was due to that one department. Iowa has
the reputation of having the best balanced fair in the United States,
and I think she is justly entitled to that distinction; hence it shows
that her departments are on a parity with each other. Why should
not Iowa have the greatest fair in the United States, or, for that mat-
ter, in the world? Iowa is recognized as the greatest agricultural
state in the Union, then why not the greatest fair, situated in the most
fertile valley, taken as a whole, that has as yet been found and in-
habited by a class of people as intelligent and progressive as are to be
found on the face of the globe.

The fair this year did not come up to our expectations in attend-
ance. In the last five years the attendance has increased from 216,000
in 1907 to 271,000 in 1911, and this year we had only a little over one
thousand increase over the attendance of 1911. The average increase
per year for the last five years was 11,000, or a total of 55,000 in that
time. Never in the history of the fair had a better program been pre-
pared, the departments were all well filled, premiums had been in-
creased in all departments, and we had great faith that the increased
attendance per year according to the last five years would be shattered.
Some of us even had our minds on the 300,000 mark. Prospects
never looked brighter, never in the history of the state have there been
better crops, prices have been good, and the people are prosperous.
Then what was the trouble? To my mind the trouble was with the
railroads, For over twenty years, with ih^ exception of on© year, tb©

304 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

railroads have granted a three cent round trip rate to the fair, and
we expected the same this year up to three weeks before the fair. We
could not, as we have done for twenty years, advertise a reduced rate
to the fair. The patrons of the fair, especially those from a distance,
say, "Well, no rates this year. Guess I will not go." This did not
make so much difference to the people living within a radius of forty
or fifty miles from the fair. As I have said time and again, I would
rather have the attendance of one person who lives one hundred miles
from the fair than three who live only forty or fifty miles distant, for
those who live the long distance when they come will stay three or
four days, while those who come the short distance will come in the
morning and return home that night. V/e have tried in every con-
ceivable way to show the railroads of the state that our interests are
mutual. We are building up the resources of the state, and when we
do that we build up every industry in the state; and there is no one
industry that is more benefited by the upbuilding of this state's great
resources than the railroads. Then why should they not be co-workers
with us in building up this great educational institution. We had
a meeting in Chicago last October with the members of the Western
Passenger Association to lay before them that the future success of
these great fairs depends largely upon what the railroads are going
to do. This me-eting was attended from Iowa by Clifford Thorne, State
Railroad Commissioner, Geis Botsford, Secretary of the Des Moines
Commercial Club, H. W. Byers, city corporation counsel for Des Moines,
A. R. Corey, Secretary of the State Fair, and myself. And I want to
say right here that in matters where the interests of the state fair
are at stake you can always depend upon the city of Des Moines doing
her part. We had a very agreeable meeting in Chicago; they treated
us very nicely and heard our side of the story — and, in fact, that is the
only side you will hear. They are the best listeners I have ever met.
They simply said they would take the matter up and let us know later.
I feel that we have a good case; and if the railroads are not willing
to do something to help along a cause that is helping them, then
I think it would be within the power of the legislature to put in the
hands of the railroad commission of this state authority to deal with
just such cases.

I will not go into the details of the last fair, as our Secretary, Mr,
Corey, will give you a complete statement of the receipts and disburse-
ments. There was expended for permanent improvements on the
grounds the last year something like $71,000.00, all out of the profits
of the fair for the last two years — a new cross section of the horse
barn, a street car station, cement floor in the agricultural and machin-
ery buildings, new speed barns, cement walks and gutters. The Des
Moines City Railway Company treated the fair very nicely this year
by moving their tracks to the new location at a cost of twelve thou-
sand dollars, while they still had ten years of the old lease to run. The
land purchased from the appropriation by the last legislature opened
up some very desirable ground; in fact, it looked as if a new fair had
started in the southwest part of the grounds. This relieved th© con-
gestion we have always had in the center of the grounds.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 305

We did more this year to carry out the line of future permanent im-
provement as planned by Mr. Simonds, the landscape architect, than
any year since the plan was adopted, and I am more than satisfied with
the general arrangements as suggested by Mr. Simonds. The Board
made no mistake when they ordered this work done; they know now
just where every permanent building should be located.

New buildings that should be give-n consideration for the next year
are a sheep barn, a cattle barn and the south half of tho new machinery
building. The exhibitors in the machinery building are so well pleased
with it that, so I am informed by the superintendent of that depart-
ment, every exhibitor of this year has engaged the same space for 1913
and hundreds of exhibitors who were unable to get space in the build-
ing have applied for space next year. With the final completion of the
buildings as marked out by the landscape architect, walks all covered
from the transportation stations to all the permanent buildings. Oh,
what a dream of an ideal fairground.

The Pre^dent then appointed the following committees:
Committee on Credentials.

C. W. Hoffman Decatur County.

James Nowak Poweshiek County.

H. C. Leach Davis County.

Committee on Resolutions.

T. W. Pureell Franklin County.

John W. Palm Henry County.

A. G. Rigby Buchanan County.

The Secretary's report was then read by Mr. A. R, Corey.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

A. R. COREY, DES MOINES, IOWA.

Speaking from an agricultural standpoint, the year 1912 is des-
tined to make history for the State of Iowa. There is no question in
our mind what the report of Dr. Chappel, Director of the Iowa Weather
and Crop Service, will show when given to the public. We have al-
ready noticed that the government estimates the corn production in
Iowa for this year at 432,000,000 bushels, an increase of 44,000,000
bushels over the banner year, 1906. In addition to this we have had
individual reports from practically every section of the state indicat-
ing bounteous yields of corn, wheat, oats, and all other farm products.
Along with these unprecedented yields the farmers are receiving fair
prices for their products. This is not only true with agricultural prod-
ucts, but for beef, pork, butter, eggs and other products of the farm.
This has not only resulted in the prosperous condition of our farmers,
but it is responsible for a noticeable demand for Iowa land at prices
considerably advanced over a year ago. When the Iowa farmer pros-
pers so do all industries, and this year is no exception and finds them
in a flourishing condition.

306 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

farmers' institutes and short courses.

In the seventy-seven counties of the State in which farmers' insti-
tutes were held during the period from July 1, 1911, to June 1, 1912,
ninety-one institutes were held and received state aid to the amount of
$5,646.36. The reports indicate that the communities in which these
institutes were held contributed in the way of subscription, member-
ship fees, etc., $17,288.35 for additional support.

The total attendance of all institutes was 159,080, or an average of
1,750 each, and a total of 692 sessions were held with an average at-
tendence of 225 at each. This would indicate these institutes are well
attended and are the means of bringing together a large number of
farmers seeking information that will better agricultural conditions
in our State.

The principal disbursements were for premiums on live stock, agri-
cultural products and for the products of domestic science, which
amounted to $9,881.55; for judges, speakers and instructors, $4,-
106.80; for hall rent, printing, advertising and miscellaneous expense,
$7,468.23.

By the co-operation of short course associations throughout the state
and the Agricultural Extension Department at Ames, a number of short
courses were held. These meetings are not reported to this depart-
ment, except in counties where no institutes or county or district fairs
are held and they are allowed to draw the state aid due these organiza-
tions. Eleven short course associations took advantage of this and
drew state aid to the amount of $1,371.24. Allamakee, Harrison, Kos-
suth, IMitchell, Winnebago and Worth counties drew state aid due in-
stitutes. Cherokee, Dallas and Plymouth drew state aid due county
and district fairs. Ida and Washington drew aid due both institute
and fair.

The short courses reporting to this department held 275 sessions
with a total attendance of 52,045, or an average of 190 per session.
They expended for premiums $4,704.55; for speakers, judges and in-
structors, $2,616.16; for hall rent, printing and miscellaneous expense,
$8,467.93. In addition to the state aid and free instructors from the
Extension Department, the local associations raised $15,203.83 for
additional support for their short courses.

In addition to these short courses and institutes a number of colt
shows were held in various counties. All of these gatherings offer op-
portunity for interchange of ideas and have a tendency toward the bet-
terment of agricultural production, live stock raising, and farm life,
and should be encouraged by support from the state. To the Exten-
sion Department at Ames great credit is due for promoting these
courses and for the speakers and instructors furnished.

The following tables give detailed information for each farmers'
institute and short course association drawing state aid. They show
the number of sessions held by* each, total attendance, amount of state
aid received and a statement of receipts and disbursements for the fis-
c^\ year ending June 30, 1912.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

307

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310 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS.

Ninety-four county and district fairs located in seventy-six counties
of the state reported to this department and received state aid in the
sum of $20,860.32. This is an increase of $389.00 over the aggregate
amount paid last year. The average amount paid each fair was $222.00
or about $10.00 less than last year. The total receipts from all
sources were $511,885.00, an increase of $62,154.00 over last year
and an average of $5,445.00 for each fair.

There was disbursed for premiums other than speed $86,697.00, or
an average of $922.00 for each. This is an average of $48.00 less
than was paid last year. Speed premiums amounted to $108,188.00,
or an average of $1,228.00, an increase per fair of $48.00 over last
year. Other items make a total of expenditudes of $497, 639. 00, or
an average disbursement of $5,294.00 for each fair.

Sixty-two fairs show a cash balance on hand of $24,777.00, while
thirty report overdrafts amounting to $10,531.00. The ninety-one
properties are valued at $950,115.00, or an average valuation of $10,-
440.00. Three fairs report that grounds are leased. The indebted-
ness reported totals $174,699.00, an increase of $31,108.00 over last
year. The net assets total $789,661.00, or an average of $8,677.00 for
each fair.

The attendance for the ninety-four fairs was 892,299, or an average
of 9,490. This is an increase of 61,468 over last year, or an average
increase of about three hundred for each fair.

The following is a list of eight fairs that paid premiums other than
speed in excess of $1,500.00 and drew the maximum amount of state
aid, $300.00:

Interstate Live Stock Fair Sioux City $8,353.85

Marshall County Fair Marshalltown 3,161.50

North Iowa Fair Mason City 3,047.45

Bremer County Fair Waverly 2,851.79

Henry County Fair Mt. Pleasant 2,410.28

Buchanan County Fair Independence 2,259.66

Union District Fair West Liberty 2,190.50

Columbus Junction District Fair. Columbus Junction 1,517.16

The following tables have been tabulated, giving detailed informa-
tion relative to each county and district fair in, Iowa.

The first table is a financial statement showing receipts and dis-
bursments, state appropriation, profit and loss on 1912 fair, and assets
and liabilities of each fair.

The table following the financial statement gives total attendance
admission fees charged at outside gates, grand stand, and quarter
stretch for the year 1912.

312

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
1912 FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF COUNTY AND DIS

COUNTY OR DISTRICT

Receipts

Adajr, Greenfield

Adams, Corning __.

Allamakee, Waukon

Audubon. Audubon

Benton, Vinton

Boone, Ogden

Boone, Boone

Bremer, Waverly

Buchanan, Independence

Buena Vista, Alta

Butler, Allison

Calhoun, Manson

Calhoun, Roclrvfell City

Carroll, Carroll

Cass, Atlantic

Cass, Massena

Cedar, Tipton

Cerro Gordo, Mason City

Chickasaw, New Hampton

Chickasaw, Nashua

Clayton, National

Clayton, Strawberry Point

Clayton, Elkader

Clinton, De Witt

Crawford, Arion

Davis, De VTitt

Delaware, Manchester

Dickinson, Spirit Irake

Dickinson, Milford __. _._

Payette, West Union

Fayette, Oelwein

Franklin, Hampton

Greene, Jefferson

Grundy, Grundy Center

Guthrie, Guthrie Center

Hancock, Britt

Hardin, Eldora

Harrison, Missouri Valley

Henry, Mt. Pleasant

Henry, Winfleld

Humboldt, Humboldt

Iowa, Marengo

Iowa, Victor

Iowa, Williamsburg

Jackson, Maquoketa

Jasper, Newton

Jefferson, Fairfield

Johnson, Iowa City

Jones, Anamosa

Keokuk, What Cheer

Kossuth, Algona

Lee, Donnellson

Lee, West Point

Linn, Marion

Linn, Central City

Louisa, Columbus Junction

Lyon, Rock Rapids

Madison, Winterset

Mahaska, New Sharon

Marion, Pella

Marshall, Rhodes

Marshall, Marshalltown

Mills, Malvern

Mitchell, Osage

Monona, Onawa

Monroe, Albla —

174.00

1,858.25

S9.85

15.26
4.28
9.71

67.75

1,219.58
1,095.29

40.00

52.60

8.66

202.79

569.19
4^.93
341.25

5.14

65.84
250.60
194.75

1,054.17

556.03
39.19
17.02

678.51

649.78
1.29

37.07
158.30
225.00

13.56

173.5*
3,264.35

264.39
93.37
54.84

698.79

978.64
28.S?7

1,416.95$
3,051.84

3,285.15
4,905.00
3,881.20
3,885.20

13,017.50
8,538.74
5,227.48
3,873.07
4.109.91
3,508.14
4,047.48
6,789.45
2,186.95
3,783.63

15,242.92
4,534.65
4,335.51
2,606.20
3,219.84
2,670.95
8,142.75
2,314.61
4,073.60
906.00
1,374.01
889.40
5,590.35
1,492.11
5,029.76

17,286.59
2,377.27
2,114.20
2,715.74
5,642.35
735.70
9,180.28
3,502.30
2,739.66
1,602.27
2,110.75
1.869.32
4,675.05
6,478.48
3,112.60
3,033.06
7,012.10
2,941.95
6,382.00
2,398.22
2,711.84
2,802.68
3,447.87
5,186.991
8,838.16
1,596.15!
2,.'598.60i
1,833.35
943.90

11,502.02
3,9ef7.e5
2,494.05
1,638.60
8.628.06

198.84
218.20
204.10
220.00
209.28
214.84
202.95
.300.00
300.00
239.27
211.89
248.47
237. i5
160.20
290.29
215.20
272.93
300.00
200.90
253.38
224.33
206.70
222.33
291.15
201.11
256.45
in. 20
163.34
109.30
226.70
194.26
233.00
257.77
206.39
100.00
226.20
278.53
168.50
300.00
211.15
178.48
207.81
114.20
206.39
246.62
267.79
204.89
203.35
216.78
232.75
262.20
122.56
204.69
233.55
263.50
300.00
255.45
235.92
214.64
207.50
167.96
300.00
227.91
233.25
220.75
239.50

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII
TRICT FAIRS IN IOWA RECEIVING STATE AID 1912

313

Disbursements

Profit and Loss

Assets and
Liabilities

n, 927.97
l,4c8.54
2,280.66
3,144.80
2,421.06
1,572.78
2,357.79
8,573.24
5,203.36
2,572.18
2,377.65
2,439.69
1,100.00
2,396.98
5,605.03
1,418.94
1,893.47
10,577.60
1,857.78
3,321.83
2,111.04
2,542.40
1,366.08
4,537.18
1,569.16
1,919.58
890.00
462.80
215.00
3,920.60
1,489.95
3,686.94
14,470.84
2,301.22
1,158.20
1,525.00
3,157.45
778.17
,120.00

764.03
142.64
231.42
406.15
2,077.41
3,938.47
1,505.
1,877.13
4,991.18
1,250.91
4,346.95,
l,485.68i
1,678.85
1,315.59;
2,377.43!.-
2,851.47
6,804.77
1,672.35
1,354.34
1,097.47

832.54 ..
6,585.77
1,685.81
3,160.00
965.25
1,680.84

455.00

1,085.00

920.00

813.00

1,845.00

1,800.00

1,790.00

1,850.70

986.00

1,742.50

1,087.00

1,682.50

2,765.00

1,250.00

1,522.75

597.70

288.00

1,905.75

1,875.00

265.50

242.31

260.75

870.00

1,910.00

566.00

1,510.35

125.00

656.25

995.00

760.00

295.00

775.50

1,587.55

190.00

556.00

850.00

1,506.75

200.00

3,200.00

1,600.00

400.00

375.00

754.50

1,835.00

1,422.50

670.00

1,230.00

1,546.34

1,173.35

1,275.00

1,003.75

6S5.0O

994.00

""99o"o6

2,792.50

115.00

878.27

550.00

'2^86.70

1,970.00

132.50

210.00

1,450.00

473.10$

682.00

541.00

700.05

603.86

648.45

529.50

2,851.79

2,259.66
892.75
618.95
984.75
874. 6i5
400.50

1,40^2.90
652.00

1,229.30

3,047.45
509.00

1,033.85
743.30
587.00
723.30

1,411.50
511.15

1,064.50
428.00
408.35
273.25
767.05
485.66
830.00

1,077.70
66:^.92
400.00
762.00

1,285.30
421.25

2,410.28
611.50
446.20
578.10
285.50
563.90
969.25

1,177.94
548.90

827.60

1,122.00

306.40

545.90

835.55

1,135.00

1,517.16

1,054.50

859.25

646.44

575.05

419.90

3,161.60

779.15

832.50

707.50

895.00

856.07
225.54
741.66
657.85
869.94
021.23
677.29
275.73
449.04
207.43
063.601
106.841
739.55
047.48

218.50
87.70
705.55
244.34
74.81

$ 1,240.28

549.79

41.77
404.96
263.

11.07

2,668.64
3,410.77

15,530.80
4,241.78
4,621.18
3,096.65
3,390.15
3,959.38
7,858.68
2,635.31
4,494.43
1,443.00
1,927.40
1,483.25
5,437.65
2,270.60
5,192.44

17,136.09
3,055.14
2,114.20
3,137.00
5,949.50
1,399.4?
7,730.2^
3,704. 3{
2,610. 2i
2,095.74
2,271.42
1,970.05
4,878.66
6,638.91
2,724.29
3,640.63
7,205.37
3,251.76
6,743.95
2,745.78
2,909.75
3,145.14
3,512.43
5,358.63

10,651.77
2,646.60
2,879.05
2,222.52
1,252.44

12,033.97
4,434.96
4,125.00
1,882.75
4,025.84

160.20

748.46
926.21

646.79__-
12.12..--

533.77 — .
20.31 .-_.

241.18

257.46

"eelo

1,144.41

309.341
176.87

15.09

"265^07
408.27
582.69
160.00

i 365.80
324"63

1,760.00

9.10

307.91

508.56
144.85

60.03
885.87
593.20
246.55

24.80

198.94

301.90

1,706.19

193.58
"466^84
~""07

195.06
28.62

495.22

108.91

815.53

88.30
85.74

219.50
419.06

$ 2,000.

.00

1,500.
1,800.
750.
2,715.
2,500.
1,825.

258,26'

1,200.
1,000.

250.

3,900.00

'2'i90'o6
5,500.00
2,600.00
4,000.00

"3^500^00

"2'66o?00

314

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
1912 FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF COUNTY AND DISTRICT

COUNTY OR DISTRICT

a

a
xi

c
o

Hi

a

Receipts

1

1

p.

a; d)

73
<

o

67

Montgomery, Red Oak _ _

2,977.50
7,005.50
3,&48.29
2,132.80
6,606.20
8,557.91
7,582.26
7,429.66
3,163.71
2,602.35
3,884.00

317.75
5,534.25
6,080.13
2,000.55
1,380.14
3,184.10
2,830.75
3,900.38
4,176.99

876.30
2,896.05
5,954.92
1,886.66
2,970.85
73,907.39
2,143.95
3,318.70

228.86
300.00
219.10
205.15
221.65
237.'S2
288.25
219.27
243.45
204.27
225.96
222.40
218.45
243.08
181.90
218.25
234.48
201.07
208.00
258.50
36.50
158.90
206.09
203.60
211.45
300.00
179.05
206.18

3,206.36
7,970.43
4,852.35

08

Muscatine, West Liberty

664.93
987.96

144^43

V 32^29
633.18

m

Muscatine, Wilton Junction

70
71

O'Brien, Sutherland

O'Brien, Sheldon

2,337.95
6,972.28
8,795.43
7,902.80
8,282.11
3,407.16

72
73

74

Page, Clarinda _._

Page, Shenandoah

Pocahontas, Fonda

75

Pottawattamie, Avoca

76

77
78

Poweshiek, Malcom

Poweshiek, Grinnell

Ringgold, Tingley

60.87
45.62
.85
1,427.62
91.43
133.78

2.867.49

4,155.58

541 00

79
80
81

Sac. Sae City

Shelby, Harlan

Sioux, Orange City _. __

7,180.32
6,414.64
2,316.23
1,598.39
3,418.58

82

Story, Ames

Tama, Toledo _ _

84

85

Van Buren, Milton

Wapello, Eldon __ ..

131.00

3,162.82
4,168.38
4,435.49

«ft

Warren, Indianola

87
88

Wayne, Sewal

Webster, Pt. Dodge

Winnebago, Forest City

53.46
300.00

966.26
3,354.95
6,163.01

90
91

Winneshiek, Decorah

Woodbury, Moville

22.00

343.27

8,413.74

329.54

2,112.26
3,525.57

9?

Woodbury, Sioux City _

82 0*^1.13

93

Worth, Northwood .. __

2,652.54

94

Wright, Clarion

3,524.88

Total 1912

For comparison, 1911

$ 29,453.66

$ 451,571.27

$ 20,860.32

1 511,885.25

$ 30,865.13

$ 398,394.87

$ 20,471.58

$ 449,731.58

•Overdraft of 1911 included,
t Grounds leased.

THIRTEEx\TH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 315

FAIRS IN IOWA RECEIVING STATE AID, 1912— Continued

Disbursements

Profit and Loss

Assets and
Liabilities

(N

tc

03

w

0)

Q)

s

a

S

-w

>.

o

a

3

3

s-

ea

°S

_g

(-C

11

"3

V:

6

2ia

B

3

$ 245,815.1

316

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TOTAL ATTENDANCE AND ADMISSION PEES CHARGED AT
COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS IN IOWA FOR 1912.

COUNTY

T Outside Gate

Qua

9

Admissions

Stre

c

c
-2

c

a

03

<J

OQ

£

«

o

i^

rs

D

o

Si

03

j3

o

X}

JS

b

r^

•<

«

>

O

>

Adair

Adams

Allamakee

Audubon

Benton

Boone (Ogden)

Boone (Boone)

Bremer

Buchanan

Buena Vista

Butler

Calhoun (Manson)

Calhoun (Rockwell City)

Carroll

Cass (Atlantic)

Cass (Massena)

Cedar

Cerro Gordo

Chickasaw (New Hampton) _

Chickasaw (Nashua)

Clayton (National) ._.

Clayton (Strawberry Point).

Clayton (Elkader)

Clinton (De Witt)

Crawford

Davis

Delaware

Dickinson (Spirit Lake)

Dickinson (Milford)

Fayette (West Union)

Fayette (Oelwein)

Franklin

Greene

Grundy

Guthrie

Hancock

Hardin

Harrison

Henry (Mt. Pleasant)

Henry (Winfield)

Humboldt

Iowa (Marengo)

Iowa (Victor)

Iowa (Wilhamsburg-)

Jackson

Jasper

Jefferson

Johnson

Jones

Keokuk

Kossuth

Lee (Donnellson)

Lee (West Point)

Linn (Marion")

Linn (Central City)

Louisa

Lyon

Madison

Mahaska

Marion

Marshall (Rhodes)

Marshall (Marshalltown)

Mills

Mitchell

000
000
500
000
000
000
103
165
70O
000
OOO
000
500,

oooi

OOO
COO
000
000
000
000
OOO;
000
130
000
.000 1
000

,500;

,000,
,200
,000
ISO
OOO
8S6
,187
000
,000
,000
,500
,000
,01-2
,035
,521
,300
,000
,000
,559
,000
,000
,000
,500
,540
,000
,500
,357
,880
,500
,731
,500
6,000
5,800
4,000
33,500
10,000
5,000

26

, .151

$ .25

25

.15

.25

35

.25

.25

36

.25

.35

35

.25

a5

.25

35

.10

.25

35

.25

.25

35

.15

.25

35

.25

.25

35

.25

35

.15

.25

35

.35

35

35

.15

.35

25

.10

.25

35

.15

.35

35

.'^

50

.25

35

.25

.25

35

.25

.25

35

.20

.35

35

.25

.25

35

.15

.35

35

.16

.25

25

.15

.10

.35

.15

.25

35

.25

.25

.35

.25

.25

.35

.35

.50

35

.15

.25

.35

.25

.25

35

.35

35

.15

.25

.315

.25

.35

.35

.15

.35

.15

.35

.35

^ .35

.35

.35

.35

.15

.25

.35

.25

.35

.15

.25

.35

.15

.35

.25

.15

.25

.35

.15

.25

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.25

.35

.35

.15

.25

.25

.25

.35

.25

.35

.15

.10

.35

.25

.35

.15

.25

.35

.15

.25

.35

.15

.35

.25

.25

.35

.25

.25

.15

.25

.25

.16

.25

.25

.15

,25

.35

.15

.25

.25

.25

.35

.15

.25

$ .15

$ .15

.15

.15

.15

.25
.25

.15

.10

.10

.25

.15

.15

.15

.15

.25

.15

.15
.25

r25

.25

.25

.25

.15

.K

.25

.25

.25

.15

.15

.15

.15

.25

.25

.10

.15
.15

.15

.15
.25

.25

.25

.25

.10

.10

.10

.15

.26
.25

.25

.25

.25

.25

.25

.15

'>l

.If

.15

.15

.If

.If

.25

.25

.15

.25

.10

.15

.25

.15

.15

.15

.25

.26

.25

.25

.25

.25

.15

.25

.25

.25

.25

.25

.15
.25

.15

.15

.15

.16

.15

.25

.26

.25

.25

.15

.10

.15

.15

.15

.15

.15

.25

.15

.25

.25

.25

.25

.25

.25

.15

.15

.15

.25

.25

.25

.25

.25

.25

.15

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

317

TOTAL ATTENDANCE AND ADMISSION FEES CHARGED AT CO.
AND DISTRICT FAIRS IN IOWA FOR 1912— Continued

o
a

as

1

Outside Gate
Admissions

o

Quarter
Stretch

COUNTY

-2

"5

<

□

1

o

>

1
2
>

o

Monona

2,288
15,000
5,829
12,500
8,500
4,000
5,930
18,000
18,000
9,200
3.975
5,120
5,182
1,700
10,500
10,000
7,000
3,244
6,000
6,000
7,056
8,000
1,500
4,082
3,366
4,548
3,500
57,094
3,500
6,900

.35
.25
.25
.35
.35
.50
.50
.35
.25
.35
.35
.35
• .35

1

.35

.35
.25
.85
.25

■M
:S

.50
.50
.25
.50

.25

720
.25
.25
.25
.15
.25
.15

lis

.20
.20
.15
.15

'.15
.15

.15
.15
.25
.15

.25
.25

"25

'11

.15

:li

.35
.25
.25
.25
.25
.35
.25
.25
.15
.25

335

:2s

.25
.25
.35
.25
.26
.25
.15

725
.25
.2£

.25
.15

'.20

.15
.15
.25
.10
.25

715
.25
.25
.15
.25
.25
.25

7i5

.10
.15

.25

.15
.25
.20

Monroe _ --

15

Montgomery

Muscatine (West Liberty)

Muscatine (Wilton Junction)

O'Brien (Sutherland)

.25
.20

.15

O'Brien (Sheldon)

Page (Clarinda)

.25
.25
.25

725
725

1

25

Page (Shenandoah)

.25

Pocahontas

26

Pottawattamie

.15

Poweshiek (Malcom)

.25

Poweshiek (Grinnell) .

.25

Ringgold

Sac

Shelby

Sioux

it!

".25
.25

Story

Tama

Van Buren

"""T2^

725
.10

Wapello _

.25

Warren

.25

Wayne

Webster

.15

.25
.15
.10
.50
.IS
.25

Winnebago

Winneshiek _ -

Woodbury (MoviUe)

Woodbury (Sioux City)

Worth -_

.25

Wright

Total attendance

892,299

1

The following is a summary of tho above table:

50c

35c

25c

20c

15c

10c

No
charge

General admission (outside gates)—

Adults _

6

69

1
19

19
24
60
39

29

23

Children .

4
— ...

1
1

36
6
40

18

7

2
2
6

5

2

27

Vehicles _ — —

1
1

6

Grand stand admissions

Quarter stretch admissions-

7
41

Vehicles -

61

318 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

From year to year recommendations have been made with a view
of making the Department of Agriculture more efficient and of more
value to the general public.

At present the publications of the Department are limited to the
Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, and the meager sum of $2,400.00 per
year is appropriated for the salary of the Secretary and clerical hire.
With these limitations placed upon the Department it is impossible to
accomplish as much as we should like.

Should the legislature see fit to make a more generous appropria-
tion for carrying on the work of the Department, and authorize the
printing of such bulletins and pamphlets by the State Printer as the
Board might recommend, much good might be accomplished and a
great deal of information given to the public that would be of value,
but which is now dead material before it reaches them through the
annual Year Book.

The Crop and Farm Statistics collected by the township assessors
and tabulated by the department are the source of much authentic and
valuable data, but for the reason that provision is not made for print-
ing it in pamphlet form immediately after the tabulation, a great deal
of value is lost.

The report of the Stallion Registration Division, showing the name
of the owner and name of each stallion qualified for public service in
the State should be made a separate report and placed in the hands of
each owner and veterinarian directly after the first of the year, if the
law is to be properly enforced. Other bulletins dealing with beef pro-
duction, the dairy industry, prevention of cholera among swine, poul-
try raising, care and selection of seed, and numerous other subtjects,
should be prepared and mailed out at a time when they would be of
most benefit to the farmers.

Going a little further, attractive pamphlets might be prepared set-
ting forth the state's natural advantages, resources, and agricultural
production and distributed at various land expositions with a view
of encouraging immigration to Iowa.

In other words, provide the means for making the Department of
Agricultural a bureau of information on all subjects pertaining to agri-
culture and live stock production, and a department to furnish reliable
data relative to the agricultural advantages and resources of our State.

IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION.

It gives me pleasure to report that the fifty-eighth annual exhibi-
tion of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition was a success from the
standpoint of exhibits, attendance and receipts. As to the educational
features and value of the fair it seems to be the universal opinion that
it out-ranked any of the preceding fairs in this respect. This was very
Concisely stated in the following editorial write-up in the Iowa Home-
stead immediately after the close of the fair:

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

319

"The Iowa State Fair is not an event; it is an institution. It
is a university, broader in its scope and more wide spread in its
appeal than the state institutions of higher learning at Ames,
Iowa City and Cedar Falls, excellent as these are. It is a clearing
house of agricultural and industrial ideas. It is an exposition, of
the many and divers things which have united to make Iowa one
of the really rich and great states of the nation. For fifty-eight
years the Iowa State Fair has been growing in popularity and use-
fulness until it stands, in 1912, at the very pinnacle of its educa-
tional appeal and all arounji value. * * *"

The attendance for 1912 as shown by the ticket auditing department
was 272,023, an increase of 1,341 over last year. While this is an at-
tendance that any state fair might be proud of, it did not come up to
the expectations of the management. Considering the added features
and a more diversified amusement program than was ever put on at
our fair, and knowing that our farmers were in a most prosperous con-
dition and amply able to attend the fair this year, the management had
reason to expect the usual increase in attendance, which would have
brought it up to about 300,000. This lack of increase was not charge-
able to the weather for practically every day was fair; not enough rain
fell to in any way interfere with the program and only one or two
days were at all threatening.

We believe there were two reasons for this lack of increase. The
principal reason was the lack of co-operation on the part of the rail-
roads by failing to grant reduced rates the same as they had in the
past. The mere fact that a fair can advertise excursion rates attracts
a great number of people and is the source of a large amount of adver-
tising that the fair would not otherwise receive. We believe the two
weeks of rainy weather just preceding the fair delayed threshing to
such an extent that practically every machine in the state was in opera-
tion during fair week, which, no doubt, kept away quite a number who
would otherwise have attended.

The following is the attendance by days compared with 1911:

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Total

1912

272,023

1911

3,090

4,074

7,503

6,068

27,957

27,514

18.902

17,612

40,602

37,309

60,379

64,699

58,643

60,580

38,831

34,117

16,116

18,173

270,682

The exhibit at the 1912 fair was made by 1,662 exhibitors, making
a total of 16,315 entries in the fourteen departments. This was an
increase of 72 exhibitors over last year and they made a slight increase
in the number of entries. It was the general opinion of the manage-
ment and the agricultural press that it was the best balanced show
ever staged on the Iowa State Fair grounds. That all departments

820

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

were well filled is indicated by the following table giving the number
of exhibitors and number of entries in each department compared
with 1911:

CO

C<1

rH

O

o

©5

H-2

• y. <-!

• X "—1

• C3

|wS

5"

|«a

S^

Horses -

143

2.002

140

2.114

Cattle -

84

1,345

92

1,441

Swine

173

2,384

206

2,886

Sheep

27

646

32

691

Poultry -

97

1,508

116

1,361

Agriculture

144

1,624

U2

1,033

Pantry

149

2,122

116

1,577

Dairy

101

102

m

69

Horticulture

36
18

628
271

48
16

639

Floriculture

245

Fine arts

216

2,805

223

3,355

School exhibits =

84

050

115

613

Dog show

71

228

309

318

Total

1,662

16,315

1,590

16,024

The horse show was made by 143 individual exhibitors, who showed
972 head of draft and light harness horses, ponies and mules. The
number exhibited was slightly less than last year, owing to the fact
that the importations of some of the prominent exhibitors were de-
layed in Europe on account of the strike among dock hands and
therefore could not be fitted for exhibition in time for our fair. This
loss was noticed more particularly in the aged stallion classes, the
other classes being practically as large as usual and the quality up to
standard. Home bred animals were more comspicuous than usual, and
especially those shown by Iowa exhibitors. The remark was often
heard that "This is a breeders' show and a good one."

The National Draft Horse Breeders' Futurity established by the Chi-
<;ago Daily Live Stock World for yearling stallions and fillies created
much interest and was pronounced a success in every respect. These
futurities have been secured for the Iowa State Fair for the coming
two years and should result in much good by encouraging breeders
to develop their colts in hope of winning these special prizes.

There was an excellent showing of saddle and light harness horses
and the management regrets that they found it necessary to show a
number of excellent classes, which any horse show might have been
proud of, in the open ring where comparatively few people could wit-
ness them to advantage.

There were the usual number of Shetland ponies and, located as
they were in the center of the new cross section of the horse barn,
they showed to advantage and proved a great attraction for young
Americans.

The following tabulation gives the number of exhibitors and number
of horses entered by breeds as compared with 1911:

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

321

Breed

1912 Fair

1911 Fair

No. of
Exhibitors

No. of
Horses
Entered

No. of
Exhibitors

No. of
Horses
Entered

35

179

SO

243

15

90

15

71

15

100

14

90

21

148

21

100

17

89

15

42

31

120

28

106

16

60

12

44

8

36

6

38

4t

10

5

28

12

127

18

188

2

14

2

18

7

16

9

21

8

33

7

29

U3

972

140

1.016

Percheron

Clydesdale

Shire

Belgian

Draft geldings and mares...

Standard bred, etc. ^.

Saddle horses

Morgan

Hackney

Shetland ponies

Welsh ponies

Ponies other than Shetland.
Mules

Total

In the cattle division 84 exhibitors showed 960 head of cattle; 63 8
head of beef cattle and 322 head of the dairy type. The show was well
balanced, every breed being represented by from three to twenty-six
herds, except the Ayrshires of which there was one representative herd
of twenty head shown by Adam Seitz of Waukesha, Wiscoinsin. The
showing of dairy cattle was stronger by 50 head than last year, whila
the beef breeds fell off about 140 head. The quality was up to the
usual high standard and Iowa exhibitors were well represented in all
classes.

The following tabulation gives the number of exhibitors and the
number of cattle exhibited by breeds compared with 1911:

1912 Fair

1911 Fair

Breed

No. of
Exhibitors

No. Cattle
Entered

No. of
Exhibitors

No. cattle
Entered

Short-horns _

26
13
7
4
6
9
4
9
3
1
3

185

157
70
49
44

133
91

117
60
20
44

27
16
8

?

6
2
3

204

Herefords

Aberdeen-Angus _

237
108

Gallo-way

Polled Durham _ _.

63

82

Red Polled „ -

Holstein-Friesian

Jersey ^

Guernsey

Ayrshire

Brown Swiss

89
34
96
61
36
44

Total

84

960

92

1,055

The conditions incident to swine raising this year were unusually
discouraging and were the result of a decreased number being shown
at this year's show. Hog cholera was common in many portions of
the state and a number of herds were not shown after the entries had
been made. One hundred and seventy-three exhibitors showed 2,384
swine, a decrease of 33 exhibitors and 403 head of swine from last
21

322

iOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURES

year. Considering the conditions this is a showing to be proud of and
no doubt was unequaled by that of any other state. A feature of the
show which attracted considerable attention was the awarding of the
Live Stock World's Poland China Futurity prizes, amoumting to
$420.00 for boar and sow pigs.

The following tabulation gives the number of exhibitors and the
number of swine shown in each class compared with 1911:

1912

1911

Breed

No. of
Exhibitors

No. of
Swine

No, of
Exhibitors

No. of
Swine

Duroe Jersey

Poland China

Chester White

Hampshire

60
02

26

15
7
2
1

759
725
401
297
118
63
21

81
62
36
14
9
2
2

966
702
686
303

Berkshire

Yorkshire ___

Tamworth

120
68

22

Total

173

2,384

206

2,787

The sheep show was somewhat different from that of former years,
being made up principally of American bred sheep. The foot and
mouth disease prevented importations from arriving in time for our
show. Twenty-seven exhibitors showed about 700 head of sheep, a de-
crease of 75 or 100 from last year. The few vacant pens in the east
section of the swine barn were used to house a part of the sheep exhibit
and this partially relieved the situation. However, at this the manage-
ment found it necessary to build temporary pens alongside of the old
sheds in order to take care of the exhibit. Before the management
can expect to induce exhibitors to bring their sheep to the Iowa State
P'air in large numbers, and otherwise enhance the value of the ex-
hibit, more adequate quarters must be provided for housing and show-
ing the sheep.

The poultry department was in many respects better than any of
the previous exhibits at the fair. The management incorporated in the
premium list a rule limiting a non-resident exhibitor from showing
more than fifty birds. This resulted in eliminating the professional ex-
hibitor or huckster who picks up an unworthy lot of birds for classes
where competition is not strong and makes a circuit of fairs for the
premiums he can win. The exhibit was made by ninety-seven exhibi-
tors, most of whom were from Iowa, and they showed 1,508 birds of
practical breeds for Iowa farmers. The egg laying contest and the
educational exhibit made by the poultry division of the Iowa State
College at Ames proved an attractive feature to all who visited the
poultry building.

The exhibit of agricultural products was by far the best in years.
The center section of the building was well filled with the products of
field and garden, and down each side along the walls were lined the
individual farm exhibits, all indicating that Iowa would harvest a
bounteous crop this year.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 323

The south end of the building was well filled with horticultural
and floricultural exhibits, and with the new tables and the cement
floor put in place during the past year, presented an attractive and
interesting exhibit.

The exhibit of pantry and kitchen products in the balcony of the
agricultural building was much larger than usual and necessitated the
addition of several show cases to take care of the increased exhibit.

In the dairy section of the building were exhibited the winning
samples of creamery and dairy butter, cheese, and all sorts of dairy
utensils. The exhibit of the Beatrice Company consisting of statuary
reproduced in butter, and the Food and Dairy Commissioner's booth
which dispensed information relative to the adulteration and mis-
branding of food stuffs, proved to be interesting features.

The machinery exhibit was the largest ever assembled at the Iowa
State Fair. It was made by 309 exhibitors who exhibited every con-
ceivable piece of machinery from a monkeywrench to steam threshing
outfits. This exhibit is appreciated by our progressive farmers for it
brings them in touch with all the latest and most modern farm ma-
chinery. Many an order is placed during the show for up-to-date im-
plements that will lighten the labors of the men on the farm. The ex-
hibitors in the machinery hall were greatly pleased with the perm-
anent floor placed over the exhibition spaces during the past season.
Exhibitors who were unable to secure floor space in the hall and were
obliged to show their implements in tents or in the open field were
unanimous in the request for the early erection of the other half of the
machinery hall. The congestion of outdoor machinery exhibits was
greatly relieved by the addition of ten acres of ground in the south-
west corner of the grounds. Streets were laid out through the addi-
tional ground, and the ground south and west of machinery hall, so
that the visitors were brought in close touch with these important ex-
hibits.

The exposition building was packed with textile and fine art exhibits
and the work of our public schools.

The Iowa State College building was filled with many interesting and
instructive exhibits. Instructors and students were in charge of var-
ious booths and departments to answer questions and give out informa-
tion relative to the exhibits and the work being done at the college.
The college exhibit in brief is a week's short course in agricultural
and household economics. The lectures by various members of the
faculty in the small auditorium were much appreciated by the visitors.

The boys' judging contest was the largest since this feature has been
inaugurated, ninety-nine being entered in competition for the five state
college scholarships.

The fish and game exhibit in a tent east of the stock pavilion at-
tracted a great deal of attention. It is to be hoped that in the near
future the fish and game department, by authority of the legislature,
will be able to erect and maintain a permanent building on the grounds
for housing this attractive and educational exhibit.

One of the many new features added this year was the Boys' State
Fair Camp, which was made up of eighty-five boys from as many dif-

324 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

ferent counties in the state. The boys were selected cm the competitive
plan. Each was required to write an essay on Iowa, which was passed
on by a local committee, usually made up of the county superintend-
ent of schools, acting as chairman, the secretary of the county or
district fair, and the secretary of the farmers' institute making the
other two members of the committee. The expenses of the boys, in-
cluding railroad fare, board, and sleeping quarters in the two big
tents provided for the camp, were paid by the fair management. The
boys were assigned light duties, such as ushering in the grand stand
and stock pavilion, messenger service, and leading stock; the balance
of their time was spent in viewing the exhibits under the direction of
the camp superintendents, who were especially qualified to explain
the merits of all exhibits. The boys were also addressed by prom-
inent men of the state at their assembly tent. Judging from the es-
says on the subject "What I Saw and Learned at the Iowa State Fair"
written by the boys after the close of the fair and filed with this de-
partment, they spent a most enjoyable week and learned by observa-
tion many valuable lessons that will remain with them through life.

Special mention should be made of the Babies' Health Contest held
under the auspices of the Iowa Congress of Mothers and under the di-
rection of Mrs. Mary T. Watts of Audubon, Two hundred and thirty
babies under the age of three years were examined for physical and
mental qualifications by a corps of skilled physicians especially quali-
fied for making such examinations. Prizes amounting to $280.00 of-
fered by the fair management were awarded to the most perfect babies
in the various classes.

The bench show, conducted under the auspices of the Des Moines
Kennel Club and the fair management, brought out some 225 dogs,
representing all breeds from the poodle to the large blood-hounds. It
attracted the attention of a large number of visitors, and with a few
changes in the classification can be made a much larger show and a
permanent feature of the fair.

The amusement features, without which no fair is complete, were
more diversified and of better quality than ever before provided for
the state fair visitors. Three of the best bands to be secured and two
orchestras furnished music in the various buildings and at convenient
places about the grounds. The reproduction of Cheyenne Frontier
Days by the original aggregation that puts on the annual show at Chey-
enne, Wyoming, was a deviation from the usual spectacular production
in front of the amphitheater each evening. The events indulged in by
the Indians and cowboys from the western plains proved novel and
entertaining and was well patronized. The racing each afternoon,
the free attractions, and the aeroplane flights all helped to make up
a pleasing and well balanced amusement program.

The total receipts of the 193 2 fair were $185,701.21, or an increase
of $6,151.54 over the 1911 fair. The receipts from sources other than
ticket sales were $62,557.46, an increase of $4,518.29, and from ticket
sales $123,143.75, or an increase of $1,63 8.25 over last year's fair.

The total disbursements on account of the 1912 fair were $143,-
968.89, or an increase of $6,101.38 over last year. Of this amount

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 325

$58,139.15 was paid out in cash premiums, an increase of $1,874.80
Over last year. The other large items of expense were $26,739.45 for
music, night shows and free attractions, and $10,471.05 for advertis-
ing.

The net profit of the 1912 fair was $41,732.32, or practically the
same as last year. The attached itemized statement sets forth in de-
tail the receipts and disbursements of the department for the fiscal
year ending November 30, 1912.

IMPROVEMENTS MADE DURING 1912.

The cost of permanent improvements added to the grounds during
the year 1912 amounted to $71,056.56. This includes $9,625.00 of the
state appropriation, for additional land, and $61,3 81.56 of this amount
was paid from the balance carried over from last year and the re-
ceipts of the 1912 fair.

Among the principal improvements made this year was the cross
section of the permanent horse barn, built of steel and brick at a cost
of $27,625.08. This structure is 156x224 feet and stalls 156 draft
horses and 132 ponies. It also made it possible to set aside the center
section of that portion of the permanent barn facing Rock Island Ave-
nue for carriages and fancy turn-outs used by the light harness horse
exhibitors. It also provides room for the office of the superintendent,
waiting room for the exhibitors, an assembly room for meetings of
breeders' associations, shower bath rooms, water closets, and many
other conveniences much appreciated by the exhibitors.

The additional land, consisting of seventy-seven lots which were
either bought at private sale or secured through condemnation! pro-
ceedings, cost $12,814.05, in addition to the $2,375 expended for this
purpose last year. With the streets that were vacated and the re-
moval of the street car tracks and loop about ten acres of ground was
added to a much congested portion of the grounds.

About one half of the proposed street car entrance was erected this
year at a cost of $5,081.73. When completed this station will make it
possible to load or unload six or eight cars at the same time and will
greatly facilitate transportation between the grounds and the city.

Two sections of bleachers, each 192 feet long and seating 5,500 peo-
ple, were built at a cost of $5,710.95 and provided comfortable seats
for large crowds that witness the afternoon and evening performance
in front of the amphitheater, who heretofore were obliged to stand in
the paddock.

Cement floor was laid over the exhibition platforms in machinery
hall at a cost of $4,385.55. The agricultural building was floored at a
cost of $1,944.30. Additional cement walks cost $1,358.99; combina-
tion curb and gutters $494.15; street extensions and grading $1,-
609.38, switchboard at distributing station and extensions to light lines
$2,510.03; moving and placing in good repair eleven horse barns $2,-
277.99; fence enclosing additional ground $618.49; and numerous
other- needed improvements fully set out in the attached statement,
making a total of $71,056.56 for the year.

326 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ITEMIZED STATEMENT.

OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF THE IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1912.

RECEIPTS.

Cash balance Dec. 1, 1911 $ 18,036.99

Receipts from sources other than fair:

Fees, division of horse breeding $ 8,953.50

Collections use of grounds, etc 1,530.78

State appropriation for land 7,000.00

State appropriation! for insurance 1,000.00

Light plant salvage 1,300.00

Sale of houses on added ground 1,861.16

Receipts on account of 1911 fair 469.56

Insurance for damages to Exposition bldg. . 106.00

Interest on account 243.32

Miscellaneous receipts 115.50

Total receipts from sources other than

fair $ 22,579.82

RECEIPTS OF FAIR.

Stall rent, horse department 1,745.00

Stall rent, cattle department 988.00

Pen rent, swine department 1,076.00

Pen rent, sheep department 138.00

Coop rent, poultry department 345.25

Space rental poultry department 386.20

Space rental machinery department 6,191.37

Space rental and concessions, agr'l. dept. . . 1,695.00

Space rental and concessions, dairy dept. . 1,731.85

Space rental and concessions exposition bldg 2,890.00

Concessions and privileges 23,632.85

Entry fees, speed department 6,166.00

Sale of exhibitors tickets 2,612.00

Sale of forage 5,595.10

Breeding association special premiums. . . . 4,894.46

Bench show 1,601.18

Advertising in premium list 695.50

Collections public safety dept 69.90

Miscellaneous receipts 103.80

Total receipts of fair other than ticket

sales $ 62,557.46

Ticket sales by treasurer 123,143.75

Total receipts of fair $185,701.21

Grand total receipts $226,318.02

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 327

DISBUBSEMENTS.

Disbursements other than fair or improvements:
Salaries and expense stallion registration

department $ 1,884.82

Expense on account of 1911 fair 294.40

Annual meeting and state agr'l. convention 540.02

Office furniture and supplies 117.38

Insurance premiums 550.63

Expense selling light plant salvage 100.26

Planting rented ground 156.98

Repairing exposition building (from insur-
ance) 106.00

Expense and cleaning grounds when rented

for aviation meet, etc 177.54

Miscellaneous expense 173.40

Total disbursements other than fair or im-
provement $ 4,101.43

EXPENSE OF FAIE.

Executive committee meetings 938.00

. Special committee meetings 1,211.54

Express, telegraph and telephone 479.28

Postage 1,03 2.16

Printing 3,013.17

Advertising 10,741.05

Music and attractions 26,739.45

Light and power 1,052.64

Water during August 294.97

Supplies stationery, etc 356.08

Forage 4,983.00

Salaries and clerical hire 2,290.25

Board meetings 280.00

Assistants and foremen (grounds dept) .... 740.20

Scavenger work, care of closets, etc 679.25

Track work 320.75

Cleaning streets, oiling, etc 743.18

Miscellaneous labor during fair 625.16

Cleaning buildings before and after fair. . . . 592.04

Cleaning grounds before and after fair. ... 777.53

Payroll and expense president's dept 512.50

Payroll and expense secretary dept 659.25

Payroll and expense treasurer dept 1,6.29.10

Payroll and expense concession dept 1,635.45

Payroll and expense speed dept 1,144.32

Payroll and expense horse dept 1,458.10

Payroll and expense cattle dept 93 0.05

Payroll and expense swine dept 575.47

Payroll and expense sheep dept 418.00

Payroll and expense poultry dept 394.10

Payroll and expense machinery dept 620.55

328

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Payroll and expense agricultural dept. . . . 583.05

Payroll and expense dairy dept 793.97

Payroll and expense horticultural dept. . . . 304.14-

Payroll and expense floricultural dept 69.00

Payroll and expense fine arts dept 581.15

Payroll and expense school exhibits dept 219.40

Payroll and expense admissions dept 2,613.45

Payroll and expense police dept 3,964.30

Payroll and expense ticket auditing dept. . 483.25

One half expense Iowa State College exhibit 702.73

Expense of boys' judging contest 47.00

Payroll and expense womans' rest cottage.. 57.75

Payroll and expense dog show 1,196.25

Expense boys' camp 1,237.83

Expense babies' health contest 45.33

Plants and flowers • • • • 535.84

Freight and drayage 70.85

Premium ribbons and badges 834.68

Hauling manure 233.00

Miscellaneous ground supplies 296.65

Tan bark and saw dust 149.50

Refund on admissions 9.50

Expense Iowa pioneer day 131.75

Dues American trotting association 100.00

Ground rental for aviation field and plowing

demonstrations 175.50

Building decorations 800.00

Placing and removing chairs in amphitheater. 120.00

Rental for tents, chairs, cots, etc 569.76

Refund of special premiums not awarded. . 265.00

Care of water system during fair 170.00

State day banquet 126.25

Coal and firemen administration bldg. din-
ing halls 109.07

Miscellaneous signs 55.75

Miscellaneous expense of fair 311.45

Total expense of fair other than premiums

PREMIUMS PAID.

Horses $ 14,940.00

Cattle . 11,738.00

Swine ' 4,042.00

Sheep 2,306.00

Poultry 1,112.50

Agricultural products 4,059.00

Pantry and kitchen products 797.50

Honey and bees 295.00

Fruit 1,139.25

Dairy products 627.00

Plants and flowers 1,382.40

$ 85,829.74

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

329

Fine arts 1,662.50

School exhibits 430.00

Iowa State College scholarships 650.00

Speed premiums 12,360.00

Dog show 318.00

Babies' health contest 280.00

Total premiums paid

Total expense of fair

PEBMANENT IMPEOVEMENTS.

New horse barn $ 25,325.08

Additional land 12,814.05

Street car entrance 5,081.73

Bleachers 5,710.95

Cement floor machinery hall 4,385.55

Balance on 1911 contract and steel work

on machinery hall 1,348.10

Cement floor agricultural bldg 1,944.30

Street extensions and grading 1,609.38

Walks and curbing . 1,358.99

Tools and implements 327.94

Administration building improvements.... 379.05

Administration building furnishings 231.59

Cattle barns 102.15

Sanitatry closets (balance on 1911 contract) 100.75

Sheep bams. 129.32

Speed barns 791.12

Swine pavilion 40.23

Womans' rest cottage 11.37

Miscellaneous gradin? 3 31.10

Water distribution system (extensions) .... 186.31

Drainage 400.21

Switchboard and extensions to light system 2,510.03

Combination curb and gutter 494.15

Culvert north of agricultural bldg 86.80

Fence enclosing additional land 618.49

Agricultural building, booths, tables, etc.. 382.32

Moving and repairing horse barns 2,277.99

Platting camp grounds 420.52

Shower baths 227.58

Ticket booths 95.75

Fly traps 56.25

Lawn seats and camp chairs 222.50

Turnstiles 110.00

Permanent ground plans 61.74

Speed department uniforms 76.70

Horse show ring 49.45

Cash register (forage dept.) 25.00

Ticket punches 29.25

$ 58,139.15
$143,968.89

330 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Hose and hose carts 23.60

Ticket boxes 54.00

- Sanitary drinking fountains 48.00

Chairs for amphitheater 60.75

Garbage cans 150.00

• Miscellaneous improvements 366.42

Total improvements $ 71,056.56

MAINTENANCE OF GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS

Superintendent of grounds and assistants. .$ 1,138.05

Track work 360.43

Water distribution system 64.99

Water Dec. 1st to Aug. 1st 194.96

Hauling manure from speed barns 164.30

Dragging streets 66.82

Painting 2,316.51

Mowing grass and weeds 595.57

Keep of mule team (feed and shoeing) .... 184.85

Implement and harness repairs ^ 130.87

Miscellaneous hardware for repair work 90.38

Miscellaneous metal repair work (eaves

troughs, etc.) 163.26

Shoveling snow from roofs 223.60

Cleaning out ditches and tile drains 83.80

Grass seed 26.25

Repairs to boilers (dining hall) 69.05

Miscellaneous labor on repair work 701.82

Total maintenance of grounds and bldgs. $ 6,575.51

Grand total disbursements $225,702.39

Cash balance on hand 615.63

To balance $226,318.02

Summary and reconciliation of account with treasurer:

Cash balance, Dec. 1. 1911 $ 18,036.99

Receipts other than fair 22,579.82

Receipts of fair 185,701.21

Grand total receipts $226,318.02

Disbursements other than fair or improve-
ments $ 4,101.43

Expense of fair 143,968.89

Permanent improvements 71,056.56

Maintenance of buildings and grounds 6,575.51

Total disbursements $225,702.59

Balance on hand 615.63

Warrants outstanding 563.84

Oa§li balance i^ treasury Dec. 1, 1912. ... $ 1,179.47

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 331

REPORT OF TREASURER.

Mr. G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer of the State Department of
Agriculture, made the following reports:
To The Directors Of The Iowa State Board Of Agriculture.

Gentlemen: I present herewith report of receipts and disbursements
for year ending November 30, 1912, as follows:

RECEIPTS.

Balance on hand November 30, 1911 $ 18,246.84

Received from sale of tickets as follows:

General admissions (day) $ 75,117.25

General admissions (evening after 5 p. m.). . 3,016.50

Campers tickets 3,138.00

Day paddock and bleachers 4,977.00

Day amphitheater, (reserved at 50 cents).. 8,550.50

Day amphitheater, (reserved at 75 cents)... . 4,432.00

Day amphitheater, (reserved at $1.00) 1,280.00

Evening paddock and bleachers 7,484.75

Evening amphitheater, (reserved at 50 cents) 6,892.50

Evening amphitheater, (reserved at 75 cents) 3,848.75

Evening amphitheater, (reserved at $1.00).. 833.00

Quarter stretch tickets 419.75

Live stock pavilion (reserved) 3,010.00

Live stock pavilion (standing) 143.75

Total ticket sales $123,143.75

Received from superintendents of departments as follows:

Fair grounds $ 2,780.78

Fine arts 2,890.00

Machinery 6,191.37

Dairy 1,731.85

Agriculture and horticulture 1,695.00

Horses 1,745.00

Cattle 988.00

Swine 1,076.00

Sheep and poultry 869.45

Concessions and privileges 23,632.85

Exhibitor's tickets 2,612.00

Appropriations 8,000.00

Police 69.90

Forage 5,595.10

Speed . 6,166.00

Special association premiums 4,894.46

Horse breeding 8,953.50

Secretary miscellaneous 5,002.70

Interest 243.32

Total receipts other than ticket sales... $ 85,137.28

Grand total receipts $226,527.87

332 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DISBURSEMENTS.

Paid expense warrants $167,304.35

Paid premium warrants 58,044.05

Balance on hand, November 3 0, 1912 1,179.47

Total $226,527.87

Respectfully submitted this 10th day of December, 1912.

G. S. GILBERTSON,

Treasurer.

Des Moines, Iowa, December 10, 1912.

To The Directors Of Iowa State Board of Agriculture:

Gentlemen: This is to certify that there was on deposit in the Iowa
Trust & Savings Bank on November 30, 1912, to the credit of G. S.
Gilbertson, Treasurer of the Iowa Department of Agriculture, the sum
of Eleven Hundred Seventy-nine Dollars and Forty-seven Cents ($1,179.47).

Yours very truly,

A. O. HAUGE,

Cashier.

ITEMIZED STATEMENT

SHOWING COST OF CROSS SECTION OF HORSE BARN.

J. E. Lovejoy on contract $ 21,600.00

Automatic feed racks 890.91

Filling as per contract 875.00

Two metal doors 220.00

Six ventilators and ornament for front 265.00

Architect fees 701.97

Engineer's fees, measuring fill 18.00

Advertising for bids 30.00

Labor laying drains 105.63

Retaining wall between horse and pony stalls 38.66

Labor placing temporary stalls along west wall 101.85

Cement washstands, buggy section 55.08

Pipe and fittings for water connections 49.15

Drain pipe and tile 84.06

Steel lintels over doorways, old section 14.75

Miscellaneous labor, grounds pay roll 275.02

Paid to date $ 25,325.08

Due J. E. Lovejoy on contract 2,300.00

Total cost $ 27,625.08

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 333

ITEMIZED STATEMENT

SHOWING COST OF STREET CAR ENTRANCE.

Contract, Des Moines Bridge and Iron Works. $ 3,539.00

Cement floor 778.92

Making fill and grading around entrance. ... 560.00

Labor, etc., setting division fence 81.41

Miscellaneous labor, grounds pay roll 97.15

Lumber for housing turnstiles 25.25

Total cost $ 5,081.73

ITEMIZED STATEMENT

SHOWING COST OF BLEACHERS.

Lumber bill $ 4,176.11

Nails and hardware 90.75

Foundation, cement and labor 251.75

Engineer's services, laying out and giving

levels 52.50

Carpenter work, etc 1,139.84

Total cost $ 5,710.95

ITEMIZED STATEMENT

SHOWING COST OF MACHINERY HALL FOR WHICH THE THIRTY-FOURTH
GENERAL ASSEMBLY APPROPRIATED $65,000.00.

James Horrabin, Des Moines, for culvert under

building $ 3,293.10

Massillon Bridge & Structural Co., Massillon,

Ohio, on contract for steel work 30,789.88

J. E. LovQjoy, Des Moines, on general contract 31,456.80
James Horrabin, Des Moines, contract for

making fill and grading around building. . . 5,401.11

O. O. Smith, architect fees 2,000.00

A. E. Holmes, engineering work, laying out

building, measuring pits and fill 125.00 •

Advertising for bids 77.85

Extras, metal work, etc 487.10

Miscellaneous work by superintendent of

grounds 635.25

Cindering walks and aisles 647.35

Total expenditure during 1911 $ 74,913.44

Expenditures during 1912 — •

Balance on 1911 contracts $ 487.80

Additional steel work 686.80

Change in drains 34.90

Re-surfacing aisles 88.60

Steel gates for main entrance 50.00 1,348.10

334 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Cement flooring —

Potts Bros., as per contract $ 4,354.75

Engineer's services, giving levels 11.50

Advertising for bids 8.50

Drawing and prints of floor plan 10.80

Cost of floor 4,385.55

Total cost of Machinery Hall $ 80,647.09

ITEMIZED STATEMENT

SHOWING COST OF SANITAKY CLOSETS FOE WHICH THE THIBTY-FOUBTH
GENERAL ASSEMBLY APPROPBIATED $8,000.00.

Pray &, Comerford, Des Moines, Iowa —

Contract for plumbing $ 5,833.46

J. E. Love-joy, contract for alternations to

rooms for closets under grandstand 2,500.75

Five cesspools for closets:

Brick, tile and cement $ 122.86

Water pipe and fittings 71,77

Five sewer rings and covers 24.50

Labor by superintendent of grounds 212.30 431.43

Metal closet signs 7.50

Architect fees 235.06

Advertising for bids 9.79

Total cost of closets $ 9,017.99

ITEMIZED STATEMENT

OF LAND PURCHASED FOB ADDITION TO STATE FAIB GROUNDS FOB WHICH THE
THIBTY-FOUBTH GENEBAL ASSEMBLY APPBOPBIATED $12,000.

The following lots were purchased by the Interstate Realty Com-
pany, W. H. Harwood, secretary, held in trust and deeded to the State
of Iowa June 6, 1912:

Lots 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, block A $ 700.00

Lots 21 and 22, block D 200.00

Lots 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, block A 500.00

Lots 14 and 15, block A (improved) 450.00

Lots 9, 10, 11 and 12, block D 425.00

Lots 9, 10, 11 and 12, block E 425.00

Lots 3 and 4, block E 200.00

Lot 24, block D 175.00

Lots 1 and 2, block F 160.00

Lots 5 and 6, block F 160.00

Lots 9, 10 and 11, block F 350.00

Lots 12, 13 and 14, block F 315.00

Lot 16, block F 125.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 335

Lots 17 and 18, block F (improved) 400.00

North one-half lots 25, 26, 27 and 28 and lot

24, block F (improved) 1,000.00

Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, block H 800.00

Lots 21 and 22, block H (improved) 400.00

Lots 26, 27 and 28, block H (improved) 1,200.00

Lots 19, 20 and 21, block F (improved) 900.00

Lots 22 and 23, block F (improved) 350.00

Lot 23, block D 91.00

$ 9,326.00

Lots condem'ned May 16, 1912 —

Lots 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and

28, block A $ 1,000.00

Lots 23, 24 and 25, block H (improved) . . . 1,500.00

Lot 15, block F (improved) 500.00

Frank Thompson, damages for vacating

property at 33 07 Logan avenue 10.00

To expense of sheriff's jury 39.50

$ 3,049.50

Lots condemned June 21, 1912:

Lots 16, 17 and 18, block A $ 300.00

To expense sheriff's jury 29.75

$ 329.75
To additional deposit with sheriff on account

of increase in award to Eva Brown et al. by

trial jury in the district court 500.04

Commission to Interstate Realty Company for

purchasing lots for state 932.60

Expense of moving and repairing Schmuck
house:

H. M. Kinsell, moving house $ 125.00

Jas. Fredregill, digging cellar and building
foundation

Repair work, grounds pay roll .......

J. R. McHenry, plastering

Lime and cement

Wall paper replaced

Connecting gas . . . ,

68.75

46.05

13.60

5.40

4.11

3.60

Expense moving and repairing Cruikshank

house:

C. S. Cooter, lot 1, block E $ 200.00

A. Cruikshank, damages for trees, etc 194.60

H. M. Kinsell, moving house 75.00

W. R. Quinnett, building foundation and

chimineys 48.00

266.51

336

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Rebuilding out buildings, fences, etc.,

grounds pay roll '. . . 90.32

Lumber 5.3 0

Brick for foundation 15.66

Lime and cement 6.60

635.48

Miscellaneous Expense:

For abstracting $ 61.25

For recording deeds 14.45

Auctioneer selling houses 20.00

Refund for barn sold 17.00

Advertising bouse sale and condemnation

notice 29.72

Insurance purchased on Engleman house. . . 5.75

148.17

Total cost $ 15,189.05

Receipts for Purchasing Land —

State appropriation $ 12,000.00

From sale of houses 1,506.50

Insurance on house sold 5.45

Sale of lots 3 and 4, block E, by Interstate .

Realty Company 220.00

Refund from sheriff on account of settle-
ment with Eva Brown et al 129.21

Total receipts $ 13,861.16

Amount in excess of appropriation $ 1,327.89

The following is a statement showing amount expended for improve-
ments within the past eleven years from receipts of fair and from
state appropriations, also amount paid in cash prizes during the same
period:

Year

Amount of
Improve-
ments from
FairReceipts

Amount of Improvements
by Appropriation

Total Amt.
Improve-
ments in
Eleven Years

Amount
Paid out for
Cash Prizes

1902

1903_.

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

$ 26,457.00
17,855.00
12,640.00
11,963.00
30,035.00
41,459.00
53,663.00
50,208.00
24,360.00
31,775.00

64,056.00

$ 37.000.00 Stock Pavilion
47,000.00 Agr'I Bldg.

75,000.00 Swine Barn

100,000.00 Amphitheater

65,000.00 Machinery Hall
8,000.00 Closets
6,000.00 Land
7,000.00 Land

$ 63,457.00
17,855.00
59,640.00
11,693.00
30,035.00

116,459.00
53,663.00

150,208.00
24,360.00

100,775.00
71,056.00

$ 21,736.31
23,813.13
24,691.68
28,556.89
31,703.94
35,504.79
38,744.56
42,262.76

1910

1911

1912

49,717.50

56,264.35
58,139.15

$ 364,471.00

$ 344,000.00

$ 708,471.00

$ 411,135.06

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

337

8DnBpa3}:)V

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8 S 8 8 8

g 88

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22

338

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT

Showing Receipts and Disbursements of Iowa State Fair and Other Sources

Repairs, etc., and Net Profit of

Receipts

Year

is

a
o

ii

U

.2"

>>

Is

3

o

n
a

g

c.
E

3

s

o

1896 — -

1901 —

1902

1903

$ 116.79
28,616.55
34,244.93
30,372.25
28,963.11
29,657.23
39,976.34
50.294.87
35,327.90
25,328.73
4,985.25
7,283.44
18,036.99

$ 36,622.10
50,712.91
63,084.71
59,838.56
66,100.36
84,786.25
110,929.85
104,356.75
138,764.66
137,307.40
157,259.77
179,549.67
185,701.21

$ 7,000.00

1,000.00
38,000.00

1,000.00
48,000.00

1,000.00

1,000.00
76,000.00

1,000.00
101,000.00

1,000.00
78.000.00

8,000.00

$ 6,710.22
2,753.82
3,037.06
3,140.79
2,622.06
2,840.92
3,717.16
5,452.34
3,262.95
5,257.42

14,658.30
5,275.72

14,579.82

$ 50,332.32
54,466.73
104,121.77
63,979.35
116,722.39
88,627.17
115,647.01
185,908.09
143,027.61
243,564.82
171,918.07
262,825.39
208,281.03

$ 50,449.11
83,083.28
138,366.70
94,351.60
145,685.50
118,284.49
155,623.35
236,103.96
178,355.51
268,893.55
176,908.32
270,108.83
226.318.02

$ 16,404.29
19,203.83
21,736.31
23,813.13
24,691.68
28,730.89
31,703.94
35,504.79
38,744.56
42,262.76
49,717.60
50,264.35
68,139.15

$ 15,351.06
13,925.87
20,073.34
21,989.56

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

28,485.42
34,408.62
40,315.60
43,647.20
55,848.65
66,968.12

1910

1911

1912

80,513.68
81,603.16
85,829.74

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

339

OF AGRICULTURE FOR YEARS OF 1896 AND 1901 TO 1912, INCLUSIVE.

and Expenditures, Together with Amount Expended for Improvements,
Fair for Each of the Years Named.

Disbursements

Profits of Fair

Is

p.
.5 2-3

^ tU3.Q

tt)-w

ifa

u

a

o

i

o

1

Si
§

'is.?

mi

PL)

'a
o

0

S3

O

ft

5

$ 7,471.95
12,378.73
63,457.12
17,855.77
59,641.11
11,963.09
30,085.33

$ 14,019.88
2,313.44
2,608.69
1,704.83
3,1S5.43
3,345.27
3,385,87
5,043.03
4,975.50
4,379.91
14,740.26
4,429.29
4,101.43

$ 53,247.28

48,821.87

107,875.46

65.363.29

116,013.64

78.447.87

105,440.74

200,654.07

153,231.98

263,814.37

169,332.42

252,071.84

225.702.59

$ 152.84

34.244.98

30,372.25

28.963.11

29,657.23

39,976.34

50,294.87

35,327.90

25,328.73

4,985.25

7,283.44

18,036.99

616.63

16.48
118.99
25.20
14.63
139.81
112.26
176.19
381.39
332.39
287.46
209.85
563.84

$ 53,400.12
83,083.28
138,366.70
94,351.60
145,685.50
118,284.40
155,623.35
236,103.96
178,355.51
268,893.55
176,903.32
270,108.83
226,318.02

$ 36,622.10
50,712.91
63.064.71
59,838.56
66,100.36
84,786.25
110,929.85
104,356.75
138,764.66
137,307.40
157,259.77
179,549.67
185,701.21

$ 31,807.35

33,129.70

41,809.65

45.802.69

53,177.10

63,139.51

72,459.89

79,151.99

94,593.21

109,225.88

130,231.18

137,867.51

143,968.89

$ 4.81175
17.583.21
21.276.06
14,035.87
12.823.26
21.646.74
38,470.46

16,459.05
53,663.69

150,208.58
24,360.98

109,775.04

25,204.76
44,171.45
28,081.52
27,028.50
41,682.16

71,066.56

$ 6,575.51

41.732.32

340

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

PREMIUM WARRANTS.

8-24

9625

8-24

9626

8-24

9627

8-24

9628

8-24

9629

8-24

9630

8-24

9631

8-24

9632

8-24

9633

8-24

9634

8-24

9635

8-24

9636

8-26

9637

8-26

9638

8-26

9639

8-26

9640

8-26

9641

8-26

9642

8-26

9643

8-27

9644

8-27

9645

8-27

9646

8-27

9647

8-27

9648

8-27

9649

8-27

9650

8-27

9651

8-27

9652

8-28

9653

8-28

9654

8-28

9655

8-28

9656

8-28

9657

8-28

9658

8-28

9659

8-28

9660

8-28

9661

8-28

9662

8-28

9663

8-28

9664

8-28

9665

D. O. Alleman $ 270.00

L. H. Horner 160.00

O. H. Myers 360.00

J. S. Ware 20.00

Sam Hawley 120.00

C. W. McMillan (for Dan'l Haring) 100.00

H. W. Buckbee 40.00

B. Sholes 15.00

D. Brant 30.00

W. E. Trapp 72.50

C. B. Irwin 137.50

W. M. Scott 75.00

Geo. C. Anderson (for Matt Kane) 80.00

King Hill Stock Farm 12.50

O. H. Myers 270.00

H. W. Brown 360.00

Chas. W. Kenyon 160.00

E. G. Bohanan 80.00

Chet Kelly 40.00

Wm. Beecroft 50.00

Frank E. Strahan 100.00

W. Trapp 22.50

Chet Kelly 12.50

0. H. Myers 225.00

H. W. Buckbee 100.00

Ralph 0. Childs 225.00

E. Russell ■. 200.00

F. C. Caine 50.00

C. F. Adams 50.00

Finnicum & James 25.00

Porter Bros 50.00

John D. Sprague 450.00

Oscar Ames 25.00

H. H. Smith 225.00

Geo. C. Anderson 100.00

L. E. Kasserman 15.00

Dick McMahon 450.00

Riever Bros 100.00

Ed Farnsworth 150.00

Joe McLaughlin 450.00

King Hill Stock Farm 150.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 341

8-28 9666 Fred S. Clark 37.50

8-28 9667 Chas. R. Allen 495.00

8-28 9668 Chas. Hardie 100.00

8-28 9669 G. Spicer 75.00

8-28 9670 H. J. McKenna 70.00

8-29 9671 W. H. Smollinger 140.00

8-29 9672 W. M. Anderson 75.00

8-29 9673 C. E. Cameron 150.00

8-29 9674 Oakwood Stock Farm 352.50

8-29 9675 H. W. Prentice 7.00

8-29 9676 Fred Kraemer 7.00

8-29 9677 M. J. McAhern 2.00

8-29 9678 Normandy Kennels 14.00

8-29 9679 Henry DeGooyer 10.00

8-29 9680 Laura V. Russell 7.00

8-29 9681 M. B. Brown 2.00

8-29 9682 Fordham Kennels 2.00

8-29 9683 A. Henderson 3.00

8-29 9684 James McDonald 3.00

8-29 9685 Mrs. Thomas F. Duhigg 1.00

8-29 9686 Du Page Kennels 6.00

8-29 9687 Alex Smith , 7.00

8-29 9688 E. G. Marquardt 3.00

8-29 9689 J. C. Thompson 4.00

8-29 9690 M. Ten Hogan 9.00

8-29 9691 Margaret Dole 3.00

8-29 9692 Delno Hall 2.00

8-29 9693 Guy F. Hall 2.00

8-29 9694 Cedarcrest Kennels 4.00

8-29 9695 Dr. L. L. Davis 7.00

8-29 9696 Gaston Jules Garey 17.00

8-29 9697 Col. John Duff 10.00

8-29 9698 T. H. Kaldenberg 15.00

8-29 9699 J. W. Curphy 1.00

8-29 9700 Jos. A. Roach 8.00

8-29 9701 John C. Doolittle 7.00

8-29 9702 Vickery Kennels 26.00

8-29 9703 R. A. Norris 7.00

8-29 9704 W. O. Richhart 7.00

8-29 9705 R. C. Strock 3.00

8-29 9706 Geo. Brodie '. 3.00

8-29 9707 Chas. P. Squires 7.00

8-29 9708 C. R. Allen 35.00

8-29 9709 Roy Smith 360.00

8-29 9710 Schinstock Bros 160.00

8-29 9711 Schinstock Bros 315.00

8-30 9712 C. W. Reeder 30.00

8-30 9713 C. E. Cameron 50.00

8-30 9714 K. J. Midbo 100.00

342 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

8-30 9715 B. R. Fatta 80.00

8-30 9716 M. D. Shutt 75.00

8-30 9717 Hanson's Poultry Farm 50.00

8-30 9718 Pat Jackman 25.00

8-30 9719 Dick McMahon 80.00

8-30. 9720 B. Shively 360.00

8-30 9721 Walter I. Pike 450.00

8-30 9722 Geo. Anderson 225.00

8-30 9723 W. B. Taylor 150.00

8-30 9724 W. B. Taylor 40.00

8-30 9725 W. B. Taylor 160.00

8-30 9726 E. L. Nagle & Son 52.00

8-30 9727 E. L. Bitterman 154.00

8-30 9728 0. H. Peasley & Sons 36.00

8-30 9729 A. G. Forsbeck 19.00

8-30 9730 W. A. Taylor & Sons 61.00

8-30 9731 H. S. Allen 16.00

8-30 9732 P. H. Allen 40.00

8-30 9733 D. H. Lewis 198.00

8-30 9734 Mike Sharp & Son 182.00

8-30 9735 Will Michael 18.00

8-30 9736 S. A. Roberts 50.00

8-30 9737 J. E. Beckendorf 12.00

8-30 9738 R. J. Harding 17.00

8-30 9739 Geo. Gawley 6.00

8-30 9740 0. E. Osborn 2.00

8-30 9741 H. E. Browning 34.00

8-30 9742 L. C. Burford 23.00

8-30 9743 Harris Logan 3.00

8-30 9744 Frank Read & Son 5.00

8-30 9745 Walnut Hall Farm 132.00

8-30 9746 T. D. Postle 56.00

8-30 9747 R. & W. Postle 145.00

8-30 9748 C. C. Groxen 132.00

8-30 9749 Clayton Messenger 93.00

8-30 9750 C. A. Evans 40.00

8-30 9751 Thos. F. Kent 113.00

8-30 9752 P. H. Sheridan 6.00

8-30 9753 J. H. Faris 2.00

8-30 9754 A. P. Alsin 4.00

8-30 9755 Wigstone Btos 10.00

8-30 9756 C. S. Hechtner 281.00

8-30 9757 B. M. Boyer 35.00

8-30 9758 F. C. Paul 82.00

8-30 9759 J. S. Fawcett & Son 101.00

8-30 9760 Fred Crawford 120.00

8-30 9761 A. E. Noe 140.00

8-30 9762 Belle Stantz 50.00

8-30 9763 J. D. Hannon 15.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 343

8-30 9764 B. Sholes 75.00

8-30 9765 B. Sholes 37.50

8-30 9766 F. 0. Dunkerton 4.00

8-30 9767 A. D. Anderson & Son 14.00

8-30 9768 Willie Essig 181.00

8-30 9769 P. C. James 8.00

8-30 9770 Isom J. Martin 47.00

8-30 9771 Hockett & Ashby 24.00

8-30 9772 C. A. Brook 2.00

8-30 9773 Forest S. McPherson 45.00

8-30 9774 Fred Sievers 8.00

8-30 9775 Barr & Rae 97.00

8-30 9776 J. H. Nissen 28.00

8-30 9777 Fred W. Lahr 24.00

8-30 9778 Geo. W. Lasley 2.00

8-30 9779 Waltemeyer Bros 255.00

8-30 9780 S. Rail & Son 142.00

8-30 9781 J. E. Meharry 223.00

8-30 9782 O. J. Mooers 22.00

8-30 9783 D. B. Rightmire 28.00

8-30 9784 Farmers Farm ; 169.00

8-30 9785 E. S. Barker 176.00

8-30 9786 Hanks & Bishop 50.00

8-30 9787 E. W. Davis & Co 78.00

8-30 9788 Chas. W. Krumm 27.00

8-30 9789 Joe Kramer 20.00

8-30 9790 B. H. Kunkle 222.00

8-30 9791 Arthur Spear 22.00

8-30 9792 Chas. Hardie 70.00

8-30 9793 J. W. Thomas 25.00

8-30 9794 C. Irwin 75.00

8-30 9795 C. Irwin 37.50

8-30 9796 C. B. Irwin 22.50

8-30 9797 C. Irwin 15.00

8-30 9798 Irwin Bros 37.50

8-30 9799 C. B. Irwin 37.50

8-30 9800 Frank Carter 15.00

8-30 9801 Hugh Clark 22.50

8-30 9802 G. W. Spicer 22.50

8-30 9803 J. K. Scott 26.00

8-30 9804 A. W. Arnold 234.00

8-30 9805 F. W. Cook 168.00

8-30 9806 F. S. King Bros. Co 108.00

8-30 9807 S. W. Stewart & Son 45.00

8-30 9808 D. H. Paul 45.00

8-30 9809 Harry D. Eddingfield 62.00

8-30 9810 E. M. Metzger 42.00

8-30 9811 F. M. Buck 154.00

8-30 9812 W' Warren Mortoii .,,,..,, , , , , 332.0Q

8-30

9813

8-30

9814

8-30

9815

8-30

9816

8-30

9817

8-30

9818

8-30

9819

8-30

9820

8-30

9821

8-30

9822

8-30

9823

8-30

9824

8-30

9825

8-30

9826

8-30

9827

8-30

9828

8-30

9829

8-30

9830

8-30

9831

8-3a

9832

8-30

9833

8-30

9834

8-30

9835

8-30

9836-

8-30

9837

8-30

9838

8-30

9839

8-30

9840

8-30

9841

8-30

9842

8-30

9843

8-30

9844

8-30

9845

8-30

9846

8-30

9847

8-30

9848

8-30

9849

8-30

9850

8-30

9851

8-30

9852

8-30

9853

8-30

9854

8-30

9855

8-30

9856

8-3'0

9857

8-30

9858

8-30

9859

8-30

9860

8-30

9861

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

A. C. Binnie 338.00

W. H. Dunbar 38.00

J. F. Leahy 18.00

Walker Bros 166.00

Martin Nelson 98.00

Pinch Bros 489.00

W. V. R. Powis 40.00

F. M. Meyers 35.00

lowana Farm 100.00

0. J. Mooers 1,113.00

J. H. Miller 372.00

Achenbach Bros 161.00

S. M. Croft & Son 111.00

Thos. Bass 395.00

E. Pancake 113.00

Hook & Woods 495.00

J. W. Larrabee 33.00

Chas. Graff 121.00

F. Davis & Son 72.00

J. B. Ashby 21.00

G. E. Cole 170.00

Geo. J. Sayer 240.00

Rapp Bros 86.00

W. A. Wickersham 29.00

New Bloomfield Saddle Horse Co 55.00

Houchin & Anderson 250.00

Wilcox & Stubbs 367.00

J. P. Cudahy 319.00

J. H. & J. W. Van Natta 232.00

L. C. Olaff 43.00

Phillip Funk 20.00

Adolph P. Arp 98.00

Hutson & Son 200.00

Haussler Bros 218.00

R. H. Hazlett 191.00

W. M. Smith 9.00

R. E. Watts & Son 43.00

Chas. Escher & Son 45.00

Geo. M. Vader 10.00

Hildebrand Bros 20.50

Frank White 252.00

Frank White 28.00

C. A. Nelson 191.00

John Cameron 15.00

Allynhurst Farm 233.00

Alex Galbraith & Son 205.00

John Donhowe 148.00

C. B. McCanna 62.00

Ed Kingsley 20.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 345

8-30 9862 J. B. Baker 40.00

8-30 9863 Morgan Horse Farm 130.00

8-30 9864 W. J. Miller 501.00

8-30 9865 P. F. Smith 86.00

8-30 9866 J. C. Brunk 170.00

8-30 9867 C. A. Saunders 270.00

8-30 ^9868 Wild Rose Farm 1,200.00

8-30 9869 H. H. Powell & Son 51.00

8-30 9870 H. G. McMillan & Son 690.00

8-30 9871 Garrie Bishop 10.00

8-30 9872 E. M. Hoagland 45.00

8-30 9873 J. A. Loughridge 75.00

8-30 9874 Thos. L. Leonard 151.00

8-30 9875 G. A. McCarty 90.00

8-30 9876 Wm. Crownover 265.00

8-30 9877 Wm. Hopley Est 85.00

8-30 9878 Dunham's 125.00

8-30 9879 W. J. Brinigar 65.00

8-30 9880 Anoka Farms 389.00

8-30 9881 Anoka Farms 700.00

8-30 9882 Straub Bros 387.00

8-30 9883 O. S. Gibbons & Son 173.00

8-30 9884 Dr. A. E. Merkle 33.00

8-30 9885 Mrs. E. L. Karr 7.00

8-30 9886 Frank Shekleton 20.00

8-30 9887 Theo. Martin 46.00

8-30 9888 W. W. Vaughn 6.00

8-30 9889 W. & A. Graham 140.00

8-30 9890 Jno. R. Rittenhouse 143.00

8-30 9891 W. C. Estes 20.00

8-30 9892 Bruce Robinson 50.00

8-30 9893 J. H. Williams 232.00

8-30 9894 C. B. Dannen & Son 150.00

8-30 9895 Ed P. Urich 50.00

8-30 9896 Adam Seitz 416.00

8-30 9897 H. C. Young 150.00

8-30 9898 H. W. Ayers 256.00

8-30 9899 J. J. Brennan 10.00

8-30 9900 Carl Rosenfeld 49.00

8-30 9901 J. L. Risley 18.00

8-30 9902 Hamilton Bros 150.00

8-30 9903 C. W. McDermott 63.00

8-30 9904 H. Lefebure 115.00

8-30 9905 J. E. Bailey 5.0O

8-30 9906 J. Leitch & Sons 178.00

8-30 9907 Thurman's Woodbine Place 45.00

8-30 9908 A. L. Russell 30.00

8-30 9909 M. H. Corey 12.00

8-30 9910 Alex W. Arnold 6.00

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

9911 A. J. Blakely 88.00

9912 . R. F. French 68.00

9913 J. R. Peak & Son 820.00

9914 Frank E. Huston 165.00

9915 Dierling & Otto 115.00

9916 Hann & Mayne 46.00'

9917 Crawford & Griffin 115.00

9918 Hillcrest Farm 5.00

9919 Cotta & Williams 65.00

9920 A. L. Champlin 245.00

9921 E. W. Kreischer 27.00

9922 Marion T. Anderson 30.00

9923 F. W. Weinrich 63.00

9924 A. 0. Huff 83.00

9925 W. B. Rodgers 315.00

9926 Chas. Hardie 35.00

9927 H. S. Helphrey 450.00

9928 Oscar Ames 70.00

9929 G. A. Ury 15.00

9930 Walter S. Pike 200.00

9931 Fred Steiner 140.00

9932 Geo. Eggert 215.00

9933 E. Bruins 223.00

9934 Smith & Roberts 326.00

9935 Wm. Herkelman 128.00

9936 Kuper Bros 8.00

9937 Brown & Walker 10.00

9938. Frank Clauss 199.00

9939 South Bros 88.00

9940 R. M. Anderson 232.00

9941 A. L. Foster * 60.00

9942 J. T. Judge 78.00

9943 F. H. Ehlers 73.00

9944 F. W. Akers 6.00

9945 John McCoy 5.00

9946 Paul & Wilson 8.00

9947 G. W. Grigsby 153.00

9948 J. C. Thompson & Son 26.00

9949 H. C. Davis 150.00

9950 Ed Clapper 10.00

9951 R. W. Crumpacker 20.00

9952 W. H. S. Barnett 16.00

9953 W. W. Seeley 45.00

9954 Sheehan Bros 40.00

9955 Geo. A. Heyl 418.00

9956 Robt. Dyer 30.00

9957 B. Sholes 15.00

9958 D. Brant 22.50

9959 M. M. Anderson 112.50

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

347

8-30

9960

8-30

9961

8-30

9962

8-31

9963

8-31

9964

8-31

9965

9- 9

9966

9-10

9967

9-10

9968

9-11

9969

9-13

9970

9-13

9971

9-17

9972

9-17

9973

9-17

9974

9-17

9975

9-17

9976

9-17

9977

9-17

9978

9-17

9979

9-17

9980

9-17

9981

9-17

9982

9-17

9983

9-17

9984

9-17

9985

9-17

9986

9-17

9987

9-17

9988

9-17

9989

9-17

9990

9-17

9991

9-17

9992

9-17

9993

9-17

9994

9-17

9995

9-17

9996

9-17

9997

9-17

9998

9-17

9999

9-17

10000

9-17

10001

9-17

10002

9-17

10003

9-17

10004

9-17

10005

9-17

10006

9-17

10007

9-17

10008

Reeves Bros 100.00

J. H. Battger 50.00

Irwin Bros 97.50

G. W. Spiccr 37.50

Harry E. Burgess 5.00

lowana Farms 50.00

Wood Harper (Des Moines Nat'l Bank) 45.00

Mrs. Ira Hall 10.00

Stock Yards Harness & Saddlery Co 100'. 00

Thos. F. Stevenson (Valley Nat'l Bank) 50.00

Thos. F. Stevenson 10.00

H. H. Polk 15.00

John S. Albaugh 88.00

Mrs. N. B. Ashby 12.00

"M. Anderson 13.67

C. S. Adams 3.00

Altamont Poultry Farm 2.00

Mrs. T. N. Adams 2.00

A. L. Anderson 5.00

Mrs. Jesse Alexander 19.00

J. H. Allen 7.00

Frances C. Adams 50

L. P. Anderson 10.52

Mrs. A. C. Atherton 2.00

Mrs. J. H. Abernathy 17.50

Naomi Anneberg 4.00

G. H. Purge 147.00

Bellows Bros 55.00

Geo. E. Brown 63.00

Joel Bloomster 11.57

C. F. Bollig 8.42

Clias. Bachman 25.00

L^sJ:er Barton 2.00

N. Bartholomew 30.00

C. B. Bracy 7.37

Mrs. M. Bredimus 101.50

Mrs. H. S. Branson 10.00

J. W. Booth 20.00

Mrs. Rosella Brewer 1.00

J. J. Boland 8.42

J. W. Bittenbender 97.00

W. Beatty • 1.00

J. J. Brunner 2.10

W. E. Burcn & Son 2.00

Oscar L. Bock 12.00

J. Ross Bachman 8.00

C. A. Barquist 13,00

F. W. Bremer 7.37

B. F. Bentley 3.15

348

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

9-17

10009

9-17

10010

9-17

10011

9-17

10012

9-17

10013

9-17

10014

9-17

10015

9-17

10016

9-17

10017

9-17

10018

9-17

10019

9-17

10020

9-17

100'21

9-17

19022

9-17

10023

9-17

10024

9-17

10025

9-17

10.026

9-17

10027

9-17

10028

9-17

10029

9-17

10030

9-17

10031

9-17

10032

9-17

10033

9-17

10034

9-17

10035

9-17

10036

9-17

10037

9-17

10038

9-17

10039

9-17

10040

9-17

10041

9-17

10042

9-17

10043

9-17

10044

9-17

10045

9-17

10046

9-17

10047

9-17

10048

9-17

10049

9-17

10050

9-17

10051

9-17

10052

9-17

10053

9-17

10054

9-17

10055

9-17

10056

9-17

10057

Mrs. Lake Bower .' 19.00

Miss Gertrude Brereton 15.00

Mrs. A, A. Bennett 16.00

Harry E. Burgess 9.50

Frances Blanchard 43.00

Wm. R. Bittenbender 17.00

A. H. Bakehouse 187.65

Ruth Baker 5.00

Mrs. M. A. Bishop 5.00

Ray F. Bennett 11.00

Dr. S. L. Beaver 10.00

Raymond Barrett 6.00

John Blake 2.00

G. D. Black 27.00

Mrs. L. Bicker 5.00

H. E. Brown 25.00

M. L. Beaven 9.50

Ethel Baird .50

Lula Baird 5.00

Mrs. E. 0. Boe 2.00

Warren E. Beebe 22.00

Marjorie A. Bush 10.00

Mrs. G. H. Botsford 2.00

Armien Bruns 12.00

Mary Brigham 1.00

Vera Betts 18.00

Alice Badgley 1.00

Mrs. Harry C. Byers l.OO

A. Bongers 5M

Mrs. C. F. Burridge 1.00

E. M. Cassady & Son 208.00

W. S. Corsa 585.00

G. A. Chaffee 97.00

Fred Crawford 15.00

W. H. Chapman 5.26

S. B. Cooksley 8.42

Wib F. Clements 31.00

R. E. Clemens 13.67

Erve A. Cole 7.37

Willes F. Conway 1.05

Dr. L. D. Carpenter 10.00

E. Z. Canr 2.10

J. A. Crowther 5.26

W. 0. Coon 9.00

E. O. Corss 8.00

Ida M. Chubb .*.... 42.25

A. L. Chamberlain 2.50

J. E. Cornwell 20.78

Margaret Cornwell 3.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

349

9-17 10058 Mrs. Mary Campbell 1.00

9-17 10059 Mrs. Geo. C. Cooper .50

9-17 10060 Chris Christensen 1.05

9-17 10061 F. C. Colby 7.00

9-17 10062 Aimee Camel 4.50

9-17 10063 Linn Culbertson 45.00

9-17 10064 Mrs. E. M. Cross 5.00

9-17 10065 Mrs. L. H. Curran 56.50

9-17 10066 Marjorie Connor 19.00

9-17 10067 Mrs. F. A. Campbell 2.00

9-17 10068 Mrs. Robt. Carlile 4.00

9-17 10069 Lucile Copper 2.00

9-17 10070 June Collins 11.00

9-17 10071 Mrs. M. A. Canine 1.00

9-17 10072 Miss Ruby Cain 4.50

9-17 10073 Mrs. Anna Cain 2.50

9-17 10074 Mrs. E. A. Crapsey 9.50

9-17 10075 W. F. Clifford 3.00

9-17 10076 Eileen Coffee 2.00

9-17 10077 Chas. C. Cook 12.00

9-17 10078 C. A. Day 2.10

9-17 10079 Dunn Bros 1.00

9-17 10080 Arthur Dearinger 15.00

9-17 10081 Carl Dare 14.00

9-17 10082 Ray L. Doore 22.00

9-17 10083 N. O. Dahleen 8.42

9-17 10084 A. J. Doore 10.00

9-17 10085 O. A. Decker 2.00

9-17 10086 Clifford W. Duke 6.00

9-17 10087 Mrs. E. Hughes Dukehart 4.00

9-17 10088 M. L. Dudley 10.00

9-17 10089 Helen Deets 49.50

9-17 10090 A. J. Doleschal 3.I5

9-17 10091 Mrs. D. Downey 6.00

9-17 10092 Ida C. Dalton : 5.00

9-17 10093 M. J. Donavan 5.26

9-17 10094 Mrs. W. L. DeClow 10.00

9-17 10095 Wm. Danner 9.O0

9-17 10096 Mrs. Robert Dormer 6.00

9-17 10097 J. M. Dillow 2.00

9-17 10098 Miss Pearl Denny 15.00

9-17 10099 Mary Dixon 1,00

9-17 10100 X C. Ewing 50.00

9-17 10101 R. J. Erb 5.26

9-17 10102 Mrs. J. C. Elliott 3.00

9-17 10103 J. W. Eral 18.00

9-17 10104 Harry Eral 8.00

9-17 10105 J. W. Engel 4.21

9-17 10106 J. Martin Erickson 5.00

350

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

9-17

10107

9-17

10108

9-17

10109

9-17

10110

9-17

10111

9-17

10112

9-17

10113

9-17

10114

9-17

10115

9-17

10116

9-17

10117

9-17

10118

9-17

10119

9-17

10120

9-17

10121

9-17

10122

9-17

10123

9-17

10124

9-17

10125

9-17

10126

9-17

10127

9-17

10128

9-17

10129

9-17

10130'

9-17

10131

9-17

10132

9-17

10133

9-17

10134

9-17

10135

9-17

10136

9-17

10137

9-17

10138

9-17

10139

9-17

10140

9-17

10141

9-17

10142

9-17

10143

9-17

10144

9-17

10145

9-17

10146

9-17

10147

9-17

10148

9-17

10149

9-17

10150

9-17

10151

9-17

10152

9-17

10153

9-17

10154

9-17

10155

W. E. Evens 3.00

F. F. Everett 24.00

N. C. Erickson 13.67

Mrs. Retta Ellis 1.00

Mrs. A. H. Eiclienlaub 18.00

Miss Lucile Eiclienlaub 6.00

Miss Lula Eiclienlaub 10.50

Mrs. C. J. Eller 15.00

Ellen M. Ellis 2.00

H. H. Ford 115.00

Nellie Fabyan 10.00

A. L. Foster 5.00

Helen Feldman .50

Alice Fredrickson 8.00

Mrs. T. J. Flora 52.00

Mrs. Anna B. Frost 47.00

Tom Finnegan 17.00

John Finnegan 15.00

L. L. Flickinger 7.37

Caroline Forney 2.00

Mrs. E. H. Fagg 1.00

H. L. Felter 55.50

Mrs. J. C. Fuson 2.00

W. E. Graham 25.00

G. J. Gudknecht 7.36

Jno. Graham & Son 100.00

L. M. Griffin 15.00

H. A. Griese 10.52

Mrs. A. C. Griffith 1.00

C. E. Graff .50

Mrs. Frank Grant 29.00

Clayton Garrett 128.88

Mary J. Gaylord 11.00

Mrs. J. B. G^ant 3.00

Bertha D. Greubel 22.00

Nell Greaney 11.00

Henry George 12.00

Mrs. Geo. M. Grmp4:oad 24.00

Alma Grinstead . . 32.00

Maisy Grinstead 40.00

Mrs. J. C. Gingery 1.50

Mrs. A. M. Guthrie 4.00

Chas. O. Garrett 240.50

W. W. Gwinn 53.33

Myrtle A. Gabriel 3.50

Mrs. Jas. Grinstead 4.00

Mrs. C. L. Gay 31.50

Geo. M. Grinstead 50.00

L. E. Gibson 14.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

35i

9-17 10156 Mrs. Clara Goings 2.00

9-17 10157 Mrs. J. W. Graves : 2.00

9-17 10158 Mrs. Lou Gamratli 5.00

9-17 10159 Fred H. Hassler 8.00

9-17 10160 O.Harris 313.00

9-17 10161 J. L. Howard 40.00

9-17 10162 R. M. Halford 12.00

9-17 10163 L. S. Huntley & Son 25.00

9-17 10164 Henry Hansen 15.80

9-17 10165 W. V. Hixson 345.00

9-17 10166 W. A. Hook 12.00

9-17 10167 Jas. Hethershaw 130.00

9-17 10168 W. P. Hughes 7.37

9-17 10169 C. E. Hiatt 40.00

9-17 10170 G. W. Howard 3.00

9-17 10171 Frank Harker 35.00

9-17 10172 L. W. Harkens 15.00

9-17 10173 Carl Hovland 11.57

9-17 10174 Ott Hicks 1.05

9-17 10175 John Newman Hicks 1.05

9-17 10176 E. Heydon 28.00

9-17 10177 Mrs. W. H. Harwood 14.00

9-17 10178 Kolburn Hegna 13.00

9-17 10179 Weir Hart 22.50

9-17 10180 Peter Hove 12.00

9-17 10181 C. M. Hummer 3.00

9-17 10182 C. W. Howell 13.00

9-17 10183 J. F. Harsh 10.00

9-17 10184 Hansons Poultry Farm 47.00

9-17 10185 Harry Hilton 2.00

9-17 10186 Frank Hilton 8.00

9-17 10187 Carl Holden 41.00

9-17 10188 Mrs. K. Hegna 5.00

9-17 10189 N. J. Harris 13.00

9-17 10190 Mrs. G. B. Hippee 13.20

9-17 10191 F. O. Harrington 86.00

9-17 10192 F. H. Harms 2.10

9-17 10193 ■ Mrs. W. L. Hestwood 3.00

9-17 10194 Mrs. Sarah Hillon 1.00

9-17 10195 S. S. Hudson 4.21

9-17 10196 R. M. Howard 3.00

9-17 10197 Anna Hansen 1.00

9-17 10198 Lorenes Hines 4.00

9-17 10199 Pauline Holland 5.00

9-17 10200 S. E. Harker 16.00

9-17 10201 D. E. Henry 4.00

9-17 10202 lowana Farms 125.00

9-17 10203 lowana Farms 151.00

9-17 10204 lowana Farms 16.00

352

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

9-17 10205 Chas. Irvine 266.00

9-17 10206 Iowa Seed Co 398.00

9-17 10207 C. F. Jones 6.00

9-17 10208 Jno. Justice 105.77

9-17 10209 Jno. H. Jennings 111-00

9-17 10210 J. H. Jensen 7.37

9-17 10211 Chris Jessen 4.21

9-17 10212 M. J. Jorgenson 4.00

9-17 10213 James H. Jones 10.00

9-17 10214 Joe Johnson 1.00

9-17 10215 Carl Jorgenson 2.10

9-17 10216 Isaac Johnson 73.50

9-17 10217 Chris Jensen 1.05

9-17 10218 Frank Johnson 20.00

9-17 10219 Walter D. Jensen 13.00

9-17 10220 M. S. Jones 14.00

9-17 10221 Mrs. C. M. Johnesse 4.00

9-17 10222 Mrs. E. J. Johnson 7.00

9-17 10223 W. E. Kingdon 35.00

9-17 10224 Joe Kramer 56.60

9-17 10225 Krizer Bros 18.00

9-17 10226 Mrs. M. Kastberg 58.50

9-17 10227 T. H. Kaldenberg 3.50

9-17 10228 Frances Keffer 75.00

9-17 10229 F. H. Kelling 9.47

9-17 10230 Fannie M. Klinck 174.15

9-17 10231 Mrs. Clara Kaup 3.50

9-17 10232 W. O. Knapp 26.00

9-17 10233 Ella Kock ' 30.50

9-17 10234 Mary Kegley 9.50

9-17 10235 Mrs. Frank Kuble 3.00

9-17 10236 Henry Lauer 118.00

9-17 10237 H. W. Littleton 42.00

9-17 10238 Fred F. Lockwood 8.42

9-17 10239 J. A. Laughridge 20.00

9-17 10240 J. W. Love 3.00

9-17 10241 Linn Hill Park Stock Farm 15.00

9-17 10242 W. F. Lyon 132.67

9-17 10243 W. F. Lyon 49.00

9-i7 10244 Chris Lundhay 14.75

9-17 10245 Ellwyn Lucas 19.00

9-17 10246 G. F. Lanquist 10.52

9-17 10247 Wm. J. Lockhart 11.00

9-17 10248 R. A. Lundberg 5.00

9-17 10249 Fred Lehman 2.10

9-17 10250 H. C. Ladage 7.37

9-17 10251 R. H. Longworth 66.00

9-17 10252 Lozier, The Florist 202.00

9-17 10253 J. Russell Long 1.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

353

9-17 10254 Mary E. Lowe 9.00

9-17 10255 O. O. Lomen 16.50

9-17 10256 Marie O. Lomen 44.40

9-17 10257 Mrs. Eva Livingstone 6.00

"9-17 10258 Mrs. Chas. Lehman 7.00

9-17 10259 Martha Leuty 14.00

9-17 10260 Jennie Leuty 12.00

9-17 10261 Harral A. Longworth 51.00

9-17 10262 Minnie Lewis 43.80

9-17 10263 Marguerite Lambert 12.00

9-17 10264 Mrs. R. A. Lewis 72.20

9-17 10265 N. B. Lathrop 26.00

9-17 10266 Effie Lewton 5.00

9-17 10267 Harry Livingood 50.00

9-17 10268 G. F. Marshall & Son 2.00

9-17 10269 J. A. Mason 26.00

9-17 10270 Wilmoth C. Mack 2.00

9-17 10271 F. A. Mathis 3.00

9-17 10272 E. Mittlestadt 7.37

9-17 10273 J. N. B. Miller 35.00

9-17 10274 Morris & Co 125.00

9-17 10275 P. Morasco 10.50

9-17 10276 H. R. Malone 191.17

9-17 10277 Fred McCullough 176.91

9-17 10278 Thos. E. Morlan 20.00

9-17 10279 J. C. Mawdsley 8.0'0

9-17 10280 J. W. Moore 1.50

9-17 10281 Ernest Massey 2.00

9-17 10282 Catherine M. Macartney 60.00

9-17 10283 Mrs. Richard Manning 64.00

9-17 10284 W. E. Middlestadt 12.63

9-17 10285 L. G. Miller 17.50

9-17 10286 Ed R. Mawdsley 38.00

9-17 10287 Mrs. B. A. Matthews 44.00

9-17 10288 C. E. Malone 244.27

9-17 10289 Chris Morck 7.36

9-17 10290 Beatrice Mansfield 9.00

9-17 10291 F. I. Moore 12.00

9-17 10292 Mrs. C. N. Mutchler 9.00

9-17 10293 Wm. Matters 3.15

9-17 10294 Miss Anna M. Meyer 17.0-0

9-17 10295 M. A. Moore 19.00

9-17 10296 Harriett Macy 64.50

9-17 10297 Emily L. Morgan 2.00

9-17 10298 M. E. Myers 2.00

9-17 10299 Alden Moore 12.00

9-17 10300 Mrs. A. D. Moore 2.00

9-17 10301 Mrs. E. M. Mann 2.00

354 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Georgia Mann 1.00

C. E. Mincer 172.45

Mrs. C. E. Mincer 22.00

Mrs. E. P. Murrow 7.00

D. W. Mohler 8.42

B. L. Marshall 5.50

Forest B. Myers 5.00

William Macy 3.00

Fritz Mathis 2.00

W. A. McHenry 420'.00

Geo. McCray 158.00

Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co 294.00

Warren T. McCray 291.00

McLay Bros 193.00

Geo. T. McCannon 34.00

Wm. McMichael 1.00

J. R. McDonald 12.00

Dora McLain 13.00

M. F. McGovern 7.00

F. E. McCall 55.06

D. M. McArthur 25.00

Arthur McArthur 8.00

Mrs. Ada Borne Newquist 29.00

H. K. Nelson 8.42

Anamariel Nelson 3.00

Mrs. Howard Niswander 2.50

C. C. Nelson 2.10

Mrs. C. P. Nelson 5.00

G. W. Nance 40.00

N. C. Neilson 6.31

Jno. C. Hoi 32.68

Miller S. Nelson 156.18

Robert F. Owens 1.05

O'Donnell Poultry Farm 3.00

N. Overgaard 2.10

Mrs. M. E. Orchard 2.50

Mrs. A. F. Ostrand 1.00

W. F. Otcheck 251.98

E. B. Olds 9.47

James Pedley 40.00

P. W. Peterson 12.63

P. M. Peterson 116.45

Carl Peterson 4.00

L. C. Peterson 3.15

J. A. Peterson 13.14

Chas. M. Pink 20.00

E. L. Pearson 6.00

Mrs. W. W. Preston 5.00

Helen Preston 3.00

9-17

10302

9-17

10303

9-17

10304

9-17

10305

9-17

10306

9-17

10307

9-17

10308

9-17

10309

9-17

10310

9-17

10311

9-17

10312

9-17

10313

9-17

10314

9-17

10315

9-17

10316

9-17

10317

9-17

10318

9-17

10319

9-17

10320

9-17

10321

9-17

10322

9-17

10323

9-17

10324

9-17

10325

9-17

10326

9-17

10327

9-17

10328

9-17

10329

9-17

10330

9-17

10331

9-17

10332

9-17

10333

9-17

10334

9-17

10335

9-17

10336

9-17

10337

9-17

10338

9-17

10339

9-17

10340

9-17

10341

9-17

10342

9-17

10343

9-17

10344

9-17

10345

9-17

10346

9-17

10347

9-17

10348

9-17

10349

9-17

10350

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BCK)K— PART VII

355

9-17

10351

9-17

10352

9-17

10353

9-17

10354

9-17

10355

9-17

10356

9-17

10357

9-17

10358

9-17

10359

9-17

10360

9-17

10361

9-17

10362

9-17

10363

9-17

10364

9-17

10365

9-17

10366

9-17

10367

9-17

10368

9-17

10369

9-17

10370

9-17

10371

9-17

10372

9-17

10373

9-17

10374

9-17

10375

9-17

10376

9-17

10377

9-17

10378

9-17

10379

9-17

10380

9-17

10381

9-17

10382

9-17

19383

9-17

10384

9-17

10385

9-17

10386

9-17

103'87

9-17

10388

9-17

10389

9-17

10390

9-17

10391

9-17

10392

9-17

10393

9-17

10394

9-17

10395

9-17

10396

9-17

10397

9-17

10398

9-17

10399

W. H. Plows 168,66

A. L. Plummer 90.25

Elliott Purmort 3.00

C. O. Preston 3.00

C. H. Peverill 7.00

Luther R. Pike 3.00

S. R. Patterson 1.00

K. L. Price 2.00

C. D. Porter 4.00

W. Patterson 10.00

Ida Perkins 4.00

Maybelle Perkins ' .50

S. A. Power & Son 22.00

Mrs. J. A. Peters 12.00

Mrs. W. J. Porter 2.00

W. J. Porter 1.00

Odessa Bea Porter 1.00

Bertha Z. Phillpot 16.00

Grace V. Page 4.00

Claude A. Patterson 20.25

Mrs. Grant Perkins 6.00

Tillie Peterson 25.50

Mrs. W. O. Plummer 13.50

Jay Pickett 1.00

Mrs. Milt Person 2,00

J. J. Proudfit 7.00

Mrs. J. E. Platner 4.00

Mrs. E. H. Pickering 14.00

Vesta Plummer 13.00

Hazel Plummer 19.00

I. E. Proudfit 17.00

Mrs. E. L. Pearson 2.00

Delia Penn 19.00

Grace Patterson 11.00

C. I. Payne 7.37

Mrs. E. E. Ross 53.60

Rookwood Farm 377.00

H. A. Rizer 4.21

W. T. Roberts & Son 12.00

D. W. Rich 9.00

I. R. Reed 54.00

C. J. Rohde . 4.21

Henry Rollinson 122.00

C. W. Reeder 8.50

Hazel Edith Rhine 1.00

Mrs. John A. Ryan 49.00

Wm. A. Radeke 7.00

Elmer Reed 92.00

Gail Reed ^ 34.00

356

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

9-17 10400 S. O. Riesley 5.26

9-17 10401 R. B. Rowe 11.00

9-17 10402 F. L. Rinehart & Son 60.00

9-17 10403 Idah Russell 15.00

9-17 10404 Fred L. Rynor 25.00

9-17 10405 Mrs. C. A. Rouze 1.50

9-17 10406 Chester Reeves 20.00

9-17 10407 T. L. Ricksecker 29.00

9-17 10408 Oscar Rustad 13.00

9-17 10409 Ray Redfern 25.00

9-17 10410 Floyd Rice 2.00

9-17 10411 Anna Redhead 35.00

9-17 10412 C. Raney 7.50

9-17 10-413 Herbert Soballe 9.47

9-17 10414 W. Z. Swallow 37.00'

9-17 10415 Mrs. Adam Stirling 99.00

9-17 10416 J. A. Sage 43.00

9-17 10417 E. R. Shaw 30.00

9-17 10418 A. G. Soderberg 334.50

9-17 10419 W. W. Seeley 4.00

9-17 10420 Watson Shick 4.21

9-17 10421 Austin Sasseen 6.00

9-17 10422 S. A. Shetterley 192.31

9-17 10423 Sam Saveriod 12.63

9-17 10424 G. Stuessi 7.37

9-17 10425 B. T. Soles 6.31

9-17 10426 0. B. Stenberg 8.42

9-17 10427 A. W. Snyder 3.15

9-17 10428 Mrs. Merta Steers 13.00

9-17 10429 Mrs. C. O. Seaman 2.00

9-17 10430 Wm. Steemyk 25.00

9-17 10431 W. N. Servis 1.00

9-17 10432 H. C. Stendel 9.47

9-17 10433 Jas. L. Stark 3.00

9-17 10434 Anthony Stocker 9.50

9-17 10435 I. S. Stocker 2.00

9-17 10436 Hannah L. Snyder 1.00

9-17 10437 N. I. Seibert 1.00

9-17 10438 Schuster Bros 25.50

9-17 10439 Julius Sinn 16.00

9-17 10440 B. D. Smith 24.50

9-17 10441 Irene Stoutenburg 8.00

9-17 10442 J. C. Sandmier 2.00

9-17 10443 Mrs. Horace Susong 3.00

9-17 10444 Hazel Snyder 5.50

9-17 10445 Phillip Sauers 7.00

9-17 10446 Margaret Snyder 2.50

9-17 10447 Mrs. Alice Seymour 73.00

9-17 10448 Mrs. S. Stutsman 23.20

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

357

9-17

10449

9-17

10450

9-17

10451

9-17

10452

9-17

10453

9-17

10454

9-17

10455

9-17

10456

9-17

10457

9-17

10458

9-17

10459

9-17

10460

9-17

10461

9-17

10462

9-17

10463

9-17

10464

9-17

10465

9-17

10466

9-17

10467

9-17

10468

9-17

10469

9-17

10470

9-17

10471

9-17

10472

9-17

10473

9-17

10474

9-17

10475

9-17

10476

9-17

10477

9-17

10478

9-17

10479

9-17

10480

9-17

10481

9-17

10482

9-17

10483

9-17

10484

9-17

10485

9-17

10486

9-17

10487

9-17

10488

9-17

10489

9-17

10490

9-17

10491

9-17

10492

9-17

10493

9-17

10494

9-17

10495

9-17

10496

9-17

10497

Thos. Sadler 7.37

Miss Mary Spencer 8.00

Mrs. C. N. Smith g.O'O

Miss Edith Sweet 2.00

Sestier Bros 69.00

Mrs. J. D. Stoutenburg 7.00

Silvis H. Stamm 5. 00

Mrs. H. M. Stone 13.00

A. F. Snedeker 7.OO

Henry Sprenger 6.31

Edith Smith 1.00

Mrs. Louise M. Smith 16.50

Mrs. E. C. Stiirman 5. 00

B. Stuart 100.06

Mrs. B. Stuart 2.00

Anton Smith 10.52

Mrs. Earl Sweeney ll.O'O

Emma Stuart 1.00

Helen Secor l.Oo

Mrs. Frank Smith 6.50

Mason Stuart 3.00

Eliza Stewart 17.00

Mrs. Casper Schenk 11.00

Daisy Slemmons 1.00

Mrs. D. H. Sleeper 3. 00

Mrs. Violet Sefton 6.00

Rudolph Schmidt 7. 00

G. P. Sauer 4.21

I. Ross Thompson 15.00

D. Tietjen 332.00

E. B. Thomas 3. 00

Cyrus A. Tow 552.00

J. W. Thompson 45.OO

C. O. Thornburg 2.00

Trumans Pioneer Stud Farm 483.00

Thos. Thompson ' 3,00

C. H. True 90.00

Lillian M. Thornton 25.50

J. L. Todd 107.00

Mrs. Thompson 25.00

Elizabeth Tavener 1.00

Ella M. Trowbridge 30'.00

Minta I. Teeney 3.00

Mrs. W. D. Tapp 17.00

Marjorie Tapp 8.00

M. J. Thomas 9.50

Ed. R. Trites 33.00

Wm. Trillow 232.00

Mrs. Miles Tatham 1.00

358

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

9-17

10498

9-17

10499

9-17

10500

9-17

10501

9-17

10502

9-17

10503

9-17

10504'

9-17

10505

9-17

10506

9-17

10507

9-17

10508

9-17

10509

9-17

10510

9-17

10511

9-17

10512

9-17

10513

9-17

10514

9-17

10515

9-17

10516

9-17

10517

9-17

10518

9-17

10519

9-17

10520

9-17

10521

9-17

10522

9-17

10523

9-17

10524

9-17

10525

9-17

10526

9-17

10527

9-17

10528

9-17

10529

9-17

10530

9-17

10'531

9-17

10532

9-17

10533

9-17

10534

9-17

10535

9-17

10536

9-17

10537

9-17

10538

9-17

10539

9-17

10540

9-17

10541

9-17

10542

9-17

10543

9-17

10544

9-lT

10'545

9-17

10546

W. E. Utterback 18.00

Mack Utterback 52.00

C. & C. T. Van Lint 15.00

Wm. F. Volz 17.00

Amos Vogt 2.00

Van Meter & Caldwell 9.00

Mrs. R. H. Vogel 5.00

J. F. Van der Meer 4.21

Mrs. Bessie Walker 5.00

Hosea Wilson 12.00

Fred Williams 35.00

E. C. Wilson 10.00

L. C. West 18.00

Peder Windfeldt 2.10

Louise Webster 14.00

H. H. Whiting 7.37

F. D. Warner 13.67

Flora Wolter 5.50

Wm. P. Watson l.OO

Emma Wolter 39.00

Mrs. M. C. Wallace 5.00

R. E. West 101.50

James Woodward 5.00

Mrs. Margaret Waite 8.00

J. M. Williamson 32.00

V. G. Warner 75.50

A. M. Walrath 23.00

J. I. Wilson Floral Co 134.00

J. C. Watts 4.00

Marvin Wills 2.00

Geo. S. Woodruff 22.00

Irene Wilson 22.00

Estelle D. Weiny 18.00

Edna A. Whitler 18.00

Hazelle Wheeler 2.00

Frank W. Hood 2.00

R. G. Whartin 12.00

Kenneth West 2.00

Miss Minnie West 2.00

Mrs. J. M. Wadsley 2.00

Marie Wagner 7.50

T. E. Ward 8.00

Mrs. Dan Williams 2.00

Mrs. Sallie Wimmer 12.00

M. E. Winters 3.00

Carmolite Waldo 1.00

Mrs. Wm. Wyant 2.00

Pearl Woods 2.00

M. J. Wragg 16.49

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

351)

9-17

10547

9-17

10548

9-17

10549

9-17

10550

9-17

10551

9-17

10552

9-17

10553

9-17

10554

9-17

10555

9-17

10556

9-17

10557

9-17

10558

9-17

10559

9-17

10560

9-17

10561

9-17

10562

9-17

10563

9-17

10564

9-17

10'565

9-17

10566

9-17

10567

9-17

10568

9-17

10569

9-17

10570

9-17

10'571

9-17

10572

9-17

10573

9-17

10574

9-17

10575

9-17

10576

9-17

10577

9-17

10578

9-17

10579

9-17

10580

9-17

10581

9-17

10582

9-17

10583

9-17

10584

9-17

10585

9-17

10586

9-17

10587

9-17

10588

9-17

10589

9-17

10590

9-17

10591

9-17

10592

9-17

10593

9-17

10594

9-17

10595

Mrs. Lillian White 6.00

Mrs. Ella Wells ; 1 1.00

W. N. Wayne 2.00

Jas. Yuill 3.48

Jas. Yuill 1.52

F. M. Zell 5.26

Willard Zeller 65.00

Joe Johnson 10.00

Fred Sidener 5.00

Robert Miller Scott - 60.00

John Waddell, Jr 5.00

Marjorie Ford 10.00

Mildred Allen 5.00

Alice Millstein 10.00

Beatrice Karns 5.00

Homer P. Howell 10.00

Duane Shaw 5.00

John R. Brownlee 10.00

Sam Grey 5.00

Arline Caroline Johnstone 10.00

Marion Stanley 5.00

Mary Fuson 10.00

Genevieve Tufel 5.00

Chas. Brown 10.00

Walter Kuhlmon, Jr 5.00

Ralph McNeeley 10.00

James Robinson 5.00

Frances Shiitts 10.00

Winifred Miller 5.00

"Peaches" Klusmeyer . . . . 60.00

Margaret Blake 5.00

Mrs. Nat Thompson 2.00

M. L. Dudley 2.00

Mrs. E. P. Morrow 2.00

Mary G. Cretzmeyer, Supt 6.00

W. W. Ballard, Supt 2.00

Angus McDonald, Supt 22.00

Carolyn Forgrave, Supt 28.00

June Chidester, Supt 10.00

Myrtle Dungan, Supt 5.00

A. Palmer, Supt 111.00

F. W. Cramer, Supt 27.00

Z. C. Thornburg, Supt 151.0'0

Jennie Steele Huegle, Supt 45.00

F. W. Hicks, Supt 6.00

Mary A. Richards, Supt 17.00

Marjorie Bush 2.00

W. F. Roberts & Son 2.00

Leigh Pickering 2.00

360 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Iowa State College, Scholarships 525.00

Iowa State College, Scholarships 75.00

Morris & Co 300.00

A. A. Burger 50.00

Claude A. Patterson 1.00

Emanuel Peterson 3.00

B. A. Mathews 33.50

A. W. Gates 50.00

T. H. Kaldenberg 25.00

Vickery Kennels 15.00

Wm. Messer 10.00

Total $ 58,139.15

9-17

10596

9-17

10597

9-17

10598

9-17

10599

9-17

10600

9-17

10601

9-17

10602

9-17

10603

9-17

10604

9-17

1060'5

10-31

10606

EXPENSE WARRANTS ISSUED DECEMBER 1, 1911— NOVEMBER 30,

1912.

12-13 9239 A. L. Sponsler, railroad fare and expenses, speaker

annual agricultural convention $ 30.90

12-16 9240 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, annual meet-
ing 3'8.00

12-16 9241 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, annual meeting 39.50
12-16 9242 R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage, annual meet-
ing 39.80

12-16 9243 C. W. Phillips, per diem and mileage, annual meet-
ing 45.00

12-16 9244 Elmer M. Reeves, per diem and mileage, annual

meeting 36.30

E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage, annual meeting 43.50

E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage, annual

meeting 30.00

T. G. Legoe, per diem and mileage, annual meeting 20.50
G. F. Gurtiss, per diem and mileage, annual meeting 27.30
P, E. Sheldon, per diem and mileage, annual meet-
ing 36.30

12-16 9250 J. P. Summers, per diem and mileage, annual meet-
ing 40.00

12-16 9251 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, annual meeting 35.70
12-16 9252 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage, annual meeting. 44.00
12-16 9253 R. S. Johnston, expenses attending meeting Ameri-
can Association of Pairs and Expositions, Chi-
cago 22.65

12-16 9254 E. M. Wentworth, expenses attending meeting
American Association of Pairs and Expositions,

Chicago 23.98

12-16 9255 H. L. Pike, expenses attending meeting American

Association of Fairs and Expositions, Chicago 33.82

12-16

9245

12-16

9246

12-16

9247

12-16

9248

12-16

9249

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 361

12-16 9256 A. R. Corey, expenses attending meeting American

Association of Fairs and Expositions, Cliicago. . 28.75
12-16 9257 C. E. Cameron, expenses attending meeting Ameri-
can Association of Fairs and Expositions, Chi-
cago 33.01

12-18 9258 A. R. Corey, Sec, pay roll No. 1, (groun;ds) :
November 28-December 9, inclusive.
P. M. McCoy and team, labor on

grounds, 12 days, at $4.00 $ 48.00

Ralph Cressler, labor on grounds, 18

days, at $1.75 31.50

J. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 15
days, at $2.00 30.00

12-19

9259

12-19

9260

12-19

9261

12-19

9262

12-19

9263

12-19

9264

109.50
Peter Hopley & Son, 1st premium Belgian Fu-
turity 1911 100.00

Peter Hopley & Son, 1st premium Lefebure Spe-
cial 1911 40.00

Frank Huttenlocher to cover old premium war-
rants, issue of 1893-1894 6.00

J. R. Peak & Son, refund on fine, 1911 fair 75.00

Caslon Printing Co., miscellaneous printing 13.50

O. A. Olson, expenses attending meeting American
Association of Fairs and Expositions, Chicago. 37.05
12-19 9265 E. J. Curtin, expenses attending meeting Ameri-
can Association of Fairs and Expositions, Chi-
cago 35.60

C. A. Nash, salary December, 1911 100.00

Elsie Colton, salary December, 1911 100.00

J. H. Deemer, salary December, 1911 83.33

C. L. Dahlberg, IM duplicate letters Pioneer Day,

1911 4.25

Hal Edwards, shoeing mule team, grounds 4.00

W. Burzacott, scale book forage department. .25

Register & Leader Co., advertising power plant

equipment for sale 11.88

Electrical Review Co., advertising power plant

equipment for sale 18.00

Des Moines Capital, advertising power plant equip-
ment for sale 11.76

Robt. F. Hildebrand, 57 photos, 1911 fair 39.50

A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 2 (grounds):

December 11-December 30, inclusive.
Ed McKowan, cutting wood, 7 days,

41/0 hours, at $2.00 $ 14.90

Ralph Cressler, hauling cinders, 12
days, at $1.75 21.00

35.90

1- 3

9266

1- 3

9267

1- 3

9268

1- 4

9269

1- 5

9270

1- 6

9271

1- 6

9272

1- 6

9273

1- 6

9274

1- 6

9275

1- 6

9276

362 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

1- 6 9277 Eugene Dietzgen Co., 15 brown line prints, ground

plans 23.24

1-10 9278 Wellman "Advance," country newspaper advertis-
ing 1911 6.60

1-11 9279 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 3 (grounds):
January 1-January 14, inclusive.
Chas. Newell, shoveling snow, 41 14

hours at 20c $ 8.30

Henry Grandgeorge, shoveling snow,

361/2 hours at 20c 7.30

Glen Wilson, shoveling snow, 4
hours at 20c .80

0. J. Wilson, shoveling snow, 52 1/^

hours at 20c 10.50

D. B. Hughes, shoveling snow 42

hours at 20c 8.40

S. T. Wilson, shoveling snow, 55 1^

hours at 20c 11.10

1. J. Whitmer, shoveling snow, 57 1/.

hours at 20c 11.50

Ed McKowan, shoveling snow, 48 1^

hours at 20c 9.70

Frank Maricle, shoveling snow, 44%

hours at 20c 8.90

Chas. Brennan, shoveling snow, 44 1^

hours at 20c 8.90

Wm. Wilkins, shoveling snow, 9%

hours at 20c 1.90

H. S. Williams, shoveling snow, 29io

hours at 20c 5.90

George Whitney, shoveling snow, 68 1/^

hours at 20c 13.70

— 106.90

1-16 9280 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 4 (grounds) :
Coops and Cinder Hauling.
P. McCoy, hauling cinders, 7 loads at

90c $ 6.30

F. McCoy, hauling coops, 3 days at

$3.60 10.80

Ralph Cressler, hauling coops and

cinders, 12 days at $1.75 21.00

F. McCoy, hauling cinders, 41 loads

at 90c 36.90

75.00

1-17 9281 Interstate Realty Co., additional land 1,200.00

1-25 9282 Billboard Publishing Co., subscription 2-4-12 to

2-4-13 4.00

J-25 9283 American Shire Horse Association, Vol. 6-7, Amer-
ican Shire Horse Stud Book 3.0U

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

363

1-2r.

1-27

1-27

1-27
1-30
1-30

9284 Corn Belt Meat Producers Association, pro rata
share exi)ense, speakers, and reporting, De-
cember meeting-

0285 (-. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting

9286 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com-
mittee meeting

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage for board

Interstate Realty Co., additional land

A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 5 (grounds) :

January 14-January 27, inclusive,
Ralph Cressler, hauling cinders and

coops, 12 days at $1.75 $

Glen Wilson, hauling cobps, 2 days

at $2.00

F. McCoy, hauling coops, 2 days at
$2.00

9287
9288
9289

21.00

4.00

4.00

2- 3

9290

2- 3

9291

2- 3

9292

2- 3

9293

2- 3 9294

2- 3 929,^

2-16

9296

2-16

9297

2-19

9298

C. A. Nash, salary January, 1912

Elsie Colton, salary January, 1912

J. H. Deemer, salary January, 1912

Minnie Anderson, extra clerk, 24 days, January

1912

Des Moines Electric Co., balance on electrical

supplies, light system, 1911

A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 6 (grounds) :

Cinder Hauling.
Ralph Cressler, hauling cinders, 12

days at $1.75 $ 21.00

Inter State Realty Co., additional land

Inter State Realty Co., additional land

A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 7 (grounds) :

Cinder Hauling,
Arthur Brown, hauling cinders, 4

loads at 90c $ 3.60

Arthur Brown, hauling cinders, 8

loads at 90c 7,20

2-20 9299 Inter State Realty Co., additional land

2-20 9300 Inter State Realty Co., additional land

2-20 9301 Inter State Realty Co., additional land

2-28 9302 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No, 8 (grounds) :
February 8-February 24, inclusive.
Ralph Cressler, cinder hauling, 12

days at $1.75 $ 21.00

John Potts, cinder hauling, 17 loads,

at 90c 15,30

33.22

30.00

31.50

50.00

325.00

29.00
100.00
100.00
100.00

50.32

358.23

21.00

125.00

1,000,00

10.80
320,00
200.00
450.00

364 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

J. L. Moyer, cinder hauling, 22 loads,

at 90c 19.80

J. L. Moyer, cinder hauling, 59 loads,

at 90c 53.10

Wm. Hirschman, cinder hauling, 24

loads, at 90c 21.60

Wm. Hirschman, cinder hauling, 16

loads, at 90c 14.40

Gus Theil, cinder hauling, 12 loads,

at 90c 10.80

J. E. Funk, cinder hauling, 38 loads,

at 90c 34.20

I. B. Brown, cinder hauling, 34 loads,

at 90c 30.60

2-29

9305

2-29

9306

2-29

9307

2-29

9308

2-29

9309

220.80

2-28 9303 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage, meeting pre-
mium list revision committee 32.00

2-29 9304 R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage, meeting

premium list revisiou committee 27.80

C. A. Nash, salary February, 1912 100.00

Elsie Colton, salary February, 1912 100.00

J. H. Deemer, salary February, 1912 100.00

Minnie Anderson, extra clerk February, 1912.... 65.00

A. R. Corey, expense attending meeting Iowa,
Nebraska and South Dakota circuit, Sioux City 17.50

2-29 9310 C. E. Cameron, expense attending meeting Iowa,

Nebraska and South Dakota circuit, Sioux City. 10.04

2-29 9311 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 26.00

McCray Sign Shop, signs, Pioneer Day, 1911 15.20

R. L. Polk & Co., 1912 city directory 7.00

Hal Edwards, shoeing team, grounds 3.75

Ora Iseniinger, 88 bushels corn, feed for mule and

horse teams, grounds 56.32

Inter State Realty Co., additional land 350.00

A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 9 (grounds) :

February 24-March 9, inclusive.
H. Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 2

days, at $2.50 $ 5.00

Aleck McGregor, labor on grounds, 5

days, 9 hours, at $2.00 13.80

Edward Deemer, labor on grounds, 6

days, at $2.00 12.00

Ed McKowan, labor on grounds, 5

days, IVa hours, at $2.00 10.30

J. I. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 9

days, at $2.00 18.00

2-29

9312

3- 1

9313

3- 2

9314

3- 9

9315

3-11

9316

3-11

9317

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 365

Ralph Cressler, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $1.75 21.00

80.10

3-12 9318 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, board meet-
ing 26.00

3-12 9319 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, board meeting 27.50

3-12 9320 R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage, board meet-
ing 27.80

3-12 9321 C. W. Phillips, per diem and mileage, board meet-
ing 33.00

3-12 9322 Elmer M. Reeves, per diem and mileage, board

meeting 24.30

3-12 9323 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage, board meeting 31.50

3-12 9324 E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage, board

meeting 18.00

3-12 9325 T. C. Legoe, per diem and mileage, board meeting 20.50

3-12 9326 C. P. Curtiss, per diem and mileage, board meet-
ing 15.70

3-12 9327 John P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, board meet-
ing 23.70

3-12 9328 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage, board meeting. 32.00

3-12 9329 O. A. Olson, expense attending meeting Iowa, Ne-
braska and South Dakota circuit, Sioux City. . . 18.16

3-12 9330 E. J. Curtin, expense attending meeting Iowa,

Nebraska and South Dakota circuit, Sioux City 20.37

3-14 9331 Iowa Telephone Co., exchange service and toll

calls, Oct., Nov., Dec, 1911, Jan., Feb., 1912 17.40

3-15 9332 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 40.00

3-15 9333 Iowa Press Clipping Bureau, clippings Oct. 11,

1911, to March 11, 1912 20.00

3-27 9334 C. E. Cameron, expenses attending attraction

meeting, Chicago 34.96

3-27 9335 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 10 (grounds) :
March 6-20, inclusive.
Sam Grylls, shoveling snow, 2 days

at $2.00 $ 4.00

Jas. Bennett, labor on grounds, 3

days, ei/o hours, at $2.00 7.30

Chas. Newell, labor on grounds, 3

days, 6Mj hours, at $2.00 7.30

Chas. Branon, labor on grounds, 7

days, 3 hours, at $2.00 14.60

E. McKowan, labor on grounds, 9

days, 6 hours, at $2.00 19.20

E. H. Deemer, labor on grounds, 3

days, at $2.00 • 6.00

A. McGregor, labor on grounds, 9^

days, at $2.00 19.00

366 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

H. Grandgeorge, labor on grounds,

lOi/o days, at $2.50 26.25

J. I. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 11^

days at $2.00 23.00

Ralph Cressler, labor on grounds, 10
days, at $1.75 17.50

3-30

9336

3-30

9337

3-30

9338

3-30

9339

3-30

9340

3-30

9341

144.15

C. A. Nash, salary March 100.00

Elsie Colton, salary March 100.00

J. H. Deemer, salary March 100.00

Edith K. Smith, salary March 75.00

Minnie Anderson, extra clerk March 65.00

Wetherell & Gage, plans and prints, Machinery

Hall curbing 10.80

3-30 9342 0. A. Olson, expenses attending attraction meet-
meeting, Chicago 46.37

4- 2 9343 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 27.50

4- 2 9344 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 26.00

4- 3 9345 W. C. Brown, expenses attending attraction meet-
ing, Chicago 42.70

W. C. Brown, privilege work 20.00

Iowa State College, expense account 1911 college

exhibit .75

Inter State Realty Co., additional land 400.00

Inter State Realty Co., additional land 1,050.00

Clifford C. Heer, 6 days extra clerk, April 15.00

A. R. Corey, expenses attending Chicago attrac-
tion meeting 36.25

4- 6 9352 C. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage, meeting

premium list revision committee 23.10

4-10 9353 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 11 (grounds) :

March 26-April 6, inclusive.

Z. A. Oliver, labor on race track, 1

day at $2.00 $ 2.00

Chas. Brannen, labor on grounds, 12

days at $2.00 24.00

Ralph Cressler, labor on grounds, 12

days at $1.75 21.00

Sam Grylls, labor on grounds, 8 days,

2 hrs. at $2.00 16.40

H. Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 10

days at $2.50 25.00

J. I. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12

days at $2.00 ■ 24.00

H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 1 day

at $3.00 3.00

4- 3

9346

4- 4

9347

4- 5

9348

4- 5

9349

4- 6

9350

4- 6

9351

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 367

J. E. Funk, hauling cinders, 12 loads

at 90c 10.80

J. L. Moyer, hauling cinders, 52 loads

at 90c 46.80

E. E. Murphy, labor on race track, 1

day at $2.00 2.00

Wm. Hirschman, hauling cinders, 36

loads at 90c 32.40

Wm. Hirschman, labor on race track, 1

day at $4.00 4.00

Ed McKowan, labor on grounds, 11 days

at $2.00 22.00

Dan Doughenbaugh, hauling cinders, 6

loads at 90c 5.40

Dan Doughenbaugh, labor on race track,

1 day at $4.00 4.00

242.80

4-10 9354 American Surety Co., premium Secy's bond 1912. 25.00

4-11 9355 Potts Bros., 1st estimate cement floor work, ag-

gricultural hall 600.00

4-12 9356 Tuttle's Letter Shop, 625 multigraph letters and

folding 10,000 circulars 7.00

4-12 9357 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com-
mittee meeting 27.50

4-12 9358 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 30.00

4-13 9359 C. F. Curtiss, expenses investigating Hunt Club

exhibit 42.45

4-16 9360 Stella Henderson, part payment rent, 10 acres

north of grounds 50.00

4-16 9361 Matilda Winterrowd, part payment rent, 10 acres

north of grounds 50.00

4-16 9362 Iowa Association Co. and District Fair Managers,

pro rata expense annual meeting 7.00

4-19 9363 The Journal-Herald, advertising 1911 fair 7.04

4-19 9364 The Osborne Co., 2,0'00 monthly calendars 60.00

4-20 9365 J. M. Henderson, 40 bushels corn, feed for mule

and horse teams, grounds 24.00

4-25 9366 Potts Bros., 2d estimate cement floor work, ag-
ricultural hall 600.00

4-25 9367 A. R. Corey, pay roll No. 12 (grounds):

April 7-20 inclusive.

Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds,

10 days at $2.50 $ 25.00

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 9 days
at $2.00 18.00

George Whitney, foreman, 12 days at
$2.25 27.00

368 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Dan Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

10' days, 4 hrs. at $4.00 41.60

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12 days

at $2.00 24.00

E. E. Murphy, labor on grounds, 9 days

at $2.00 18.00

Sam Grylls, labor on grounds, 11 days

at $2.00 22.00

Ed McKowan, labor on grounds, 10%

days at $2.00 21.00

Earl Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

11 days at $2.00 22.00

Ralph Cressler, labor on grounds, 12

days at $2.00 24.00

Alex McGregor, labor on grounds, 11

days at $2.00 22.00

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 9 days,

4 hrs. at $4.00 37.60

H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 8 days,

2 hrs. at $3.00 24.60

Caleb Johns, labor on grounds, 11 days,

7 hrs. at $4.00 46.80

Dallas Swartz, labor on grounds, 3 days

at $2.00 6.00

379.60

4-25 9368 Register & Leader Co., subscription 2-1-12 to 2-1-13 6.00
4-27 9369 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 34.00

4-27 9370 0. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 31.50

4-27 9371 F. E. Sheldon, special committee work checking

over plans, agricultural hall floor 20.30

4-27 9372 J. P. Mullen, special committee work checking

over plans, machinery hall floor 23'.70

4-27 9373 E. J. Curtin, special committee work, new speed

barn 31.50

4-29 9374 Wm. Folk, sharpening disc, grounds 3.00

4-29 9375 Inter State Realty Co., additional land 900.00

4-29 9376 H. M. Jones, second hand manure spreader for

grounds 7.00

4-30 9377 C. A. Nash, salary April 100.00

4-30 9378 Elsie Colton, salary April 100.00

4-30 9379 J. H. Deemer, salary April 100.00

4-30 9380 Edith K. Smith, salary April 75.00

4-30 9381 Minnie Anderson, extra clerk April 65.00

4-30 9382 Genevieve Kelly, extra clerk April 65.00

4-30 9383 Helena Lynch, extra clerk, 22 1/2 days, April 56.25

4-30 9384 Cynthia Taylor, extra clerk 191/2 days, April 48.75

4-30 9385 Bess Williams, extra clerk 191/3 days, April 48.75

5-

6

9390

5-

6

9391

5-

6

9392

5-

7

9393

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 369

4-30 9386 American Association Fairs and Expositions, pro

rata expense bill 25.00

5- 4 9387 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 26.00

5- 4 9388 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 27.50

5- 4 9389 C. F. Curtiss, special committee work, opening

bids new horse barn 11.70

W. C. Brown, privilege work 24.00

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 60.00

Cynthia Taylor, five days extra clerk. May 12.50

A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 13 (grounds):

April 21-May 24, inclusive.
Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 4

days, at $3.50 $ 14.00

E. H. Deemer, labor on grounds, 10

days, 6 hours, at $2.00 21.20

H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 8

days, 2 hours, at $3.00 24.60

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 12 days, at

$2.25 27.00

Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds,

6 days, 6 hours, at $2.50 16.50

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds,

10 days, at $2.00 20.00

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

E. E. Murphy, labor on grounds, 8

days, at $2.00 16.00

Sam Grylls, labor on grounds, 10

days, at $2.00 20.00

Ed McKowan, labor on grounds, 11

days, 5 hours, at $2.00 23.00

E. Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

11 days, at $2.00 22.00

Alex McGregor, labor on grounds, 5

days, at $2.00 10.00

Dallas Swartz, labor on grounds, 9

days, at $2.00 18.00

Ralph Cressler, labor on grounds,

12 days, at $2.00 24.00

Dan Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

12 days, at $4.00 48.00

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $4.00 44.00

Caleb Johns, labor on grounds, 8

days, 5 hours, at $4.00 34.00

24

!70 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Russell Mote, labor on grounds, 2

days, at $2.00 4.00

Theo. Broerman, labor on grounds,

1 day, at $1.75 1.75

E. A. Peterson, labor on grounds,

1 day, at $2.25 2.25

414.30

5- 7 9394 American Trotting Registry Association, one

copy. Volume No. 27 5.00

5- 7 9395 Adams Express Co., express bills, January, Febru-
ary, March, April , 2.23

5- 7 9396 American Express Co., express bills, November,

January, February, March, April 11.55

5- 7 9397 Bureau of Advertising, 650 multigraph letters,

3 forms 5.00

5- 7 9398 Des Moines Admens Club, dues, 1912 10.00

5- 7 9399 Des Moines Water Co., water bills, November,

1911, to April, 1912, inclusive 47.06

5- 7 9400 Des Moines Rubber Stamp Works, rubber stamps 2.95
5- 7 9401 Ferguson Printing Co., miscellaneous printing.. 16.75
5- 7 9402 J. E. Graff, second hand cash register and drugs. 30.25
5- 7 9403 S. Joseph & Sons, engraving cups for 1911 fair.. 1.56
5- 7 9404 Fred Hahne Printing Co., lOM light enclosures.. 12.50
5- 7 9405 U. S. Express Co., express bills, January, Feb-
ruary, March 5.30

5- 7 9406 Wells, Fargo & Co., express bills, November, 1911,

January, February and March, 1912 6.37

5- 7 9407 Western Union Telegraph Co., messages, Decem-
ber, 1911, to April, 1912, inclusive 14.48

5- 7 9408 D. K. Ziegler, seven salt barrels, (grounds), 1911 .70

5- 7 9409 Commercial Club, reservation. Booster Excursion,

May 14-16 35.00

5- 8 9410 Potts Bros., third estimate cement floors, agri-
cultural and machinery halls 600.00

5-10 9411 Des Moines Daily News, subscription, 1-1-12 to

1-1-13 3.65

5-10 9412 Genevieve Kelley, eight days, extra clerk, May.. 20.00

5-11 9413 L. H. Kurtz, P. M., postage 2,500 "Greater Iowa". 25.00

5-14 9414 L. H. Kurtz, P. M., postage 2,050 "Greater Iowa". 20.00

5-17 9415 Spirit of the West, advertising speed program.. 62.50

5-17 9416 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 30.00

5-17 9417 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com-
mittee meeting 31.50

5-18 9418 Ben J. Ness, sheriff, additional land condemned 3,049.50
5-18 9419 Helena Lynch, 16 days, extra clerk. May 40.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 371

5-21 9420 A. R. Corey, secretary pay roll No. 14 (grounds):
May 5-18 inclusive.
Geo. Whitney, foreman, 12 days, at

$2.25 $ 27.00

Harry Baker, labor on grounds, 8 days,

9 hours, at $3.00 26.70

T. W. Davis, labor on grounds, 1 day,

• at $2.50 2.50

Dan Hoppes, labor on grounds, 8 days,
at $2.50 20.00

D. C. King, labor on grounds, 4 days,

at $2.50 10.00

Arthur Dunkin, labor on grounds, 11

days, 5 hours, at $2.50 28.75

H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 6

days, at $3.00 18.00

Wm. Deets, labor on grounds, 8 13-20

days, at $3.00 25.95

W. Warrington, labor on grounds, 2

days, 5 hours, at $2.00 5.00

Oscar Johnson, labor on grounds, 6

days, 1 hour, at $2.25 13.72

E, H. Deemer, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

E. A. Peterson, labor on grounds, 6

days, 6 hours, at $2.25 14.85

John Olson, labor on grounds, 5 days,

at $2.00 10.00

Alvie Wilson, labor on grounds, 6 3-20

days, at $2.00 12,30

Wesley Strait, labor on grounds, 7 3-20

days, at $1.00 7.15

Wm, Lee, labor on grounds, 8 13-20

days, at $2.00 17.30

Chas. Hiatt, labor on grounds, 8 13-20

days at $2.00 17.30

John Brown, labor on grounds, 9 3-20

days, at $2.00 18.30

Theo. Broerman, labor on grounds, 6

days, 5 hours, $1.75 11.37

Russel Mote, labor on grounds, 7 13-20

days, at $2.00 15.30

Dallas Swartz, labor on grounds, 9

days, at $2.00 18.00

E. Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

10 13-20 days, at $2.00 21.30

Ed McKowan, labor on grounds,

10 13-20 days, at $2.00 2L30

372 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Sam Grylls, labor on grounds, 10 3-20

days, at $2.00 20.30

E. E. Murphy, labor on grounds, 4

days, at $2.00 8,00

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds,

11 days, at $2.50 27.50

Caleb Johns, labor on grounds, 1 7-10

days, at $4.00 6.80

Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $3.50 42.00

Dan Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

10 3-20 days, at $4.00 40.60

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 9 3-20

days, at $4.00 36.60

Ralph Cressler, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

637.89

5-21 9421 Capital City Construction Co., engineering serv-
ices agricultural hall floor 37.00

5-27 9422 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 40.00

5-28 9423 Inter-State Realty Co., additional land 350.00

5-28 9424 Inter-State Realty Co., additional land 200.00

5-28 0425 Billboard Publishing Co., advertising Chicago at-
traction meeting 5.00

5-29 9426 Potts Bros., fourth estimate cement floor work,

machinery hall 600.00

5-29 9427 Elsie Colton, salary, May, 1912 100.00

5-31 9428 W. C. Brown, privilege work 40.00

6- 1 9429 C. A. Nash, salary, May, 1912 100.00

6- 1 9430 J. H. Deemer, salary. May, 1912 100.00

6- 1 9431 Edith K. Smith, stenographer, May, 1912 75.00

6- 1 9432 Minnie Anderson, extra clerk. May, 1912 65.00

6- 1 9433 Bess Williams, extra clerk. May, 1912 65.00

6- 1 9434 Wilcox Howell Hopkins Co., insurance premiums 105.00

6- 1 9435 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 30.00

6- 1 9436 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com-
mittee meeting 31.50

6- 1 9437 Liebbe, Nourse & Rasmussen, first payment archi-
tect fees, new horse barn 200.00

6- 4 9438 A. R. Corey, secretary pay roll No. 15, (grounds) :
May 19 — June 1, inclusive.
Harry Baker, labor on grounds, 10

days, 9 hours, at $3.00 $ 32.70

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 373

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 13 days, 7

hours, at $2.25 30.83

Earl D'oughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

6 days, at $2.00 12.00

Dan Doughenhaugh, labor on grounds,

11 days, 5 hours, at $4.00 46.00

Bert Bartlett, labor on grounds, 8 3-20

days, at $2.25 18.68

Wm. Koch, labor on grounds, 10 days,

at $2.25 22.50

E. H. Deemer, labor on grounds, 11

days, 1 hour, at $2.00 22.20

W. J. Hillis, labor on grounds, 10

days, at $1.75 17.50

W. E. Brown, labor on grounds, 9 17-20

days, at $2.00 19.70

Robt. Johns, labor on grounds, 5 days,

at $2.00 10.00

Geo. Jones, labor on grounds, 5 days,

at $2.00 10.00

Ralph Cressler, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 10

days, at $4.00 40.00

Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $3.50 42.00

Caleb Johns, labor on grounds, 4 days,

at $2.00 8.00

Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds,

6 days, 5 hours, at $2.50 16.25

P. A. Bucher, labor on grounds, 2

days, 5 hours, at $2.00 5.00

Henry Kurtz, labor on grounds, 1 day,

at $2.00 2.00

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 8

days, at $2.00 16.00

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

Sam Grylls, labor on grounds, 10 days,

at $2.00 20.00

Ed McKowan, labor on grounds, 9 17-20

days, at $2.00 19.70

Dallas Swartz, labor on grounds, 8

days, at $2.00 16.00

Theo. Broerman, labor on grounds, 10

days, 3 hours, at $1.75 18.03

Emanuel Hughes, labor on grounds, 3
days, at $2.00 6.00

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURfi

Jno. Brown, labor on grounds, 10 7-20

days, at $2.00 20.70

Chas. Hiatt, labor on grounds, 5 days,

at $2.00 10.00

Wm. Lee, labor on grounds, 10 17-20

days, at $2.00 21.70

Wesley Strait, labor on grounds, 6 days,

at $1.00 6.00

Alvie Wilson, labor on grounds, 7 days,

at $2.00 14.00

John Olson, labor on grounds, 8 days,

at $2.00 16.00

Oscar Johnson, labor on grounds, 9

days, 6 hours, at $2.25 21.60

Wm. Deets, labor on grounds, 10 17-20

days, at $3.00 32.55

E. A. Peterson, labor on grounds, 9

days, 6 hours, at $2.25 21.60

J. W. Sockrider, labor on grounds, 10

days, at $2.00 20.00

W. Warrington, labor on grounds, 10

days, at $2.00 20.00

T. W. Davis, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.50 27.50

Dan Hoppes, labor on grounds, 11

days, 5 hours, at $2.50 28.75

A. W. Shaw, labor on grounds, 1 day,

9 hours, at $2.00 3.80

E. Schmidt, labor on grounds, 2 days,

5 hours, at $2.25 5.63

D. C. King, labor on grounds, 5 days,

5 hours, at $2.50 13.75

Arthur Dunkin, labor oif grounds,

7 15-20 days, at $2.50 19.37

H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 7

days, 5 hours, at $3.00 22.50

822.54

6- 4 9439 S. H. Johnston, services stallion examination.

Cooper, Iowa 15.00

6- 4 9440 C. H. Stange, services stallion examination.

Cooper, Iowa 12.00

6- 4 9441 O. A. Olson, expenses aeroplane committee meet-
ing 3.25

6- 4 9442 A. R. Corey, expenses aeroplane committee meet-
ing 4.50

6- 4 9443 Savery Hotel Co., expenses aeroplane committee

meeting 6.80

6- 4 9444 C. A. Nash, expenses jobbers excursion 1.50

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 375

6- 4 9445 S. K. Noland, auctioneer, services house sale,

May 31st 20.00

6- 7 9446 Potts Bros., 2d estimate machinery hall floor 600.00

6-11 9447 Iowa Telephone Co., toll bills, Ames station .70

6-11 9448 H. M. Kinsell, moving Crawford house, additional

land 125.00

6-11 9449 A. Olson, laying 5M shingles, weather and crop

office 6.25

6-14 9450 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2M "Greater Iowa".. 20.00
6-15 9451 Des Moines Commercial Club, dues, 5-11-11 to

5-11-12 15.00

6-15 9452 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2,600 "Greater Iowa" 26.00

6-17 9458 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 60.00

6-17 9454 F. L. Buck, services stallion examination. Cooper,

Iowa 11.50

6-17 9455 A. R. Corey, secretary pay roll No. 16, (grounds) :
June 2-15, inclusive.

Harry Baker, labor on grounds, 11 1-20

days, at $3.00 $ 33.15

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 14 days, 4

hours, at $2.25 32.40

Wm. Koch, labor on grounds, 7 days,

at $2.25 15.75

Ralph Cressler, labor on grounds, 11

days, 5 hours, at $2.00 23.00

Geo. W. Williams, labor on grounds, 5

days, 914 hours, at $2.00 11.90

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 11

days, IMi hours, at $4.00 44.60

Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $3.50 42.00

Caleb Johns, labor on race track, 1

day, & hours, at $4.00 6.00

Caleb Johns, labor on race track, 1

day, at $2.00 2.00

P. A. Boucher, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

Henry Kurtz, labor on grounds, 11 1-20

days, at $2.00 22.10

W. E. Brown, labor on grounds, 10

days, 1^2 hours, at $2.00 20.30

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 8

days, 9 hours, at $2.00 17.80

Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds,

8 days, 91/2 hours, at $2.50 22.37

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 , 24.00

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Sam Grylls, moving barns, 10 days, l^^

hours, at $2.00 20.30

E. McKowan, mowing grass, 10 days, at

$2.00 20.00

Theo. Broerman, labor on grounds, 11

days, 5 hours, at $1.75 20.12

Emanuel Hughes, labor on grounds,

11 days, 1 hour, at $2.00 22.20

John Brown, labor on grounds, 8 days,

11/2 hours, at $2.00 16.30

Wm. Lee, moving barns, 9 days, Gi'o

hours, at $2.00 19.30

John Olson, labor on grounds, 7 9-10

days, at $2.00 15.80

Earl Doughenbaugh, moving barns, 10

days, 2 hours, at $2.00 20.40

E. H. Deemer, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Carl P. Anderson, painting, 9i/4 hours,

at $2.00 1.90

J. H. Greenwood, plants and flowers,

2 days, at $1.75 3.50

D. B. Hughes, labor on grounds, 8 8-10

days, at $2.00 17.60

Harry Williams, labor on grounds,

10 3-20 days, at $2.00 20.30

Walter Hunt, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.50 27.50

G. E. Buck, labor on grounds, 11 days,

at $2.50 27.50

A. W. Wiehn, labor on grounds, 9 17-20

days, at $2.00 19.70

Erwin Deemer, labor on grounds, 6

days, at $1.50 9.00

L. Redington, labor on grounds, 4 7-10

days, at $4.00 18.80

Wm. Waller, labor on grounds, 4 17-20

days, at $2.00 9.70

W. Warrington, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Wm. Deets, labor on grounds, 11 3-20

days, at $3.00 33.45

A. W. Shaw, labor on grounds, 12 days,

at $2.00 24.00

D. C. King, labor on grounds, 5 days,

5 hours, at $2.50 13.75

J. W. Sackrider, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

6-20

9456

6-21

9457

6-21

9458

6-21

9459

6-21

9460

6-21

9461

6-21

9462

6-22

9463

6-22

9464

6-22

9465

6-22

9466

6-24

9467

6-25

9468

6-25

9469

6-25

9470

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 377

T. W. Davis, labor on grounds, 11 days,

5 hours, at $2.50 28.75

Arthur Duncan, labor on grounds, 10

days, 6 hours, at $2.50 26.50

Dan Hoppes, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.50 30.00

H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $3.00 33.00

Roy Pinley, labor on grounds, 3 days,

at $1.75 5.25

Don Paul, labor on grounds, 10 days,

at $1.75 17.50

Leo Paul, labor on grounds, 9 days,

at $L25 11.25

Dan Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

11 days, 2 hours, at $4.00 44.80

Geo. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 5

days, 7 hours, at $1.75 9.98

"W. J. Hillis, labor on grounds, 11 days,

3 hours, at ^1.75 19.78

1,019.30

A. Olson, laying 6i/4M shingles, barber shop 7.80

Potts Bros., 3d estimate machinery hall floor 600.00

J. P. Summers, expenses attending meeting (Chi-
cago) American Association Pairs and Exposi-
tions, 1911 35.70

J. P. Summers, special committee, work, sheep

department 28.00

C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive
committee meeting 56.00

R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage, auditing
committee meeting 31.80

J. P. Summers, special committee work, correct-
ing awards, sheep department 24.00

H. M. Kinsell, moving Cruikshank house, addi-
tional land 75.00

O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com-
mittee meeting 51.00

C. P. Curtiss, special committee work to consider
special attractions 7.70

E. J. Curtin, special committee work contracting
score card privilege 39.50

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2,750 premium lists. . 110.00

J. V. Lindsey, 59 1-16 bushels oats, feed for mule
and horse teams, (grounds) 33.95

A. P. Vrenderburg, secretary license fee, dog show 40.00

A. L. Denio, special committee work, speed de-
partment 45.46

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

6-25 9471 E. M. Wentworth, special committee work, laying

out camp grounds 18.00

6-27 9472 J. E. Lovejoy, first estimate new horse barn .... 5,600.00

6-28 9473 W, C. Brown, privilege work 52.00

6-28 9474 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 40.00

6-28 9475 American Trotting Association, part payment

dues, 1912 24.95

6-28 9476 American Trotting Association, balance payment

dues, 1912 75.05

6-28 9477 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2M premium lists 80.00

6-29 9478 C. A. Nash, salary, June, 1912 100.00

6-29 9479 Elsie Colton, salary, June, 1912 100.00

6-29 9480 J. H. Deemer, salary, June, 1912 100.00

6-29 9481 Edith K. Smith, salary, June, 1912 85.00

6-29 9482 Minnie Anderson, extra clerk, June, 1912 65.00

6-29 9483 Bess Williams, extra clerk, June, 1912 65.00

6-29 9484 Clifford Heer, extra clerk, 18 days, June, 1912.. 45.00

6-29 9485 Buena Reed, extra clerk, 3 days, June, 1912 6.75

6-29 9486 J. H. Deemer, expenses trip, Minnesota state fair

grounds, plans for new bleachers 17.20

6-29 9487 A. R. Corey, expenses trip, Minnesota state fair

grounds, plans for new bleachers 17.20

7- 1 9488 Chase & West, furnishings, Administration build-
ing 16.90

7- 1 9489 Potts Bros., fourth estimate machinery hall floor. 500.00

7- 1 9490 Hal Edwards, horseshoeing & repairs, (grounds) 6.40

7- 1 9491 U. S. Mote, mower repairs, (grounds) 4.00

7- 2 9492 A. R. Corey, secretary pay roll No. 17 (grounds) :

June 16-29, Inclusive.

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 13 days, 6

hours, at $2.25 $ 30.60

Harry Baker, labor on grounds, 10

days, 8 hours, at $3.00 32.40

H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $3.00 36.00

Dan Hoppes, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.50 30.00

Arthur Duncan, labor on grounds, 6

days, at $2.50 15.00

T. W. Davis, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.50 30.00

J. W. Sackrider, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

D. C. King, labor on grounds, 6 days,

at $2.50 15.00

Chas. Beese, labor on grounds, 5 days,

at $2.00 10.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 379

Roy Finley, labor on grounds, 11 days,

9 hours, at $2.00 23.80

A. W. Shaw, labor on grounds, 12 days,

at $2.00 24.00

A. W. Deets, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $3.00 36.00

W. Warrington, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Leo Paul, labor on grounds, 12 days,

at $1.25 15.00

Don Paul, labor on grounds, 12 days,

at $2.00 24.00

Wm. Waller, labor on grounds, 12 days,

at $2.00 24.00

P. Redington, labor on grounds, 7

days, at $4.00 28.00

Erwln Deemer, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $1.50 18.00

A. W. Wiehn, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

G. E. Buck, labor on grounds, 9 days,

1 hour, at $2.50 22.75

Walter Hunt, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $3.00 36.00

Harry Williams, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

D. B. Hughes, labor on grounds, 11

days, 6 hours, at $2.00 23.20

E, H. Deemer, labor on grounds, 11

days, 5 hours, at $2.00 23.00

Earl D'oughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

12 days, at $2.00 24.00

Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 12 days,

at $2.00 24.00

Wm. Lee, labor on grounds, 1 day,

at $2.00 2.00

Emanuel Hughes, labor on grounds, 11

days, 1 hour, at $2.00 22.20

Sam Grylls, labor on grounds, 11 days,

2 hours, at $2.00 22.40

Geo. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 11

days, 6 hours, at $1.75 20.30

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12

days, 5 hours, at $2.00 25.00

Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds,

9 days, 9 hours, at $2.50 24.75

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

380 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

W. E. Brown, labor on ground, 1 day,

at $2.00 2.00

W. J. Hillis, labor on grounds, 11 days,

6 hours, at $1.75 20.30

Henry Kurtz, labor on grounds, 11 19-20

days, at $2.00 23.90

P. A. Boucher, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Caleb Johns, labor on grounds, 2 days,

at $4.00 8.00

Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 13

days, 3 hours, at $3.50 46.55

Dan Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

121/2 days, at $4.00 50.00

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 13 days,

at $4.00 52.00

Ralph Cressler, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

Geo. W. Williams, labor on grounds,

11 days, 6 hours, at $2.00 23.20

Dallas Swartz, labor on grounds, 8

days, at $2.00 16.00

Lawrence Boutin, labor on grounds,

5 days, 9 hours, at $2.00 11.80

Frank Maricle, labor on grounds, 3

days, at $2.00 6.00

Theo. Broerman, labor on grounds,

11 7-20 days, at $1.75 19.85

Albert Spevack, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

Ed. McKowan, labor on grounds, 11

days, 5 hours, at $2.00 23.00

M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 5 days,

at $2.00 10.00

1,162.00

7- 2 9493 A. Olson, laying 20,000 shingles new speed barn. 25.00
7- 2 9494 A. P. Vrendenburgh, secretary, dog show license

fee 10.00

7- 3 9495 J. L. Barr, refund on barn, house sale May 31,

1912 17.00

Geo. A. Miller Printing Co., record book 6.50

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2,900 premium lists. . 116.00
Jas. F. Fredregill, brick work, Crawford house

and speed barn 75.00

Tablet & Ticket Co., lOM gummed labels 25.10

C, B. & Q. Ry. Co., freight, 1 barrel paint 2.32

Mary E. Price, stenographic work, school exhibits

department 1.63

7- 3

9496

7- 3

9497

7- 3

9498

7- 3

9499

7- 6

9500

7- 8

9501

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 381

7- 8 9502 C. N. Mcllvaine, secretary pro rata share, adver-
tising speed program, Iowa, Nebraska and South

Dakota circuit 62.31

7- 8 9503 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, €xecutive

committee meeting 22.00

7- 9 9504 W. C. Brown, privilege work 16.00

7- 9 9505 C, B. & Q. R. R. Co., freight school exhibits .25

7- 9 9506 C. S. Cooter, first payment on lot for moving

Cruikshank house, additional land 10.00

7- 9 9507 C. S. Cooter, final payment, on lot for moving

Cruikshank house, additional land 190.00

7- 9 9508 Liebbe, Nourse '& Rasmussen, second payment

architect fees horse bam 200.00

7-10 9509 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2,100 premium lists. . 84.00

7-12 9510 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 60.0'0

7-12 9511 East Des Moines Commercial League, dues, 1912 5.00

7-12 9512 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2M "Greater Iowa". 20.00

7-13 9513 Potts Bros., fifth estimate, machinery hall floor. . 900.00

7-13 9514 Alex, Cruikshank, additional land 50.00

7-13 9515 W. R. Quinnett, brick work, Cruikshank house

and horse barns 40.00

7-13 9516 W. R. Quinett, brick work, Cruikshank house

and horse barns 53.00

7-13 9517 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2,600 "Greater Iowa" 26.00
7-13 9518 Jno. Hamilton, Secy. American Association Insti-
tute Workers dues 1911 5.00

7-13 9519 Kaufman & Strauss, advertising specialties, masks 19.94
7-13 9520 Ft. Madison Democrat, county advertising 1911

fair 6.60

7-15 9521 R. L. Polk & Co., 1912 Iowa Gazeteer 7.00

7-17 9522 A. R. Corey. Secy., pay roll No. 18 (grounds) :
June 30 to July 13, inclusive.
Carl Heggen, labor on grounds, 10 days,

at $3.00 $ 30.00

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 13 days, 1 hour,

at $2.25 29.47

Walter Hunt, floral tables, agricultural

building, 12 days, at $3.00 36.00

H, P. Stoufiler, moving horse barns, 11

days, at $3.00 33.00

Dan Hoppes, moving horse barns, 8

days, at $2.50 20.00

T. W. Davis, moving horse barns, 11

days at $2.50 27.50

D. C. King, moving horse barns, 4 days,

5 hours, at $2.50 11.25

A. W. Shaw, moving horse barns and

work on bleachers, 11 days, at $2.00 22.00

382 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

G. E. Buck, moving horse barns and

work on bleachers, 10 days, at $2.50 25.00

Albert Spevack, moving horse barns, 11
days, at $2.00 22.00

D. P. Newell, moving horse barns, 5

days, at $2.00 10.00

J. W. Sackrider, moving horse barns,

8 days, at $2.00 16.00

P. A. Boucher, moving horse barns, 9

days, at $2.00 18.00

Frank Maricle, moving horse barns, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

M. Burnett, moving horse barns, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

Geo. W. Williams, moving horse barns,

7 days, at $2.00 14.00

W. H. Kelly, moving horse barns, 5-10

day, at $2.00 1.00

Leo Paul, water boy, 11 days, at $1.25 13.75

W. Warrington, labor on grounds, 10

days, 5 hours, at $2.00 21.00

Roy Finley, painting, 10 days, 9 hours,

at $2.00 21.80

Don Paul, painting, 12 days, at $2.00.. 24.00

Erwin Deemer, painting, 11 days, at

$1.50 16.50

Hoyt Woodward, painting and work on

swine pavilion, 3 days, at $1.75 5.25

Chas. Beese, painting, 5 days, at $2.00 10.00

Lawrence Boutin, painting and work

on camp grounds, 11 days, at $2.00.. 22.00

E. H. Deemer, painting, 11 days, at

$2.00 22.00

Parker Douglas, work on water system,

7 days, at $2.00 14.00

Henry Grandgeorge, work on water

system and grading, 10 days, 7 hours,

at $2.50 26.88

D. B. Hughes, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

Emanuel Hughes, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

John Olson, labor on grounds, 11 days,

at $2.00 22.00

Geo. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 11

days, 5 hours, at $1.75 20.12

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 11

days, 5 hours, at $2.00 23.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

383

Ed McKowan, mowing grass, 10 days,

3 hours, at $2.00 20.70

S. P. Wilson, water system and drain-
age, 5 days, 5 hours, at $2.00 11.00

Dallas Swartz, water system and drain-
age, 10 days, 7 hours, at $2.00 21.40

Henry Kurtz, labor on grounds, 10
days, 5 hours, at $2.00 21.00

Theo Broerman, mowing grass and

plants and flowers, 10 days, at $1.75. 17.50

W. J. Hillis. labor on grounds, 11 days,

at $1.75 19.25

A. W. Deets, labor on grounds, 11 days,

at $3.00 33.00

Sam Grylls, labor on grounds, 11 days,

at $2.00 22.00

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

Wm, Waller, labor on grounds, 11 days,

at $2.00 22.00

A. W. Wiehn, water system and drain-
age, 10 days, 5 hours, at $2.00 21.00

Harry Williams, labor on grounds, 2

days, at $2.00 4.00

Earl Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

10 days, at $2.00 20.00

Ralph L. Cressler, labor on grounds,

11 days, at $2.00 22.00

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 11 days,

at $4.00 44.00

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 5 days,

at $4.00 20.00

Dan Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

11 days, at $4.00 44.00

Caleb Johns, work on race track, 4

days at $2.00 8.00

Chas. Morrison, work on race track,

and hauling manure, 9 days, at $3.50 31.50

1,089.87

7-17 9523 E. M. Reeves, per diem and mileage special com-
mittee work, box apple exhibit 24.30

7-17 9524 T. C. Legoe, per diem and mileage, auditing com-
mittee meeting 20.50

7-17 9525 C. & N. W. Ry., Frt., sprinkler attachments 3.60

7-17 9526 Walter Evans, whitewashing 12 cattle barns 150.00

7-18 9527 A. Olson, shingling speed barn No. 1 and repair

work 46.25

7-22

9530

7-23

9531

7-24-

9532

384 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

7-20 9528 Jas. Fredregill, mason work, agricultural hall and

swine pavilion 49.50

7-20 9529 Jas. C. Fredregill, mason work, agricultural hall

and swine pavilion 24.50

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 60.00

Joseph Sletton, extra clerk 12 days, July 15.00

C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive
committee meeting 26,00

7-24 9533 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 55.00

7-24 9534 F. E. Sheldon, special committee work, grain

decorations, agricultural hall 24.30

7-27 9535 Alex. Cruikshank, additional land 50.00

7-29 9536 Potts Bros., 6th estimate machinery hall floor 600.00

7-29 9537 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 19, (grounds) :
July 14-27, inclusive.

H. P. Stouffer, work on bleachers and
booths in agricultural building, 12
days, at $3.00 $ 36.00

Dan Hoppes, labor on grounds, 11 1-2

days, at $2.50 28.75

Walter Hunt, work on booths and
tables in agricultural building, 12
days, at $3.00 36.00

T. W. Davis, labor on grounds, 11 days,

days, at $2.50 27.50

D. C. King, work on bleachers, V2 day,

at $2.50 1.25

G. E. Buck, work on bleachers and

booths in agricultural building, 12

days, at $2.50 30.00

Arthur Duncan, work on bleachers and

booths in agricultural building, 11

days, at $2.50 27.50

A. W. Shaw, labor on grounds, 11 days,

at $2.00 22.00

Albert Spevack, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

D. F. Newell, labor on grounds, 10 days,

at $2.00 20.00

J. W, Sackrider, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

P. A. Boucher, labor on grounds, 11

days, 5 hours, at $2.00 23.00

Frank Maricle. labor on grounds, 10

7-20 days, at $2.00 21.70

M. Burnett, work on bleachers, 11 8-10

days, at $2.00 23. 60

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 385

Geo. W. Williams, labor on grounds, 12

days at $2.00

W. Gartsee, labor on bleachers, 5 days,

at $2.50

T. C. Campbell, work on bleachers, 6

days, at $2.00

Dave Johnson, work on bleachers, 6

days, at $2.00

Henry Stevens, work on bleachers,

6 days, at $4.50

J. 0. Fredregill, work on bleachers and

speed barns, 6 days, 5 hours, at $2.00

C. M. Dawson, labor on grounds, 6Vo

days, at $2.00

Dick Grylls, work on bleachers, 6 days,

at $2.00

Jake Berger, work on bleachers, 6

days, at $2.50

R. E. O'Brien, work on light system,

10 days, at $3.50

A. Ballard, work on light system, 11

days at $3.50

F. Puller, work on light system, 5 days,

at $3.50 •

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 13 days, 6

hours, at $2.25

Ray Barnes, water boy, 5 days, at $1.50
Leo Paul, water boy, 12 days, at $1.25. .
W. Warrington, painting, 12 days, at

$2.00

Ray Finley, painting, 11 days, 9 hours,

at $2.00

Dan Paul, painting, 12 days, at $2.00. .
Erwin D'eemer, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $1.50

Hoyt Woodward, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $1.75

Noble Stutsman, work on bleachers,

2 days, at $2.50

F. A. Wigton, painting, 5 days at $2.00
Frank Keats, painting, 2 days, at $1.75
Henry Willets, painting, 1 day, 3

hours, at $2.00

Hal Bates, painting, 1 day, 7 hours, at

$2.00

Lawrence Boutin, painting, 12 days, at
$2.00

24.00

12.50

12.00

12.00

27.00

13.00

13.00

12.00

15.00

35.00

38.50

17.50

30.61

5.00

15.00

24.00

23.80

24.00

18.00

21.00

5.00

10.00

3.50

2.60

3.40

24.00

25

386 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

E. H. Deemer, painting, 12 days at $2.00 24.00

Parker Douglas, work on bleachers and

water system, 11 days at $2.00 22.00

Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds,

12 days, at $2.50 30.00

D. B. Hughes, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Emanuel Hughes, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

Geo. Whitmer, work on light system,

12 days, at $1.75 21.00

Ray Miller, work on walks, 3 days, at

$2.00 6.00

Rudolph Lvoboda, work on walks and

drainage, 3 days, at $2.00 6.00

C. Shockley, work on walks and filling

horse barn, 6 days, at $2.00 12.00

Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 11 days,

at $2.00 22.00

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Ed McKowan, work on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

S. T. Wilson, drainage, horse barns, 1

day, at $2.00 2.00

Dallas Swartz, work on walks and

drainage, 11 days, at $2.00 22.00

Henry Kurtz, labor on grounds, 10 days,

7 hours, at $2.00 21.40

Theo. Broerman, cleaning buildings and
plants and flowers, 9 days, 5 hours, at

$1.75 16.62

A. W. Deets, labor on grounds, 12 days,

at $3.00 • 36.00

W. J. Hillis, cleaning buildings and

mowing grass, 12 days, at $1.75 21.00

Harry Williams, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Sam Grylls, labor on grounds, 7 days,

at $2.00 14.00

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

A. W. Wiehn, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Wm. Waller, labor on grounds, T^/2

days, at $2.00 15.00

Earl Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

3 days, 8 hours, at $2.00 7.60

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

3S7

7-30

9538

7-31

9539

7-31

9540

7-31

9541

7-31

9542

7-31

9543

7-31

9544

7-31

9545

7-31

9546

7-31

9547

7-31

9548

8- 1

9549

8- 3

9550

8- 3

9551

8- 3

9552

8- 3 9553

I- 3
I- 5

9554
9555

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 11 3-10

days, at $4.00 42.20

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 9 3-10

days, at $4.00 37.20

Dan Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

12 3-10 days, at $4.00 49.20

Chas. Morrison, work on race track, 11

days, at $3.50 38.50

Carl Heggen, work on bleachers, 11

days, 6 hours, at $3.00 34.80

Ed Stevens, work on horse barns, 1 day,

at $2.00 2.00

Isaac Stewart, labor on grounds, 9

days, 4 hours, at $4.00 37.60

H. Stevens, work on bleachers, 2 days,

5 hours, at $2.00 5.00

Homer McCoy, labor on race track and

walks, 1 day, 3 hours, at $4.00 5.20

Homer McCoy, mowing grass, 4 days,

at $4.00 16.00

Joe Moyer, filling horse barns, 1 day, at

$4.00 4.00

Joe Moyer, labor on walks, 1 day, at

$4.00 4.00

Ben Miller, labor on grounds, 5 4-9

days, at $2.25 12.25

1,540.28

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 100.00

C. A. Nash, salary, July 100.00

Elsie Colton, salary, July 100.00

J. H. Deemer, salary, July 100.00

Edith K. Smith, additional salary, July 10.00

Minnie Anderson, extra clerk, July 65.00

Bess Williams, extra clerk, July 65.00

Clifford Heer, extra clerk, July 65.00

Geo. K. Scott, extra clerk, 9 days, July 22.50

Hubert Tiernan, office boy, 8 days, July 8.00

Buena Reed, extra clerk, 23 days, July 51.75

J. R. McHenry, plastering Crawford House, addi-
tional land 13.60

E. C. Faugh, whitewash contract, cattle barns 51.25

A. Olson, shingling speed barn No. 10 34.69

J. E. Lovejoy, payment on second estimate, horse

barn 3,000.00

C. E, Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 46.00

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2,300 "Greater Iowa". 23.00

C, M. & St. P. R. R., freight, turnstile and ticket

chopper 1.67

388

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

8- 5 9556

8- 5

9557

8- 5

9558

8- 5

9559

8- 8

9560

8- 8

9561

8- 8

9562

8- 8

9563

8- 8

9564

8- 8

9565

8- 8

9566

8- 9

9567

8-10

9568

8-10

9569

8-10

9570

8-10

9571

8-12

9572

E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage, special
committee work making appointments police de-
partment 18.00

C. F. Curtiss, telegraph messages Fargo, N. D 3.45

H. F. Deets, painting contract dining hall roof. . . 35.00

Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 2,450 "Greater Iowa". . 24.50

A. B. Carter, advertising Dallas county 15.00

Wm. P. Dermer, advertising Webster county 25.00

R, W. Lamson, advertising Jefferson county 20.00

R. L. Allen, advertising Wright county 14.00

Spratts Patent Ltd., part payment rent dog bench-
ing for dog show 100.00

Chas. Weitz' Sons, repairs exposition building. . . 106.00

Geo. A. Poff, advertising Keokuk county 20.00

Alf Murrow, 33 tons straw, forage department. . . 181.50

J, E. Lovejoy, 2d payment 2d estimate horse barn. 2,500.00
Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 100.00

C. R. I. & P. Ry. Co., freight tan bark for live

stock pavilion 65.75

Walter Hunt, door handles, agricultural hall 9.55

A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 20 (grounds):
July 28-August 10th, inclusive.

D. C. King, booths and tables in agri-
cultural building, 6 days, at $2.50 $ 15.00

T. W. Davis, labor on grounds, 14 days,

at $2.50 35.00

Dan Hoppes, work on bleachers and

grounds, 13yo days, at $2.50 33.75

G. W. Scott, booths and tables in agri-
cultural building, 12 days, at $2.50.. 30.00

Dave Dickey, labor on grounds, 5 days,

at $2.50 12.50

Clarence Hall, work on horse barns, 4

days, at $2.00 8.00

Henry Stan, labor on grounds, 4%

days, at $2.00 9.00

F. L. Clanton, labor on grounds, 5V2

days, at $2.00 11.00

Wesley Lammey, work on bleachers,

li/o days, at $3.00 4.50

James Batten, labor on account of dog

show and on ticket booths, 9 days,

at $2.00 18.00

E. A. Shaw, labor on account of dog
show and on ticket booths, 10 days,

at $2.50 25.00

Noble Stutsman, labor on account of
dog show and on bleachers, 12 days,
at $2.50 30.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 389

Jake Berger, labor on grounds, 13

days, IVo hours, at $2.50 34.38

Henry Stevens, work on bleachers, 5

days, 71/0 hours, at $4.50 25.92

Carl Stevens, labor on bleachers, 5

days, iy2 hours, at $2.00 11.50

G. O. Lewis, labor on bleachers, horse
and cattle barns, 9 days, 9 hours,
at $2.00 19.80

M. P. Hester, labor on bleachers, horse
barns and dog show, 9 days, 9 hours,
at $2.00 19.80

Sam Chamberlain, labor on bleachers
and on booths agricultural building,
111/2 days, at $2.00 23.00

W, Mayo, labor on bleachers and fence,
111,^ days, at $2.00 23.00

Earl Redington, labor on bleachers and

horse barns, I214 days, at $2.00 25.00

Dave Johnson, labor on bleachers and

horse barns, 8% days, at $2.00 17.00

T. C. Campbell, labor on bleachers and

dog show, 12 days, at $2.00 24.00

Wm. Gartsee, labor on bleachers and
ticket booths, 9 days, 3 hours, at
$2.50 23.25

Geo. W. "Williams, labor on bleachers
and horse barns, 11 days, 9 hours,
at $2.00 23.80

M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 14 days,

at $2.00 28.00

Frank Maricle, labor on bleachers and
administration addition, 14 days, at
$2.00 28.00

P. A. Boucher, labor on bleachers, SV2
days, at $2.00 17.00

J. W. Sackrider, labor on bleachers,
cattle barns and fence, 11 days, at
$2.00 22.00

Albert Spevack, labor on grounds, 14

days, at $2.00 28.00

A. W. Shaw, labor on bleachers, 14

days, at $2.00 28.00

Arthur Duncan, labor on bleachers and
booths in agricultural building, 13
days, at $2.50 32.50

G. E. Buck, labor on bleachers and
shower baths, swine pavilion, 14
days, at $2.50 35.00

390 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Walter Hunt, work on booths, agricul-
tural building and administration
building, 12 days, at $3.00 36.00

H. P. Stouffer, labor on bleachers,
horse barns and dog show, 14 days,
at $3.00 42.00

Geo. Whitmer, work on light system,

12 days, at $1.75 21.00

R. E. O'Brien, work on light system,

6 days, at $3.50 21.00

C. C. Richards, work on light system,

12 days, at $3.50 42.00

Ted Woodward, work on light system,

12 days, at $1.75 21.00

D. L. Sewell, work on light system,

7 days, at $3.50 24.50

H. Gill, cleaning buildings, 3 days, 9

hours, at $2.00 7.80

Perry Diggs, cleaning buildings, 4

days, at $2.00 8.00

W. J, Hillis, mowing grass and clean-
ing buildings, 13 days, at $1.75 22.75

Theo. Broerman, plants and flowers,

and buildings, liy^ days, at $1.75 20.13

Dan Faircloth, work on water system,

7 days, at $2.25 15.75

Parker Douglas, work on water sys-
tem, 11 days, 8 hours, at $2.00 23.60

Erwin Deemer, office boy and work in
agricultural building, 11 days, at
$1.50 16.50

Leo Paul, water boy, 14 days, at $1.25. 17.50

Ray Barnes, water boy, 12 1{. days, at

$1.50 12.50

Lawrence Boutin, work on bleachers,

3 days, 9 hours, at $2.00 7.80

F. A. Wigton, painting, 10 days, at

$2.00 20.00

Elmo Waldorf, painting, 1 2-10 days,

at $3.00 3.60

H. P. Waldorf, painting, 1 day, at $3.00 3.00

J. D. Waldorf, painting, 1 day, 2 hours,

at $4.50 5.40

Don Paul, painting, 14 days, at $2.00.. 28.00

Roy Finley, painting, 13 days, at

$2.00 26.00

W. Warrington, painting, 14 days, at

$2.00 28.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 391

J. H. Bailey, painting, 2 days, at $2.25. 4.50

E. H. D'eemer, painting, 6 days, at $2.00 12.00

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 13

days, at $2.00 26.00

Harry Williams, labor on grounds, 11 Vi:

days, at $2.00 23.00

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 14 days, 8

hours, at $2.25 33.30

Lew Kurtz, labor on grounds, 2 days,

at $2.00 4.00

Geo. Schmidt, cleaning buildings, 3

days, at $2.00 6.00

J. H. Hux, work on walks and filling

horse barn, 3 days, 4 hours, at $2.00 6.80
Grant Simpson, work on walks and fill-
ing horse barn, 5 days, at $2.00 10.00

Andrew Keyes, labor on grounds, 6

days, at $2.00 12.00

Harvey Welton, work on streets and

filling horse barn, 5 days, at $2.00.. 10.00

Leonard Olson, labor on grounds, 5

days, at $1.75 8.75

Henry Kurtz, labor on grounds, 11%

days, at $2.00 . 23.00

Dallas Swartz, labor on grounds, 14

days, at $2.00 28.00

Ed McKowan, labor on grounds, 13

days, at $2.00 26.00

I. J. Whitmer, work on streets and

filling horse barn, 12yo days, at $2.25 25.00

Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 13

days, at $2.00 26.00

C. Shockley, work on walks and fence,

5 days, at $2.00 10.00

Wm. Hearshman, work on walks and

streets, 8i/o days, at $2.50 21.25

Ray Miller, work on water system,

1 day, at $2.00 2.00

Gus Kurtz, filling horse barn and v>^ork

on fence, 8i/o days, at $2.00 17.00

Earl Doughenbaugh, work on streets

and grading, 61/2 days, at $2.00 .... 13.00

S. T. Wilson, labor on grounds, 10

days, at $2.00 20.00

Chas. Newell, labor on grounds, 10 1/^

days, at $2.00 21.00

Henry Grandgeorge, labor on walks
and baths in swine pavilion, 14
days, at $2.50 35.00

192 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

D. B. Hughes, labor on grounds, 13

days, at $2.00 26.00

Emanuel Hughes, labor on grounds,

12 days, at $2.00 24.00

A. W. Wiehn, labor on streets and

bleachers, 13 days, at $2.00 26.00

Elmer Facey, labor on walks and

streets, SV2 days, at $2.00 17.00

Hoyt Woodward, labor on grounds, 13

days, at $1.75 22.75

A. W. Deets, labor on grounds, 14

days, at $3.00 42.00

Wm. Waller, labor on grounds, 8

days, at $2.00 16.00

C. M. Dawson, labor on grounds, 14

days, at $2.00 • 28.00

J. 0. Fredregill, labor on grounds, 14

days, at $2.00 28.00

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 10

days, 51^ hours, at $4.00 42.20

Dan Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

121/2 days, at $4.00 50.00

Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 10

days, at $3.50 35.00

Carl Heggen, labor on grounds, 13 days,

6 hours, at $3.00 40.80

Isaac Stewart, labor on grounds, 12

days, 3 hours, at $4.00 49.20

Joe Moyer, labor on grounds, 11 days,

4 hours, at $4.00 47.20

Joy Moyer, labor on grounds, 12 days,

3 hours, at $4.00 49.20

Homer McCoy, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $4.00 48.00

Homer McCoy, labor on grounds, 12

days, 3 hours, at $4.00 49.20

A. (X Edwards, labor on race track,

1 day, at $4.00 4.00

Wm. Hearshman, labor on grounds, 8

days, 3 hours, at $4.00 33.20

D. 0. McAlister, labor on light system,

12 days, at $3.85 46.20

2,342.08

8-12 9573 Lawrence Peters, 21 tons, 930 pounds, straw, for-
age department 118.06

8-13 9574 C. W. Phillips, per diem and mileage, auditing

committee meeting 33.00

8-13 9575 Des Moines Bridge & Iron Co., repairs machinery

hall 425.44

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 39S

8-13 9576 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, assigning

space, machinery department 57.40

8-13 9577 R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage, assigning

pens, swine department 27.80

8-13 9578 J. F. Summers, per diem and mileage, assigning

pens, sheep department 28.00

8-13 9579 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage, assigning

stalls, cattle department 32.00

8-13 9580 C. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage, assigning

stalls, horse department 15.40

8-13 9581 0. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com-
mittee meetings 55.00

8-14 9582 C, B. & Q. Ry. Co., freight, 2 road carts, speed

department 3.20

8-14 9583 C. Staley, painting amphitheatre cornice 40.00

8-14 9584 W. R. Quinnett, mason and cement work, dining

hall, administration building 94.00

8-14 9585 M. L. Gratton, refund horse stall rent 4.00

8-14 9586 C. & N. W. Ry., freight, carload hay racks, new

horse barn 40.91

8-15 9587 W. M. Peters, 101 bushels, 45 pounds corn, forage

department 75.16

8-15 9588 Des Moines Daily News, advertising 1912 fair . . . 84.00

8-16 9589 A. W. R. Boiler, advertising Story county 20.00

8-16 9590 C, M. & St. P. Ry., freight, school exhibits 1.47

8-16 9591 A. Olson, laying 14%M shingles, hospital 18.44

8-16 9592 Potts Bros., estimate machinery hall floor 600.00

8-17 9593 L. H. Kurtz, P. M., postage 4,750 Greater Iowa. . 47.50

8-19 9594 E. C. Faugh, whitewashing walls, 6 speed barns

and dining hall 61.00

8-19 9595 John Cree, 55 tons, 1,580 pounds straw, forage

department 284.81

8-19 9596 W. R. Quinnett, mason work, horse barn 17.00

8-22 9597 Geo. B. Brown, 17 days services, concession de-
partment 42.50

8-22 9598 J. E. Lovejoy, balance, 2d estimate, horse barn. 5,500.00

8-24 9599 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 10.00

8-26 9600 Pain Fireworks Display Co., first payment 1912

fireworks contract 500.00

8-26 9601 E. N. Wentworth, expense, boys judging contest. . 47.00
8-26 9602 L. B. Gray, 6 tons, 1,910 pounds hay, forage de-
partment 83.46

8-26 9603 J. W. Clark, 4 tons, 1,045 pounds hay, forage de-
partment 54.27

8-27 9604 A. Liberati, first payment 1912 band contract 1,000.00

8-27 9605 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 21 (grounds).
August 11-24, inclusive.
W. C. Redhead, labor on streets and
horse show ring, 6 7-20 days, at
14.00 ? 25.40

394 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

G. H. Koontz, work on light system,

4 7-9 days, at $3.50 16.7?

Ernest Neeley, work on light system,

4 1-9 days, at $3.50 14.43

R. E. McLaughlin, work on light sys-
tem, 3 2-9 days, at $3.50 11.50

H. M. Brush, work on light system,

3 4-9 days, at $3.50 11.89

Jno. W. Post, work on horse barn fill,

3i/> days, at $2.00 7.00

Thos. Bennett, labor on grounds, 9

days, at $2.00 18.00

Joe Dawson, labor on grounds, 9 days,

8 hours, at $2.00 19.60

Chas. Newell, labor on grounds, 15

days, at $2.00 30.06

A. W. V/eihn, labor on grounds, 15

days, at $2.00 30.00

Earl Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

141/2 days, at $2.00 29.00

Wm. Hearshman, labor on grounds,

7 days, at $2.50 17.50

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, liV^

days, at $2.00 29.00

F. A. Harrison, labor on grounds, 4

days, at $2.00 8.00

Ed McKowan, labor on grounds, 12 1^

days, at $2.00 25.00

Henry Kurtz, labor on grounds,

13 19-20 days at $2.00 27.9(

Grant Simpson, labor on grounds,

14 11-20 days, at $2.00 29.1(

J. H. Hux, labor on grounds, 8 7-10

days, at $2.00 17.46

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 15

days, 1 hour, at $2.00 30.20

Roy Barnes, water boy, 13 days, at

$1.00 13.00

Parker Douglas, work on water sys-
tem, 13 days, 6 hours, at $2.00 27.20

Harvey Welton, labor on grounds, 15

days, 2 hours, at $2.00 30.40

Wm. Waller, labor on grounds, 14

days, at $2.00 28.00

Don Widener, labor on grounds, 5

days, 8 hours, at $2.00 11.60

C. M. Dawson, labor on grounds, 14^^

days, at $2.00 29.00

A. W. Deets, labor on grounds, 15 days,

3 hours, at $3.00 45.90

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 395

Emanuel Hughes, labor on grounds, 12

days, 9 hours, at $2.00 25.80

Leo Paul, water boy, 14 days, at $1.25. 17.50

Theo. Broerman, cleaning buildings,

12 days, at $1.75 21.00

John Wright, cleaning buildings, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

Don Faircloth, work on water system,

12 days, 4 hours, at $2.25 27.90

W. R. Wilkins, cleaning buildings, 3

days, at $2.00 6.00

Leonard Olson, work on walks and

horse barn fill, 9 days, at $1.75 15.75

Dallas Swartz, labor on grounds, 13

days, at $2.00 26.00

Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 12 days,

at $2.00 24.00

D. B. Hughes, labor on grounds, 14

days, 6 hours, at $2.00 29.20

E. A. Snow, labor on grounds, 12i/»

days, at $3.00 37.50

Geo, Whitney, foreman, 14 days, at

$3.75 52.50

James Schyler, water boy, 11 days,

at $1.00 11.00

Henry Deets, labor on grounds, 5 days,

at $3.00 15.00

Geo. Whitmer, labor on light system,

16 3-20 days, at $1.75 28.00

Ted Woodard, labor on light system,

14 days, 3 hours, at $1.75 25.02

R. lUgan, labor on grounds, 5^2 days,

at $2.00 11.00

J. O. Fredregill, labor on grounds,

141/0 days, at $2.00 29.00

Earl Redington, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Harry Williams, labor on grounds, 2

days, at $2.00 4.00

W. J. Hilles, mowing grass, 4 5-10

days, at $1.75 7.88

John Taylor, cleaning buildings, 3

days, at $1.75 5.25

B. D. Shriver, mowing grass, y^ day,

at $2.00 1.00

P. A. Wigton, painting, 5 days, at $2.00 10.00

Geo. Schmidt, work on streets and

walks, 2 days, at $2.00 4.00

;96 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

E. 0. Lacey, work on streets and walks,

1 day, 9 hours, at $2.00 3.80

Walter Snyder, work on streets and

walks, % day, at $2.00 1.00

John Astley, work on horse barn fill

and grounds, 1^2 days, at $2.00 3.50

Andrew Keyes, horse barn fill and

streets, 9 days, at $2.00 18.00

Wm. Hearshman, work on streets and

walks, 3 days, 9 hours, at $4.00 15.60

Chas. Morrison, work on race track,

7 days, at $3.50 24.50

James Johnson, work on horse show

ring and horse barn fill, 1 11-20

days, at $4.00 6.20

James Batten, labor on grounds, 1 day,

at $2.00 2.00

J. W. Sackrider, work on fence and

grounds, 4 days, 2 hours, at $2.00.. 8.40

W. Mayo, amphitheater chairs and

fence, 5 days, 2 hours, at $2.00 10.40

Geo. W. Williams, dog show, 1^2 days,

at $2.00 3.00

Harley Thornton, work on race track

and streets, 4 days, at $4.00 16.00

Dick Ledgerwood, work on race track

and wild west show. 2 days, at $4.00. 8.00

I. B. Brown, work on horse barn fill

fence and grounds, 13 days, 8 hours,

at $4.00 52.20

Joe Moyer, work on race track, 2 7-10

days, at $4.00 10.80

Dan Doughenbaugh, labor on grounds,

14 days, 1 hour, at $4.00 56.40

Carl Heggen, work on light system

and amphitheater chairs and

grounds, 14 days, 4 hours, at $3.00.. 43.20

Sam Chamberlain, labor on grounds,

12 days, at $2.00 24.00

G. A. Turner, labor on grounds, 4

days, at $2.25 9.00

Jake Berger, labor on grounds, 13

days, at $2.50 32.50

Arthur Duncan, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.75 33.00

G. E. Buck, labor on grounds, 13 days,

at $2.50 32.50

Walter Hunt, turn stiles and Adminis-
tration building, 13 days, at $3.00.. 39.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 397

J. H. Bailey, painting, 13 days, at $2.25 29.25

H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 11

days, 7 hours, at $3.00 35.10

Noble Stutsman, labor on grounds,

13 days, at $2.50 32.50

F. L. Clayton, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Dave Dickey, labor on grounds, 13

days, at $2.50 32.50

A. F. Thornley, horse barn fill, %

day, at $2.00 1.00

G. W. Scott, Agricultural building, 13

days, at $2.50 32.50

T. W. Davis, labor on grounds, 13

days, at $2.50 • 32.50

Dan Hoppes, labor on grounds, 12 1/^

days, at $2.50 31.25

D. C. King, labor on grounds, 6i/^ days,

at $2.50 16.25

T. C. Campbell, labor on grounds, 13

days, at $2.00 26.00

M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 13 days,

at $2.00 26.00

Frank Miracle, labor on grounds, 13

at $2.00 26.00

Albert Spevack, work on stalls, horse

barn and shower baths, 13 days, at

$2.00 26.00

E. F. Rumans, work on cattle barns

and grounds, 4i^ days, at $2.00 9.00

A. W. Shaw, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Geo. Hardie, water boy, 3 days, at

75 cents 2.25

W. Warrington, painting, 11 days at

$2.00 22.00

Roy Finley, painting and work in

camp grounds, 13 days, at $2.00 26.00

Don Paul, painting and work in camp

grounds, 13 days, at $2.00 26.00

Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds,

121/0 days, at $2.50 31.25

Chas. Doughenbaugh, cleaning build-
ings and work on account of dog

show, 31^ days, at $2.00 7.00

O. Iseminger, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $4.00 ' 44.00

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Caleb Johns, work on race track and

drainage and cleaning grounds, 23

days, 6 hours, at $4.00 94.40

Homer Brown, labor on grounds, 7

days, 1 hour, at $4.00 28.40

Sam Thornton, labor on race track, 2

days, at $4.00 8.00

Seth Stewart, labor on grounds, 11

days, 7 hours, at $4.00 46.80

Homer McCoy, labor on grounds, 29

days, at $4.00 116.00

Isaac Stewart, labor on grounds, 10^2

days, at $4.00 42.00

D'. O. McAlister, labor on light sys-
tem, 17 days, 7 nights, at $3.85 68.14

A. Allcox, labor on light system, 14

days, at $3.50 49.00

R. E. O'Brien, labor on light system,

12 7-9 days, at $3.50 44.61

J. McClellan, labor on light system,

17 3-9 days, at $3.50 60.67

C. A. Powers, labor on light system,

16 6-9 days, at $3.50 57.95

E. H. Deemer, painting, 1 day, at $2.00 2.00

2,793.72

9606 Ben Barnes, services, superintendent amusements 75.00

9607 Pain Fireworks Display Co., 2d payment 1912 fire-

works contract 500.00

9608 Pain Fireworks Display Co., 3d payment 1912 fire-

works contract 500.01

9609 M. C. Wheeler, advertising Winnebago county 10.00

9610 J. R. Sterling, advertising Hamilton county 20.00

9611 G. P. Kline, 65% bushels corn, forage department 45.85

9612 M. Duncan, 91 bushels, 23 pounds oats, forage de-

partment 25.68

9613 F. M. Barnes, superintendent of attractions 1912

fair 221.00

9614 Pains Fireworks Display Co., 4th payment 1912

fireworks contract 500.00

9615 Wm. McKirdy, judge Clydesdale horses 125.00

9616 Wm. Bell, judge Percheron horses 125.00

9617 Alex Galbraith, judge Belgian and Hackney horses 125.00

9618 F. M. Barnes, Inc., part payment attraction con-

tract (1912) 2,500.00

9619 F. M. Barnes, Inc., final payment attraction con-

tract (1912), and 50 3-sheet lithographs 209.00

9620 C. G. Allen, 10 tons, 1,015 pounds straw, forage

department 52.54

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 399

Sam Thornton, 10 tons, 785 pounds hay, forage

department 124.71

Pains Fireworks Display Co., final payment 1912

fireworks contract 250.00

H. S. Oxley, special electrician, night show 6.75

W. E. Tanner, special electrician, night show... 6.75
R. C. Shostrum, special electrician, night show. . . 6.75
Ora Steward, 12 tons, 395 pounds hay, forage de-
partment 146.38

L. H. Thornton, 7 tons, 875 pounds straw, forage

department 44.19

P. O. Weaver, 9 tons, 1,490 pounds timothy hay;
11 tons, 1,630 pounds clover hay; 727 bushels,

6 pounds oats, forage department 487.70

A. B. Cooper, box apple exhibit, expense 65.36

Laurenz Green, box apple exhibit, expense 50.90

Spratts Patent Ltd., final payment rent dog bench-
ing 103.00

A. E. Danforth, Spieler, Indian Village 25.00

Walter Stanton, attraction contract 1912 250.00

VOID.

A. Liberati, final payment 1912 band contract.. 1,520.00

B. O. Worrell, Mgr., band contract 54th Infantry
Band, of Ottumwa 875,00

C. P. Graham, orchestra contract 1912 409.00

Geo. M. Rommell, judge, horse department 125.00

P. Conway, band contract 1912 2,500.00

National Aeroplane Co., 1st payment aeroplane

contract (1912) 800.00

Thos. W. Bell, manager stock pavilion night show 150.00

O. J. Mooers, "Poetry of Motion" attraction 100.00

W. A. Dobson, judge, horse department 75.00

Jeffers Chautauqua orchestra, 1st payment, con-
tract 1912 406.00

8-30 9645 Jeffers Chautauqua orchestra, 2d payment con-
tract 1912 50.00

8-30 9646 Cressey and Wingate, general decorating contract

1912 500.00

8-30 9647 National Aeroplane Co., final payment aeroplane

contract (1912) 677.82

M. W. Cripliver, property man night shows 41.40

J. Duree, property man night shows 41.40

Dan Davis, special detective, 1912 fair 69.30

Paul Storm, office boy, administration building. 18.00

Leslie Lynch, office boy, administration building. 18.00
Leslie Lynch, office boy, administration building,

2d payment 4.50

8-30 9654 Paul Storm, office boy, administration building,

2d payment 4.50

8-29

9621

8-29

9622

8-29

9623

8-29

9624

8-29

9625

8-20

9626

8-30

9627

8-30

9628

8-30

9629

8-30

9630

8-30

9631

8-30

9632

8-30

9633

8-30

9634

8-30

9635

8-30

9636

8-30

9637

8-30

9638

8-30

9639

8-30

9640

8-30

9641

8-30

9642

8-30

9643

8-30

9644

8-30

9648

8-30

9649

8-30

9650

8-30

9651

8-30

9652

8-30

9653

8-31

9658

8-31

9659

8-31

9660

8-31

9661

8-31

9662

8-31

9663

8-31

9664

8-31

9665

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

9655 Irwin Bros., Cheyenne Show contract 1912 fair. 12,000.00

9656 O, A. Olson, freight horses and vehicles, admission
department 40.80

9657 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, board meet-
ing 98.00

O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, board meeting 99.50
R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage, board meet-
ing 99.80

C. W. Phillips, per diem and mileage, board meet-
ing 105.00

Elmer M. Reeves, per diem and mileage, board

meeting 100.30

E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage, board meeting 103.50
E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage, board

meeting 98.00

T. C. Legoe, per diem and mileage, board meeting 92.50
C. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage, board meet-
ing 87.70

8-31 9666 P. E. Sheldon, per diem and mileage, board meet-
ing 96.30

8-31 9667 J. P. Summers, per diem and mileage, board meet-
ing 95.70

8-31 9668 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, board meeting 95.80

8-31 9669 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage, board meeting 104.00

8-31 9670 A. Olson, cleaning amphitheater, 6 days 122.50

8-31 9671 W. C. Brown, superintendent concessions 500.00

8-31 9672 W. C. Brown, expense concession department.... 19.50

8-31 9673 Club dining hall. State Day banquet expense 126.25

8-31 9674 Ted Woodward, horse and buggy ticket depart-
ment 22.50

8 31 9675 0. A. Olson, expense attending Cheyenne Shows,

Cheyenne, Wyoming 46.50

E. J. Curtin, ticket refund 2.50

A. P. McAnalty, assistant superintendent grounds 84.00

T. C. Legoe, expense account Pine Arts department 4.85
Iowa State Pioneers Association, expense Pioneer

Day 131.75

8-31 9680 W. H. Middleton, special electrician, general

switch board 44.00

8-31 9681 C. W. Patti, fireman administration building,

boiler 20.00

Harrison Nutter, fireman dining hall boiler 24.00

J. H. Deemer, rent buggy admissions department 5.00

A. R. Corey, allowance for board, 1912 fair 25.00

G. S. Gilbertson, allowance for board, 1912 fair. 25.00
M. W. Cripliver, distributing advertising matter,

Des Moines 6.00

9- 4 9687 C. J. Trawver, 18 tons, 120 pounds hay, forage

department . . , 198.66

8-31

9676

8 31

9677

8-31

9678

8-31

9679

8-31

9682

8-31

9683

8-31

9684

8-31

9685

9- 4

9686

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 401

9- 5 9688 Des Moines Post Card Co., 4,132 post cards 20.61

9- 5 9689 L. Gibson, scavenger contract 1912 75.00

9- 5 9690 Vere Loper, assistant rest cottage 22.50

9- 5 9691 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll school department.

A. V. Storm, 10 days $ 40.00

E. C. Bishop, 9 days 36.00

J. E. Cundy, 11 days 44.00

Ruth Lamson, 11 days 33.00

J. O. Mitchell, 11 days 38.50

J. A. Mitchell, 4 days 6.00

Nieta Estabrook, 2 days 5.00

Ruth Beem, 1 day 2.00

204.50

9- 5 9692 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll secretary's office:
August.
Minnie Anderson, city office, 15 days at

$2.50- $ 37.50

Minnie Anderson, grounds office, 14

days, at $4.00 56.00

Bess Williams, city office, 15 days, at

$2.50 37.5C

Bess Williams, grounds office, 14 days,

at $4.00 56.00

Clifford C. Heer, city office, 17 days,

at $3.00 51.00

Clifford C. Heer, grounds office, 14 days,

at $4.00 56.00

Geo. K. Scott, city office, 16 days, at

$2.50 40.00

Geo. K. Scott, grounds office, 14 days,

at $4.00 56.00

Hubert Tiernan, city office, 15 days,

at $1.00 15.00

Hubert Tiernan, grounds office, 14 days,

at $2.00 28.00

Buena Reed, city office, 15 days, at $2.25 33.75

Buena Reed, grounds office, 7 days, at

$3.50 24.50

Zoa Keating, city office, 15 days, at

$2.00 30.00

Zoa Keating, grounds office, 7 days, at

$3.50 24.50

Volney Diltz, advertising city, 2 days,

at $3.00 6.00

Neal Van Meter, programs on grounds,

1 day, at $3.00 3.00

J. P. W. Urba, telephone collector, 1

day, at $2.50 2.50

26

402 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

C. A. Nasli, grounds expense, 14 days,
at $1.50 21.00

Elsie Colton, grounds expense, 14 days,

at $1.50 21.00

Edith K. Smith, grounds expense, 14
days, at $2.50 35.00

9- 5 9693 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll publicity department:
Donald Granger, assistant, 7 days, at

$2.75 $ 19.25

Ira Wright, assistant, 7 days, at $2.75. 19.75

Harry A. Houtman, assistant, 6 days,

at $2.75 16.50

Jeanette Williams, assistant, 7 days,

at $2.00 14.00

Elsie Swan, assistant, 2 days, at $2.75. 5.50

Lester Mugge, assistant, 1% days, at

$2.00 3.00

Roger Williams, assistant, 3 days, at

$2.00 6.00

9- 5 9694 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll forage department:
Geo. A. Wilson, superintendent forage,

20 days, at $5.00 $ 100.00

E. H. D'eemer, assistant, forage, 14

days, at $2.50; 11 days, at $4.00 79.00

J. H. Geesman, assistant, forage, 10

days, at $3.50 35.00

. T. Willey, assistant, forage, 10

days, at $3.50 35.00

Arthur Van Storm, policeman, 9 days,

at $2.50 22.50

■"/has. Morrison and team, delivery

man, 13 days, at $5.00 65.00

Will Keeling and team, delivery man,

12 days, at $5.00 60.00

Merlin Morrison and team, delivery

man, 12 days, at $5.00 60.00

Lester Smith, helper, 12 days, at $3.00. 36.00

Ora Hicks, helper, 12 days, at $3.00... 36.00

John Harris, helper, 12 days, at $3.00. . 36.00

Willie Peters, helper, 12 days, at $3.00 36.00

9- 5 9695 A. R. Corey, Secy., railroad fare for boys at
Boys' encampment:

Theo. Abkes, Austinville $ 3.90

Leo Ahart, Dow City 5.77

Ivan K. Akers, Laurel 2.36

Allbrich Clement, Mapleton 5.84

634.2;

83.50

600.50

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

403

Wm. Anderson, St. Charles i.l6

Wm. Ashby, Lucas 1.92

M. Myron Axtell, Strawberry Point. . . 6.12

Earl Benton, Rockwell City 3.15

Asker P. Bergo, Northwood 5.68

Mart Brooks, Thompson 5.96

Santford Bryson, Mason City 5.09

Claude Burns, Minburn 1.08

Ernest Cherry, Walker 6.68

John L. Chew, Adair 2.38

Jno. Cody, Cylinder 5.62

Colony Eugene, North Liberty 5.07

Merrill Drury, Early 4.64

Dale Dunlap, Sigourney 3.46

John Day, Afton 2.32

Orlo Drennan, Mt. Etna 4.48

Lester Day, Waterloo 3.88

Otis Dickey, Redfield 1.28

Rudolph Evans, D'ecorah 8.16

Dean Pinch, Ida Grove 5.70

Wilbur Pinn, Shenandoah 6.40

Forest H. Pord, Tipton 7.61

Ralph Pretz, Atlantic 3.28

Donald Ginger, Langdon 6.26

Albert Hansen, Alta 5.66

Hulef Hanson, Elkhorn 4.12

Ralph Harper, Nevada 1.67

Jno. W. Hazlett, Tripoli 5.70

Earl Heaton, Elberon 4.60

Jno. C. Hedrick, Osceola 2.32

Isaac C. Henderson, Paullina 7.62

Daniel Holcomb, Douds Leando 4.44

Lloyd Hudson, Knoxville 1.40

Emslie Hutcheon, Jefferson 2.70

Eugene Hoyinga, George 7.08

Lowell Johnson, Cresco 9-00

Wayne Kauffman, Whitten 3.70

Edw. Knotek, Washington 4.60

Dolph Lane, Bloomfield 4.73

Erwin Larson, Porest City 5.96

Harland Link, Waukon 10.74

Wm. L. Logan, Hillsboro 6.64

Gale McClean, Wilton Jet 6.25

Loren E. McClure, St. Charles 1.16

Howard McCormick, Sumner 5.32

Henry T. Mammin, McClelland 5.02

Arthur Marshall, Battle Creek 5.76

Clifford Mason, Melrose 3.32

Howard Mawdsley, Burt 5.28

404 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Ray Menzel, Hazleton 5.32

Boyd E. Metier, Weldon 3.00

Irving W. Moe, Montgomery 7.10

Francis Mohler, Bedford 5.00

Clyde Naylor, Stratford 2.68

Hayes W. Parsons, Fairfield 4.68

Arthur Oppendahl, Goldfield 3.97

Homer Pattison, LeMars 7.46

Ralph Perkins, Rose Hill 2.52

Guy Peterson, Cherokee 6.10

Harry Rensink, Boyden 8.04

Chester Richards, Estherville 7.11

Lloyd Riley, Norway 4.32

Sahl Thorwald, Harlan 4.50

Dean Siverly, Diagonal 3.00

Llewellyn Smith, Keystone 4.60

Louis Smith, Dunlap 6.24

Robt. Sprague, Council Bluffs 5.66

Wm. H. Stacey, Osage 7.36

Raymond Teachout, Imogene 5.52

Fred Tennyson, Dudley 2.70

Leo Walker, Corydon 4.00

Geo. Wall, Burdette 3.04

Wm. J. Walsh, Zwingle 7.96

Harry Welsch, Elliott 3.86

Donald Wilcox, Melvin 6.66

Hugh Williams, Danville 5.92

Ellis D. Willis, Steamboat Rock 3.60

Ralph Winsler, Moravia 3.20

Earl Winslow, Marshalltown 2.30

Ralph Woodard, Webster City 3.21

Helpers.

O. E. Atkinson, Rockwell City 3.15

J. H. Abernathy, Jefferson 2.70

R. A. Fletcher, Mason City 4.84

9- 5 9696 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll dog show:

Walt Brindey, helper, 8 days at $2.50. .$ 20.00

Roy Vanderwall, helper, 8 days at $2.50 20.00

C. E. Gilbert, helper, 3 days at $2.50. . . 7.50

W. A. Briggs, helper, 4 days at $2.50.. 10.00
E. W. Merritt, ticket seller, 4 days at

$2.50 10.00

R. C. West, ticket seller, 4 days at $2.50 10.00

Tom Ryan, speller, 4 days at $6.25 25.00

Don Anderson, helper, 4 days at $1.00. . 4.00
A. W. Gates, asst. superintendent, 4

days at $2.50 10.00

Donald Munro, judging 163.00

411.36

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 405

Dr. C. A. White, judging 75.00

Ben Brindley, judging, 4 days at $2.50. 10.00

9- 5 9697 C. F, Curtiss, Supt., pay roll horse dept.:
Chas. Rinehart, assistant horse dept.,

13 days at $3.50 $ 45.50

Joe McCoy, assistant horse dept., 10

days at $3.50 35.00

C. N. Arnett, assistant horse dept.,

8 days at $3.50 24.00

Robt. Baxter, assistant horse dept., 5

days at $3.50 17.50

Don L. Berry, assistant horse dept., 5

days at $3.50 17.50

Chas. Summers, assistant horse dept., 9

days at $3.50 31.50

C. N. Kennedy, megaphone work, 5

days at $2.50 12.50

Peter McFarlane, barn foreman, 9 days

at $2.50 22.50

Harold Brenton, office boy, 9 days at

$1.50 13.50

9- 5 9698 G. S. Gilbertson, Treas., pay roll treas-
urer's dept:

L. M. Barlow, asst. treas 150.00

C. A. Isaacs, asst. treas 100.00

W. H. Heggen, asst. treas 50.00

Ed Sunberg, guard, 13 days at $4.00... 52.00

Fred Johnson, guard, 10 days at $4.00. 40.00

Phil Worth, reserved seat man 60.00

C. E. Lennina, guard at tent, 12 days

at $3.25 39.00

Orville Petty, auto, 13 days at $12.00. . 156.00
M. A. Hauge, ticket seller, 11 days

at $3.25 35.75

Geo. J. Heggen, ticket seller, 11 days

at $3.25 35.75

J. A. Stanley, ticket seller, 11 days

at $3.25 35.75

Chas. Gleadall, ticket seller, 11 days

at $3.25 35.75

H. S. Redhead, ticket seller, 10 days

at $3.25 32.50

T. A. Lawson, ticket seller, 11 days

at $3.25 35.75

B. J. Stong, ticket seller, 10 days

at $3.25 32.50

364.50

219.50

406 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Paul Brown, ticket seller, 9 days at

$3.25 29.25

H. A. Smith, ticket seller, 9 days at

$3.25 29.25

Roe J. Thompson, ticket seller, 10 days

at $3.25 32.50

Chas. Osgood, ticket seller, 10 days

at $3.25 32.50

John Verba, ticket seller, 10 days at

$3.25 32.50

R. S. Hayward, ticket seller, 9 days

at $3.25 29.25

C. J. Ahern, ticket seller, 9 days at

$3.25 29.25

Ed Byers, ticket seller, 7 days at $3.25 22.75

Hugh Jackson, ticket seller, 9 days at

$3.25 29.25

Claude Patterson, ticket seller, 7 days

at $3.25 22.75

Frank Rowat, ticket seller, 8 days at

$3.25 26.00

S. W. Wright, ticket seller, 8 days at

$3.25 26.00

C. F. Leach, ticket seller, 7 days at

$3.25 22.75

M. A. Johnston, ticket seller, 7 days

at $3.25 22.75

Vane Coen, ticket seller, 8 days at

$3.25 26.00

Ezra Meredith, ticket seller, 8 days

at $3.25 26.00

Ira Jones, ticket seller, 11 days at

$3.25 35.75

Iowa Welch, ticket seller, 7 days at

$3.25 22.75

Raymond Rogers, ticket seller, 7 days

at $3.25 22.75

Wm. Sherman, ticket seller, 7 days at

$3.25 22.75

Expense horse and buggy, 12 days at

$1.50 18.00

Sundry expense 5.60

9- 5 9699 J. P. Mullen, Supt. pay roll, machinery dept:

C. H. Turk, 1st asst. superintendent, 60
days at $4.00 $ 240.00

C. H. Turk, 1st asst. superintendent,
railroad fare 73.85

1,457.10

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 407

A. W. Sargent, 2d asst. superintendent,
20 days at $2.50 50.00

Paul Marsden, 3d asst. superintendent,
18 days at $2.50 45.00

Billy Sager, water hauler, 9 days at
$6.50 58.50

9- 5 9700 J. F. Summers, Supt, pay roll, poultry dept:
Geo. S. Phillips, assistant, 10 days at

$3.00 $ 30.00

Verdon Reinhart, assistant, 9 days at

$2.00 18.00

Herold Pammel, assistant, 8 days at

$2.00 16.00

Wm. McMichael, assistant, 1 day at

$2.00 2.00

Carl Dare, assistant, 9 days at $2.00.. 18.00

H. E. Burgus, assistant, 1 day at $2.00 2.00

L. W. Harkins, assistant, 3^/^ days at

$2.00 7.00

Emerson Day, assistant, Sy2 days at

$2.00 17.00

E. L. Beck, 3 days clerk hire at $1.70. . 5.10

E. L. Beck, assistant supt., 18^^ days

at $4.00 : 74.00

W. S. Russell, judge 35.00

F. H. Shellabarger, judge 35.00

E. L. Beck, misc. expense 4.00

9- 0 9701 J. F. Summers, Supt, pay roll, sheep dept.:

M. G. Thornburg, 12 days at $4.00 48.00

W. S. Summers, 11 days at $4.00 44.00

R. F. Miller, judge 133'.50

J. C. Duncan, judge 110.00

9- 5 9702 O. A. Olson, Supt. pay roll admissions dept:

N. W. McBeath, captain pass gates, 10'

days at $3.50 $ 35.00

Jasper Halvorson, pass gates, 7 days

at $2.50 17.50

Harry Moore, pass gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

Roy Baird, pass gates, 10 days at $2.50 25.00

Verne Fairchild, pass gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

F. R. Black, pass gates, 10 days at $2.50 25.00

\ R, Baggs, pass gates, 10 days at $2.50 25.0e

467.35

263.10

$ 335.50

408 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

E. C. Wartchow, pass gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

Seth Howard, pass gates, 10 days at
$2.50 25.00

Glen Core, pass gates, 10 days at $2.50 25.00

B. A. Young, pass gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

A. H. Pierce, pass gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

Byron Crawford, pass gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

Glenn Summers, pass gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

C. G. Carson, pass gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

S. S. Foster, pass gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

Dick Brady, pass gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

R. D. M. Allen, pass gates, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

W. W. Bennett, pass gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

Wm. Lundberg, captain street car

gates, 10 days at $3.50 35.00

G. S. Binford, street car gates, 10 days

at $2.50 25.00

Howard Beadle, street car gates, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

Glen Willitts, street car gates, 10 days

at $2.50 25.00

Albert Guy, street car gates, 9 days

at $2.50 22.50

W. W. West, street car gates, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

E. N. Solverson, street car gates, 10

days at $2.50 25.00

Willis McCandless, street car gates, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

L. Aspenson, street car gates, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

Geo. Hilton, street car gates, 1 day

at $2.50 2.50

L. McComb, street car gates, 3 days

at $2.50 7.50

H. S. May, street car gates, 10 days

at $2.50 25.00

C. F. Nolte, captain Grand avenue

wagon gates, 10 days at $3.50 35.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 409

Albert Soles, wagon gates, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

P. P. Kopp, wagon gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

John Hacker, wagon gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

Wm. McCann, wagon gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

Frank Raddle, wagon gates, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

Grover Christ, wagon gates, 2 days at

$2.50 5.00

A. L. Hume, captain Grand avenue

turnstile, 10 days at $3.50 35.00

"Wm. Nail, Grand avenue turnstile, 7

days at $2.50 17.50

L. B. Buchner, Grand avenue turnstile,

10 days at $2.50 25.00

A. C. Scott, Grand avenue turnstile, 7

days at $2.50 17.50

Chas. Peterson, Grand avenue turnstile,

8 days at $2.50 20.00

F. C. Corey, captain Rock Island gates,

10 days at $3.50 35.00

C. H. Combs, Rock Island gates, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

A. Field, Rock Island gates, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

Wilson Vaughn, Rock Island gates, 10

days at $2.50 25.00

Roy Budlong, Rock Island gates, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

J. H. Swink, Rock Island gates, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

E. A. Hanson, Rock Island gates, 5

days at $2.50 12.50

Oscar Hoist, Rock Island gates, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

H. C. Conkling, Rock Island gates, 8

days at $2.50 ' 20.00

Roy Cottrell, Rock Island gates, 8 days

at $2.50 • 20.00

W. C. Brown, Rock Island gates, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

F. E. Yoder, Rock Island gates, 3 days

at $2.50 7.50

Clyde Whiting, captain amphitheater,

10 days at $3.50 35.00

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

C. C. Colwell, usher amphitheater, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

Harry Hull, usher amphitheater, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

Harry Laird, usher amphitheater, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

Abe Thurston, usher amphitheater, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

B. O. Hanger, usher amphitheater, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

W. H. Reed, usher amphitheater, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

A. W. D. Bruyn, usher amphitheater, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

Dan Howard, usher amphitheater, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

Chas. Glatty, usher amphitheater, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

W. Maw, usher amphitheatre, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

Bruce Carson, usher amphitheater, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

B. A, Dunlap, usher amphitheater, 7

days at $2.50 17.50

Ellsworth Holden, usher amphitheater,

6 days at $2.50 15.00

F. E. Landis, usher amphitheater, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

J. A. Mcintosh, usher amphitheater, 7

days at $2.50 17.50

H. C. Woorell, usher amphitheater, 3

days at $2.50 7.50

J. S. Parrish, usher amphitheater, 5

days at $2.50 12.50

Roger Fairchild, captain east entrance

amphitheater, 6 days, at $3.50 21.00

Rex Olmstead, gates and turnstiles, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

A. Christianson, gates and turnstiles, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

H. Schmitz, gates and turnstiles, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

Jesse Brooker, gates and turnstiles, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

Ole White, gates and turnstiles, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

H. W. Chehock, gates and turnstiles, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 411

J. W. Long, gates and turnstiles, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

Thos. Egan, gates and turnstiles, 7

days at $2.50 17.50

Roy Weatherwax, gates and turnstiles, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

R. M. Holbrook, captain west entrance

amphitheater, 8 days at $3.50 28.00

E. H. Scott, gates and turnstiles, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

Clark Draper, gates and turnstiles, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

C. H. Moe, gates and turnstiles, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

Robert Akes, gates and turnstiles, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

Glen Kirby, gates and turnstiles, 8

days at $2.50 20.00

H. R. Williams, gates and turnstiles, 7

days at $2.50 17.50

Tracy Wellman, gates and turnstiles,

4 days at $2.50 10.00

W. R. Hatch, captain quarter stretch,

8 days at $3.50 28.00

F. J. Wykoff, gates, 8 days at $2.50.. 20.00
J. R. Johnson, gates, 8 days at $2.50.. 20.00
O. L. Gray, captain bleachers, 8 days

at $3.50 28.00

S. Peterson, P. gate and E. bleachers, 8

days at $3.50 28.00

J. W. Lindsay, captain plow gate, 8

days at $3.50 28.00

J. C. Overholtzer, plow gate, 7 days

at $2.50 17.50

W. H. Maxwell, captain stock pavilion,

8 days at $3.50 28.00

Jno. Dietrich, stock pavilion, 6 days

at $2.50 15.00

Isaac Halvorson, tent guard, 12 days

at $2.50 30.00

Edwin Beard, tent guard, 8 days

at $2.50 20.00

W. A. Hunt, mechanic, 5 nights at

$1.00; 9 days at $3.00 32.00

A. Woolery, horseman, 17 days at

$2.50 42.50

Jno. Wheeler, Asst. Supt. of admis-
sions, 10 days at $4.00 40.00

412 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Al Severson, Asst. admission depart-
ment, 10 days at $4.00' 40.00

W. C. Skiffs, Asst. admissions depart-
ment, 11 days at $4.00 44.00

B. ,M. Clark, Asst. admissions depart-
ment, 11 days at $4.00 44.00

$ 2,436.00
9- 5 9703 C. W. Phillips, Supt, pay roll ticket department:
G. F. Tincknell, assistant superintend-
ent tickets, 7 days, at $4.00 $ 28.00

Lew Burnett, assistant superintendent

tickets, 8 days, at $4.00 32.00

Allie Cox, ticket collector, 11 days, at

$3.25 35.75

J. U. Sammis, ticket counter, 11 days,

at $3.25 35.75

Geo. Dunlap, ticket counter, 11 days,

at $3.25 35.75

R. E. Coverdale, ticket counter, 11

days, at $3.25 35.75

Ben Phillips, ticket counter, 11 days,

at $3.25 35.75

Arthur Horrigan, ticket counter, 11

days, at $3.25 35.75

Donald Judd, ticket counter, 6 days,

at $3.25 19.50

Frank Beaton, ticket counter, 11 days,

at $3.25 35.75

John Newman, ticket counter, 8 days,

at $3.25 26.00

355.75

9- 5 9704 Wesley Greene, Supt., pay roll floricultural de-
partment:

John Temple, judge plants and flowers,

5 days, at $5.00 $ 25.00

Wesley Greene, superintendent, 11

days, at $4.00 44.00

69.00

9- 5 9705 E. M. Reeves, Supt., pay roll horticultural de-
partment:

J. W. Bennett, assistant, 10 days, at

$3.75 $ 37.50

George Scott, labor, carpenter and

cleaning, 4 days, at $2.00 8.00

Victor Felter, judge, 3 days, at $5.00.. 15.00

B. Stuart, judge, 2 days, at $5.00 10.00

E. M. Reeves, express on fruit 2.35

Clayton Garrett, expense box apple ex-
hibit 5.25

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 413

E. M. Reeves, express and cartage on
fruit boxes 3.48

S 5 9706 T. C. Legoe, superintendent, pay roll fine arts
department:
Gertrude Todd, judge, 3 days, at $5.00.$ 15.00

Gertrude Todd, judge, expense 12.80

Mrs. John Hess, judge, 5 days, at $5.00 25.00

J. H. Kelley, assistant superintendent,

13 days, at $4.00 52.00

Mrs. F. H. Shoenhut, assistant superin-
tendent, 12 days, at $3.25 39.00

Margaret Scott, assistant superintend-
ent, 11 days, at $3.25 35.75

Helen Wharton, assistant superintend-
ent, 11 days, at $3.25 35.75

Ella Geneva, assistant superintendent,

11 days, at $3.25 35.75

W. G. Clements, clerk to superintend-
ent, 9 days, at $3.25 29.25

Edna Patterson, assistant, 10 days, at

$2.50 25.00

Eva Townsend, assistant, 9 days, at

$2.50 22.50

Elsa Cornell, assistant, 9 days at $2.50 22.50

Marion Wentworth, assistant, 9 days

at $2.50 22.50

W. W. Wilson, assistant, 4 days $2.50. 10.00

Roy Bedford, assistant, 3 days at $2.50 7.50

William Thompson, assistant, 10 days

at $2.50 25.00

Fred Allai, assistant, 10 days at $2.50 25.00

H. D. Ford, assistant, 3 days at $2.50 7.50

F. Bottorf, assistant, 2 days at $2.50. . . 5.00

Edwin Willcockson, assistant, 10 days
at $2.50 25.00

9- 5 9707 C. E. Cameron, Pres., pay roll janitors adminis-
tration building:
JefC Logan, custodian administration

building, 22 days at $3.50 77.00

L. M. Brown, janitor, 21 days at $2.50 52.50

C. B. Brown, janitor, 19 days at $2.50. . 47.50

W. H. Birney, janitor, 18 days at $2.50 45.00
Henry F. Davis, janitor, 14 days at

$2.50 35.00

Mrs. Maude Wilkerson, matron, 15

days at $2.50 37.50

M. B. Jackson, janitor, 20 days at $2.50 50.00

81.58

477.80

414 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Thomas Harris, janitor, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

C. S. Stewart, janitor, 4 days at $2.50 10.00

Harry Hughes, janitor, 9 days at $2.50 22.50

Cliff Williams, janitor, 9 days at $2.50 22.50

Wesley Branch, janitor, 1 day at $2.50 2,50

414.50

9- 5 9708 W. C. Brown, Supt. pay roll ticket takers side shows:
C. W. Briggs, ticket taker, 7 days

at $2.50 $ 17.50

H. Bender, ticket taker, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

H. Bryant, ticket taker, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

J. Beach, ticket taker, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

A. W. Weihn, work on walks and clean-
J. F. Coffin, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

H. Coen, ticket taker, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

V. E. Cherry, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

C. Christiansen, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

V. Diltz, ticket taker, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

H. Gross, ticket taker, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

J. H. Hamilton, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

R. D. Harold, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

Carl Meyers, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

H. H. Moyer, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

C. F. Mattern, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

Geo. McCreight, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

W. McDonald, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

A. Olmstead, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

A. E. Olson, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

G. W. Patterson, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

A. W. Renshaw, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

Roe, Chas., ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17 50

J. R. Sterling, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

THIRTEENTH x\NNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 415

Gage Stahl, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

R. Seaman, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

Fred Utterback, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 : 17.50

C. E. Wheeler, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

O. P. Willey, ticket taker, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

E. Easton, ticket taker, 5 days at $2.50 12.50

H. E. Kingman, ticket taker, 5 days at

$2.50' 12.50

V. B. Rex, ticket taker, iYz days at

$2.50 11.25

R. M. Lewis, ticket taker, 3 days at

$2.50 7.50

Tom Walters, ticket taker, 2 days at

$3.25 6.50

C. H. Leibsly, cashier, 8 days at $3.25 26.00

L. F. Rohde, cashier, 8 days at $3.25. . . 26.00

Teddy Hinton, watchman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

B. Breed, ticket man, 9 days at $3.75 35.75

R. W. Fuller, office, 10 days at $3.25. . 32.25

9- 5 9709 W. C. Brown, pay roll concessions department:
Pat Roach, concession department, 12

days at $4.00 $ 48.00

W. V. Palmer, concession department,

17 days at $4.00 68.00

9- 5 9710 R. S. Johnston, Supt., pay rolls swine dept.:

A. L. Goodenough, judge Hampshires. .$ 50.00

N. H. Gentry, judge Chester Whites

and Berkshires 75.00

C. C. Roup, judge Yorkshire and Tam-

worth 20.00

H. F. Hoffman, judge Duroc Jerseys.. 70.00

Harvey Johnson, judge Poland China. 50.00

Fred Rood, judge Poland China 25.00

J. M. Stewart, judge Poland China lO'.OO

J. Carson Duncan, assistant superin-
tendent, 9 days at $4.00 36.00

H. W. Baker, assistant superintendent,

10 days at $4.00 40.00

Helen Johnston, office assistant, 10

days at $4.00 40.00

Telegrams .87

672.75

116.00

416.87

416 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

9- 5 9711 E. J. Curtin, Supt, pay roll speed department:

0. P. Updegraff, starter $ 150.00

Magnus Flaws, presiding judge lOO'.OO

J. P. Garrison, judge, 1 day, at $5.00.. 5.00

Parley Sheldon, judge, 6 days at $5.00 30.00

A. O. Laughlin, judge, 6 days at $5.00 30.00

L. H. Pickard, timer, 6 days at $5.00. 30.00

J. T. Gill, timer, 6 days at $5.00 30.00

Read Kendall, timer, 6 days at $5.00.. 30.00
Geo. E. Hobbs, superintendent track, 11

days at $3.75 41.25

Railroad fare Des Moines and return 5.60
M. L. Markham, barn boss, 17 days at

$3.00 51.00

E. A. Elliott, clerk of course, 14 days

at $3.75 52.50

Railroad fare Des Moines and return 4.40
A. L. Denio, assistant superintendent

speed, 12 days at $4.00 48.00

Railroad fare Des Moines and return 5.46
Judson Zentmire, call boy, 7 days at

$3.25 22.75

Donald Hill, Jr., score boy, 7 days at

$3.25 22.75

N. Van Meter, call boy, 7 days at

$3.25 22.75

Albert Wind, announcing, 5.00

George Baker, uniform boy, 7 days at

$3.25 22.75

Curley Holmes, blacksmith lO.OO-

9- 0 9712 E. M. Wentworth, Supt., pay roll police dept. :

0. A. McKinney, policeman, 5 days at

$3.50; 14 days at $2.50 $ 52.50

R. Williams, policeman, 8 days at $2.50 20.00

W. S. Goodwin, policeman, 21 days at

$2.50 52.50

Geo. D. Thomas, policeman, 9 days

at $2.50 22.50

J. W. B. Cole, policeman, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

W. L. Wise, policeman, 10 days at $2.50 25.00

F. L. Randolph, policeman 12 days at

$2.50 30.00

R. G. Whisler, policeman, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

M. F. Lockwood, policeman, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

719.21

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 417

I. F. Hodson, policeman, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

A. Hollowell, policeman, 9 days at
$2.50 22.50

G. O. Stansell, policeman, 3 days at

$2.50 7.50

7 days at $3.50 24.50

S. B. Sands, policeman, 9 days at $2.50 22.50

H. Aldrich, policeman, 9 days at $2.50 22.50

R, C. Lillibridge, policeman, 9 days
at $2.50 22.50

F. A. Robinson, policeman, 9 days
at $2.50 22.50

J. W. Vader, policeman, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

C. G. Sears, policeman, 9 days at $2.50' 22.50

A. Lucing, policeman, 9 days at $2.50 22.50
J. W. Carter, policeman, 12 days at

$2.50 30.00

C. O. Breed, policeman, 9 days at $2.50 22.50
Henry Popham, policeman, 9 days at

$2.50 22.50

B. M. Hester, policeman, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

T. C. Cree, policeman, 6 days at $2.50 15.00

Dan Staman, policeman, 8 days at $2.50 20.00

Frank M. Lockwood, policeman, 2 days

ml $2.50; 8 days at $3.50 33.00

R. E. Morgan, policeman, 9 days at

$2.50 22.50

Robert Neal, policeman, 8 days at $2.50 20.00

W. O. DeSilva, policeman, 9 days

at $2.50 22.50

M. B. Hester, policeman, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

D, B. Marshall, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

Earl E. Brown, policeman, 9 iays

at $2.50 22.50

B. H. Howell, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

H. L. Corbin, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

H. Ruttledge, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

Ed P. Ellyson, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

R. L. Downing, policeman, 9 days

at $2.50 22.50

27

418 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Wm. Wilson, policeman, 9 days at

$2.50 22.50

H. D. Ford, policeman, 9 days at $2.50 22.50

R. E. Frederick, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

F. O. Bottroff, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

Roy H. Bedford, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

W. C. Miltharp, policeman, 10 days at

$3.50 35.00

W. C. Miltharp, policeman, expense... 2.00

F. W. Steele, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

P. O. Bunker, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

Henry Johnson, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

James McClelland, policeman, 9 days

at $2.50 22.50

Floyd Hamilton, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

J. G. Weiting, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

J. C. Schoch, policeman, 11 days at

$2.50 27.50

J. B. Shuey, policeman, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

C. D. Danforth, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

B. F. George, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

Chas. J. Hall, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

J. F. Cowan, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

P. M. Jenks, policeman, 10 days at

$2.50 25.00

L. D. Mallonee, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

I. Parks, policeman, 8 days at $2.50... 20.00

Oley Landey, policeman, 8 days at $2.50 20.00

L. L. Morris, policeman, 8 days at $2.50 20.00

Wm, Suppala, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

T. E. Wallace, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

E. W. Schull, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

John Ireton, policeman, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 419

A. J. Fulton, policeman, 7 clays at $2.50 17.50

A. W. Sooth, policeman, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

B. Garthwaite, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

J. T. Mowerson, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

E. E. Erickson, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

Thomas Housholder, policeman, 2 days

at $2.50 5.00

9 days at $2.50 22.50

James Jensen, policeman, 2 days at

$2.50; 7 days at $3.50 29.50

J. M. Crockett, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

Vv^. B. Brown, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

Verne Felter, policeman, 6 days at $2.50 15.00

Amos Martin, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

U. G. Mogle, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

F. Ostermeyer, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

Earl Hem, policeman, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

J. D. Prendergast, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

A. E. Metzger, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

John Martin, policeman, 7 days at
$2.50 17.50

B. H. Cave, policeman, 7 days at $2.50 17.50
Frank Waggoner, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

C. Brittan, policeman, 1 day $2.50;

5 days at $3.50; 8 days at $4.00 52.00

A. Loomis, policeman, 6 days at $2.50 15.00

J. A. Scoville, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50; 8 days at $3.50 48.00

L. A. Hunter, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

Roy Bever, policeman, 8 days at $3.50 28.00

Wm. Coin, policeman, 8 days at $3.50. . 28.00

W. O. Tillotson, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

L. D. Bruner, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

J. T. Powers, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

420 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

J. H. Mathis, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

A. C. Elliott, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

Walter Brown, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

' Harvey Ellis, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

J. C. Posey, policeman, 2 days at $3.50 7.00

R. L. Clay, policeman, 2 days at $3.50 7.00

C. E. Meyers, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

S. E. Thornton, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

Ed Donoghue, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

H. R. Way, policeman, 8 days at $3.50 28.00

Seth Way, policeman, 8 days at $3.50 28.00

Will M. Johnson, policeman, 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

S. W. Robbins, policeman, 7 days at

$3.50 24.50

Lee Barns, policeman, 7 days at $3.50 24.50

L. H. Thornton, policeman 8 days at

$3.50 28.00

Jerry Betts, policeman, 7 days at $3.50 24.50

L. C. Clark, policeman, 6 days at $3.50 21.00

J. D. Eveland, policeman, 7 days at

$2.50 17.50

Dick Bye, policeman, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

H. W. Kempton, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

L. Hickman, policeman, 8 days at $2.50 20.00

Geo. Thompson, policeman, 8 days at

$2.50 20.00

Chas. E. Miller, policeman, 6 days at

$2.50 15.00

Jno. L. Thompson, policeman, 7 days

at $2.50 17.50

M. Latham, policeman, 5 days at $2.50 12.50

Sarh Woodcock, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

Frank Leonard, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

C. Childress, policeman, 5 days at $2.50 12.50

Harry Stover, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

J. W. Heath, policeman, 5 days at $2.50 12.50

S. Ellis, policeman, 5 days at $2.50 12.50

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 421

B. Short, policeman, 3 days at $2.50.. 7.50
G. 0. Jones, policeman, 5 days at $2,50 12.50

C. A. Roberts, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

A. N. Ellis, policeman, 5 days at $2.50 12.50
G. D. Taylor, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

B. W. Kennedy, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

Wm. M. Brown, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

Nat Wright, policeman, 5 days at $2.50 12.50

F. K. Stansell, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

G. P. Scovel, policeman, 5 days at $2.50 12.50
G. S. DeVore, policeman, 4 days at

$2.50 10.00

L. A. Hasselquist, policeman, 2 days

$2.50 5.00

A. W. Caunitt, policeman, 4 days at

$2.50 10.00

Edward Hall, policeman, 4 days at

$2.50 10.00

Seth Davis, policeman, 4 days at $2.50 10.00

H. L. Abernathy, policeman, 3 days at

$2.50 7.50

A. C. Greene, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

James Johnson, policeman, 4 days at

$2.50 10.00

A. D. Gibson, policeman, 2 days at

$2.50' 5.00

Charles Minton, policeman, 14 days at

$2.50 35.00

John McClure, policeman, 3 days at

$2.50 7.50

F. R. Davis, policeman, 1 day at $2.50 2.50

Anthony Baker, policeman, 6 days at

$2.50 15.00

C. C. Helms, policeman, 5 days at $2.50 12.50
J. E. Kelley, policeman, 4 days at $2.50 10.00
C. S. Aldrich, policeman, 5 days at

$3.50 17.50

O. M. Olsen, policeman, 5 days at $2.50 12.50

R. G. Orr, policeman, 5 days at $2.50 12.50
J. C. Gregory, policeman, 6 days at

$2.50 15.00

R. D. Royster, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

422 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

E. E. Babcock, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

J. R. Maher, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

J. J. Walker, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

L. M. Abernathy, policeman, 5 days at

$2.50 12.50

B. W. Weaver, policeman, 4 days at

$2.50 10.00

R. W. Roberts 33.00

M. W. Keating, superintendent camp

grounds, 15 days at $3.50 52.50

Don Smith, 10 days at $2.00 20.00

T. J. Hudson, marshall 45.00

C. M. Akers, marshall 45.00

Carl Shields, marshall 45.00

Dona'-d Hill, chief of police 55.00

C. A. Fulton, assistant chief of police,

11 days at $4.00 44.00

E. J. Frowick, captain, 8 days at $4.00 32.00
W. M. Clark, assistant superintendent,

11 days at $4.00 44.00

Frank Cox, watchman, 3 days at $2.50 7.50
W. H. Walker, assistant, transporta-
tion ; 5 days at $2.50 12.50

9- 5 971-3 F. E. Sheldon, Supt., pay roll agricultural de-
partment:

Hattie Shroyer, pantry department, iV2

days at $2.50 $ 10.75

Lon Pollock, superintendent pantry de-
partment, 11 days at $4.00 44.00

Harry Laird, assistant pantry depart-
ment, 4 days at $2.50' 10.00

Don Shroyer, assistant pantry depart-
ment, 11 days at $2.50 27.50

Maurice H. Keating, assistant pantry

department, 8 days at $2.50 20.00

J. W. Coverdale, assistant agricultural

department, 14 days at $4.00 56.00

M. E. Meyers, assistant agricultural

department, 12 days at $2.50 30.00

Jno. P. Drake, janitor, agricultural

building, 7 days at $2.50 17.50

Mrs. Barlow, judge pantry department 20.00

John Sunburg, judge corn 30.00

M. L. Bowman, judge grain and seeds. 20.00

3,569.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 423

L. Burnett, assistant judge grain and

seeds 20.00

Victor Felter, judge individual farm

exhibits 30.00

Walter Plows, judge vegetables 30.00

Eugene Secor, judge honey, bees, etc.. 10.00

Harry Hull, helper, 2 days at $2.50... 5.00

380.75

9714 H. L. Pike, Supt, pay roll cattle department:

W. H. Pew, assistant, 9 days at $4.00.$ 36.00
Edw. N. Wentworth, assistant, 10 days

at $4.00 40.00

E. T. Ferrin, assistant, 6 days at $4.00 24.00'

H. H. Kildee, assistant, 7 days at $4.00 28.00
Chas. Meltzer, ribbon clerk, 6 days

at $2.50 15.00

Harry Staves, office boy, 8 days at

$1.00 8.00'

Will Forbes, judge Guernsey and

Brown Swiss 65.95

Dr. M. B. Wood, judge Holstein and

Ayrshire 78.10

W. L. Hunter, judge Jerseys 70.00

J. W. Wilson, judge Red Polls 62.00

E. R. Silliman, judge Polled Durham 30.00

A. J. Ryden, judge Short Horn 100.00

Chas. Escher, Jr., judge Galloway.... 65.00

622.05

9- 5 9715 Des Moines Engraving Co., engraving 18,15

9- 6 9716 Homestead Printing Co., first payment printing

1912 1,000.00

9- 6 9717 American Trotting Association, suspensions and

fines, 1912 188.00

9- 6 9718 A. P. Haines, refund on collection of speed sus-
pension 11.55

9- 6 9719 J. C. Iseminger, 21 tons, 870 pounds hay, forage

department 257.22

9- 6 9720 Albert Henry, 23 tons, 385 pounds hay, forage

department 278.31

9- 6 9721 E. Reeves, 3 tons, 940 pounds straw, forage de-
partment 19.08

9- 7 9722 C. A. Nash, salary, August 100.00

9- 7 9723 EUie Colton, salary, August 100.00

9- 7 9724 J. H. Deemer, salary, August 100.00

9-7 9725 Chas. Porter, advertising Marion county 12.00

9- 7 9726 Jas. Nowak, advertising Poweshiek county 10.00

9- 7 9727 Geo. E. Bliss, advertising Adams county 10.00

9- 7 9728 H. A. Russell, advertising Appanoose county. . 15.00

9- 7 9729 J. W. Richards, advertising Audubon county 12.00

424 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

9730 Sol White, advertising Benton county 15.00

9731 Herbert J. Long, advertising Bremer county . . . 15.00

9732 A. G, Rigby, advertising Buchanan county 15.00

9733 W. J. Seivers, advertising Buena Vista county.. 30.00

9734 H. E. Churchill, advertising Carroll county 15.00

9735 C. E. Hoffman, advertising Cass county •. . . 15.00

9736 Stevers Posting Service, advertising Crawford
county 15.00

9737 Chas. P. Leach, advertising Davis county 12.00

9738 L. C. Hoffman, advertising Decatur county 12,00

9739 C. D. Williams, advertising Pranklin county 10.00

9740 E. V. McBroom, advertising Grundy county 20.00

9741 A. B. Turner, advertising Hancock county 12.00

9742 H. S. Martin, advertising Hardin county 15.00

9743 W. B. West, advertising Humboldt county 15.00

9744 P. E. Meredith, advertising Jasper county 20.00

9745 Geo. A. Hitchcock, advertising Johnson county.. 10.00

9746 Chas. P. Nolte, advertising Kossuth county. . . . 15.00

9747 C. C. Ward, advertising Lucas county 15.00

9748 T. J. Hudson, advertising Madison county.... 15.00

9749 P. H. Houghton, advertising Marshall county. . . . 15.00

9750 Porter P. Black, advertising Muscatine county.. 20.00

9751 Carl Shields, advertising Union county 15.00

9752 John D. Gerdes, advertising Wayne county 15.00

9753 T. E. Grisell, advertising Guthrie county 12.00

9754 O. W. Mullen, advertising Pocahontas county.. 10.00

9755 D. M. Pinch, assistant superintendent concession

department 110.00

9-7 9756 Iowa State Register and Parmer, 1912 advertising

contract and cover page cut 207.70

9- 7 9757 W. H. Watson, lock repairs 1.35

9- 7 9758 Potts Bros., estimate cement work, machinery

hall floor 600.00

9- 7 9759 L. Gibson, part payment 1912 garbage contract.. 50.00

9- 7 9760 L. Gibson, final payment 1912 garbage contract. 125.00
9- 7 9761 E. W. Sweeney, 9 tons, 370 pounds straw, forage

department 45.92

9- 7 9762 T. B. Lenan, 175 bushels, 5 pounds oats, forage

department 49.05

9- 7 9763 Studebaker Corporation, water sprinkler attach-
ment 65.00

9- 7 9764 Hawkeye Transfer Co., 1 truck, 2 dump boxes,

miscellaneous implement repairs and twine.. 159.90

9-7 9765 State Insurance Co., refund on tickets 2.50

9- 7 9766 Morrison Taxi Co.. expense aeroplane committee

meeting 7.50

9- 7 9767 Mrs. Annah G. Crawford, miscellaneous expense

additional land 3.60

9- 7 9768 W. J. Kennedy, judge Shetland ponies 50.00

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

8-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9-

7

9- 8

9772

9- 8

9773

9- 8

9774

9- 9

9775

9-10

9776

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 425

9- 7 9769 Walter Palmer, judge saddle and harness horses 125.00
9- 8 9770 Ben J. Ness, sheriff, additional land condemned

and expense 329.75

9- 8 9771 J. F. Summers, correction on per diem and

mileage, board meeting 4.30

J. F. Summers, telegram, sheep department, July 3.22

Iowa Telephone Co., toll bills, Ames station .25

Western Union Telegraph Co., telegrams, Ames

station 2.37

Great Western Racing Circuit, dues 1912 90.00

A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 22 (grounds) :
August 25 to September 7, inclusive.
Chas. Doughenbaugh, amphitheater

work, attractions, 3 days, 2 hours, at

$2.00 $ 6.40

Jno. W. Wright, cleaning grounds, 3

days, at $2.00 6.00

Emanuel Hughes, work on fence, 3 days,

at $2.00 6.00

Art Driscol, cleaning grounds, 3 days,

at $2.00 6.00

Joe Dawson, cleaning buildings, 1 day,

at $2.00 2.00

F. A. Harrison, cleaning grounds, 2
days, at $2.00 4.00

G. E. Buck, misc. work during fair, 3
days, 2 hours, at $2.50 8.00

A. W. Shaw, misc. work during fair, 3

days, 2 hours, at $2.00 6.40

E. F. Rummans, amphitheater work,
attractions, 3 days, 9 hours, at $2.50 9.75

Albert Spevack, amphitheater work,

attractions, 3 days, at $2.00 6.00

T. C. Campbell, cleaning grounds, 3

days, at $2.00 6.00

G. W. Scott, miscellaneous work during
fair, 2 days, at $2.50 5.00

Dave Dickey, amphitheater work, at-
tractions, 3 days, at $2.50 7.50

Noble Stutsman, stock pavilion, 3 days,
at $2.50 7.50

Jake Burger, stock pavilion, 3 days, at
$2.50 7.50

G. A. Turner, amphitheater work, at-
tractions, 3 days, 4 hours, at $2.50.. 8.50

J. W. Bailey, cleaning grounds, 3 days,
at $2.25 6.75

Seth Stewart, amphitheater work, at-
tractions, 3 days, at $4.00 12.00

426 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Dick Ledgerwood, miscellaneous work
during fair, 2 days, at $4.00

Leonard Olson, cleaning grounds, 2
days, at $2.00

John W. Post, cleaning grounds, 3 days,
at $2.00

A. Alcox, light plant, 76 5-9 hours, at
39 cents

Grant Simpson, miscellaneous work dur-
ing fair, 2 days, at $2.00

J. McLennan, light plant, 50 3-4 hours,
at 39 cents

R. E. O'Brien, light plant, 3]i/i> hours,
at 39 cents

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 7 days, at $3.75
5 2-10 days, at $2.25

Carl Heggen, misc. work during fair
and light plant, 12 days, 9 hours, at
$3.00

W. S. Gooding, police department, 3
days, at $2.50

A. McKinney, police department, 3 days,
at $2.50

J. A. Scovel, police department, 1 day,
at $2.50

Homer iMcCoy, amphitheater work, at-
tractions and cleaning grounds, 12i/4
days at $4.00

Henry Deets, cleaning buildings, 5 days,
at $4.00

A. O. Ogden, miscellaneous work during
fair, 31/0 days, at $2.00

Wm. Waller, miscellaneous work during
fair, 2 days, at $2.00

A. W. Deets, amphitheater work, at-
tractions, 9 days, at $3.00

W. M. Morton, stock pavilion, attrac-
tions, 10 days, 2 hours, at $2.00

H. J. Smith, stock pavilion, attrac-
tions, 10 days, 2 hours, at $2.00

Hoyt Woodward, miscellaneous work

during fair, 7 days, at $1.75 12.25

Jno. W. Post, cleaning grounds, 3 days,
at $2.00 6.00

Geo. Hardie, water boy, 2 days, at 75
cents 1.50

Roy Barnes, water boy, 2 days, at $1.00 2.00

Roy Finley, camp grounds, 5 days, at
$2.00 10.00

8.00

4.00

6.00

29.65

4.00

19.79

12.29

26.25

11.70

38.70

7.50

7.50

2.50

50.00

20.00

7.00

4.00

27.00

20.40

20.40

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 427

Don Paul, camp grounds, 6 days, at

$2.00 12.00

Leo Paul, water boy, 6 days, 5 hours, at

$1.25 8.13

Harvey Wilton, cleaning buildings, 5

days, 6 hours, at $2.00 13.20

R. IPgam, cleaning grounds, 6 days, 5

hours, at $2.00 13.00

Thos. Bennett, miscellaneous work dur-
ing fair, 5 days, 5 hours, at $2.00 11.00

Ted Woodward, light plant, 8 days, 2

hours, at $1.75 14.35

Geo. Whitmer, light plant, 9^4 days, at

$1.75 16.19

Caleb Johns, cleaning grounds, 9 days,

at $4.00 36.00

Sam Thornton, work on race tract, 4

days, at $4.00 16.00

Joe Moyer, work on race track and

cleaning grounds, 21 days, at $4.00.. 81.00

Harley Thornton, work on race track, 6

days, at $4.00 24.00

I. B. Brown, cleaning grounds, 10 days,

8 hours, at $4.00 43.20

Dan Doughenbaugh, cleaning grounds

and work on race track, 12 days, at

$4.00 48.00

Homer Brown, cleaning grounds and

placing chairs in amphitheater, 10

days, at $4.00 40.00

C. A. Powers, work on light plant, 129I/2

hours, at 39 cents 50.31

D. O. McAlister, work on light plant,

153 hours, at 42.7 cents 65.33

R. E. McLaughlin, work on light plant,

1441/^ hours, at 39 cents 56.35

E. A. Snow, labor on grounds, 11 days,

5 hours, at $3.00 34.50

T. W. Davis, miscellaneous work during

fair, 12 days, at $2.50 30.00

Don Hoppes, miscellaneous work during

fair, 7 days, at $2.50 17.50

D. C. King, miscellaneous v/ork during

fair, 6 days, at $2.50 15.00

M. Burnett, miscellaneous work during

fair, 10 days, at $2.00 20.00

Arthur Duncan, miscellaneous work

during fair, 6 days, 2 hours, at $2.75 17.06

428 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Walter Hunt, miscellaneous work dur-
ing fair, 1 day, at $3.00 3.00

Jas. Fredregill, labor on grounds, 7

days, 5 hours, at $4.00 30.00

Kenneth Fredregill, labor on grounds,

7 days, 5 hours, at $1.00 7.50

H. P. Stouffer, miscellaneous work dur-
ing fair, 11 days, 1 hour, at $3.00 33.30

Henry Kurtz, labor on grounds, 12 days,

at $2.00 24.00

Ed McCowan, cleaning grounds, 9 days,

5 hours, at $2.00 19.00

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12
days, at $2.00 24.00

Earl Doughenbaugh, labor on streets,

2 days, at $2.00 4.00

A. W. Wiehn, labor on grounds, 12 days,
at $2.00 24.00

Chas. Newell, amphitheater work, at-
tractions, 7 days, 9 hours, at $2.00'. . 15.80

S. T. Wilson, labor on grounds, 12 days,
at $2.00 24.00

J. 0. Fredregill, cleaning buildings, 7

days, 3 hours, at $2.00 14.60

Dan Widener, cleaning grounds, 8 days,

2 hours, at $2.00 16.40

Earl Reddington, cleaning grounds, 11
days, at $2.00 22.00

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

Parker Douglas, labor on w^ater system,

15 days, at $2.00 30.00

C. M. Dawson, amphitheater work, at-
tractions, 8 days, 1 hour, at $2.00... 16.20

Theo. Broerman, cleaning buildings and

grounds, 12 days, at $1.75 21.00

Dan Faircloth, labor on water system,

12 days, 6 hours, at $2.25 28.38

W. R. Wilkins, cleaning buildings, 11

days, 6 hours, at $2.00 23.20

Dallas Swartz, miscellaneous labor dur-
ing fair, 8 days, 2 hours, at $2.00 16.40

Jno. Olson, cleaning grounds, 11 days,
at $2.00 22.00

D. B. Hughes, labor on water system
and drainage, 14 days, 6 hours, at

$2.00 29.20

Henry Grandgeorge, labor on drainage
and streets, 11 1-3 days, at $2.50 28.25

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 429

Frank Maricle, labor on grounds, 11

days, at $2.00 22.00

Chas. Doughenbaugh, labor on light sys-
tem, 5 days, at $2.00 10.00

0. Iseminger, labor on race track and
cleaning buildings, 5Vj days, at $4.00 22.00

Toilet Attendants.

Joe Wilson, toilets, 6 days, at $2.00 12.00

Verne Simmons, toilets, 10 days, at

$2.00 20.00

Ben Elmor©> toilets, 9 days, at $2.00. .. 18.00

W. Humburd, toilets, 8 days, at $2.00.. 16.00

W. M. Parker, toilets, 7 days, at $2.00. . 14.00

Wallace Baker, toilets, 6 days, at $2.00 12.00

W. H. Elmore, toilets, 6 days, at $2.00 12.00

F. Mappin, toilets, 6 days, at $2.00 12.00

E. H. Hughes, toilets, 6 days, at $2.00. . 12.00

Geo. Cleggett, toilets, 6 days, at $2.00. . 12.00

Jas. Hill, toilets, 4 days, at $2.00 8.00

Lizzie Elmore, toilets, 6 days, hi $1.50. 9.00

Anna Pettison, toilets, 6 days, at $1.50 9.00
Mrs. A. H. Harrison, toilets, 7 days, at

$1.50 10.50

Hattie Deggs, toilets, 6 days, at $1.50. . 9.00

Mrs. A. Walker, toilets, 8 days, at $1.50 12.50

Mrs. S. Jeffries, toilets, 7 days, at $1.50 10.50

Miles Baylor, toilets, 4 days, at $2.00.. 8.00
Mrs. Vern Simmons, toilet, 9 days, at

$1.50 13.50

Susie Sims, toilets, 5 days, at $1.50 7.50

Emma Dickens, toilets, 9 days, at $1.75 15.75

A. Monroe, toilets, 9 days, at $2.00 18.00

W. Branch, toilets, 8 days, at $2.00 16.00

T. F. French, toilets, 8 days, at $2.00.. 16.00
Marshall Howard, toilets, 8 days, at

$2.00 16.00

Robt. Bruce, toilets, 6 days, at $2.00... 12.00

Vina Rodgers, toilets, 8 days, at $1.50. . 12.00

Martha Grimes, 8 days, at $1.50 12.00

Rosa Seymore, toilets, 5 days, at $1.50. . 7.50
Mrs. Geo. Darricott, toilets, 8 days, at

$L50 12.00

Lena Print, toilets, 1 day, at $1.50 1.50

Mrs. R. Townsend, toilets, 5 days, at

$1.50 7.50

Mrs. J. Stanton, toilets, 4 days, at $1.50 6.00

Georgia Goss, toilets, 4 days, at $1.50. . 6.00

1,719.08

395.25

430 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

9-10 9777 G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer, correction of deposit,

forage department 74.25

9-10 9778 Jesse Alexander, 13 tons, 1,190 pounds of hay, 7
tons, 425 pounds, straw; 270 bushels, 25 pounds,
oats, forage department 275.02

9-10 9779 Pinkerton Nat'l Detective Agency, detective serv-
ices, 1912 fair 177.00

9-10 9780 Colfax Mercantile Co., refund on tickets 4.50

9 10 9781 W. H. Knight, secy., collection fee, suspensions,

speed department 8.10

9-12 9782 W. W. Moore, posting billboard paper, 1912 669.55

9-13 9783 Spirit of the West, 2d payment advertising speed

program, 1912 62.50

9-13 9784 J. H. Abernathy, boys' camp expense 10.00

9-13 9785 0. A. Olson, expense attending Minnesota state

fair 11.65

9-13 9786 0. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com-
mittee meeting 27.50

9-13 9787 C. E. Cameron, expense attending Minnesota and

Nebraska fairs 37.00

9-14 9788 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 30.00'

9-14 9789 W. B. Barney, superintendent dairy department 60.00

9-17 9790 Milt Persons, 138 bushels, 18 pounds, oats, forage

department 38.23

9-17 9791 King Construction Co., grading contract horse
barn, street car entrance, speed barn, draw gate
at track and streets 1,656.55

9-17 9792 Massillon Bridge & Structural Co., balance on ma-
chinery hall contract, 1911 294.12

9-17 9793 Massillon Bridge & Structural Co., gates machin-
ery hall 50.00

9-17 9794 Des Moines Bridge & Iron Co., 1st payment new

street car entrance 3,000.00

9-17 9795 S. Joseph & Son, badges and buttons, 1912 fair.. 144.75

9-17 9796 J. S. Wilson Floral Co., plants and flowers

(grounds) 298.14

9-17 9797 A. R. Corey, expense attending Nebraska and

Minnesota state fairs 41.55

9-19 9798 Geo. K. Scott, extra clerk, 14 days, September 42.00

9-19 9799 Potts Bros., settlement on contracts for cement

w^ork, 1912 1,677.10

9-19 9800 Ora Williams, supt. publicity department, 1912.. 550.00

9-19 9801 American Press Assn., plate matter country ad-
vertising, 1912 544.53

9-19 9802 Farmer & Breeder, advertising contract, 1912 75.00

9-19 9803 Kimball's Dairy Farmer, advertising contract,

1912 91.00

9-19 9804 The Golden Egg, advertising contract, 1912 15.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 431

9-19 9805 Profitable Breeding & Farming Co., advertising

contract, 1912 8.00

The Road Maker, advertising contract, 1912 24.00

Register & Leader Co., advertising contract, 1912. 40'6.80

Des Moines Daily News, advertising contract, 1912 302.40

Des Moines Capital, advertising contract, 1912... 299.88

Des Moines Electrical Co., light service, 1912 587.89

C. & N. W. Ry. Co., freight, light fixtures 1.41

Des Moines Fly Trap Co., 75 fly traps 56.25

Mrs. Frank Carleton, matron rest cottage 30.45

Fred Hethershav/, asst. supt. agricultural depart-
ment, labor and grain decorations 410.00

Sestier Bros., contract hauling manure, 1912 200.00

H. L. Bode, refund swine pen rent 12.00

Bureau of Advertising, 2 forms multigraph letters 5.50

Bishard Bros., legal notice land condemnation. . . . 9.00

E. D. Chassell, binding 1911 award books 6.25

Des Moines Cabinet Co., turning 16 rollers for

moving horse barns 5.60

Des Moines Capital, advertising for bids, horse

barns 10.50

Des Moines Capital, advertising for bids, agricul-
tural and machinery hall, floors and curb 8.13

Des Moines Electric Co., freight, 2 transformers. 2.24

Donaldson Litho. Co., billboard paper 176.00

Des Moines Daily News, advertising house sale.. 3.50

Chas. B. Lusk Calendar Co., 1200 hangers 56.35

Jos. Meekma, refund swine pen rent 3.00

Kenyon Prtg. Co., tinning hangers 6.50

Iowa Seed Co., plants and flowers, grounds 9.00

Wm. Trillow, plants and flowers, grounds 4.50

Maplehurst Gardens, plants and flowers, grounds 11.25
J. E. Lovejoy, balance on contract, machinery

hall and closets 294.43

Nat'l Aeroplane Co., 2M, 1 sheet posters 36.00

Wm. J. Niles, 1 bbl. wall finish 5.17

Percheron Society of America, stud book, vol. 13 3.00

E. C. Snyder, number cards, poultry department
and camp grounds 28.20

Sciota Sign Co., cardboard and fibre signs 132.00

A. 0. Stanley, refund swine pen rent 4.00

F. C. Tatro, refund swine pen rent 3.00

Underwood Typewriter Co., 1 new typewriter and

rent 3 machines 5 weeks 83.53

American Litho. Co., miscellaneous printing 103.15

Central Iron Works, 100 lawn seats 190.00

H. V. Bright, turnstile and ticket chopper 110.00

American Steel & Wire Co., 170 rods fence for

new land 142.30

9-19

9806

9-19

9807

9-19

9808

9-19

9809

9-19

9810

9-19

9811

9-19

9812

9-19

9813

9-19

9814

9-19

9815

9-19

9816

9-19

9817

9-19

9818

9-19

9819

9-19

9820

9-19

9821

9-19

9822

9-19

9823

9-19

9824

9-19

9825

9-19

9826

9-19

9827

9-19

9828

9-19

9829

9-19

9830

9-19

9831

9-19

9832

9-19

9833

9-19

9834

9-19

9835

9-19

9836

9-19

9837

9-19

9838

9-19

9839

9-19

9840

9-19

9841

9-19

9842

9-19

9843

9-19

9844

432 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

9-19 9845 Geo. A. Heyl, attraction contract, 1912 100.00

9-19 9846 Jno. W. Budd, laying out camp grounds 317.50

9-19 9847 Jno. A. Burris, civil engineer work, streets, ma-
chinery hall, bleachers and ground plans 163.50

9-19 9848 Woelfel Leather Co., 1 car spent tan bark for stock

pavilion 65.75

9-19 9849 Weldon, Y/illiams & Lick, coupon and strip tickets,

1912 94.35

9-19 9850 Jas. Fredregill, IM brick Crawford house, addi-
tional land 8.75

9-19 9851 Wallace's Farmer, advertising contract, 1912 250.00

9-19 9852 Wallace's Farmer, printing Greater Iowa pro-
grams, etc 309.30

9-19 9853 Smith Brooks Prtg. Co., 4M, 1 sheet hangers,

Cheyenne show 128.00

9-19 9854 Rockford Steel Fixture Co., hay racks and man-
gers horse barns 850.00

9-19 9855 The Osborne Co., 3M hangers 219.52

9-19 9856 D. E. Moon & Co., miscellaneous printing 23.40

9-19 9857 Garfield Clothing Co., caps and jackets, speed

department 76.70

9-19 9858 W. S. Frazier & Co., rent two sulkies 24.00

9-19 9859 Sam Frankenstein, rent searchlight and carbons

for night show 28.00

9-19 9860 Globe Ticket Co., roll tickets 238.29

9-20 9861 Alex. Cruikshank, balance on property exchange,

additional land 94.60

9-20 9862 Shannon & Mott Co., 1st payment, chop feed, 1912,

forage department 1,160.00

9-20 9863 A. R. Corey, Secy., deposit on country adver-
tising 2,500.00

9-20 9864 Louis Kurtz, P. M., postage 50.00

9-20 9865 J. E. Lovejoy, 3d estimate new horse barn 3,000.00

9-20 9866 Dr. Lena Means, nurse, babies' health contest 3.00

9-20 9867 Mary T. Watts, expense account babies' health con-
test 6.25

9-20 9868 Dr. Velura E. Powell, expense account babies'

health contest 5.64

9-20 9869 Dr. Margaret Clark, expense account babies' health

contest 4.24

9-21 9870 Dr. Kate Harpel, expense account babies' health

contest 1-70

9-21 9871 Dr. Florence Sherborn, expense account babies'

contest 2.80

9-21 9872 W. B. Barney, Supt, pay roll dairy department:
August 22 to September 20, inclusive.

Brinsmaid & Co., material, spoons and

dishes $ 4.44

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 433

Wells, Fargo Express Co., express on
ice cream from Oelwein 16.50

Richard Woodruff, labor, ice cream

stand 9.25

Wells, Fargo Express Co., express on

ice cream from Oelwein 5.50

Mrs. Lois Kearns, assistant ice cream

stand 17.00

Rollin B. Johnson, janitor and watch-
man, 7 days 17.50

Geo. Kratz, assistant ice cream stand.. 17.00

Rodney Hudson, assistant ice cream
stand 16.75

Hilda Armstrong, assistant ice cream
stand lo.OO

Fred Hudson, assistant ice cream stand 14.50

Alice Moser, assistant ice cream stand 9.75

Lawrence Boutin, assistant butter scor-
ing and ice cream stand 16.25

Mr. and Mrs. Gorrigan and Ethel, sup-
ervisors, ice cream stand 51.25

B. C. Iliff, assistant superintendent,

12 days 42.00

Langan Bros. Co., paper "ice cream
dishes 3.00

D, M. Tent & Awning Co., rental, two
stoves 1.50

D. M. Tent •& Awning Co., rental, one
spring cot .50

Saunders Ice Cream Co., 20 gallons ice
cream 15.00

Stephenson & Nebreau, 100 gallons ice
cream, at 58 cents per gallon 58.00

T. A. Clark, butter judge 7.50

J. J. Ross, butter judge 7.50

H. E. Forrester, butter judge 7.50

Younker Bros., supplies 22.08

Hutchinson Purity Ice Cream Co., ice

cream, 461 gallons 345.70

Bilz Sign Co., signs and decorating
work 5.50

B. C. Iliff, cartage butter exhibit 3.00

729.47

9-21 9873 H. B. Lizer, advertising Black Hawk county 20.00

9-21 9874 Alex McLennan, advertising Iowa county. 20.00'

9-21 9875 Lorren Perrin, advertising Monroe county 12.00

9-21 9876 Wesley Green, planting flower grounds 43.40

9-21 9877 Iowa Telephone Co., toll bills, Ames station 1.45

28

434 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

9-23 9878 A. R. Corey, secretary pay roll No. 23, grounds:
September 9-21, inclusive.

Parker Douglas, labor on water system,
41 o days, at $2.00 $ 9.00

Dan Doughenbaugh, labor on streets
and cleaning grounds, 10 days, at
$4.00 40.00

I. B. Brown, labor on streets and clean-
ing grounds, S'^A days, at $4.00 34.00

August Olson, cleaning grounds and

buildings, 12 days, at $2.50 30.00

Don Faircloth, labor on water system,

41V, days, at $2.25 10.12

Carl Heggen, cleaning grounds, II14

days, at $3.00 34.50

A. W. Weihn, labor on streets and clean-
ing buildings, 12 days, at $2.00 24.00

Jno. Olson, cleaning grounds and build-
ings, 8 days, at $2.00 16.00

Henry Grandgeorge, cleaning grounds

and buildings, 9 days, at $2.50 22.50

I. J. Whitmer, cleaning grounds and

labor on streets, 11 days, at $2.00.. 22.00

R. L. Illgan,- cleaming grounds, 6 days,

at $2.00 12.00

Jas. Fredregill, cleaning grounds, 1

day, at $4.00 4.00

C. M. Dawson, cleaning buildings, 8-10

day, at $2.00 1.60

J. O. Fredregill, cleaning buildings, lio

days, at $2. CO 3.00

Chas. Doughenbaugh, cleaning build-
ings and work on light system, 5
days, at $2.00 10.00

S. P. Wilson, cleaning grounds and

buildings, 9 days, at $2.00 18.00

M. Burnett, cleaning grounds, 1 day,

at $2.00 2.00

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 11 1^ days, at

$2.25 25.87

Theo. Broerman, cleaning grounds and
buildings, 11 days, at $1.75 19.75

Earl Reddington, cleaning grounds and
buildings, 6 days, at $2.00 12.00

D. O. McAlister, work on light system,

2 days, at $3.85 7.70

H. P. Stouffer, cleaning grounds, 1 day,

at $3.00 3.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

435

9-25

9879

9-25

9880

9-26

9881

9-26

9882

9-26

9883

9-27

9884

9-30

9885

9-30

9886

9-30

9887

9-30

9888

9-30

9889

9-3'0

98£0

9-30

9891

9-30

9892

9-30

9893

10- 2

9894

10- 8

9895

10- 8 9896

E. A. Snow, cleaning grounds, 1 day,

at $3.00 3.00

T. W. Davis, cleaning buildings, 1 day,

at $2.50 2.50

Henry Kurtz, cleaning grounds and

buildings, 10 days, at $2.00 20.00

Chas. Brennan, cleaning grounds and

buildings, IO14 days, at $2.00 21.00

Ed McKowan, cleaning grounds and

buildings, 9i-> days, at $2.00 19.00

D'. B. Hughes, cleaning grounds and

buildings, 4 days, at $2.00 8.00

434.54

Iowa State College, expense college exhibit 1912. 415.90

Homestead Co., advertising contract 1912 250.00

Geo. E. Sawyer, refund 3 swine pens 3.00

J. H. Queal & Co., part payment lumber bill 1912 5,000.00
O'Dea Hdw. Co., part payment hardware bill 1912 750.00

David Erwin, threshing 506 bushels oats, grounds 12.65

C. A. Nash, salary, September 125.00

Elsie Colton, salary, September 100.00

J. H. Deemer, salary, September 100.00

Edith K. Smith, balance salary, September 10.00

Minnie Anderson, extra clerk, September 65.00

Bess Willions, extra clerk, September, (20i/))

days) 51.25

Geo. K. Scott, correction in salary, 1 day 3.00

Valley Junction Christian Church, dining hall,

meals for boys' camp 660.66

R. B. Ogilvie, judge horse department 125.00

P. W. Van Natta, judge cattle department 100.00

C, M. '■& St. Paul Ry. Co., freight and storage doors

new horse barn 12.47

A. R. Corey, pay roll No. 24 (grounds) :

September 24-October 5, inclusive,
H. P. Stouffer, labor on closets and

horre barns, IV'2 days, at $3.00 $ 22.50

E. A. Snow, labor on closets and horse

barns, 11 days, at $3.00 33.00

Tom Davis, labor on closets and horse

barns, 11 days, ' at $2.50 27.50

M. Burnett, labor on closets and mis-
cellaneous repair?, 11 days, at $2.00. . 22.00
J. I. Whitmer, labor on tracks and

walks, 11 days, at $2.00 22.00

Jno. Olson, labor on walks and drain-
age, 10 days, at $2.00 20.00

Theo. Broerman, cleaning grounds, 8
days, 4 hours, at $1.75 14.70

436 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

C. Brennan, labor on grounds, 11 days,

at $2.00 22.00

H. Grandgeorge, drainage and miscel-
laneous repairs, Syo days, at $2.00.. 17.00

I. B. Brown, work on walks and streets,
11 days, at $4.00 44.00

S. T. Wilson, work on walks and mis-
cellaneous repairs, SYo days at $2.00 17.00

Ed McKowan, drainage, 1 day, 9 hours,
at $2.00 3.80

Rudolph Illgan, drainage, 5^2 days at

$2.00 11.00

ing grounds. 12 days, at $2.00 24.00

I. B. Brown, work on walks and streets,

2% days, at $4.00 10.00

Geo, Whitney, foreman, 5^4 days', at

$2.25 12.37

327.12

10-10 9897 A. R. Corey, secretary, balance country advertis-
ing 548.02

10-12 9898 W. H. Knight, secretary, collection of suspensions,

speed department 5.00

10-12 9899 Manhattan Oil Co., road oil, gasoline and kero-
sene 747.73

10-12 9900 Ferguson Printing Co., printing 101.25

10-12 9901 R. McKimm, 1 ton, 235 pounds hay, forage de-
partment 13.41

10-14 9902 The Western Horseman, advertising speed pro-
gram, 1912 85.89

The Horseman, advertising speed program, 1912. 86.00
The Horse Review, advertising speed program

1912 120.72

Fred M. Hanson, superintendent boys' comp, 1912. 27.00

Truman Smith, assistant boys' camp, 1912 20.00

J. H. Abernathy, assistant boys' camp 17.30

O. E. Atkinson, assistant boys' camp 16.85

Ralph Fletcher, assistant boys' camp 12.16

L. S. Huntley, refund 2 cattle stalls, 1912 4.00

Walker Bros., refund 1 cattle stall, 1912 2.00

Brown & Walker, refund horse stall rent, 1912 6.00

Geo. E. Brown, refund horse stall'rent, 1912 15.00

Jos. C. Brunk, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

Ed Clapper, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

W. S. Corsa, refund horse stall rent, 1912 10.00

Crawford & Griffin, refund horse stall rent, 1912. 4.00

Fred Crawford, refund horse stall rent, 1912 4.00

R. W. Crumpacker, refund horse stall rent, 1912. 4.00

C. G. Dallas, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

W. L. De Clow, refund horse stall rent, 1912 72.00

10-14

9903

10-14

9904

10-14

9905

10-14

9906

10-14

9907

10-14

9808

10-14

9909

10-14

9910

10-14

9911

10-14

9912

10-14

9913

10-14

9914

10-14

9915

10-14

9916

10-14

9917

10-14

9918

10-14

9919

10-14

9920

10-14

9921

10-14

9922

10-14

9923

10-14

9924

10-14

9925

10-14

9926

10-14

9927

10-14

9928

10-14

9929

10-14

9930

10-14

9931

10-14

9932

10-14

9933

10-14

9934

10-14

9935

10-14

9936

10-14

9937

10-14

9938

10-14

9939

10-14

9940

10-14

9941

10-14

9942

10-14

9943

10-14

9944

10-14

9945

10-16

9946

10-17

9947

10-17

9948

10-18

9949

10-18

9950

10-18

9951

10-19

9952

10-21

9953

10-21

9954

10-21

9955

10-21

9956

10-21

9957

10-21

9958

10-21

9959

10-21

9960

10-21

9961

10-21

9962

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 437

Loren Dunbar, refund horse stall rent, 1912 14.00

Dunham's, refund horse stall rent, 1912 24.00

Robt. Dyer, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

Geo. Eggert, refund horse stall rent, 1912 6.00

W. & A. Graham, refund horse stall rent, 1912 4.00

G. W. Grigsby, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

S. M. Hague, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

Hildebrand Bros., refund horse stall rent, 1912.. 4.00

E. L. Humbert, refund horse stall rent, 1912 4.00

F. L. Hutson & Son, refund horse stall rent, 1912. 4.00

Chas. Irvine, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

C. E. Jones, refund horse stall rent, 1912 12.00

C. F. Jones, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

Henry Lefebure, refund horse stall rent, 1912 10.00

Geo. M. McCray, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

J. N. B. Miller, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

Jas. Pedley, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

J. S. Risley, refund horse stall rent, 1912 2.00

J. R. Rittenhouse, refund horse stall rent, 1912. . . 2.00

W. W. Seeley, refund horse stall rent, 1912 14.00

Wild Rose Farm, refund hor.=-e stall rent, 1912 6.00

F. R. Wilson, refund horse stall rent, 1912 1.00

0. W. Roush, advertising Ringgold county 12.00

Gus Strohmeier, advertising Sac county 15.00

Bess Williams, extra clerk, 14 days October 35.00

Potts Brothers, miscellaneous cement work 283.03

O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com-
mittee meeting 27.50

T. C. Legoe, per diem and mileage, auditing com-
mittee meeting 20.50

C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting 26.00

Pray & Comerford, 17 shower heads and connec-
tions 24.35

O. O. Smith, architect fees, horse bam 175.50

Liebbe, Nourse & Rasmussen, architect fees,

horse barn 126.47

Adams Express Co., express bills. May, July and

August 37.13

American Express Co., express bills. May to Sep-
tember 77.55

Buck Bros., picture wire .25

Bishard Bros., printing 83.50

Beckman Bros., pipe and fittings 98.49

Bureau of Advertising, multigraph letters 4.75

Champagne Laundry Co., towel service (grounds)

1912 30.00

Chase & West, 1 screen administration building 2.95

Edward Cutler, pipe and cutoff .90

438 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

10-21 9963 Cressey & Wingate, 60 yds. bunting for decora-
tions 3.60

10-21 9964 G. W. Deitz, lime and cement (grounds) 77.60

10-21 9965 D'es Moines Tent & Awning Co., rent, tents, cots,

etc., 1912 fair 30'2.25

10-21 9966 J. H. Deemer, expense attending Minnesota state

fair 19.70

10-21 9967 Des Moines Coal & Coke Co., 3 tons coal, dining

hall 24.00

10-21 9968 Downing Electric Co., electrical supplies, light

system 662.73

10-21 9969 Des Moines Rubber Stamp Works, brands, sten-
cils and stamps 5.65

10-21 8970 Denniston & Partridge Co., distribution case, ex-
position building 25.76

10-21 9971 Capital City Printing Plate Co., 510 electros,

country advertising 52.50

10-21 9972 A. R. Corning, miscellaneous supplies (grounds) 16.59

10-21 9973 Chamberlain Hotel, hotel bill N. B. Wood, cattle

judge 10.00

10'-21 9974 Jno. T. Christie & Co., insurance premiums 60.00

10-21 9975 Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, balance struc-
tural iron work, street car entrance 842.46

10-21 9976 Des Moines Electric Co., new switchboard and

light system supplies 597.70

10-21 9977 Des Moines Water Co., water bills. May to Septem-
ber inclusive 437.81

10-21 9978 Des Moines Seed Co., supplies poultry department 1.00

10-21 9979 Des Moines Daily Capital, subscription, 8-1-11, 10-

1-12 3.50

10-21 9980 L. E. Frederick, correction on time, police depart-
ment 2.50

10-21 9981 J. E. Graff, drugs, rest cottage 4.80

10-21 9982 Glenwood Coal Co., 23,900 lbs. coal, dining hall.. 44.82

10-21 9983 Globe Machinery & Supply Co., pipe repairs 2.74

10-21 9984 Green Foundry & Furnace Works, meter and

sewer rings 20'.00

10-21 9985 Goodwin Tile & Brick Co., cement blocks, tile

and bnck 77.82

10-21 9986 Homestead Printing Co., balance on job printing

1912 238.55

10-21 9987 A. O. Harpel, photos, grounds 5.50

10-21 9988 Robt. F. Hildebrand, 198 photos, 2 prints, i912

fair 197.00

10-21 9989 Iowa Press Clipping Bureau, clipping service, 3-

11-12 to 10-11-12 ; 28.00

10-21 9990 International Harvester Co., miscellaneous ma-
chine repairs 7.29

10'-21 9991 Iowa Seed Co., millet and grass seed 37.05

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

439

10-21

9992

10-31

9993

10-21

9994

10-21

9995

10-21

9996

10-21

9997

10-21

9998

10-21

9999

10-21

10000

10'-21

10001

10-21

10002

10-21

10003

10-21

10004

10-21

10005

10-21

10006

10-21

10007

10-21

10008

10-21 10009

10-21
10-21

10-21
10-21

10-21
10-21
10-21

10-21
10-21
10-21

10010
10011

10-21 10012

10013
10014

10015
10016
10017

10-21 10018

10019
10020
10021

10-21 10022

10-21
10-21
10-22

10O23
10024
10025

Inland Prtg. & Dist. Co., printing 4.45

Iowa Litho. Co., miscellaneous printing 97.98

S. Joseph & Sons, engraving cups and medals

1912 fair 12.76

Chas. Koeningsberger & Son, harness repairs, etc. 18.65

Geo. L. Longshore, skids, rollers and sawdust... 40.86

Langan Bros., office and ground supplies 300.09

Merchants' Transfer Co., freight and transfer

charges 107.32

Geo. A. Miller Prtg. Co., printing .50

McDonnell Boiler & Iron Works, boiler repairs,

dining hall 148.46

Merchants Laundry, laundry bills 1-05

Mathews Carriage & Auto Co., machinery repairs 82.73

Joe Moyer, storage hog crates, 1912 10.00

McNamara-Kenworthy Co., office supplies 55.41

O'Dea Hardware Co., balance hardware bill 1912 10'7.39

Postal Telegraph Co., messages May and August 1.89

Purcell Printing Co., printing premium lists... 1,217.00
Red Line Transfer Co., taking down smoke stack,

fair grounds 25.00'

S toner Wall Paper Co., papering Crawford house.

additional land 4.11

Sibley Gazette, advertising 1912 fair 3.75

Standard Glass & Paint Co., glass, brushes and

paint 1,057.35

B. F. Swanson Co., rotary mimeograph and sup-
plies 61.15

Star Engraving & Prtg. Co., 500 4-page folders 3.75

Shannon & Mott, final payment feed bill, forage

department 196.33

U. S. Express Co., express bills April to August. . 59.73

Wells Fargo Co., express bills April to August 77.91

Western Union Telegraph Co., messages May to

September 89.90

Western Newspaper Union, paper exposition build-
ing, tables 12.80

A. H. Walker & Co., 8 sanitary drinking fountains 48.00

Ben Woo^gar, shoeing mules 12.00

Willcox, Howell, Hopkins Co., insurance and ticket

sellers bonds, premiums 432.63

Younker Bros., dishes and cooking utensils, dining

hall 54.47

Davidson Bros., chairs, furniture, etc 169.67

Matilda Winterrowd, balance rent 91/2 acre tract. . 35.50

Stella Henderson, balance rent 10 acre tract 40.00

440

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

3 0-22 10026 A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 25, (grounds) :
October 7-19, inclusive.

Ed McKowan, labor on grounds, 21^4

days, at $2.00 $ 6.50

H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 7
days, at $3.00 21.00

I. B. Brown, grading and hauling ma-
nure, 8 days, at $4.00 32.00

I. B. Brown, grading and hauling ma-
nure, 8 days, at $4.00 32.00

A. W. Weihn, grading, 12 days, at $2.00 24.00

John Olson, grading and miscellaneous

work on grounds, 2 days, at $2.00 4.00

Chas. Brennan, grading and hauling

manure, 6 days, at $2.00 12.00

S. T. Wilson, grading, 9-10 days, at $2.00 1.80

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 10 ^^
days, at $2.00 21.00

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 8 days, at $2.25 18.00

H. Grandgeorge, grading and drainage,

8 days, at $2.50 20.00

Theo. Broerman, painting, 8 days, at
$1.75 14.00

E. A. Snow, painting, 7 days, at $3.00. . 21.00
M. Burnett, horse barn and work on

grounds, 12 days, at $2.00 24.00

T. W. Davis, work on horse barn, 1 day,
at $2.50 2.50

10-24 10027 Wm. Shivers, straw, forage department (14 tons,
1,355 pounds)

10028 W. Q. Stewart, advertising Calhoun county

10029 Western Poultry Journal, advertising contract

1912

10-24 10030 Chicago Live Stock World, advertising contract

1912

The Breeders Gazette, advertising contract 1912 . .
R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage auditing

committee and expense attending Minnesota

State Fair

F. G. Haworth, advertising Tama county

H. D. Rhine, advertising Mahaska county

A. Palmer, superintendent, return freight school

exhibit

J. O. Mitchell, cartage, school exhibits

Bastian Bros., premium ribbons and badges 1912

fair

10-26 10038 Register & Leader Co., advertising for bids horse
barn, house sale, and machinery hall, and agri-
cultural building floors

10-24
10-24

10-24

10031

10-24

10032

10-24

10033

10-24

10034

10-25

10035

10-25

10036

10-25

10037

253.80

73.39
10.00

15.00

28.00
196.00

51.85
15.00
15.00

6.20
2.00

689.93

46.47

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

441

10-26

10039

10-26

10040

10-28

10041

10-28

10042

10-28

10043

10-28

10044

10-28

10045

10-28

10046

10-28

10047

10-28

10048

10-28

10049

10-28

10050

10-31

10051

10-31

10052

10-31

10053

10-31

10054

10-31

10055

10-31

10056

10-31

10057

10-31

10058

10-31

10059

10-31

10060

10-31 10061

11- 7 10062

Register & Leader Co., miscellaneous printing. . . 270.50

Register & Leader Co., miscellaneous engraving. 100.18

Chas. Rhinehart, correction pay rolls, 1911-1912.. 13.50

W. C. Treloar, advertising Boone county 15.00

Joe McCoy, advertising Warren county 10.00

A, R. Corey, Secy., forage, poultry and administra-
tion department 111.65

Iowa State College, 2d payment one-half expense

college exhibit 286.83

E. M. Wentworth, Supt., correction pay roll, po-
lice department '. . 31.00

Backman Sheet Metal Works, metal work

(grounds) 578.26

Sieck Tent & Awning Co., rent tents, cots, etc.,

1912 561.29

Iowa Pipe & Tile Co., pipe and tile 367.32

Iowa Telephone Co., exchange service and toll

bills, March to October 66.15

C. A. Nash, salary October, 1912 125.00

J. H. Deemer. salary October, 1912 100.00

Edith K. Smith, additional salary October, 1912. . . 10.00

Minnie Anderson, extra clerk October, 1912 65.00

Janette Murphy, expense dog show 14.50

L. C. Perkins, expense dog show, superintendent. 87.81

O'Donnell Prtg. Co., printing premium list dog

show 251.50

Field & Fancy, advertising dog show 8.00

Delavan Lake Kennel Club, advertising dog show 10.00

Des Moines Duplicating Co., expense dog show,

multigraph letters 5.80

Ben J. Ness, sheriff, deposit on additional land.

Brown property condemned 500.04

A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No. 26 (grounds):

October 20-November 2, inclusive.
H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 1 day

at $3.00 $ 3.00

M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 2 days,

at $3.00 6.00

Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds,

10 days, 3 hours, at $2.50 25.75

I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12

daysi, at $2.00 24.00

Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 6

days, at $2.00 12.00

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 11 days, at $2.25 24.75

E. A. Snow, labor on grounds and

painting, 31/0 days, at $3.00 10.50

Theo. Broerman, painting, 3 days, at

$1.75 5.25

442

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

11- 7

10063

11-13

10064

11-14

10085

11-14

10066

11-14 10067

11-14

10068

11-14

10069

11-15

10070

11-15

10071

11-15

10072

11-15

10073

11-15

10074

11-15 10075

11-15
11-15
11-18

10076
10077
10078

John Olson, labor on grounds, 5 days,

at $2.00 10.00

A. W. Weihn, labor on grounds, 12

days, at $2.00 24.00

I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 9 days,

at $4.00 36.00

Rudolph Illgan, labor on grounds, 9i/l»

days, at $2.00 19.00

Caleb Johns, labor on streets, 8 14

days, at $4.00 34.00

H. B. Baker, advertising Wapello county

C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive

committee meeting and expense Chicago rate

hearing

W. S. Corsa, refund special premiums for 1912..
McLaughlin Bros., refund special premiums for

1912

H. G. McMillan & Son, refund special premiums

for 1912

Henry Lefebure, refund special premiums for 1912
American Assn. Fairs and Exposition, dues 1912. .

Iowa Stone Co., 2 doors new horse barns

Des Moines Water Co., water bill October, 1912..

Fairbanks-Morse Co., repairing scales

McCray Sign Shop, miscellaneous signs

Inter-State Realty Co., commission for purchasing

additional land

Inter-State Realty Co., balance on additional land

and expense

J. H. Queal & Co., 2d payment lumber bill, 1912. . .

G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer's salary, 1912

A. R. Corey, Secy., pay roll No, 27 (grounds) :

November 4-16, inclusive.
H. P. Stouffer, grounds, 2 days, at $3.0'0 $6.00

E. A. Snow, grounds, 2 days, at $3.00.. 6.00

H. Grandgeorge, walks and grounds, 2

days, at $3.50 5.00

I. J. Whitmer, walks and grounds, 2

days, at $2.00 4.00

A. W. Wiehn, hauling manure and

work on grounds, 12 days, at $2.00.. 24.00

Rudolph Illgan, labor on grounds, 4

days, at S2.00 8.00

Geo. Whitney, foreman, 4 days, at $2.25 9.00

11-19 10079 Walker News, advertising 1912 fair

11-19 10080 Iowa Telephone Co., toll bills, Ames station

11-23 10081 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive
committee meeting

234.25
12.00

49.58
65.00

100.00

70.00

30.00

25.00

195.40

5.06

5.25

101.50

932.60

160.35
632.87
100.00

62.00

1.44

.25

26.00

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII

443

11-26

10082

11-26

10083

11-26

10084

11-26

10085

11-27

10086

11-29

10087

11-29

10088

11-29

10089

11-29

10090

11-29

10091

J. E. Lovejoy, payment on new horse barn 1,500.00

A. R. Corey, expense attending Chicago rate hear-
ing 24.75

A. R, Corej^ expense recording deeds 2.35

O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com-
mittee meeting 27.50

J. E. Lovejoy, payment on new horse barns 500.00

C. A. Nash, salary November, 1912 125.00

J. H. Deemer, salary November, 1912 100.00

Edith K, Smith, additional salary November, 1912 10.00

Minnie Andersen, salary November, 1912 65.00

C. J. Martin, judge Angus cattle, 1912 50.00

Total $167,563.24

Premiums paid by premium warrants No. 9625

to No. 10606 inclusive 58,139.15

Grand total disbursements $225,702.39

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 445

BOYS' CAMP.

Mr. Hansen, Superintendent of the Iowa State Fair Boys' Camp,
then read his report as follows:
To the State Board of Agriculture:

Your boys' camp superintendent counted it a great privilege to have
charge of your first state fair boys' camp. While there are many other
important features of the state fair I doubt if there is any feature so
fundamentally important as that of being helpful to the young people
of the state. They are the ones upon whom the future success of this
great commonwealth must depend, and furthermore, not only will eco-
nomic success depend upon them but the future happiness of the homes
of this state will depend upon the kind of boys we are raising now. I
consider the idea of a camp at the state fair an excellent one.

It was planned by your committee to have one boy from each county in
the state, this boy to be chosen by an essay writing contest in that county
and these essays to be judged by a committee made up of the county
superintendent of schools, the secretary of the fair and the secretary of
the farmers' institute. In most cases this local committee took an inter-
est in the proposition but quite a number made no move to have their
county represented. We must consider, of course, that this was the first
year and we had a reputation to establish in so far as the camp was
concerned. Nevertheless eighty-four of the ninety-nine counties sent rep-
resentatives leaving but fifteen without representatives. With but one or
two exceptions the boys were of the very highest grade and after much
boys' camp experience I am willing to say that it was the finest group
of boys I have ever seen together for a camp. I do not think that the
plan your committee had in securing representation was at fault for
not securing a representative from each county in the state but that it
was a local lack of interest. I doubt if there will be any trouble next
year in securing the full number of boys and I also judge that competition
will be much keener in all the counties.

We were assisted in the management of the camp by a competent group
of adult leaders, which is an essential thing in the management of any
boys' camp. Three of the county Y. M. C. A. secretaries of the state,
namely, C. E. Atkinson of Rockwell City, J. T. Smith of Sac City, and
J. H. Abernathy of Jefferson, were present. Ralph Fletcher, an older
high school boy of Mason City, came as the official camp bugler and also
to help in camp leadership, Messrs. Dunlop, Cave, and Taff of Ames
helped for part time. These men worked faithfully to promote good
fellowship and to see that the boys got the most out of it and last but
not least that the boys did the work of ushering, ticket taking, etc., in
good shape. I doubt if there were many men on the fair grounds who
worked harder during these days than the men who broke in a green
set of country boys to handle the immense crowd in the grand stand and

446 lOAVA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

in the stock pavilion. It was indeed no small task but it was certainly an
education for the boys.

The schedule for the day was somewhat as follows:
5:00 A. M. Rising bugle.

5:15-7:15 Helping in the morning round-up.
7:15 Breakfast.

7:45 Assembly followed by a talk either on things relating to

agriculture or things relating to character making,
integrity, etc.
8:45 Inspection of exhibits, class in rope tying and other edu-

cational features.
10:00-11:00 Leisure.
11:00 Dinner.

12:00 One division reported at the grand stand to usher for

the afternoon and the other division was free for edu-
cational trips and to go about the grounds.
5:00 P. M. Supper.

6:00 One-half of the boys reported at the grand stand for usher-

ing again and the other half at the stock pavilion for
ushering.

10:30-11:00 To bed.

You w'ill note that there was not much time for play when this schedule
was carried out, which it w^as practically every day we w^ere there.

I feel quite sure that the fair board was repaid many times over as
far as expense is concerned because of the work which the boys did. The
main part of the w'ork was, of course, the ushering in the grand stand
and stock pavilion and helping in the morning round-up. I do not know
what your ushering has been in the past but I heard expressions like
these: "The most courteous ushers we have ever seen at the state fair,"
"The best ushers we have ever seen at the state fair." There w^ere other
things which the boys did beside those here mentioned which included
the following: Guiding people about the grounds, giving information,
helping get things in shape at the baby show, running errands, and
leading stock in the stock parade. They w^ere indeed a very v>^i!ling
group of boys when it came to work. On the first day they were there I
sent them out to become acquainted with the grounds and to report
back to me what they had seen. They were therefore familiar with the
grounds from the start. I consider the work that they did valuable not
only to the fair board but of value to the boys themselves. It w^as edu-
cational for boys to help handle such crowds as came to the grand stand
on the big days of the fair.

With the strenuous schedule which w^e had it was not possible to put
in quite as much time on educational features as I had hoped. Y\^ith the
help, however, of men from the Ames extension department w^e sent out
almost daily groups to inspect the exhibits under their supervision. We
held rope class in camp several days. We had such speakers as "Uncle"
Asa Turner, Mrs. B. F. Carroll, State Secretaries of the Y. M. C. A. Paulson

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 447

and Aldrich, Messrs. Olson, Cameron, Reeves, Corey, and Curtiss of your
board as speakers. We also laid emphasis upon the boys entering the
judging contest and more than forty of them did, two of these boys win-
ning scholarships in the contest. I have read some of the essays which
were sent in and I think the men who have read them will agree with
me that the boys who wrote essays at least knew pretty well what was
at the state fair. We placed emphasis continuariy on spending what
spare time they had on inspecting exhibits and this I think the boys
did in good shape whether they were under the guidance of instructors
or not.

The fellowship, good time and friendship which a camp like this can
promote is not an unimportant part of such ventures. We tried through
a daily camp newspaper, through games, and through emphasis upon
getting acquainted with each other to make these features a part of the
camp. I think that judging by what the boys said when they went home
and from many letters which I have received since that they not only
learned a lot of things but that the friendship and fellowship and the
good time which they had will forever be a part of their lives. There
was much talk among the boys of having an annual camp reunion at
the fair and if we could start something like this the future attendance
at the state fair ought to be insured for they would bring others with them
each year and there would be an increasing number of boys who had
been to the state fair if you make this a permanent institution.

I forgot to mention that we took several educational trips to the city
under the guidance of leaders. All the boys had an opportunity to see
the business part of town and to inspect the new Y. M. C. A building
and all of them had the pleasure of going swimming in the splendid
swimming pool of that building. Trips were also made to the capitol
and other places of interest.

I have attached to this report a list of the names of the boys who at-
tended the first camp with their addresses and the names of the county
which they represented. I think that your first camp could be called a
success. It was educational; it promoted fellowship and friendship
among a splendid group of Iowa boys. I doubt not but that the char-
acters of quite a number of the boys were influenced toward integrity
and higher ideals. You ought to make it an annual affair.

Iowa State Fair Camp Delegates, August, 1912:

Floyd E. Hudson, Knoxville, Marion county; Mort Brooks, Forest City,
Winnebago county; Asker T. Bergo, Northwood, Worth county; Cleon
B. Siverly, Diagonal, Ringgold county; John W. Hazlitt, Tripoli, Bremer
county; Erwin Larson, Forest City, Hancock county; John Cody, Cylinder,
Palo Alto county; Ed. Knotek, Washington, Washington county; Wm. H.
Ashby, Lucas, Lucas county; Rudolph Evans, Decorah, Winneshiek county;
Forest H. Ford, Tipton, Cedar county; Wayne Kaugman, Whitten, Grundy
county; Ralph Woodard, Webster City, Webster county; Wm. L. Logan,
Hillsboro, Lee county; Howard McCormick, Sumner, Fayette county;
Ralph Winsler, Moravia, Appanoose county; Guy Peterson, Cherokee,
Cherokee county; Robert Spargus, Council Bluffs, Mills county; Donald
F. Willcox, Melvin, Osceola county; Daniel Holcomb,- D'oud, Van Buren
county; Ralph A. Fritz, Atlantic, Cass county; Boyd E. Metier, Weldon,

448 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Decatur county; Raymond Teachout, Shenandoah, Fremont county; Wil-
ber Finn, Shenandoah, Page county; Harlan Link, Waukon, Allamakee
county; Santford Bryson, Mason City, Cerro Gordo county; Herluf Han-
sen, Elk Horn, Audubon county; Isaac C. Henderson, Paulline, O'Brien
county; Orlo Drennan, Corning, Adams county; Claude Burns, Minburn,
Dallas county; Lowell Johnson, CreJco, Howard county; William Walsh,
Zwingle, Dubuque county; Leo Walker, Corydon, Wayne county; Fred
Tennyson, Dudley, Wapello county; W^illiam Anderson, St. Charles, Madi-
son county; Dolph Lain, Bloomfield, Davis county; Loren E. McClure, St.
Charles, Warren county; Llewellyn Smith, Keystone, Benton county; John
Hendrick, Osceola, Clark county; Earle Heaton, Elberon, Tama county;
Ernest Cherry, Walker, Linn county; Howard Mawdsley, Burt, Kossuth
county; Francis Mohler, Bedford, Taylor county; Eugene Colony, North
Liberty, Johnson county; Gale McClean, Wilton Junction, Muscatine coun-
ty; John L. Chew, Adair, Adair county; Lloyd Riley, Norway, Iowa coun-
ty; Merrill Drury, Early, Sac county; Irving Moe, Montgomery, Dickin-
son county; Donald Ginger, Langdon, Clay county; Albert Hansen, Alta,
Buena Vista county; Lewis Smith, Dunlap, Harrison county; Homer Pat-
tison, Le Mars, Plymouth county; Harry H. Rensink, Boyden, Sioux
county; Dale Dunlap, Sigourney, Keokuk county; Dean Finch, Ida Grove,
Ida county; Chester Richards, Gruver, Emmet county; Clyde Naylor,
Stratford, Hamilton county; Hayes W. Parsons, Fairfield, Jefferson coun-
ty; Ralph Harper, Nevada, Story county; William H. Stacy, Osage,
Mitchell county; Lester Day, Waterloo, Black Hawk county; Earl Win-
slow, Marshalltown, Marshall county; Ellis D. Willis, Steamboat Rock,
Hardin county; Thorwald Sahl, Harlan, Shelby county; Hugh Williams,
Danville, D'es Moines county; Harry Welsch, Elliott, Montgomery county;
George Wall, Burdette, Franklin county; Clifford Mason, Melrose, Monroe
county; Ray Menzel, Hazelton, Buchanan county; Meron Axtell, Straw-
berry Point, Clayton county; Leo Ahart, Dow City, Crawford county;
demons Ullrich, Mapleton, Monona county; Otis Dickey, Redfield, Guthrie
county; Emslie Hutcheon, Jefferson, Greene county; Arthur Oppedahl,
Goldfield, Humboldt county; Earl Benton, Rockwell City, Calhoun county;
Ivan Akers', Laurel, Jasper county; Eugene E. Hayenga, George, Lyon
county; Ralph Perkins, Rose /Hill, Mahaska county; Henry F. Mammen,
McClelland, Pottawattamie county; Arthur Marshall, Battle Creek, Wood-
bury county; John Day, Afton, Union county; Theo. Abkes, Austinville,
Butler county.

Leaders of the camp:

Fred M. Hansen, Des Moines, superintendent; O. E. Atkinson, Rock-
well City; J. T. Smith, Sac City; J. H. Abernathy, Jefferson; Ralph
Fletcher, Mason City.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 449

The president then introduced Mrs. Mary T. Watts, Audubon,
Iowa, who spoke on the Babies' Health Contest.

BABIES' HEALTH CONTEST.

Report and ])enefits of Babies' Ilealtli Contest, Iowa State Fair,
by Mary T. Watts, Audubon, Iowa, Superintendent of contest.

One day, several years ago, I attended our county fair. I stood at the
booth of which I was superintendent listening to the talk that drifted in
snatches of prizes won on pigs, sheep and cattle — the same talk I had
heard at every fair for ten years. Suddenly I became conscious of how
often I had heard this talk of the wonderful improvement that had really
been made in the condition of live stock in that length of time. Just at
that moment a woman with a fretful baby in her arms stopped near to
me to rest. A child of about three years clung to her skirts with one
hand and with the other fed herself with a large under ripe banana.
Three other children, brother and sisters, clambered about in imminent
danger of broken necks and tramped toes. One might label the picture
I thought, "An average family on a holiday." As I looked back I saw
myself and my brothers and sisters forty years ago, no better — no worse.
Measles, mumps and whooping cough would be a part of these children's
lives as it has been of mine. If they lived through these necessary evils,
without too great loss of vitality, they might grow to manhood and woman-
hood. Then I began to think that this family would probably mean more
families of the same kind — possibly with less endurance. A friend inter-
rupted my thoughts to invite me to go to the stock barns with her where
the premiums had just been awarded. Blue ribbons and red ribbons
showed bravely on the stalls. Every animal in the clean, well-ordered
cattle and hog pens had been fed, and groomed with the utmost care. A
man pointed with pride to a pen of hogs, and told us that they had been
watched almost night and day; that the water they drank had been ana-
lyzed, their food measured and weighed and only the kinds given them
that would bring results. It was then that the idea of the babies' health
contest for our near state fair was born. If scientific care and common
sense had done this for animals then the same happy combination could
do wonders for the human animals, was the summary of my deduc-
tions, and thus I hit upon the fundamental principles of eugenics and
won the endorsement and co-operation of the medical men and women
of the nation.

We lowans have long judged our corn, our hogs and our cattle by
scientific standards to find the most perfect specimens and encouraged
better corn growing and better stock raising — isn't it about time that we
gave at least equal attention to our greatest product, our babies?

From this idea came the first babies' health contest, which was held at
the Iowa state fair, August 28, 1911, under the auspices of the Iowa con-
gress of mothers and the extension department of the state agricultural
college.

The initial contest proved so successful and aroused such interest in
child study among fathers and mothers, that the management of the
29

450 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

fair voted unanimously to make the babies' health contest a regular
department of the Iowa state fair, and appropriated $500 for prizes and
equipment for the contest for 1912.

Expert assistance, better equipment and experience gained from pre-
vious efforts made the second state fair contest an even greater success
than the first, and made the committee in charge more certain of the
value of the contest idea as a public educator.

Almost every day since the first contest was held, letters of inquiry
have been received asking information concerning plans for conducting
similar contests. Many "babies' health" contests have been held in Iowa
the past year and more are planned for the future. Other states have
been attracted by its possibilities and contests have been made a lead-
ing feature of their state fairs, household exhibits and chautauquas.

In this new kind of a baby show pretty dresses and blue ribbons do
not count, for they are piled in a dainty heap on a chair and the babe
goes before his physical judges, as naked as the day he was born.

Kicking and crowing he is taken from his mother's arms, and laid
gently on the measuring board. While one of the physicians presses
firmly on his knees to straighten his limbs, another adjusts the gauge
that gives his exact height in fractions of an inch. Then he is set up,
his feet are braced against a standard and he is encouraged to pull with
all his muscles taut. While this is going on a quick eyed judge notes
color and condition of skin, and another gives him proper credit for mus-
cular development.

A few moments later the baby finds himself deposited in the pan of
a pair of scales and as he feels himself dropping into space as the
strong hands of the physician release him, he lets out a lusty yell of
surprise. The mother, anxiously watching every move, jumps from her
seat in alarm, but settles back contentedly as a smile goes from judge to
judge and word is passed along to mark his honor up for a good pair of
lungs.

The findings of the judges are written on a score card, similar to those
used in judging stock, in fact Dr. Margaret Clark, of Waterloo, Iowa,
used a live stock scoring card as a model, making of course, necessary
changes to meet the requirements of the human body.

One of the most interesting facts brought out by the initial babies'
health contest was that Charles Elmer O'Toole, who won first prize at
the first state fair contest, scoring 96 14 points, was a delicate child for the
first six months of his life.

Careful diet, fresh air and regular hours for sleep and exercise had
made his physique at three years, so perfect, that the examining physi-
cians could find no flaws, but marked down a little, because they be-
lieved there could scarcely be absolute perfection in a child. Charles
Elmer O'Toole's perfect points were: Weight, 35 pounds, height, 35 inches,
chest, 35 inches, head, 19 14 inches — cephalic index.

Babies who are born with normal health and bodies have a great ad-
vantage in life. There is no better way to make parents think than to
set down in black and white their child's defects.

The Convention then adjourned until 1 :30 p. m.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 451

The President : The first address this afternoon on the program
affords me the pleasure of presenting for the first time to this body,
Dr. R. A. Pearson, who has recently been elected President of the
Iowa State College.

ADDRESS.

DK. R. A. TEARSON.

Mr. President and Gentlemen: I came into the state of Iowa with the
belief that any man is fortunate who is permitted to live and work in
this state and I am still holding to that opinion. I have discovered in
the short time I have been here that when the state board of education
invited me to accept the position of president of the Iowa State College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, they did not call me to a position such as
is generally or popularly known as an easy job. I have found that there
is a great deal of important work requiring my attention at Ames, and
I have resolved that for some time to come I shall stay as close to that
work as I can in order that I may learn the institution, and after that I
expect to learn as much about the state as I can.

I came here from one of the eastern states which has with others con-
tributed a great deal toward the growth of this whole middle western
country, and I have been frequently reminded of that fact by meeting
men who have gone out of their way to tell me that they came to the
state of Iowa from one or another of the of the counties of New York
state, and frequently have asked me if I knew where they used to live
and the people in those localities. I want to say for the satisfaction of
those persons, and for others, and I believe that will include all who are
interested in the welfare of the eastern states, that those states made a
notable sacrifice for the good of this middle western country many years
ago which has never been fully appreciated, but it was made cheerfully
and ungrudgingly by the eastern states. About the time that Iowa and
Illinois and other states in this neighborhood were being first settled,
agriculture in the east was comparatively prosperous, but when this
wonderful country was opened up to settlement with its great stretches
of fertility which could be obtained, most of it, on very easy terms, many
of the brightest and best of the eastern farmers and eastern people moved
away from their homes and came here to establish new homes, and the
result was there was less interest in farming in the east. Farm values
went down, and you who came here from the east and elsewhere soon
began to pile up enormous crops to be shipped to the eastern market, and
the shipment of those crops required large railroad facilities, and the
eastern farmers were called upon to furnish men to operate them. These
different conditions served to decrease the demand for land in the east,
with the result that values went tumbling. Literally hundreds of mil-
lions of dollars represented the decrease in farm values in those eastern
states in only a few years' time. I do not believe that in the entire his-
tory of our country there has been a larger sacrifice made in a commer-
cial way on the part of one section of the country for the benefit of an-
other section of the country nor one more cheerfully made than that

452 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

which has been referred to and I know the people in the west will be
glad to hear that now a period of prosperity seems to be returning to
those same eastern farms For example, in New York state values of farm
lands in the last decade increased thirty-five per cent, which is a very
distinct and encouraging increase, not like the increase you saw in this
state where values jumped about one hundred per cent in the same
period.

I think it would be unwise for me to attempt to discuss problems
which are peculiar to the state of Iowa for the simple reason that while
I am using every way I can to learn those problems, yet I am not far
enough advanced in my lessons, so I feel free to discuss them. I want
to say a few words about two phases of your agriculture which are more
or less alike in all states, and especially prominent in the state I have
been residing in in recent years.

In the first place, let me bring to your attention the change of at-
titude of the public at large toward agricultural education, and I may
say that in Iowa we have a great agricultural college. I can say this
with all modesty, for I have had nothing to do with the making of the
agricultural college. We have a college which is well manned, which
stands high not only in this state but carries a splendid reputation
throughout other states, and even in foreign countries, and I esteem it
a very high honor to be asked to become connected with such an insti-
tution as the one at Ames. In 1862, just fifty years ago, Senator Morrill
of Vermont introduced and secured the passage in congress of a bill to
provide education in all the states along the lines of agriculture and me-
chanic arts. Senator Morrill was taking a long look into the future.
People did not appreciate that education, especially education of college
grade, was even desirable in connection with either agriculture or me-
chanic arts. Senator Morrill was considering the great increase of popu-
lation which he felt sure this country would see. He doubtless had
taken occasion to familiarize himself with conditions in European coun-
tries where problems that we would have to meet had been already met
and to a large extent solved. He saw that both agriculture and engineer-
ing in those countries were being promoted in a very necessary and vital
way through the aid of institutions of higher learning, and so in 1862,
in the hour of great agony in this country's history, that measure was
put upon the statute books which established colleges of agriculture and
engineering in all of the states.

The senator believed that those two great industries have an import-
ant bearing one upon another, that each one to a large extent is dependent
upon the other, and the tendencies and the history of the times have
proven that he was entirely correct. These industries and these kinds
of institutions must go hand in hand to bring about the very best re-
sults. But the people at large did not appreciate the need of instruc-
tion in agriculture as readily as that in engineering and years went by
and the agricultural colleges were not attended by many students. In
1892, it happened that I came in personal contact with this line of work
as a student in a college of agriculture, and I recall in that time there
was but a handful of students studying agriculture, and there was an

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 453

enormous number of students in that same university studying mechanic
arts or engineering. Some persons who got their information in those
times and have not carefully observed the progress of the present time,
believe the attractions in engineering are now so great that young men
cannot be expected to stay and study agriculture where engineering is
taught, for the reason that the engineering would attract them out of
agriculture. This is a mistaken judgment.

The reason why engineering courses fifteen or twenty years ago were
attracting the students that they did attract, was simply the fact that
manufacturing and industrial activities in this country were exper-
iencing an unprecedented growth, and there was a great demand for
trained men in engineering. Now, twenty years later, in 1912, it is
found in these same institutions that there is a great demand for in-
struction in agriculture. Students are coming from all directions and
registering in the course in agriculture, and many of the larger and more
prominent of the institutions, including the one at Ames, have more
students in agriculture than they have in engineering, in fact nothing
could better show the change of public opinion in respect to education
along these technical lines, nothing could better prove the wisdom of Sen-
ator Morrill in establishing these colleges, than the situation in the
present day. The attitude of the public toward agriculture is justified
by the performance of the men who are going out from the institutions.
I recall how one man's attitude toward a college education was abruptly
changed. He had a son who was anxious to study agriculture, and he
discouraged that young man from going to college, but the young man
went in spite of his father's advice, and when he came home from school
for vacation, his father laughed sarcastically at the book learning in the
college and asked if he thought he would be a better farmer. Tbe fact
is the father himself had had a college education, but for some reason
he had never learned to appreciate its value. Finally this young man
came home after graduation, brought his diploma with him, and as a
last bit of sarcasm his father said, "Well, you are back from college, and
you have graduated, and got your diploma, have you, and I declare you
look just like a fool." Just then a neighbor who had lived near by all
the boy's life stepped in. He was glad to see John home, and to wel-
come John. "Well," said he, "I am glad to see you again. Well, well,
you have finished your college course, and I declare you look just like
your father did when he came back from college." (Laughter.) Tbe
father at once took a different view towards college education.

Let me tell you that higher education in agriculture is being justified by
the performance of the men who are fortunate enough to have this edu-
cation, just as clearly, just as emphatically, as higher education is being
justified along any line.

I recall one young man who left a poor farm in the east — of course it
could not be in Iowa if it was a poor farm — he left a poor farm to go
to college, and after he finished his work he returned to the farm, and set
about to see how best he could apply what he had learned, and on that
farm they were raising oats at the rate of about forty-five bushels to the
acre. It was the best they were ever able to do, and he applied what he

454 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

had learned to the oat crop. He set to work to improve those oats by im-
proving the seed, and in a few years lie had raised the average yield of
forty-five to seventy-eight bushels on the same land, and in that section
that young man justified higher education in agriculture.

I recall another who went back to his farm where there was a dairy
herd which had not been a very profitable enterprise, and he set about
improving these animals by better breeding, better selection, and finding
a better market for the product, and the result was, in spite of the ad-
vice of those who thought they knew better than he, that he succeeded
not only in doubling but trebling the milk yield of these cows. And so
he justified what he learned in college.

Then only a few days ago I had the pleasure of meeting another who
had studied, among other subjects in his course, agricultural chemistry,
and he went into a section where there was a great expanse of waste
land. It never had been good for anything, and the people said it never
would be good for anything. But with his skill he discovered that this
waste land contained an excessively large amount of a certain constituent
which was due to its volcanic origin and that constituent, manganese,
had thrown the soil solution out of balance, and the question was how it
could be adjusted. After making a number of experiments on the soil,
he found that by adding to the land four hundred pounds of a cer-
tain combination of artificial fertilizer which had never been used be-
fore, he was able to make the land just as productive as any fertile land
in that section. And today as a result of that application of his knowl-
edge there is thrown into use in that section ten thousand acres of ad-
ditional land, and so he in his district has justified higher education in
agriculture.

At this time the entire public is greatly interested in developing agri-
cultural education. We hear of bankers' associations, commercial bodies,
railroads and others, taking up the question, and we say, of course, they
are interested in the increasing of agricultural crops because an increase
of the crops means an increase of their profits, and I think that is a
creditable interest, but I believe that the chief interest actuating these
men is the increasing cost of living, and the fact that they are large em-
ployers of labor, and they wish to avoid having their laborers coming to
them repeatedly year after year for more and more wages, based on the
ground of the increasing cost of living. Who would have thought that
the public would come to that point of view a few years ago, yet today
they believe in supporting agricultural education, and they are proving
their belief by their acts in making appropriations for its support.

I believe that in Iowa, if any state, the people who live on the farms,
and who are interested in farming, are familiar with the different activi-
ties of the agricultural college, and I will not tire you by reviewing
them, but I wish to refer to just one of the new departures which I
think promises great things, not only for this state but for other states,
where it is being introduced. I refer to the plan of having in different
counties experts permanently stationed for the purpose of giving advice
upon the problems in those counties. In co-operation with the federal
department of agriculture, your college of agriculture at Ames will soon

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 455

be engaged in that kind of work in Iowa to a large extent. Already
a number of counties have been organized. Dean Curtiss is in corre-
spondence with quite a number of others. Heretofore our work has been
largely of a temporary character, so far as work in ditferent districts
was concerned. Short courses and institutes have been held at different
points for a short time and then the experts passed on to other places.
Now the plan is to continue these efforts, but at the same time have an
expert in the county who will assist in the introduction of improvements
which are being taught, and the underlying idea of all this is to enable
the farmer not alone to produce larger crops, but to produce crops more
economically. That is the way the farmers' profits are going to be in-
creased. We hear a good deal about farmers being rich. If they are
they certainly deserve it. Not long ago I took occasion to study this
question in another state. I found that during a period of about twenty
years the prices for which the farmers were selling some of their products
had increased about one hundred per cent. The prices of other products
increased something like twenty per cent during the same period. Many
people will say farmers must be getting rich. They are getting one
hundred per cent more for their products than they did twenty years
ago. But that is not necessarily proof that they are getting rich.
Further search shows that these farmers are paying more for a large
amount of supplies, including labor, than they were paying ten years
ago. As to increase of farm prices one hundred per cent, I want to call
your attention to the fact that comparison is based upon prices twenty
years ago, which literally may be called impossible prices. The prices
of farm products twenty years ago did not begin to represent the value
of the labor put into those farm products, plus the value of the fertility
they were removing from the soil, and the reason that farms in some
great sections of the country, and especially of this state, were believed
to be prosperous, if they were truly prosperous, with such prices as ob-
tained twenty years ago, the reason for it was they had a great bank
account in their soil, and they drew on the principal of that bank account
and sold it by the carload. It is not fair to compare prices of farm prod-
ucts with other products over the same period, because at the beginning of
that period of twenty years, farm prices were on an impossible basis, and
manufacturing prices were on a self-supporting basis.

I believe that this county expert plan which is coming into vogue in
the different states, promises great things. I believe that the time is
going to come when there will not only be a county expert, but there will
be town experts, and smaller groups of farms in turn will have their
own experts. I so believe because I know of farmers in some sections
that have gone down into their pockets and employed an expert to come
and live in their midst and give his entire time to the problems upon
their farms, because they find it is profitable to do that thing. I remember
of a farmer speaking of a farmers' institute. He said, "You don't think
I could go, do you, my neighbors would think I did not know how to
farm." That attitude of mind is rapidly passing away. The fact is we
do not know how to farm, and many of the experts do not know all
about it, but we are all anxious to learn one from another, and the ex-

456 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

pert is just a man who is qualified to give advice to the practical nan
who is obliged to devote all his time to the detail routine work of the
farm.

I want to refer in a few words to one of the problems which I know
has attracted a good deal of attention in Iowa, and is attracting much
attention in other states, and it has been discussed a thousand times,
and that is "Decrease of Rural Population." So far as I can see this
problem in this and other states there are three outstanding reasons why
farmers will leave a state and go to some distant place where they think
they will find better conditions for working and for living. They be-
lieve they can make more money, and believe they will find better school
facilities, and they believe they will find better social facilities. I do
not know to what extent these reasons are justified, but I do know well
that whether the reasons are justified or not, as long as they exist in
men's minds they will cause those men to pick up and move away, and
you could not stop them from going even if you should build a Chinese
wall around a state. They are going to go. So, Mr. President, I be-
lieve that it puts upon this agricultural state — upon the agTicultural so-
ciety of the state and the agricultural college great responsibilities. I
think that we should exert ourselves to the utmost to ascertain the true
facts. Is it true that a man can do better in a financial way by leaving
a farm in Iowa and working upon a farm in any other distant place? We
can think of instances where one has gained by moving. That, is to be
expected. But I believe — this is only my personal opinion — I believe that
the large majority of those who go out of this state into distant Canada,
go to worse conditions than those which they leave behind them. I re-
member meeting one of these men not long ago. He had gone out of
New York state to Canada and got a farm there, and he had gone in high
hopes that he would be able to make himself rich in a very short time.
He spent just one year in the new country and then he came back again,
and on a visit to me he said he had enough of it. He said, "In a few
months more there will be another crop of suckers go out there," and
then he would sell his farm, and move back to the place that he came
from.

It is possible some go to some other land because it is cheaper, and
because they find it is difficult in a state that is well settled like this,
and the other states of the east, they find it is difficult to get money
for the purpose of buying and equipping their farm. If that is the case,
should not we carefully consider some method by which funds can be
loaned to deserving persons? Very briefly, I want to tell you what is
done in Germany along these lines. There a man who is deemed worthy
of the assistance is able to borrow a sum of money for the purpose of
purchasing land, or to improve his farm, on a basis which permits him to
pay that loan in the form of annual interest payments. The loans are
so well secured that they are made at a very low interest, two to three per
cent. There is added to that perhaps one and one-half or two per cent
as annual payment on the principal, and each year after the loan has
been made, the borrower pays a total of five per cent or less, which covers
both the interest on the sum which he has borrowed, and it provides also

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 457

a payment on the principal which he must repay, with the result that
after that mortgage has been running for forty or fifty, even sixty or
seventy years, with those low annual interest charges the entire obligation
is paid off. This makes it easy for worthy men to secure funds on long
time loans, sure that they will not be called upon to make payment at
any time when they may not be able to do so. The result of this is that
men who are of the right class and the right type are being attracted
into farming.

I think, Mr. Chairman, that the true causes for the departure of worthy
citizens from this state are not thoroughly understood, and I think that
they should be made a subject of special study. I think there is no bet-
ter way to do this than by a special commission which should be formed
to take the matter up somewhat along the lines of the rural life com-
mission of which Mr. Henry Wallace of this city was a member. They
traveled over the whole United States looking into problems relating to
the welfare of the farmers. I believe if it is not otherwise provided for,
some such commission study as that might well be undertaken in this
state.

Perhaps I ought to mention the state fair. I do not know whether
Secretary Corey expects me to say anything about the state fair or not,
but I shall pass that over with the remark that for me to come here and
discuss the state fair, would be like carrying coals to Newcastle. I believe
it is one of the institutions of this state which is serving the state well.
Its reputation extends far beyond the borders of this state, and you
probably all know it is one of the greatest institutions of its kind in the
whole world, and many persons not living in Iowa know the same thing.

Let me say in closing, that one of the finest things I have found in
the state of Iowa, is the splendid pride existing among the people of
Iowa in their state and their institutions, and it is just that it should be
so. Statistics show that this great state produces 432,000,000 bushels
of corn; more than any other state. Illinois comes next with 428,000,000
bushels. Again, this state produced 220,000,000 bushels of oats; more
than any other state. Illinois again taking the second position with
183,000,000 bushels of oats. And again, these same statistics for 1912
show that there is not only a large yield in Iowa, but still better they
show the yield in Iowa per acre in each case exceeds that of practically
all of the other states in the union, the corn yield being 43 bushels per
acre as compared with Illinois' 40; and oats 44, as compared with 43 in
Illinois. Now, I believe that such a creditable standing as these figures
indicate will serve to give us an impulse to work to maintain the
splendid position this state occupies. I want to remind you that it
should serve to do this because other states are making strenuous ef-
forts to overtake Iowa, and gain first position. On a ten years average
we are obliged to admit that Illinois excels us in both corn and oats. In
Illinois every effort that the state can command is being made to ad-
vance their agricultural interest, and increase the agricultural output,
and to produce crops more economically and at a greater profit. Illinois
is expending well towards a million dollars annually in agricultural in-
struction. There are a large number of organizations in that state that

458 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

are striving, just as the organizations are in this, to advance all these
interests, and so, Mr. President, I want to call your attention to the fact
that we are to have worthy competitors for this first position in the
agricultural world. I believe that with the splendid citizenship of the
state, with the splendid organizations, and its institutions, that no state
can take the first place from us, and so I am here to work with you and
to help you to see that they do not take it away from Iowa.

The first prize essay, "What I Saw and Learned at the Iowa
State Fair," by Forest H. Ford, Tipton, Iowa, was then read by
Secretary Corey.
''What I saw and learned at the loua State Fair and Exposition'':

A useful exposition of the resources of a state is a hard thing to se-
cure and equally hard to maintain. Much credit is due the managers of
the Iowa state fair for the degree in which they have reached success
in both particulars. Taken all in all it was the best state fair which
has ever been held in this, or any other state.

The real value of the state fair cannot be realized until one has visited
it, for "seeing is believing."

In taking up the study of exhibits we find every class filled with the
richest products from our Hawkeye state, as well as from many of our
neighboring states.

One of the most interesting exhibits on the grounds was that of ma-
chinery. This was magnificent, both in magnitude and variety. Here
we saw the best and could decide for ourselves what makes we liked best,
and which would save the most labor. The manner in which gasoline
and kerosene is displacing wood and coal as power, was evidenced by
the large number of gas tractors and gasoline engines. Stave, panel,
and block silos of various kinds; convenient and sanitary equipment for
barns; cream separators and many other of the almost "one hundred
and one" machines which the modern farmer requires had its place.
From the time one landed from the street car, and all through the long
circuit of the grounds, there was not a minute when the hum or whir of
some machine making farming easier w^as not heard.

In visiting the horticultural exhibits, we found a large display of ap-
ples, plums, grapes and other Iowa fruits. Apples useful in the home
orchard were present in great abundance, emphasizing the fact that Iowa
farmers may supply their own table practically the year around with
fruit raised right at home.

The exhibit of grain was large and the quality very good. Almost
every kind of grain grown in Iowa was on exhibition and proved to be an
interesting, as well as an educational exhibit. From every section of the
state came stories of bountiful crops. The Iowa farmer certainly chanted
the song of plenty at Des Moines on fair week.

Another interesting exhibit was that made by the pure food commis-
gion. A striking display was made of brilliantly colored candies, which
owed their wopderful tints sglely to injurious dyes,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 459

The building of the "Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts" was the mecca of thousands of visitors to the fair, and because of
the diversity of exhibits and the value of the instruction given, it was
worth the interest it occasioned.

The exhibits covered a wide range, from soil maps of the state, show-
ing the various drifts, to models of silos and lighting plants, noxious
weeds, engineering appliances and hog cholera preventive. On the piazza
of this building was a display made by the church and country life de-
partment of the Presbyterian board of Home Missions. The exhibit con-
sisted chiefly of placards which bore statistics calling attention to the
dying of church life in many places.

The entries in the live stock department were of a universally high
order, of good quality and attracted praise from thousands upon thou-
sands of visitors.

"In all that is good Iowa affords the best," for Iowa breeders are fast
becoming prize winners at the state fair, winning the honors over breed-
ers from other states, a matter over which the state may, with all due
humility, take great pride. Some idea of the value of the stock on ex-
hibition may be had from the estimate the fair association put on the
prize winning horses and cattle, in the grand parade on Friday which
they advertised as a million dollar parade. All the prominent breeds
of live stock were on exhibition, being exhibited by the most eminent
breeders of our state and of neighboring states.

The display of poultry was large. Every popular breed of chickens,
ducks, geese and turkeys were on exhibition. The stern voice of the
chanticleer could be heard from early morn until sunset, announcing
from his neat little coop that he had taken first prize.

Along the line of amusements some very interesting events took place.
Alfred, the monkey, and the trained bears afforded fun and amusement
for both old and young. Among the most interesting amusements were
the daily flights of the flying machines, along with the "Wild West Show."
Each evening a marvelous display of fireworks was given in front of
the amphitheater.

It is now that I can realize the value of the "State Fair" and can ap-
preciate the many lessons I have learned. In briefly summing up the
latter I find the fair teaches us that pure bred stock is the best, and that
it is a loss to raise inferior stock. It teaches one to be a better farmer,
to practice better farming and to raise the best of everything. The
state fair gives a person a chance to meet new friends and to make deal-
ings with men face to face, instead of by correspondence. The idea of
the old European trading bazaar is coming back to the people and is well
illustrated at the state fair where both buyer and seller are brought to-
gether. The fair leads to a better understanding of all the different parts
of the state as to farm products, and opportunities. Much valuable
knowledge is gained that will show up some time in an increased bank
account.

In closing I want to heartily thank the state fair association for mak-
ing possible the "boys' camp" and "stock judging contest," from which I

460 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

have obtained a great deal of useful knowledge which will cling to me
all through my life.

May the state fair forever be and each year realize a greatness more
lofty and a grandeur more enduring.

"Yonder clouds are yet but lined with silver; an-
other hour will reveal them; scarlet, yellow, and gold;
mountains of heavenly glory banked up against the sky."

Here followed the address of Dr. Geo. M. Chappel, Director of
the Iowa Weather and Crop Service.

IOWA CROPS— FINAL REPORT.

Final Report For The State— Total Yield of Soil Products— Value at
Farm Price, December 1, 1912.

Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the
Iowa weather and crop service, showing the average yield per acre and
total yield of staple soil products, and the average price at the farms or
nearest stations, December 1, 1912:

As a whole, the crop season of 1912 was the most productive one in the
history of Iowa. The total yield of corn, oats and winter wheat was far
in excess of any previous year, and all other crops, except apples, were
nearly up to the maximum of production. Notwithstanding the fact that
the average price of soil products is much below the prices prevailing
on December 1, 1911, the total value of this year's crop exceeds that of
last year by over $3,000,000, and if good seed corn had been used last spring
an additional $10,000,000 could have been added to the value of this
year's crop.

Corn. — The revised estimate of the acreage of corn is 9,199,610 acres, or
336,286 acres more than was planted last year, as shown by the report of
the township assessors. The average yield per acre for the state this
year is 45.8 bushels, making a total yield of 421,368,400 bushels, or 33,-
019,480 bushels more than was ever before produced in the state in one
year; the next largest yield being 388,348,920 bushels in 1906. The
average farm price on December 1st was 36 cents per bushel, making
the aggregate value $151,698,624. Last year the estimated yield was 32.9
bushels per acre, aggregate yield 281,366,600 bushels; average farm price
was 54 cents per bushel, making the aggregate value $151,937,964 or
$239,340 more than the value of this year's crop. Fully one third of this
year's crop is either soft or chaffy, due to the fact that much of the
crop was not fully matured when the severe killing frosts, and in many
sections of the state, freezing temperatures, occurred between the 26th
and 29th of September. The weather has, however, been generally fav-
orable since October 11th, and husking is now completed in many lo-
calities and will be practically completed within the next week.

Oats. — The area harvested was 4,665,100 acres; average yield, 44.4
bushels per acre; total yield, 206,949,700 bushels; aggregate value at 27
cents per bushel, $55,876,419, or $3,408,984 less than the value of last

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 461

year's crop. The total yield this year was, however, 86,741,400 bushels
more than was produced in 1911, and 5,349,700 bushels in excess of the
big crop of 1895.

Spring Wheat. — Area harvested, 506,650 acres; average yield, 18.7
bushels per acre; total yield, 9,486,700 bushels; price per bushel, 76
cents; total value, $7,209,892.

Winter Wheat. — Area harvested, 333,710 acres; average yield per acre,
24.3 bushels; total yield, 8,133,530 bushels; average price, 78 cents per
bushel; total value, $6,344,153.

Barley. — Average per acr^ 32.5 bushels; total yield, 9,587,760; farm
price, 50 cents; total value, $4,793,880.

Rye. — Average yield 20.7 bushels per acre; total crop, 888,530 bushels;
farm price, 61 cents; total value, $542,003.

Flax Seed. — Average per acre, 11.3 bushels; total product, 423,000
bushels; total value at $1.31 per bushel, $554,208.

Potatoes. — Average yield per acre, 104 bushels; total yield, 12,904,500
bushels; average' price, 44 cents; total value, $5,677,980.

Hay (Tame). — Average yield, 1.6 tons; total yield, 4,287,600 tons; aver-
age price, $9.89; total value, $42,404,364.

Hay (Wild). — Average yield, 1.4 tons; total yield, 1,085,440 tons; average
price, $7.43; total value, $8,064,819.

Tabulated Crop Summary.

Corn 421,386,400 bu. $151,698,624

Oats 206,949,700 bu. 55,876,419

Spring wheat 9,486,700 bu. 7,209,982

Winter wheat 8,133,530 bu. 6,344,153

Barley 9,587,760 bu. 4,793,880

Rye 888,530 bu. 542,003

Flax seed 423,060 bu. 554,208

Potatoes 12,904,500 bu. 5,677,980

Hay (Tame) 4,287,600 tons 42,404,364

Hay (Wild) 1,085,440 tons 8,064,819

Pasture and grazing Estimated 85,000,000

Ensilage Estimated 4,000,000

Timothy seed Estimated 2,300,000

Clover seed Estimated 516,736

Alfalfa and millet Estimated 1,200,000

Sweet corn Estimated 1,137,500

Pop corn Estimated 600,000

Fruit crops Estimated 5,500,000

Garden truck Estimated 1,500,000

Miscellaneous crops Estimated 7,500,000

Total value $392,420,668

The estimated value of soil products for 1911 was $388,991,154.

GEO. M. CHAPPEL, Director.

462 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The Committee on Resolution presented the following report
which was unanimously adopted by the convention.

Resolved, That we the members of this convention, appreciate the good
work the Iowa state fair is doing for the educational and agricultural in-
terests of this state. During the past few years the state fair has taken
the lead over the big state fairs and expositions of the world, and its
educational value to the people of this state is fully appreciated.

We commend the loyal work done for this great fair by President Cam-
eron, Vice-President Olson, Treasurer Gilbertson, Secretary Corey, and
their associate directors. We heartily endorse their careful business
management and policy and pledge them our continued support.

T. W. PURCELL,
A. G. RIGBY,
J. W. PALM,

Committee.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS.
The Committee on Credentials made the following report:

We, the undersigned, your Committee on Credentials, beg leave to sub-
mit the following report. Number of delegates present, seventy-four,

C. W. Hoffman,
James Nowak,
H. C. Leach,

Comviittee.

DELEGATES ENTITLED TO VOTE IN THE STATE AGRICULTURAL
CONVENTION, DECEMBER 11, 1912.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIR ASSOCIATION.

Adair County Fair Association J. M. Wilson, Menlo

Bremer County Fair Association J. W. Bennett, Janesville

Buchanan County Fair and Racing Assn A. G. Rigby, Independence

Buena Vista County Agricultural Society W. J. Sievers, Alta

Cass County Fair Association E. F. Berg, Atlantic

Massena District Fair Association D. P. Hogan, Massena

Clinton County Agricultural Society A. J. Peters, Edgewood

Davis County Agricultural Society H. C. Leach, Bloomfield

Franklin County Agricultural Society T. W. Purcell, Hampton

Guthrie County Agricultural Society B. F. Davidson, Menlo

Hardin County Agricultural Society W. H. Rowen, Union

Henry County Agricultural Association J. W. Palm, Mt. Pleasant

Iowa County Agricultural Society U. S. Butler, Williamsburg

Jasper County Agricultural Society F. E. Meredith, Newton

Kossuth County Agricultural Society T. P. Harrington, Algona

Madison County Agricultural Society T. J. Hudson, Winterset

Lake Prairie District Agricultural Society Chas. Porter, Pella

Marshall County Fair Association W. M. Clark, Marshalltown

Mills County Agricultural Society Mrs. J. F. Summers, Malvern

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 463

Monona County Fair Association N. W. McBeath

Union District Agricultural Society C. P. Gibson, West Liberty

O'Brien County Agricultural Society J. B. Murphy, Sutherland

Clarinda Fair Association J. C. Beckner, Clarinda

Big Four District Fair C. C. Patty, Fonda

Poweshiek County Central Agrl. Society J. T. Cessna, Grinnell

Poweshiek County Central Agrl. Society James Nowak, Malcom

Warren County Agricultural Society Joe McCoy, Indianola

Webster County Fair and Agricultural Society. .. .J. F. Barton, Ft. Dodge

Forest City Park and Fair Association John L. Wheeler, Forest City

Winneshiek County Agricultural Society E. W. Cutting, Decorah

Inter-state Live Stock Fair Association. .. .Eugene P. Sullivan, Sioux City
Wright County Agricultural Society W. C. BroAvn, Clarion

COUNTIES WHERE NO FAIRS WERE REPORTED.

Clarke County John Ledgerwood, Weldon

Dallas County O. L. Gray, Dallas Center

Decatur County C. W. Hoffman, Leon

Emmet County C. C. Heer, Armstrong

Ida County Barney Hester, Ida Grove

Lucas County D. A. McMains, Derby

Polk County H. B. Erase, Des Moines

Scott County J. G. D'utcher, Davenport

Union County W. W. Morrow, Afton

FARMERS' INSTITUTES.

Appanoose County J. H. Carr, Moulton

Boone County M. J. Lundvall, Boxholm

Buena Vista County C. A. Fulton, Storm Lake

Dallas County B. H. VanFossen, Adel

Decatur County A. E. Cotterill, Leon

Madison County W. D. Patterson, Winterset

Mahaska County Wilford Hull, Oskaloosa

Monona County Clyde Whiting, Whiting

Polk County A. L. Plummer, Altoona

Ringgold County J. F. Wall, Mt. Ayr

Shelby County L. H. Pickard, Harlan

Union County A. M. Crawford, Afton

Warren County J. A. Mason, Carlisle

Woodbury County Bert L. France, Salix

Winnebago County John Carson, Forest City

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

OFFICERS.

President C. E. Cameron, Alta

Vice-President O. A. Olson, Forest City

Secretary A. R. Corey, Des Moines

Treasurer G. S. Gilbertson, Des Moines

464 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS.

President State Agricultural College R. A. Pearson, Ames

State Dairy and Food Commissioner W. B. Barney, Hampton

State Veterinarian Dr. J. I. Gibson, Des Moines

DISTRICT MEMBERS.

First District R. S. Jolmston, Columbus Junction

Second District C. W. Phillips, Maquoketa

Third District E. M. Reeves, Waverly

Fourth District E. J. Curtin, Decorah

Fifth District E. M. Wentworth, State Center

Sixth District T. C. Legoe, What Cheer

Seventh District C. F. Curtiss, Ames

Eighth District F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr

Ninth District J. F. Summers, Malvern

Tenth District J. P. Mullen, Fonda

Eleventh District H. L. Pike, Whiting

On motion the report of the committee was adopted.

The President announced that the next order of business would
be the election of President, Vice President, and member of the
board from the even numbered districts.

Mr. T. W. Purcell of Franklin County placed in nomination
for president Mr. C. E. Cameron of Buena Vista County to suc-
ceed himself and moved that if there were no other nominations
that the secretary be instructed to (ast the entire vote of the con-
vention for Mr. Cameron. The motion was duly seconded and
adopted by the ccnvention. The seventy-four votes were so cast
by the secretary and Vice President Olson declared Mr. C. E.
Cameron duly elected President of the Iowa State Board of Agri-
culture for the ensuing year.

For vice president for the ensuing year Mr. J. P. Mullen nom-
inated Mr. 0. A. Okon of Winnebago County to succeed himself
and moved that if there were no other nominations that the secre-
tary be instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for
Mr. Olson. The nomination and motion were .duly seconded, the
secretary so cast the seventy-four votes of the convention and
President Cameron declared ]\Ir. O. A. Olson duly elected vice
president of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture for the ensuing
year.

For member of the Board from the second district Mr. C. W.
Hoffman of Decatur County nominated Mr. C. W. Phillips of
Jackson County to succeed himself; seconded by C. C. Heer of
Emmet County. On motion the rules were suspended and the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 465

secretary instructed to cast the seventy-four votes of the conven-
tion for Mr. Phillips. The secretary so cast the vote and the
president declared Mr. C. W. Phillips duly elected member of
the Iowa State Board of Agriculture for the ensuing two years.

For member of the Board from the fourth district Mr. E. W.
Cutting of Winneshiek County nominated Mr. E. J. Curtin of
Winneshiek County to succeed himself; seconded by Mr. T. W.
Purcell of Franklin County. There being no other nominations,
the rules were suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the
entire vote of the convention for Mr. Curtin. The secretary so
cast the seventy-four votes and the president declared Mr. E. J,
Curtin duly elected member of the Iowa State Board of Agricul-
ture from the Fourth District for the ensuing two years.

Mr. II. C. Leach of Davis County nominated Mr. T. C. Legoe
of Keokuk County to succeed himself as member of the board from
the sixth district ; motion seconded by Mr. James Nowak of Powe-
shiek County. There being no other nominations, on motion the
rules were suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the
entire vote of the convention for Mr. Legoe. The secretary so cast
the seventy-four votes and the president declared Mr. Legoe duly
elected member of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture from the
Sixth District for the ensuing two years.

Mr. W. W. Morrow of Union County nominated ]\Ir. F. E. Shel-
don of Ringgold County to succeed himself as member of the
board from the eighth district; seconded by Mr. Ledgerwood of
Clark County. No other nominations were made and on motion
the rules were suspended and the secretary instructed to cast the
entire vote of the convention for Mr. Sheldon. The secretary so
cast the seventy-four votes and the president declared Mt. Sheldon
duly elected member of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture from
the Eighth District for the ensuing two years.

For member of the board from the tenth district Mr. T. P. Har-
rington of Kossuth County nominated Mr. J. P. Mullen of Poca-
hontas County to succeed himself. The motion was duly seconded
and, there being no other nominations, the rule was suspended and
the secretary instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention
for Mr. Mullen. The secretary so cast the seventy-four votes and
the president declared Mr. Mullen duly elected member of the
Iowa State Board of Agriculture from the Tenth District for the
ensuing two years.

On motion the convention adjourned.
30

CHAMPION HAMPSHIRE PEN
Iowa State Fair— 1912

CHAMPION BERKSHIRES

Get of Sire

Iowa State Fair 1912

PART VIII

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Annual Meeting of the Iowa Swine
Breeders' Association

1912

OFFICERS.

President J. H. Watson, Madrid

Vice-President B. F. Davidson, Menlo

Secretary and Treasurer M. P. Hancher, Rolfe

IOWA SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

The thirty-first annual meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders'
Association was held at Ames, Iowa, in the AgTicultural Building
of the Iowa State College, Tuesday, June 11, 1912.

After calling the meeting to order, President J. H. Watson,
of Madrid, Iowa, gave a short address.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

"On this, the thirty-first annual meeting of our association, I congratu-
late you upon the bright prospects in store for you who are fortunate
enough to have a few hogs. Disease has greatly reduced the number of
hogs. The bad March weather made it very difficult to save many pigs
and consequently the number of hogs at this time of year was never so
small. With these conditions, it is only reasonable to expect hogs to sell
higher. I believe we will see all the high price records broken this
season.

"There is one phase that I wish to call your attention to that is cost-
ing farmers many thousands annually. That is what I call the no-purpose
method of breeding. Mr. Breeder has a very good herd of hogs but he
becomes dissatisfied and crosses his hogs with another breed. The re-
sults are not what he expected and, not being satisfied, he crosses with

468 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

still another breed. By this time he has a hog with about all the unde-
sirable points.

"Now, brother breeders, I think we ought to do all we can to discour-
age this method of breeding hogs. If a man comes looking for a male
pig and we find he is going to cross him with another breed, try to get
him to stick to one breed and raise a more uniform lot of hogs. It is
surprising how very few strictly good hogs come to our markets. It is
just as easy to raise a good hog if we go at it right, and a great deal
more profitable. If there is anything in blood, it is pure blood that has
brought hogS' up to their present state of perfection.

"I would say to every man who raises hogs for any purpose, select a
breed that suits him best, always select breeding stock from the best
he can find, and every year try to improve. Brother breeders, I do not
want to insinuate that any of you are guilty of this no-purpose kind of
breeding, but that there are too many who are too careless and do not
produce as good hogs as they should. A visit to the markets will prove
this statement true."

FORAGE CROPS FOR SWINE.

PROF. W. J. KENNEDY, AMES, IOWA.

"I feel certain that the hog business in Iowa from now on is going
to be different from what it has been in the past. Many years ago the
hog was an adjunct in cattle feeding operations. It was used to make
money in cattle feeding operations. While the cattle feeding business
is good in Iowa and while people will feed them in the future, more and
more people will go into dairy farming and that means that we will have
to pay more and more attention to the hog. Instead of the hog being
a necessary part of the cattle feeding operations, they will be raised from
the standpoint of raising pork and not to help some other industry pay
dividends. They will pay their own dividends and we all know there is
no class of stock in this country or any other country that has paid off
more mortgages than hogs, or bought more automobiles. The hog today
is the most profitable animal on the farm when he is properly bred and
properly fed and marketed. There is no doubt about it.

"A great deal of attention has been paid to feeds at the experiment
station. Some six years ago we started out to carry on rather extensive
experiments along the lines of forage crops for swine. Our idea is to
get as nearly as we can some facts which will help the farmers out from
the standpoint of the value of the different forage crops. We have tried
out six or seven of the more common forage crops, and used them in
the growing and development of young pigs. Our experiment work
shows one thing — it may be contrary to what we expected and what you
believe — and that is that the forage is a valuable thing for young pigs
from weaning time up to the time they weigh a hundred and fifty to a
hundred and seventy-five pounds, but if you have a bunch of sows or fall
pigs, our experiment work indicates that they will make heavier daily
gains and cheaper gains by putting those animals in the dry lot and not
feeding forage crops. When they weigh up to a hundred and fifty or bet-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII

469

ter the dry lot with meat meal or tankage or some feed that will build
up will give cheaper gains and heavier gains, but from weaning time up
to a hundred and fifty or a hundred and seventy-five pounds you can pro-
duce gains more rapidly and more economically through the use of any
one of several forage crops than from dry lot feeding. Our experience
is that the heavier hogs do not do as well on forage crops You can get
faster daily gains on the larger animals in dry lot feeding. There are
two factors which I think are more important than anything else from
the standpoint of getting hogs ready for market. One is rapidity of
gains and the other is economy. Economy only is not enough because in
all hog feeding operations you all know that the hog is a hard animal
to do anything with when he is sick and the sooner you get the animal
ready for market, the better. Rapidity is an all important factor.

"I have some results of experiments which have not yet been published
but will be published this fall in a bulletin on forage crops. These exper-
iments embrace the use of alfalfa, clover, rape, sweet clover, oats, peas
and rape; oats, clover and rape; blue grass and timothy; and winter rye.
Blue grass is permanent, alfalfa is somewhat permanent, clover usually
lasts two years, and the others are annual crops. We have tried to get
something that would answer the needs of every man. For a grain ra-
tion to feed with the alfalfa or whatever it might be we fed ear corn.
Several years ago we started in to find out the best method of preparing
corn for swine. We fed ear corn, soaked shelled corn, dry corn meal,
soaked corn meal, but in all of our experience we have found that pigs
up to two hundred pounds made heavier daily gains and more economical
gains on ear corn alone than any other manner. If that is true, there is
no need of going to the work of shelling corn or soaking and grinding it.

"The experiments were on about four hundred head. It is not guess
work. It was on large numbers for three different years and in checked
lots. For pigs over two hundred pounds we found that soaked corn or
soaked corn meal gave cheaper gains. The shelling and soaking or grind-
ing seemed to appeal more to them. The ear corn was fed to the pigs
under two hundred pounds in the dry lots and every two or three weeks
the cobs were raked up and burned and the ashes were there for them to
eat.

The details of infornaation with reference to these experiments are
given in the following table:

Kind of Pasture

O 03

6

II

<

<

s

11

h

o a

s

l-l .

Alfalfa

16.48
18.75
20.00
22.50
2S.64
16.66
13.94
31.11

180
141
141
141
160
147
165
65

18.8
39.0
37.9
37.9
26.2
25.8
33.0
36.46

1.05

1.13

1.104

1.02

1.156

.914

.723

.81

4.05
3.70
3.64
3.97
4.08
3.62
3.69
4.15

$2.88
3.84
3.79
3.70
3.77
3.66
4.09
3.67

86.6
71.7
73.1
73.2
70.8
76.6
61.4
75.8

£65

Clover - --

650

Rape

781

Sweet Clover

854

Oats Peas and Rape

1147

Oats, Clover and Rape

795

378

Winter Rye

347

470 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

"We added a little meat meal to the ration (there is no difference be-
tween meat meal and tankage) for the reason that it added a little
more protein and balanced the ration better.

"From the table given you will see the result taken in 1911, for alfalfa.
An acre of alfalfa carried sixteen and a half pigs from May 19 to No-
vember 15, a period of a hundred and eighty days. These pigs averaged
18.8 pounds each at the beginning, made an average daily gain of 1.05
pounds, the gain per hundred pounds ration daily being 4.05, and pro-
duced these gains at $2.88 per hundred. In figuring up the cost we
charged up the rent, the seed, and all the work done and found that it
returned SG.G cents for every bushel of corn. We had 865 pounds of pigs
at the end of the 180 day period which we could not credit to anything
but alfalfa, besides taking off 3,838 pounds of alfalfa from the field. That
hay w^ould now be worth $20 but we put it in at $14 a ton. Thus from
an acre of alfalfa we got 865 pounds of pork and 3,838 pounds of alfalfa
hay. In feeding alfalfa we fed fourteen parts corn and one part meat
meal. It takes less protein to balance an alalfa ration than clover.

"On an acre of clover we had 18.75 hogs for 141 days. These pigs
averaged at the beginning 39 pounds each. They made an average daily
gain of 1.13 pounds, gain per hundred pounds daily 3.70, cost of producing
gains $3.84 per hundred, net returns per bushel of corn 71.7 cents and
650 pounds of pork from the acre of clover at the end of the 141 days.

With rape we had twenty pigs to the acre for 141 days. The average
initial weight was 37.9 pounds, average daily gain 1.104, gain per hundred
pounds 3.64, cost per hundred pounds gain $3.79, net returns per bushel
of corn 73.1 cents, 731 pounds of pork to the acre of rape. This result was
obtained in 1910. Last year we produced 1,438 pounds of pork from an
acre of rape but in giving this table we wanted to give an average.

"On an acre of sweet clover we had 23.5 pigs for a period of 141 days.
The average initial weight of these pigs was 37.9 and the average daily
gain 1.02 pounds. The gain per hundred pounds was 3.97, cost of a hun-
dred pounds gain $3.70, net returns per bushel of corn 73.3 cents and 854
pounds of pork to the acre of sweet clover. Sweet clover is something
that you see growing everywhere. It belongs to the clover and alfalfa
family. We sowed our field along in April at the rate of eighteen pounds
of seed per acre. We turned the hogs on it on the 27th of June. You
have to keep it cut down pretty close. If you do not it gets woody. If
you seed sweet clover every year it is good for hogs. You can grow it
on land you can't grow alfalfa on. For a few days the hogs don't like it
because it is a little bitter but if you give them nothing else they will
take to it and eat it.

"The oats, peas and rape carried 23.54 pigs for 160 days. The average
initial weight was 26.2, average daily gain 1,166, gain per hundred pounds
4.08, cost per hundred pounds gain $3.77, net returns per bushel of corn
70.8 cents, pork produced to acre of oats, peas and rape, 1,147. This re-
sult was obtained in 1911.

"In sowing oats, peas and rape, sow at the rate of a bushel of oats, a
bushel of peas and about four pounds of rape seed. We mixed them all
together and sowed all at the same time.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 471

"On the oats, clover and rape we had 16.66 pigs per acre for 147 days.
The average initial weight was 25.8 pounds, average daily gain .914, gain
per hundred 3.62, cost of a hundred pounds gain $3.56, net returns per
bushel of corn 76.6 cents, pounds of pork to the acre 795. In sowing the
oats, clover and rape sow about one and a half bushels of oatS per acre,
eight pounds of clover and three or four pounds of rape. Regarding this
combination I want to say that if you have a good season the clover will
come on and make a full stand but if you have a dry season you will not
have much. The oats, peas and rape is a much surer crop one year with
another than oats, clover and rape.

"The blue grass pasture was a mixture of blue grass three parts and
timothy one part. This pasture carried 13.94 hogs per acre for 165 days.
The average initial weight was 33 pounds, average daily gain .723, gain
per hundred pounds 3.69, cost of a hundred pounds gain $4.09, net returns
per bushel of corn 61.4 cent?, and 378 pounds of pork to the acre. In re-
gard to blue grass and timothy I will say that I believe it would be best
to feed about seven parts of corn and one part meat meal (which is a
little more meat meal than we used) for the reason that neither blue grass
nor timothy are very rich in protein.

"On the winter rye were 31.11 hogs per acre for 65 days. The initial
weight was 36.46, average daily gain .81, gain per hundred 4.15, cost of a
hundred pounds gain $3.67, net returns per bushel of corn 75.8 cents,
pounds of pork to the acre 347. I don't know what experience others have
had but we find that little pigs scour a great deal on rye and with shoats
we have found the same trouble. To avoid this we fed one tablespoonful
of blood meal to the shoats and about a teaspoonful to the little pigs. We
followed the practice of hogging down the rye, but it is something I
would not recommend at all. We did not get a third of the market value
of rye by hogging it down. The hogs did not do well at all.

"Clover is a useful crop. Rape does well everywhere. Sweet clover
is something that I suggest you use not more than one year without re-
seeding. Oats, peas and rape we can recommend. Any man can grow it
and it is something you don't have to carry through the winter and it
will give good results. Oats, clover and rape does very well if you have
plenty of moisture to get your clover through. Rye makes a very good
fall feed and also early spring except that it makes the pigs scour. In
recommending forage crops there are three or four things to take into
consideration. You have to get a crop that will produce a heavy yield
per acre. You have to get a crop that the hogs will eat and one that is
rich in protein. Forage crops to be ideal should take your hogs from
May to November. Blue grass lasts only during July and August; clover
does the same. Alfalfa comes on early in the season, the hogs like it, and
it is the richest in protein of any crop we have Alfalfa would be my first
choice to feed with corn for hogs v/herever a man can grow it. Rape
you can sow at any time of the year, even starting in as late as July,
and it lasts well throughout the year. In handling rape it is a good idea
to let it get ten or twelve or fourteen inches high before you put your
hogs in. Don't pasture it too close. Sweet clover is something a man can
grow when he cannot grow other things, If you grow sweet clover, keep

472 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

it cut down pretty well. Oats, peas and rape is something a man can
grow any time. The same is true of oats, clover and rape. Rye is pretty
good, but don't hog it down."

DISCUSSION.

''Do you feed meat meal dryT'

Prof. Kennedy: We feed it in the drinking water. Get your
hogs to drink all the water they can and feed the meat meal in
it. You can feed it dry but they will blow it some.

"Was the amount of corn fed all they would eat?"

Prof. Kennedy: It was all they would eat in a given time and
it has given very good results.

"Would you decrease the amount of meat meal provided you
have plent}^ of skim milk?"

Prof. Kennedy : If you have skinmied milk, don 't feed meat meal
at all. Every man should grow everything he can on the farm and
if you have skimmed milk that is the best thing to use.

"Skimmed milk is rich in protein is it not?"

Prof. Kennedy: Yes. If you have skimmed milk with forage,
don't feed meat meal or tankage. Feed ear corn to the younger
pigs. The man who has skimmed milk is very fortunate.

"What about middlings and shorts?"

Prof. Kennedy : Both are exceptionally good feeds but a hundred
pounds of shorts contains twelve and a half pounds of protein and
meat meal contains four times as much protein. Shorts are always
good and middlings are always good if you can get them cheap
enough. The question is whether you could afford to feed mid-
dlings or shorts. We have tried it and could not make it pay. I
am speaking more from the commercial standpoint. Our best re-
sults were from meat meal and corn.

"How about a half a stand of corn and rape for hogging down?"

Prof. Kennedy: We have never had a half a stand here. You
will not have as much rape with a whole stand of corn, ^'he best
results we have had from a hogging down standpoint was when we
sowed rye when we were laying the corn by. Hogging down is a
good way to handle the corn corp.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 473

PUBLIC SALES.

MR. C. E. LUTHEE, GRAND JUNCTION, IOWA.

"This public sale question means a good deal to a good many people.
I suppose this subject of 'Public Sales' means the difference between
public sales and private sales. I think a private sale is a good thing
some times providing you can sell your property readily and quickly. A
great many times in the fall and winter a farmer will have a bunch of hogs
advertised in all the newspapers in Iowa to sell at private sale. He will
say, 'I have so many gilts or males that I will sell at so many dollars.'
Some of these men will close out and some will not. They have paid for
advertising and worked hard all fall and winter and maybe missed a
chance to go out and buy some good hogs for themselves. The man who
sells at private sale has to stay at home in order to catch the buyer and
he will work all year to sell those hogs.

"If he has a public sale he will close them out in one day. Sometimes
he has something left on his hands but as a rule if a man has a public
sale he sells everything in one day. Perhaps he don't get as much money
but he gets it all at once, and it comes handier to pay off bills with than
if it came in little sums.

"A public sale is a great thing to think about. Sometimes a man makes
a mistake in making his public sale and sometimes the auctioneer makes
a mistake. An auctioneer may go to conduct a sale where there will be a
large crowd and he thinks he is going to make a great success of that
sale but if he don't know how to handle the hogs he will make a failure
and then perhaps the very next day go to a small crowd and when he
gets through everything will be satisfactory. It depends sometimes on
the man who is having the sale — whether he has been honest with the
breeders in the past — whether he has made good his statements. When
a man is having a public sale if he makes a statement that he will do so
and so, I say he must make the statement good not by his word alone
but by his honor and it will have the right effect on his next sale. But
if a man makes a sale and makes statements that he don't fulfill, that
makes a difference. I know of instances where men have bought hogs and
when they got them home they were not at all as they should be or as they
were represented. Perhaps the man who sold the hog don't know it and
perhaps he does. He will tell you he did not know it, and sometimes he
don't, but that is a mighty poor thing for a man making a public sale.
A man may say he has hogs with large litters, twelve or fifteen to the
litter. I don't believe there is a sow living that raised fifteen pigs. I
never had one raise more than eight or nine and raise them right. She
may have had that many pigs, but did she raise that many. That is the
point a man wants to make. Be careful when you make these state-
ments and make them in a way that you can substantiate them.

"After your sale is over don't be months getting out your pedigrees.
That hurts a public sale. You can all have public sales if you will do
as you ought to do. When a man has a sale he should say to the auction-
eer to make only statements that are true, to do all he can do to sell
the stuff honestly and if he can't sell it for what it is worth to take what

474 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

he can get. An auctioneer can't be crooked and a farmer can't be crooked
and make a good sale. Another thing that shouldn't be done is bidding
up to get high prices, or boosting. The stock should be sold for what it
is worth.

"I believe our sales will be better this year. I believe that the farmers
and breeders are looking for good hogs this season. Prices have gone up a
little and there are very few pigs. We had bad weather in the spring and
pigs are scarce. I think you will find that hogs will be high and sales
will be good this winter.

"If a man is dishonest he can't make a good sale. You all know that
if you go to a man's sale and you know he is honest you will bid your
heads off but if you know he is not honest you won't bid. One sale I went
to, when we went down to the tent there were only seven men there. I
said we couldn't have any sale but the man said we would try it and we
sold the entire offering and got an average of $38 a head and only fifteen
people there. That man was honest, he said the hogs were so and so and
he knew those men were there to buy his stuff, and buy it at what it was
worth. If a man talks boosting, kill it right down. It will help the public
sales. I don't expect to sell all the hogs this year but I expect to sell them
on the square."

VENTILATION AND CARE OF WINTER PIGS.

PROF. C. F. CURTISS, AMES, IOWA.

"One point I should emphasize regarding the fall pig is to have them
come as early as possible so they will be pretty good and thrifty before
winter comes on. I believe that is half the battle right there. If they
are late they will have a hard time getting through the winter no mat-
ter what care and protection you give them. If you have the pigs come
early in the fall so that they get two or three months growth before the
severe winter sets in, and handle them in such a way that they get a
good start, when winter comes half your troubles will be over. Of course
it is necessary to provide good quarters. The quarters need to be better
than for mature hogs because they will not stand cold and exposure as
well. Then, as has been suggested by this subject, you need to provide for
good ventilation. The ordinary hog house is sometimes unsatisfactory.
Ordinarily if you have not a large enough bunch to fill the house or to
occupy the quarters that you have, the old fashioned method of a good
sleeping place in the straw pile, properly protected, or in a banked barn
or some place of that kind where you can have a temperature that will
afford comfort is often more satisfactory than the ordinary hog buildings.
Many of the hog buildings are not warm enough for such conditions as
you have with the fall pigs. Some breeders have resorted to the old
method of the rail pen in the straw pile. That is a pretty good place
if they can go in far enough to be warm. Ordinarily we have got away
from the straw pile method but it still has some advantages. Another
important thing is the bedding. There ought to be plenty of clean bedding
and it should be changed often enough to avoid skin diseases and troubles

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 475

that come to the fall pigs and particularly the late fall pigs. The bedding
should be clean and fresh and it ought to be of rye straw if you have it
or something that does not accumulate dust and chaff.

"If the pigs do not have suitable quarters that are sufficiently warm and
well ventilated, a good place to feed and good bedding, the chances are
not favorable for the late fall pig. A good many men figure that the fall
pig is not of any account. He is not of a great deal account unless he
comes fairly early, starts into the winter thrifty and in a good condition,
and unless he can- be carried through in a fairly thrifty condition. Some-
times the fall pigs come out in the spring not much larger than in the
fall. On the other hand, if the breeder takes pains to have them start
well and gives them good quarters, good bedding, and so on, they can be
carried through the winter in good condition, make a good growth and
grow rapidly when warm weather comes in the spring. Of course you
seldom get the same growth with fall pigs as you do with spring pigs.
You will sacrifice some at best in this climate but you will make up a good
part of that if you can carry the pigs through the winter and into spring
thrifty. People that live further south do not have this difficulty.

"Now with reference to the feed. Probably you would not vary that a
great deal from what you would furnish to the spring farrowed pig. Of
course you cannot have all the feed that you would have for the spring
pig because you lack the pasture and green feed but you would feed
about the same grain ration and if you can have alfalfa that will per-
haps be the best substitute, with roots if you can have them, for the green
succulent feed of summer time. Not many farmers have roots. A good
many have alfalfa and the number is increasing. It may be used in the
hog ration v,^ith good results.

"One thing that should be avoided I think in the matter of feeding is
taking out of a warm bed and feeding in the open where they get cold. If
they have a bedding place v/here they are warm, and particularly if the
ventilation is not satisfactory, and then come out into the cold air at
feeding time, you might almost as well knock your pigs in the head be-
cause you will not get through with satisfactory results. It does not cost
much more to furnish suitable quarters and ventilation and satisfactory
feeding place as well as sleeping place. If you are going to raise fall pigs
at all they have to be raised right. Nothing will lose money faster than
pigs carried over the winter without making any growth. Pigs necessarily
require a heavy feeding bill and if they don't make any growth you can
lose money pretty fast in the hog business. If you can carry them through
in a thrifty condition and make up the growth in the spring they will
give quite as good and sometimes more satisfactory results than those
farrowed in the spring.

"One thing in favor of the fall pig, by that I mean the early fall pig,
is that he usually finishes and goes into the market at a more valuable
time as far as prices are concerned than the spring pig."

DISCUSSION.

"Will you say a word about ensilairc for fall pigs?"

Prof. Curti?-s: I cannot say from any experience we have had

476 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

here but I think it might be used to a certain extent in the ration
to good advantage. On the whole, however, I think you would get
better results from alfalfa. The ensilage will serve as part of the
ration and to some extent suply the succulence in the ration. It
has been used for brood sows to considerable extent and we might
rely on it to some extent for the succulence but not for growth and
development for the pigs.

''Have you had any experience with pumpkins?"
Prof. Curtiss : Nothing better as long as they last but that is only
for a limited time. They constitute one of the good things of the
farm that every hog raiser ought to grow. You cannot rely upon
them for the main part of the ration but to supplement corn and
other grain feeds they serve an excellent purpose. There is a
common impression that the pumpkin seeds have a tendency to elim-
inate worms. I know that they do tend to put pigs into thrifty
condition better than most any other feed you can use at that time
of the year. You cannot keep them on hand throughout the entire
winter. You can use them in the fall and store them for a time
but they will not keep for any great length of time.

''Wliat would you suggest along the line of ventilation T '
Prof. Curtiss: The same principle that applies to the ventila-
tion of all barns. There is too little attention paid to the ventila-
tion and the lighting of our farm buildings in general. Perhaps
that is true of hog barns more than any other. The lighting is
very simple and it pays to have plenty of it. In the matter of
ventilation, the ventilating chutes extending from the floor to the
roof will furnish fairly good ventilation. The system used in ven-
tilating dairy barns can be used but it may be simplified in the
hog barns. There should be, however, the ventilating chutes and
other means of admitting air without a draft.
''Is it not true that straw is a natural ventilator?"
"Yes, you get naturally a great deal of ventilation there although
you can have straw shelter and have it so close that you lack ven-
tilation with that but straw walls and straw covering do naturally
furnish much ventilation. The rail pens covered with straw are
all right provided you do not have too many hogs in the enclosure.
One point is that we ought not to keep too many pigs in the same
sleeping quarters. Divide them and keep not more than twelve or
fifteen together so that they cannot pile up. A great deal of trouble
comes from hogs piling up and getting heated and steaming, espe-
cially when they are fed out in the cold where they are exposed."

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 477
THE PROFITABLE TYPE OF HOG FOR FARMER AND BREEDER.

T. F. LUTHER, GRAND JUNCTION, IOWA.

"A great many of you have heard me talk before on this subject of the
profitable hog for the breeder and for the farmer to raise and the older I
grow in the business the more I am convinced that the profitable hog for
the farmer is the profitable hog for the breeder. I am sorry to say that a
great many of the farmers and breeders of Iowa and sister states would
have been a whole lot better off for the last few years if they had raised
pork instead of breeding for the fancy hog. I like style and class among
hogs but it seems that we have been going backward instead of forward.
The Poland China men discovered it some time back and they have gone
to breeding size and they have won. The Chester White men have been
breeding more for size and weight than for the fancy ear and fancy eye
and the Duroc men have talked the large type for the last four or five
years but many have gone backward in the matter of size.

"I have attended every state fair for the last twenty-nine years and
you all know that there has been a great deal of change in the style and
size of hogs in that time.

"The time is past for the smaller hogs. I feel that with the high price
of land and everything that goes on the farm that we ought to have a
hog and try to raise a hog that will weigh 300 to 350 pounds at a year old,
that will finish nicely. We have been breeding for a nicer ear and head,
better feet and loin and ham and back and we have been after the better
hog and we have it but we have to keep the size as well. The end of
every hog is the pork barrel and the farmer wants the sow and male that
will produce a hog that will go onto the scale and weigh three hundred
or three hundred and fifty or even four hundred pounds at a year old. If
a farmer is feeding the same amount of feed to a hog weighing 250
pounds as to one weighing 350 the balance don't compare with the right
side of the ledger.

"With regard to breeding stock for the man selling at public auction.
There have been too many immature sows sold at public auction. I be-
lieve no gilt should go into the sale ring that don't weigh three hundred
pounds. It can be done. There is no farmer but can with proper care
and handling and proper feeding — and not over-feeding either — make his
gilts weigh three hundred pounds at a year old if he has the right kind
of breeding stock. As I have said, the ultimate end of every pig is the
pork barrel and what it will weigh. If you go to a public sale you want
a nice large gilt, one with scale and style, and with a good ear and eye."

Mr. H. S. Allen of Russell, Iowa, was on the program for a paper
on the subject "Fitting for the Show." Mr. Allen was unable to
be present but he forwarded an article which treated the question
with the utmost brevity. His principal points were the selection
of animals with merit and a course of treatment that would lead
to their development. Evidently he looked upon the matter as

478^ IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

one on which every man present would be fully posted, so no
secrets were revealed. No discussion was given to the subject.

FEEDING THE BROOD SOW.

PROF. JOHN M. E^^ARD, AMES, IOWA.

"The subject for discussion is the brood sow and her feeding. In feed-
ing the brood sow we realize, as we do in other methods of feeding in the
corn belt, that corn is the premier food and thus the problem is one of
finding a suitable supplement to corn because corn furnishes nutrients,
the heat formers and some of the ash at a lower price than any other
food it is possible to raise. Corn is not complete in itself. It lacks three
elements which are essential to the growth and well being of animals.
One is protein, which goes to form muscle, brain, nerve tissue, hair,
horn, etc. The other two ingredients w^hich are lacking are calcium and
sulphur. Calcium comprises about forty per cent of the dry matter of
bone. It is impossible to make bone unless we have calcium and corn
is very deficient in this bone building element. In phosphorus corn is
rich and we do not have to w^orry about this, which is the other principal
bone forming element. Most of the substances w^e use with corn contain an
abundance of sulphur.

"In order to determine what rations were best we took up the problem
determining the cost of the ration and its efficiency as judged by the off-
spring which were produced. It is not alone sufficient that we should
have a cheap ration in getting the sow through the winter. The mere
price of food stuffs determines whether or not they are efficient in car-
rying the sow through the winter but their effect on the offspring de-
termines whether they would be used.

"First we take up feeding of the animals at pregnancy. In 1910 we
kept track of the sows, weighing every ten days, and when the offspring
came in the spring we found that the fourteen sows which were gaining
the heaviest at the time pregnation occurred farrow^ed seven or eight
pigs. The others gave birth to more than a pig less. The lightest gave
birth to seven and a half pigs exactly. The lesson to be learned is this.
Tliat the sow at breeding time should be given a good healthy, vigorous
ration. I mean one which will produce vigor. In other words, keep the
sow going — have her gaining well at that time. She will be more likely
to farrow more live pigs. Sheep men for ages have believed in the prac-
tice of flushing at breeding time. They have believed that this would
produce more twin lambs at birth and w^e believe that they are right.
Corn was the basis of all our experiments along this line."

The following tables give the results obtained in experiments of feeding
brood sows:

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VHI

479

WINTERING GILTS 1!)10-1911

Ration

£1

""a
s o

03 O

Q

0)73

83 q

a> c I a> *:

> ft

Vigor of
Pigs

Ear corn alone

Ear corn and 1-30 meat meal

Ear corn and 4-30 meat meal

Ear corn, oats, bran, middlings and oil
meal —

Ear corn, chopped clover and middlings.

Ear corn and clover in rack

Ear corn and alfalfa in rack

3.65
3.21
■2.7

2.73

3.78
3.67

3.74

.000

.127
.432

1.07
1.56 CI.
.26 M.

.302
1.106

.361

7.6

13.2

1.74

.582

7.4

14.9

2.01

.636

8.8

19.6

2.13

.250

10.6

19.5

1.84

.58

7.

15.3

2.19

.528

6.4

14.2

2.21

.627

7.6

17.4

2.29

83

.29
.07
.13

.45

.35
.13
.19

WINTEIBING YEARLING SOWS 1911-1912.
4 lots 10 sows each

Ear corn alone 1 —

Ear corn and 1-10 meat meal-
Ear corn and \ oil meal

Ear corn and alfalfa

5.31

.000

.70

9.2

17.

1.82

41

24

4.22

.51

.84

10.1

24.

2.41

85

9

4.11

1.22

.70

8.8

19.5

2.22

76

9

5.23

.32

.67

9.9

17.5

1.77

38

24

.19
.19
.61
.27

WINTERING GILT'S 1911-1912
4 lots 5 sows each

Ear corn alone

Ear corn and 1-10 meat meal

Ear corn and i oil meal

Ear corn and alfalfa

3.95

.000

.52

5.6

11.2

2.

80

11

3.07

.37

.57

8.4

18.1

2.19

90

2

3.59

.80

.58

8.4

15.1

1.79

74

5

4.11

.20

.57

9.

17.3

1.92

50

7

.19
.50

.20

"The sows in the yearling lot, 1911-1912, were the same sows as those
used in the experiments of the previous year and the gilts in the 1911-
1912 lot were the daughters of the sows used in the previous experiment.
We found that the old sows ate more corn than the young ones. Toward
the last the fourth lot in the yearling sow experiment refused to eat the
alfalfa and it was practically the same as the first lot. Old sows can get
along on corn better than the young ones in so far as their own needs
are concerned.

"The size, the vigor of the pig, the bone of the pig, and the general
make-up are affected more or less by the ration which the sow receives.
You will wonder why the oil meal lot in the gilt experiment fell down.
They refused to eat the oil meal during the last sixty days of pregnancy.
Why that is I do not know. The old sows ate the oil meal but the young
sows would not and as soon as they quit they began to lose. Even if a
sow is eating alfalfa she should have some meat meal or tankage along
with it.

"As has been said, corn is lacking in calcium and in protein. Now,
where does the sow get these elements if she does not have them in her
feed? She robs her own body and puts it into her offspring. So in car-
ing for the brood sows during the winter it is well to mix up a little senti-

480 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUUfi

ment and not have them whining around for something they need and
don't have. It will be good from the financial side as well."

DISCUSSION.

"Do you increase the meat meal or decrease the corn during
farrowing time?"

Prof. Eward: We keep the ration the same. You could in-
crease the meat meal a little during the last half of the time
because ninety per cent of the dry matter of the fetus is made in the
last half of gestation. We found that the gilts getting meat meal
farrowed stronger pigs but they also farrowed a little bit sooner.
The period of gestation was lessened about a day, with better
rations they farrowed a little sooner.

''How did these rations affect the sows from the suckling stand-
point?"

''In the gilt lot 1910-1911, the lot on ear corn kept on receiv-
ing ear corn after farrowing and these pigs at weaning time weighed
sixty-seven pounds. The second lot got one-thirtieth meat meal
and did quite well. Lot three did very well but the meat meal
was a little rich for the pigs so it is better to make up a ration
in which the meat meal is not allowed to get into the little pigs
directly. Lot four did very well but not so well as lot three.
Lots five, six and seven were all fed corn and alfalfa and they did
moderately well. Last year we took all of these lots and after
farrowing time gave them a ration composed of seventy parts corn,
ten parts meat meal or tankage, ten parts middlings, five parts
bran, two parts oil meal, one part salt, one part bone flour and one
part lime stone dust. This did very well. The corn is fed soaked
in season and in the winter time ground and fed as a slop."

"Is it advisable to reduce the feed at weaning time?"

Prof. Eward : We reduce the feed to practically nothing the day
we take the pigs away. Then after a day or two start feeding again.

"How would you feed this meat meal to the pigs?"

Prof. Eward: We give them the meat meal before they have
the corn. Make it in the form of a warai slop. It is very impor-
tant that they don't get an over-dose. Every pig should get what
is coming to him and no more.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 481

VACCINATING.

DR. STANCE. AMES, IOWA.

"To begin with I would like to explain something of the basis upon which
this vaccination works. You understand the diphtheria antitoxin used for
human beings and have heard more or less about the tetanus antitoxin
used for lock jaw. The idea in all of these methods is that an animal
that has recovered from any one of the contagious diseases is immune to
these diseases afterwards. We have some diseases in the human being
which after a person recovers will not attack that individual a second
time. Small pox is a good example of that.

"Now we find that a hog that has recovered from hog cholera will not
ordinarily contract the disease a second time. This encouraged us to
think that sometime we would be able to produce a serum which would
protect hogs against this disease.

"For a number of years there was some question. of doubt in regard
to the cause of hog cholera. It was supposed to be caused by a germ
similar to the typhoid baccillus which causes typhoid in man. However,
it was found that the actual cause of the disease was a virus, which we
think we know is a germ so small that it can not be seen and which will
pass through the pores of a porcelain filter. We can take the blood from
an affected animal, filter it, inject it into a healthy hog and produce the
disease in that hog. There is a disease in cattle which is called Rinder-
pest, a tropical disease, which is caused by a virus which acts in very much
the same manner and the noted Dr. Kock worked out a method of vac-
cinating animals which we applied to hog cholera and found to be suc-
cessful. We have, then, a cause which is fairly definitely known and a
method of vaccinating animals which has been quite successful, although
it is to some extent in the experimental stage and there are a great many
things which are not just as they should be. We have not mastered all
of the problems in connection with this disease.

"Taking the method of vaccination, I will go over it briefiy. We have
two methods. One is called the serum alone and the other the serum
simultaneous method. One is a temporary protection and the other a
more permanent and lasting protection against the disease. In the one
case the animal body takes no active part in protecting itself against the
disease, while in the other case the animal body itself must produce sub-
stances which protect it against the germ.

"To produce the serum we produce hog cholera in healthy animals,
preferably young pigs weighing thirty to forty pounds. When they be-
come sick we bleed them and inject that disease producing blood into
hogs which have recovered from the disease or that have been immunized
by the simultaneous method. This increases the resistance to a great
extent. I have myself injected sufficient disease producing blood into
one hog to kill about a hundred hogs at one dose, so that you see an ani-
mal that is immune to hog cholera will resist enormous doses of disease
producing blood. Then after about ten days we bleed this animal that
has received this large quantity of disease producing blood and that blood

31

482 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

is what we ordinarily call the serum. It contains a substance which will
protect other hogs against cholera when it is injected in small doses, that
is, about two-thirds of an ounce for a hog weighing a hundred pounds.
When you use this serum on a hog that has never had hog cholera, that
hog does not take part in producing those substances because you in-
ject them into its body after they have been produced by another hog.
Consequently it is not lasting and when all this substance has been elim-
inated the hog will take hog cholera again. But when it is exposed to
hog cholera it must overcome that infection and take some active part in
overcoming the disease and in that case you have lasting immunity. So
we have the two methods which consist of serum and serum and dis-
ease producing blood.

"In regard to the indications for the two methods. Of course circum-
stances will vary on different farms and in different outbreaks but I
think the most successful method is being carried out in Ohio. There
they go into the herd and take the temperature of every hog. The hogs
that show a rise of temperature, indicating that they are infected, get a
dose of serum alone. All those with a normal temperature, indicating
that if they are infected the disease has not made much headway, get a
dose of virulent blood and serum and in that way they confer lasting im-
munity on all animals that are treated.

"Results vary a great deal. Just why this is I do not know. There are
so many factors to take into consideration in the manufacture of the
serum, the keeping of it, and the intelligent use of it that it is hard to
say just where the fault is but it is quite easy to make a little mistake
or get a faulty test on the serum. It must be tested after it is drawn
from the animal because some hogs do not produce a good serum. In
order to test it you take varying quantities and inject it into several dif-
ferent pigs, each receiving a different sized dose, and then inject disease
producing blood, and in that way you get a check on the serum. Some-
times you get very strong serum and sometimes rather weak.

"Then there is another thing that has come to our attention a number
of times and that is that where you have an old outbreak of hog cholera
where say fifty per cent of the animals have died, you usually do not get
very good results. In that case most of the animals are suffering from the
disease and you hardly ever get satisfactory results.

"The disease can be checked a great many times in a locality by the
use of the serum. That is, if one farmer has cholera in his herd and the
neighbors all vaccinate you can check the disease in that way. In ad-
dition to vaccinating I always advise dividing the herd into small lots
and taking the different lots to different parts of the farm. Then use the
serum and simultaneous method if you know you have good serum. The
danger comes in that if you nave not good serum you will inoculate your
hogs with hog cholera and you may lose many of them. Be sure that the
serum is absolutely good."

DISCUSSION.

''Will hogs that have not been vaccinated contract the disease
from those that have been vaccinated?"

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 483

Dr. Stange: Not unless the hogs that have been vaccinated
show symptoms of the disease. They should not show symptoms.
If they do, it shows that the serum was not sufficiently potent.

''How are you going to find outT'

Dr. Stange : It should be tested. You have to depend upon
th€ manufacturer unless you want to experiment yourself and test
it out before you use it. I understand that the Bureau of Animal
Industry at Washington has in mind the supervision of the manu-
facture of the serum. This has all been worked out by the gov-
ernment and the government has a patent on this method so
that no private individual can get a patent on the process and
exclude all other manufacturers. That is why we have so many
serum establishments around the country. Everyone is at lib-
erty to do so.

"In case you do make this mistake and inoculate your herd with
hog cholera, what is the proper thing to do theni"

Dr. Stange : The thing to do then is to get some serum that you
know is good as soon as you can and give them large doses of it.

''Do you give them the double treatment all at the same time?"

Dr. Stange : I would inject the blood on one side and the serum
on the other side. Do not mix it. The serum has very few if any
curative properties — it is preventative. You can't expect to cure
many hogs with the serum.

"If you try to keep your whole herd immunized, when do you
work on the little pigs?"

Dr. Stange : About the time they weigh frum twenty to thirty
pounds or about weaning time unless there is some danger of the
pigs becoming infected with hog cholera before that time. They
carry the immunity for considerable time.

"How does the cholera hog look on the inside?"

Dr. Stange: The disease affects the kidneys, the bones, the
lymphatic glands and the skin. The bones show darkening of the
marrow. In the packing house when a hog is split down the
center you can see the marrow of the spine and other bones looks
black. Then the skin under the surface of the body gets bluish
or blackish and often you can see this before the animal dies. You
do not want to mistake that for the black discoloration that hogs
have after they die and lie for some time. When hogs have cholera
this dark color is usually found around the abdomen and around
the ears. The kidneys are spotted and look as though you took
blood on the finger and snapped your finger. These little specks

484 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

of blood show all through the kidneys. The lymphatic glands are
small glands not much larger in a healthy animal than the nail on
j^our little finger. Usually they are of a greenish red or greenish
color. When the hog has cholera these glands look bloody or pur-
plish or black, depending upon the degree of infection. Then you
will find in the more chronic cases ulcers around the blind gut
which is found just where the small intestine enters the larger one.
These ulcers vary. They may be very small, perhaps not larger
than the end of a pencil, and in other cases they are very numer-
ous and stand up in the shape of a button. They are greenish or
greenish yellow. In hogs that die in a few days after being in-
fected these do not show at all. Sometimes the lungs become in-
fected and in this case the lungs look like liver and become firm
like meat. Sometimes you find the bladder affected. The urine
from the hog sick with hog cholera will infect animals and produce
the disease. The disease is spread a great deal in this way.

''Will this vaccination protect from swine plague the same as it
does from cholera 1 ' '

Dr. Stange : There is some question as to whether Ave have what
we call swine plague. Opinions have changed on that. It used to
be very confusing. Sometimes there would be lesions in the intes-
tines and that was called hog cholera; if the lesions were in the
lungs it was called swine- plague. Protection against one disease
does not insure protection against another. We know that a hog
that has had hog cholera won't have it again and we have not
found any hogs that are immune to hog cholera that will take
what we used to call swine plague so we have come to the conclu-
sion that we have only one disease that is dangerous from a plague
standpoint and that is hog cholera. We have it affecting both the
lungs and the intestines.

"Some breeders have accused vaccination of causing abortions
and small pigs at birth."

Dr. Stange : I don't believe there is anything in that. There is
one thing that everyone should be careful about and that is to be
as clean as possible. Some people think a hog can stand anything
but it is necessary to be clean because you will get some bad
results if you are not careful. Don't pour the serum out and let
it set around in the dust in the shed. Some people can't account
for the bad results they get. They get abscesses and three or four
animals will die. That is the fault of the man who is doing the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 485

work. There should not be any abscesses if the serum is well
made and properly used.

"Where could we get a party safe to depend on for this work!"

Dr. Stange: I don't try to keep track of these firms and we
have no check on their work. I generally recommend the state
veterinarian. He has an appropriation for producing hog cholera
serum for the state of Iowa. Of course the past year he* could
liot supply the demand. When a man is doing work for the state
that way about his only object is to produce good serum and I
have not heard any complaints from the serum produced by the
state.

''Should you advise the breeder to vaccinate a herd that is
doing welH"

Dr. Stange : I never advise anybody to vaccinate unless he is
in danger.

"I have noticed an item about exhibiting at our state fair that
they would not allow any swine on the ground that were not vac-
cinated. ' '

Dr. Stange: I have just heard that and do not know if it is
a fact or not. There was some talk last year of forcing every-
body to vaccinate. The idea would probably be to give them the
serum alone to protect them while they were at the fair. That
would protect them for from one to three weeks.

"Does the state law prohibit the private individual from using
the simultaneous method?"

Dr. Stange : No, I do not think there is anything in the law
to that effect. Any individual can send for the serum and use
it. I think they advise a man to have a veterinarian do that work
l)ecause you are dealing with disease producing material but it is
not compulsory. There is nothing about the method but what any
intelligent individual can do. Cleanliness is the main part of it
and be sure that your serum is injected in sufficient quantities.

"Is immunity to hog cholera transmitted?"

Dr. Stange : No, not to any extent. They claim that when the
sow is vaccinated in a late stage of pregnancy it is transmitted
to some extent. When she has recovered from cholera before she
becomes pregnant no immunity is transmitted.

486 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRiCULTURE

EXPERT JUDGE ASSOCIATION.

The annual session of the National Association of Expert Swine
Judges took place on Wednesday, June 12, on the day following
the meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders. In the absence of the
presiding officers the chair was occupied by J. H. Watson. Sec-
retary W. D. ]\IcTavish read the minutes of the previous meeting
and made the usual reports, after which Prof. Curtiss made a
brief talk in which he emphasised the importance of the score card
in establishing and maintaining correct type and breed character.

Election of officers resulted in the selection of the following
gentlemen :

President — R. J. Harding. IMacedonia, Iowa.

First vice president — J. H. Watson, Madrid, Iowa.

Second vice president — Sam McKelvie, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Secretary and treasurer — R. W. Halford, Manning, Iowa.

A committee consisting of ]\Iessrs. R. J. Harding, R. W. Halford,
L. C. Reese, Prescott, Iowa, and Prof. Curtiss, was appointed to
formulate and present at the next annual meeting a report on
change in the score card, and to revise and correct the detailed
descriptions.

The examining committee having charge of the score card practice
included R. J. Harding, J. ]\I. Stewart, Ainsworth, Iowa, and Prof.
Kennedy. Twelve men scored. The subjects provided were a
Chester White sow, a Duroc Jersey sow^, a Poland China sow, and
a Berkshire boar. W. T. Barr, Ames, provided the Chester White.
The others came from the college herds. The committee recom-
mended that certificates be issued as follows:

On Duroc Jersej^s — F. G. Paul, Marshalltown, Iowa, and G. E.
Connell, Ames, low^a.

On Berkshires — J. W. Ogle, Ames, Iowa, and G. E. Connell.

On Poland Chinas— J. W. Ogle.

On Chester Whites — None.

PART IX.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Thirty-fifth Annual Convention

OF THE

IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION

Held at Waterloo, Iowa

(In Conjunction with the Waterloo Dairy Cattle Congress)

OCTOBER 14-19, 1912

WEDNESDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 16.
CONVENTION AUDITORIUM.

President Young : Ladies and Gentlemen : We will now come to
order. We will first have the invaeation by Rev. W. P. Spry, of
the First M. E. church.

(Invocation.)

The President : The address of welcome was to have been made
by Mayor Thompson, of this city, but owing to his absence. City
Attorney Kenyon will act in his stead.

Mr. Kenyon: Ladies and Gentlemen and Members of the Iowa State
Dairy Association: I want to apologize to you for not coming here this
morning prepared to welcome you in the way you should be, but I was
only notified a few hours ago and have had no time to think of what I
would say to you. Nevertheless, I am here to welcome you in behalf of the
city of "Waterloo, and no matter how I may express this welcome, I assure
you it is most sincere. I am here as an agent of the mayor to turn over
the proverbial keys to the city and to apprise you of the fact that our
doors stand wide open. They were taken off their hinges and will not be
replaced until next Sunday night. Waterloo has the reputation of being
a convention city, and we hope that we will treat you this time in a way

4S8 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

that will verify that reputation. I understand that this is your third
consecutive meeting in our city, and I well remember your first dairy
show three years ago. Certainly you have made a wonderful growth in
these past three years and are to be congratulated for it. We, of Waterloo,
like to see things grow and are proud with you for the shov/ing of dairy
cattle on exhibition in these grounds. Without question it is the greatest
assembly of great cattle ever exhibited in the world.

We want you to enjoy yourselves while in our city, and will do every-
thing in our power to make your stay with us pleasant and profitable.
We want you to come again. Once more, in behalf of the city, I welcome
you.

The Chairman : We all appreciate Mr. Kenyon's cordial welcome.
Mr. C. A. Nelson, of Waverly, will respond.

Mr. Nelson: Members of the Iowa State Dairy Association: When city
folks want things done these days they call on a farmer, so I was asked
to respond to the address of welcome. I can say to Mr. Kenyon that we
are glad to be back in Waterloo again, for we have not forgotten the
hospitality which was extended to us at our previous conventions. I am a
dairy cow enthusiast and love the dairy business, and when I was told that
there were 160 tubs of butter sent here and that every tub scored 90 and
above, with an average of 94, I am more proud than ever. Whoever saw
such a showing of fine dairy cattle? Nobody ever has because a finer
showing has never been made, and it is a great credit to the men of Water-
loo who have made this possible. I remember about five years ago when
the dairy cow was introduced into this convention at Cedar Rapids. That
was the beginning of what we have here today. It is only going to be
a few years until our land will be worth $500 per acre because of our
good buttermakers, our good creameries and our good cows and the good
people of Iowa.

We appreciate Waterloo's welcome. I am glad this city has given us
this location and we are going to meet here from year to year and bring
our cows. We want to show the people of Waterloo, the state of Iowa,
and the world what we are doing. We like Waterloo because she knows
how to make a farmer feel that he is one of the elements of the world. We
are going to try and get out more farmers every year, because if we are
going to do our best we must attend these meetings. Again, in behalf of
this association, we thank the 'city of Waterloo for their hearty welcome
and support.

The Chairman: We will now listen to the report of the secre-
tary, Mr. J. J. Ross:

Mr. President, Members of the Iowa State Dairy Association,
Ladies and Gentlemen: It is with pleasure that I wish to call
your attention to my report for 1912, but before taking up the
details of the report there is an apology due the members of the
association, and that is that I had intended to give you my report
for the year closing July first, 1912, in printed form but on ac-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 489

count of some unavoidable reason the state printer has not got
this work printed as yet and hence it will be necessary for me to
tell you briefly some of the important business that has come to
our attention since our last meeting. Your executive committee
has held several meetings during the year. The first meeting was
held at Des Moines, December 12th, 1911, and at that time we
found it necessary to re-incorporate the Iowa State Dairy Asso-
ciation as the Secretary of State had notified me that our period
of incorporated time had expired. The twenty years of existence
expired December 1, 1911, and in consequence the committee
called a special meeting of the Association and voted a renewal
of corporate existence, and the following was adopted:

RENEWAL OF CORPORATE EXISTENCE OF THE IOWA STATE
DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

Know all men by these presents:

That at a special meeting of the members of the Iowa State Dairy As-
sociation a corporation duly organized under. the laws of the state of
Iowa, held at the Chamberlain Hotel in the city of Des Moines, Iowa, on
the 12th day of December, A. D. 1911, at two o'clock P. M., it was duly
voted by the members present to extend the corporate existence of said
corporation as shown below.

EXTENSION OF CORPORATE EXISTENCE.

It was duly voted by said members present at the special meeting as
determined by the resolutions adopted, that the period of existence of
said corporation be renewed and the corporate period continued for a
term of twenty years, viz., to the first day of December, 1931.

The present officers of the association are as follows:

B. R. Shoemaker — President.

F. W. Stephenson — Vice-President,

F. L. Odell— Treasurer,

J. J. Ross — Secretary,

Who hold their office until the newly elected officers are qualified on
January 1, 1912.

The newly elected officers who will qualify on January 1, 1912, are as
follows :

R. B. Young — President.

L. L. Flickinger — Vice-President.

E. T. Sadler — Treasurer.

J. J. Ross — Secretary.

The Secretary, J. J. Ross, and W. B. Barney, who were present at said
meeting were duly authorized and directed to sign, acknowledge, verify
and record and do all things which are by law required to execute, com-
plete and carry into effect the extension of corporate existence of said cor-
poration.

490 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

We, W. B. Barney and J. J. Ross, members of said corporation and
present at said special meeting, do hereby certify the above to be a true
and correct statement of the proceedings of the members at the above
named meeting and there were no votes cast in opposition to the exten-
sion of corporate existence of said corporation.

Attest:

In pursuance of the authority given us by the special meeting of the
members set forth above, we, W. B. Barney and J. J. Ross, have executed
this instrument and do hereby sign and acknowledge the same for and in
behalf of the said corporation this 13th day of D'ecember, 1911.

W. B. BARNEY,
J. J. ROSS.

State of Iowa,
Polk county. ^^•

Be it remembered that on the 13th day of December, A. D. 1911, before
me a Notary Public in and for said county and state personally appeared
W. B. Barney and J. J. Ross, each being to me personally known, who>
being duly sworn did say that said instrument was signed and sealed in
behalf of said corporation by authority of its members, and that they
acknowledge said instrument to be the voluntary act and deed of said cor-
poration by them voluntarily executed.

RUTH WOODRUFF,
Notary Public.

This business was the most important subject before this meet-
ing and the next meeting was held at Des Moines on April 3, 1912^
for the purpose of determining the time and place for the 1912
convention. Several applications and invitations were read be-
fore the committee, one from Cedar Rapids, one from Des Moines
and one from Waterloo. After discussing the different offers;
your committee decided unanimously to accept the invitation
from Waterloo and the Dairy Cattle Congress and, gentlemen^
I am sure that after looking over the exhibits and buildings that
Waterloo has provided for our comfort that you will agree with
me that the committee made a wise selection. The Iowa State
Dairy Association has never in its history had such a welcome
and such a comm.odious place to hold a convention, and I think
that the association is to ])e congratulated upon having these fine
conveniences, and if this meeting is not a success certainly it will
not be the fault of the committee nor the city of Waterloo.

I would like to call your attention at this time to some of the
things that have been accomplished by the State Dairy Expert
and his Assistant. I believe that there has never been a year
that has shown such great advancement in the upbuilding of
dairying in the state as has been accomplished during the last

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 491

year, and this advancement is largely due to the untiring efforts
of Mr. Van Pelt and his assistant, Mr. E. S. Estel. Mr. Van Pelt
retired from office on July 1st and Mr. Estel was elected to the
office of State Dairy Expert by the state dairy board. In view
of the fact that there is such a good work being done through
the expert's office it is self evident that each and every member
of the Iowa State Dairy Association should get busy and do all
that he can to try and get this appropriation increased at the
next session of our legislature. I would like to see a bill intro-
duced for $15,000 for this work in place of $7,500, the amount
appropriated at the present biennial period, and I believe that
were such a bill introduced we could get it passed if all our
members would urge our respective representatives and senators
to support such a bill. Now my advice to yon members is to
boost all that you possibly can next winter when the legislature
is in session.

I want to especially thank the buttermakers of the state for
so liberally contributing their exhibit of butter to this meeting.
I can truthfully say that I have never seen such a nice lot of
packages exhibited to any convention and I might further add
and I believe that the judges will bear me out in this that I
have never seen a better lot of butter exhibited at a contest. I
want to say to the buttermakers of Iowa that if you keep up
this good work that you are sure to land the banner at our next
National Creamery Buttermakers Association.

I also desire at this time to thank the commission houses and
business houses of all kinds who have so liberally supported me
in trying to make this meeting a success, and now as the time
is rather limited this morning I will close. I thank you for your
kind attention.

The Chairman : We will next listen to the report of the treas-
urer, Mr. E. T. Sadler:

TREASURER'S REPORT.
RECEIPTS.

Jan. 12, 1912— Received from Ex-Treasurer Odell. . $ 554.04

Apr. 2, 1912— Dairy Cattle Congress, witti interest 1,030.00

Apr. 6, 1912— Cedar Rapids Savings Bank, interest 22.98

Jun. 15, 1912— Memberships by Estel 10.00

Jun. 22, 1912— Memberships by Estel 16.00

July 1, 1912— Memberships by Estel 8.00

Aug. 17, 1912— Membership by Estel 28.00

492 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Sept. 12, 1912— Memberships by Estel • 33.00

Oct. 22, 1912— Standard Oil Co., premium fund... 10.00

Jacob Jacobsen, Chicago 5.00

Gude Bros., Kieffer Co., New York. . 10.00

Enyard & Godley, New York 10.00

Diamond Crystal Salt Co 10.00

Total receipts $ 1,747.02

DISBURSEMENTS.

Feb. 1, 1912— Kimball's Dairy Parmer Co., subs..$ 18.75

Fred L. Kimball Co., printing 19.25

H. D. Fairall, signs 1.80

Feb. 5, 1912— Hugh G. Van Pelt, salary for Jan.. 41.66

Mar. 2, 1912— Hugh G. Van Pelt, salary for Feb.. 41.66

Apr. 1, 1912 — J. S. Anderson & Son, bond premium 12.00

Apr. 3, 1912— W. L. Brown, Chamberlain Hotel, ex-
pense executive meeting 7.40

Apr. 4, 1912— Hugh G. Van Pelt, salary for March 41.66

Apr. 6, 1912— Waterloo Office & Supply Co., cash

book and file : 1.75

May 1, 1912 — Colbj^-Parker Co., express on butter,

1911 convention 1.35

May 7, 1912— Postal Telegraph Co., telegram to

Cong '& Sons '. 7.80

May 20, 1912— Iowa Register & Farmer, 74 subs, at

25 cents 18.50

Fred L. Kimball Co., 85 proofs, C.
J. article 4.75

May 9, 1912— Hugh C. Van Pelt, salary for April. 41.66

May 20, 1912 — E. R. Shoemaker, expense to Des

Moines 8.15

May 21, 1912— Ellis Hotel, Sasseen's expense 13.82

Jun. 10, 1912 — E. T. Sadler, executive committee

expense 10.00

Jun. 12, 1912 — L. L. Flickinger, executive commit-
tee expense

Jun. 21, 1912 — E, R. Shoemaker, traveling expense

July 2, 1912 — Moore & Moore, invoice, June 1, 1912

July 15, 1912 — Iowa Register & Parmer, subs, for
premiums

Sept. 7, 1912 — Iowa Register & Farmer, subs, for
premiums

Sept. 11, 1912 — Fred L. Kimball Co., stamps, mail-
ing, etc

Sept. 16, 1912— Bastian Bros. Co., 1912 fobs . .

Total

Balance on hand October 1, 1912

16.80

1 11.69

1 2.90

1.75

1.00

19.40

55.39

?

400.89

$

1,346.13

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 493

The Chairman: I will appoint on the resolution committee,
Hon. W. B. Barney, J. C. Joslin and L. S. Edwards; auditing
committee, Guy Thomas and Erve Cole. The legislative commit-
tee will remain the same as last year, as follows: E. R. Shoe-
maker, chairman, W. W. Marsh, Hon. W. B. Newberry.

It is a pleasure to introduce to members of this association
again, Prof. Carl E. Lee, of Madison, Wis., who will talk to us
on the subject of "Value of Workmanship in Making Butter."

WORKMANSHIP AS A FACTOR IN CREAMERY BUTTERMAKING.

BY CARL E. LEE.

The quality of the butter manufactured in Iowa some ten years ago
Tvas governed more by the condition of the milk received than by the
methods employed by the factory operator. The quality of the milk
produced in those days was much better than the average grade of cream
now being handled.

The market standard has not advanced, consequently there must have
been a decrease in the quality of creamery butter as a whole. It is
known that there are lines of butter today that are fully as good as
have ever been seen in our markets. It is also generally understood from
what factories they come. This kind of butter receives no criticism
from dealers or consumers regardless of the standard of the present or
the past.

The one outstanding factor that has had more to do with the quality
of butter is the change in the condition of the raw material delivered
to the creameries. The farmer who prefers to skim his milk and deliver
the cream should understand that, if the quality of his cream is injured
before it is delivered, it means a reduction in the flavor of the butter made
from it. Buttermakers put forth an equal, if not a greater, effort today
for good butter than they ever did. The result is already noticeable.
Last June a commission man who handles a great deal of butter made
the statement, "We are getting a better grade of butter this year as com-
pared with a year ago." In some cases the improvement has been slight
even if the buttermaker has done his best. As an illustration, a Wis-
consin man has for the last eighteen months sent butter to the scoring
exhibitions. His butter has received an average score of 90.7, with four
scores 91 to 92.50 and five tubs scoring under 90. As a whole the workman-
ship of his butter has been fairly good. It is therefore not justice to this
man to ask why he is not making butter of higher quality. It is en-
couraging to note that the five tubs entered from May to September last
year received an average score of 90.2 as compared with 91.6 for the
same months this year. An increase of 1.4 points is sufficient to en-
courage the operator to greater efficiency in the future.

BUTTERMAKER MUST BE A LIVE WIRE.

Last April a creamery owner made this remark, "Any buttermaker
should be able in six weeks to work an influence in a community that

494 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

will result in a better grade of cream being produced." At first thougbt
this statement would seem out of place because results, as a rule, are not
brought about in so short a time. A buttermaker when asked if he could
not get his patrons to deliver the cream oftener and in better condition
replied, "The owner of the factory does not want me to say anything
to the farmers regarding the quality of the cream, because if I did, they
might go to a neighboring factory." The average cream producer is not
that kind of a man. There are few who will not do what is requested of
them, if the proper methods are used. The owner of this creamery had
better lose half of his patrons than to produce the kind of butter that
his maker sent to be scored.

It may not be possible for every factory operator to bring about a
complete reform in six weeks, but if he has had no influence for a better
grade of raw material he has not done his part.

The first exhibit sent by a progressive buttermaker who operated a
co-operative factory for several years scored 89.33 and his twenty-ninth tub
scored 97 with an average score on nine exhibits for his last year in that
factory of 94.07. A month ago he sent the following letter:

"Just received your letter of the 20th and was very glad to hear
from you again. As you will probably remember, I have been out of the
race since last January but could not keep out any longer. I consider
that contest the most interesting part of the buttermaking business and
intend to be a regular exhibitor from now on. I started making butter
here on April 15th and might say that I had everything to contend with.
The largest portion of our cream at that time was very poor. Hauling
once a week was considered sufficient by most of the farmers. A few
even had the idea that once in two weeks was all right. It certainly took
a great deal of effort and patience to change conditions, but I am now
getting results. The cream is of fairly good quality. Over half of my
patrons haul every other day and none less than twice per week. Quite a
few first class milk houses went up this summer and a few silos. We
have carried an ad, or in other words, have had articles every week in
our local paper on 'The Necessity of Producing a First Class Quality of
Cream.' This brought good results. We pasteurize all of the cream and
then use lots of good starter. I find that by doing so our butter is
cleaner and sweeter in flavor. It keeps much better. It is safe to say
this system nets us one and one-half cents per pound.

"The loss of fat in the butter-milk is a little more than by churning raw
cream but I am ahead by pasteurizing. All of the butter is printed and
sells for the top price. Grading the cream has probably done more good
than anything else. It was difficult at first to make this clear to the
farmers but it soon wore off and now they very seldom remark about it. I
had the hardest time to get milk for starter, although I offered eight cents
above Elgin for butter-fat and gave them butter-milk in return free of
charge. It is now bought for three above Elgin and I get all the good
milk needed. You may look for a score close to 95 from here at the
International Dairy Show. I don't believe that I have forgotten how, if
I can get the goods to make it from."

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 495

If ten per cent of the biittermakers could look back over less than
a half year's work with the same kind of a record, no one could pre-
dict the result on the quality of butter.

Another man said, "I am making better butter today out of farm
skimmed cream than I did three years ago from nearly whole-milk." I
can only add, "The future quality of butter will in a large measure de-
pend upon how many factory operators are live wires for good cream in
their respective communities. It is not a question of the other party
getting some of the cream. Quality of the butter should count."

MORE EFFICIENT WORK.

The buttermakers operating factories today are a better trained class
of workmen than they were a few years ago. There are at present more
agencies at work to assist the men which no doubt have had their effect
in stimulating better methods. If the factory operators of Iowa should
receive the same kind of raw material as was produced in Jones county
of this state when I was one of the buttermakers, the heading on the last
column of the first page of Chicago Dairy Produce, September 24, 1912,
would read "butter is scarce" instead of "fine butter is scarce." The
change in making butter from whole-milk to that of partly farm skimmed
cream had its beginning in eastern Iowa 10 years ago. Today it is a
territory of nearly all farm skimmed cream. What is true of this sec-
tion is probably true of a large portion of the state. The conditions are
the same in Wisconsin. Bulletin 140 on "The Development of Factory
Dairying in ¥/isconsin, 1906" referred to the introduction of the hand
separator as being one of the direct causes of the decrease in the number
of creameries This would indicate that the making of butter from farm
skimmed cream had its beginning prior to 1906. Bulletin 210, "Progress
of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin, 1911," states from data furnished by
the dairy and food commission that out of the 1,005 creameries in the
state, the 955 that reported whether they used whole milk, cream or both,
only 86 reported that they made butter from whole-milk.

For the scoring exhibition year in Wisconsin, which began in May,
1907, 29.2 per cent of the men who reported the kind of raw material
used made the butter from whole-milk, while only 12.7 per cent of the
men who reported five years later were in the whole-milk class. Five
years ago only 23.5 per cent of the men used farm skimmed cream as
against 55.7 per cent for last year. This shows that Wisconsin is today a
state where butter is manufactured very largely from farm skimmed
cream. No doubt the change in the future will not be so rapid because
the factories that receive nothing but whole-milk are located in the
southeastern portion of the state where some of the milk and cream is at
times shipped to Milwaukee and Chicago.

QUALITY OF BUTTER HAS IMPROVED.

During the past few years there has been a marked improvement in the
quality of the butter manufactured in Wisconsin regardless of the kind
of raw material used. Word has been received from men stating, "On ac-
count of the record I made last year on the quality of our butter we have

496 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

been able to make a contract this year that is a substantial increase over
last year." Three years ago 21.5 per cent of the men sending tubs of
butter to the Wisconsin scoring exhibitions who reported the kind of
raw material used, made butter from whole-milk with an average score
of 92.73, while last year the average score in the whole-milk class was

94.03. Three years ago the average score in the milk and cream class,
which was 49.1 per cent of all the exhibits made by men who reported,
was 92.31 and last year 93.11, while three years ago the average score on
butter made from farm skimmed cream only was 91.24 and last year

92.04. This shows conclusively that the men who are making butter
from farm skimmed cream are on an average putting out a better article
than three or even four years ago.

This higher quality of butter can in part be explained by extra ef-
forts being put forth by the factory operators for a better grade of raw
material together with a higher grade of workmanship in the factories.

SCORING EXHIBITION WORK HAS IMPROVED THE WORKMANSHIP OF WISCONSIN

BUTTER.

It has always been the policy of the scoring exhibition work in Wis-
consin to aid the buttermakers whenever possible in their methods of
operation. A great deal has been accomplished with reference to the flavor
of the butter put out by several of the creameries. When this has been
done it has been accomplished through the co-operation of the butter-
maker.

If the butter from a certain factory has contained an excessive amount
of water for a certain month and the party who made that butter has filled
out his method blank, it has been possible in nearly every case to locate
the cause for the high water content of the butter. This has been equally
true with reference to the defects in body, color or salt. One man who
sent his first exhibit to the scoring exhibitions last April sent his fifth
exhibit to the state fair. This last exhibit was cut one point in color on
account of mottles. His method blank showed clearly that the butter had
not been worked sufficiently. Another man who had been a regular ex-
hibitor had trouble with mottled butter in July. The cause for it was
located when the man wrote, "Lately I have been adding crushed ice to
the cream in the churn when the granules begin to form." This man did
not change the method of working the butter to meet the change in hand-
ling the churn.

In June, 1909, 66.1 per cent of the butter sent to the scoring exhibition
in Wisconsin was defective in body. The following year 23 per cent and
for last year only 12.9 per cent of the butter was lowered in score on ac-
count of not having a perfect body. Three years ago 33 per cent of the
butter was defective in color, the following year 5.8 per cent and one year
ago 5.5 per cent of the butter received a cut in score on account of mottled
or wavy color. When all three years of the exhibition work are consid-
ered we find that for the twelve months beginning May, 1909, 38 per cent
of the butter was defective in body, the following year 13.3 per cent and
last year 11.3 per cent; and for the color three years ago 30.5 per cent of
the butter was defective, the following year 5.9 per cent ^nd last year

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 4yi

12.9 per cent. The defects in salt were, for 1909, 6.7 per cent; 1910, 7.7
per cent and 1911, 8.4 per cent. This is a remarkable showing as to what
the buttermakers can do. They have studied their conditions and when
changes were necessary they have made them for the good of the butter.

Another striking example was brought out by the recent scoring of the
Wisconsin state fair butter, where there were 150 different tubs of butter
made by men who have taken advantage of the scoring exhibitions and
some who have never exhibited at the dairy school.

The men who have never sent butter to be scored entered butter at
the state fair, 48.6 per cent of which was either cut in score or else criti-
cized as being defective in workmanship; 30.3 per cent of their butter
was lowered in score because the body, color or the condition of the salt
was not perfect. While the butter made by men who have sent butter
to Madison since May of this year showed a much better workmanship
because only 16.4 per cent was lowered in score on account of a slight
cut due to imperfect workmanship.

WEATHER CONDITIONS AFFECT QUAI.ITY.

Since a very large percentage of the butter made in either Iowa, Wis-
consin or Minnesota contains either all or a large amount of farm skimmed
cream, it is natural that the butter made during the summer months does
not grade very much if any higher than the butter made during the win-
ter because of the condition of the cream. The warm weather naturally
has a tendency to flavor cream with high acid and other taints. This
condition is not found when the butter is made from whole-milk, and it is
expected that butter of a higher quality should be made during the season
when feed and natural conditions favor the production of good clean milk.

There was a total of thirty-nine men who have sent butter to the
scoring exhibitions conducted by the department of dairy husbandry,
College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin, for each of the months
of May, June, July, August and September. The average score for May
was 93.54; June, 93.29; July, 93.34; August, 93 and September, 92.95. When
the butter for the last two months was made the weather in Wisconsin
was very warm. It does not seem possible that anything but the con-
dition of the raw material when delivered to those thirty-nine different
creameries made the average difference in the quality of the butter made
in May and September of this year. Nearly all of these same men
attempt to make butter having as good a quality as is possible for them
to make considering the raw material they receive.

ACCURACY OF WORK WILL COUNT.

In factory operation the one thing that will have more of a tendency
than any other to bring the buttermaker and patrons together is the
accuracy in the operation of the Babcock tesf. The buttermaker who
is always free to show to the farmers how the test is made and finds
them ready to listen to his side of the story, is well paid for the time
so spent. On August 28, 1912, a letter was received from a former Wis-
consin student who is manager of a factory. It read in part as follows:
"We have of late had some complaints on cream tests by the patrons
82

498 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

who deliver cream to our factory, and for the past two weeks I have
bten testing with our buttermaker to see how he did things and to
learn if there were any faults at our end. During my testing I made
several notes on which I should very much appreciate your advice.
1. We test the samples every day. The wagons get in late, consequently
the samples after being warmed to 130-160 degrees are weighed up at
once and placed in the refrigerator to remain over night. The following
morning these samples are re-warmed and some warm water is added
to the bottles before adding the acid. Will this method materially affect
the test? 2. We usually add the acid to all of the bottles before mixing
the acid and the cream. Would any better results be obtained if the
acid and cream were mixed as soon as the acid is added? We usually ob-
tain a clear reading and have a smaller proportion of burned samples
when the acid is not mixed with the cream until the acid is added to
all of the bottles. 3. At times there is a small amount of black at the
bottom of the test. Would adding more water to the cream before
pouring the acid help to remove this? We have not usually found it so.
Our acid would seem too strong and I am trying to get our buttermaker
to cut down the amount used. Is this a mistake? 4. We read the
samples directly out of the tester. Would it be better to put them in a
hot water bath? Would the greater accuracy warrant our securing an
equipment? 5. Do you think it good policy to urge the farmers to use
hand testers to check up for their own satisfaction, or do you think
that the lack of experience in operating the testers would cause a
variation in their reading and we would thus have constant disputes with
them?"

The above questions are important from the viewpoint of factory oper-
ation and this man has found problems that confront a large number
of creamery buttermakers. It is not necessary for me to give the whole
text of my reply. Results obtained should be the same whether the tests
are completed at once or allowed to stand over night providing care is
exercised in removing the cream adhering to the inside of the neck
of the bottle. No doubt it is best to re-warm the samples to a tem-
perature of 60 the following morning when samples are held but in no
case should the hot water be added. It is not a question whether the
acid and cream is mixed at once in each bottle as compared with the
shaking of the 24 bottles at once. Accurate results are obtained by both
methods. The reason why this man had clear tests when the acid was
added to all of the bottles before mixing was probably due to the acid
being a trifle strong or else the cream re-warmed to too high tempera-
ture, consequently when the acid and cream were mixed at once the
bottles would stand longer before being whirled, hence a greater action
of the acid upon the butter-fat. The problem in this letter and to every
operator is that of working out a system that will always give results
that are uniform and consistent. There should not be a single factory
in Iowa or any other state where cream tests are made where the butter-
maker reads the tests directly out of the tester. The hot water bath will
always insure the tests being read at a uniform temperature. This is
not the case where the tests are read out of the tester. The first bottle
is apt to be of a much higher temperature than the last one.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 499

After this man had put into practice the suggestions offered in my
letter he wrote, "We are following your outline and the tests are run-
ning much better."

WORKMANSHIP OF BUTTER MUST COUNT.

As has been pointed out the buttermakers who have studied their
conditions and made use of every opportunity offered have improved in
workmanship. It is natural that butter having a fine texture and color
together with the proper amount of salt to bring out the flavor is a much
more desirable article than a line of butter that is defective in these
points.

The buttermaker in charge of a factory equipped with a ripener and
plenty of cold water and ice has no excuse to offer for making butter
that has not a firm waxy body. At certain seasons it is rather difficult
to secure this, but it can be controlled if the temperature of the cream
when churned, the length of time it is held cold and the temperature
of the wash water are regulated to meet those changing conditions.

When the butter has the desired degree of firmness during working
one need not fear that five or six revolutions of the worker above normal
for working is going to injure the texture. A churning of 200 pounds
as compared with 800 pounds of butter in the same churn will require
more working. The same is true of two lots of butter having different
temperature while working. If a change of five degrees is made in the
temperature of the butter from one day to another or two churnings on
the same day, the number of revolutions the butter is worked cannot
be the same.

UNIFORM COLOR CAN BE CONTROLLED,

The following letter was received a few days ago from a commission
firm: "One of our regular shippers has had considerable trouble for
several months past with mottled butter and we have written him about
all we knew as to the cause of this and what to do to correct it, but he
has been unsuccessful and shipment which we received today is what
you would call 'blotched' in color. It is too bad that one making quality
that is most always fine should have butter affected in this way which
means considerable loss, so w^e have written him that you would write
in reference to this and give him all the suggestions and information
that you had."

TTiis is an illustration of the kind of butter that is sometimes found
on the market. This firm's method should be commended. They have
previously placed the dairy school in touch with factory operators who
have needed assistance. It is difficult to sell butter that is mottled or
defective in color. The man who makes that kind of butter is responsible
for it. It is not the fault of the milk or cream or churn used. It is not
dependent upon whether butter is colored or uncolored but upon the
uniformity of the component parts of salted butter.

During the fall and winter months the temperature of the factory is
not uniform nor Is the length of time from washing the butter to work-
ing always the same, consequently the butter is not worked the same

500 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

when a definite number of revolutions for working is adhered to. It
every buttermaker would use a trier and examine the butter twenty-four
hours after it is worked there would be less mottled butter in the markets,

BUTTER SHOLTLD HAVE A UNIF0R:M SALT CONTENT.

There has been an increase in the defects due to over-salting but they
are not always found in butter from the same factory. The larger
creameries, even if the butter has not the quality found in butter made
in a large number of the smaller factories, have the advantage in pleasing
the trade because of a more uniform product. The consumer as a rule
has a definite idea regarding the kind of butter desired. A line of butter
is not going to give the satisfaction that it should if the salt content
varies greatly from day to day. In factories where there is not a uni-
formity in the per cent of fat in the cream or in the temperature of the
cream when churned there will naturally be a difference in the size of
the butter granules. This will influence the amount of salt that must
be used to obtain the same results. The other factors that must be
considered are amount of water in the churn, size of churning and per
cent of water in the finished butter.

Butter should not be over-salted to the extent of leaving it gritty.

The future of Iowa butter as to quality will depend largely upon the
care the farmers give the cream before it is delivered. The buttermaker
may do his part as to workmanship but the stability of the consumer for
butter labeled "Made in Iowa" handled by the commission trade will
never stand if it is built upon butter made from renovated cream.

The cream producers can assist in holding up the quality of butter by
producing cream free from taints and containing from 30 to 40 per cent
butter-fat. Do not heed the man who claims that good butter can be
m.ade from cream one week old.

DISCUSSION.

Member : I would like to ask Prof. Lee if tubs have anything
to do with mottled butter.

Prof. Lee : No. The churn has something to do with it. All
churns are not alike and you have to work your butter according
to the churn you use. You have to study your conditions.

Member : Does the temperature of the salt and the wash water
have anything to do with mottles?

Prof. Lee : The temperature of the salt has in an indirect way.
The temperature of the wash water has nothing to do with it,
neither does the temperature of the cream. The buttermaker
must study his conditions and work accordingly. Our butter is
not uniform enough. One churning may have 5 per cent salt and

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 501

the next one only 1 per cent. It is just as important to know
what our salt content is as it is to know the moisture content.

Member: How about shrinkage? How much should properly
made butter ought to shrink?

Prof. Lee : There is very little shrinkage in butter between the
creamery and the market. The shrinkage is due to the system of
weighing butter. I think the buttermakers of the country ought
to demand a change in the system of weighing butter at the
receiving end.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON.

The Chairman: The subject of gasoline engines for creamery
power is receiving a good deal of attention lately, and as Mr.
Sadler has been making quite extensive experiments in his
creameries w^e have asked him to address us on this subject.

POWER EFFICIENCY.

BY E. T. SADLER, WATERLOO, IOWA.

When I began my experiment with the gasoline engine and small
boiler combination as a means of reducing the power cost in the cream-
ery I did it for two reasons. One was to cut my own expense in two and
the other was to have practical experience and data to offer Creamery
Journal readers that they may benefit by it if they desire.

My article in last September's Creamery Journal, while it was rather
incomplete, started a great many creamerymen to thinking, and as soon
as they gave the matter serious thought the conclusion was to reduce their
expense, I received dozens and dozens of inquiries from all over the
country asking for information and suggestions. Several carried out
their intentions and are today shoveling less than half the amount of
coal they did before and getting entirely satisfactory results.

In order to get results with a small boiler and gasoline engine they
must be managed right, and before they will be managed right the butter-
maker must be in sympathy with the proposition and give it his co-
operation. Unless he does there is no use making the change. They will
complain that the engine isn't large enough; that there is never sufficient
steam; that this, that and the other thing is wrong. Nine times out of
ten it is the buttermaker and not the boiler or engine.

Ever since the advent of factory buttermaking every creamery has
been equipped with mogul engines and boilers to handle three or four
separators, a churn, starter can and pump. Buttermakers have become
accustomed to having enough steam all the time so they could leave the
steam hose open for an hour if they wanted to, or let the valves, unions,
etc., leak. I have been in creameries where there was enough steam
escaping through leaky pipes to run the engine had it been properly

502 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

confined. The object of a small boiler is to reduce the amount of steam
and in turn the amount of fuel burned. Therefore, to make your power
plant efficient you must utilize every pound of steam generated. Make
every ounce of steam do its share of the work to be done. This can't
be accomplished with valves and unions leaking They must be absolutely
tight. In a whole-milk creamery where there is skim-milk to pasteurize,
live steam will have to be used. I had a fellow say to me: "By using
a steam engine and big boiler, there is exhaust steam enough to pasteurize
the skim-mi^.k, and I can't see where I would be anything ahead to use
a small boiler and have to use live steam." He was firing a 20-horse
boiler, running a 15-horse engine and his machinery consisted of two
separators, churn, ripener, etc. That idea (he said some salesman showed
him where he was saving money by using exhaust steam to pasteurize
his skim-milk) is costing that man at least $15.00 a month, and he thinks
he is saving money. He bought a new 20-horse boiler instead of a 10.

Now I am not trying to beat the supply houses out of bigger sales.
I am simply showing what can be done and what eventually everybody
is going to be doing. In a proposition like this, on one side comes the
advice to put in smaller power equipment and on the other side the
advice is to buy larger boilers and engines. I am not personally inter-
ested in the matter one way or the other, but the mission of a paper
like the Creamery Journal is to be of assistance to its readers. I have
and am practically demonstrating every day in three creameries under
my own direction that it is possible to reduce the fuel bill 50 per cent
and still obtain necessary results.

At the Deerfield (Iowa) creamery we have a 6-horse engine and a 3-horse
upright boiler. During April we manufactured 5,880 pounds of butter
with twenty gallons of gasoline at ten cents, and $4 w^orth of coal, or a
total cost for steam and power of $6. The plant is seven miles in the
country and the $4 included the cost of hauling the coal from the town.
This is a gathered cream plant. The cream was heated to seventy de-
grees and held about three hours, then cooled to fifty-three. The engine
was in use about an hour and a half for heating and cooling, then about
three hours the next day for churning and working. We do not pasteurize
the cream. For pasteurization it would take a larger boiler.

At the Dewar plant w-e have a 10-horse boiler and a 6-horse gasoline
engine. We operate three 2,500-pound separators, a 700-pound churn,
ripener, starter can, pump, etc. We churn and separate with the 6-horse
engine, and have a small 1^2 horse engine which we use for cooling.
During April we handled about 5,000 pounds of milk per day, pasteurized
the starter and skim-milk, heated the milk before separation, heated water
for cleaning purposes and operated the tester with 160 pounds of coal
per day. The coal cost $4 per ton, or twenty cents per 100 pounds, or a
total cost of thirty-two cents per day. The two engines consumed on an
average of twenty cents worth of gasoline per day, or a total cost for fuel
of fifty-two cents, which amounted to $15.60 for thirty days. With our
old power plant — a 20-horse boiler and a 20-horse engine — the cost for
practically the same amount of milk was $39.40. At that time it took
100 pounds of coal per day just to bank the fire.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 503

When we first connected the 10-horse boiler we were unable to keep up
steam, but as soon as all the leaks were stopped, the pipe leading to
the skim-milk tank covered with asbestos to prevent condensation, we
had no trouble whatever. We found that by having 100 pounds of steam
up before starting that it not only required less fuel but less attention.
The more pressure there is to steam the more efficient it is. To be sure,
a small boiler requires more attention, but not so much as to be im-
practical. Mr. Edwards goes out to the creamery in the morning, gets
his churning started, and has up steam by the time he is ready for it,
thus saving fuel and time.

In creameries where the building is heated in the winter by steam
radiators, the steam must be kept up all the time and the small boiler
Yvould not be practical. But there are hundreds of small plants like the
one at Dewar where a stove is used for heating purposes. I am not
recommending this combination as being practical in all cases, but expect
managers to use judgment in comparing their plants with the ones which
I have mentioned.

It will be obvious to all that we could handle 10,000 pounds of milk
with a small increase in cost over that required for 5,000.

I am not alone in my enthusiasm over this economical and efficient
power plant. Every place where they are used nothing but satisfaction
is expressed and not one would consider going back to the big boiler and
steam engine.

R. B. Young, president of the Iowa State Dairy Association and
manager of the Buffalo Center Farmers' Creamery Company, writes that
they have installed the gasoline engine and small boiler combination and
have reduced their cost more than 50 per cent. Ask him whether he
would go back to the expensive method.

C. N. Hart, president of the Iowa Buttermakers' Association and the
buttermaker for the Plymouth Co-Operative Creamery Company, writes
under date of May 13th:

"We have changed our power from steam to gasoline and have been
using the latter since the 5th of April. We are well pleased with the
change. We installed a 6-horse Economist boiler and a 10-horse gasoline
engine, and our fuel bill for the first month will not exceed $8.50. Our
make during that time was fifty tubs of butter per week."

The writer read a paper on this subject at the Waterloo and Green
Bay conventions and in both places my conclusions were verified by
different buttermakers who were using gasoline power.

B. T. Soles, of Fern, Iowa, is an enthusiastic user of the gasoline engine
and small boiler combination. In a recent interview, he told me that
he made 228 tubs of butter with fifty-two gallons of gasoline. He operates
two deep-well pumps, one 300-gallon Wizard and one 600-gallon Wizard
ripener and a 900-pound churn with a twelve-horse gasoline engine and an
eight-horse boiler. He ran his engine an average of nine hours per day.
Thus you will see that his power for manufacturing 14,136 pounds of
butter cost $6.24. He did not know just how much coal he burned in
the little boiler, but said it was a very small amount. He volunteered
the information that they paid $500 for the engine and boiler and that

504 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

they saved the price of them the first twelve months they were operated
over what it cost them to run the big boiler and steam engine. He
further stated that the secretary of his creamery said they would be
money ahead if they had to buy a new engine and boiler every two years,
and the figures gave him ample backing in that statement. Mr. Soles
remarked that he would hate to go back in a creamery where he had to
operate a big boiler and steam engine.

This is only one of many instances I could cite you to where the gaso-
line engine and small boiler combination is proving just as successful.

As another evidence that I do not stand alone in my recommendations
for the gasoline engine, I quote the following from F. E. Willoughby, who
has made extensive investigations along this line. He writes:

"The chief difference between the creameryman who succeeds and the
one who does not, is this: The successful creamery man is forever seek-
ing newer and more efficient methods of operating his plant. The unsuc-
cessful one is generally obsessed with the idea that he is too busy and
can't afford to waste his time on what he considers (because he has not
taken time to investigate) impractical and vagarious.

"There always have been, and probably always will be, men who can
flash up fifty-seven reasons why a thing can't be done. Watt was wasting
his time; Stephenson, Pulton, McCormick, Edison and Marconi were 'im-
practical,' according to the men who have always had fifty-seven can'ts
on tap. Nevertheless, while the can'ters can'ted, these great men did the
things that count.

"There are probably fifty-seven good 'can'ts' why a gasoline engine is
not adapted for use in a creamery. We have heard them all. The evidence
of the value or adaptability of any machine is its behavior in practice, all
the can'ts in the world to the contrary, notwithstanding. The proof of
the pudding is in the eating. Not only can the gasoline engine be used
In the creamery and effect a big saving but it is being done. In actual
service the gasoline engine has demonstrated that its use in the creamery
means a saving of fuel, labor and time. In reply to an inquiry sent out,
one creamery man, who is operating three plants and using. gasoline en-
gines in all of them, says, after enumerating a number of the advantages
of the gasoline over the steam engine: 'The advantages are so many
that it would take me too long to explain them all here.'

"Another writes, regarding an 8 H. P. gasoline engine he is using:
'I use it for all my creamery power, except running the turbine tester. I
churn, separate, pump and run the power ripener with it. Also can make
ice cream with it as power. I save about an hour mornings, as we do not
have to wait to get up steam before churning. I have a boiler for heating
water, but only need a small amount of steam and so use little coal, ex-
cept for heating in winter. I find coal and gasoline bills together are
less than two-thirds what my coal bill alone was when I used steam.
We have to use power for an hour or two evenings in cooling and temper-
ing the cream, but do not need to keep a head of steam for this purpose,
now that we have the gasoline engine. When its work is done we shut it
off, and there is no waste, as in the case of steam. I find this engine wilL
carry two churns and the separator and pump without slowing the speed.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 505

while a load of this kind with my 10 H. P. steam engine would materially
check the speed, unless I had a heavy head of steam.' "

Again I quote from the bulletin recently sent out by the Minnesota
State Creamery, at Albert Lea:

"The gasoline engine for creamery or cheese factory use is attracting
considerable attention now, and there can be no doubt but that it is more
economical than steam in a great many creameries. The creameries that
receive hand separator cream only will find that by using a gasoline en-
gine and a smaller boiler their fuel bill will be materially reduced. Tlie
size of the gasoline engine that is necessary will vary from six to ten
horsepower, and the boiler used in connection with it would vary in size
from eight to twenty horsepower. The size of the gasoline engine needed
will depend on the amount of machinery used in the creamery, ^vhile the
size of the boiler needed will depend on whether cream is pasteurized or
not. It is, however, best to install a boiler large enough to take care of
any increase in business for some time to come.

"It is always advisable to buy a horizontal boiler, even though it is of
small size, as it is more economical than is an upright boiler.

"In the w^hole-milk creamery it is best to continue using the steam
engine, as it is a little more dependable where the farmer has to wait for
his skim-milk, and then considerable steam is used for heating the skim-
milk and the exhaust from the steam engine can be used for this purpose.
There are, however, some creameries handling whole milk that use gaso-
line power with good results."

Regarding the danger of gasoline odor tainting the butter. To be sure
it will, if the fumes are exposed to the cream and are in the work room,
but it is no more necessary than getting separator oil in your cream. AH
you need to do is to keep it out. At Dewar we operated our engine for.
three or four months within three feet of the cream vat, piping the ex-
haust up through the roof. We did this because at that time there was
no other place for it. We experienced some trouble with gasoline taints,
but we now have it in a room by itself and there is absolutely no odor
and we have no more trouble.

As to the dependability of the gasoline engine, Mr. Edwards has expe-
rienced trouble but once, and that was soon overcome without delay to the
farmers. You must supply your engine with gasoline and sparks, and as
long as you do that your engine will -run. Occasionally some little cast-
ing will wear out, but it is quickly replaced. We have a friction clutch,
operated from the work room by a lever.

The question of whether a gasoline engine and small boiler is economi-
cal for your creamery is up to you to decide. When you begin thinking
of a change there will be several who will discourage the idea. Simply
accept practical facts and decide for yourself, as you are the one who is
burning the coal.

I will be very glad to answer any inquiries I can regarding the size
of engine, boiler, etc., and to help anyone who wants to reduce their
power cost.

The time is coming — yes, it is at hand, when our creameries must be
more efficient, and the first place to begin working for efficiency is at the

506 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

power plant. Every other phase of butter-making has advanced with
twentieth century progress.

If you are progressive, investigate your system of furnishing steam
and power.

The Chairman: We will next listen to an address on "Starters"
by Mr. T. E. Gulp, of Lincoln, Neb.

COMMERCIAL STARTER.

BY T. E. CULP, LINCOLN, NEB.

The huttermaker of today has no other work that requires so much
observation and practice combined with good common sense as the prepa-
ration of the starter. During the last few years the use of a commercial
starter in the creamery has become indispensable in the manufacture of a
first grade butter. A greater knowledge of the use and cultivation of lac-
tic acid fermentations is not only considered advisable but essential in
modern dairy education. In proportion as we gain a knowledge of the
use of a lactic ferment culture in buttermaking do our methods readjust
themselves to changed conditions and tastes. Even with this later knowl-
edge of manufacture there are times when the quality of our butter is
not as palatable as it might be. This to a degree is due to a lack of
knowledge of the flavor producing organism known as the lactic acid
bacteria of plant. The lactic acid producing germ, under normal condi-
tions and temperatures, is the buttermaker's best friend. By its proper
use abnormal fermentations affecting the quality of butter may readily be
prevented and the desirable flavors insured in the finished product.

Diverse methods of handling and ripening of cream have been tried,
but none of these so far has proven as successful as the use of a pure
commercial starter. Lactic acid acts as a germicide on obnoxious germs
and prevents the development of bad fiavors and taints common in cream
or milk, thus its value can not be over-estimated.

The first step to be considered in the manufacture of starter would
naturally be the selection of the milk to be inoculated. This in itself
is one of the most important steps and requires close study. In the selec-
tion of a good milk several things must be taken into consideration.
First, to obtain the proper results it is quite necessary to use only the
cleanest, sweetest and freshest milk from a healthy herd. Milk from the
same cow varies in character to such an extent that the closest attention
in examining the milk from day to day is required to insure the best re-
sults. Again, the surroundings during the milking operation should be
closely protected against the many varieties of bacteria. Many of the
changes of these undesirables are so complex that they can not be dis-
cussed in a paper of this nature. The fats are little affected by the
growth of bacteria in milk. On the other hand the sugar is frequently
fermented and various acids, gases and alcohol may result. The casein
and the albumin are decomposed by many bacteria; those develop sharp
or disagreeable flavors and unpleasant odors. Again, it has been shown

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 507

that milk contains certain digestive principles, the so-called unorganized
fe'rments, which slowly digest the milk. All these are foreign to a good
starter and of necessity will be guarded against in the selection of milk
in which the culture is expected to develop that clean pronounced flavor
and later aroma so desirable in the finished product.

The basis of all life is a jelly-like substance known as protoplasm.
In its various forms it constitutes the actual living, changing part of
every living thing, plant or animal. The simplest living things are merely
shapeless masses of this jelly. Bacteria are tiny one-celled plants. Their
food must be in a condition to pass through the cell wall to the living
protopasm within; it must be in solution. Thus we note certain elements
and certain combinations of elements are necessary for their growth.

Milk ofttimes acquires abnormal flavors and odors. Some pathological
conditions of the cow may produce milk with an unusual flavor. This
may occur when she shows no outward sign of disorder and usually lasts
for a short time only and then disappears leaving the creamery man at
sea unless he uses some chemical to develop the cause. Highly flavored
foods often impart their peculiar flavors to the milk and oftentimes this
favor is so mild it is not readily detected until the starter has ripened.
Warm milk especially takes up odors and flavors in the surrounding air
with great rapidity. Indeed there are so many ways and conditions to
guard against in the selection of milk for the starter and each one to be
treated differently to insure a culture that is desirable that we wonder
that the buttermaker has been able to attain the results he has. Realizing
as we do the importance of the necessity of selecting and knowing the
milk we use we have dwelt long upon this, the flrst step in making a
starter.

The utensil to be used must next be considered. We have given this
long and careful study and prefer to use a copper vessel rather than one
of tin or glass, and of the latter two named give the tin the preference.
Glass admits the sun's rays to bear upon its contents unless wrapped
carefully, destroying the very life of the bacteria producing the desirable
flavors. In tin, rust spots often appear leaving a trail of victims in their
wake. Our experience has taught us to use a copper can well tinned.

The can should not have an oval top, but rather a flat one with a well
fitted cover or lid. With an oval top can we are prone to fill only to the
place where the can begins to round in, thus leaving an air space where
all sorts of bacterial formations get in their work and get mixed into the
culture and are difficult to weed out. Therefore, you will please allow
us to repeat — use a copper pail or can, well tinned upon the inside, and
fill it full to the cover.

The pasteurization of the milk and the sterilizing of the can are of vital
importance, also the preparation of the milk for pasteurization. Warm
milk should never be pasteurized until it has been thoroughly cooled.
Cooking the animal heat into the milk has destroyed many good cultures
and there is but one way to avoid this and that is by thoroughly cooling
the milk before it is heated. One hundred eighty degrees F. for thirty
minutes is usually all that is necessary to prepare the milk for its inocu-
lation, but there are certain conditions when even this will not bring the

508 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

desired results, Ofttimes the culture shows a slight separation, a lumpy
or curdy condition, the tendency toward a sharp acid is quite prominent
and divers other off qualities appear which necessitate a caramelizing of
the sugar in the milk, thus producing what is commonly called a red cul-
ture. This can be readily overcome by heating to 190 degrees and holding
for three or four hours before cooling. This will remove very many of
the defects in the old culture.

The variation of but a few degrees will injure the development of a
strong growth of bacteria. The amount of inoculation used should govern
the time to ripen, not the temperature. Each particular variety of bac-
teria has an upper and lower temperature limit beyond which it will not
grow, and a certain temperature, called optimum, at which it grows the
best. The optimum should be ascertained promptly and never vary. In
other words, climatize the plant and build your culture in its climate.
We desire to repeat: inoculation, not temperature, should govern time of
thickening or ripening.

HOW TO EXAMINE CULTURE.

The first examination should be by sight. First look for gas holes;
second wheying, color and quantity; third, sediment, cause and quantity;
fourth, body — soft, smooth, harsh or hard; fifth, body after breaking —
creamy, silky, lumpy, sloppy; sixth, aroma — clean, unclean; seventh, flavor
— clean, milk, sharp, unclean, flat; eighth, acid — tongue, palate.

SCORING.

The culture should be scored each day; from this practice we acquire
a knowledge that can not be gained in any other way.

The method we have adopted for our own use is very simple and has
aided us in accomplishing a great deal in the matter of developing a
good culture. We give flavor forty-five, body thirty and acid twenty-five,
making a total of 100 points perfect. Our foremost thoughts in this discus-
sion are sanitation and system. Without these two we believe it is next
to impossible to be a successful builder of a good culture.

The Chairman : It is a pleasure to have Prof. Mortensen, of
Ames, with us today. He will talk to us on ''The Modern Iowa
Creamery. ' '

MODERN CREAMERY CONSTRUCTION.

BY PROF. M. MORTENSEN, AMES, IOWA.

There has been much interest manifested in the local creamery during
the past two years, consequently many new local plants have been erected.
The enthusiasm has even reached such a pitch that creameries have
been built at places where the farmers are not producing enough milk
to support them. This over-enthusiasm should be avoided. The local
conditions should be thoroughly studied before investing money in such
an enterprise for, although the local creamery is a very valuable institu-
tion we should not disregard the fact that the cow is the most important

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 509

prerequisite for the successful operation of a creamery. Unless the loca-
tion is such that the creamery can engage in sidelines such as ice cream,
sweet cream, etc., it can hardly be considered safe to start a creamery
unless the raw product from not less than 600 cows is assured.

The local town organizations, such as the commercial clubs and similar
bodies, should be ready and willing to assist the farmers in organizing
It is often that the town people are in a better position to sell stock for
the proposed organization than the farmers themselves. The subscrip-
tion of stock should not become payable until a given number of cows
have been subscribed. If the total amount of stock cannot be sold to the
farmers then the town people should be willing to show their faith in the
institution by subscribing for a limited amount of stock. It is advisable,
however, that the producers own the controlling interest, for if the man-
agement of the plant is in the hands of the non-producers then the farm-
ers are apt to become more or less dissatisfied and such a creamery is less
liable to be successful than a strictly individual concern.

After a sufficient amount of stock has been sold and the desired num-
ber of cows assured a meeting of the proposed stockholders is called for
the purpose of organizing. Temporary officers and directors are elected
and a building committee is appointed. Often the directors constitute
this committee. The building committee should present plans and speci-
fications and estimate the cost of a plant which they would consider most
suitable for the proposed creamery, and if such are accepted by the stock-
holders it should be left to the building committee to have the creamery
built and equipped.

At the first regular stockholders' meeting articles of incorporation and
by-laws should be drawn and adopted. The dairy department of the Iowa
Agricultural College always stands ready to assist in organizing such
associations and can furnish articles of incorporation and by-laws and
also assist in preparing plans and specifications for the building.

. It is a pleasure to note that the creameries erected during recent years
are far superior to the creameries built a few years ago. The frame build-
ing is now practically being discarded for creamery purposes and it is
proper that it should be for it is less sanitary, more expensive to retain
and affords no protection against fire. It is therefore not without good
reason that during the past two years several frame structures have been
abandoned and up-to-date, practically fire proof structures erected in
place thereof. It is true that a practically fire proof structure will cost
more than a frame building, but the difference between the two, consider-
ing a building 30 by 60 feet, should not exceed $1,000 and the difference
in insurance between the two buildings, not considering the difference
in durability of the two, will more than offset the extra cost.

The cost of the building is governed by the amount of building material
used and kind of building material. The amount of building material is
governed by the size of the building, the strength of the building and
the amount of inside partition required.

Specifications should be clear on all points so that they cannot in any
way be misinterpreted. The following may serve as a general form of
specification :

510 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

I. List of drawings.

II. Instructions to bidders.

III. Form of bid.

IV. General conditions: 1, bids; 2, bonds; 3, materials and labor; 4,
cleaning; 5, public ordinances; 6, permits; 7, payments; 8, schedule; 9,
cutting; 10, faulty work; 11, contractor; 12, patents; 13, extra work;
14, verifying measurements; 15, time for completion; 16, drawings.

V. Mason work; 1, excavating; 2, backfilling; 3, removing rubbish; 4,
concrete footings and walls; 5, brick work; 6, stack; 7, mortar; 8, arches;
9, cement floors; 10, sills; 11, bearing plates; 12, coping.

VI. Lathing and plastering: 1, lathing; 2, plaster; 3, patching, etc.; 4,
curb; 5, bumpers.

VII. Carpenter work; 1, dimension lumber; 2, girders; 3, anchors; 4,
rafters; 5, roof sheathing; 6, window frames; 7, sash; 8, wood centers; 9,
door frames; 10, doors; 11, wood floors; 12, inside finish; 13, glazing; 14,
ceiling; 15, hardware.

VIII. Sheet metal work and roofing; 1, gutter and down spout; 2,
counter flashings; 3, roof.

IX. Painting; 1, general conditions; 2, knots and sap; 3, puttying; 4,
priming; 5, painting; 6, floors.

In outlining the floor plan of a creamery plenty of room should be al-
lowed but no more than can conveniently be utilized. The machinery
should be so placed as to avoid waste space and so that the factory may be
operated with the least possible amount of labor. It is poor policy to
economize on space where more, in reality, is needed. Two places where
such economy is often visible are the coal room and the supply room. The
coal room for most creameries should be large enough so it will hold a
carload of coal. The supply room for a creamery with from 600 to 1,000
cows should have a floor space of not less than 250 square feet and it
should be conveniently located and in a place where all dust is excluded.
It should furthermore be kept dry. The writer has in mind a creamery
which was recently built having a supply room 11 by 8 feet and in order
to save space there was only one door, and that was an outside door
leading to the room. Consequently the supplies had to be carried on the
outside of the building for about 25 feet. Another creamery was built
with a supply room of nearly the same size but with the entrance close
to the coal room. In this case many of the supplies are badly damaged
by coal dust.

Creameries erected by the college during the past year have been
erected from cement blocks, bricks, hollow tile and hollow tile and brick.
In the latter case the outside wall consisted of four-inch brick, the inside
of four-inch hollow tile, leaving a two-inch air space between the two.
For inside partitions hollow tile was used and for roofing fire proof mate-
rial. A building thus constructed and of a size 30 by 60 feet can be built
for about $3,000. A building of the same size but constructed from ce-
ment blocks will cost about $2,000. A creamery of the size mentioned can
be built and equipped for about $4,500, but not less than $5,000 should be
subscribed in order that they may have sufficient left for working capital.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 511

The Chairman: Mr. F. L. Odell, the government expert, is
with us, and I am going to call on him to offer criticisms on the
butter exhibit.

Mr. Odell : Mr. President and members of the Iowa State Dairy
Association: I haven't any criticisms to offer by any means. It
is the finest exhibit of butter I ever saw, and I think the butter-
makers of Iowa ought to be proud of themselves for making
butter of such quality. I notice in The Creamery Journal that
the 10 highest scores averaged 96.98, and I believe the average
for the entire exhibit will be the highest ever exhibited in Iowa.

My criticisms are very few. There were a few tubs that were
poor. The conditions under which this poor butter was made I
am unable to tell you. There is one thing in particular I wish to
congratulate the buttermakers on and that is the nice appearance
of the packages and the workmanship. There were a few spruce
tubs, and I wish it were possible to do away with them entirely
and use only white ash. We found a very few mottles and some
defects in body, and one or two we criticised on salt. As a whol6
it was an excellent lot of butter. I thank you.

THURSDAY MORNING, 11 O'CLOCK.

The Chairman : According to our by-laws, this is the time for
the election of officers. The first nomination to be made is for
president.

Mr. Barney: In picking the officers of this association there
are a number of things to be taken into consideration, and es-
pecially that of president. Having held that office, I kiiow some-
thing of the duties that are incumbent upon him. It not only
requires a good man in the chair but a man willing to give of his
time liberally and a man who has the interests of dairying at
heart. I know of no man in Iowa who has done more work for
the upbuilding of the dairy business in Iowa — a man who has al-
ways been willing to lend a helping hand when he could — than
Judge W. B. Quarton, of Algona, and I take pleasure in placing
bis nomination for the office of president of this association.

There were no other nominations and Judge Quarton was
unamimously elected.

Mr. Quarton : I assure you that I regard the honor you have
placed upon me as one of the greatest you have to offer, and I

512 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

assure you that I appreciate it. I know something of the burdens
it carries with it. I feel very much encouraged over the dairy
interests of Iowa, and if we can make it grow as it has been grow-
ing we can make it one of the greatest dairy states in the union.
1 have nothing to say as to what I will do. I will administer the
duties of the office as well as I can.

The following officers were unanimously elected : Vice-president,
(t. Kolthoff, Britt; secretary, J. J. Ross, low^a Falls; treasurer,
E. T. Sadler, Waterloo.

RESOLUTIONS.

The Iowa State Dairy Association meets in its 36th annual con-
vention under most favorable conditions and most congenial environ-
ment. The interest of our people has been stimulated to enthusiasm by
the splendid show of dairy cattle and the high quality of dairy products
here exhibited. The display of up-to-date devices for the equipment of
farm and factory has not been excelled and all augur well for the future
of Iowa's dairy industry.

We believe the field work should be continued and recommend the sum
of $12,500 be requested of the incoming general assembly for the biennial
period.

We wish to commend, in this connection, the invaluable assistance of
the railroads of Iowa by and through the dairy trains furnished entirely
free of expense to this association or the state.

We tender our appreciation and express our approval of the work of
the state dairy commissioner, the dean of the dairy school and their as-
sistants. We heartily endorse the proposed legislation for the protection
of genuine dairy products presented by the National Dairy Union and in-
troduced by Representative Haugen, of this state in the national congress.

This association has been peculiarly fortunate in the character and
ability of its officers and we congratulate the retiring president, Mr. R. B.
Young, and Vice-president L. L. Flickinger, upon the results accomplished
and progress made in their official term.

To the citizens of Waterloo we can only say — You have ever made us
welcome and the numerous conventions held within your hospitable gates
make our annual meetings a valuable renewal of social and business ties.

The dairy interests of the west and particularly of Iowa have met a
heavy loss in the recent death of Jules G. Lumbard, one of the organizers
and staunchest supporters of the Iowa State Dairy Association. For a
third of a century his presence was a feature of our conventions and
thousands will recall the rugged personality, the intellectual ability, the
wealth of wit, the vigorous manhood tempered by the tenderness of wom-
an, and hold in memory that marvelous voice, that fired the patriotism
of our armies, soothed the sorrow of a stricken people and ever encour-
aged a better citizenship. The qualities of mind and heart and voice that

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 513

made Jules Lumbard the friend of Abraham Lincoln endeared him to
each of us.

Whereas, the general assembly of Iowa has not, heretofore, made appro-
priations for the purpose of indemnifying owners of stock found to be
diseased, and, whereas, destruction had been recommended by the veteri-
nary department of the state and, whereas, the members of the Iowa
State Dairy Association believe such a fund should be provided for such
purpose, be it

Resolved, by the officers and members of the Iowa State Dairy Associa-
tion in annual convention assembled, that we favor the appropriation
of $50,000 annually or such part thereof as may be necessary to be used
by the animal health commission in such manner as may be determined
by the legislature for the purpose of indemnifying owners of domestic
animals attacked by contagious diseases, when in the opinion of the
state veterinarian and the animal health commission such animals should
be destroyed to prevent the further spread of such disease. Be it further

Resolved, That the secretary be instructed to present a copy of this
resolution to the speaker of the house, and the president of the senate of
the 35th general assembly.

W. B. Barney,
E. M. Wentworth,
L. S. Edwards.

E. S. Estel, state dairy expert, made the following report, which
was approved:

IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION— THE ORGANIZATION AND ITS
ACCOMPLISHMENTS.

Although dairying has been an important phase of Iowa agriculture
since its beginning, it has never until the past few years received that
encouragement which has developed other lines of farming. As a conse-
quence, the Iowa farmer and dairyman have been reluctant to accept im-
proved methods of dairy husbandry.

The creamery interests have made much more rapid progress and to-
day are recognized among the most remunerative factories of Iowa. The
education of the buttermakers and creamery managers has received much
attention and their efficiency as manufacturers of butter is far in advance
of the methods used for the production of the raw product on the average
farm. Realizing that there was greater strength in co-operation than
there was in individual effort, the Iowa State Dairy Association was or-
ganized in 1877. This work, as in any other line, needed some definite
foundation, and as there was no large market for the raw products the
creamery was naturally the first to receive the attention of the organizers.

The association gradually grew and acquired prestige until in 1909 it
had a membership of over 600 buttermakers, farmers and dairymen. At
that time it was realized that in the effort of advancing the manufacture
of butter, there was an important phase of dairying which had, to a great
extent, been overlooked, and if the dairy industry of Iowa was to continue
33

514 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

to advance, the cow, which is the foundation of dairying and the source
of raw materia], must be given consideration.

In order to render certain and make rapid this improvement, the of-
ficers of the association appealed to the state legislature for assistance.
It was not a difficult task to demonstrate that an appropriation should be
rnade to assist this organization of creamerymen and dairymen to return
a great wealth and prosperity to the state. As a result a bill was passed
by the 33d general assembly, authorizing the appropriation of $10,000,
and one by the 34th general assembly, for $7,500, for the purpose of
furthering the dairy interests.

Plans were at once outlined to increase the production of the cow on
the farm. A dairy expert, whose duties were to direct the expenditure
of the appropriation to best advantage, was selected. As a result, a very
active campaign was begun, and during the three and one-half years
which have elapsed, the concentrated efforts of all those interested in bet-
ter dairying have practically revolutionized this industry on the Iowa
farm. Extensive as are the results already apparent, there are vast op-
portunities for further educational work in this important department of
the farm. Although many have become impressed with the fact that the
good, well bred dairy cow, properly cared for, is the most profitable ani-
mal, there are yet thousands who have not learned that cows differ greatly
in production and profits. There are many who should yet be taught that,
of all animals, the dairy cow is most efficient in conserving and building
up soil fertility, in addition to insuring immediate and certain profits to
her owner. In many instances, where the dairy cow was formerly ig-
nored and considered a necessary evil, she now occupies the most impor-
tant position in building up a permanent agriculture.

THE DAIRY TBAINS.

As a means of reaching the largest number of farmers and dairymen
in the shortest possible time the special train was used as a medium.
During the winter of 1910 the first special dairy train operated by the
association over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad in the southern
part of the state met with exceptional success. The results of the lectures
delivered upon this first train were of such practical value that the
people along the same road demanded a similar opportunity the following
winter. The department granted their request and in January, 1911, began
a tour over the same territory, meeting much larger and more interested
crowds than on the previous visit. The Chicago Great Western and Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul roads were traversed during the same season.
In 1913 the Illinois Central and Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific furnished
the equipment for the Iowa State Dairy Association to extend the infor-
mation given by its lecturers. The six special trains made 496 stops
where lectures and demonstrations were given to more than 200,000 in-
iercsted iarmers and their families. The trains have been equipped
with material for assisting the lecturers in making the information given
more practical. Realizing the importance of agricultural education to the
younger generation a special car for the school children has been carried
during the past year. This feature has proved very popular and has re-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 515

ceived the hearty endorsement of all the school superintendents along the
various lines.

The results of these trains may be found in every locality that they
visited. Farmers have become more interested. They have substituted
good cows for poor ones; placed at the heads of their herds pure bred
dairy sires; erected silos; organized cow testing associations; are raising
clover and alfalfa hay where less valuable timothy hay formerly grew,
and in fact, are demonstrating in many ways that the information given
in the lectures can be applied in a practical manner on the average farm.
Due to this success the department has had requests, and arrangements
have been completed, for the operation of similar trains during the com-
ing month.

CREAMERY MEETINGS.

The dairy association has been active in perfecting dairymen's organ-
izations throughout the state. It has co-operated with the state dairy
commissioner's department in holding meetings at creameries where, due
to local conditions, interest has been somewhat lost. Since the employ-
ment of the state dairy expert, 184 meetings have been held for the as-
sistance of creameries.

farmers' institutes.

The lecturers employed by the organization have received many re-
quests from the secretaries of farmers' institutes to deliver lectures on
subjects pertaining to the development of the industry on the Iowa farm.
Although this phase of the work has just been inaugurated during the
past year, fifty-four farmers' institutes have been visited.

NORTH IOWA DAIRY IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION.

One of the most potent factors demonstrating the opportunities for
improving dairy conditions in Iowa has been revealed by the North Iowa
Dairy Improvement Association. This organization was founded by the
state dairy association with the assistance of the state dairy commis-
sioners. It comprises nine-co-operative creameries located in "Worth, Win-
nebago and Cerro Gordo counties. The object of this co-operative society
is to assist the creameries in manufacturing the high grade product and
also to aid the farmers in increasing the production of their cows. The
organization is self-sustaining and employs a dairy expert who is active
in promoting every phase of the work that would be practical and helpful.
A bulletin issued by the dairy expert on this phase of the association's
v/ork reveals some interesting facts regarding the low production of the
average Iowa cow and the necessity for her improvement.

THE IOWA DAIRY CATTLE CONGRESS.

At the 33d annual convention of the Iowa State Dairy Association
the production side of the industry was given more attention than be-
fore. Prizes were offered for dairy cattle and a small exhibit of dairy
cattle was shown, as well as a large quantity of butter being sent for
competition. The next year it was decided to hold a dairy show in

516 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

conjunction with the convention which proved very attractive to the
breeders of dairy cattle throughout the state. This show has grown very
pepidly until in 1912 it had the largest number of dairy cattle ever ex-
hibited. Although the association has had direct charge of the dairy
show, it has not used the funds at its disposal, for the financial respon-
sibility has been borne by the town in which the show is held.

DISTRIBUTION OF LITERATURE.

Although this department has issued but one bulletin, it has been
enabled to reach a large proportion of the farmers through the columns
of the local newspapers and agricultural publications. Plate material
has been distributed in every county in the state. This has included
practical information along all lines of improved dairy conditions. The
information given has had a broad scope and at no time has it been the
object of the lecturers to underestimate any of the other important de-
partments of the farm. Such subjects as "Dairy Industry as Related
to Permanent Agriculture;" "Proper Methods of Breeding;" "The Dairy
Cow's Ration;" "Winter Dairying;" "Calf Rearing;" "The Essentials of
the Profitable Dairy Cow," and "Silos and Silage," have been placed be-
fore the farmers in a clear and concise manner.

IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRY IN IOWA.

At the present time Iowa has 510 creameries which, during the past
j^ear, have manufactured 91,738,573 pounds of butter. There are seven
cheese factories located within the borders of the state which manufac-
tured 346,456 pounds of cheese during the year 1912. The annual produc-
tion of dairy products in the state exceeds a valuation of $60,000,000. As
in every other country dairying is destined to become one of the most
important factors of Iowa agriculture. Although considerable develop-
ment has been accomplished during recent years, the work has just been
begun.

W. H. Chapman, of New Hartford, made a motion that in
future years winners of first and second prizes in both the hand
separator and whole-milk classes shall not share in the pro rata
money. This motion carried with a large majority.

The following address was delivered by Geo. V. Fowler, of
Waterloo :

IOWA MADE CHEESE.

GEO. V. FOWLER, WATERLOO.

I am. invited to give a paper on the above named subject. Prof. Holden
would say, "When you buy Iowa made cheese, you have both the goods
and the money, whereas, if you buy cheese made elsewhere, you have the
goods but you are minus the money."

Thirty-nine years ago, when I came from New York to make Iowa my
home, there was a cheese factory in operation in this city owned by the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 517

farmers and managed by Mr. R. Place, a high class man as well as an ex-
cellent cheese manufacturer from Herkimer county, New York, who has
many years since passed away. The farmers, after running the factory
for two years and being unable to handle it successfully, came to us.
Fowler Bros., to handle their output on commission. The following year
the farmers effected a sale of the factory to Mr. Place, and the cheese was
made and handled by Fowler Bros, and Place. A little later the Fowler
Company was organized and Mr. Place sold the factory to said company.
The market for milk thus made was so satisfactory to the farmers that
Mr. Lower, who had moved from this city to Janesville, was instrumental
in inducing us to erect a factory there, which has run continuously ever
since. Some years later, Joseph White of this city, who at that time was
one of our patrons, bought a farm near Reinbeck. He also induced us
to place one there. At one time we had four factories running, three in
this county. In addition to supplying our retail trade, we had a fine
trade with wholesalers in Kansas City and St. Joseph, Missouri, Leaven-
worth and Atchison, Kansas, Des Moines and Sioux City, Iowa. We also
shipped by carloads to Rochester, New York, outselling their own New
York make in that market.

Thus it will be seen that, though the margins were close, we had
worked up quite a trade. The advantages in our favor, which were shared
by our patrons, were, they had cheaper feed for cows than did the farmers
of the east and we were able to produce an article that the year round
outsold practically any brands shipped in, and, as this movement saved
the freight on the cheese from the east, also the freight on the butter,
which would have been made from the milk in its stead, to the east, these
conditions were all favorable to its being successful. Yet, I learn Wis-
consin last year produced in round numbers $22,000,000 worth, and we
learn several millions found market in this state. Why should this be
necessary more than to ship butter from there for state supply? The
fact that cheese is the best substitute for high priced meats also at this
time makes this question all the more interesting and chsese seems to be
in greater demand now than when meats were cheaper. I ask again, why
should cheese be shipped from the east to supply our demands any more
than should butter, poultry, eggs, pork, beef, and mutton, and the grains
and feeds as well with which to produce them?

This subject really should be "Greater Iowa" from the dairy stand-
point. Now, I want to be thoroughly understood; the least of all my busi-
ness affairs is my investment in the cheese industry and my interests
in lands is no small amount, so I want you all to know that I attempt
to discuss this question only as a brother farmer and from the farmer's
standpoint in the interest of the farmer. None of these questions rela-
tive to agriculture should be considered, in my opinion, except the interest
of the farmer come first. So remember, greater to me than any form of
dairying or all forms combined is that the 225,000 farmers of the greatest
state in the union with its untold value, should get instruction of most
value to them.

In considering this subject, we must also connect with it its twin sister
the whole milk creamery. For, in a certain sense they are one, and the

518 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

enemy of one is also the enemy of the other. The market of the dairy
products may be divided into two classes, sending off the cream on the
one hand and the whole milk on the other. Under the head of the latter
would come the whole milk creamery, cheese factory, condensing factory
and supplying the demand for city consumption. These methods, and
gathered cream as well, are all legitimate dairy propositions and each
without doubt has greater usefulness than the others under certain con-
ditions.

You will naturally ask why builders, owners, and patrons of these
factories should, after working together for years in building up these
markets, changing from gathered cream to whole milk, the patrons of
500 of them, go back to gathered cream again. Well, it was like this,
while the whole milk creameries and cheese factories owned by firms, in-
dividuals, and farmers as well, were run as a dairy proposition, those
interested not expecting to get anything out of it only as they could as-
sist in making it a prosperous business and profitable to all, and, al-
though these markets were advancing dairying very rapidly in their re-
spective localities, yet there seemed to be no way they could afford to
buy space and influence in dairy and farm papers of the country. So
are you surprised that, when these papers found they could contract with
the gathered cream interests for large sums; could hire to work for them
at fabulous rates when they could not sell space nor hire at all to the
whole milk methods (when you consider these facts, the inducements on
the one side and the lack of inducements on the other) the cheese in-
dustry, whole milk creamery, dairymen, and farmers have not had a
square deal? Can you not see that for each cheese factory or whole milk
creamery, that these willing workers could put out of business and estab-
lish gathered cream in its stead, they had at once from $5,000 to $20,-
000 of the farmers' money to divide, which has proven very profitable and
satisfactory to those in the deal.

One farmer wrote to a farm paper of this state, saying he was keeping
cows and could send his milk to a whole milk creamery four miles away
or he could buy a farm separator and send his cream off on the train, and
asked which he should do. The answer received at once was, "There is
no question what you should do. You should buy a farm separator and
send off the cream by rail." I then learned he received about $16,500 per
annum for space and influence in the farm paper, which he was conduct-
ing. You see, if all had followed his advice, all the cheese factories and
whole milk creameries of this state would have been destroyed. Yet, he
is supposed to take interest in conserving the resources of not only the state
but the United States. The methods that did not bring advertising
money to him, he could not recommend. The method that did bring this
large amount of money into his pockets looked good to him. My dear
confiding brother farmers, do you think he was advising this farmer to
act in his own interests or was he seeking to influence him to act in his,
the editor's, interest? Inasmuch as the editor has hired out to the
gathered cream interests for $16,500 per annum and they were doubtless
much more critical readers than you, how could he represent your inter-
ests and, as' money flows so freely into the paper for promoting this sys-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 519

^m, r ask. again if you do not conclude that large amounts, larger tnan
*fnat goes to these papers, find enlodgement in the pockets of others oc-
■jupying positions of influence? That is, can you not guess that this easy
money does not stop with the papers but much goes to other sources
where it will do the most good to the interests they represent,

A prominent dairy paper refused to use an article showing how the
farmer could produce pork at less cost by using corn and pasture than
could be done with corn and skim milk, allowing ten ceucs per 100
pounds for the skim milk. Yet, the very next issue contained a report
placing $1.00 per hundred as the value on fresh skim milk because the
party fed it to chickens and sold the eggs at forty cents per dozen. How
ridiculous! The only way to place a correct value on the skim milk was
at what cost a substitute could have been supplied.

At our factory in Janesville, Mr. Bye recently fed ten shoats forty days
on whey and fifty-six cent corn. He showed that at seven cents per
pound for pork he, with a little over $6.00 worth of corn had produced
more than $26.00 worth of pork, getting almost $20.00 for the whey or
seventy cents per 100 pounds. Will any farm paper pay $100 for this
dairy item? Why, bless your heart no! Why not? Because there is no
farm machinery connected with it whereby they can get the farmer's
money. As it would be only for the benefit of the farmer, do you con-
clude they would care for it?

PROFESSOR henry's MISTAKE.

You all have seen over and over again that skim milk, according to
this professor, who is usually correct, because he fed shoats corn and
skim milk, and, of the many tests the one where he fed nearest right 100
pounds skim milk saved a half bushel of corn, that, therefore, was its
value. The corn was worth sixty cents, so the value of the skim milk
would be worth thirty cents per hundred. Oh my, what reasoning! Yet
these people are pleased to use it. The only way it could be made to
appear this way was to feed the check lot as poorly as possible corn only,
which he did. I am showing you that it would have been just as reason-
able to have fed one lot skim milk only and then concluded because the lot
which he fed skim milk and corn did so much better, therefore the corn
was worth two to three dollars per bushel. One might just as consistently
say in testing the value of gluten as a cow feed, because I fed a cow corn
only and got such results and then added gluten and obtained so much
better results, therefore, the value of the gluten was $150 to $200 per ton.
If gluten feed people tried to do this, we would say, "You are not in
competition with corn. Your competitors are cotton seed. meal, oil meal,
bran, oats, etc., and a mixture of which, that is as good as gluten and
contains the same nutrients, can be compounded at a cost of $25 to $28
per ton, and that decides the value of your gluten."

One says, "I see, Mr. Fowler, those interested deeply in promoting
gathered cream make much of their skim milk for hog feed. What do
you say to it?" The skim milk is rich in protein and therefore ranks
along with tankage, oil meal, and gluten (more especially with the lat-
ter), but is handicapped by containing 90 1-2 per cent water, so, in each

520 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

100 pounds we only can deal with nine and one-half pounds of feed.
These feeds are all valued according to the protein they contain and
have their greatest value in winter. Skim milk contains three and one-
half pounds of this substance per 100 pounds while tankage contains sixty
pounds; nearly a ton of skim milk or butter milk would be required
to furnish as much as 100 pounds of tankage contains.

THE AMOUNT OF PROTEIN IN SKIM MILK OF THE STATE.

We learn there is made per anhum, in the state, about 100,000,000
pounds of butter. We will say that each 100 pounds of milk makes about
four pounds of butter, and we have learned that, after cream is taken
away, each 100 pounds of milk contains say three pounds of protein.
This, you will see, would give us 75,000,000 pounds of protein. You will
agree with me that the calves get about half of this amount, leaving, to
be liberal, 40,000,000 pounds for the hogs. How many hogs in the state?
There are about 8,000,000 on hand I learn each year on January 1, in the
state, as many, that come in the spring, are turned off in the fall. You
will agree with me there are say 10,000,000 produced each year, leaving
only four pounds of protein for each hog per annum from this source.
Yet, the reliable authorities tell you that each hog needs six-tenths of a
pound of protein per day, nearly 200 pounds per annum. Still, from the
skim milk source he can secure on an average only four pounds or 2 per
cent of his needs. You now agree with me that in hog feeding what is
most needed is to learn where and how to secure the balanced ration at
lowest cost; that is, where the other 98 per cent of protein, which is not
found in the skim milk of the state, is to come from. You have seen
how eager are those engaged in promoting gathered cream to have you
leed the hogs their way, which is correct for 2 per cent of the hogs; now
can you not see that, if there could be the same effort to teach in your
behalf in securing a correct feed at lowest cost for the other 98' per cent,
there might easily be saved to the farmers of the state in hog feeding
alone $40,000,000 to $50,000,000 over the method they so persistently teach.
All that is lacking is a proper incentive to teach it.

Skim milk in common with these other feeds, rich in protein, has a
fluctuating value. The object is to always use a balanced ration and
then to secure it a lowest cost. As corn is cheapest feed in winter, the
point is to use feed in the combination that will enable the feeder to
use the most corn. Hence, skim milk and its kindred feeds have a good
value in winter, for they enable you to use more corn. But, for feeding
during the pasture season, all is changed. Why? Because, after the
shoat weighs say forty pounds, the pasture contains more protein than he
needs and is also the cheaper feed. So, the point is to use as much
pasture as possible because it is cheaper and at the same time have a
balanced feed, and by supplying about one-third of his requirements with
corn, you leave your happy and willing servant to gather the remaining
two-thirds which makes the proposition profitable, from rye, rape, clover,
alfalfa, or other pastures. There are multiplied thousands among the
best farmers of the state, that have, after this method since May 1 to
this date with sixty cent corn and pasture produced pork at one-half

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 521

to one-third the cost, that could have been done during the same time
with sixty cent corn and thirty cent skim milk, which is also a correct
balanced feed.

Do you not now see this great point, that, as skim milk, gluten,
oil meal, and tankage, which are narrow, they will require more of the
high priced corn for a correct ration than is the case with pasture?
Therefore, it is possible (or shall I say absolutely true) that skim milk,
gluten, tankage, and oil meal have no value whatever where you have
plenty of the pastures needed to feed a hog after he weighs fifty pounds
because more corn will be required to get the results. Perhaps there
may be a man here, who doubts this. He can easily test it by feeding
three shoats each way. Of these two methods, the difference is that on
the one hand he can not avoid buying by products from the various
factories producing protein feeds, or the machinery necessary to enable
him to feed the fresh skim milk, while on the other hand, he uses
only pasture for his protein feed, paying tribute to no one, using his
own intelligence and his own farm to produce all the protein needed and,
thereby, growing pork at one-third the cost obtained by the method
taught by the over anxious instructors of the country.

In following the popular teaching along these lines, the farm papers
and their associates have gotten the results, so are well pleased. The
farmers, who follow the teaching I have endeavored to give, get the
results that suit them and they are pleased. I know I am censured by
many honest and otherwise intelligent farmers for presuming to teach
a better method than that usually followed. If there be such a one
here today, I will say, my dear brother, though your present method
may have answered fairly well when land and labor were cheap, are
you just sure there may not be something better in store for you on
your high priced land? What I desire most of all is this, that I and
my motives be correctly understood by the farmers and also that all
who teach differently, and their motives be correctly understood by
the different farmers. You will please remember that all progress
along any lines was only attained because someone got the vision that
there was to be found a better method than those generally in use.
There was a time when the use of the spade, sickle, tallow candle, etc.,
were quite the thing; now greater capacity is required to meet the de-
mand. Is there any reason why there is not also a demand in hog
feeding way ahead of the old method of skim milk and corn, which also
was considered satisfactory years ago?

I wish you also to see that, if all the skim milk in the state was fed
to hogs, it would not supply more than enough protein for five per cent
of the hogs. I wish to show you too that, as the larger part of hogs
come in the spring and are turned off in the fall, therefore, a proper
combination of corn and pasture is of vast importance because three
fourths of all the pork produced is produced during the seven months
of pasture season. You will see how out of all proportion is the teach-
ing, while according to their own teaching, all the skim milk would
balance correctly the corn for only five per cent of the hogs. Yet they
give this method so much attention and so very little to feeding the

522 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ninety-five per cent whicn the skim milk cannot reach. Their main
interest is centered on the five per cent while your chief interest is
centered on ninety-five per cent. The hireling-?; work their interest. "Who
is working yours?

Prof. Holden also told me I could tell the farmers at Janesville that
one acra of clover pasture is equal to the skim milk from eight cows,
and that feeding corn thereon to hogs benefited the land enough to pay
the rent, so the protein thus obtained to take the place of the skim
milk really cost nothing.

Listen to me. You can feed your hogs my way and do dairying
after cither method or none at all; whereas, in order to feed hogs their
^vay, you must follow their kind of dairying and by their machinery
sure.

According to the Ohio and other reliable experiment stations, skim
milk has in winter a feeding value of fifteen cents to eighteen cents
per hundred at present prices of protein feed, but, in summer time has
lost most, and in some cases we believe all its value. I repeat, "Why?"
Because you have a surplus of protein, the pasture containing more
than you need, and no more use for it than you have for your fur coat
or ten dollar coal in August with which to keep warm.

SOME EXAMPLES.

J. W. Bennett fed gluten and whey on pasture to pigs weighing twenty-
nine and one-half pounds each for one month, making rapid gains at
cost of $1.75 per hundred. Prof. Kennedy says in the cheese section of
Canada the farmers feed shorts and whey on pasture and turn them
off 225 pounds each at five and a half to six months old. The professor
also reports that they have, at Ames, after charging up all grain used,
produced 1400 pounds pork per acre of rape.

The Alabama Experiment Station reports that by feeding corn only,
pork costs $7.63 per hundred, while, by using pasture and corn, it costs
only $2.74 per hundred, only a little more than one-third.

S. Y. Thornton of Missouri a few years ago told me he produced
shoats to lO'O pounds each on pasture at a cost of $1.00 each for all
grain used. Grain some cheaper than now.

A farmer at Osceola, this state, told me he sold four hundred hogs
that, after taking out eight, topped the Chicago market. They were fed
only twenty bushels corn per day, from May 1 till August 1, on pasture,
and he estimated they gained more than one pound each per day.

Of those giving me credit for inducing them to feed after this method
are E. E. Pressor, P. R. Decker, and Walter Peck, of Janesville, and Fred
Wilcox of this city, claiming a given amount of corn produces about
double the amount of pork they formerly produced.

This is simply the farmer's method worked out in the interest of the
farmer, and I never knew of anyone leaving it to pursue any other
course.

We are nearly in the center of the great corn belt, our capacity, our
advantages, and our opportunities are so wonderful that it would seem
most impossible for any man to exaggerate them. We produce around

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 523

$150,000,000 worth of pork per annum, and, of the two methods of feeding,
one saves half the expense. Have I not shown you that the hog can make
even better use of pasturethan other animals, also that it is much better
to use with corn than is skim milk? Then I ask, why should we ask
the cow to first convert the pasture into skim milk and then ask the
hog to use it second hand? The shoat from forty pounds to 175 pounds
can make most profitable use of this method, and there are multiplied
thousands in this state that, after this method, have, since May 1, made
their gains even with the high cost of corn at IY2 to 2 cents per pound.

I, therefore, ask you in your own interest, in the interest of Greater
Iowa, and in the interest of the hungry consumer of the country, to get
into the method that means so much to you and to us all.

Some may wonder why I have not said more about Iowa made cheese.
It is this, if the farmers can have more correct and honest teaching,
cheese making, all other forms of dairying, and pork production will
progress as never before. Get your eye on Wisconsin in their production
of $90,000,000 worth of dairy products last year. Of this, $24,000,000 was
cheese, many millions of which found market in this state.

I am a lover of harmony and dislike to differ with others, but I am
for "Greater Iowa" and no one would be more pleased than I to have
those who teach differently take the broader view and really work for
the farmer and "Greater Iowa."

In conclusion, my dear brother dairy farmer, while there are all these
different forms of dairying, condensed, cheese, whole milk creameries, city
consumption, and farm separating, does it strike you as especially
strange that (inasmuch as the latter method is the only way out of which
the active ones can get your money) they use all their influence to get
you to pursue that method, and, because they have found it the most
profitable for them to teach, is that any guarantee that you will find it the
most profitable for you to follow? Was it their aim to teach you the
best method of butter production, or, on the other hand, was the object
to influence you to buy and use the farm separator?

Then, in hog feeding you will notice this same interest; as far as pos-
sible to influence the farmer to place a high value on the warm sweet
skim milk, which is also done in the interest of the farm separator. So
you see, under the pretense of promoting dairying, they use their influence
to sell the separator and under the guise of teaching hog feeding they
really are teaching warm sweet skim milk feeding also in the interest of
the farm separator.

So, are you surprised that when one makes a study of this matter
from the farmer's standpoint, and wholly in the interest of the farmer,
there should be found to exist a system which, if pushed with anything
like the vigor with which the system referred to has been pushed, could
easily add, with no additional labor, forty to sixty million dollars an-
nually to the net profits of the farmers of the state?

524

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

BUTTER SCORES IOWA STATE DAIRY CONVENTION, WATERLOO,
IOWA, OCTOBER 14 TO 19, 1912.

WHOLE-MILK OLAlSS.

No.

74
118
40
81

67

S3

1(X>

G3

69

84

23

48

55

73

79

116

137

25

70

78

112

121

152

2

22

27

54

60

61

SO

119

125

13S

141

144

76

124

64

128

145

31

139

68

127

Name

ChuTn

Erve A. Cole, Lamoni

W. E. Mittlestadt, Manchester--

0. A. Day, Sumner

Matt McDowell, Hazleton

Roy Seoles, Fredericksburg-

E. B. Olds. Sumner

F. H. Wehling, Readlyn

F. M. Zell, Sumner

E. E. Middlestadt, Arlington

R. W. Chadwick, Waterloo

P. W. Peterson, Finchford

Anton Smith, Oelwein

T. E. Sadler, Oelwein

Wm. Ambrose, Tripoli

Carl Haveland, Lake Mills

H. Piegors, Waverly

P, W. Bremer, Sumner

J. J. Biainner, Strawberry Point

F. W. Brockhaus, Sumner

C. B. Bracey, Maynard ,

L. L. Zbornik, Sumner

H. C. Ladage, Plainfield '. I Dual

N. W. Graf, Elma

D. W. Mohler, New Hampton

Julius Brunner, Osage

R. J. Erb, Manchester

Wm. McFarland, Hudson

Soren Kristensen, Scarville

F. H. Harms, Waverly

Milton Colton, Masonville

Carl Meier, Fairbank

Wm. Kucker, Cylinder

G. Stuessi, Manchester

L. C. Barnes, Westgate

M. Anderson, Emmetsburg

A. W. Snyder. Lawler

E. H. Homan, Westgate

J. F. Lorensen, Benson

Peter Larson, New Hartford

C. S. Payne, Stanley

H. A. Griese, Readlyn

Robt. Wagner, Sumner

O. E. Brant. Fairbank

W. A. Stone, Central City

W. H. Chapman, New Hartford..

F. D. Daniels, Fredericksburg

G. M. Miller, Fayette

L. S. Edwards, Dewar

Vic

Vic

Vic

Vic

Vic

Vic

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Perf

Dual

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Salt

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Color Culture

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Score

98

97i

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97

961

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96

96

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95

95

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94

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

93J

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX
GATHERED CREAM CLASS.

525

Name

F. D. Warner, Northwood

Fred C. Hinze, Hanlontown

Carl Nelson, Swea City

A. F. Matson, Volga

O. B. Stenberg, Ellsworth

L. C. Laugesen, Harlan

R. D. Sweet, Allison

H. P. Bancroft, Delhi

J. C. Joslin, Hartley

Fred Loclnvood, Wesley

T. E. Landis, Farley

I/. P. Nelson, Exira

B. F. Sehultz, West Union

C. C. Anker, Ottosen

H. C. Stendel, Scarville

J. M. Healey, Dubuque

Fred Lehman, Monticello

H. Soballe, Coulter

M. J. Bobo, Plum Creek

M. P, Jun\-er, Graettinger

Geo. G. McBride, Parkersburg-—

C. N. Hart, Plymouth

Joel Bloomster, Hobart

H. M. Crocker, Osage

Walter Evans, Woodbine

Watson Shiek, Monona

V. O. Williams, Afton

Henry Hansen, Cylinder

M. M. Sorenson, Goodell

R. Nelson, Latimer

N. Overgaard, Wheatland

John Paulson, Woden

Chris. Jensen, Toronto

Ole Hauge, Ossian

C. H. Vanderhani, Belmond

Frank Larson, Dows

Wm. Helgason, Lone Rock

W. E. Cline, Casey

Chris. Nelson, Exira

P. Damgaard, Eagle Center

Johannes Johansen, Exira

J. T. Ryan, Adair

W. P. Hughes, Faixbank

Mike Hauer, Festina

C. T. Knutson. McCallsburg

Earl George, Central City

Wm. Matters, Graettinger

Ed Hansen, Elgin

Robt. Moeller, Shellsburg

Robt. Bless, Ventura

R. E. Clemmons, Burt

Jack Frisbie, St. Olaf

S. S. Hudson, Titonka

J. H. Bakken, Ridgeway

H.C. Thompson, Buffalo Center.

O. W. Dubbs, West Bend

G. F. Allard, Pomeroy

Jas. Romine, Urbana

Nels Hansen, Stuart

Jas. Keachie, Dexter

J. P. Grippes, Luxemburg

G. J. Gudknecht, Owassa

John S. Smith, Alden

N. O. Dahlen, Northwood

P. Windfeldt, Audubon

O. W. Hicks, Guernsey

E. Z. Carr, Wadena

C. R. Conway, Garner-.

Guy Thomas, Clear Lake

B. T. Soles. Stout

J. D. Main, Greenfield

Fred Herzog, Hubbard

ChuTn

Dual

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WR

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WR

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Culture

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526

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
GATHERED CREAM CLASS-Continued

No.

Ill

135

17

32

56

66

113

132

143

134

12

21

71

75

86

109

7

24
34
45
89
140
130
149
151
156
43
51
90
97
142
105

Name

O, B. Bengston, Central City

Peter Thuessen, Kimballton

C. E. Wilson, George

H. K. Nelson, Joice

M. W. Bixby, Hum^ton

John J. Marx, Hospers

Sig. Klemsrud, Osage

L. H. Larson, Sexton

L. P. Anderson, AJgona

P. W. Stickman, Ionia

C. W. Larson, Grand Junction

C. H. Vander Meer. Orange City

Roy Coon, Bayard

Iver Barlow, Calmar

Jens Jensen, Newburg

C. A. Miller, Aplington

A. P. Schultz, Cedar PalJs

W. J. MePheeters, Storm Lake

G. A. Bristol, Primghar

C. P. Bollig, Penton

J. A. Kramer, Ashton

Ernest Siliiaven, Spencer

A. O. Pelly, Rowan _.

Alfred Otnes, Maquoketa

J. J. Doleschal, Bancroft

C. W. Davis, Wall Lake

Julius Suhr, Coon Rapids

Walter Preed, Clinton

A. Larson, Charles City

R. L. Rector, Tipton...

P. W. Johnson, Laurens

Wm, Gossman, Waterloo

Chum

108 W. P. Schurke, Gilbertsville.

100
72

J. A. Penger, Garner-
Joe P. Bogh, Rutland-

Dual

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Ciilture I Score

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91
91
91
91
91
91

MEMBERSHIP IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION, 1912.

M. J. Bobo, Algona, la.

Soren Christensen, Scarville, la.

Johan Johansen, Exira, la.

B. P. Shultz, West Union, la.
M. P. Junker, Greattinger, la.
G. J. Gudknecht, Owasa, la.
A. P. Shultz. Cedar Palls, la.
J. T. Rijan, Adair, la.

0. O. Anker, Ottosen, la.

L. P. Nelson, Exira, la.

Geo. G. McBride, Paxkersburg, la.

0. W. Larson, Grand Junction, la.

Jno. S. Smith, Alden, la.

C. N. Hart, Plymouth, la.

P. D. Warner, Northwood, la.

N. O. Dahlen, Northwood, la.

C. E. Wilson, George, la.

P. Windfeldt, Audubon, la.

Fred 0. Hinze, Hanlontown, la.

J. P. Vandermeer, Orange City, la.

P. H. Harms, Waverly, la.

Carl Haveland, Lake Mills, la.

W. J. McPheeter, Storm Lake, la.

H. 0. Ladage, Plainfleld, la.

O. W. Hicks, Guernsey, la.

Milton Colton, Masonville, la.

0. B. Stenberg, Ellsworth, la.

H. 0. Stendel, Scarville, la.

H. M. Crocker, Osage, la.

W. H. Chapman, New Hartford, la.

H. K. Nelson, Joice, la.
Walter Evans, Woodbine, la.
G. A. Bristol, Primghar, la.
J. M. Healy, Dubuque, la.
Watson Snick, Monona, la.
E. Z. Carr, Wadena, la.
P. M. Zell, Sumner, la.
A. P. Matson, Volga, la.
Roy Scoles, Predericksburg, la.
V. 0. Williams, Afton, la.
L. 0. Laugesen, Harlan, la.
Julius Suhr, Coon Rapids, la.
ETve A. Cole, Lamont, la.
0. P. Bollig, Penton, la.
R. E. demons, Burt, la.
Jack Prisbie, St. Olaf. la.
H. Piegors, Waverly, la.
S. S. Hudson, Titonka, la.
W. P. Hughs, Fairbank, la.
Walter Freed, Clinton, la.
Fred Lehman, Monticello, la.
Mike Hauer, Festina, la.
Carl Meier, Fairbank, la.
P. W. Bremer, Sumner, la.
M. W. Bixby, Humeston, la.
J. H. Bakken, Ridgeway, la.
J. D. Main, Greenfield, la.
R. D. Sweet, Allison, la.
Wm. D. Kucker, Cylinder, la.
G. Stuessi, Manchester, la.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX

527

MEMBERSHIP IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION— Continued

Henry Hansen, Cylinder, la.

Anton Smith, Oelwein, la.

Robt. Wagner, Sumner, la.

C. R. Conway, Garner, la.

Jno. J. Marx, Hospers, la.

E. E. Mittlestadt, Arlington, la.

G. M. Miller, Fayette, la.

Thos. E. Sadler, Oelwein, la.

N. W. Graf, Elma, la.

Roy Coon, Bayard, la.

Joe P. Bogh, Rutland, la.

J. J. Brunner, Strawberry Point, la.

C. A. Day, Sumner, la.

Iver Barlow, Calmer, la.

C. S. Payne, Stanley, la.
Chris Jensen, Toronto, la.

D. W. Mohler, New Hampton, la.

E. H. Bockhaus, Sumner, la.
L. C. Barnes, Westgate, la.
E. B. Olds, Sumner, la.

r. H. Wehling, Readlyn, la.

R. W. Chadwick, Waterloo, la.

Wm. Ambrose, Ttipoli, la.

C. T. Knutson, McCallsburg, la.

Jens Jensen, Newburg, la.

Fred Herzog, Hubbard, la.

W. E. Mittlestadt, Manchester, la.

J. A. Cramer, Ashton, la.

Alex Larson, Charles City, la.

H. P. Bancroft, Delhi, la.

Earl George, Central City, la.

Wm. Matters, Greattinger, la.

Ole Hauge, Ossian, la.

H. C. Thompson, Buffalo Center, la.

R. L. Rector, Tipton, la.

Ed Hansen, Elgin, la.

Carl Nelson, Swea City, la.

J. A. Fenger, Garner, la.

M. M. Sorensen, Goodell, la.

O. W. Dubbs, West Bend, la.

C. H. Vanderham, Belmond, la.

Prank L. Larson, Dows, la.

Wm. Gossman, Waterloo, la.

P. W. Peterson, Finchfoxd, la.

G. F. AUard, Pomeroy, la.

W. F. Schurke, Gilbertsville, la.

C. A. Miller, Aplington, la.

Robt. Moeller, Shellsburg, la.

O. B. Bengston, Central City, la.

Julius Brunner, Osage, la.

Sig. Klemesrud, Osage, la.

Wm. Helgeson, Lonerock, la.

W. E. Cline. Casey, la.

C. B. Bracy, Maynard, la.

Jas. Romine, Urbana, la.

Matt McDowall, Hazleton, la.

M. Anderson, Emmetsburg, la.

Nels Hansen, Stuart, la.

R. J. Erb, Manchester, la.

Chris O. Nelson, Exira, la.

H. A. Griese, Readlyn, la.

A. W. Snyder, Lawler, la.

Guy Thomas, Clear, Lake, la.

L. S. Edwards, Dewar, la.

C. E. Brant, Fairbank, la.

Robt. Bless, Ventura, la.

A. O. Pelly, Rowan, la.

J. C. Joslin, Hartley, la.

L. H. Larson, Sexton, la.

H. Soballe, Coulter, la.

F. W. Stickmann, Ionia, la.

Peter Thuessen, Kimballton, la.

Joel Bloomster, Hobart, la.

L. L. Zbornik, Sumner, la,

E. H. Homan, Westgate, la.

F. D. Daniels, Fredericksburg, la.
Ernest Silhaven, Spencer, la.

J. F. Lorenson, Cedar Falls, la,
F. W. Johnson, Laurena, la.

L. P. Anderson, Algona, la.
Peter Larson, New Hartford, la.
W. A. Stone, Central City, la.
R. P. Nelson, Latimer, la.
Jas. Keachie, Dexter, la.
Alfred Otness, Maquoketa, la.
J. P, Grippes, New Vienna, la.

A. J. Doleschal, Bancroft, la,
Wm. McFarlane, Hudson, la.
Peter Damgarrd, Waterloo, la.
N. Overgarrd, Wheatland, la.

B. T. Soles, Stout, la.

C. W. Davis, Wall Lake, la.
Jno. Paulsen, Woden, la.
Fred Lockood, Wesley, la.

T. E. Landis, Farley, la.

E. R. Shoemaker, Waterloo, la.
J. W. Ford, Cedar Falls, la.
O. P. Thompson, Waterloo, la.
W. C. Cranston, Waterloo, la.

C. E. Fifer, Cedar Falls, la.
I'.'dith Stacy, Waverly, la.

F. S. Pettitt, Waterloo, la.
O. 0. Huramond, Waterloo, la.
P. E. Guptill, Cedar Palls, la.

N. J. Michaelson, Cedar Falls, la.
N. L. Bennit, Waterloo, la.
L. L. Flickinger, Carroll, la.
Mrs. J. D. Miller, Waterloo, la.
L. C. Aikin, Waterloo, la.
F. L. Huntley, Waterloo, la.
J. T. Swift, Waterloo. la.

D. Davis, Waterloo, la.
Joe Clark, Waterlo, la.

E. E. Wood, Waterloo, la.
Porter Fitch, New York, la.
B. L. Meyers, Waterloo, la.

B. L. Edwards, Waterloo, la,
A. E, Huffman, Waterloo, la.

E. Diercks, Waterloo, la.

H. C. Hoffman, Minneapolis, Minn,
Mrs. H. Lawlers, Waterloo, la,
J. J. Ramboy, Waterloo, la.

F. T. Bcntley, Waterloo, la.
J. H. Sindlinger, Waterloo, la.
Sam Simmons, Waterloo, la.
Jno. Andrews, Waterloo, la.
H. H. Morgan, Cedar Falls, la.
H. Kilgore, Waterloo, la.

E. J. Covell, Waterloo, la.
Bert Crowther, Waterloo, la.

C. M. Corey, St. Paul, Minn.
H, E. Colby, Waterloo, la.
J. D. Miller, Waterloo, la.
C. E. Noonan, Waterloo, la.

C. Ottcsen, Ottosen, la.

. W. Reefsnyder, Waterloo, la.
W. H. Mcintosh, Davenport, la,
W. V. Foote, Waterloo, la.
V. Gline, Shellsburg, la.
Elmer W. Btephensen, Fairbank, la,
Frank Fox, Winthrop, la.
G L, Busian, Algona, la,
E, J. Graham, Cedar Falls, la.
A. N. IToung, Evanston, III.
E. J. Whitmore, Owatonna, Minn.
J. H. Sasseen, Des Moines, la.
E. M. Baker, Monticello, la.

D. B. Byrum, Chicago, 111.
M. E. Plynn, Burlington, la.
S. Sweitzer, Waterloo, la.

H. A. Nelson, Dubuque, la.
J. H. Grommon, Manchester, la.
C. R. Walker, St. Clair, Mich.
H. L. Peterson, Ames, la.

E. H, Griffith, Ames, la,
E. 0. Bollman, Ames, la.
Aug. Brandenburg, Waverly, la.
L. T. Miller, Fairbank, la.

528

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MEMBERSHIP IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION-Continued

A. A. Jennings, Chicago, 111.
0. A. Morris, Waterloo, la.
C H. Hackett, Waterloo, la.
J.' J. Hall, Waterloo, la.

F. B. Ballow, Waterloo, la.

G. H. Tellier, Ames, la.
G. J. Miller, Ames, la.

C. A. Smith, Waterloo, la.
J. W. Lichty, Waterloo, la.
J. J. Peck, Waterloo, la.
O. L. Huston, Waterloo, la.
Chas. E. Fisher, New York City.
Jno. Shaw, Waterloo, la.
S. L. Klingman, Waterloo, la,
W. P. Walker, Waterloo, la.
W. Barrett, Waterloo, la.

E. Feely, Waterloo, la.
Robt. Anderson, Waterloo, la.
Roy Bennett, Waterloo, la.

F. L. Hix, Waterloo, la.

W. B. Johnson, Des Moines, la.

C. L. Klingman, Des Moines, la.
Peter Eide, Des Moines, la.

W. B. Fox, Waterloo, la.
J. T. Cannon, Waterloo, la.
J. K. Worley, Waterloo, la.
P. J. Martin, Waterloo, la.

D. Holmes, Waterloo, la.
Aug. Brandhorst, Hudson, la.
Fred D. Ford, Rockwell, la.

D. M. Campbell, Rockwell, la.

J. H. Conant, Gladbrook, la.

U. G. Gruver, Cedar Rapids, la.

Jim Lawrence, Waterloo, la.

Chas. Ross, Waterloo, la.

W. A. Blough, Waterloo, la.

L. H. Miller, Waterloo, la.

D. S. Harrison, Waterloo, la.

H. A. Limbert, Waterloo, la.

J. W. Bissell, Waterloo, la.

A. O. Larson, Dows, la.

H. J. Iverson, Dews, la,

A. H. Iverson, Dows, la,

O. B. Iverson, Dows, la.

M. J. Goodrich, Cedar Rapids, la,

W. A. Lally, Chicago, 111.

D A. Cozzens, Omaha, Neb.

Emons Johnson, Waterloo, la.

M. L. Gleason, Waterloo, la.

H. A. Boyson, Waterloo, la.

S. J, Sine, Waterloo, la.

Bertha Strong, Waterloo, la.

Ira Baker, Waterloo, la.

J. B. Green, Waterloo, la.

H. Shaw, Waterloo, la.

M. Holmes, Waterloo, la.

A. F. Whittle, Waterloo, la,

L, L. Parsons, Douds, la.

T. E. Culp, Lincoln, Neb.

A. J. Bush, Aurora, la.

M. Mortensen, Ames, la.

F. K. Hinze, Hanlontown, la.

Grant H. Nutting, Davenport, la.

T. A. Clutter, Ames, la.

Peter Peterson, Linn Grove, la.

N. J. Shadwick. Scarville, la.

H. E. Hagen, Lake Mills, la.

S. O. Soloman, Scarville, la.

W. F. Graham, New Hartford, la.

W. E. Mann, Goldfield, la.

K. G. McKay, Ames, la.

T. A. Clark, West Bend, la.

Sam Haugdahl, St. Peter, Minn.

0. S. Neal, Dexter, la.

H. R. Galbraith, Dubuque, la.

J. H. Stubbs, Sioux City, la.

H. C. Young, Lincoln, Neb.

F. A. Leighton, Des Moines, la.

J. E. McAffrey, Dundee, la.
J. W. Love, Minneapolis, Minn.
Clair Lillibridge, Manchester, la.
J. B. Simmons, Parkersburg, la.
E. H. King, Parkersburg, la.
J. R. Chittick, Des Moines, la.

B. C. Iliff, Des Moines, la.
Geo. Bowen, Mason City, la.
Nels Nielsen, Gilbertsville, la.
W. F. Nace, Arhngton, la.
P. W. Johnson, Everly, la.
Martin Meyer, Madison, Wis.
J. L. Crump, St. Paul, Minn.
Andrew French, St. Paul, Minn,
R. E. Bantz, Otterville, la.

E. L. Gill, Independence, la.

Fred Meinhardt, Chicago, 111.

A. C. Collyer, Chicago, 111.

G. E. Allen, Fairfield, la.

E. M. Wentworth, Des Moines, la.

E. G. Parker, Sioux City, la.

C. J. Rohde, Manchester, la.

S. J. Alexander, Sioux City, la.
W. II. Maust, Waterloo, la.
W. H, Hanna, Waterloo, la.
H. J. Wilson, Waterloo, la.
A. Lowenfels, New Y'ork City.
Fred Brown, Parkersburg, la.
R. Duke Barnum. New Y'ork City.
•J. E. Enright, Milwaukee, Wis.
A. F. Ulrich, Dubuque, la.
A. E. Fridley, Sumner, la.
H. R. Bullis, St. Ansgar, la.
M. V. Bickel, Mason City, la.
N. W. Miller, Waterloo, la.
H. J. Binger, Ryan, la.
G. A. Emery, Ryan, la.
T. C. Myers, Waterloo, la.

E. J. Smith, Waterloo. la.
J. H. Seba, Ames, la.
Wm. Meltzer, Ames, la.

K K. Moore, Waterloo, la,
Geo. Assink, Bassett, la.
N. A. Harvey, Cedar Falls, la.
W. A. Sreer, Buckingham, la.

C. F. Brown, Waterloo, la.
G. A. Feelv, Waterloo, la.

F. H. McMillan, Waterloo, la.
A. M. Black, Waterloo. la.
F. L. King, Waterloo, la.

D. A. Palmer, Cxesco, la.
Fred Hessell, Waterloo, la.

E. H. Bryan, Hampton, la.
J. O. Ersland, Ladora, la.
W. R. Law, Waterloo, la.
H. D. CoAvles, Waterloo, la.
L. Beal, Waterloo, la.

D. A. Parker, Des Moines, la.

J. F. Laude, Greenfield, la.

N. J. Olliver, Waterloo, la.

J R. Smith, Chicago, 111.

T. H. Kenyon, Chicago, 111.

J. J. Gallagher, Cedar Rapids, la.

A. Lockhart, Denver, Colo.

L. Woodiwiss, Sheldon, la.

C. P. Hillman, Cedar Rapids, la.

F. W. Bunch, Waterloo, la.
A. F. Kelley, Sioux City, la.
Fred Sharp, Des Moines, la.

G. V. Fowler, Waterloo, la.
D L. Porch, Davenport, la.

D. J. Coyne, Chicago, 111.

W. L. KendaU, Cedar Rapids, la.

D. W. Dowry, Fredericksburg, la.
C. A. Lowry, Fredericksburg, la.
R. E. Leech, Independence, la.

E. R. Smith, Waterloo, la.

C. B. McClelland. Cedar Rapids. la.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX

529

MEMBERSHIP IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION-Continued

Jno. Deerf linger, Cedar Rapids, la,

H H. Beltz, Des Moines, la.

H. J. Burdick, Elgin, III.

R. V. McCauley, Waterloo, la.

F. W. Jacobs, Cedar Falls, la.

A. W. Chamberlain, Waterloo, la.

L. Larson, Carroll, la.

Francis Friday, Cromwell, la.

Ole T. Groe, Lake Mills, la.

Ira Finch, Fairbank, la.

E. H. Hansen, Maouoketa, la.
Bert Smith, Rowley, la.

I. Mitchell, Vinton, la.
H. H. Schroedemeier, Waverly, la.
V. A. Lagen, Dubuque, la,
J. J. Roach, Mason City, la,
Aug, Anderson, Ruthven, la.
Geo. W. Harben, Waterloo, la.
W, F. Carpenter, Manning, la.
Chris Schnecberger, Calmar, la.
L. M. Enger, Decorah, la.
R. G. Kingsley, Monona, la.
Thos. J. May, New York City.
R, A. Waugh, D^s Moines, la.

F. L. Odell, Des Moines, la,
I, Woodring, Waverly, la.
Geo, Fowler, Waterloo, la.
Jno. Kruise, Miles, la.

H. J. Enlebrecht, Waterloo, la.
F. A. Ferguson, Waterloo, la.
J. J. Rodgers, Montezuma, la,
J. E. Lauredson, Albert City, la.
N, O. Dahlen, Northwood, la.
Nock Thcede, Luzerne, la.
H. T. Landager, Conover, la.
Wm, H. Merner, Cedar Falls, la.
J. C. Rush, Williamsburg, la.
S. F. Kuntz, Ridgeway, la.
Jno. Engebretson, Scarville, la.
J. R. Roney, Decorah, la.
Henry Blossfield, Spragueville, la,
J. 0. Jonnson, Burr Oak, la.
F. R. Kershner, Winthrop, la.

D. D, Dean, Ferguson, la.
W, A. Schrandt, Calmar, la.

E. O, Barrick, Janesville, la.

F. L. Kerr, Manilla, la.

A. J. Stubbs, Des Moines, la,
H, M, McElroy, Newton, la.

C. L. Fisher, West Liberty, la.

G. E. Hillier, Cedar Rapids, la,
Harry W, Gleim, Arlington, la,
LeGrand Gleim, Arlington, la.
Carl Nelson, Swea City, la.

F. H. Brockamp, Ft. Atkinson, la.

D. P. Marve, Andover, la.
Chas. E. MeClue, Lanesboro, la.
H. M. McMasters, Iowa Falls, la.
H. B, Shirk, Spirit Lake, la.

C. S. Mitchell, Gladbrook, la,
J. W. Snow, Independence, la.

C. Hinkleman, Maquoketa, la.
Joe Brink, Marion, la.

L. R. Morford, Iowa City, la.

D. J. De Hough, Boyden, la.

H. G. Burtness, Hanlontown, la,

H. E. Kiester, Waterloo, la.

J. W. Bragstadt, Decorah, la.

J. P, Hummell, Waterloo, la.

r. L, Maxwell, Creston, la.

Chris Jensen, Toronto, la.

A. F. Radcliff, Ames, la.

H. C. Barker, Ames, la.

Rudolph Bominghaus, West Bend, la.

S. B. Nichols, Mason City, la.

E. W. Hellenschmidt, Waterloo, la.
Floyd Finney, Arlington, la.

J, W. Davis, Linn Grove, la.
H. C, Ladage, Plalnfield, la.
34

Otto Dangelsen, Decorah, la.
A. O, Bailey, Waterloo, la,
W. C, Renner, Waterloo, la.
O. Renner, Waterloo, la.
W. E. Boxton, Waterloo, la.
J. W. Davies, Linn Grove, la.
Guy Sickels, Athleston, la.

F. H. Lightfield, Buckeye, la.

H. C. Thompson, Buffalo Center, la.
J. Wappleby, Sand Spring, la.
J. W. Waterman, Klemme, la.
H. R. Smith, Ackley, la.
C. H. Woodiwiss, Stacyville, la.
W. P. Kramer, Cedar Rapids, la.
H. H. Case, Bremer, la.
' A. J. Andrews, Manchester, la.
H. A. Axtcll, Strawberry Point, la.
S. S. Hudson, Titonka, la.
W. H. Kothbentel, Ackley, la.
Hans Helgasen, St. Olaf, la.
K. L. Allen, Marshalltown, la.

G. M. Miller, Fayette, la.

M. F. Styles, Cedar Falls, la.

W. H. Kroeger, Bennett, la.

H. M. Crocker, Osage, la.

J. B. Kacht, Waterloo, la.

L. H. Finch, Fairbank, la.

P. P. Stewart, Maynard, la.

J. S. Briggs, Fayette, la.

J. H. Larkin, Chariton, la.

J. W. McDougal, Chariton, la.

Henry Scheidmantle, Ossian, la.

E. E. Henderson, Central City, la.

Frank Albro, Estherville, la.

Wm. L. Koch, Brow-n, la.

W. T. Kepler, Davenport, la.

Albert Brandt, Gentilly, Minn.

W. J. Wagner, Halbur, Ta.

L. D. Williams, New Hartford, la.

P. H. Kelly, Forest City, la.

Wm. H. Gingrich, Oak Park, 111.

Frank Bowdish, Randalia, la.

H. D. Reynolds, Mason City, la.

Ed Eitel, Hawkeye, la,

A. O. Pelly, Rowan, la.

J. A. Young, Waterloo, la,

A. L. Landis, Coleburg, la.
Jno. Jensen, Waterloo, la.
Jno. Corton, Waterloo, la.
Wilbur Miller, Waterloo, la.
Henry Rosenow, Sumner, la.

' J. M. Lichty, Waterloo, la.
C. E. Bailey, Waterloo, la.
G. A. Anderson, Spring Grove, Minn.
Robt. Walsh, Zwingle, la.
H. W. Laude, Dubuque, la.
Jerome Feeney, Zwingle, la.
Joe Taylor, Dubuque, la.
Aug. Meyer, Lowden, la.
Geo. F. Kruckenberg, Lowden, la.
R. G. Walters, Hudson, la.
Arthur Hollis, Cedar Falls, la.
H;!rold R. Grim, Hudson, la.
Geo. H. Reifsnider, New York City.
J. W. Andorf, Hudson, la.
Chas. E. Bickley, Hudson, la.
Lawrence Wassem, Hudson, la.
Aug. Brandhorst, Hudson, la.
W. J. Wilson, Grundy Center, la.

B. R. Churchill, Grundy Center, la,
H. B. Addington, Cedar Rapids, la.
A. N. Wilson, Hudson, la.

Fred Christophel, Bremer, la.

Frank Thoren, Waverly, la.

H. Geiger, W^Tterloo, la.

G. F, Johnson, Hudson, la.

S. P. Hoover, Waterloo, la.

A. L. Smith, Hudson, la.

Jno. A. Wolstroni, Minneapolis, Minn.

530

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE^

MEMBERSHIP IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION, 1912-Continued

C. M. Kite, Toledo, Ohio.

P. D. Nelson, Moorhead, la.

M. H. Thompson, Hudson, la.

C. A. Stensland. Saude. la.

R. H. Walker, Swea City. la.

Geo. C. Butterfield, Swea City, la.

Fred Thomas, Dike, la.

John Silverhorn, Hartley, la.

H. S. Hague, Zwingle, la.

B. H, Loeffers, Lemars, la.

C. M. Raybum, Calmar, la.
A. O. Plagesrud, Calmar. la.
Iver Barlow, Calmar, la.

A. A. Olsen, Conover, la.
E. C. Hunhan, Okoboji, la.
J. W. Millness, Preston, la.
Henry LaPrenz, Hudson, la.

E. E. Sweitzer, Reinbeck, la.
R. E. Burns, Voorhees, la.
G. C. Terrill, Hudson, la.
H. H. Miller, Hudson, la.

Ed Gerlack, Fredericksburg, la.

A, F. Kolthoff, New Hampton, la.

W. H. Kolthoff, Fredericksburg, la.

Fred Kolthoff, New Hampton, la.

Chas. Waltz, Fredericksburg, la.

Carl R«edy, Malcom, la.

Ed H. Craney, Independence, la.

David Hansen, Cedar Falls, la.

H. R. Wright, Des Moines, la,

Nels Gylleck, Kenset, la.

W. C. Tucker, Ionia, la,

Carl Erickson, Nora Springs, la.

Albert Heyn, Cumberland, la.

J. L. Dawley, Kansas City, la.

Walter Faulkner, Hudson, la.

F. B. Kenney, Waverly, la.

W. K. Edwards, Williamsburg, la.
F. S. Procter, Fredericksburg, la.
J. A. Helling, Arlington, la.
Jno. H. Grim, Hudson. la.
Ernest Brandhorst, Hudson, la,
I. R. Sheffler, Tripoli, la.
S, M, Lumbus, Waterloo, la.

E. Euken, Cumberland, la.
J. C. Koch, TripoH, la.

F. E. Cowles, Pulaski, la.
C. D. Becker, Waterloo, la.

J. W. Cagley, Charles City, la.
J. E. Lindering, Charles City, la.
Jno. Christiansen, Thornton, la.
Wilbur Day, Brighton, la.
H. R. Jacobs, Scotch Grove, la.
J. W. Swineburn, Delhi, la.

E, A. Ikenbury, Algona, la.
W, S. Wilcox, Mason City, la.
Ed Canfield, Fort Dodge, la.

F, G. Pratt, Des Moines, la.

J. S. Stubbs, Sioux City. la.

Fred Butz, Ridgeway, la.

M. E. Blair, Manchester, la.

R. E. Hollenbeck, Shell Rock, la.

Jesse W. Waltzman, Delhi, la.

Fred Pieplow, Aurora, la.

C. L. Whitcomb, Fredericksburg, la.

B. A. Weitnauer, Hazleton, la.

E. F, Briggs, Rockford, la.
H, F. DuBois, Nashua, la,
M. E, McMurray, Nashua, la.
Stuart Barnett, Charles City, la,
N, H, Nelson, Charles City, la,

J, C. Farnham, Rockford, la.

Olaf D. Loburg, Emmons, Minn.

S. S. Jeck, Atlantic, la.

H. O. Nelson, Swea City, la,

O, R. Beasted, Ames, la,

W. H. Jones, Ames, la.

M. J. Johnson, Shell Rock, la.

F. A. Salsbury, Vinton, la,
E. S. Pyburn, Vinton, la.

A. H. White, Oskaloosa, la.

B. E. Jenifer, Chicago, 111.
S. E. Bentley, Waterloo, la.

C. R. Munger, Waterloo, la.
T. J. Julien, Algona, la.
Howard ShuU, Williamsburg, la.
W. S. Butler, WiUiamsburg, la.
A. Whitacker, West Liberty, la.
W. O. Page, Beaver Creek, Wis.

G. A. Morgan, Spencer, la.

P. J. Cooney, New Hampton, la.

J. H. Prier, Dyersville, la.

C. C. Butler, Waterloo, la.

J. T. Handt, Waterloo, la.

L. B. Newburger, Ames, la.

Ed Shuna, Ames, la.

J. B, Morck, Aplington, la,

J, E, Workman, Sioux City, la,

G. A, Rosenberger, Iowa Falls, la.

H. J. Hansen, New Hartford, la.

W, A, Rizer, Scotch Grove, la,

C. A. Sutherland, Scotch Grove. la.

J. N. Kiburg, Scotch Grove, la.

E. C. Capper, Dumont, la.
W. L. Latcher, Fairbank, la.
M. Wamsley, Clarksville, la.
L. E, Darby, ClarksviUe, la.
C. Darby, Clarksville, la.
Fred Hillman, Lytton, la.

H. E, Corin, Waterloo, la.

R, E. Cobb, Independence, la.

W. N. McLennon, Owasa, la.

Jno. Gunn, Owasa, la.

Chas, Jackson, Owasa. la.

W. A. Allen, Owasa, la.

C. E. Fassler, Owasa, la.

Clarence Huffman. Owasa, la.

Jas. Taff, Jesup, la.

Florence Carter, Jesup, la.

Frank Brunner, Charles City, la.

Carey Jones, Iowa Falls, la.

W. E. Carver, Cedar Rapids, la.

Will Dilley, Fredericksburg, la.

S. Gatlin, Oskaloosa, la.

M. S, Stevens, Oskaloosa, la.

L. R, Leeper, Waterloo, la,

L. Morse, Waterloo, la,

F, E, Helleman, Fort Dodge, la,
E. Easem, Waterloo, la.

W. F. Shafer, Postville. la.

PART X

Extracts from State Dairy Commissioner's Report
of 1912 — Twenty-Sixth Annual

W. B. BARNEY, Gemmissioner

In looking up data in this office, we find that the first report made by
the Dairy Commissioner was published with the proceedings of the
Agricultural Society and that this report covered six months and was
under date of November 1, 1886. On November 1, 1887, the Honorable
H. D. Sherman made his second report to the governor, Wm. Larrabee,
covering the first eighteen months following the enactment of the Dairy
Law. This report showed that one assistant or clerk was employed.
Little data had been kept as to the amount or value of Iowa dairy products
up to this time. The report does not show much of promise in the
situation.

Later enactments of the legislature made this department responsible
for the enforcement of the following laws:
Pure Food Law.
Weight and Measure Law.
Agricultural Seed Law.
Concentrated Feeding Stuffs Law.
Condimental Stock Food Law.
Paint and Linseed Oil Law.
Turpentine Law.

The foregoing statement of expenses of this department includes the
salaries of the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, State Dairy In-
spector, four Assistant Dairy Commissioners, two Assistant Dairy Com-
missioners, and Food Inspectors, five Food Inspectors, and the clerical
help in both Dairy and Food Departments. The janitor though paid by
this department does the work in the Veterinary Department also.

"We have not thought best to discuss matters in this report per-
taining to the enforcement of these laws only as they are incidentally
connected and have to do with the dairy work. It is obvious to all
that a good sanitary law would be most helpful in bringing about better
conditions in dairying as well as in all other branches of the various
industries that are connected with food products. Therefore, our recom-
mendation that a sanitary measure be enacted.

532 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Up to the time of the Civil war a very large proportion of our people
lived on farms. They had very little to sell and bought less. Many of
us recall the days when a little sugar, tea, coffee and spices, was about
all that we bought of the grocer or at that time the general store. There
were practically no eatables offered for sale in cans or cartons, as many
of the products that the housewife depends upon her grocer for now,
were then prepared on the farm or in the home. The farmer raised
his own grains taking them to the local mill to be ground, the miller
taking his share in the shape of toll for the grinding, the farmer
taking what was left, if there was any. Even in those days protection
by the enactment of a just law would have been helpful. The farmer
raised his own meats. Cattle, hogs and sheep were killed on the farm.
The packer was practically unknown as the farmer cured his supply of
meat during the winter for the ensuing year. Creameries had not been
thought of, as all butter v/as made on the farm. We had no reason for
the enactment of an "oleo" law as this product was not known.

Conditions have changed in the last half century and we have little
idea of the man who raises our grains or grinds our flour, or who our
butcher is, or who furnishes us with our butter, eggs, and poultry. The
man who produces it to sell has little knowledge of who will consume
it. This is a commercial age and naturally the man who has any kind
of a product for sale desires to get out of it all that he possibly can.
The larger percentage of the people engaged in the business are selling
dairy and food products without misrepresentation or adulteration.
There are people who for the sake of profit are unscrupulous enough to
adulterate and misrepresent these products. Therefore, the necessity of
enacting laws and the appointment of officers, whose duty it is to see
that these laws are enforced as a matter of protection to the people.
HELPFUL ACTS OF THE THIRTY-FOURTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

The last legislature did much to strengthen the dairy and food laws
as well as making possible the enforcement of all laws by giving the
commissioner power to withhold or revoke licenses of the operators of
the Babcock test or that of a milk dealer. Great discretion should, and
has been, used in this work and only in extreme cases have we felt
obliged to revoke these licenses. The great good that results from this
kind of a law is that it may be used as a "Big Stick" in obliging offenders
to comply with the law or discontinue business.

INCREASED REVENUE FROM LICENSES.

Two thousand, six hundred sixty-nine licenses to operate the Babcock
test were issued the first year ending June 1, 1912. As a source of
revenue this measure brought to the state treasury $6,682.50. The amount
will undoubtedly reach $7,000.00 this year. The increased revenue of
$744.00 from milk licenses (the law having been changed so as to apply
to all municipal corporations instead of to cities of 10,000 or more
people) should be added to the above, making a net increase of $7,426.50.
This would pay the salary and expenses of three extra men.

The addition of two Assistant Dairy Commissioners in the depart-
ment by the Thirty-fourth General Assembly has enabled us to care for

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 533

the work in a much more satisfactory manner than ever before. The
appointment of inspectors for the purpose of doing both dairy and food
work was something of a departure from former custom, and the re-
sults have been most satisfactory.

EDUCATIONAL WORK.

The records show that speakers from this department have addressed
over three hundred meetings within the last year. We have assisted
the Iowa State Dairy Association by furnishing men as speakers on
dairy trains. Many of the addresses have been before farmers' institutes,
dairy picnics, pure food shows, women's clubs, etc.

INCREASE IN NUMBER OP CREAMERIES. "*

We have assisted in the organization of a number of new creameries
as well as to. help those that have needed assistance of various kinds.
Our last report shows that Iowa had 494 creameries. This report shows
an increase of 18 or a total of 512. We think this a very creditable
showing. No branch of Iowa's manufacturing industries has more to
do with the general prosperity of our people than this.

IOWA AS A BUTTER STATE.

V/e have tried to present for consideration of the Iowa dairymen a
few concrete facts like the following:

Iowa produces annually 100,000,000 pounds of creamery butter, Avhich
at 30 cents per pound is worth $30,000,000.00.

The average Iowa cow produces 140 pounds of butter fat annually.
AlH increase of fifty pounds per cow would mean an additional income
to Iowa of $18,750,000. An increase of 100 pounds per cow would mean
a net increase of $37,500,000.

The best Iowa county produces 7,542 pounds of creamery butter per
square mile. If the entire state produced an equal amount on each
square mile, Iowa would yield annually 418,558,875 pounds of butter
worth $125,567,622.50 or more than four times its present output.

Herein lies Iowa's opportunity.

Is it not worth while?

We have tried to show that by the use of the scales and Babcock test
and the weeding out process with a little better care and feed they could
easily increase the production of their herd fifty pounds per cow per
year. That by the use of a pure bred dairy sire they could breed up
their herds and make a still further increase of fifty pounds per cow,
making a net increased income of $37,500,000.00. It is in the last three
or four years only that any considerable number of dairy sires have
been shipped into the state. It is easy to understand that it takes sev-
eral years before an increase in our production will be shown as most
of the heifers, the result of the first cross, would not be bred to freshen
before they are about three years of age. We maintain that a herd
bred up by the use of a pure bred dairy sire is for all practical pur-
poses, so far as the production of dairy products is concerned, as good

534 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

as a pure bred herd, especially after four or five crosses. We always
advise the use of a pure bred sire and never discourage the buying of
some pure bred females if the dairyman has a few hundred dollars left
after buying the sire.

SAVE THE CALVES.

We think the tendency among the dairymen to rush the calves to
market as soon as they are dropped deplorable. We are greatly limiting
the supply of dairy cows by this course. There is already a shortage of
she stuff and the only remedy we know of is that of saving the larger
share of the best heifer calves. Prices for good dairy cows were never
higher nor the demand better than at this time, and if we wish to come
anywhere near keeping up the supply for the future the heifers at least
must be spared. If some change does not come at once and more
calves can be raised the price of cows will be prohibitive, and as a
result our supply of dairy products will be materially reduced.

NEW BUILDING A NECESSITY.

New quarters for this department should be provided. Within the
last two or three years the work of this department has more than
doubled. The help has, and will have to be increased as extra work
is added. Permit me to call attention to the following, which is a fair
indication of the growth of the department: The receipts turned over
to the state treasurer for 1909 were $9,593.24; for 1910, $17,435.32;
for 1911, $20,892.97; for the first nine months of 1912, January
1st to October 1st, $18,422.88. Besides the above, all the fines under
the Pure Food Law are turned into the school fund in the different
counties where prosecutions are made.

The quarters now occupied by this Department were never suitable
to the work, and at this time are too congested to permit the best
service. There are so many other departments in the capitol that are
overcrowded that we sincerely hope that the Thirty-fifth General As-
sembly will see the necessity of the erection of a new building with
the least possible delay.

NEW MEASURES RECOMMENDED.

The enforcement of the Weight and Measure Law was added to
the duties of this Department late in the last session of the General
Assembly. This has given us at least 2 5 per cent more work than
we formerly had to look after. No additional help or increase in
appropriation was given on this account. The enactment of an entirely
new weight and measure law, a cold storage law, and a sanitary
measure similar to the one passed by the senate at the last session are
recommended as absolutely necessary. A net weight law would be
most helpful in correcting some of the evils now existing.

If the members of the senate and house could be impressed with
the fact that there is such a general demand for these laws as we
know exists, they would not question the advisability of their enact-
ment without delay.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 535

SILOS.

Twenty-five years ago the silo was almost an unheard of thing in
Iowa. The rapid increase in the price of land has brought about a
condition which makes the farmer of today study economic problems
in connection with his business the same as any other manufacturer.
Leakages or wastes must be guarded against if the farmer is to make
a profit on his high-priced land.

The dairy cow is the most economical producer of human food on
the farm if fed and cared for in an intelligent manner. The milk
of a cow that produces 10,000 pounds yearly contains 8,710 pounds
of water, 290 pounds of fat, 485 pounds of sugar, 340 pounds of
protein and 7 5 pounds of ash. Therefore, it is evident that the cow
must consume large quantities of succulent feed to produce econom-
ically. The grass in summer provides her with this succulent feed
but if the farmer is without a silo his cows are deprived of succulent
feed for winter use. No man keeping six or more cows can afford
to be without a silo regardless of the first cost.

Today the silo is no longer an experiment and practically all the
leading dairymen of the country are using them. Some seven or eight
thousand new silos have been built in Iowa alone during the past year
which is sufficient evidence that they are a success. We are not
suffering today in the rural districts for the want of finding new things
so much as we are for the simple application of the things we already
know. Practically every farmer admits that the silo is a good thing
but he puts off till tomorrow what he should do today and the waste
of crop continues from year to year. In the corn belt where stalks
are allowed to stand in the field, 40 per cent of the crop is wasted.
It has been estimated that an acre of corn put up in the silo has a
value of $45.00 while the same standing in the field and husked has
a value of $27.00.

Thus it can be seen that the silo nearly doubles the value of the
corn crop.

In feeding silage with alfalfa or clover hay, we have practically
a balanced ration all raised on the farm. Experiments have been con-
ducted at the Kansas and other stations which show that the grain
ration can be cut down one-half the usual amount where alfalfa or
clover hay and ensilage are fed. Ensilage always plays a prominent
part in the economical ration of most farm animals and may the day
be not far distant when the silo will be as common a sight on the
Iowa farm as the corn-crib is today.

CITY MILK INSPECTION.

While there is yet much room for improvement, we do feel that the
cities of Iowa today are receiving better milk than at any previous time.
(We quote a recent editorial in the Breeders' Gazette of Chicago)
"The city milk consumer wants clean milk and should have it. There
is a marked and 'very healthy demand for better milk by the board of
health in practically all cities and many of them are considering the

536 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

enactment of regulations and restrictions for the producer of milk.
Sometimes these are not wise, sometimes they remember that to
conform to their rules requires an increased outlay and a higher pro-
duction cost but most times they do not. When the city is ready to
pay for clean, first class milk, it will be forthcoming, but the cheap
milk and the clean, rich milk which most cities demand, is an impos-
sible combination. It is not fair to the dairyman to ask that they
furnish a superior product at an inferior price. The real solution
for less bacteria is more cents per quart."

We feel that by the use of the government score card, we are
enabled to efficiently improve the sanitary condition of the dairies
and instruct the dairymen in the better care of their product. We
surmise that the marked agitation for pure milk in Chicago is causing
the cities of Iowa to wake up to the importance of the supervision
of the milk supply, but we should remember that the conditions in the
smaller cities are not what they are found to be in cities the size of Chi-
cago, in this: that in the average Iowa city the milk is consumed before
it is 2 4 hours old and probably 50 per cent of it within 12 hours from
the time it is milked; v/hereas, in these larger cities where the milk
is shipped in from long distances, the milk is usually 24 hours and
often 48 hour.g or more old before it reaches the consumer.

There are two cardinal points that control the wholesomeness of
milk, one is its age and the other the tempsrature at which it is kept
and while the latter condition is overcome in a measure by the use
of refrigeration cars, the age of the milk in these larger cities is always
much increased before consumption and while our problems are sim-
ilar, it is much simplified. In these towns and small cities, the bulk
of the milk is produced within a short hauling distance and much
of it even within the corporation.

The market milk question would be greatly simplified if, as Dr.
Jacobi, in his president's address before the last meeting of the A. M. A.,
states that practically all mothers could nurse their own infants if
they would and the use of artificial feed for infants could thus be
eliminated. His remark that an action for homicide should be insti-
gated in every case of death of a baby from want of its own mother's
milk against the doctor, the nurse or the mother, seems harsh, but
it is doubtless true.

We recognize the fact that in a large sense the question of clean
milk -is a public health question but we must also reraember that it
has an economic side and that the most efficient way to induce the
dairyman to produce a sanitary milk is to increase their profits by
furnishing for them a market whereby it may replace the inferior
sort. Sanitary milk cannot be produced with the average Iowa cow,
delivered and sold on the market today for less than 8 1-3 cents per
quart. From personal observation I should estimate that 85 per cent
of our market milk is sold for a little over 7 cents per quart (14 quarts
for $1.00) or less. Possibly 14 per cent at 8 1-3 cents per quart (or
12 quarts for $1.00) and only a fraction of 1 per cent above this price.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 537

Market milk lias not increased in price proportionate to other dairy
products in recent years.

The salntary effect of milk inspection is well illustrated by reference
to the experience of the city of Rochester, N. Y. During the five years
from 1887 to 1892 the Infant mortality of that city ranged from 740
to 900 per cent. Tn 1892 efficient milk inspection was inaugurated
and the infant mortality rapidly dropped until during the years from
1897 to 1904 it ranged between 400 and 4 60 per year.

We have been using quite extensively the government score card
and we find that the average score of dairy farms in Iowa is less than
45 per cent out of a possible 100 per cent. This, of course, is quite
low but not so low as that of the dairies supplying milk to Chicago
which is nearly five points less and the dairies supplying the city of
Washington score an average of only 43 points. While the use of the
score card system is of recent date, all familiar with its use agree that
by the proper use of this system, the dairies so scored do improve
often quite m.aterially from one to a subsequent visit of the inspector.
By its use each particular item is gone over in detail and record made
of conditions found and while some might be inclined to give undue
importance to some one thing, this method gives to each item its
proper and due weight and no more. In the city of Des Moines all
the dairies supplying milk to the city were scored for the first time
some two years ago and we have just recently finished scoring them
again and find that the average increase of the score of these dairies
has been in this time 13 points (or from 4 6 to 59).

The problems in market mJlk vary with the season. For instance;
in the winter time when cows are housed, the sanitary conditions of
the barn, (including the kind of floor, ventilation, provisions for light)
have a marked influence on the quality of the milk; whereas, in the
summ.er, this factor does not enter largely into the question for the
reason that the cows are stabled only at milking time. But in the
summer, we have the fly to deal with. This is a very unwelcome com-
panion to the cow and only recently have the people been awakened
to the fact that the fly is the one great menace to the public health.
We find as much or more visible dirt or sediment in milk during the
summer time than during the winter season but this summer sediment
is not so deleterious to the milk as that of winter. The sediment in
summer is usually caused by the cow wading or standing in water
and fighting flies and throwing the muddy water on her udder and
belly. This dries and at the time of milking falls into the pail in
the form of black dirt or sand, whereas, the sediment found in win-
ter's milk is usually dried manure.

The proper food for the infant mammal be it man, horse, cow, dog
or sheep or porpoise is the milk of its own mother, but with the
human infant, the best and most available substitute for its mother's
milk is the milk of the cow. The ideal milk is that produced from
perfectly healthy cows and handled in a strictly sanitary manner,
milked clean, cooled immediately after milking and consumed at the
earliest possible moment thereafter.

538 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

There is a tendency to demand that market milk shall be pasteur-
ized. The attitude of this department on the question of pasteuriza-
tion stated briefly is this: In the absence of a strictly first class raw
milk, pasteurization is advisable and when we speak of pasteurization
we mean efficient pasteurization. Efficient pasteurization is that
process whereby all pathogenic germs in the milk are rendered inert
and harmless by heating the milk to the lowest possible point. This
can be accomplished by heating the milk to a temperature of 145
degrees F. for 25 to 30 minutes. Commercial pasteurization is usually
not efficient pasteurization but is used simply for the purpose of killing
the lactic acid bacteria and thus preventing the souring of milk. A
milk that in its raw state could not be sold and delivered to the cus-
tomer from the fact that it would become sour in a few hours can
be pasteurized and remains sweet for a period of 24 to 48 hours.
Pasteurization, however, does not make dirty milk clean milk. That
the mother may be sure that the milk is properly pasteurized, we
recommend the home pasteurization of milk. This is not a laborious
task nor does it require great technical skill or extensive apparatus
to pasteurize the amount of milk used by the baby. We feel that we
should insist upon this process being used particularly during the
hot months of summer. It can be accomplished thus:

See that the milk is sweet and clean when delivered to you. Place
the bottle in a pail or similar receptacle, holding at least as large a
volume of water as you have of milk. Place under the bottle a per-
forated can cover or some similar device to keep the bottom of the
bottle from immediate contact from the bottom of this pail. Place
this pail, filled with water up to near the level of the milk in the
bottle, over the flame, and when the water has boiled, but not the
milk, remove immediately from the stove and allow the milk bottle
to stand in this water for twenty-five minutes. Then remove and cool
as quickly as possible to 50 degrees F. or less. The milk bottle
should be placed in a clean refrigerator in the compartment with
the ice and not with the other articles of food in the refrigerator.

The consumer is apt to think there is nothing he can do. Observa-
tion teaches that when the patrons of the milk man are in the habit
of visiting his dairy farm and looking over the conditions there he
is apt to be more particular to keep things looking clean than he
otherwise would. If you are a patron of his, it is certainly your
privilege to do this and particularly if you have children in your
family it is a duty you owe to yourself and them. If the dairy is clean,
they will welcome such inspection and if it is dirty, they are apt to
clean up. Ask your milkman for explicit instructions for finding his
farm or the farm where the milk is produced. If he is expecting you,
it often has the same effect as though you should actually go out.

Market milk should be delivered in bottles. Ycu should have a
place where the milkman may leave it out of the way of cats and
dogs and in a cool, shady place. These bottles should be taken into
the house as soon as delivered, put under the cold water faucet, and
washed off on the outside. Then loosen the cap and place the bottle

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X

539

in the refrigerator or on the ice, inverting over the mouth of the
bottle a common teacup. We score the dairyman for uncleanliness,
and bad smelling surroundings, but it is a fact that most family
refrigerators would be benefitted by more frequent cleaning and airing.
The medical milk commission of the city of New York visited 4,300
homes in that city and found milk improperly cared for in 4,100 of
these homes.

Table showing the number of milk licenses issued to city milk dealers for each year
from 1905 to 1912. In each case the year ends on July 4.

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

•
1910

Jll

1912

827

803

1006

1078

1149

1106

1310

1908

Cities

Boone

Burlington -—
Cedar Rapids-.

Clinton

Council Bluffs

Davenport

Des Moines

Dubuque

Fort Dodge

Keokuk

Towa City

MarshalltoAvn
Mason City_--

Muscatine

Ottumwa

Sioux City

Waterloo

Population

10,347
25,741
32,811
25,577
29,292
43,028
86,368
38,494
15,543
14,008
10,091
14,000
11,230
16,178
22,012
47,848
26,693

Inspectors

M. Healy, M. D.
W. F. Sehroeder
Phil Pray

Peter Smith

H. J. High

J. Howard Sasseen

F. J. Kennedy, D. V. S.

D. C. Benjamin

W. P. Sherlock, M. D.
C. S. Chase, M. D.
J. A. Turner

A. L. Wheeler, M. D.
John Tillie, D. V. S.

B. W. Van Der Veer

E. C. Pape
W. W. Wyant

540

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

f3(^r\4tc^^ J^lLlv Irvs^ix^ito^Fy^

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 541

IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

The Iowa State Dairy Association, first with Hugh G. Van Pelt as
expert, and since June 1st under the direction of E. S. Estel as expert,
has worked throughout the entire state during the past year. It has
been the main object of the association to reach as many farmers and
dairymen as possible and give a general insight into the dairy condi-
tions as they now exist in the state, and to advocate practical methods
for future improvement.

The most important activities during the past year have been the
dairy trains operating over the Illinois Central system and the Rock
Island system north of the main line. Large and interested crowds
met the trains at every stop and listened attentively to the talks and
practical demonstrations given by the experts. Seventy-six towns
were visited on the Illinois Central and one hundred and nine on the
Rock Island, the speakers reaching 130,000 interested Iowa farmers.

Aside from the dairy trains, speakers were furnished for thirty-
eight farmers' institutes during the winter. The creameries have been
holding meetings and picnics all summer to encourage their patrons
to first raise a more profitable type of dairy animal and then produce
a better grade of cream for the factory and in view of these pressing
needs thirty-two such meetings have been attended by speakers from
the association. Considering all of the meetings held, the speakers
representing the Iowa State Dairy Association have attended two hun-
dred and fifty-five meetings and talked directly to over 150,000 farmers
of the state.

ICE-CREAM.

Not long ago almost the entire dairy output of Iowa was made into
butter and cheese. The dairy industry in this state has been growing
rapidly and with its growth has come an equal increase in the manu-
facture of ice-cream. Today the ice-cream industry in the United States
is worth considerably more than $100,000,000 annually. The profits
to be derived in using cream for ice-cream when com.pared with butter
making are almost double, thus it is an incentive for the small creamiery
man to use a part of his cream supply for ice-cream purposes.

During the past year the increase in the number of factories in
this state has been great and the ice-cream expert in this department
has been busy regulating the output and giving assistance to all fac-
tories that have so desired. The coming year the department expects
to enforce the law regarding the standard of fat in ice-cream and will
continue to lend all assistance possible to the ice-cream makers through-
out the state.

A simple method for standardizing and one that can be applied by
any maker is the "Square Method." It can be applied to any problem
which may come up. For example, the cream you wish to standardize
tests 39 per cent and the milk on hand 3.7 per cent, how much cream
and how much milk will it be necessary to mix in order to get 20 per

cent cream?

39 16.3

20
3.7 19.

542 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

In the center of the square place the per cent to which it is desired
to standardize, at the upper left hand corner place the figure repre-
senting the richness of the cream used, and at the lower left hand
corner place the per cent of fat in the milk. In order to get the
amount of each to use in standardizing, all that is necessary to do in
order to get the proportions is to simply subtract the 20 from the 39,
giving 19, or the parts of milk necessary to use, and from 20 subtract 3.7
leaving 16.3, the number of parts of cream to use with 19 parts of
milk. From this we see that in order to produce 2 0 per cent cream
from 3 9 psr cent cream and 3.7 per cent milk, it is necessary to use for
every 16.3 pounds of cream, 19 pounds of milk, giving a total of 35.3
pounds of 2 0 per cent cream.

From this proportioning, it is possible to work any problem in
standardization. If you wished 4 00 pounds of 20 per cent cream and
had 39 per cent cream, and 3.7 per cent milk to make it from, it is
necessary to divide 400 by 35.3 which will give a factor with which
to multiply the number of pounds of cream and milk required to make
35.3 pounds of 20 per cent cream, the sum of which will give 400 or
400 pounds of 2 0 per cent cream.

Another example using the same figures: Suppose you had 59.5
pounds of 39 per cent cream and wished to know how much 3.7 per
cent milk would be required to reduce it to 20 per cent. This can be
determined by dividing 59.5 by 16.3, the amount of cream used for
every 19 pounds of milk giving a factor which multiplied by the 19
will give the number of pounds of milk to use.

Some will ask. "How is this method used in standardizing cream with
skimmed milk?" The method is just the same, the skimmed milk
being figured at zero per cent.

39 20=20 — 0

20
0 19-39 — 20

The proportions are the same as before for every 20 parts cream
19 parts skimmed milk are required to reduce it to 2 0 per cent.

It sometimes may occur that creamerymen may want to know how
much ^Idmmed milk it will be necessary to remove from an amount of
whole milk in order to get 20 per cent cream. The square method
still holds good except the proportions are a little different. Given 3.7
per cent milk to reduce to 2 0 per cent cream.

3.7 20

20
0 16.3

16.3 pounds of skimmed milk must be removed from each 20 pounds
of 3.7 per cent milk in order to get 20 per cent cream.

Along this same line, a large number of the makers called upon have
asked the question, "What must the cream used in ice-cream test so
that when it is made up the ice-cream will con:e up to the required
standard?" The sugar, flavoring material, and filler added to the
cream adds weight to the mix— consequently, a reduction of the per-
centage of butter fat. Just how much the cream will be reduced
depends upon the amount of ingredients added.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 543

A rule that can be followed to determine the percentage of cream
which must be used in order to conform to the standard, is as follows:
Multiply the weight of the mix bj^ the percentage of butter fat desired
in the ice-cream and divide this by the number of pounds of cream
used in the mix. To illustrate — suppose the mix consisted of 44
pounds of cream, 8 pounds of sugar, 4 ounces of filler, and four ounces
of flavor, making a total weight of 52.5 pounds for the mix. In order
to be on the safe side, at least a 12.5 per cent ice-cream should be
made.

52. 5x. 125 = 6. 56=pounds of butter fat which must be contained in the
mix, or pounds of fat in the original cream. By dividing 6.56 by 44
we get .149 or 14.9 per cent, the test of the cream which must be
ased in the mix to give a 12.5 per cent ice-cream.

A large number of the makers visited bought their cream by the
gallon and were paying prices equivalent to 41 to 5 5 cents per pound
butter fat. This cream was bought on the supposition that it tested
18 to 24 per cent. In a great many instances the test fell considerably
below these marks. From these observations, it seems that buying
cream by the gallon unnecessarily increases the cost of manufacture
since sweet cream could be had very generally over the state at prices
ranging from two to ten cents above market quotation for butter to
4 0 cents per pound butter fat. Where butter fat was bought, 4 0 cents
was the highest price paid.

Several makers in making up their ice-cream used these supposed
tests as a basis in standardizing their cream and were surprised that
their ice-cream did not test as much as they had thought. From this,
we- are led to believe that ice-cream makers who have been buying
cream by the gallon would do well to pay by the test.

By standardizing the cream for ice-cream making the guess work
can be eliminated and by paying for cream by the test the cost of
manufacture should be reduced.

COW TESTING.

The yearly test of the dairy cow has increased in popularity during
the past year, and we are beginning to realize that it is through the
individual that we must build the foundation for more and better
dairy animals. It is pleasing to report that during the past month a
number of cows in different parts of the state have finished records of
600 to 650 pounds of butter fat for the year. W. W. Marsh of Water-
loo, Iowa, has again continued his offering of $1,000.00 for yearly tests
to be conducted by the Iowa State College under the supervision of the
Iowa Cow Culture Club. This year there are 75 cows entered in the
test.

BOOST FOR BETTER QUALITY.

Each year we become more impressed with the fact that health
is largely governed by the quality of the food we eat. Both milk and
cream are consumed in a raw state and no articles of our diet are such
harbingers of disease producing bacteria if exposed to them at a low

544 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

temperature. It is very important that the producer reduce the tem-
perature of the milk as soon as it is drawn or after separation, to a
temperature of 50 degrees or lower, and -keep it in a sanitary place.
When it is passed on to the wholesaler or retailer it must be kept under
the same conditions and the consumer must not disregard these same
precautions up to the time the milk or cream is placed on the table.

It is a very deplorable fact that large quantities of the cream pro-
duced in this state have become greatly deteriorated in quality and in
some cases almost decomposed, before it reaches the creamery. Such
cream cannot be made into first grade butter and sooner or later the
producer has to suffer for his negligence in the care of his cream. In
view of this fact, the Dairy and Food Department have issued 50,000
copies of a bulletin called, "Care of Cream on the Farm" and also
15,000 copies of another bulletin called "Care of Milk and Cream in
the Home," either of which may be obtained upon request.

"The Dairy and Food Commission of the state of Iowa will use every
means to bring about the grading of cream and paying therefor accord-
ing to quality or grade. The best interests of dairying in this state
demand that this system be adopted, and the following grades are
hereby established:

"Special Grade Cream is hand separator cream showing not more than
.15 per cent acidity, free from bad odors, not over two days old in
warm weather and not more than three days old in cold weather and
testing 2 5 per cent or above.

"First G-racle Cream is hand separator cream reasonably sweet, free
from bad odors, not over three days old in warm weather and not over
four days old in cold weather, and testing 25 per cent or above.

"Second Grade Cream is cream not reasonably sweet, over three days
old in warm weather and over four days old in cold weather, is not of
good flavor, hand skimmed and water separated, and testing less than
2 5 per cent butter fat."

WHY TESTS VARY.

Many things, both separately and collectively, tend to cause varia-
tions in milk and cream testing. Those who are not familiar with the
Babcock test look upon it with a certain degree of awe, see in it some
mysterious contrivance to baffle the producer, while in reality it is a
much simpler machine and more easily understood and operated than
half the machines used on the modern farms today. Any person of
ordinary intelligence can learn to operate the Babcock test in a com-
paratively short time. It is more a test of care and accuracy than it
is any great understanding of chemical action. It is quite easy for a
dishonest man to manipulate the test in different ways, and so much
of this has been done in recent years that different states have passed
very drastic laws to punish the offender as well as protect the farmer
and the honest operator. Today the chances for dishonesty have been
reduced to the minimum by the passage of the aforementioned laws
and by the installation of many testers on the dairy farms.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 545

The variations to be found in testing milk are due to several causes.
The fat content of milk varies much more than any other solid found
in it. When any appreciable difference occurs in the fat content of the
milk of one or more cows, usually some definite reason can be supplied,
but once in a while a variation will occur when there seems to be no
valid explanation for it. The addition of a fresh cow's milk will often
increase or perhaps reduce the average fat content of the whole herd.
The different breeds of cows govern the fat content largely, there being
quite a decided difference between the Holsteins and Jerseys in that
respect. The period of lactation also affects the fat content. For the
first couple of months after calving, the fat content of the milk is a
little higher than the following two months, due to the fact that the
cow is apt to take a quantity of the accumulated fat from her back
and place it in the milk. In about two months the cow is usually in
a normal condition again and for the following two or three months
the fat content is apt to decrease. From this time on to the end of
the lactation period the amount of milk will usually decrease and the
fat content will slightly increase. The injection of a cow into the herd
at any time during her lactation period will usually cause a slight
change in the fat content of the milk of the whole herd. These are
some of the reasons that form the bone of contention between the
producer on the one hand and the city milkman and the creameryman
on the other.

In cream testing we have about the same variations to contend with
and then several more. It is next to impossible to run a separator and
keep the test the same at all times. The milk may be a little warmer
one day than another; the rate of inflow may be a little greater one
day than another, perhaps the machine may be turned a little faster
or a little slower than usual or perhaps more or less water used to flush
out the bowl; all have their effects upon the per cent of butter fat.

Generally speaking, the cream screw should be turned in a little in the
spring as the cows are usually fresh at this season of the year and are
eating large quantities of succulent feeds high in per cent of water,
which has a tendency to reduce the fat content and if the cream screw
is left the same as for winter use, the percentage of butter fat will fall
off. We cannot feed fat into milk, but as a general rule the healthy
condition of the fresh cow and the stimulus she receives from being
put on green grass in the spring, causes her to give a larger quantity
of milk, somev/hat less in percentage of fat than she does in the fall
toward the end of the lactation period.

It is far better to send a fairly heavy cream to the creamery, that
is, a cream with a fat content of from 30 to 40 per cent. If a much
heavier cream is separated there is a loss incurred in handling when
pouring from one vessel to another. If a very thin cream is separated
the farmer is sending a quantity of skim milk to the creamery that
could be well utilized at home and for which he is receiving no remun-
eration. Also if this thin cream becomes very sour before a test can
be made, the large per cent of the milk contained therein will curdle

85

546 iOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and prohibit the possibility of obtaining a representative sample and
an accurate test.

CREAMERY BUTTER.

The amount of creamery butter manufactured within the state as
reported by the 494 creameries for the year ending June 30, 1912,
shows some decrease as compared with the year previous. According
to the best reports obtainable, the creameries of Iowa manufactured
91,738,573 pounds of butter which is a decrease of 4,957,011 pounds.
The decrease in the butter output does not furnish evidence that dairy-
ing is on the decline in this state but merely reveals that the milk and
cream produced on the farms is being marketed through other chan-
nels. The creameries of Iowa report having manufactured more than
double the amount of ice-cream that was manufactured the previous
year, the total amount being given as 519,890 gallons. We are unable
to secure accurate figures showing amount of butter fat annually used
for ice-cream purposes but a conservative estimate places this amount
at 2,52 0,000 pounds. The steady growth of the ice-cream trade has
had a tendency to reduce the amount of butter manufactured and this
reduction will continue to exist until changing industrial conditions
cause the farmers to again resort to the production of milk and cream
as the best means of converting their crors into a commodity that will
bring them the most money. It is a notable fact that the production of
butter has increased during those years when the price of farm crops
has been lowest and to a certain extent the reverse has been true when
crops were good and high prices ruled. The production of milk and
cream necessarily demands close application and painstaking work on
the part of the farm^ers and a period of prosperity makes it possible
for many farmers to realize a good income without giving their atten-
tion to the production of milk. It has been said that the average man
is as lazy as he dares to be and this statement comes very nearly being
illustrated in connection with the production of butter fat by the
average farmer. On many farms, dairying has been conducted as a
side line and when high prices rule and the farmers generally are very
prosperous, they feel in many cases that they are justified in discon-
tinuing their milking operations on account of the exacting nature of
the work. When a period of financial depression affects the general
prosperity of the farmers, we believe large numbers of our farmers will
again look to dairying as the most profitable branch of their farming
operations. When this occurs we can reasonably expect a large in-
crease in the production of creamery butter and the improved cattle
and better methods which have been introduced during the past few
years will make the production of butter fat more profitable than it
has been at any time in the past and will lend encouragement to many
to adopt the production of butter fat as their special branch of agri-
culture.

RENOVATED BUTTER.

Since the price of butter has been extremely high, considerable quan-
tities of process butter, otherwise known as renovated butter, have

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 547

been sold within this state. We believe some rigid legislation should
be enacted regulating the sale of this product. Numerous cases have
been called to our attention where persons representing themselves to
be farmers have procured this butter in large quantities and after re-
packing it in jars or other containers offered the same as country but-
ter and many persons have purchased this product through such mis-
representation who could not be induced to use it were its true character
known. We believe this product should be sold under some such label-
ing requirements as are provided for the sale of oleomargarine and
severe penalties should be attached for the sale of renovated butter
as country butter or in any other manner than that prescribed by the
statute.

OLEOMARGARINE.

We have been unable to obtain accurate figures showing the sales
of oleomargarine in the state of Iowa but we find that the number of
dealers in this product has increased from 1,623 in 1910 to 2,182 for
the year ending June SO, 1912. It is reasonable to suppose that the
consumption of oleomargarine has increased at practically the same
late as have the sales of licenses to dealers. This department made
but one successful prosecution during the pfist twelve months for viola-
tion of the oleomargarine law and this was for the sale of a product
having yellow color in imitation of butter. The present oleomargarine
law pppears to be very satisfactory and dealers generally show a dis-
position to comply with the law.

CHEESE.

This derartment has received annual reports from seven cheese fac-
tories and the output of cheese is given as 346,456 pounds for the
entire state. This shows an increase of 12 2,032 pounds over last year
but this is only a small percentage of the amount consumed in this
state. While the production of cheese in Iowa nay never prove to be
of great importance, we think the state should supply the home de-
mand for cheese and we have reason to hope that this industry will
receive enough attention from persons interested in the manufacture of
cheese to enable them to at least meet the requirements of our own
population.

GENERAL REVIEW OF THE BUTTER MARKET.

The market quotations for the best grades of table butter have shown
a higher average during the past year than at any time since 1882,
the average for the twelve months ending October 1, 1912, being 31.21
cents per pound for extra creamery. The average for the previous
year was 2 6.09 cents but the comparison is hardly on an aqual basis
as the latter figure is based on the second grade quoted on the New
York market while the first figure given is on this basis until May 13th
when the specials class was abolished and the highest quotation was
changed to extra grade. The difference between these two grades has
been on the average about one-half cent per pound, hence the average

548

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

for the year would be about 31 cents per pound based on the grade
of extras. The high price realized for the best grades of creamery-
butter is not surprising when we take into account the limited supply
of fine butter and the price quoted for the best grade is really not
high by comparison with quotations of former years when we consider
the percentage of increase in the price of other food products and the
like increase in value of feeds that are consumed by dairy animals.
Herewith we give a table showing the average price of butter by months
covering a period of twelve years.

SHOWING AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICE OP EXTRA CREAMERY BUTTER IN NEW

YORK MARKET.

Month

X3 -

a o
<v a

111

0) a

tl

a.,

Hi

c be

CD a

QOr-T

oj a

I!

■ill

00 iH

GO

o a

m

ODt-T

P o
oo

a> a

-■-eg
S ?^'
Eh

QO

B to

aj Co

l!

a> a

03 rH

I!

V a
E-i

October

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

$.2190
.2487
.2540
.2262
.2250
.2212
.2039
.1900
.1925
.1960
.2050
.2110

$.2200
.2412
.2510
.2425
.2862
.2810
.2825
.2275
.2195
.2131
.1990
.2170

$.2362
.2650
.2920
.2762
.2600
.2860
.2725
.2200
.2160
.2012
.1940
.2075

$.2100
.2317
.2423
.2270
.2517
.2452
.2284
.1012
.1803
.1767
.1793
.1947

$.2095
.2481
.2688
.2910
.3218
.2807
.3008
.23n
.2049
.2056
.2111
.2068

$.2184
.2350
.2480
.2650
.2709
.2700
.2188
.2017
.2022
.:062
.2257
.2462

$.2611
.2762
.3164
.3080
.3254
.8061
.5069
.2501
.2360
.2481
.2488
.2781

$.2915
.2725
.2887
.3069
.3233
.2840
.2855
.2369
.2329
.2243
.2285
.2388

$.2673

.2957
.3131
.3152
.3009
.2953
.2708
.2658
.2581
.2623
.2719
.8013

$.3064

.3095
.3490
.3344
.2964
.3263
.8113
.2843
.2792
.2831
.2938
.2989

$.2996$.S044
.3117; .3391
.29C6 .3679
.2639! .3810
.2611 .3114
.2391 .3064
.2111 .3235
.2187 .3043

June

July

.2499, .273]
.2510 .2713

August

September

.2631 .2663
.2655 .2976

Av. value per lb.
per year

$.2165

$.2400

$.2438

$.2140

$.2489

$.2340

$.2759

$.2762

$.2848

$.3060

$.2609 $.3121

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X
TABLE NO. II.

549

TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF POUNDS OF MILK RECEIVED, NUMBER OF
POUNDS OF OREAM RECEIVED, POUNDS OF BUTTER MADE AND POUNDS
SOLD IN IOWA AND OUTSIDE THE STATE SO FAR AS REPORTED BY THE
CREAMERIES.

Counties

60

a

1

S

3

1

o|

-C (U

a o

o
tr. >

r

if

02 3

o B

83

O

s

O

a

3

0)

■a
!2

3
O
T3

11

3^

Adair —

3
1

8

45,226

1,652,461

270.700

7,047,519

577,139

97.567

1,793,983

25,338

1,772

34,823

26,056
11,342
119,992

525,745

1 84,453

1,639,168

Adams

Allamakee _ _

Appanoose

8

8
15

3
25
10

4
14

5
6

2
6
7
2
11

2,792,783

1,470,494
4,647,374
613,962
554,965
2,175,355
2,271,820
4,722,522

1,588,783
1,714,929
1,272,443

652,797
4,050,923

669,306
5,183,217

1,120,808

606,673
2,713,176

250,771
3,393,278
1,463,321

749,653
1,518,800

973,426
620,627
433,899
219,603

1,342,297
166,260

2,315,546

58,550

6,097

168,828
10,919

334,508

117,178
12,725

108,046

19,563
20,602
2,284
13,676
26,804
913
165,344

22,839

106,347
664,453
93,785
168,444
189,676
45,730
69,794

11,737
69,886
65,155
117,674
217,304
65,973
94,846

1,039,419

494,229
1,879,895

146,067
2,890,326
1,156,467

691,198
1,340,960

942,126
530,139
366,460
88,253
1,098,189
99,374
2,055,356

Benton

12,000

28,848,602

565,144

74,327,265

18,648,067

Black Hawk

Bremer

Buchanan __

Butler

13,057,680

238,200
192,745

Calhoun

Carroll

Cass

Cedar —

Cerro Gordo _—
Cherokee

1,110,265

Chickasaw

Clarke

21,575,814

Clay

9
15
5
1

2
1
1

16
1
4

18

5

21
5
7
1

1
7
4

5
8
6
1

954,257

12,912,023

276,036

2,308,856

6,739,274

1,897,624

397,903

1,227,264
12,858

1,039,308

31,508,878

28.600

1,189,322

9,520,633

1,556,497

5,675,440

1,667,413

3,658,533

88,291

281,295
2,537,887
2,080,416

1,211,501

4,421,539

4,072,517

543,104

853,517
2,586,853
1,167,974

150,268

398,264

4,286

421,631

2,990,056

8,590

406,120

3,323,473

565,565

3,870,714

768,142

1,123,321

39,776

112,486

832,844
712,988

445,152
1,399,777
1,356,573

178,276

56,130
94,262

20,468

38,787

87,738

187,426

7,268

136,140

65

11,812

229,073

5,275

20,257

448,971

24,872

257,454

190,832

16,479

3,455

17,995
14,518
35,698

15,519
30,058

66,587
36,000

758,600

2,404,883

960,080

143,000

113,878

4,221

409,819

2,573,929

3,000

367,109

2,795,7^1

503,285

3,344,937

553,977

1,050,110

36,226

91,802
773,762
639,073

394,627
1.324,482
1,216,941

142,826

Clayton

Clinton

Crawford

Dallas -

7,833,007

148,246

Davis

Delaware

Des Moines

Dickinson

Dubuque _.

Emmet

Fayette

Floyd

Franklin

21,548,537

27^640
6,120,145

654,894

45,049,853

8,771,890

456,144

187,054

315

18,754

78,791

37,408

268,323

23,333

56,732

95

2,688
44,564
38,217

35,006
45,237
72,045

450

Greene . -

61,398

1,385,364
52,478

1,942,952

Grundy

Guthrie

Hamilton

Hancock

Hardin

856,942

Henry

Howard

Humboldt

Ida

9
6

1
8

11

2

2,476,340
161,292

4,472,041
3,025,682

239,101
2,022,017

4,969,019
449,367

1,590,951
981,448

90,267
659,764

1,630,228
167,968

34.539
31,376

23,453
14,292

1.532,959
935.780

90,267
571,481

1,510,325
128,073

Iowa -

313,566

1,186,475
665,867

50,276

45,631
13,646

38,007

74,272
26,249

Jackson

Jasper

550

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
TABLE NO. II— Continued

Counties

t3 i)

a o

O *-

0.

B

o a>

a o
o ^-

-^5

O 03

9 »*

03 O

o«

C 0)
3J3

Jefferson
Johnson -
Jones -—

Keokuk
Kossuth

Lee _—
Linn _
Louisa
Lucas
Lyon -

Madison -

Mahaska -—

Marion

Marshall _—

Mills

Mitchell

Monona

Monroe

Montgomery
Muscatine _.

O'Brien
Osceola

Page

Palo Alto

Plymouth

Pocahontas .—

Polk

Pottawattamie
Poweshiek

Ringgold

Sac _.
Scolt -
Shelby
Sioux
Story

Tama
Taylor

Union

Van Bur en

Wapello --.

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Weh.^tor — .
WiniR'hago _
Winneshiek
Woodbury

Worth

Wright

Total

2,C02,726

2,065,999

327,000

109,000

5,760,976

810,000
5,320,949

2,320,089

6,603,

74,250

1,777,536

210,000
1,877,732

743,363

2,105,959

23,357

2,123,804

732,416

126,87'

1,081,100

,920,830
81,025

6,430,79
167,505

1,102,400
365,000
94,720

41,0&5
25,000

216,913
,235,855

900,000

11,803,977

1.76.800
498,201

ri4,19

980,548
321,644

2,274,151
199,6.50

4,161,618
136,108
328,000

293,510
113,477
684,950

72,
1,259,016

65,394
100,000

1,300,000

2,135,907
1,481,129

1,446,909
4,182,959
1,090,568
£46,357
10,909,817
2.920,539
1,237,867

300,000

756,317
520,152

482,,

1,497,
369,386
347,317

3,743,092
f 88. 113
385,276

1,673.225
1,328,716
1.194,607
4,673,738
2,544,863

1,133,149
2,487,240

531,483

588,157
332,031
4 4 974
,578,133
832,763

109,685
829,080

553,098

1,862,121

620,707

2,031,142
1,506,370
3,589,062
7,120,640
25,148.526
4,323,624
6,339,299

721,088
523,981
1,609,037
2,042,644
9,774.2.39
1,316,615
1.131.092

269,076,975

91,735,573

250

59,750

84,384

'iii'eoo

61.292

70,198

60,000
73,375

175,000

531,411

8,000

1,320

13,609

21,690

479

105,119

61

400

18,057
181,611

25,657

309,340

416

60,000

27,384
13,185

120,504
8,643
15,

,722

75,000

71,640
17,650

74,556

72,152

82,448

8,185

1,126.240

100.001^

107,268

18,851

400

17,152

23,f61

11,551
13,210

22,185
24,Ori7
2],f97
3S,313
94,353

32,400
106, ?44

119,057

5.354
5, •7961
116.140
23, 217 j
8.550|
126,654
21,494

40,319
101,210
75,844
48,125
713,451
24,286
48,059

3,643,171

,051,558

49,000

" 1^622^ 954

150,000
1,659,757

568,363

1,513,256

14,757

717,487

293,510
95,420

481,649
46,460

844,557
64,366
39,600

225,000

657,293
489,317

407,747
l,2f5.2-3
278,245
323,824
2,616,852
8-^8.113
271,283

547,121
307,564
386,125
1,515,959
642,323

98,126
783,470

444,956

501,050

675,415
417,475
1,417,053
1,971,302
9,052,238
1,165,675
1,060,989

79,043,844

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X

551

TABLE NO. HL

TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OP HAND SEPARATORS, NUMBER OP PATRONS
AND NUMBER OP COWS.

Counties

No. of creameries
reporting hand
separators

>>

s

03
IV

o
1-3

Hand separators
reported

No. of creameries
reporting patrons
and cows

a

h

No. of COWB reported

Adair

,

771

203

1,359

3

1
8

728

214

1,723

6,074
1,498

Adams

13,479

Appanoose

Audubon

14

10

14

5
6

2

5
6
2
9

1,199

809

2,605

314

388

996

1,207

1,653

1,545
943
583
457

1,323
410

1,112

8

14
4

24

10
4

13

5
6
2
5
6
2
11

1,204

852
4,384
366
912
1,431
1,212
1,806

1,545
943
583
490

1,474
420

1,974

9,232

Benton

6,042

Black Hawk

3

32,917

Boone _ _

2,398

18,002

1

8,922

Buena Vista

8,499

Butler

1
3

12,036

Calhoun

11,040

Carroll _

5,604

Cass - - _ -—

1

3,761

Cedar

3,054

Cerro Gordo

1

9,808

Cherokee

2,940

18,494

Clarke

Cay

9

'I

1

2
1
1

13
1
4

17

5

15
5
6

1

1
6
4

4
8
6
1

1,013

1,861

930

214

570
150

562

1,804

50

529
3,503

404

1,774

785
848
382

214
680
798

1,355

1,209

2,484

270

9 1,087
15 2.430

7,677

Clayton -

1
2

1

1

1
1
1

19,642

Clinton - -

5
1

2
1
1

15
1
4

18

5

21
5

7

1

1
6
4

4
8
6

1

980
214

590
200
562

3,002

50

533

6,998

447

4,837

1,007

1,091

100

214
710
915

700
1,215
2,518

300

7,110

Crawford

1,284

Dallas — -- -- -

3,600

Davis - - - --

1,200

Decatur

3,372

Delaware _

21,924

300

Dickinson __ _

3,504

DubuQue _

3

56,616

Emmet .. _. _.

3,745

Payette _- _ -

35,872

Ployd .

6,750

Pronklin

Fremont

1

8,071
425

Greene

1,498

Grundy

1

5,636

5,910

Hamilton

3,924

10,176

Hardin _ . -- .

1
1

13,073

Harrison

2,500

Henry

Howard

e

1

8

11

2

1,480
1,541

100
1,109

1,749
250
250

9
6

1
8

11
2

1

1,563
1,541

100

749

1,885
303

275

12,750

Humboldt

2
1

1

ll,l6i

Ida

700

Iowa -— --- - -

4,529

Jackson

17,390

Jasper

1,750

1

1 1

2,100

1

Jones

8

2

1,533

8

1,585

13,310

552

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
TABLE WO. Ill— Continued

Counties

o aa
6212

>>

a

OJ

<u

(-1

o

>

11

S3

h

-a 5,

in

So

No. of patrons
reported

1

o
o.

0)
(-1

o
o

o
6
:2;

Keokuk

18

1
9

1

1

150
1,603

825

2,138

54

2
18

1
9
1

250
1,684

S25

2.708

66

1,750

14,48i

Lee -_ .-

1

1

5,775

Linn

18,787

462

Lucas

Lyon

3

1

790

3

840

5,920

1
1
4
1

1
1

1

326

295

738

125

1,022

96

88

1

1
4
1
7
1
1

326
39t
934
125
1,466
96
88

2,282

1,425

Marshall

1

6,517

Mills - -

885

Mitchell

9,836

Monona -- - -

700

Monroe _. _ _. _ __ _

704

Montgomery _

1

5
5

1
13
4
4
3
1
7

1

450

922
595

643
1,108

611

508

8,789

SO

672

2

5
5

1

13
4
4
3
1
7

590

936
595

643
1,371

625

511

9,389

36

683

4,000

O'Brien

6,718

Osceola

4,780

Page

1

4,501

Palo Alto

11,183

Plymouth _1

4,407

Pocahontas _. - .

2,754

Polk

s

2

1

65,723

Pottawattamie

252

Poweshiek

4,276

Ringgold

Sac _ . -

5
2
6
8
8

3

1

2

864

477

750

1,986

1,023

219
200

759

5
2
6
8
8

2

1

2

918

477

751

1,960

1,043

211
200

759

5,376

Scott

2

3,409

Shelby

4,312

12,946

Story

7,768

Tama _

1,180

Taylor

1
1

1,400

Union

4,713

Van Buren

Wapello

1

1

689

1

689

4,723

Warren

Washington . . .

Wayne _

3
3
7

11
4
9
5

1
1

737
658
1,011
2,030
12,940
1,061
825

3
3
7
11
4
9
5

1,120
681

1,307

2,324
12,940

1,066
625

7,604

Webster

4,748

Winnebago

12,234

Winneshiek .- _.

18,965

Woodbury

4

90,370

Worth -

8,376

Wright _

1

6,750

Total

461

68

97,041

492

113,215

834,295

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X

553

554

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

GUERNSEY COW AND TWIN CALVES
at the Iowa State Fair. 1912

PART XI

EXTRACTS FROM

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON'S
REPORT OF 1912

EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT

J. I. GIBSON, State Veterinary Surgeon

INTRODUCTION.

The object of this department has been to aid in the develop-
ment of the live stock industry of the state by preventing, as
far as possible, the introduction of contagious or infectious dis-
eases, enforcing measures to control, suppress and eradicate dis-
eases that are already prevalent within the state and to investi-
gate the cause and nature of any disease which appears to be a
menace to the live stock industry or pulilie health.

The establishment by the legislature of a commission of ani-
mal health has been an important step in the handling and pre-
vention of diseases in live stock. While this commission may
make such rules and regulations as they may deem necessary
for the proper control of diseases they have absolutely no power
to inflict penalty for violation of rules nor dispose of an animal
known to be affected with an infectious or contagious disease.
The lack of proper power on the part of the department to dis-
pose of such diseased animals is a source of considerable annoy-
ance and criticism. While the statute provides for the appraisal
of diseased animals there is no fund set aside for payment of
such claims nor could diseased animals be appraised and dis-
l)Osed of under the section referred to except by gaining the eon-
sent of the owner of such diseased stock. The rules drawn up
by the Animal Health Commission have been a means of barring
diseased animals from the state and numbers of animals shipped

556 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

into the stat,e were found to be diseased when the necessary tests
provided for in such iiiles w^ere applied, these animals being
properly disposed of, thereby protecting the native live stock
from probable infection. As will be noted from the statistical
report contained herein, there were 16,117 head of live stock
imported into this state, during the six months between January
1, 1912, and July 1, 1912, all of which passed an inspection and
it will be readily seen that the vast movement of stock would be
a source of great infection were it not for the present importation
requirements.

The tuberculosis situation has assumed little, if any headway,
being met on all sides by opposition. The better class of stock
raisers evading a general test and eradication of the disease from
their premises, being in a position, as they are, to dispose of a
suspected animal to some innocent purchaser as a healthy animal
and receive the price an aiiiiiial in first class condition would bring.
The poorer class of people who have but a limited number of
animals and depend more or less on their cattle for a livelihood
oppose the test for fear the disease would be found in their herds
and would prefer to handle and feed sucli stock in ignorance oif
their possible condition rather than know the truth and abide
by the consequences.

The present method of selling tuberculin and applying tests
is far from beneficial to satisfactory results in eliminating tuber-
cular cattle from herds or gaining assurance that cattle even
when accompanied by tuberculin test records are free from
tuberculosis.

Tuberculin is a very accurate and reliable diagnostic agent for
the detection of tuberculosis but may be procured by the laity and
the tests applied by careless, unscrupulous and incompetent
parties. Cattle suspected of reacting to tests of this nature are
disposed of as the o^vner may see fit, which is generally to some
unsuspecting party, whereby the original owner shirks the loss
and the animal is passed on to other premises where the disease
may not have been previously in existence, and sets up a new
area of infection.

Hog cholera has been more or less general over the entire
state during the past two years and great interest has been taken
in the matter. Owing possibly to the fact that the losses are more
apparent tban from some of the more obscure diseases such as

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 557

tuberculosis and glanders where the animals can be dealt in and
the loss and damage covered up.

This department has not given the disease the attention it de-
mands for the reason that the funds of the department are very
limited and emergencies of this kind cannot be met. Nothing fur-
ther could be done than to establish quarantine on an infected
herd from which little benefit could be derived as the disease is
readily spread by means not controlled by quarantine.

The serum treatment has proven very beneficial where it has
been applied properly and great saving has resulted. Bad results
have been reported but in most cases it has been where the simul-
taneous method of treatment has been employed. The output of
serum by this department has been necessarily very limited for
the reason that the appropriation made for this purpose by the
legislature was not enough to employ necessary help for the bi-
ennial period for which it was intended to cover and the price of
the serum manufactured under this provision was made twenty
cents per ounce, which is about one-half the cost of manufacture.
The proper procedure to follow; tending to the eradication of
cholera would be the establishment of proper laboratories with
sufficient funds to carry on the manufacture of serum at a mod-
erate price or provide for the sale of such serum to perpetuate
its manufacture, this together with provisions for competent vet-
erinarians to control the disease in the field and some restriction
on the various proprietary serums would yield very satisfactory
results.

The second outbreak of dourine in the state was reported to
this department in May, 1911. This outbreak involved a number
of stallions and mares in Taylor and Ringgold counties and bade
fair to cause considerable trouble as the department has no means
of purchasing and destroying diseased animals. The U. S. Bureau
of Animal Industry however answered our call for aid with their
usual prompt and unqualified support.

EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT.

During this biennial period, beginning April 26, 1911, and end-
ing June 30, 1912, this department has received three hundred
and thirty-nine official calls. Of these, seventy-two were calls
to investisrate glanders; ninety-four to investigate tubierculosis ;
fifteen to investigate scabies; fourteen to investigate rabies;
three to investigate cerebro-spinal meningitis ; nine to investigate

558 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

hog cholera, and eighty-two to investigate doiirine, besides fifty
miscellaneous calls.

GLANDERS.

During this period, in answer to official calls to investigate
glanders, the Department has visited thirty-six counties in the
state, and in most instances the disease has been found to exist
as a result of the importation of horses from other states. In one
instance a carload of horses was shipped and all but two of the
animals in the shipment were found to be affeicted with glanders.
This carload was sold and distributed on Iowa farms before this
Department received the call to investigate, and the infected
horses thus distributed were accountable for the loss of a number
of native horses. This is a sample of what we learned was
happening in various parts of the state and on account of these
results the Animal Health Commission formulated their mling
requiring that all horses shipped into the state from states west of
the Mississippi river must be accompanied by health certificate
and record of mallein test. Since this ruling went into effect on
August 23, 1911, the testing of such shipments before being
released at point of destination has revealed the existence of
glanders in a number of importations.

The rule provides that any shipment of horses from states
west of the Mississippi river not accompanied by health certificate
and record of mallein test, enters the state in quarantine and
shall remain in quarantine until released by this Department.
The strict application of this rule will prevent the recurrence of
such outbreaks, as the one referred to, and will save our Iowa
farm,ers a large percentage of the losses heretofone sustained on
account of outbreaks of glanders resulting from the importation
of diseased horses. During this period, the Department encoun-
tered quite a serious outbreak in the vicinity of Eldora, Iowa,
which was definitely traced to one western horse that escaped
from a shipment reaching Iowa Falls from Wyoming four years
ago.

Most of the outbreaks of glanders located during this period
are the result of importations from South Dakota, and these im-
portations in most instances were unbroken horses.

The writer is of the opinion a ruling should be made proliibiting
the importation of unbroken horses for the reason that this class
of horses cannot be satisfactorily examined or tested. At this

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 559

writing we believe the horses of this state are again practically
free from glanders, and as the state is now safeguarded by the
test recinirement in Rnle 19 by the Animal Health Commission,
we hope to keep our horses free from this disease.

CANADIAN TRIP.

Investigation of killing of nineteen horses shipped from Car-
penter, Iowa, to Weybuni, Saskatchewan, Canada.

On March lOtli, I received the following night lettergram:

Weyburn, Sask., March 9, 1912.
State Veterinai ian :

Des Moines, Iowa.

Purchased fifty-seven horses from farmers in northern Iowa, mallein
test applied before shipping hy Assistant State Veterinarian McLeod, bill
of health*signed by Dr. Scott, condemned here for glanders by reacting
malkin test; nineteen shot, others will be retested on March 14th; have
proof from local veterinarians no clinical symptoms, have blood and
heads of horses shot; could you send expert here by Thursday morning
to protect horse industry in your state. All horses from three to seven
years, sound; think test is unfair; who is best man to whom to ship heads
for analysis so report could be used in evidence if necessary; answer
quick at my expense.

(Signed) GEORGE BEISCHEL.

On receipt of the above lettergram I immediately wired Dr. A.
D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington,
D. C, as follows :

Received the following today from Weyburn, Sask. (quoted the above
lettergram); could you sent Moeller to investigate and witness test
Thursday? Answer.

While waiting for an answer from Dr. Melvin, I wired George
Beischel, Weyburn, Sask., "Hope to witness test Thursday, keep
blood, lungs, liver and heads of all horses killed. Will also ask
Washington, D. C, to investigate."

On ]\Iarch 11th, I received the following telegram from Dr.
Melvin :

Dr. J. I. Gibson, State Veterinarian,
Des Moines, Iowa.

Moeller unavailable, instruct Beischel send blood nineteen horses here
for serum tests, heads unnecessary; should additional horses react Thurs-
day return them to United States in quarantine, collect blood each ani-
mal, ship here for diagnosis.

(Signed) MELVIN.

560 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

On March 11th, after consulting Gov. B. F. Carroll, I started
for Weyburn, Sask., taking with me Dr. C. H. Stange, Dean of the
Veterinary Department at Ames. On arrival a.t Weyburn, March
]8th, we discovered that the carcasses of the nineteen hoi^es that
had been condemned by the veterinarian in the employ of the
Canadian Government, and killed by the mounted police, were
still in a good state of preservation covered with waste at the
nuisance ground at the edge of town. We telephoned the veter-
inarian in charge of sanitary work in the Province of Regina
asking permission to hold a post mortem, which favor he could
not grant us without consulting the Veterinary Director General
at Ottawa. After some delay Dr. Rutherford granted us permis-
sion to make the post mortem, providing certain of his sanitary
force were present to witness same.

At the end of the second day all was ready for the post-mortem,
which we proceeded to make. We posted six of the animals
finding no evidence whatever of the existence of glanders. Cana-
dian authorities conceding it was unnecessary to follow the post
mortem further, it was abandoned with the statement on our
part that we found no evidence of glanders, and nothing in the
history of the horses to warrant their destruction.

The original Beischel shipment numbered fifty-seven head. The
remaining thirty-eight were held in quarantine for retest; this
being the third test it was not applied until thirty days after the
retest that was made by the Canadian authorities. On this second
retest, nineteen that had shown suspicious records in the previous
test, passed an ideal test and were released, as were all others ex-
cepting five. These were finally retested and released, so there
were no more animals killed after our visit there.

The whole history of the shipment of horses, beginning with
the fact that they were purchased on farms around the town of
Carpenter, Mitchell county, Iowa, and before being shipped were
subjected to the mallein test at the hands of Dr. J. H. McLeod,
Charles City, Iowa, who is registered with the Bureau of Animal
Industry, and given authority to make tests on shipmients to
Canada, to the final release of the last horse from quarantine,
shows that the killing of the nineteen horses was entirely unwar-
ranted, as their test in Iowa by Dr. McLeod showed no suspicion
whatever of the existence of glanders in any animal in the ship-
ment, and their final history until all were released, also showed
no animal presenting any clinical symptoms of glanders.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 561

It is the belief of Dr. Stange and the writer that there never
was any infection of glanders in this shipment of fine young
Iowa horses.

Mr. Beischel who suffered this great loss, and the loss from
quarantine of his horses and premises, which put him out of the
horse business for the year, has filed a claim for loss and damage
before the Canadian Government with, we believe, good prospects
of recovering. Mr. Bieschel and the people of Saskatchewan gen-
erally felt very grateful to the Governor of Iowa, and this Depart-
ment for the investigation made, and shipments from this state to
Canada since that time have been received with less question, and
emigrants from this state have received better treatment and have
been subjected to less delay at the port of entry than prior to our
visit there.

DOURINE.

On May 15, 1911, we received a letter from Dr. Wm. Readhead
of Lenox, Iowa, stating that some disease apparently contagious
or infectious affecting stallions and mares existed in Platte town-
ship, Taylor county, and that the township trustees desired an in-
vestigation by this Department. We at once communicated with
Dr. A. H. Quin, Assistant State Veterinarian, Creston, Iowa, re-
questing him to proceed to Lenox and consult with Dr. Readhead
and examine the stock in question.

On May 19th, we received a report from Dr. Quin to the effect
that he believed the disease in question to be dourine. We at once
communicated with Dr. S. H. Bauman of Birmingham, Iowa, who
had charge of the quarantine work in a previous outbreak of
dourine in Van Buren county requesting him to go at once to
Creston, and in company with Dr. Quin to examine the animals in
question with a view to confirming the diagnosis. Dr. Bauman
did so and after careful examination of several animals agreed
with the diagnosis of Dr. Quin, and on May 24th Drs. Quin and
Bauman. reported in person at this office.

We then took steps to enlist the aid of the Bureau of Animal
Industry at Washington, D. C. They responded promptly and
have continued with us in th,e work up to the writing of this
report.

A number of stallions and mares have been destroyed. The
following letter from Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of
36

562 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Animal Industry, Washington, D. C, under date of September
25th gives an accurate description of the method of procedure in
connection with the work:

September 25, 1912.
Dr. J. I. Gibson, State Veterinarian,
Des Moines, Iowa.

Sir — The bureau was first advised of the presence of this outbreak of
dourine in Iowa through your letter of May 24, 1911, stating that the
affection had been diagnosed by Dr. Quin of Creston, Iowa, and his
diagnosis confirmed by Dr. Bauman of Birmingham, Iowa, and requesting
assistance in eradicating the same.

In accordance with such request Dr. Enos L. Day, veterinary inspector
of the Bureau at Chicago, was directed to proceed to Creston and inves-
tigate and make a complete report of conditions.

Under date of June 1st, Dr. Day reported that as a result of the exam-
ination of a number of animals at Clearfield, Sharpsburg, Gravity and
Denison, Iowa, he considered the symptoms very strongly indicative of
dourine, and that you had placed all suspicious animals under State
quarantine. With a view to confirming Dr. Day's diagnosis, Dr. E. T.
Davison, veterinary inspector, Athenia, N. J., was directed on June 3,
1911, to proceed to Creston for a conference with yourself and Drs. Quin
and Bauman.

Dr. Davison's preliminary report was made on June 13th. His diagnosis
of dourine was confirmed on the part of the Bureau at a conference at
which the Chief of the Bureau and the Chief of the Pathological Division
were present, and it was then decided to purchase some of the affected
animals and ship them to Washington for experimental purposes.

Dr. A. W. Miller, who had been placed in charge of the Bureau work
of eradicating the disease, was accordingly directed to purchase four of
these animals and forward them to the Bureau Experiment Station at
Bethesda, Md.

One of the animals died enroute, but as a result of examinations of
the others which arrived at the above station, the Bureau pathologist
was successful in determining the presence of trypanosomes in serum
obtained from one of the mares, thus establishing the identity of the
disease beyond question.

In the meantime Dr. Miller had been directed to arrange with the
various owners for the slaughter of infected animals, paying for the same
upon an equitable basis, it being considered essential in order to success-
fully combat and stamp out such a disease that every possible source of
infection be absolutely eliminated.

In accordance with such plan some thirteen stallions and mares have
been destroyed within the state and post-mortem examinations made,
tending in all cases to confirm the diagnosis. The bureau records Indi-
cate that some one hundred exposed animals showing no evidence of
the disease are at present being held under State quarantine in Iowa.
It is probable that arrangements will be made in the near future to

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 563

detail Dr. Miller to act in co-operation with your office in securing blood
serum from all such animals for the purpose of subjecting the same to
the complement fixation test.

I am enclosing herewith a tabulated outline indicating the apparent
origin and spread of the outbreak in Iowa.

Very respectfully,
(Signed) A. D. MELVIN,

Chief of Bureau.

564

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

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THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 565

TUBERCULOSIS.

The subject of tuberculosis as it affects the cattle and swine
industry of the state is an all important question and whilst no
attempt has been made at an organized campaign against tuber-
culosis, yet this department has tested a great many cattle and
we are pleased to say that the percentage of tuberculosis found
in bovine herds at present is no higher than a decade ago, in some
instances a marked improvement has been made. The repeated
testing of the state herds together with the remodeling of the
barns at the state institutions and the judicious use of disin-
fectants at various periods has not only reduced the percentage
of tuberculosis to the merest minimum in some herds but has
fully demonstrated in others that herds quite seriously affected
with tuberculosis may be cleaned and kept clean as regards
this disease.

Apart from the testing of state herds it has been the policy of
this department, upon receiving notice from an inspector in
charge at any abattoir where Iowa hogs and cattle have been
slaughtered, to go to the premises from whence the cattle or
hogs were shipped to investigate the conditions there. When we
find infection in a bovine herd we have invariably applied the
tuberculin test. In this way we are trying to trace the disease
to its source.

Tuberculosis whilst not apparently on the increase in the bovine
herds steems to be increasing rapidly in swine. The following let-
ter from Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry, Washington, D. C, gives the government figures con-
cerning the number of hogs found tubercular on slaughter at
the abattoirs within the state:

Washington, D. C, Nov. 27, 1912.
Dr. J. I. Gibson, State Veterinary Surgeon,
Des Moines, Iowa.
Sir— Replying to your letter of the 11th inst, our reports show that
out of 2,555,576 hogs inspected at 12 stations in Iowa during the fiscal
year 1912 the number of cases of tuberculosis found was 167,677. Some
of these hogs no doubt came from adjacent states, but I believe that
most of them were purchased in Iowa. Undoubtedly most of these cases
were developed in the hogs through infected cattle by feeding infected
dairy products, following infected cattle in feed lots, and feeding dead
and infected cattle to hogs. Very respectfully,

(Signed) A. D. MELVIN,

Chief of Bureau.

566 iOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Having talked with a great many breeders and shippers of
swine they have invariably expressed their opinion that more
tlian half of onr marketal^le hoos wc^e slnnglitered at abattoirs
outside of the state. The figures contained in the above letter
show 61/2% of the hogs slaughtered affected more or less with
tuberculosis. This 61/2% at an average weight of 250 lbs. figured
at 7e per lb., shows that we marketed in Iowa $2,984.8-1:7.50 worth
of pork infected with tuberculosis. It is safe to double these
figures and to estimate that we produced and sent to market not
less than $6,000,000 worth of pork infected with tuberculosis. It
is readily explained by the fact that most hogs receive their tuber-
cular infection from following after the cattle. This is true not
only of the ordinary herd of breeding cattle but it is also true
of the steers in the feed yard. We believe the time is not far
distant when everj^ breeder and feeder will realize the importance
and necessity of testing not only his breeding cattle but his
steers in the feed yard as Avell before allowing any hogs to run
after them.

Without prolonging the discussion on this subject further we
present herewith a number of cuts which we obtained from the
Cattle Commissioner of the state of Vermont and which were
originally prepared by the Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington, D. C.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

567

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No. 1. — The cow sliown in the above picture is apparently liealthy. She does
not cough, her appetite is good, she seems strong and vigorous and
gives an unusually large quantity of milk. At the time her picture
was taken it was known that she had been tuberculous at least four
years and that she had been passing large numbers of tuberculosis
germs from her body at least three years.
Since it first became known that the cow is diseased she has given
birth to four calves.

568

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

No. 2. — The cow shown in the above picture is apparently healthy. She does
not cough, her appetite is good, she gives a large quantity of milk
and is in excellent general condition for a dairy cow. At the time
her picture was taken it was known that she had been affected
with tuberculosis at least four years and that she had been passing
tuberculosis germs from her body at least three years.
The mixed dung of this cow and of the cow shown in the next picture
caused tuberculosis in hogs that were permitted to eat it.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

569

No. 3. — 'The cow shown in this picture is apparently healthy. She does not
cough, her appetite is good and her general condition is excellent
for a milk cow that has recently calved. At the time her picture
was taken it was known that she had been affected with tuberculosis
at least 4^^ years and that she had been passing tuberculosis germs
from her body for a long time. The calf by her side is the fourth
she has produced in the last four years. Small quantities of her dung
caused tuberculosis in guinea pigs when it was placed under their
skin.
The mixed dung of this cow and of the one shown in the last picture
caused tuberculosis in hogs that were permitted to eat it.

570

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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No. 4. — The cow shown in this Picture is in excellent condition for an animal
that has been affected with tuberculosis more than four years. Three
Shears before her picture was taken tuberculosis germs were found
in her dung and hogs that were permitted to eat her dung became
tuberculous.
About 2% years before her picture was taken it was found that the
milk of the cow contained tuberculosis germs. There was nothing
visible about her udder to show that it was diseased and it was only
after two months of the most careful tests of her milk that an
expert could tell from which of the four quarters the disease germs
were being passed.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

571

No. 5. — A lonji slanaiiiK iulvaiic.^d case of tuljerculusi.s, vviLh laryo tuberculous
swellings in the udder. A year before the above picture was taken
the cow was discovered to have udder tuberculosis. This discovery
was made by injecting some of her milk into guinea pigs ; there was
nothing in the appearance of external condition of the udder at first
to show that it was diseased.
How very dangerous cows like the one in the picture are may be
judged from the fact that calves that are permitted to drink milk
from tuberculous udders only a single time are almost certain to
have tuberculosis. A small amount of milk from cows like those In
the above picture No. 4, mixed with the milk of other cows, will
make the whole of it dangerous for both persons and lower animals.

572

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

No. 6. — The cow in the picture is an advanced case of tuberculosis. She is
very weak and thin, but a heavy milker and in her weak condition
continues to give an abundant quantity of milk.
Cows of this kind are unfortunately too numerous in dairy herds.
The temptation to keep such cows and to use their milk is greater
than some persons can resist. Such cows are a great danger to
other animals that may come in contact with them and the use of
their milk in a raw state is very apt to cause tuberculosis alike in
young persons and lower animals.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

573

No. 7. — The picture of the bull was taken nearly four years after he was
known to be tuberculous and three years after it was known that
he was passing tuberculosis germs from his body.
Directly after his picture was taken he was killed, and in addition
to numerous nodules of tuberculosis in his lungs it was found, when
his body was opened, that nearly all the lymph glands connected with
his bowels and liver were diseased. At the time of his death the
bull weighed 1,850 lbs., and his apparent condition Is excellent for
an animal that was fed only rough forage and no grain In any form.
The presence of tuberculosis In his body would never have been
suspected before his death without the help of the tuberculin test

5.74

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

A common source of tuberculosis among hogs.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI

RESULTS OF TESTS ON STATE HERDS.

575

Number
tested

Number
reacted

Number
suspicious

Number
healthy

Fldora October 1] , 1911 -

46
18
80
21
25
28

107
91

104
57
49
75

4

0
3
4

0
0
0
1
2
0
8
3

I

0
0
0
0
0
0
4
3

42

Council Bluffs, October 3, lOll. . ..

18

Independence October 11 1911

77

*Indepen(]enee November 29 ISll

14

25

Mitchellville, October 19, 1911_.

28

Cherokee October IS, 1911

107

Glenwood, October 25, 1911

90

Clarinda, October 27, 1911

102

Oakdale, retest, November 16, 1911 .

57

Davenport November 17 1911

37

Mount Pleasant November 15 1911

69

*No\v cattle.

HOG CHOLERA.

During this biennial period farmers of loAva have suffered heavy
losses as the result of wide spread outbreaks of cholera. Losses
from this disease we expect will be reduced to the minimum in the
near future when the state becomes thoroughly organized to com-
bat, control and eradicate cholera. This we believe can be accom-
plished by the direct application of sanitary regulations and quar-
antine together with the use of anti-hog cholera serum.

The following article written by Dr. D. E. Baughman, Assist-
ant State Veterinarian, Ft. Dodge, Iowa, will prove entertaining
and instructive to all parties interested in the swine industry of
Iowa.

THE METHOD OF USING ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM.

In order to properly understand the method of using this serum, it
would be well to first understand the method of making it. In order
to make potent serum that has the power to protect a hog against
cholera, it is necessary to have cholera pigs to draw the blood from. The
younger the diseased pig that the blood is taken from and the more
acute the strain, the more virulent the blood will be, and the more
virulent the blood is that is used for hyper-immunizing, the more potent
the serum will be.

It is impossible to make a potent and reliable serum where pigs are
used to furnish virulent blood, with unknown form and virulency of dis-
ease, as is done with some of the serum firms, that depend entirely upon
the supply of their diseased pigs from the markets or large packing
plant, although this method has its advantage, in that this diseased
blood can be had for a small sum, if they pay for them at all. These
plants can make serum and sell it for much less than where it is
made by the original method, as was intended by its inventors. But

576 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

in order to make serum that is really potent and that will protect a
hog from cholera, it is necessary that the strain of disease be bred up
to the highest point of virulency.

This can be done much as corn is bred up. In breeding corn the
farmer picks the best ears he can find for planting, he looks for a
large ear. With the right color, straight rows, deep kernels, well filled
at the end, and one that is well matured. So it is with the disease
under the intentions of Dorset, McBride & Niles method. First you
use pigs that you know are susceptible for you should know their source,
then you use blood from the most virulent strain, for starting the dis-
ease, for instance when you kill six or eight a day, you use the blood
for starting from the pig that has the disease in the most acute form,
one that comes down in the shortest period of time, and the one that
shows the best lesions. If they come down in seven or eight days all the
better, but if they come down in thirteen or fourteen days the blood
should not be used for hyper-immunizing. A pig from four to six
months old will produce blood of a more virulent strain than one that
is ten or twelve months old. The older pigs seem to acquire more or
less natural immunity, therefore it is best to use younger pigs for this
purpose.

This method was only discovered a few years ago by Doctors Dorset,
McBride and Niles of the Bureau. At first it was looked upon with
considerable suspicion even by the veterinary profession and a very few
gave it much thought and study. Only in the last two or three years
have the veterinarians realized its value and the importance of this
branch of the veterinary practice. To have the best success in using
serum it is absolutely necessary that a man take the temperature of
all the hogs that one expects to vaccinate even when you do not sus-
pect any infection in the herd.

I have known a number of cases where the veterinarian was called
in and although the herd was not believed to be diseased, yet upon
examination they have been found to have very high temperature. If
these hogs had been vaccinated by the simultaneous method under these
conditions the results would have been bad, as the farmers would have
claimed that the infection was started' by the vaccination. Where you
take the temperature in these herds you will find that some of them have
temperatures running from 104 to 106 degrees F. There is no doubt
that in some of these cases where the simultaneous method was used
in a supposed healthy herd, and where cholera followed, that the in-
fection was in the herd at the time of vaccination. The precaution of
taking the temperatures would have shown the herd was already in-
fected and relieved the veterinarian of this embarrassing position and
also maintained the reputation of the serum.

Where a herd is already infected temperatures should be taken as
before stated. Each hog with a normal temperature should be marked
with one mark, with a scissor across the back, but where the tempera-
ture is above 104 one should place two marks, these marks made with
a scissor will last for three or four weeks, which will enable the farmer
to keep track of those that were already diseased.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 577

The temperature of a hog varies much and one should be guided by
the condition under which the temperatures are taken. In warm weather
the temperature may run up to 105 and yet the hog be in normal and
healthy condition, and also if they are subjected to considerable exer-
cise the temperature will rise to what would seem abnormally high,
therefore the temperatures under these conditions should not be con-
founded with a diseased condition that you find in cholera. Whenever it
is possible the hog should be confined in close quarters and the tem-
perature taken standing. Where you catch each pig and lay them down
to take the temperature it causes considerable excitement which with
the exercise it would cause while catching them, would without a doubt
raise the temperature. It is well to use a thermometer with a good
size bulb when after being well vaselined it would be easily used without
causing an irritation of the mucous membrane of the rectum.

One of the most important things to find out in vaccinating a dis-
eased herd, is to be sure that the existing disease really is cholera.
That can usually be done by holding post mortem, but in some cases one
or two post mortems may not reveal cholera lesions. In this case you
must guard yourself in giving your prognosis, for anti-hog cholera
serum will not prevent any other disease than cholera. In simultaneous
vaccination you usually get m-ore or less reaction, pigs thus treated
may be able to transmit the disease to susceptible or non-immune hogs,
and in this way it may spread the infection or start new centers of in-
fection. So it is a question as to whether it is advisable to use this
method or not. In seasons when cholera is prevalent and especially
if the disease has broken out in your immediate neighborhood, then
the question of starting new infectious centers is not so important.

Cleanliness throughout the whole operation is very essential in ad-
ministering serum to reduce the danger of septicema and abcess forma-
tion. Your syringe should be taken 'apart, your needles and vessels for
using serum should be sterilized by being boiled in water. If you are
using a syringe with a rubber plunger, the plunger should be dis-
infected with a five per cent solution of phenol or some disinfectant
that will not deteriorate the rubber. The operator's hands should be
well cleaned and kept clean throughout the entire operation. He should
not attempt to catch any pigs or touch anything with his hands ex-
cept the syringe. There should be plenty of assistants to do this part
of the work. The operator should have plenty of clean warm water
at hand. He should have two men to catch the hogs, one man to wash
and disinfect the skin at the point of injection, and he should have
two glass vessels with metallic covers to prevent the wind from blow-
ing dust and dirt into them. The syringe best adapted for vaccina-
tion is a twenty or thirty c. c. with a glass barrel, and it should be tested
with warm water before being used to see that it is in good working
order, twenty c. c. of serum is about all that should be injected into
one place, and I think it might be better to only inject ten c. c. in one
place, by partly withdrawing the needle and inserting in another di-
rection. This way you would not need to make but one puncture lessen-

37

578 IOWA DEPARTMENT OV" AGRICULTURE

ing the danger of infection. I would advise either one of two loca-
tions to inject the serum, one is the auxiliary space between the front
legs, and the other on the inside of the thighs between the hind legs.
I do not think it is necessary to inject deep into the muscles. Absorp-
tion takes place just as readily where it is injected under the skin into
the subcutaneous tissue, and in this way you will not have so much
lameness as where the injections are made deep into the muscles, by
this method of injecting It leaves a bad spot in the ham, this the
packers object to as the Government inspectors compel them to cut out
these blemished spots which causes quite a waste to the expensive part
of the meat.

It has been the custom of some veterinarians to vaccinate old hogs
back of the ears by placing a rope noose or loop around the upper jaw,
back of their tusks, then fastening the other end of the rope to some
strong object. They will lay their entire weight back against the rope,
but will not struggle much. This is also a very easy and safe way of
handling pregnant sows. After having your hogs confined in this man-
ner, they may be very easily vaccinated behind the ear in the loose
skin. This location, however, should be more thoroughly washed and
cleansed than where the injection is made under the belly, for at this
point the skin seems to have more sebaceous glands than any other
part of the body. The depression behind the ears makes it harder to get
at and I find that you will have more abscesses by injection at this
location than at any other point. I therefore only recommend this
method in pregnant sows. I think where abortion follows it is more
the cause of rough handling than the effects of the serum.

I think the time is at hand when every veterinarian should lend his
aid to have a national law passed requiring every serum plant to be
under inspection, compelling each plant to make serum under the gov-
ernment instructions, giving the inspectors power to collect serum at
any time from stock on hand that is ready for the market. This should
be welcomed by every legitimate serum concern that aims to sell only
potent serum.

Misuse of serum as has been practiced by some veterinarians (if not
corrected) will cause a reaction among the hog raisers that will dis-
credit the serum whenever it is used. For instance, one man would
vaccinate the sick one, as well as the well ones, and guarantee them
all to live for one year; others would vaccinate those that they knew
were sick for no other reason than to consume as much serum as possible,
being paid by the cubic centimeter for their work. These veterinarians,
I am so glad to say, are only a small minority, yet there is consider-
able carelessness among veterinarians in general, in regard to vaccin-
ating every thing saying that they are paying for the serum, and it
will be their loss if they die. In such a case a veterinarian may be
excused for doing it, providing he is vaccinating in a neighborhood where
the farmers understand its use. But I think where one is just beginning
to vaccinate in a new and skeptical neighborhood, he had better not
vaccinate anything that shows sickness or has a high temperature, for
the sick ones will usually die and they will count this against the
serum, which will materially cut down the percent of hogs saved, and

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 579

the percent that they saved will be used as a basis to figure the profit
they have obtained by vaccinating.

Don't vaccinate hogs that are sick or show high temperature.

Don't vaccinate with serum alone, then put sick ones with those vac-
cinated, unless you can confine them all in a space or pen, so that all
will receive the infection at nearly the same time.

Don't pour more serum in your vessel than you will use, for pour-
ing remaining remnants back into the bottle is liable to contaminate the
serum and endanger its use.

Don't pour virulent blood away if you have any left after the simul-
taneous method. Any remaining blood should be destroyed by fire.

Don't use syringe, needles, or glass that has not been sterilized or
disinfected.

Don't vaccinate infected herds, without marking those that show high
temperatures. You had better take ait least some temperatures in all
herds.

Don't underestimate the weight of hogs in vaccinating. You are not
liable to give too much serum, but you may give too small a dose.

Don't give your patrons too much encouragement when you are vac-
cinating infected herds.

Don't use the simultaneous method in an already infected herd.

INTERSTATE SHIPMENTS OF LIVE STOCK.

The Animal Health Commission at its first meBting in -Inly, 1011,
formulated rules 18 and 19 governing the importation of live
stock into lovi^a. Most states have similar importation require-
ments and are using a uniform health certificate approved by the
United States Association of Live Stock Sanitary Boards. This
certificate is made in triplicate, the oripiiial aeconip'anie?? the ship-
ment and is attached to the way bill, the duplicate is forwarded
to the sanitary authorities of the state to which the shipment Is
billed, the copy is filed in the office of the sanitary authority of
the state in which shipment originates. This method thoroughly
carried out gives this office a record of all export and import ship-
ments with details as to the number and kind of animals contained
in each shipment.

AYe have gathered some s'-ntistiis on this subjei-t that will
prove interesting. From January 1, 1912, to July 1, 1912, there
was reported at this office 1,755 export shipments. Almost all of
these are emigrants. Considering each shipment as representing
an emigrant family of 5, during this six months' period mentioned
we have sent out from Iowa 8,775 people. During the same period

580 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

we have record of 1,044 import shipments, 233 of which were stock
cattle, leaviiii>' 811 imniigraiit shipments representing a family of
5 persons we received into the state 4,055 people as against 8,775
people exported which leaves a balance of 4,720 against onr popu-
lation in a period of six months. Some might consider these sta-
tistics as evidence against the state of Iowa, but we feel more
like congratulating ourselves as lowans upon the fact that condi-
tions are so good in this state that so many people can accumulate
sufficient money and live stock to move to other states and buy
larger tracts of cheaper land.

ANIMAL HEALTH COMMISSION.

The first Animal Health Commission was appointed by Gov-
ernor B. F. Carroll. The following gentlemen constituting its
membership : Frank Kinsley of ]McGr'egor, Iowa, representing
the dairy interests; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa, representing
the beef interests; Dr. G. W. Blanche, Belle Plaine, Iowa, and
Dr. Tom Downing, Washington, Iowa, being the two veterinar-
ians appointed. Under the Animal Health Commission act the
State Veterinarian is made chairman and executive officer of the
Commission.

The Commission met ni"st in July, 1911, and formulated rules
and regulations for the prevention and spread of diseases among
domestic animals, which rules have been amended and appear in
this report.

Rule 18 referring to the importation of live stock into the state
of Iowa is serving as a safeguard against the importation of
horses affected with glanders and cattle affected with tuber-
culosis, also hogs affected with cholera.

Since the adoption of the rules many instances have come to
light where under the application of the rules the animals in-
tended for shipment into Iowa have been found diseased and
therefore the shipments prohibited. The application of Rule 19
to shipments arriving in the state without proper health .certifi-
cate has also brought to light diseased animals that had already
been shipped into the state and were destroyed after being tested
in compliance with the rule. "We believe the strict application of
these rules will save the farmers of the state a large percentage
of the loss heretofore sustained as the result of the importation
of diseased live stock.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 581

Wo produce lierewith a copy of Chapter 115, laws of the Thirty-
fourth General Assembly, which sets forth the duties and powers
of Animal Health Coniinission and the Vetei'inary Examining
Board connected therewith.

iWe believe a careful study of this law and the rules formulated by
the Animal Health Commission will ser\^e to commend this legisla-
tion to all who are interested in tlie sut'CiOss of our greaiti live stock
industi-y in Iowa.

Chapter 115.

COMMISSION OF ANIMAL HEALTH.

H. F. 329.

AN ACT to abolish the state board of veterinary medical examiners, to
transfer the powers and duties of said board to the state veterinary sur-
geon, and to establish a commission of animal health. (Additional to chapter
fourteen-A (14-A) of title twelve (XII) of the supplement to the code, 1907,
relating to the practice of veterinary medicine, surgery and dentistry.)
Be It Enacted ty the General Assembly of the State of Iowa :

Section 1. State board of veterinary medical examiners abolished — powers
and duties transferred. That the hoard known as the state board of veterinary
medical examiners is hereby abolished, and all of the powers and duties thereof
are hereby transferred to and enjoined upon the state veterinary surgeon,
except as hereinafter provided. All of the books, documents, records, stationery
and office equipment now in possession of the board or of any officer or employe
thereof shall, upon the taking effect of this act, be turned over to the state
veterinary surgeon.

Sec. 2. Commission of animal health — how constituted and appointed —
terms. There is hereby created a commission to be known as a commission
of animal health, which commission shall consist of the state veterinary sur-
geon, who shall be the chairman and executive officer thereof, two veter-
inarians and two stock raisers', all of whom shall be appointed by the governor.
The veterinarians shall possess the same qualifications required for the state
veterinary surgeon. One such veterinarian shall be appointed to serve until
•Tune 30, 1912, and one until June 30, 1913, and as their terms expire their
successors shall be appointed for three years. The state veterinary surgeon
shall be appointed to serve until June 30, 1914, and thereafter his term shall
be three years. The other members of the commission shall be appointed one
to serve vmtil June 30, 1912, and the other until June 30, 1913, and as their
terms expire their successors shall be appointed for a term of two years.

Sec. 3. Meetings — rules and regulations for prevention and spread of disease
among animals. The commission shall hold at least two meetings each year,
one in July and one in January, at the office of the state veterinary surgeon,
and may meet at such other times and places, in the state, as may seem
necessary. It shall have the power and authority to make such rules and regu-
lations as it shall deem necessary for the prevention, suppression, or against
the spread of any contagious or infectious disease among animals in or being
driven or transported through or brought into the state, and may provide for
quarantining against animals thus diseased or that have been exposed to
others so diseased, whether within or without the state. When such rules and
regulations have been submitted to and approved by the executive council they
shall be published and enforced by the veterinary surgeon and in the per-
formance of his duties he may call to his assistance any peace officer.

Sec. 4. Examining Board. The state veterinary surgeon and the two vet-
erinarians upon the commission shall constitute a board for the examination
of applicants to practice veterinary medicine, surgery and dentistry in the state.

582 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

S(>

ANIMALS REJECTED AT SLAUGHTER HOUSES.

tha"^f^^,]g 16. So-called "piggy" or pregnant sows, boars and rejected cattle
sei>und in railway and packing house stock yards must not be sold nor delivered
^^o farmers, but held subject to such quarantine as may be deemed necessary
6 to prevent the communication of any contagious, infectious or communicable
' disease.

Rule 17. The flesh of pregnant animals shall neither be sold nor used for

human food after the seventh month of pregnancy for cows and the tenth week

for sows.

IMPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK.

Rule 18. The importation of live stock into the state of Iowa is hereby
prohibited, except under the following conditions.

Section 1. All horses, mules and asses, over twelve months of age imported
into the state of Iowa must be accompanied by a certificate of health, including
a record of the mallein test, certif^ang that the animals described thereon have
been inspected and mallein tested and found free from all contagious or in-
fectious diseases. Such test and inspection to be made not more than thirty
days prior to date of importation.

Sec. 2. All dairy and breeding cattle over six months of age imported into
the state of Iowa must be accompanied by a certificate of health including a
record of the tuberculin test, certifying that the animals described thereon have
been inspected and tuberculin tested and found free from all contagious or
infectious diseases. Such test and inspection to be made not more than thirty
days prior to date of importation.

Sec. 3. All cattle other than those mentioned in Sec. 2, except steers and
cattle for immediate slaughter, shall be accompanied by a certificate of health
and an affidavit, certifying that the title of such cattle will not be transferred
and that they will not be used for other purposes than feeding or slaughter
without first notifying the State "Veterinarian and having them subjected to the
tuberculin test.

Sec. 4. All sheep and goats imported into the state of Iowa, except for im-
mediate slaughter, must be accompanied by a certificate of health, certifying
that they have been inspected and found free from all contagious, infectious or
transmissable diseases.

Sec. 5. All swine imported into the state of Iowa, except for immediate
slaughter, must be accompanied by a certificate of health, certifying that they
have been immunized with Dorset-McBride-Niles anti-hog cholera serum not
more than thirty days prior to date of importation when the serum alone is
used and not less than thirty days prior to date of importation when the simul-
taneous method is used.

Sec. 6. Certificates and tests as herein required must be issued by a Federal,
State or Assistant State Veterinarian or in lieu thereof the certificate may be
made by a graduate veterinarian, if such certificate bear the approval of the
State Veterinarian or authoritj' having charge of diseases of domestic animals
in the state where the shipment originates.

Sec. 7. Certificates shall be made in triplicate, the original certificate to be
attached to the waybill for the shipment, the duplicate to be sent to the State
Veterinarian at Des Moines, Iowa, and the triplicate to be forwarded to the
State Veterinarian or live stock authority of the state from which the stock
is being shipped.

Rule 19. Detention and Inspection — quarantine. In lieu of an inspection cer-
tificate as required by Rule 18, live stock may be detained at a suitable stock
yards or other enclosure within the state nearest the State Line, on the rail-
road or highway over which they are being shipped, driven or hauled and there
examined at the expense of the owner, or may be shipped or driven to their
destination under quarantine at the discretion of the owner, there to remain in
quarantine imtil inspected and tuberculin or mallein tested at the expense of

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I . 5S5

the owner, and released by the State Veterinary Surgeon. Such expense shall
be a lien upon the live stock. Railroad or transportation companies are required
to notify the State Veterinary Surgeon at Des Moines, Iowa, of any shipments
of live stock entering the State of Iowa not being accompanied by certificates
of health as required by Rule 18.

Rule 20. Township trustees and local health officers of towns, villages and
cities are hereby authorized and instructed to seize and hold in quarantine all
live stock in violation of above rules and to notify the State Veterinary Surgeon
at Des Moines, Iowa. The expense of the quarantine and examination must be
paid by the owner (or agent) of the quarantined animals as prescribed by law.

STOCK EXHIBITED AT FAIRS.

Rule 21. Rules 18 and 19 shall not be held to apply to live stock brought
into the state from other states for the purpose of exhibition or racing at State,
District or County Fairs ; provided, that in the event that sales shall be made
from such exhibition herds, to remain in the state of Iowa, such stock so sold
shall first bo submitted to inspection requirements set forth in Rule IS before
the sale is consummated and the stock shipped to destination.

Rule 22. It shall be the duty of the State Veterinary Surgeon to .supervise
the disinfection of all liuildings, stalls and pens at the State Fair Grounds .iust
prior to the opening of the State Fair and to disinfect hog pens and such other
enclosures as he may deem necessary daily during the Fair.

Rule 23. All animals presented for exhibition at the Iowa State Fair and
Sioux City Fair shall be subjected to examination by the State Veterinary
Surgeon before entering the Fair Grounds, and to daily inspection during the
Exhibition. Should any animal be found to be affected with any contagious, in-
fectious or communicaT51e disease it shall immediately be removed to a place of
quarantine. The show pens or stalls in which such diseased animal or animals
were kept must immediately be cleaned and disinfected under the supervision
of the State Veterinary Surgeon.

Rule 24. The term "quarantine" shall be construed to mean the perfect isola-
tion of all diseased or suspected animals from contact with healthy animals,
as well as the exclusion of all healthy animals from yards, stables, enclosures
or grounds where suspected or diseased animals are or have been kept.

Rule 25. The State Veterinary Surgeon is hereby authorized and directed to
co-operate with the United States Bureau of Animal Industry and may formulate
and print instructions or rules pertaining to the prevention and spread of con-
tagious diseases among domestic animals by order of the Animal Health Com-
mission.

Rule 26. All hogs within the state of Iowa immunized by the double or
simultaneous method of treatment against hog cholera shall be held in strict
quarantine for a period of not less than thirty days.

Rule 27. All swine exhibited at State, County or other Fairs or exhibitions
in the State of Iowa must be accompanied by a certificate showing that they
have been immunized with Dorset-McBride-Niles anti-hog cholera serum not
more than thirty days prior to date of such Fair or exhibition when serum
alone is used and not less than thirty days prior to date of such Fair or exhibi-
tion when the simultaneous method is used.

Approved under the requirement of Section 3 of Chapter 115, Acts of the
Thirty-fourth General Assembly. August 29th, 1911.

582 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

g, ANIMALS' REJECTED AT SLAUGHTER HOUSES.

th3 i^iule 16. So-called "piggT" or pregnant sows, boars and rejected cattle
se '^und in railway and packing house stock yards must not be sold nor delivered
i^'.o farmers, but held subject to such quarantine as may be deemed necessary
^to prevent the communication of any contagious, infectious or communicable
' disease.

Rule 17. The flesh of pregnant animals shall neither be sold nor used for

human food after the seventh month of pregnancy for cows and the tenth week

for sows.

IMPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK.

Rule 18. The importation of live stock into the state of Iowa is hereby
prohibited, except under the following conditions.

Section 1. All horses, mules and asses, over twelve months of age imported
into the state of Iowa must be accompanied by a certificate of health, including
a record of the mallein test, certifying that the animals described thereon have
been inspected and mallein tested and found free from all contagious or in-
fectious diseases. Such test and inspection to be made not more than thirty
days prior to date of importation.

Sec. 2. All dairy and breeding cattle over six months of age imported into
the state of Iowa must be accompanied by a certificate of health including a
record of the tuberculin test, certifying that the animals described thereon have
been inspected and tuberculin tested and found free from all contagious or
infectious diseases. Such test and inspection to be made not more than thirty
days prior to date of importation.

Sec. 3. All cattle other than those mentioned in Sec. 2, except steers and
cattle for immediate slaughter, shall be accompanied by a certificate of health
and an affidavit, certifying that the title of such cattle will not be transferred
and that they will not be used for other purposes than feeding or slaughter
without first notifying the State Veterinarian and having them subjected to the
tuberculin test.

Sec. 4. All sheep and goats imported into the state of Iowa, except for im-
mediate slaughter, must be accompanied by a certificate of health, certifying
that they have been inspected and found free from all contagious, infectious or
transmissable diseases.

Sec. 5. All swine imported into the state of Iowa, except for immediate
slaughter, mi:st be accompanied by a certificate of health, certifying that they
have been immunized with Dorset-McBride-Niles anti-hog cholera serum not
more than thirty days prior to date of importation when the serum alone is
used and not less than thirty days prior to date of importation when the simul-
taneous method is used.

Sec. 6. Certificates and tests as herein required must be issued by a Federal,
State or Assistant State Veterinarian or in lieu thereof the certificate may be
made by a graduate veterinarian, if such certificate bear the approval of the
State Veterinarian or authority having charge of diseases of domestic animals
in the state where the shipment originates.

Sec. 7. Certificates shall be made in triplicate, the original certificate to be
attached to the waybill for the shipment, the duplicate to be sent to the State
Veterinarian at Des Moines, Iowa, and the triplicate to be forwarded to the
State Veterinarian or live stock authority of the state from which the stock
is being shipped.

Rule 19. Detention and Inspection — quarantine. In lieu of an inspection cer-
tificate as required by Rule 18, live stock may be detained at a suitable stock
yards or other enclosure within the state nearest the State Line, on the rail-
road or highway over which they are being shipped, driven or hauled and there
examined at the expense of the owner, or may be shipped or driven to their
destination under quarantine at the discretion of the owner, there to remain in
quarantine until inspected and tuberculin or mallein tested at the expense of

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 5S6

the owner, and released by the State Veterinary Surgeon. Such expense shall
be a lien upon the live stock. Railroad or transportation companies are required
to notify the State Veterinary Surgeon at Des Moines, Iowa, of any shipments
of live stock entering tlie State of Iowa not being accompanied by certificates
of health as required by Rule 18,

Rule 20. Township trustees and local health ofHcers of towns, villages and
cities are hereby authorized and instructed to seize and hold in quarantine all
live stock in violation of above rules and to notify the State Veterinary Surgeon
at Des Moines, Iowa. The expense of the quarantine and examination must be
paid by the owner (or agent) of the quarantined animals as prescribed by law,

STOCK EXHIBITED AT FAIRS.

Rule 21. Rules 18 and 19 shall not be held to apply to live stock brought
into the state from other states for the purpose of exhibition or racing at State,
District or County Fairs ; provided, that in the event that sales shall be made
from such exhibition herds, to remain in the state of Iowa, such stock so sold
shall first be submitted to inspection requirements set forth in Rule 18 before
the sale is consiuTimated and the stock shipped to destination.

Rule 22. It shall be the duty of the State Veterinary Surgeon to supervi.se
the disinfection of all buildings, stalls and pens at the State Fair Grounds just
prior to the opening of the State Fair and to disinfect hog pens and such other
enclosures as he may deem necessary daily during the Fair.

Rule 23. All animals presented for exhibition at the Iowa State Fair and
Sioux City Fair shall be subjected to examination by the State Veterinary
Surgeon before entering the Fair Grounds, and to daily inspection during the
Exhibition. Should any animal be found to be affected with any contagious, in-
fectious or communicaole disease it shall immediately be removed to a place of
quarantine. The show pens or stalls in which such diseased animal or animals
were kept must immediately be cleaned and disinfected under the supervision
of the State Veterinary Surgeon.

Rule 24. The term "quarantine" shall be construed to mean the perfect isola-
tion of all diseased or suspected animals fi-om contact with healthy animals,
as well as the exclusion of all healthy animals from yards, stables, enclosures
or grounds where suspected or diseased animals are or have been kept.

Rule 25. The State Veterinary Surgeon is hereby authorized and directed to
co-operate with the United States Bureau of Animal Industry and may formulate
and print instructions or rules pertaining to the prevention and spread of con-
tagious diseases among domestic animals by order of the Animal Health Com-
mission.

Rule 26. All hogs within the state of Iowa immunized by the double or
simultaneous method of treatment against hog cholera shall be held in strict
quarantine for a period of not less than thirty days.

Rule 27. All swine exhibited at State, County or other Fairs or exhibitions
in the State of Iowa must be accompanied by a certificate showing that they
have been immunized with Dorset-McBride-Niles anti-hog cholera serum not
more than thirty days prior to date of such Fair or exhibition when serum
alone Is used and not less than thirty days prior to date of such Fair or exhibi-
tion when the simultaneous method is used.

Approved under the requirement of Section 3 of Chapter 115, Acts of the
Thirty-fourth General Assembly. August 29th, 1911.

586 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

VARIOUS STATE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE IMPORTATION OF

LIVE STOCK.

ALABAMA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate, in duplicate, issued by
officially qualified veterinarian.

Cattle. — Health certificate, including tuberculin test for all cattle over
6 months old intended for purposes other than immediate slaughter.
Calves from tubercular mothers or herd can not come into state.

Hogs. — Health certificate, showing no exposure to disease.

Sheep. — Health certificate.

Who May Inspect. — Any legally qualified veterinarian who may be
indorsed or certified to by state veterinarian of state of origin, or by
federal inspector.

Official. — Dr. C. A. Cary, state veterinarian, Auburn, Alabama.

Horses, Mules and Asses. — Health certificate, preferably including mal-
lein test.

Cattle.^Health certificate. Tuberculin test for dairy or breeding cattle.

Hogs. — Health certificate and isolation at destination two weeks or
until released by state veterinarian.

Sheep. — Health certificate for all. Certificate of dipping under official
supervision when from any territory classed as infected by the gov-
ernment.

Who May Inspect. — Horses, cattle, and hogs: any state, federal, county
veterinarian, or other veterinarian when his certificate is approved by
the state veterinarian or state sanitary board at point of origin. Sheep:
Federal veterinarian.

Official. — Dr. J. C. Norton, state veterinarian, Phoenix, Ariz., to whom
duplicate certificate should be sent in advance.

ARKANSAS.

Horses, Mules and Asses. — Health certificate.

Cattle. — Health certificate for dairy or breeding cattle, including tu-
berculin test by official veterinarian, or permit from state veterinarian
to test after arrival.

Hogs. — Must be free from and not exposed to contagious or infectious
disease.

Sheep. — Must be free from and not exposed to contagious or infectious
disease.

Who May Inspect. — Officials of the Bureau of Animal Industry or
official veterinarians of state of origin.

Official.— Dr. J. F. Stanford, Fayetteville, Ark.

CALIFORNIA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate, including mallein-test
certificate. One copy of certificate and test record attached to way bill
5.r4 duplicate copy mailed to state veterinarian on day of shipment.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 587

Cattle. — Health certificate, including tuberculin-test certificate for breed-
ing and dairy cattle. One copy of certificate and test record attached
to way bill and duplicate copy mailed to state veterinarian of California
on day of shipment. Special regulations for importation of southern
cattle.

Hogs. — Health certificate.

Sheep. — In accordance with Federal regulations.

Who May Inspect. — Federal veterinarians or veterinarians certified
to by the authorities charged with the control of live-stock sanitary
work in the state in which the animals originate.

Official. — Dr. Charles Keane, state veterinarian, Sacramento, Cal.

COLORADO.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — Health certificate and tuberculin-test chart for bulls for breed-
ing purposes and female cattle over 6 months old intended for dairy
purposes.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None, except government regulations.

Who May Inspect. — Official veterinarians, state or federal, or a li-
censed veterinarian whose certificate is approved by the state veteri-
narian or like officer.

Official. — Dr. W. W. Yard, state veterinarian, Denver, Colo.

CONNECTICUT.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — For neat cattle over 6 months of age, health certificate, including
tuberculin-test chart properly filled out and certified to by a qualified
veterinarian in any other state who is approved by the authority having
jurisdiction of diseases of domestic animals in that state. This certifi-
cate must contain a description of each animal, including age, breed,
sex and color, or numbered ear tags so that animals may be easily
identified. When certificate as above described is not provided, neat
cattle may be taken into the state under a permit from the commis-
sioner on domestic animals and held in quarantine at the place desig-
nated until examined and released by the commissioner or his agent.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — Commissioner or his agent.

Official. — H. 0. Averill, commissioner on domestic animals, Hart-
ford, Conn.

DELAWARE.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — Cattle for dairy or breeding purposes admitted to the state
on permit from the live stock sanitary board or must be accompanied
by certificate, including tuberculin-test chart, showing animals to be free
from tuberculosis.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

588 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Who May Inspect. — Federal or state inspector, or veterinarian whose
certificate must be a.pproved by state live stock sanitary board.

Official. — Wesley Webb, corresponding secretary of state board of agri-
<^ulture, Dover, Del.

FLORIDA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — None.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

The state law provides that it shaJl be unlawful for any person to
bring into the state or to offer for sale any live stock suffering from
contagious or infectious diseases.

Who May Inspect. — None needed.

Official. — Dr. Charles F. Dawson, veterinarian to state board of health,
Jacksonville, Fla.

GEORGIA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — Health certificate and tuberculin test record for all dairy or
breeding cattle. Cattle may upon affidavit of owner or exhibitor be
shipped in for fairs or live stock exhibitions, but can not be sold for
delivery within the state until they have been examined and tuberculin
tested by state veterinarian or his duly authorized deputy.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — Any qualified graduate veterinarian who is indorsed
by the state veterinarian or officer in charge of live stock sanitary work
in the state where the shipment originates; also veterinarians of the
bureau of animal industry.

Official. — Dr. Peter B. Bahnsen, state veterinarian, Atlanta, Ga.

IDAHO.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — Dairy and breeding cattle to be tested with tuberculin, three
preliminary temperatures and four after injection. Tuberculin-test chart
should accompany cattle.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — Bucks to be dipped under state supervision.

Who May Inspect. — Federal, state and assistant state veterinarians
to make tuberculin test.

Official. — Dr. V. C. White, state veterinarian, Boise, Idaho.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — None, except Texas fever.

Hogs. — None.

Who May Inspect. — State veterinarian and his assistants.

Officials. — Dr. J. M. Wright, state veterinarian, 1827 Wabash Avenue,
Chicago, 111.; Mr. C. A. Lowery, secretary, state board of live stock com-
missioners, Springfield, 111.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 589

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None,

Cattle. — All cattle shipped into state must be tuberculin tested and
tagged with Indiana state tags. Government test preferred. Test charts
must be sent to state veterinarian. Cattle for feeding purposes required
to be kept separate from all other classes of cattle and swine until
slaughtered or shipped out of the state. Sworn affidavit required.

Hogs. — Hogs shipped into state for breeding purposes required to have
certificates showing freedom from disease and that they originated in
non-infected territory. All stock yards considered infected territory,
unless under government supervision and non-infected pens are provided.
Feeding hogs under same restrictions unless permit be secured from
Indiana state veterinarian.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — State veterinarian or veterinary inspector of the
bureau of animal industry.

Official. — Dr. Nelson, state veterinarian, Indianapolis, Ind.

IOWA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate, including mallein test.

Cattle for Dairy and Breeding Purposes. — Health certificate, including
tuberculin test. Other cattle except for immediate slaughter affidavit
required.

Hogs. — Health certificate showing immunization by the Dorset-McBride-
Niles serum.

Sheep. — Health certificate.

Who May Inspect. — The above required certificates may be issued by a
federal, state or assistant state veterinarian or by any graduate vet-
erinarian whose certificate is indorsed by the parties having charge of
live stock sanitation in. the state where shipment originates.

Official. — Dr. J. I. Gibson, state veterinarian, Des Moines, la.

KANSAS.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Inspection certificate and mallein test issued
by federal or state authorities, when shipped or driven from below the
southern, quarantine line, showing them to be free from Texas fever ticks.

Cattle. — Health certificate from territory under quarantine by the fed-
eral government on account of Texas fever, ticks or scabies, including
tuberculin test certificate for dairy cattle and registered cattle for breed-
ing purposes.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

V/ho May Inspect. — Inspectors of the bureau of animal industry, vet-
erinarians and inspectors having a commission from the state live stock
sanitary commissioner.

Official. — Sam S. Graybill, state live stock sanitary commissioner,
Topeka, Kansas.

KENTUCKY.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

590 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Cattle. — Health certificate, including certificate of tuberculin test, except
for cattle for immediate slaughter. Southern cattle admitted for pur-
poses other than immediate slaughter during January, November and De-
cember, after certification by an inspector of the bureau of animal industry
as being free from any symptoms of Texas fever.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — Sheep intended for purposes other than immediate slaughter
shall be accompanied by certificate from an inspector of the bureau of
animal industry showing them to have been dipped once within 10 days
of date of entry in either lime and sulphur or a nicotine dip.

Who May Inspect. — State veterinarian and assistants, inspectors of
the bureau of animal industry.

Officials. — Dr. Robert Graham, state veterinarian, Lexington, Ky.; Hon.
M. C. Rankin, chairman state live stock sanitary board, Frankfort, Ky.

LOUISIANA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate showing freedom from
all contagious, infectious and communicable diseases.

Cattle. — Dairy and breeding cattle shall be free from tuberculosis; must
be tested with tuberculin before entering state. Owner or agent of cattle
must mail certificate to secretary and executive oflEicer of state live stock
sanitary board immediately following arrival of cattle under 6 months
old; calves from tuberculous cows shall be rejected.

Hogs. — Health certificate from qualified veterinarian 24 hours before
shipping, showing freedom from infectious, contagious or communicable
disease.

Sheep. — Health certificate from qualified veterinarian 24 hours before
shipping, showing freedom from infectious, contagious or communicable
disease.

Who May Inspect. — All qualified veterinarians in the state deputized by
board to make such inspections.

Official. — Dr. E. Pegram Flower, secretary and executive officer of
state live stock sanitary board, Baton Rouge, La.

MAINE.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate and mallein test.

Cattle. — Must have permit from cattle commission, and be quarantined
on owner's premises for 30 days and be subject to tuberculin test.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — Qualified veterinarians authorized by live stock
sanitary commissioner.

Official. — Mr. Van W. Carll, live stock sanitary commissioner, Augusta,
Maine.

MARYLAND.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — Health certificate for feeding cattle, and tuberculin test for
dairy and breeding cattle, accompanied by test sheet. '
Hogs. — Health Certificate.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 591

Sheep. — Health Certificate.

Who May Inspect. — State veterinarian, deputies and inspectors of the
bureau of animal industry.

Official. — Dr. Frank H. Mackie, chief veterinary inspector, 1035 Cathe-
dral Street, Baltimore, Md.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — Health certificate, including tuberculin test, except beeves for
Immediate slaughter and calves under 6 months old. Certificates of test
made by veterinarians in other states are accepted if approved by the
proper live stock sanitary authorities in those states.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — Chief of cattle bureau or his agents.

Official. — Mr. Fred F. Walker, chief of cattle bureau, Boston, Mass.

MICHIGAN.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — Health certificate for dairy cattle, including tuberculin test.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — Competent veterinarian.

Officials. — Dr. Ward Giltner, state veterinarian, East Lansing, Mich.;
Mr. H. H. Hinds, president state live stock sanitary commission, Stan-
ton, Mich.

MINNESOTA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — All branded horses, mules or asses imported
into Minnesota must be accompanied by a health certificate, including
mallein test, certifying that animals have been examined and mallein
tested within 30 days prior to date of shipment and found free from
glanders.

Cattle. — All cattle intended for dairy or breeding purposes imported
into Minnesota must be tuberculin tested. Dairy and breeding cattle
imported into Minnesota from the state of Illinois must be held and
tuberculin tested on arrival unless accompanied by a certificate of tuber-
culin test made and issued by a veterinarian of the United States bureau
of animal industry.

Hogs. — Health Certificate.

Sheep. — Health Certificate.

Who May Inspect. — State veterinarians or assistants, other than those
of Illinois, federal veterinarians and veterinarians acting under authority
of state live stock sanitary board.

Official. — Dr. S. H. Ward, secretary and executive ofiicer, live stock
sanitary board, Old Capitol, St. Paul, Minii.

592 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MISSISSIPPI.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate.

Cattle. — Health certificate. Tuberculin test for dairy and breeding
cattle.

Hogs.— Health Certificate.

Sheep.-^Health Certificate.

Who May Inspect. — State veterinarian, assistant state veterinarians, in-
spectors of the bureau of animal industry.

Official. — Mr. W. L. Hutchinson, secretary, live stock sanitary board,
Agricultural College, Mississippi.

MISSOURI.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None specifically required. The statutes of
the state forbid the importation of animals affected with glanders, farcy
or nasal gleet.

Cattle. — Health certificate for dairy and breeding cattle, including
tuberculin test. If any animal in a lot inspected is found tuberculous,
the words, "exposed to tuberculosis on day of inspection," shall be
written on the certificate of health of such animals as pass. Cattle for
pasturing, feeding or immediate slaughter admitted on permit from state
veterinarian without tuberculin test. Regulations do not apply to cattle
shipped to the public stock yards at Kansas City, St. Joseph and St
Louis, nor for exhibition at any fair or live stock show.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None specifically required. The statutes of the stats forbid the
importation of sheep affected with any contagious disease.

Who May Inspect. — Official veterinarian, state or federal, or competent
veterinarian whose certificate shall be approved by the state veterinarian
or like officer in writing.

Official. — Dr. S. Sheldon, state veterinarian, Columbia, Mo,

MONTANA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate, including mallein-test cer-
tificate.

Cattle. — Health certificate, except for immediate slaughter, including
tuberculin test for dairy and breeding cattle.

Hogs. — Health certificates, except for immediate slaughter, including
statement of non-exposure, except where swine are certified by federal
or state veterinarian as having been immunized by the Dorset-McBride-
Niles serum method. All swine imported for exhibition purposes must be
accompanied by certificate of immunization.

Sheep. — Health certificate, and dipped twice at interval of 10 days in
approved dip on arrival at destination or at a safe and convenient point,
unless for immediate slaughter.

Who May Inspect. — Federal, state and deputy state veterinarians.

Official. — W. J. Butler, state veterinarian, Helena, Mont.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 593

XEBRASKA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate.

Cattle. — Health certificate. Tuberculin test for dairy and breeding
cattle.

Hogs. — Health certificate and crating for breeding or exhibition pur-
poses. Must be loaded from wagons and not from ordinary chute.

Sheep. — Without inspection from clean territory. Permitted from ter-
ritory affected with lip and leg ulceration after inspection by govern-
ment veterinarian and found not to be affected with disease.

Who May Inspect. — Government or state veterinarian or graduate vet-
erinarian authorized by government or state veterinarian.

Oflacial. — Dr. A. Bostrom, deputy state veterinarian, Lincoln, Nebr.

iNEVADA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — None.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — Before entrance into state for grazing, must notify board (state
sheep commission) or any inspector in writing. Notice not required for
sheep in transit unless they remain in state or are unloaded to feed and
rest for a longer period than 48 hours.

Officials. — Dr. T. F. Richardson, state veterinarian, Fallon, Nev.; Mr.
Stan. C. Mitchell, secretary state sheep commission, Reno, Nev.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.
Cattle. — Health certificate, including tuberculin test.
Hogs. — None.
Sheep. — None.

V/ho May Inspect. — Qualified veterinarians.

Official. — N. J. Bachelder, secretary, board of cattle commission, Con-
cord, N. H.

IVEAV JERSEY.

Horses, Mules, and Asses.— None.

Cattle. — Health certificate for dairy and breeding cattle, including tuber-
culin test.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — Oflficial veterinarians of the state or competent vet-
erinarian whose health certificate is approved in writing by state officials.

Official. — Dr. Bruce S. Keator, secretary, state board of health, Trenton,
New Jersey.

NEW MEXICO.

Horses, IMules, and Asses. — Health certificate.

Cattle. — Health certificate, including tuberculin test, for dairy cows or
the breeding of dairy cattle.
Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — Health certificate. Bucks must be dipped at unloading point,
38

594 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Who May Inspect. — Official veterinarian, state or federal, for cattle.
Sheep must be inspected by a federal veterinarian before shipment and
by territorial inspector at destination.

Officials. — W. J. Linwood, secretary, cattle sanitary board, Albuquerque,
N. M.; Harry F. Lee, secretary, sheep sanitary board, Albuquerque, N. M.

NEW YORK.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate.

Cattle. — Health certificate for neat cattle for dairy and breeding pur-
poses, including tuberculin test.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — Federal inspectors, inspectors indorsed by the proper
official of the state from which the shipment comes, and the com-
missioner of agriculture, or duly authorized representatives.

Official. — Dr. J. G. Wills, chief veterinarian, Albany, N. Y.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate when for breeding pur-
poses.

Cattle. — Health certificate, including certificate of tuberculin test when
for breeding or dairy purposes.

Hogs. — Health certificate for breeding purposes.

Sheep. — Health certificate for breeding purposes.

Who May Inspect. — State veterinarians, or any veterinarian whose cer-
tificate he will indorse; also United States inspectors.

Official. — Dr. W. G. Chrisman, state veterinarian, Raleigh, N, C.

NORTH DAKOTA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate, including mallein test
made within 30 days prior to entry into state. Certificate for stallions
should, in addition, show the animals to be free from infectious, con-
tagious or transmssible diseases or unsoundness.

Cattle. — Health certificate, including tuberculin test for cattle over 6
months old intended for dairy or breeding purposes; test to be made
within 30 days prior to entry into state.

Swine. — Health certificate stating that no infectious swine disease exists
or has existed in locality from which the shipment originated within 6
months prior to date of shipment, unless the swine are certified by a
duly accredited federal or state veterinarian as having been immunized
by the Dorset-McBride-Niles hog cholera immune serum. Swine brought
into state for exhibition purposes at state and county fairs must be accom-
panied by a certificate stating that such swine have been immunized by
the Dorset-McBride-Niles hog cholera serum.

Sheep. — Health certificate showing them to be free from scabies, lip and
leg ulceration, or exposure thereto within 30 days prior to date of ship-
ment.

Who May Inspect. — Federal, state or deputy state veterinarians or grad-
uate veterinarian whose inspections are indorsed by officials in charge of

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XL 595

live stock sanitary work in the state where inspection is made. All mallein
and tuberculin tests shall be made by federal, state or deputy state
veterinarians.

Officials. — Dr. W. F. Crewe, state veterinarian, Devils Lake, N. D.; L.
Van Es, bacteriologist, state live stock sanitary board, Fargo, N. D.

OHIO.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.
Cattle. — None.
Hogs. — None.
Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — Inspectors of the bureau of animal industry and
veterinarians in the employ of the state board of live stock commissioners.
Official. — Dr. Paul Fischer, state veterinarian, Columbus, Ohio.

OKLAHOMA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate stating particularly that
stock is free from ticks.

Cattle. — Health certificate, including tuberculin test for dairy or breed-
ing cattle.

Hogs. — Health certificate, except for immediate slaughter.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — Official veterinarians, state or federal, or a graduate
licensed veterinarian.

Officials. — M. F. Ikard, superintendent live stock inspection, Oklahoma,
Okla.; Drs. J. K. Callicotte and Ben Dobkins, Oklahoma, Okla., veter-
inarians to the state board of agriculture.

OREGON.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate, including the mallein test,
of stock used on railroad or other construction work. Horses that are
parts of settlers' effects and animals for breeding need no inspection, but
must be free from disease to comply with Oregon statutes.

Cattle. — Health certificate, including tuberculin test for dairy and breed-
ing cattle and all others excepting strictly range cattle.

Hogs. — Health certificate, except for animals for immediate slaughter.
No animal can be shipped for breeding or feeding purposes that has come
in contact with any public yard, corral, undisinfected car, or other inter-
mediate object that might carry infection. Show animals must be crated.

Sheep. — Health certificates from states in quarantine. Animals must
be free from disease. Notice must be given to state sheep inspector or
nearest deputy, stating by telephone, telegraph, registered letter, or in
person, time and place, when and where sheep crossed state line, locality
from which they came, name and residence of owner or owners and of
person in control of same, and number, brands and character of the ani-
mals. Sheep from quarantined states must be dipped once.

Who May Inspect. — Official veterinarians, state or federal; graduate
veterinarians when approved in writing by state veterinarians or like
officer, for animals excepting sheep. Sheep to be inspected by official
veterinarians only, state or federal.

596 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Officials. — Dr. J. F. Morel, state veterinarian, Corvallis, Ore.; Dr. "W.
H. Lytle, state sheep inspector, Pendelton, Ore.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Must be free from contagious or infectious
disease.

Cattle. — Dairj'- cows and neat cattle for breeding purposes to be accom-
panied by a certificate of health from a veterinarian who has been certi-
fied to the Pennsylvania state live stock sanitary board by the authorities
in charge of cattle diseases in the state in which the cattle originate.
Said certificate must be accompanied by a temperature chart showing
that each animal has successfully passed a satisfactory tuberculin test
and is free from disease, or by a special permit authorizing importation
of dairy cows or neat cattle for breeding purposes in quarantine, to be
inspected and tested with tuberculin at destination by an approved in-
spector at owner's expense. Special permit to receive southern cattle for
immediate slaughter.

Hogs. — Must be free from contagious or infectious disease.

Sheep. — Must be free from contagious or infectious disease.

Who May Inspect. — State veterinarian, inspectors of the bureau of ani-
mal industry, inspectors in the state in which the cattle originate who
have been properly certified to the Pennsylvania state live stock sanitary
board, or licensed and approved veterinarians in Pennsylvania.

Official. — Dr. C. J. Marshall, state veterinarian, and secretary state
live stock sanitary board, Harrisburg, Pa.

RHODE ISLAND."

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — Physical examination.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — Cattle commissioners of Rhode Island.

Official. — Dr. John S. Pollard, state veterinarian. Providence, R. I.

SOUTH CAHOLINA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate. Mallein test of any ex-
posed animals.

Cattle. — Health certificate except when intended for immediate slaugh-
ter. Tuberculin test for dairy and breeding cattle over 6 months old.

Hogs. — Health certificate except when intended for immediate slaughter.

Sheep. — Health certificate except when intended for immediate slaughter.

Who May Inspect. — OflScial veterinarians, state or federal.

Official. — Dr. M. Ray Powers, state veterinarian, Clemson College, S. C.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate, including mallein test.
Cattle. — Health certificate, including tuberculin test of dairy and breed-
ing cattle.
Hogs. — Health Certificate.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 597

Sheep. — Health Certificate.

Who May Inspect. — State veterinarian, deputies and inspectors of the
bureau of animal industry-

TENNESSEE.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Must be free from equine scabies, glanders or
other contagious, infectious or communicable diseases.

Cattle. — Health certificate, including tuberculin test of all cattle over 6
months old, except for immediate slaughter.

Hogs. — From public stockyards accepted for immediate slaughter only.

Sheep. — Health certificate issued by an inspector of the bureau of animal
industry or other qualified veterinarian, except for immediate slaughter.

Who May Inspect. — State and federal inspectors or other qualified vet-
erinarians.

Ofl^cials. — T. F. Peck, commissioner of agriculture, Nashville, Tenn.; Dr.
G. R. White, state live stock inspector, Nashville, Tenn.

TEXAS,

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate.

Cattle. — Dairy and breeding cattle over 6 months old and cattle for
exhibition purposes at any fairs within the state must be accompanied
by a certificate of inspection showing them to have been tuberculin tested
within 60 days prior to time of entering the state.

Hogs. — Hogs for breeding and stocking purposes or hogs intended for
exhibition at any fair within the state must be accompanied by a certifi-
cate showing them to have been immunized by the Dorset-McBride-Niles
serum method.

Sheep. — Health certificate except when intended for immediate slaughter.

Who May Inspect. — Inspectors of the bureau of animal industry; in-
spectors designated by the live stock sanitary commission; state veter-
inarian or state sheep inspector.

Officials. — Mr. W. N. Waddell, chairman, live stock sanitary commission,
Fort Worth, Tex.; Dr. E. R. Forbes, state veterinarian. Fort Worth, Tex.;
Mr. J. A. Whitten, state sheep inspector, Eldorado, Tex.

UTAH.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate, including mallein test.
Certificate to show stallions and jacks free from dourine and mares free
from contagious abortion.

Cattle — Health certificate for dairy and breeding cattle, including tuber-
culin test.

Hogs. — Health certificate, certifying that they have been immunized by
Dorset-McBride-Niles hog cholera serum within ten days of date of ship-
ment.

Sheep.— Health Certificate.

Who May Inspect. — Federal, state or deputy state veterinarian, or quali-
fied veterinarian approved by the state or federal authorities.

Officials.— Dr. A. Carrington Young, inspector, Salt Lake City, Utah;
A. A. Canister, secretary state board of sheep commissioners, Salt Lake
City, Utah.

598 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

VER:\rONT.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — Must have permit from the state cattle commission and be
held in quarantine until tested with tuberculin.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — State cattle commissioner and his veterinarians.
Tests made in another state for shipment into Vermont are accepted when
approved by the proper official of that state.

Official. — F. L. Davis, cattle commissioner, White River Junction, Ver-
mont.

VIRGINIA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.

Cattle. — Health certificate for dairy and breeding cattle, including tuber-
culin test, made within the preceding 4 months.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — Inspectors of the bureau of animal industry, state
veterinarian and qualified veterinarians whose certificates are approved
in writing by the state veterinarian or live stock sanitary official of the
state in which animals originate.

Official. — Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough, state veterinarian, Burkeville, Va.

WASHINGTON.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Physical inspection.

Cattle. — Tuberculin test for dairy and breeding cattle. Physical inspec-
tion for beef and feeding cattle.

Hogs. — Physical inspection.

Sheep. — Physical inspection.

Who May Inspect. — Inspectors of the bureau of animal industry and
state veterinarian and assistant state veterinarians.

Official. — Dr. S. B. Nelson, state veterinarian, Spokane, Wash.

WEST VIRGINIA.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — None.
Cattle.— None.
Hogs. — None.
Sheep. — None.

Who May Inspect. — None needed.

Official. — John M. Milan, secretary board of agriculture, Charleston,
West Virginia.

WISCONSIN.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate, approved by state veter-
inarian.

Cattle.— Health certificate, including tuberculin test for dairy and breed-
ing cattle over 6 months old.

Hogs. — None.

Sheep. — None.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 599

Who May Inspect. — Graduate veterinarians approved by the state vet-
erinarian of the state from which the animals come.

Official. — Dr. O. H. Eliason, state veterinarian, Madison, Wis.

WYOMING.

Horses, Mules, and Asses. — Health certificate. Stallions and jacks re-
quire health certificate, including mallein test.

Cattle. — Health certificate, Including tuberculin test for dairy and
breeding cattle.

Hogs. — Health certificate. For exhibition must be immunized with
Dorset-McBride-Niles hog cholera serum.

Sheep. — Send 10 days' notice to secretary state board of sheep com-
missioners, Cheyenne, Wyo., inclosing 3 cents for each sheep and 25
cents for each buck. All sheep to be dipped twice at destination within
15 days after arrival. All import sheep considered as being dipped for
scabies and with such dip as prescribed or recognized by board of sheep
commissioners for scabies.

Who May Inspect. — Federal, state or deputy state veterinarian or quali-
fied veterinarian approved by the state or federal authorities.

Officials. — Dr. Benj. F. Davis, state veterinarian, Cheyenne, Wyo.; Dr.
H. S. Eakins, secretary-treasurer, state board of sheep commissioners,
Cheyenne, Wyo.

600 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Interior View Live Stock Pavilion, Iowa State Fair.

PART XII

Papers on Live Stock, Agriculture and Miscella-
neous Topics— Papers Read Before County
Farmers Institutes, Etc.

THE IOWA STALLION AND JACK LAW.

SENATOR A. L. AMES.

(Before the Iowa Draft Horse Breeders' Association.)

Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Horse Breeders' Association, and
Students of the Short Course of Iowa. — It is a great pleasure to me to be
with you at this time. I am glad of the opportunity of going over this
law and am also glad that you have in your hands not only a copy of the
law in this state hut other states as well, so as to give you some concep-
tion of the differences there is between the laws of other states and the
Iowa law. Iowa has the best horses, grains, soil, and people and it will
continue to be the best if we safeguard it. I have received letters from
farmers and breeders over the state calling my attention to this very
fact, which is the reason why I devoted my time two years ago to the
drafting of this law. I was not entirely alone in this work for I had the
assistance of all the men that I could get hold of who were working for
the same thing and were interested, as well as the help of associations in
other states. I had such men as Dean Curtiss of this school, and the
directors of the breeders association in Chicago. In fact we went into
this matter as fully and carefully as possible in drafting this law. And
any law, I do not care what it is, that is to protect the people of this or
any other state in a certain way will have some weak points and neces-
sarily work some hardships on certain individuals. Also I believe that
this law in the state of Iowa is one of the best of any of the laws in the
other states in the union.

Now there are a good many points that have been criticised. They
say that the law is not constitutional. We went into that matter with
some of the best constitutional lawyers in the state and determined as far
as we could that the law is constitutional. The police department in this
state makes this law constitutional in my opinion. I have no more right
to bring a horse in this state that is affected with a contagious disease
and offer him for public service or to my neighbors than a man has to
open his door in case of diphtheria and distribute it to his neighbors.
The law is quite plain I believe in naming all of its holdings.

602 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The question of disease is one perhaps that will most vitally interest
the stallion owners of the state. It is article three of the law which re-
quires earnest consideration and the division of these diseases perhaps
would vary in the minds of the different men. On the whole they are
perhaps as well as you could possibly arrange, although I am frank to
say in the original drafted form it was not quite as stringent as it now
appears. A good many of the breeders in the state and the farmers as
well objected to leaving the two spavins in the list of disqualifications.
In fact the bill would not have passed the house two years ago unless
those two diseases or unsoundnesses were placed in the first lines of the
law. It was my opinion to leave them optional and allowing the horse
to stand on the minor difficulties but it was written in the law and pos-
sibly for that reason I do not think you will find one single disease or
common unsoundness in that list but what is transmissable. Not one.
You men who are breeders ought to know that a stallion that has a curb
or bog spavin has unusual weakness in that particular place so that in
a majority of the cases the progeny of that animal will be weakened in that
particular part. And that is one thing we want to get away from in
breeding animals of any description in this state and particularly horses.

We want a class of horses in this state so that when we have a buyer
come into our yards from Chicago we wont have to make an excuse for
a horse for this thing and that, but we want the kind that is clean and
sound so that when we have raised him to four or five years old and he
goes on to the market he will sell from $250 to $300 instead of $50 or
$75. That was the idea we had in passing this stallion law. We are
striving to have in this state the best horses that grow, the best cattle,
the best hogs and the best men and women and in order to do that we
must have the best kind of stock to commence with. I do not believe you
can make these laws too stringent. To be sure some individuals, as I
said before, are bound to be hurt in some way. A horse may have some
accident and develop some weakness, a constitutional deficiency that will
prevent him from being registered. In that particular instance it would
be well to allow him to go on as a breeder. But just as soon as you open
that door to that man you will open a door for other men who can claim
most any thing. We are making a law for the people and not the indi-
vidual. We want to make that law so stringent that there will be no
question about it. One great difficulty in making laws is to make them
clear enough. You want them written so clear and plain and written in
the Anglo-Saxon language so you will know what it means. There is no
question about what this law means, you can read, it is as I say and there
it ends.

I do not know whether it would be wise for me to go on and take up
the law further or not. You have it there in your hands. In the draft-
ing of the law it Vv^as the idea of those of us that were trying to make
a law for the benefit of the state to lay as much importance as possible
on the registered animal. We want to do away with the use of grade
stock in this state by all means. I want to say that the record you find
in the herd books of this state or country is no more or less than the
honesty of the man who raises the animal. You can go yourself and

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 603

swear in to any of these that you want to and force registry but we
want to make it impossible so far as we can. We want every one that
has stock whether cattle, horses, sheep or hogs, in the near future to be
able to trace the pedigree back to some responsible registry. I believe
your organization is one of the best things that could happen for that
particular line of work for the horse industry. We want to make it easy
for a man to raise the registered animal. The law provides that if an
animal is not registered the owner has to say the animal is a grade and
publish the fact on the bill and every place where the animal is adver-
tised. There is no excuse for a man using a grade stallion in this state
if he reads the law. It is not a hardship on the man. He does not have
to have a veterinary examine the horse and I would just as soon take
the breeder's word as the veterinarian's. You as a breeder know whether
the animal is sound or not. You cannot raise an animal and be with
him from the time he is born every day and not know the weakness of
that animal. You know whether he is subject to an ailment that will
disqualify him. Nine times out of ten you will be nearer the truth as
regards that animal than the veterinarian, the average veterinarian. If
you have a horse for sale or service you should see where he is v/eak,
if at all, and whether he is free from any disease that would disqualify
him. If not he should not be offered for sale or service. In section five
of the law you will find the means of preventing a man from standing a
stallion that you consider unfit for service. You select one man, the
board of agriculture selects another and these two agree upon a third.
This committee renders a final decision and if you are right the state
pays for it. If you are not right you pay for it. In other words we want
to have this law so clear and simple that it will be next to impossible to
violate the law and if it is violated to provide an easy means of rectify-
ing that mistake and put it right so that all this business which is done
under cover will be taken away from the horse business. It is up to you
as breeders of this state to get away from it. You want the standard
so high that when a horse breeder says that his horse is sound it will
go just as far as the horse can travel. I want it" so simple and plain
that there is no question about it. There will be some changes you want
to suggest. We did not claim that this was perfect and did not when it
was passed. You cannot make a law that is absolutely perfect. You
will need to make some changes. You want to look at this question from
all angles, see how it affects the breeders of the state and then make the
change if you are satisfied that it is changed for the interest of all peo-
ple. The draft horse industry is one of the greatest industries of this
or any other state. I believe this law, while it is in its imperfect form,
if you please, is one of the best ones ever made in regard to horse breeding
industry.

604 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

WHAT HORSES MEAN TO IOWA.

BY IIOWAKD VAUGHN, SECRETARY OF THE IOWA DRAFT HORSE BREEDERS' <

ASSOCIATION.

[From Profitable Breeding and Farming.)

Forty-five per cent of the money invested in livestock in Iowa is in-
vested in liorses. Our horses outrank in value any other single agri-
cultural product or crop by nearly twenty per cent. Of late years we
have been making much ado about the extent of our cattle interests
and the great value of the pork that is produced in Iowa. While much
livestock has been of much importance, yet the draft horse is easily the
greatest single product contributing to Iowa's agricultural wealth. The
value of Iowa horses is 49 per cent greater than the combined dairy
and beef cattle interests of the state. We could ship out of the state
over half of our horses and still have enough left to represent more
capital than the total value of our hogs. The actual census figures our
horses are w^orth $60,000,000 more than our total cattle interests, $100,-
000,000 more than the value of our hogs, thirty times as much as the
value of our sheep and fifteen times the value of our poultry.

Among the other states of the union, Iowa easily holds first rank in
horse production. The following table illustrates this statement by
giving the number and value of the horses in a few of the leading
horse producing states.

RANK OF STATES IX HORSE PRODUCTION.

Iowa 1,568,000 worth $177,184,000

Illinois 1,497,000 worth 172,155,000

Kansas 1,169,000 worth 112,224,000

Texas 1,158,000 w^orth 85,692,000

Missouri 1,095,000 worth 111,690,000

Nebraska 1,059,000 w^orth 96,369,000

There is but one state that records more stallions than Iowa. That
state is Illinois and undoubtedly a part of her lead in the number of
stallions is due to the fact that the stallion registration law has been
in operation longer in Illinois and would therefore be expected to be
more accurately enforced. The following table shows the number of
stallions, grade and pure bred, which have been registered in each of
eleven out of the fourteen states that now have stallion registi^tion laws.

Qtato No. No. No. Percent

^^^^^ Stallions Pure Bred Grade Pure Bred

Iowa, 1911 : 7,866 5,461 2,405 69

Minnesota, 1911 5,065 1,792 3,273 35

Wisconsin, 1911 3,259 1,514 1,745 46

Kansas, 1911 7,843 3,255 3,588 41i^

New Jersey, 1911 215 121 94 56

Pennsylvania, 1909 2,254 " 823 1,427 36

North Dakota, 1911 2,438 1,052 1,386 45

South Dakota, July, 1912 3,217 1,588 1,629 49

Montana, 1910 755 457 298 60

Illinois, 1911 9,435 5,356 4,074 57

Oregon, 1911 1,046 612 434 57

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 605

LICENSED STALLIONS BY STATES.

By the above table we note that there is a wide variation in the
percentage of pure bred stallions in use in the different states. Com-
paratively few states can show 50 per cent of pure bred stallions. This
fact partly accounts for the very large proportion of mediocre horses
that are found in the leading horse markets and the comparative scarcity
of really good horses either of the draft or roadster type. The fact is,
we have been slow in recognizing the actual money returns incident
with the production of the high class horse. Stallions of desirable breed-
ing and type have been known to produce colts worth $100 to $200 more
at five years of a^e than colts from grade, mongrel or scrub stallions
of poor conformation. It is true that Iowa stands at the head of the
list in the percentage of pure bred stallions but even in Iowa that
percentage is too small. Our leading markets are demanding the big
horse with heavy bone and good quality. But a few days ago we saw
an Iowa farmer get $350 for a grade Belgium gelding out of a plain
farm mare but sired by a very high class pure bred stallion. Another
farmer got $160 for a gelding of the same age in practically the same
condition and out of very much the same type of mare but sired by a
stallion that weighed at least 300 pounds heavier and showed larger
cleaner bone with decidedly heavier muscles. We may like a 1200 or
1300 pound chunk for the corn plow or a "handy weight" horse to drive
to town, but as long as we continue to breed for that type of horse we
cannot expect to make satisfactory profits on our horses. The market
pays highest for the big horse — pays more than it costs to produce him
in comparison with the "heavy weight" chunk. The heavy horse is there-
fore the most economical horse to produce. The following table of prices
at the various weights taken from one of the leading horse markets illus-
trates this fact.

IGO'O lbs $203 1800 lbs $270

1650 lbs 216 1900 lbs 320

1700 lbs 233 2000 lbs 400

The fact is that even if we breed for the heavy durable type of drafter
there will be enough medium weight horses resulting to supply all the
demand for chunks. By breeding for heavy horses we may expect a
larger proportion of high priced horses but along with them some ordi-
nary stuff. If we breed for the ordinary horse we certainly cannot ex-
pect to get the high priced horse unless in case of the very rare ex-
ception. It is, therefore, to our interest to pay particular attention to
the type of stallion we use in order that we may realize a greater profit
from the resulting colts.

Iowa's premier position in the producing of horses is due to a nat-
ural fitness for raising horses. Corn, oats and blue grass are the best
horse feeds and there is no state whose soil produces these crops in
greater abundance. The Iowa farmer has long recognized the value
of live stock farming. He appreciates more than any other farmers of
the middle west at least, the necessity of marketing his crops through*
his livestock and thereby retaining a large per cent of the original
fertility of the soil on his own farm. There is no method of livestock

606 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

farming that is capable of producing better returns than the raising of
draft horses. The average farm horse works practically one-third of the
time. Obviously it is poor economy to keep a strong gelding to work
only one day out of three. It is not desirable nor possible to do the
farm work with old or very cheap horses. The heavy brood mare of
good type will work one day out of three to pay for her feed and will
raise a colt for profit. Truly, it is a bit easier to work a team of well
broker geldings than it is to handle mares that have colts at the barn
or young horses that are not yet seasoned to hard work. As far as that
goes, it is easier to sit by the fire and read on a cold winter day than
to go out and feed the stock. If mere freedom from effort is what we
are seeking we should not work even a team of geldings. If rea-
sonable returns for our labor are what we want, then the brood mare
and her colts can supply them far more satisfactorily than the -gelding.
It is plain then, that a very large part of our working capital is in-
vested in horses. It is also evident that the dividends we are getting
from that capital could be much increased if they were invested in better
stallions and in more mares and fewer geldings. From the profit stand-
point the need of Iowa is not more horses, it is better horses.

FEEDING DRAFT COLTS.

BY WM. CROWNOVER.

(Before Annual Meeting of the Iowa Draft Horse Breeders' Association.)
In my little talk tonight I do not intend to give you any special method
that might be given to some special colt fitted for some special show. I
know that the average farmer does not care for that and would not do it
if I told him how, and as I can say a few things that I feel ought to be
said in regard to breeding and management without interfering with
some one else's subject I don't think I will stick entirely to my text. I
just want to give you a little practical common sense talk. If I can im-
press upon you the importance of giving the colts plenty of feed every
day that is in sight in the oats bin and hay mow I and the colts both
will be pleased that you have been here.

I heard Mr. Cownie in one of his lectures say that the best cross he
could give a hog was the corn crib. It may be as truly said of the colts
that the best cross they can have is the oats bin. I am sorry to see so
many farmers who seem to think that as soon as the foals are taken off the
mothers that they are able to take care of themselves, and will say, "Well
go and hunt up what you can find to eat now and make a horse." Very
frequently a colt is worth more when taken off the mother than they are
as yearlings when improperly fed. If we do not feed the colts good the
first year and make good yearlings we are sure to lose one-fourth to one
half the value at maturity. Show me a good feeder and I will show you a
good breeder, and a man that will pay $25 service fee for a good stallion.
Show me a man that thinks his grain of more value in the elevator than in
his stock and I will show you a man that will use a $6 scrub. Show me a

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XH 607

good bred horse and a poor fed one and I will show you a poor horse.
Show me a poor bred one and a good fed one and I will show you a fair
horse. Show me a good bred one and a good fed one and I will show you
a market topper.

• Too much cannot be said in this crusade against scrub sires. From
what I have seen I believe that a lot of farmers ought to have a guardian
when it comes to live stock breeding. They seem to think that a few dol-
lars saved in the breeding end of the transaction is money made. They
seem to loose sight of the selling end where the values are at least 50
to 100 per cent more from good pure bred sires than from scrubs. I call
such methods five cents wise and five dollars foolish. What man is there
contemplating building a skyscraper that does not give due consideration
to the foundation and the material entered in the construction. It is
just as important to have the best of feet, pasterns, and joints with a
heavy, flat, clean, hard, flinty bone in the horse and when you get such a
foundation you can build on the top just as large as you like.

I am sorry to see farmers neglecting the feed and fit their horses for
market. They feed their beef and dairy cattle, their hogs and sheep,
that they may receive top prices, but the horse is sold neglected and
thin, his hair standing up and rough as he can be.

Now there is no animal that will pay better to feed and fit for market
than the horse and the farmers of Iowa are losing $100 to $150 on every
horse so neglected. There are just two things that are sure to bring suc-
cess or failure in draft horse breeding, namely — breeding and feeding.
The one is just as important as the other. Either one of them properly
handled and the other neglected means failure.

Then how and when shall we begin to feed these colts? I worked for
a man one time who raised his horses as scavengers and on the first of
March as the colts were nearing three years old he would say, "Boys,
you had better get these colts in the barn and feed them a little corn and
break them to hitch as we will have to work them this spring." How im-
proper is such management. How many do nearly the same thing. But
I am thankful that we are advancing from such methods. Instead of
waiting until the colt is nearing maturity before we begin to feed let us
begin at the proper time. Say eleven months before it is born, give this
good mother who is expected often to do her day's work in the field and
nourish her own life, the life of her baby foal, and the life of the unborn
making in all three lives to nourish, give her some healthy feed. Do
not neglect her, give her plenty of bone, muscle and milk producing rood,
such as oats, bran, alfalfa meal, some nice clover hay, raise a small patch
of sugar cane for winter feed. They enjoy it, so much. There is no better
or cheaper feed to raise than cane. A good piece of land will produce
eight to ten tons per acre and there is not a pound of waste. They will
eat every stalk clean and the larger the stalk the better they like it.

In the winter time turn the prospective mother out in the fields every
day for exercise. She needs it and enjoys it in any weather except a cold
rain or sleet storm. Don't expect her to break the roads through the
snow banks, nor do the heavy hauling in the muddy spring-time roads. If
you do you are sure to have some fatalities. I keep a pair of heavy geld-

608 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ings on the farm for no other purpose than to take the hard places off from
the brood mares and I have found it very profitable. Give her her box
stall intended for foaling at least a month before she is due. This allows
her to get accustomed to the change in temperature that sometimes exists
between the farm stable and the box used for foaling mares. There is
often great risk of both mother and offspring taking a cold when the
mare is kept in a warm stable up to foaling and then turned into a
draughty box stall where it is much colder. Foals will usually stand as
much exposure as the mare has been accustomed to. For instance, a
foal from a mare that has been wintered outside will bear an amount of
exposure that would soon kill one from a mare that has been accustomed
to a warm stable.

After the mare has foaled it is best to leave her and the foal to them-
selves. If the foal is strong he will get on his legs and nurse without
help. Too much interference often makes the mare restless and prevents
her from letting the foal nurse. Foals during the first few days require
a good deal of attention. One great evil is when foals get costive, and de-
ranged internally. This may be avoided in a great measure by a laxative
food, such as a warm bran mash which will have the effect of keeping the
foal laxative also. But where mares can get green fresh grass or have
been fed laxative food little doctoring is required. More harm than good
is often done by treating the foals. It is best to treat the mare and not
the offspring. It sometimes happens that the flow of milk is greater than
the foal can take. In such cases it is well to draw from the udder two or
three times a day until the foal is able to take care of it all. If it is al-
lowed to remain in the udder it becomes unwholesome and liable to de-
range the foal internally. But as soon as the foal is well under way and
able to take all the milk the mare gives, means should be taken to increase
the quantity as well as the quality of the milk. Oats with bran or alfalfa
meal and other green feeds will produce the desired result. If the weather
is warm in April and the fore part of May turn the mare out on grass
after the cold dew is off and the sun is shining. Young animals derive
great strength and benefit from sunshine. Of course in the extreme heat
of the last days of June and July this treatment must be reversed. Keep
the very young foal in from the extreme heat of the day. Pardon me
for saying so much about colt management and feeding in early stages but
I have learned from experience that the most critical period in all the
colt's life that the feeder has to contend with in rearing the colt, is from
birth to four weeks old.

Mares should have at least fourteen days rest from work after foaling
and if farm operations will admit, longer. When the mares are put to
work they should be used only a few hours at first, and the time gradually
increased. Anyone who has watched a mare and foal will know what a
great number of times the latter will nurse in an hour. It is therefore
very unreasonable to take a mare away from a very young foal and work
her a half day without allowing it to nurse. When they get older and
can take some nourishment it is different. I do not work my mares after
foaling if I can possibly avoid it for I know that the mare that is being
worked cannot possibly have the amount of nutrition to spare for the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 609

foal that she should have if idle. If a mare gets heated when at work
she should not be allowed to nurse the foal until she has cooled down,
and has some of the surplus milk that has remained tgo long in the udder
to be good for the foal drawn from her. This is the general cause for
scours which sets the colt back and is fatal if it becomes of a chronic
nature.

To raise horses successfully and profitably they should be constantly
kept improving. The raising of young stock may be compared to the
progression of a railway train. We all know what a tedious thing it is
to travel a long journey by rail v/hen the stops are numerous and we
grumble at the time wasted. It is not only the length of time the train
stops, but the time it takes before it can be got properly on to speed again.
The same way with the colt, if by neglecting to supply suitable food or by
mismanagement you .allow the animal to come to a standstill in its growth
and condition it will very often take a couple of months ,^6od feeding be-
fore any apparent improvement in condition is made. **This is a serious
loss of time and food which means a pecuniary loss to the owner, whereas
if sufficient food is supplied to keep the colt constantly improving you will
have a good return for the quantity consumed. To keep colts constantly
improving must be the result constantly aimed at.

The best means to secure this improvement must next be considered.
Size, bone and muscle are the three things necessary for a draft horse to
possess. They can only be obtained by proper breeding and feeding of
food suited for their conformation and by exercise. Generally when the
colts are three weeks old they will begin to nibble a little oats or bran.
Encourage them by having a few nice sweet crushed oats in your pocket
and when you go in the stall or pasture scratch them on the back with
one hand and let them eat the oats out of the other. It will only be a
short time until they will be looking for you. I want to say that kind-
ness is one of the best foods that can be mixed with the ration. A sulky
groom that is always kicking the animal out of his way is not fit to feed
anything and must not be tolerated. Provide a little box in the stall or
pasture and while you feed the mother don't forget to have a little pan
for the foals. I would not advise buying alfalfa meal or bran for a ration.
When the mares and colts are en good pasture they do very well on oats
alone. Before weaning time mix a little alfalfa meal with their oats and
get them started on full feed. Then when they are taken off the mother
they will go on and grow and keep their flesh.

In the winter time give them plenty of clover hay if you can get it,
or cane. Keep up the ration of oats and alfalfa meal and a small amount
of corn will do good. Let them out every day for they must have exercise
to develop their feet and muscles. They will roll in the snow banks and
enjoy it. The next spring j^ou will have colts at twelve months old weigh-
ing close to twelve hundred pounds and better, and you are now well on
the way to make a good draft horse. When the yearlings go on grass give
them a ration of three or four quarts of oats tv/ice a day, and when the
heat and flies are bad increase the ration a couple of quarts a day. When
winter comes again duplicate the ration you used before only increase as

39

610 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the case may require. You can with good results at this time increase
the corn and alfalfa and cut down some on the oats. The alfalfa will
balance the corn. Try alfalfa meal mixed with 40 per cent molasses. It
is the best appetizer, conditioner, laxative and bone and muscle builder
with other grains there is. It is cheaper than bran and of far more value
as a horse feed. There is no fixed rule as to the numbei* of pounds of
grain or hay that will apply to every horse or colt. The feeder must use
judgment as not every horse feeds alike and does not require the same
mixed ration. For instance if I had a big rough raw boned colt I would
feed a heavy ration of corn and get a top on as soon as possible. It is
wonderful how the digestive organs of the horse can be developed by
proper and gradual feeding, and there is no animal that will make more
gain for the grain consumed than the horse. It is common for a good
feeder to put on from six to twelve pounds a day. Good horse flesh is
selling from twelve to twenty-four cents per pound on the open market
and a few extra individuals much higher.

Should we not then pay more attention to the proper feeding of our
horses and send them to market as a finished product. We can raise here
in Iowa all the necessary feed and can develop as good a horse as any
country in the world can produce, and there is no one can finish them for
market cheaper than the farmer. Then why continue sending our big
colts and our feed all raised on our own farms down to the eastern feeders
and finished by them at a good profit and go on the eastern market to be
as a product of their state. We have all the raw materials so let us send
it to market in a finished form and have it stamped "Made in Iowa."

CO-OPERATION AMONG FRUIT GROWERS.

(Farmers' Bulletin 522, United States Department of Agriculture.)
Developing methods of production and distribution of agricultural prod-
ucts along purely economic lines is of comparatively recent origin, most
attention having been given possibly to the side of production. However
important it may be to be able to grow crops in large quantities or of
particular qualities at a minimum cost, it is equally important to be able
to dispose of them in the most economical way and to the best possible
advantage, for frequently the easiest and largest profits in any business
are those made through methods oil handling, marketing, and distribution;
and it is here that judgment based upon economic principles must be
exercised and careful dealing resorted to if the highest returns are to be
realized.

A common method of disposing of the crop is by selling directly to re-
tailers, which has proved successful in some instances by choosing only
one dealer in a place and putting nothing but first class material on the
market. The most usual method of disposing of fruit crops, as contrasted
with selling other farm products, is through commission merchants. This
arrangement, however, has not proved entirely satisfactory, the reasons
for which are attributed partly to the system, partly to the middleman,
ancl partly to the producer, the middleman always looking out for his in-
dividual interest, taking advantage frequently of the producer's ignorance
of marketing and market conditions, while the producer in many in-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 611

stances performs his part of the transaction in a careless, indifferent
or haphazard way. The business is conducted on the plan that if there
is any profit it belongs to the commission man; and if any loss, it goes
to the producer. This frequently invites dishonesty, and much swindling?
has brought commission men as a class into disfavor and sometimes un-
justly.

Selling through co-operative associations, which is more largely prac-
ticed by the fruit growers of the west than any other section of the
United States, has proven successful just in proportion as the members
have followed the rules, regulations and instructions of such associations,
which in many cases has been done with very gratifying re'sults. In ad-
dition to returning profits to the producer, which formerly went to a
number of middlemen, co-operation has taught the grower the economic
value of a first-class product; the economic importance of picking, pack-
ing and handling his produce; and fair dealing with the purchaser and
public.

W. H. Chandler, of the Missouri Experiment Station, who has secured
information from quite a large number of co-operative associations re-
garding their methods of. distribution and marketing fruit, points out that
the growth of the co-operative movement among fruit growers in the
United States has been very rapid during the past ten years, even sur-
passing the expectation of the most sanguine and best informed men in-
terested in the fruit business. A number of failures among the organiza-
tions, hov/ever, are reported.

From the reports of a number of successful associations submitted to
the station it is shown that co-operation enables growers to make use of
a number of better business methods. (1) By enabling them, through
their manager or representative, to meet on equal terms the men with
whom they deal. Their representative, thoroughly understanding the
markets, "with all the growers and a good pack behind him controls a
business that demands respect, and he should generally be able to set the
price." It must be remembered, however, that co-operation is not for the
purpose of creating a monopoly or forcing unnatural prices for the prod-
uct. (2) It frequently brings about or forces track selling, which in the
opinion of some brings better results than consigning, one association re-
porting that for 272 cars consigned it received an average of $1 per crate
and for 288 cars sold on track $1.66 per crate. (3) Wholesale dealing is
made possible, not only in selling farm products but in buying anything
the grower needs, especially packing materials, spraying materials, fer-
tilizers, and the like. (4) Because of the larger business it controls the
association is likely to get better service from the railroads, cold-storage
plants, etc. "Then it is in a position to secure adjustments with the rail-
roads and other large concerns on points of disagreement, when the cost
of litigation would make such adjustments impossible with the small
grower." (5) Men of better business ability than the average grower
can be secured to manage the association, which means much in the eco-
nomic disposition, of a fruit crop or most any other crop, for many of the
best growers, who understand their trees and the methods of care the

612 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

best, are not the best adapted to deal with men and markets and market
conditions.

Co-operation further enables growers to make use of fruits grown in
small quantities, which are often wasted because no man has enough to
sell to advantage. With co-operation a car could often be loaded and the
fruit used to some advantage to each grower, carload lots being considered
the economic unit of shipment. It secures better equipment for handling
a crop in a section, as disorganized sections are less likely to have the
necessary cold storage, precooling and other equipment for the best
handling of a fruit crop. In addition to the benefits of co-operation
already mentioned, Mr. Chav.dler notes the following: (1) The crop may
be distributed so as to prevent gluts in the market; (2) it enables the
growers to establish a brand that will be known in the markets and will
thus insure better prices; (3) it insures better care of the orchards; and
(4) in nearly all cases it results in greater stability of the industry.

Among the difficulties in the way of co-operation are:

(1) The fact that independent growers who do not help support the
association get many of the benefits received by the members without
paying for them. This will be evident when it is considered that one of
the greatest functions of co-operation is proper distribution; and if the
association keeps fruit, for example, out of the way, there is little danger
of the independent grower's fruit going into a glutted market; conse-
quently he will get nearly as good, if not as good, prices as members.
This being true, independent growers will be slow to join the association,
and members seeing independents doing as well as they, w^ithout having
to pay their share toward the support of the association, may tend to
drop out.

(2) The difficulty of keeping the quality of the goods handled by the
association as high as the quality of goods that would be handled by the
best growers working independently.

(3) Crop failures that get the association out of working order on
off years.

(4) A spirit of envy and lack of confidence and support of the man-
agers by the members.

Another impediment in the growth of co-operation which might have
been noted is the difficulty of securing funds to finance the production
and marketing of the crop in the way prescribed by the association. How-
ever, it is possible to meet this difficulty by carrying the principle of co-
operation a step further and securing loans through a system of co-opera-
tive credit, which has done much for European farmers toward solving
economic problems of the farm and community. Mr. Charles Douglas, of
Scotland, as quoted in a bulletin of the Missouri station, says:

"The greatest practical obstacle in the way of agricultural organization
is generally the difficulty of finance. A very large number of those who
might benefit most by co-operation are prevented from taking advantage
of it because they deal on long credit with the merchants who supply
them. It is this fact which has chiefly led to the development of co-opera-
tive credit as an essential adjunct to co-operative purchase. * * *

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 613

"The fundamental idea of the Raffeisen banks, which are the general
model for co-operative credit in agriculture, is that the farmers in a small
area should combine to find credit for one another. They provide loans
for approved reproductive purposes; and the banks rely for their success
on the knowledge which their members and managers have of local cir-
cumstances and of the character of the applicants, as well as on the fact
that each member, being implicated with every transaction, has an inter-
est in seeing that loans are only made for suitable purposes and to re-
liable persons. It is an interesting corroboration of the soundness of this
principle that these banks do not in practice have any bad debts, poth
in Germany and in Italy the banks are closely associated with purchasing
societies, so that the borrower has the advantage not only of credit on
reasonable terms, but also of co-operative purchase and of the advice and
guidance of those by whom the loan is sanctioned.

"Regarding the secondary results brought about by co-operative action,
it may be said that they are several in number and decidedly far reach-
ing in their effects. Increased crops and increased prices spell, of course,
larger incomes and larger profits, the influence of which stimulates and
revives rural life on its social no less than on its economic side. Public
schools, country churches, other public institutions, and general rural
life are apparently made better, all of which tends to check the drift of
rural population to towns and cities."

TILE DRAINAGE— ITS EFFECT ON CROPS.

S. F. SPARKS, WALKER, IOWA.

(Read at the Twenty-Seventh Annual Session of the Northwest Division
of the Linn County Farmers' Institute, December 19, 1912.)

When our forefathers landed upon the shores of this country whether
at Salem, at Jamestown or St. Augustine, they found this country peopled
with a hardy race of mankind, splendid as types of human beings,
unsurpassed the world over, who in their savagery had worked out a
form of semi-civilization. They had a form of government. They tilled
the soil. They conserved their food supplies. They built tov/ns and
villages. Let us read what Col. Roosevelt says about the Creeks:

"Bears had been exceedingly abundant at one time, so much so as to
become one of the main props of the Creek larder, furnishing flesh, fat,
and especially oil for cooking and other purposes; and so valued were
they that the Indians hit upon the novel plan of preserving them,
exactly as Europeans preserve deer and pheasants. Each town put
aside a great tract of land which was known as 'The beloved bear ground,'
where the persimmons, haws, chestnuts, muscadines and fox grapes
abounded and let the bears dwell there unmolested, except at certain
seasons, when they were killed in large numbers. However cattle were
found to be more profitable than bears and the 'beloved bear grounds'
were by degrees changed into stock ranges.

"Many of the chiefs owned droves of horses and long horned cattle,
sometimes as many as 500 head— besides hogs and poultry. Their fields

614 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

of rice, corn, tobacco, beans and potatoes were sometimes rudely fenced
in with split liickory poles.

"For food they used all these vegetables, as well as beef and pork
and venison stewed in bear's oil; they had hominy and corn-cakes, and
a cool drink made from honey and water, besides another made from
fermented corn, which tasted much like cider.

"They sifted their flower in wicker-work sieves, and baked the bread
on broad, thin stones— moreover, they gathered the wild fruits, straw-
berries, grapes, and plums, in their seasons, and out of the hickory
nuts made a thick, oily paste, called hickory milk.

"They spun the coarse wool of the buffalo into blankets, which they
trimmed with beads. They wove the wild hemp in frames and shuttles.
They made their own saddles. In summer they wore buckskin shirts
and breech clouts; in the winter they were clad in the fur of the bear
and wolf or of the shaggy buffalo."

We read so much in our histories about the Indian on the warpath
and so little about his domestic life and struggles for food, that a
glimpse' at this latter side of his life is very refreshing.

The story of the American Indian is the story of all peoples of the
earth since the angel at God's command led our first parents out of
the garden of Eden and shut the gate— and the decree went forth, "In
the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the
ground."

Our early pioneers were men and women of strong, vigorous bodies
and they produced large families and these with the stream of immi-
grants from over the seas soon filled up the seaboard land, and the rest-
less pioneer unused to close communities and imbued with the free-
dom of the Indian life turned longing eyes toward the land of the
setting sun. He stood and looked at the "great blue wall" that as a
barrier obstructed his progress towards the lands to the westward and
dreamed of their fertility and their beauty and their abundance of game.
George Rogers Clark, Daniel Boone, Nollichucky Jack Sevier, Hen-
derson and Harrod — along with other pioneer heroes blazed a way through
the "Blue W^all," led forth a stream of hardy settlers, w^ith their wives
and children into the new garden of Eden — the blue grass country of
Kane and turkey — of deer and buffalo — and here amid hardships —
almost unbelievable by this generation — where every step of their
progress was contested by the Indian they laid the foundations for the
great commonwealth of Kentucky.

From time to time there drifted into this land the refuse, cast off
by the older colonies. However they got their share of their best stock
along with these. At times whole churches marched singing into the
forts. The preacher leading and thanking God loudly that He had
delivered them from the wilderness and the savage.

These earlier pioneers were no husbandmen. They were the scouts,
the advance guards of civilization, not the tillers of the soil nor lovers
of close communities, and as the land filled with settlers, farther and
farther they went afield for game and always grumbled sorely against

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 615

this horde which had driven the deer from his cover and the buffalo
from his wallow.

They looked upon this horde of immigrants as the Indian had looked
upon themselves, as interlopers upon their food supply. However, they
did not resent it in the same manner as did the Indian. To the north-
ward beyond the Ohio, to the westward beyond the Father of Waters lay
untold hills and valleys dotted with buffalo and deer and elk, and once
more the pioneer treked only to be followed by swarms and swarms
of energetic, progressive, pushing people — into Missouri and Kansas,
Iowa, Nebraska and the Dakotas — on and on and on until checked by the
shores of the mighty Pacific. Such is a brief outline of the settlement
of this very land we call our beautiful Iowa.

For what were all these people braving all these dangers? They were
in search of food. The most serious question that confronts the physi-
cal man in all ages is the food question — Where shall I get my daily
bread? Not, where shall I get my yearly suit of clothes? — but, where
shall I get my daily bread?

Through the purpose and the mercy of God the Indian was placed
in this country — how and when I know not. But this was his country,
and it was and is an exceedingly good land. But he has never proved
himself worthy of this land. His opportunities were indeed rare and
his responsibilities exceedingly great, but he was never equal to his
opportunities nor arose to his responsibilities. His country was destined
to become the feeding ground of 100,000,000 of people and perhaps two
or even 30'0,000,000. In fact we know not what the future holds for this
country — but we know the Indian was not equal to his opportunity. He
has never made much of a success in causing two blades of grass to
grow where only one grew before. He has never succeeded in breeding
a better grade of cattle or hogs or horses. He has never been able to
appreciate his birthright — but has wasted this good land and God has
supplanted him and has given his birthright into our hands and the great-
est proposition before the people of this United States of America today
is, where shall we secure food — not for our immediate use — to feed our
100,000,000 of people. But where shall we and our successors secure the
food with which to feed the unnumbered millions, that he who stands
upon the mountain top and looks into the future can see peopleing our
country from ocean to ocean and from lakes to gulf.

I venture the assertion that our increase in agricultural products has
not and and is not keeping pace with our increase in population. And
since our corn land has all come under cultivation, the irrigated land
of the v/est does not produce corn, the question is, how are we to pro-
duce the excess of corn that is to go towards making and finishing the
excess of pork and beef to feed the immediate future increase in pop-
ulation? I need not call your attention the great hue and cry that has
already gone up from all over the eastern parts of our country and the
countries of Europe concerning the excessive high price of food stuff.
The future does not promise any lowering of the price, and unless we
producers can increase the yield per acre of our cereals, the problem
in the near future will become a serious one.

616 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Take a compass, place one leg upon Ottumwa, Iowa, and with the
other leg describe a circle, passing through Salem, South Dakota,
Wichita, Kansas, and Indianapolis, Indiana, and you have circumscribed
all the real good corn producing land in the non-commercial fertilized corn
area in the United States, that need td be considered as producing
an amount of corn in excess of local needs. The burden of producing the
excess of corn for the needs of this nation rest upon the farmers of this
small territory.

The question for the statesman farmer should not be, "How much
higher price can I get for my corn?" — for the consumer pays enough
now. Nor should he ask, "How may I increase my acreage?" For the
problem that confronts us now in our farm operations is to secure
efficient help to till our present acreage — but the legitimate statesman-
like question is, "How may I increase the yield per acre?"

I believe theoretically and experimentally that one of the funda-
mentals in the increasing the yield per acre of our cereals and grasses
is the proper underdrainage of our farm lands. When I came to this
locality six years ago there was but one farm between the Fairchild
corner and six or eight miles south that had any tile drainage upon it and
that one farm was the one owned by N. J. Zabokrtsky. Since then Mr.
Henry and John Fairchild, John Simanek, Nickloo Zaborkrtsky, Robinson
and Sparks, Martin and Jacob Kozina, John and Jacob Lala have each
been doing more or less tiling and any one who is in any manner fa-
miliar with conditions past and present upon these farms cannot help
knowing that underdraining of these farms has been a decided advan-
tage to the operator of each from the standpoint of profit and in pleasure
in operating them.

Take for instance John Fairchild's field. Heretofore he has raised
some corn upon this field, but I have never seen such healthy looking
stalks, nor such large ears as grew this season upon this land that he
recently tiled out.

The same is true of Henry Fairchild's field just across the road
and in a more marked degree is it true of John Limarek's field. These
men have caused two ears of corn to grow where only one little soft nub-
bin grew before.

Mr. Zabokrsky has had the most of his farm tiled out for so long and
has been raising such abundant crops of corn and oats for years and
years that it is difiicult to make a comparison with the crops of the past
two seasons.

Allow me to say that when any man in this locality raises more
bushels, and as of good quality of oats and corn to the acre, than Mr. Nick
does — that man is entitled to consider himself a successful farmer indeed.

I have endeavored to be a better farmer than Nick. To raise better
crops than he. Sometimes I have been successful in my endeavor and
sometimes otherwise. This year he beat me raising oats. I don't believe
he did so on corn.

I can not speak advantageously upon this subject further without mak-
ing reference to my personal experience. You people that were familiar
with the conditions know that when I took possession of the farm I have

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 617

lived upon the past six years, that the prior owner made no attempt to
farm other than the high land. He used what was known all over this
locality as the big slough for a pasture and it was very wet.

If I remember rightly, I have been told that at one time forty-five or
fifty head of cattle were drowned in this pasture. You people remember
how day after day and month after month, for two long years, my teams
passed you upon the roads with load after load of tile from this town.
200 wagon loads of tile each year. Now if you should be traveling near
Center Point you would meet my teams hauling 200 wagon loads of grain
from this same frog pond slough to market and we are having lots of
fun doing so. I think I have a right to say that I am a successful farm-
er. I am raising two ears of corn where three years ago only sour slough
grass grew before which did not make even good rabbit pasture.

Last spring was a very peculiar season. There was a super-abundance
of moisture in the soil and the land was exceedingly slow in drying out.
Several of my neighbors had their horses down trying to mud in their
oats upon untiled land. I had no such experience in seeding my oats.

My men had plowed 140 acres for corn before Neighbor Smith on the
Wynan's farm could get into his fields and there is only the line fence
between our farms. I was discing before Mr. Kubic had turned a furrow
and our farms corner, and Joe Dvorak had one field eighty rods away
from my field that he never plowed at all and it grew up to weeds.

Yes, I believe tiling pays.

We have been educated to believe the Indian lived in a tepee of skins
and poles and roamed half naked through the forests in search of game
and scalps.

But I read that at no time did more than one-half the red men of any
tribe take to the war path. These Indians whom we call savages, lived
in villages and towns, in houses made of logs and had tables and stools
and farmed after a fashion, the adjacent lands.

After more than 100 years of national life we have scattered all through
our community farmers who have not advanced one whit more than the
Indian has, if they have kept pace with him, and the question is, what
shall we do with them? Shall we shoot them? We cannot legally do that
but we can eliminate them by supplanting them.

We can do nothing with the suspicious, ignorant, hard-headed man that
has advanced but little in civilization. Our only hope is that we may
get hold of his children and inspire them so that when the old man has
been taken home to be with the angels, and out of the way of his children,
they may have a chance to improve.

Our duty towards these children can be, in part, discharged by elimin-
ating from our schools much effete matter and substituting subjects in
which they can be interested, and this leads me to say, that while our
schools are good in a way, they are so far behind those of Germany, that
the Germans have us skinned a mile.

In Germany a child starts to school at six years of age and goes for
eight years of twelve months each until he is fourteen years old, then
while he is yet young he commences to learn a trade, and when he is
grown he is ready for the duties of a man.

618 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Here we send our child to school from six to eight months in a year
and by the time he is grown we have a dude out of the boy and a wall
flower out of the girl.

I overheard men talking in a hotel some weeks ago. One said, "That
a half dozen of his boy companions had been sent to college and beem
graduated and not one of them could feed himself."

Education divorced from avocation is positively harmful. I read that
40 per cent of our graduates from our agricultural college return to the:
farms and become actual farmers. Would then that we could so arrange
it so we could put every farmer's son in our agricultural college.

And now one word to the Hon. Mr. Barry. When you go to Des
Moines to discharge the duty we have delegated to you, don't be stingy
with our money when you come to consider the needs of our agricultural
college. Better spend a million in experimenting and lose every dollar
of it, than cripple our work there and the interests of generations yet un-
born, by withholding more than is meet.

WINTER PROBLEMS.

C. H, TRUE, EDGEWOOD.

(Read at the Annual Meeting of the Iowa Bee Keepers' Association.)
Recent investigation goes to show that the number of honey bees kept
in our state at the present time is less by several thousand colonies than
those that have been handled in former years. This great falling off in so
important an industry should be a matter of much concern to us all as
honey producers, and should lead us to adopt measures if possible to check
its further progress. The losses referred to may be attributed to several
causes, that of poor wintering being doubtless the greatest. Perhaps
there is no other question that relates to the work of bee-keeping more
important or that is more frequently and fully discussed or that has
brought out such a wide difference of opinions and experiences as the
question we are now to consider. I do not care to discuss at this time all
of the theories that others have advanced, nor the claims that have been
made for the various methods advocated for the safe wintering of our
colonies. On the other hand this brief article is presented simply as a
nucleus in the hope that it may draw out inquiries and discussions touch-
ing the matters that must be omitted in the paper. It would seem that
we have had both time and opportunity during all the past years of our
investigation to have determined the relative value of the different meth-
ods employed, and to solve some of the difficult things concerning the
wintering of our bees as to lead us to determine each one for himself
which one of the systems in practice is best suited to his individual
surroundings. The injunction "prove all things, hold fast to that which
is good" may be aptly applied to our efforts in providing the very best
protection for our bees during the most critical period of the year.
Proceeding upon this supposition, I may simply give the results of my
own plan that I have employed for the past eight years with unvarying
success. Being located in the northeastern corner of the state just above

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 619

the 42d degree of latitude, I have concluded that for me indoor or cellar
wintering is preferable to any other method and in the practice of this
plan I have endeavored to observe the few conditions that go to make it
successful. A fairly strong colony of young bees, an abundance of honey,
a dry, quiet, dark place with proper ventilation. These conditions are
fairly well met with in a cellar under the dwelling in one end of which
are kept the fruit and vegetables, the opposite end being reserved exclu-
sively for the bees. In the passage way between the apartments is placed
a screen door to prevent the bees from leaving their own room. The walls
of the cellar are constructed of stone and smooth plastered inside, with
cement floor, and lathed and plastered above. The ventilation which is
not perfect comes from two narrow windows and a door into the hatchway
leading to the outside of the' cellar. The inside dimension is 11x14 feet
and will accommodate 100 colonies of bees. Two 2x4 scantlings are laid
about ten inches apart near each wall and also through the center of the
room, these to rest the hives on for convenience in handling. This ar-
rangement provides for alleys sufficiently wide to pass in and out be-
tween the three rows of hives. The rear end of the hives are elevated an
inch by laying an inch thick strip on top of one of the pieces of 2x4 with
entrances facing the center of the room. I try to look carefully to the
matter of preparing the bees in the yard for wintering by removing the
supers early enough so that these colonies that seem to be short of stores
may have time to supply themselves before the late honey flow has ceased.
Usually about Thanksgiving time they are removed to their winter quar-
ters. The bees are first securely shut in by nailing strips of lath over
the entrance of each hive, a steady team is hitched to sleds with side
boards of the box removed and is then driven along the rear side of the
row of hives and two men proceed to load on from twelve to fifteen stands.
This many a team can easily draw and if the ground is fairly smooth
the bees will be very little disturbed. Driving to the cellar the hives are
carried in and tiered up as closely together as is convenient, four hives
high. The cloth covers as well as the regular cover remains on top as
when removed from the bee yard. Hive ventilation is provided through
the wide entrance of the bottom board the entire width of the hive. The
work is now accomplished until the time for returning the bees to their
summer stands, except to occasionally regulate the ventilation and tem-
perature of the cellar. This simple method as I have attempted to explain
it is the way in which for the past eight years I have wintered my colo-
nies with uniformly good success, the loss in no season exceeding over five
per cent of the whole number stored, and to my mind this is to us of the
northern part of the state the safest and best system to employ. Last
winter was one of the severest that has been experienced in north Iowa
for many years, the temperature falling several times as low as 36 de-
grees outside, while in the cellar for several days it went to 36 above with
apparently no serious results so far as the bees were concerned. I may
add that while the plan that I have described has always proven highly
satisfactory in my own case, I am aware that some of my neighbors who
have adopted the cellar method of wintering have not always met with
equally good results, especially was this true in the winter of 1911-12
when many lost a large per cent and some all of the bees thus treated.

620 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

And so we have frequently seen that the same methods employed by dif-
ferent individuals in nearly the same locality meet with opposite results.
But of course there are reasons for these differences which may not al-
v>ays be clearly seen or easily accounted for. My advice to all wherever
located is this: If you have followed any special plan of wintering for a
series of years with uniformly reasonable success, let that be your settled
system and hold to it at least until by careful experimentation, with a
few colonies at first, you have become convinced that you have discovered
a better way. I mean to say by this that it is not safe to attempt in a
v/holesale way to follow some method that has proven satisfactory to some
bee keeper at a distance far remote from you and whose surroundings may
be far different from your own. My observations for many j^ears past
have led me then to the final conclusion that at least in our northern
latitudes, cellar wintering as a rule is the plan for us to follow, inasmuch
as it is attended with smaller losses of bees and a saving of a considerable
amount of honey as compared with other methods. Possibly after one
has provided himself with the required number of suitable double walled
chaff hives, he may be able to winter his bees on their summer stands
with less labor and inconvenience than by the plan which necessitates the
carrying in and out of cellar wintered colonies and yet I believe that we
can each well afford almost any extra expense that will bring about the
very best results.

FARMING ON A BUSINESS BASIS.

BY DALLAS N. MC GREW, EMEESOX, L\.

(Before the Mills County Farmers' Institute.)

Farming is the base upon which all forms of business stand and is
conducted in the least business like way of all business. This is done
by owners and renters alike.

Formerly it has been that the farmer could put in his crop, harvest it,
and realize a good profit even if his methods were not the best, but now,
with the increase in the price of land and of equipment, a profit is not
so easily obtained.

Every agricultural paper that we pick up has some article referring to
the rapid increase of population and the smaller increase of production.
Our population has, in the last ten years, increased 21 per cent, our farm
area 4.8 per cent and the production of cereals less than 1 per cent. Dr.
Hopkins, of Illinois, at a recent meeting in Chicago, gave figures which
showed that the average farm acre is producing less each year and ex-
plained why we had not felt a shortage of food stuffs as yet. These figures
showed a decrease in exports of corn for 136,000,000 bushels and of wheat
for 82,000,000 bushels for the five years previous to 1900. Now even with
our increase in production this enormous decrease in exports makes it
very evident that the question of feeding the increase of population,
thought to be groundless by some, is going to be a real issue before many
years. Some people are afraid of an over-production of grain and are
of the opinion that prices are going to lower. The figures that I have

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 621

given certainly indicate that we need have no fear of over-production and
on the contrary show that we need to make a change in our system of
farming, coming gradually to the situation to be met, rather than waiting
to the last moment and then m.ake an abrupt change.

Business men look ahead for several years in conducting their busi-
ness, some making it such a study that they have no time to give to
actual work and leave that part to hired labor. Now if business men can
make a success by devoting their whole time to the planning of their
business and hiring all the work carried on, why cannot a farmer well
afford to spend more time than he does in managing his farm work. Suc-
cessful farming requires a man who has a mind large enough for doing
more than one thing at a time. Farming cannot be considered as a con-
tinual routine of sowing and reaping.

The merchant has the average farmer bested in carrying on his work
in that he keeps some definite system of accounts. He can, by referring
to his books, tell just how his business stands, how much has been his
gains and losses for past years and just where they were made. Right
here is where his success lies, for he can tell on what line of goods his
gains or losses were made and profit by them. Farmers, the same as mer-
chants, make mistakes and if they do not'know where these mistakes are,
and profit by them, that big slice of profit will be taken off every year.

When a merchant sees that a certain line of goods is being carried by
him at a loss, he immediately changes it, and when he is introducing a
new line he keeps careful v/atch to determine its success. Therefore we
farmers need to get these business methods at work on the farm, and
when we find losses creeping in, get at the causes and remedy them.

For instance, if our cropping system is gradually decreasing the fertil-
ity of the soil, we need to find it out and change cur methods and work
for uniform yields rather than have a decrease.

Grain farmers have found in the last few years that they are rapidly
losing out as far as fertility goes for they have been unable to get a good
stand of clover. As a consequence they are keeping more live stock and
sell only the finished product from the farm.

In selling 100 bushels of corn there is 100 pounds of nitrogen and 17
pounds of phosphorus taken off the farm, while in selling 1,000 pounds of
fat cattle only 25 pounds of nitrogen and 7 pounds of phosphorus is re-
moved. These are just a few figures which show the benefit from feeding
the grain on the farm. From a fertility standpoint, it wouldn't take
a business man long to decide between grain and live stock farming.

The farmer of today has a large capital invested, especially if he is
farming his own land, therefore, he, as well as other business men, should
have a method of telling just how his work stands.

How many farmers make good interest in their investment? For ex-
ample take a man who owns 160 acres of Iowa land:

Value of land at $125 per acre $20,000

Value of live stock on same 1,900

Value of machinery 630

Total capital invested $22,530

622 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

This amount, if placed at interest at 6 per cent would yield annually
$1,351.80. Now how many farmers do you think make interest on their
money, after taking out pay for their work?

The question is now, how can we apply business methods to the average
farm and increase its income. One of the first things to do, is to get the
fields and buildings so arranged that the least possible time will be spent
in going to the fields and in doing chores. A factory or store is never
so arranged that much time is spent by employes in going from one piece
of work to another, or in carrying on their work. I know of one farm
of eighty acres on which the owner travels three quarters of a mile in
going to one field of twelve acres During the season I estimated that he
would go to this field twice a day for twenty days, making a total distance
traveled of sixty miles. At a rate of three miles per hour he would
spend two days each year in going to and from work to this particular
field, while by a different arrangement of fields he could eliminate most
all of this travel.

I was reading an article in a paper last week in which the writer stated
that some men did chores by the mile instead of by the hour. Now while
the arrangement of buildings for convenience seems a small trifle, it
sometimes makes enough difference that an extra man has to be kept
during the winter just to do chores. Of course we say the reason is that
we have so much stock to care for, while in reality an arrangement for
conveniences, such as piping water and storing feed where it is needed,
would make enough difference that one man could easily manage during
the winter months.

Another thing which helps to run the farm on a business basis is the
farm scales. They are as important to the farmer as the stenographer is
to the broker. Most farmers use their scales only during corn husking
aad occasionally when selling something. They should be used regularly
when the farmer is feeding any type of live stock. He of course desires
to get the largest gains possible for the least feed consumed; so use the
scales. The gain per day is the best recommendation for a ration that
we can get. By the use of the scales, tankage for the hogs and cotton
seed meal for the fattening steers can be tried out. These supplementary
feeds to balance corn in a ration have paid for some people; why not for
all. It does not take any exceptional business ability to interpret from
daily gain and cost of grain whether the supplementary feeds are pay-
ing.

When a business man's expense for advertising brings increased sales,
he does not hesitate to advertise, so why need a farmer hesitate to buy
supplementary feeds when they give larger and cheaper gains.

Much is said at the present time about the high cost of living, espe-
cially with reference to the price of meat. By co-operation farmers can
have fresh meat during the summer months the same as in the winter.
It isn't necessary for a farmer to sell butcher stuff which will dress
out from 60-70 per cent to the local butcher for five cents a pound and
then buy it back at from twelve to eighteen cents. Not much business
to that, is there? By the farmers organizing beef clubs with a definite
number of members, and each member taking his turn to furnish the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 623

animal to be slaughtered, much will be done to keep down living expenses.
Manufacturers work on co-operative principles. They realize that a man
can accomplish more and do it at a cheaper rate when working in con-
nection with other men. In the making of an article, each man employed
makes only one part and as a result becomes more efficient than if he
made the whole article.

Another item which should receive more attention is that of making
use of waste pieces of land. Many farmers have a swampy piece of land
which could easily be cultivated by laying a few tile, or else have a corner
cut off of a field by a ditch, which could be used for a truck patch instead
of growing up in weeds.

One of the biggest losses of fertility on the farm is in the manner of
disposing of manure. Some men think that by letting the manure pile
rot down, it will save hauling out that much and that what they do haul
out will be enough richer in fertilizing elements to make up for the loss
in quantity. This is a mistake for v/henever you see smoke going up from
a manure pile, you may know that fertility is going up into the air. As
much as 30 to 80 per cent of the nitrogen in manure is lost by fire fang-
ing.

Cornell Experiment Station conducted experiments with exposing ma-
nure to the elements. Piles of m.anure were stored outside for five months
and the following results were obtained:

Average weight of piles at beginning of test 4,000 pounds

Average weight of piles at end of test 1,770 pounds

Value before exposing to the weather $5.48

Value at the end of test 2.03

Value per ton at beginning of test 2.74

Value per ton at end of test 2.34

To prevent this loss by leaching and fermentation, the manure should
either be stored in a pit or else hauled out as fast as made and spread
with a spreader. By the use of a spreader, manure can be scattered on
a pasture, if no other field is available. A loss of fertility as shown by
the above figures surely shows lack of good business methods. How much
profit would a packing house realize if they did not utilize the waste? It
has been said that the squeal is the only part not used in the slaughtering
process. Now if it pays the packing houses to use these otherwise waste
products to such a degree, why will it not pay the farmer to be more
careful of waste?

Most every farm has about one acre more for dry lots than any use is
found for. It isn't necessary to crowd the buildings but there isn't
much profit in letting $125 land lay idle, so watch that the buildings and
lots do not get spread out too much.

Now in summing up these business principles the question is, "How is
the farmer going to know exactly how his efforts are paying?" The an-
swer is, "Keep some definite system of farm accounts and records." It
doesn't matter so much what system he has, just so that it covers his
business and is plain enough for him to tell at a glance how his financial
interests are prospering. Most farmers' farm accounts and records con-
sist of a bank book and trust to their memory for information on how each

624 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

line of work is paying. As a result, if they have a little more money to
their credit in the bank at the end of the year, they know they have made
some money. They don't know whether it was from feeding the stock
as they did, whether from selling the grain when they did, from the buy-
ing of more grain and supplementary feeds and feeding them on the
farm, or perhaps from building a silo. The time is past for that kind of
managing. Too much money is invested not to know exactly how the
work is paying.

A book can be purchased for fifty cents that will do very well for the
farm accounts and records. In this an account should be opened for
every kind of live stock, every kind of crop grown, the machinery, and for
cash. Begin by taking an inventory of the farm, the winter months be-
ing the best time, for that is a slack time in work and also the time
of year when most of the business is settled up. After taking the inven-
tory, place the amount for each of farm property to its own account, and
record to each account during the year every transaction taking place.
At the end of the year, take another inventory and it will be easy to tell
how the business stands. By keeping a note book the work required by
each field could be charged to its crop and thereby the farmer could tell
exactly if the crop paid. Some say that this requires too much time to
make it practical for the average farmer, but it will not. A few minutes
time each day is all that would be necessary during the busy season of
the year, as the balancing of accounts could be done in the winter when
there was not so much work to be done.

Any one desiring particular information oh some system of farm ac-
counts, should send for Farmers' Bulletin No. 511, to the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Division of Publication, Washington, D. C.

As soon as farmers get to planning their work for several years in
advance as do the merchants, they can expect more uniform yields and
will be building up the soil instead of tearing it down, as does year
at a time farming. For example, it takes a man with his business talents
at work when it comes to plowing under the second crop of clover. The
tem-ptation is to cut it for seed or hay. In reality analysis has shown
that when all the clover crop is removed nothing is added to the soil, so
business instinct would demand that we plow under the second crop.

TTie merchant has the traveling salesman to keep him posted on the
new lines of goods and in like manner the farmer has the experiment
station to keep him posted on all up-to-date practices found to be prac-
tical. Every farmer should have his name on the mailing list of his state
experiment station and he will receive free all bulletins and circulars
issued by the same.

I sincerely believe that a definite system of farm accounts and records
will be one of the biggest forces in changing our system of farming for
the better. As soon as a farmer sees his efforts laid out before him in
pounds, dollars and cents, he will show an interest never before aroused
by association, or by reading the best agricultural papers.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 625

ECONOMICAL HOUSEHOLD CONVENIENCES.

DY MRS. W. W. LATTA, LOGAN, IOWA.

(Before the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Harrison County Farmers'

Institute.)

"The home is the center of the universe, and the mistress is the center
of the home."

In her hands are the keys of home happiness. Formerly, the housewife
was the head worker in the many home industries. With the help of
other members of the family, she spun and wove the fabrics used by the
household, made the clothing, boiled the soap, preserved, canned, baked —
created out of raw materials the simple necessities of life.

Factories now supply the products of these old time home industries,
at far less cost, so that the family of moderate income may now have
luxuries which were beyond the means of the rich, fifty years ago.

Great industrial changes have taken place in this 20th century of
progress, but only recently have scientists turned their attention to
household affairs and we believe that the home maker should be as alert
to make progress in her life work as the business or professional man
and by lightening the work of that home maker by the installing of
household conveniences, she will have more time for the training of her
children and for the improving of tlie home.

Modern machinery is lifting the burden off the farm women's work, and
it is a dull woman or girl who will continue to wear away her mind and
body with hard work, when the employment of modern conveniences will
alleviate the hardest of toil and economy does not mean spending the
smallest amount but in getting the largest returns for the money ex-
pended.

House keeping ought not be a drudgery, but an inspiring profession, but
in the past, it has been almost drudgery for some farmer's wives who
have had to do all their own work — washing, ironing, sweeping, dusting,
sewing, house cleaning, caring for the poultry, making the butter, can-
ning and preserving the fruit, keeping the children in school, cooking for
the family and the extra help, which during the year on the farm means
so many extra meals. There are the harvesters, threshers, silo men,
painters, carpenters, masons, corn buskers, tilers, sheep shearers, etc.,
and so on throughout the year, and perhaps in a small house with no
conveniences at all. No wonder the girls have been drifting into the
cities where the house work has been lightened by modern inventions.
Surely it is the duty of the farmer to make his home as convenient and
beautiful as it is possible for him to do, to keep those girls to help that
overworked mother, who, perhaps, has grown gray ten years before her
time.

We hear so much of the lack of society for the young people of the

farm, yet the wives and daughters of the farm are to be congratulated that

they have abandoned much of the drudgery of former years. They have

entered into the spirit of modern progress and are participating in social

40

626 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and public affairs and the farmer's home is brighter on this account. The
home life on the farm has been made much more worth the living and I
believe the farm women will continue to apply labor savers, to the end
that they may have time for other things — the local church, the Wom-
an's Christian Temperance Union, farmers club, a chance to visit the
school or call on her neighbors.

To meet these changed conditions, a study of the latest economic de-
velopments relating to the home is necessary for all true mothers and
help mates.

A knowledge of the laws of health, an understanding of sanitary re-
quirements of the house, the right care of children, both physical and
mental, and practice in different household arts are all required before
the house wife can be considered mistress of her home.

We intend to advance, we expect to progress, we shall not stagnate, we
shall not neglect our mental and spiritual nature in order to keep to old
time out of date methods.

Would we think for a moment of going back to the little log house with
its fire place and its spinning wheel or the tallow candle and the soap
kettle of our grandmothers? Certainly not, and never has the art of
house keeping and the sanitation of the home, or the science of cooking
received the attention it does now and let us ever be on the alert for
whatever is within our means for advancement.

To be sure a farmer can get along without many of the modern con-
veniences on the farm. He could do without a gasoline engine, manure
spreader, grain elevator or hay loader and a number of other labor savers
which have been added to the equipment of the progressive farmer, but
can you realize a man selling one of these conveniences after he has once
used it on his farm and seen its real value? The same is true of the
housewife in regard to conveniences for the home.

First of all the house should be a place of rest and comfort as well as
the work shop of the home, and should therefore be beautiful and comfort-
able as well as convenient and ought to be arranged where possible with
these ends in view.

Rooms should be well lighted and ventilated and if finished with good
oiled woodwork and floors are more easily kept clean. If it is possible
to have this home heated v/ith a furnace, all the dust and dirt of the
stove are avoided. Many of the modern farm homes have a heating plant
as well as lighting plant of some kind, either gas or electricity, either of
which are far ahead of the kerosene lamp, both in service and convenience.

The kitchen is perhaps the most important part of the house and time
and thought should be given to secure the best results possible from the
material at hand.

Ventilation and light are the first things to be thought of and then
cleanliness. If the walls can be painted they are quite easy to keep clean
as they can be wiped off with a damp cloth if need be.

Hard wood makes the best floors though a linoleum covering is easily
cleaned.

By all means have a good sink with a drain and water handy in the
kitchen. I really believe for the amount of money invested these two

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 627

things save more steps for the house keeper than most any other con-
venience of the kitchen and might be had in every farm home. A hot
water supply may be furnished by a special heating apparatus in the
cellar, a furnace connection or as is usual in small houses, by a boiler
and water front attachment for the range.

Aside from the range a small oil stove will prove to be a convenient
article when only a little food is to be cooked and save unnecessary fire
in the range. And then comes the fireless cooker, one of the later inven-
tions which is proving to be a very convenient addition to the kitchen.
What a comfort on a hot day in summer or on Sunday when the house
wife may prepare the dinner in the early morning, place it in the fire-
less cooker and feel sure that if she goes about her other work or at-
tends the services at the church that when she returns, dinner will be
ready to place on the table. No danger of burning anything in a fireless
cooker.

A kitchen cabinet of the late designs and with plenty of handily ar-
ranged cupboards so that various utensils needed when at work may be
reached with as little w^alking back and forth as possible, are a great
help.

Among the many devices for convenience in the kitchen are the bread
and cake mixers which give ample returns on the money expended as the
primary expenditure is only from 60 cents to $5.00 but which when first
put upon the market were received with skepticism — if at all — by most
housekeepers.

Nevertheless, it is a well appreciated fact that both have come to stay.
Why? Because they do the work more quickly, more surely and more
cleanly and are recommended by teachers of domestic science.

An assortment of small utensils and devices which are inexpensive
but handy include the various cooking vessels of light material, the
double boiler, food grinder, apple corer, dish washers and drainers, scales,
tea and coffee percolators, wheel trays, etc.

And the house keeper who makes a close enough study of household
machinery to know that new needs arise, will know that new ideas and
contrivances for making work easier are constantly being put on the mar-
ket and will be on the look out for them.

One of the hardest tasks of the housewife in the past was the family
washing but which has been wonderfully lightened since the advent of
the gasoline engine and electricity, which are used to turn both the ma-
chine and wringer. I hope the time will speedily come when the old
back-breaking wash board and the hand power machines will be a thing
of the past.

A laundry room in the basement or built conveniently near the house
will save all the steam and dampness as well as the dirt from the house.
The water may be piped to the laundry room as well as to the kitchen
and with stationary tubs with drain save all heavy work of carrying the
water. With such a laundry room, the horror of the wash day is re-
moved. I recently read of a clothes drainer, a simple inexpensive affair,
but a handy device for wash day. It consists of an oval steel frame heav-
ily tinned, to which a wire gird is fastened. Steel wire handles on w^hich
there are two hooks are hinged to the ends of the frame. Scalding of the

628 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

arms is prevented and the tiresome work of holding the clothes on a
stick to drain is unnecessary. After the boiling is completed the device is
lifted until the hooks catch on the sides of the boiler and allowed to re-
main until drained and then the carrier with clothes may be lifted out.

After the washing, comes the ironing, such a bug bear in hpt weather.
There are now on the market two types of ironing machines or mangles.
(1) The cold roll machine in which the rollers between which the gar-
ments pass are made of wood and are unheated, depending on their weight
and pressure to remove wrinkles.

(2) The hot roll machines in which one roll is cold and is covered
with a blanket and cloth just as for an ironing board, and the other roll
or concave plate is made of smooth iron and is heated. The cold roll re-
volves against the heated metal plate. This is really the more economical
and satisfactory machine although costing a little more. The plate may
be heated by gas or gasoline. If power is available the ironing machine
may be run by power. The use of one of these machines reduces greatly
the time required to iron the usual way.

Garments with gathers and sleeves cannot be ironed to look perfectly
smooth and well shaped, but all bed and table linen, towels, handkerchiefs,
underwear and kitchen aprons may be done successfully.

A number of other irons are now on the market — some of these are the
electric iron, gasoline and denatured alcohol irons, all of which you are
probably familiar with.

Another great convenience of the modern farm home is the bath room,
which until recently was thought to be a luxury or rather an invention
for the city home only, but which in the future will be not a luxury, but
a necessity in every home.

The rural resident who visits her city cousin is impressed with the
convenience of the bath, lavatory, toilet, hot and cold running water of
the city home and the contrast is so broad that she is frequently discon-
tented with country life.

The expense is not so great but what most farmers can afford it, at
least it will cost nothing to consult an expert and get an estimate of the
expense and the cost is then known to be within or without his circum-
stances.

Modernizing rural homes will prove a great factor in preventing the
migration of country boys and girls to cities.

Another late invention is the vacuum cleaner, which is proving very
helpful especially at house cleaning time.

More sanitary too as it draws the dirt out of the carpet or rug instead
of stirring it up and allowing to settle again on everything in the house.

If you are fortunate enough to have electric power at hand, fasten it
to the cleaner and save some more hard work. I hope the time will come
and speedily too, when electricity will be within the reach of all, and let
me prophesy a little by saying that it is surely coming and besides light-
ing the farm buildings will be used for power by both the farmer and his
wife to perform by the use of modern inventions, much of the labor for-
merly done by hand.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 629

On farms where dairy cows are kept the cream separator is in such
common use that we hardly think of it as a convenience, but rather as
a necessity but its use, and the shipping of cream to a central creamery,
has certainly made the task of caring for milk and the making of but-
ter much easier.

It may not be possible for each one of us to have modern homes with
all of these conveniences at once, but let's add these appliances just as
rapidly as circumstances will allow. Let's not be skeptical and think
because our grandmothers got along without that we can do the same
and don't think for a minute that by the installing of them that the farm-
er's wife will have so much spare time, that she will as Geo. K. Holmes
says, "go society mad!" I am sure she will use the time profitably to
herself and family and the home will be happier if she isn't overworked.

On a visit recently to our great agricultural school at Ames I was very
much impressed with the Home Economics department. In such pleasant
surroundings, the well arranged kitchens and pantries with everything so
white and clean looking, the tastily furnished serving rooms, and the
light, airy, conveniently furnished rooms for sewing. I thought surely
any girl who is privileged to take a course there could hardly come away
without having a love for house work.

This same department through its extension work is doing so much
for the mothers as well as the daughters in teaching new methods not
only in the culinary department but in sewing, home decorations and
household economy and thus placing a dignity on one of the highest of the
arts — that of home making.

SILOS.
(Wallace's Farmer.)

We now look upon the silo in the same light as we look upon the disk
drill and the manure spreader. It is one of the earmarks of the up-to-date
farmer. A man is not, as some farmers still think, taking a jump into the
dark when he builds a silo. For thirty years past they have been experi-
mented wath in this country under all kinds of conditions.

The map which accompanies the article indicates the distribution of
silos over the state of Iowa in the year 1911. We are not surprised to
note that in northeastern Iowa, where the dairy industry is strongest,
silos are the thickest. What is the matter with Lee, Plymouth, Fremont,
Union and Dickinson counties, that there should be in them such a small
number of silos?

During recent years the silo industry has grown by leaps and bounds.
In 1909 there were 1,500 silos in Iowa. By 1910 this number had increased
to 2,700 and in 1911 there were 4,000. We now have no doubt but that
there are now over 6,000 silcs in the state of Iowa To the man who is
afraid to make the venture of buying a silo, these figures should be re-
assuring. But to the agricultural newspaper man, to the extension work-
er, and to all who are interested in the most economical methods of
agricultural production, these figures are a disappointment, for they in-

630

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 631

dicate that only one out of every forty farmers in the state of Iowa has
a silo. What about the other thirty-nine?

It is about these other thirty-nine that we are now concerned. Not all
of them would be justified in buying a silo. Most of them would, and we
wish to point out at this time the reasons for, and against, investing in
a silo. In the first place we will deal with the nonsensical rumors con-
stantly springing up to hinder the introduction of something new. We
are referring to such rumors as: "Silage hurts the teeth." "Silage
causes tuberculosis," "Silage is hard on the digestive system." "Silage
is poison to horses and sheep." "Silage makes the milk of poor quality."
"Silage is hard on the land."

There is not a one of these floating rumors which should hinder any
sensible man from building a silo. But there are some other reasons not
so generally discussed, which should be considered before a man decides.
How much, and what kind of stock have you now, and how much will you
have in the future? If you have less, or think that in the near future you
will have less than 12,000 pounds of stock to which you can feed silage,
we doubt very much if it will pay to put up the silo. If you have more
than 15,000 pounds of stock, to which silage can be fed, it almost certainly
will pay you to put up a silo. In figuring on a silo, remember that cattle
use silage better than any other class of stock. Profitable dairying with-
out a silo is almost impossible. For economic feeding of beef cattle, sil-
age is almost as necessary as for dairy cows. Repeated experiments by
the Iowa, Ohio, Indiana and Nebraska experiment stations have proved
beyond doubt that under present corn belt conditions, cheaper gains can
be put on beef steers with silage as part of the roughage ration than in
any other way. In these experiments ten pounds of silage have been
found to have the power of replacing about one and one-half pounds of
grain and two pounds of hay. Sheep, horses and hogs will eat silage, but
do not appreciate it so much as cattle. In the case of sheep and horses,
there is danger of feeding spoiled or moldy silage. Brood sows will eat
a little silage to advantage, but ordinarily should not be fed any large
amount.

The amounts of silage ordinarily eaten daily by the different classes of
animals are about as follows:

Dairy cattle, or wintering beef cows 35 lbs.

Fattening steers .20 lbs.

Heifers, calves and bulls 15 to 25 lbs.

Ewes 2 to 4 lbs.

Fattening lambs 1 lb.

Horses 5 to 10 lbs.

We give these figures so that the prespective builder of a silo may de-
termine whether or not he has enough stock on the place to justify the in-
vestment. Suppose he finds that he has enough stock to consume an aver-
age of 1,000 pounds daily during the six winter months. This is the equiv-
alent of about ninety tons, which would necessitate the erection of a silo
fourteen feet wide by thirty feet high. In considering the size, he must be
very careful not to build a silo too wide. Hundreds of farmers make this
mistake, and find that it is impossible to feed off fast enough to prevent

632 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

spoiling. Silos too large have in some localities made the silo unpopular,
because the farmers using them have not had enough stock to feed off
the two to four inches daily that is necessary if silage is to be kept from
spoiling. Every man should consider whether or not he wishes to build
two silos. On most farms there is a period of 100 days during the late
summer and fall when pasture is short and then silage would be of great
benefit. Especially is this true on the dairy farm. On the average corn belt
farm we consider two silos, one about 14x30 feet, and the other 10x30
feet as ideal. To fill these two takes about fourteen acres of average corn.

Before any man puts up a silo, he should consider the difiiculties which
are likely to be in the way when it comes to filling. If there are no
other silos in the neighborhood, he should try to get his neighbors to go
in with him. This will cut down his investment in a silage cutter, how-
ever, and distributer, and will make it much easier when it comes to filling
in the fall. To fill a silo promptly takes a force of fifteen to twenty men
working from one to two days. A powerful engine, preferably one with
at least 18-full horsepower, should be used. It may readily be seen that
co-operation in siloing pays more than in almost any other farm opera-
tion.

We will now assume that our prospective silo builder has considered
all the difficulties in the way of filling, and has decided to build. He is
undecided as to what kind. He sees the advertisements of wood silos,
hollow tile silos, brick silos, and concrete. Some of these claim greater
durability than others, while others claim that the silage keeps better.
But we do not care to enter into any controversy as to which silo should
be put up. So far as we have observed, all of the silos advertised in
standard farm papers are good. In the present state of our knowledge
we would say that the important thing is to get the silo put up. It does
not make so much difference Vv^hat kind you put up, just so it is done at
once. As a rough average, and merely to give our uninformed readers an
idea of the price, we would say that the ordinary 14x30 foot silo, fully
erected, and with concrete foundation, would cost $300 to $400, the exact
price varying greatly according to freight rates, and, in the case of tile
and concrete, according to availability of good labor. Properly cared for,
a wooden silo should last at least twenty years, and the hollow tile,
brick and concrete, if properly put up, should be practically permanent.

Many men make mistakes in feeding silage. They think that because
the animals like it so well that it is a "cure-all." They forget that it is
poor in muscle building material, and that young animals cannot make
large gains on a ration of corn silage, corn and oat straw. They fail to
realize that while it increases the milk flow when fed in connection with
a good grain ration, that nevertheless it is weak in milk building mate-
rial. What we wish to impress on the minds of all feeders of silage is
that when silage is fed in large amounts it becomes especially necessary
to use either clover hay, alfalfa hay, oil meal, cotton-seed meal, or some
other feed rich in muscle builder.

Even in the best packed silos there will sometimes be moldy silage.
As a rule, this does not seem to hurt cows, but very often causes sheep and
horses to become dangerously sick. A careful feeder must do his best

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 633

by distributing his silage evenly and packing it tightly to prevent mold.
If mold occurs, he must take pains that neither his horses nor sheep eat
it, and to be on the safe side, he should not feed it to his cattle.

"We suspect that there are at least 50,000 farmers in Iowa whom it would
pay to put up silos this year. Many of these men know nothing about
silcs or silage, and it is ridiculous for us to attempt to tell them all about
it in one short article. What we want these men to do is carefully to con-
sider the silo. We want them to send to the Iowa Station at Ames, to the
Nebraska Station at Lincoln, to the Missouri Station at Columbia, to the
Illinois Station at Urbana, to the Wisconsin Station at Madison, and to
the United States Department of Agriculture at V/ashington, D. C, for
all the bulletins available on silos and silage. We want them to write the
different manufacturers of silos and silo machinery asking for literature.
They should ask definitely for the experience of their neighbors. Above
all, they should not be needlessly alarmed by the vague rumors which
float around the country and which either grossly exaggerate the merits
of silage, or give it a very bad name.

CARE OF THE CALF FROM THE PEED LOT TO THE BUTCHER.

BY H. J. HESS.

(Before the Iowa Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association.)
With such masters of the art of breeding and feeding as Messrs.
Escher and Davis, I am sure my work has been well begun. As I am to
start with the work of preparing these calves for the butcher at weaning-
time, I will take it for granted that they have been taught to eat a grain
ration of proper mixture and roughage suited to their needs, while nursing
their dams. This important part of the handling of a calf before weaning-
time will enable it to keep right on gaining, and it will not experience a
set-back at weaning time. The main thing is to keep the calves right
on growing, and not allow them to lose the calf-fat. They must have a
grain ration that will maintain the same smooth form and mellow flesh,
the same coat of hair and fine, loose hide that so nicely covered them, at
weaning time. To do this requires the careful attention of the feeder.
The weaning time comes in the autumn, when conditions are ideal for this
work. The golden grain has been harvested and the granaries well filled.
The barn has been filled with the new-mown hay. The silo has been
filled to the brim. A part of the corn is in the shock, and the jemainder
of the crop is fast being stored in the cribs. With the crops of a well-
managed farm at hand, there is but little need for other feeds, with the
exception of a small amount of oil meal. This will largely fill the place
of the milk supply that has been cut off, and will help to balance up the
other feed. I like to feed calves oats and shelled corn, equal parts, with
about a pound of oil meal per head per day, with all the good clover hay
they will clean up, giving them the grain three times a day, and all they
will eat and clean up in thirty minutes after each feeding time. I do not
advise grinding for calves until they have reached the age of twelve
raonths. At this time it may pay to crush the corn, and I have for a good

634 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

many years prepared corn for feeding cattle that have reached this age
by grinding the corn, cob and all, not that the cob is of any particular
value as a feed, but it keeps the grain from lying too closely in the
stomach, and I believe they will digest and assimilate the corn better if
prepared in this manner. The introduction of a small amount of ensilage
given each day fresh from the silo will add greatly to the ration and give
variety as well. I wish to impress upon those not accustomed to feeding
calves that they will not handle any great amount of roughage while so
young, and to make calves under twelve months of age do their best, you
must not expect them to do the scavenger work of the farm by turning
them out to clean up stalk fields, meadows and fence rows. Leave this
for the older cattle. The cows from which the calves have been weaned
can do this nicely. Provide a well fenced feed lot, with good drainage;
give them access to a well ventilated shed or barn. It is not necessary
to build expensive barns for this work; all that is needed is something
substantial in the way of a building that will house them comfortably in
times of storm. Provide the building with plenty of windows, high up
on the sides, for light, and large doors opening to the south, and be sure
they are always open. A better way would be to provide good, large
openings, and leave the doors off entirely. Right here let me call your
attention to the water supply. A tank placed in a convenient sheltered
place Is an important part of the equipment. I like to have this tank
drawing its water from a large supply tank, so that the water is always
there. Roll a barrel of salt in the feed lot, stake it down so it will not
roll, and saw a hole in the staves large enough to admit the heads of the
calves in reaching for the salt.

Don't let them want for anything. The wants of your cattle will take
dollars out of your pocket.

As these calves reach twelve months of age, we are coming to the
spring time, and we are all glad for this, for what is better than to see
the trees put forth their green leaves and the fields respond to the falling
rain and the warm rays of the sun. At this time, there should be a
separation of the heifers from the steers, unless this has been done at
weaning time, in case the heifers were to have been retained for breed-
ing purposes. But as these calves were intended for the butcher, it is
absolutely necessary to separate them at this time. The heifers have
another mission to fulfill, and they become an annoyance in the feed
lot which prevents the best of gains, and I believe it is just as well to
turn the heifers over to the butcher at from twelve to fourteen months of
age. This will give you the advantage of a May or June market, which
is usually good. Your heifers, if w^ell cared for, will weigh around 800
pounds, and command nearly the top of the market at this age and
weight. I would like to add just a little more in regard to selling these
heifers so young. They do not go on and grow beef as do the steers, but
tend more to fat-forming instead of muscle-building, and while they will
keep on gaining in weight, it is more of a laying on of fat, and they
are soon loaded down with a surplus of fat that the butcher does not
want and the consumer does not care to buy. This is why fat heifers do
not bring as much as steers. To avoid this condition, an early marketing
of the heifers is advisable.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 635

We will continue the feeding of the steers, for they will go right
on growing more beef, and prime beef. The manner of feeding will have
been gradually changed. Instead of giving three feeds of grain a day,
as at weaning time, the change will have been made to twice a day, and
now to once a day, and this feed to be given in the evening. They have
grown in size and can consume a larger amount of roughage, and we
find they are consuming more of all kinds of feeds. It is an important
matter in feeding young growing steers that they be given an increasing
ration to keep up to their rapid development. The grass is now mak-
ing its appearance in an adjoining pasture, and we will open the pasture
gate and let them have a nip of grass. Do not wait until the grass has
grown up large, so that they can go out and take on a big fill of grass in
a short time. Rather let them have the pasture shortly after the appear-
ance of grass, and let them come with the grass. Now, here is where corn
and cob meal comes in so nicely, to help absorb the succulent, juicy
grasses. The oats can be omitted; the oil meal can be dropped out of the
ration. But keep the hay still in the feed racks, so they can get it at
will. Perhaps the supply of ensilage is used up, and it can be discontinued
as the grass begins to grow. Through May and June we will make beef
rapidly. I have made steers gain three and one-half pounds per day
for these months, with nothing but corn, grass and clover hay. With
the approaching days of summer we will need to protect these steers from
the ravages of the flies and the increasing heat of the day. We will slide
all the windows of the . shed or barn wide open, and tear open some
burlap sacks that contained the oil meal, and tack them over all the
openings. Make a blanket of the same material and hang in the doorway,
so that when the cattle enter, the blanket will act as a brush on their
backs, and whip the flies back. You will flnd they will spend much of
their time through the warm summer months in this well-ventilated shed,
and you will be well repaid for your trouble. As the autumn approaches,
you wull have new corn fresh from the field to gradually take the place
cf the old. Begin feeding a little new corn by cutting stalk and all while
it is yet quite green, and feed it in the pasture in addition to the old
corn, and finally, as the new corn ripens, gradually change them over to
new corn altogether. Now, to give a nice finish, we will add about two
pounds of cottonseed or oil meal per head daily. As Christmas-time ap-
proaches, we will have finished our w^ork with this lot of cattle. Christ-
mas-time is the time of the year that the whole world is looking for a good
roast of beef or a choice steak, and we will consign these prime bullocks
to market, to prepare and distribute to the ever-increasing holiday trade
for choice beef.

THE PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT OF A HOG FARM.

BY H. T. MOKGAN.

(In the Iowa Homestead.)
Swine raisers have been surfeited with advice as to the manner in
which they should conduct their business and it is not the thought of
the writer to indulge in any "theories," but rather to present some of

636 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

the fundamental necessities which must he observed by the successful
grower of market hogs. The widely varying conditions under which hogs
may be successfully produced make it quite impossible that any general
rule can be laid down which will insure a profit under all conditions.
There are, however, some basic princinles which must be observed by
every producer in order to Insure even a moderate degree of success.
The practical management of a hog farm demands constant watchfulness,
and attention to the minor details of the business is the price of success.

One of the most successful growers of market hogs in the country lives
in northern Illinois, and has been raising market hogs for fifty-three
years. This man "say?: "The primary qualification for the successful
management of a hog farm is 'hog sense,' and no man should attempt to
make a specialty of pig-raising unless he likes hogs." "Luck" may be
helpful at times, but "knowing how" will pay dividends regularly. This
man raises but one crop of pigs each year from his sows, having found
by experience that faH pigs for market purposes cannot be successfully
raised or profitably grown in his latitude. During the fifty odd years
that this man has been growing hogs in large numbers, and with cholera
rampant in his neighborhood many times during that period, his escape
from the ravages of disease all those years cannot be attributed wholly
to "luck." While m.any growers raise two crops of pigs each year, it
must be conceded that in the section of the country lying north of the
42d parallel, the profits derived from fall farrowed pigs will be very much
below the average profits from spring farrowed- pigs. The record of the
annual food production of the hog is incomplete. We have a record of
the commercial hog, but the value of the millions that are slaughtered on
the farm, together with the kill in the small towns and small packing
plants cannot even be approxim-ated. The figures available are interesting
and convincing of the vast importance of the yearly pork crop of the
country.

There are a number of states that grow hogs by the million and are
not rated as pork-producing states in a commercial sense, and the by-
product left on the farm in the shape of manure must be credited to the
hog. During the forty-six years that the present Union Stock Yards have
been in operation, Chicago has received 275,000,000 hogs. The record of
the greatest one-year production of hogs in the United States was in
1908. The receipts at thirteen principal markets for that year reached
the enormous total of 31,778,717 hogs. This is the best possible statistical
demonstration of the immensity of the swine industry. Add to the number
received at the above thirteen markets, the millions that were sold at
the thousands of smaller markets, and the hogs slaughtered for home
consumption on the thousands of farms of the United States and it will
be seen that the "humble hog" occupies a most prominent place in the
very foundation of our agricultural system, and that as a creator of new
wealth, at least in the corn-producing states, the American hog leads the
list of domestic animals. Mr. J. Ogden Armour recently said: "Without
the contribution of the American hog to the food supply, a semi-famine
of meats would be created, and if I were asked to enumerate the great
calamities possible to the human race, I would place the extinction of

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 637

the American hog well at the top of the list." A comparison of the
growth of the swine industry expressed in monetary values is found in the
fact that the market value of the commercial hog crop in 1873-4, at all
points reporting, was $75,000,000 in round figures, while that of the killing
year ending March 1, 1911, was $424,328,000, the high prices of that year
offsetting diminished production. During thirty-seven years, from 1873 to
1910, the commercial hog crop of the country sold for approximately seven
billion dollars. An almost incredible amount of wealth has been accumu-
lated in the principal hog-growing states during the past half century by
hog production. An illustration of this is afforded by the statement of an
Iowa banker that two-thirds of deposits of nearly one million dollars in
his institution was hog money, and the same factor created much of the
accumulation of the two other banks of his town. "I make this state-
ment advisedly," he added, "because hog buyers pay for their purchases
with checks which are promptly deposited. Cattle feeders must deduct
from their gross sales the original cost of the feeders, but money real-
ized for hogs represents newly created wealth, and each year this pro-
duction process is repeated."

The hog is legatee to some very serious diseases and probably nature
has designed them as a restraint to overproduction. It must be admitted
that as repressive measures these diseases are highly successful. A large
percentage of the mortality among hogs is due to overcrowding, and
failure to provide abundant quarters with proper ventilation is bound
to invite reprisals in the shape of an outbreak of cholera, or some other
virulent disease. It is a law of nature that overcrowding increases mor-
tality and this law applies equally to all living things. That crowding
the farm is to invite disease may be questioned by some, but I submit
that in years when the pig crop is light, cholera is seldom in evidence
and, for the same reason, a high-priced pig crop is usually a healthy one.

The necessity for selecting a well-drained location for the hog plant is
recognized by all practical growers. Dampness is sure death to young
pigs and adult hogs soon become unthrifty if confined in perpetually
damp quarters, and for this reason hog houses of cement construction
are seldom found satisfactory. Sunshine, ventilation and exercise are
three essentials in hog growing that are most frequently overlooked.
A Wisconsin breeder once said: "I raise my hogs on sunshine, pure
air and enough other food to make up a balanced ration." I know of no
better method of raising healthy hogs. It has been observed that hogs
seem to thrive best on a sandy or gravelly soil. This sort of land affords
the best of drainage, and sanitation becomes less a problem. Soils of
this character are nearly always suited to the growth of clover or other
leguminous plants and profitable hog production is likely to depend
largely upon the quality and extent of your pastures. Any farm that is
adapted to hog raising should grow practically all the grain and rough-
age essential to the welfare of the pig. Packers do not discriminate as
to breed, and market prices are governed by the condition of the animal
rather than by the breed he represents.

Generally speaking, the hog to grow is the breed you like best. All
the standard breeds of swine are so well established that there seems to

638 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

bo but little difference in their feeding qualities. It is a fact, however,
that certain breeds are especially adapted to certain conditions, and in
localities where a breed has become popularized, it is best to stick to that
breed. Community interests are strengthened by breeding stock of a
uniform kind. One of the most extensive stock breeders and feeders in
Illinois once related to me how he came to adopt a certain breed of hogs
and commence raising pure breds after having for many years raised
grades. This feeder usually fed several hundred steers each year and
as a rule would have about two hogs to each steer in the feed lots. These
hogs were of all breeds and crosses as most of them were bought from
the neighboring farmers. Here is the story: "A few years ago I had
about one hundred steers on feed with around 200 hogs and pigs follow-
ing. Among these hogs were several sows with litters, and two of these
sows happened to be pure-bred Berkshires with large litters of pigs, six
or eight weeks old. Early one morning I was awakened by a man who
drove into the yard to tell me that my steers and hogs had broken out
and could be found several miles down the road. I immediately started
after them and in the first mile or two I passed a number of my hogs.
When I overtook the main body of cattle fully four miles from home I
was greatly surprised to see the two Berkshire sows with all their pigs
close up to the cattle and industriously w^orking over the droppings from
the steers. As these were the only Berkshires I owned and as they were
the only hogs that followed the cattle more than two miles, I was very
much impressed by such a display of vigor and 'industry' and I at once
determined thereafter to keep only pure-bred Berkshires on my farm."
I may add that since that time, this man has sold upwards of $40,000
worth of Berkshires from his farm in one year, and now owns one of the
most noted herds of the breed in the world.

The producer who grows hogs for the market shpuld use only pure-
bred sires and while, of course, pure-bred sows are the more desirable,
one can by intelligent care in selecting breeding sows from among the
grades, establish a profitable and uniform breeding herd. To be on the
safe side the grower of market hogs should change boars each year, or at
all events, avoid in-breeding. It is unv/ise to use immature boars, and
under no circumstances should much dependence be placed on boars under
twelve to fifteen months of age. Too many farmers use boars of eight
or nine months and frequent disappointments are the result. While an
eight-months-old boar may be used with safety on three or four sows,
to attempt to breed upwards of ten to twenty sows to a boar under
one year old is bound to result disastrously. In the selection of gilts to
be used as breeders one should pick those that incline somewhat to coarse-
ness rather than one which is fine of bone and inclined to compactness
of form. As a rule, the coarser type will be far more satisfactory in that
they will produce larger litters and possess the ability to raise them.
The brood sow should have good width between the eyes, great depth, a
broad, level, or slightly arched back and large bones of good quality.
"Quality in the bone is indicated by the absence of unduly large and
loose joints. Never select for a breeding animal one which shows a droop
immediately back of the shoulder, as such weakness is a sure indication

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 63i^

of a lack of vitality. Never retain a poor mother and do not send a good
one to market so long as she will produce and raise a good litter. The
hog farm's capital is the breeding herd, and an average of nine or ten
pigs to the litter should be raised, and a herd that will do that will pay
good dividends. A competent hog grower should mature 90 per cent of
all the pigs farrowed, and while I am well aware that but few men
accomplish this, it can be done Too little attention is paid to the sow
before, and immediately after farrowing, and right here is found the
reason w^hy so few growers succeed in maturing over 75 per cent of the
pigs farrowed."

Three points which should be considered by all breeders as most vitally
affecting economy of production are: prolificacy, quality and size. The
fecundity, or prolificacy of the hog should be encouraged and cultivated
by careful selection and proper care and feed. No other meat-producing
animal, aside from poultry, is capable of producing so large a number
of young in a year as is the hog. The brood sow that will raise eight to
ten pigs to a litter is more than twice as valuable as the sow that will
raise but four or five to a litter. If the sow that raises but four or five
pigs to a litter will pay expenses, the sow that will raise twice this num-
ber is obviously a money maker and deserving of the best of care.

While "quality" is a thing rather difficult to describe, it is recognized
by the producer as a valuable asset, as it means greater profit from the
herd. Buyers are always ready to pay a substantial premium for quality
and the markets have never yet been overrun with an oversupply of
high-class hogs. The size of a hog is a point that is but seldom given the
consideration it deserves. In general, the market demands favor a hog
weighing from 180 to 225 pounds. Incidentally, these w^eights usually
represent the most economical weights to produce. With these weights
in mind, it is often claimed that it is not necessary to keep breeding
animals weighing 500 to 700 pounds. This, however, is a superficial view-
point, for, while the packer does not demand these heavyweights, size
in the breeding stock is necessary in order that the pig may have in-
herited size which makes for early growth. Large mature weights are
essential for its rapid growth during the first nine months of the pig's
life. The more nearly maturity is approached, the more expensive are
the gains produced and consequently the larger the breeding stock the
earlier will be the age at which the hog will reach a desirable market
weight and the more economical will be the gains. On the other hand, the
hog that cannot be put on the market until it reaches maturity is not
a desirable animal to raise, for the hog, as a rule, does not reach maturity
until about two years of age. During the past thirty years the matter
of early maturity in hogs has been receiving much attention at the
hands of breeders and this point has been greatly developed in certain
breeds. In the case of at least two of the breeds, this early maturing
characteristic has been developed to a point beyond a profitable stage.
Most of the established breeds are of such character, how^ever, that pigs
may be put into desirable market condition at almost any age during
their early life, but the trouble in the case of the two exceptions above
noted is that they mature too early to admit of the most profitable growth.

640 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

In view of the above facts, it is obvious that for the most economical
production of pork, the time at which the hog comes to maturity should
be extended as far as may be consistent with the best form and quality.
The successful hog grower watches the market and aims to supply the
w^eights most in demand, and while it sometimes occurs that heavy hogs
are in demand at a premium, it is but seldom that other than weights
around 210 pounds are in most urgent demand. The head of one of the
large packing plants at Chicago recently stated the fact that in late years
the quality of the hogs received at Chicago had depreciated and gave as
a reason that more hogs were being shipped off grass. While the grass-
fed hog will not dress out as profitably as one that has been fed (or at
least finished) on corn, it is indeed gratifying to observe that the corn-
belt farmer is waking up to the economic necessity of growing his hogs
on grass. The packer referred to also stated that of recent years, tank-
age has found a broad and increasing demand from hog raisers who
realize its protein value as a balance for the heavy corn ration fed to
many hogs, especially those that are fattened in the winter.

The strongest emphasis is laid upon the necessity of growing hogs on
grass and clover. If alfalfa is available, the problem of early and profit-
able growth is solved. Summarizing the experience of successful hog
farmers I would enumerate the following rules which, while not inflexible,
will be found applicable to almost all localities and conditions where
profitable production of hogs may be carried on: First, careful and
intelligent selection of the breeding stock with a view of fixing the
characteristics of prolificacy and size; proper care of the sow during the
period of gestation and at farrowing, and with special care for at least
two weeks after farrowing; forcing both breeding stock and pigs to take
abundant exercise at all seasons; abundance of grass and especially
clover and the limited use of corn until the finishing period; avoid so
far as possible the use of gilts in the breeding herd and never breed them
to farrow a first litter under fifteen months of age. The difference in
weight between the litter of a gilt and a litter from a three-year-old sow
will average twenty pounds per pig at the age of five months, in favor
of the pigs form the mature sow; avoid inbreeding and to be on the safe
side, change boars each year; keep a good mother so long as she is
serviceable; house the herd comfortably; keep the bedding dry and
thoroughly ventilate the sleeping quarters. A hog will stand a low tem-
perature if kept dry and supplied with pure air; supply at all times an
abundance of pure water and in winter warm it to about 50 degrees P.
Keep vermin away, and this means both on the outside and the inside
of the hog. Do not use a dipping tank. A spray is fully as efficient,
costs much less, requires but little to thoroughly spray the animal, and
obviates the danger which attends the use of a dipping tank. Crude oil
is the most effective remedy for exterminating the external parasites
which infest the hog and it is also the most economical to use, if applied
with a spray. If crude oil is sprayed about the pens and sleeping quarters
occasionally it will not be difficult to keep these pests in subjection.
Cleanliness is essential to the profitable growing of hogs and supporting
parasites is unprofitable.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XH 641

While hog farming offers an inviting field — probably never was the
outlook so bright for continued high prices^ — I would advise against any
man's undertaking to establish such a business unless he has available
land for pasture or is so situated as to be able to grow soiling crops for
hog forage throughout the growing season. Of equal importance is the
necessity for having perfect drainage, and by all means remember, "Suc-
cess cannot attend the enterprise nnless you have a liking for the hog."

It is in the United States that the porcine species has acquired his
greatest importance and reached his highest development and it is in the
corn belt that he thrives as in no other country in the world.

A SOIL SURVEY IS NEEDED IN IOWA.

W. ir. STEVE?CSON IN FARMER & BREEDER.

I am glad to take this opportunity to explain to the readers of Farmer
and Breeder just what constitutes a Soil Survey, and to point out how
such a survey should help every farmer in the state with the solution
of his soil problems, however difficult they may appear to be at first.

Ten or twelve years ago, a soil survey was a new line of work. Few if
any, agricultural experiment stations at that time were making surveys,
even to a limited extent. The Bureau of Soils of the Department of Agri-
culture, was doing some excellent pioneer work. At the present a goodly
number of states, through their respective experiment stations, are car-
rying on detail soil surveys. This work has proved to be of such funda-
mental value to agriculture and is looked upon with such favor by
farmers and business men alike, that it is not strange that there is now
a widespread and popular demand for the introduction or extension of
soil surveys in nearly all the states of the Middle West.

A detail soil survey of any given area, for instance a county, consists
essentially of indicating on a map the location and extent of the different
soil types, and in giving the total plant food content of these types. A
soil type is an area of land within the boundaries of which the soil pos-
sesses more or less definite characteristics. Among these may be listed
the following: (1) the geological origin of the soil; (2) the lay of the
land; (3) the depth and character of the various strata or zones of soil,
namely the surface, subsurface, and subsoil; (4) the physical or mechan-
ical composition of the soil in these different strata, as the percentages
of clay, silt, sand, and gravel which they contain; (5) the texture, plas-
ticity, granulation, porosity, etc.; (6) the color of the strata; (7) the
drainage; (8) agricultural value, based upon the power of the soil to
produce crops; (9) native vegetation; and (10) content of plant food
and the presence or absence of acids or other detrimental constituents.

In the case of an accurate soil survey, the exact location of every road,
stream and railroad, is determined by the surveyors and recorded on a
map. Each section of land, or square mile, is divided into forty-acre
plots on the map before work in the field is started, and then each ten-
acre tract is inspected by the surveyor for the purpose of determining
41

642 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the type or types of soil composing it. When this has been done the
different types are indicated on the map by different colors. Some excel-
lent colored soil survey maps have been recently published by the Illinois
Experiment Station in their Soil Reports Nos. 1 to 3 inclusive, and many
good maps showing less detail are to be found in the annual reports of
the Bureau of Soils.

When the soil survey of a given county is completed, the map shows
all the soil types in the county and the exact area which each type covers.
It shows the part of the county w^herein the more common types of soil
are found and also the location of any peat, gumbo, sand or gravel, as
well as the areas which are rough and broken and those which are espe-
cially adapted to any particular crop. Because of these facts, a survey
is of great practical value to the man w^ho desires definite knowledge
regarding general cropping conditions or the fitness of a certain area or
soil type for a given crop. The latter point is nicely illustrated in the
production of sugar beets in Bremer county, Iowa. The growing of this
crop in that section of the state for a period of five years or more, has
shown that beet growing is much more profitable on certain soil types
than on others; in fact that the business is not successful on some of
the more sandy types. Clearly it is important that the owners of these
Bremer county soils or that prospective settlers w^ho may desire to grow
beets, should know the exact location of the "beet" soils. The survey now
in progress in that county will determine the exact acreage and location
of each soil type, and thus the "beet" lands can easily be found by any-
one who will consult the soil map which will be published later by the
Iowa Experiment Station and the Bureau of Soils.

This is only one illustration of hundreds, or even thousands, that might
be given to show the practical helpfulness of a knowledge of soil types
and of their location based on a detail survey.

While the field work of a survey is in progress, many samples of soil
representing each type are collected, in order that physical and chemical
analyses may be made. The physical analysis fixes the exact per cent of
clay, silt, sand, gravel, and stone in each type. These data aid the sur-
veyor to determine definitely the texture of the soil, and also the differ-
ence in textural conditions between the surface stratum and the under-
lying subsoil. Facts of this character often have an important bearing
upon drainage problems, and also upon the adaptation of soils to particular
crops.

The chemical analysis gives the total supply of plant food in each
soil type and the organic matter content of each type, but the rate of
liberation is governed by many factors," some of which may be controlled
by the farmer while others are for the most part beyond his control.
We thus see that a soil survey gives an accurate invoice of the plant food
actually present in the different soil strata (samples for analyses are
usually taken to a depth of 40 inches and represent three strata; namely
the surface, subsurface, and subsoil).

The facts stated above show that a soil survey, when completed, fur-
nishes information concerning: (1) The location and area of the different

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 643

soil types; (2) the physical or mechanical composition of the soil; and
(3) the total supply of plant food in each type of soil.

The statement has been made that the facts secured by a soil survey
are often helpful from the standpoint of the adaptation of soils to crops,
drainage problems, etc. This is true, but we must not lose sight of the
fact that a survey is primarily valuable because it shows what our soil
problems are, where they exist, and the extent of country affected.

This means, of course, that additional soil studies must be undertaken,
if these problems are to be solved successfully. This point deserves
emphasis. We are certain that it would be a grave mistake for any state
or federal agency to base its soil studies in the field wholly upon a soil
survey. This is true, because a landowner can not get even approximately
the full measure of benefit from a survey unless the facts contained
therein are interpreted in terms of his local soil problems. For instance,
a survey report indicates on the map that 60 per cent of a farmer's land
is brown silt loam, and the remaining 40 per cent is black clay loam.
Of what value is this information? The farmer has probably determined
from observation that certain crops commonly grown in the locality, do
better on one type than on the other, or that a certain system of soil
management already in general use seems to be especially adapted to one
of these soil types, but not to the other. The chances are that these
observations, based on purely local conditions, would have been made had
no survey been carried on.

The point of vital importance to the farmer is this: Are the crops
which I am growing the most profitable for the types of soil on my farm;
are my rotations and my systems of soil management of such a character
as to enable me to secure maximum crop yields?

Now a soil survey does not answer these questions, nor solve the prob-
lems involved; it merely indicates the problems and suggests certain
lines of investigations for the different types of soil. Again, the soil
survey report carries the information that the brown silt loam, for in-
stance, which is found in the county as indicated on the map, contains
per acre in the surface soil, let us say, 3,000 pounds total nitrogen, 700
pounds total phosphorus, and 24,000 pounds total potassium. What use
can the farmer make of these data? It must be confessed that they will
not help him very much with his fertility problems unless they are cor-
related with data from some field experiments.

However, if a soil survey is followed by a series of field experiments
to determine crop adaptations, suitable rotations, and the absolute needs
of the various types of soils for different fertilizing materials, such as
manure, limestone, phosphorus, etc., then the survey and the field experi-
ments supplement each other and each is made a potent factor for soil
improvement. The survey indicates a probable shortage of some essential
plant food constituent, the presence of acid, or the existence of some
unfavorable physical condition of the soil. The field investigations, based
in part at least on the indications of_the survey, are carried on in such
a way as to prove, if possible, that certain methods of soil management
or the application of one or more fertilizers will increase crop yields and
tend to build up the productive capacity of the soil.

644 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

A combination of soil studies of this kind can not fail to bring together
a fund of knowledge regarding the soils of a given area which will prac-
tically revolutionize the soil management practises of that area, if the
land-owners are alive to the opportunities which are opened up for them.
If there be any doubt regarding this point, let it be remembered that
Illinois agriculture can produce many instances of sections where entirely
new methods of soil management are now in vogue, because of the com-
bined influence of the soil survey and field investigations, the purpose
of which were to determine the fertilizer requirements of the soils.

Iowa is a great agricultural state; her climate, soils, and position with
reference to markets, all tend to make the production of farm crops within
her borders a profitable business. But even now, after a half century of
cropping, many Iowa soils are going back in productive capacity, and
they will continue to go back even more rapidly unless better methods
of soil management are adopted. In our judgment, there are no factors
which will count for as much in this direction as a state-wide detail soil
survey, and the installation and maintenance of a group of soil experi-
ment fields scattered over the state in such a way as to have at least
one station on each of the principal types of soil. The Iowa Experiment
Station is ready, and even anxious, to carry on both of these lines of
work. Will the farmers of Iowa urge the legislature to make the neces-
sary appropriation for the work? If they do this, there will soon be
under way in our state a helpful series of soil studies. If they do not
ask for financial support for this work, Iowa must continue to lag behind
most of the other states in the Mississippi Valley so far as soils investiga-
tions are concerned.

REPORT OP THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE IOWA BEEF PRO-
DUCERS' ASSOCIATION, HELD AT DES MOINES, JAN. 29, 1913.

Crops marketed on the hoof as beef cattle bring larger profits than
when marketed directly as grain and hay. That was the first reason
why more beef cattle should be grown in Iowa, urged by the speakers at
the annual meeting of the Iowa Beef Producers' Association, held at Des
Moines, Jan. 29, 1913.

The next big factor in favor of beef production rather than grain
farming for Iowa farms was that less fertility is sold from the farm
when crops are marketed as live stock products rather than sold through
the elevator.

There was a three billion bushel corn crop produced in the United
States last year and Iowa grew more than her share of this, but there
was less beef produced in Iowa in 1912 than in 1911. The supply of
live stock is less at the beginning of 1913 than at the start of 1912 said
President Escher in his address at the evening meeting of the Association.

"There is no danger of overproduction of beef in Iowa. It will re-
quire at least seven years at the very least for the United States to get
back to her normal supply of beef cattle, and by that time the population
will have increased another ten millions."

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XH 645

Live stock farming was upheld as the highest type of agriculture as
well as the best ])aying one. Half of the farms of the state should be
producing some beef either as a straight baby beef proposition or in
connection with some milking. It is Mr. Escher's opinion that a carload
of baby beeves from each of 100,000 Iowa farms each year would not
mean overproduction for the state. Pacific coast markets are taking and
will continue to take a large share of Western beef as fast as it is
produced. Eastern markets must be supplied largely from the corn belt
states. Iowa should produce at least her share of this. What Iowa needs
to increase profits in farming, make farm life more attractive and farmers
more contented, and to keep up the fertility of the Iowa farm is more
of the "Old Cow."

Prof. W. J. Kennedy pointed out that from both the steer feeder's and
the beef eater's standpoint the situation is alarming. With a total beef
cattle supply estimated at 35,000,000 head against better than 50,000,000
head twelve years ago, accompanied by a 20,000,0'00 increase in popula-
tion in the United States, it is small wonder that feeding cattle and
beefsteak are both high.

Two methods of beef production were outlined by Prof. Kennedy, who
talked on "Producing Beef on $250.00 Land." First was the straight baby
beef method where the calves are allowed to follow their mothers on pas-
ture, with some grain after the first two months are past. These calves
are pushed as rapidly as possible and sold when weighing around 1,000
to 1,100 pounds at from fifteen to eighteen months of age. The other
method of beef production recommended is where beef and milk are
produced together from cows of some ability in both directions. The
cows are milked and the calves are grown to yearlings on skim milk
or possibly two calves are allowed to suck one cow.

The finishing process takes longer and the calves do not reach market
till from twenty-four to thirty months of age, weighing from 1,200 to
1,300 pounds or better. Either method was shown to be sufficiently
profitable to net six per cent on $250.00 land if present prices could be
secured for cattle. Nor does Prof. Kennedy look for lower prices.

Rex Beresford, specialist for the Association, corrolx)rated the state-
ments of Prof. Kennedy by shov/ing that twenty-four Iowa farmers had
produced baby beef during the last year at a profit on high priced land
and with high priced feeds. Eight hundred sixteen of these calves were
grown by these men during 1911 to fourteen and one-half months of age
and marketed weighing 832 pounds at $8.30 a cwt. or $69.00 a head. The
average cost of producing these calves on the high priced feeds of 1911
was $62.00, leaving a profit of $7.00 a head.

"It was also shown that live stock farms are, on the whole, more produc-
tive than grain farms and that the average stock farm is more productive
than is the farm devoted exclusively to grain production. The average
yields of ten beef cattle farms in Iowa were compared with the yields
for the same years on grain farms in the same neighborhoods. It was
found that for a five year period the cattle farms averaged fourteen
bushels more corn per acre than did the grain farms. Other crop yields
were very nearly in proportion.

646 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

A short talk on the importance of the beef cattle industry and of the
organization of cattle breeder in the state was made by President R. A.
Pearson of the Agricultural College.

At the afternoon session the following officers were elected, to serve
for the year 1913:

President, Charles Escher, Jr., Botna, Iowa; Vice President, Cyrus Tow,
Norway, Iowa; Secretary, George H, Burge, Mount Vernon, Iowa; Treas-
urer, C. H. Hechtner, Chariton, Iowa; Membership Secretary, A. R.
Leffler, Bentonsport, Iowa.

Board of Directors: W. B. Seeley, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; Fred McCul-
loch, Hartwick, Iowa; Ira McVicker, Eagle Grove, Iowa; D. McArthur,
Mason City, Iowa; W. W. Vaughn, Marion, Iowa; Ralph Sherman, Grin-
nell, Iowa; John Shambaugh, Booneville, Iowa; C. W. Huntley, Chariton,
Iowa; C. W. Hunt, Logan, Iowa; Charles Russell, Carroll, Iowa; R. W.
Cassady, Whiting, Iowa.

WHAT CAN IOWA DO TO RELIEVE THE BEEF SHORTAGE?

An address delivered at the annual meeting of the Iowa Beef Producers'

Association, January 29, 1913.

BY HOiSr. CHAS. ESCHEE, JK., BOTNA, IOWA.

President of the Iowa Beef Producers' Association.

The year just closed has been a remarkable year. The volume of our
crops was never so great. The United States harvested her first three
billion bushel corn crop. Other grains have been harvested in about
like proportions. There is a general abundance except in live stock
production. That the supply of live stock for 1913 will aggregate less
than the supply for 1912 is the consensus of opinion by those capable and
in a position to judge. That it will require seven years before the United
States can again get back to producing her normal supply of cattle is
also predicted by one who is regarded as a keen calculator. And by
that time our population will have increased another ten million, proving
that the shortage will continue and become greater as time goes on. Big
crops are always principal factors in the general prosperity of an agricul-
tural people. The wheels of commerce are oiled by the hand that feeds
the cow and holds the plow. When the farmer is prosperous, it stimu-
lates the nation, but when an agricultural people begin to neglect live
stock production, sooner or later, poverty will knock at the door. The
population of the United States has doubled every twenty-five years since
1685. During the past twelve years our population of the United States
has increased 25% while our supply of beef cattle has decreased more
than 30%. These figures do not indicate any immediate relief. Next
year and each succeeding year for the next decade to come will see
decreasing receipts in live stock markets. Whom among you will doubt
the vital importance of this organization. Iowa is the greatest of all
the agricultural states in the Union, because of her fertile fields. Iowa
has been famous as a cattle feeding state, and if Iowa continues to hold

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 647

her station in agriculture she must get back into live stock production.
Agriculture has been called the wheel of commerce, and in my estima-
tion, stock raising is the main spoke in this great agricultural wheel.
Being imbued with a natural love for the old cow and having foreseen
a beef cattle shortage coming, I decided to secure aid for the encourage-
ment of beef production in Iowa, and in the Thirty-fourth General As-
sembly, we were successful in securing an appropriation for $7,500 to
promote the beef cattle industry in Iowa. Beef production will, and of
necessity must, become an Iowa industry. With it will come more silos,
more permanent blue grass pastures, more alfalfa and clover, less soil
robbing, and more conservation of the fertility of our soils. The result
will be less acres of farming with increased yields of forage and grains,
a more prosperous people, and an increased awakening of love for the
farm. A prosperous people is most usually a contented people. If the
farmer does well, he naturally loves his occupation. Prosperity will, in
most cases, solve the question of making the farm more attractive. Beef
production is a topic widely discussed nowadays, and Iowa must of
necessity send out her influence for good or evil. Will you lend a help-
ing hand?

There are over 200,000 quarter section farms in Iowa. At least half
of these ought to be producing some sort of beef. This would give us
100,000 farmers in the entire state, engaged in beef production. Assum-
ing that these farmers have farms averaging 160 acres each, each farmer
engaged in the production of beef could easily keep enough cows to
produce a car load of baby beef, (twenty head to the car). If each of
these farmers would market this car load of baby beef, there would be
20,000 head in each county or 2,000,000 produced on the farms in the
state of Iowa. If these cattle w^ere fed out as baby beef, they would
weigh from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds at eighteen to twenty-four months of
age, and at present prices, which will be a conservative price for an
estimate, they would net close to $100 per head, or about $2,000 per car
for each farmer thus engaged. This would mean a net income for each
county of about $2,000,000 or a grand total of $200,000,000 for beef pro-
duction in Iowa alone. This would only utilize half the farms, the other
half could engage in dairying, truck farming or exclusive grain farming.

To be prosperous we must market our crops via the live stock route,
thus keeping the fertility on our farms. It has been said that the United
States was capable of feeding the w^orld, but the problem now confronting
us is, whether or not we can, in years to come, feed our own millions.
He who produces two blades of grass, or two pounds of beef, where
formerly but one grew, is a benefactor to humanity. Conservation is a
prime factor of importance today. Beef production is a matter of special
interest, and important to all the farmers in the Corn Belt states. We
have learned how to raise the crops best adapted to our soils and climate,
but we have not learned that w^e must return to our land a part of what
we take out. The right manner of producing beef is particularly adapted
to the maintenance of our soil fertility. Each farm produces a large
amount of roughage, for which there is not, nor ever will be any profit-
able market, but with the beef herd, you can profitably use it all. The

648 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

beef business is of special interest just now, for we are entering a period
that will be known as the period of restoration of beef production; and
I think most farmers now see that we must restore beef cattle on our
farms. It is all important that in this work of restoration of beef, we
adopt the best and most economical methods, so that in years to come,
we may not again find ourselves engaged in an unprofitable business.
The silo has come to stay and the time will come when silos are as
common as corn cribs on our Iowa farms. It is only by the use of silos
and better and more permanent blue grass pastures that beef production
on Iowa farms will be a profitable business; and then I would advise
only the production of the best class of beef. I would not advise anybody
attempting anything short of it on our high priced lands. It is not a
((uestion of fattening cattle but the growing of beef that we are most
especially interested in. Corn belt farmers must awaken to the fact that
if they expect to handle cattle, they must breed them. The Pacific Coast
will grab the major portion of our range-bred cattle from now on and
they must and will have them — hence if we wish to produce beef we
must raise our own feeders.

THE BEEF CATTLE SITUATION AND ITS SOLUTION.

BY \V. J. KEXx\EDY.

Director Extension Department, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.

Why are beefsteaks and beef cattle so high as compared with six, ten
or fifteen years ago? Will twenty-five cent oats and thirty-five cent corn
bring the price of beef down to its former level? These are some of the
questions which people in every walk of life are asking at the present
time.

In a measure, at least, this question can be answered by the application
of the law of supply and demand. During the last twelve years our
population has increased 25 per cent while our supply of beef cattle has
decreased over 30 per cent. These figures would not indicate any very
immediate relief to the consumer. The end is not yet. Next year and
each succeeding year for at least three years will see a much shorter
supply of beef cattle than at the present time. This will be due to the
fact that the present high prices for beef cattle are causing thousands
upon thousands of cows and heifers to be sent to the slaughter house,
which under ordinary circumstances would and should be retained for
breeding purposes. It is a case of killing the goose that lays the golden
egg.

The ranges of the AVest, the Northwest and the Southwest, which in
the past constituted the greatest feeder cattle producing territory in the
world, have seen their best days. They are carrying today just about
one-half the number of cattle they did five years ago. Irrigation, "dry
farming," and the more general introduction of sheep have driven a large
number of the range cattle men out of the business. Even the corn belt
states have fallen off from 25 to 50 per cent in beef cattle during the
last ten years.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XH 649

In the past Iowa has been famous as a cattle feeding state. True we
have had some "beef producers" but the vast majority of our farmers
have been cattle feeders. From now on conditions will gradually change.
Beef production will become a more important industry in Iowa. With
this will come more silos, more bluegrass pastures, a largely increased
acreage of alfalfa, less soil robbing and a more permanent form of agri-
culture.

By cattle feeding we mean the fattening of more or less mature steers
for the market. These cattle may be home grown or may be produced
on the ranges of the Northwest, the West or the Southwest. In the past
the majority of such cattle have come from the range and remained on
the Iowa farm from four to twelve months, or long enough to make them
marketable beef.

The problem which now confronts the old time cattle feeder is the
source of his supply of feeders. In former years the range produced
an abundance of feeder cattle. This supply has fallen off rapidly and
there is little prospect of increased supply. This means that the cattle
feeder as we knew him in the past must give way in a measure to the
beef producer.

Beef production is an important question of the day. Iowa needs on
the average 1,000 beef producers in each county. Each man to market
about eighteen or twenty good 1,000 to 1,.200 pound fat animals each year
at from $85 to $100 per head, making a grand total of from $175,000,000
to $200,000,000 worth of beef each year. This would leave 1,000 farmers
in the state for the dairy business. It would mean the marketing of our
crops in the form of meat and dairy products and would prove a wonder-
ful aid to the conservation of our soil. It would mean one or more silos
on each farm — hence the utilization of the corn stalks now wasted. We
would then be on a par with the good farmers of England and Scotland,
and our land would be paying dividends on a from $200 to $300 per acre
A'aluation.

By "beef production" we mean the growing and finishing of our own
cattle for market. This requires skill and good management to insure
success. Haphazard methods of breeding and feeding have no place on
the farm of the "beef producer." Good beef sires of the early maturing
kind are demanded. Corn silage, alfalfa, clover and other palatable forms
of roughage will be fed in conjunction with corn, cotton seed meal, oil
meal or other nitrogenous concentrates.

Beef production may be carried on at a profit on the Iowa farm, either
as a straight baby beef proposition or as a beef and milk combination.
By the selection of grade beef cows with a tendency toward milk pro-
duction, milking them and rearing the calves on skim milk and grain
adjuncts it is not difficult to make it a paying proposition. The butter
made will provide for the keep of the cow and at the same time leave
a balance on the right side of the ledger. The calves reared on skim
•milk and grain should weigh around 700 pounds at twelve months of age
and would cost at the outside $30. These animals can be put on the
market at around twenty-four months of age weighing from 1,200 to
1,300 pounds and show good profit for all feed consumed. If the man

650 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE •

wishes to milk cows tliis method is the one recommended as one that
is bringing success to many engaged in the business.

If labor is scarce and no dairjang is desired why, the baby beef method
is the one to follow. As good a grade of beef cows as can be obtained,
mated with a good pure bred beef sire of some one of the beef breeds
will produce calves suitable for making into baby beef. These calves,
dropped in the spring are allowed to follow the cows during the sum-
mer and fed some grain besides, either in creeps or in troughs in sepa-
rate pens. When weaned they are gotten on full feed of grain, such
as corn and oats with some oil meal or cotton seed meal, and roughage
in which clover or alfalfa and corn silage plays the largest part. The
calves are made to weigh around 1,000 to 1,150 pounds at from fifteen
to eighteen months of age and where right methods of feeding have
been practiced, and good stock has been used they can be counted on
for a reasonable profit even on land worth from $200 to $300 per acre.
This method of beef production demands less labor, but rather more
judgment in the selection of sires and the feeding of the calves, because
the payment of all feed bills and profits must come from the animals
marketed for beef.

ALFALFA MANAGEMENT IN IOWA.

(Bulletin No. 137, Agricultural Experiment Station, Iowa State College
of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.)

SUMMARY.

1. Though the total acreage of alfalfa in Iowa is still comparatively
small, it is being grown with considerable success in all parts of the state.

2. Considering every acre of alfalfa in the state, the average yield in
1909 was 2.85 tons per acre and in 1910 it was 2.7 tons.

3. The average money value of the product of each acre of alfalfa in
1909 and '10, was $22.80, and $31.32 as compared with a value of $16.75
and $15.91 for winter wheat and $17.65 and $14.32 for corn.

4. After deducting the cost of growing each crop, the profit from the
average acre of alfalfa in 1909 to 1910 was $14.01, as compared with a
net profit of but $3.17 for corn and $4.33 for winter wheat.

5. Alfalfa surpasses all our other farm crops in feeding value. Each
acre of alfalfa has averaged a production of 2.6 times as much protein
as red clover; 2.75 times as much as corn and 4 times as much as oats.

6. As a pasture for hogs, alfalfa has shown a greater profit than any
other crop.

7. Alfalfa is one of the best crops we can grow, as an aid in the main-
tenance of soil fertility, each acre adding to the farm each year, over
twice as much nitrogen and organic matter as red clover.

8. Alfalfa seedings iu Iowa have been maintained for over twenty
years and on one field the alfalfa has persisted for over thirty-five years.

9. Of 1,016 alfalfa seedings reported from every part of the state,
only 12.7 per cent were classed as failures.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 651

10. Alfalfa is being grown most successfully on the Missouri Loess
and Moraine soils. The greatest number of failures are reported from the
Iowa drift and southern Iowa Loess areas.

11. Sixteen seedings made at Ames since 1904 have given an average
yield of 4.38 tons of field cured hay per acre. These yields indicate the
returns which may be expected from alfalfa on an average Iowa soil when
the best cultural methods are used.

12. It is useless to attempt to grow alfalfa on land which is not
thoroughly well drained.

13. While good stands and yields of alfalfa have been secured on
fertile soils without the aid of manure, yet these yields are in almost
every case largely increased by its use. On soils only medium in fertility,
manure is essential to the greatest success, and on soils below the aver-
age successful stands are practically never secured without its liberal use.

14. No one can afford to court failure by not inoculating the soil in
seeding alfalfa. While many fairly successful fields have been secured
without inoculating the soil, yet trials in every section of the state indi-
cate that a more vigorous growth and greater yield is secured when the
field is inoculated.

15. On most of our soils an application of lime has been shown to be
very beneficial and in some cases essential to the successful growing of
alfalfa.

16. The surest method of securing a stand of alfalfa is to seed in the
middle of August on summer fallowed land.

17. On many of our soils alfalfa may be seeded with success in the
spring, putting the alfalfa in with a small grain crop. This method has
the advantage of greatly reducing the cost of seeding.

18. To keep the alfalfa free from blue grass, the field should be culti-
vated once or twice each year. For this work the spring-tooth harrow
is especially desirable.

19. Alfalfa hay can be cured as easily as red clover hay.

20. Seed of the common American alfalfa, produced on non-irrigated
fields, preferably in Dakota, Montana or Nebraska, is recommended in
preference to other varieties.

21. The original seeding should be small until the best method of
handling the crop on the particular soil in question is known.

FOREWORD.

In presenting this bulletin, we wish to acknowledge indebtedness for
much practical information received from Iowa farmers who have grown
alfalfa, many of them for a long time. A great deal of very valuable
information on many other crop problems may be gathered from this same
source. Moreover, the sooner these scattered bits of information can be
collected, pieced together and presented in connection with other informa-
tion from other sources, the sooner we will be able to handle our farms
more successfully.

Much is still to be learned regarding the best methods of handling al-
falfa and the best treatments for various Iowa soils, but with the large

652

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 653

number of seedings in prospect for the next few years, much of this
needed information will soon be at hand.

This study of alfalfa has impressed us more and more with its value
and with the wonderful possibilities in its more general growth and use.

Many men may fail in their first attempts to grow alfalfa, and some
fail repeatedly. It cannot be expected that this crop can be grown suc-
cessfully by everyone and under all conditions, or without thought or
care. It is a crop requiring study, and therefore we recommend that
the planter keep his acreage small until he has acquired such first-hand
information about the needs of a'falfa under his particular soil and
climatic conditions that he is prepared to grow it on a large area.

The writer is constantly reminded of the fact that ten years ago in
his own old home community, a dairy region, the first seeding of alfalfa
was still to be made; perhaps the first in the county. It was considered
very questionable whether alfalfa could be grown at all, and merely be-
cause it never had been grown. Now alfalfa fields are found all through
that region — probably on the majority of the farms— and the crop is
seeded and used in the regular rotations as red clover would be. This
in spite of the fact that on these same farms, on these same soils, and
under the same conditions, it had become increasingly difficult, if not
seemingly impossible, to secure successful seedings of that old stand-by
legume, red clover.

Considering these facts, this alfalfa bulletin is presented w'ith the
hope that it may aid in hastening the much more general use through-
out Iowa of a valuable farm crop.

H. D. Hughes.

Alfalfa is not grown as generally in Iowa as its value warrants. Dur-
ing the past few years, interest in the crop has increased until we now
have something like 30,000 acres of it in the state, but its merit calls for
a much larger acreage. Alfalfa can be grown successfully on nearly all
Iowa soils. Furthermore, when measured by the four factors which
determine the value of a crop in any locality, alfalfa must be considered
favorably. These are:

1. The success with which it can be grown.

2. Yield per acre and money value of the product.

3. Food value for consumption on the farm.

4. Value as a soil builder.

ALFALFA SUCCEEDS IX IOWA.

If proper methods are followed, alfalfa can be grown successfully on
nearly all Iowa soils. This fact has been established by the experience
of individual farmers and by many special tests conducted under many
and varied conditions in co-operation with the Iowa Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.

That some initial attempts have failed should discourage no one since
the per cent of failures with alfalfa is not so great as with many other
crops which are better known, the red clover, for example.

654

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

•■^•s.

1S> <

. O
ft

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII

655

Undoubtedly, its comparatively small acreage is due to the common
belief that alfalfa is not well adapted to Iowa's climatic and soil condi-
tions, and does not fit well into Iowa rotations. The fact is that on most
Iowa soils alfalfa can be seeded successfully in very much the same
manner as red clover and the following year give a yield practically twice
as great. True, the expense of the alfalfa seed will be a little more, but
the increased yield of hay and its increased value, pound for pound, over
red clover, makes the cost of seed a small item. Farmers in different
parts of the state who have grown alfalfa for a number of years say that
it is easier to get a stand of alfalfa than of red clover.

YIELD PER ACRE AND VALTE OF THE rRODUCT.

Alfalfa is capable of returning greater profit, acre for acre, than any
other crop which can be generally grown on Iowa farms.

Those who consider corn and wheat the only sure money crops for
the state, and doubt the adaptability and value of alfalfa may think this
a radical statement, but the available data gives it support.

The figures in tables I, II and III show that the average acre yield of
all the alfalfa in the state, when sold for the very low price of $9.80
per ton, will pay 10 per cent interest on $270 land.

TABLE I.
The Average Yield and Farm iValue of Alfalfa as Compared witli Other Staple Crops

in Iowa.
1909

Crop

Yield

per

Acre

Value
per

Unit

Value
per
Acre

Alfalfa - - .- __

2.85 Tons
1.4 Tons

18.2 Bus.

34.6 Bus.

$8.00

7.00

.92

.51

$22.80
9 80

Tame Hay _ . .

Winter Wheat

16.75
17.65

Com

1910

Alfalfa -- . . _ -

2.7 Tons
1.1 Tons

18.5 Bus.

39.8 Bus.

11.50

10.15

.86

.36

31.33
11.16
15.91
14.32

Tame Hay _._ _ .

Winter Wheat

Corn --

TABLE II.
The Net Profit Per Acre from Alfalfa as Compared with Other Staple Crops.

Crop

*Cost per Acre

of Growing and

Harvesting

Value of the

Crop per Acre

09.10

Net Profit
per Acre

Alfalfa —

$13,051
10.302
12.00
12.81

$27.06
10.48
16.33
15.98

$14.01

.18

4.33

3.17

Tame Hay -- - -— -- —

Winter Wheat

*Cost includes such items as interest on value of land, taxes, manuring, plowing
cultivation, seed, harvesting, etc.

iLeft down five years.
^Left down two years.

656

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE III.

Interest R«turn on Land Seeded to Alfalfa and Other Staple Crops, Considering the

Average Yields for the State in 1909 and 1910.

Crop

Value of land on Which

Crop -will Pay 10 per cent

Interest

Per cent Interest Re-
turned on $200 per
Acre Land

Alfalfa

270,60
lOi.80
163.30
159.80

13.5

Tame Hay

5.2

Winter Wheat - -

8.2

Corn

7.8

K"

Fig. u. — The long- tap root, of the alfalfa plant makes it possible to
get a stand of alfalfa in seasons when red clover seedings are lost from
"burning" just after the nurse crop is removed, or from dry weather
either early or late in the summer.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII

657

One hundred and twenty-eight practical men from all sections of the
state report an average yield of 3.5 tons per acre, while some report over
5 tons per acre as an average of several years. One man conducting a
co-operative alfalfa experiment with this department reports over 4
tons of well-cured hay per acre, for the first cutting of 1912. Two tons
of this sold as weighed from the field for $20.00 per ton.

An indication of the possible production of this crop is given in the
yields secured at Ames upon land of only average fertility. The soil
was iLoculated, but it received no fertilizer other than from 8 to 10
tons of manure per acre which was plowed under before seeding.

A field of 714 acres seeded in August, 1908, on the Iowa State College
dairy farm gave three cuttings in 1909 and again in 1910, with a total
yield of over 5^2 tons each year. In 1910 it also gave considerable pas-
turage. In 1911 the first crop was cut June 12th, with an average yield
of 2%. tons per acre for the whole piece. Three cuttings were made dur-
ing the season, and in spite of the very light rainfall, the total yield was
4.3 tons per acre. The first cutting in 1912 gave a yield of 2.95 tons per
acre, while 7.03 tons per acre were secured during the season.

Sixteen seedings made on the experiment station field since the year
1903 have produced an average yield of 4.38 tons per acre. Yields of
over 2% tons at a single cutting have been quite common and over 3^/4
tons have been secured. One seeding yielded 714 tons per acre in a single
year, while another has an average for three years of 514 tons.

Fig-. 4. — Alfalfa sown on Experiment Station fields, August, 1908, on
soil only medium in fertility, which received no special treatment except
soil inoculation. Yield for 1909, 1910 and 1911, 5 tons, 4.4 tons and 3.2
tons, respectively. Gradual decrease in yield due more to character of
season than to decrease in vigor of crop.

42

658

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Fig-. 5. — Extensive tests show that alfalfa is the best of all pastures
for hogs. Photograph shows portion of six-acre field on farm of A. M,
Avery, Mason City, Iowa, which will be used for this purpose. This
field was seeded in late summer, a perfect stand being secured without
a weed in sig-ht.

FEED VALUE.

Alfalfa has a very high feeding value, either as hay or pasture. It
has a relatively high content of digestible protein.

All crops other than the legumes contain a relatively high per cent of
carbohydrates and a relatively low per cent of protein — the stuff feeders
are forced to buy as concentrates to balance rations. Alfalfa, on the con-
trary, has a relatively high per cent of protein and is easily digested,
qualities that cannot be overestimated.

TABLE IV.
The Average Composition of Alfalfa as Compared "with Other Farm Crops*.

Crop

Water

Ash

Crude
Protein

Crude
Fiber

Nitrogen

Free
Extract

Fat

Alfalfa

8.1
15.3
13.2
10.6
10.4
40.5

9.2

8.8
6.2
4.4
1.5
3.2
3.4
5.1

14.6
12.3
5.9
10.3
11.4
3.8
4.0

28.9
24.8
29.0
2.2
10.8
19.7
37.0

37.4
38.1
45.0
70.4
59.4
31.5
42.4

2.1

Red Clover _._-._ _. __

3.3

2.5

5.0

Oats _- -

4.8

Corn Stover

Oat Straw

1.1

2.3

♦Compiled from Henry's "Feeds and Feeding."

Alfalfa hay is especially valuable to the dairyman, though it is also
known to give excellent results with all classes of live stock. It is es-
pecially valuable where a rapid development of muscle and bone is es-
sential, as with brood sows, young pigs and steers.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XH

659

TABLE V.

The Food Value per Average Acre of Alfalfa and Other Crops, Based on the Average
Composition and the Average Yield for the State for 1909 and 1910.

Crop

Ash

Crude
Protein

Alfalfa -

4.88
155
110
102
SI
70
135
32
102

808
307
147
29;i
215

79
195
114

80

R€d Clover* .. .. _ - _

Timothy*

Corn Total - -- -- —

Grain -

Stover — -

Oats Total _- .. . _ _

Grain - - -

Stover

Nitrogen

Crude

Free

Fat

Fiber

Extract

1600

2070

116

620

952

82

722

112

62

456

2119

127

458

1464

104

411

655

23

852

1450

94

109

598

48

743

852

46

*Assuming yield to be that given for "Tame Hay."

Considering the average yield of various crops for those years in which
alfalfa data are available in Iowa, alfalfa produced 5.5 times as much
protein per acre as timothy, 4 times as much as oats, 2.75 times as much
as corn, and 2.6 times as much as red clover.

As a pasture for hogs, the animal husbandry section of the Iowa Agri-
cultural Experiment station reports a net profit of $184.92 per acre from
alfalfa, the hogs selling at 6 cents and the corn fed costing 49 cents for
56 lbs. of grain on the cob. And this when an acre of blue grass handled
in the same way gave a profit of but $97.23.

TABLE VI.
Showing the Average Per Cent Digestibility of Alfalfa as Compared with Other Crops*.

Crop

Alfalfa

Red Clover
Timothy ...

Corn

Oats

Corn Stover
Oat Straw .

Dry

Protein

Crude

Matter

Fiber

62

72

47

57

58

54

55

48

50

91

76

58

70

77

31

57

36

64

.s

33

54

Nitrogen
Free Extract
Fat

'Henry's "Feeds and Feeding."

VALUE AS A SOIL BUILDEK.

As a soil builder, it is estimated that an acre of alfalfa adds annually
over twice as much nitrogen to the land as the average acre of red
clover.

This phase of alfalfa growing will not be overlooked, nor its importance
underestimated by those who realize the need of giving much greater at-
tention to maintaining the fertility of Iowa soils.

Not only does this plant add greatly to the available nitrogen in the
soils, but it adds also to the available mineral fertility, through its power to

660

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Fig-. G. — A comparison of tlie
young- clover plants.

•oot growth of the j'oung- alfalfa and

appropriate for its own grov^^th, the large supply of phosphorus and potas-
sium found in the suh-soils. These elements are beyond the reach of the
other farm crops in the rotation, but the long alfalfa roots gather them
and later on much of this potassium and phosphorus become available to
other crops through the manure made from feeding the alfalfa hay. More-
over, as these deep penetrating roots decay, they open channels which
will be followed by the roots of subsequent crops which otherwise would
never tap these lower regions of the sub-soil. The great amount of
organic matter left when the alfalfa is plowed, leaves the soil in the very
best physical condition for the following crops, thereby increasing their
yields,

HISTORY OF ALFALFA GROWING

Alfalfa dates back many years before the Christian era. It probably
had its origin in the valleys of Media, located in western Asia. Grad-
ually spreading westward, it had reached Persia by 500 B. C. and Greece
by 470 B. C. It was used very largely as a forage crop for army horses,
and its wide distribution was probably due to the Graeco-Persian wars.
From Greece alfalfa gradually spread to Italy, then to Spain, France,
Germany and England.

The Arabs called this great forage plant "alsacfatsh," which means
"best kind of fodder." Later the Spanish name "alfalfa" came into more
general use, though in many parts of Europe the plant is called "lucerne,"
supposedly after a river valley in northern Italy,

In the United States alfalfa's history is rather brief. Lucerne was
introduced into New York about 1620 where it made but a partial sue-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 661

Fig-. 7. — An old alfalfa plant at Ames, Iowa, which shows strong root
system that secures water and plant food far below the soil area occupied
by the roots of most of our farm crops.

662 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

cess likely because little was known of its habit of growth or of the
best way of handling the crop. Later it is recorded that both Washing-
ton and Jefferson grew this forage crop on their own farms. During the
Spanish invasion alfalfa was carried into Mexico and then northward
into Texas and California. Here again it seems to have been neglected
and it remained for the Americans ultimately to develop this wonderful
plant.

BROUGHT INTO CALIFORNIA FROM CHILI.

This happened soon after the California gold discoveries in 1848. Some
of the gold hunters who made the trip to California by water around
South America, rStopped by the wayside in Chili and there found luxurious
fields of alfalfa. They carried small quantities of this seed to California
in 1854, where it gained a firm foothold, until in a very few years there
were vast acreages of alfalfa supporting thousands of cattle, horses and
sheep. Apparently the climatic and soil conditions of California were al-
most ideal and the crop thrived under the care of the American farmers.

Its rapid introduction into other western states followed and was
probably in large measure due to the scattering of California gold seekers
who had become familiar with this wonderful crop. For many years it
was supposed that alfalfa could be grown successfully in the western
states only, and here its growth soon became very general. It was not
until many years after it was grown extensively as far east as Ne-
braska, that the farmers of the Mississippi valley and eastward con-
sidered it adaptable to their conditions, or of value in competition with
their other crops. During the past few years alfalfa adaptability to
many soils and climes has been recognized and now many acres of it
may be found as far north as Minnesota and the Dakotas, and as far
east as New York and the New England states. Wherever dairy regions
are found its acreage is rapidly increasing.

In Iowa alfalfa history is very brief. The crop in this state was of so
little value prior to 1905, as to have been omitted from the state crop

Fig-. 8. — This plot yielded 5.05 tons per acre in 1909, and 5.21 tons in
1910.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 663

reports. In 1905 and 190'6 its value was "estimated" in combinations with
another crop under the head "Millet and Alfalfa." Its growth in im-
portance in 1907 and 1908 is indicated only by the change to "Alfalfa
and Millet." In 1909 and 1910 its acreage within the state is given as
23,041 and 24,132 respectively.

A few men have been growing it for from ten to thirty years or more,
but 80 per cent of those growing the crop in Iowa now have seeded within
the last five years, and the majority have put in their seedings within
the last two seasons.

The oldest Iowa seeding of which we have record was made at Bur-
lington something over thirty-five years ago by a farmer who brought
the seed with him from his home community in Germany where it was
called "thousand year clover." It continued to grow and produce seed
year after year in its new home, which was a north slope of what our
correspondent called "a clay sidehill" of rather low fertility. This is
probably a loess soil. The original field is now included within the city
limits of Burlington. Much of the original area is devoted to buildings
of one sort or another, but where the alfalfa yet has opportunity to grow
many plants continue to thrive. A few years ago seed was secured from
this plot and is now being grown at the experiment station under com-
parison with other alfalfa seeds secured from various sources through-
out the United States. The fact that plants from this seed are much
more uniform than any other grown on the 55 plats with which we are
experimenting, indicates that the natural selection which has been going
on during the past 35 years may here have produced a plant of special
value to Iowa farmers.

IOWA SOIl^S AND ALFALFA.

A little study of figures will give reason for faith in the ability of
Iowa soil to grow alfalfa. In 1910, 24,132 acres of alfalfa in Iowa pro-
duced 65,629 tons of hay, or an average of 2.7 tons per acre. Most of
this acreage was in the counties bordering the Missouri river, though
some was reported from all parts of the state. The acreage, total yield
and average yield per acre are shown for each county in table VII. The
distribution of this average is better shown in fig. 9, in which each dot
represents 10 acres or major fraction thereof.

These facts give some idea of the general adaptation of Iowa soils
to alfalfa, yet they do not indicate fully how successfully the crop may
be grown on many of the soils of the different counties, or on some
soils on practically every farm in the state.

One of the best indications of the success of any crop in a given
locality is the average yield per acre. From this viewpoint the growing
of alfalfa is a success in all parts of Iowa, the yields in various counties
ranging generally from two to three tons per acre. (Fig. 10.)

REPORTS FROM PRACTICAL GROWERS.

A general inquiry instituted early in the summer of 1911, showed
forcibly that alfalfa was growing successfully on every soil 9,nd in nearly
every county of tb^ itate,

664

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

S^?:K#r"-T: — r^^ 1 — : — I 1 j

I — t:

^...! I

• ! I'

Fig 9. — Showing- the distribution of alfalfa in Iowa from statistics
secured according to law by township assessors, and compiled from data
contained in the Iowa Crop Report, 1910. Unit represented by each dot,
ten acres.

Letters were sent to eight men in each county, in most cases to men
known to be interested in alfalfa growing. Each correspondent was
asked for the names of the men in the county known to have grown
alfalfa at some time and to indicate whether these men had succeeded
with the crop, whether their efforts had been partially successful or
whether they had failed. These letters were generally answered and
very acceptable data were secured.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII

665

TABLE Vir.
Showing Alfalfa Production in Iowa by Counties in 1910.

County

Acre-
age

Total
Tons

Tons

Per

Acre

County

Acre-
age

Total
Tons

Tons
Per

Acre

Adair

24

49
3
G

24
3
2

23
3

29
141

7

13
48
15

6
67

3

1.2

2.9

2.4

2.2

2.

5.

3.

2.9

1.

Jasper .

24
9

59
27

2.5

Jefferson —

3.

Allamakee

John'^on

Appanoose

Jones -- - -- --

77
13
19

7
17

3
37

3
10
27"'

3
2,526

140
26
51
14
63

J>

2

1.8

Audubon

Keokuk

Lee —

2.

2.7

Black Hawk

Linn

2.

Boone

Louisa - -- --

3.7

2.3

2.4

Buena Vista

63
3
4
24
47
12

398
4

15
59

111
23

6.3
1.3

3.8
2.4
2.4
1.9

Madison -- --

.6

Butler -- --

320

11

6,868

1.2

Carroll

Marshall

3.7

Cass -

Mills - —

2.7

Cedar

Mitchell

Cerro Gordo

Monona

3,167

8,290

2.6

Cherokee

m

480

2.6

Monroe

Chickasaw

Montgomery

397
20

1,215
67

3.1

Clarke

\

3.4

Clay

10
151
13

249
63
3

8
4
4
8
9

16

1.6

O'Brien

Clayton

Osceola _ _.

27

4

1

23

2.1

2.8

2.1

1.6

1.4

1.

1.2

1.

2.5

Page

Palo Alto

76

8

1^174

12

91

4,723

2

14

103

41

173

352

57

6

27

6

85

2

21

10

3

11

225

31

5,190

26

235

12,494

6

43

341

94

371

841

117

8

57

6

273

5

30
30
10
52

3.

Crawford

3.1

Dallas

Plymouth

4.4

Davis

Pocahontas _ __....

2.2

Decatur

Polk

2.6

Delaware

Pottawattamie

2.6

Des Moines

Poweshiek — -

3.

3.1

Dubuque

Emmet

Sac

3.3

Scott

2.3

Payette

9

13

26

2,028

20

2

4

31

9

7

4,336

29

21
29
77
6,545
39
3

14
64
71
13
10,456
85

2.3

2.2

3.

3.2

2.

1.5

3.5

2.1

7.7

1.9

2.4

2.9

Shelby

2.1

Floyd

Sioux _

2.4

Franklin

Story -

3.

Tama _ _

1.3

Greene _

Taylor .

2.1

Grundy

1.

Guthrie

Van Buren _. -

3.2

Wapello _-

2.5

Hancock

Warren ,-

1.4

Hardin

Washington

3.

Wayne

3.3

Henry ...

Webster

4.7

Winnebago _-

Humboldt

30

12
4

123
166

20
11

4.1
2.4
1.7

2.7

Winneshiek

1
2,886

7

1
7,821

1

Ida -

Woodbury _.

2.7

Worth

Jackson

Wright

Of 1,016 seedings reported, only 12.7 per cent were considered as fail-
ures, which is remarkably low. Along the Missouri river the per cent
was much lower than that, while in other sections where alfalfa had not
been grown so generally, it was much higher.

666

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE VIII.
Showing the Success of 1,016 Alfalfa Seedings in Iowa.

Number

Per Cent

Successful - - -- --

571
316
129

56.2

Partially Successful - - --

31.1

12.7

Total

1,016

100

From a number of counties correspondents reported that, so far as
they knew, every seeding had been either wholly or partially successful,
some others reported seedings as only partially successful or as total
failures. Still other county correspondents replied that, so far as they
knew, no one had attempted to grow the crop in their communities. The
successes, partial successes and failures reported from each county are
given in table IX and this information is graphically presented in figs.
11 and 12.

Considering the number of successful stands secured, the partial suc-
cesses and failures must be ascribed in most case to improper methods
of handling the crop, such as too many weed seeds in the soil, poorly
prepared seed beds, or lack of lime, low fertility or need of inoculation.

The nine counties in which there is no record of alfalfa seedings ad-
join other counties reporting considerable success with the crop. This in-
dicates that no crop, or lack of success with it, may as plausibly T)e at-
tributed to improper methods of treatment as to the soil type represented.
It is fair to assume that alfalfa can be grown successfully in these lo-
calities, if proper efforts are made. Also, alfalfa is grown successfully in
counties from which no reports are available, as Shelby, for example.

.«..!/ U-.,i

^./ I : \7,7

\ 2.2

\ I' 1 2.^,

• /. -r

3.7 i ; 2.^-— ..c; u^

,3.2 i 3. r-"\3J y—r"-'\2.2 i /.^

Fig-. 10. — Showing the average acre yield of alfalfa in tons of hay per
ere in the various counties of the state, 1910.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII

667

TABLE IX.

Showing Number of Seedings Keported as Successful, Partially Successful and Failures

in Various Counties of Iowa.

County

No.

No. Par-

Suc-

tially

cess-

Success-

ful

ful

No.

Fail-
ures

Adair

Adams

Allamakee

Appanoose

Audubon

Benton

3

7
<>
2
1
0
4
1
5

0

1
2
9
4
1
5
0
4

0
3
2
3
0
0

Black Hawk

Boone _

Bremer --

4

1
2

Buchanan

Buena Vista

Butler

8

2-
3
6
8
4
4
13
0

4
6
3
3
5
3
1
3
2

1
6
3

Carroll - —

1

Cass -

3

Cedar

Cerro Gordo

Cherokee

1

I

Chickasaw

Clarke

0

Clay

0
2
3
5
4
0

3
8
6
2

1
1

0

Clayton

1

Clinton

0

0

Dallas

1

Davis — _ _

0

Delaware --

9
1
2
2

4
1
4
5

4

Des Moines

Dickinson

2
1

1

E mmet

Fayette

Floyd

Franklin

Ftemont

Greene

3
1
1

29
1
5

11

\

3
49
7
0
9
6
1
4
2

1
0
0
4
0
2

11
3
0
1
6

10
1
3
0
1
0
4

3
0
0
0
0
1

Guthrie

0

1

0

Hardin

0

Harrison

5

3

Howard _ —

Humboldt

Ida

0
3
0

1

Jackson - -- --

3

Jasper

0

County

No.

No. Par-

Suc-

tially

cess-

Success-

ful

ful

Jefferson

1
3

1
1
0
4
2
3
2
1
4
2

20
0

33
0

29
7
2
0

15
1
6
4
1

48
2
0

14
8

1
•;

2
3
6
3
2
5
0
1
3
6
0
3
4

13
1
9
4
0
3
7
0
5
3
1

15
5
1
6
4

0

Jones

0

Keokuk

1

Kossuth

2

Lee -

0

4

Louisa

0

Lucas --

0-

0

Madison _-

0

Mahaska

1

Marion

6

Marshall —

0

Mills - 1

0

Mitchell

2

Monona

2

Monroe

0

Montgomery

Muscatine

O'Brien

9
2
0

Osceola

1

Page

2

Palo Alto

0

Plymouth

2

Pocahontas

Polk

1
0

Pottawattamie _..

Poweshiek

Ringgold

1

1
2

Sac

2

Scott

3

Shelby

Sioux -- -__

19
4
5
3
5
8
2
3
0
3
5
1
1

52

7
5
4
2
11
5
2
1
2
5
2
1
2

8

0

Story

0

Tama --

2

Taylor

Union

1

Van Buren

Wapello

5

0

Warren

0

Washington

Wayne — —

3
0

Webster

0

Winnebago

Winneshiek

Woodbury

Worth

0
0

1

Wright

5

3

4

The mere fact that the majority of men who have seeded alfalfa in any-
particular county have failed or partially failed, should deter no one from
growing the crop, but rather should lead to greater care in giving the
crop every advantage. One man failed year after year to get a stand for
seven successive years. With the seventh seeding the field was inoculated,
and now for several years he has demonstrated that he can grow alfalfa
most successfully on all parts of his farm. The one thing lacking on
his soil was inoculation.

Other men were successful after three or four failures had taught
them what to do. Some found that lime was needed to correct an acid

668

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 669

condition of soil. Still others found it necessary to increase organic
matter and available fertility, or to remedy poor drainage.

While there are probably many seedings in counties of which we have
no record, we believe the map fairly indicates the distribution of alfalfa
grown.

The many reports received from practical growers are of more than
usual interest and value, since their practical experience has actually
demonstrated many of the most helpful practices in handling the crop.
Some of the practices mentioned most often are arranged below in order,
according to the number of times they were given, their comparative
approximate value being indicated numerically:

1. Work the seed bed well 130

2. Do not pasture 60

3. Disk after cutting 50

4. Keep the weeds down 40

5. Sow early in the fall or late in the summer 80

6. Cut the nurse crop for hay 10

7. Have the nurse crop thin 10

8. Sow shallow 10

9. Leave good growth for winter 10

10. Pasture only with hogs 10

Additional suggestions regarding the crop which have been offered more
or less often in approximately the same words are

1. "Good soil is necessary to get a stand."

2. "If nurse crop is used it should be thin."

3. "Potatoes make a good crop to precede alfalfa."

4. "Cutting too early injures following crops."

5. "Disking thickens the stand."

6. "It is hard to start and hard to kill."

7. "It stands cold and drought through."

8. "It is fine for brood sows."

9. "Hay and pasture are double those of any other crop."
10. "No good in wet soil."

ALFALFA ON THE DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES.

The state may be divided into six general soil areas. While there will
be a wide range in the character of the soil within each of these, as it
may be affected by drainage, present available fertility, etc., yet each
area has more or less uniform characteristics. These general soil areas
may be designated as follows: Missouri Loess, Moraine, Wisconsin
Drift, Iowa Drift, Mississippi Loess, Southern Iowa Loess. Their limits
are outlined on the map, fig. 12.

A considerably greater per cent of successful fields of alfalfa will be
found on the Missouri Loess and Moraine soil areas than on the others.
The soils of the Iowa drift and southern Iowa loess seem nfiturally to
be more poorly adapted to alfalfa than the others, though even on these
at least some fields are very successful, as is indicated by the average
yields oi hay secured.

670

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

w/5co/^5/n DRirr rrm ^ourtiCRfi /owa io£35 ^^ m/ss/ss/pp/ 10^55 ESSi
/oyv/i DR/rr ^HTm Missouri loes5 Esza moraine mm

^^J^9\-l0O7c successful. Ill 91-100% port/afli/ 0 50-63% failure,

successful or- better-.

*^7i-eo',.ucce^ru, ':XXC;C7.?.. ooro-ee.,r.>,ure.

I 6l-T0%partlallLj
* 61-70 % successful. successful ort^etter. 000 90-100 % failure.

Fig-. 12.— Map showing- success with alfalfa on the different soil areas
of Iowa.

TABLE X.

The Per ICent of Seedings Reported as Successful, Partially Successful, and Failures, on

the Various Soil Areas.

Soil
Areas.

Per Cent
Successful

Per Cent Par-
tially Success-
ful

Per Cent
Failures

Missouri Loess -

VI. 1

59.4

48.3
40.5
41.1
35.6

21.6
30.3
36.4
37.3
41.5
46.3

7.1

10.1

Wisconsin Drift

15.2

Iowa Drift

Mississippi Loess

Southern Iowa Loess - --

22.2
17.3
18.0

CO OPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS OVER THE STATE.

To determine what treatments are necessary to bring success on dif-
ferent soils, a number of co-operative alfalfa fields were located in the
summers of 1910 and 1911. On some of these, alfalfa was seeded in the
fall of 1910, and upon others in the spring or fall of 1911.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 671

Each field was so divided as to represent twelve different treatments,

which were as follows:

1. No special treatment.

2. Inoculation.

3. Inoculation and cultivation.

4. Lime.

5. Lime and inoculation.

6. Lime and inoculation and cultivation.

7. Bone meal.

8. Bone meal and inoculation.

9. Bone meal and inoculation and cultivation.

10. Manure.

11. Manure and inoculation.

12. Manure, inoculation and cultivation.

It should be stated here that it was not intended in this work to
attempt to determine which treatments are necessary or which are un-
necessary in any particular community, but rather the treatments which
are necessary or beneficial in a majority of the cases in the larger sec-
tions of the state, or on the different types of soil. Before this can be
done very accurately, the results of a very much larger number of test
will need to be considered.

The fact that a certain treatment was found to be necessary on a
particular field, would not necessarily mean that this treatment was es-
sential on all the soils of the neighborhood, or even the soil across the
road in, a field which had perhaps been handled in an entirely different
way. And on the other hand the fact that a trial had shown that a
treatment was not beneficial to alfalfa on a particular field would not
determine that this treatment would not be beneficial on other fields in
the same neighborhood.

Fig-. 13.— Showing the location of the one acre co-operative alfalfa
experiments, also limits of the six soil areas.

672

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

An attempt was made to distribute these co-oi)erative acre trials in
such a way that all types of soil would be represented, and especially
sections from which the greatest difficulty was reported. The distribu-
tion appears in fig. 13, and this table:

ALFALFA CO-OPE'RATORS 1910-1911.

Name

Town

County

Direction and Distance From
Town.

Avery, A. M

Bates, H. A

Mason City

Algona

Grinnell

Osage

New Hampton

Fairfield

Spencer

Fairfield

Des Moines

Oskaloosa

Oskaloosa

Jewell

Ames

Miles

Mitchellvillc

New Sharon

Kstherville

Blairstown

Janesville

Cerro Gordo

Kussuth

Poweshiek

Mitchell

Chickasaw

Jefferson _.

Clay

Jefferson

Polk - -

3 mi. SE of Mason City
5 " SE of Burt

Boyack, Geo. W

Brackle, Peter

Brand, Wm

Brawner, C. L

Claypool, W. W

Clinkenbeard, Maee__
Chamberlain, A. P. -

•2\ " SE of Grinnell

3 " E of Osage

•21 " SE of New Hampton

5 " W of Fairfield

1 " S of Spencer

21 " NE of Libertyville

1 " NE of Corporation

Crozier W H

Mahaska

'4 " N^W of Oskaloosa

Edriss E. & Son

Mahaska

1 " NE of Oskaloosa

Espe, K. P

Farnun, G. E

Forest, C. R

Garrett, Chas. 0

Hamilton

Story

Jackson -'„

Polk

1 " S of Jewell

S edge of City Corooration

3^ " SE of Miles

Hill, V. S

Horsewell, J. E

Mahaska

Emmet

3\ " NE of Sharon
Sh " SW of Blairstown

McCaffree, H. A

McCray, H. S

Bremer

Audubon

Sac

Kossuth

Jones

Taylor .__

Delaware

Bremer

Worth

Page

Keokuk

Blackhawk

Mahaska

Louisa

I " NE of Waverly Jet.
6 " SE of Brayton

McWilliams, G. H— .

Mawdsley, J. R

Parks, Geo. W

Ramsey, F. W

Reed, E. E

Reeves, Elmer

Rustad, Oscar__:-_-_.

Sar, Frank

Shipfer, A. O

Wall Lake

Burt

Olin

Athelston

Hopkinton

Waverly

Xorthwood

Essex

Sigourney

Waterloo

'r " NE of Wall Lake
T " SE of Burt
1 " E of Olin

Xorth Corporation Line
W. Corporation Line, Wav.

1 mi. W of Northwood

2 " E of Essex

2V " NW of Waterloo

Soseman, Thos

Trites, Ed R

Oskaloosa

Oakville

Cooper

1^ " W of Oskaloosa
1\ " S'W of Oakville

Zeller, Willard

vGreene

•2j " NE of Bagley

More than 1.50 co-operative experiments are now under way, and
many more will be undertaken. Those interested in conducting small
plot tests with alfalfa would do well to address Professor J. Buchanan,
Superintendent of Co-operative Farm Crop Experiments, Ames, Iowa,
for more definite information.

BEXEFICIAL SOIL TREATMEXTS FOR ALFALFA.

Among the co-operative tests on the different soil types, only two soils
were found where at least one of the treatments, — inoculation, lime or
manure, or a combination of two of these, did not prove to be very
beneficial to the alfalfa, resulting in a more vigorous, healthy growth
arid a larger yield.

On a number of the soils, where one or more of these treatments was
beneficial, a fair crop was secured without treatment. A seeding made
without treatment might be termed successful, yet the results secured,
as measured by the yield of hay and the general vigor of the seeding,
would not approach the results attained when the soil was properly pre-
pared.

Of the two fields on which none of the treatments showed any ef-
fects, at least one had received a good application of manure over the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 673

•. !-

K '

r-'*""

1 •.

•; u.,<?j.

""""1 '%

r-l5» , •

I i * • I I • , J

• . i — .•■! 7\-''U-.r^

Fig-. 14. — Each clot shows the location of a co-operative field where
different treatment of the soil and dates of seeding- are being- tried out.
Most of these were established in 1912, therefore, data on them is not
yet available,

whole field the preceding year and this may have had considerable to do
in blanketing the effects of the later treatments.

On four of these fields the alfalfa was an absolute failure on those por-
tions which received no treatment of any sort, while good yields were
secured on these soils when the necessary treatment had been made.
On many of the fields the alfalfa on the untreated portion was yellowish,
weak and short. Considering these facts, then, it becomes important to
know the extent to which the different treatments are either beneficial
or essential, when used either alone or in combination.

These treatments will be considered now only from the standpoint of
their benefit to the alfalfa seeding as shown by these tests. No con-
sideration will be given, for the present, to general recommendations re-
.garding the time and methods of making the applications, etc.

Manure: — The reports indicate that on nine of the fields manure was
absolutely essential to the greatest success with alfalfa. Fourteen re-
ports show that while it was beneficial it was not necessarily essential to
success provided that some other treatment, possibly bone meal or in-
oculation, was given. On eight fields the crops indicated that while the
manure was beneficial, it would not bring the greatest success when used
alone; something e.sa was also necessary.

Averaging the reports of all the men who estimated the yields of the
different plots, on the basis of 1.5 tons per acre for the untreated plots,
the manured plots averaged 2.53 tons per acre, an increase in yield of hay
of over 75 per cent.

43

674

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE XI.
The Effect of Ten Tons of Manure per Acre Before Seeding Alfalfa.

Effect of Treatment.

No. Of
Reports.

Essential to greatest success

Beneficial, but not necessarily essential in establishing a successful field
Beneficial, but some additional treatment also necessary for best results
No benefit from application

Bone Meal: — To determine the effect of an additional supply of
phosphorus, bone meal was used on a portion of the plots. While it will
he seen by referring to table XII, that the bone meal was beneficial in
many cases it was not so necessary as manure. When used it should be
in connection with manure rather than alone as it seems quite apparent
that the organic matter and readily available nitrogen in the manure is
often quite necessary in getting the alfalfa well started.

TABLE XII.
The Effect of 400 Pounds of Bone Meal per Acre Before Seeding Alfalfa.

Effect of Treatment.

No. of
Reports.

Essential to greatest success

Beneficial, but not necessarily essential in establishing a successful field

Beneficial, but some other treatment also necessary for best results

No benefit from application

Fig. 15. — CuLLing alfalfa at the Iowa Experiment Station. This field
made 2.95 tons per acre of field cured hay, first cutting, 1912, and a total
of 7.03 tons wex'e cut during the season.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII

675

Lime: — On at least two of the fields the lime was absolutely essential
to success and on ten fields it was shown to be beneficial in promoting a
strong vigorous growth. In a number of cases the lime appeared to be
of no value when applied alone, but when inoculated soil was used in
connection with it, an excellent growth was secured.

TABLE' XIII.
The Effect of Applying Lime at the Rate of 2,000

per Acre.

Effect of Treatment.

No. of
Reports,

Essential to greatest success 2

Beneficial, but not necessarily essentia] in establishing a successful field 10

Beneficial, but some other treatment also necessary for best results 7

No benefit from application

Inoculation: — These tests unquestionably indicate the value and need
of inoculating the soil before seeding alfalfa. On nine of the fields the
reports indicate that inoculation was absolutely essential to the best
results though in many cases some other treatment was also necessary.
This was most often manure, though on a number of soils which were
undoubtedly acid, an application of lime was also necessary before the
inoculation was effective.

TABLE XIV.
The Effect of Applying Inoculated Soil at the Rate of 30O lbs. per Acre.

Effect of Treatment.

No. of
Reports.

Essential to greatest success

Beneficial, but not necessarily essential to establishing a successful field

Beneficial, but some other treatment also necessary for best results

No benefit from application

FIELDS INFLUEJN'CED BY TREATMENT

In reporting to the Experiment Station the first cutting in 1911 the
co-operators were asked to estimate the comparative yields of field cured
hay on the portions receiving the different treatments basing their com-
parisons on an assumed yield of 1.5 tons per acre on the untreated plots.
From table XV it will be seen that on this basis the lime increased the
yield of the first cutting nearly .5 ton; the bone meal .64 of a ton; in-
oculation .83 of a ton, and manure 1.03 tons.

676

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

'1

i
j

-^S?, *^g

.^ --4»^

■■■H

w ^

mm^trm

^imigi

■|

m

""^H

^^m

.mn

^^^^ t'V '

■V

1

L

HBUKnAea^n^^i

'ii'i I'liryfiii

^

Fig. 16. — This plot of alfalfa on the station fields at Ames, produced
2.5 tons of field cured hav when cut on June 8. Photograph shows con-
dition on May 25, 1906.

TABLE XV.

The Effect of Various Treatments on Alfalfa, as Measured by the Estimated Yield

of Hay.

Treatment

Tons
per acre

Increased yield
due to treatment

Manure, 10 tons per acre ^

Inoculation, 300 lbs. per acre of alfalfa soil

Bone Meal 400 lbs per acre •

2.53
2.33
2.14
1.97
1.50

1.03
.83
.64

Lime '' OOO lbs per acre - —

.47

Assuming for the time that a stand of alfalfa could be secured without
the use of manure; that the assumed yield was placed twice too high,
and that the actual average increase from the use of manure was only one
half that shown, still the increase in yield of alfalfa hay in the first
season alone would have a greater value than the total yield of the aver-
age acre of oats.

Since approximately one-half of the annual yield is secured in the first
cutting, the total increase for the year would be one ton, the value of
which in 1910 was estimated to be $11.60. On no other farm crop can
manure be so profitably used as on alfalfa.

On the same basis an application of 300 lbs. of alfalfa soil resulted
in an average increase in the yield of hay valued at $9.63 for each acre.
A good return for 300 pounds of soil.

The use of 2,000 lbs. of lime valued at $5.00' per car load at the quarry,
gave an increase the first year valued at $5.45 per acre.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 677

It must be remembered that treatments such as lime and inoculation
influence not only the first crop after seeding, but every year's crop so
long as the alfalfa remains.

In a number of cases it has been observed that the differences were
much more marked in the second and third years than in the first.

Considering these average results from trials over the state, can one af-
ford not to use manure, or lime or inoculation in seeding a field to al-
falfa even though some of these may not be necessary on the particular
soil in question?

There is only one answer; no farmer can afford to run the risk of
failure since there is no way of measuring in advance the results of these
treatments.

After these co-operators had grown alfalfa for two years and observed
the effect of different treatments, some general information was asked of
each as to the success with which alfalfa could be grown in his locality,
provided proper methods were used in preparing the seed bed and in
seeding. The replies to these general questions indicate, perhaps better
than anything else, what may be expected of the crop when its few sim-
ple requirements (sweet soil, bacteria, available fertilizer, etc.) are met.

Of all the co-operators who responded to the question, "As a result of
your experiment have you decided to grow alfalfa on a larger scale on
your farm?" 100 per cent responded in the affirmative.

All but one answered in the affirmative the question, "As a result of
your experiment would you recommend alfalfa to your neighbors?"

The question, "Why have you decided to increase your acreage and
to recommend alfalfa to your neighbors?" brought the following an-
swers :

"I consider it the most profitable crop the Iowa farmer can grow to a
certain extent."

"Because I am sure it can be raised on the right kind of ground with
right treatment."

"It is a valuable crop, also a soil fertilizer."

"Because it is the most profitable crop we can raise."

"I have been raising it for 15 years and it is much more profitable."

"It is the most satisfactory forage crop ever planted."

"I believe it will be a paying crop. This is quite a dairy section and
we need rich feeds."

"I think it is the best forage crop we have."

"I think it is a very fine crop."

"Because I believe it is a practical crop for Iowa."

"Because I think it is the best paying crop we can raise."

TRIALS AT THE STATE EXPERIMENT STATION

As an indication of what alfalfa will do in Iowa in a series of years,
when grown on what might be termed an average Iowa soil, the yields
secured from numerous seedings made on the Iowa Agricultural Ex-
periment station fields at Ames will be of interest.

678 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The station records show that since 1904, IG different seedings have
been made. Some crops were seeded in the spring with a nurse crop,
vrhile others were put in alone. Still other plots were seeded during
August on summer fallowed land. Other variations are also recorded,
such as the method of seeding, inoculation of the field, use of lime or
manure, etc. However no comparison is to be made of these different
treatments. The conclusions drawn might be entirely misleading, be-
cause the best methods and treatments necessary will vary greatly in
different seasons or on different soils. The readings are presented rather
to indicate the results which may be expected from this crop when the
demands of the plant are fully met.

As has been said, the soil types found at Ames are rather average for
the state; brown loam, black sandy loam and black silt loam. The fer-
tility is only average, no commercial fertilizers are ever used and ma-
nure was used only in such manner as is possible on any good stock
farm.

In preparing the seed bed or in seeding, no methods were used which
would not be practical on any Iowa farm. In preparing the seed bed, how-
ever, as in all the operations, the work was thoroughly and carefully per-
formed, for with a crop at stake so valuable as is alfalfa, no farmer can
afford to leave anything to chance.

The yields secured under these conditions are recorded in tables XVI,
XVII, XVIII.

In 1905 five plots gave an average yield of 4.36 tons of hay per acre,
the greatest yield from any one plat being 6.12 tons. In 1906 the aver-
age yield of three plats was 5.42 tons per acre, and in 1907 with two
new seedings considered, the average was 4.5 tons. The yields for 190S

Fig-. 17. — Members of farmers' clubs when visiting the experiment sta-
tion inspect the alfalfa fields.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 679

Fig. 18. — Showing- second cutting- of alfalfa ; - 1 at Ames,

July. 17. Total yield of field cured hay from three cuttings during the
season, 7.24 tons.

are not available. During the spring and late summer of 1908 a num-
ber of new seedings were made so that during the years 1909, 10 and 11,
eleven plots were under observation. The average yields from these
plots was 4.92 tons per acre in 1909, 4.28 in 1910, and 3.68 in 1911.

It will be observed that the average yield increased considerably dur-
ing the three years; nearly half a ton per acre. This is no doubt partially
due to the fact that the rainfall for 1911 was very light and that of 1910
considerably below the average. It is also true, however, that on some
cf the plots the blue grass made serious inroads, as most of these plots
received no cultivation,

TABLE XVI.
Yield of Field Cured Alfalfa Hay in 19Ci> ard 1&.^3 on 5 Plots at Ames.

PLOT KO.

11

12

li

14

15

1905
Yield per A.— Tons

1st Cutting June 13-17

3.87

1.13
1.29
1.45

4.64

l.€6
1.73
1.25

4.16

1.63
1.25
1.25
4.4

6.12

2. CO
2.12
2.0O

4.32

1.47
1.53
1.32

7.24

2.5
2.43
2.31
5.78

2.86
1.01

2nd Cutting- .July 8-10

.93

3rd Cutting August 14-17 _. .

.92

1906
Yield per A.— Tons _.

*»»

2nd Cutting July 17-lS

3rd Cutting August 25-2S

Average Yield per Acre

3.87

6.12

2.86

'Plowed in April, 1908.

680

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE XVII.
Yield of Field Cured Alfalfa Hay on Plots at Ames. 1906-11.

PLOT NO.

A6

B7

C8

D9

1906
Yield per A.

-Tons

1st Cutting June 8...^

2nd Cutting July 20

Srd Cutting August 28_

1907
Yield per A.— Tons

1st Cutting June 25

2nd Cutting August 1-
3rd Cutting October 5.

1909
Yield per A.— Tons

1st Cutting June 18

2nd Cutting August 4--
3rd Cutting October i.

1910
Yield per A,— Tons

1st Cutting June 22

Znd Cutting July 26

Srd Cutting September 10.

1911
Yield per A.

-Tons.

1st Cutting June 5

2nd Cutting July 10

3rd Cutting August 29

Average Yield per A. from the plot-

Tons.

4.86

2.23

1.2

1.43

4.42

1.74
1.65
1.03

5.0

2.37
1.63
1.0

4.54

2.23
1,28
1.03

5.11

2.14
1.60
1.37
4.78

TABLE XVIII.
Yield of Field Cured Alfalfa Hay at the Ir.wa Agricultural Experiment Station 1909-1911.

PLOT NO.

1

2

4

5

6

4.25

4.05

4.4

5.0

5.9

5.35

2.2
1.5
.55

2.85
1.5

.7

2.7

1.1

.6

2.45

1.5

1.05

3.3

1.7

.9

2.55

1.85

.95

3.57

4.36

3.68

4.40

4.53

5.21

1.96
1.12

.49

2.41

1.29

.66

2.02
1.1
.56

2.28

1.38

.74

2.56

1.24

.73

2.92

1.35

.94

3.23

3.37

3.21

3.20

3.31

3.39

2.30
.89
.02

2.44
.9

.03

2.25
.93
.03

2.47
.71
.02

2.6
.69
.02

2.42
.94
.03

3.68

3.92

3.76

4.2

4.58

4.65

1909
Yield per A.— Tons

1st Cutting June 18

2nd Cutting August 4

3rd Cutting October 4

1910
Yield per A.— Tons

1st Cutting June 22

2nd Cutting July 26

3rd Cutting August 10

1911
Yield per A.— Tons.

1st Cutting June 5

2nd Cutting July 26

3rd Cutting Aug. 29

Average Yield per A.— from the
plot -

lost
1.30

4.75

1.34
1.02

4.13

2.64

l.Ol

.45

4.44

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 681

Good yields may be expected for a number of years when the blue
grass is kept out, especially if the soil was in good physical condition
and fertile when the plot was seeded. It will be observed that plot A6,
which was left in alfalfa for six years, maintained its yielding power to
the very last. It produced an average of over 4% tons per acre for the
five years for which the records are available.

Plot D9, which was in alfalfa for three years produced better than
five tons each year, while plot 13 produced over six tons in a single
year and plot 14 nearly T^A tons with an average for two seasons of 5%
tons per acre.

The lowest acre yield secured from any one plot in a season was from
plot 15 in 1905 when the yield was 2.86 tons. Even this yield however ia
better than is secured, except under unusual conditions, from any of our
other tame hays.

SELECTION AND TREATMENT OF THE ALFALFA SOIL

On one hundred and twenty-eight men representing all manner of soil
types, who reported to the Iowa Agricultural Experiment station their
method of seeding and handling the alfalfa crop, 85.5 per cent were suc-
cessful. This evidence tends to strengthen our belief that, provided
proper methods are used in preparing the soil to grow this crop, it can
be grown successfully on at least portions of practically every farm in
Iowa, though no doubt there are particular soils and locations which are
better adapted to its growth than others.

CHOICE OF SOILS

In selecting the soil or field whJch is to be seeded to alfalfa there
are several conditions which must be considered. They are:

1. The Texture of the Soil.

2. The Drainage of the Soil.

3. The Fertility of the Soil.

4. The Need of Inoculation.

5. The Need of Lime.

The successful growing of alfalfa or any other legume may be impossible
if any one of these factors is overlooked. Many Iowa soils are open and
Iriabie, well drained and fertile, contain the necessary bacteria and do
not need lime, and they may grow alfalfa very successfully merely by
applying good cultural methods. Most Iowa soils, however, will give
much better results when available fertility is supplied in the form of ma-
nure. Others may be ideal for alfalfa save in that they require the ad-
dition of the necessary bacteria; while others, particularly in south cen-
tral and north central Iowa, need lime. The only safe plan is to insure
the presence of the conditions necessary by supplying them. The crop
will far more than repay the trouble.

TEXTURE OF SOIL

Alfalfa gives much the best results on deep, loose, open, friable soils,
such as are represented by the loess areas along the Missouri and Miss-
issippi. On these soils there is practically no trouble in getting a stand

682 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

except on some of the highest points where a good application of ma-
nure seems necessary. Soils which are light and friable, due to a large
per cent of sand are not usually well adapted to alfalfa because they
are rather low in fertility. This difficulty may be corrected by the free
use of manure when excellent results may be expected. Though good
fields are occasionally found on heavy soils, such as contain considerable
clay, this is exceptional. Heavy soils seem well adapted to sweet clover,
however, and the grow^th of that crop for a couple of seasons helps to
put the land in condition for alfalfa seeding. The roots of the more
hardy clover open the soil to some depth and leave considerable amounts
of organic matter and readily available fertility.

DRAINAGE

It is useless to attempt to grow alfalfa upon land which is not thor-
oughly well drained, either by nature or by the use of tile or open
ditches. Some of the best results secured have been on drained bottom
lands, likely because of their fertility. But the fertility alone without
good drainage would not have produced these results. This does not
mean that the highest ground available should be chosen as this ground
is likely to be quite unfertile. Land which is slightly rolling or nearly
level and well drained is usually considered the best.

MANURE

Eight to twelve tons per acre of good manure should be applied be-
fore plowing for alfalfa, for the use of manure is by far the most
important factor in securing successful results on Iowa soils. It is a
notable fact that of 23 correspondents who make special mention of the
fact that they manured their fields before plowing but one failed.

Courtesy R. E. Buchanan, Ames, Iowa.

Fig. 19. — Tubercles such as are formed on alfalfa and sweet clover

roots by bacteria which feed upon the free nitrogen of the air. This

liitrog-en finally becomes available to the host plant, and ultimately to

other crops which may follow in the rotation.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— RART XIl 682

Wliile good stands and yields of alfalfa have been secured on fertile
soils without manure, yet yields are in almost every case largely in-
creased by its use. On sells of on'y. medium fertility, manure is essen-
tial to the greatest success; on soi:s below the average, successful stands
are practically never secure;! '\\ithout its liberal use.

Before the alfalfa plant has established its root system, so as to
give it a large feeding area, and before the bacteria have developed in
sufficient numbers to make available the unlimited supply of nitrogen in
the air, an abundance of available plant food must be at hand. Even
after the plant is well established the yieM of hay will be much in-
creased by an occasional top-dressing of manure. Manure stimulates the
activity of the alfalfa bsctfria and makes it possible for the alfalfa to
draw more heavily upon the atmospheric nitrogen. The deep roots of
the alfalfa, plant make it possible for it to secure much of its mineral
plant food far below the surface, where our ordinary farm crop's roots
cannot grow. Old alfalfa fields which are well established probably take
but a comparatively sm^all per cent of their plant food elements from
the surface soil, since a large per cent of the fine-feeding roots are to be
found far down in the sub-soil.

INOCULATION

While a majority of the successful stands of alfa.fa in Iowa have been
secured without inoculation, yet fewer failures are recorded where the
presence of the necessary bacteria was guaranteed by inoculation. Be-
sides, the co-operative experiments show that in practically every in-
stance where the soil was inoculated, a more vigorous growth resulted.
In many cases the difference was the difference between a success and
a total failure. Considering the ease and slight expense of inocula,tion,
a farmer can ill afford to risk a loss by not inoculating.

On soils which do not naturally contain these bacteria it is absolutely
essential that they be introduced. As there is no way of determining
whether these bacteria are in a given soil without attempting to grow
alfalfa, the only safe way is to inoculate. A small area may be seeded
and inoculated the first year, from which soil may be secured for larger
areas in following seasons. There are two methods by which this in-
oculation may be secured.

If soils can be secured from a nearby alfa.fa field, where vigorous
plants have an abundance of tubercles on their roots, use 300 lbs. or more
of soil per acre, distributing it as uniformly as possible. This work
may well be done at the time of seeding. If soil is not available from
an alfalfa field, soil from a sweet clover patch may be used. This soil
should not be exposed to the sun any more than necessary, and may
well be applied toward evening and harrowed in thoroughly at once. The
direct rays of the sun soon kill the bacteria.

Attempts have been made for years to develop pure cultures of bacteria
for the different legumes. In the main the results have not been particu-
larly satisfactory. More recently, however, two commercial concerns
have put out cultures which have met with quite general success; one

684 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

of these is "Parmogerin" manufactured by Earp Thomas Farmogerm
Company, Bloomfield, New Jersey; and the other "Nitragin" manufac-
tured by the German-American Nitfagin Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Both
of these pure cultures have been used on the Iowa Agricultural experi-
ment station plots, though the tests have not been thorough enough as
yet to permit unreserved recommendation. While the effect of the in-
oculation was very apparent, it is possible that just as great a benefit
might have resulted from the use of inoculated soil. The claim is made
among bacteriologists, however, that the pure cultures may add to the
soil not only a great number of bacteria, but also bacteria which are
more virulent and vigorous than those already found there. However,
until more tests have been made, we believe that the soil inoculation
must be recommended.

THE USE OF LIME

The co-operative alfalfa tests indicate that at least on many Iowa
soils the use of lime is to be recommended. Its application has in many
cases been very beneficial. No harm can come from an application of
2,000 or more pounds per acre especially if this be in the form of lime-
stone screenings or finely ground limestone, which are the best forms
to use. One thousand to 3,000 pounds will no doubt be sufficient on most
Iowa soils though on similar soils in adjoining states experiments have
shown that in some cases as much as 6,000 pounds are necessary.

In a number of instances in this state application of lime was shown
to be absolutely essential before alfalfa could be grown successfully, in-
dicating that the soil was strongly acid. In other cases while a satis-
factory growth was secured without the use of lime, yet when it was used
the growth was more vigorous and of better color.

Alfalfa requires for its best growth a large amount of calcium, which
is the active principle of lime. Also alfalfa cannot grow and thrive in
soils which are at all acid. The nitrogen-gathering bacteria, which live
upon the alfalfa roots, and which in turn provide the alfalfa plant with
most of its supply of nitrogen, cannot live, thrive and multiply in an
acid soil.

Soils may be tested for acidity easily by the use of litmus paper.
Take soil from a few inches below the surface of the ground and after
thoroughly wetting it, press it into a ball. Halve it with a knife and
after placing a piece of blue litmus paper between the two cut sur-
faces, again press parts into a ball. At the end of ten or fifteen minutes
remove the litmus paper and examine. If it has changed from blue to
a distinctive red color, one may be reasonably sure that the soil is acid
and is in need of lime.

Litmus paper can be secured at any good drug store.

Lime should be applied after plowing and thoroughly disked in, pref-
erably some weeks in advance of seeding. It may be spread from a
wagon with a shovel or a manure spreader may be used. An old broad-
cast grain seeder may also be used.

Those who contemplate seeding alfalfa should send for Circular No. 2
of the Iowa Experiment Station, "Liming Iowa Soils."

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII

685

•-^^

.sa^ife

Fig-. 20. — Showing growth of alfalfa on May 26, 1906. at the time of
the first cutting-. The fall seeded alfalfa nine months from seeding-, is
neai'ly as large as on the two-year-old fields.

PREPARING THE SEED BED AND SEEDING

To prepare for alfalfa seedings, the land should be disked and har-
rowed thoroughly immediately after plowing. Then work it every ten
days or two weeks, or at least after every rain until the seed is sown.

Ten of Iowa's most successful alfalfa growers in reporting their meth-
ods, say: "It is absolutely necessary to work the ground well previous
to sowing," in order to conserve moisture and get rid of weed seed. It
is necessary to disk and harrow, as one said, "until you are weary."

When August seeding is practiced this cultivation should begin as soon
as the preceding crop is removed. In case that no crop is sown in the
spring, the land should be worked well throughout the entire summer.
The necessity of thoroughness in this preparation cannot be over-em-
phasized. Unless the land is prepared early in the summer and then a
good mulch maintained, there will be great danger of a lack of moisture
to insure germination. Then again, alfalfa will not fight weeds, and un-
less the soil is stirred often, in this way bringing the weed seeds to the
surface and germinating them before the alfalfa crop is put in, difficulty
and possible failure will result. Further, while the surface soil should
be very well fined and loose, the sub-surface should be rather compact.
Late and insufficient preparation means a loose seed bed with more dry-
ing out, and then in the v/inter great danger from heaving, with the
loss of the whole crop as a result.

MANNER AND THE TIME OF SEEDING

The alfalfa seed should by all means be drilled in when possible, and
should be placed from i/o to li/^ inches below the surface, depending upon

686 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

the moisture and texture of the soil. If the seed bed is very well pre-
pared there is great danger that the drill may run too deep. Use care
to insure against this difficulty. To get the most uniform stand it is
often advisable to go over the field twice, putting in one-half of the seed
each time and crossing the field the other way the second time over. If
drilling is impossible, the seed may be sown broadcast and harrowed in
well, or even disked in. If this be done toward evening, then any mois-
ture in the surface soil will help to secure germination.

There are in common use in Iowa, four methods or times of seed-
ing alfalfa, which may be enumerated as follows:

1. Seeding in the spring with nurse crops.

2. Seeding in the spring or early summer without nurse crop.

3. Seeding in the late summer following the removal of some other crop.

4. Seeding in the late summer on summer-fallowed land.

SPRING SEEDING

Alfalfa may be seeded in the small grain in the spring in identically
the same manner as red clover. The seeding will be more likely to suc-
ceed if the seed bed is well prepared the previous fall or early in the
spring.

Barley, wheat or rye make better nurse crops that oats. The oats re-
quire more water; they produce much foliage which tends to shade and
"smother," and they come off of the ground late, when the season is
likely to be dry and the sun burning hot.

Whatever small grain is used, its rate of seeding should be reduced
from a third to a half. This will cut down the yield of small grain com-
paratively little, while it will give the alfalfa a much better chance.

Fig. 21. — A perfect stand; vigorous growth, and not a weed in the
field. Seeded the middle of August in the extreme northern part of the
state. (Kossuth county.)

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 687

Fig-. 22. — A perfect stand of alfalfa on the college farm without a weed
in the entire field. Seeded the middle of August, 1912, on summer fallowed
land.

When alfalfa is seeded in the spring the weeds are likely to be very-
troublesome unless the ground is very clean, owing to previous cultiva-
tion. The use of a nurse crop tends to keep these weeds in check until
the alfalfa seed has had a chance to get a start. It is true that the nurse
crop takes much of the moisture and plant food which would go to the
alfalfa were it seeded alone, and it also tends to shade and smother it.
However, this smothering can be checked by regulating the rate of
seeding of the nurse crop, while the smothering of weeds cannot be
controlled if no nurse crop is used. The fact that the alfalfa can be put
in at little or no extra expense aside from seed is an added advantage
of seeding with a nurse crop. Moreover, it is not necessary to give up
the use of the land for a whole season in order to get the alfalfa estab-
lished.

SPRING SEEDING WITHOUT NURSE CROP

The second method, in more or less common use, is to seed in the
spring without a nurse crop, usually seeded later than the ordinary time
for seeding small grain. When this method of seeding is used, it is
very important that the land be worked thoroughly for some weeks in
advance of seeding, so that as many as possible of the weed seed in the
soil may be sprouted and killed, or else that the alfalfa be seeded very
early.

In all cases when alfalfa is to be seeded in the spring, the land should
be manured and plowed in the fall, as the preparation will add very
materially to the chances of success with the crop.

688

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

•JKS»'A%'5»ff' ?^*^4.£i3?3fe'j?*r^'NSTB'e&yiiffcr4m.k3Kxai! rt^s.^-- .^tva^ieB ^-i.f 7^,

Fig. i»3. — A perfect stand was secured in August, but as there was
not siifEicient time after plowing to get the weed seed germinated before
seeding, the alfalfa was weakened, and in places killed by weeds.

Reports regarding the time and methods of seeding used, and the re-
sults secured under various conditions, have been secured from a num-
ber of growers; but since all did not give information on the same
phases of the subject it has been impossible to use many of these in
considering certain operations.

Of 43 men who reported seeding in the spring, 27 indicated whether or
not a nurse crop was used. Of the 20 seedings made with a nurse crop,
80 per cent were successful as compared with 71 per cent successful when
seeded without a nurse crop.

TABLE XIX.
Seedings "With and Without a Nurse Crop.

No. of
Reports

Per Cent

Successful

Per Cent
railed

With Nurse Crop

Without Nurse Crop

20

7

80
71.4

20
28.6

The main advantages in spring seeding where this is satisfactory, are
first, that less labor is required and second, that there is a greater likeli-
hood of plenty of moisture. The chief disadvantage is that the weeds are
sure to be more or less troublesome by crowding and smothering the
alfalfa.

The yield of hay the first season cut is no larger from spring seeded than
from late summer seeded alfalfa. While in certain sections of the state

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII

689

almost universal success has been secured from seeding in the spring
with a small grain crop, we believe that when the work is thoroughly
done the greatest success is had on most soils from late summer seeding.

LATE SUMMER SEEDING

On most Iowa soils, the surest method of securing a stand is to plow
in the spring or the preceding fall and summer-fallow the land; then
seed the middle of August, having turned under a good application of
mapure, and worked in lime and inoculated soil. This statement is sub-
stantiated by extensive observations and by a large number of reports
from practical men over the state.

TABLE XX.
Spring and Late Summer Seeding Compared.

Time of
Seeding

No. of
Reports

Per Cent
Successful

Per Cent Par-
tially Success-
ful

Per Cent
Failures

Spring ^ -- -

43

5t>

67
76

10
15

23

9

While this method costs more in labor than some of the other methods,
it is also true that often the yield the following year is considerably
greater.

If the work is thoroughly done and the land cultivated repeatedly
throughout the summer, there is little chance of failure of the alfalfa
seedings, even in very dry seasons such as those of 1910 and 1911. In
fact during these dry summers when 90 per cent or more of the clover
seedings were lost, by far the larger part of the alfalfa seedings made in
this way were successful.

If alfalfa seeding is to follow the removal of a winter wheat crop, an
early cutting of red clover or oats cut early for hay, the land is pre-
pared much as though for summer fallowing. It is very important that
the crop be gotten off the land at the earliest possible date, manure ap-
plied and the land disked and plowed. This method has been used more
generally than seeding on summer fallowed land. When the work has
been thorough and commenced as early as possible, it has been very satis-
factory except in seasons of very low rainfall. Nearly all seedings made
in this way in 1910 were successful, as were also many of those made in
1911. The summer fallow is, however, considered as the surer, when the
work is thorough.

The chief advantage of fall seeding lies in the fact that the land may
be quite well freed from weeds before the alfalfa is sown. The main
disadvantages are that more work will be required to keep the land in
such condition as will insure a sufficient supply of moisture, and also
that insect ravages are likely to be more fatal to August seedings.

44

690

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

ALFALFA SEED

In buying alfalfa seed the highest priced seed is very often the cheap-
est. Most seed companies handle several grades varying much in quality,
purity and germination. Samples and prices may well be secured from
several seed companies before buying and the best selected for planting.

How the value of seed varies according to the per cent germination
and foreign matter is shown in table XXI.

TABLE XXI.
Alfalfa Seed Value as Influenced by Purity and Germination.

Market Price

Per Cent

Per Cent of

Value Per

Per ICO lbs.

Germination

Foreign Matter

lOO lbs.

$22.00

100

0

$22.00

22.00

100

5

20.90

2-2.00

95

5

19.85

22.00

90

0

19.80

22.00

86

10

16.83

22.00

80

0

17.60

22.00

70

15

13.09

22.00

60

00

13.20

There is a much greater loss in using seed of poor quality, than in the
price of the seed. This comes in the labor thrown away, the stands lost
and the yields sacrificed by its use, as well as the ultimate expense of
eradicating foul weeds which are introduced. The Iowa Agricultural Ex-
periment Station last July examined a sample of alfalfa seed sown by a
correspondent which contained, though its general appearance was very
good, 6 per cent of clover dodder. The correspondent states, "It seems
as though every alfalfa plant in the field has a dodder on it." The loss
from using this seed will probably total several hundred dollars. While
good seed may be secured from reputable dealers outside the state, there
is less danger of getting poor seed when purchased in Iowa, as this seed
is subject to a state pure seed law.

High-grade seed. Smooth, plump
and uniformly olive green in
color. This is the kind of seed
to buy.

Low-grade seed. While free
from weed impurities, the shrunk-
en, discolored brownish seed means
low vitality.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XH

691

"1
,\

#>

J \

<.:*

^"^ i

^ ^ .^

i

1

Fig. 25. — Impurities and adulterants most commonly found in alfalfa
seed: 1. Buckhorn (Plantago Lanceolata) 3 seeds. 2. Broad Plantain
(Plantago Major) 3 seed. 3. Green Foxtail (Chaetochloa viridis) 3
seed. 4. Curley Dock (Rumex crispus) 3 seed. 5. Bracted Plantain
(Plantago aristata) 3 seed. 6. Yellow Foxtail (Chaetochloa glauca) 2
seed. 7. Pig- Weed (Amaranthus retroflexus) 3 seed. 8. Clover dodder
(Cuscuta Epithymum) 4 seed. 9. Yellow trefoil (Medicago Lupulina) 4
seed. 10. White Sweet Clover (Melilotus Alba) 7 seed. 11. Bur Clover
(Medicago Menticulata) 3 seed.

The Experiment Station stands ready at all times to test for farmers,
free of cost, any sample of seeds.

RATE OF SEEDIXG

Twenty pounds of alfalfa seed per acre is usually considered the
safest amount to use. Something like 73 per cent of farmers reporting
on the rate of seeding used 20 pounds per acre, 12 per cent used less,
averaging 17 pounds, and 15 per cent used more, averaging 22 pounds
per acre.

When a good quality of seed is used and put in with a drill, 20 pounds
per acre may be too much, as this will place about 100 seeds on each
square foot of ground. After alfalfa is well set, ten plants to a square
foot is enough to give a yield of from 4 to 6 tons per acre. However, in
the first year after seeding, before each plant is thoroughly established, a
small number of plants per acre would mean a comparatively low yield.
The increased cut from the first year's crop will probably more than pay
for the additional seed used in the heavier rates of seeding. A number
of tests show this, but more are necessary before a definite statement
can be made regarding our Iowa conditions. Fred Woolley, of Garden
Grove, Iowa, who is trying to replace red clover with alfalfa in a regular
four years' rotation, reports a good stand v^hen seeding as little as 6
pounds of alfalfa seed with the oats in the spring. Others report that
they prefer to use more than 20 pounds per acre rather than less. Too
thick seeding may so crowd the plants as to weaken them.

When the rainfall is exceedingly low or where the alfalfa is to be
cut for seed a very much lighter seeding is to be recommended; 4 to 12
pounds per acre being sufficient.

692 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CARE OF THE ALFALFA FIELD

When alfalfa is seeded in tlie spring it is tlie common practice to go
over the field several times during the summer with a mower, if nec-
essary, clipping the weeds so that they do not "smother" the young
plants. The sickle-bar should be set high, close cutting at this time often
kills the crop.

No hay crop should be removed the first year unless an early seed-
ing on a very rich soil has produced an especially rapid growth and the
alfalfa has come into bloom by the last of August. It is usually con-
sidered safest to leave a good growth on the ground as a cover during the
winter.

A few men report that they cut the last crop after the first fall frost,
the fields going into the v/inter practically bare, and yet apparently they
did not lose by doing so. On still other fields, however, portions cut late
in this manner were either seriously damaged or entirely lost by winter
killing. We, therefore, do not recommend this practice.

Late summer seeded alfalfa needs no attention the first fall, the entire
growth being left as a winter cover. The following year the crop should
yield three or four good cuttings.

CULTIVATING THE ALFALFA FIELD

It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the thorough cultivation of
alfalfa is very beneficial. This is partly because many weeds which
otherwise compete for plant food and for moisture are destroyed, and
partly because this cultivation tends to conserve moisture. Some say
that cultivation is beneficial in splitting the crowns, thus forming two
plants from one and giving a better stand with a heavier and finer
growth of hay.

\

VT

Fig-. 2 6. — Spring tooth harrow — one of the most valuable all around
implements on the farm, and a most excellent alfalfa cultivator and
renovator.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 693

A number of the most successful growers report that they disk their
alfalfa every spring. Still others disk after the second and third cuttings.

The ordinary disk has no doubt been used more generally for this
purpose than any other implement, but it is not nearly so good an im-
plement as the spring-tooth harrow or the alfalfa renovator. "While in-
dependent plants sometimes develop from portions of the crown of the
alfalfa which are cut off by the disk, this hardly happens often enough
to be of great value in thickening the stand, while the plants may be in-
jured by presenting a favorable opening for fungus diseases. Whatever
benefit is derived from cultivation with the disk is due to other factors
than that of an increased number of plants.

The spring-tooth harrow, constructed of stiff springs ending in small
shovels, which are in continual vibration as they pass through the soil,
is very efficient in removing the weeds and grass, without in any way in-
juring the alfalfa plants. Weeds and grass are shallow rooted and are
easily pulled up. Alfalfa roots penetrate many feet into the soil and when
the narrow shovel of the spring-tooth harrow comes in contact with
them, it springs far enough to one side to pass the plant without in-
juring it.

Sometimes the desired results are not secured from cultivation be-
cause the work is not thorough enough. Many times the man doing the
work is afraid of injuring the alfalfa. We have cultivated alfalfa until
it seemed that no living plant could remain, and until the field ap-
peared to be a perfectly prepared seed bed, yet the old crowns threw up
new shoots and before frost the alfalfa stood 14 inches high, 4 inches
higher than other alfalfa on the same field which had not been culti-
vated. This increased vigor was due in part to the fact that where the
alfalfa was not cultivated the grass was crowding it badly, while on the
cultivated portion no weeds were to be seen. Ordinarily we would not
recommend so severe treatment as this, but we do wish to impress the
necessity of thorough cultivation.

A correspondent states that on one occasion he disked an alfalfa field
thoroughly and seeded it to oats, thinking that the alfalfa was practically
gone. Later the alfalfa came on so vigorously as to crowd out the oats,
making an excellent growth of alfalfa which was cut for hay. Since
then his alfalfa fields have been thoroughly disked to very good advantage,
practically every year.

It is true that excellent stands of alfalfa have been maintained for
several years without cultivation, but the blue grass is likely to be
found very troublesome after two or three years. This will be found es-
pecially true if the alfalfa is pastured at any time.

TOP DRESSING

Much benefit has accrued from top dressing the alfalfa field with a
good grade of manure, 4 to 6 tons an acre, late in the fall. If this can
be scattered with a manure spreader the results will be more satisfactory.
Plats treated in this way have given a much greater yield of hay than
other parts of the same field not treated.

694

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII

695

HANDLING THE CROP

TIME OF CUTTING

Alfalfa should be cut for hay early in the blooming period (when it
is from one-tenth to one-fourth in bloom). When cut at this time the
following growth comes on more quickly than when cutting is delayed.
Moreover, hay of better quality is secured as fewer of the leaves are lost
in curing.

When the plant approaches maturity new shoots are thrown out
from the crown. As the growth in these shoots is very much more rapid
than in the older parts of the plant, the annual yield of hay is reduced
by any delay in cutting. Also if cutting is delayed until these new shoots
have made such a growth that they will be cut off, the growth of the
next crop will be seriously checked.

In Iowa the first cutting will be ready for the mower early in June.
The average date of this cutting at the Iowa Agricultural Experiment
Station has been June 15. The earliest cutting was in 1911, June 5, and
the latest in 1907, June 25.

The date of the first cutting may sometimes be deferred somewhat by
pasturing early in the spring. A number of correspondents state that this
practice has given them better weather for curing hay and has not in-
jured the field or noticeably decreased the yield.

CUEING THE HAY

One common objection to the alfalfa crop is the difficulty of curing the
hay, especially the first cutting, which usually comes near the middle of

Courtesy International Harvester Company.
Fig-. 28. — The side delivery rake is considered the most important im-
plement in the economical making of alfalfa hay of good quality on a
large scale.

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Fig-. 29. — The hay tedder sometimes hastens the curing- of the hay by
lifting it from the ground so that the air gets through. It must be used
before the leaves have begun to dry. Some follow the movirer at once
with the tedder, in some cases going over the field three times, but stopping
as soon as the leaves begin to break.

June. Because few alfalfa growers mention such a difficulty, we are
led to believe that this objection has been over-emphasized. Even though
an occasional cutting may be badly bleached and washed with rain in
curing, it is still of greater feeding value and more palatable than any
other feed on most Iowa farms.

To learn the actual experience of men who handle large acreages, in-
quiry was made of a number who had not expressed themselves upon this
phase of the subject. The findings of this inquiry may be presented as
follows:

Source of Information; County and Correspondent

Woodbury County F. A. S.

Cherokee County A. T. Z.

Plymouth County W. B.

Woodbury County W. S. A. S.

Plymouth County G. W. W.

1. Question: How long have you grown alfalfa?

Answer: "Fourteen years." "Seven years." "Ten years." "Fifteen
years." "Three years."

2. Question: How long do you leave fields in alfalfa?

Answer: "As long as it does well." "Pour years." "Permanently."
"Five to seven years."

3. Question: Your present acreage in alfalfa?

Answer: "Fifty acres." "Twenty-one acres." "Twelve to fifteen
acres." "One hundred and ten acres." "Sixty acres."

4. Question: Your greatest acreage at one time?

Answer: "Fifty acres." "Twenty-one acres." "Twelve to fifteen
acres." "One hundred and forty acres." "Ninety acres."

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 697

5. Question: Do you find it very difficult to cure the first crop of
alfalfa?

Answer: "No." "Not particularly." "Yes, on account of rain."
"Hard to get bright color but never a loss." "No."

6. Question: Is it more difficult to cure alfalfa than to cure red clover?
Answer: "No." "Not more so than heavy crop of red clover." "I

do not know. Never grew any red clover." "Very much easier to cure
than red clover; generally have both and there is no comparison." "No,
it cures quicker."

From these answers it will be seen that these men, who had been
growing alfalfa for from three to fifteen years and whose average acreage
had been 62.9 acres each, do not consider the alfalfa hay crop harder
to cure than other crops more generally grown and recommended. The
emphatic statement of one correspondent with 140 acres, that after hav-
ing grown both alfalfa and red clover for years he considers it very much
easier to cure alfalfa hay than to satisfactorily cure red clover, may ap-
peal to some as rather sensational and is certainly contrary to the more
or less theoretical views which are sometimes expressed.

These men's years of experience have been of much value in determin-
ing practical methods by which they can secure most uniformly good
results under our Iowa conditions.

The methods of curing alfalfa hay in use by them, as told in their own
words, in answer to the request: — State carefully your method of
handling, curing the first crop, time of cutting, raking, bunching, cock-
ing, etc., follows:

"What is cut in forenoon is raked first thing afternoon. In case of
strong sun and very warm day, I commence raking about two hours
after being cut and commence to bunch up and cock immediately after;
leave in cocks two or three days, then put in stack using wide tired
wagons. I never allow alfalfa to dry so as to lose any of the leaves or
color and it always comes out of stack nice and green."

"We handle alfalfa very much the same as clover. Usually cut first
crop between June 3 and 15, according to season. Follow Joe Wings'
method of determining when alfalfa is ready to cut. Cut when new
shoots are started regardless of condition of bloom. We cut the alfalfa
and allow it to wilt in the swath, and rake in light windrows before the
leaves are dry enough to crumble and as soon as sufficiently dry to
stack or put in mow it is bunched with hay-rake and pitched on wagons
and hauled to barn or stack.

"Of course, the weather sometimes interferes with our plans for han-
dling alfalfa, but this is the method we follow when it is possible."

"We do not practice cocking. It seems to take a long time to cure the
alfalfa in cocks."

"We always try to bunch alfalfa with the rake when it is tough enough
so that the leaves will not be lost."

"From the first of June, I just cut as much at one time as I can haul
in a day; then when it is dry enough — say if it is drying weather, I let
it dry a day and a half — bunch it and haul it in right away and put in a
barn for I have no luck stacking out-doors."

e^B

IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

o ci o

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 699

"It is impossible properly to cure first cutting if raked with an ordi-
nary rake, but where the side-deHvery rakes are used and we have sun,
the hay is raked after cutting and often stacked — in the windrows
it can lay day or two without hurting. If stacked with swinging stacker
stacks will never spoil as the dump is in the center of stack. The over-
shot stacker is not good for alfalfa unless the stacks are covered. We
often cover with green weeds and let them mould on top of stack.

"If we are so unfortunate as to get the hay wet, which is generally
the case with the first cutting, we let it lie until fairly dry on top, then
turn over with side-delivery rake and stack in an hour or so, aiming not
to turn more than we can stack, as continual turning with side-de-
livery rake twists it up. Never shake it out to dry as too many leaves are
lost.

"I have never seen any difference in choice of the cattle. They
seem to eat the brown hay which has been wet just as well as the green
nicely' cured hay providing the leaves are kept on. I have hay now
cut five days and it has rained ever since cutting, which will make good
hay as it is in the windrow. If left in swath a few hours sun would
have made it so brittle the leaves would have dropped off."

"We start cutting the first crop about the time it starts to bloom and
leave it lay in the swath about half a day, or until it wilts, and then rake
and cock and leave until dry and stack. The second crop is ready to
cut about three weeks after the first. The third about the first of Sep-
tember. If the season is late we get a fair fourth crop."

Three factors in curing hay are of prime importance and largely de-
termine the value of the product. They are:

1. That it shall be cured with the loss of as few leaves as possible.

2. That it shall be placed in the barn or stack without being washed
with rain or dew.

3. That it shall retain as much of its natural color as possible.

It has been determined that the food value of the leaves is excep-
tionally high, in that they are very palatable, very high in protein
content, and also that this protein is very highly digestible.

Hay washed with rain has a lower feeding value than hay cured with-
out wetting, as the rain actually carries away some of the more soluble
food elements.

Good color is of prime importance in making hay. The bleaching of
hay lessens its palatability, as its pleasing odor is largely lost.

Danger of loss in curing alfalfa hay may be reduced by using covers.

SHRINKAGE OF HAY IN CURING.

The yields of alfalfa hay on various plots have been reported in
tons per acre of field cured hay, since this will be the character of the
hay used by practical growers in making comparisons. It is recognized,
however, that there is considerable shrinkage between the time the hay
goes into the barn and when it may be fed. A very wide range of
variation has been found in this shrinkage, depending upon the degree

700 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

to which the hay has been cured in the field. Different plats cut and
hauled on the same days may vary as much as 20 per cent in shrink-
age, the hay handled early in the day possibly containing twice as
much moisture as that hauled in the afternoon. As an average the
cured hay will shrink from 20 to 30 per cent of field cured weight.

It is claimed that the first cutting of alfalfa might well be put in the
silo, as in this way loss due to unfavorable weather at the time of
curing could be largely eliminated. As yet but a small per cent of our
Iowa farms are equipped with silos, and those who have them will
find corn the best crop v/ith which to fill them. The palatability and
nutritive value of alfalfa is not increased in any such degree as is corn
when made into silage.

While a very nutritive silage, has scmetimes teen made from alfalfa
the palatability is likely not to be good, owing to too much acid and a
disagreeable order. This is especially true when the alfalfa is cut at
the stage of maturity usually recommended for hay making. When
alfalfa is to be put in the silo it should be more fully mature before
cutting, and should then be hauled just as soon as possible.

ALFAIiFA PASTURE.

Alfalfa from its habit of growth, is, generally speaking, not a good
pasture crop. Grasses make their growth at the base of the leaves,
while alfalfa grows from terminal buds and when they are eaten on
the plant makes very little or no growth until new buds can be formed.
As a result, a small patch of alfalfa pastured close is of comparatively
little value. A combination of pasturing and mowing is most satis-
factory. A large field which is to be cut regularly for hay can very
economically be pastured with hogs throughout the season. The pasture
should at all times be under-stocked.

Alfalfa pastured without cutting usually becomes very much spotted,
weeds and grass coming in, and making it necessary to plow up in a
very few years.

There is always some danger in pasturing sheep and cattle on alfalfa,
as it is very likely to cause bloat. This danger is much increased when
pasturing young alfalfa or alfalfa on moist or fertile soil, which is
making rapid growth. Animals should not be turned on alfalfa when
hungry and at least with sheep and cattle the alfalfa should be well
advanced towards blooming.

Animals must never be allowed on the alfalfa when frozen or muddy;
else the alfalfa will be greatly injured.

Thorough trials with alfalfa as a pasture for hogs are reported in
the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 136, "Forage
Crops for Swine."

ALFALFA IN ROTATION.

Objection is often made that alfalfa does not fit well into a rotation;
that it demands too long a use of the land in getting established, and
that seedings are too likely to be lost.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 701

On land well adapted to its growth alfalfa establishes itself as soon
as red clover, and the first year after seeding yields practically twice
as much hay, of far better feeding value. What practical growers say
about it being easier in their communities to get a stand of alfalfa
than red clover, will probably be found true in the greater part of the
state.

Without question there are many reasons why red clover is prefer-
able in short rotations, and it is a very satisfactory crop where a stand
is easily secured. But there are many parts of the state where clover
is little grown because even in average seasons most of the clover
seedings made with the small grain in the spring fail. Many reports
from every section of the state indicate that of all clover seedings made
during the past six or seven years something over 60 per cent have
been lost. These estimates are influenced to some extent by the un-
favorable clover years of 1910 and 1911. Compare this record with that
of the alfalfa. Of more than 1,000 seedings of alfalfa on various soils
in different portions of the state only 12 per cent were lost. The con-
clusion is clear that the use of alfalfa in regular rotation should be
encouraged.

Where alfalfa is substituted for red clover in the regular four year
rotation it may be plowed up as red clover would be at the end of one
year, or, it may continue a second year with greater profit. Com and
alfalfa make an unusually good combination for feeding live stock so
in Iowa alfalfa is entitled to special consideration in fixing the rotation.

A profitable short rotation is corn one or two years followed by wheat,
the stubble to be plowed and sown to alfalfa, then alfalfa two years.
This rotation would work best on the smaller farms where a silo would
take care of the com crop in time to put in winter wheat. Otherwise
oats may be used, though with less profit than in the former combina-
tion. The corn crop would best be cut in order to sow the wheat;
though in many seasons wheat can be put in the standing corn to
good advantage and at little expense.

To get the best results with alfalfa, however, a considerably longer
rotation will be necessary, something like these:

Rotation No. 1. Corn, Corn, Winter Wheat, Alfalfa 2 to 4 years.

Rotation No, 2. Corn, Corn, Oats, Alfalfa 2 to 4 years.

Rotation No. 3. Corn, Corn, Oats, Red Clover; for 12 years, then Al-
falfa for 4 years.

Rotation No. 4. Corn, Corn, Oats; for 12 years, then Alfalfa 4 years.

One hundred acres devoted to rotations Nos. 1 and 2 with alfalfa
down for 2 years would contain, corn 40 acres, small grain 20 acres, alfalfa
40 acres.

This would certainly be a very much more profitable rotation than many
now in operation.

Rotation number 3 would be especially desirable for building up the
fertility of the soil and at the same time increasing the value of the
crops produced in the rotation. It will be observed that during the 16

702

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

year period the land will be in legumes for 7 years, in corn 6 years and in
oats, the least profitable crop, for but 3 years.

Using rotation number 4 the land will be in alfalfa one-fourth of the
time. The distribution of crops on the various fields as illustrated in
table XXII.

TABLE XXII.

Showing the distribution of crops to various fields in a 16 year rotation of corn, corn,
oats; 12 years, then alfalfa 4 years.

Year.

Field A.

Field B.

Field C.

Field D.

First

alfalfa

alfalfa

alfalfa

alfalfa

corn

corn

oats

corn

corn

oat«;

corn

corn

oats

corn

corn

oats

oats

corn

corn

oats

alfalfa

alfalfa

alfalfa

alfalfa

corn

corn

oats

corn

corn

oats

corn

corn

corn

oats

corn

corn

oats

corn

corn

oats

alfalfa

alfalfa

alfalfa

alfalfa

corn

corn

oats

corn

corn

Second

corn

Third

oats

Fourth - -

corn

Fifth

corn

Sixth

oats

Seventh

corn

Eighth

com

Ninth - --

oats

Tenth _

corn

Eleventh -

corn

Twelfth

oats

Thirteenth

alfalfa

Fourtenth

alfalfa

Fifteenth -

alfalfa

Sixteenth

alfalfa

For each one hundred acres devoted to this rotation there would be
each year 50 acres of corn, 25 acres of oats and 25 acres of alfalfa. Reports
from practical farmers as recorded elsewhere in this bulletin indicate
that even a much larger acreage than this can be properly taken care of
on an average farm.

With this rotation it will be observed that any particular field, as
A or D, for example, will be in corn and small grain continuously for
12 years, after which it will be in alfalfa for 4 years. A short rotation of
corn, corn, and oats will be repeated 4 times in the 12 years. With this
rotation a legume is grown one-fourth of the time, which is exactly the
same condition that is found in the more common rotations of corn, corn,
oats and clover. This rotation has an advantage over the common rotation
of corn, corn, oats, clover, in which a seeding of clover has to be made
every year, in that the alfalfa will not be plowed up until after the new
stand of alfalfa is assured. The fact that clover is a biennial makes
necessary the plowing of this land after one season's cutting and as ap-
proximately 50 per cent of the clover seedings in the state fail on the
average, the rotation is continually being disarranged.

The rotations mentioned may be modified in any way to suit local con-
ditions. In some parts of the state the introduction of winter wheat may be
very desirable; while potatoes may also enter into the rotation very ac-
ceptably. A rotation of corn, oats, clover, wheat or corn, corn, oats and
clover might be used to advantage. As suggested this latter rotation for
12 years followed by four years of alfalfa would certainly be very desir-
able from the soil fertility standpoint, and we believe would prove very
profitable and practical by materially increasing the yield of other money
crops.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII

703

While it is true that an alfalfa field may be kept very productive for
a series of years by proper treatment, yet it is very doubtful whether
this is desirable or most economical unnder our Iowa conditions.

The experience of every grower of alfalfa demontrates that soil is very
much more productive following an alfalfa crop than before. Some of
those men who have been growing alfalfa longest, even upon compara-

Fig. 31. — Showing the size of the main tap root, and the crown of an
old alfalfa plant, produced at Ames, Iowa. Notice how the crown has
branched and spread until the width of the one plant is over 18 inches.

704 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

tively poor soil, have produced what must be considered enormous corn
crops in comparison with the average yield for the state.

Therefore we believe that alfalfa should be plowed up at least at the
end of the 5th or 6th year, since with the proper care and management
the greatest yields are probably secured during the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th
seasons.

DURATION OF ALFALFA

Since alfalfa is a perennial it will grow continuously for many years
from one seeding, provided the soil and climatic conditions are favorable.
These conditions are ordinarily most likely to be found in the West and
Southwest. There is record ot fields in Mexico which have been in al-
falfa for over 60 years and probably over 100 years and are now annually
producing as good crops as ever. Fields in Montana have continuously
produced alfalfa for over 40 years from one seeding.

But these fields are not all confined to the West, for in South Carolina
one field has been cut continuously for 60 years, another in New York has
been in alfalfa for 45 years and one in Minnesota for 35 years.

The virgin soils of Towa were from the beginning given over more
uniformly to the production of the special cereal crops, wheat and corn,
and as a result the legumes such as alfalfa did not receive general atten-
tion here as early as in some other states. But even in Iowa fields have
been in alfalfa for over 20 years and one seeding at Burlington has
persisted for something like 35 years.

As a general rule, however, in the humid sections of the country alfalfa
makes its best yields during the second, third, fourth and fifth years;
and since there is great advantage to be gained by including alfalfa in
rotation with other crops, since these crops will be greatly benefited
through the increased fertility of the soil, a new field should be seeded
down at least every sixth year and the old field plowed up and put to
corn.

VARIETIES OF ALFALFA.

During many centuries of alfalfa growing in various parts of the
world, under widely different conditions, a number of types have natural-
ly developed and come to be known as varieties. The uniformity of the
plants within any particular type depend more or less upon the length
of time the variety was grown in a particular locality, with its particular
climate and soil. If the time Vvas long enough the plants became the best
adapted to those conditions by a process of natural selection. The longer
the time during which this natural selection took place, the more uniform
is the resultant progeny.

We find very great differences in resistance to cold between the dif-
ferent varieties or types as well as in their ability to withstand drought.
Variations are likewise found in the general habit of growth; the size,
form and color of the leaves; the color of the flowers; and the general
vigor of the plant.

Some of the more important regional types generally recognized in
the United States today are the Turkestan, the Arabian, the Peruvian,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 705

^.

Mk

•r

good plant of Turkestan alfalfa in the breeding nursery

the German, the Sand Lucerne, and the American or ordinary type.
Other varieties which give perhaps greater promise of usefulness, espe-
cially in the Northwest, are the Grimm and the Baltic.

A number of species other than the common one (Medicago Sativa)
have been introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture,
some of which give promise of usefulness under certain conditions. A
few of the more important of these are, Medicago Ruthenica, Medicago
Media, Medicago Platycarpa and Medicago Falcata. All of these are
being grown at the Iowa Station, though the trials have not progressed
far enough to make definite recommendations concerning their value to
our conditions in this state.

A brief statement of the characteristics of various varieties and regional
types and their adaptions may be of value and is therefore included here-
with.

Turkestan Alfalfa. — These alfalfas derive their name from the country
from which they are introduced into the United States, and were among
those varieties brought by the United States Department of Agriculture in
1898. Coming from a semi-arid region, the Turkestan alfalfa is very
drought resistant and well adapted to the dry, non-irrigated portions
of the West. This type in general appearance so closely resembles the
common alfalfa that a trained botanist often finds it difficult and perhaps
impossible to take up a particular plant and tell whether it is of the
Turkestan or the ordinary American type. The chief difference between
the two is the ability of the former to withstand the dry conditions
found in such states as New Mexico and Colorado, as well as the even
more unfavorable conditions due to cold, found in such regions as
Minnesota, North Dakota, Wisconsin and Montana.
45

706

IOWA DEt'ARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Bui in the more humid sections of the United States, particularly in the
central states, where its special qualification of drought resistance is not
ordinarily essential, the Turkestan is probably inferior to the common
American alfalfa and is not to be recommended in preference.

Grimrn Alfalfa.~The Grimm alfalfa is apparently the result of a
natural selection in Carver County, Minnesota. Though it no doubt al-
ready had some very hardy qualities when it was first introduced into

Yis 33 — A field of Grimm alfalfa on the farm of A. B. Lyman. Ex-
celsior, Minn. Showing the first crop summer of 1911.. The crop was
fully two tons per acre on this first cutting, while the yield of hay other
than alfalfa was nearly a failure, because of the dry season ^ora num-
ber of years, this field has annually produced three good alfalfa hay
crops except when left for seed. In 1911 the value of hay and seed was
over $100 per acre over and above all cost of labor.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 707

that state, it derives its nanie from the man who brought it, in 1857,
from Wertheim, Province of Baden, Germany, It was seeded upon Mr.
Grimm's farm where it was grown continously for many years without
much notice.

Gradually, however, farmers in the community came to realize that
while other fields of alfalfa in the county were killed by the severe cold,
the "Grimm alfalfa" survived. Many tests conducted since have shown
it to be more immune to severe winters than almost any other type. The
fact that it can be grown far north in exposed locations, where the ordi-
nary type winter kills, is of great importance.

Under very favorable conditions and on very rich soil Grimm alfalfa
may lodge more or less, though in the semi-arid regions in parts of the
Dakotas and Montana this tendency has not been observed. It does not
make quite so rapid or rank and vigorous a growth as the common Ameri-
can alfalfa and in an average season it may not give quite so heavy a
yield of hay.

Arabian Alfalfa. — This type is more vigorous and productive than the
ordinary alfalfa, but is unable to withstand the cold, and for this reason
its successful growth is confined to such states as California, Texas,
Arizona, New Mexico, etc. Here it is of special value, producing a more
vigorous and productive growth than the ordinary alfalfa, with a more
upright plant bearing larger stems with somewhat hairy leaves.

Peruvian Alfalfa.— This is another alfalfa introduced by the United
States Department of Agriculture. It makes a very erect growth with
stems larger and taller than the common American or the Arabian alfalfa,
and is more productive than either of them. It produces fewer stems
from each culm as a usual thing, but this is not objectionable where a
good stand is maintained. Its value is limited in the United States
since it lacks hardiness because of its development in the more temperate
climates, and its growth is therefore necessarily confined to the warmer
sections.

German Alfalfa.— The German alfalfa is somewhat similar in general
habit of growth to the Turkestan, though the leaves are possibly a little
broader and smoother and the stems a little more succulent. In com-
parisons of yield in the West, the German seems to be slightly superior
to the Turkestan under favorable conditions, though not exceeding the
American. It would seem that this alfalfa is apparently not so able

Sand Lucerne AZ/aZfa.— Botanically the Sand Lucerne is supposed to be
a cross between the common alfalfa and the yellow Lucerne; it is prob-
ably hardier than the former. It has a wider range of adaption than
ordinary alfalfa and may grow in the humid regions under conditions
ordinarily unfavorable for the successful production of alfalfa.

Where alfalfa can be grown, however, the Sand Lucerne has no par-
ticular advantages, but rather is somewhat inferior. It has a tendency
to lodge badly, especially when the conditions for growth are most
favorable. The seed commonly offered on the market as Sand Lucerne is
probably common alfalfa seed grown on sandy soils in northern and
central Europe.

708 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

American or Common Alfalfa. — In order to distinguish it from the
eastern types, this is often referred to as Western or Chilian alfalfa.
Though somewhat less hardy than the Turkestan it is a more productive
and vigorous plant than the German, and withstands cold better than
the German or Eastern type, or the Peruvian or the Arabian. In
northern states it is surpassed in hardiness by the Grimm and Baltic.

VARIETIES OF ALFALFA FOR IOWA.

There are one or two varieties hardier than the common American,
but since there is apparently comparatively little winter killing re-
ported in Iowa, we recommend for general planting, the common Ameri-
can type. Moreover, its seed is much less expensive than seed of the
Grimm variety. Where alfalfa has been grown long enough on a farm
so that there is a certainty of getting a stand and a particular field
is to remain in this crop for a good many years, a farmer might be
justified in paying a higher price for seed of the hardier strains.

Since it is quite impossible to distinguish Grimm alfalfa seed from
seed of the common American type a great deal of common seed is
sold at a high price under the name of Grimm — perhaps ten times as
much as is ever produced. This fact should be considered before pay-
ing out money for "hardy" varieties. Great care should be exercised
in order to be sure that one is getting what he pays for. If, however,
the hardy varieties become grown commonly enough in seed producing
regions as to lower the prices of seed they may be recommended for
our conditions.

SEED PRODUCTION.

Economical seed production is considered possible only in those sec-
tions of the country or in those seasons which have but a slight rain-
fall. Therefore alfalfa seldom produces a seed crop in Iowa. In 1910
and 1911, however, seed was produced in this state, some reporting as
much as 5 bushels per acre. With anything like a normal rainfall the
plants make a heavy growth of foliage, and while many flowers may
be formed, few develop seed pods. The excessive moisture in the soil
brings on a new growth from buds or shoots which arise on the old
shoots at the crown, and this second growth soon takes the supply of
food and moisture which might otherwise produce a seed crop. With
a small rainfall this new growth does not come on so quickly, and the
flowers receive enough food to develop the seed.

When it seems desirable to attempt a crop of seed in the more humid
regions the second or third crop is usually reserved for this purpose.
Most favorable weather conditions for seed production and for harvest-
ing are likely to occur late in the summer; also, the second and third
crops mature more uniformly than the first.

When harvesting alfalfa for seed a mower with a bunching attachment
is used. This attachment gathers the alfalfa as it is cut, deposits it
in small piles from whence it may be threshed direct, if a huller is
available, as soon as thoroughly dried. If it is impossible to get a huller

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 709

or threshing machine when the crop is thoroughly dry, it is best to stack,
as it is sure to be injured by rain if left in the field any length of time.
In hauling, cover the wagon rack with heavy sheeting or canvas, so that
the seed which is threshed out may be saved. The alfalfa should be cut
for seed when from two-thirds to three-fourths of the pods have turned
brown.

Alfalfa may be threshed in either a clover huller or in an ordinary
threshing machine by proper adjustment of concaves and by using special
alfalfa seives.

There is harvested annually in the United States about 16,000,000
pounds of alfalfa seed, half of which comes from Utah and western
Kansas and Nebraska. Arizona, Oklahoma, California, and Montana also
produce considerable quantities. Some 3,000,000 pounds of seed are
annually imported from Europe and South America.

PESTS THAT AFFLICT ALFALFA.

While alfalfa is not subject to more pests than most agricultural plants,
there are a few especially troublesome. These may be divided into three
classes: (1) Weeds; (2) Plant Diseases; (3) Insects and Animal Pests.

WEEDS.

Weeds give more trouble in growing alfalfa than any other one thing.
As already emphasized, thorough preparation of the seed bed is of the
utmost importance, because the young alfalfa plant does not fight weeds
well. In the early alfalfa growths, quick growing annuals, such as the
yellow and green foxtails and pigweed, present the greatest difficulty,
but these are weeds which a thorough cultivation of the seed bed be-
fore planting will eradicate.

Blue Grass. — Without question the ordinary Kentucky blue grass is the
worst weed commonly found in the alfalfa field. This is especially true
if the field is pastured. Even when cut regularly blue grass is likely to
crowd in after two or three seasons, and by the third or fourth year
often has such a firm hold that the vigor of the alfalfa plants is greatly
reduced.

Blue grass can be easily controlled or entirely driven out by culti-
vating the alfalfa, as discussed in other portions of this bulletin.

Dodder. — In alfalfa seed imported from European and South Ameri-
can countries are a number of weeds the worst of which is the dodder.
Other troublesome weeds often so introduced are English plantain or
buckthorn, wild carrot and dock.

Dodder is undoubtedly the worst weed to be found in alfalfa fields,
but fortunately it is not as yet very common. As soon as the seed ger-
minates the shoot of this parasitic plant begins its search for a host,
for it can live but a very few days from its own strength. Coming in
contact with the alfalfa plant, it entwines itself about it, sending many of
its suckers deep into the walls of that plant, and taking the food ma-
terials from the alfalfa for its own use and growth. The dodder grows

710 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

very rapidly, its dense masses of yellow stems choking the alfalfa com-
pletely. As the original host plant dies the dodder spreads to adjoining
plants and so on until a single season may show an area more than a
rod square killed as a result of a single dodder seed. About the only
method of controlling the dodder is to cut the plants upon which it
lives and then burn them on the ground. Where dodder is scattered
throughout a field, the field had probably best be plowed up at once in
order to prevent its spreading to adjoining plants and fields.

Russian Thistle. — While this weed is often found with alfalfa, it is
not looked upon with much concern in this state, though it has proven
very troublesome in many portions of the Northwest. Our common prac-
tice of cutting alfalfa three or four times during the season almost
always kills this annual before it produces seed.

PLANT DISEASES.

Leaf Spot. — Leaf spot is probably the most common fungus disease to
which alfalfa is subject in Iowa. It is found practically wherever alfalfa
is grown and can easily be distinguished by the numerous brown spots
which first appear on the upper surface of the leaves and soon there-
after may be seen on the under surface as well. Leaves so affected soon
turn yellow and fall off thus greatly reducing the yield and quality of
the hay under seasonal conditions favorable to the development of the
fungus. This disease has reduced the yield of alfalfa fields in Iowa
probably as much as one half. The lower leaves are the first ones to
be attacked. The diseased spots soon produce spores which are blown
by the wind and carried to other plants. The only practical method of
eradication is to mow the field, removing the affected hay as soon as
cured. The quick vigorous growth of the new shoots will often out-
grow the disease, though if seasonal conditions are favorable to its
development, the next cutting may also be seriously affected. Leaf spot
is often wrongly called "rust" or "blight."

Root Rot. — This disease is most common in the southern states though
it is now spreading northward and has caused some damage in Kansas.
As yet it has not reached Iowa. It seems to attack a plant here and
there, throughout the field, and from these centers of infection the fungus
spreads to other plants.

INSECTS AND ANIMAL PESTS.

Grasshoppers. — In semi-arid portions of the country the grasshopper
is the worst enemy of the alfalfa crop. Even in Iowa, in seasons such
as those of 1910 and 1911 alfalfa is liable to severe injury from this
insect since it offers the best source of food supply. Therefore when
grasshoppers are particularly abundant it is well to use preventive
measures for their control. The grasshopper is best attacked while in
the egg stage. The eggs are laid by the female in the ground during
the last half of summer. Before the eggs hatch in the spring, a spring-
Looth harrow or a disk should be run over the alfalfa field, in this way
breaking up and exposing a large number of eggs to the weather and
other natural enemies.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIl 711

When the adult grasshoppers are present in large numbers the "Hopper
Dozer" can often be used to advantage. This consists merely of a pan
or tank filled with water on the surface of which is a thin coat of kero-
sene. Mounted on two or three runners high enough that the bottom
of the pan scrapes the alfalfa the pan or tank can be driven back and
forth over the field, and as the alfalfa is disturbed, the grasshoppers
jump blindly against the high back of the pan and drop into the water
where they are killed immediately.

Blister Beetle. — The blister beetle has occasionally appeared in such
numbers as seriously to damage large areas of alfalfa. During one stage
of their development they live almost altogether on grasshopper eggs.
Therefore any practice which will reduce the number of grasshopper
eggs will largely control the blister beetle. They are especially liable to
be numerous enough to cause damage in seasons following those years in
which large numbers of grasshoppers have been in evidence.

It is of interest to note that the possible damage of each of the two
most troublesome alfalfa insects is very largely controlled by the other.

The blister beetles were especially abundant in most sections of the
state in 1912 and caused considerable damage on many fields.

Web Worm. — In some of the older alfalfa growing states on the west-
ern border of the Mississippi valley, the web worm has occasionally
caused serious damage. Eggs are laid on the alfalfa plant and soon
hatch ifito small green caterpillars with black spots scattered over the
back. These worms make masses of webs, at the same time living on
the alfalfa plant. They do most of their damage during the months of
June, July and August. As these mature they enter the ground, later
coming out as moths which lay the eggs for the July brood. The July
brood, in turn, produces an August brood which lives over winter in
cocoon form, in the soil. When they are present in considerable num-
bers the hay had better be cut, thus eliminating the later brood which
might develop, by removing the worms before they go into the soil. A
thorough disking of the field in the spring will also greatly reduce
their number.

Some fields have been seriously damaged by this insect in Iowa.

Pocket Gopher. — Perfect stands of alfalfa have been practically ruined
through the ravages of the common pocket gopher. This little animal,
burrowing through the soil, throws up large piles of dirt which not
only bury many of the plants but also make it quite impossible to sat-
isfactorily cut the crop.

While these pests can be greatly reduced by shooting and trapping a
better method of accomplishing this is by the use of poison.

Small pieces of poisoned apple or potato dropped in the runways will
usually be found effective as destructive agents since the pocket gopher
lives almost altogether upon succulent green vegetable matter.

ALFALFA TROUBLES.

After carefully studying the successes and methods of others in han-
dling alfalfa, and after taking every known precaution to insure the sue-

712 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

cess of the seeding, yet a certain per cent of the attempts to grow alfalfa
-are certain to fail. Variations in weather conditions, over which we
lave no control, and which we are unable to predict, will in many cases
be the cause.

In some cases it may be impossible to determine the cause of a fail-
ure, though in most cases in the past there have been so many causes,
any one of which may have been responsible for loss, that one is sur-
prised at the number of successes. While it may be demonstrated that
a certain method of preparing the seed bed and of seeding is best on
one soil, and under one set of conditions, different methods may be re-
quired on other soils. These are facts regarding which additional in-
formation is necessary and which will come through the practical growers
who establish the crop in every community.

Causes of Loss. — Some of the factors which may be responsible for
failure to secure a good crop and which should be guarded against are:

1. Lack of proper drainage. Do not seed alfalfa on anything tut a
icell drained soil.

2. A sour soil: Always test the soil for acid and if necessary use
plenty of lime.

3. Lack of the necessary bacteria: When seeding alfalfa on a soil
for the first time inoculate the soil.

4. Lack of sufficient available plant food. Unless the soil is very
rich turn under a good application of manure in plowing for alfalfa.

5. Soil too heavy or compact. If soil tetter adapted cannot te had, grow
sweet clover for a year in the rotation, then plow deep.

6. Young seeding smothered by weeds. Before seeding alfalfa see that
the surface soil is freed from weed seed.

7. Smothered by nurse crop. When seeding with nurse crop reduce its
rate of seeding from IS to 1-2, and use winter wheat or tarley in pref-
erence even to early oats.

8. Lack of sufficient moisture to germinate the seed. In case of August
seeding thorough work will te necessary throughout the summer in order
to conserve moisture.

9. Seeding too deep. In a thoroughly prepared seed ted the drill may
run far too deep. The seed should not te covered much over an inch.

10. A packed surface. A hard rain may so pack the surface that a
light harrowing will te necessary.

11. Poor seed. Test the germination of the seed in advance.

12. Insect pests and fungus diseases.

Use sound judgment; do not be over enthusiastic; let the acreage of
the first seeding be small until you know the crop on your farm, then
grow alfalfa according to your needs.

PART XIII

IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION

1913

Press Reports and Live Stock Awards

Results in Boys* Judging and Girls* Cooking Contest

PRESS REPORTS.

The Iowa Homestead, Des Moines, Iowa.

The Iowa State Fair is not an event, it is an institution. It is a uni-
versity broader In its scope and more widespread in its appeal than the
state's institutions of higher learning at Ames, Iowa City and Cedar Falls,
excellent as these are. It is a clearing house of agricultural and in-
dustrial ideas. It is an exposition of the many and divers things which
have united to make Iowa one of the really rich and great states of the
nation, a state which has taken the lead in the inception of political
reforms, in agricultural productiveness and in the high quality and
standards of citizenship. For fifty-eight years the Iowa State Fair has
been growing in popularity and usefulness until it stands, in 1912, at the
very pinnacle of its educational appeal and all-round value. Designed
originally to call attention to the agricultural greatness of the state,
it has grown in scope until today it emphasizes the fact that while
Iowa is a great farm state, it is year by year taking a rank equally high
for its manufactures and its cultivation of the fine arts of industry.
The 1912 Iowa State Fair, held at Des Moines last week, emphasized
anew that "in all that is good, Iowa affords the best." Such a diversity of
displays, viewed by so many people of such a high quality of citizenship
and showing such an advanced state of prosperity and progressiveness,
was never before witnessed in Iowa or any other state of the grain belt.
Attended by record-breaking crowds, with almost ideal weather condi-
tions prevailing and with a greater number and a greater variety of
displays than ever before, the 1912 Iowa State Fair passed into history
as the most successful, the largest attended and the most educational
of any of the fairs in the entire series.

714 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Thanks to a year of almost unparalleled prosperity the exhibits were
numerous and varied, in keeping with the high rank which the state
has won in agriculture and manufacture. With bumper crops of grain
and with an augmented appreciation of "farming as a fine art," the Iowa
farmer had every reason for attending the fair this year. He looked
back over twelve months of undiminished prosperity. He looked for-
ward to a winter of bounteous plenty. The harvest yields of the past
few weeks, supplemented by the federal and state estimates of the
corn yield and his own knowledge of local conditions, testified to the
fertility of Iowa soil when the man behind the plow applies those ad-
vanced ideas of agriculture which are coming to be generally held and
practiced by the progressive farmers of Iowa. In the midst of plenty
and prosperity, there was borne in the necessity of taking more heed
of congenial comradeship, of the amusements which add zest to work
and of the education to be derived from looking at the fruits of other
men's success. And so the Iowa farmers, to the number of fifty thou-
sand or more, abandoned the every-day work of the fields for a few days
and came to Des Moines, having learned by experience that money and
time invested in a visit to the fair are well spent, with good and sure
returns inevitable. Nor was the trip a disappointment. Thanks to his
own prosperity and the liberal-minded management, this year's Iowa
State Fair surpassed, in all-round interest, any which the state had
ever held before. With here and there a department numerically weaker
in exhibits than last year, the whole fair was "bigger and better" than
ever, with an educational value and an amusement interest second to
none; the year's opportunity of the citizens of a great state to have a
good time and learn a lot into the bargain.

It is a conservative statement, well within reason, to declare that
never before at any state fair has there been such a wonderful display
of machinery and the mechanical aids to farming. The Iowa farmer is
the implement manufacturer's best customer. He demands the latest
and most improved mechanical appliances to aid him in making two
ears of corn, two blades of grass, grow where only one grew before; to
increase the profits of his acres and his herds. Year by year the Iowa
farmer has come to depend more and more upon the inventive genius
of his fellow man. The man with the hoe has been displaced by the
man with a multitude of mechanical appliances, saving both time and
labor. As this popularity of farm machinery has increased the me-
chanical display at the Iowa State Fair has kept pace, until last week it
stood as the largest and best display of farm machinery ever gathered
together at any one place in the grain belt, if not the entire country.
From the moment the visitor alighted from street car or train, throughout
the long circuit of the grounds, there was never a minute when the
hum and whir of some machine making farming easier and more pro-
ductive was not to be heard. The chug and snort, the whir and whine,
the hum and blare of machinery was going on continuously, and scores
of acres were given over to hundreds upon hundreds of appliances,
marvelous in their human ingenuity and intelligence. If the 1912 Iowa
State Fair is to go down in history as eclipsing its predecessors in any

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XlII 715

one great and striking particular, it must be for the quantity and marvel
of its machinery exhibits. Not only was the new and capacious ma-
chinery hall filled to overflowing, but scores of smaller buildings and
tents were crowded to capacity and acres of uncovered machines con-
tributed to the display, a liberal education in the advance which farm-
ing methods in Iowa have made within recent years.

Due to the dock strikes in several of the largest shipping centers many
of the principal stock importers were unable to display as many head
as formerly, with the result that some of the stock departments were
not numerically as strong as last year. The standard of quality set
many years ago was consistently maintained, however, and the 1912 state
fair goes into history as one of the great stock shows of the grain-belt
fair circuit. One of the marked features in connection with the stock
exhibit is the increasing interest of city folks. The new, brick horse
barns, displacing the old and unsanitary wooden barns of past years,
made it possible for the horses to be visited with more comfort and
thousands of city folks who have held the erroneous, and all too prev-
alent idea that the motor car is driving out the horse were able to
see that in the breeding and raising of fine horses Iowa still takes high
rank. The entries in the horse, cattle, swine and sheep departments were
of universally high order and good quality and attracted praise from
thousands upon thousands of visitors. Not the least notable and praise-
worthy feature was the fact that Iowa breeders are coming more and
more to be the first prize winners at the Iowa State Pair, winning the
honors over the breeders from other states, a matter over which the
state may, with all due humility, take great pride.

One of the most noticeable features of the fair was the presence of the
large number of farmer-owned and farmer-driven automobiles. It is
conservatively estimated that fully 3,500 motor cars from the farm
were on the grounds Monday and Tuesday. Commencing Saturday morn-
ing a steady stream of automobiles, driven by farmers and filled by farm
families, was to be seen on practically every one of the main roads lead-
ing into Des Moines. Nothing shows more conclusively the prosperity
which is prevalent throughout the rural districts. It has been repeatedly
stated that more automobiles are being sold to the farmers of Iowa, Illi-
nois and other grain-belt states than are being sold to the city dealers
of New York and Massachusetts. A visit to Des Moines last week would
convince the most skeptical of the truth of this statement. The automo-
bile has come to be looked upon by the farmer not as a luxury, but bs a
necessity, cutting down time and distance between the farm and the
town and paying for itself in the saving of horse flesh. It is also no-
ticeable that farmers are buying a good type of motor cars and are
proving to be efficient mechanics. On Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday,
every one of the main thoroughfares in the fair grounds was lined con-
tinuously with parked automobiles, a great majority of which had been
driven in from the country a distance of from seventy-five to 200 miles.

716 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The building of the Iowa State College of Agriculture was the mecca
of thousands of rural visitors to the fair and because of the diversity of
exhibits and the practicalness of the instruction given was well worth
the interest it occasioned. Daily lectures were given on general agri-
cultural and home economics topics by members of the faculty, attract-
ing large crowds. The exhibits covered a wide range, from a soils map
of the state, showing the various "drifts" and the prevailing crops, to
models of silos and lighting plants, noxious weeds, engineering appli-
ances and hog cholera preventive. The various booths were in charge
of members of the faculty and students who were unfailingly courteous
in replying to questions. The manner in which the Iowa farmer is
neglecting his best opportunities was pointed out in striking placards.
The college exhibit is, in brief, a week's short course in agriculture and
economics. Many a farm housewife, who has no other or better oppor-
tunity, here obtains the fundamentals of scientific cooking, thanks to the
lectures delivered by Miss Campbell, Miss Knowles and others, while the
interest thus quickened is continued by means of the bulletins gladly
sent to those who are interested. Next to the stock barns and machinery
hall, it is doubtful if there is any building on the grounds more inter-
esting or more worthy of a visit than the one devoted to the state
college at Ames.

Having won high rank in the breeding of live stock it is highly com-
mendable that the state of Iowa should at last have begun to pay atten-
tion to the rearing of children. Under the auspices of the Iowa Congress
of Mothers, a baby show was held at the fair grounds last week, at
which some 250 children under the age of three years were examined
for physical and mental qualifications, prizes aggregating $200 being
awarded the most perfect. The examination was conducted by a corps
of skilled medical experts, each child being subjected to a close examina-
tion which disclosed any physical defect. At the same time each child
was subjected to a careful scrutiny by a mental expert, to detect the
readiness with which the mind of the little one worked, mental quickness
counting with physical perfection in the final score. The prize last year
was won by a two-and-a-half-year-old boy, a resident of Des Moines,
making the contest this year more strenuous in the effort to find an
Iowa-reared child who would surpass the physical and mental qualifi-
cations of last year's prize winner. All too little attention has been paid'
heretofore to this most important matter of the citizenry of the state, so
that the present movement is in every way commendable. Backed as it is
by the leading club women and medical practitioners the movement
should make such headway as to interest the entire state and in the
course of time bring about a higher standard of rearing children, which
shall make the people of Iowa take still higher rank both in a physical
and mental way. The work at Des Moines last week was under the di-
rect charge of Mrs. Mary T. Watts, of Audubon, former president of the
Iowa Congress of Mothers. The scorers included Dr. Lenna Meanes, of
Des Moines; Dr. Margaret Vaupel Clark, of Waterloo; Dr. Velura Powell,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 717

of Red Oak, and Dr. Florence Sherbon, of Colfax. The assisting super-
intendents were Mrs. E. E. Sherman, of Keosauqua; Mrs. O. A. Ruste, of
Charles City, and Mrs. Charles Brenton, of Dallas Center.

Interest in the vitalized country church was quickened by the display
made by the church and country life department of the Presbyterian
Board of Home Missions, under the direct charge of Rev. C. H. Purmort.
The exhibit occupied a conspicuous place on the piazza of the state col-
lege building and was visited by many people. It supplemented the ex-
cellent addresses delivered recently at the rural life conference held at
Ames and showed the great need of introducing new methods and new
life into the country churches of the grain belt, in which interest is all
too rapidly waning. Conspicuous in the exhibit were placards similar to
the following: "The country church has done everything in its power
to pave the farmers' road to glory land, but it has paid far too little at-
tention to his road to the nearest village." Statistics were posted on
other placards calling attention to representative counties in various
grain-belt states in which church life is rapidly dying. That this is
largely due to inefficient ministers is^ shown by the record of Boone
county, Indiana, which has eighty-two rural churches, seventeen with
resident pastors, fifty with non-resident pastors (twenty-seven of these
living outside of the county) and fifteen with no ministers whatever.
It is the theory of those back of the movement to awaken interest in
the rural church that only resident pastors^ and those who live in the
country and are personally familiar with country problems, shall be em-
ployed to minister to the country churches. The exhibit at Des Moines
last week can hardly fail to be of value in carrying on this work to
make the country church minister more and more to the daily needs of
the country people.

"Give us a woman's building" is the cry of the women who took such
an active part in last week's fair, not only in the management and con-
duct of the babies' show, but all over the grounds. That it is high time
the fair board were seriously considering the cry few can deny. Much
of the present prosperity and greatness of Iowa is due to the devoted
and untiring women who from the pioneer days down to the present
moment have worked with an eye single to the advancement of family,
home and state. Other states of the grain belt have taken better care
of their women, at their state fairs, than has Iowa. Minnesota de-
votes an entire building to its women, their work and their comfort.
Why should not Iowa be equally progressive and appreciative? Iowa
women are doing things in various lines of work that form the inspira-
tion and the incentive for their sisters all over the country. Premiums
in every department of the fair are being won by women in large num-
ber year by year. There are women farmers, doctors, lawyers, artists,
sculptors, writers and preachers in Iowa whose work is every bit as in-
spiring and educational as anything that is being done by man. Why

718 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

not answer the cry raised in Des Moines last week and give to the
women of the state a building, all their own, in which to display the
best examples of the work of the sex along many lines of endeavor, and
at the same time provide for their comfort while attending the fair?
The suggestion is worthy the serious consideration of the fair manage-
ment.

A campaign to increase the potato yield of Iowa was planned during
the week by Eugene H. Grubb, of the federal department of agriculture,
who was an interested visitor at the fair. Starting early next year,
Professor Grubb will assist Professor Kennedy, at the head of the ex-
tension department of the state agricultural college, in a movement to in-
terest farmers in the unrealized possibilities and profits of potato grow-
ing. According to Professor Grubb, who discussed the matter animatedly
during the fair, there is no reason why Iowa should not double its potato
crop, year by year. "The great mistake the Iowa farmer makes," he
declared, "is in his seed. The whole potato should be planted instead of
cutting one into four to six pieces. It has been the common impression
that potatoes should be cut up for seed, but the best results are ob-
tained by planting the entire potato. Nature intended the pulp as sus-
tenance for the plant and the shell protects it from rot and disease until
its contents have gone to feed the plant." Professor GrubD, repeatedly
called attention to the fact that the successful growers of Europe use
from three to four times the amount of potato seed that the Iowa farmer
does, with yields proportionately larger than those secured here. The
potato campaign promises to arouse much interest throughout the entire
state. The quality of potatoes exhibited at the fair this year was ex-
cellent, testifying to a large crop of sound tubers. But the yield
can and should be materially increased and it is to this end that the
campaign of next winter and spring will work. Affecting an article
of such universal diet the campaign promises to have widespread bene-
ficial results.

Twenty-five thousand visitors were taken care of at the information
headquarters of the Commercial Club, which secured rooms for the en-
tire number. One of the noticeable features of the work this year was
the fact that thousands of former fair visitors returned to the rooms
which had been secured for them in previous years by the Commercial
Club. For some weeks prior to the opening of the fair, work was in
progress listing the available rooms in the city, a maximum scale being
provided so as to do away with the possibility of overcharge. The Com-
mercial Club of Des Moines is to be commended for the manner in which
it has carried on this work, not only insuring a maximum of comfort
to the out-of-town visitors, but also providing against their being
mulcted by too greedy lodging-house keepers. Fewer instances of over-
changing at the restaurants and hotels were reported this year than ever
before. One of the large down-town restaurants and one of the principal
hotels raised their rates the opening day. The Commercial Club did

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 719

everything in its power to compel a reduction to the former standard,
but failing in this gave the proprietors of these two places such unde-
sirable publicity that it is doubtful if the raising of rates brought the
increased profits that had been expected.

The fair management is deserving of praise for the better quality of
amusements provided the visitors. Three splendid bands were in at-
tendance each day, furnishing a quality of music which shows that Iowa
people crave the very best. On the Midway, the shows were cleaner
than some which have been exhibited in past years and while the value,
or necessity, of a Midway is debatable, still the management is to be
praised for seeing that so few worthless and vicious shows were permitted
this year. The necessity of giving a show, the main and only attraction
of which are dancing "girls" of uncertain age and morals, a conspicuous
place on the grounds may be questioned by many, but the custom is gen-
eral and the Iowa Midway is much cleaner than that of many other state
fairs of the grain belt. That the time will come, however, when all danc-
ing shows and every manner of fake exhibition, in which the freakish
element predominates, will be dispensed with entirely is a consummation
devoutly to be wished. By far the most meritorious amusement attrac-
tion of the fair was the wild west exhibition given by the cowboys and
Indians of Wyoming, brought to Des Moines from Cheyenne, where the
Frontier Day celebration is an annual event. Riding bucking bronchos
and indulging in the sports and work of cowboys make a spectacle which
is highly entertaining, without any of the pernicious features of some of
the amusement attractions of past years, in other states. Visitors to the
fair must be amused. It is a gratifying sign of the times that the amuse-
ments provided for them are cleaner and more worth-while than they
were in the past.

Dorothy Klusmeyer, a two-and-a-half-year-old Des Moines girl, won the
prize at the baby health contest as the most perfect baby in the state.
Little Miss Klusmeyer weighs thirty-two and one-half pounds, is thirty-
six and one-half inches in height, has a chest measurement of twenty-one
inches and head circumference of twenty inches. The perfect score gives
a child the weight of thirty-one pounds, a height of thirty-five inches, a
chest of twenty inches and head circumference of nineteen and one-
quarter inches. What the little prize winner lacked in correst physical
proportions she more than outbalanced in the psychological contest. The
second prize was won by Robert Scott, a two-and-a-half-year-old boy, of
Mitchellville.

The baby health contest attracted as much interest as any display on
the grounds and bids fair to become one of the most valuable features of
the fair.

Pioneer day attracted more than the usual number of early settlers.
Appropriate exercises were held in honor of the hardy men and women

720 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

who came to Iowa in the early days of the state and laid the foun^^-
tion for the present stable prosperity. Several notable speakers were
in attendance and eulogized the pioneers. One of the best addresses was
delivered by Judge Martin J. Wade, former congressman from the second
district. Among other things Judge Wade said: "I hope some day there
may come some man touched by the fire of genius who can bring out the
history of the pioneer; who will thrill his readers not with the great
things, but fascinate them with the little things that were done in the
days when they were oftentimes without fire, when clothing was patched
and faded, when food was scarce and comforts and conveniences were
denied to those who toiled. The early settlers remember the prairie fires
that used to sweep the country years ago. They remember the hardships
and the grinding toil. They are the people who were here in the be-
ginning who laid the foundations of which this exposition is one of the
magnificent results. It is a marvel of human accomplishment and de-
termination. And if there are any names that should be traced in gold
upon the records of the past it is the names of these men and women,
not to immortalize their own glory for that is immortalized already, but
for the benefit of posterity."

Aeroplane flights were made every day of the fair, several accidents (for-
tunately none of them fatal) marking the flights the latter part of the
week. Three aeroplanes, two biplanes and one imported monoplane, made
daily exhibitions. On Wednesday one of the biplanes was wrecked be-
cause of the engine "going dead" at an altitude of 2,000 feet, while on
Thursday the remaining biplane and the monoplane were damaged.
Fortunately, however, none of the aviators were hurt, and the machines
were repaired in time to give flights on the closing day. Although it is
only two or three years that aeroplanes have been in evidence at the
state fairs they did not prove to be the drawing cards this year that had
been expected, the aviators themselves complaining of the lack of in-
terest which was manifested in their flights. The starting ground was
in poor shape at Des Moines, which made it impossible to make the
easy ascents desired.

Unofficial figures give the total attendance for the week as 272,070,
which is 1,388 in excess of the total attendance for 1911. While the
attendance during the past week was not so much on the two big days,
falling short of the 1911 record by 5,000 on Tuesday, still day by day
the attendance this year compared most favorably with that of last year
and the aggregate is larger. The fact that the railroads had refused to
grant any excursion rates no doubt kept many prospective visitors at
home. Although the weather was good throughout the entire week,
threatening rain served to cut down the local attendance. As a result
of these two factors attendance was not as large as had been confidently
expected. The profits of the fair this year are approximately $32,000.
Inasmuch as the new cross-section horse barn cost $26,000, this year's
profits will not only pay for this fine new building, but will leave a tidy
balance for further improvements.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 721

BREEDING CATTLE
SHORT-HORNS

Five states were represented in the Short-horn classes at the Iowa
State Fair, although seventeen of the twenty-one exhibits were from the
Hawkeye state. Numerically some of the classes failed to reach the
former record, but there were animals of the very best type in all classes.
In the aged bull class Missouri carried off the blue on Diamond Goods, a

JUNIOR CHrtiuPiuN iUVvA SHUKTH-JKN BULL
Iowa State Fair, 1912

magnificent type of modern Short-horn shown by Bellows Bros., of Mary-
ville. The character, substance and fleshing qualities of Diamond Goods
led him through to grand championship honors in the bull classes. Mr.
George J. Sayer, of McHenry, 111., had a clear lead in the cow classes, wim
ning first in the aged cow class, first in the two-year-old heifer class, first
on yearling heifer and first on junior heifer. Fair Start 2d, Mr. Sayer's
aged cow, carried off grand championship honors and many could be found
at the ring side who predicted that under fair treatment she would
not be defeated on the entire show circuit. In the two-year-old bull

46

722 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

classes Judge Ryden had no easy task and while the blue fell to the
Anoka Farm on Sultan Stamp, yet this honor was strenuously con-
tested by Count Avon, owned by Rookwood Farm. With the elimination
of outside exhibits the Iowa classes alone made an unusually strong
showing and the fact that seventeen exhibitors were present is the best
indication that this feature of the show is growing in popularity. Mr.
A. J. Ryden, of Abingdon, 111., did the judging and his work was done
most creditably indeed.

IOWA SHORT-HORN BREEDERS

The members of the Iowa Short-horn Breeders' Association met at the
Iowa State Fair Grounds on the evening of August 28th and effected an
organization of that association. Thirty-two breeders were present. The
principal business of the meeting was the election of officers, which re-
sulted as follows: President, D. Tietjen, Bellevue, Iowa; Vice-President,
Wm. Herkelmann, Elwood, Iowa; Secretary and Treasurer, E. B. Thomas,
Audubon, Iowa; Directors — C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; George H.
Burge, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; Ralph Watt, Miles, Iowa; Howard Vaughn,
Marion, Iowa; W. A. Wickersham, Melbourne, Iowa. It is probable that
the association will hold a winter meeting at Ames some time in Jan-
uary, when matters of general interest to Short-horn breeders will be
taken up. The Iowa Short-horn Breeders' Association was at one time
a powerful organization and effective in the advancement of the interests
of the breed. It is to be hoped that with the promising future now
ahead of the cattle business, it will regain its old-time vigor and useful-
ness.

HEREFORDS

The White Faces held down the heavy end of the cattle department of
the Iowa State Fair, outranking any other breed in numbers and mak-
ing a new record for individual excellence of entries in most of the
clashes. The line up in the aged bull class set the pace and while the
Cudahy entry, Fairfax 16th, carried off the blue he did it with so small
a margin as to make the honor all the greater. In selecting Fairfax
16th, Judge Van Natta indicated that he was going to emphasize animals
of good scale combined with smoothness and heavy fleshing qualities.
These he found in a remarkable degree in this noted son of the great
Perfection Fairfax. In Prince Perfection, the leader in the two-year-old
bull class, the judge found another bull of good size combined with
remarkable substance. The top of the senior calf classes. Repeater 7th,
shown by 0. Harris, was a sensation for a youngster and went through to
the junior championship without serious trouble. In the cow classes
the Cudahy entries captured the best ribbons, Scottish Lassie winning
first in the aged cows and the grand championship prize on females. In
many of the classes there was such uniformity and so much remarkable
Hereford character that the closest kind of discrimination was required
in the placing of the ribbons. The Hereford exhibit indicated that the
office of the Hereford association is working in harmony with breeders in

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 723

making quality the watchword rather than quantity and the success of
this combined effort at the Iowa State Fair sets a pace for the other
breeds. Judge, Frank Van Natta, Lafayette, Ind.

ABERDEEN ANGUS

Iowa breeders alone made the show in the doddie classes at the Iowa
State Fair last week and to their credit it must be said that while no
records were broken in the matter of numbers, there was no discount on
the excellence of the showing made. An examination of the champion-
ship honors will show that no one herd had the inside track. In the
aged cow class Mr. Miller captured the blue on Barbara Woodson, a cow
good enough to go through and wear grand championship honors. A re-
markable showing was made in the doddie herds and groups, there be-
ing five and six entries in every class and all up to the highest possible
standard. The fight throughout between Binnie, McHenry and Miller
was a warm one, making for the judge, C. J. Martin, Churdan, Iowa,
some tasks of rather large importance, tasks, however, that were per-
formed creditably.

POLLED DURHAM S

The Polled Durhams made a very good, although not a very large
showing at the Iowa State Fair last week. In practically every class
there were good animals to put at the head. In some places it was very
close. In too many of the classes the animals toward the bottom showed
a little rough, due partly to lack of condition and partly to prominence
of shoulders and hooks. Taking the animals as a whole, however, the
showing was creditable and shows much promise for the breed. The
cow. Lady Marshall, was the outstanding animal and Mr. Silliman, the
judge, called her a remarkably good one. She carries lots of width, is
deep and heavily fleshed. The heifer, Capacious Sultan, is also an ex-
cellent individual, but hardly carries the type of the older cow. The
bulls. Sultan's Creed and Meadow Sultan, the champions, show up well
and are rugged bulls with good flesh. The get of sire class brought out
the get of Anoka Sultan, The Baron and The Cupbearer of Prize, as well
as did the other classes, Miller having the edge on the winnings on the
get of Anoka Sultan. Judge, E. R. Silliman, Colo, Iowa.

GALLOWAYS

The showing of Galloways, while not as large as some of the other
breeds, was creditable in every way. In total number they rank just about
equal to last year's exhibit. Take them all through they were a little
more even in their type. The Galloways that were placed at the top
of the classes were very compact, quite smooth and heavily fleshed.
Towards the bottom of some of the classes there was the tendency to-
wards roughness. Straub Bros., led in the winnings. Their cattle are

724

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the get of the bull, Captain 4th of Tarbreoch. They are a very thick and
uniform sort, showing to a marked degree the prepotency of the sire.
The senior champion cow. Ladylike, was made grand champion over the
little heifer, Clara of Maples 4th, owned by Hechtner. The little calf is
a very good handler, very smooth and won junior championship over the
older heifers. In the bull classes Choice Master was the favorite and
might also be said to be the outstanding bull for the grand championship.
He is a very deep bull, low set and fairly smooth, beating the three-
year-old bull some in the shoulders and in thickness of fleshing, and
showing to a better advantage than the junior champion. Chas. Escher,
Jr., Botna, Iowa, did the judging.

BED POLLS

"That was the finest display of Red Poll cattle ever shown in the Des
Moines arena and one of the largest and best ever seen in America," was
the enthusiastic comment which Harley A. Martin, secretary of the Red

GRAND CHAMPION RED POLLED BULL
Iowa State Fair. 1912

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 725

Poll Cattle Club of America, made after inspecting the exhibit. "In
point of numbers," he continued, "it surpassed anything ever shown at
the Iowa State Fair. Uniformity and general excellence were marked
features of every class, which accounted for the fact that there were but
few outstanding entries. It was very much an all-star caste. Every
admirer of the breed had reason to be greatly encouraged by the showing
made by our breeders."

A census of the classes revealed the somewhat surprising fact that but
two other breeds outnumbered the Red Polls. The management had
found it necessary or convenient to accommodate the Red Poll herds in
at least four different barns and, in consequence, the actual strength of
the breed was not realized until the count of the classes was made. Wish-
ing to present a still more impressive display another year, the ex-
hibitors expect to petition the management for better accommodations.
With nearly all of his classes crowded with well-grown and well-fitted
representatives of the breed, not infrequently the judge, James Wilson,
of Brookings, S. D., was compelled to do much close studying in order
to select his winners. It, in fact, took him the better part of three after-
noons to distribute the ribbons allotted him. He found the cow and
heifer classes the most impressive and of these was particularly taken
with the group of aged cows. From among them he selected his strong-
est contender for the championship. Five-year-old Lena conformed most
closely to his ideal of a dual-purpose cow. Teddy's Best, shown by
Haussler Bros., who last year were in partnership with Frank Davis &
son, also of Nebraska, was Mr. Wilson's choice for the championship of
the bull contingent.

DAIRY CATTLE

Is it possible to produce dairy animals which can win in the show
rings as now organized and at the same time be capable of producing
profitable quantities of milk and butter fat? This is a question which is
discussed at every competitive exposition of dairy cattle and it was
given consideration by a number of breeders who were interested in the
displays of dairy breeds made at Des Moines last week.

Because good producers do not always win in the show ring, some
breeders believe there should be a radical change in judging methods
and contend that the acceptance of present-day ring standards prevents
the development of utility in dairy animals. Others insist that there
is no antagonism between the standards for dairy cattle which rule in
the show ring and those which have been worked out upon the farm.

Charles Hill, president of the American Guernsey Cattle Club, is one of
those who values records of production above show winnings, but who
also realizes that there are many people who are willing to pay good
money for beautiful cattle even if they are but moderate producers. The
judge who would not turn down an off-type cow when selecting cattle
to conform to an ideal standard as defined by a scale of points would
not again be considered for such a responsible position by men of Mr.
Hill's convictions. Mr. Hill, while admitting that it is true that most of
the best producers are not outstanding show type cows, sees no reason

726 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

why cows cannot be high-class producers and also conform to present
day show-ring standards. Similarly, Wilbur W. Marsh, one of Iowa's
most noted breeders, believes that producers can be of the highest show-
yard standard, but agrees that it is a hard matter to prove this as long
as many of them are not. However, greater consideration is being given
by fair managers to the matter of production and at not a few of the
expositions special classifications are now provided for cows which have
made large records.

GUERNSEY

The showing of Guernseys was wholly and unexplainably out of pro-
portion with the popularity and prominence of this great breed in the
corn belt. A year ago this great Channel Island breed was represented
at Des Moines by five herds which, in all, contained sixty or more head
and the results of the contest were such as to warrant the prediction that
the display of Guernsey cattle at the fifty-eighth Iowa State Pair would
be still larger and there were those who even dared to anticipate that it
would be superior in point of quality. On the contrary, however, but
three herds, aggregating less than forty animals, were shown and al-
though a superior lot throughout, yet in but few instances was it su-
perior to that seen in the Des Moines arena in 1911. W. W. Marsh, of
Waterloo, had expected to show his herd, but, after making the neces-
sary entries, found it impossible or inconvenient to make the exhibit.
The absence of his "string" v/eakened the display considerably, for in the
few years he has been engaged in the business of breeding Guernseys
Mr. Marsh has succeeded in assembling and developing one of the best
herds to be found anywhere in the middle west and not a few of his
animals have repeatedly won premier recognition in the closest
of competition and at the hands of the most discriminating of judges.
The judging last week was done by William Forbes, of Lincoln, Neb., who
has but lately accepted an important position with the dairy division of
the United States Department of Agriculture. His ratings were care-
fully made and, in most instances, met with the ready approval of ex-
hibitors and onlookers. Among the senior herd bulls he found Bob
Rilma best qualified to contend for the championship and of the juniors
none pleased him as well as did Raymond of Sarnia, a son of Raymond
of the Preel IV., which was imported by Charles L. Hill, president of
the American Guernsey cattle club. This yearling gives promise of
developing into a strong show-ring contender, but the transfer from his
home quarters to the less comfortable accommodations afforded en route
and at the fair had not agreed with him and in consequence he was not
appearing in his best form. Of the females none proved more attractive
than two sets of twin heifers shown by Messrs. Wilcox and Stubbs. The
two year olds are daughters of Galaxy's Sequel and Daisy Bell of the
Grand Fort and at preceding shows have also been accorded special rec-
ognition. The second pair were sired by Diamond of Tucre and mothered
by Patricia of Sarnia. They, too, are superior individuals. The senior
yearling. Park's Princess Rhea and a daughter of Rhea's King of the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 727

May was the unanimous choice for the junior championship and was only
defeated for the grand championship by Aline of Lawton 2d, a five-year-
old matron which traces back to Prince Rosendale.

JERSEYS

Herds from five important corn and grain-belt states met at Des Moines
and provided an exhibit of "cream producers" which easily surpassed any
shown at the Iowa State Fair in previous years. The display was not
as much superior in numbers as it was in quality and fitness. Several
of the same herds were shown in 1911 and all but one of these had since
been reinforced by purchase or by drafting from their breeding herds.
Then, too, the exhibitors had their entries in fine condition. Of course
occasionally an animal was led into the ring which was not appearing in
show shape and there were a few which should have been left at home.
Friends and those acquainted with a breed are perfectly willing to make
generous allowance, but fair-goers in general often discount an exhibit
considerably because it happens to include a few outclassed and unfitted
entries. A year ago a "sprinkling" of the American, or roomy and
useful type, was to be seen in every class, but the showing presented
last week was wholly devoid of this feature. The strictly "Island"
type is more popular with the great majority of men who judge at our
fairs and expositions and it would seem that those who exhibit have
yielded to the inevitable and are now showing the sort most sought after
in the show rings. Among the young things were so many likely con-
tenders as to afford great encouragement for the future success of the
herds of which they are members. The aged bull, Stockwell's Fern Lad,
came back again this year still better equipped to battle with his old
rivals, Beauvoir's King and Combination's Golden Prince, which were
rated superior to him in 1911. The Stockwell bull was appearing at his
best and his size and finish appealed strongly to the judge, W. I. Hunter,
of Lincoln, Neb., who found it agreeable to award him the senior and
grand championship. The final competition for the premier honors was
supplied by a son and stable mate, Stockwell's Champion, a very prom-
ising youngster. Warder's Proud Beauty, an excellently-shaped matron
fully supplied with milk-producing equipment, was chosen for the cham-
pionship contest, as were the typey three year old, Ibsen's Cherry, and
Ibsen's Glory Coulisse, a beautiful daughter of Ibsen's Glory, owned and
exhibited by Mr. Bruins, of Wisconsin. Messrs. Young and Cotta & Will-
iams, from Nebraska and Illinois respectively, submitted heifers which
were decidedly superior in type, but not suflSciently outstanding to pre-
vent the daughter of the noted sire. Warder, from winning the champion-
ship.

BROWN SWISS.

The managers of all middle western fairs always depend upon Wiscon-
sin breeders to furnish their patrons with an exhibit of Brown Swiss
cattle and no time are they disappointed with the representation which

728 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the Badger state breeders provide, for in their herds are to be found
some of the best and most typical specimens of the breed. Although
but three herds, two from Wisconsin and one from Iowa, were shown,
the display was of an exceedingly high order and about as representative
as could possibly be assembled. Nevertheless, the judge, Wm. Forbes,
of the United States Dairy Division, found himself confronted in each
class with the task of making his selections from among animals which
represented two distinct types, one of the more old-fashioned sort,
exceedingly large of frame, and the other more refined and, based upon
the standards commonly accepted for dairy animals, exhibiting greater
dairy temperament. At one time the breeders endeavored to make the
Brown Swiss a dual-purpose breed, but that is no longer their ideal.
On the contrary, the economical production of milk and butter fat
is singled out by them as the chief characteristic of the breed. They
contend that theirs is a breed unusually strong in constitution and
therefore able to bear up under the heavy strain incident to milk and
butter fat production. Among the males none appealed to the judge
more than did Zell, a five-year-old son of Junker, which has had a
brilliant show career at the Iowa and Minnesota State Fairs and at
the National and International Dairy Shows in 1911. Upon neither
circuit has he shown in the smoothest of form, but he is a grand show
bull and in addition has proven an unusually good sire. Of the younger
bulls, Casper Delta, shown by the lone Iowa exhibitor, proved a worthy
but by no means dangerous competitor of the old campaigner. Cuma,
although dry, won premier honors among the cows and in doing so
first had to eliminate Allyn's Arlene, a nicely-modeled matron. The
older cow, however, had the massiveness and the scale, which gave
her the decision. Myone Baby, the champion of the 1911 Brown Swiss
showing at Des Moines, was retired to third position upon her first appear-
ance, but the three-year-old heifer, Betty of Allynhurst, led out by the
same exhibitor, fared better. A stable mate, Bella Ro.sita, was made
the grand champion because of her superior quality and general con-
formation. The groups were a choice assortment throughout and were
to a large extent bred by the exhibitors, which fact made the excellent
display all tlio more noteworthy.

HOLSTEINS.

lowans who admire "black and white" cattle were very much encour-
aged by the manner in which their breed was represented at Des
Moines last week. Three Iowa exhibitors were assisted by a Wisconsin
breeder in providing a display which, in some respects, was classed by
many as one of ^ the best ever presented to a corn-belt audience. The
aged classes, while well filled with animals of a very useful sort, were
not as noteworthy as several of the younger strings. This, however, is
a most encouraging prospect. It proves conclusively that the breeders
are making steady progress and it augurs well for their future success.
Although in the very heart of the corn belt, dairying is becoming morQ

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XHI 729

and more one of the most important of Iowa's farm industries. And,
as would naturally be expected, the Holstein breed is deservedly popular
with many of the dairymen of the state. Perhaps no small amount of
the credit for this rising popularity is due to Dairy Commissioner W. B.
Barney, who did considerable pioneer work for the breed not only in
Iowa, but in several other of the middle western states. The judge
of the breed. Dr. M. B. Wood, Mankato, Minn., found things quite to
his liking in practically all of the younger classes, but was particularly
impressed with the line-up of senior heifer calves. "It would be
extremely difficult to lead out five better and more even calves than the
quintette before me," was his enthusiastic comment after making a, care-
ful inspection of the lot. "They certainly approximate perfection about
as nearly as we have any right to expect." His junior champion female,
however, was chosen from among the yearlings, Foekje De Kol Hengerveld
being the recipient of this high honor. Another nominee for the cham-
pionship was Groveland Pontiac Hijlaard, a growthy and superior two
year old shown by Frank White. But the likeliest of all the candidates
w-as Chloe Jewell of Cedarside, a three-year-old daughter of Count Aaggie
Netherland De Kol and Miss Alice Gerben De Kol. Dr. Wood found much
about this heifer to commend and willingly handed her owner, Mr. Nelson,
the much coveted ribbon. Because of his length and depth of body and
strength of constitution, Rockdale Perfection De Kol was awarded the
male championship.

AYRSHIRE S.

Although but one herd of this noted Scotch breed was shown, the
judge, Dr. M. B. Wood, of Minnesota, found animals worthy of special
commendation in every class appearing before him.

Adam Seitz, of Waukesha, Wis., with a herd numbering twenty
head, was the sole exhibitor. Eight of his "string" were selected from
among the best herds of Scotland and his herd bull, Bargenoch Gay
Cavalier, is recognized as one of the best Ayrshire sires ever exhibited
in this country. Mr. Seitz purchased this champion from one of the
leading breeders of Canada and has already refused several flattering
offers for him.

FAT CATTLE.

The fat classes of none of the breeds were strong in numbers. Some
good individuals were shown, but a large part lacked in condition or
in type to make the very best showing. The keenest competition came
in the grand champion and the champion group between the Short-horn
steer owned by Saunders and the Hereford steer owned by Hazlett, the
Short-horn being fatter than the little Hereford steer, but a trifle soft in
his flesh and not quite as typey as the little fellow. After consider-
able discussion the judges placed the award on the Hereford. The
Herefords also won the group, although it was close.

730 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DRAFT HORSES.

The draft horse show at the Iowa State Fair this year demonstrated
that Iowa farmers are becoming interested more and more in pure-bred
draft horses. A few years back the larger part of the exhibits was by
large importers. This year the small breeders came to the front. The
majority of the horses shown were American bred, and a great many of
them Iowa bred. In total numbers the horse-show was not up to the num-
ber of last year. This is due partly to shortage of feed and also to some
of the importers not having their stock ready for show. The large
importers present were Dunhams, Trumans, Lefebure and Finch Bros.
Each had some choice material, as is shown by their winnings. How-
ever, the champions of two of the breeds were American-raised horses.
Another thing that showed up well and around which the interest of
tne horsemen centered was the futurities. This year classes were opened
for fillies and a total of forty-one were shown. The futurities serve a
triple purpose — to increase the interest in the young colt, so that it is
better cared for; to furnish valuable prizes and a place to compare
the yearlings, and then as a market place for the horses, as the
breeders watch the ring close for the good ones. Iowa is to be congratu-
lated on having this feature as part of her show and the outlook for
next year is brighter than ever before, for the breeders realize that it
means something to land in the futurity money. It is interesting to
note that many of the animals shown at the fair have been winners
at smaller shows over the state. This is especially true of the grade
classes and the exhibits show in a way the value of the small shows,
for they arouse the people's interest to something bigger.

PERCHERONS.

The Percherons presented the largest number of horses of any breed,
but were not as numerous as in some former years. This shortage
is due partly to shortage of feed and partly to the importers being
unable to bring their horses over early. Dunhams were the leading
exhibitors of imported horses and their horses had not become entirely
acclimated yet, so were showing to some disadvantage. The show did
present, however, some of the strongest home-bred animals that have ever
been exhibited in Iowa. According to recent figures approximately one-
fourth (24.2 per cent) of the Percherons in America are raised in
Iowa. Many of these colts with some of the best from Illinois made an
unusually good showing in the futurity classes. It was here that W.
S. Corsa, with the get of the noted sire, Carnot, showed up prominently
ind won the choice prizes in both the colt and filly classes. However,
he did not have things all his own way, for he was closely pressed in the
colt class by the McMillan colt. Matador, a colt with excellent feet
and legs combined with lots of substance. This was the first year for
the fillies in the futurity and a splendid showing was made. It was
very encouraging to see many of the smaller breeders showing and
many of these men were up well towards the top. The champion
mare, Rosdne, is called by many a better mare than the light-colored

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 731

mare that was champion last year. She is a mare that is larger and has
more substance throughout, but is still possessed of splendid quality. The
champion stallion is of excellent type, rugged but with quality. As he
was showing thin he looked to be a bit up from the ground, but he
had the other things, so could not be denied the favorite ribbon. In
the get of stallion classes there was a battle between the get of Car-
not and that of Calypso. After careful examination Mr. Bell, the judge,
gave the preference to those of Carnot. They showed to better advan-
tage, as they were all the same age. The showing of the foals was
encouraging for the futurities of next year. Judge, Wm. Bell, Wooster,
Ohio.

Although many of the leading middle western breeders and im-
porters exhibited, the showing of Shires was in no way sensational. By
force of necessity or by choice a number of the exhibitors were not as
well represented as they have been upon some of the circuits, but
will undoubtedly contribute stronger displays to some of the later
shows in which they have reason to believe the competition will be
closer. The "futurity" awards organized by J. H. S. Johnstone at-
tracted splendid strings of yearling stallions and fillies and undoubted-
ly otherwise strengthened the showing of the breed. Robert B. Ogllvie,
secretary of the American Clydesdale Association, judged all of the
classes, and in awarding the futurity premiums called in H. O. Weaver,
Wapello, Iowa, to assist him. Prom among the eight aged stallions he
selected Trumans' big bay, Dunsmore Willington Boy III., for his champion-
ship, but found a better qualified entry in the three-year-old Lord Carlton,
also shown by the Bushnell firm. This brown is of the type popular
with Shire men. The reserve championship fell to an im'ported yearling,
Carlton Royal Grey, which Mr. Ogilvie found well enough equipped
to stand above the futurity winner, a splendidly grown bay shown by
John R. Rittenhouse, but raised by J. L. Marks, of Indiana. This
toppy youngster, Cecil Rhodes by name, when shown at the last In-
ternational, won first in his class of five. Alexander and Graham Gal-
braith exhibited the first-prize aged mare, Dows by Sunbeam, a well-
organized eight year old which they purchased from the Trumans. The
champion of the mares, however, was not chosen from among the aged
matrons, but instead from a small class of two year olds. Frithville
Princess, a breedy, good bodied and well underpinned black, was given
the purple ribbon and a most precocious weanling, Pine Krest Prim-
rose, was placed in second position.

BELGIANS.

Some of the horsemen accounted for the rather limited showing of
Belgians upon the grounds that a number of the exhibitors have sold
themselves "short" to meet a better than expected demand for breeding
animals. Then, too, several of the show strings have not as yet been
reenforced by this season's importations. The general quality of the
display was, therefore, scarcely up to expectations. Alexander Galbraith,

732 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

one of America's most noted Clydesdale experts, picked the winners and,
true to his instincts, insisted upon favoring the entries which had the
cleaner underpinning and which could move well. In fact, he some-
times found it necessary to retire contenders which upon first appear-
ance seemed entitled to win, but which upon closer inspection were'
found to have defects particularly distasteful to a Clydesdale man.
Henry Lefebure's five-year-old Jules Remi was preferred to Irvine's
Robert II. De Rum which was not showing to as good advantage as he
will — at least should — later in the season, although Pinch Bros.' chest-
nut yearling afforded him strong competition. Villiant De Merfes, a
large bay, mounted upon an excellent set of limbs and a good mover as
well, was accorded the championship. Working with John Truman, of
Bushnell, 111., Mr. Galbraith selected this youngster as the winner of
the futurity stakes and thus admitted him to the championship con-
test. If carried on in present good form this yearling will certainly
make things interesting for future championship aspirants. The
champion mare, Laura, a drafty and broody six year old, came from the
same stables. Appearing against her for the final honors were Bella
Terlinden, French's matronly three-year-old chestnut; Lefebure's Chunky
Luzette; McCarty's yearling, Elsie, winner of the futurity, and Finch
Bros.' outstanding foal, Mayme. The groups were an even lot and gave
the judge an unusual amount of difficulty in arranging them.

CLYDESDALES.

This was a Clydesdale year in the horse classes at the Iowa State
Fair. They outranked all other breeds except the Percherons in num-
bers, while in quality they were up to the highest possible standard.
The Canadian judge, Mr. William McKirdy, emphasized good feet, the
right kind of pasterns, these to be combined with plenty of quality and
considerable weight. It was made apparent in these classes that Clydes-
dale men generally do not crowd their young stuff, some of the yearlings
and two year olds showing a little thin in flesh. The futurity class was
strong. The winning colt, Charnock, was good enough to win for the
Galbraith stables not only in his class, but also the grand champion-
ship prize on stallion. The American-bred horse was in evidence in
every class and in most cases they forged to the top. In this respect
possibly the Clydesdale men are setting a pace for others to follow,
their work so far indicating that American grain and American grass
will produce just as good horses as can be produced anywhere on earth.
One prominent reporter was heard to remark that if some of the Ameri-
can-bred Clydesdales shown at the Iowa fair were in Scotland they would
almost be unpurchasable. Judge, Wm. McKirdy, Napink, Manitoba.

THE LIGHT HORSE AND PONY DIVISIONS.

There was abundant evidence at Des Moines last week to prove that
the automobile is not supplanting certain classes and breeds of horses.
The "drafters" were there in sufficient numbers to refute the often-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 733

repeated assertion that the motor-driven trucks are rapidly taking their
places upon the streets, in the yards and even upon the farms. The de-
mand for breeding animals and marketable stock continues strong
despite any suspicions to the contrary. And the showing of several of
the light breeds was so strong in numbers and so excellent in character
as to allay all fears that the breeders would soon have to modify their
operations in order to meet changing economic conditions. Walter Palmer,
of Ottawa, 111., who judged the saddle and harness horses and who per-
haps is about as well informed as anyone upon conditions in the light
horse world, was enthusiastic over the showing he was called upon to
inspect. He estimated that the saddle horse division was fully 100 per
cent stronger than any previously arranged for Iowa State Fair goers.
In fact Mr. Palmer rated the display as being on a par with those seen
in Missouri and Kentucky, the very homes of the saddler. In explana-
tion of the growing interest in the breed Mr. Palmer admitted that the
automobile was taking the place of the "driver" with many people, but
declared that men who like horses have turned to the saddlers and
predicted that in the future the demand for superior animals of this
type would be stronger than ever. George M. Rommel, of the bureau
of animal industry of the United States Department of Agriculture,
judged the Morgans and found them a representative lot. He left Des
Moines to go to Middlebury to inspect the Vermont showing which is sup-
posed to outclass all others, but expressed himself as satisfied that the
"tops" of the Iowa display would be as good as he would find at the east-
ern show. Similarly the exhibits of American carriage horses and stand-
ard-bred trotters placed by W. A. Dobson, of D'es Moines, proved as
satisfactory as any he has ever rated, the conformity to the accepted
types being the noteworthy feature. Considered collectively the Hack-
neys were a disappointment and Alexander Galbraith, of De Kalb, 111.,
who awarded the premiums, regretted the relatively poor representation
of this noted English breed. Prof. W. J. Kennedy, of Ames, Iowa, who
judged the pony classes, was well pleased with the showing which, too,
was larger and better than ever.

DRAFT HORSE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

On Wednesday evening there was a meeting of the Iowa Draft Horse
Breeders' Association. It was a very enthusiastic occasion and the asso-
ciation shows that it is going to form the center around which the
draft horse interests will be furthered. One of the most important
things that was done was the appointing of a committee to encourage
the legislature to make an appropriation helping draft horses, as it has
done with beef cattle. The membership of this association is growing
and every person who is interested in the improvement of draft horses
should either joint or boost its purpose, as its membership is open to
all who are interested in draft horses.

734 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SWINE.

While the conditions incident to swine raising this year have been al-
most universally discouraging, it was a matter of congratulation for the
management of the Iowa State Fair that breeders have sufficient confi-
dence in their business and sufficient hopefulness for its success that
the exposition again comes to the front with a showing of hope un-
equaled by that of any other state. It is true that the discouragements
of the year reduced the total number of animals in the pens to 2,266,
or a reduction of 521 head from the figures of last year. The Duroc
Jersey breed met with the greatest falling off, the figures for last year
being 986, while this year only 759 head were in evidence. Poland
Chinas increased from 702 to 725, Chester Whites decreased from 586 to
401, Hampshires from 303 to 297, Berkshires from 120 to 118, Yorkshires
from 68 to 63 and Tamworths from 22 to 21. It will be noted that the
bacon breeds came nearer to holding their own with reference to num-
bers than did the lard type of hogs. In all divisions there were a greater
proportion of Iowa breeders than ever before. There was an almost
total absence of any of the old-time professional showmen. The exhibits
were largely made by breeders who, while hoping for winnings in the
competitions, were at the fair for the especial purpose of making sales
of breeding animals. While there was a fair inquiry for strictly high-
class hogs, it was stated that sales were rather slower than had been
anticipated, the situation being due to the prevalence of disease in a
great many sections. The management of the Iowa State Fair is to be
congratulated for the splendid sanitary condition maintained and for the
careful attention and endeavors to promote the interests and welfare of
breeders. Awards by breeds are given below.

DUROO JERSEYS.

In point of numbers the Duroc Jersey division of the fair leads all
others. The character of the exhibits showed the advancement that has
been made in recent years and pointed to a still brighter future for the
breed. It might be said that it was largely a breeders' show rather than
one which presented evidence of art in the fitting and preparation. Con-
servative men freely expressed regret that there was so much ground for
much of the dissatisfaction voiced with the decisions of the judge. The
situation is one that demands candid consideration on the part of pro-
moters of the breed and the fair management. No industry possessing
the magnitude of that here represented should be permitted to suiter dis-
integration and discredit because of the machinations of any part of
those in whose interest this show is held. Dissatisfaction was loudly ex-
pressed over the fact that a judge recommended officially by the Iowa
Duroc Jersey Breeders' Association should not be chosen by the fair
management. The prominence of the Iowa State Fair makes it im-
portant that the influence which dominates the making of awards must
be such as to command the highest respect, not only of those who are
engaged in the production of pure-bred animals, but of the entire pork-
producing fraternity as well. It is too big an institution to be dominated

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 735

by any influence not directly to the advantage of the entire community.
This exposition is an educational institution. Its influences extend to
all parts of the pork-raising world. Its types should be accepted as of
the most approved and accepted ones. Its characteristics should be in
line with breed improvement. Its lessons should be true ones and un-
questioned in the information they provide. H. F. Hoffman, Washta,
Iowa, placed the awards.

POLAND CHINAS.

The Iowa State Fair has built up a well-earned reputation as being
the greatest exposition of Poland China excellence to be found in the
United States. Some of the show rings of the past years have been re-
markalle because of the wonderful uniformity of type, form and char-
acteristics. It is a fact beyond question that the Iowa State Fair has been
one of the greatest incentives to the production of good Poland China
hogs. While from year to year there has been a constant increase in
numbers brought to this fair, for some time there has been a falling
off in the stronger points and more desirable features of the animals
driven into the competitive rings. It is perhaps a fact unfortunate in its
influence upon the pork-producing interests of the "West that selfish in-
terests have so manipulated public sentiment as to have created dissen-
sions and unfair competition among the producers of the breed. Anyway
it is safe to say that the wide diversity of types as shown at the Iowa
State Fair this year and last have indicated a set of disorganized ideas
as to proper, practical and profitable form. The departure from agreed
type has brought about such extremes of dissension and ill-will that for
several seasons the management of the Iowa State Fair has looked upon
the selection of a judge who should be the means of satisfying a ma-
jority of exhibitors as a most difficult contract. Certain it is that ex-
hibitors have gradually assumed for themselves privileges which could
not we!l be accorded and which border closely upon a breach of common
courteiy. This situation culminated at the show of the present year in
a mcst unfortunate circumstance. The management of the Iowa State
F"air had selected as Poland China judge, Harvey Johnson, of Logan,
Iowa, an old-time breeder, a gentleman of absolute integrity and a business
man whose record is without blemish. Mr, Johnson consented to as-
sume the duties of judge only after considerable urging because of the
fact of ill health. As a matter of fact, his condition might readily have
excused him from assuming any of its duties. At the close of the sec-
ond day's judging the contentions of various disappointed exhibitors be-
came so loud and assumed such an attitude of discourtesy and injustice to
the judge that Mr. Johnson refused to complete the work. At the solicita-
tion of the management, J. M. Stewart, of Ainsworth, took up the remain-
ing classes and made the awards. In the early part of the show F. L. Rood,
of Clearfield, Iowa, acted as consulting judge with Mr. Johnson. Much
of the discord shown among breeders arises from their insufficient knowl-
edge of what has previously been accomplished. Size is not a late devel-
opm^ent of the Poland China hog. A quarter of a century ago King Te-
cumseh, a magnificent show hog of symmetrical proportions, style, finish

736 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

and quality was driven into the Iowa State Fair show ring as an 800-
pound yearling. A year or two later Free Trade followed in the same
line and was almost unanimously pronounced the greatest hog that ever
made 'the rounds of western fairs. L.'s Tecumseh, a champion, and Lea's
Wonder, a mammoth champion, both met the demand for size and at the
same time carried other attractive and desirable qualities. Still later
came Chief Tecumseh 3d, big, good and right all over and an individual
that would today be looked upon as a type practically beyond criticism.
In the same class belonged his son, Stsindard Chief, that had to his
credit the fact that he was the biggest yearling ever shown at the Iowa
State Fair. It is true that the influences of following a fad in popular
blood lines had harmful effect on the breed, but these influences might
readily be overcome by a common-sense method of selection and of prac-
tical methods of feeding.

CHESTER WHITES.

The Chester White division presented, as it did last year, a high stand-
ard of excellence and one which was a convincing demonstration that
the breed is constantly advancing on those points of excellence which go
to make a hog of the desirable sort. There is a close approach to breed
type throughout, a notable scale with sufficient finish to prove attractive
to old-fashioned showmen. The Iowa exhibitors made the most of their
opportunities and carried away with them a majority of the ribbons dis-
tributed by Mr. Gentry.

HAMPSHHIES.

With 297 head of hogs in the Hampshire pens, there was a notable
percentage of high-class animals carrying strong breed characteristics
and of an admirable bacon type. There was a perceptible advance of bacon
form over that shov/n by the breed last year. Taken as a whole, no breed
showed greater average excellence. The number of Iowa breeders who
entered the competitions was great and a majority of them presented suf-
ficient merit to carry off a good share of the premiums.

BEBKSHIRES.

The Berkshire exhibit was more nearly than ever an exclusive repre-
sentation of Iowa swine, there being but one exhibitor from outside the
state. The younger classes showed rather more merit than the older ones
but on the whole the exhibit was called one of credit to the breed.

YORKSHIRES.

Two herds of Yorkshires brought together a collection of 63 animals
of that breed. These were B. F. Kunkle, Redfield, Iowa, and F. M. Buck,
La Porte, Ind. The hogs shown were good specimens of the breed. The
absence of Iowa exhibitors was due to the presence of disease during the
preceding season. Ribbons were awarded by C. C. Roup.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 737

SHEEP.

The sheep department of the Iowa State Fair was large enough this
year to overflow the pens provided for the exhibits and because of this one
wing of the swine pavilion was used as sheep quarters. Although in many
of the classes outside exhibitors were a little too strong for Iowa con-
testants, yet there were a number of instances where blue ribbons were
carried away by Iowa exhibitors.

Breeders Gazette, Chicago, III.

The fat lands of Iowa never laughed so riotously at the harvest as
in this year of grace. The season's opening was not auspicious. Tem-
peratures below normal and an excess of water gave late start to
farming operations, and the crop year in dependable Iowa opened in
doubt. Gradually under the wooings of more congenial environment
the fields of the Hawkeye state took on more seasonable aspect, until
forced by timely and well distributed heat and moisture the glorious
early harvests have been shouted home, and the unprecedented ton-
nage of stalks and ears now borne by the cornfields of the state await
a period of maturity only a little longer than usual. Never has such
wealth been mined from Iowa soil in a crop year. Assuming fruition
of the corn fields — and little apprehension is entertained on that score —
the farmers of the state will have garnered materially in excess of any
year's production in the history of the commonwealth. Here and there
conditions fall a trifle below the average, under the influence of local
disturbances, but so broad a smile has never before v/reathed the agri-
cultural countenance of the state.

The expansion of the state fair is no less notable than its perman-
ence. Men of broad vision have utterly failed to comprehend the de-
velopment to which these institutions have attained in the past ten
years, and that to which they are unrestrainedly headed. The agricul-
tural fair is more or less the creature of the weather, but in modern
days seasons of limited production or weeks of untoward weather alike
prove futile to prevent appealing displays of the agricultural resources
of the state at these exhibitions. The state fair has struck that gait
which goes on forever. It may hesitate but never halts under the handi-
cap of unfavorable seasons. No fair more clearly than Iowa testifies
to this gratifying condition. In leaner years it has served as a reminder
of the fat years, and if gate receipts are lessened by a day's rain, the
turnstiles click all the more merrily the succeeding day. As an exponent
of a year of memorable yield the fair at Des Moines last week fulfilled
as admirably its mission as it has in times gone by when smiles did not
chase themselves in endless procession over the faces of farmers. It was
all that fairly could be required of such an exhibition in such a state and
in such a year of plenty.
47

738 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Those who "grouch" at the expenditure of tax money on public edu-
cational schemes wonder why the state fair never ceases to importune for
additional appropriations. They evidently never saw, or else beheld
without appreciation, a small boy outgrow his pants. Few fairs have
builded beyond their present necessities. Most of them have made the
mistake of exercising a small faith. Iowa continues to meet the ex-
pansion of its great exhibition as well as finances will allow. No less
than $68,000 were expended on material improvements for the show
this year. The most noteworthy betterment was the acquisition of ten
acres of land in the southwest corner of the grounds, adjoining the
railroad tracks, at a cost of $13,000. This opens up the machinery
exhibit, which has been sadly congested the past few years, and affords a
fine and prominent setting for this material feature of the v*'eek's dis-
play. Visitors by trolley and vehicles come first in touch with this
department, so there is no longer sequestration of these important ex-
hibits. Streets have been laid through the new addition and when
final finish is given by their permanent surfacing, the department for
outdoor exhibits will leave nothing to be desired. When the other half
of the splendid machinery hall is completed — funds for which will be
sought from the state — it is believed that most of the exhibits now in
special buildings on the east of the track can be consolidated in the
machinery hall, so that the department will be no longer divided.

The importance of sufficient and convenient transportation facilities
has always been appreciated at Des Moines. For many years the train
service furnished by the Rock Island has been v/ithout a superior in the
country, and it is maintained at a high state of efficiency. The trolley
is far less comfortable and more time-killing, but the people demand it
by reason of its lower fare and greater convenience of access in the
city, and every effort has been made to perfect this service so far as its
natural limitations permit. The addition to the grounds allowed the
building of a new trolley station which when completed will be 260 feet
long, 100 feet of that space having been already finished. This not only
doubles the length of the unloading track, permitting eight cars to
discharge and load passengers simultaneously, all under cover, but it
affords track storage room for from 25 to 30 cars. The improvement
in this respect is material. With improved facilities for trolley service,
the reliable and comfortable trains, and the motorcars, the thousands
who crowded the grounds were transported in far better fashion than
ever before.

The most striking improvement in interior equipment was the new
horse barns. These were built as a cress section of the fine barns which
have given such complete satisfaction, and now two-fifths of the contem-
plated ^ructure has been erected. The addition affords stalls for 130
draft horses and 132 ponies, together with a carriage section 60 by 132
feet, — an equipment wanting on any other fair ground, and greatly ap-
preciated by those exhibitors who contribute to the entertaining harness

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XHI 739

horse shows. The addition covers a space of 156x224 feet and is con-
structed of brick and steel, with roomy aisles admirably fitted for the
display of the equine exhibits in their stalls. The remaining old frame
barns have been removed from their historic setting around the former
show circle and placed in line to the west of the new structure. A
straightaway exercising and show track and a show arena have been
provided south of the barns, and the department is thus admirably
equipped.

Further expenditure was incurred in laying about 100,000' square feet
of cement floor in the machinery hall and agricultural building. Two
new bleachers, each 192 feet long and holding 5,500 people, answer in
part the demands made for seats to view the races and infield attrac-
tions. A total of 12,500 people can now find seats, but at times it was esti-
mated that from 30,000 to 40,000 people were congested about the grand-
stand and home stretch of the track.

Ample facilities had early been provided for keeping the stock well
washed but it seems somewhat of an afterthought — none of the less wel-
come— to establish a dozen shower baths in the swine exhibition pavilion
for the use of live stock exhibitors. The herdsman's lot is hard enough,
and all such conveniences which minister to his comfort and self-
respect are hailed with marked appreciation.

This brief story of the improvements in the staging of this exhibition
leads to the enumeration of novel features of the show. We should class
the State Fair Boys' Camp of prime importance. All but about ten
counties in the state were represented and the plan was followed that
was brought first into prominence at the Illinois State Fair. The state
board held supervision of the camp, which was in direct charge of
the Y. M. C. A. superintendent of county work. Lectures and instruc-
tion at the different exhibits were given by the agricultural college
professors. The youngsters from the vantage point of their camp on the
bill certainly found inspiration enough to repay the cost of this most
commendable feature of modern state fairs.

The baby show drew much attention. Health and physical develop-
ment not beauty was the standard and the application of the accepted
standard of physical development in infants afforded lessons which should
prove beneficial. Ample basis exists for estimating the young of the
human species upon the same basis of physical excellence as the young
of other animals. We shall think and act more sensibly and less sensi-
tively on this subject in time.

The fish and game exhibit grows in interest. It is the start of a
feature of this character which will serve as a foundation. Under
canvas the tanks of fish and pens of pheasants drew throngs of visitors,
and laid a sure basis of appeal for a legislative appropriation of $25,000
to place this engaging and instructive exhibit on a permanent basis.

740 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Redemption proceeds apace in the agricultural building. Its roof
shelters the products of Iowa soil, and the boomers of other farm lands
made their displays under canvas in other parts of the ground. The
regeneration of the exhibits in this building has been gratifying. Many
square feet were devoted to exhibits of individual farm products, and
in these farm displays he who runs may read an astonishing record of
versatility and excellence of production. If one stops to count the dif-
ferent products he will lose time on his schedule, as they are not quickly
enumerated. Taste was evinced in their presentation and the home
pride kindled by such displays must inevitably engender corresponding
sentiment in the minds of other farmers.

The small grain exhibits were amazing. Corn of course is in the
making, and a small show from last year's fields gave hint only of
the maize possibility of the state, but the sheafs of small grain bore con-
firmatory evidence of the sensational yields reported from all sections of
the state where the separators have been at work.

The State Dairy and Food Commission is to be credited with excellent
missionary work. Its exhibits were attractive and its facts and figures,
briefly presented in predigested form, were very convincing.

Up on the hill the agricultural college at Ames made very complete
representation of its leading lines of work, and bright young men were
in attendance to add whatever of explanation the visitor desired. A
lecture room was filled twice a day and a capital lift was thus given
to the serious educational w^ork of the fair. The public school exhibit,
presenting the handiwork of the modern schools which train the hand as
well as the head, continues to impress itself on visitors.

More than 2^200 people were camped on the grounds for the greater
part of the week. The camp ground on the hill among the beautiful
trees was this year laid out in streets and alleys, so skillfully that
vehicles could be navigated along them without cutting out any of the
trees. Each tent was numbered and a directory maintained at camp
headquarters, so any camper could be readily located by callers. This
way of seeing and studying the fair is steadily growing in popularity.

Not every Iowa farmer owns an auto. Not all who own cars came to
the fair. But in another year it will become a problem as to parking
the cars during the day. They now line the main streets in a solid
row, but their increase is so rapid that in a few years space must be
found outside the grounds for their storage during the day. Most of
them were palpably farmers' cars. The man at the steering wheel indi-
cated it and his passengers confirmed it. Some came with tent poles and
canvas roped onto the side of the car, with other camp outfit on the
trunk rack. It seemed that nearly every car had a different town pen-
nant, and they came from miles away. The Iowa dirt roads are notor-
iously good. The road drag has solved that problem for most months in
the year. The law requires its use. No road is so good for a motor car
as a smooth dirt road, and motoring is in high and growing favor in
Iowa.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 741

The automobile exhibit was gathered under the grandstand. The
floor space was filled with cars of standai-d makes, the medium priced
ones in the majority, and aisles were simply thronged with farmers
seeking information concerning motor cars. In encouraging automobile
exhibits fair managers undoubtedly add an attraction of great interest.

A bench show, with an extra small admission fee, demonstrated the
possibilities in a state fair exhibition of dogs. Its popularity was very
plain. The classification was open to improvement, and already com-
petent authority has been engaged to perfect it for another year. Several
Chicago exhibitors sent entries of unusual excellence and a kennel show
is firmly established as a drawing feature at this fair.

The pike was inoffensive. It has been gathered apart unto itself. Its
nearest tent is 60 feet back from the street, and its entrance is not con-
spicuous. People who w^ant that sort of diversion can find it on inquiry,
and those who do not, need not know that it is on the grounds. The
authorities vouched for the decent character of these shows, as they
were winnowed out before engagement.

The Coliseum night shows played to crowded houses. Scarcely a night
did accommodations suffice to hold those who willingly paid an extra
half dollar to see these arena performances. A little horse show was
sandwiched in, together with contrasting exhibitions of the Morris
six-horse team, and the Heyl six-in-hand of Shetland ponies, hitched to
a miniature truck — a novel and entertaining feature. The unusually
high class of horses in harness and under saddle permitted some very
interesting events which were judged as a part of the Coliseum night
programs. The arena was beautifully lighted and handsomely decorated
with flags and bunting, and enlivening music was furnished in abun-
dance. While the grandstand at the race track was packed each night
with people who viewed the special attractions which ended with fire
works, the Coliseum also drew overflowing houses. As money-makers
these night attractions have so thoroughly proved themselves that the
student of such exhibitions wonders that any state fair has so far lagged
behind the procession as to fail to incorporate them in its program.

The racing was very entertaining. The half mile track breaks no
records, but the events were races, not processions, and the crowd
greatly enjoyed them. Specialty acts, including airships that sailed
beautifully, separated the races, and there was something on the carpet
every minute in front of the grandstand.

The gate receipts at this fair ran uniformly ahead of last year. The
weather was of the regulation corn brand. The furnace seven times

742 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

heated may have been hotter; if so Shadrach and the rest of them must
have been a trifle scorched. But the heat was badly needed to mature
the wonderful corn crop, and so all smiled and perspired. A shower
broke on Monday morning but people were well out at the grounds before
it came. Wednesday carried the threat of rain most of the day, but gate
receipts were seemingly not affected. At this early writing nothing
definite as to financial outcome can be submitted, but the first half of
the week certainly brought gratifying returns to the state fair coffers.

The live stock departments were numerously filled. This story will
be developed somewhat in detail, but in brief, numbers held up well,
although in a few sections the absence of leading breeders and im-
porters caused a lowering of the average excellence. Horses occu-
pied the Coliseum arena in the morning and cattle in the afternoon, so
that the dangerously congested condition witnessed in the arenas of
some state fairs, when both cattle and horses are in the arena simul-
taneously, was absent. The judging for the most part presented the
conclusions of trained men and was largely accepted without murmur by
exhibitors. The entire record of this show was creditable alike to the
management and the exhibitors who contributed to one of the most
satisfying fairs ever held in the cornbelt.

THE SHORT-HORNS.

Exhibitors were plentiful enough and top entries appeared in all rings,
although the sensation of numbers usually seen in this arena was want-
ing. It was largely an Iowa show, although Wisconsin, Illinois, Mis-
souri, Nebraska and Kansas breeders also made entries. Some splendid
cattle were forward, but in many classes after the tops were sorted the
average of excellence dropped off rather sharply. The absence of a
number of the most prominent herds of recent years occasioned a gap
among the real good ones that was plainly noticeable. Very few com-
mon ones were shown; nearly all the entries were of useful character
and most of them well conditioned, but candor compels the comment
that the exhibit as a whole, did not rank with the great shows on
these grounds in recent years.

It fell to A. J. Ryden, Abingdon, 111., to make official choice of
candidates for honors, and his work lined up largely with the prevailing
sentiment. In one or two classes there was a very active "post mortem"
by ringside talent after the ribbons were tied.

THE BULL CLASSES.

Diamond Goods from Missouri successfully coped with imported White
Star among the company of aged bulls. This son of Good Choice is some-
what of a wonder in his way. He is so extremely wide and deep that he
looks more of a "chunk" than he really is. His weight is quite sufficient
as a three-year-old and in his massiveness, his trueness of outline and
set of underpinning the bull commands profound respect. The thickness
of this bull, the smoothness with which he is covered, the heft of hind

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XHI 743

quarter and the general balance give him prominent place in any com-
pany of the latter day bulls. White Star charms with his front, but fails
somewhat by comparison with his rival in hind quarter and hind legs.
Scotch Avon is a strong thick rather upstanding roan. Sultan Stamp,
the white, differentiated the type in the two-year-olds rather strongly.
Count Avon, on the more "Scotchy" order, moved up the line until he
encountered Type and then he stopped. Such scale as Sultan Stamp
carries is not often seen. From his nose to his hips he is decidedly im-
pressive, and with his difference in type it looked like first or nowhere.
Count Avon has the advantage of him in hind quarters. He is certainly
a most taking sort, low, wide, well-fleshed and nicely finished, with full-
fashioned rounds and an attractive way of standing squarely on his
pins. King Cumberland 2d is a real blocky one, and barring a little
plainness at the tail head is very even. The roan Corrector certainly
has scale to commend him, ranking in this respect with the head of the
class.

The roan senior yearling Gloster Fashion never was headed after he
set foot in the arena. He walked in a winner and this finely colored
roan, with his ample size, palpable substance and grand top seems facing
a career full of distinction. Silver Sultan has a lot of stretch to him
and he is deep, but scarcely so well rounded in rib as the one ahead of
him. Gay Lord carries less scale but more evenness. The junior year-
lings were not the strongest class in the show. The senior bull calves
mustered nearly a score, quite uniform in merit and decidedly useful in
type. Gloster Mine, the leader, is a very shapely roan, with level lines
and a good crest, but failing of the depth shown by Cumberland's Pride.
This latter is a real sappy one, heavy ended and full flanked and well
spread through the chine. The tidy well-spread youngster Village Cum-
berland, quite evenly turned, was at the top of the junior calves, followed
by Scotch Goods, a longer-bodied and higher-up calf, with attractive level-
ness. The square-ended Clipper Stamp was in the fighting.

THE FEMALE SECTION.

When imported Fair Start 2d was passed up to premier honors among
the cows, the remainder of the company did not long detain the judge. This
familiar roan cow shows a little evidence of show yard service, but
withal is fairly fresh and extremely comely, with charming feminine
character. Her excellence through the foreribs is rarely equaled. New
Year's Delight is showing a most attractive front, but wants somewhat
in the hind quarter. One or two real "double deckers" were in this com-
pany. The two-year-olds were much more impressive in their average
character. The roans Mary Ann of Oakland 2d and Queen Mildred car-
ried honors for the Illinois herd. Whatever may have been the rating
of these heifers heretofore, their present form made the judge's preference
for the Glenbrook Sultan heifer a rather self-evident proposition. She
is swinging an udder of remarkable size for so thick and fat a heifer.
Mildred preserves her blockiness and with her mate makes a strong pair.
Sultan's Aconite meets you most attractively and there is a depth and a

744 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

breadth of top that pleases. Mildred of Oakland had no difficulty in
topping the class of senior yearlings, as in her shape, size and substance
she presented undeniable claims.

Quite likely the best class of the females was the junior yearlings and
here they fell out as to relative excellence. The big upstanding wide-
topped roan Her Excellence stopped down third in the row, but she
had warm friends for best honors. The type of 78th Duchess of Gloster,
a real rolly-polly and ripe, is apt to win favor even as against more
scale and spread. Touch Me Not is off the same piece, only a little more
of length and height, so that it was suggestive a trifle of a step ladder
in the upward tendency from the first to the third prize heifer. One of
the low-down type came forward among the capital senior heifer calves,
15 in numbers, and 79th Duchess of Gloster kept a blue ribbon in Iowa.
She is a choice lass, close pressed by Sittyton Anna, a calf of splendid ribs
and loin, but a trifle higher up. From the Anoka pair. Spicy of Anoka
was chosen for third honors, and she is shapely and well fleshed, but the
attractively lined white Fancy Mine will need watching as she matures.
Bonnie Cumberland 8th is off the same piece as her senior stall mate.
She held the best place in the line of 15 juniors, and pleased with her
rotundity and character. Hill Krest Lassie stood above the red nugget
Victoria of "Wayside, but the latter had strong points for a little more
favor.

The group competitions brought out their usual features of interest,
while the championships held close attention. Diamond Goods made his
way through the lists, and emerged a very creditable grand champion
at this fair.

THE HEREFORDS.

The honors for uniformity of excellence of the highest class palpably
lay with the Herefords on these grounds. Numerically the exhibit ranked
well with the most notable opening shows, and from a critical standpoint
it was generally conceded that never had toppers been in more plentiful
supply in any breed at an Iowa fair. Rarely has this breed disappointed
its supporters in its exhibition form. Some years have witnessed a
waning of interest, but for more than a quarter of a century the "white-
faces" have been reliably counted on to furnish sensational features in
the beef cattle section. Never has the traditional record of the breed
been more stoutly sustained. The Des Moines exhibit goes into history
as one of the most impressive, most stoutly contested and cleanest shows
the breed has made in America.

The exhibitors are entitled to the credit for this demonstration, re-
vealing in all respects a spirit of harmony that makes for push.

Awards were recorded at the direction of Frank W. Van Natta, Fowler;
Ind., one of the most successful breeders and extensive exhibitors, and
he had plenty of problems of a distracting character, which he solved
from a well seasoned point of view.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 745

THE BULLS.

The fight was on from the first. The seven aged bulls saluted like
gladiators and revealed a wealth of character and flesh. The class was
finally headed by the old-time winner Fairfax 16th, which has come into
a real sensational form, approached from the standpoint of scale, char-
acter, wealth of flesh and smoothness from end to end. He ran a winning
race to the grand championship, every inch of the way hotly contested.
Standard is closer to the ground and a wide and bulky one, somewhat
mellower, but wanting the finish of hind quarter which rounds out the
strength of the Missouri bull. Tippecanoe carries the most scale of the
three and is an impressive bull, but fails somewhat in spring of forerib
compared to the two set above him. Beau Sturgess 2d carries a hind
quarter of remarkable shape and weight. They came strong as the show
progressed. An undeniable head among the two-year-olds was Prince
Perfection and this is high praise when his chief rival, Corrector Fair-
fax, is considered. Rarely has so big, bulky, smooth and even a two-
year-old been accounted to the credit of the breed as Prince Perfection,
and with all his beef he carries a world of Hereford character. Corrector
Fairfax lacks his size and bulk, but is a flash one, with impressive head
and crest, the most level lines and a taking rotundity. The senior year-
lings, led by Graceful Lad 3d, marked a spot where excellence suffered
a slight set-back, but the standard by which they were compared was
high. The ten juniors made more impressive bows, following the lead of
Prizewinner, which commands supreme respect for his spread of frame
and strength at both ends. He carries hindquarters of unusual heft and
fleshing, and his weight is smoothly disposed. Straight-lined and some-
what more upstanding is Beau Fairfax, with a bull head and neat tail
finish. The senior bull calves held material of much promise, and found
a leader in Repeater 7th, which sent the third of the possible half-dozen
blue ribbons among the bulls to the Harris herd. The top notcher among
the juniors was found in Duke Real, much on the "dumpling" order.

THE FEMALE CLASSES.

Much of show yard history was represented in the company of cows.
They were fresh indeed considering the campaigning to which some of
them had been subjected. When Mr. Van Natta had lined them up and
found Prime Lady 2d close at the top ranged alongside the champion
Scottish Lassie, he requested to be relieved of the decision as he had
sold the Prime Lady 2d to the Indiana exhibitors at the top price of his
dispersion sale. By agreement of Messrs. Van Natta and Mr. Cudahy
the claims of the contestants were referred to Charles Escher, Jr., for
adjustment. Prime Lady 2d brought into the ring the pledge of her
usefulness, while Scottish Lassie left at home a calf of about the same
age. The champion of the past two years becomes the champion of the
opening exhibition of this season, according to the decision. Scottish
Lassie is just the same as ever, only more matronly. In her symmetry
and flesh and finish she presents a strength that has acquired for her un-
precedented show yard honors. The wide-ribbed Prime Lady 2d is broader

746 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

of top and very attractive in her finish. Gay Lass 5th, with her bulk
and bloom, looked a winner in almost any company and Princess 16th,
in taking form and finish, has not been accustomed to ratings so far
down. Lady Fairfax 4th is grandly topped and heavily fleshed. The
dozen two-year-olds made most unseemly contention uphead. It ended
with Perfection Lass in top place. This straight and round barreled
heifer is finely finished and presented few "holes." The sharpest fighting
was with Disturber's Lassie 4th which stood a trifle taller and carries
more depth. Amy Folly is low enough and carries a great top. The
ten senior yearlings developed a cap sheaf in Donald Lass 9th, of the
sweetest femininity and most attractive spread of loin. Princess Re-
peater was her stoutest opponent for chief honors.

The junior yearlings numbered eleven and the Cudahy cattle again took
up the running with Celandine 2d, so like the type of the former winners
from this herd that description is unnecessary. Miss Peerless Fairfax is
heavy ended, neat about the hips and level topped, while Folly Bird is
burlier throughout. The senior heifer calves included only a few among
the flfteen that could not be classed as prime. Pearl Donald, shapely,
round-ribbed, straight, completed a series of victories for the Cudahy cattle
which sent into the ring for the herd prize an unbroken line of blue-
ribbon cattle — a condition without precedent in the recollection of the
oldest "railbirds." Miss Gay Lad 7th is egg-like in her modeling, and
full fleshed in the rounds. Until the ribbons were hung she stood at the
top, and the rating was generally accepted. It is likely that the decision
which turned her down found least favor among onlookers of any that
Mr. Van Natta rendered. Nine fat furry-coated babies had a most de-
cided head in Miss Repeater 11th, the nugget of the show. She is several
kinds of a wonder in her spread, and her weight of smooth milk fat.
Gertrude Fairfax has more scale and is taller, with splendid turn of top,
but not so full fashioned in the hind end.

The championship was fought out between Fairfax 16th and Prince
Perfection and was a battle royal. Rarely has any breed presented so
impressive a contest. The decision left the younger bull to bide his day.

THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS.

Somewhat smaller in number than usual and by no means up to the
general average of merit displayed by this breed for many years at this
fair, is the summary of the situation in this section. It is a long cam-
paign from the last week of August to the first week in December and
many an animal that wanted somewhat of condition at this time will
be presented at the International in scarcely recognizable form. The
younger classes carried considerable promise, especially among the fe-
males. The awards were made by C. J. Martin, Churdan, la.

The smooth Kloman was the leader among the aged bulls, although
he lacks the strength and masculinity desired in such a winner. Erwin
C. is deeper bodied and quite smooth of top. Everblack possessed the
greatest scale and flesh and barring a somewhat prominent shoulder was

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XHI

747

quite smooth. The bull classes were not particularly impressive, although
something will doubtless come of some of the youngsters in time.

The low wide round Barbara Woodson was found for the blue ribbon
among the matrons, and went through to the champinship. The massive
Barbara McHenry 24th was better fitted in type for this honor, although
not quite so fresh. Eileen of Alta, that was placed second, has not the
finish of hindquarter to qualify her for such a position, although low set.
The two-year-olds afforded much greater satisfaction in their appearance

PRIZE WINNING ANGUS BULL
Iowa State Fair, 1912

as they sent forward as usual the best class of the exhibit. As Mr.
Martin had bred three of the entries awards in this class were made by
E. T. Davis. Blackcap McHenry 84th and Blackcap McHenry 88th were on
tlie list in the order named, the former a growthy, wide and thick-
fleshed heifer, of no little smoothness, and the latter wanting somewhat
in scale and thickness in comparison with her mate. Abbess of Alta
is a deep and shapely heifer. The McHenry cattle scored again in the
same positions among the senior yearlings and the same comments apply.
Metz Blackbird is a nicely topped lass. The juniors were few in num-

748 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ber, and were led by a McHenry entry. The senior calves aroused some
enthusiasm and Pride McHenry 108th was clearly the winner, as she is
rounded out well. A few real "wee" ones appeared among the junior
calves, the winner being the shapely Blackcap of Alta.

THE GALLOWAYS.

Classes of moderate numbers but brimming full of quality beef came
before Charles Escher, Jr., the judge of Galloways. The breed made an
excellent showing, for the average character of the cattle was on a
high plane and there were no inferior or very thin animals to detract
from the favorable impression the exhibit created.

Straub Brothers started the winning with the big thick-fleshed smooth
three-year-old bull Marquis, a more masculine impressive type of a sire
than his one competitor. They showed an outstanding winner in the
next class. This bull Choicemaster resembles Marquis in type and is a
son of the noted sire Captain 4th of Tarbreoch. The Hechtner entry
has considerably more substance than the Huff bull. There were half
a dozen good yearlings, of which the level fleshy smooth Casino was se-
lected for the blue ribbon. He is larger and wider than his nearest rival.
The third bull Prince Favorite is level and growthy but lacks flesh at
present. A wonderfully solid, thickly covered little fellow named Minnie's
Favorite was brought to the front from the Hechtner herd among the
four senior bull calves. He is also lower set and more pleasing in char-
acter than the larger Monarch 5th. Handsome 4th, the winner among
the juniors, is a very growthy meaty straight-backed youngster. There
was a beautiful line-up of stately shaggy matrons with Ladylike declared
the winner. As a low wide level beef type she leaves little to be desired
and is extra strong in hindquarters. She is of wider mold than the
next one and both of these are stronger of top line than the third. Some
excellent heifers appeared in subsequent classes.

THE POLLED DURHAMS.

There was not a large exhibit of Polled D'urhams but the entries had
been selected with discrimination reflecting alike the success of breeders
and a pride in their productions. The awards were made by E. R.
Silliman, Colo, la.

Only two aged bulls appeared, and The Baron, a son of The Confessor,
is the larger, wider and smoother. Mr. Miller's roan two-year-old Sultan's
Creed, beefy and full of character, headed the next class handily. The
Achenbach senior yearling, big and level of top, headed his class, and the
Miller junior yearling Brawith Mint, one of the big sappy sort, beat the
smooth dressy Illustrator. More rivalry developed in the senior calf class,
where the mellow meaty straight-backed Serene Sultan won another
blue for the Miller herd, his chief opponent being the big Huntley
calf Red Champion, built on a less level pattern but wide in the hind
rib and thighs. He carried more flesh than the third one. A very

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 749

growthy junior calf was shown successfully by Mr. Jennings although
not so neat and solid as Mr. Miller's white True Sultan.

Mr. Miller sent in two cows that outclassed their rivals. The red
Lady Marshall carries a world of flesh on a frame of ample spread,
although Wanderer's Trophy is of a tidier pattern, very straight-lined
and wide. The white Miller two-year-old Lady Confidence is another of
the blocky sort and much smoother of flesh than the thick Queenly. In
senior yearlings the Miller entry Capacious Sultana, as her name im-
plies, has an advantage in size and breadth as well as in finish. The
attractive Sultan of Anoka character also distinguished the Miller calf
Lady of Quality although she is scarcely so smoothly turned as the
lighter fleshed Malvina.

THE RED POLLS.

Never in the history of the fair has the public been treated to such
an illuminating presentation of the merits of Red Polls. The breed
stood third in numerical representation on the ground. Always before
there has been considerable divergence in type and there has commonly
been a rear delegation of sub-standard merit. Surprising uniformity
of pattern prevailed throughout the classes, when the fact is considered
that the dual-purpose ideals of the breed demand a combination of char-
acters. The breeders have made great advances in the last few years,
and this show marks a culmination of efforts doubtless destined to bear
much fruit. The results are evident. Straight backs, wide level hind
quarters, deep middles, and neat shoulders constitute a foundation which
supports a wealth of flesh in the dry cows and bulls and swings big
soft udders swelling to capacious dimensions when fresh. There was no
more diflJicult task in the cattle department than that assigned to Prof.
J. W. Wilson, Brookings, S. D., of picking the intermediate type. Among
animals unavoidably presented in various degrees of flesh in the older
female classes it w^ould test the judgment of a master breeder. He worked
with great deliberation but close students of the breed took exception
to a number of his ratings, which left some animals far down the list
merely because they carried a bit more or less fat than others. There
was a w^ealth of good material from which to pick and the rivalry of ex-
hibitors was keen.

The typical Teddy's Best scored in the opening tilt, excelling in size,
covering, smoothness and capacity of middle the neat Reno. He marched
right on to the grand championship. Tlie thin Ruberta's Goods has
an exceptionally dep hind rib. In the two-year-old class a big smooth
fat one appeared named Sir William, but he had to be content with a
position below^ the more angular Breadwinner. The senior yearling Paul
excels in character, quality and depth and stands on shorter legs than
the very level Jay Rose or the coarser Luna Lad 15th. Considerable
argument arose over the junior yearling class of ten in w^hich two sons
of Teddy's Best stood flrst and fifth. The first one is high set, deep
chested and thinr the last in line is fat, more thrifty and shorter of leg
although lacking somewhat in middle capacity. It was claimed that they
should stand closer together in such company. The senior calves were

750 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

led by a beautiful type combining a fair thickness of flesh with finish and
great depth. The dozen juniors gave the judge considerable trouble.
His choice finally fell on a rather small one of no great finish of back
but great length of rib and a good hide, while a rather beefy muscular
one came next and a growthy thin youngster third.

No breed could boast of a more representative class of aged matrons.
Several have been patterns of the breed for a decade. The familiar
figure of eleven-year-old Cora, winner of championships in former years,
was conspicuous for the immense udder, long ribs and silky quality
combined with a neatly padded frame and straight topline suggestive
of a tendency to take on considerable flesh when dry. Fresh, as at
present, she seemed to smack a little too much of dairy appearance to
suit the judge and so she was left entirely out of consideration. Be-
tween five-year-old Lena, six-year-old Liza and seven-year-old Inas there
was close competition for first place. Their final alignment was as
named, the Clouss entry being conspicuous 'for her neat low-set pattern
and large though not very shapely udder. She won the grand champion-
ship. The Arp entry Liza is larger and very deep, while her udder even
when dry shows ample extension. Inas carries considerable beef but
swings a good milk gland also. There were a dozen fine two-year-old
heifers, and the blue decoration fell naturally to the very typical
Gazelle.

A very close class appeared with the call for senior yearling heifers
and at the next call a lot of fourteen exceptional junior yearlings con-
tinued the judicial difficulties. The big sweet-faced "breedy" Ida Loo
boasts of such great udder development that her claims seemed un-
deniable. Breed character is also stamped plainly on the deep stately
Pansy with which the Clouss herd annexed the chief honor in senior
calves. Some of the others have larger udders. The showing of groups
was very impressive. Eight herds, including forty head, fairly filled
one side of the arena with Red Poll splendor.

THE BEEF STEERS.

The steer show was small in number of entries and smaller still in
the number that reached the ringside. However, it developed a grand
champion s^eer in Hazlett's Hereford calf Blanco, that was little short
of sensational.

The Short-horn classes were not filled until the calves were reached,
but the Tietjen winner was a very nice-typed sappy calf that showed
at a disadvantage from a week's sickness. L. C. Oloff, a new steer
exhibitor, showed a junior calf in beautiful bloom that met much favor
from the ringside. He lacked somewhat in type and fell to third place.
The grade Short-horns produced a good steer in John D., which is C. A.
Saunders' two-year-old. He is a fieshy fellow and nice-lined, but lacks
somewhat in shoulder covering and filling of outer thighs. He made a
strong bid for grand champion, however.

W. J. Miller showed Angus without competition. C. A. Tow showed
an excellent bunch of Herefords but had all he could do to handle
the Cassady entries. The Hazlett calf was the pick of the breed.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 751

The judges from each breed placed the grand champion ribbons as
a committee. There was much less friction than usual in such cases
and the awards were rapidly made. Frank W. Van Natta was unable
to remain and J. P. Cudahy took his place. His work was eminently
stisfactory and adds another name to the list of breeder judges.

THE DAIRY BREEDS.

A representative exhibit of dairy cattle occupied the east side of the
arena each afternoon. At times the judges were working on five breeds
at once so there was exceptional opportunity for such comparison as
onlookers might wish to make. A generally close adherence to utility
dairy standards was apparent in all the exhibits. Lively competition
developed in most of the classes, with several exhibitors contending.
Ayrshires, however, were shown only by Adam Seitz- of Wisconsin, but
the excellence of his cattle was so strongly in evidence that their ap-
pearance in the ring attracted much admiration.

THE HOLSTEIX-FEIESIAXS.

Four herds of Holsteins, all of carefully winnowed material, were
sufficient to present the breed in a favorable light. Familiar showring
victors of the last few years were included in the number, and the re-
mainder conformed closely to the same high standard of excellence.
There were no thick shoulders, short ribs nor beefy thighs. Dairy con-
formation was pronounced throughout each class, and capacious shapely
udders were the rule. The honor of passing upon so distinguished a
company, representing the upper level of the heaviest milking breed
in the world, was conferred upon Dr. M. B. Wood, Mankato, Minn., and
he went about his work with evident appreciation of its responsibilities.
On the whole he made a consistent alignment in most classes.

The sedate massive Rockdale Perfection De Kol proclaimed in the
very first class that lowana Farms would be heard from. He has tre-
mendous capacity and a soft hide. Of the two White bulls the third-
prize winner is really deeper and of somewhat more attractive type than
the second, although the latter has a very strong back. The Nelson
two-year-old, although rather highset, is more level of top throughout
than his opponent, and likewise shows better finish. With yearlings also
the Nelson herd was successful, but in the older calves, Frank White
broke into prominence with a very stylish, masculine, deep chested,
velvet-skinned youngster. The second bull is of less vigorous appearance
but has a great middle. A growthy calf of much quality won among
the younger calves.

A big business-like matron carried the lowana Farms' standard to
the front of the aged cow class. This Lady Ocean Queen De Kol, at five
years of age, has a conspicuous depth of middle and ample spread to
her shapely udder. The cow winning second place for Frank White
likewise has an udder of great size, and it milks out to a very soft
texture. Her mate coming next has greater abdominal and chest capacity.

752 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Among the three-year-olds an outstanding winner and the grand cham-
pion was shown by Mr. Nelson, a heifer of beautiful front and form
with silky quality, shapely udder and large veins. She has neater thighs
than the next one as well as more apparent capacity than either the sec-
ond or third. Seven typical two-year-olds filled their class nicely, and the
victory went to Frank White on a young cow that has already produced
84 pounds of milk in one day. As might be expected, she has a huge
mammary system, while her type and quality are of the best. A very
promising neat heifer came next, but the one in third place has superior
size of udder. A very sweet senior yearling of lowana Farms was brought
out in rather high flesh but with distinct dairy form and unusual udder
development which won due recognition. Chief honors in the younger
classes went to the White heifers. The junior yearling, a winner at Chi-
cago last fall has outstanding form and udder. In a class of sixteen
good calves of the older division the winner had an advantage in breedi-
, ness and capacity as compared with her chief rival, and a great spread of
rib also distinguished the leading junior heifer.

THE JERSEYS.

The Jersey classes were finely filled with numbers running up to a
dozen and over in some of the younger divisions. Altogether it was an
exhibit of rare merit. Animals of showring fame were plentiful and
great families were represented. W. L. Hunter, Lincoln, Neb., an old
time exhibitor, undertook the difficult task of assigning positions in the
prize-list and at times found some little dissent from his views.

The famous Stockwell's Fern Lad, low-set, very deep, spare of form
and stately of bearing had no great difficulty in following up to the
grand championship his victory in the initial class. His chief com-
petitor among the aged bulls was the darker aggressive Beauvoir's King,
while the rather fleshy but stylish Combination Golden Prince had to be
content with third place. A very "breedy" deep chested bull of extreme
quality got to the top among eight two-year-olds. Viola's Elmhurst
Prince, carrying considerable white, headed the yearlings by reason of his
evident constitution and quality, although rather shallow of flank. Among
the yearlings Western King's Chief, a stylish typical youngster of great
depth, only won fourth although many would have rated him higher.
There were ten of the older calves, two of which were conspicuous for
excellence of type. The deep quality bull won first place, but his mate
is a little finer of shoulder and boasts a bit more character of head.

Warder's Proud Beauty, a conspicuous prize-winner at last year's
shows, secured the premier honors among eleven matrons and finally the
grand championship. Her extreme depth of middle, great udder of the
finest quality, enormous veins and striking breed character are features
that brought her ahead of the smaller Couline, which has a very shapely
mammary system and exquisite countenance. An immense udder that
milks out well is possessed by Golden Maid's Princess Lady and she
is stronger of back than the smaller Kate's Mabel. The seven three-
year-old cows furnished a pleasing line-up in which a beautiful form and
exceptional udder came first, a deep body, short legs and good udder,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 753

second, and a rather light middle and delicate build, third. The ten
two-year-olds furnished some discussion because the two logical winners
of first and second were not followed more closely by the sweet Rose
Tulip's Sultana that only got fifth. She is of capacious build and has a
very large udder with nicely placed teats. The first prize for senior
yearlings went to a heifer of great milk gland and very pleasing type,
although rather longer of leg than her mate winning second. Third
prize was awarded to a heifer with an udder cut up deeply between
the quarters. Some favored for this position the fifth heifer, a very
deep-bodied sweet-fronted youngster of beautiful udder development al-
though not in milk. Even more mammary expansion perhaps, although
less body capacity, is possessed by the fourth heifer. The younger
classes brought out numbers of promising sweet-faced daintily built
heifers.

THE GUEENSEYS.

Small classes of Guernseys occupied the attention of Prof. W. P.
Forbes, Lincoln, Neb., in the distribution of ribbons. Throughout the
lots there was a uniformity of type and refinement of character seldom
displayed by the breed. J. H. Williams of Wisconsin and Wilcox &
Stubbs of Iowa, were the exhibitors, and deserve credit for making a
favorable showing.

The vigorous deep-bodied Holden 4th had no competition in the aged
class for bulls. His herd mate Bob Rihna was conspicuous among the
two-year-olds because of the size, constitution, character and vim he dis-
played. The yearling winner has a very long rib, is very open between
the thighs and has winsome quality. The second bull is of more muscu-
lar build. An advantage in head and top line distinguished Queen's
Prince in the senior calf class.

A very good class of cows appeared, bearing ample evidences of milk-
ing capacity. The two at the top have great udders, and the first
carries the gland higher behind although she is somewhat cut up be-
tween the quarters. She is a quality cow and evidently producing
heavily. Twin two-year-olds of similar type secured the most desirable
positions in their class for Wilcox & Stubbs, and the same exhibitors
scored second and third on a pair of twin senior heifer calves.

THE BROWN SWISS.

Three herds of the hardy Swiss dairy breed claimed the admiration
of the ringside and of Prof. W. P. Forbes who tied the ribbons. Allyn-
hurst Farm and H. W. Ayers of Wisconsin, and M. T. Anderson of Iowa
made the exhibition. In some cases it was thought by ringside critics
that a trifle too much emphasis was laid upon size at the expense of
dairy form.

The big burly typical Zell carried off chief honors among the bulls as
is his custom. In the next class Myone Boy has somewhat more dairy
shape than the winner although rather on the leg. The yearling Zell A
is very growthy and has the long rib of his famous sire.

48

754 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Twelve-year-old Upland Cuma, a rugged matron of tremendous capacity
and heavy in calf, had a close call when pitted against the sweet spare
long-ribbed Arlene which came out with an udder stretched to the limits
of its great expansion. A little too much leg and a great udder are
combined in Betty Allynhurst, while her chief rival among the three-
year-olds has a larger bread basket. Somewhat more recognition of
dairy type would have been secured in the two-year-old class if the deep-
flanked Susan Arrand 2d had been placed above the higher-set although
larger winner. Big growthy heifers, boasting character and mammary
development, won the chief places in the younger classes. Faithful old
Upland Cuma secured the purple ribbon among the females.

WITH THE SWINE.

Iowa with more than double the number of swine of any other state
i^ w^ell said to be the greatest hog-producing section in the world. This
fact may help to account for the size and quality of this great exhibit
of mortgage-lifters. While the total number of entries was about 700
head short of last year the pens were comfortably filled with 2,116
head, representing seven different breeds.

This shortage was due to the small crop of spring pigs, bad weather
getting in its deadly work at farrowing time. This has caused many
of the old-time exhibitors to give up showing altogether this year.

The quality of the exhibit w^as up to the standard of last year ex-
cept in case of spring pigs which lacked size and condition.

The Duroc-Jerseys and Poland-Chinas were first in numbers, register-
ing 894 and 722 head respectively. Interest in the Poland-Chinas cen-
tered around the large futurities stakes offered this year which brought
out over one hundred head of classy spring pigs. E. S. Barker of Iowa
was the big winner in this class, getting the three firsts. The aged
bear prize was won by Model Wonder by Smooth Wonder 2d, but he
lost grand championship to Robert's junior yearling Model by Big Knox,
a remarkably smooth boar of medium type. Grand champion sow was
won by Meharry on Louise Model by Bartar's Model, a sow of good
medium type with lots of quality. Harvey Johnson was slow in tying
the ribbons, being almost sick, but continued until the tying of cham-
pionship ribbons when J. M. Stewart was called in to take his place.
He adhered to a type having big frames. Lovers of less size and more
quality were a little disappointed.

The Duroc-Jersey entries, while nearly tw^o hundred short of last
year, showed the usual quality and high standard of excellence which
characterizes the breed. H. F. Hoffman sorted the rings which were
so evenly matched that quite often difference of opinion easily arose on
the selection of the winners. On the whole, pigs with backs well arched,
deep sides and well finished were given preference over size, width of
body and good feet. -The aged boar class was strong. Many had
Harding's Colonel Gano slated for first, but Prince Educator by In-
structor was given the place because of his smoothness and finish. He

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 755

was afterward defeated for grand championship by Waltemeyer's High
Model by Golden Model 2d, a boar with a well arched back having
plenty of size and a good pair of feet. The grand championship sow
was awarded to Davis on Chief Maid by Valley Chief, a good service-
able kind. Where smoothness of form and finish counted more Hank's
junior yearling Belle's Model would have won. Junior champion sow
was given to Allen on a Crimson Wonder Again yearling.

The Chester White show was stronger than last year in number and
quality of exhibits, a count showing 550. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo.,
judged these and also Berkshires in his masterly manner. The Hamp-
shire show was also large. Five years ago the first Hampshires were
granted a place in the swine department; this year there were counted
306 stripes. The exhibitors were very enthusiastic over the develop-
ment of this breed. The Berkshire entries were small but some good
ones were driven out. Rookwood Farm's champion boar Rival's Cham-
pion Best was a good one — smooth, with lots of quality and the best
of feet. Also lowana Farm's Robin's Girl, grand champion sow, was
worthy of mention.

Representatives to the number of 100 of the Yorkshire and Tam-
worth breeds were found on the ground and judged by C. C. Roup.

AMONG THE SHEEP.

The show differed somewhat from that of former years as it was
more of a test of results of breeding sheep at home. Usually the
exhibit is dominated by imported sheep, but this year the foot-and-
mouth disease has prevented importations and the American-breds were
left largely to themselves to fight out the various classes. With this
shortage of foreign sheep the total entries were practically as many as
last year which shows that sheep husbandry in this section is on the
increase.

The place of some of the old exhibitors who have retired from the
business was filled by new men, several from Iowa making their initial
appearance in the showring. These beginners came with sheep that
they were not afraid to enter in the open classes and while lacking
extreme fitting were representatives which appeal to the practical sheep
breeder. These men are producing sheep on their farms at a profit by
utilizing the cheap feeds which would otherwise be wasted, and as
people are comung to realize the advantage of substituting mutton for
beef on their tables the profits will increase accordingly.

Throughout the various classes with both the mutton and fine wools
competition was keen, the sheep showing more uniformity of type than
has been noticed in former years.

With the mutton sheep the Shropshire exhibit was the largest with
about 200 head, followed by ten Oxfords and Hampshires. The Shrop-
shire exhibit brought out a type of sheep that looked good from the
utility standpoint, having plenty of size, uniformity and quality.

756

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FIRST GET OF SIRE, OXFORDS
Iowa State Fair, 1912

J. C. Duncan, Lewiston, N. Y., tied tlie ribbons in the mutton classes
in a satisfactory manner, giving McKerrow & Son of Wisconsin, cham-
pion ewe, ram and flock in the open Shropshire class. E. L. Bitterman
was the largest exhibitor and winner from Iowa. The classes in the
other mutton breeds were small but Hechtner's exhibit of Oxfords and
Postle's Southdowns are worthy of mention.

This year brought out excellent fine-wool sheep in the opinion of
Prof. Miller of Montana who did the judging. King Bros, of Wyoming
were the principal winners in the Rambouillet classes capturing both
the champion ewe and ram. Cook won most in the open class, with
honors in the Iowa classes evenly matched between Blakely and Rail.

THE HORSE DEPARTMENT.

A slight contraction in numbers was evident in the horse department,
owing to the absence of a few prominent exhibitors, whose lately im-
ported animals could not be made ready in time for exhibition. How-
ever, only the older stallion classes suffered perceptibly from this cause
as increasing interest on the part of American breeders resulted in a
larger showing of females and young things. It was the general opinion
that with few exceptions the average character of the entries showed
improvement over former years. Clydesdales in particular made the
best showing the breed has ever enjoyed at this fair, and many of them

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XHI 757

were bred in this country. In fact, each breed included more home-
bred animals in the open prize-list than has ever before been the case.
All along the line it was a breeders' show and a good one.

The enlarged horse barn accommodated about 47 5 head and ex-
hibitors expressed much appreciation of its convenient arrangement,
ample lighting and ventilation facilities. With the exception of two or
three every one who made entries was on hand with his horses. There
was some decrease in numbers of animals, however, from the original
entry list and the final count showed 775 head in the stalls.

From a popular standpoint probably the greatest interest was found
in the Morris six-horse team which made daily exhibition drives about
the grounds, in front of the grandstand and in the pavilion. Wherever
these horses were, whether in harness or in their stalls, they were the
center of a crowd of admirers. They were brought out in fine bloom
and shown skillfully by Frank Housley, creating a favorable impression
for the draft horse and for the Clydesdale breed which they represent.

There was a very strong delegation of ponies and light horses, and
saddle horses in particular made an exhibition that would be hard to
excel at a state fair anywhere. The most disappointing feature of the
horse events was the necessity for judging the light horses mainly at
an outdoor track sou'th of the barns where comparatively few people
could see to advantage. Such classes of these as were judged at the
evening performances in the pavilion were the chief attraction there.

The work of judging progressed smoothly. Rules excluding visitors
from the ring were more fully observed than formerly and Prof. C. F.
Curtiss and his able assistants called the classes with the promptness
for which this fair has become famous. The horse department was a
live place and attracted a live crowd of progressive Iowa breeders.

THE PERCHERONS.

Percherons of course attracted most attention. It was largely a
breeders' show and was accordingly all the more highly appreciated by
the hundreds of Iowa farmers who are doing their farm work with
Percheron mares. They saw here what others like themselves have
done in producing horses fit to show anyhere. The futurity classes for
yearling Percheron stallions and fillies aroused more speculation and
comment than any other feature of the show. Likewise in the open
classes the American-bred ones, which were numerous, were closely
watched. Judging by the tone of discussions heard about the ring,
farmers have at last come to the conclusion that there is no reason why
they cannot raise as good Percherons in the cornbelt as anyhere in the
world. Some are doing it now, and the number of those thus success-
fully engaged is constantly increasing. When Rosine added another
open championship to the list of such honors which H. G. McMillan &
Sons have won with American-bred mares, and W. S. Corsa headed the
open classes for yearlings with colts and fillies of his own breeding the
efficacy of American soil, feed and brains in this line of endeavor was
convincingly demonstrated.

758 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

To Wm. Bell, Wooster, Ohio, was entrusted the responsibility of assign-
ing positions. His excellent performance of a difficult task serves to
increase the confidence already generally expressed in his discriminating
knowledge of draft horses. On the futurity classes of yearlings he was
assisted by Peter Hopley, Lewis, la.

An even dozen aged stallions faced the judge in the first class. There
was not a great surplus of fat in evidence, but the spare form in which
most of the candidates appeared aided in getting at the genuine merit of
the horses. In most cases the lack of flesh was due to heavy breeding
service this season. A very stylish high-headed gray came to the top
for McMillan & Sons. This horse Incruste is exceptionally well molded
over the top, has a neat set of legs and goes with all the dash one could
wish. The Truman gray Interprete following in second place is a wide
substantial kind v/ith plenty of middle, a good quality of bone and a free
easy stride. Seeley's gray coming third is now quite thin but shows
the essentials in pleasing fashion. In the championship contest the Mc-
Millan gray moved even better than on the first day and won a notable
victory.

The three-year olds numbered sixteen, and a very strong lot they were.
The judge gave plenty of examination to all entries, but it was early
apparent that the winner would come from the Dunham lot. Size was
more conspicuous there than elsewhere and it was well supported by un-
derpinning of ample strength. The largest-framed colt was Dunham's
black Joujou, a son of Etudiant. He is not fat but possesses a pleasing
balance of build, bone, quality, step and style that are hard to surpass.
The next colt has perhaps a stronger middle but he also carries more
flesh. His strong chest, good quality and activity at the end of the line
are conspicuous features helping to land him a notch above the third
Dunham colt. All three of these are considerably larger than the fourth
one.

The thirteen two-year-olds upheld the reputation of the breed for*
early maturity. Size was conspicuous, and in none more so than in the
Dunham quartet which caught the ribbons. These are all colts with
plenty of stretch. Their frames are large but not loaded to the limit
with fat. Some others unplaced looked a little lower-set and heavier
for their inches at present, but balance and frame gained due recognition.
The winner Kourbet is a powerful dark gray having a chest, back and
croup of exceptional substance, while in bone, foot, quality and action he
suits a critical taste. A dressy black having scarcely so much middle but
very strong hindquarters came second and a very deep-chested big-boned
compact black, third. This colt was fortunate, some thought, in getting
ahead of the dark gray son of Calypso named Lunar — not a fat one but
smooth as an egg, set up on ivory-like bone and going with great style.

The greatest interest centered about the class of seventeen yearlings,
all American-bred ones and most of them brought out with great size and
fine bloom. The entries were the same for the open class and the
futurity. A pair of Carnot colts found their way to the head of the
line for W. S. Corsa. The gray Carlant received preference by reason
of his exceptional bone, feet and quality combined with a great heart

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 759

girth proclaiming constitution to match his strong underpinning. He is
a good colt at both the walk and the trot. The mate Carbon, a black,
is scarcely so big of bone but has more width and levelness of croup
and more style. The black Matador 2d from the McMillan stable, easily
third, is a colt of pleasing finish and character, although not quite so
large. There was a line-up of seven fine stallion foals, an evidence of
the breeders' interest in the show. Positions ran about as the sizes
graduated from large to small. A black youngster of much "stretch" of
frame won the blue ribbon, a big active fellow came next and a very
"dressy" gray followed in third place. A very sturdy stylish young foal
by Calypso and out of the champion mare Rosine excited much admira-
tion although the judge did not consider him developed sufficiently to
gain a place in the list.

There were half a dozen aged mares, all of creditable stamp and some
about as good as ever stepped in a sbpwring. No time was required to
detect the indisputable claims of the big black five-year-old Rosine by
Olbert. She is suckling a fine young foal and is not at all fat but
weighs 2,100 pounds. Probably no mare ever stood on a better front leg,
and her hind leg is also extraordinarily strong and clean. Her bone
is very big and its texture like steel. A powerful build distinguishes
her at once whether viewed from in front or behind, and she trots with
an ease suggesting tremendous vitality and strength. She has filled out
considerably since the last International show, when she stood fourth in
a splendid class. It was early predicted that she would be the cham-
pion and she fulfilled expectations. Some importers said that they did
not see her equal anywhere in France this year. Her mate America,
of much the same stamp, is also a rare good one, somewhat superior in
bone to the big fiash gray Gelive brought out in fine form by Finch
Brothers. Seven three-year-old fillies were led by a pair of well matched
upstanding grays from the Dannen stable. They possess bone, quality,
and growthiness to an unusual degree. The two McMillan fillies by
Calypso are of a lower-set, wider, roomier, sweeter stamp, but not so
large. The half-dozen two-year-olds aroused considerable discussion. The
first two were outstanding, and each in her way excelled. The Dannen
entry is a little taller and heavier, and more strongly supported below
the knee, while the McMillan entry, much on the same stamp as her
dam Rosine, is wider, sweeter of face and stronger of hock. It is the
only instance in which much dissent from the decisions was expressed.
The Finch filly is a good big one but thin.

There was a great line-up of seventeen home-bred yearling fillies shown
in the open class and futurity. Their like has never been seen in a
Percheron showring in this country. When they had all been examined
and moved it became evident that Mr. Corsa would secure the first three
positions, but some shifting about was done before these daughters of
Carnot were lined up to the satisfaction of the judges. All three are
distinguished by bone, unusual size and quality, with feet to match.
Probably Lottano is a bit the heaviest, and she has a sweeter front than
Folito, but the latter is stylishly finished and excels somewhat in hocks
and feet. The third filly is possibly more muscular than either of these.

760 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

It was a great victory for Carnot breeding. Genesee Gem came out
with great size and fine form. There were three neat filly foals pre-
sented and the blue decoration fell to another Carnot filly, a very mus-
cular stylish little thing.

By winning both championships in the open classes H. G. McMillan
& Sons also secured both Iowa championships. In the classes for animals
bred and owned by exhibitors they were also successful in winning both
championships, thus making six championships in all. This is a record
that in recent years has not been equaled at this fair.

THE BELGIANS.

There were few individuals of outstanding excellence among the
Belgians, although quite acceptable classes were in most cases presented
before Alex. Galbraith, DeKalb, 111., for positions in the prize list. He
demanded well fashioned underpinning and clean joints and feet, and
accordingly found it necessary to turn down some otherwise good in-
dividuals. Some exhibitors felt that he gave scarcely enough recogni-
tion to the distinctive blocky pattern of the breed, but he would have
done so had more good material been available for selection. In the
futurity classes he was assisted by J. G. Truman, Bushnell, 111.

A heavy wide big-muscled blue roan bore off the first blue ribbon.
This stallion of the Lefebure lot is a typical Belgian with two good
ends joined by a thick middle. The light roan shown by Charles Irvine
has scarcely so much weight, bone or action, but silkier quality. The
chestnut coming third is a bit stale in legs but has the bone and muscle
denoting great strength. At the trot he goes with exceptional ease.
The sensation of the older stallion classes appeared among the three-
year-olds. George Eggert's big bay colt has 2,400 pounds of weight with-
out an undue amount of fat, as his frame is very large. A striking
characteristic is the knifelike quality of his big bone and the cleanness
of his joints. He wears No. 11 shoes. In action he gives a wonderful
exhibition of harmonious movement for so large a colt. The stablemate
coming second, is of true Belgian build and stamped with abundant
quality. A very likely colt if in condition, came third. This big thin
chestnut D'anube, has been sick, and so did not appear at his best, but
he has a powerful well made frame. Among a dozen two-year-olds the
thin chestnut Picha, shown by Finch Brothers, was conspicuous for his
excellent underpinning, which with his acceptable action resulted in se-
curing chief honors. A roan of more substance, strong hocks and un-
usually good feet came next for Trumans, excelling in underpinning
the other roan Finch entry.

The futurity was judged at the same time as the open class of year-
ling stallions and brought out some excellent colts. The second futurity
colt was not in this open class. A big wide chestnut headed the lot as
finally aligned. Finch Brothers brought him out displaying great sub-
stance combined with a well preserved quality of his neatly fashioned,
cordy legs. Second in the open class went to an Irvine colt shown in
rather light flesh but made right from the ground up.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 761

Finch Brothers scored a victory in the aged mare class of seven with
the big upstanding roan Laura, shown rather gaunt but possessing great
propelling muscles and ample leg timber of the hardest sort. She is
stronger in back than the bay Flora, but both of these are excelled in
depth of middle by the blocky bay Madam 2d that came third. The
winner of the next class is also rather high set for the breed, but she is
the largest of the three-year-olds and has exceptional style and quality
with big bone and strong hocks. The Irvine filly is of distinct blocky
Belgian mold, very wide and compactly joined together but her great
bone has not such knife-like texture as that of the small neat roan
Albonie shown by Mr, Lefebure. His outstanding chestnut two-year-old
Suzette bore off the blue ribbon in her class of ten. Her all-around
balanced drafty pattern and finish are a great credit to American breed-
ing. A substantial roan standing on strong timber came next for Mr.
French, followed by a strong-backed bay.

A wide bay named Elsie won first among the eight yearling fillies
which were also shown in the futurity. She has great muscular develop-
ment. Next came the thin chestnut Lafleure. Both have exceptional
underpinning. The second one is considerably stronger in back than
the third one in line. An injured ankle causing lameness held the
sprightly, beautifully formed Miss Fosteau down to fifth place. An
upstanding growthy roan foal sired by Jupiter secured preference among
the little fillies over a small but very solid muscular youngster that
came next.

THE CLYDESDALES.

Clydesdale breeders were out in full force with a collection that for
numbers and excellence has never been equaled at this fair. Such an
exhibit in the breeding classes combined with the showing of the Morris
six-horse team to display the merits of the breed to best advantage. The
showring events were carefully watched by studious critics of under-
pinning and action, and tempting offers were made for youthful prize-
winners.

When Wm. McKirdy, Napinka, Man., reached the fair grounds, he said
he felt that he was the victim of a conspiracy, for he had been invited
to judge a small show of Clydesdales and found a big show and far
better horses than he expected to see. He considered the showing equal
to any he had seen in western Canada this season. He worked carefully
over the classes and rendered few decisions that were not sanctioned
by the able Scottish critics before whom he worked. On the futurity
classes he was assisted by Alex. Galbraith, DeKalb, 111.

Galbraith & Son had the honor of showing the four-year-old brown
Dreadnaught to victory in the opening class of the Scotch breed. He
is a horse of all-around attractiveness but pleases especially with his
nice "kits," great bone and massive build. He also carries himself along
with acceptable ease. The bay Rinaldo coming next for Leitch added
another notch to his record of favorable showring appearances. He is
perhaps a little heavier horse than the winner and steps along well.
Although this whole class made a good impression, people were hardly

762 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

prepared for the exceptional ring of thirteen three-year-olds which fol-
lowed. Even in this splendid class a comparatively easy winner was
found in McLay Brothers' already famous King Norman. He is good
from top to bottom, large and also stamped with quality all through.
His trot is a little straighter than that of the next one. This brown
from the Galbraith stable has great substance of top, but is not showing
so well in legs as the light bay Prince Cedric. This latter is a nicely
turned colt and set up on legs to delight a Scotchman. His style and
finish are quite commanding and he carries more flesh than the Leitch
colt.

Seven good two-year-olds made competition sufficient to excite several
views as to their placing. There was not much doubt about the rightful
winner, the sensational Osco Pride. He is not the largest colt but is a
veritable Hackney in action, and his compact shapely mold, stylish front
and long pasterns won universal praise. Another bay youngster of Mr.
Soderberg's breeding came second. Built substantially, especially in un-
derpinning, he also bears a bit more of distinctive character in front and
bottom than the good thin strong-going brown that got third. The
fourth colt was held down by a slight injury, but his character and
substance are undeniable. Some strongly favored the fifth colt for a
higher rating in spite of his neglected feet for which the judge turnea
him down.

The seven yearling stallions shown also in the futurity attracted much
notice to their splendid shaping of hocks and ankles. The easy winner
in the class is a colt badly splashed with white but of unusual bone
and large feet brought out in growing condition by the Galbraiths.
Rarely have such thick stifles been seen on a Clydesdale youngster,
and his action meets the expectations aroused by a sight of the clean
hocks and lengthy pasterns. He has much more substance but less
style than the bay Monarch shown by J. Leitch & Son, which had a
close rub from the brown Baron Caliph, a colt standing on excellent
"kits" and bottoms. The McLay entry proved disappointing in action
and so was relegated to a lower position than his pleasing character and
strong build would indicate. Only one foal was shown.

Nine aged mares sustained the claims of the breed to preserving clean
joints at hard work and breeding. Some were thin from the recent
discharge of their duties but character and action were evident. A very
vigorous-looking brown mare that has done a hard season's work won
favor for Mr. Soderberg by reason of her deep chest, splendid shape,
quality of bone and joints and elastic step. The Hixson mare has
rather larger bone, deeper heels and more width of heart. Lady De
Bathe is thin from suckling a foal and so did not support the claims
of her excellent bottoms for higher recognition. McLay Brothers brought
out the very sweet "dressy" Graceful Lady in such fine bloom and man-
ners as to score an easy victory in the class of three-year-olds. A very
muscular thin chestnut came next. There were ten two-year-old fillies.
Mr. Hixson showed the winner May Queen, a big upstanding bay extra
well shaped in the joints. Considerably more substance is possessed
by the smaller big-boned Osco Rose, which is more elastic in under-
pinning than the smoothly turned Leitch entry that w^on third.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 763

Like the yearling stallion futurity-winner, the Hixson filly Lady
Caliph has the best of bone and shaping in her legs, and she secures
a great grasp on the ground at her long easy stride. Probably the best
fashioning of the lot is seen in the body and croup of the big Princess
Mae coming second, but her action is sluggish. The bay Osco Belle is
much better of shape than Irene, but the latter takes no discount in
underpinning. A sweet shapely chestnut won preference among the three
filly foals, with a more muscular heavier framed youngster giving her a
close rub for that honor.

THE SHIRES.

Tlie Shires have at other times been better represented than this year.
The Truman entries were the backbone of this show both as to numbers
and character, as the prize-list plainly indicates. However, other ex-
hibitors were especially conspicuous in the yearling futurity classes for
American-bred colts and fillies. R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, 111., made the
rating. He laid especial emphasis on the shape, quality and soundness
of underpinning, and it is gratifying to record that few of the old-
fashioned wooden-legged kind came before him. His decisions were
heartily endorsed at the ringside in nearly every instance. With the
futurity classes H. 0. Weaver, Wapello, la., joined in the work.

Five massive Truman stallions won all the prizes in the aged class
of eight. The front of the line was occupied by the 2,200-pound bay
Dunsmore Willington Boy 3d, impressive of front, powerful of coupling
and set up on great timber. The next one is thin but excels in quality
of bone, hocks and action and the third is of much the same pattern.
The line of seven three-year-olds also started one, two, three for Tru-
mans. The thin active brown Lord Carlton, flashing big shoes and flat
glistening shanks at every step, took the lead. Dunsmore Royal Lad is
larger and wider but lacks the graceful outlines of the winner. Superior
action won his position in preference to the good gray March Pioneer.
Like all of Mr. Ogilvie's selections, the victorious two-year-old Carlton
King is splendidly furnished in canons and joints and sprightly on the
move, and he has a pattern of top amply to support these merits. He
was an easy winner for the Trumans and was followed by three prom-
ising stablemates.

The dozen yearlings presented divergent claims for favor. An im-
ported gray finally came to the head of the line for the Trumans because
in spite of thin flesh he is deep of chest and stands on large bone,
shapely joints and wide bottoms. Beside him stood the Rittenhouse
futurity winner, a bay distinguished among the lot for his extreme
style, beautiful finish, excellent turn over loin and croup, and full round
middle, while he has about as much bone as the gray and is furnished
with much finer though scantier feather. His action is straight and his
joints remarkably clean. An opinion expressed at the ringside was to
the effect that the decision savored more of prophecy than of due recog-
nition of acceptable showring condition secured without any sacrifice
of quality in underpinning. An upstanding McCray colt of great bone
but light middle came third, beating his stablemate also in level forma-
tion of croup. There were a couple of rugged stallion foals.

764 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

An easy triumph in the aged mare class awaited the nicely fashioned,
sturdy, clean-going bay Dowsby Sunbeam, which Galbraith & Son bought
of the Trumans last winter. The bay Nottingham Energy, smaller, more
snugly made and less attractive in underpinning, came in readily second.
The front of the line of three-year-olds was conceded to the big muscu-
lar grand-fronted bay Pattie shown by the Trumans, with second place
falling to a nicely framed, thin brown of Finch Brothers. Bone sub-
stance and quality of timber scored in the class of two-year-olds, bring-
ing two promising Truman entries to the front.

The seven entries in the regular yearling filly class were also shown
in the futurity event. Two Surveyor youngsters added fame to their
sire by occupying the leading positions. Paramount Esther is par-
ticularly roomy, muscular and strong of bone, while superior to Lady
Trenant in back and croup. The chestnut Lincolnshire Queen shown
by Finch Brothers has exceptionally well fashioned joints of the hardest
quality but looks drawn in middle beside the other two. These three
were easily the cream of the lot. Three good filly foals ended the single
classes.

THE DRAFT HORSE BREEDERS' FUTURITY.

The National D'raft Horse Breeders' Futurity established by "Tlie
Chicago Daily Live Stock World" under the supervision of J. H. S.
Johnstone made provision this year for both stallions and fillies foaled
in 1911. The event has encouraged breeders to develop their likely
youngsters as never before. These classes were all judged Wednesday
noon, and the open classes for yearlings were placed at the same time,
as they correspond closely in entries. Comments on the winners appear
in connection with the open classes, where the names of the judges are
also given. Something like thirty-four Percherons, sixteen Belgians, four-
teen Clydesdales and nineteen Shires appeared in the futurity classes.
The most sensational ring for closely contested positions all along the
line was the class of seventeen Percheron fillies.

DRAFT GELDIXGS AXD MARES.

The enthusiasm of farmers over the breeding of draft horses is fos-
tered under the plan of Prof. Curtiss which allows liberal prizes for
grade geldings and mares. R. B. Ogilvie made the awards, selecting
rigidly for horses of serviceable stamp and furnished right at the
ground. It is not the top but the feet and legs in which the exhibitors
could make the most improvement in their horses.

THE SADDLE HORSES.

Any fair might be proud to have assembled so large a delegation of
well bred, well mannered saddle horses. Nearly every class brought
noted horses together. The sensational events of the show were those
in which the famous stallion Astral King and the brilliant powerful
gelding Kymokan appeared. Astral King won the $1,000 stake at the
Mexico, Mo., fair a few weeks ago. By a magnificent exhibition he won
the stallion class for five-gaited horses here. In a large class of mares

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 765

and geldings Kymokan also proved to be the popular as well as the
official favorite. His nearest rival. Gingerbread Man, showed an easier
canter, but the gorgeous rack of Kymokan and his splendid proportions
when stripped overcame opposition. Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111,, made
the awards.

STANDARn-BBED TROTTERS.

A select lot of standard-breds filled the classes which came before
W. A. D'obson, Des Moines, la., for awards. He insisted on a good
business trot together with character and serviceable conformation.

THE MORGANS.

Morgan breeders gained considerable prominence by reason of the
useful type of roadsters which they presented. Geo. M. Rommel, Wash-
ington, D. C, made the awards to the evident satisfaction of exhibitors.
He gave preference to horses approaching the historic compact upheaded
Morgan type even though they did not display showy action.

THE SHETLANDS.

The number of Shetlands was not quite up to the big record of last
year but there was some improvement in average quality. There is the
keenest kind of rivalry among Iowa breeders and they select and show
their stock to win. Prof. W. J. Kennedy made the awards.

OTHER HORSES AND MULES.

Many of the standard-breds were also shown in the classes for Ameri-
can carriage horses, W. A. Dobson judging. J. R. Peak & Son, Win-
chester, 111., won many prominent positions including second with Tommy
Doyl in the aged stallion class, where O. J. Mooers' Advance Guard was
first. The Peak horses were second and third in three-year-old stallions,
first in yearlings, second and third in three-year-old fillies, second in
two-year-olds, first in foals and first for stallion and three of his get.
Wild Rose Farms won first in two and three-year-old stallions and two-
year-old fillies. Mr. Mooers' Advance Guard was the champion stallion
and Mr. Mooers also won the female championship.

Tommy Doyl won a blue ribbon in the champion roadster class, and
he and Tommy Piper captured this prize for pairs. There were some
good runabout classes in which 0. J. Mooers secured the best positions.
A. L. Champlin showed the winning family turnout.

In classes for highsteppers Wild Rose Farm of Illinois was the most
successful exhibitor, followed by O. J. Mooers of Missouri and A. L.
Champlin of Iowa.

The claims of Welsh Ponies for popular favor were upheld by Geo, E.
Brown, Aurora, 111., and Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, 111., each of whom
exhibited a choice collection.

Mules of excellent size and nerve combined were shown by F. L.
Hutson, who won most of the blue ribbons and also the championship.
A. L. Foster, W. E. Kingdon and A. L. Russel were his chief competi-
tors. Jacks were shown by Dierling & Otto.

766 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

STUDENTS' JUDGING CONTEST AT DES MOINES.

The Boys' Judging Contest at the Iowa State Fair on Aug. 24 sur-
passed any previous mark by fifty per cent and established what may be
termed a world's record. There were ninety-eight boys from all parts
of the state entered, thirty more than participated in last year's contest.
Each contestant was a farm boy under twenty-one years of age who had
never taken a regular course in any agricultural college. The prizes
offered were scholarships in the Iowa State College worth $200, $150,
$125, $100 and $25 respectively, the last to apply to a short course
session.

Two rings each of draft horses, beef cattle and swine were judged
in the forenoon, and two samples of corn were placed by the boys in the
afternoon. This was the ninth contest at the state fair and the grov/th
from the four or five first entered to the present number has been re-
markable. The boys' camp contributed fifty of the contestants. It is
probable that the judging work will be made a part of the programme
of the camp for all of the boys next year.

The holder of the first scholarship is a boy who has pushed rapidly
to the front as a poultry judge entirely on his own resources. He is a
recognized official at Iowa county fairs although only nineteen years of
age. The winner of third place is a brother of the two D'owells who won
the Gray beef cattle and Dinsmore draft horse medals at the Iowa State
College in 1911.

Wallaces' Farmer, Des Moines, loiim.

It was to be expected that the Iowa State Fair this year would be
successful, and the expectation was realized. Taken all in all, it was
the best and most representative State Fair which has ever been held
in the state, and this is equivalent to saying that it was the best agri-
cultural fair which has been held in any state. Although much remains
to be done to make it everything the Iowa State Fair should be, each
year witnesses decided progress. One by one the crude buildings of the
earlier days are passing away and are replaced by substantial buildings
of brick, with concrete fioors. The system of walks and drives is grad-
ually being extended. Increased provision is being made constantly for
that class of exhibits which has, in the past, been obliged to seek shelter
under the open skies or flimsy tents. While heavy rain would seriously
interfere with full enjoyment of the fair, the time has gone by when
people who really wish to attend it are deferred by cloudy skies. There
are now on the grounds enough well-constructed buildings to afford
shelter and entertainment even with unfavorable weather.

The attendance was not as great as had been hoped, and not nearly so
large as it would have been had the railroads made the reduction in rates.
Iowa is entitled to reduced rates to the State Fair — not because it is the
State Fair, but because the service rendered is not worth the usual two
cents a mile. The fair traffic is very large; the cars are crowded to the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XHI 767

limit, many people standing for fifty miles at a stretch, and suffering
all kinds of inconvenience without complaint; regular schedules are not
maintained; in fact, it is cheap service all around, and worth consid-
erably less than the regular service. The east and west railroads are
regularly making very much lower rates per mile to western points than
they were asked to make for the State Fair. Since they persist in
adhering to the short-sighted policy which they have always followed nr
Iowa matters, the question should be fought out either in the state rail-
road commission or in the legislature. As noted in our editorial columns
last week, an appeal was made to the commission. Messrs. Ketchum
and Palmer held a star chamber session without notice to Mr. Thorne,
the third member, and decided that they had no authority. By the time
Mr. Thorne learned of this action and the case had been reopened it
was too late to take action. This matter should be threshed out before
another fair. The commission undoubtedly has full authority, and on
a proper showing of the character of the service rendered, there should
be no hesitation in reducing the rates another year.

From every section of the state came stories of bountiful crops. It
appears certain now that if frost does not disturb the corn crop, it will
be the largest we have harvested for many a year, and, taking all crops
into consideration, it seems to be the unanimous opinion that never be-
fore has the earth yielded so bounteously to the Iowa farmer. Remark-
able yields of winter wheat are reported, some running as high as sixty
Dushels to the acre. The oat crop seems to have been heavy throughout
the state. Pastures have been luxurious, and there will be plenty of
hay to spare. The Iowa farmer chanted the song of plenty at Des
Moines last week.

It is not possible to secure exact information, but it seems conservative
to say that thousands of families came to the fair in their own automo-
biles, and a very considerable percentage of these were farmers. The
main avenues on the fair grounds were lined with autos backed up side
by side for half a mile in either direction, and there were hundreds of
them under the trees in the camping ground. The automobile has got to
be about as common as the horse on the Iowa country roads, and the
number being bought by farmers seems to be steadily growing.

An increasing number of those who come from a distance are taking
advantage of the camping privileges on the grounds. This really forms
the most comfortable and most delightful way to see the fair. With a
well-floored, commodious tent under the beautiful trees on the higher
ground to the east of the main fair buildings, one can enjoy a most de-
lightful outing and see the fair with the maximum of comfort. There
is no rushing and crowding for a strap in the street car or for a chance
to stand in the aisle of one of the crowded railroad cars. Being on the
grounds early in the morning, the exhibits of chief interest may be ex-

768 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

amined at leisure before the crowds from the city fill up the space, and
the tent is always there, offering a restful spot when tired of sight-seeing.
This year the camping ground was laid out in streets, and the tents num-
bered, making it possible to locate friends with the minimum of trouble.
The only trouble this year was a lack of tents to meet the demand. By
Tuesday morning, every available tent had been taken, and hundreds
were disappointed.

For many years Iowa has enjoyed the distinction of having about the
cleanest state fair in the country. While there have always been shows
that we might better have done without, there has been an absence of
the most degrading sort, which are found on so many other state and
district fair grounds. This year the Iowa State Fair took a decidedly
backward step. A midway was established, lined on either side with
side-shows, and so-called "attractions" of all sorts. We presume some of
these were not particularly objectionable; for those who like that sort
of thing they were probably about the sort of a thing they would like;
but there were three or four, or possibly more, that had no business on
the Iowa State Fair grounds, or upon any other fair grounds frequented
by decent people. We do not know what sort of exhibitions were given
on the inside of these tents, but the samples exhibited on the outside,
and the leers and insulting remarks of dirty-mouthed barkers were suf-
ficient in themselves to justify ejection from the grounds forthwith. Sure-
ly the directors of the Iowa State Fair have misinterpreted the desires
of the people who attend it if they think they want any such shows.
The argument that such things are necessary to draw a crowd was long
since exploded in Iowa. The people who are attracted by that sort of
thing are not at all needed to insure the success of the Iowa State Fair.
The midway should be done away with, and the stream of filth which
flows from it should be dammed up once and for all.

The Baby Health Contest inaugurated last year was one of the most
attractive features, and furnished any amount of entertainment for those
who could get near enough to see. Some hundreds of babies were en-
tered in this contest. They were taken into a tent and one at a time
subjected to the most searching examination by physicians and nurses.
Weighed, measured, tested for strength, punched, poked, and examined in
every way possible, while the anxious parents exhausted their efforts to
keep them looking cheerful and happy, and the interested spectators
roared with laughter as an occasional baby protested vigorously against
what he considered mishandling by cruel strangers. If this contest is
continued, it is perfectly evident that a very much larger tent or space
in one of the larger buildings will be needed another year. This feature
not only affords a vast amount of amusement and entertainment to the
spectators, but it teaches lessons which will contribute very largely to the
health and development of the babies in the future.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIH 769

The building given over to the use of the Agricultural College was, as
usual, filled with most interesting and instructive exhibits of various
kinds. There were models of silos of the principal styles of manufacture,
exhibits showing the effect of various crops and of various rotations in the
production of crops, a soil map of Iowa showing the variation in the
character of the soil in the different geological formations, a collection
of the different varieties of grains, samples of the principal noxious weeds,
and a large number of other equally instructive exhibits. The only
trouble with this exhibit is that the building is somewhat out of the
ordinary path, and consequently thousands of people do not find it. The
next legislature might well consider the erection of a very much larger
and better arranged building, located centrally on the State Fair grounds,
and given over entirely to exhibits to be made by the Agricultural Col-
lege. We can not imagine any way in which $50,000, for example, could
be spent so well at Ames as in the construction of a building of this
sort on the fair grounds. It would afford an opportunity to present
object lessons to many thousands of Iowa farmers who will never have
the opportunity to get them in any other way.

Something will have to be done to improve the transportation facilities
between the fair grounds and Des Moines. The crowd is now handled
by the street railway and by the Rock Island shuttle trains. On days
when the attendance is largest, anywhere from an hour to two hours
is required to get back and forth. There has been more or less trouble
in this matter for several years, but the increasing attendance at the fair
now makes it a matter which must receive the attention of citizens of
Des Moines.

Following the custom established some years ago, . night shows were
put on in front of the grandstand and also in the stock pavilion. The
show in front of the grandstand this year was in the nature of a frontier
days entertainment, and consisted of a horse-bucking exhibition, trick
roping by expert cowboys, handling Texas steers, driving and riding buf-
faloes and steers, an Indian war dance by a band of fifty Sioux Indians,
trick riding of various kinds, and an attack by the Indians on an old-
fashioned stage coach and prairie schooner, with a rescue by the cow-
boys. The show was followed by an exhibition of fireworks. It was a
good, wholesome entertainment, and well patronized. In the live stock
pavilion each evening a horse show was put on, which attracted fairly
large crowds. These shows would have been more liberally patronized
had the transportation facilities been adequate for getting downtcrwn
afterwards. On the nights when they were most largely attended, many
people were not able to leave the grounds until midnight.

About one hundred boys from the different counties of the state
earned a free trip to the fair by writing essays on Iowa. These boys
were encamped on the grounds. They made themselves useful by polic-
ing the grounds in the morning and taking up the tickets of those who
49

770 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

remained over night. In the afternoon and evening they were used as
ushers for the evening shows. The boys had a good time, but before
the week was over many of them were inclined to doubt whether they
had received a free trip to the fair. They worked long hours, and had
less time for sight-seeing than many of them had hoped for. This will,
no doubt, be remedied another year. We are quite sure that the fair
officials had no desire to impose upon the boys or to give them more to
do than could be fairly considered as good for them. A year or two's
experience is required to get a thing of this sort to running smoothly.
Fred Hansen, the Y. M. C. A. county secretary, and Leonard Paulson, the
high school Y. M. C. A. secretary, took good care of the boys in camp.

The exhibit of fruits and grains and the individual farm exhibit in
the agricultural building were by all odds the best which have yet been
made. The increasing number of exhibits made by individual farmers is
most satisfactory, and it is evident that if this feature continues to grow,
more room must be provided.

The live stock exhibit was first-class in every respect. This will be
dealt with at length by our special staff. The weather permitted showing
many of the horses in the open air south of the horse barns, thus re-
lieving the congestion in the live stock pavilion.

Ninety-eight boys competed for the five scholarships at the agricultural
college offered for the best work in judging live stock. They passed
upon two classes of draft horses, two of beef cattle, two classes of hogs
and also two classes of corn. Having made their awards they are re-
quired to give their reasons for their placing, putting these in writing.

THE STOCK SHOW.

For some years Iowa has enjoyed the reputation of making the largest
and best annual exhibit of pure bred stock found at any of the state
fairs. Her exhibit this year, as witnessed by the many thousands who
attended the fair last week, well maintains this good reputation, and,
although the first state fair of the season, the exhibit will hardly be ex-
celled by any of the state fairs to follow. Some idea of the value of the
stock on exhibition may be had from the estimate the fair association
put on the prize winners in Friday's parade, which they advertised as a
"million dollar parade." This did not include the hogs and sheep, as
they cannot go in the parade, but only prize winning horses and cattle.
Yet in numbers the cattle, swine and sheep departments reflected some-
what the decrease in stock as shown by recent government statistics, and
by the prices at the leading markets, where beef cattle have recently sold
higher than ever before. These prices have put new life in the stock
business and the stock men who are still in the business are feeling
better than they have for some years.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 771

THE SHOKT-HORNS.

Twenty-five Short-horn exhibitors from half a dozen different states
competed for the honors in the Short-horn classes. Twenty of these ex-
hibitors were from Iowa, some of which were in the amateur class, while
most of them had entries in only a few classes, and some only single en-
tries. Not all who made entries were exhibitors, Messrs. White &
Smith of Minnesota, being one of the strong exhibitors who failed to
arrive. On the whole it was a strong showing of this popular breed,
although not the largest nor strongest Short-horn show that has been seen
at the Iowa State Fair. The classes were irregular in size, and were not
specially characteristic for uniformity of type and condition as to fitting
or quality, but there were some very strong classes and the winners in the
first places — usually in the first three or four places — were strictly high
class, or outstanding. The first class called brought out a half dozen
bulls, three years old or over. While not the largest or strongest class
it furnished the grand champion in the Bellows bull, Diamond Goods, a
smooth, well proportioned bull of the popular type, and show yard style
and quality. Mr. Harding of Wisconsin, who was a strong winner at this
show, furnished the strongest competition for championship honors. The
class of two-year-old bulls was considered the strongest class of the Short-
horn show. It brought out a dozen two-year-olds that were considerably
better than the class of two-year-olds usually seen at the state fair. Hard-
ing won first, but between the first three judges might easily differ. In
the senior yearling bull class Harding again won first, this time on a
son of his former champion. Leader of Fashion. In the junior yearling
class all the prizes except third went to the Iowa exhibitors, McMillan &
Sons winning first on a son of the champion Ringmaster. The senior
bull calf class, numbering twenty-four, was a big class of good ones, and
gave the judge some trouble. There were a number in the class about
evenly balanced as to good points and it was a hard class to judge. Hard-
ing got first, with Powell & Son close enough second that they had friends
for first. There were three Powell entries in this class, all sired by
their former champion. King Cumberland 2d, and all good ones. The fe-
male classes were of similar character as the bull classes, and the awards
are given without further comment. Mr. A. J. Ryden, of Illinois, who is
an experienced Short-horn breeder, and is recognized as a reliable judge,
placed the awards.

THE ANGUS.

The Angus show at Des Moines this year was up to last year's standard
in quality, but was the lightest in number of exhibitors for many years.
Iowa has been noted for its good Angus herds, and the strong showing
the Iowa Angus breeders have been making at leading stock shows. Here-
tofore the Iowa exhibitors have made their initial showing for the
year at the Iowa State Fair, which made the Iowa Angus exhibit doubly
interesting, for the reason that it was the first contest of the season,
and was always strong. This year one of the strongest Iowa show herds
was showing in Canada, instead of here, and some former exhibitors
are not showing at all this year. The exhibitors, while small in num-

772

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ber, made a strong showing, and the breed was well represented by some
of its best specimens. The grand champions were the same as last
year, Messrs. Binnie & Son winning on their many times champion,
Kloman, and Messrs. Miller & Son winning again on Barbara Woodson,
who won championship all around the circuit last year. W. A. McHenry
was the strong winner in herds and other group classes, and was also
strong in the fight for championships. Messrs. Chas. Escher & Son,
Botna, la., were exhibitors of young bulls, which were very strong in
their classes, and won several firsts. Anderson & Son of Newell, Iowa,
were out with a strong herd, and won some good prizes. Mr. Rosenfeld
of Kelly, Iowa, was the other exhibitor, and won prizes in all the classes
in which he had entries. The aw^ards were made by Mr. C. J. Martin
of Churdan, Iowa.

THE WHITE FACES.

The Hereford show was strong, as usual, but did not excel the re-
markably strong showing made by this breed at the low^a State Fair a
year ago. There w^ere thirteen exhibitors and among them were the
strongest winners of a year ago. Much of the competition was the same
as last year and the contest for first honors was much the same as then.

GRAND CHAMPION HEREFORD COW
Iowa State Fair, 1912

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 773

For this reason, and because this is the first time these leading exhibi-
tors came together this year, the competition was especially keen, and
the Des Moines Hereford show doubly interesting. Mr. Cudahy of Mis-
souri again won grand championship on his last year's champion, Scot-
tish Lassie, and he also had the grand championship bull. The Iowa
exhibitors made a good showing, considering their strong competition.
Cyrus Tow of Norway, Iowa, won both Iowa grand championships. The
awards were made by Mr, Prank Van Natta of Indiana, for many years
a successful exhibitor of Herefords.

THE GALLOWAYS.

Four Galloway exhibitors, one from Iowa, one from Kansas, and two
from Nebraska, contested for the prizes awarded this breed. Mr. Chas.
Escher, Jr., of Botna, Iowa, did the judging, and while the classes were
not large, competition was often close, and it was one of the best Gallo-
way shows that has been made at the Iowa State Fair. The breed, as
represented by the splendid specimens on exhibition, has made marked
improvement the past decade.

THE POLLED DURHAMS.

There was a good exhibit of Polled Durhams, but the exhibit was
largely from outside the state. Iowa has a number of good Polled Dur-
ham herds, some of which have furnished some of the strongest com-
petition at former state fairs, and other leading stock shows, but this
year only one Iowa herd was represented. The judging was done by Mr.
E. R. Silliman of Colo, Iowa, well known as a Short-horn breeder.

THE FAT STOCK.

There were only a few exhibitors of fat cattle, and consequently very
little competition. The stock shown was generally of an exceptional
good quality.

THE DAIRY CATTLE.

The four exclusive dairy breeds — Holsteins, Jerseys, Guernseys and
Ayrshires — were all represented at Des Moines last week, as were also
the Brown Swiss and Red Polls — two breeds that have both dairy and
beef qualities. There was a good, strong showing of Jerseys and Holsteins,
with considerable competition in all the classes. In the Guernsey show
the competition was somewhat limited, as one of the strongest exhibitors
who had made entries was unable to show at Des Moines, and in the
Ayrshire show there was only one exhibitor, but in all these breeds
there were very worthy animals on exhibition. The showing of Brown
Swiss cattle was one of the best that has ever been seen at Des Moines.
The Red Polled show is specially mentioned elsewhere. The list of
awards which follows is of interest as showing who were the successful
contestants and their .winnings.

774 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THE RED POLLS.

The showing of Red Polled cattle was perhaps the best that has ever
been seen at the Iowa State Fair. They outnumbered the Angus, and
the exhibit brought out some very fine specimens of the breed. Several
strong Nebraska herds divided the honors with the Iowa exhibitors, as
shown in the list of awards. Prof. H. R. Smith of the Minnesota Agri-
cultural College did the judging.

THE HORSE SHOW.

The horse show began promptly at nine o'clock Monday morning, at
which time all of the aged stallions of four draft breeds were presented
before the different judges, and they made a grand opening display.
Compared with former shows, the show of 1912 excelled in quality
and value, while in numbers some of the breeds were short this year.
This was true especially of the Shire and Percheron classes. An en-
30uraging feature of the show w^as the number of small breeders who
were in evidence, which goes to prove that interest in the draft horse
business is not declining in Iowa. A very attractive feature was the
futurity colt show, of yearling colts from the four different draft breeds
in the ring at once, which proved one of the greatest attractions of
the horse show.

THE PERCHERONS.

In numbers this class did not quite measure up to the show of 1911,
but in select quality and value, it will compare very favorably with
any former show. This is especially true in the colt classes, in which
were found some of the best specimens of the breed that have been
seen in low^a for some time. The futurity colt show no doubt increased
the numbers of youngsters and added interest to the show as well. A
feature of the show was the number of young breeders in evidence, for
without them it would have been a very light show, as the number of
importers were much less than in former years. It was in fact ah
Iowa show, with three exceptions. The prizes were pretty well dis-
tributed among the different exhibitors. H. G. McMillan & Son were
quite successful, they winning first place in the four-year-old stallion
class on their very clean quality, stylish gray Incruste. He was also
later made champion stallion of the breed. Pioneer Stud Farm had a
strong competitor in Interprete, a very toppy, high-class, gray stallion,
full of Percheron character. McMillan & Sons were also awarded
champion mare on Rosine. C. B. Dannen & Son were strong competitors
for the championship, with two very choice gray mares, Jongleuse, a
very select quality three-year-old gray, and Gray Prefection, a filly
that attracted much attention, and one almost perfect in Percheron
type and character. Barring accident, she will doubtless develop into
a show mare for future shows that will be hard to defeat. In the
yearling classes, W. S. Corsa won both first and second prize on Perch-
eron fillies and stallions, all being sons and daughters of his champion
stallion Carnot.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 775

THE CLYDESDALES.

This popular Scotch breed made the largest show that has been seen
at the Iowa State Pair for a number of years, and it is probably safe
to assert that a better show has never been seen than was made this
year. It was noted for its close adherence to breed type and character,
and there were excellent specimens found in all of the different classes.
The show was made by a number of the best importers and breeders
in America, and in character was one that reflected much credit on
the exhibitors and the breed. It doubtless will be a strong factor in
winning many new friends and holding old ones. A. Galbraith & Sons,
De Kalb, 111., were awarded champion stallion on their yearling stallion
Charnock; while it is an unusual thing for championship to fall to a
j^earling colt, he was generally conceded entitled to this honorable
position on account of his clean, neat quality and stylish finish and
breed character. In addition to this, his peculiar markings of white
face and white legs make him especially attractive. He bids fair to
continue to grow and develop into a stallion that will have to be
reckoned with in future shows. McLay Bros., Janesville, Wis., won
first prize and championship on Graceful Lady, a mare of sweet Clyde
character, smooth, drafty form, with the best of feet and legs. Her
right to this position was not questioned.

THE BELGIANS.

From the interest shown for this heavy draft breed, it seems that
they are gaining in popular favor, especially with the breeders and
farmers of Iowa. A very noticeable fact in this year's show was the
improvement in the quality and character through all the different
classes. The modern Belgian, which is one with cleaner legs and
better feet, was largely in evidence, and Mr. Alex. Galbraith proved a
most competent judge, his selections being given general approval.
While this breed was not great in numbers, in value, type and form it
will compare very favorably with any former show that has been made
at the Iowa State Fair. An encouraging feature in the show of this
breed was the number of young things in evidence. It goes to show
that the breeders and farmers of Iowa have been successful in the
production of good Belgians. This breed seems to be well adapted for
heavy work in the corn belt.

ENGLISH SHIRES.

In numbers, this great breed of English draft horses did not measure
up to former years, it being one of the lightest shows that has been
seen at an Iowa State Fair for some time, but in value and high-class
breed character it was not wanting. The very best specimens of the
breed that could be found in England or America were on exhibition.
Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111., made a grand display of
imported stallions, and an inspection of the prize list will show that
they made almost a clean sv/eep in the stallion classes.

776- IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THE SHEEP SHOW.

The Lincoln and also the Dorset sheep show was made by Alex. W.
Arnold, of Galesville, Wis. The only exhibitor of Cotswolds was F. W.
Harding, Waukesha, Wis., and all awards were won by his entries.
Cheviots were shown by R, & W. Postle, Camp Chase, Ohio. King
Bros., Laramie, Wyo., won most of the prizes for Rambouillet sheep,
with F. W. Cook, of West Mansfield, Ohio, and Scott & Co., Mt. Sterling,
Ohio, winning some ribbons. The Hampshire show was made by Wal-
nut Hill Farm, Donerail, Ky., who won every first prize, with a few
entries by Arnold and McKerrow.

THE HOG SHOW.

The annual swine exhibit at Des Moines has for many years been
the largest in the world, and the mammoth swine pavilion covering
the exhibit has already been described as the largest building of the
kind. This year's state fair exhibit of swine did not reach the high
tide of recent years numerically, but was large enough that it will
undoubtedly hold the record for the year. One hundred and forty-
seven swine breeders made entries as exhibitors, sixty of whom were
Duroc Jersey breeders, thirty-six Poland China, twenty-six Chester
White, fifteen Hampshire, seven Berkshire, two Yorkshire, and one
Tamworth breeder. Not all of these exhibitors brought their hogs, but
Superintendent Johnston estimated that there were from 2,200 to
2,400 head of swine in the pens. The Duroc Jersey led with 720 head,
with the Poland Chinas, Chester Whites, Hampshires, Berkshires,
Yorkshires and Tamworths following in the order named. There was
only one exhibitor each of Yorkshires and Tamworths, and the Berk-
shire exhibit was not large. The other breeds were well represented
in numbers. The Chester White show has grown from a comparatively
small exhibit to one of the biggest hog shows at the fair, and in num-
bers they are now crowding the Polands. The Chester White breeders
have also made marked improvement in their breed, especially in
quality, and we might also mention a marked improvement in ham and
head and ear. The Hampshires are a new breed, and have already
taken a prominent place in the hog show, both in numbers and in
interest. The Duroc Jersey show this year was about the average seen
at Des Moines, both in numbers and quality. The winners were high
class but few of them were especially outstanding. The grand cham-
pions may be considered in the latter class. As is sometimes the case,
the grand champion boar was one that had not been figured on much
before the fair, and the hog that some of the "wise ones" had counted
on being the winner had to take second place. The grand champion
Duroc boar excelled in smoothness and quality, and he also has good
size. The Poland China exhibit was made up of the different types
for which the Poland China show has been noted for several years.
There were more of the "big type" Polands on exhibition this year than
ever, and in the boar classes especially the big types made a strong

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 777

showing — the strongest they have ever made. In the sow classes most
of the big types lacked either quality or fitting to win. The show was
hard to judge with the different types, and Harvey Johnston, who had
been selected to tie the ribbons, gave up and went home sick after the
first day's work. Mr. J. M. Stewart finished the judging. The difficulty
in satisfying the adherents of the large and small types made the
work of the judge very unpleasant, and this was aggravated by the
non-enforcement of the rules, which forbid abuse of the judges.

Twentieth Century Farmer, Omaha, Ned.

One of the foremost, if not the leading, exhibition enterprise of this
character in the United States, the Iowa State Fair and Agricultural
Exposition, was in annual session last week. The planning and pur-
pose of this exposition management was the exploitation of the natural
and acquired resources of the state to the highest possible degree of
exhibition excellence that the agricultural interests and industries of
this commonwealth are capable of producing. This annual conventio^;i
of sight-seeing gathered tens of thousands of stockholders in this
great propaganda of agricultural education, agricultural enterprise and
agricultural improvement. All kinds and classes of business were repre-
sented at this gathering and all kinds and classes of citizens that go
toward making up the population of a great and prosperous community
of people, such as the state of Iowa represents and stands for in its
varied and various industrial resources and business enterprises.

• THE IOWA STATE FAIR EXHIBIT.

The backing that the Iowa State Board of Agriculture has, in all its
varied duties and responsibilities as an official body, is abundantly set
forth in the strong endorsement that it receives in the attendance from
all parts of the state. The people of Iowa have acquired the state
fair habit. Many come to the state fair as an annual outing; they
come to see the fair in all its aspects of exhibition and entertainment.
They have learned to regard the state fair as an occasion that they
cannot afford to miss from an educational and social standpoint. Each
year they broaden out and become more interested in the features that
they are not specializing on in their own homes and on their own
farms. It is beginning to dawn on many state fair visitors and patrons
that this institution is a isystem of instruction for the broadening and
leveling out of intellectual man to a better understanding, a more
comprehensive idea of what the farm and home should be; the intro-
duction of new methods, to be profitably applied in farm management,
and the great object lesson school it has developed into, where the
system of comparison is taught on every hand.

The Iowa State Fair each year demonstrates its ability and demand
for greater things, for more space to be occupied in the accommoda-
tion of the various departments. Its large fair grounds, that only a
few years ago were commented upon as being too large; the depart-

778 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

ments scattered over too large an area of land, requiring too much
worry and travel to get from one to the other, is now being commented
upon favorably by fair people who each season visit a number of state
fairs as being wisely and well planned. Its present condition shows
that it has developed in department requirements and their accessories,
until the fair grounds have filled up, grown like a great city into a
solid habitation of business and industry.

PLACES OF REST FOR THE WEARY.

The parking of a state fair grounds, wherever a few rods of space
can be devoted to this purpose, is possibly the very best business in-
vestment that a state fair board can practice. A little shade and a few
rest seats meets the approval of 99 per cent of all the people on the
grounds. Iowa has not overlooked this feature of demand from the
weary mother with her babe to the other sight-seers who are almost
ready to drop down any place for rest, a moment's relief. Thousands
of settees are scattered over the parked divisions of the grounds and
invite the weary and foot-tired pedestrians to rest.

The machinery department at this fair is one of the most interesting
features of exhibition because of its general character, covering prac-
tically every line of machinery, tool, implement and device used on
the farm, about the home or in general service over the country. The
big machinery hall, where acres of machinery are housed and arranged
for exhibition, is an eye-opener to the immensity of display in this
department. But when one attempts to make a tour of the forty acres
of machinery outside of this big hall he feels that the Iowa State Fair
is too big a proposition for a one-week canvass and feels like petition-
ing the fair board to give the exhibition, tbe sight-seer and the inter-
ested public an extension of time of at least four more days. The
machinery department is estimated by the superintendent of that
division to be one-third larger than at any former fair and of a char-
acter much finer in display.

BUILDING OF GREAT VARIETY.

The big agricultural building was the feature of general attraction
from the fact of its general character of exhibit. This building provides
for the fruit and floral exhibits, dairy, bees and honey, the state agri-
cultural exhibit by counties or farms, and also gives space to land
companies and outside advertising firms and farm land exhibits. It
has many features of display of interest to the farmer, horticulturist
and dairyman. The dairy department has its special attractions in
this building. The farm products display was larger and better than
at any former fair. The fruit was not so good in quality, but in
quantity was about the same as other years. This building provides
the visitor with the greatest variety of entertainment of any place on
the grounds; it also takes care of many concessions that are best
served, where many people congregate to rest and take their time to
look at the attractions and entertainment features.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 779

The poultry department was one of great interest to many visitors
and is steadily climbing higher in exhibition quality each year. There
were 1,650 fowls in the coops, 100 more than last year, and in quality
it was the opinion of expert judges that this year's display has never
been equaled. The prevailing tendency is toward the breeding of the
American classes, as these are favorites among the farmer poultry
raisers. Another prominent feature is that the farmer breeder is the
foremost exhibitor. This fair has discriminated against the huckster
exhibitor, the professional exhibitor who fits himself out with a line
of exhibition fowls and makes the rounds of the fair solely for the
premium money that he can get out of it. No one can now display
more than fifty fowls; this disarms the huckster exhibitor, making
the money incentive too small to justify the following of the fair
circuits.

SALE OF BABY CHICKS QUITE POPULAR.

The exhibition of large incubators with a capacity of from 1,200
to 10,000 eggs at one hatching, was a matter of interest to many
poultrymen and women. The sale of baby chicks, in place of eggs
for hatching, is becoming quite popular among the fanciers. The
chick is shipped in a specially constructed pasteboard crate and arrives
at its destination in good condition ready to start off growing. The
poultry department of the Ames Agricultural College made several
feature exhibits that were very instructive; among them were the kill-
ing and dressing of fowls, the trap nest, methods of feeding for eggs
and for meat, sanitation of poultry and poultry quarters, plans for
poultry houses, etc.

The sheep department was about up to average years. The fine
wool classes were represented by the Rambouillet, American merino
and the three types of Delaine merino. All of these showed together
as one class, except the Rambouillet, which stood by itself. The show
as a whole was not a strong one, though several prominent flocks were
present; among those were two from Ohio. The strong type character-
istics of each distinct breed or family of merinos was not given any
consideration by the judge, which put the exhibitors at a loss to know
what the founders and builders of these various breeds had accom-
plished after their work of generations of men and sheep, if it was all
to be lightly cast aside by the actions and decisions of one person, who
had no experience as a breeder and handler of these sheep. The mutton
division was well represented by prominent flocks, the competition close
and careful, practical judging observed. The inquiry for breeding rams
was very encouraging to the exhibitors and no doubt many sales will
follow.

The cattle department, from the standpoint of quality in most breeds,
has never been excelled. The dairy breeds were never so fully or so well
represented as this year. The Holstein, Guernsey, Jersey, Ayrshire,
Brown Swiss and Red Poll were all prominent in the show ring, the
quality being exceptionally good.

780 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The beef breeds, the center of interest from the packers' and meat
consumers' standpoint, were regarded with a great deal of respect. The
big animal was not so critically scrutinized in search of minor and un-
important defects of where there was too much or not enough fat, but
estimated more from the practical common sense standpoint of value as
a beef producer. After all, it is quality and quantity combined that puts
dollars into the pocket of beef growers.

The Short-horn and Angus breeds were complained of by some cattle
judges as not being quite up to the Iowa State fair standard. This was due
mainly to some breeders not exhibiting who have formerly helped fill up
the ranks. The Hereford show was strong and merited the compliment
it received. The Galloway class is always good in quality, but not
sufllciently numerous to attract the attention it deserves. The cattle
department as a whole was one of the shows hard to beat.

MORE PORK IX THE SAME HIDE.

The swine division at the Iowa State fair has always been a leading
attraction. It is a throng place, made so by its numerous exhibitors and
interested visitors. This department is holding its own. There is not
much variation in numbers exhibited or interest in the exhibition. This
year, however, there is quite a tendency toward the larger type of hog,
especially in some of the breeds where large and small had become a
distinguishing feature among breeders. Here again is the influence of
dollars and cents exerting its argument for more pork in the same hide.
The more pork that can be produced in these times of high-priced meat
the better it suits the farmer. It is selling hogs at so much per pound,
not measuring bone, that interests the common hog raising farmer. The
question of keeping free from hog cholera is still commanding the atten-
tion of hog raisers.

The horse interests are still moving forward, notwithstanding the auto-
mobile and the truck are seemingly infringing on the work of the horse.
The big new brick barn on the Iowa State fair grounds, filled to over-
flowing with horses of all kinds, from the diminutive little Shetland to
the Percheron, would indicate that capital and business management still
see a bright outlook for the horse, the team on the farm. The new barn
is only two-fifths its contemplated size; it now accommodates 475 horses,
and when completed will house approximately 1,000 head. The show of
draft horses has been referred to as very fine, the greatest show of
American-bred horses ever made at this fair. Never has there been so
many Iowa breeders exhibiting. Draft horse importers who generally
make a strong show at this fair were not able to get their fresh importa-
tions home, consequently were not present.

PONIES CATCH "PA AND MA."

The pony exhibit was very fine; over 150 ponies were on exhibition,
occupying four long rows of stalls in the big barn. The interest in this
show cannot be described, so intense was the excitement and anxiety of
sightseers about this division. It was not only a boy and girl show in
interest, but a "Pa and Ma" show as well.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XHI 781

The Iowa State college building is one of the greatest points of interest
on the fair grounds. This is a large exhibition building devoted entirely
to the use of the agricultural college in its exhibition of what the college
is doing at Ames as nearly as can be from a presentation of exhibits and
demonstration lectures explanatory of the various departments and their
work. It is bringing the college to the people, and thousands get an
idea of agricultural college work that otherwise never would become
interested. Each department is in charge of instructors. It is an
excellent piece of extension work.

Approximately 100 boys, each representing his home county, were
made quite conspicuous on the fair grounds by their uniforms and their
organized appearance on all parts of the fair grounds each day of the
fair. These boys were the proteges of the State Board of Agriculture,
having been the winners of a statewide essay contest conducted by the
county school superintendents of the several counties. The boy of any
public school receiving the first prize for the best essay on Iowa was the
elected delegate to represent his county at the state fair, all his expenses
and entertainment to be paid by the state board. The boys were camped
and officered by their own members under the supervision of the state
superintendent. They were also given light guard duty on the fair
grounds and instructed in the affairs of running a state fair so far as
becoming familiar with the various departments was concerned. A fine
piece of state fair work and very popular.

The old soldier was not neglected. Thousands of these old veterans
come each year to this fair, representing almoist every state in the union.
This feature has grown in popularity until visitors from the Atlantic to
the Pacific and from the gulf to Canada, make it a point to come to the
grand encampment held at the Iowa State fair. They are in the main
a jolly, happy, social lot of gray-haired men. There is a pathetic side to
this picture that is scarcely appreciated by the present generation of
boys and girls. Only a few more years and this organization and this
feature of the Iowa State fair will have passed beyond.

Farmer & Breeder, Sioux City, la.

THE IOWA STATE FAIR.

The fifty-eighth annual Iowa State Fair closed on Friday, August 30.
It was a success in every sense of the word. The weather was ideal for
a big attendance. True it was hot at times, but the heat added millions
of bushels to Iowa's growing corn so nobody complained. Thursday
morning the sky was cloudy, but later in the day the clouds were
routed before any rain fell. With the weather right, the best crop of
small grain produced in many years safe in granary or stack, and the
corn making big strides toward one of the biggest crops ever produced
in Iowa, it is not surprising that the attendance was over 2,000 larger
than last year. Had the railroads granted special fair rates the at-
tendance would undoubtedly have come close to 300,000; as it was it

782 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

was estimated at 273,000 as compared with 270,700 last year. The net
profit was unofficially placed at approximately $30,000. Total receipts
were estimated at $180,000. In other words, the fair was a success
financially.

Financial success is desirable, but it is more important that it should
be a success educationally as well as inspirationally. In these respects
the big exposition did not lag. Thousands of men and women went
home with new ideas in farming and home-making. Men who studied
the live stock exhibits, the agricultural and horticultural products were
deeply impressed with the value of breeding and feeding in the develop-
ment of Iowa's great live stock industry. The same was true of the
women folks who studied the many things pertaining to the home. New
enthusiasm was kindled in the minds of thousands of young as well as
older men in the latent possibilities of Iowa farms, many of which are still
awaiting modern methods of culture and management. It is indeed a
privilege to attend a great state fair in these days of high-priced land
when everybody is looking for information to help make it pay.

As usual, the live stock show was excellent. The Iowa fair has for
years been looked upon as a leader among state fairs in the number and
quality of draft horses, beef cattle, and swine on exhibition and no doubt
its past record will be upheld this year when the show season has ended.
However, a number of the leading live stock exhibitors did not appear
in the ring this year, and a percentage of the stock was not as highly
conditioned as it has been in former years. The latter condition was
undoubtedly due to the fact that feed has been scarce and unusually high
in price. Though some of the leading showmen, who usually make their
initial appearance at Des Moines each season, were absent, the show as a
whole was no less attractive and educational than those of past years.
In some respects it was better. It was more of a farmer's fair and
less of the professional showman's fair. The places of some of the leading
breeders, who were absent, were taken by new men and new herds so
far as the Iowa show rings were concernd. This fact points to still
bigger stock shows at Des Moines in the future.

The draft horse show, taking everything into consideration, was one
of the best that has ever been held at Des Moines. Some of the classes
were not so well filled and were perhaps not quite so good from a
quality point of view as they have been in former years, yet others were
larger and better. Many notable victories were won in the horse classes
by home-bred stock. This was particularly true of the Percheron and
Clydesdale breeds. H. G. McMillan & Sons of Rock Rapids, Iowa, were
the leading winners of Percheron honors; in fact, this firm won more
championships than has ever been won by any other firm at one fair.
They emerged with champion stallion, champion mare, champion stallion
owned in Iowa, champion mare owned in Iowa, Percheron Society of
America champion stallion and mare bred and owned in Iowa, and a num-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 783

ber of reserve championships — making nine champion and reserve cham-
pionships out of a possible twelve.

The Clydesdale show was perhaps the best that has ever been made
at Des Moines. Home-bred animals were more conspicuous than usual
and they fully held their own with the imported ones. This was espe-
cially noticeable in the mare and younger stallion classes. The Shires
were present in their usual form, apparently glorying in their massive
weight and great power combined with good movement and style. The
principal show was made by Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. The Belgian
classes were a hit smaller than usual, but the entries showed plenty of
quality. The judging of this breed, which is evidently growing in pop-
ularity, was watched with considerable interest by the spectators in the
great judging pavilion, which, by the way, seemed almost constantly filled
to its capacity this year.

The futurity colt show created much interest everywhere; it was a
pronounced success in every respect. The Chicago Live Stock World,
which established this feature last year and has been promoting it ever
since, deserves great credit for the work it has done. The entries for the
event this year consisted of thirty-three Percheron, nineteen Shire,
eighteen Belgian and fourteen Clydesdale colts — including both stallions
and fillies. As a result of these futurity shows breeders are taking more
interest in developing their colts and thus much good is being accom-
plished, for only by keeping the colts coming steadily along from birth
to maturity can big draft horses of the desired weight be produced.

Some of the beef breeds of cattle were not so well represented as
usual; neither were there as many exhibitors. There were perhaps as
many good ones among the ribbon winners of the Short-horns, but there
were fewer from which to select them. Quite a number lacked fitting to
compare favorably with the company in which they were placed. How-
ever, the showing made was on the whole very creditable. The Herefords
were out in full force — all in their Sunday clothes. Practically all classes
made an unusually good showing. They undoubtedly made a deep im-
pression upon the spectators in the judging amphitheater and especially
upon prospective buyers of feeding cattle. The Angus breeders made
their usual good impression upon the crowds with their smooth Doddies
that waste no feed on superfluous bone development. Their cattle were
in fine condition for the show ring. Among the Polled Durhams there
were some unusually fine specimens of the breed, showing that progress
is being made from year to year in the development of these hornless
Shorthorns, but the number on exhibition was much smaller than last
year. The Galloway show was much the same as it has been in former
years, though a little smaller.

The show of dairy cattle was considerably larger than a year ago. In-
cluding the Red Polls with the dairy breeds, there were 455 head as com-
pared with 360 last year. Holsteins were much more numerous than
they have ever been before and the quality was fully up to standard.
The Jerseys made a very fine showing. Guernseys, Ayrshires, and Brown

784 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Swiss were represented by a few herds. The Red Polls, which are
classed as a dual-purpose breed, presented a very fine appearance. The
entries made amounted to 133 as compared with eighty-seven in 1911.
Some of the classes were very large. The Red Poll show was stronger
than any made at Des Moines in former years.

The swine pavilion was crowded to its capacity and must have held
in the neighborhood of 2,000 hogs. The Duroc-Jerseys seemed to be the
most numerous, though the Poland-Chinas must have been close seconds.
Chester-Whites, Hampshires, Berkshires, and Large Yorkshires were all
well represented. It is scarcely necessary to say that the hog show was
fully up to standard. Breeders found a strong demand for good breed-
ing stock at satisfactory prices. There seemed to be a pronounced dis-
position among buyers to look for quality rather than for low prices.
High-priced feed and high-priced pork are powerful stimulants to growers
to improve their breeding herds.

The individual farm displays of which there were ten, were inter-
esting because they were nicely arranged. They were made by owners
of 80-acre farms and therefore called special attention to holdings of
that size. To those who understand how such exhibits are gotten up,
however, they do not make a very strong appeal. They become merely
a few bundles of grain and grasses nicely tied together and hung up
on the walls in an artistic manner. The effect of this is heightened by
a nice assortment of vegetables spread out on shelves or tables under-
neath the decorated wall space. In the background is the name of the
farm nicely worked out in moss or some other suitable materials. Such
displays are pleasing to the eye, but they convey no information of
value to the practical farmer. Most of the specimens one sees in such
displays are grown especially for the fair and in reality do not show how
the 80-acre farm, which they are supposed to represent, is being man-
aged nor whether the methods actually followed are profitable or not.
Besides being nice to look at, why should not these individual farm
exhibits show something of the actual results obtained on these farms?

Why not pick out a dozen farms or so in various parts of the
state that are managed by up-to-date, progaessive men and have careful
records kept on them for a year or a series of years, and then show
definitely what has been accomplished. The rotation followed, if any,
could be shown. Seed bed preparation could be illustrated and yields
obtained could be recorded. The whole scheme of management could
readily be illustrated by means of contour soil maps showing the farms
themselves.

The fruit exhibits in Horticultural Hall were pleasing and educational
in that they called special attention to the varieties best suited to Iowa
conditions. The display of Jonathan, Winesap, Delicious, and North-
western Greening apples was very fine. Those who were specially in-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 785

terested in good farm orchards or in the growing of fruit on a com-
mercial scale learned from one of the leading fruit exhibitors that he
attributes his success in fruit growing during the last few years to the
use of smudges in his orchards. Two years ago when the frost destroyed
the apple crop over the greater part of Iowa this man saved a 12-acre
orchard by lighting smudge pots between every square of four trees.
This made a good deal of work and cost considerable money, but it paid
handsomely because apples brought a fancy price that fall. The few
who can manage to raise big crops when others raise little or nothing
are the men who succeed best.

The agricultural display was not up to standard. The corn show was
very poor. The latter part of August is, of course, too early for new
corn in Iowa, but if it is desirable to show corn at all, the display ought
at least to do credit to the state and not be composed of a lot of mis-
cellaneous samples that would be ruled out at a county fair. The corn
on display certainly was not representative of Iowa's crop and should
never have been given space on the half empty shelves on which it was
found. The products of the grain fields have not been properly displayed
at Des Moines for many years. We are unable to divine a reason for this
lack of interest in this important field. Surely Iowa farmers produce
grains that are worthy of a prominent place in Agricultural Hall.

Some of the exhibits of the Iowa State College were most instructive.
Among these was a soil map of the state showing that co-operative
experiments in the growing of corn, small grains, and alfalfa are being
conducted in all the counties except five. Furthermore, that good stands
of alfalfa have been obtained in at least 90 counties in the state, though
unsuccessful attempts have also been made in some of the counties.
From a general view of the map, however, one got the impression that
this valuable legume can be grown all over the state if the ground is
properly prepared therefor. There may be restricted sections where the
soil is underlaid with hardpan or where good drainage is lacking that
are not suitable for alfalfa, but the experiments mentioned corroborate
the opinion expressed by this journal for several years that there is
comparatively little land in Iowa on which this valuable forage plant
can not be grown to advantage. It is time for farmers in the corn belt
to pay more attention to this forage plant w^hich forms such a valuable
adjunct to corn silage for beef as well as milk production.

Another exhibit in the Iowa State College building was a concrete
illustration of the results that have recently been obtained at that
institution in pig-feeding experiment. Stuffed pigs were placed in four
pens, the first representing a dry lot, the second a rape pasture, the
third a clover pasture and the fourth an alfalfa pasture. Printed cards
over each pen showed that pork had been produced at a cost of 5.21
cents per pound in the dry lot, at 3.8 cents on rape pasture, at 3.7 cents
on clover pasture, and at 3.4 cents on alfalfa pasture. The pastures in
50

786

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

each case were supplemented with grain, but a proper valuation was
assigned to the pasture fields in calculating results. One acre of rape
produced 677 pounds of pork; one of clover, 728 pounds; and one of
alfalfa, 744 pounds. This concrete representation of facts was very
impressive, and undoubtedly made an indelible impression upon the
minds of many farmers whose attention was gained through the novelty
of the plan of presentation. The lesson taught was clear cut: Use more
pasture crops for pork production. Grow the pigs on cheap, healthful
feed, and then finish them on corn properly balanced with high-protein
products.

^b3^

Good Stands of Alfalfa Have Been Obtained in at Least Ninety of the Counties of
Iowa.— Courtesy Iowa Agricultural College,

AWARDS

IN

LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS

IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION

1912

HORSE DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent Chas. F. Curtiss, Ames, Iowa.

PERCHERONS.

EXHIBITORS.

Anita Horse Co., Anita, Iowa; Harold Anderson, Cambridge, III.; Geo.
Baker, Newton, Iowa; W. H. S. Barnett, Dexter, Iowa; Brown & Walker,
Clarinda, Iowa; John Cameron, Audubon, Iowa; W. S. Corsa, White
Hall, 111.; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; Wm. Crownover, Hudson,
Iowa; C. B. Dannen & Sons, Melbourne, Iowa; Dunhams, Wayne, 111.;
Geo. Eggert, Newton, Iowa; J. C. Ewing, Farmington, 111.; Finch Bros.,
Joilet and Verona, 111.; E. N. Gates, Newton, Iowa; Hiilcrest Farm, Ot-
tumwa, Iowa; E. M. Hoagland, Promise City, 111.; Chas. Holland, Spring-
field, Mo.; E. L. Humbert, Corning, Iowa; Iowa Agricultural College,
Ames, Iowa; Chas. Irvine, Ankeny, Iowa; C. E. Jones, Rippey, Iowa; J.
T. Judge, Carroll, Iowa; Geo. M. McCray, Fithian, 111.; H. G. McMillan &
Sons, Rock Rapids, Iowa; F. M. Myers, Eldora, Iowa; Martin Nelson,
Cambridge, Iowa; J. S. Oakman, Blandinsville, 111.; J. L. Risley, Ames,
Iowa; W. W. Seeley, Stuart, Iowa; E. R. Shaw, Oneida, 111.; R. N. Thomp-
son, Cowden, 111.; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111.; I. W.
Wambold, Stuart, Iowa; F. W. Weinrich, Geneseo, 111.

Judge Wm. Bell, Wooster, Ohio.

Stallion Four Yeais or Over — First, Incruste, 61595, H. G. McMillan &
Sons; second, Interprete, 80503, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third,
French Premier, 53995, W. W. Seeley; fourth, Isocrate, 70608, Crawford
& Griffin; fifth, Irrite, 70272, Martin Nelson; sixth, Istroth, 64979, Geo.
Baker,

788 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Stallion Over Three, Under Two — First, Joujou, 84455, Dunhams; sec-
ond, Johannisberg, (84107), Dunhams; third, Janze, 88423, Dunhams;
fourth, Janssen, 89205, Dunhams; fifth, Jaley. 81593-84784, Wm. Crown-
over; sixth, Fremont, 69967, F. W. Weinrich.

Stallion Over Three, Under Tico — First, Kourbet, 92031, Dunhams; sec-
ond, Kolonel, (93076), Dunhams; third, Kaifoung, (92653), Dunhams;
fourth, Lunar, 79279, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fifth, Kanova, 90926, Dun-
hams.

Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Carlant, 86615, W. S. Corsa;
second. Carbon, 86617, W. S. Corsa; third. Matador, 86310, H. G. Mc-
Millan & Sons; fourth, Jocko, 86281, J. T. Judge.

Stallion Foal — First, Buster, 86708, Martin Nelson; second, Victor,
J. L. Risley; third, Belmonte, Brown and Walker; fourth. Caption,
86709, Martin Nelson.

Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred hy Exhihitor — First, French
Premier, 53995, W. W. Seeley.

Stallion Under Three, Bred hij Exhihitor — First, Lunar, 79279,- H. G.
McMillan & Sons; third, Carlant, 86615, W. S. Corsa; third. Carbon,
86617, W. S. Corsa; fourth. Comet, 77989, Martin Nelson.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Rosine, 65953, H. G. McMillan &
Sons; second, America, 45755, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third, Gelive,
70392, Finch Bros.; fourth, Histoire, 67621, Hillcrest Farm; fifth, Sula,
55397, W. H. S. Barnett.

Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Jongleusse, 82340, C. B. Dannen
& Sons; second, Lady Perfection, 68287, C. B. Dannen & Sons; third,
Jane, 70889, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Gracia, 70349, H. G. Mc-
Millan & Sons; fifth, Fortune, 67646, F. W. Weinrich.

Filly Over Two, Under Three— First, Grey Perfection, 70286, C. B.
Dannen & Sons; second Roselle, 78747, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third,
Mabel, 73569, Finch Bros.; fourth, Diamond, 76587, W. H. S. Barnett;
fifth, Hesper, 82853, Hillcrest Farm.

Filly Over One, Under Tivo — First, Lottano, 84439, W. S. Corsa; sec-
ond, Folito, 86613, W. S. Corsa; third, Empreto, 86614, W. S. Corsa;
fourth, Geneseo Gem, 81941, F. W. Weinrich.

Mare Foal— First, Carnot's Maid, 86282, J. T. Judge; second, W. H. S.
Barnett; third. Miss Helix, Brown and Walker.

Mare Three Years or Over, Bred T)y Exhihitor — First, Rosine 65953,
H. G. McMillan & Sons; second. Lady Perfection, C. B. Dannen & Sons;
third, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Gracia, 70349, H. G. McMillan &
Sons; fifth. Queen B, 61765, W. H. S. Barnett.

Mare Under Three, Bred l)y Exhihitor — First, Lottano, 84439, W. S.
Corsa; second, Grey Perfection, C. B. Dannen & Sons; third, Roselle,
78747, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Folito, 86613, W. S. Corsa; fifth,
Empreto, 86614, W. S. Corsa.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 789

Champion Stallion — First, Incruste, 61595, H. G. McMillan & Sons; sec-
ond, Kourbet, (92031), Dunhains.

Champion Mare — First, Rosine, 65953, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second,
America, 45755, H. G. McMillatt & Song.

Champion Stallion Owned in 7oi(?a-^First, Incruste, 61595, H. G. Mc-
millan & Sons; second, Lunar, 79279, H. G.- McMillan & Sons.

Champion Mare Owned in Iowa — First, Rosine^ 65953, H. G. McMillan
& Sons; second, America, 45755, H. G. McMillan & Sons.

Get of Stallion— 'First, W. S. Corsa; second, and fourth, H. G. McMil-
lan & Sons; third, C. B. Danneh; fifth,, W.- W. Seeley.

Produce of Mare— Firsts C. B. Danneh & Sons; second, H. G. Mc-
Millan & Sons; third, M. J. Nelson; fourth, W. H. S. Barnett.

Grand Dispiay-^First, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second, C. B. Dannen &
Sons.

Five Stallions Owned hy Exhihitors — Dunhams.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE PERCHERON SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

Stallion Three Years Old and) Over, Bred and Owned hy ExhiMtor —
First, French Premier, 53995, W. W. Seeley.

Stallion Under Three, Bred and Oioned hy Exhiditor — First, Lunar,
79279, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second, Carlant, 86615, W. S. Corsa; third,
Carbon, 86617, W. S. Corsa.

Champion Stallion Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — First, Lunar, 79279,
H. G. McMillan & Sons; second, French Premier, 53995, W. W. Seeley.

Mare Three Years or Over, Bred and Owned hy Exhibitor — First, Rosine,
65953, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second, Lady Perfection, 68287, C. B
Dannen & Sons; third, Jane, 70889, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth,
Gracia, 70349, H. G. McMillan & Sons.

Mare Under Three, Bred and Owned hy Exhihitor — First, Lottano,
84439, W. S. Corsa; second. Grey Perfection, 70286, C. B. Dannen & Sons;
third, Roselle, 78747, H. G. McMillan & Sons.

Champion Mare, Bred and Owned hy Exhihitor — First, Rosine, 65953,
H. G. McMillan & Sons; second. Grey Perfection, 70286, C. B. Dannen &
Sons.

Get of Stallion— First, W. S. Corsa; second and fourth, H. G. McMillan
& Sons; third, C. B. Dannen & Sons.

Produce of Mare — First, C. B. Dannen & Sons; second, H. G. McMillan
& Sons; third, Martin Nelson; fourth, W. H. S. Barnett.

Champion Stud— First, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second, C. B. Dannen
& Sons.

Five Stallions Owned hy Exhihitor — First, Dunhams.

790

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CHAMPION PERCHERON MARE
Iowa State Fair, 1912

Champion Stallion, Open Class— First, Incruste, 61595, H. G. McMillan
& Sons; second, Kourbet, 92031, Dunhams.

Champion Mare, Open Class — First, Rosine, 65953, H. G. McMillan &
Sons; second, America, 45755, H. G. McMillan & Sons.

PERCHERON FUTURITY SPECIALS.

Stallion Section— First, Carlant, 86615, W. S. Corsa; second, Carbon,
86617, W. S. Corsa; third. Matador, 86310, H. G. McMillan & Sons;
fourth. Jocko, 86281, J. T. Judge; fifth. Comet, 77989, M. J. Nelson; sixth,
J. Fawnzule, 81224, E. M. Hoagland; seventh, Jerard, 85519, H. G. Mc-
Millan & Sons; eighth, King James, 85777, F. M. Myers; ninth, Loulaba,
85384, Crawford and Griffen; tenth. Corrector, 85516, H. G. McMillan &
Sons; eleventh. Bandmaster, 82794, John Cameron; twelfth, Intro, 86320,
H. G. McMillan & Sons.

Filly Section— First, Lottano, 84439, W. S. Corsa; second, Folito,
86613, W. S. Corsa; third, Empreto, 86614, W. S. Corsa; fourth, Geneseo

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 791

Gene, 81941, P. W. Weinrich; fifth, Elsetta, 85534, H. G. McMillan &
Sons; sixth, Hymneto, 84991, W. S. Corsa; seventh, Mona, 87092, Sheehan
Bros.; eighth, Aline, 85436, J. C. Ewing; ninth, Ruth, 85306, Iowa State
College; tenth, Bird, 79828, C. B. Dannen & Sons; eleventh, Carnota,
86532, E. Shaw; twelfth. Favorite, 84464, C. F. Jones.

Corsa Special— First, Aline, 85436, J. C. Ewing; second, Carnota, 86532,
E. Shaw.

McMillan Special— First, Ruth, 85306, Iowa State College.

FRENCH DRAFT.
EXHIBITOE.

Justin D. McCarthy, Ames, Iowa.

AWAEDS.

Judge T. W. Bell, Chicago, 111.

Stallion Over One, under Two — First, Blucher, 22320, Justin D. Mc-
Carthy.

CLYDESDALES.

EXHIBITORS.

Peter Birgen, New Hampton, Iowa; J. J. Brannon, Waucoma, Iowa;
Coyngham Bros., Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania; Crawford & Griffin, New-
ton, Iowa; H. H. Ford, Storm Lake, Iowa; Alex Galbraith & Sons,
DeKalb, 111.; Laban Harrison, Prescott, Iowa; Hildebrand Bros., Glad-
brook, Iowa; W. V. Hixson, Marengo, Iowa; Iowa Agricultural College,
Ames, Iowa; J. Leitch & Sons, LaFayette, 111.; McLay Bros., Janesville,
Wis.; Jas. Pedley, Britt, Iowa; Frank Shekleton, Lawler, Iowa; A. G.
Soderberg, Osco, 111.; South Bros., Orion, 111.

AVTARDS.

Judge Wm. McKirdy, Napinka, Man.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Dreadnaught, 16260, Alex Gal-
braith & Son; second, Rinaldo, 15435. J. Leitch & Sons: third. West-
ward Ho, 14495, Frank Shekleton; fourth. Forest King, 14076, James
Pedley; fifth. Royal Irwin, 16156, McLay Bros.; sixth, Goldrock, 14494,
Peter Birgen.

Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, King Norman, 16159, McLay
Bros.; second, Boreland, 16259, Alex Galbraith & Son; third. Prince
Cedric, 16656, H. H. Ford; fourth, Lord Halsbury, 16145, J. Leitch &
Sons; fifth. General Williams, 16655, Alex Galbraith & Son; sixth,
Glenmorag, 16261, Alex Galbraith & Son.

792 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Osco Pride, 15470, A. G. Soder-
berg; second, Russell, 16062, Laban Harrison; third, Prince Argosy,
15810, Alex Galbraith & Son; fourth, Lord Balcarries, 16160, McLay Bros.;
fifth, Osco Stuart, 15468, A. G. Soderberg.

Stallion Over One, Under Tivo — First, Charnock, 16401, Alex Galbraith
& Son; second. Monarch, 16651, J. Leitch & Sons; third. Baron Caliph,
16592, W. V. Hixson; fourth. The Model Prince, 6387, W. V. Hixson.

Stallion Foal — First, Pride of Hope, South Bros.

Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, Forest King,
14076, Jas. Pedley; second, Reliance, 14938, W. V. Hixson; third, Oscar
Doune, 16137, J. J. Brannon; fourth, Keir Dauntless, 2nd, 14986, J.
Leitch & Sons; fifth. Baron Dounes Choice, 15092, Frank Shekleton.

Stallion Under Three, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, Osco Pride, 15470, A.
G. Soderberg; second. Baron Caliph, 16592, W. V. Hixson; third, Osco
Stuart, 15468, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Kenneth, 16597, W. V. Hixson.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Osco Bloss, 12056, A. G. Soderberg;
second. May Palmerston, 15994, W. V. Hixson; third. Lady De Bathe,
14638, McLay Bros.; fourth. Floss, 16780, Finch Bros.; fifth, Osco Sweet-
ness, 11117, South Bros.

Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Graceful Lady, 14854, McLay
Bros.; second, Beauty's Maid, 14857, South Bros.; third. Pride of Avon-
aale, 14663, J. Leitch & Sons.

Filly Over Two, Under Three— First, Clifton Bell, 15530, W. V. Hix-
son; second, Osco Rose, 15467, A. G. Soderberg; third, Airlie Queen,
15979, J. Leitch & Sons; fourth, Flossie, 15862, W. V. Hixson; fifth,
Florence, 15552, South Bros.

Filly Over One, Under Two — First, Lady Caliph, 16601, W. V. Hixson;
second, Princess Mae, 16807, H. H. Ford; third, Osco Bell, 16279, A. G.
Soderberg; fourth, Irene, 16609, J. Leitch & Sons.

Mare Foal — First, Lady Stuart, W. V. Hixson; second. Lady Demure,
McLay Bros.; third. Lady Favorite, W. V. Hixson.

Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Graceful Lady,
14854, McLay Bros.; second, Osco Bloss, 12056, A. G. Soderberg; third,
May Palmerston, 15994, W. V. Hixson; fourth. Pride of Avondale, 14663,
J. Leitch & Sons; fifth. Lady Palmerston, 13565, W. V. Hixson.

Mare Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Osco Baron's Sweetness,
15466, A. G. Soderberg; second. Lady Caliph, 16601, W. V. Hixson; third.
Princess Mae, 16807, H. H. Ford; fourth, Lady Favorite, W. V. Hixson;
fifth, Clifton Bell, 15530, W. V. Hixson.

Champion Stallion — First, Charnock, 16401, Alex Galbraith & Son; sec-
ond, King Norman, 16159, McLay Bros.

Champion Mare — First, Graceful Lady, 14854, McLay Bros.; second.
Lady Caliph, 16601, W. V. Hixson.

Champion Stallion, Owned in Iowa — First, Cedric, 16656, H. H. Ford;
second. Westward Ho, 14495, Frank Shekleton.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 793

Champion Mare, Owned in lovm — First, Lady Caliph, 16601, W .V. Hix-
son; second. Princess Mae, 16807, H. H. Ford.

Get of Stallion — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, W. V. Hixson; third,
McLay Bros.

Produce of Mare — First, and second W. V. Hixson; third, J. Leitch &
Sons; fourth. South Bros.

Grand Display — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, McLay Bros.; third
and fourth, W. V. Hixson.

Five 8talUo7is Oicned hy Exhibitor — Alex Galbraith.

CLYDESDALE FUTURITY SPECIALS.

Stallion Section — First, Charnock, 16401, Alex Galbraith; second.
Monarch, 16651, J. Leitch & Sons; third. Baron Caliph, 16592, W. V.
Hixson; fourth. The Model Prince, 16387, McLay Bros.; fifth, Kemeth,
16597, W. V. Hixson; sixth, McSandy, 16771, Iowa State College; sev-
enth, Osco Peter, 16116, A. G. Soderberg.

Filly Section — First, Lady Caliph, 16601, W. V. Hixson; second, Prin-
cess Mae, 16807, H. H. Ford; third, Osco Bell, 16279, A. G. Soderberg;
fourth, Irene, 16609, J. Leitch & Son; fifth, June C, 16222, South Bros.;
sixth, Lilly Caliph, 16598, J. C. South; seventh. Princess Isabelle 2nd,
Hildebrand Bros.

ENGLISH SHIRES.

EXHIBITORS.

Wm. Crownover, Hudson, Iowa; Robt. Dyer, Pleasantville, Iowa; Geo.
Eggert, Newton, Iowa; Finch Bros., Joilet and Verona, 111.; Alex Gal-
braith & Sons, DeKalb, 111.; Wm. Hopley Est., Atlantic, Iowa; Frank E.
Huston, Waukee, Iowa; Geo. M. McCray, Fithian, 111.; Reuben Meyers,
Fithian, 111.; Jno. R. Rittenhouse, Mahomet, Illinois; Jno. A. Sage,
Ankeny, Iowa; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, 111.; Thurman's Woodbine Place,
Blanchard, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111.; F. J.
Woltman, Cedar Falls, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, 111.

Stallion Four Years or Oi;er— First, Dunsmore Willington Boy, III,
(27294), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Ashbeach Excelsior,
Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Modlar Duke, (25424), Truman's
Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Mardresfield Ermine, (30074), Truman's
Pioneer Stud Farm; fifth, Abbott's Haymaker, (26950), Truman's
Pioneer Stud Farm.

Stallion Over Three, Under Four— First, Lord Carlton, (30068), Tru-
man's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Dunsmore Royal Lad, (29338), Tru-

794 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

man's Pioneer Stud Farm; third, March Pioneer, (28983), Truman's
Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Buster Brown III, 12050, Wm. Crownover;
fifth. Dyer's King, 11190, Robt. Dyer. ,

Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Carlton King, (300'77), Tru-
man's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Comet VIII, (29257), Truman's Pio-
need Stud Farm; third, Sarfleet King, (29922), Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm; fourth, Burgh Harold, (29181), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm.

Stallion Over One, Under ri(;o— First, Carlton Royal Grey, (30078),
Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Cecil Rhodes, 12701, J. R. Rit-
tenhouse; third, Bourgeon's Flash, 13192, Geo. M. McCray; fourth, Eugene
of Enfield, 12669, Geo. M. McCray.

Stallion Foal — First, Maple Dale Masterpiece, 13227, Wm. Crownover;
second, J. A. Sage.

Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred ly ExhiHtor — First, Dyer's King,
11190, Robt. Dyer.

Stallion Under Three, Bred T)y ExhiHtor — First, Brown Bob, Geo, Eg-
gert; second, Osco Joy, 12485, A. G. Soderberg; third. Finch Bros.;
fourth, Maple Dale Masterpiece, 13227, Wm. Crownover.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Dowsby Sunbeam, 12735, Alex Gal-
braith & Son; second, Nottingham Energy, 10712, Wm. Hopley, Est.;
third, Lady Brown, 10973, Frank E. Huston; fourth, Ankeny Flora,
10528, J. A. Sage.

Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Waldersee Hall Rose 2nd,
(65286), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Joliet Peach, 12079,
Finch Bros.; third, Graby Easter Gift, 12782, Geo. Eggert.

Filly Over Tivo, Under Three — First, Crocus, (65597), Truman's Pio-
neer Stud Farm; second, Frithville Princess, (65598), Truman's Pioneer
Stud Farm; third. Finch's Gloaming, 12477, Finch Bros.; fourth. Finch's
Best, 12080, Finch Bros.

Filly Over One, Under Two — First, Paramount Esther, 12529, Wm.
Crownover; second, Lady Trenant, 13226, Wm. Crownover; third, Lin-
colnshire Queen, 12712, Finch Bros.; fourth. Baby Alice, 13212, Jno. R.
Rittenhouse.

Mare Foal — First, Pine Krest Primrose, 13225, Frank E. Huston; sec-
ond. Oak Lawn Easter Rose, 13247, Geo. Eggert; third. Grove Duchess,
Wm. Hopley Est.

Mare Three Years or Over, Bred hy ExhiHtor — First, Ankeny Flora,
10528, J. A. Sage; second. Finch Bros.; third. Fashion Plate, 8771, J. A.
Sage.

Mare Under Three, Bred J)y Exhibitor — First, Pine Krest Princess,
Frank E. Huston; second, Paramount Esther, Wm. Crownover; third,
Gertie Kile, 12775, J. A. Sage; fourth, Finch Bros.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII

795

Champion Stallion — First, Lord Carlton, (30068), Truman's Pioneer
Stud Farm; second, Carlton Royal Grey, (30078), Truman's Pioneer
Stud Farm.

Champion Mare — First, Frithville Princess (65588), Truman's Pio-
neer Stud Farm; second. Pine Krest Primrose, 13225, Frank E. Huston,

Champion Stallion, Oicned in Iowa — First, Brown Bob, 12462, Geo.
Eggert; second, Bickster King, Wm. Crownover.

Cham<pion Mare, Owned in Iowa — First, Pine Krest Primrose, 13225,
Frank E. Huston; second, Paramount Esther, 12529, Wm. Crownover.

Get of Stallion — First, Wm. Crownover; second. Finch Bros.; third,
Frank E. Huston.

Produce of Mare — First, Wm. Hopley Est.; second, Frank E. Huston;
third. Finch Bros.; fourth, J. A. Sage.

Grand Display — First, Finch Bros.

Five Stallions Owned by ExhiUtor — Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm.

SHIRE YEARLING FDTDRITY WINNER
Iowa State Fair, 1912

796 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE SHIRE HORSE SOCIETY OF

ENGLAND.

Best Shire Stalli07i— First, Lord Carlton, (30068), Truman's Pioneer
Stud Farm; second, Carlton Royal Grey, (300'78), Truman's Pioneer
Stud Farm.

Best Shire Mare — First, Frithville Princess, (65598), Truman's Pio-
neer Stud Farm; second. Pine Krest Primrose, 13225, Frank E, Huston.

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SHIRE HORSE

ASSOCIATION.

Champion Stallion, Any Age — First, Lord Carlton, (30068), Truman's
Pineer Stud Farm; second, Carlton Royal Grey, (30078), Truman's
Pioneer Stud Farm.

Champion Mare, Any Age — First, Frithville Princess, (65598), Tru-
man's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Pine Krest Primrose, 13225, Frank
E. Huston.

SHIRE FUTURITY SPECIALS.

Stallion Section — First, Cecil Rhodes, 12701, Jno. R. Rittenhouse; sec-
ond, Bourgeon's Flash, 13192, Geo. McCray; third, Eugene of Enfield,
12669, Geo. McCray; fourth, Grove Harold, 12951, Wm. Hopley Est.; fifth.
Royalist, 13158, Finch Bros.; sixth, Buscot, John^ 13017, A. G. Soderberg;
seventh. Pine Krest Patterson, 13223, Frank E. Huston; eighth, King
John, 12671, Geo. McCray.

Filly Section — First, Paramount Esther, 12529, Wm. Crownover; sec-
ond, Lady Trenant, 13226, Wm. Crownover; third, Lincolnshire Queen,
12712, Finch Bros.; fourth, Lady Alice, 13212, Jno. R. Rittenhouse; fifth.
Bonny Royal, 13252, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; sixth, Osco Prin-
cess, 12825, A. G. Soderberg; seventh. Pine Krest Princess, 13224, Frank
E. Huston.

BELGIANS,

EXHIBITORS.

G. E. Cole, Fonda, Iowa; Crawford and Griff en, Newton, Iowa; Wm.
CroY/nover, Hudson, Iowa; Geo. Eggert, Newton, Iowa; W. C. Estes,
Packwood, Iowa; Finch Bros., Joilet and Verona, 111.; R. F. French,
Independence, Iowa; G, W. Grigsby, Madrid, Iowa; Hildebrand Bros.,
Gladbrook, Iowa; Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa; Chas. Irvine,
Ankeny, Iowa; C. E. Jones, Livermore, Iowa; J. A. Loughridge, Delta,
Iowa; Henry Lefebure, Fairfax, Iowa; G. A. McCarty, Princeville, 111.;
C. W. McDermott, Wiota, Iowa; J. N. B. Miller, Corning, Iowa; Ernest
Pancake, Ransom, 111.; W. V. R. Powis, Wayne, 111.; Carl A. Rosenfeld,
Kelley, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Ills.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 797

AWARDS.

Judge Alex Gajlbraith, DeKalb, 111.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Jules Remi, 6166, H. Lefebure; sec-
ond, Robt. De Rune, Chas. Irvine; third, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm;
fourth, Dulci, 72592, Finch Bros.; fifth, Porthos de Sarlardinge, 6214,
(63114), Wm. Crownover; sixth. Pet De None, 5953, Chas. Irvine.

Stallion Over Three, Under Four— First, Villiant De Merfes, 6231,
Geo. Eggert; second, Max De Grace, 6230, Geo. Eggert; third, Danube,
5491, Chas. Irvine; fourth, Robert, G. E. Cole; fifth, Espoir Laling, 6162,
H. Lefebure.

Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Picha, 72578, Finch Bros.;

second, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Bolle De Lalys, 72588,

Finch Bros.; fourth, Rob Roy, 5677, C. W. McDermott; fifth, R. F.
French.

Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Rubicon, 6359, Finch Bros.;
second, Le Predecateur, 6574, Chas. Irvine; third, Nicholas, 6536, C. W.
McDermott; fourth, Bon De Onker, 6685, G. W. Grigsby; fifth, Wm.
Crownover.

StcCllion FoaZ— First, Prince Bleddyn, 6679, W. V. R. Powis; second,
Irvindale Prince, Chas. Irvine.

Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred iy Exhihitor — First, Finch Bros.

Stallion Under Three, Bred by Exhihitor — First, Finch Bros.; second
Jean d' Or, 6573, Chas. Irvine; third, Nicholas, 6536, C. W. McDermott;
fourth, Raymond, 6319, W. C. Estes; fifth. Prince Bleddyn, 6679, W.
V. R. Powis.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Laura, 2466, Finch Bros.; second,
Flora, 941 (61501), J. N. B. Miller; third, Madam 2nd, 399, J. A. Lough-
ridge; fourth, Martha Der Haerten, (61537), Geo. Eggert; fifth, Colette,
1316, R. F. French.

Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Bella Terlinden, (2793), R. F.
French; second, Flavie, 1300, Chas. Irvine; third, Albonie, 26960, H.
Lefebure; fourth, Mika, 80627, Finch Bros.; fifth. Finch Bros.

Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Luzette, 1526, H. Lefebure; sec-
ond, Floride de Vlad, 2802, R. F. French; third, Florence, 855, J. N. B.
Miller; fourth, Claire, 2796, R. P. French; fifth, Portia, J. A. Lough-
ridge.

Filly Over One, Under Tioo — First, Elsie, 2368, G. A. McCarty; second,
Lafleure, 2595, Ernest Pancake; third. Madam of Delta, 2820, J. A.
Loughridge; fourth, Maria, 2596, Ernest Pancake; fifth. Miss Fosteau,
2831, Carl A. Rosenfeld; sixth, Christine Ware, 2795, R. F. French;
seventh; Blue Belle, 2666, Chas. Irvine.

Mare Foal — First, Finch Bros.; second, Paulette, Chas. Irvine; third,
Jeanette Rosengift, Carl A. Rosenfeld; fourth, Lorette, Chas. Irvine; fifth,
Ruby, Chas. Irvine.

798 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by ExMMtor — First, Miss Nora, 620,
W. C. Estes.

Mare Under Three, Bred hy Exhihitor — First, Elsie, 2368, G. A. Mc-
Carty; second. Madam of Delta, 2820, J. A. Loughridge; third, Florence,
855, J. N. B. Miller; fourth. Blue Belle, 2666, Chas. Irvine; fifth. Finch
Bros.

Champion Stallion — First, Villiant De Merfes, 6231, Geo. Eggert; sec-
ond, Rubicon, 6359, Finch Bros.

Champion Mare — First, Laura, 2466, Finch Bros.; second, Luzette,
1526, Henry Lefebure.

Champion Stallion, Oivned in Iowa — First, Villiant De Merfes, 6231,
Geo. Eggert; second, Jules Remi, 6166, H. Lefebure.

Champion Mare, Owned in lowu — First, Luzette, 1526, Henry Lefe-
bure; second, Flora, 941 (61501), J. N. B. Miller.

Get of Stallion — First, Chas. Irvine.

Produce of Mare — First, Finch Bros.; second, J. N. B. Miller; third,
Wm. Crownover; fourth, Carl A. Rosenfeld; fifth, J. A. Loughridge.

Grand Display — First, Chas. Irvine.

Five Stallions, Owned ty Exhibitor — First, Finch Bros.; second, H.
Lefebure.

SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF
IMPORTERS AND BREEDERS OF BELGIAN DRAFT HORSES.

Stallion Four Years Old and Over — First, Jules Remi, 6166, H. Lefe-
bure; second, Robert De Rune, 3595 (46686), Chas. Irvine; third, Tru-
man's Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Dulci, 72592, Finch Bros.; fifth,
Porthos de Sarlardinge, 6214 (63114), Wtm. Crownover.

Stallion Three Years Old and Under Four — First, Villiant De Merfes,
(6231), Geo. Eggert; second. Max De Grace, 6230, Geo. Eggert; third,
Danube, 5491, Chas. Irvine; fourth, Robert, G. E. Cole; fifth, Espoir
Laling, 6162, H. Lefebure.

Stallions Tivo Years old and Under Three — First, Picha, 72578, Finch
Bros.; second, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Bolle De La Lys,
72588, Finch Bros.; fourth, Rob Roy, 5677, C. W. McDermott; fifth.
Comet, 5803, R. F. French.

Five Stallions, Owned by One Exhibitor — First, Finch Bros.; second,
H. Lefebure.

Champion Stallion— First, Villiant De Merfes, 6231, Geo. Eggert; sec-
ond, Rubicon, 6359, Finch Bros.

Champion Mare — First, Laura, 2466, Finch Bros.; second, Luzette,
1526, H. Lefebure.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 799

BELGIAN FUTURITY SPECIALS.

Stallion Section — First, Rubicon, 6359, Finch Bros.; second, Roger,
6634, Iowa State College; third, Jean d' Or, Chas. Irvine; fourth,
Nicholas, C. W. McDermott; fifth, Bon d' Onker, 668,5, G. W. Grigsby;
sixth. Paramount Rex, Wm. Crownover; seventh, Creitien, 6620, Finch
Bros.

Fill'}/ Section — First, Elsie, 2368, G. A. McCarty; second, Lafleur,
Ernest Pancake; third. Madam of Delta, 2820, J. A. Loughridge; fourth,
Maria, Ernest Pancake; fifth, Miss Fosteau, Carl A. Rosenfeld; sixth,
Blue Belle, Chas. Irvine; seventh, Mona Lisa, 2408, W. V. R. Powis.

Lefehiire Stallion Special — First, Roger, Iowa State College; second,
Jean d' Or, Chas. Irvine.

Lefebure Filly Special — First, Madam of Delta, J. A. Loughridge;
second. Blue Belle, Chas. Irvine.

DRAFT GELDINGS AND MARES.

EXHIBITORS.

Jno. Albaugh, Ankeny, Iowa; Garrie R. Bishop, Mitchellville, Iowa;
G. E. Cole, Fonda, Iowa; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; C. B. Dan-
nen & Sons, Melbourne; Loren Dunbar, Earlham; Geo. Eggert, Newton,
Iowa; R. F. French, Independence; G. W. Grigsby, Madrid, Iowa; Sam
Hague, Van Meter, Iowa; W. V. Hixson, Marengo, Iowa; J. L. Howard,
Ankeny, Iowa; Frank E. Huston, Waukee, Iowa; Chas. A. Irvine,
Ankeny, Iowa; J. A. Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; McLay Bros., Janesville,
Wis.; Morris & Co., Chicago, 111.; Martin Nelson, Cambridge, Iowa; Carl
A. Rosenfeld, Kelley, Iowa; J. A. Sage, Ankeny, Iowa; South Bros.,
Orion, 111.; J. W. Thompson, Ankeny, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm, Bushnell, 111.

AWAEDS.

Judge R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, 111.

Gelding or Mare Four Years or Over — First, Fannie, G. E. Cole; sec-
ond, Charlie, G. W. Grigsby; third, Bessie, Jno. S. Albaugh; fourth,
Nellie, G. E. Cole; fifth, Maude, J. W. Thompson.

Gelding or Mare Three Years, and Under Four— First, Kate, G. W.
Grigsby.

Gelding or Mare Two Years, and Under Three — First, Queen, Jno. S.
Albaugh; second, Alice, Jno. S. Albaugh; third, John, G. W. Grigsby;
fourth, Garrie R. Bishop.

Gelding or Mare One Year, and Under Two — First, Maude, Crawford
& Griffin; second. Dandy, Geo. Eggert; third, G. E. Cole; fourth, Barney,
J. W. Thompson.

Horse or Filly Foal — First, Dolly, J. L. Howard; second, James, J.
W. Thompson; third, Brinker, Geo. Eggert; fourth, G. E.Cole.

800

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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CHAMPION FARltf TEAM
iowa State Fair 1912

Farmer's Team — First, Frank E. Huston; second, R. F. French; third,
G. W. Grigsby; fourth, G. E. Cole; fifth, C. B. Dannen & Sons; sixth,
Martin Nelson.

Gelding or Mare Four Years or over — First, Walter, Morris & Co.; sec-
ond. Hector, Morris & Co.; third, Archie, Morris & Co.; fourth, Fannie,
G. E. Cole; fifth, Nellie, G. E. Cole.

Draft Team in Harness — First, Morris & Co.; second, Frank E. Huston;
third, G. E. Cole; fourth, C. B. Dannen & Sons; fifth, Martin Nelson.

Cha7npion Mare or Gelding— First, Fannie, G. E. Cole; second, Charlie,
G. W; Grigsby.

Four Horse Team — First, Morris & Co.

Six Horse Team — First, Morris & Co.

STANDARD BRED TROTTERS.

EXHIBITORS.

Kathryn Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; N. Bartholomew, Des Moines,
Iowa; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Mo.; Fred Crawford, Des Moines, Iowa; C.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 801

G. Dallas, Muscatine, Iowa; E. A. Elliott, Des Moines, Iowa; J. B.
Foltz, Stuart, Iowa; M. T. Grattan, Preston, Minn.; L. M. Griffin, Casey,
Iowa; Mrs. Ira Hall, Des Moines, Iowa; Hook & Woods, Paris, Mo.;
Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo.; Linn Hill Park Stock Farm,
Harlan, Iowa; F. A. Mathis, Des Moines, Iowa; Dr. A. E. Merkel, Ber-
wick, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo.; New Bloomfield Saddle Horse
Co., New Bloomfield, Mo.; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, 111.; Ed. Per-
son, Carlisle, Iowa; R. L. Porter, Des Moines, Iowa; Chas. W. Smith,
Des Moines, Iowa; Thos. F. Stevenson, Des Moines, Iowa; I. Ross
Thompson, Des Moines, Iowa; H. C. Young, Des Moines, Iowa.

Judge W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Tommy Doyle, 50361, J. R. Peak
& Son; second, Thos. Bass; third, Red Maco, L. M. Griffin; fourth. Hook
& Woods.

Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Red Francis, Jr., J. R. Peak &
Son; second, Gournea, 55835, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Lac AHerton, 51681,
Thos. F. Stevenson; fourth, Onwood Attorney, 51352, Linn Hill Park
Stock Farm.

Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Isaac R. T., 54480, I. Ross
Thompson; second. Dr. A. E. Merkel; third, Elpes, 57492, J. R. Peak &
Son; fourth, J. B. A., 55733, F. A. Mathis.

Stallion Over One, Under Tioo — First, McDumpling, J. R. Peak & Son.

Stallion Foal — First, Harvest Reaper, J. R. Peak & Son.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Hasting Girl, Houchin & Anderson;
second. Lady Jeannette, Vol. 18, J. R. Peak & Son; third, J. R. Peak &
Son; fourth, Cora Peak, Vol. 18, J. R. Peak & Son.

Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Wizzard of Blizzard, Vol. 19, J.
R. Peak & Son; second, Maude Clarke, Vol. 19, J. R. Peak & Son,

Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Tommy Toney, Vol. 20, J. R.
Peak & Son; second, Philae, Mrs. Ira Hall; third, N. Bartholomew; fourth,
St. Louis Maid, Vol. 20, J. R. Peak & Son.

Filly Over One, Under Tioo — First Myriam, Vol. 20, J. R. Peak & Son;
second, Mamie Earl, Fred Crawford; third. Fay Cord, Fred Crawford.

Mare Foal — First, Baby M, Dr. A. E. Merkel; second N. Bartholomew.

Champion Stallion— Yirst Tommy Doyle, 50361, J. R. Peak & Son;
second. Harvest Reaper, J. R. Peak & Son.

Champion Mare — First, Hasting Girl, Houchin & Anderson; second,
Wizzard of Blizzard, J. R. Peak & Son.

Get of Stallion — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, N. Bartholomew.

Produce of Mare — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, J. R. Peak & Son;
third, Linn Hill Park Stock Farm.

Grand Display — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, J. R. Peak & Son.
51

802 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES.

EXHIBITORS.

Kathryn Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; J. B. Baker, Waverly, Iowa;
Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Jos. C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; Fred
Crawford, Des Moines, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; E. A. Elliott,
Des Moines; W. & A. Graham, Des Moines; M. T. Gratten, Preston,
Minnesota; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; Hook & Woods, Paris, Mis-
souri; Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Missouri; E. Kingsley, Wa-
verly, Iowa; Linn Hill Park Stock Farm, Harlan, Iowa; F. A. Mathis,
Des Moines, Iowa; Dr. A. E. Merkel, Berwick, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des
Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; Morgan Horse Farm,
Plainfield, Iowa; New Bloomfield Saddle Horse Company, New Bloom-
field, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; R. L. Porter,
Des Moines, Iowa; Chas. W. Smith, Des Moines, Iowa; P. F. Smith,
Montezuma, Iowa; I. Ross Thompson, Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. Timmer-
man. Manning, Iowa; Ed P. Urick, Kansas City, Kansas; University of
Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Advance Guard, 0. J. Mooers;
second. Tommy Doyle, 50261, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Cleveland Reed,
Thos. Bass; fourth, Melrose, Wild Rose Farm; fifth, 0. J. Mooers.

Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Roseland, Wild Rose Farm;
second, Gournea, 55835, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Red Francis Jr., 57491,
J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, Madison McDonald, Hook & Woods.

Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Rosemont, Wild Rose Farm;
second. Red Ethan, 6239, Jos. C. Brunk; third. Crow McDonald, Hook &
Woods: fourth, Kentucky Jay Jr., Dr. A. E. Merkel; fifth. Major Gans,
Vol. 3, Morgan Horse Farm.

Stallion Over One, Under Tivo — First, McDumpling, J. R. Peak & Son;
second. The Jew, Thos. Bass; third. Hook & Woods; fourth. Prime O,
6590, P. F. Smith; fifth, Montgomery, Vol. 3, Morgan Horse Farm.

Stallion With Three of His Get— First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Mor-
gan Horse Farm; third, P. F. Smith.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, 0. J. Mooers; second, Bell Rose,
Wild Rose Farm; third, Lally P, O. J. Mooers; fourth, Thos. Bass; fifth.
Queen of Spades, Wild Rose Farm.

Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Lucy Caldwell, 6512, Thos.
Bass; second, W^lzzard of Blizzard, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Maude
Clark, Vol. 19, J. R. Peak & Son.

Mare Over Tivo, Under Three — First, Primrose, Wild Rose Farm;
second. Tommy Toney, Vol. 20, J. R. Peak & Son; third. Cricket C, 6772,
Hamilton Bros.; fourth, Ruth May Reade, Thos. Bass; fifth, Pauline
Mac, 9188, Hamilton Bros.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 803

Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Harvest Reaper, J. R. Peak & Son;
second. Sentiment, Jos. C. Brunk; third, Baby M, Dr. A. E. Merkel; fourth,
Topsy, P. F. Smith.

Champion Stallion — First, Advance Guard, 0. J. Mooers; second, Rose-
mont. Wild Rose Farm.

Champion Marc — First, Flirting Princess, O. J. Mooers; second. Prim-
rose, Wild Rose Farm.

RUN-ABOUT.

EXHIBITORS.

Kathryn Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Mo.; Jos.
C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; A, L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; T. C.
Evans, Independence, Missouri; W. & A. Graham, Des Moines, Iowa; Hook
& Woods, Paris, Missouri; J. Leitch & Sons, LaFayette, Illinois; C. E.
Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R.
Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; R. L. Porter, Des Moines, Iowa; P. F.
Smith, Montezuma, Iowa; Ed. P. Uhrich, Kansas City, Kansas; Uni-
versity of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles,
Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge Geo. M. Rommel, Washington, D. C.

Judge Walter Palmer, Ottawa, Illinois.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, O. J. Mooers; second. Royal Regent,
O. J. Mooers; third, Lena Collins, Thos. Bass; fourth. Sub Rosa, Wild
Rose Farm.

Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings — First and second, 0. J. Mooers;
third, Wild Rose Farm.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding (Local) — Second, A. L. Champlin.

FAMILY TURNOUTS.

EXHIBITORS.

Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; W. & A.
Graham, Des Moines, Iowa; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; C. E. Monahan,
Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son,
Winchester, Illinois; R. L. Porter, Des Moines, Iowa; Ed. P. Uhrich,
Kansas City, Kansas; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge Geo. M. Rommel, Washington, D. C.

Judge Walter Palmer, Ottawa, Illinois.

Single Horse Family Turnout — First, Fair Eliza, 19061, A. L. Champlin;
second. The Tourist, Ed. P. Uhrich; third, Molly McDonald, W. & A.
Graham; fourth, Lucy, Thos. Bass.

804 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

LADIES' TURNOUT.

EXHIBITORS.

Kathryn Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; Thos. Bass. Mexico, Missouri;
A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; T. C. Evans, Independence, Missouri; W.
& A. Graham, Des Moines, Iowa; Jas. Grinstead, Jr., Mitchellville, Iowa;
C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri;
J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Ed. P. Uhrich, Kansas City,
Kansas; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWAEDS.

Judge Geo. M. Rommel, Washington, D. C.

Judge Walter Palmek, Ottawa, Illinois.

Single Mare or Gelding— First, The Chocolate Soldier, 0. J. Mooers;
second, Montrose, Wild Rose Farm; third. Lady McDonald B, 3480, W. &
A. Graham; fourth, Ed. P. Uhrich.

Pair Mares or Geldings or Mare and Gelding — First, O. J. Mooers;
second. Wild Rose Farm; third, W. & A. Graham; fourth, A. L. Champlin.

BROUGHAM HORSES.

EXHIBITORS.

A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; W. & A. Graham, Des Moines, Iowa;
O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois;
Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge Geo. M. Rommel, Washington, D. C.

Mare or Gelding to Brougham or Victoria — First, Jap Rose, Wild Rose
Farm; second. The Chocolate Soldier, 0. J. Mooers; third, Fair Eliza,
19061, A. L. Champlin.

Pair Mares or Geldings, or Mare and Gelding — First, Wild Rose Farm;
second, 0. J. Mooers, third, A. L. Champlin.

HIGH STEPPERS AND PARK HORSES.

EXHIBITORS.

Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; H. C.
Davis, Ames, Iowa; T. C. Evans, Independence, Missouri; W. & A. Graham,
Des Moines, Iowa; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; Geo. A. Heyl, Wash-
ington, Illinois; J. Leitch & Sons, LaFayette, Illinois; C. E. Monahan,
Des Moines, Iowa; 0. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son,
Winchester, Illinois; R. L, Porter, Des Moines, Iowa; P. F. Smith, Monte-
zuma, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; Ed. P.
Uhrich, Kansas City, Kansas; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois;

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 805

Judge Geo. M. Rommel, Washington, D. C.

Judge Walter Palmee, Ottawa, Illinois,

Stallion, Mare or Gelding up to 15-2 — First, Moss Rose, Wild Rose
Farm; second, Montrose, Wild Rose Farm; third, 0. J. Mooers; fourth,
Mary Gary, 0. J. Mooers.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding 15-2 and Over — First, Jap Rose, Wild Rose
Farm; second, O. J. Mooers; third Bell Rose, Wild Rose Farm; fourth,
Rose Man, Wild Rose Farm.

Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings up to 15-2 and Under— First, 0. J.
Mooers; second, Wild Rose Farm; third, 0. J. Mooers; fourth. Wild
Rose Farm.

Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings Over 15-2 — First, Wild Rose Farm;
second, 0. J. Mooers; third, Wild Rose Farm; fourth, J. R. Peak & Son.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding {Local) — First, A. L. Champlin; second and
third, W. & A. Graham; fourth, H. C. Davis.

Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings (Local) — Second, W. & A. Graham.

GIG HORSES.

EXHIBITORS.

Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; T. C.
Evans, Independence, Missouri; Wl. & A. Graham, Des Moines, Iowa;
Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, Illinois; J. Leitch & Sons, LaFayette, Illinois;
O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illi-
nois; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; Ed. P. Uhrich,
Kansas City, Kansas; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge Geo. M. Rommel, Washington, D. C.

Judge Walter Palmer, Ottawa, Illinois.

Horses not Exceeding 15-2 — First, Moss Rose, Wild Rose Farm;
second, Montrose, Wild Rose Farm; third, 0. J. Mooers; fourth, A. L.
Champlin.

Horses Over 15-2 — First, Jap Rose, Wild Rose Farm; second, Belle
Rose, Wild Rose Farm; third. The Queen of Action, O. J. Mooers; fourth,
The Chocolate Soldier, 0. J. Mooers.

TANDEMS.
exhibitors.

Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; T. C.
Evans, Independence, Missouri; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, Illinois; 0. J.
Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Ed.
P. Uhrich, Kansas City, Kansas; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

806 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AWARDS.

Judge Geo. M. Rommel, Washington, D. C.

Tandem Team, Wheeler Over 15-2 — First, O. J. Mooers; second, J. R.
Peak & Son; third, A. L. Champlin.

Tandem Team, Wheeler Under 15-2 — First, O. J. Mooers; second,
Wild Rose Farm; third, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, A. L. Champlin.

UNICORNS.

EXHIBITORS.

A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; 0. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J. R.
Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge Geo. M. Rommel, Washington, D. C.

Unicorn Team — First, Wild Rose Farm; second, O. J. Mooers; third,
J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, A. L. Champlin.

FOUR-IN-HAND.

EXHIBITORS.

A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; J.
R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles,
Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge Geo. M. Rommel, Washington, D. C.

Road Four — First, Wild Rose Farm; second, 0. J. Mooers; third,
J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, A. L. Champlin.

Park Four — First, Wild Rose Farm; second, 0. J. Mooers; third,
J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, A. L. Champlin.

CHAMPION HARNESS HORSES.

Champion Harness Stallion — First, Advance Guard, 0. J. Mooers;
second, Roseland, Wild Rose Farm.

Champion Harness Mare or Gelding — First, Jap Rose, Wild Rose Farm;
second, The Flirting Princess, O. J. Mooers.

SADDLE HORSES.

exhibitors.

Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Ed. Clapper, Unionville, Missouri; R.
W. Crumpacker, Unionville, Missouri; T. C. Evans, Independence, Mis-
souri; W. & A. Graham, Des Moines, Iowa; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa;
Hlllcrest Farm, Ottumwa, Iowa; Hook & Woods, Paris, Missouri; Houchin

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 807

& Anderson, Jefferson City, Missouri; Miss Lulu Long, Kansas City,
Missouri; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Columbia,
Missouri; New Bloomfield Saddle Horse Company, New Bloomfield, Mis-
souri; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; H. H. Polk, Des Moines,
Iowa; R. L. Porter, Des Moines, Iowa; Bruce Robinson, Washington,
Iowa; Mrs. Adam Sterling, Des Moines, Iowa; Ed. P. Uhrich, Kansas
City, Kansas; University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; Wild Rose
Farm, St. Charles, Illinois; Fred Williams, Barnes City, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge Walter Palmer, Ottawa, Illinois.

Gelding or Mare Four Years or Over — First, Kymokan, Miss Lulu
Long; second, Gingerbread Man, Thos. Bass; third, Eva McDonald, Hook
& Woods; fourth, Frances McDonald, Thos. Bass; fifth, Helen Hicklin,
Houchin & Anderson.

Gelding or Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Anna Bell, Hook &
Woods; second, Forest Nala, Houchin & Anderson; third, Nat Goodwin,
Hook & Woods; fourth. Raven H, Hamilton Bros.; fifth. Rev. Wood,
Thos. Bass.

Stallion Four Years and Over — First, Astral King, Houchin & Ander-
son; second. Rex Chief A, Thos. Bass; third, Marshall Chief, Hook &
Woods; fourth. Hook & Woods; fifth, Harold Denmark, Ed. Clapper.

Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Fantastic King, 0. J. Mooers;
second, Madison McDonald, Hook & Woods; third, Rob C. Denmark,
R. W. Crumpacker; fourth, Randof King, Thos. Bass.

Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Kymokan, Miss Lulu
Long; second. Gingerbread Man, Thos. Bass.

Mare or Gelding Ridden l)y Lady — First, Hook & Woods; second,
Frances Ferbs, 7123, New Bloomfield Saddle Horse Co.; third, Molly
McDonald B, W. & A. Graham; fourth, Grey King, Bruce Robinson;
fifth, Frances McDonald, Thos. Bass.

Stallion Tivo Years Old, Shown in Hand — First, Crow McDonald, Hook
& Woods; second, Thos. Bass.

Mare Tioo Years Old, Shown in ifaw^cZ— First, Cricket C, 6772, Ham-
ilton Bros.; second, Martha Jewett, Hook & Woods; third, Pauline Mack,
9188, Hamilton Bros.; fourth, Thos. Bass.

WALK, TROT AND CANTER.

Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Poetry of Motion, 0. J. Mooers;
second, Pauline Moore, Houchin & Anderson; third. Hook & Woods;
fourth. Grey McDonald, Hamilton Bros.; fifth, Lady McDonald B, W.
& A. Graham.

Stallion, Any Age — First, Rex Chief A, Thos. Bass; second, O. J.
Mooers; third, Marshall Chief, Hook & Woods; fourth, Artis Montrose,
Fred Williams; fifth, Mc G, 2814, Bruce Robinson.

808 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

COMBINED HARNESS AND GAITED SADDLE HORSES.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Kymokan, Miss Lulu
Long; second, Hook & Woods; third, Frances Ferbs, New Bloomfield
Saddle Horse Co.; fourth, Rex Arbuckle, Thos. Bass; fifth, O. J. Mooers.

HIGH SCHOOL HORSES.

Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, The Bell, Thos. Bass;
second, Anna Sims, 8620, Hamilton Bros.; third, Ed. P. Uhrich; fourth.
Chief, H. H. Polk; fifth. Sir Knight, Hamilton Bros.

LOCAL, FIVE GAITED.

Mare or Gelding Three Years or Over — First, Hamilton Bros.; second.
Lady McDonald B, W. & A. Graham; third, Mabel Ford, 8639, Mrs. Adam
Stirling; fourth, Tony H, Hamilton Bros.

Stallion Two Years or Over — First, McG, 2814, Bruce Robinson; sec-
ond, Artis Montrose Squirrel, Fred Williams.

SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE
BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

Stallion or Mare Three Years Old or Under — First, Pauline Mack,
9188, Hamilton Bros.

MORGANS.

EXHIBITORS.

J. E. Bailey, Iowa Falls, Iowa; J. B. Baker, Waverly, Iowa; Thos.
Bass, Mexico, Missouri; E. F. Brown, Derby, Iowa; Joseph C. Brunk,
Springfield, Illinois; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; E. Kingsley, Waverly,
Iowa; 0. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; Morgan Horse Farm, Plainfield,
Iowa; P. F. Smith, Montezuma, Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles,
Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge Geo. M. Rommel, Washington, D. C.

Stallion Four Years Old or Over — First, Dart, 5130, Morgan Horse
Farm; second, Melrose, Wild Rose Farm; third, Morgan Panic, 5003,
P. F. Smith; fourth, Joseph Huse, 5594, J. E. Bailey; fifth. Doctor B,
6607, J. E. Bailey.

Stallion Three Years, Under Four— First, Allen F, 5722, Jos. C. Brunk;
second, Daniel Hudson, 5762, Morgan Horse Farm; third, Roseland,
Wild Rose Farm.

Stallion Two Years, Under Three — First, Rosemont, Wild Rose Farm;
second. Major Cans, Vol. Ill, Morgan Horse Farm; third. Red Ethan,
6239, Jos. C. Brunk; fourth, Muster, 6579, P. F. Smith.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 809

Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Montgomery, Vol. Ill, Morgan
Horse Farm; second, Ned Scaif, 6497, Morgan Horse Farm; third.
Prime O, 6590, P. F. Smith.

Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Sentiment, Jos. C. Brunk; second, Topsy,
P. F. Smith; third, Fenlyn, H. C. Davis.

Mare Four Tears or Over — First, Senata, Vol. II, Jos. C. Brunk; sec-
ond. Lady Windemere, O. J. Mooers; third, Bessie Morgan, Wild Rose
Farm; fourth, Queen of Spades, Wild Rose Farm; fifth. Queen of Clubs,
Wild Rose Farm.

Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Rosary, Wild Rose Farm; sec-
ond, Betty Stark, Vol. Ill, Jos. C. Brunk; third. Midget, P. F. Smith..

Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Primrose, Wild Rose Farm;
second, Senora, Vol. Ill, Jos. C. Brunk; third. Myrtle Kingsley, Vol.
Ill, E. Kingsley; fourth, Florence Baker, Vol. Ill, J. B. Baker; fifth,
Ruth May Reade, Thos. Bass.

Filly Over One, Under Two — First, Bessie Baker, J. B. Baker; second,
Maude Baker, Vol. Ill, J. B. Baker; third, Topsy Watkins, E. Kingsley;
fourth. Panic's Daisy, P. F. Smith.

Champion Stallion — First, Allen F, 5722, Jos. C. Brunk; second, Rose-
mont. Wild Rose Farm.

Champion Mare — First, Rosary, Wild Rose Farm; second, Senata,
Jos. C. Brunk.

Get of Stallion — First, Wild Rose Farm; second, Morgan Horse Farm;
third, P. F. Smith.

Grand Display — First, Wild Rose Farm; second, Jos. C. Brunk; third,
Morgan Horse Farm; fourth, P. F. Smith.

HACKNEY.

EXHIBITORS.

A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa;
Henry Lefebure, Fairfax, Iowa; J. Leitch & Sons, LaFayette, Illinois;
O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Missouri; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bush-
nell, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge Alex Galbbaith, DeKalb, Illinois.

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Tollington, Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm; second, Neptune, 632, Crawford & Griffin; third, Terrington War-
rior, J. Leitch & Sons; fourth, Prince Greenfield, 1347, A. L. Champlin.

Stallion Over One, Under Tioo — First, Lunderstone William, Craw-
ford & Griffin.

Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Molly, H. Lefebure.

810 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Nene Lady Gay, Truman's Pioneer
Stud Farm; second. Wood Molly, H. Lefebure; third, Ardimersay Lot-
tery, A. L. Champlin; fourth, Fair Eliza, 19061, A. L. Champlin.

Brood Mare with Foal at Side — First, Wood Molly, H. Lefebure.

Champion Stallion — First, Tollington, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm;
second, Lunderstone William, Crawford and Griffin.

Champion Mare — First, Nene Lady Gay, (19390), Truman's Pioneer
Stud Farm; second. Wood Molly, 19965, H. Lefebure.

WELSH PONIES.

EXHIBITORS.

Geo. E. Brown, Aurora, Illinois; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, Illinois.

AWARDS.

Judge W. A. Dobson, Des Moines.

Stallion Three Years or Over — First, Llewyn King, 424, Geo. A. Heyl;
second, Tip Top, 210, Geo. E. Brown; third, Gold Dust, 198, Geo. E.
Brown.

Stallion Two Years, Under Three — First, Llewyn Emperor, Geo. E.
Brown.

Mare Three Years or Over — ^First, Sweet Marie, 76, Geo. A. Heyl; sec-
ond, Llewyn Scepter 2d, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Foregate Polly, 429, Geo. A.
Heyl.

Mare Two Years, Under Three — First, Llewyn Bracelet, 428, Geo. A.
Heyl; second. Beauty of Wales 2d, 367, Geo. E. Brown; third. Thistle
II, 365, Geo. E. Brown.

Pony in Harness — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second and third, Geo. E. Brown.

Pair Ponies in Harness — First and second, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Geo. E.
Brown.

Tandem Team — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Geo. E. Brown; third,
Geo. A. Heyl.

Pony under Swaddle — First, second and third, Geo. A. Heyl.

SHETLAND PONIES.

EXHIBITORS.

Chas. Bachman, Des Moines, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; Jno.
Donhowe, Story City, Iowa; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, Iowa; H. W.
Littleton, Harlan, low^a; Wilmoth C. Mack, Des Moines, Iowa; W. T.
Roberts & Son, Ames, Iowa; Carl A. Rosenfeld, Kelley, Iowa; Mrs.
Adam Stirling, Des Moines, Iowa; Chas. H. Stone, Muscatine, Iowa; J.
C. Thompson & Son, Jamaica, Iowa; F. R, Wilson, Colo, Iowa.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 811

AWARDS.

Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa

Stallion Four Years or Over — First, King Larigo, 8776, Geo. A. Heyl;
second, Anton, 4342, Jno. Donhowe; third, Wagga Wagga, 8847. Mrs. Adam
Stirling; fourth, Heather Bouy, 9572, H. C. Davis.

Stallion Three Years, Under Four — Dermot, Jno. Donhowe; second,
Silver Tips II, Geo. A. Heyl.

Stallion Two Years, Under Three— First, Silver B., 11533, H. C. Davis;
second, Neil, 11585, Mrs. Adam Stirling; third, McHarum, 11801, Geo.
A. Heyl; fourth, Baron May, 11715, H. W. Littleton.

Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Casey Jones, Geo. A. Heyl; sec-
ond, Quickse, 12123, Mrs. Adam Stirling; third, Chelsie, H. C. Davis;
fourth, Patsey, 12124, Mrs. Adam Stirling.

Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Scamper, W. T. Roberts; second, Peter
M., Jno. Donhowe; third, H. C. Davis; fourth. Lady Bess, Wilmoth C.
Mack.

Mare Four Years or Over — First, Cherie 6th, 11934, Mrs. Adam Stir-
ling; second. Pearl, 8779, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Beauty Spot, Jno. Don-
howe; fourth, Clara 2d, 11935, Mrs. Adam Stirling; fifth, lola, J. C.
Thompson & Son.

Mare Three Years, Under Four — First, Fernweed, 10545, Mrs. Adam
Stirling; second, Phoebe B., 10549, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Pricilla, 12805,
Geo. A. Heyl; fourth, Farry L., 10141, W. T. Roberts & Son; fifth, Neva,
J. C. Thompson & Sons.

Mare Over Two, Under Three — First, "Tutsy," Jno. Donhowe; second,
Princess Larigo, 12805, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Zanella, H. W. Littleton;
fourth, Bess, H. C. Davis; fifth. Miss Printis, Chas. H. Stone.

Mare Over One, Under Ttoo— First, Clamatis S., 12114, Mrs. Adam
Stirling; second, Stella May, 12120, Mrs. Adam Stirling; third, Nina, J.
C. Thompson & Son; fourth, Jessie, H. W. Littleton; fifth, Selma R.,
12035, W. T. Roberts & Son.

Pony in Harness — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Anton, 4342, Jno. Don-
howe; third, H. C. Davis; fourth, Geo. A. Heyl.

Pair Ponies in Harness — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Jno. Donhowe;
third, Chas. Bachman; fourth, H. C. Davis.

Four in Hand — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling; third,
Jno. Donhowe; fourth, H. C. Davis.

Tandem Team — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second and fourth, Jno. Don-
howe; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling; fifth, W. T. Roberts & Son.

Pony Under Saddle — First, Jno. Donhowe; second and fourth, Chas.
Bachman; third, Geo. A. Heyl; fifth, Mrs. Adam Stirling.

Four Colts, Get of One Sire — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Jno. Don-
howe; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling; fourth, J. C. Thompson & Son.

812 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding in Harness — First, King Larigo,
Geo. A. Heyl; second, Anton, Jno. Donhowe.

Grand Display — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Jno. Donhowe; third, J.
C. Thompson & Son; fourth, H. C. Davis.

Pony in Harness (Local) — First, Anton, Jno. Donhowe; second, Aldine,
H. C. Davis; third, Clara 2d, Mrs. Adam Stirling; fourth. Jester, 5735,
W. T. Roberts & Son.

Pair Ponies in Harness — First, Jno. Donhowe; second, Chas. Bachman;
third, H. C. Davis; fourth, Mrs. Adam Stirling.

Pony Under Saddle — First, Beauty Spot, Jno. Donhowe; second, Prince,
Chas. Bachman; third. Dimple, Chas. Bachman; fourth, Clara 2d, Mrs.
Adam Stirling; fifth, H. C. Davis.

PONIES OTHER THAN SHETLAND OR WELSH.

EXHIBITORS.

H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, 111.; H. W. Little-
ton, Harlan, Iowa; W. T. Roberts & Son, Ames, Iowa; Mrs. Adam Stir-
ling, Des Moines, Iowa; Chas. H. Stone, Muscatine, Iowa; J. C. Thomp-
son & Son, Jamaica, low^a; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell,
HI.; Jas. Walcott, Monroe, Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, 111.;
F. R. Wilson, Colo, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge,... W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa.

Pony in Harness — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Geo. A. Heyl; third,
Roxie, H. W. Littleton; fourth, H. C. Davis.

Pony Under Saddle— First, H. C. Davis; second, Roxie, H. W. Little-
ton; third, H. C. Davis; fourth. Lady May, Mrs. Adam Stirling.

Pair Ponies in Harness — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second and fourth, H.
C. Davis; third, J. C. Thompson & Son.

Tandem Team — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second and fourth, H. C. Davis;
third, H. W. Littleton.

Four in Hand — First, H. C. Davis.

MULES.
exhibitors.

Loren Dunbar, Earlham, Iowa; A. L. Foster, Winterset, Iowa; N. A.
Gladieux, Chillicothe, Mo.; F. L. Hutson & Son, State Center, Iowa; W.
E. Kingdon, Prairie City, Iowa; John McCoy, Jamaica, Iowa; A, L.
Russell, Jamaica, Iowa.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 813

AWARDS.

Judge W, A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa.

Mules Four Years or Over — First, Snowball, F. L. Hutson & Son; sec-
ond, Mabel, F. L. Hutson & Son; third, Maude, Jno, McCoy.

Mule Over Three, Under Four — First, Pet, W. E. Kingdon; second,
Maude, W. E. Kingdon.

Mule Over Two, Under Three — First, Ruth, F. L. Hutson & Son.

Mule Over One, Under Tivo — First, Iowa Queen, F, L. Hutson & Son;
second, Daisy, F. L. Hutson & Son.

Mine Mules Under Fifteen Hands — First, Bird, A. L. Foster; second.
Bell, A. L. Foster.

Pair of 3Iules Over 2/fOO Pounds — First, F. L. Hutson & Son; second.
A. L. Russell; third, F. L. Hutson & Son.

Pair Mules Under 2400 Pounds — First, A. L. Foster.

Pair Mules Any Age or Weight — First and third, F. L. Hutson & Son;
second, A. L. Russell.

Five Mules Any Age — First, F. L. Hutson & Son.

Champion Mule Any Age — First, Snowball, F. L. Hutson & Son; second.
Ruth, F. L. Hutson & Son.

JACKS.

EXHIBITORS.

Dierling & Otto, Queen City, Mo.

AWARDS.

Judge W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa.

Jack Three Years and Over — First, Pride of Missouri.
Jack Two Years and Under Three — First, Fenn Paymaster.
Five Jacks — First.

CATTLE DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent H. L. Pike, Whiting, Iowa

SHORT-HORNS.

exhibitors.

Anoka Farms, Waukesha, Wis.; Bellows Bros., Maryville, Mo.; G. H.
Burge, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; F. T. Ehlers, Tama, Iowa; Philip Funke,
Greenfield, Iowa; W. E. Graham, Prairie City, Iowa; Wm. Herkel-
mann, Elwood, Iowa; W. A. Johnston, Prairie City, Iowa; C. L. Mc-
Clellan, Lowden, Iowa; H. G. McMillan & Son, Rock Rapids, Iowa;

814 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Theo. Martin, Bellevue, Iowa; J. H. Miller, Peru, Ind.; C. S. Nevius,
Chiles, Kan.; L. C. Oloff, Ireton, Iowa; H. H. Powell & Son, Linn Grove,
Iowa; Rapp Bros., St. Edward, Nebr.; Rookwood Farm, Ames, Iowa; C.
A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; Geo. J. Sayer, McHenry, 111.; Wm. M, Smith
& Sons, West Branch, Iowa; E. B. Thomas, Audubon, Iowa; D. Teitjen,
Bellevue, Iowa; Geo. M. Vader, Churdan, Iowa; W. W, Vaughn, Marion,
Iowa; R. E. Watts & Son, Miles, Iowa; White & Smith, St. Cloud,
Minn.; W. A. Wickersham, Melbourne, Iowa.

AW'AEDS,

Judge A. J. Ryden, Abingdon, 111.

Bull Three Years Old or Over— First, Diamond Goods, 333014, Bellows
Bros.; second. White Star, 338500, Geo. J. Sayer; third, Scotch Avon,
315678, R. E. Watts & Sons; fourth. Monarch Viceroy, 264469, Theo. Mar-
tin; fifth. Proud Robin, 323815, W. A. Wickersham; sixth. Ringmaster,
299782, Geo. M. Vader.

Bull Two Years and Under Three— First, Sultan Stamp, 334974, Anoka
Farms; second. Count Avon 334946, Rookwood Farm; third. King Cum-
berland 2d, 352076, H. H. Powell & Son; fourth, Corrector, 334788, D.
Teitjen; fifth. Fair Knight II, 350285, H. G. McMillan & Sons; sixth,
Foxy Favorite, 336713, Rapp Bros.; seventh, Scottish Lord, 254738, Wm.
M. Smith & Sons.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Gloster Fashion, 250512, Anoka Farms;
second. Silver Sultan, 353640, G. H. Burge; third. Gay Lord, 346618, H.
G. McMillan & Son; fourth. Major, 351957, D. Teitjen; fifth. Grand Master,
352173, Rapp Bros.; sixth, Lavendar King, 353118, Philip Funke; seventh.
The Governor, 351958, D. Teitjen.

Junior Yearling Bull — First, Bandmaster, 359285, H. G. McMillan &
Son; second. Red Marshall 2d, R. E. Watts & Son; third. Village Pride,
352176, Rapp Bros.; fourth, True Cumberland 3d, Wm. Herkelmann; fifth,
Diamond Gloster, 355961, Theo. Martin; sixth. Red Robin, W. A. Wicker-
sham; seventh, Missie's Prince, 365699, Wm. Herkelmann.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Gloster Mine, Anoka Farms; second, Cumber-
land's Pride, H. H. Powell & Son; third. Good Fashion, Anoka Farms;
fourth, Pride of Elmlawn, 367021, L. C. Oloff; fifth, Proud Lad, Rapp
Bros.; sixth. Hill Crest Excelsior, 363803, D. Teitjen; seventh, Linwood
Cumberland, H. H. Powell & Son.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Village Cumberland, C. A. Saunders; second,
Scotch Goods, 365464, W. E. Graham; third, Clipper Stamp, Anoka Farms;
fourth, March Premier, H. G. McMillan & Son; fifth. Hill Crest Spangle,
363805, D. Teitjen; sixth. Monarch's Fashion, 367087, Theo. Martin;
seventh, Fairview Sultan, F. H. Ehlers.

Cow Three Years or Over— First, Fair Start 2d, 68802, Geo. J. Sayer;
second. New Year's Delight, 59502, J. H. Miller; third, Columbia 10th,
62022, H. G. McMillan & Son; fourth, Florella, Vol. 68, G. H. Burge;
fifth. Sassy Violet 3d, 59495, Wm. Herkelmann; sixth, Sally Morton, Vol.
65, D. Teitjen; seventh. Fairy Queen, 86250, F. H. Ehlers.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 815

FIRST TWO-YEAR-OLD SHORTHORN HEIPEB
Iowa State Fair, 1912

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Mary Ann of Oakland 2d,
86840, Geo. J. Sayer; second, Queen Mildred, 92788, Geo. J. Sayer; third,
Sultan's Aconite, 86627, Anoka Farms; fourth, Marshall's Missie, 86337,
D. Teitjen; fifth, Bonnie Cumberland 2d, 86363, Wm. Herkelmann; sixth.
Choice Gloster II, 101044, H. G. McMillan & Son; seventh, Dora Malaka,
101375, F. H. Ehlers.

Senior Yearling Heifer—First, Mildred of Oakland, 106370, Geo. J.
Sayer; second. Orange Choice, 108741, F. H. Ehlers; third, Mayflower IV,
101855, H. G. McMillan & Son; fourth. Lady Violet 5th, 109096, Wm.
Herkelmann; fifth, Florence, 108731, F. H. Ehlers; sixth, Orange Flower
2d, 115756, G. H. Burge.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, 78th Duchess of Gloster, 112340, Geo.
J. Sayer; second. Touch Me Not, 107940, C. A. Saunders; third, Her Excel-
lence, 106079, D. Teitjen; fourth. Village Rose 2d, Anoka Farms; fifth,
Martha 2d, Rapp Bros.; sixth. Hill Krest Queen, 106080, D. Teitjen;
seventh. May's Lady, 118578, Rapp Bros.

816 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Senior Heifer Calf — First, 79th Duchess of Gloster, C. A. Saunders; sec-
ond, Sittyton Anna, 125327, Geo. J. Sayer; third. Spicy of Anoka, Anoka
Farms; fourth, British Countess, 126927, Rookwood Farm; fifth, Bonnie
Duchess, Rapp Bros.; sixth. Fancy Mine, Anoka Farms; seventh, Hurds-
man Queen, Rapp Bros.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Bonnie Cumberland 8th, C. A. Saunders;
second. Hill Krest Lassie, 123300, D. Teitjen; third, Victoria of Wayside,
G. H. Burge; fourth. Butterfly Sultana, 122283, H. G. McMillan & Son;
fifth, Missie 3d, 125641, Wm. Herkelmann; sixth. Countess Victoria,
125640, Wm. Herkelmann; seventh, Elmlawn Lassie, 127011, L. C. Oloff,

Senior Champion Bull — Diamond Goods, 333014, Bellows Bros.

Junior Champion Bull — Gloster Fashion, 350512, Anoka Farms.

Senior Champion Coio — Fair Start 2d, 68802, Geo. J. Sayer.

Junior Champion Coic — 78th Duchess of Gloster, 112340, Geo. J. Sayer.

Grand Champion Bull — Diamond Goods, 333014, Bellows Bros.

Grand Champion Coio — Fair Start 2d, 68802, Geo. J. Sayer.

Exhihitor's Herd — First, Geo. J. Sayer; second, Anoka Farms; third,
D. Teitjen; fourth, H. C. McMillan & Son; fifth, Wm. Herkelmann; sixth,
F. H. Ehlers.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, Anoka Farms; second, D. Teitjen; third,
Rapp Bros.; fourth, G. H. Burge.

Calf Herd — First, Anoka Farms; second, C. A. Saunders; third, Rook-
wood Farm; fourth, D. Teitjen; fifth, Rapp Bros.; sixth, G. H. Burge.

Get of Sire — First, Geo. J. Sayer; second, Anoka Farms; third, Rapp
Bros.; fourth, D. Teitjen; fifth, G. H. Burge; sixth, L. C. Oloff.

Produce of Cow — First, Anoka Farms; second, Geo. J. Sayer; third,
D. Teitjen; fourth, G. H. Burge; fifth, Rapp Bros.; sixth, Wm. Herkel-
mann.

IOWA SHORT-HORN SPECIALS.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Scotch Avon, 315678, R. E. Watts &
Son; second. Monarch Viceroy, 264469, Theo. Martin; third. Proud Robin,
323815, W. A. Wickersham; fourth, Ringmaster, 299782, Geo. M. Vader.

Bull Two Years, Under Three — First, Count Avon, 334946, Rookwood
Farms; second, King Cumberland 2d, 352076, H. H. Powell & Son; third,
Corrector, 334788, D. Teitjen; fourth, Fair Knight II, 350285, H. G. Mc-
Millan & Sons; fifth, Scottish Lord, 254738, Wm. M. Smith & Sons; sixth.
Comet, 357582, W. W. Vaughn; seventh, Count Rosemary 2d, 354737,
Wm. M. Smith & Sons.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Silver Sultan, 353640, G. H. Burge; sec-
ond, Gay Lord, 346618, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third. Major, 351957, D.
Teitjen; fourth, Lavendar King, 353118, Philip Funke; fifth. The Gov-
ernor, 351958, D. Teitjen; sixth. Knight of Elanwood, 353970, E. B.
Thomas; seventh, Lancaster Sultan, 359097, F. H. Ehlers.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 817

Junior Yearling Bull — First, Bandmaster, 359285, H. G. McMillan &
Sons; second, Red Marshall 2d, R. E. Watts & Son; third, True Cum-
berland 3d, 353220, Wm. Herkelmann; fourth, Diamond Gloster, 355961,
Theo. Martin; fifth. Red Robin, W. A. Wickersham; sixth, Missie's
Prince, 365699, Wm. Herkelmann; seventh. Sultan of Wayside, G. H.
Burge.

Senior Bull Calf— First, Cumberland's Pride, H. H. Powell & Son;
second. Pride of Elmlawn, 367021, L. C. Oloff; third, Hill Krest Excelsior,
363803, D. Teitjen; fourth, Linwood Cumberland, H. H. Powell & Son;
fifth, Gloster Sultan, 362829, H. G. McMillan & Sons; sixth, Old Busi-
ness, G. H. Burge; seventh, Golden Hampton, 365697, Wm. Herkelmann.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Village Cumberland, C. A. Saunders; second,
Scotch Goods, 365464, W. E. Graham; third, March Premier, H. G. Mc-
Millan & Sons; fourth, Hill Krest Spangle, 363805, D. Teitjen; fifth, Mon-
arch's Fashion, 357087, Theo. Martin; sixth, Fairview Sultan, F. H.
Ehlers; seventh, Missie's Pride, 365698, Wm. Herkelmann.

Cow Three Years or Oi;er— First, Columbia 10th, 62022, H. G. Mc-
Millan & Sons; second, Florella, Vol. 68, G. H. Burge; third, Sassy Violet
3d, 59495, Wm. Herkelmann; fourth, Sally Morton, Vol. 65, D. Teitjen;
fifth. Fairy Queen, 86250, F. H. Ehlers; sixth. Honey Creek Foxglove,
W. W. Vaughn.

Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Marshall's Missie, 86337, D.
Teitjen; second, Bonnie Cumberland 2d, 86363, Wm, Herkelmann; third.
Choice Gloster II, 101044, H. C. McMillan & Son; fourth, Dora Malaka,
101375, F. H. Ehlers.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Orange Choice, 108741, F. H. Ehlers;
second, Mayflower IV, 101855, H. G. McMillan & Son; third. Lady
Violet 5th, 109096, Wm. Herkelmann; fourth, Florence, 108731, F. H.
Ehlers; fifth. Orange Flower 2d, 115756, G. H. Burge.

Junior Yearling Heifer— First, Touch Me Not, 107940, C. A. Saunders;
second. Her Excellence, 106079, D. Teitjen; third, Hill Krest Queen,
106080, D'. Teitjen; fourth, Sweet Fashion, 107866, Theo. Martin; fifth,
Gipsy's Victoria, 126491, Wm. Herkelmann; sixth, Lucy, 111358, F. H.
Ehlers; seventh, Scotch Goods, 365464, W. E. Graham.

Senior Heifer Calf — First, 79th Duchess of Gloster, C. A. Saunders;
second, British Countess, 126927, Rookwood Farm; third, Hill Krest Belle,
123299, D. Teitjen; fourth, British Victoria 2d, Rookwood Farm; fifth,
Miss Lavendar 3d, 127058, Philip Funke; sixth, Scotch Diamond, W. A.
Wickersham; seventh. Miss Missie, 124891, W. E. Graham.

Junior Heifer Calf— First, Bonnie Cumberland 8th, C. A. Saunders;
second. Hill Krest Lassie, 123300, D. Teitjen; third, Victoria of Wayside,
G. H. Burge; fourth. Butterfly Sultana, 122283, H. G. McMillan & Sons;
fifth, Missie 3d, 125641, Wm. Herkelmann; sixth. Countess Victoria,
125640, Wm. Herkelmann; seventh, Elmlawn Lassie, 127011, L. C. Oloff.

Senior Champion Bull — Count Avon, 334946, Rookwood Farms.

Junior Champion Bull— Silver Sultan, 353640, G. H. Burge.
52

818 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Senior Champion Cow — Marshall's Missie, 86337, D. Teitjen.
Junior Champion Cow — 79th Duchess of Gloster, C. A. Saunders.
Grand Champion Bull— Conni Avon, 334946, Rookwood Farms.
Grand Champion Cow — Marshall's Missie, 86337, D. Teitjen.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, D. Teitjen; second, H. G. McMillan & Son;
third, Wm. Herkelmann; fourth, F. H. Ehlers.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, D. Teitjen; second, G. H. Burge.

Calf Herd — First, C. A. Saunders; second, Rookwood Farms; third, D.
Teitjen; fourth, G. H. Burge; fifth, H. G. McMillan & Son.

Get of Sire— First, D. Teitjen; second, G. H. Burge; third, L. C. Oloc;
fourth, Wm. Herkelmann; fifth, H. G. McMillan & Sons; sixth, Theo.
Martin.

Produee of Coio—Firzt, D. Teitjen; second, G. H. Burge; third, Wm.
Herkelmann; fourth, Philip Funke; fifth, W. A. Wickersham; sixth, Wm.
Herkelmann.

HEREFORDS.

EXHIBITORS.

J. B. Ashby, Audubon, Iowa; E. M. Cassady & Son, Whiting, Iowa; J.
P. Cudahy, Belton, Mo.; O. S. Gibbons & Son, Atlantic, Iowa; Hahn &
Mayne, Harlan, Iowa; O. Harris, Harris, Mo.; Robt. H. Hazlitt, Eldorado,
Kan.; Mrs. E. L. Karr, Osceola, Iowa; E. W. Kreischer, Mt. Vernon, Iowa;
Warren T. McCray, Kentland, Ind.; B. F. Maiden & Son, Tama, Iowa;
Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa; J. H. & Jno. W. Van Natta, LaFayette, Ind.

AWARDS.

Judge F. W. Vax Natta, Fowler, Ind.

Bull Three Years or Over— First, Fairfax 16th, 316931, J. P. Cudahy;
second. Standard, 325950, Cyrus A. Tow; third, Tippecanoe, 294100, J. H.
& Jno. W. Van Natta; fourth. Beau Sturgess 2d, 316605, Robt. H. Hazlitt;
fifth, Donald Rex D., 270986, Warren T. McCray; sixth. General G.,
261924, O. S. Gibbons & Son; seventh. Young Albany, 290216, E. W.
Kreischer.

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Prince Perfection, 342054,
O. Harris; second. Corrector Fairfax, 332653, J. P. Cudahy; third, Donald
Lad 7th, 348415, O. Harris; fourth, Byron Fairfax, 344282, Warren T. Mc-
Cray; fifth, Good Lad, 343996, O. S. Gibbons & Son; sixth. Perfect Fairfax,
332660, Warren T. McCray.

Senior Yearling Bull— Firsi, Graceful Lad 3d, 367678, J. H. & Jno. W.
Van Natta; second, Bonnie Lad 26th, 367112, Robt. H. Hazlitt; third,
Carnot, 364246, O. S. Gibbons & Son; fourth, Protector Fairfax, 361812.
Warren T. McCray; fifth. Beau Perfection 9th, 368012, Hahn & Mayne;
sixth, Beau Protector, 363733, Mrs. E. L. Karr.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 819

Junior Yearling Bull — First, Prize Winner, 373717, O. Harris; second,
Beau Fairfax, 368360, J. P. Cudahy; third. Diamond Donald, 367648, J. H.
& Jno. W. Van Natta; fourth. Perfection Jr., 373642, Cyrus A. Tow;
fifth, Bocaldo, 362186, Robt. H. Hazlitt; sixth, Panama Gay Lad, 365249,
O. Harris; seventh, Beau Patrick, 370338, O. S. Gibbons & Son.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Repeater 7th, 386905, O. Harris; second, Dis-
mora 3d, 388740, Cyrus A. Tow; third, Tippecanoe 3d, 390011, J. H. &
Jno. W. Van Natta; fourth, Beau Baltimore, 388453, Robt. H. Hazlitt; fifth,
Gay Lad 9th, 386873, O. Harris; sixth, Golden Lad, 381477, E. M. Cassady;
seventh, Teddy Fairfax, 388834, Warren T. McCray.

Junior Bull Calf— First, Duke Real, 388816, Warren T, McCray; second,
Consumation, 388812, Warren T. McCray; third, Gay Lad I2th, 395804, O.
Harris; fourth, Fairview Prince, 388031, Cyrus A. Tow; fifth, Beau Gen-
eral 6th, 391948, 0. S. Gibbons & Son; sixth, Goldbeater, 396757, J. P.
Cudahy; seventh, Claremont Pride, 397581, J. B. Ashby.

Cow Three Years or Over — First, Scottish Lassie, 304352, J. P. Cudahy;
second. Prime Lady 2d, 324661; J. H. & Jno. W. Van Natta; third. Gay
Lass 5th, 316953, Warren T. McCray; fourth. Princess 16th, 288350, O.
Harris; fifth. Lady Fairfax 4th, 265180, Warren T. McCray; sixth, Brit-
ish Ornament, 325280, Cyrus A. Tow; seventh. Disturber's Queen 2d,
325351, Cyrus A. Tow.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Perfection Lass, 342053,
J. P. Cudahy; second. Disturber's Lassie 4th, 349146, Cyrus A. Tow;
third. Amy Folly, 338594, J. H. & Jno. W, Van Natta; fourth, Nora Fair-
fax, 344290, Warren T. McCray; fifth, Mary Maid, 344952, J. H. & Jno. W.
Van Natta; fifth, Bloss 4th, 351117, Robt. H. Hazlitt; seventh. Miss Ruth,
341216, Warren T. McCray.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Donald Lass 9th, 370534, Warren T. Mc-
Cray; second, Princess Repeater, 359355, 0. Harris; third, Harris Princess,
215th, 359358, O. Harris; fourth. Pansy Belle 4th, 364248, O. S. Gibbons
& Son; fifth, Daisy 4th, 371607, Hahn & Mayne; sixth, Melzah, 362204,
Robt. H. Hazlitt; seventh. Faith 3d, 371609, Cyrus A. Tow.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Celandine 2d, 371605, J. P. Cudahy;
second. Miss Peerless Fairfax, 369685, Warren T. McCray; third. Folly
Bird, 367650, J. H. & Jno. W. Van Natta; fourth, Tippecanoe Lass,
367665, J. H. & Jno. W. Van Natta; fifth. Princess Repeater 3d, 365253, 0.
Harris; sixth, Bonnie Lass 18th, 367119, Hahn & Mayne; seventh, Idylette,
362200, Robt. H. Hazlitt.

Senior Heifer Calf— First, Pearl Donald, 396760, J. P. Cudahy; second.
Miss Gay Lad 7th, 386871, O. Harris; third, Finella Canoe, 390003, J. H.
& Jno. W. Van Natta; fourth, Mauzelle, 388478, Robt. H. Hazlitt; fifth,
Joan Fairfax, 388823, Warren T. McCray; sixth. Miss Gay Lad 6th,
386896, O. Harris; seventh. Beauty, 388252, E. M. Cassady & Son.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Miss Repeater 11th, 395824, O. Harris;
second, Gertrude Fairfax, 388822, Warren T. McCray; third, Anita Don-
ald, 397698, J. P. Cudahy; fourth, Lenora 2d, 388032, Cyrus A. Tow;

820

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

GRAND CHAMPION HEREFORD BULL
Iowa State Fair, 1912

fifth, Miss Armour Donald, 388829, Warren T. McCray; sixth, Claremont
Pet, 397584, J. B. Ashby; seventh. Lady Rex, 394708, J. H. & Jno. W.
Van Natta.

Senior Champion BtiZZ— Fairfax 16th, 316931, J. P. Cudahy.
Junior Champion Bull — Repeater 7th, 386905, O. Harris.
Senior Champion Cow — Scottish Lassie, 305352, J. P. Cudahy.
Junior Champion Cow — Miss Repeater 11th, 395824, O. Harris.
Grand Champion Bull— F&irfax 16th, 316931, J. P. Cudahy.
Grand Champion Cow — Scottish Lassie, 305352, J. P. Cudahy.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, J. P. Cudahy; second, J. H. & Jno. W. Van
Natta; third, 0. Harris; fourth, Warren T. McCray; fifth, Cyrus A. Tow;
sixth, Warren T. McCray; seventh, O. S. Gibbons & Son.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, 0. Harris; second, J. H. & Jno. W. Van
Natta; third, Warren T. McCray; fourth, J. P. Cudahy; fifth, Robt. H.
Hazlitt.

Calf Herd— First, 0. Harris; second, J. H. & Jno. W. Van Natta; third,
Robt. H. Hazlitt; fourth, Warren T. McCray; fifth, J. P. Cudahy; sixth,
E. M. Cassady & Sons; seventh, Warren T. McCray.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 821

Get of Sire — First, J. P. Cudahy; second, Warren T. McCray; third, J.
H. & Jno. W. Van Natta; fourth, 0. Harris; fifth, Cyrus A Tow; sixth,
J. H. & Jno. W. Van Natta; seventh, Robt H. Hazlitt.

Produce of Cow — First, Warren T. McCray; second, Warren T. Mc-
Cray; third, Cyrus A. Tow; fourth, 0. S. Gibbons & Son; fifth and sixth,
O. S. Gibbons & Son.

IOWA HEREFORD SPECIALS.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Standard, 325950, Cyrus A. Tow;
second. General G., 261924, 0. S. Gibbons & Son; third. Young Albany,
290216, E. W. Kreischer.

Bull Tivo Years and Under Three— First, Good Lad, 343996, 0. S. Gib-
bons & Son.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Carnot, 364246, O. S. Gibbons & Son;
second. Beau Perfection 9th, 368012, Hahn & Mayne; third. Beau Pro-
tector, 363733, Mrs. E. L. Karr.

Junior Yearling Bull— First, Perfection Jr., 373642, Cyrus A. Tow;
second. Beau Patrick, O. S. Gibbons & Son; third. Defender 2d, 373336,
E. M. Cassady & Son; fourth Parole, 371617, Hahn & Mayne; fifth,
Young Premier, 380799, Hahn & Mayne.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Dismora 3d, 388740, Cyrus A. Tow; second,
Golden Lad, 381477, E. M. Cassady & Son; third. Standard 4th, 382208,
E. W. Kreischer; fourth. Beau General 4th, 386450, 0. S. Gibbons & Son.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Fairview Prince, 388031, Cyrus A. Tow;
second. Beau General 6th, 391948, O. S. Gibbons & Son; third, Clairmont
Pride, 397581, J. B. Ashby.

Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, British Ornament, 325280, Cyrus
A. Tow; second, Disturber Queen 2d, 325351, Cyrus A. Tow; third, Pris-
cilla, 204713, O. S. Gibbons & Son; fourth. Diamond's Maid 2d, 320887, E.
W. Kreischer.

Heifer Two Years and Tinder Three — First, Disturber's Lassie 4th,
349146, Cyrus A. Tow; second. Moonbeam, 348407, E. W. Kreischer;
third, Lady Viola, 349149, O. S. Gibbons & Son; fourth, Carnette, 340292,
O. S. Gibbons & Son.

Senior Yearling Heifer— First, Pansy Belle 4th, 364248, 0. S. Gibbons
& Son; second, Daisy 4th, Hahn & Mayne; third, Faith 3d, 371609,
Cyrus A. Tow; fourth, Fairview Silky, 364581, Cyrus A. Tow; fifth. Lady
Amber, 364837, E. W. Kreischer.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Bonnie Lass 18th, Hahn & Mayne; sec-
ond. Lassie, 372645, O. S. Gibbons & Son; third. Disturber's Lassie 5th,
369627, Cyrus A. Tow; fourth, Miss Creamy, 369631, Cyrus A. Tow.

Senior Heifer Calf— First, Beauty, 388252, E. M. Cassady & Son; second,
Disturber's Lassie 6th, 388029, Cyrus A. Tow; third. Lady General, 386447,
O. S. Gibbons & Son; fourth. Donna Valentine, 381475, E. M. Cassady &
Son; fifth, Miss Randolph, 397091, E. W. Kreischer.

822 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Lenora 2d, 388032, Cyrus A, Tow; second,
Claremont Pet, 397584, J. B. Ashby; third, Arthur's Lady, 388251, E. M.
Cassady & Son; fourth, Priscilline, 391950, O. S. Gibbons & Son; fifth,
Lad's Gertie, 397586, J. B. Ashby.

Senior Champion Bull — Good Lad, 343996, 0. S. Gibbons & Son.
Junior Champion Bull — Perfection Jr., 373642, Cyrus A. Tow.
Senior Champion Cow — Disturber's Lassie 4th, 349146, Cyrus A. Tow.
Junior Champion Cow — Beauty, 388252, E. M. Cassady & Son.
Grand Champion Bull — Perfection Jr., 373642, Cyrus A. Tow.
Grand Champion Coio — Disturber's Lassie 4th, 3-49146, Cyrus A. Tow.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, Cyrus A. Tow; second, 0. S. Gibbons & Son;
third, E. W. Kreischer.

Calf Herd— F\vs,t, E. M. Cassady & Son; second, O. S. Gibbons & Son;
third, J. B. Ashby; fourth, E. W. Kreischer.

Get of ^ire— First, Cyrus A. Tow; second and fourth, 0. S. Gibbons &
Son; third, E. M. Cassady & Son.

Produce of Cow—¥\Tst, Cyrus A. Tow; second, third and fourth, 0. S.
Gibbons & Son.

ABERDEEN ANGUS.

EXHIBITORS.

R. M. Anderson & Son, Newell, Iowa; A. B. Atwater & Son, Robins,
Iowa; A. C. Binnie, Alta, Iowa; Chas. Escher & Son, Botna, Iowa; W. A.
McHenry, Denison, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; Carl A. Rosenfeld,
Kelley, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge C. J. Martix, Jefferson, Iowa.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Kloman, 135617, A. C. Binnie; sec-
ond, Erwin C, 136625, W. A. McHenry; third. Ever Black, 117629, W. H.
Miller; fourth, Enus, 139624, R. M. Anderson & Son.

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Black Pridewood, 137275, A.
C. Binnie; second, Peter Pan of Alta, 140526, W. J. Miller; third, R. M.
Anderson & Sons.

Senior Yearling Bull— First, Proud Thickset, W. A. McHenry; second,
Rosegay 6th, W. J. Miller.

Junior Yearling Bull — First, Joubert, 150168; R. M. Anderson & Sons;
second, Prince Felzer, 156700, Chas. Escher & Son; third, Enos 3d, 130053,
R. M. Anderson & Son; fourth, Kris Kringle B., 150194, A. C. Binnie; fifth,
Pride's Twain, 157761, W. J. Miller.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Bromo, 155560, Chas. Escher & Son; second.
Provost, 150243, R. M. Anderson & Son; third. Quality Prince 2d, 158963,
W. A. McHenry; fourth. Pride's Kloman, 152295, A. C. Binnie; fifth.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII

823

Heather Keylex, 152752, W. J. Miller; sixth, Black Prince Rosegay, Carl A.
Rosenfeld.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Eraman, A. C. Binnib; second, Everlex, W. J.
Miller; third, Enos 4th, 150275, R. M. Anderson & Son.

Cow Three Years or Over — First, Barbara Woodson, 129611, W. J, Mil-
ler; second, Eileen of Alta, 129498, A. C. Binnie; third, Barbara Mc-
Henry 24th, 104144, W. A. McHenry; fourth. Key of Heather 2d, 139064,
W. J. Miller; fifth. Bell Eclipser of Newell, 131046, R. M. Anderson &
Sons; sixth. Pride of Elchies 12th, 116879, R. M. Anderson & Sons; sev-
enth. Jilt 56th, 130577, R. M. Anderson & Son.

Heifer Tioo Years and Under Three — First, Black Cap McHenry 84th,
138378, W. A. McHenry; second, Black Cap McHenry 88th, 138394, W. A.
McHenry; third. Abbess of Alta, 140517, A. C. Binnie; fourth, Pride of
Black Stone 3d, 139639, R. M. Anderson & Son; fifth. Enchantress 8th,
135664, W. J. Miller; sixth. Proud Formera 2d, 137273, A. C. Binnie;
seventh, Barbara Woodson 2d, 139901, W. J. Miller.

GRAND CHAMPION ANGUS COW
Iowa State Fair, 1912

824 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Senior Yearling Heifer—First, Pride McHenry 97th, 149358, W. A.
McHenry; second, Pride McHenry 100, 149362, W. A. McHenry; third,
Metz Blackbird 8th, 149508, W. J. Miller; fourth, Key of Indianapolis
4th, 150048, R. M. Anderson & Son; fifth. Abbess of Alta 2d, 150179, A. C.
Binnie; sixth, Blackbird Lassie of Alta 16th, 150182, A. C. Binnie.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Coquette McHenry 37, 149391, W. A. Mc-
Henry; second, Katy Key Mura 2d, 150410, W. J. Miller; third, Metz
Beauty 11th, 151756, W. J. Miller; fourth, Pride of Elchies 20th, 150052,
R. M. Anderson & Son.

Senior Heifer Calf— First, Pride McHenry 108th, 158956, W. A. Mc-
Henry; second. Pride McHenry 109th, 158958, W. A. McHenry; third, Miss
Barbara, W. J. Miller; fourth, Blackbird Woodson, W. J. Miller; fifth,
Krista Klo, A. C. Binnie; sixth, Key of Indianapolis 5th, 150642, R. M.
Anderson & Son; seventh. Queen of the Dale, R. M. Anderson & Son;
eighth. Blackbird Lassie of Alta 19th, A. C. Binnie.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Blackcap of Alta 6th, A. C. Binnie; second,
Erin's Pride 2d, W. J. Miller; third, Jilt, R. M. Anderson & Son; fourth.
Pride of Elchies, R. M. Anderson & Son; fifth. Pride of Alta 20th, A.
C. Binnie.

Senior Champion Bull — Kloman, 135617, A. C. Binnie.

Junior Champion Bull — Proud Thickset, W. A. McHenry.

Senior Champion Coiv — Barbara Woodson, 129611, W. J. Miller.

Junior Champi07i Coiv — Pride McHenry 97th, 194358, W. A. McHenry.

Grand Champion Bull — Kloman, 135617, A. C. Binnie.

Grand Champion Cow — Barbara Woodson, 129611, W. J. Miller.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, W. A. McHenry; second, A. C. Binnie; third,
W. J. Miller; fourth, R. M. Anderson & Son.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, W. A. McHenry; second, W. J. Miller;
third, A. C. Binnie; fourth, R. M. Anderson & Sons.

Calf Herd — First, W. A. McHenry; second, A. C. Binnie; third, W. J.
Miller; fourth, R. M. Anderson & Son; fifth, A. C. Binnie.

Get of Sire — First, W. A. McHenry; second, W. A. McHenry; third, R.
M. Anderson & Sons; fourth and sixth, A. C. Binnie; fifth, W. J.- Miller.

Produce of Cow — First, W. A. McHenry; second and fourth, W. J.
Miller; third, fifth and sixth, A. C. Binnie.

GALLOWAY.

EXHIBITORS.

S. M. Croft & Son, Bluff City, Kan.; C. S. Hechtner, Chariton, Iowa; A.
O. Huff, Arcadia, Nebr.; Straub Bros., Avoca, Nebr.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 825

AWARDS.

Judge Ciias. Esciier, Jr., Botna, Iowa

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Marquis, 34815, Straub Bros.; second,
Meadowlawn Crusader, 322201, A. 0. Huff; third. Gentleman Frank,
32188, S. M. Croft & Son.

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Choice Master, 35185, Straub
Bros.; second, Fearnot of Maples, 35166, C. S. Hechtner; third. Captain
Joe, 35578, A. O. Huff.

Bull One Year and Under Tivo — First, Casino, 36410, Straub Bros.;
second. Midnight Signet, S. M. Croft & Son; third. Prince Favorite,
26212, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, Dixydude, 36525, A. O. Huff; fifth, Mara-
mere, 37206, Straub Bros.

Senior Bull (7aZ/— First, Minnie's Favorite, 36544, C. S. Hechtner;
second, Monark, Straub Bros.; third, Byron Black, A. 0. Huff; fourth,
Cazomet, 37364, S. M. Croft & Son.

Ju7iior Bull Calf — First, Handsome 4th, Straub Bros.; second, Iva's
Favorite, C. S. Hechtner; third. Port Wallril, A. O. Huff.

Cow Three Years or Over — First, Lady Like, 34014, Straub Bros.;
second, Florence of Meadowlawn, 32316, S. M. Croft & Son; third. Modesty
2nd, 34931, Straub, Bros.; fourth, Capitaline, 35178, A. O. Huff, fifth,
Bessie of Maples, 32252, C. S. Hechtner.

Heifer Two Years and under Three — First, Daisy Dimple, 35187, Straub
Bros.; second, Clara of Maples 2nd, 35169, C. S. Hechtner; third. Merry
Lady, 36183, Straub Bros.; fourth, Meadowlawn Soncy, 35202, S. M.
Croft & Son; fifth. Sunbeam, 35640, A. 0. Huff.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Marianne, 36221, Straub Bros.; second,
Clara of Maples 3rd, 36214, C. S. Hechtner; third. Miss Gertrude, 36284,
S. M. Croft & Son; fourth, Lily Wistful, 36524, A. 0. Huff.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Nellie Melville, 36228, Straub Bros.;
second. Lady Russell, 36594, S. M. Croft & Son; third. Lady Sampson,

36218, C. S. Hechtner; fourth. Dainty Doll, 36219, A. O. Huff.

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Nellie of Maples 2nd, 36543, C. S. Hechtner;
second, Ethel of Greenbush, 37363, S. M. Croft & Son; third, Dewdrop,
Straub Bros.; fourth, Dolly Dimple, A. O. Huff.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Clara of Maples 4th, C. S. Hechtner; second,
Ollie of Greenbush, 37362, S. M. Croft & Son; third, Bonnie Bell, Straub
Bros.; fourth, Eveline, A. O. Huff.

Senior Champion Bull — Choice Master, 35185, Straub Bros.

Junior Champion Bull — Casino, 36410, Straub Bros.

Senior Champion Cow — Ladylike, 34014, Straub Bros.

Junior Champion Heifer — Clara of Maples 4th, C. S. Hechtner.

Grand Champion Bull — Choice Master, 35185, Straub Bros.

Grand Champion Coio — Ladylike, 34014, Straub Bros.

826 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ExhiMtor's Herd — First and second, Straub Bros.; third, C, S. Hech-
tner; fourth, S. M. Croft & Son; fifth A. O. Huff.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, 3traub Bros.; second, C. S. Hechtner;
third, S. M. Croft & Son; fourth, A. O. Huff.

Get of Sire — First and second, Straub Bros.; third and fifth, C. S.
Hechtner; fourth, S. M. Croft & Son.

Produce of Cow — First, second and fourth, Straub Bros.; third and
fifth, C. S. Hechtner.

POLLED DURHAM.

EXHIBITORS.

Achenbach Bros., Washington, Kansas; L. S. Huntley & Son, Chari-
ton, Iowa; John H, Jennings, Streator, Illinois; J, H. Miller, Peru,
Indiana; Walker Bros., Ord, Nebraska.

AWARDS.

Judge E. R. Silliman, Colo, Iowa.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, The Baron, 7435, Achenbach Bros.;
second. Golden Sceptre, 6860, Jno. H. Jennings.

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Sultan's Creed, 8716, J. H.
Miller; second. Master Hopewell, 9102, Jno. H. Jennings; third, Splendor,
8893, Walker Bros.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Meadow Sultan, 8721, Achenbach Bros.;
second, Iowa, L. S. Huntley & Son.

Junior Yearling Bull — First, Brawith Mint, 9152, J. H. Miller; second.
Illustrator, 9343, Walker Bros.; third. Red Cloud, Walker Bros.

Senior Bull Calf— First, Serene Sultan, 365796, J. H. Miller; second.
Red Champion, L. S. Huntley & Son; third. Sassy Victor, 9187, J. H.
Miller; fourth. Baron Link, 9418, Achenbach Bros.; fifth, Prince of Ver-
million, Jno. H. Jennings.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Prince Mysie 2nd, John H. Jennings; second.
True Sultan, 9157, J. H. Miller; third. Ringleader, 9345, Walker Bros.;
fourth. Baron Exception, 9419, Achenbach Bros.

Cow Three Years or Over — First, Lady Marshall, 99003, J. H. Miller;
second. Wanderer's Trophy, 29820, J. H. Miller; third. Roan Belle,
Walker Bros.; fourth. Golden Rose 5th, Vol. 3, Jno. H. Jennings; fifth.
Golden Princess, Vol. 4, Jno. H. Jennings.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Lady Confidence, 89935, J.

H. Miller; second. Queenly, Vol. 5, Jno. H. Jennings; third. Miss Charm-
ing, Walker Bros.

Senior Yearling Heifer — ^First, Capacious Sultana, J. H. Miller, Aurora
Bell, Walker Bros.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII

827

CBAMPION POLLED DURHAM BULL AND COW
Iowa State Fair, 1912

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Thankful Martha, Vol. 5, Achenbach
Bros.; second, Queen of Miama 7th, 109608, J. H. Miller; third, Baroness
Cora, Vol. 5, Achenbach Bros.; fourth, Glossilla, Jno. H. Jennings; fifth.
Miss Modesty, Walker Bros.

Senior Heifer Calf — Lady of Quality, J. H. Miller; second, Malvina,
Jno. H. Jennings; third. Minute 2nd, Vol. 5, Achenbach Bros.; fourth.
Fairy, Walker Bros.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Golden Thorn, J. H. Miller; second. Miss
Delight, Walker Bros.; third. The Baroness, Vol. 6, Achenbach Bros.

Senior Champion Bull — Sultan's Creed, 8716, J. H. Miller.
Junior Champion Bull — Meadow Sultan, 8721, Achenbach Bros.
Senior Champion Cow — Lady Marshall, 99003, J. H. Miller.
Junior Champion Heifer — Capacious Sultana, J. H. Miller.
Grand Champion Bull — Sultan's Creed, 8716, J. H. Miller.
Grand Champion Cow — Lady Marshall, 99003, J. H. Miller.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, J. H. Miller; second, Jno. H. Jennings; third.
Walker Bros.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, J. H. Miller; second, Achenbach Bros.;
third. Walker Bros.

Calf Herd — First, J. H. Miller; second. Walker Bros.; third, Achen-
bach Bros.

828 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Get of Sire — First, J. H. Miller; second, Achenbach Bros.; third.
Walker Bros.

Produce of Cow — First, J. H. Miller; second, Achenbach Bros.; third,
J. H. Miller; fourth. Walker Bros.; fifth, Jno. H. Jennings.

RED POLLED.

EXHIBITOES.

Adolph p. Arp, Eldridge, Iowa; Frank J. CIouss, Barnum, Iowa; Frank
Davis & Son, Holbrook, Nebraska; Chas. Graff, Bancroft, Nebraska;
Haussler Bros., Holbrook, Nebraska; W. S. Hill, Alexandria, South Da-
kota; Fred V/. Lahr, Brooks, Iowa; J. W. Larrabee, Earlville, Illinois;
Thos. L. Leonard, Beaver Crossing, Nebraska.

AWARDS.

Judge James Wilson, Brookings, S. D.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Teddy's Best, 17603, Haussler Bros.;
second, Reo, 18766, Prank Davjs & Son; third, Ruperta's Goods, 19226,
Frank J. CIouss; fourth, Uno, 15662, Thos. L. Leonard; fifth, Leo, 20121,
?red W. Lahr.

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Breadwinner, 21322, Thos.
L. Leonard; second, Sir William, 19872, J. W. Larrabee; third, Bryan,
23050, A. P. Arp.

Senior Yearling Bull — First, Paul, 20994, Frank J. CIouss; second, Luna
Lad, 15th, 27022, A. P. Arp; third, J. Rose, 21041, J. W. Larrabee.

Junior Yearling Bull — First, Nailor, 21864, Fred W. Lahr; second,
Luna Lad 14th, 23107, A. P. Arp; third, Cosys Napoleon Apple, 21316,
Thos. L. Leonard; fourth, Forester, 22308, Chas. Graff; fifth. Charmer,
21866, Haussler Bros.

Senior Bull Calf— Firzt, Kansas City Lad, 23058, Frank Davis & Son;
second, Jim, 22520, Frank J. CIouss; third. Brownie, 22574, Thos. L.
Leonard; fourth, Luna Lad 26th, 22409, A. P. Arp; fifth, Liza Lad, 23108
A, P. Arp.

Junior Bull Calf — ^First, Ikea, Frank J. CIouss; second, Mariom, 23076,
J. W. Larrabee; third. Imperial, Chas. Graff; fourth. Big Cremo, 23059,
Frank Davis & Son; fifth, Lofty, 23110, Thos. L. Leonard.

Cow Three Years or Over — First, Lena, 28536, Frank J. CIouss; second,
Liza, 26498, A. P. Arp; third, Inas, 25786, Chas. Graff; fourth. Tip, 26936,
Haussler Bros.; fifth. Tulip, 22864, Thos. L. Leonard.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Gazelle, 32011, Haussler
Bros.; second. Polka, 31189, Frank J. CIouss; third. Lady Dorothy 2nd,
32349, Frank Davis & Son; fourth, Valentine Lady, 32351, Frank Davis
& Son; fifth, Dahlia, 32326, Frank J. CIouss.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 829

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Jennie, 82845, Haussler Bros.; second,
Luna Lassie 16th, 33010, A. P. Arp; third, Luna Lassie 18th, 34294, A.
P. Arp; fourth, Xmas Bell, 34060, Frank Davis & Son; fifth, Pauline,
25417, Frank J. Clouss.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Ida Loo, 34570, Chas. Graff; second,
Vina, 34569, Chas. Graff; third, Lady Itoo, 34922, Thos. L. Leonard; fourth,
Wilda, 34923, Thos. L. Leonard; fifth, Minnie, Haussler Bros.

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Pansy, 34842, Frank J. Clouss; second, Red
Rose, 35556, Haussler Bros.; third. Duchess, Frank J. Clouss; fourth,
Lady Starlight, Thos. L. Leonard; fifth, Rosalie, 35546, Chas. Graff.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Tipple, Haussler Bros.; second. Princess,
Thos. L. Leonard; third, Luna Lassie 24th, 35567, A. P. Arp; fourth,
Violet Cremo, 35517, Frank Davis & Son; fifth, Cremo Belle, 35516, Frank
Davis & Son.

Senior Champion Bull — Teddy's Best, 17603, Haussler Bros.
• Junior Champion Bull — Paul, 20994, Frank J. Clouss.
f Senior Champion Cow — Lena, 28536, Frank J. Clouss.
; Junior Champion Heifer — Ida Loo, 34570, Chas. Graff.

Grand Champion Bull — Teddy's Best, 17603, Haussler Bros.

Grand Champion Cow — Lena, 28536, Frank J. Clouss.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, Haussler Bros.; second, Thos. L. Leonard;
third, Frank J. Clouss; fourth, Chas. Graff; fifth, A. P. Arp.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, Chas. Graff; second, Haussler Bros.;
third, Frank J. Clouss; fourth, Frank Davis & Son; fifth, Thos. L.
Leonard.

Calf Herd — First, Haussler Bros.; second, Thos. L. Leonard; third,
Frank J. Clouss; fourth, Chas. Graff; fifth, J. W. Larrabee.

Get of Sire — First, Thos. L. Leonard; second, and third, Haussler Bros.;
fourth, A. P. Arp; sixth, Frank Davis & Son.

Produce of Cow — First, Frank J. Clouss; second, and fourth, Chas.
Graff; third, A. P. Arp; fifth, Thos. L. Leonard.

HOLSTEIN.

EXHIBITORS.

lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa; C. B. McCanna, Burlington, Wiscan-
sin; C. A. Nelson, Waverly, Iowa; Frank White, Hampton, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge Dr. M. B. Wood, Mankato, Minn.

Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Rockdale Perfection DeKol, 51371,
lowana Farms; second, Groveland Inka Hijlaard, 57856, Frank White;
third. Cornucopia Pontiac Johanna Lad, 48355, Frank White; fourth,
Jessie Gem Inka Son, 62923, C. B. McCanna.

830

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FIRST TWO-YEA.R-OLD H0L8TEIN BULL
Iowa State Fair 1912

Bull Two Years Old and Under Three— First, Hengerveld King, 73774,
C. A. Nelson; second. Sir Korndyke Hengerveld De Kol, 72532, lowana
Farms.

Bull One Year Old and Under Tioo — First, Model Skylark, 82293, C. A.
Nelson; second, Flosmore Canary Vale DeKol, 87460, lowana Farms;
third, Groveland Sir Pontiac Inka, 83645, Frank White; fourth, Colama
Maid DeKol Son, C. B. McCanna.

Senior Bull CaZ/— First, Groveland Aagie De Kol, 97765, Frank White;
second, Inka Villetta Bergsma, 97921, C. B. McCanna; third, lowana
Colantha Sir Clyde, 88344, lowana Farms; fourth, C. A. Nelson; fifth,
Groveland Sir Pontiac Hijlaard, 97767, Frank White.

Junior Bull CaZ/— First, Jessie Gem Inka Son 8th, 97703, C. B. Mc-
Canna; second, C. A. Nelson; third, Frysland Sir Ormsby, lowana Farms.

Cow Four Years or Over — First, Meadowbrook Queen DeKol 2nd, lowana
Farms; second, Netherland Tweet Pieterje, 84064, Frank White; third,
Pauline Witkop Netherland, 78112, Frank White; fourth, Colanthe Jo-
hanna of Elmbrook, 106024, C. B. McCanna; fifth. Lady Ono Hijlaard,
58193, Frank White; sixth, Betz Fairfax De Kol, 96594, C. B. McCanna,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XHI 831

Cow Three Years and Under Four — First, Chloe Artis Jewell of Cedax-
side, 120932, C. A. Nelson; second, Lady Wayne Sarcastic, 134335,
lowana Farms; third, Princess Sletske, 126051, C. B. McCanna; fourth,
Groveland Idske Pontiac, 137138, Frank White.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Groveland Korndyke Corn-
ucopia, 137137, Frank White; second, Golan tha Johanna of Cedarside,
152087, C. A. Nelson; third, Miss Korndyke Daisy Mercedes, 137788,
lowana Farms; fourth, Netherland DeKol Pietertje 2nd, 131560, lowana
Farms; fifth, Groveland Pontiac Hijlaard, 137139, Frank White; sixth,
High Lawn Inago, 135657, C. B. McCanna.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Foekje De Kol Hengerveld, 148721,
lowana Farms; second, Jewell Abbekerk 3rd, 156624, C. A. Nelson; third,
Canary Princess, 144430, lowana Farms; fourth, Elizabeth Herbert Jew-
ell, 159058, C. A. Nelson; fifth, Fairee Netherland 4th, 161753, C. A.
Nelson.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Groveland De Kol Inka, 165444, Frank
White; second,. Beauty De Kol De Vries 2nd, 165443, Frank White;
third. Miss Fayne Piebe, 162887, lowana Farms; fourth, Pauline Sky-
lark of Cedarside, 176451, C. A. Nelson; fifth, lowana Gretque Henger-
veld, 175842, lowana Farms.; sixth, Retta Posch, 153761, C. B. McCanna.

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Groveland Inka Netherland, 182097, Frank
White; second, lowana Colantha Vieman De Kol, 166776, lowana Farms;
third, lowana Colantha Aaggie Burke, 166769, lowana Farms; fourth,
Artis Pontiac Susie Judith, 177956, Frank White & Son; fifth, Groveland
Pauline Hijlaard, 179551, C. A. Nelson; sixth, Alice Marion Koningin,
163081, C. B. McCanna.

Junior Heifer Calf—First, Butter King Molly Segis, 172350, Frank
White; second, Frysian Canary, lowana Farms; third, Groveland Hijlaard
Korndyke, 182095, Frank White; fourth, DeKol Minke Johanna, 182867,
C. B. McCanna; fifth, Groveland Beauty De Kol Pontiac, 182094, Frank
White; sixth. Crown Prince, Segis Nanne, 179278, C. A. Nelson.

Senior Champion Bull — Rockdale Perfection DeKol, 51371, lowana
Farms.

Junior Champion Bull — Model Skylark, 82293, C. A. Nelson.
Senior Champion Cow — Chloe Artis Jewell of Cedarside, 120932, C. A.
Nelson.

Junior Champion Heifer — Foekje De Kol Hengerveld, 148721, lowana
Farms.

Grand Champion Bull — Rockdale Perfection De Kol, 51371, lowana
Farms.

Grand Champion Cow — Chloe Artis Jewell of Cedarside, 120932, C. A.
Nelson.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, lowana Farms; second, C. A. Nelson; third,
Frank White; fourth, lowana Farms; fifth, C. B. McCanna.

832 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Breeder's Young Herd — First, Frank White; second, lowana Farms;
third, C. A. Nelson.

Calf Herd — First, Frank White; second and third, lowana Farms;
fourth, C. B. McCanna; fifth, C. A. Nelson.

Get of Sire — First and fifth, Frank White; second, C. A. Nelson; third
and fourth, lowana Farms.

Produce of Cow — First and second, Frank White; third, C. A. Nelson;
fourth and fifth, lowana Farms.

Premier Exliihitor — lowana Farms.

Premier Breeder — Frank White.

JERSEY.

EXHIBITORS.

E. Bruins, Fairwater, Wisconsin; G. A, Chaffee, Minneapolis, Minne-
sota; Cotta & Williams, Galesburg, Illinois; Nelle Fayban, Geneva, Illi-
nois; J. W. Love, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Geo. Redhead, Mgr. Des
Moines, Iowa; D. W. Rich, Mt. Pleasant; Smith & Roberts, Beatrice,
Nebraska; H. C. Young, Lincoln, Nebraska.

AWARDS.

Judge W. L. Hunter, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Bull Three Years Old or Over— First, Stockwell's Fern Lad, 87843, Smith
& Roberts; second, Beauvoir's King, 88006, E. Bruins; third. Combination
Golden Prince, 79767, G. A. Chaffee; fourth, Guenons Gay Lad, 67140,
H. C. Young; fifth. Eminent Rosette, 66050, Cotta & Williams.

Bull Tioo Years Old and Under Three — First, Ibsen's Glory, 92986, E
Bruins; second, Ocean Blue, 99477, Nelle Fabyan; third, Duke's Raleigh.
87581, H. C. Young; fourth, Clarencia's Prince, 96629, Cotta & Williams;
fifth, Raleigh Ibsen, 94890, E. Bruins; sixth, Silverine's Combination,
89734, Smith & Roberts.

Bull One Year Old and Under Two — First, Viola's Elmhurst Prince,
G. A. Chaffee; second, Stockwell's Rioter, 90243, Smith & Roberts; third,
Kinloch's Golden Jolly, Cotta & Williams; fourth. Western King's Chief,
E. Bruins; fifth, Jamont's Jinks, H. C. Young.

Senior Bull Calf — First, Stoockwell's Champion, Smith & Roberts; sec
ond, Oxford Sultan Lad, Smith & Roberts; third, Ibsen's Noble Lad,
105614, E. Bruins; fourth, Raleigh's Gold Coin, H. C. Young; fifth, Ra-
leigh's Duke of W., H. C. Young.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Warder's Stockwell, Smith & Roberts; second.
Baron's Ibsen, E. Bruins; third, Leda's Champion Lad, G. A. Chaffee,
Shylock's Jamont G., H. C. Young; fifth. Nobleman of Homewood, 103824,
Cotta and Williams.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII

833

Cow Four Years or Over — First, Warder's Proud Beauty, 234158, Smith
& Roberts; second, Couline, 234538, E. Bruins; third. Golden Maid's
Princess Lady, 234180, Smith & Roberts; fourth, Kate's Mabel, 185933,
H. C. Young; fifth, Sweet Kitty, 256014, G. A. Chaffee.

Coiv Three Yea7's and Under Four — First, Ibsen's Cherry, 264721, E.
Bruins; second, Fontain's Katydid, 241680, Smith & Roberts; third,
Stockwell's Augustine, Smith & Roberts; fourth, Jamont's Beauty Girl,
248600, H. C. Young; fifth, Eminent's Grace, 229296, H. C. Young.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Belmont's Silverine, 265077,
Smith & Roberts; second, Fontaine Clearview Beauty, 271059, E. Bruins;
third, Jessie Plymouth, 239213, Cotta & Williams; fourth, Raleigh's
Calais, 270612, G. A. Chaffee; fifth, Rose Tulips Sultana, 232566, H. C.
Young.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Oxford's Lady Wonder, 267066, Smith
& Roberts; second, Oxford's Lady Sultan, 267067, Smith & Roberts; third,
Shylock's Golden Fern, 259540, H. C. Young; fourth, Bonnie Pearly,
271654, G. A. Chaffee; fifth, May Flower's Noble Lass, 259268, E. Bruins.

63

PRIZE-WINNING JERSEY BULL
Iowa State Fair, 1912

834 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Junior Yearling Heifer— First, Belle Delle Rosette, 261231, Cotta &
Williams.; 'second. Majesty's Ethel, 259269, E. Bruins; third, Oxford's
Silverine, Smith & Roberts; fourth, Eminent's Cassie Daisy, G. A. Chaffee;
fifth, Ferndale Princess, J. W. Love.

Senior Heifer Calf — First, Ibsen's Glory Couline, 274077, E. Bruins; sec-
ond, Combination's Prince's Lady, G. A. Chaffee; third, Jamont's Queen
Y, H. C. Young; fourth, Raleigh's Gay Girl, H. C. Young; fifth, Eminent'®
Reminder 2d, 267164, Cotta & Williams.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Raleigh's Brown Baby, H. C. Young; sec-
ond, Stockwell Lady Fern, Smith & Roberts; third, Raleigh's Victoria,
H. C. Young; fourth, Ibsen's Glory's Beauty, 274081, E. Bruin&; fifth, Tu-
lip's Plymouth Beauty, Cotta & Williams.

Senior Champion Bull — Stockwell's Fern Lad, 87843, Smith & Roberts.

Junior Champion Bull — Stockwell's Champion, Smith & Roberts.

Senior Champion Coio — Warder's Proud Beauty, 234158, Smith &
Roberts.

Junior Champion Heifer — Ibsen's Glory Couline, 274077, E. Bruins.

Grand Champion Bull — Stockwell's Fern Lad, 87843, Smith & Roberts.

Grand Champion Coio — Warder's Proud Beauty, 234158, Smith &
Roberts.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, Smith & Roberts; second, E. Bruins; third,
H. C. Young; fourth, G. A. Chaffee; fifth, E. Bruins.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, Smith & Roberts; second, G. A. Chaffee;
third, E. Bruins; fourth, H. C. Young; fifth. Smith and Roberts.

Calf Herd — First, E. Bruins; second. Smith & Roberts; third, H. C.
Young; fourth. Smith & Roberts; fifth, G. A. Chaffee.

Get of Sire — First, E. Bruins; second. Smith & Roberts; third. Smith
& Roberts; fourth, H. C. Young; fifth, E. Bruins.

Produce of Coiv — First, Smith & Roberts; second and third, H. C.
Young; fourth. Smith & Roberts; fifth, E. Bruins.

Premier Exhihitor — Smith & Roberts.

Premier Breeder — Smith & Roberts.

GUERNSEYS.

EXHIBITORS.

Cotta & Williams, Galesburg, Illinois; W. W. Marsh, Waterloo, Iowa;
J. H. Williams, Waukesha, Wisconsin; Wilcox & Stubbs, Des Moines,
Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge Will Forbes, Washington, D. C.

Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Holden 4, 12179, Wilcox & Stubbs.
Bull Tioo Years Old and Under Three— First, Bob Rilma, 16141, Wil-
cox & Stubbs; second, Park Ceaser, 22002, Jno. H. Williams.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 835

Bull One Yea?' Old and Under Two — First, Raymond of Sarnia, 19172,
Jno. H. Williams.; second, Manoa of Iowa, 20371, Wilcox & Stubbs; third,
Gallant Knight of Iowa, 19511, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth, Park's Quill
Boy, 21157, Jno. H. Williams.

Senior Bull Calf—First, Queen's Prince, 21291, Wilcox & Stubbs; sec-
ond, Park's Flossy King, 21159, Jno. H. Williams; third, Natoma Canto,
20976, Cotta & Williams.

Junior Bull Calf — First, Aline's Holden, Wilcox & Stubbs; second. Bob
Rilma 2nd, Wilcox & Stubbs.

Coio Four Years or Over — First, Aline of Lawton 2nd, 23153, Wilcox &
Stubbs; second. Eagle Quill 2nd, 18121, Jno. H. Williams; third, Patricia
of Sarnia, 40235, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth, Calla Luda, 27092, Wilcox &
Stubbs; fifth, Glenwood's Free Silver Girl, 20929, Wilcox & Stubbs.

Cow Three Years and Under Four — First, Princess Euphemia, 27843,
Wilcox & Stubbs.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Daisy Bell of Sarnia, 35667,
Wilcox & Stubbs; second. Bell Daisy of Sarnia, 35668, Wilcox & Stubbs;
third, Geneva Walter Maple, Jno. H. Williams.

Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Park's Princess Rhea, 34930, Jno. H.
Williams; second. Sweet Lassie 2nd, 32356, Wilcox & Stubbs; third.
Short of the Grandes Capelles, 34354, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth, Blossom's
Bridget of Iowa, 35025, Wilcox & Stubbs; fifth, Beau Donald's Thalma,
35024, Wilcox & Stubbs.

Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Rhea's Park May, 36506, Jno. H. Will-
iams; second, Manoa's May Rose of Iowa, 37046, Wilcox & Stubbs.

Senior Heifer CaZ/— First, Park's Isabella 2nd, 38814, Jno. H. Williams;
second, Daisy Belle of Fair View, 40248, Wilcox & Stubbs; third. Belle
Daisy of Fair View, 40249, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth, France's Rilma
of Iowa, Wilcox & Stubbs; fifth. Rose Rilma of Iowa, Wilcox & Stubbs.

Junior Heifer Calf — First, Calla's Rilma, Wilcox & Stubbs; second.
Park's Elizabeth, Jno. H. Williams.

Senior Champion Bull — Bob Rilma, 16141, Wilcox & Stubbs.
Junior Champion Bull — Raymond of Sarnia, 19172, Jno. H. Williams.
Senior Champion Cow — Aline of Lawton 2nd, 23153, Wilcox & Stubbs.

Junior Champion Heifer — Park's Princess Rhea, 34930, Jno. H. Will-
iams.

Grand Champion Bull — Bob Rilma, 16141, Wilcox & Stubbs.

Grand Champion Coiv — Aline of Lawton 2nd, 23153, Wilcox & Stubbs.

ExhiMtor's Herd — First, Wilcox & Stubbs; second, Jno. H. Williams.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, Jno. H. Williams; second, Wilcox &
Stubbs.

€alf Herd — First, Jno. H. Williams; second, Wilcox & Stubbs.
Get of Sire — First, Jno. H. Williams; second, Wilcox & Stubbs.

836 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Produce of Coiv — First, Jno. H. Williams; second, Wilcox & Stubbs.
Premier ExMMtor — Wilcox & Stubbs,
Premier Breeder — Jno. H. Williams.

SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY AMERICAN GUERNSEY CATTLE

CLUB.
Premier Breeder — Jno. H. Williams.

AYRSHIRES.

EXHIBITOR.

Adam Seitz, Waukesha, Wisconsin.

AWARDS.

Judge M. D. Wood, Mankato, Minn.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Bargenoch, Gay Cavalier, 11981.

Bull Tivo Years and Under Three— First, Peter Pan, 12701.

Bull One Year an<L Under Two— First, Cock-A-Bendie of Spring City;
second, .

Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Oldhall Spicey John, 14841; second,
Bargenoch Rising Star, 14843; third, Bargenoch Perfection, 14844.

Cow Four Years or Over — First, Silver Pet of Spring City, 23502; sec-
ond, Muirrosalie's Last, 27220; third, Klinford Bell 3rd, 30643.

CoiD Three Years and Under Four — First, Hillhouse Maud 2nd, 28900;
second, Oldhall Sarah 3rd, 28159.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Benchan Dorathy, 32720;
second, Kilnford Belle 4th, 29374.

Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Duchess Croft, 30176; second.
May Queen C 2nd, 32937.

Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Bargenoch Queen, 32943; second.
Bargenoch Silver Pet, 32946; third, Bargenoch Licesee Lindsay, 32947.

Senior Champion BwZZ— Bargenoch Gay Cavalier, 11981. '

Junior Champion Bull — Oldhall Spicey John, 14841.

Senior Champion Coi(^-Silver Pet of Spring City, 23502.

Junior Champion Heifer — Bargenoch Queen, 32943.

Grand Champion Bull — Bargenoch Gay Cavalier, 11981.

Grand Champion Coi^^— Silver Pet of Spring City, 23502.

ExhiMtor's Herd — First and second.

Breeder's Young Herd — First.

Get of Sire — First and •second.

Produce of Cow — First and second.

Premier Exhibitor — First.

Premier Breeder — First.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XHI

837

BROWN SWISS.

EXHIBITORS,

Allynhurst Farm, Delavan, Wisconsin; Marion T. Anderson, Wash-
ington, Iowa; H. W. Ayers, Honey Creek, Wisconsin.

Judge.

AWARDS.

. .Will Forbes, Washington, D. C.

Bull Three Years or Over — First, Zell, 2512, H. W. Ayers; second,
Casper C, 1999, Allynhurst Farm.

Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, Casper Delta, 3128, Marion
T. Anderson; second, Myone Boy, 3120, Allynhurst Farm.

Bull One Year and Under Ttw— First, Zell A, 3508, H. W. Ayers;
second, Chris, 3578, H. W. Ayers; third, Myson of Allynhurst, 3624,
Allynhurst Farm.

Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Junker 2nd, H. W. Ayers; second,
Ayer's Traveler, 3631, H. W. Ayers; third, Allynhurst Farm.

PRIZE WINNING BROWN SWISS CoW
Iowa State Fair, 1912

838 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Cow Four Years or Over — First, Upland Nick's Prize, 3670, H. W.
Ayers; second, Ariene, 2769, Allynhurst Farm; third, Myone Baby, 3378,
Allynhurst Farm.

Cow Three Years and Under Four — First, Betty of Allynhurst, 4541,
Allynhurst Farm; second, Plorinda A., 4661, Marion T. Anderson; third,
Browney B., 3968, H. W. Ayers.

Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Myone of Allynhurst,
4546, Allynhurst Farm; second, Susan Arrand 2nd, 4718, H. W. Ayers;
third. Princess Erima, 5148, Allynhurst Farm.

Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Allynhurst Farm; second.
Sultana Crocus, 4781, H. W. Ayers; third, Zell's Ada, 5117, H. W. Ayers.

Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Allynhurst Farm; second and
third, H. W. Ayers.

Senior Champion Bull—ZeW A., 3508, H. W. Ayers.

Junior Champion Bull — Junker 2nd, H. W. Ayers.

Senior Champion Coio — Upland Nick's Prize, 3670, H. W. Ayers.

Junior Champion Heifer — Allynhurst Farm.

arand Cha^npion Bull— Zell A., 3508, H. W. Ayers.

Grand Champion Coio — Upland Nick's Prize, 3670, H. W. Ayers.

Exhibitor's Herd — First, H. W. Ayers; second and third, Allynhurst
Farm.

Breeder's Young Herd — First, H. W. Ayers; second, Allynhurst Farm.
Get of Sire — First and third, Allynhurst Farm; second, H. W. Ayers.

Produee of Cow — First, Allynhurst Farm; second and third, H. W.
Ayers.

Premier Exhibitor — H. W. Ayers.
Premier Breeder — H. W. Ayers.

FAT SHORT-HORNS (Pure Bred).

EXHIBITORS.

J. H. Miller, Peru, Indiana; L. C. Oloff, Ireton, Iowa; D'. Tietje, Belle-
vue, Iowa; W. W. Vaughn, Marion, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge A. J. Ryden, Abingdon, 111.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, Dutch Joe 2nd,
D. Tietjen; second. Royal C, C. A. Saunders; third, Jock of Elmlawn, L.
C. Oloff.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — First, Dutch Joe 2nd, D.
Tietjen.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 839

FAT SHORT-HORNS.

(Grade or Cross Bred.)

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First,
John D., C. A. Saunders.

Steer, Spayed or Martini Hjeifer, One Year and Under Two — First,
George, C. A. Saunders.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, George White,
C. A. Saunders.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — John D., C. A. Saunders.
Group of Three Head Owned hy Exhibitor — C. A. Saunders.

FAT HEREFORDS.
(Pure Bred.)

EXHIBITORS.

B. M. Cassady & Son, Whiting, Iowa; J. P. Cudahy, Belton, Missouri;
Robt. H. Hazlitt, Eldorado, Kansas; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa;
Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge J. P. Cudaiiy, Kansas City, Mo.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Turn Years and Under Three — First,
Fairfax, 344759, Cyrus A. Tow; second, Martin, 348937, E. M. Cassady
& Son.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Yer,r and Under Two — First, Bro-
cade 4th, 364833, Cyrus A. Tow; second, Albany March On, 364573, Cyrus
A. Tow; third, Happy No. 58, E. M. Cassady & Son.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, Blanco, Robt.
H. Hazlitt; second. Standard 1st, 388035, Cyrus A. Tow; third, Mike 59,
E. M. Cassady & Son.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Blanco, Robt. H. Hazlitt.

Group of Three Head Oumed hy Exhibitor — First, Cyrus A. Tow; sec-
ond, E. M. Cassady & Son.

(GRADE OR CROSS BRED.)

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First,
Lant, Cyrus A, Tow; second, Joe, E. M. Cassady & Son.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First, Bob,
E. M. Cassady & Son; second, Agitator 1st, Cyrus A. Tow.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, At Last,
Cyrus A. Tow; second. Jack, E. M. Cassady & Son.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Lant, Cyrus A. Tow.

Group of Three Head Owned hy Exhibitor — First, Cyrus A. Tow; sec-
ond, E. M. Cassady & Son.

840 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

PAT ABERDEEN ANGUS.
(PURE BRED.)

EXHIBITOR.

W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge C. J. Martin, Jefferson, Iowa.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Tioo Years and Under Three — First,
King Burn.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First,
Kingsteer of Rosemere.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, King Keylex.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin H.eifer — King Burn.

Group or Three Head Owned 'by Exhibitor — First.

(GRADE OR CROSS BRED.)

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First,
Jerry.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First,
Patrick King.

Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, Good Choice.

Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Patrick King.

Group of Three Head Owned by Exhibitor — First.

GRAND CHAMPIONS.
Grand Champion — Blanco, Robt. H. Hazlitt.
Grand Champioji Group — Cyrus A. Tow.

SWINE DEPARTMENT.

Superintendent R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction, la.

POLAND CHINAS.

EXHIBITORS.

F. W. Akers, Laurel, Iowa; E. S. Barker, Doon, Iowa; L. W. Blackford,
Hillsboro, Iowa; R. R. Blake, Waukee, Iowa; G. H. Burge, Mt. Vernon,
Iowa; J. H. Cope, Carlisle, low^a; M. H. Corey, Lockridge, Iowa; C. C.
Croxen, Atalissa, Iowa; J. I. Davis, Mt. Hamil, Iowa; H. H. Diers, St.
Olaf, Iowa; M. A. Dowling, Reasnor, low^a; J. S. FawTett & Son, Spring-
dale, Iowa; R. H. Fichtenmueller, Farmington, Iowa; S. Fleming, Stuart,
Iowa; R, W. Halford, Manning, Iowa; Fred H. Hassler, Manning, Iowa;
Chas. W. Humerick, Atlantic, Iowa; J. D. Jackson, Gilbert Station, Iowa;
C. F. Keeling, Avon, Iowa; A. Kool, Fifield, Iowa; Joe Kramer, Elkader,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 841

Iowa; Chas. Krumm, Postville, Iowa; P. B. Lake, Moscow, Iowa; Henry
Lauer, Eldorado, Iowa; J. F. Leahy, Parnell, Iowa; Wm. Lenz, Ankeny,
Iowa; J. V. Lingenfelter, Altoona, Iowa; A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa, Iowa;
S. G. McFadden, West Liberty, Iowa; C. A. Marker, Tolono, Illinois; G.

F. Marshall & Son, Monroe, Iowa; Theo. Martin, Bellevue, Iowa; Jos..
Meekma, Monroe, Iowa; J. E. Meharry, Tolono, Illinois; E, M. Metzger,
Fairfield, Iowa; Jno. F. Meyer, Newton, Iowa; F. H. Moore, Wiota, Iowa;
Isaac Overton, Knoxville, Iowa; D. H. Paul, Laurel, Iowa; F. G. Paul,
Marshalltown, Iowa; Paul & Wilson, Laurel, Iowa; C. A. Purvis, West
Liberty, Iowa; S. R. Reed, Monteith, Iowa; E, N. Riddlesbarger, Dysart,
Iowa; D. B. Rightmire, Monticello, Missouri; J. L. Risley, Ames, Iowa;
S. A. Roberts, Knoxville, Iowa; Chas. L. Santman, Dysart, Iowa; P. F.
Schwimley, Kalona, Iowa; F. J. Sexsmith, Orient, Iowa; Fred Sievers,
Audubon, Iowa; Whitacre & Son, West Liberty, Iowa; Wigstone Bros.,
Stanton, Iowa; Williams Bros., Villisca, Iowa; E. C. Wilson, West Lib-
erty, Iowa; J. T. Winborn, Kalona, Iowa; Mark I. Shaw, Monroe, Iowa;
Chas. H. Stone, Muscatine, Iowa; W. Z. Swallow, Waukee, Iowa; R. W.
Thomas, St. Joseph, Missouri; L. C. Burford, Monticello, Mo.

AWARDS.

Judge J. M. Stewart, Ainsworth, Iowa.

Boar Two Years or Over— First, Mables Wonder, 168019, R. W. Hal-
ford; second, Big Wonder, 160349, Fred Sievers; third. Chief Price
Again 2nd, 170067, Henry Lauer; fourth, C. Wonder, 157779, Chas. H.
Krumm; fifth. Giant King, 164423, G. F. Marshall & Son; sixth, Model
Prince, 181463, Wm. Lenz; seventh. Prince Ita, 163839, Joe Kramer.

Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Comptroller's Boy,
191681, J. E. Meharry; second, High Ideal, Paul & Wilson; third. Great
Wonder, 191675, J. L. Risley; fourth. Key West, 178385, J. P. Leahy;
fifth. Big Bones Wonder, 181753, F. G. Paul; sixth, Sam Mc, 190125,
C. C. Croxen.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — ^First, A. Model, 190713, S. A.
Roberts; second, Fashion Sheet, 63596, Fred H. Hassler; third, Choice
Look 2nd, 187247, S. R. Reed; fourth, Banker's Model 2nd, 187187, J. E.
Meharry; fifth, Lauer's Crow, 185957, Henry Lauer; sixth, Big Orient,
188745, F. J. Sexsmith; seventh. Model Longfellow, 180587, F. G. Paul.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Chief I Know, 191159, Chas.
H. Krumm; second, Mastodon Hadley, 191347, F. G. Paul; third, Columbia
Chief, 191128, W. Z. Swallow; fourth. Perfect Banker, 191677, J. E. Me-
harry; fifth, Highball, 191671, J. R. Risley; sixth, Prosperity, 191383, D.
B. Rightmire; seventh. Big Jake, 191985, Chas. W. Humerick.

Boar Under Six Months— First, Mable's Giant, 190779, E. S. Barker;
second, D. H. Paul; third, Henry Lauer; fourth, Monticello Boy, L. C.
Burford; fifth, Henry Lauer; sixth, Big Tom 1st, S. R. Reed; seventh P.

G. Paul.

Sow Two Years or Over— First, Chief Modesty, F. G. Paul; second,
Black Maid, 402874, Wigstone Bros.; third, Louise Harvester, 432146, J. E.

842 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Meharry; fourth, Hadley's Lady Price, 451292, F. W. Akers; fifth, Hunt's
Giantess, 137878, Wigstone Brothers; sixth, Glad Bells, 453978, Joe
Kramer; seventh. Laurel Queen 1st, 376276, D. H. Paul.

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Vala Spellbinder 7th,
453980, Joe Kramer; second, Nannie 9th, 425536, J. E. Meharry; third.
Balanced Queen, 453704, F. G. Paul; fourth. Jumbo's Perfection, 453702,
F. G. Paul; fifth, Superior Maid, 453832, F. W. Akers; sixth, Beauty
Lass, 454222, D. H. Paul; seventh, Nannie 10th, 425538, J. E. Meharry.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Louise Model, 443834,
J. E. Meharry; second. Bashful Model, 452482, J. E. Meharry; third.
Smooth Giantess, 453726, F. G. Paul; fourth. Spell's Best, 454224, D. H.
Paul; fifth, Bonnie U. S., 453544, M. H. Corey; sixth, Wanda, 452490, E. C.
Wilson; seventh, Matchless Belle, 454124, Joe Kramer.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year— First, Perfect Model, 454486, J. E.
Meharry; second. Perfect Model 2nd, 454488, J. E. Meharry; third. Long
Queen, 182786, E. M. Metzger; fourth, Ebnight, 454416, J. F. Leahy;
fifth. Queen Bess, 453788, D'. B. Rightmire; sixth. Lady Price Again,
453828, F. W. Akers; seventh. Lady Samson, 182790, E. M. Metzger.

Sow Under Six Months — First, Jessie's Pet, 452716, E. S. Barker; sec-
ond. Miss May 1st, S. R. Reed; third, Gentle Jessie 2nd, 452718, E. S.
Barker; fourth, Henry Lauer; fifth, D. B. Rightmire; sixth, F. G. Paul;
seventh, Isaac Overton.

Senior Cham^pion Boar — A. Model, 190713, S. A. Roberts.
Junior Champion Bour — Chief I Know, 191159, Chas. H. Krumm.
Senior Champion Sow — Louise Model, 443834, J. E. Meharry.
Junior Champion Sow — Perfect Model, 454486, J. E. Meharry.
Grand Champion Boar — A. Model, 190713, S. A. Roberts.
Grand Champion Sow — Louise Model, 443834, J. E. Meharry.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, J. E. Meharry; second,
F. G. Paul; third, D. H. Paul; fourth, J. E. Meharry; fifth, M. H. Corey.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — ^Flrst, J. E. Meharry; second,
E. M. Metzger; third, J. F. Leahy; fourth, D. B. Rightmire; fifth, D. H.
Paul; sixth, F. G. Paul.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred "by ExhiMtor — First, J. E.
Meharry; second, D. H. Paul; third, M. H. Corey; fourth, J. E. Meharry.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, J. E.
Meharry; second, E. M. Metzger; third, E. S. Barker; fourth, J. F.
Leahy; fifth, D. B. Rightmire; sixth, D. H. Paul; seventh, F. G. Paul.

Get of Sire — First, J. E. Meharry; second, J. E. Meharry; third, Joe,
Kramer; fourth, E, M. Metzger; fifth, F. G. Paul; sixth, D. B. Rightmire;
seventh, E. S. Barker.

Produce of Sow — First, J. E. Meharry; second, E. M. Metzger; third,
E. S. Barker; fourth, D. B. Rightmire; fifth, Henry Layer; sixth, W. Z.
Swallow; seventh, D. H. Pa\iV

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 843

FUTURITIES.
Judge Fred L. Rood, Clearfield, Iowa.

Boar Pigs — First, E. S. Barker; second, Henry Lauer; third, L. C.
Burford; fourth, Henry Lauer; fifth, S. R. Reed; sixth, F. G. Paul; sev-
enth, Henry Lauer; eighth, W. Z. Swallow.

Soio Pigs — First, E. S. Barker; second, S. R. Reed; third, E. S. Bark-
er; fourth, Henry Lauer; fifth, D'. B. Rightmire; sixth, F. G. Paul; sev-
enth, W. Z. Swallow; eighth, D. H. Paul.

Four Pigs From One Litter — First, E. S. Barker; second, Henry Lauer;
third, W. Z. Swallow; fourth, F. G. Paul; fifth, D. H. Paul; sixth, E. C.
Wilson; seventh, J. S. Fawcett & Son; eighth, E. M. Metzger.

DUROC JERSEYS.

EXHIBITORS.

Geo. F. Abbott, Menlo, Iowa; F. H. Allen, Tobias, Nebraska; H. S.
Allen, Russell, Iowa; A. P. Alsin, Boone, Iowa; L. Baker, Mingo, Iowa;
Lester Barton, Blair, Nebraska; E. A. Bonham, Macksburg, Iowa; R. W.
Brearly, Lake City, Iowa; H. I. Branson, West Branch, Iowa; H. E.
Browning, Hersman, Illinois; Cooper & Wessel, Loraine, Illinois; Cotta
and Williams, Galesburg, Illinois; M. C. Cramer & Son, Monroe, Iowa;

E. W. Davis & Company, Glenwood, Missouri; C. M. Dewey, Shannon City,
Iowa; H. H. Diers, St. Olaf, Iowa; H. S. Fain, Emmetsburg, Iowa; J. H.
Farris, New Providence, Iowa; F. Fowler & Sons, Menlo, Iowa; S. P.
Freed, Ames, Iowa; Geo. Gawley, Irwin, Iowa; J. E. Grant, Carlisle, Iowa;
J. W. Ginstead, Jr., Mitchellville, Iowa; Hanks & Bishop, New London,
Iowa; Harding R. J., Macedonia, Iowa; Myles Harkin, Pleasantville,
Iowa; Reed Hawthorne, West Liberty, Iowa; Henninger & Adams, Gene-
seo, 111.; F. H. Herring, Iowa City, Iowa; Hockett & Ashby, Manning,
Iowa; Jno. Justice, Ankeny, Iowa; J. W. Kent, Auburn, Iowa; Kuper
Bros., Bellevue, Iowa; Fred W. Lahr, Brooks, Iowa; P. B. Lake, Moscow,
Iowa; A. E. Long, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; Grant Lynn, Spirit Lake, Iowa;
R. G. McDuff, Monroe, Iowa; J. W. McMichael, Carlisle, Iowa; B. C.
Marts, Hampton, Iowa; E. D. Michael, Selma, Iowa; D. Nauman, West
Liberty, Iowa; O. E. Osborn, Weston, Iowa; A. A. Pearson, Springdale,
Iowa; W. M. Sells & Son, Indianola, Iowa; Arthur Spear, Wtellman, Iowa;
O. R. Stevens, Rippey, Iowa; S. Stewart & Sons, Kennard, Neb.; F. A.
Strong, Orient, Iowa; John Thompson, Lake City, Iowa; C. 0. Thorn-
burg, Pleasantville, Iowa; Van Meter & Caldwell, Williamsville, Illinois;

F. T. Van Nice, Russell, Iowa; Waltemeyer Bros., Mebourne, Iowa; C. A.
Warrick, Blair, Nebraska; Grant White, Afton, Iowa; John Wellendorf,
Algona, Iowa; Hosea Wilson, Blair, Nebraska; I, J. Wilson, West Branch,
Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge H. F. Hoffman, Washta, Iowa.

Boar Two Years or 0i;er— First, Prince Educator, 100679, Cotta & Will-
iams; second. Colonel Gano, 103963, R. J. Harding; third, Cedarhill
Chief, 111545, Hosea Wilson; fourth, Crimson Chief Again, 119917,

844 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

H. S. Allen; fifth, Keep on Jim, 104151, J. H. Farris; sixth, Volunteer,
32899a, H. E. Browning; seventh. Crimson Monitor, 107369, C. A. Warrick.

Boar Eighteen Months, Under Tioo Years — First, High Model, 125953,
Waltemeyer Bros.; second, Ames Colonel, 111091, Kuper Bros.; third.
Defiance, 34523a, H. E. Browning; fourth, Munsey's Last, 126037, A. P.
Alsin; fifth. Jumbo Medoc, 125903, Lester Barton; sixth, Wonderful Crim-
son Again, 111833, S. P. Freed; seventh, Hud's Hustler, Chas. Cooper.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, High Chief, 125963,
Waltemeyer Bros.; second, Wonder's Model, 122481n, 41337a, Hanks &
Bishop; third. Golden Model 30th, 125949, Waltemeyer Bros.; fourth.
Crimson Model, 116101, Hockett & Ashby; fifth, 0. B. Osborne; sixth,
Helen's Model, 12598n, Hanks & Bishop; seventh. Proud Ohio Chief
II, 117561, D. Nauman.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Chief Model, 125959, Walte-
meyer Bros.; second. Golden Colonel, 125967, Waltemeyer Bros.; third.
Sensation's Wonder, 125593, S. W. Stewart & Sons; fourth. Big Wonder,
125591, S. W. Stewart & Sons; fifth, Colonel S. E., Hockett & Ashby;
sixth, Ohio Chief Colonel, 41303a, H. E. Browning; seventh, Proud
Medium, 126033, R. J. Harding.

Boar Under Six Months — First, S. W. Stewart & Sons; second, Walte-
meyer Bros.; third, Hosea Wilson; fourth, Waltemeyer Bros.; fifth, C. O.
Thornburg; sixth, D. Nauman; seventh, Hockett & Ashby.

Sow Over Two Years— First, Chief's Maid, 212280, E. W. Davis &
Co.; second, Happy Dream, 68640a, H. E. Browning; third, Ohio Queen,
239322, E. W. Davis & Co.; fourth, Mc's Dream, 195600n, H. E. Brown-
ing; fifth, Jewell's Model, 252034n, 94482a, Hanks & Bishop; sixth.
Wonder Jewell, 281142, H. S. Allen; seventh. Lady Profit, 296484, Hen-
ninger and Adams.

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Valley Lady Again,
318360, H. S. Allen; second, Goldie's Model, 291334, Hockett & Ashby;
third, Nora Wonder, 290372, Geo. Gawley; fourth, Fancy Wonder 3rd,
289648, Waltemeyer Bros.; fifth, Protection Lady, 323992, R. J. Harding;
sixth, Tattletale III, 86942a, H. E. Browning; seventh, Rose Lee, 324330,
Van Meter & Caldwell.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Belle's Model, 323856n,
94466a, Hanks & Bishop; second, Ohio Queen Again, 323828, Walte-
meyer Bros.; third. Queen Wonder, 323826, Waltemeyer Bros.; fourth,
Lee's Delight, 324332, Van Meter & Caldwell; fifth, Bessie Defender 2nd,
Hockett & Ashby; sixth, Billy Burke, 94390a, H. E. Browning; seventh.
Big Sady, 324032, B. C. Marts.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Crimson Lady, 324065, F. H.
Allen; second. Wild Eyes, 323836, Waltemeyer Bros.; third. Golden
Queen 22nd, 323840, Waltemeyer Bros.; fourth. Golden Floss, Hockett &
Ashby; fifth, Lucille Model, 323848n, 94460a, Hanks & Bishop; sixth,
Model Queen 15th, 324160, E. W. Davis & Co.; seventh, Golden Floss 2nd,
Hockett & Ashby.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII

845

GRAND CHAMPION DDROC SOW
Iowa State Fair, 1912

Sow Under Six Months — First, Waltemeyer Bros.; second, S. W. Stew-
art & Sons; third, Lady Anna, S. W. Stewart & Sons; fourth, Walte-
meyer Bros.; fifth, Hosea Wilson; sixth, T. P. Van Nice; seventh. Van
Meter & Caldwell.

Senior Champion Boar — High Model, 125958, Waltemeyer Bros.

Junior Champion Boar — Chief Model, Waltemeyer Bros.

Senior Champion Soiv— Chief. Maid, 212280, E. W. Davis & Co.

Junior Champion Soiv — Crimson Lady, 324065, F. H. Allen.

Grand Champion Boar — High Model, 125953, Waltemeyer Bros.

Ch-and Champion /Sfot^— Chief's Maid, 212280, E. W. Davis & Co.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, Waltemeyer Bros.; sec-
ond. Hanks & Bishop; third, H. E. Browning; fourth, R. J. Harding;
fifth, H, E. Browning; sixth, Hockett & Ashby; seventh, Van Meter
and Caldwell.

Boar and Three Soios Under One Year — First, Waltemeyer Bros.; sec-
nod, Waltemeyer Bros.; third, F. H. Allen; fourth, E. W. Davis & Co.;
fifth, S. W. Stewart & Sons; sixth. Hanks & Bishop; seventh, Hockett
& Ashby.

Boar and Three Soios Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Walte-
meyer Bros.; second, Hanks & Bishop; third, H. E. Browning; fourth.
Van Meter & Caldwell; fifth, R. J. Harding; sixth, George Gawley;
seventh, Hockett & Ashby.

846 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First,
Waltemeyer Bros.; second, Waltemeyer Bros.; third, F. H. Allen; fourth,
E. W. Davis & Co.; fifth, S. W. Stewart & Sons; sixth. Hanks & Bishop;
seventh, Hockett & Ashby.

Get of Sire — First, Waltemeyer Bros.; second, Hanks & Bishop; third,
Waltemeyer Bros.; fourth, S. W. Stewart & Sons; fifth, E. W. Davis &
Co.; sixth', Hockett & Ashby; seventh, H. E. Browning.

Produce of Sow — First, Waltemeyer Bros.; second, S. W. Stewart & Sons;
third, E. W. Davis & Co.; fourth, Hockett & Ashby; fifth, F. H. Allen;
sixth, C. 0. Thornburg; seventh, Chas. Cooper.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE NATIONAL DUROC JERSEY
RECORD ASSOCIATION.

Boar and Three Soivs Owned by Exhibitor — First, Waltemeyer Bros.;
second. Hanks & Bishop; third, Ashby & Hockett.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN DUROC JERSEY
SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

Best Herd Under One Year — First, Hanks & Bishop; second, R. J.
Harding.

Best Herd One Year Old or Over, Bred land Owned by Exhibitor — First,
Hanks & Bishop; second, H. E. Browning.

Best Herd Under One Year Old, Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — ^First,
Hanks & Bishop; second, Van Meter & Caldwell.

CHESTER WHITE.

EXHIBITOES.

A. D. Andrews & Son, New London, Iowa; Barr & Rae, Ames, Iowa;
B. M. Boyer & Sons, Farmington, Iowa; J. W. Brendel, Zionsville, Ind.;
Reed Crawford, Libertyville, Iowa; Geo. W. DeBar, Aurora, Iowa; W. H.
Dunbar, Jefferson, Iowa; F. O. Dunkerton, Dunkerton, Iowa; Thos. F.
Kent, Walnut, Iowa; Geo. A. Lasley, Selma, Iowa; D. H. Lewis, Geneseo,
Illinois; J. A. Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; M. McLaughlin, Nevada, Iowa;
Will Michael, Selma, Iowa; E. L. Nagle, Deep River, Iowa; J. T. Perry,
Selma, Iowa; F. E. Read & Son, Galena, 111.; J. H. Sackmiller, Webster
City, Iowa; Otto B. Schulze, Nashville, Michigan; W. W. Seeley, Stuart,
Iowa; Patrick H. Sheridan, West Side, Iowa; A. B. Somerville, Monroe,
Iowa; Arthur Spear, Wellman, Iowa; L. C. West, Dallas Center, Iowa;
Wm. Whitted, Monroe, Iowa; G. H. Barber, Marble Rock, Iowa.

AWARDS.

JxjDGE N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo.

Bo<ir Two Years or Over — First, Sweepstake, 28006, B. M. Boyer &
Sons; second, Chickasaw Choice, 29161, Barr & Rae; third. Alright,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 847

20139, Patrick H. Sheridan; fourth, Iowa Protection, 19551, Thos. F.
Kent; fifth. Right Lad, 22023, D. H. Lewis; sixth, Mark, P. 0. Dunkerton;
seventh, Scott No. 1, Otto B. Schulze.

Baar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Medler, 20925, W. H.
Dunbar; second, Col. Evans, 21623, E. L. Nagle & Son; third, Modeler S,
19629, Arthur Spear; fourth, Combination A, 22045, Thos. F. Kent; fifth,
B. & R. Model, 22077, Barr & Rae; sixth, Combination B, 22047, Thos.
F. Kent; seventh, Chickasaw Lad, 19631, Arthur Spear.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year— First, Elmo King, 22029, D. H.
Lewis; second, Elmo King, 2nd, 22031, D. H. Lewis; third, Fox, F. O.
Dunkerton; fourth, Captain, 16445, E. L. Nagle & Son; fifth. Silver King
O. K., Arthur Spear; sixth, Duke, 22011, A. D. Andrews & Son; seventh,
Rivenur, 22079, Barr & Rae.

Boar Under Six Months — First, B. M. Boyer & Sons; second. Charmer
2nd, Will Michael; third, Teddy, 22025, D. H. Lewis; fourth, F. E.
Read & Son; fifth, F. E. Read & Son; sixth, Wm. Whitted; seventh,
Billy, F. O. Dunkerton.

Sow Two Years or Over — First, Lenora 3rd, 44512, Barr & Rae; second,
Iowa Production, 45848, Thos. F. Kent; third, Mollie, 48842, D. H. Lewis;
fourth, Iowa Bessie, 47666, Thos. F. Kent; fifth. White Rose, 48318, A.
D. Andrews & Son; sixth, Alice, 24366, M. McLaughlin,

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Kent's Kind, 48888,
Thos. P. Kent; second, Ruby, 48844, D. H. Lewis; third, Grace E.,
48868, W. H. Dunbar; fourth. Big Duchess, 44870, A. D. Andrews & Son;
fifth, Mazie, 45640, Geo. A. Lasley.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, H. Lenora 2nd, 48866,
W. H. Dunbar; second, Esther, 48846, D. H. Lewis; third, Iowa Agh-
nito, 48894, Thos. F. Kent; fourth, March Rose, 48946, Barr & Rae; fifth,
Edith, 48848, D. H. Lewis; sixth, Juniata's 3rd, 31304, Arthur Spear;
seventh, Neva, 48816, Geo. A. Lasley.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Midget, 27612, E. L. Nagle &
Son; second, Elmo Queen ist, 48858; third, Iowa Favorite, 48882; fourth,
Elmo Queen 2nd, 48860, D. H. Lewis; fifth, Hiland Princess, 48950,
Barr & Rae; sixth, Rowena O. K., Arthur Spear; seventh, Iowa Royal,
48880, Thos. P. Kent.

Sow Under Six Months—First, Snow Ball, E. L, Nagle & Son; second,
Sister 1st, 48850, D. H. Lewis; third, Sister 2nd, 48852, D. H. Lewis;
fourth, Barr & Rae; fifth. Fancy, E. L. Nagle & Son; sixth, W. H.
Dunbar; seventh, W. H. Dunbar.

Senior Champion Boar — Sweepstake, 28006, B. M. Boyer.
Junior Champion Boar — Elmo King, 22029, D. H. Lewis.
Senior Champion Soio — Lenora 3rd, Barr & Rae.
Junior Champion Soto — Midget, E. L. Nagle & Son.
Grand Champion Boar — Elmo King, 22029, D. H. Lewis.
Ch-and Champion Soto — Lenora 3rd, Barr & Rae.

848

IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CHAMPION CHESTER WHITE BOAK
Iowa State Fair, 1912

Boa7^ and Three Sows Over One Year— First, White Boy, Thos. F.
Kent; second, Chickasaw Choice, Barr & Rae; third, Right Lad, D. H.
Lewis; fourth, Medler, W. H. Dunbar; fifth, St. Croix, A. D. Andrews
& Son.

Baar and Three Soivs Tinder One Year— First, Elmo King 1st, D. H.
Lewis; second, Iowa Chief, Thos. F. Kent; third. Silver King, Arthur
Spear; fourth, Elmo King 2nd. D. H. Lewis; fifth, Captain. E. L. Nagle
& Son; sixth, Duke, A. D. Andrews & Son; seventh. Village Boy, Barr
& Rae.

Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor— First, Com-
bination A., Thos. F. Kent; second, B. & A. Model, Barr & Rae; third,
Right Lad, D. H. Lewis.

Boar and Three Soios Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor— First, D.
H. Lewis; second, Thos. F. Kent; third, Arthur Spear; fourth, D. H.
Lewis; fifth, E. L. Nagle & Son; sixth, A. D. Andrews & Son; seventh,
Barr & Rae.

Get of /Sfire— First, D. H. Lewis; second, Thos. F. Kent; third, W. H.
Dunbar; fourth, D. H. Lewis; fifth, Barr & Rae; sixth, E. L. Nagle &
Son; seventh, Arthur Spear.

Produce of ^ow>— First, D. H. Lewis; second, D. H. Lewis; third, Thos.
F. Kent; fourth, Barr & Rae; fifth, E. L, Nagle & Son; sixth, Arthur
Spear; seventh, A. D. Andrews & Son.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 849

SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE NATIONAL O. I. C. RECORDING CO.

Boar Under Six Months — First, Happy Boy, 2144, L. C. West.
Sow Under Six Months— First, Beauty, 2143, L. C. West.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN CHESTER WHITE
RECORD ASSOCIATION.

Boar and Three Sows, Under One Year — First, Silver King, 19731,
Ruth 0. K., 31498, Rowena O. K., 31496, White Rose 0. K., 31494, Arthur
Spear.

Produce of Soio— First, Silver King, 19731, Ruth O. K., 31498, Rowena
O. K., 31496, White Rose O. K., 31494, Arthur Spear.

BERKSHIRE.

EXHIBITORS.

C. A. Evans, Elliott, Iowa; Farmer Farm, Farmington, Minnesota; A.
G. Forsbeck, Gray, Iowa; lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa; Forest S.
McPherson, Stuart, Iowa; Rookwood Farm, Ames, Iowa; E. B. Thomas,
Audubon, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo.

Boar Two Years or Over — First, Rival's Champion's Best, 127963, Rook-
wood Farm; second, Julia's Duke, 112641, Farmer Farm; third, Mas-
terpiece Rival 2nd, 137725, lowana Farms; fourth, King Balder, 143671,
A. G. Forsbeck; fifth. Master Pug 2nd, 134186, lowana Farms; sixth,
Sensation, 153959, Rookwood Farm; seventh, Premier's Master 5th, 146091,
Farmer Farm.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Laurel Champion,
Rookwood Farm; second, Sunrise Attraction, 163581, Farmer Farm; third,
Ames Rival 20th, 152781, Rookwood Farm; fourth, Sunrise Brilliant,
165282, Farmer Farm; fifth, Sittyton Rivaleer, 154400, lowana Farms;
sixth. Duke's Conqueror 2nd, 159246, C. A. Evans; seventh, Corrector's
Best, C. A. Evans.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Robin's Baron Value, 165518,
Farmer Farm; second, Rob Roy 10th, 166356, F. S. McPherson; third.
Peerless Masterpiece, 166450, lowana Farms; fourth. Corrector's Duke,
166988, C. A. Evans; fifth, Corrector's Tod, C. A. Evans.

Boar Under Six Months — First, Farmer Farm; second, lowana Farms;
third, lowana Farms; fourth, A. G. Forsbeck; fifth, Farmer Farm; sixth,
C. A. Evans.

Soio Ttoo Years or Over — First, Robin's Girl, 132007, lowana Farms;
second. Rival's Black Girl 2nd, 137155, lowana Farms; third, Robin's
Corrector, 133968, Farmer Farm; fourth, Rookwood Lady 27th, 124276,
Farmer Farm; fifth, Baroness Oxford B, 158384, A. G. Forsbeck; sixth,
Young Amazing, 151807, C. A. Evans.
54

850 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ' '

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Value's Duchess 2nd,
152963, lowana Farms; second, Model Gem 251st, 151803, C. A. Evans.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Rival Lady 33rd, 152787,
Rookwood Farm; second, lowana Farms; third. Sunrise Attraction,
165577, Farmer Farm; fourth, Premier's Nora Lee 2nd, 157377, lowana
Farms; fifth. Black Rose Bud 3rd, 165562, A. G. Forsbeck; sixth. Rival
Lady 34th, 152788, Rookwood Farm; seventh, Julia's Model Queen,
165576, Farmer Farm.

Soto Six Months, Under One Year — First, Robin's Baroness Value 3rd,
165579, Farmer Farm; second. Premier's Master Princess, 165582, Farmer
Farm; third, Masterpiece Duchess, 161143, lowana Farms; fourth, Lady
Stuart 6th, 166357, F. S. McPherson; fifth. Lady Stewart 7th, 166358,

F. S. McPherson; sixth. Corrector's Gem, 166991, C. A. Evans; seventh,
Corrector's Gem 2nd, C. A. Evans.

Sow Under Six Months — First, A. G. Forsbeck; second. Farmer Farm;

third, lowana Farms; fourth, lowana Farms; fifth. Farmer Farm; sixth,
and seventh, C. A. Evans.

Senior Champion Boar — Rival's Champion Best, 127963, Roiokwood
Farm.

Junior Champion Boar — Farmer Farm.

Senior Champion Sow — Robin's Girl, 132007, lowana Farms.

Junior Champion Sow — Robin's Baroness Value 3rd, Farmer Farm.

Grand Champion Boar — Rival's Champion Best, 127963, Rookwood
Farm.

Grand Champion Sow — Robin's Girl, lowana Farms.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, Rookwood Farm; second,
lowana Farm; third. Farmer Farm; fourth, C. A. Evans.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Farmer Farm; second,
F. S. McPherson; third, lowana Farms; fourth, C. A. Evans.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred "by Exhibitor — First, Rook-
wood Farm; second. Farmer Farm; third, C. A. Evans.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First,
Farmer Farm; second, F. S. McPherson; third, lowana Farms; fourth,
C. A. Evans.

Get of Sire — First, Rookwood Farm; second, Farmer Farm; third, F.
S. McPherson; fourth, lowana Farms; fifth, C. A. Evans.

Produce of Soto — First, Rookwood Farm; second. Farmer Farm; third,
F. S. McPherson; fourth, lowana Farms; fifth, C. A. Evans.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN BERKSHIRE
ASSOCIATION.

Best Herd—F. S. McPherson.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 851

HAMPSHIRE.

EXHIBITOBS.

J. E. Beckendorf, Walnut, Iowa; W. J. Brinigar, Blythedale, Mo.; C.
A. Brook, Washington, Iowa; Willis O. Chaney, Eldora, Iowa; Willie
Essig, Tipton, Indiana; James Perry Co., Sciota, Illinois; E. S. Mc-
Candless, Thurman, Iowa; Isom Martin, Lancaster, Missouri; Maxwell &
Spangler, Creston, Iowa; Clayton Messenger, Keswick, Iowa; J. H. Nis-
sen, Lyons, Iowa; F. T. Quire, Sully, Iowa; D. E. Strever, Hinckley, Illi-
nois; Mike Sharp & Son, Coal Valley, Illinois; P. O. Tanner, Browns-
dale, Minnesota.

AWARDS.

Judge A. L. Goodenough, Morrison, HI.

Boar Tioo Years or Over — First, Messenger Boy, 6179, Clayton Mes-
senger; second. Compeer, 4779, Willie Essig; third. Lad for Me, 4685,
J. E. Beckendorf; fourth. General Tipton, 1677, Isom Martin; fifth, Blythe-
dale Duke 2nd, 7021, W. J. Brinigar; sixth, Clare's Duke, 3773, Mike
Sharp & Sons; seventh, Signet, 5453, E. S. McCandless.

Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Tears — First, Dr. Scott, 6177, Willie
Essig; second. Round-up, 7419, Mike Sharp & Sons; third, Byrdine Car-
ter, 7185, W. J. Brinigar; fourth, Flunky Tom, 8413, Clayton Messenger;
fifth, Mike, 7411, Mike Sharp & Sons; sixth. Jack Johnson, 9963, Clayton
Messenger.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Dudie, 7847, Willie
Essig; second. Max Welton, 7969, Harry C. James; third, Joe, 7743, J.
H. Nissen; fourth, Fred K., 7911, Clayton Messenger; fifth, Blythedale
Lad, 7273, W. J. Brinigar; sixth. Buster, 10793, Mike Sharp & Sons;
seventh. King of Sciota, 8099, Harry C. James.

j Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Direct View, 11001, Willie
Essig; second, Silko, 11003, Willie Essig; third, Allen's Colonel, 11073,
J. H. Nissen; fourth, Teddy B. 2nd, 10327, W. J. Brinigar; fifth, Harry,
10839, Mike Sharp & Sons; sixth. Twister's Duke, 11059, J. H. Nissen;
seventh. Supervisor, 10553, Clayton Messenger.

Boar Under Six Months— First, Shanker, 10817, Mike Sharp & Sons;
second, Brookview Prince, 11155, Isom Martin; third, Bonnie, 10819, Mike
Sharp & Sons; fourth. Lad for Me 2nd, 10953, J. E. Beckendorf; fifth.
Captain Stacy, 11159, Isom Martin; sixth, Willie Essig; seventh. Corn
Came, 10557, Clayton Messenger.

Sow Two Years or Over — First, Goldie, 8896, Mike Sharp & Sons; sec-
ond, Sylvia, 2398, Clayton Messenger; third. Utility Lass, 9578, Willie
Essig; fourth, Blythedale Princess, 5266, W. J. Brinigar; fifth, Clin-
ton's Best, 7184, J. H. Nissen; sixth. Pearl's Choice, 12870, Willie Es-
sig; seventh, Minn. Lady 2nd, 2588, F. O. Tanner.

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Missouri*s Best,
13058, W. J. Brinigar; second. Bertha, 13178, Mike Sharp & Sons; third.
Deepness, 17436, Willie Essig; fourth, Dependence, 13900, Willie Essig;

852 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

fifth, Cora, 13180, Mike Sharp & Sons; sixth, Missouri Beauty, 13056,
W. J. Brinigar; seventh Estell, 13336, Clayton Messenger.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Mayflower, 16616, Mike
Sharp & Sons; second. Pretty, 13052, W. J. Brinigar; third, Progress,
13960, Willie Essig; fourth. Miss Scott, 13672, Clayton Messenger; fifth.
Princess, 16620, Mike Sharp & Sons; sixth, Security, 13927, Willie Es-
sig; seventh. Miss Allen 14876, C. A. Brook.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Veda, 19640, Willie Essig;
sec9nd. Wild Rose, 18998, Clayton Messenger; third, Miss Naylor, 18996,
Clayton Messenger; fourth, Maud's Best 3rd, 18590, V/. J. Brinigar; fifth,
Edna, 19914, C. A. Brook; sixth, Nellie, 19372, Mike Sharp & Sons; sev-
enth. Tip Top Girl, 19538, F. T. Quire.

Sow Under Six Months — First, Daisy Brookview 1st, 19954, Isom Mar-
tin; second, Sadie, 19352, Mike Sharp & Sou; third. Orphan Ann, 19960,
Isom Martin; fourth. Sweet Evlyn, 19554, J. E. Beckendorf; fifth, Mary,
19350, Mike Sharp & Son; sixth, Countess Perfection, 19808, J. H. Nissen;
seventh, W. J. Brinigar.

Senior Champion Boar — Messenger Boy, 6179, Clayton Messenger.

Junior Champion Boar — Direct View, 11001, Willie Essig.

Senior Champion ^ow— Goldie, 8896, Mike Sharp & Sons.

Junior Champion Sow — Veda, 19640, Willie Essig.

Grand Champion Boar — Messenger Boy, 6179, Clayton Messenger.

Ch'and Champion Sow — Goldie, 8896, Mike Sharp & Sons.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year— First, Mike Sharp & Sons; sec-
ond, Clayton Messenger; third, Willie Essig; fourth, Willie Essig; fifth,
W. J. Brinigar; sixth, J. H. Nissen; seventh, Mike Sharp & Sons.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Willie Essig; second,
Mike Sharp & Sons; third, J. H. Nissen; fourth, W. J. Brinigar; fifth,
Mike Sharp & Sons; sixth, C. A. Brook; seventh, F. T. Quire.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred ly Exhibitor — First, Mike
Sharp & Sons; second, Willie Essig; third, W. J. Brinigar; fourth, J.
H. Nissen; fifth, Mike Sharp & Sons; sixth, Clayton Messenger; sev-
enth, C. A. Brook.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred ly Exhibitor— First,
Willie Essig; second, Isom Martin; third, Mike Sharp & Sons; fourth,
J. H. Nissen; fifth, W. J. Brinigar; sixth, Mike Sharp & Sons; seventh,
C. A. Brook.

Get of Sire— First, Willie Essig; second, Mike Sharp & Sons; third,
W. J. Brinigar; fourth, Isom Martin; fifth, Mike Sharp & Sons; sixth,
Clayton Messenger; seventh, J. H. Nissen.

Produce of Sow — First, Willie Essig; second, Mike Sharp & Sons;
third, Isom Martin; fourth, Mike Sharp & Son; fifth, Clayton Mes-
senger; sixth, J. H. Nissen; seventh, J. H. Nissen.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 853

SPECIAL OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN HAMPSHIRE SWINE
RECORD ASSOCIATION.

Best Exhibit Four Hampshire Pigs — First, F. T. Quire; second, C.
A. Brook; third, Clayton Messenger.

YORKSHIRE.

EXHIBITORS.

F. M. Buck, LaPorte, Indiana; B. F. Kunkle, Redfield, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge C. C. Roup, Kalona, Iowa.

Boar Tioo Years or Over — First, Lake Park Navigator, 12161, B. F.
Kunkle; second. Deer Creek Beauty 2nd, 10262, F. M. Buck; third. Deer
Creek Dalmany 9th, 13316, B. F. Kunkle.

Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Prairie Lea Pride,
15085, F. M. Buck.

Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Oak Grove Rex 3rd,
15700, B. F. Kunkle; second. Oak Grove Bill 3rd, 15698, B. F. Kunkle;
third, Prairie Gem Joker, 16038, F. M. Buck; fourth, Prairie Lea Joker,
16038, F. M. Buck.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Lake Park Dude, 16588,
F. M. Buck; second. Oak Grove Royal 2nd, 16412, B. F. Kunkle.

Boar Under Six Months — First, Rex Fifth, B. F. Kunkle; second, F.
M. Buck; third. Rex Smith, B. F. Kunkle; fourth, F. M. Buck.

Sow Two Years or Over — First, Oak Grove Maud 2nd, 14506, B. F.

Kunkle; second. Oak Grove Maud 3rd, 14930, B. F. Kunkle; third,

Prairie Gem, 12679, F. M. Buck; fourth, Gem of the Lea, 14268, F. M.
Buck.

Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years— First, Oak Grove Bell First,
14476, B. F. Kunkle; second. Oak Grove Bell 2nd, 14477, B. F. Kunkle;
third, Mondamin Gem, 15086, F. M. Buck.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Deer Creek Martha 5th,
14977, B. F. Kunkle; second. Oak Grove Bell 5th, 14536, B. F. Kunkle;
third, Prairie Gem 3rd, 16037, F. M. Buck; fourth, Prairie Gem 2nd,
16036, F. M. Buck.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Lake Park Augustine, III,
16587, F. M. Buck; second. Oak Grove Model 4th, 16410, B. F. Kunkle;
third. Oak Grove Model 5th, 16409, B. F. Kunkle.

Sow Under Six Months — First, F. M. Buck; second, F. M. Buck; third
and fourth, B. F. Kunkle.

Senior Champion Boar — Lake Park Navigator, 12161, B. F. Kunkle.

854 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Junior Champion Boar — Lake Park Dude, 16588, F. M. Buck.
Senior Chaynpion Sow — Deer Creek Martha 5th, 14977, B. F. Kunkle.
Junior Champion Soiv — Lake Park Augustine III, 16587, F. M. Buck.
Grand Champion Boar — Lake Park Navigator, 12161, B. F. Kunkle.
Grand Champion Soic — Deer Creek Martha 5th, 14977, B. F. Kunkle.

Boar and Three Soios Over One Year — First, B. F. Kunkle; second,
F. M. Buck.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, F. M. Buck; second, B.
F. Kunkle.

Boar and Three Soivs Over One Ye<ar, Bred 'by Exhibitor — First, B.
F. Kunkle; second, F. M. Buck.

Boar and Three Soios Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, B.
F. Kunkle; second, F. M. Buck.

Get of Sii-e— First, B. F. Kunkle; second, F. M. Buck.

Produce of Soiv — First, B. F. Kunkle; second, F. M. Buck.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN YORKSHIRE CLUB.
Young Herd — First, B. F. Kunkle; second F. M. Buck.

TAMWORTH.

EXHIBITOR.

Warren W. Morton, Russellville, Kentucky.

AWABDS.

Judge C. C. Roup, Kalona, Iowa.

Boar Tu>o Years or Over — First, Iowa Chief, 6968.

Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Mountain's Home
Golden Star, 9796.

Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Mountain Home Hero, IV,
9803; second, Rosaillen Chief, 9802.

Boar Under Six Months — First, Kentucky Chief II, 9812; second,
Glenary Chief, 9813.

Sow Two Years or Over — First, Red Beauty, 8703; second, Maple-
hurst Golden Gleam, 9702.

Sow Eighteen Mmiths, Under Two Years — ^First, Mountain Home Mil-
dred Queen, 9795.

Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — ^First, Bowery Belle, 8658.

Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Rosaillon Queen, 9801; sec-
ond, The Rambler, 9800.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 855

Sow Under Six Months — First, Prolific, 9810; second, Patsy, 9811.

Senior Champion Boar — Iowa Chief, 6968.

Junior Champion Boar — Mountain Home Hero 4th, 9803.

Senior Champion Sow — Red Beauty, 8703.

Junior Champion Soiv — Rosaillon Queen, 9801.

Grand Cham/pion Boar — Iowa Chief, 6968.

Grand Champion Sow — Red Beauty, 8703.

Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First.

Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First.

Boar and Three Soias Under One Year, Bred by ExhiMtor — First.

Get of Sire — First.

Produce of Soio — First.

SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN TAMWORTH
RECORD' ASSOCIATION.
Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First.

SHEEP DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent J. F. Summers, Malvern, la.

MERINOS, AMERICAN, SPANISH OR DELAINE.

EXHIBITORS.

A. J. Blakely, Grinnell, Iowa; F. W. Cook, West Mansfield, Ohio;
S. Rail & Sons, Birmingham, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge R. F. Miller, Bozeman, Mont.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, F. W. Cook; second, S. Rail & Son;
third, A. J. Blakely.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. W. Cook; second, A. J.
Blakely; third, S. Rail & Son.

Ram Lamb — First and second, F. W. Cook; third, S. Rail & Son.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, A. J. Blakely; second, F. W.
Cook; third, S. Rail & Son.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, F. W. Cook;
third, S. Rail & Son.

Eive Lamb— First, A. J. Blakely; second, F. W. Cook; third, S. Rail
& Son. ,

Champion Ram, Any Age — F. W. Cook.

Champion Ewe, Any Age — ^F. W. Cook.

Get of Sire—F. W. Cook; second, S. Rail & Son; third, A. J. Blakely.

F?ocfc— First, F, W. Cook; second, A- -J. Bjlakely; thir^, S. Rail ^ Son,

856 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

IOWA SPECIALS.

Ram Two Years Old or Over— First, A. J. Blakely; second and third,
S. Rail & Son.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two— First, A. J. Blakely; second and
third, S. Rail & Son.

Ram Law 6— First and second, S. Rail & Son; third, A. J. Blakely.

Eiue Two Years Old or Over — First and second, S. Rail & Son.

Eive One Year Old and Under Ttw— First and second, S. Rail & Son;
third, A. J. Blakely.

Ewe La w?-6— First and second, S. Rail & Son; third, A. J. Blakely.

Gfiam^pioti Ram, Any Age — A. J. Blakely.

Champion Etve, Any Age — S. Rail & Son.

Get of /Sfire— First, S. Rail & Son; second, A. J. Blakely.

Flock — First, A. J. Blakely; second, S. Rail & Son.

RAMBOUILLET.

EXHIBITORS.

P. W. Cook, West Mansfield, Ohio; F. S. King Bros. Company, Lara-
mie, Wyo.; J. K. Scott & Co., Mt. Sterling, Ohio.

AWARDS.

Judge R. F. Miller, Bozeman, Mont.

Ram TiDo Years Old or Oi;er— First, Wyoming Boy, FSK 195, 52084,
P. S. King Bros. Co.; second. King's Chief, 68244, P. S. King Bros.
Co.; third, P. W. Cook.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, and third. F. W. Cook;
second. Dandy, 64625, P. S. King Bros. Co.

Ram Lam6— First, Jack, 68248, P. S. King Bros. Co.; second, J. K.
Scott & Co.; third, P. W. Cook.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over— First, Lady Betty, 57816, P. S. King
Bros. Co.; second, Jean, 59716, P. S. King Bros. Co.; third, P. W. Cook.

Eioe One Year Old and Under Tido— 'First, P. S. K., 464, 64621, P. S.
King Bros. Co.; second, J. K. Scott & Co.; third, P. S. K., 441, 64618,
P. W. King Bros. Co.

Eioe Laws- First and third, P. W. Cook; second, P. S. K., 866, 68243,
P. S. King Bros. Co.

Champion Ram, Any Age — King Bros.

Champion Ewe, Any Age — King Bros.

Get of ;Sire— First, P. S. King Bros. Co.; second, P. W. Cook; third,
J. K. Scott & Co.

l^ZocTc— First, P. S. King Bros. Co.; second, P. W. Cook; third, J. K.
Scott & Co.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 857

COTSWOLD.

EXHIBITORS.

Alex W. Arnold, Galesville, Wis.; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wis.;
Lewis Bros., Camp Point, Illinois; Joy Lewis, Camp Point, 111.

AWARDS.

Judge r. f. Miller, Bozeman, Mont.

Ram Two Years Old or Over— First and second, F. W. Harding.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two- First, and second, F. W. Harding.

Ram Lamb — First and second, F. W. Harding.

Ewe Two Years Old or Oyer— First and second, F. W. Harding.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two— First and second, F. W. Harding.

Ewe Laml — First and second, F. W. Harding.

ChaTnpion Ram, Any Age — F. W. Harding.

Champion Ewe, Any Age — F. W. Harding,

Get of ^ire— First, F. W. Harding.

Flock— F. W. Harding.

LINCOLN.

exhibitor.
Alex W. Arnold, Galesville, Wis.

AWARDS.

Judge , ^ R. f. Miller, Bozeman, Mont.

Ram Two Years or Over — First and second.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First and second.

Ram Lamt — First and second.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First and second.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Ttoo- First and second.

Ewe Lamh — First and second.

Champion Ram, Any Age — First.

Champion Ewe, Any Age — First.

Get of /Sire— First.

FZoc/c- First.

HAMPSHIRE DOWNS.
exhibitors.

Alex W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin; George McKerrow & Sons
Co., Pewaukee, Wisconsin; Walnut Hall Farm, Donerail, Kentucky.

ft58 iOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AWARDS.

Judge J. C. Duncan, Lewiston, N. Y.

Ram Two Years Old or Over— First, Harkness, 11389, Walnut Hall
Farm; second, Alex W. Arnold; third, Harkness, 11499, Walnut Hall
Farm.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tioo — First, Harkness, 11305, Walnut
Hall Farm; second, Cholderton, 2226, 11697, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.;
third, Harkness, 11406, Walnut Hall Farm; fourth, Alex W. Arnold.

Ram Lamb — First, Harkness, 12813, Walnut Hall Farm; second, Hark-
ness, 12709, Walnut Hall Farm; third, Alex W. Arnold.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over— First, Harkness, 344, 25777, Walnut Hall
Farm; second, Cholderton, 800, 28059, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; third,
Dogdear, 2526, 24400, Walnut Hall Farm; fourth. Bowery Lady, 2235,
28062, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Ttvo — First, Harkness, 30527, Walnut
Hall Farm; second, Harkness, 30542, Walnut Hall Farm; third, Sutton,
28064, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; fourth, Alex W. Arnold.

Ewe Lamb — First, Walnut Hall Farm; second, Walnut Hall Farm;
third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; fourth, Alex W. Arnold.

Champion Ram, Any Age — Walnut Hall Farm.

Champion Ewe, Any Age — Walnut Hall Farm.

Get of Sire — First, Walnut Hall Farm; second, Alex W. Arnold.

Flock — First, Walnut Hall Farm; second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.;
third, Alex W. Arnold.

SHROPSHIRES.

EXHIBITORS.

E. L. Bitterman, Mason City, Iowa; C. C. Croxen, Atalissa, Iowa;
Chandler Bros., Chariton, Iowa; Harry Eddingfield, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa;
J. S. Fawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wis.;
Harris Logan & Sons, Hillsboro, Iowa; Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.,
Pewaukee, Wis.; 0. S. Peasley & Sons, Indianola, Iowa; R. & W. Postle,
Camp Chase, Ohio; J. A. Taylor, Ames, Iowa; W. A. Taylor & Son, Ames,
Iowa; C. J. Wilkinson, Colfax, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Judge J. C. Duncan, Lewiston, N. Y.

Ram Two Years or Over — First, McKerrow's Duke, 72, 344156, Geo.
McKerrow & Sons Co.; second. The Conqueror, 343936, Geo. McKerrow &
Sons Co.; third. Shield's 283, 278624, R. & W. Postle; fourth, Maple Grove
Prosperity, 322041, W. A. Taylor & Son; fifth, Maple Grove Swell, 322039,
W. A. Taylor & Son.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII

859

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, McK's Prince Imperial,
361689, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; second, F. W. Harding; third, McK's
Better Yet, 344654, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; fourth, Fawcett's 266,
362384, J. S. Fawcett & Son; fifth. Maple Grove Governor, 342441, W. A.
Taylor & Son.

Ram Lamb — First, East View's Shannak, 360850, E. L. Bitterman; sec-
ond, McKerrow's 2636, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; third, F. W. Harding;
fourth, W. A. Taylor; fifth, O. H. Peasley & Son.

Ewe Tico Years Old or Over— First, Buttar's 627, 345314, Geo. McKer-
row & Sons Co.; second, McK's Milnes 72, 343908, Geo. McKerrow & Sons
Co.; third, McKerrow's 1950, 322888, R. & W. Postle; fourth, F. W. Hard-
ing; fifth, Fawcett's 234, 322419, J. S. Fawcett & Son.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, McKerrow's 2310, 344658,
Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; second, Mrs. Inge's 36, 343916, Geo. McKerrow
& Sons Co.; third, F. W. Harding; fourth, Campbell, 1882-, 361432, R.
& V/. Postle; fifth, Fawcett's 251, 350250, J. S. Fawcett & Son.

CHAMPION SHROPSHIRE EWE
Iowa State Fair, 1912

860 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Ewe Laml) — First, East View's Dow's, 360847, E. L. Bitterman; sec-
ond, East View's Dimple, 360846, E. L. Bitterman; third, McKerrow's,
2670, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; fourtli, F. W. Harding; fifth, R. & W.
Postle. ^

Champion Ram, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.
Champion Ewe Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.

Get of Sire — First, E. L. Bitterman; second, F. S. Fawcett & Son; third,
W. A. Taylor & Son; fourth, 0. H. Peasley.

Flock — ^First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; second, R. & W. Postle;
third, F. W. Harding; fourth, W. A. Taylor & Son.

IOWA SHROPSHIRE SPECIALS.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Maple Grove Prosperity, 322041, W.
A. Taylor; second, East View's Coupon, 342417, E. L. Bitterman; third,
O. H. Peasley & Son; fourth, East View's Such, 342414, E. L. Bitterman;
fifth, Eddingfield 34, 357955, Harry Eddingfield.

Ram One Year Old and Under Tioo — First, Eddingfield 54, 361470,
Harry A. Eddingfield; second, Fawcett's 243 368324, J. S. Fawcett &
Son; third, East View's Duke, 342403, E. L. Bitterman; fourth, East
View's Knight, 342832, E. L. Bitterman; fifth, Fawcett's 265, 343053,
J. S. Fawcett & Son.

Ram Lamh — First, W. A. Taylor & Son; second, Eddingfield, 103,
361475, Harry Eddingfield; third, 0. H. Peasley & Son; fourth, J. S.
Fawcett & Sons; fifth, East View's Mark, 360851, E. L. Bitterman.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over— First, Fawcett's, 234, 322419, J. S. Faw-
cett & Son; second. East View's, 440, 347972, E. L. Bitterman; third,
O. H. Peasley & Son; fourth, Maple Grove 9th, 298814, W. A. Taylor
& Son; fifth, O. H. Peasley & Son.

Eive One Year Old and Under Two— First, Eddingfield 51, 361468, Harry
Eddingfield; second. East View's 512, 360854, E. L. Bitterman; third,
Fawcett's 251, 362381, J. S. Fawcett & Son; fourth, Fawcett's 253, 362382,
J. S. Fawcett & Son; fifth, Harris M. Logan & Son.

Eioe Lamh — First, East View's Dimple, 360846, E. L. Bitterman; second,
and fourth, J. S. Fawcett & Son; third. East View's Dew Drop, 360848,
E. L. Bitterman; fifth, Eddingfield 100, 361472, Harry A. Eddingfield.

Champion Ram, Any Age — Harry A. Eddingfield.

Champion Eioe, Any Age — E. L. Bitterman.

Get of Sire — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, E. L. Bitterman; third,
W. A, Taylor & Son; fourth, 0. H. Peasley & Sons.

Flock — First, E. L. Bitterman; second, J. S. Fawcett & Son; third,
Harry A. Eddingfield; fourth, O. H. Peasley & Sons.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 861

SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SHROPSHIRE REGISTRY

ASSOCIATION.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Maple Grove Prosperity, 322041,
W. A. Taylor & Son; second. East View's Coupon, 342417, E. L. Bitter-
man; third, O. H. Peasley & Son.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two— First, Fawcett's 266, 362384, J. S.
Fawcett & Son; second, Eddingfield 59, 361470, Harry Eddingfield; third,
East View's 9th, 342832, E. L. Bitterman; fourth, Maple Grove Governor,
342441, W. A. Taylor & Son.

Ram Laml) — First, East View's Shamrock, 360850, E. L. Bitterman;
second, W. A. Taylor & Son; third, J. S. Fawcett & Son; fourth, J. A.
Taylor.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over— First, Fawcett's 234, 322419, J. S. Fawcett
& Son; second, and third, 0. H. Peasley & Son.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two— First, Eddingfield 51, 361468, H.
D. Eddingfield; second, 361403, H. M. Logan & Son; third, East View's
512, 360854, E. L. Bitterman.

Eioe Lamd — First and second, E. L. Bitterman; third, J. S. Fawcett
& Son.

Champion Ram Any Age — East View's Shamrock, 360850.

Champion Etoe Any Age — E. L. Bitterman.

Get of Sire — First, E. L. Bitterman; second, J. S. Fawcett & Son;
third, W. A. Taylor & Son; fourth, O. H. Peasley & Son.

Flock — First, E, L. Bitterman; second, J. S. Fawcett & Son; third,
W. A. Taylor & Son.

OXFORD DOWNS.

EXHIBITORS.

C. C. Croxen, Atalissa, Iowa; John Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa;
C. S. Hechtner, Chariton, Iowa; Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co., Pewaukee,
Wisconsin.

AWARDS.

Judge J. C. Duncan, Lewiston, N. Y.

Ram Two Years Old or Over— First, Cowley U. S. A. 1st, 53726, Geo.
McKerrow & Sons Co.; second, Cowley U. S. A. 14th, 58542, Geo. Mc-
Kerrow & Sons Co.; third and fourth, C. S. Hechtner.

Ram One Yeai- Old and Under Tioo — First, McK's Jeffrey 44, 58593,
Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; second, McK's Masterpiece, Geo. McKerrow
& Sons Co.; third, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, C. C. Croxen.

Ram LamJ) — First, McKerrow's 2638, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.;
second and third, C. C. Croxen; fourth, John Graham & Son.

Ewe Tivo Year Old or Over — First, McKerrow's 1910, 54486, Geo. Mc-
Kerrow & Sons Co.; second, C. S. Hechtner; third, McK's Heroine, 58641,
Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; fourth, C. C. Croxen.

862 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Adam's 141 of 1911, 58553,
Geo, McKerrow & Sons Co.; second, Wadley Lady 79, 58436, Geo. Mc-
Kerrow & Sons Co.; third, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, C. C. Croxen.

Ewe Lamh — First, McKerrow's 2640, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; sec-
ond, and third, Jno. Graham & Son; fourth, C. C. Croxen.

Champion Ram Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons Go.

Champion Ewe Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.

Get of Sire — ^First, C. C. Croxen; second, Jno. Graham & Son.

Flock — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co.; second, C. S. Hechtner;
third, C. C. Croxen; fourth, Jno. Graham & Son.

IOWA OXFORD SPECIALS.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, C. C.
Croxen; third and fourth, Jno. Graham & Son.

Ram One Year and Under Two — First, C. S. Hechtner; second and
fourth, C. C. Croxen; third, Jno. Graham & Son.

Ram, Lamt — First and second, C. C. Croxen; third and fourth, Jno.
Graham & Son.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, C. S. Hechtner; second and fourth,
C. C. Croxen; third and fifth, Jno. Graham & Son.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, C. S. Hechtner; second and
third, C. C. Croxen; fourth, Jno. Graham & Son.

Ewe LamT) — First and second, Jno. Graham & Son; third, C. C. Croxen;
fourth, C. S. Hechtner.

Champion Ram, Any Age — C. S. Hechtner.
Champion Eioe, Any Age — C. S. Hechtner.
Get of Sire — First, Jno. Graham & Son; second, C. C. Croxen.

Flock — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, C. C. Croxen; third, Jno. Graham
& Son.

SOUTH DOWN.

EXHIBITORS.

Alex W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin; T. D. Postle, Camp Chase, Ohio.

AWARDS.

Judge J. C. Duncan, Lewistou, N. Y.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Alex W. Arnold; second, Leet 526,
24923, T. D. Postle.

Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Alex W. Arnold.

Ram Lamt — First, Broadway, 28983, T. D. Postle; second and fourth,
Alex W. Arnold; third. Twister, 28998, T, D. Postle.

^THIRTEENTH AN^fUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 863

Five Two Yewrs Old or Ove?-— First, Angle R., 26259, T. D. Postle;
second, Alex W. Arnold.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Alex W. Arnold.

En>e Lamb — First and third, Alex Arnold; second, May Day, 28999,
T. D. Postle; fourth, Queene, 29000, T. D. Postle.

Champion Ram Any Age — First Broadway, 28983, T. D. Postle.
Champion Ewe Any Age — T. D. Postle.

Get of Sire — First, T. D. Postle; second, Alex W. Arnold.
Flock — First, Alex W. Arnold.

DORSET.

EXHIBITORS.

Alex W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin; F. W. Harding, Waukesha,
Wisconsin; Nash Bros., Tipton, Indiana.

AWARDS.

Judge R. F. Miller, Bozeman, Mont.

Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Alex W. Arnold.

Ram Lamb — First, Alex W. Arnold.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Alex W. Arnold.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Alex W. Arnold.

Ewe Lamb — First, Alex W. Arnold.

Champion Ram, Any Age — First, Alex W. Arnold.

Champion Ewe, Any Age — First, Alex W. Arnold.

Flock — First, Alex W. Arnold.

CHEVIOT.

EXHIBITORS.

G. W. Parnell, Wingate, Indiana; R. & W. Postle, Camp Chase, Ohio.

AWARDS.

Judge R. F. Miller, Bozeman, Mont.

Ram Two Years Old or Over— First, Marion, 6742, R. & W. Postle.
Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, White Stock's Defender,
7064, R. & W. Postle; second, Harrigan, 7140, R. & W. Postle.

Ram Lamb — First and second, R. & W. Postle.

Ewe Two Years Old or Over— First, Polly, 6562, R. & W. Postle; second,
R. & W. Postle.

Ewe One Year Old and Under Two— First, My Lady, 7066, R. &. W.
Postle; second, R. & W. Postle.

864 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Etoe Laml) — First and second, R. & W. Postle.

Champion Ram Any Age — White Stock's Defender, 7064, R. & W.-
Postle.

Champion Ewe Any Age — My Lady, 7066, R. & W. Postle.
Get of Sire— First, R. & W. Postle.
Flock—First, R. & W. Postle.

POULTRY DEPARTMENT.
SuPEBiNTENDENT JoHN F. SUMMERS, Malvern, Iowa.

AMERICANS.

EXHIBITORS.

C. S. Adams, Packwood, Iowa; Mrs. Jesse Alexander, Altoona, Iowa;
A. L. Anderson, Indianola, Iowa; Mrs. N. B. Ashby, Des Moines, Iowa;
J. Ross Bachman, Blakesburg; C. A. Barquist, Des Moines, Iowa; Wm.
Beatty, Des Moines, Iowa; Oscar L. Bock, Council Bluffs, Iowa; J. W.
Booth, Osceola, Iowa; Mrs. H. I. Branson, West Branch, Iowa; J. M.
Brow^n, St. Charles, Iowa; W. E, Buren & Son, Leland, Iowa; Harry E.
Burgess, Osceola, Iowa; W. J. Campbell, Jesup, Iowa; Dr. L. D, Car-
penter, Indianola, Iowa; J. W. Clark, Scranton, Iowa; Wib F. Clements,
Agency; M. L. Dudley, Des Moines, Iowa; Dunn Bros., Winterset, Iowa;
Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; J. F. Harsh, New Virginia, Iowa;
Peter Hove, Stanhope, Iowa; C. W. Howell, Des Moines, Iowa; Joe
Johnson, Des Moines, Iowa; Mrs. A. H. Ketchum, Des Moines, Iowa;
Wm. J. Lockhart, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. McDonald, Des Moines, Iowa;
Wm. McMichael, Des Moines, Iowa; Beatrice Mansfield, Altoona, Iowa;
Ernest Massey, Mystic, Iowa; M. C. Miller, Des Moines, Iowa; Thos. L.
Morlan, Indianola, Iowa; O'Donnell Poultry Farm, Valley Junction, Iowa;
S. R. Patterson, Centerville, Iowa; C. H. Peverill, Waterloo, Iowa; C.
D. Porter, Altoona, Iowa; S. A. Power & Son, Fairfield, Iowa; C. O.
Preston, Emerson, Nebraska; Elliott Purmort, Des Moines, Iowa; C. W.
Reeder, Leon, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; D. W. Rich,
Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; T. L. Ricksecker, Rosedale, Kansas; R. B. Rowe,
Indianola, Iowa; J. C. Sandmeier, Waukee, Iowa; Schuster Bros., Des
Moines, Iowa; N. I. Seibert, Indianola, Iowa; Julius Sinn, Williamsburg,
Iowa; Anthony Stocker, Des Moines, Iowa; C. & C. T. Van Lint, Bella,
Iowa; Wm. F. Volz, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Amos Vogt, Waterloo, Iowa;
A. M. Walrath, Des Moines, Iowa; V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; J. M.
Williamson, Des Moines, Iowa.

A^VARDS.

Judge F. H. Shellabarger, West Liberty, Iowa.

Judge W. S, Russei^l. Ottumwa, Iowa.

Barred Plymouth Rock Cock — First (1), F. L. Reinhard & Son; sec-
ond (51), J. L. Todd; third (20), Wm. McMichael.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 865

Barred Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First (95), C. S. Adams; second
(252), J. F. Harsh; third (4), Mrs. H. I. Branson.

Barred Plymouth Rock Hen — First (380), J. F. Harsh; second (14),
Mrs. H, I. Branson; third (3), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

Barred Plymouth Rock Pullet — First (3), Mrs. H. I. Branson; second
(a9209), Amos Vogt; third (2), Mrs. H. I. Branson.

White Plymouth Rock Cocfc— First (100), C. O. Preston.

White Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First (962), M. L. Dudley; second

(a9257), C. H. Peverill; third (961), M. L. Dudley.
White Plymouth Rock Hen— First (7), C. H. Peverill.

White Plymouth Rock Pullet — First (963), M. L. Dudley; second
(a9293), C. H. Peverill; third (a9286), C. H. Peverill.

Buff Plymouth Rock Cock— First (1), Wm. J. Lockhart; second (321),
Peter Hove; third (67), J. Ross Baehman.

Buff Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First (29), J. Ross Baehman; second
(27), C. & C. T. Van Lint; third (45), Peter Hove.

Buff Plymouth Rock Hen — First (5), Peter Hove; second (4), Wm. J.
LfOckhart; third (69), J. Ross Baehman.

Buff Plymouth Rock Pullet— First (47), C. & C. T. Van Lint; second
(30), J. Ross Baehman; third (32), C. & C. T. Van Lint.

Partridge Plymouth Rock Cock — First (133), C. W. Reeder; second
(42), Harry E. Burgess.

Partridge Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First' (80), Schuster Bros.; sec-
ond (146), C. W. Reeder; third (56), Schuster Bros.

Partridge Plymouth Rock Hen — First (150), C. W. Reeder; second (91),
Mrs. Jesse Alexander; third (93), Mrs. Jesse Alexander.

Partridge Plymouth Rock Pullet — First (245), Schuster Bros.; seconfl
(95), Mrs. Jesse Alexander; third (97), Mrs. Jesse Alexander

mver Wyandotte Cock— First (1199), V. G. Warner; second (1156),
V. G. Warner; third (100), Joe Johnson.

Silver Wyandotte Cockerel — First (312), J. R. McDonald; second (1001),
V. G. Warner; third (332), J. R. McDonald.

mver Wyandotte Hen— First (1026), V. G. Warner; second (1027),
V. G. Warner; third (364), J. R. McDonald.

Silver Wyandotte Pullet— First (231), V. G. Warner; second (1140),
V. G. Warner; third (374), J. R. McDonald.

Golden Wyandoite Cock — First (76), J. W. Booth; second (8), Julius
Sinn; third (18), Julius Sinn.

Golden Wyandotte Cockerel — First (3544c), J. W. Booth; second (94),
Julius Sinn; third (54), Julius Sinn,

55

866 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Golden Wyandotte Hen— First (22), J. W. Booth; second (49), Julius
Sinn; third (2), J. L. Todd.

Golden Wyandotte Pullet— First (1640a), J. W. Booth; second (88),
Julius Sinn; third (93), Julius Sinn.

White Wyandotte Cock — First (26), Oscar L. Bock; second (13e),
Ernest Massey; third (1), Anthony Stocker.

White Wyandotte Cockerel — First (1), Mrs. N. B. Ashby; second (10),
Dr. L. D. Carpenter; third (8), Dr. L. D. Carpenter.

White Wyandotte Hen — First (20), Dr. L. D. Carpenter; second (18),
Dr. L. D. Carpenter; third (86), C. D. Porter.

White Wyandotte Pullet — First (80), Beatrice Mansfield; second (85),
Dr. L. D. Carpenter; third (83), Beatrice Mansfield.

Bu-ff Wyandotte Cock — First (205), S. A. Power & Son; second (21),
R. B. Rowe; third (1167), V. G. Warner.

Buff Wyandotte Cockerel— First (80), S. A. Power & Son; second (203),
V. G. Warner; third- (244), S. A. Power & Son.

Buff Wyandotte Hen— First (11), R. B. Rowe; second (1851), S. A.
Power & Son; third (269), V. G. Warner.

Buff Wyandotte Pullet— First (80), Thos. L. Morlan; second (32),
R. B. Rowe; third (12), R. B. Rowe.

Partridge Wyandotte Cock — First (240), S. A. Power & Son; second
(170), V. G. Warner; third (56), Thos. L. Morlan.

Partridge Wyandotte Cockerel — First (169), V. G. Warner; second (50),
Thos. L. Morlan.

Partridge Wyandotte Hen — First (19), S. A. Power & Son; second (239),
S. A. Power & Son; third (22), Thos. L. Morlan.

Partridge Wyandotte Pullet— First (152), V. G. Warner; second (29),
Thos. L. Morlan; third (38), Thos. L. Morlan.

Silver Penciled Wyandotte Cock — First (230), V. G. Warner; second
(1181), V. G. Warner.

Silver Penciled Wyandotte Cockerel — First (202), V. G. Warner.

Silver Penciled Wyandotte Hen — First (214), V. G. Warner; second
(263), V. G. Warner.

Silver Penciled Wyandotte Pullet — First (209), V. G. Warner; second
(213), V. G. Warner; third (218), V. G. Warner.

ColumUan Wyandotte Cock — First (268), C. A. Barquist; second, Han-
sons Poultry Farm.

Columbian Wyandotte Cockerel — First (269), C. A. Barquist; second
(270), C. A. Barquist; third (271), C. A. Barquist.

Columbian Wyandotte Hen — First, Hansons Poultry Farm; second,
Hansons Poultry Farm; third (11), A. M. Walrath.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 867

GolumMan Wyandotte Pullet — First (274), C. A. Barquist; second (273),
C. A. Barquist; third (917), W. Beatty.

Blaek Java Hen — First, Hansons Poultry Farm; second (5), F. L.
Reinhard & Son.

Single Comb Rhode Island Red Coek — First (362), T. L. Ricksecker;
second (34), W. E. Buren & Son; third (373), T. L. Ricksecker.

Single Comb Rhode Island Red Cockerel — First (392), T. L. Rick-
secker; second (395), T. L. Ricksecker; third (35), N. I. Seibert.

Single Comb Rhode Island Red Hen — First (349), T. L. Ricksecker;
second (312), T. L. Ricksecker; third (305), T. L. Ricksecker.

Single Comb Rhode Island Red Pullet — First (301), T. L. Ricksecker;
second (24), J. C. Sandmier; third (304), T. L. Ricksecker.

Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Cock — First (116), Wm. F. Volz; second
(5), D. W. Rich; third (133), Wm. F. Volz.

Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Cocker-el — First (275), C. W. Howell;
second (47), D. W. Rich; third (43), D. W. Rich.

Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Hen — First (69), Wm. F. Volz; second
(40), Wm. F. Volz; third (57), Wib F. Clements.

Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Pullet — First (94), C. W. Howell; sec-
ond {^^), C. W. Howell; third (5196), D. W. Rich.

ASIATICS.

EXHIBITORS.

A. L. Anderson, Indianola, Iowa; Wib. F. Clements, Agency, Iowa;
Arthur Dearinger, Reasnor, Iowa; Hansons Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa;
Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa; Frank Johnson, Monroe, Iowa; R. A.
Lundberg, Altoona, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; R. E.
West, Altoona, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Light Brahma Cock — First (11), P. L, Reinhard & Son; second (53),
R. E. West; third (45), Weir Hart.

Light Brahma Cockerel — First (70), Frank Johnson; second (72),
Frank Johnson; third (68), A. L. Anderson.

Light Brahma Hen — First (17), Weir Hart; second (74), Prank John-
son; third (28), Weir Hart.

Light Brahma Pullet — First (26), A. L. Anderson; second (75), Prank
Johnson; third (76), Prank Johnson.

Buff Cochin Cock — First (12), P. L. Reinhard & Son; second (77),
R. E. West.

Buff Cochin Cockerel — First (13), P. L. Reinhard & Son; second (67),
R. E. West; third (14), P. L. Reinhard & Son.

868 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Buff Cochin JTe?i— First (24), R. E. West; second (69), F. L. Reinhard
& Son; third (59), R. E. West.

BujJ Cochin Pullet— First (76), R. E. West; second (97), R. E. West.

Partridge Cochin Cocfc— First (21), R. E. West; second (58), Wib
F, Clements.

Partridge Cochin Cockerel — First (65), R. A. Lundberg; second (97),

R. A. Lundberg; third (52), R. E. West.
Partridge Cochin Hen— First (83), R. E. West; second (84), Wib F.

Clements; third (96), R. E. West.
Partridge Cochin Pullet— First (61), R. E. West.

Black Langshan Cock — First (76), Arthur Dearinger; second (5), R.
E. West; third (59), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

Black Langshan Cockerel — First (75), R. E. West; second (10), Arthur
Dearinger; third (85), Arthur Dearinger.

Black Langshan Hen — First (60), F. L. Reinhard & Son; second (99),
R. E. West.

Black Langshan Pullet— First (92), R. E. West; second (79), Arthur
Dearinger.

White Langshan Cock— First (35), R. E. West; second (82), R. E.
West.

White Langshan Cockerel — First (69), R. E. West; second (43), Weir
Hart; third (45), Weir Hart.

White Langshan Hen— First (7), Weir Hart; second (1), R. E. West;
third (19), R. E. West.

White Langshan Pullet — First (82), Weir Hart; second (39), Weir
Hart; third (46), Weir Hart.

MEDITERRANEAN.

EXHIBITORS.

W. Beatty, Des Moines, Iowa; W. O. Coon, Des Moines, Iowa; Wib
F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; Jas. H. Jones, Des Moines, Iowa; Hanson's
Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; J. Russell Lang, Brooklyn, Iowa; Ellwyn
Lucas, Des Moines, Iowa; Mrs. C. P. Nelson, Fairfield, Iowa; O'Donnell
Poultry Farm, Valley Junction, Iowa; W. Patterson, Carlisle, Iowa; F.
L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; Schuster Bros.. Des Moines, Iowa;
Jas. L. Stark, Russell, Iowa; Anthony Stocker, Des Moines, Iowa;
R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; J. M. Williamson, Des Moines, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Single Comh Brown Leghorn Cock — First (10), W. O. Coon.

Single Comi Brown Leghorn Cockerel — First (14), W. Patterson; sec-
ond (22), W. Patterson; third (18), W. Patterson.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 869

Single Coml) Broivn Leghorn Hen — First (16), F. L. Reinhard & Son;
second (185), W. 0. Coon; third (20), W. Patterson.

Single Com!) Broivn Leghorn Pullet — First (21), W. Patterson; second
(188), W. O. Coon; third (52), Wib F. Clements.

Rose Coml) Broion Leghorn Cockerel — First (51), Wib F. Clements; sec-
ond (45), Wib F. Clements.

Rose Comb Brown Leghorn Pullet — First (46), Wib F. Clements; sec-
ond (81), Wib F. Clements.

Single ComTy White Leghorn Cock — First (23), Anthony Stocker; sec-
ond (276), J. M. Williamson; third (283), J. M. Williamson.

Single Coml) White Leghorn Cockerel — First (279), J. M. Williamson;
second (278), J. M. Williamson; third (34), Jas. L. Stark.

Single Comb White Leghorn Hen — First (256), J. M. Williamson; sec-
ond (14), Jas. H. Jones; third (122), Jas. L. Stark.

Single Comb White Leghorn Pullet — First (282), J. M. Williamson;
second (281), J. M. Williamson; third (31), Jas. L. Stark.

Rose Comb White Leghorn Cock — First (132), Mrs. C. P. Nelson.

Rose Coml) White Leghorn Cockerel — First (99), Mrs. C. P. Nelson;
second (138), Mrs. C. P. Nelson.

Rose Comb White Leghorn Hen — First (143), Mrs, C. P. Nelson.

Rose Comb White Leghorn Pullet — First (93), Mrs. C. P. Nelson; sec-
ond (31), Mrs. C. P. Nelson.

Single Comb Buff Leghorn Cock — First (60), Ellwyn Lucas; second
(61), Ellwyn Lucas; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Single Co7nb Buff Leghorn Cockerel — First (14), Ellwyn Lucas.

Single Comb Buff Leghorn Hen — First (51), Ellwyn Lucas; second
(52), Ellwyn Lucas; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Single Comb Buff Leghorn Pullet — First (54), Ellwyn Lucas; second
(55), Ellwyn Lucas; third (53), Ellwyn Lucas.

Single Comb Black Leghorn Cockerel — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm;
second, Hanson's Poultry Farm; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Single Comb Black Leghorn Pullet — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; sec-
ond, Hanson's Poultry Farm,

Silver Duckwing Leghorn Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Single Comb Black Minorca Hen — First (8), R, E. West; second,
Hanson's Poultry Farm; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Single Comb Black Minorca Cock — First (17), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

Single Comb. White Minorca Cock — First (10), Schuster Bros.

Single Comb White Minorca Cockerel — First (26), Schuster Bros.;
second (45), Schuster Bros.; third (42), Schuster Bros.

870 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Single Comb White Minorca Hen — First (36), Schuster Bros.; second
(85), Schuster Bros.; third (87), Schuster Bros.

Single Comb White Minorca Pullet — First (19), Schuster Bros.; sec-
ond (23), Schuster Bros.; third (20), Schuster Bros.

White Faced Black Spanish CocZc— First (18), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

White Faced Black Spanish Hen — First (23), F. L. Reinhard & Son;
second (31), R. E. West; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Blue Andalusian Cock— First (32), R. E. West; second (53), Wib F.
Clements; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm,

Blue Andalusian Cockerel — First (53), R. E. West; second (56), R. E.
West; third (82), Wib F. Clements.

Blue Andalusian Hen — First (68), O'Donnell Poultry Farm; second
(52), Wib F. Clements; third (11), Wib F. Clements.

Blue Andalusian Pullet— First (55), Wib F. Clements; second (87),
Wib F. Clements; third (19), R. E. West.

Mottled Ancona Cock— First (88), Wib F. Clements; second (72), Wib
F. Clements.

Mottled Ancona Cockerel — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second (38),
R. E. West; third (53), Wib F. Clements.

Mottled Ancona Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second (11), Wib
F. Clements; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Mottled Ancona Pullet — First (55), R. E. West; second, Hanson's
Poultry Farm; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

ENGLISH.

EXHIBITORS.

Altamont Poultry Farm, Colfax, Iowa; A. L. Anderson, Indianola,
Iowa; Dr. S. L. Beaver, Harlan, Iowa; Harry E. Burgess, Osceola, Iowa;
A. L. Chamberlain, Altoona, Iowa; Carl Dare, Osceola, Iowa; J. R.
Gilbert, Prairie City, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; L. W.
Harkins, Menlo, Iowa; Kolburn Hegna, Des Moines, Iowa; C. M. Hummer,
Keswick, Iowa; lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa; O'Donnell Poultry
Farm, Valley Junction, Iowa; Luther R. Pike, Missouri Valley, Iowa;
K, L. Price, Missouri Valley, Iowa; C. W. Reeder, Leon, Iowa; W. N.
Servis, Garden Grove, Iowa; L. C. West, Dallas Center, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Rose Comb Red Cap Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second,
Hanson's Poultry Farm,

Rose Comb Red Cap Cockerel — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second,
Hanson's Poultry Farm.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XHI 871

Rose Comb Red Cap Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second, Han-
son's Poultry Farm.

Rose Com!) Red Cap Pullet — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second,
Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Single Comb Buff Orpington Cock — First (104), Dr. S. L. Beaver; sec-
ond (1347m), Dr. S. L. Beaver; third (46), Harry E. Burgess.

Single Comb Buff Orpington Cockerel — First (20), Luther R. Pike;
second (4), L. W. Harkins; third (2), L. W. Harkins.

Single Comb Buff Orpington H,en — First (34), Harry E. Burgess; sec-
ond (4), L. C. West; third (5), L. C. West.

Single Comb Buff Orpington Pullet — First (6), L. C. West; second
(7), L. C. West; third (5), L. W. Harkins.

Single Comb Black Orpington Cock — First (143), C. W. Reeder; sec-
ond (174), C. W. Reeder; third (31), Harry E. Burgess.

Single Comb Black Orpington Cockerel — First (7428d), Kolburn Hegna;
second (139), C. W. Reeder; third (7407c), Kolburn Hegna.

Single Coral) Black Orpington Hen — First (28703), Kolburn Hegna;
second (134), C. W. Reeder; third (36), Harry E. Burgess.

Single Comb Black Orpington Pullet — First (3035a), Kolburn Hegna;
second (3010a), Kolburn Hegna; third (3043a), Kolburn Hegna.

Single Comb VyHiite Orpington Cock — First (275), C. M. Hummer; sec-
ond (el500), Altamont Poultry Farm; third (372), lowana Farms.

Single Comb White Orpington Cockerel — First (127), Carl Dare; sec-
ond (460), C. W. Reeder; third (128), Carl Dare.

Single Comb White Orpington Hen — First (a421), lowana Farms; sec-
ond (138), Carl Dare; third (8329), W. N. Servis.

Single Comb White Orpington Pullet — First (a401), lowana Farms;
second (68), K. L. Price; third (a402), lowana Farms.

POLISH.

EXHIBITORS.

Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa.

AWARDS.

White Crested Black Polish Cock— First (29), R. E. West.

White Crested Black Polish Pullet— First (21), R. E. West.

Bearded Silver Polish Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Bearded White Polish Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Non-Bearded Golden Polish Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; sec-
ond, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Xo?i-Bearded Golden Polish Hen— First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; sec-
ond, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

872 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DUTCH.

EXHIBITORS.

Wib P. Clements, Agency, Iowa; O'Donnell Poultry Farm, Valley
Junction, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa.

Silver Spangled Hamhurg Cock — First (99), O'Donnell Poultry Farm;
second (19), F. L. Reinhard & Son; third (72), Wib F. Clements.

Silver Spangled Hamhurg Cockerel — First (64), Wib F. Clements; sec-
ond (68), Wib F. Clements.

Silver Spangled Hamburg Hen — First (95), Wib F. Clements; sec-
ond (53), Wib F. Clements; third (20), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

Silver Spangled Hamhurg Pullet — First (22), F. L, Reinhard & Son;
second (54), Wib F. Clements; third (21), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

FRENCH.

EXHIBITORS.

Wib F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa;
F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Mottled Houdan Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second, Han-
son's Poultry Farm; third (82), R. E. West.

Mottled Houdan Cockerel — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm;
third (72), R. E. West.

Mottled Houdan Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second (26),
F. L. Reinhard & Son; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Mottled Houdan Pullet — First and third, Hanson's Poultry Farm;
second (67), R. E. West.

GAMES AND GAME BANTAMS.

EXHIBITORS.

Harry E. Burgess, Osceola, Iowa; Wm, E. Evens, Des Moines, Iowa;
Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Black Breasted Red Game Cock — First (47), Harry E. Burgess.

Black Breasted Red Game Hen — First (72), Harry E. Burgess.

Red Pyle Game Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Red Pyle Game Cockerel — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Red Pyle Game Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Red Pyle Game Pullet — First, and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 873

Black Game Hen — First (35), Harry E. Burgess.

Red Pyle Game Bantam Cocfc— First (51), Wm. E. Evens; second,
Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Red Pyle Game Bantam Cockerel — First (52), Wra. E. Evens.

Red Pyle Game Bantam Hen— First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Red Pyle Game Bantam Pullet— First (54), Wm. E. Evens; second
(55), Wm. E. Evens.

ORIENTAL GAMES AND BANTAMS.

EXHIBITORS.

Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa,
Iowa.

AWARDS.

Cornish Indian Cock — First (27), F. L. Reinhard & Son.
White Indian Cockerel — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.
• White Indian Hen — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.
White Indian Pullet — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Black Breasted Red Malay Hen — First and second, Hanson's Poultry
Farm.

ORIENTAL GAMES AND BANTAMS.

EXHIBITORS.

A. L. Chamberlain, Altoona, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean,
Iowa; Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa; C. O. Preston, Emerson, Neb.; F.
L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; V. G.
Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Silver Seahright CocTc— First (33054), C. O. Preston.

Silver Seahright Hen— First (33060), C. O. Preston.

Black Rose Comb Hen — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

White Booted Cock— First (61), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

White Booted Hen— First (63), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

White Booted Pullet— First, (64), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

Light Brahma Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Light Brahma Hen — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Buff Cochin Cock — First (75), A. L. Chamberlain; second (23), R.
E. West.

Buff Cochin Cockerel— First (56), R. E. West.

Buff Cochin Hen— First (20), R. E. West; second (74). A. L. Cham-
berlain; third (28), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

874 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Buff Cochin Pullet— First (64), R. E. West.
Partridge Cochin Cock — First (4), R. E. West.
Parti idge Cochin Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.
White Cochin Cock— First (93), R. E. West.

White Cochin Cockerel— First (60), R. E. West; second (80), Weir
Hart.

White Cochin Heji— First (22), R. E. West.

White Cochin Pullet— First (87), Weir Hart; second (58), R. E.
West.

Black Cochin Cock — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Black Cochin Cockerel — First (61), R. E. West; second and third,
Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Black Cochin Hen — First (14), R. E. West; second, Hanson's Poultry
Farm; third (44), R. E. West.

Black Cochin Pullet — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm; third
(51), R. E. West.

Black Tailed Japanese Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

CAPON.

EXHIBITOR.

Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Any Variety Capon — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

EXHIBITION PENS.

EXHIBITORS.

Mrs. Jesse Alexander, Altoona, Iowa; A. L. Anderson, Indianola, Iowa;
Mrs. N. B. Ashby, Des Moines, Iowa; Altamont Poultry Farm, Colfax,
Iowa; Mrs. H. I. Branson, West Branch, Iowa; J. Ross Bachman, Blakes-
burg, Iowa; J. W. Booth, Osceola, Iowa; Oscar L. Bock, Council Bluffs,
Iowa; J. M. Brown, St. Charles, Iowa; Dr. S. L. Beaver, Harlan, Iowa;
F. H. Boynton, Chariton, Iowa; J. W. Clark, Scranton, Iowa; Wib F.
Clements, Agency, Iowa; A. L. Chamberlain, Altoona, Iowa; W. O.
Coon, Des Moines, Iowa; Clifford W. Duke, Clarinda, Iowa; M. L. Dud-
ley, Des Moines, Iowa; Dunn Bros., Winterset, Iowa; Carl Dare, Os-
ceola, Iowa; Arthur Dearinger, Reasnor, Iowa; W. H. Golly, Jr., Zear-
ing, Iowa; J. P. Harsh, New Virginia, Iowa; Peter Hove, Stanhope,
Iowa; C. W. Howell, Des Moines, Iowa; Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa;
L. W. Harkins, Menlo, Iowa; C. M. Hummer, Keswick, Iowa; lowana
Farms, Davenport, Iowa; Frank Johnson, Monroe, Iowa; Jos. H. Jones,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIH 875

Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. J. Lockhart, Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. McMichael,
Selma, Iowa; J. R. McDonald, Des Moines, Iowa; Beatrice Mansfield,
Altoona, Iowa; Thos. L. Morlan, Indianola, Iowa; L. G. Miller, Des
Moines, Iowa; Annamarie Nelson, Altoona, Iowa; S. R. Patterson, Cen-
terville, Iowa; C. D. Porter, Altoona, Iowa; S. A. Power & Son, Fair-
field, Iowa; Elliott Purmort, Des Moines, Iowa; W. Patterson, Carlisle,
Iowa; T. L. Ricksecker, Rosedale, Kans.; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ot-
tumwa, Iowa; C. W. Reeder, Leon, Iowa; R. B. Rowe, Indianola, Iowa;
D. W. Rich, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; Schuster Bros., Des Moines, Iowa;
Julius Sinn, Williamsburg, Iowa; Jas. L. Stark, Russell, Iowa; J. L.
Todd, Des Moines, Iowa; C. & C. T. Van Lint, Bella, Iowa; Wm. F.
Volz, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; A. M. Wal-
rath, Des Moines, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; L. C. West, Dallas
Center, Iowa; Wm. P. Watson, Grinnell, Iowa; J. M. Williamson, Des
Moines, Iowa.

AWARDS.

Barred Plymouth Rock Foiols— First, (29-30-31-32-33), P. L. Reinhard
& Son.

Barred Plymouth Chicks— First, (257-258-254-255-256), J. F. Harsh; sec-
ond, (5-6-7-8-9), Mrs. H. I. Branson; third, (6-7-8-9-10), S. R. Patterson.

Buff Plymouth Fowl— First, (7-30-34-26-16), C. & C. T. Van Lint;
second, (180-16-23-41-46), Peter Hove; third, (7-8-9-10-11), Wm. J. Lock-
hart.

Buff Plymouth Chicks— First, (12-13-14-15-16), Wm. J. Lockhart; sec-
end, (26-29-39-49-53), Peter Hove; third, (55-56-49-50-52), J. Ross Bach-
man.

White Plymouth Chicks— First, (956-957-958-959-960), M. L. Dudley;

Partridge Plymouth Rock Fowls— First, (86-81-88-89), Mrs. Jesse Alex-
ander; second, (172-173-171-170-169), C. W. Reeder; third, (88-55-161-74-
48), Schuster Bros.

Partridge Plymouth Rock Chicks—First, (58-53-72-23-70), Schuster
Bros.; second, (129-127-141-132-128), C. W. Reeder; third, (21-81-75-2-25),
Schuster Bros.

Silver Wyandotte Foicls-First, (1008-903-1185-1024-1074), V. G. Warner;
second, (366-682-320-398-363), J. R. McDonald; third, (115-84-121-43-15),
A. L. Anderson.

Silver Wyandotte Chicks— First, (201-212-1003-1049-292), V. G. Warner;
second, (390-392-377-343-376), J. R. McDonald.

Golden Wyandotte Fowls— First, (58-56-3509c-5312c-3521c), J. W. Booth;
second, (220-281-263-219-1166), V. G. Warner.

Golden Wyandotte Chicks— First, (4-59-36-84-39), Julius Sinn; sec-
ond, (3536c-3496c-3545c-3597c-3458c), J. W. Booth; third, (15-16-17-18-
19), J. L. Todd.

White Wyandotte Fowls— First, (31-32-882-29-30), Oscar L. Bock; sec-
ond, (38-57-9-10-11), Mrs. N. B. Ashby.

876 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

White Wyandotte Chicks— First, (79-70-72-75-74), Beatrice Mansfield;
second, C. D'. Porter; third, (37-39-34-36-35), Oscar L. Bock.

Buff Wyandotte Fowls — First, S. A. Power & Son; second, (17-22-21-
90-24), R. B. Rowe; third, (221-217-1172-266-268), V. G. Warner.

Buff Wyandotte Chicks— First, (41-40-42-45-44), Thos, L, Morlan; sec-
ond, (211-215-206-204-210), V. G. Warner.

ColumUa Wyandotte Foivls-First, (6-7-8-9-10), A. M. Walrath; sec-
ond, (1-2-3-4-5), A. M. Walrath.

Partridge Wyandotte Fowls— First, (91-79-160-156-36), Thos. L. Mor-
lan.

Partridge Wyandotte Chicks— First, (224-225-222-216-223), V. G. Warner;
second, (33-137-32-35-31), Thos. L. Morlan.

Rose Corn!) Rhode Island Red Foiols— First, (44-14-38-5), Wm. F. Volz;
second, (79-67-92-91-92), Wib F. Clements.

Rose Coml Rhode Island Red Chicks— First, (62-67-263-53-57), C. H.
Howell; second, D. W. Rich; third, (76-43-5-42-65), Wib F. Clements.

Single Cojnb Rhode Island Red Fowls— First, (368-316-331-315-313), T.
L. Ricksecker; second, F. L. Reinhard & Son; third, (34-35-36-37-38), F.
L. Reinhard & Son.

Single Comd Rhode Island Red Chicks— First, (397-327-328-329-330),
T. L. Ricksecker; second, (12-5-23-21-13), Elliott Purmort; third, (1-2-3-4-
5), Dunn Bros.

Light Brahma Foiols — First, (80-81-77-78-79), Frank Johnson; second,
(10-40-30-29-1), Weir Hart.

Light Brahma Chicks— First, (85-86-82-83-84), Frank Johnson; second,
(17-24-23-8-48), Weir Hart.

Buff Cochin Chicks— Second, (64-61-74-63-62), R. E. West.

Partridge Cochin Chicks— First, (1-65-68-2-60), R. E. West.

Buff Orpington Fowls— First (8-9-10-11-12), L. W. Harkins; second
(8-9-10-11-20), L. C. West; third (45-19-32-38-15), Wm. P. Watson.

Buff Orpington Chicks— First (17-4-42-5-21), Dr. S. L. Beaver; second
(13-14-15-16-17), L. W. Harkins; third (13-14-15-16-17), L. C. West.

Black Orpington Foiols— First (422-464-474-473-458), C. W. Reeder; sec-
ond (138-196-124-135-149), C. W. Reeder.

Black Orpington Chicks— First (470-451-471-453-469), C. W. Reeder.

White Orpington Foiols— First (a584-a564-398-a418-a448), lowana Farms;
second (139-144-145-146-147), Carl Dare; third (461-459-475-466-462), C. W.
Reeder.

White Orpington Chicks— First (142-180-181-182-183), Carl Dare; sec-
ond (a405-a406-a801-a403-a404), lowana Farms; third (421-422-423-424-425),
C. W. Reeder.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 877

Black Langshan Fowls — First (188-64-46-27-58), Arthur Dearinger; sec-
ond (73-70-69-8-67), R. E. West.

Black Langshan Chicks— First (71-55-32-8-76), R. E. West; second (59-
71-69-66-1), Arthur Dearinger.

Single Comb White Leghorn Foiols— First (2-5-7-8-10), Jos. H. Jones;
second (40-45-47-48-49), Jos. H. Jones; third (205-284-285-286-287), J. M.
Williamson.

Single Comb White Leghorn CMcks^First (293-294-295-296-297), J. M.
Williamson; second (288-289-290-291-292), J. M. Williamson; third (10-
8-6-4-2), J. Russell Lang.

Single Comb Brown Leghorn Chicks— First (200-199-198-195-194), W. O.
Coon.

Black Minorca Foiols— First (4-88-68-93-7657*), R. E. West; second
(5-3-45-33-11), L. G. Miller.

PIGEONS.

EXHIBITORS.

Wib F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; Ellwyn Lucas, Des Moines, Iowa; F.
L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa.

AWAEDS.

Pair Homing Pigeons — First (12-15), Ellwyn Lucas; second, Wib F.
Clements; third, Wib F. Clemnts.

Pair Swallow Pigeons — First and second, Wib F. Clements.
Pair Tumbler Pigeons — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son.
Pair Turbet Pigeons — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son.

TURKEYS.

EXHIBITORS.

J. H. Allen, Walnut Grove, Minnesota; Harry E. Burgess, Osceola,
Iowa; R. H. Longworth, Polk City, Iowa; V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa;
J. C. Watts, Berwick, Iowa. ^

AWARDS.

Bronze Cock— First (1), J. C. Watts; second (77), J. H. Allen; third
(1242), V. G. Warner.

Bronze Cockerel — First (1193), V. G. Warner.

Bronze Hen— First (1246), V. G. Warner; second (78), J. H. Allen;
third (2), J. C. Watts.

Bronze Pullet— First (1088), V. G. Warner.
Buff Cock— First (88), Harry E. Burgess.
Buff Cockerel — First (66), Harry E. Burgess.

878 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Bujf ifew— First (67), Harry E. Burgess.

Bujf Pullet— First (64), Harry E. Burgess.

White Cockerel — First (1), R. H. Longworth.

White Hen— First (15), J. H. Allen; second (14), J. H. Allen.

White Pullet— First (2), R. H. Longworth.

DUCKS.

EXHIBITORS.

Harry E. Burgess, Osceola, Iowa; Mrs. Robt. Carlile, Valley Junction,
Iowa; Clifford W. Duke, Clarinda, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean,
Iowa; L. W. Harkins, Menlo, Iowa; T. H. Kaldenberg, Bella, Iowa;
Mrs. H. Niswander, Kinross, Iowa; O'Donnell Poultry Farm, Valley Junc-
tion, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; V. G. Warner, Bloom-
field, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa.

AWARDS.

White Pekin Drake, Old— First (1186), V. G. Warner; second (24),
R. E. West; third (77), O'Donnell Poultry Farm.

White Pekin Drake, Young— First (58), R. E. West; second (1023),
V. G. Warner; third (15), Mrs. H. Niswander.

White Pekin Duck, OM— First (1009), V. G. Warner; second (54), R.
E. West; third (33), Harry E. Burgess.

WMte Pekin Duck, Young — First (72), R. E. West; second (1021),
V. G. Warner; third (14), Mrs. H. Niswander.

Colored Rouen Drake, Old— First (52), R. E. West.

Colored Rouen Drake, Young — First, second, third, Hanson's Poultry
Farm.

Colored Rouen Duck, Old — First (6), R. E. West; second, Hanson's
Poultry Farm.

Colored Rouen Duck, Young — First, second and third, Hanson's Poultry
Farm.

Black Cayuga Drake, Young — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Black Cayuga Duck, Young — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Ch-ay Call Drake, Old — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm;
third (71), R. E. West.

Gray Call Drake, Young — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Gray Call Duck, Old— First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm; third,
R. H. West.

Gray Call Duck, Young — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Colored Muscovy Drake, Old — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm;
third (20), L. W. Harkins.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 879

Colored Muscovy Drake, Young — First and second, Hanson's Poultry
Farm; third (88), R. E. West.

Colored Muscovy Duck, Old — First (24), L. W. Harkins; second (19),
R. E. West; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

Colored Muscovy Duck, Young — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second
(92), R. E. West; third (25), L. W. Harkins.

White Muscovy Drake, Old — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm;
third (57), R. E. West.

White Muscovy Duck, Old— First (8), R. E. West; second and third,
Hanson's Poultry Farm.

White Indian Runner Drake, Old — First (618), Mrs. Robt. Carlile; sec-
ond (52), Clifford W. Duke.

White Indian Runner Drake, Young — First (190), Clifford W. Duke;
second (189), Clifford W. Duke.

White Indian Runner Duck, Old — First (631), Mrs. Robt. Carlile;
second (629), Mrs. Robt. Carlile; third (193), Clifford W. Duke.

White Indian Runner Duck, Young — First (191), Clifford W. Duke; sec-
ond (192), Clifford W. Duke.

Indian Runner Drake, Old — First (46), F. L. Reinhard & Son; second
(44), F. L. Reinhard & Son; third (527), T. H. Kaldenberg.

Indian Runner Drake, Young — First (48), F. L, Reinhard & Son; sec-
ond (577), T. H. Kaldenberg; third (16), Mrs. H. Niswander.

Indian Runner Duck, Old — First (46), T. H. Kaldenberg; second (50),
F. L. Reinhard & Son; third (49), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

Indian Runner Duck, Young — First (53), F. L. Reinhard & Son; sec-
ond (52), F. L. Reinhard & Son; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm.

GEESE.

EXHIBITOES.

Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; F.
L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; W. W. Seeley, Stuart, Iowa; C. and
C. T. Van Lint, Pella, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa.

Gray Toulouse Gander, Old — First (58), R. E. West; second (8), Weir
Hart.

Gray Toulouse Gander, Young — First (10), C. & C. T. Van Lint.

Gray Toulouse Goose, Old — First (15), Weir Hart; second (71), R. E.
West.

Gray Toulouse Goose, Young — First (6), C. and C. T. Van Lint.

880 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

White EmMen Gander, Old— First (2), R. E. West; second (54), F.
L. Reinhard & Son.

White Embden Gander, Young — First (55), F. L. Reinhard & Son; sec-
ond (19), R. E. West.

White Erndden Goose, Old — First (57), F. L. Reinhard; second (56),
F. L. Reinhard; third (53), R. E. West.

White Emhden Goose, Young — First (58), F. L. Reinhard & Son; sec-
ond (51), R. E. West.

Gray African Gander, Old— First (54), R. E. West.

Gray African Gander, Young — First (56), R. E. West; second, Hanson's
Poultry Farm.

Gray African Goose, Old — First (57), R. E. West.
Gray African Goose, Young — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm.
Broum Chinese Gander, Old — First (63), R. E. West.
Brown Chinese Goose, Old — First (66), R. E. West.

White Chinese Gander, Old — First (70), R. E. West; second, Hanson's
Poultry Farm; third (1), W. W. Seeley.

White Chinese Gander, Yoimg — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second
(67), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

White Chinese Goose, Old — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second (5),
W. W. Seeley; third (4), W. W. Seeley.

White Chinese Goose, Young — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second
(68), F. L. Reinhard & Son.

EGG LAYING CONTEST.

AWARDS.

First, Altamont Poultry Farm, Colfax, Iowa; second and third, L. C.
West, Dallas Center, Iowa, and Altamont Poultry Farm, Colfax, Iowa;
fourth, Oscar L. Bock, Council Bluffs, Iowa.

COMMERCIAL EGGS, AMERICAN.

AWAEDS.

First, Wib F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; second, Clifford W. Duke,
Clarinda, Iowa; third, Anthony Stocker, Des Moines.

MEDITERRANEAN.

First, Anthony Stocker, Des Moines, Iowa; second, J. M. Williamson,
Des Moines, Iowa; third, C. E. Graff, Guernsey, Iowa.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 881

ASIATIC.

First, F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; second, Clifford W.
Duke, Clarinda, Iowa.

ENGLISH.

First, E. M. Walrath, Des Moines, Iowa; second, Altamont Poultry
Farm, Colfax, Iowa; third, C. W. Reeder, Leon, Iowa.

SWEEPSTAKES.
Anthony Stocker, Des Moines, Iowa.

SPECIAL OFFERED BY THE INTERSTATE PUBLISHING
COMPANY, DES MOINES.
Best Cockerel, All Breeds Comjoeting — Carl Dare, Osceola, Iowa.

SPECIAL OFFERED BY E. E. RICHARDS, WESTERN POULTRY

JOURNAL, CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA,
lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa.

SPECIALS OFFERED BY OTIS & MOE OF CHICAGO, ILL.

C. W. Reeder, Leon, Iowa.

Dr. L. D. Carpenter,

J. M. Williamson, Des Moines. Iowa.

56

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PART XIV

REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS

BY

COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL

SOCIETIES IN IOWA

1912

ADAIR.

W. W, BURRELL, GREENFIELD, OCTOBER 3, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The season lias been favorable,
except during corn planting. On account of inferior seed some had to
plant the second time. Good weather during the haying and harvesting
period made it possible to harvest all small grain in good condition.

Corn — Well above the average; will yield 40 to 75 bushels; quality
good. The early frost hurt some late plantings but 90 per cent of the
crop is out of the way of frost.

Oats — Best crop we have had in years; yield from 20 to 50 bushels;
excellent quality and all harvested and threshed in good shape.

Wheat — Good, not much raised but what there was yielded from 20
to 50 bushels; quality good.

Bye — Very little raised.

Barley — Not much raised.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Very little grown.

Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — Good; taken care of in excellent condition.

Clover — Same as tim^othy.

Prairie Kay — Not any.

Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass pastures have been excellent and
have furnished good pasture all the season.

Potatoes — Small crop early potatoes; late crop fair.

Vegetables — Plenty of all kinds and good.

Apples — Almost a failure.

Other Fruits — Good, far above the average, especially plums.

Cattle — Not as many as usual but fairly well stocked; mostly cows;
young stuff short. Feeding steers also short.

886 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Horses — Well supplied and good quality; plenty of young stock.

Swine — Plenty of old hogs; young stock not up to standard.

Sheep — Very few raised in this county.

Poultry — Splendid, both as to quality and number. .

Bees — Very few raised.

Drainage — Farmers are using more tile every year.

Lands — Constantly advancing in price; worth from $60.00 to $200.00
per acre, and quite a little changing hands.

Report of Fair — Held September 10-13 inclusive. The attendance was
not up to average, nor were the exhibits in some departments. Bad
weather on the last day caused a cancellation of that day.

ADAMS.

GEO. E. BLISS, CORXIXG, SEPTE^SIBER 18, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Have had timely rains, w^hich
have made all crops good.

Corn — Best crop we have had since 1880,

Oats — Quality splendid; yield from 40 to 55 bushels per acre.

Wheat — The yield of winter wheat broke all previous records, making
an average of 26 bushels per acre. A big acreage being put in now.

Rye — But little grown; yield about 28 bushels per acre.

Barley — But little sown; good quality and yield.

Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — Little sown; large yield and nearly all threshed for seed.

Sorghum — Large acreage; nearly all cut for forage.

Timothy — Fair yield; splendid quality.

Clover — Very scare. Too dry in 1910 and 1911. Very little withstood
early drouth.

Prairie Hay — Good quality; splendid yield.

Other Grains and Grasses — Some alfalfa; good yield; cut three times.

Potatoes — Both early and late ones yielded bountifully.

Vegetables — All kinds did remarkably well.

Apples — Not any.

Other Fruits — An abundance of plums; excellent quality.

Cattle — Very few in feed lots; milch cows in great demand.

Horses — Great demand for horses; selling at an average of $200.00.
Not quite as many colts as usual.

Swine — Short crop of pigs and disease carried off a large number of
the older ones.

Sheep — More sheep than usual and in good condition.

Poultry — More poultry and eggs sold than ever before.

Bees — Did fairly well this year; many died last winter.

Drainage — Very little put in this year.

I/an(f«— Selling from $75.00 to $150,00 per acre. Several farms sold
this year.

Report of Fair — Held September 9-12, inclusive.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 887

ALLAMAKEE.

GEO. S. HALL, WAUKON, SEPTEMBER 20, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Needs 10 days to ripen. Promises to be a bountiful crop.

O^ats — Extra good.

Wheat — Very good.

Rpe — Not much raised but what there was was very good.

Barley — Fair crop.

Flax — Fair crop.

Buckwheat — Good crop.

Millet— Fsiir.

Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — Extra good.

Glover — Good.

Prairie Hay — Fair.

Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures good all summer; blue grass es-
pecially good.

Potatoes — Big crop.

Vegetables — All vegetables are good".

Apples — Very scarce.

Other Fruits — Light crop.

Cattle — In good condition and healthy.

Horses — Generally in good condition.

Swine — In prime condition; no cholera in this county for several years.

Sheep — In excellent condition.

Poultry — Generally healthy; a thriving industry.

Bees — Good season for bees.

Drainage — Natural drainage.

Other Industries — Iron mines are in a flourishing condition.

Lands — In fine condition.

Report of Fair— Held September 27-30 inclusive. The fair was a suc-
cess both financially and otherwise; large crowds in attendance each
day. More money taken in than any previous year.

AUDUBON.

S. C. CURTIS, AUDUBON, OCTOBER 14, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season— Better than usual.
Corn — One of the largest crops ever had in the county.
Oats — Fair crop.

Wheat— Exceeded the expectations of the farmers; yielding as high
3 50 bushels per acre.
Rye — None raised to speak of.
Barley — Just a fair crop.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — Little grown.
Millet — What little there was was good.

888 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Timothy — Very good crop.

Clover — Not so good as in previous years.

Prairie Hay — Not any in this county.

Potatoes — The crop would have been above the average had it not been
for the late rains.

Vegetables — Good crop.

Apples — Very scarce.

Other Fruits — Bountiful crop of plums.

Cattle — Improving.

Horses — Farmers are breeding the best and a great many are shipped
out each year.

Swine — Raised extensively in this county. Duroc Jersey and Poland
Chinas predominating.

Sheep — A gaining industry.

Poultry — The main stay of the farmer.

Bees — Not many.

Drainage — Natural.

Other Industries — Canning factory doing a good business.

Lands — Rolling, but the best of soil; raising the very best corn on
top of the highest hills. The soil is of black loam with clay sub-soil.

Report of Fair — Held September 17-20 inclusive. Rained two out of
four days. However, we paid out and will have a little left over for
improvements.

APPANOOSE.

H. A. EUSSELL, CEXTERVILLE, SEPTEMBER 6, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Plenty of moisture in early
spring but dry during June, July and August.

Corn — Late in planting but will make a good yield if not hurt by
frost.

Oats — Very good; some yielding as high as 70 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Good; not much sown; yield about 20 to 30 bushels per acre.

Rye — Fine.

Barley — Not any.

Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — Very little sown but that was good.

Millet — Not very good; too dry.

Sorghum — Very good.

Timothy — Fine; good seed and free from weeds.

Clover — Frozen out.

Prairie Hay — Good yield; fine hay.

Potatoes — Too dry; not a very good yield.

Vegetables — All good quality and plentiful.

Apples — Not very good; scarce.

Other Fruits — Plums, pears and berries very good.

Cattle — Scarce; prices high; pastures short.

Horses — High prices for good horses.

Sunne — Not many in the county. Doing fine.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 889

Sheep — More and better sheep being raised.
Poultry — Quite an interest taken in poultry raising.
Bees — Not many; a great number died during the winter.
Report of Fair — No fair held. Too dry.

BENTON.

SOL WHITE, VINTON, OCTOBER 7, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Very good.

Oats — Excellent.

Wheat — But little grown.

Rye — Good.

Barley — Good to extra fine.

Fla^ — None grown.

Buckwheat — But little raised.

Millet — Not much grown.

Sorghum — Good; small acreage.

Timothy — One-half crop.

Clover — Small crop.

Prairie Hay — Pair.

Potatoes — Small crop.

VegetaMes — Good.

Apples — None.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Scarce and high.

Horses — Good.

Sivine — Diseased; about one-half the usual number.

Sheep — Good.

Poultry — Very good.

Drainage — Good.

Other Industries — Thriving.

Lands — Selling from $165 to $225 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held September 4-6 inclusive. A very good fair.

BLACK HAWK.

C. A. ROWND, CEDAE FALLS, IOWA, NOVE^MBEE, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Very good.

Corn — Slightly above the average. A frost that came before the corn
was sufficiently matured and a high wind which blew the corn down
badly caused considerable soft corn.

Oats — At least 10 bushels above the average.

Wheat — Froze out badly in some places. Where the stand was good
results were very satisfactory.

Rye — A little above the average. About 19 bushels per acre.

Barley — Fully up to the average; from 40 to 45 bushels per acre.

890 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Flax — Practically none raised. Farm leases are often written, pro-
hibiting the raising of flax.

Buckwheat — I know of none.

Millet — An average crop.

Sorghum — Large yield and good quality. Considerable loss on account
of an early frost.

Timothy — About an average crop. Some fields very good; others very
unsatisfactory.

Clover — The drouth came at a time when the clover needed moisture.
Crop below average. Clover and timothy mixed gave a good yield.

Prairie Hay — Very small acreage. Above the average.

Other Gmins and Grasses — Alfalfa is still in the experimental stage.
Some report success and others failure but farmers are still confident
of success.

Potatoes — Large yield; much above the average. Injured by grub
worm and scab.

Vegetables — Very favorable season and all vegetables were a large
yield and good quality.

Apples — Only a few. A few orchards bore a full crop of apples of
good quality.

Other Fruits — All small fruit was of good quality and a large yield.

Cattle — In good condition. This being a dairy county the number has
been cut down on account of a large portion of the calves being
slaughtered.

Horses — Increasing in quality and quantity very materially. Farmers
have learned that it pays to produce the best.

Swine — Very nice lot of pigs. We had an epidemic of hog cholera
which covered a large part of the county.

Sheep — On account of the low price of wool and mutton the number
is decreasing instead of increasing.

Poultry — On account of high prices for poultry products this industry
is increasing.

Bees — This industry has been very satisfactory.

Drainage — About the usual amount being done.

Other Industries — Factories in this county are increasing with great
rapidity.

Lands — Increasing in price at a rapid rate. Good farms with ordinary
improvements and in good locations are in demand at $150.00 to $200.00
per acre and are being bought by speculators.

Fair — None held.

BOONE.

W. C. TRELOAR, OGDEN, OCTOBER 25, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Good.

Oats — Fine.

Wheat— Good.

Rye — Very little grown.

Barley — Fair.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 891

Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — None planted.

Millet— YsiiY.

Sorghum — Fair.

Timothy — Good.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Good.

Vegetal) les — Good.

Apples — Poor,

Other Fruits — Fair.

Cattle — Good.

Horses — Good.

Bwine — Good.

Sheep — Not many raised.

Poultry — Goad.

Bees — Good.

Drainage — More being put in each year.

Other Industries — The coal mines are opening up in good shape; more
men being employed every day.

Lands — Advancing very fast.

Report of Fair — Held September 17-20th inclusive. We had rainy
weather but nevertheless we had a successful fair; large exhibits in all
departments and good racing.

BOONE.

JOHN S. CROOKS, BOONE, OCTOBER 15, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Large yield.

Oats — Large yield; average about 60 bushels.
Wheat — Extra fine; average from 40 to 60 bushels.
Millet — Fine; good yield.
Timothy — Good yield; 1| to 2 tons per acre.
Clover — Good yield.
Prairie Hay — Good yield.
Other Grains and Grasses — All good.
Potatoes — Fair crop.
Vegetables — Extra good; large yield.
Apples — None to speak of.
Other Fruits — Fair yield.
Cattle — Not many in the county.
Swine — Large number.
Sheep — Few being fed.
Poultry — Large supply.

Drainage — A great deal of drainage being done; mostly county drains.
Lanffs— Value from $125.00 to $200.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — October 1-4 inclusive. Fair attendance; fine weather
and fair exhibits.

892 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BUCHANAN.

A. G. RIGBY, INDEPENDENCE, OCTOBER 28, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Early season dry; mucli rain
from middle of August to date. Crops are all of good quality and abun-
dant in yield. Better than last year.

Corn — Splendid crop; frost did some damage to the soft corn but
quality is generally good. Will yield from 40 to 70 bushels per acre.

Oats — Fine quality and good yield; damaged some in shock and stack
by rain. Will run from 25 to 50 bushels per acre. •

Wheat — Good crop; not extensively raised in this county but the
acreage is considerably larger than last year and results justify a still
larger increase.

Rye — Good quality and fair yield. Not a great deal grown.

Barley — Not much raised here. Good quality and yield.

Flax — None raised.

Buckivheat — Small acreage; fair crop.

Millet — Splendid crop; small acreage.

SorgJium — Very little raised.

Timothy — Excellent quality; better yield than last year.

Clover — Did well this year. The late rains made it favorable for fall
growth and seeding.

Prmrie Hay — Very little in the county. Good where grown.

Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa has been successfully grown in
small patches in an experimental way and it has done well.

Potatoes — Lack of early moisture interfered somewhat with normal
growth of early potatoes. The late ones are a good crop but inclined
to be scabby.

Vegetables — Abundant; quality good.

Apples — Not extensively raised but a good crop where the orchards
had proper attention.

Other Fruits — Abundant; excellent quality. Best plum season ever
known here.

Cattle — Raised quite extensively, both for beef and dairying purposes.

Horses — More draft and road horses than for a number of years; no
epidemic.

Swine — Cholera prevalent. We have all the standard breeds.

Sheep — An increasing industry.

Poultry — Extensively raised. We have many fancy breeders.

Bees — Not many in the county; some disease reported.

Drainage — Considerable tiling has been done this season.

Other Industries — In a thrifty and prosperous condition.

I/anc?5— Increasing in value, selling from $75.00 to $200.00 per acre,
depending on the location, quality of soil and improvements.

Fair — Held Sept. 10-14 inclusive. Largest fair in the history of the
Association.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 893

BREMER.

J. Q. LAUER, WAVERLY, IOWA, OCTOBER 24, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Ideal in my estimation.

Corn — A good crop; yield above the average.

Oats — Fine; good yield and quality.

Wheat — Larger acreage and better yield than usual.

Rye — Good yield; fine quality.

Barley — Not much raised.

Flax — Little, if any, grown.

Millet — Good crop; small acreage.

Sorghum — Good but not as much raised as usual.

Timothy — Fair; better yield, however, than for the past few years.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay — Good; not much in the county.

Other Grains and Grasses — Small acreage but a good yield of alfalfa.

Potatoes — Early crop not so good as the late one.

Vegetables — Average crop.

Apples — Not up to average.

Other Fruits — Abundant supply of plums; other small fruits a general
average.

Cattle — As indicated by our display at the fair we have "the best ever."

Horses — Improving.

Swine — Not very good on account of disease.

Sheep — Fine; not many in the county, however.

Poultry — Generally a fine showing throughout the county.

Bees — Few in the county.

Drainage — We have good natural drainage but there is some tiling
being done.

Other Industries — Sugar factory doing a very fine business. Sweet
corn factories; tile factory; skirt factory, etc., doing a good business.

Lands — The best in the state; a black top soil with clay or gravel
subsoil.

BUENA VISTA.

W. J. SIEVERS, ALTA, SEPTEMBER 27, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Excellent. Plenty of rain
and warm weather made the yield far above average.

Corn — A little backward on account of fall rains but reports would
indicate the yield will be from 50 to 85 bushels per acre.

Oats — The same as corn.

Wheat — Very little raised but the quality and yield good.

Rye — Very small acreage.

Barley — Very good yield.

Flax — None that I know of.

Buckwheat — I know of none.

Millet — An excellent yield.

Sorghum — Good quality; small acreage.

894 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Timothy — A very good stand.

Clover — An excellent stand; in fact the best in years.

Prairie Hay — A very good stand.

Other Grains and Grasses — All did well this year, owing to abundance
of rain and moisture.

Potatoes — Plentiful as usual. This community is noted for the large
amount of potatoes raised and it has proven to be a profitable crop.

Vegetables — Exceptionally good.

Apples — No apples raised this year.

Other Fruits — Cherries and plums were abundant; very large crop.

Cattle — Have done well this season on account of the abundance of
grass. There will be a large number put in the feed yards this year.

Horses — Top prices paid for horses of the heavy draft classes. No
demand for light horses.

Swine — A very favorable year.

Sheep — Quite a number of farmers are buying lambs to rough it for
60 to 90 days.

Poultry — A profitable industry; more being raised each year.

Bees — Not very flourishing.

Drainage — There is more drainage done year after year. Land owners
are realizing the full value of draining their land.

Other Industries — Strictly a farming communitj^

Lands — Selling very high and going higher; average price being about
$150.00.

Report of Fair — ^Held August 13-16 inclusive. Tuesday and Wednesday
were ideal days and large crowds attended. The exhibits were up to
the usual standard and interest was taken in all. The races filled fine,
we having the largest list of entries in 27 years. On Friday it rained
and the fair was postponed to Saturday but rain on Friday night made
it necessary to call everything off for Saturday. Had it not been for
the bad weather we would have cleared a nice little sum of money.

BUTLER.

W. C. SHEPARD, ALLISON, OCTOBER 11, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Most crops are above the
average; the season a trifle cold.

Corn — A large crop; a little late on account of cold weather but mostly
matured before frost.

Oats — A very large yield; good quality and over-run in weight.

Wheat — Very little raised; good quality and yield, especially winter
wheat.

Rye — Not much grown but a good yield and saved in good condition.

Barley — Same as above; not much raised.

Flax — I know of none in the county.

Buckivheat — But very little raised; not very good quality.

Millet — Not much raised; good crop.

Sorghum — Very little raised; average yield.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 895

Timothy — A very good crop; above the average.

Clover — Crop above the average; some seed being threshed from the
second cutting.

Prairie Hay — Usual crop; not much acreage.

Potatoes — Early potatoes a large crop; late ones about average.

Vegetables — A good average yield.

Apples — Very small crop; considerably less than usual.

Other Fruits — Small fruits, such as raspberries and blackberries suf-
fered from drouth; a large yield of plums, currants and strawberries;
cherries fair.

Cattle — About the average number; in good condition.

Horses — Usual number; fine quality and in good condition.

Swine — Some cholera; not the average number.

Sheep — Very few in the county.

Poultry — About the usual number; in good condition.

Bees — Very few; a good year for honey.

Drainage — One drainage district in the county. A great deal of pri-
vate drainage being put in.

Law(Z5— Selling from $80.00 to $175.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held September 10-12 inclusive. Good weather; large
attendance; exhibits less than usual. Too much money put into at-
tractions.

CALHOUN.

J. C. HOAG, MANSOX, SEPTEMBEJR 16, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Will average 50 bushels.
Oats — Yielded from 40 to 80 bushels per acre.
Wheat — About 20 bushels to the acre.
Barley — About 30 bushels per acre.
Millet — Four tons to the acre.

Timothy — Hay will average one ton to the acre. A good many acres
cut for seed.

Clover — Will make IJ or 2 tons per acre; not much cut for seed.

Prairie Hay — Scarce.

Potatoes — One hundred bushels per acre.

Vegetables — Cabbage and tomatoes are good.

Apples — None.

Other Fruits — Plums are fine.

Cattle — Are in fine condition; not as many as usual.

Horses — In good condition. y

Sioine — About the same as usual.

Sheep — Not extensively raised.

Poultry — Great many chickens, ducks and geese, but not many turkeys.

Drainage — About completed.

Lands — Valued at about $125.00 per acre.

Report of Fair— Held August 19-22, 1912.

896 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CALHOUN.

W. Q. STEWART, ROCKWELL CITY, OCTOBER 7, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Very good; will average from 35 to 75 bushels per acre. Some
replanting will be hurt with the frost.

Oats — Yield from 40 to 70 bushels per acre; quality good.

Wheat — Not much raised but quality and yield good.

Rye — Good.

Barley — Very little raised; yield and quality good.

Flax — Fair quality; not much grown.

Buckwheat — Do not know of any in the county.

Millet — Heavy yield.

Sorghum — Very good quality; not much raised in the county.

Timothy — Very heavy crop.

Clover — First and second crops very good.

Prairie Hay — Good; not much raised.

Other Grains and Grasses — Spring and late pasture very good. Stock
will go into winter in fine shape.

Potatoes — Heavy yield.

VeffetaMes — All kinds a heavy yield.

Apples — Very light crop; no winter apples and very few early va-
rieties.

Other Fruits — Small fruit very good; plums very heavy crop.

Cattle — Good stock of calves and in excellent condition.

Horses — Above the average; generally in good condition.

Swine — Stock of pigs light and quite a little disease.

Sheep — Not many raised here but of good quality and in good condi-
tion.

Poultry — A large number; no disease.

Bees — Large amount of honey.

Drainage — Most of the land in this county is tiled.

Other Industries — The Rockwell City Canning Company report the
most prosperous season they have ever had. Their output will be
1,800,000 cans.

Lands — Not much selling. Price ranging from $100 to $175.

Report of Fair — Held at Rockwell City, August 6-9. Attendance good
and the exhibits were also good in all departments.

CASS.

D. P. HOGAN, MASSENA, OCTOBER 12, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Extra good.

Corn — None husked as yet but it looks as though it would be one
of the biggest crops we ever grew. Some hurt by frost, probably 25
per cent.

Oats — Best in years; big crop and good quality.

Wheat — Best crop we have ever had and by far the largest acreage.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 897

Rye — None.

Barley — Gaod crop but very little grown.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet— Yerj little.

Sorghum — Good, but not much of it.

Timothy — Fair crop; cured well.

Glover — Fair crop.

Prairie H,ay — Not much but what there was was good.

Potatoes — Light crop; fair quality.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Almost a total failure.

Other Fruits — Plums extra big crop; good crop of strawberries; very
little other fruit.

Cattle — Many cattle shipped out during summer; supply short. All
in good condition.

Horses — About the same as last year.

Swine — Not as good as usual.

Sheep — In good condition; supply not up to average.

Poultry — About as usual.

Bees — Same as last year.

Drainage — Not so much tiling as usual on account of the dry season.

Other Industries — Increasing somewhat.

Lands — Higher in price but not much changing hands.

Report of Fair — Held September 2-5, 1912. Rained opening day and
threatened second and third days so that the attendance was not as
good as usual. Live stock exhibits extra good. We had a boys' judg-
ing contest which was good. We came out $200.00 short.

CASS.

CAEL E. HOFFMAN, ATLANTIC, OCTOBER 15, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season favorable and crops
extra good.

Corn — Yield and quality good.

Oats — Yield from 40 to 75 bushels per acre and the quality good.
Wheat — Good quality.
Rye — Not much raised; quality good.
Barley — Very good yield.
Fla^ — None raised.
Buckwheat — None.
Millet — Not much grown.
Sorghum — Not much raised.
Timothy — Average yield.
Clover — Average yield.
Prairie Hay — Very little prairie.
Potatoes — Not an average crop.
Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Very few apples on account of frost.
Other Fruits — Very little.
57 .

898 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Cattle — Not many being fed.

Horses — Short; generally in good condition.

Sioine — Eighty-five per cent of the average number.

Sheep — Not many raised.

Poultry — Plentiful.

Bees — Very few bees.

Drainage — Good natural drainage; plenty of tiling where necessary.

Other Industries — Improving. The Atlantic Canning Company said to
be the largest packers of corn in the world.

Lands — Advancing in value. Very little selling until October 1, 1912.
Prices range from $130.00 to $175.00.

Report of Fair — Held September 9-13. Good attendance on the first
days but rain reduced the income considerably. While we made no
money for the treasury we did improve the grounds with new buildings.

CARROLL.

CHAS. H. PARSONS, CARROLL, SEPTEMBER 16, 1912.

Corn — Stand above the average and mostly good; some damage by
wind. Will average close to 45 bushels.

Oats — Good quality. Threshing nearly all done; yield about 40 bushels.

Wheat — ^Winter wheat fine; quality never better; yield from 20 to 40
bushels; spring wheat will average about 18 bushels.

Rye — Very little raised. Will average about 30 bushels.

Barley — Good weight. Rather dark color on account of rain. Yield
will be from 20 to 45 bushels.

Flax — None raised here.

Swine — About all of the old hogs shipped out. Not so many pigs
as last year; cholera prevalent in some localities.

Poultry — Goad season for poultry; fully up to the usual standard.

Drainage — Five hundred thousand dollars will be spent in Carroll
County for drainage and tile ditch this and next year.

Lands — Values from $90 to $200 per acre; average about $140.00.

Report of Fair — A great success.

CEDAR.

C. F. SIMMERMAKER, TIPTON, OCTOBER 1, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Sea^07i — The season was good through-
out; crops generally good.

Corn — A large acreage and a good crop. If the frost holds off a
short time Cedar County will have one of its best crops.

Oats — Good crop; going from 40 to 70 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Very little raised.

Rye — Not much grown but good.

Barley — Good crop and fine quality.

Flax — None raised.

Buckioheat — I know of none.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 899

Millet — ^Very little grown.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — A good crop and fine quality.

Glover — Fair crop.

ProArie Hay — Not any.

Other Grains and Grasses — None to speak of.

Potatoes — Good crop and good quality.

Vegetables — Very good; plenty of all kinds.

Apples — Very scarce; less than half a crop.

Other Fruits — Plentiful; plums went to waste.

Cattle — Good. A good many in the county but not as many being
fed as last year.

Horses — Scarce; quality good.

Swine — Good crop; not much cholera.

Sheep — An average number on the farms.

Poultry — Good; increasing year after year.

Bees — Not many; honey scarce.

Drainage — County most all drained out.

Other Industries — Increasing.

Lands — Very high; ranging from $125.00 to $250.00 per acre; not
many sales this year, however.

Report of Fair — Held September 3-6. A successful fair. Our net
profits above expenses was $1,100.00.

CERRO GORDO.

ARTHUR PICKFORD, MASON CITY, OCTOBEK 15, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — All crops have been better
than for several seasons past. Weather has been favorable.

Corn — Good stand. Crop was about two weeks late in ripening but
conditions are average.

Oats — Better than for many years; yielding from 50 to 80 bushels
per acre and the quality excellent.

Wheat — Not in many years has there been so good a crop of wheat
of such excellent berry. Spring wheat has again become one of the
staple crops and some are successful in growing winter wheat.

Rye — Not a good crop, owing mostly to the fact that it is largely
raised to furnish fall and early spring pasturage, and because of too
close grazing the grain yield was small and poor.

Barley — Not much barley grown here. Quality and yield fair.

Flax — What little was grown was of excellent quality and fair yield.

Buckwheat — Not enough grown to report on.

Millet — Only a limited amount grown as a catch crop.

Sorghum — None grown.

Timothy — A great deal more than the usual amount of timothy was
cut for seed. It was of fine quality and the yield better than common.

Clover — No clover hay on account of a total failure for two years.
Spring sown seed shows up very fine and if it is not winter killed we
shall have a big 1913 crop.

900 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Prairie Hay — Very little left; mostly un-reclaimed sloughs and low-
land. A good yield.

Potatoes — A splendid crop was grown this year; price low and qual-
ity good.

Yegetatles — A good year for all garden truck.

Apples — Not enough for home consumption.

Other Fruits — Small fruits were plentiful and good.

Cattle — Cattle are rather scarce and prices high. They are in good
condition, owing to the excellent feed during the summer.

Horses — The usual number of foals.

Sheep — Slightly on the increase. They are in better form than usual
at this season of the year.

Poultry — A good year to raise young poultry owing to the lack of
heavy rains. Prices for eggs and fowls have been higher than common.

Bees — Many hives winter killed and the lack of bloom has made this
a poor year for honey.

Drainage — More attention is being paid to drainage than ever before.
Wet years or dry years seem to make no difference in the amount of
tile laid.

Other Industries — Brick and tile and cement companies doing a good
business.

Lands — Selling from $75.00 to $150.00 per acre, according to location
and improvements. Sales have been made as high as $200.00. Most
of the buyers are purchasing for homes and not for speculation.

Report of i^air— Held September 9-13. Rained on Tuesday and Fri-
day, However, from the point of exhibits and attendance the fair was
the best we have ever had.

CHICKASAW.

C. L. PUTNEY, NASHUA, SEPTEMBER 20, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — General average crops; bet-
ter than for a number of years.

Corn — Some pieces a little late but weather conditions favorable.
Most of it will make from 50 to 90 bushels per acre.

Oats — Good quality; yielding from 40 to 75 bushel's per acre.

Wheat — More raised than usual; yielding from 20 to 35 bushels.

Rye — Small acreage; good quality; fair yield.

Barley — Same as rye.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — Very little.

Millet — Good crop.

Sorghum — Very little raised.

Timothy — Crop better than for a number of years.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay — Very little acreage left.

Potatoes — Early ones a fair crop; late ones good.

Vegetables — Plenty and of good quality.

Apples — Poor year.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 901

Other Fruits — Grapes and plums good; also small fruits.

Cattle — Quality improved. Feed plentiful a,nd stock in good condition.

Horses — About the usual number raised and of better stock.

Swine — Hog cholera last fall and winter reduced the stock of hogs
and there will not be as many marketed as usual.

Sheep — Not many but more farmers are buying them.

Poultry — Gradually on the increase.

Bees — Very few.

Drainage — Considerable work has been done in the past three years.

Lands — Increasing in value; ranging from $100.00 to $180.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Nashua September 2-6th. Weather conditions
favorable; attractions satisfactory and exhibits good. Altogether the
best fair we have ever had.

CHICKASAW.

F. D. GRIFFIN, NEW HAMPTON, OCTOBER 18, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Fair yield; about 40 bushels per acre. Two-thirds of the crop
fully matured.

0\ats — Extra good; average yield 50 bushels.

Wheat — Not much grown; average yield; about 20 bushels per acre.

Rye — Fair.

Barley — Good; average yield 40 bushels per acre.

Flax — Fair; average 15 bushels per acre.

BucTcioheiat — Fair crop.

Millet — Good.

Sorg hum — Good .

Timothy — Fair.

Clover — Not much grown.

Prairie Hay — Light crop.

Other Grains and Grasses — Fair.

Potatoes — Good.

Yegetahles — Good.

Apples — Light crop.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Shorthorns, Holsteins, Polled Angus and Galloways.

Horses — Clydesdales, Percherons, Belgians and Coach.

Swine — Poland Chinas, Chester White and Duroc.

Sheep — Medium and long wool.

Poultry — All kinds.

Drainage — Good.

Other Industries — None to speak of.

Lands — In good condition; increasing in value.

Report of Fair — Attendance extra good; weather, attractions and ex-
hibits all good. Held at New Hampton on September 10-14.

902 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

CLAYTON.

HENRY LUEHSEN, GABNAVIIXO, SEPTEMBER 23, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — About the average.

Corn — The grub worm has done considerable damage; the crop is
a good average.

Oats — A very good yield. Some of the farmers report on 80 per cent
crop; good quality.

Wheat — Not much raised.

Rye — A good crop.

Barley — Not quite as good as in former years but will average about
85 per cent.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwlieat — None raised.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — A fair yield.

Timothy — A good crop; will average about 80 per cent.

Clover — "Will average about 75 per cent.

Prairie Hay — A fair yield.

Other Grains and Grasses — A good average crop.

Potatoes — The grub worm ruined considerable of the early crop but
late ones will be good; yielding about 80 per cent.

Vegetables — A good crop.

Apples — A very small yield in this part of the state.

Other Fruits — A good average yield; grapes in particular.

Cattle — Our farmers are still improving their large herds. Beef cattle
are in great demand.

Horses — Still bringing a good price on the market and Clayton county
farmers have some very choice animals.

Swine — Still the principal industry of the county. Our farmers are
raising them in large numbers.

Sheep — Some large flocks of high grade animals.

Poultry — One of our best industries. High prices for both eggs and
fowls makes it a very profitable business.

Bees — Quite a number of hives did not stand the winter; some re-
port a loss of as many as 50 to 75 good swarms.

Drainage — Natural.

Other Industries — Creamery doing a good business.

Lands — Still going up in price and little for sale. Prices range from
$50.00 to $150.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held September 10-13, 1912. The attendance was not
as large as in some former years but the exhibits were up to the aver-
age, the stock exhibits being exceptionally good. The weather was not
very favorable the last day.

I'HiRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 903

CLAYTON.

11. A. AXTKLL, STRAWBERRY POINT, OCTOBER 22, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair.
Corn — 70 per cent. About 40 bushels per acre.
Oats — 85 per cent. About 40 bushels per acre.
Wheat — Good.
Rye — Good.

Barley — Fair; about 30 bushels per acre.
Flax — None.

Buckwheat — Good; 25 bushels per acre.
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — Good.
Potatoes — Good.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — None.
Other Fruits — Good.
Cattle — In good condition.
Horses — Good.

Swine — 80 per cent of the usual number.
Sheep — Not many in this township.
Poultry — Good.

Drainage — Not very much in.
Lands — Good.

Report of Fair — Larger attendance than ever before. Held Septem-
ber 3-6 inclusive.

CLAYTON.

D. E. MVINGOOD, ELKADER, OCTOBER 28, 1912.

General 'condition of Crops and Season — Plenty of moisture with
good crops in general.
Corn — Large crop.
Oats — Good.
Wheat — Good.
Rye — Good.
Barley — Good.
Flax — None.

Buckwheat — Not much raised.
Millet — Hardly any.
Sorghum — Very little grown.
Timothy — Fair crop; quality good.
Clover — Good.
Potatoes — Bumper crop.
Vegetables — Large variety and all good.
Apples — Scarce.

Other Fruits — Berries plentiful.
Cattle — Breeds are good and improving.
Horses — Good breeds and improving.

904 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Swine — Good breeds and improving.

Sheep — Not many raised but they are of good breeding.

Poultry — Many varieties and improving.

Bees — Not much interest in this industry.

Uands — Improving under good management. Increasing in value very
rapidly, selling from $65.00 to $125.00 per acre; some higher.

Report of Fair — Fair held September 25-27. Bad weather most of the
time.

CRAWFORD.

O. M. CRESWELL, ARIOX, OCTOBER 15, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Generally good.
Oats — Fine.

Wheat — ^Fall excellent ; spring good.
Rye — None raised.
Barley — Good.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Millet— Gooa.

Sorghum — Very little raised but good.
Timothy — Light crop.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — None.
Potatoes — Excellent.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — None.

Other Fruits — Small fruits good.
Cattle — Scarce.

H.orses — Enough to supply demand.
Stmne — Short crop.
Sheep — Very few; some feeding.
Poultry — Good supply.
Bees — Very few.
Drainage — Very little.

Report of Fair — Held September 10-13. Very rainy weather for fair.
Only had one good day.

CLINTON.

G. H. OHRISTENSEN, DEWITT, OCTOBER 8, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Above the average.

Com — Very good; 40 to 75 bushels per acre.

Oafs— Yield from 40 to 80 bushels per acre.

Wheat— Yield 20 bushels per acre.

Rye — 75 per cent of a crop.

Barley — None.

Fla>x — None.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 905

Buckwheat — None.
Millet — Small crop.
Sorghum — Small acreage.
Timothy — Fair crop.
Clover — None.
Prairie Hay — None.
Potatoes — One-half crop.
Apples — Not over 20 per cent of a crop.
Other Fruits — None.
Cattle — Good.
Horses — Good.

Swine — Not as many as usual.
Sheep — None.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — None.
Lands — Very high.

Report of Fair — Held September 11-13. The best fair in the history
of the association.

DAVIS.

H. C. LEACH, BLOOMFIELD, OCTOBER 19, 1912.

Corn — Large acreage; good yield; good quality.

Oats — Large acreage; good quality. Best crop in years.

Wheat — Small acreage; small yield.

Rye — Not much raised this year.

Barley — None.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — None raised this year.

Millet — Good acreage; .crop fine; quality good.

Sorghum — Small crop; good quality.

Timothy — Good crop; fine quality.

Clover — Small crop this year.

Prairie Hay — Not much here any more.

Other Grains and Grasses — Good; quality first class.

Potatoes — Small crop; good quality.

Vegeta'bles — Good crop; quality first class.

Apples — Practically a failure; small crop; poor quality.

Other Fruits — No peaches, pears, or grapes.

Cattle — Scarce; farmers shipped out too many calves.

Horses — About as usual; plentiful and prices fair.

Swine — Quality about as usual; healthy and bringing a good price.

Sheep — All doing well; lambs and old sheep selling at fair prices.

Poultry — Not quite as many raised as usual on account of grain being
so high last spring.

Bees — Not many here.

Drainage — A great deal of talk about draining Pox river bottom.
Nothing done up to this date.

906 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Lands — Not selling very lively but prices remain from $50.00 to $150.00
per acre.

Report of Fair— Held September 10-13, 1912. Had the largest fair in
the history of Davis County.

DECATUR.

E. E, M'LAUGHLIN, LEON, NOVEMBKB 12, 1912,

Corn — Corn will average about 110 per cent; quality 95 per cent.

Oats — 120 per cent, the greatest crop the county ever had; quality 100
per cent.

Wheat — 110 per cent; quality 95 per cent.

Rye — None.

Barley — Not any.

Fl<ix — Not any.

Buckwheat — I know of none.

Millet — 110 per cent; average yield; quality 100 per cent.

Sorghum — Raised only for home consumption.

Timothy — Average 110 per cent; quality 100 per cent.

Clover — Yield 95 per cent; quality 100 per cent.

Prairie Hay — Yield 100 per cent. Very little left in the county.

Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass an average crop.

Potatoes — Average yield about 25 per cent.

Apples — Yield 25 per cent; quality 50 per cent.

Other Fruits — Plums the largest crop ever raised; quality fine. Cher-
ries also very good.

Cattle — Comparatively few cattle in this county.

Horses — The usual number. Quality improving,

Swine — 50 per cent. A good deal of cholera.

Sheep — Quality is improving.

Poultry — On the increase.

Bees — Many bees winter killed, not enough honey for home con-
sumption.

Drainage — Natural drainage.

Lands — Have not increased the last year. But very few cash sales
of land.

DELAWARE.

J. B. HIGMAN, MANCHESTER, SEPTEMBER 17, 1912.

Corn — Nearly all early planted corn out of the way of frost but quite
a large acreage requires two to three weeks to mature.

Oats — Best we have had for several years.

Wheat — Good quality but very little raised.

Rye — All that was sowed early last fall is good. That sown late
not so good.

Barley — About 30 bushels per acre.

BucJcwheat — Heavy growth.

Timothy— Fvova one-half to one ton per acre,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 907

Glover — About two tons per acre.

Prairie Hay — Good.

Potatoes — Good prospect for late potatoes.

Apples — Poor crop.

Cattle — Healthy and in good condition; good milch cows bring $50.00.

Horses — Prices hold about the same.

Smine — Not more than two-thirds of average number. Some hog
cholera.

Sheep — Declining.

Poultry — More than the average number this year; good prices pre-
vailing.

Lands — Increasing in value from ten to twenty dollars per year.

Report of Fair — On account of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show being
held in Manchester during our fair dates our fair was a financial failure.

DICKINSON.

W. W. WHITE, SPIRIT LAKE, SEPTEMBER 16, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crop conditions above the
average. Crop season favorable although dry weather is needed to ma-
ture late corn.

Corn — Average acreage; good stand; heavy yield; excellent quality.

Oats — Average acreage; heavy yield. Conservatively estimated at 55
bushels per acre; good quality.

Wheat — Small acreage of winter wheat; yield reported extra good.
Spring wheat yield about 20 bushels per acre; quality good.

Rye — Very little; no report.

Barley — Light acreage; good yield and quality.

Flax — Acreage below average; yield and quality good.

Buckwheat — No report.

Millet — Heavy yield; small acreage.

Sorghum — Heavy yield; small acreage.

Timothy — Heavy hay crop; above average amount of seed harvested.

Clover — Heavy hay crop; no seed crop reported.

Prairie Hay — Heavy yield.

Other Grains and Grasses — Small acreage of alfalfa. Yield reported
above average.

Potatoes — Early and late potato acreage about average. Yield above
the average.

Yegetahles — Good quality; heavy yield.

Apples — Light crop.

Other Fruits — Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, etc., yield heavy;
quality excellent.

Cattle — Not so many as usual. In good condition.

Horses — Average number; in good condition.

Sioine — Pig crop about average. In good condition and healthy.

Sheep — Not so many as usual.

Poultry — Supply as good, or above, the average.

Bees — Light supply. Condition and production good.

908 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Drainaffe — Not so much work done as in 1911.
Lands — Demand strong; prices above last year.

Report of Fair — Held September 10-12. Weather favorable; attendance
good.

DICKINSON.

F. H. KELSEY, MILFORD, OCTOBER 23, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Good,

Oats — Good.

Wheat— Good.

Rye — Good.

Barley — Good.

Flax — Good.

Buckwheat — Good.

Millet— Fsiiv.

Timothy — Good.

Clover — Fair.

Prairie Hay — Good.

Other Grains and Grasses — Not any to amount to anything.

Potatoes — Good.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — None.

Other Fruits — Pair.

Cattle — Good.

Horses — Good.

Swine — Good.

Sheep — Good.

Poultry — Good.

Bees — Good.

Drainage — Good.

Other Industries — Good.

Lands — High.

Report of Fair— Held September 4-6 inclusive at Milford.

PAYETTE.

C. H. KNOS, OELWEIN, OCTOBER 29, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Very good.

Corn — Corn is a fair crop; quality not so good.

Oats — Very good crop; quality good.

Rye — Not much raised in the county.

Barley — Fairly good.

Timothy — For hay, not very good.

Potatoes — More than enough to supply the needs of the county.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Not many.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 909

Cattle — This is a dairy county. Do not believe there are enough cattle
in the county to supply the demand. The price for cows has advanced
from $10 to $15 per head.

Smine — Not so many as usual; cholera prevalent.

Drainage — Considerable being done.

Lands — We believe more farms have been sold at an advance of from
$10 to $20 per acre than ever before in one year.

PAYETTE.

E. A. IMC ILREB, WEST UNION, OCTOBER 10, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The most favorable season for
crops we have had for many years. The year of 1912 will be referred
to for many years as one of the best for general farming purposes.

Corn — There was an unusual growth of stalks and a very satisfactory
earing of the corn crop. The first killing frost damaged the corn and
fodder about ten per cent.

Oats — One of the best crops of that grain matured for the past ten
years. No rust to speak of and the quality of grain was extra good.

WTieai— Gradually coming back in a small way for milling purposes.
The wheat crop has been very satisfactory for the past four or five years
and many farmers are sowing a little for their own use.

Rye — Not raised very extensively in this county. It has been winter
killed a great deal of late years.

Barley — ^Was a very good crop but the yield was shaded off a little by
the dry weather while it was filling.

Flax — Is not grown in sufficient quantity to be worthy of report.

Buckwheat — Not grown in sufficient quantity to be worthy of report.

Millet — Not grown very largely for stock feed. A little is grown for
poultry, but not much.

Sorghum — The cultivation of sorghum has increased quite noticeably in
the last few years and the crop this year was fine.

Timothy — For seed is not grown so much as in former years and the
crop was a little light this year on account of the dry weather.

Clover — In this county has been very greatly cut down in the past
three years by failure to get a stand and by winter killing. Not many
good fields.

Prairie Hay — A thing of the past in this county.

Other Grains and Grasses — Not grown in the county to any consider-
able extent.

Potatoes — The best crop for many years.

Vegetables — In the early part of the season did not do very well, but
in the latter part of the season were exceptionally good.

Apples — Were a very small crop. In fact the smallest crop matured
for several years; a good many orchards having none.

Other Fruits — Plums were the greatest crop ever known here. Grapes,
blackberries, raspberries very poor. Strawberries and currants fine
crop.

910 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Cattle — Have had an exceptionally favorable year; an abundance of
feed, with no disease of any kind.

Horses — On the increase. Farmers appear to be stocking up on horses
of a better quality than formerly.

Swine — More plentiful than for three or four years and so far as
known are free from disease.

Sheep — Have done exceptionally well and flocks have been considerably
increased.

Poultry — Did very well in the forepart of the season and a very large
number were marketed. There has been a great deal of disease since the
rainy season.

Bees — Nearly eliminated by the disease of the past three years.

Drainage — Considered from the standpoint of the laying of tile has very
greatly increased this summer; many miles of drainage having been
put in.

Other IndusttHes — Have flourished as never before by reason of the
good times, and the unusual demand for all kinds of material and labor.
Very large amount of building has been done and is still in progress.

Lands — Have increased from ten to fifteen per cent since the first of
January and are still on the rise.

Report of Fair — The fair this year was held at West Union on Septem-
ber 2-6. The Association adopted a new plan this year and held the
fair an extra day and also had two night fairs, which were very greatly
to the advantage of the society. The extra day enabled them to get
around one very rainy day with a small attendance and enabled the so-
ciety to pay for a large new horse barn and left a surplus in the treas-
ury of over $500.00. The Fayette County Fair this year closed giving
universal satisfaction and leaving a handsome surplus for future use.

FRANKLIN.

C. D. WILLIAMS, HAMPTON, OCTOBER 17, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good; early frost hurt corn.

Corn — 92 per cent.

Oats — 100 per cent.

Wheat — 100 per cent. Acreage has been small but is increasing.

Rye — 95 per cent.

Barley — 105 per cent.

Buckwheat — 95 per cent. Not much raised.

Millet — Same as buckwheat.

Sorghum — 95 per cent. But little grown.

Timothy — 115 per cent.

Glover — 100 per cent.

Potatoes — 110 per cent.

Yegeta'bles — 100 per cent.

Apples — 15 per cent.

Other Fruits — 95 per cent.

Cattle — Supply 75 per cent. Condition 100 per cent.

Horses — Supply 100 per cent. Condition 100 per cent.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 911

Stoine — Supply 85 per cent. Condition 95 per cent.
Sheep — Supply 75 per cent. Condition 100 per cent.
Poultry — Supply and condition 100 per cent.
Bees — Supply 80 per cent. Condition 85 per cent.
Drainage — Large amount being done.
Other Industries — Some factories coming in. All busy.
Lands — 20 per cent of an increase in price for 1912.
Report of i^air— Held September 24-27.

GREENE.

S. C. CULBERTSOX, JEFFERSON, OCTOBER 25, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops generally very good.
Have had an ideal season.

Corn — Yield estimated at from 40 to 75 bushels per acre. Large
acreage.

Oats — Yield about 40 to 50 bushels per acre and of good quality.

Wheat — But small acreage; yield from 25 to 30 bushels.

Rye — But little raised.

Barley — Little raised.

Flax — None to speak of.

Buckwheat — Very little sown.

Millet — Very good crop.

Sorghum — But little grov/n.

Timothy — Fair crop of hay. Lack of early rains cut the crop short.

Clover — Large crop but no seed in it.

Prairie Hay — Acreage small; crop good.

Potatoes — Very light crop. Dealers buying elsewhere for local de-
mand.

Vegetables — Unsually good crop and quality.

Apples — Almost a complete failure.

Other Fruits — Cherries, strawberries and grapes good.

Cattle — A shortage of all kinds. Not as many on feed as usual at
this time. Quality is getting better.

Horses — Quality of draft horses excellent. There seems to be a short-
age at this time and prices are high.

Sunne — To start with we had a light stock of pigs and at present the
hogs are dying in all parts of the county. Shortage here next spring
will be heavy.

Sheep — Not many raised.

Poultry — Much interest is being taken in the raising of fine and better
poultry. In healthy condition.

Bees — Not any.

Drainage — Greene County is doing a vast amount of drainage. Several
county drains put in this season and more contemplated. Also lots of
private drainage being done.

Other Industries — Merchants have generally had an unusually good
business this season and banks have plenty of cash for local demand
and deposits are growing.

912 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Land^ — Quite a lot of land changed hands this fall and prices have
been from $15.00 to $20.00 higher than last year. Best farms and im-
provements sell at $160.00 to $175.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held October 10-13. Taken altogether it was a most
satisfactory fair.

GRUNDY.

E. V. M'BROOM, GRUNDY CENTER, OCTOBER 26, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops considerably better
than in former years. The season was quite backward in the spring;
quite dry and hot in the early summer and wet during the fall.

Corn — Exceptionally good crop; yielding from 40 to 75 bushels per
acre.

Oats — Considerably above the average. The average yield was about
50 bushels per acre; quality good.

Wheat — About twenty-five per cent of the wheat winter killed. What
survived yielded about twenty bushels per acre. Quality good.

Rye — Not much raised. Yield about 20 bushels per acre and quality
good.

Barley — Yield and quality of barley good; yielding about forty to
forty-five bushels per acre.

Flax — Only a few fields of flax in the county.

Buckwheat — Not much grown.

Millet — Very little grown. What there is is yielding heavily.

Sorghum — Only raised in small quantities but yielding heavily.

Timothy — Above the average. What was cut for hay yielded about a
ton to a ton and a half per acre. That cut for seed yielded about eight
bushels.

Clover — First crop yielded about two and one-half tons per acre; sec-
ond crop about one and one-half tons per acre.

Prairie Hay — Little or no prairie hay in the county.

Other Grains and Grasses — A few small fields of alfalfa; yield only fair.

Potatoes — Yielded from 125 to 200 bushels per acre; quality good.

Vegetables — All vegetables did well.

Apples — Almost a complete failure.

Other Fruits — Only a few cherries and an abnormal crop of plums and
grapes.

Cattle — A shortage of cattle during the summer although the fall
demand has been quite well supplied. About the usual number on
feed.

Horses — The supply of horses seems to be considerable greater than
the demand.

Swine — Only about 75 per cent of what it was last year. About
20 per cent have already died from cholera.

Sheep — About normal. Not raised extensively but we have the best
grades and they are well cared for.

Poultry — Considerable attention paid to poultry raising. About 20
per cent more being raised than last year.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 913

Bees — Winter very severe on bees. Not much attention being paid
to them.

Drainage — No county drainage. Considerable tiling being done.

Lands — Gradually increasing; being listed all the way from $150.00
per acre to $225.00. The fertility of the soil has been considerably
improved of late.

Report of Fair — Held September 17-19th. The exhibits in most de-
partments were much larger than in former years. The attendance
was good considering the weather, there being between seven and eight
thousand in attendance.

GUTHRIE.

J. A. MCLAUGHLIN, GUTHRIE CENTER, OCTOBER 29, 1912.

Corn — Bumper crop. Wet season.

Oats — Fair.

Wheat — Very good.

Millet— Gooa.

Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — Good.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay — Good.

Other Grains and Grasses — Fair.

Potatoes — Fair.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Poor.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Scarce.

Horses — Not plentiful.

SvAne — Too much hog cholera.

Sheep — Good. Not very many.

Poultry — Average.

Bees — Fair.

Drainage — Good.

Other Industries — Medium.

Lands — High.

Report of Fair — Dates 24-27, 1912. Rained some every day.

HANCOCK.

R. J. MC MILLEN, BRITT, OCTOBER 19, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — In general very good.
Corn — Most of the corn well out of the way of frost. The yield will
be from 50 to 65 bushels.

Oats — Very heavy, yielding from 50 to 90 bushels.
Wheat — Not much raised. Did not seem to fill well.
Rye — Small patches grown; yield good.
Barley — Very little grown but a, good crop.
58

914 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Flax — Best crop we have ever had. Yielded as high as 20 bushels
per acre.

Buckmlieat — Small patches raised, mostly for private use.

Millet — Big crop for feed; not much threshed.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Big fields threshed out and yielded heavy. Price dropped
considerably.

Glover — None raised.

Prairie Hay — A very good crop of lowland hay.

Potatoes — Big yield; quality good; price low. Being shipped out by
carloads,

VegetaMes — Plentiful.

Apples — Not any.

Other Fruits — Cherries and plums a big crop; small berries also good.

Giattle — High price and in good condition.

Horses — Selling high. Supply fair.

Svnne — A great many raised. Very high price and no disease.

Sheep — Few raised.

Poultry — Raised in big bunches.

Bees — But few bees kept.

Drainage — Six big ditches drain the county well.

Lands — Big advance over last year and quite a little changing hands.

Report of Fair — Held September 2-6th. Had fair crowds but we don't
seem to get the support of the county. Taken too much as a one town
affair.

HARDIN.

H. S. MARTIN, ELDORA, OCTOBER 10, 1912.

Corn — Heavy yield; some corn hurt by frost.
Oats — 40 to 75 bushels.

Wheat — ^Winter wheat went 20 to 40 bushels; spring wheat 15 to 20.
Rye — Fair.
Barley — Good.
Timothy — Average.
Clover — Fair.

Prairie Hay — None, with the exception of slough or marsh hay.
Potatoes — Good quality; light yield.
Apples — Light crop.
Other Fruits — Good.
Cattle — Good condition; scarce.
Horses — Average.
Swine — About an average.
Sheep — Not many here.
Poultry — Average.

Lands— A good deal changing hands. Selling from $100.00 to $200.00
per acre.
Report of Fair— Held September 3-6.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 915

HARRISON.

A. B. HASBROOK, MISSOURI VAIXEY, OCTOBER, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — A very favorable season. Ex-
cellent crops.

Corn — A larger crop than for many years.

Oats — Better than for many years but only fair.

Wheat — A bumper crop, both as to yield and quality. Also a larger
acreage than in former years.

Rye — Very little rye was raised but the yield and quality were good.

Barley — Almost none produced.

Buckwheat — ^Very little grown.

Millet — What little was raised was of good quality and abundant yield.

Sorghum — Principally raised for forage.

Timothy — Little produced. Crop cut short by dry weather in June.

Clover — This crop not extra owing to dry weathei;.

Prairie Hay — Less every year. Rainy weather has been unfavorable
to the harvesting of this crop and much of the hay is of inferior quality.

Potatoes — Fair crop; quality good. Potatoes have been an uncertain
crop for years. Dry weather usually cuts the crop short.

Vegetables — All kinds are abundant; quality good. All melons ex-
ceptionally good.

Apples — A very light crop; quality only fair.

Other Fruits — All small fruits abundant; pears yielded well.

Cattle — The leading beef breeds are Herefords, Short Horns and Red
Polled. The Jerseys are the favorites for dairying although some other
breeds are raised.

Horses — Percherons are more numerous than any <jther breed. The
present high prices for horses tends greatly to increase the production
of horses in this county.

Swine — The mortgage lifters. Great numbers are raised. Duroc Jersey
is the favorite breed. Poland Chinas come next.

Poultry — The poultry show at the fair was not up to former years.

Drainage — A great interest manifested in drainage and much of the
swamp area has already been reclaimed.

Lands — Have increased in value greatly.

Report of Fair — Held September 24-27. Bad weather made it almost
a failure. We had but small exhibits and a very small attendance.

HENRY.

JOHN A. BAXTER, WINFIELD, OCTOBER 28, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — A very prosperous year.

Corn — Good. Averaging from 30 to 70 bushels per acre.

Oats — Fair crop; averaging from 25 to 40 bushels; good quality.

Wheat — ^Very little sown but fair crop and good quality.

Rye — None to speak of.

Barley — Good. Very little sown.

Flax — None grown.

916 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Buckwheat — ^None sown.

Millet — Good. Very little sown.

Sorghum — Fair.

Timothy — Very light crop; too dry.

Clover — Light crop.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — Medium.

Potatoes — About one-fourth crop; too dry.

Vegetables — Fair but too dry.

Apples — Some early apples but very few winter ones.

Other Fruits — Medium.

Cattle — Not so many raised on account of high price of corn and hay.

Horses — About an average.

Swine — Not so many as usual on account of high price of feed. A
good many rushed to market early.

Sheep — About as usual.

Poultry — About 25 per cent above the average.

Bees — Poor.

Drainage — Very little in this vicinity as most of the ground is tiled.

Other Industries — Very prosperous.

Lands — Very little changing hands as few care to sell. Prices range
from $100 to $200 per acre.

Report of Fair— Held August 6-9, 1912. A very good fair.

HENRY.

C. H, TRIBBY, MT. PLEASANT, OCTOBER 12, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — A very prosperous season.

Corn — Large acreage and all well matured with the exception of a little
late planted. I doubt if there has ever been so many bushels of good
corn grown in the county.

Oats — Best crop in ten years; good grain and fine straw.

Wheat— Very little sown. Fall wheat good.

Rye — Best for many years. Only sown for the purpose of seeding
ground to grass.

Barley — Good crop but small acreage.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — Too dry for crop. Not much sown.

Millet — Sown when oats or corn fails. Very little this season.

Sorghum — Very little.

Timothy — Good crop of seed but dry weather in April injured the
grass in some localities.

Clover — Same as timothy.

Other Grains and G^'asses— Blue grass, our profitable crop, was cut
as other grasses.

Potatoes — Good crop and good quality.

Vegetubles — Fine and plentiful.

Apples — Light crop; good quality.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 917

Other Fruits — Heavy crop of plums and grapes. Cherries and ber-
ries were light.

Cattle — Scarce. Land prices have soared so high our farmers de-
cided they could not afford to raise calves and are now paying the
west fabulous prices for feeders.

Horses — Plenty of young horses but our good draft colts are picked
up so young one can hardly find a load of good matured horses.

Stmne — Lots of young hogs. Can change from a scarcity to an over
supply within six months if the prices suit.

Sheep — Many sold last year on account of scarcity of pasture.

Poultry — A good season for poultry.

Bees — But few.

Drainage — ^Best in the state. Every farm tiled to suit the lay of
the ground.

Other Industries — Keeping pace with other counties in the state in
regard to factories, good roads, etc.

Lands — Real estate has not advanced so much as in the two years
previous but has not gone back. Any fairly improved farm is worth
$200.00 per acre and many up to $225 or $250.

Report of Fair—R^ia. August 13-16. Rain on Tuesday kept exhibitors
back and reduced the crowd on Wednesday. We feel that the fair
was a great success considering the weather.

HOWARD.

N. B. DOOLITTLE, CRESCO, NOVEMBEB, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Very prolific year for all crops,
except tree fruits.

Cm-n — Extra good. Estimated at 30 to 45 bushels per acre.

Oats — Yield 40 to 80 bushels; average 55 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Not much sown; yield 12 to 20 bushels per acre.

Rye — Average yield 32 bushels per acre.

Barley — Great crop harvested. Worth 50 to 60 cents per bushel.

Flax — Good yield of early flax; late flax worthless.

Buckwheat — But little sown. Wet weather injured a great deal.

Millet — Good. Only a small amount grown.

Sorghum — But little sown.

Timothy— Good. Hay 1% tons per acre; seed 3 to 10 bushels per acre.

Clover — None. The drouths of 1910-11 spoiled the seeding.

Prairie Hay — But little left.

Other Grains and Grasses — Not any.

Potatoes—From 150 to 300 bushels per acre. Many carloads shipped
to market at 20 to 25 cents per bushel.

Vegetables — Onions to ship. Other vegetables plentiful.

Apples — Very few.

Other Fruits — Berries a good supply.

Ca^Ze— Thinned out by two years of drouth and high prices. About two-
thirds of the 1912 calves shipped for veal.

918 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Horses — 1,723 sold and shipped from the county at an average price
of $177.00.

Svnne — 625 carloads sold and shipped from the county. Twenty-three
M. per car, at an average of $70 per thousand pounds, making $1,006,250.

Sheep — The drouths of 1910-11, coupled with the fear of a lower tariff
on wool has reduced the sheep to a minimum.

Poultry — Great increase in chickens and a small increase in ducks,
geese and turkeys.

Bees — Nearly killed out by severe winters.

Drainage — On the increase. Several miles of tile put in and more
projected. No drainage district in county.

Other Industries — Prospering.

Lands — On the increase in price. A raise of 12 per cent in 1912.
Prices now range forty to one hundred and fifty dollars per acre.

Report of Fair — No fair.

HUMBOLDT.

W. B. WEST, HUMBOLDT, OCTOBER, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Spring conditions reasonably
favorable, expecially so for small grain. A little too cold for corn and
wet, cold, weather during the growing season has retarded growth. Most
of the early planting matured before frost.

Corn — Large acreage and good stand. Frost the latter part of Sep-
tember will make the crop 10 per cent soft.

Oats — Largest yield in many years, 60 to 90 bushels per acre, average
better than 60.

Wheat — More winter wheat sown than formerly. Yield from 25 to 35
bushels per acre. Spring wheat about 20 bushels.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — Only limited amount raised. Mostly for local use. Average
about 40 bushels per acre.

Flax — I know of none.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Good yield but not much grown.

Sorghum — Few fields grown for fodder and some put in the silo.

Timothy — Drouth last year reduced acreage. Some good fields but less
than usual.

Clover — Heavy catch on spring seeding.

Other Grains and Grasses — Considerable amount of sugar beets grown
in the northern part of the county. Making good money for the growers
this year.

Potatoes — Big crop; average 200 bushels per acre.

VegetaMes — Large quantity of all kinds.

Apples — Practically none.

Other Fruits — Lots of plums and small fruits.

Cattle — About average number but there is a tendency to reduce the
herds.

Horses — Breeding of draft horses on the increase and practically no
roadsters raised.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 919

Sioine — Not so many spring pigs as usual on account of cold weather.
No disease.

Sheep — Not many raised but they do well.

Poultry — About an average number raised. A good many pure bred
flocks.

Bees — None.

Drainage — Considerable being done but not as much as three or four
years ago.

Lands — Advancing rapidly in value; scarce at $125.00 to $175.00 per
acre. *

Report of Fair — Held September 10-14. Pair exhibits; good attrac-
tions and attendance better than for several years.

IOWA.

J. p. BOWLING, VICTOR, OCTOBER 7, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Corn and small grain a good
crop.

Corn — Good.

Oats — Good.

Wheat — Not much raised.

Rye — Good.

Barley — Good.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Pair.

Millet — Not much raised.

Sorghum — Not much raised.

Timothy — Good.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay — Good.

Potatoes — Good. A big crop.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — A failure.

Other Fruits — Plums exceptionally good. Other fruits all good.

Bees — Not many in this vicinity.

Report of Fair — Held at Victor on August 13-15. Weather was fine and
the fair a success.

IOWA.

CHAS. FLETCHER, WILLIAMSBURG.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Generally good.
Corn — Above the normal yield. Quality very good.
Oats — Especially good, both as to quality and yield.
Wheat — Not extensively grown.

Timothy — Not the usual yield but quality especially good.
Clover — Where not pastured too close in the fall it was particularly
good.
Potatoes — About normal,

920 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Vegetables — Generally good, both as to yield and quality.

Apples — Will average about one-third of the 1911 crop.

Other Fruits — An enormous yield of plums.

Cattle — The farmers in general have pure bred cattle. Polled Angus,
Herefords and Short Horns take the lead.

Horses — This section of the county has exceptionally good horses
but we note farmers are becoming careless in the breeding of good
roadsters.

Swine— This industry is kept up to the full standard of high breeding
quality. Free from disease for the past four years in this section.

Sheep — Not many raised.

Poultry — One of the leading industries. The egg and poultry ship-
ments from this county are immense.

Drainage — The drainage system is practically complete.

Other Industries — We have a tomato canning factory which is doing
a very good business.

Lands — Advanced in value. Will average $200 per acre throughout
Iowa county.

Report of Fair—Hem at Williamsburg on September 10-12. The ex-
hibits were not quite up to the usual standard in regard to number but
the quality was excellent. A successful fair.

IOWA.

ALEX M'LEXXAN, MAREXGO, OCTOBER 17, 1912.

General Conditi07i of Crops and Season — Generally good crops; yield
above the average and quality good.

Corn — Possibly 100 per cent. Good quality. Some replanted fields
were hurt some by the frost.

Oats — Good quality and more than the average yield per acre, about
45 bushels per acre.

Wheat — More winter wheat raised this year than usual. Good quality
and an average yield of about 25 bushels.

Rye — But very little grown but the yield and quality was good.

Barley — Very little raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None raised.

Millet — Not much raised in this county.

Sorghum — Very little grown.

Timothy — Above the average this year. A great deal cut for seed.

Clover — Good crop.

Prairie Hay — None in the county.

Other Ch-ains and Grasses — Some patches of alfalfa being started.

Potatoes — More than the average acreage. Rather below the average
in yield; quality good.

Vegetables — Only raised for home use.

Apples — Very few this year.

Other Fruits — An abundant crop of plums, grapes, cherries and berries.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 921

Cattle — Only the best grades are being bred. Aberdeen Angus, Here-
fords and Short Horns predominate. Considerable Dakota stuff is being
shipped in for feeding.

Horses — Only the best are being raised here now; mostly heavy work
horses. More colts this year than for a number of years. Good de-
mand and high prices.

Swine — Fine lot of pigs and all well bred. Herds are in splendid con-
dition. No cholera in the county.

Sheep — More sheep in the county this year than usual and they are in
splendid condition.

Poultry — More being raised each year and we have the best varieties.

Bees — Very few in the county.

Drainage — Considerable low and wet land has been tiled this year.
Most of the sloughs are now tiled.

Other Industries — Woolen and flour mills report an average business;
canning factories have done the biggest business they have ever known.
Creameries have also done well.

Lands — Building improvements on the increase; more attention given
to rotation of crops, fertilizing and intensive farming. Lands range in
price from $85 to $225 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held at Marengo on September 17-19. Weather was
unfavorable; attendance smaller than usual and exhibits,- with the ex-
ception of cattle, larger than usual.

JACKSON.

W. D. MC CAFFREY, MAQUONETA, SEPTEMBER, 1912.

Genei'al Condition of Crops and Season — Very good.

Corn — Good.

Oats — Good.

Wheat — Not much raised but what we had was good.

Rye — Not much raised but good.

Barley — What we had was good.

Flax — None raised.

BucTcwheat — Not much raised.

Millet — Not much grown.

Sorghum — None raised.

Timothy — Light crop.

Clover — Fair crop.

Prairie Hay — None grown.

Potatoes — Good yield.

Yegetahles — Big yield.

Apples — Very light crop.

Other Fruits — Plums in abundance. Other fruits light.

Oaf^Ze— Plentiful.

Horses — Quite a number raised.

Swine — Very good this year.

Sheep — Not many raised.

Poultry — Lots of poultry this year.

Bees — Have done well this season.

922 IOWA iDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Other Industries — Lime kilns, button factory, creamery and broom
factory all doing a good business.

Report of Fair — Held at Maquoketa September 3-6. We had good
weather and the largest attendance for a number of years.

JASPER.

F. E. MEREDITH, NEWTON, OCTOBER 15, 1912.

General Conditon of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Good.

Oats — Excellent.

V/heat — Excellent.

Rye — Good.

Barley — None.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — I know of none.

Millet — Not any.

Sorghum — None that I know of.

Timothy — Fair.

Clover — Fair.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Fair.

Yegetahles — Good.

Apples — Very poor.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Good.

Horses — Good.

Swine — Good.

Sheep — Good.

Poultry — Good.

Bees — Good.

Drainage — Excellent.

Other Industries — Good.

Lands — Very high.

Report of Fair — Held August 19-22. Largest number of entries we
ever had; fine weather, attendance not quite so large as last year but
just as much money taken in from all sources. Very good races and
good attractions. We built a fine new grandstand, and had it not been
for this we would have had a nice balance on hand.

JEFFERSON.

SANFORD ZEIGLE.

Corn — 100 per cent on basis of a ten year average.

Oats — 120 per cent.

Wheat — 50 per cent. Much of it winter killed.

Rye — Same as wheat.

Barley — 100 per cent.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — None to speak of.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 923

Millet — 120 per cent.

Sorghum — 100 per cent.

Timothy — 100 per cent.

Glover — 40 per cent.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — 100 per cent.

VegetaNes — 125 per cent.

Apples — 25 per cent.

Other Fruits — 125 per cent.

Cattle — 50 per cent.

Horses — 100 per cent.

Swine — 60 per cent.

Sheep — 75 per cent.

Poultry — 115 per cent.

Bees — 30 per cent.

Lands — Advanced 50 per cent in the last ten years.

Report of Fair — Held September 7-9th.

JOHNSON.

GEO. A. HITCHCOCK, IOWA CITY, OCTOBER 25, 1912.

General Gondii on of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Above the average yield; good quality.

Oats — Bumper crop; threshed in good condition.

Wheat — Not a large acreage but yield and quality extra.

Rye — Very little sown; quality above the average.

Flax — None.

BucTcivheat — Very little sown.

Millet — Good yield; not much sown.

Timothy — Very light crop; rather better than last year. Fine quality.

Glover — BeloY\^ the average.

Prairie Hay — Very little cut in this county.

Potatoes — Good yield; extra good quality.

YegetaMes — Good.

Apples — A failure.

Other Fruits — With the exception of cherries a good yield and fine
fruit.

Cattle — Not as many as usual.

Horses — About the usual number but not many for sale; prices high.

Swine — More than the average. Some disease reported.

Sheep — About the usual number.

Poultry — Usual number raised.

Bees — Very few in the county.

Drainage — More put in every year.

Other Industries — In a flourishing condition.

Lands — Prices high, ranging from $75.00 to $250.00 per acre. Average
about $100.00.

Report of Fair — Held August 27-30. Attendance was not as good as
expected. Too many other attractions near the fair dates.

924 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

JONES.

L. W. RUSSELL, ANAMOSA, OCTOBER, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The best in years.

Corn — Large acreage and fine crop. 100 bushels to the acre very
common.

Oats — Pine crop; average acreage.

Wheat— Very little.

Rye — Very little; a very good crop.

Barley — Very little.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — Not any.

Millet — I know of none.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — A very good crop.

Clover — Pine.

Prairie Hay — Not any.

Potatoes — Small yield.

Apples — Not any.

Cattle — High prices have cleaned them out pretty well.

Horses — Increasing in number.

Swine — As usual.

Sheep — Very few.

Poultry — Business increasing all the time.

Bees — A few.

Drainage — High price of land is compelling the farmer to drain his
land so that he can farm every available acre.

Other Industries — Very little manufacturing in this county.

Lands — Price has advanced from $25.00 to $50.00 per acre this year.

Report of Fair — ^We think the fair this year the best in the history of
the association. Very good exhibits in all departments and good at-
tractions. Held August 12-16.

KEOKUK.

GEO. A. POFF, WHAT CHEER, OCTOBER 23, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Splendid.

Corn — The largest crop in many years.

Oats — Excellent condition; large yield.

Wheat — Increased acreage and a large yield.

Rye — ^None.

Barley — Not any.

Flax — None.

Buckivheat — Not any.

Millet — None.

Sorghum — Very little; splendid quality.

Timothy — Good yield and good quality.

Clover — Good crop; excellent quality.

Prairie Hay — Medium crop.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 925

Potatoes — Not as heavy a crop as usual. They are being shipped in
from other places.

Vegetables — Excellent.

Apples — None to speak of.

Other Fruits — A scarcity of small fruit, with the exception of straw-
berries, which were very plentiful.

Cattle — We have a number of fine herds and the quality is growing
better.

Horses — Several large breeders of fine horses.

Swine — ^We had a splendid exhibit at our fair.

Sheep — Good quality but not many raised here.

Poultry — We have a number of fancy breeders. The display at the
fair was the largest we have had for many years.

Bees — Lots of bees; great quantities of honey sold.

Drainage — Increasing. An immense amount of tiling being done by
the farmers.

Other Industries — What Cheer is looking forward to great things from
their new quarter of a million dollar sewer pipe plant.

Lands — Advancing. Good improved land worth from $100 to $200 per
acre.

Report of Fair — Held September 23-26. A bad week. We have paid
all bills.

KOSSUTH.

T. P. HARRINGTON, ALGONA, OCTOBER 8, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Spring a little late with a
little more rain than necessary. Rainfall all season was perhaps more
than average and abundant for all crops.

Corn — Acreage larger than usual and yield will average 60 bushels per
acre; 95 per cent sound. Will be the largest total yield in the history
of the county.

Oats — An excessive growth of straw and it lodged badly. Yield will
average about 50 bushels per acre and quality good.

Wheat — Acreage larger than usual; quality very good. Yield about
20 to 25 bushels per acre.

Rye — Very little grown.

Barley — But little grown for market; quality good.

Flax — Small acreage; yield and quality good.

Buckwheat — Very little grown; yield and quality good.

Millet — Yield and quality good; not much grown.

Sorghum — Very little raised except for cattle feed; yield very large.

Timothy — A little thin on account of hard winter and drouth of last
fall. Above an average crop.

Clover — About the same as timothy.

Prairie H.ay — Very little left. Yield very heavy.

Other Grains and Gi-asses — Good.

Potatoes — Crop very good; more than enough for home demand.

Vegetables — Very good.

Apples — Very few apples this year; almost a total failure.

926 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Other Fruits — Small fruit abundant; good crop of plums and cherries.

Cattle — Improving. A marked tendency toward dairy cattle and the
dairy industry generally.

Horses — Prices are high. The breeds are improving rapidly, es-
pecially the heavy draft horses. Automobiles seem to have put the
roadsters out of business.

Sivine — More than ever before; no disease reported.

Sheep — Not extensively raised.

Poultry — More than • usual. More attention being paid to the breed-
ing of poultry every year.

Bees — Not many.

Drainage — This county is doing more drainage than any other coun-
ty in the state.

Other Industries — There is little in the way of manufacturing products.
Tile factory doing a good business.

Lands — Values have increased from $10.00 to $25.00 per acre in the
last year. There is a strong demand by actual homeseekers from the
east and south and prices will doubtless go higher.

Report of Fair — Held September 17-20. We had rain on Monday,
Tuesday and Wednesday which cut down the stock exhibits but on the
whole the fair was a decided success.

LEE.

CHRIS HAFFNEB, DONNELLSON, OCTOBER 23, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season very favorable; crops
good.

Corn — Good quality; large yield.

Oats — Best quality and yield we have had for years.

Wheat — Very light crop.

Rye — Very little raised.

Barley — None grown.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — Some sown; good yield.

Sorghum — Pair crop.

Timothy — Pine quality. Pair crop.

Clover — Not a heavy crop. Pair.

Prairie Hay — Not any.

Potatoes — Light crop.

Vegetables — Good crop.

Apples — Very fair crop.

Other Fruits — Pair crop.

Cattle — Shorthorns and Polled Angus predominate.

Horses — Roadsters and Percherons leading breeds.

Swine — Chester White, Duroc Jerseys and Poland Chinas predominate.

Sheep — Shropshires and Delaines take the lead.

Poultry — Great interest taken in this industry and nearly all breeds
represented.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 927

Bees — Very few.
Drainage — Good.

Lands — Average from $100 to $200 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held on August 21-23. The exhibits and racing were
good, the attendance large and the fair a success financially.

LEE.

JOHX WALLJASPER, WEST POINT, OCTOBER, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Generally above the average.
Corn — Above the average. On account of the late season planting was
late.

Oats — Way above the average. The cool, wet weather of May and June
was just right for oats and it yielded the heaviest for any year during
the last 20 years.

Wheat — Not so much sown as usual. Winter wheat was hurt by the
late March snow and freeze but notwithstanding all these drawbacks the
yield was fair.

Rye — Very little sown; quality fair.
Barley — Scarcely any sown.
Flax — None sown.

Buckivheat — Not much sown but this promises to do well.
Millet — Some millet sown. Good crop this year.
Sorghum — A good crop.

Timothy — A good average crop. More sown than in former years. Hay
about two-thirds of a full yield.

Clover — Clover did not do well on account of the severe winter.
Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass and other grains and grasses
did remarkably well.

Potatoes — A good crop, good quality.
Vegetables — A good crop and fine quality.
Apples — A medium crop; good quality.

Other Fruits — Cherries and plums were good, peaches a failure and
pears still suffering from the blight which has attacked a number of
pear trees during the last few years.

Cattle — Somewhat scarce on account of the farmers selling their sur-
plus stock on account of the severe drouth.

Horses — Command a good price and farmers are paying considerable
attention to the breeding. The colt show at our fair was one of the best
in the state.

Swine — This is the "old reliable standby" for our farmers. All are
in a healthful condition at this time.

Sheep — Farmers are paying more attention to sheep and flocks may be
seen all over the county. On many farms they are taking the place of
cattle.
Poultry — Every farmer raises chickens. An important industry.
Bees — Not much attention paid to this industry.

928 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Drmnage — In localities where necessary drainage districts are estab-
lished.

Other Industries — Railroad shop, saw mills, woolen mills, iron works
and other smaller factories are doing a good business. An immense dam
has been completed across "The Father of Waters" at Keokuk. This is
one of the largest, if not the largest, of any dam of its kind in the world.

LancL^ — Booming and will still go higher, making it imperative for the
owners to raise more bushels to the acre. This is the only way to solve
the high cost of living.

Report of Fair — Held at West Point on September 24-27, and it was a
"hummer." The colt show on the second day was a grand success as
was the corn show. The fair association made enough above their ex-
penses to pay for a new horse barn, 32x80 feet and also many other nec-
essary improvements.

LINN.

E. W. PENLY, CENTRAL, CITY, OCTOBER 7, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good, with the exception of
hay and late corn. Large amount of frosted corn still being cut up.
Hay was damaged by cut worms.

Corn — 80 per cent. 20 per cent being injured by frost. We would
have had a bumper crop but for that. Will average about 55 bushels.

Oats — Average acreage; splendid quality and average yield. About 45
to 50 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Not much sown; poor quality. All spring wheat.

Rye — Good quality and yield from 15 to 20 bushels per acre.

Barley — Not as good as usual. Yield about 20 bushels per acre.

Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Heavy yield but frost caught a great deal of it.

Sorgh^um — About the usual amount sown. Good quality and yield.

Timothy — Light except new seeding.

Glover — Same as timothy.

Prairie Hay — Not any.

Potatoes — Much better than last year. 100 per cent.

Yegetatles — Good.

Apples — Only once in a while an orchard with any apples.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Not many cattle on feed and getting scarce.

Horses — Selling cheaper at sales this fall. Believe the price will be
good again this spring.

Swine — About the usual number and in good condition. Two herds
report cholera.

Sheep — More being raised and going into winter in fine shape.

Poultry — Normal supply and healthy.

Bees — Better than for several years.

Drmnage — Lots of tile being used. Two factories are being kept busy
to supply demand.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 929

Other Industries — In fine condition.
Lands — Advanced 25 per cent this summer.

Report of Fair — We had a good attendance, a nice line of stock and
splendid attractions. We consider it a successful fair.

LINN.

C. A. PATTEN, MARION, SEPTEMBER, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops extra good. Season
about two weeks behind average years.

Corn — 80 per cent. Three-fourths of the crop out of the way of frost.

Oats — 80 per cent.

Wheat — 80 per cent.

Rye — 80 per cent.

Barley — 85 per cent.

Flax — Not much raised in this county.

Buckwheat — 75 per cent. Very little grown.

Millet — None raised.

Sorghum — 70 per cent.

Clover — 50 per cent.

Prairie Hay — Not any.

Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures good.

Potatoes — 75 per cent.

Vegetables — 80 per cent.

Apples — 25 per cent.

Other Fruits — 75 per cent.

Cattle — 80 per cent.

Horses — 80 per cent.

Swine — 80 per cent.

Sheep — 65 per cent.

Poultry — 85 per cent.

Bees — 50 per cent.

Drainage — Quite a bit of tiling put in but no open ditches.

Lands — Average price per acre about $125.00.

Report of Fair — Held August 20-23, 1912. About an average fair.

LOUISA.

O. M. CAVIN, COLUMBUS JUNCTION, OCTOBER 21, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Pair.
Corn — Large acreage and quality fair to good.
Oats — Good quality.
Wheat — Poor.
Rye — Fair.
Barley — None.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Millet— Very little.
Sorghum — Not much.
59

930 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Timothy — Fair.
Glover — Fair.
Prairie Hay — Not any.
Potatoes — Good.
Apples — Poor.

Cattle — Feeding cattle scarce and high.
Horses — Improving in quality. Not many for sale.
Sivine — Not as many as usual on account of cholera last year.
Sheep — Very few.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — Very few.

Report of Fair — Held September 4-6. Attendance was good. Stock
exhibits light.

LUCAS.

J. C. WILLIAMSON, CHARITON, NOVEMBER 25, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — This has been a very favorable
year for the farmer. Crops of all kinds were good and are bringing a
fair price.

Corn — One of the largest crops ever harvested. Some of it a little soft
but most of it is fine. Selling at 35 cents at this date.

Oats — A good crop was harvested, yielding from 25 to 65 bushels per
acre.

Wheat — The best crop ever seen in this county, averaging from 20 to
50 bushels per acre.

Rye — Very little grown but quality good.

Barley — Not any.

FlOrX — Not any.

Buckwheat — Very little grown.

Millet — Most of the millet was cut for seed. A fine yield.

Sorghum — Not much raised and most of it was frosted.

Timothy — Nearly all cut for seed, making from 5 to 9 bushels per acre.
Hay made from % to li tons per acre.

Clover — Not a great deal as it has been hard to get a stand for several
years. The 1912 seeding looks fine.

Prairie Hay — Not very much prairie hay left.

Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass has made a good growth and has
furnished pasture nearly all the year.

Potatoes — An average crop but not enough to supply the county.

Vegetables — A good season for gardens and the supply of vegetables
exceeded the demand.

Apples — Very few; most of them winter killed.

Other Fruits — Cherries were plentiful, strawberries a good crop. All
other fruit was light.

Cattle — A great scarcity of cattle and they are selling high at sales.
Nearly everyone seems to have more feed than stock.

Hoises — The usual number of colts but market horses are scarce.

Swine — Quite a good deal of cholera in the county, which accounts for
shortage of pigs.

THTRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 931

Sheep — Sheep have done well.
Poultry-^— Fine.
Bees — A fair year.

Drainage — Not much tiling being done.

Lands — Increasing in value and rents are getting higher. Land is
selling from $60 to $150 per acre; some small tracts still higher.

LYON.

C. W. BRADLEY, ROCK RAPIDS, OCTOBER 15, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — All crops heavy; best we have
had for twenty years.

Corn — At least one-third of the acreage is corn. The crop matured well
and the average yield will be at least 50 bushels per acre and the quality
is first class.

Oats — Very heavy and good quality. Average yield 60 bushels to the
acre.

Wheat — Light acreage of wheat. Yield average 20 bushels per acre;
quality good.

i?ye — Very light acreage. Good quality and yield about 25 bushels
per acre.

Barley — Fairly good acreage. Quality first class and yield about 45
bushels per acre.

Flax — Little, if any, grown in this county.

Buckwheat — Very little in the county.

Millet — Fair acreage. Good quality and heavy yield.

Sorghum — Light acreage. Good quality and heavy yield.

Timothy — Medium acreage. Quality first class and yield good.

Clover — Medium acreage. Yield good and quality first class.

Prairie Hay — Very good as to yield and quality.

Potatoes — Heavy acreage; good quality. Yield 200 bushels per acre.

Vegetables — All classes of vegetables very heavy and of first class
quality.

Apples — Not any this year.

Other Fruits — Plums a very heavy crop and quality first class. Grapes
were also good but only a light acreage.

Cattle — In better condition than usual but not so many on hand on
account of the light hay crop last year.

Horses — Plenty of horses and in first class condition. Quality high
grade.

Swine — Very good condition. A great many of them.

Sheep — In good condition and the average number.

Poultry — In excellent condition and above the average number.

Bees — Very few in this county.

Drainage — Natural drainage good. No swamp lands in the county and
little tiling necessary.

Other Industries — Few manufacturers in the county except concrete
stone machinery and cement products. All of these are doing a pros-
perous business.

932 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Lands — Lands of the very highest quality. Soil a deep black loam un-
derlaid with clay sub soil. Gently rolling, perfectly drained and average
from $150 to $200 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held September 3-6. Weather conditions were good
and attendance the largest in the history of the fair.

MADISON.

S. A. HAYS, WINTERSET, OCTOBEB 1, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Favorable season.

Corn — Extra good. Mostly out of the way of frost. Some fields were
a little late and a few were a light stand but we will have a great crop.

Oats — Good crop. Good quality and will average from 40 to 80 bushels
per acre.

Wheat — Winter wheat extra good; crop averaging from 25 to 60 bushels
per acre.

Rye — Not much grown but a good crop.

Barley — Good crop but not much raised.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — I know of none.

Millet — Not much sown but a good crop.

Sorghum — Very little grown.

Timothy — A good yield of hay and of fine quality. Quite a good deal
threshed for seed.

Clover — Has done well but too early to know much about the seed crop.

Prairie Hay — None to speak of.

Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass pastures have been fine prac-
tically all season.

Potatoes — Good average crop but some trouble with bugs early in the
season.

Vegetatles — Very good and abundant.

Apples — No apples.

Other Fruits — An abundance of cherries and plums, a few peaches and
some grapes.

Cattle — Scarcity of cattle in the county. High prices and want of feed
have led farmers to sell short. Now with an abundance of feed they are
in great demand at high prices.

Houses — Supply is short with a large demand for good horses. Prices
are higher than usual.

Swine — Not quite so many pigs as usual and some disease. Demand for
feeding large.

Sheep — More farmers keeping small flocks than heretofore. Sheep will
take the place of cattle to some extent as feeders.

Poultry — Bringing good prices. Not many turkeys. Eggs sold for
a high price all summer.

Bees — Not many kept. A very good season for them.

Drainage — Farmers are learning the value of tiling and are putting in
a great deal each year.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 933

Other Industries — This is an agricultural and stock growing county.
We have immense beds of limestone and await more favorable trans-
portation facilities and development.

Lands — Good corn land in demand. More land is changing hands this
year than a year ago and at advancing prices.

Report of Fair — Held September 17-19. We had fine exhibit of horses,
grains and vegetables. Only a fair exhibit of cattle and poor exhibit of
hogs, sheep and poultry. Weather was bad and the attendance very poor.

MAHASKA.

H. D. RHINE, NEW SHAEON, OCTOBER 22, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops generally good. Fall
plowing is progressing rapidly and the ground is in fine condition.

Corn — Above the average in quality and quantity. Some early com is
being cribbed.

Oats — Extra good crop.

Wheat — Best in years, yielding from 20 to 40 bushels per acre.

Rye — Not much raised in this county.

Barley — None.

Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — Very little.

Millet — Small crop.

Sorghum — Average crop.

Timothy — Good average crop.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — Clover seed very good.

Potatoes — Good average crop.

Vegetables — Plenty.

Apples — Almost a failure.

Other Fruits — Berries were plentiful, peaches and pears a failure.
Plums were an exceptionally good crop.

Cattle — Short supply.

Horses — Plentiful.

SvAne — Spring crop light; fair crop of fall pigs. Cholera reported in
some localities.

Sheep — Average crop.

Poultry — Good crop.

Bees — Nearly all winter killed. What were left gathered a good
supply of honey.

Lands — Going up in price. Farms are changing hands at from $150
to $225 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held September 16-19. Attendance was good consid-
ering the threatening weather at the beginning of the fair. Financially
the fair was a success.

934 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MARION.

CHAS. PORTER, PELLA, OCTOBER 30, 1912.

Gener<il Condition of Crops and Season — Weather conditions very fa-
vorable and I believe we have had the best crop we have had in the history
of the county.

Corn — The results of good seed has shown that no one engaged in corn
raising can be neglectful in saving their seed. Great advancement has
been made and considerable interest is taken at the corn tables at our
fair.

Oats — The careful selection of seed and the using of the press drill
brought good results and the oat crop was of very fine quality and yield.

Wheat — More fall wheat than usual. An exceptionally good crop, both
as to quality and yield.

Rye — Not a large acreage; fair yield. This crop is used principally
for hog feed.

Barley — Not much sown. This crop has not given good results for
the past few years. This year the yield was good and quality fine.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — But little sown.

Millet — Those who put in this crop realized a large yield per acre.

Sorghum — Grown more extensively for syrup and seed. Those engaged
in raising this crop find ready sale for the product and seed at good prices.

Timothy — Hay yielded from IJ to 2 tons per acre and most all hay
was put up in fine shape. Present price being $10.00 per ton.

Clover — The severe winter did a great deal of damage to new clover
fields. However, that which wintered well brought large returns in hay
and seed.

Prairie Hay — Not any.

Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass soon takes all other grasses in
our pastures. We have had very good pastures this season.

Potatoes — Small acreage to what we had 25 years ago but the prices
are now high and will stimulate the interest in this crop. The crop this
year was very good.

Vegetables — Very good.

Apples — Insects and pests almost ruined the crop.

Other Fruits — All small fruits and berries were a good crop of fine
quality. Plums were abundant.

Cattle — Not the usual number. Not many will be put on feed.

Horses — More attention paid to the breeding of draft horses. The au-
tomobiles are taking the place of the roadsters. Many horses are
shipped out of this county each year.

Swine — Improved breeds. Poland China and Duroc Jerseys are the
leading breeds.

Sheep — Mutton sheep principally raised but there are large flocks fed
from western markets with good results.

Poultry — More poultry is being raised each year. The past year was
favorable for the raising of poultry.

Bees — Favorable year but many reported heavy losses last winter.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 935

Drainage — Tile is used extensively and where tile was put in a few
years ago there were splendid crops this year.

Other Industries — Our canning factory put up a nice lot of tomatoes and
pumpkins. The salt pickling works have also done a very good business.

Lands — Have increased in value about 10 per cent during the past
year. At least farms are selling at that advance, prices running from
$60.00 to $275.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held September 24-27. The exhibits were good in all
departments but after entry day rain kept our patrons at home and
attendance was not as large as anticipated. However, we came out
very well, considering the weather.

MARSHALL.

W. M. CLARK, MARSHALLTOWN, OCTOBER 15, 1912.

Corn — A good average crop. Some late corn injured by frost.

Oats — Good yield and good quality.

Wheat — Winter wheat excellent; spring wheat fair.

Rye — None raised.

Barley — Not much raised but that was good.

Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Not much raised. Good crop.

Sorghum — None raised except for private use.

Timothy — Heavy crop and fine quality.

Clover — Heavy, both first and second cuttings.

Prairie Hay — Not any.

Other Grains and Grasses — Exceptionally good crop.

Potatoes — Average yield and good quality.

Vegetables — Large crop.

Apples — Very poor.

Other Fruits — Plums and cherries a large crop; grapes fair and berries
average.

Cattle — In good condition. More pure bred stock each year.

Horses — Improving.

Swine — Not as many as usual but quality very good.

Sheep — Increasing.

Poultry — Raised in large numbers and we have all the leading breeds.
Marshall county holds a mid-winter show, which is a success.

Bees — None for commercial purposes.

Drainage — But little drainage in this county.

Lands — Still increasing in value and production of crops.

Report of Fair — Held September 9-13. We had two rainy days but
the attendance exceeded that of any former year. Exhibits were better
than usual and as a whole we consider the fair a success.

936 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MARSHALL.

H. M. WEEKS, RHODES, OCTOBER 2, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season— Wei weather in the spring
hindered the work some but the season has been generally favorable and
crops good.

Com — A bumper crop in this section. More than the average crop
both as to yield and quality.

Oats — Very good; yielding from 35 to 65 bushels per acre in this
vicinity.

Wheat — But little spring wheat raised. The acreage for winter wheat
is increasing each year. We had a good crop this year, the yield being
from 30 to 40 bushels per acre.

Rye — Hardly any grown in this district.

Barley — Not any.

Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Only sown where the land was too wet in the spring for other
crops. Good where raised.

Sorghum — Not any.

Timothy — A good crop and put up in fine condition; yielding from 1|
to 2 J tons per acre.

Clover — New seeding was damaged some last winter but the crop is
generally good and secured in good shape. The yield of seed good. The
second crop fine.

Prairie Hay — Not any.

Other Grains and Grasses — None raised to any extent. Some alfalfa
and Kaffir corn.

Potatoes — Injured by dry weather just when they needed rain. The
potatoes are of good quality and free from rot but the yield light.

Vegetables — All a good crop; fine quality.

Apples — A very small crop, especially in old orchards. Some young
orchards have a fair crop.

Other Fruits — Small fruits generally good, grapes and plums a large
crop. Peach trees nearly all killed last winter. A fine crop of pears.

Cattle — Less than usual and prices high. Many feeders have been
shipped in from Omaha and Kansas City. Pastures have been good and
cattle are in splendid condition.

Horses — Owing to high prices the past few years there seems to be a
shortage of horses to ship out. They are in good condition and free
from disease. More attention is paid to the breeding of draft horses.

8imne—A great many farmers have lost nearly all their pigs through
sickness.

Sheep — Not many kept in this county. Some small flocks are brought
in from the west to be fed for market.

Poultry — ^A leading industry.

Bees — Not many kept.

Drainage — Nearly all the swamp land in this county has been reclaimed.

Other Industries — Cement work is the leading industry. Our cream-
eries have had a successful year.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 937

Report of Fair — Held on September 24-27, at Rhodes. We had bad
weather, only one good day. Therefore the attendance was light. Stock
exhibits were the lightest we have ever known. We shall be behind a
little financially but will go on in hope of better success in the future.

MILLS.

I. J. SWAIN, MALVEEN, SEPTEMBEB 15, 1912.

General Conditions of Crops and Season — Above normal.

Corn — The prospect is most favorable for an unusually good yield of
corn.

Oats — Good yield and quality much above the average.

Wheat — Excellent quality and yield about normal, averaging from 20
to 45 bushels.

Rye — Good yield and quality.

Barley — Good yield; quality impaired by excessive smutting.

Flax — None grown.

Buckwheat — Not any.

Millet — Fine crop.

Sorghum — None grown.

Timothy — Normal yield and secured in good condition. The seed
crop above normal.

Clover — Good crop.

Prairie Hay — About normal quantity. Quality inferior.

Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa a good crop and secured In prime
condition. Acreage greatly increased.

Yegetalles — All vegetables normal in yield. Quality excellent.

Apples — Almost a failure; very light crop.

Other Fruits — Abundant and of superior quality.

Ca«Ze— Thrifty. No disease. Great interest in the blooded classes.

Horses — Generally thrifty. A few cases of meningitis in some local*
Ities but not prevalent as yet.

Swine — In serious, if not alarming condition. A healthy herd is rare.

Sheep — ^Very little attention given to breeding of sheep.

Poultry — A great deal of interest taken in poultry raising.

Bees — No interest taken in this industry.

Drainage — Receiving increased attention in the way of straightening
streams and tiling the low lands.

Other Industries — No important manufactures except flour mills and
canning factory.

Lands — Still advancing in price and considerable changing hands.

Report of Fair — Held August 6-9. Best exhibits and entertainment we
have ever had. We had about the average attendance and would have
had more if the weather had not been so uncertain.

938 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MITCHELL.

CARL H. SPAANUM, OSAGE, OCTOBER 23, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Yield good. A little early to make an estimate.

Oats — ^Average yield 55 bushels per acre. Quality good.

Wheat — ^Yield about 20 bushels per acre.

Barley — Above the average.

Flax — Not much grown but reported a good average crop.

Timothy — Good quality and yield.

Potatoes — Way above the average. More than we have had for years.

Yegetables — Have been plentiful and are of good variety.

Apples — No apples.

Other Fruits — A good many plums, currants, gooseberries, etc.

Cattle — Not very many cattle. A great many shipped in for feeding.

Horses — About the average.

Swine — Plenty of hogs.

Sheep — Very few.

Poultry — About the average.

Bees — Very few.

Drainage — A great deal of tile draining being put in.

Other Industries — Sugar beet crop above the average.

Lands — Selling from $50.00 to $200.00 per acre. Great advance this
season.

Report of Fair — Held September 24-27. Exhibits were good but we
had bad weather and the attendance was small.

MONONA.

C. E. BLANCHARD, ONAWA, OCTOBER 25, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — ^With the exception of apples
all were bumper crops.
Corn — Fine but late.
Oats — Fair.
Wheat — Good.
Rye — Fair.
Barley — Good.
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — Good.
Potatoes — ^Average.
Yegetatles — Fine.
Apples — Not many.
Other Fruits — Small fruit fine.
Cattle — Fine.
Horses — Fine.

Swine — Fine; some cholera.
Poultry — Good.
Drainage — $1,000,000 expended to date and worth the money.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 939

Other Industries — Prosperous.
Lands — Prices on the increase.

Report of Fair— Held September 10-13. Exhibits were fine but we
were rained out.

MONROE.

LOREN PEERIN, AI.BIA, OCTOBER 2, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops in very good condition
except a few late pieces of corn, which were caught by frost. Pastures
are good but a little cool for growing.

Corn— Good. Yielding from 35 to 80 bushels per acre. A great many
silos being put up and filled.

Oats — Good quality and yield about 40 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Fall wheat very heavy, making from 25 to 52 bushels per
acre. Spring wheat not so good, averaging from 14 to 20 bushels.

Rye — Not much grown.

Barley — None.

Fla^ — None.

Buckwheat — Not any.

Millet — ^Very little grown.

Sorghum — ^Good crop where sown.

Timothy — Fair crop of hay saved in good condition. Lots of seed
threshed, making from 4 to 10 bushels per acre. Hay averaged about
1^ tons per acre.

Clover — First crop heavy but it was a little dry for the second crop.
Well filled with seed.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Early ones a fair yield but the late ones will not be so good
on account of being too dry.

Vegetables — Good. All kinds plentiful.

Apples — Very few and of poor quality.

Other Fruits — Very scarce, except plums, which were very plentiful
and of fine quality.

Cattle — A shortage of cattle. They are selling at high prices.

Horses — Not many for sale; quite a good many colts raised this year.

Sioine — ^Not very plentiful. A good many pigs died last spring.

Sheep — Not many in the county.

Poultry — A good many chickens raised but not many turkeys.

Bees — ^Very few.

Other Industries — Coal mining is a big industry in Monroe county.

Lands — Not much changing hands but price is going up all the time.

Report of Fair — Held September 24-27. People were taking quite an
interest in it but the weather was very cold and rainy and this cut down
the attendance. j (

940 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

MONTGOMERY.

M. H. BATHBONE, RED OAK, OCTOBEB 16, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and) Season — Splendid.

Corn — In good shape and will be ready to crib by October 20th. Good
outlook for an average of 40 to 60 bushels per acre.

Oats — Good yield and splendid quality. Average 35 to 40 bushels per
acre.

Wheat — General average 30 bushels, quality fair.

Sorghum — Very little in this county but good what there is.

Timothy — Very light except in extreme eastern portion of the county,
where they have a big crop this season. Not much threshed yet.

Clover — Small yield.

Potatoes — Crop good for early potatoes but late ones very poor.

Vegetables — Fine; better than for several years.

Apples — ^Very few. Most trees died out last winter.

Other Fruits — Small fruits were a fair crop.

Cattle — Below the average for this county.

Horses — More raised in 1912 than for several years. Market high.

Swine — Cholera has injured the stock hogs considerably. More Durocs
than any other breed.

Sheep — Very few.

Poultry — Lots of them. A very good season.

Report of Fair — Held September 4-6. Attendance light. Rained nearly
every night. Exhibits were better than for years.

MUSCATINE.

H. H. JOHNSON, Wn.TON JUNCTION, OCTOBEB 1, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Largest yield in the history of the county.

Oats — Same as corn.

Wheat — Not extra.

Rye — Good.

Barley — Poor yield.

Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — Fair.

MiTlet — Good.

Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — Fair.

Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — Good.

Potatoes — Large yield; good quality.

Tegetables — ^Fine.

J.j)ple«— Not a great many.

OtJier frtiifs— Plentiful.

Cattle — Not a large number.

Horses — Good horses and plenty of them.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 941

Swine— Not many. Cholera has been very prevalent.
Bheep — Not a great many in the county.
Poultry — A great number and many of them pure bred.
Bees — Fair.
Drainage — Good.
Other Industries — Good.

Lands— Good; value $150.00 to $250.00 per acre.

Report of Fair— Held August 13-15 at Wilton Junction. Good fair;
fine racing. We were a little short on concessions.

MUSCATINE.

W. H. SHIPMAN, WEST LIBERTY, OCTOBEE 15, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops in the best condition
they have been for years. The season was probably a little backward to
start with but favorable weather overcame the adverse conditions.

Corn — First class. A small per cent injured by frost. The yield will
be good and the quality fine.

Oats — A bumper crop, both as to yield and quality.

Wheat — Larger acreage than common and quality good.

Rye — Acreage light but quality good.

Barley — A big crop and of fine quality.

Fkix — None raised.

Buckwheat — Very little raised.

Millet — Heavy crop; small acreage.

Sorghum — Light crop but good quality.

Timothy— A light stand but well filled out and of good quality. Much
of it threshed for seed.

Glover — A light stand.

Prairie Hay — ^None.

Other Grains and Grasses — A number are experimenting with alfalfa
with very satisfactory results.

Potatoes — A good crop and good quality.

Vegetables — Garden vegetables a good crop. None raised for market.

Apples — Very light crop; quality inferior to other years.

Other Fruits — Small fruits were a good crop. Grapes a good crop and
of fine quality.

Cattle — Increased demand for beef breeds but the number and quality
are below other years. Good demand for breeding stock. Increased in-
terest in dairying and cows sell high.

Horses — A good demand for good horses and sell at good prices.

Swine — Demand was never better. Crop of pigs was good. Some
cholera.

Sheep — Very little change.

Poultry — Increased interest in good birds and better care taken of
them. No disease.
Bees — Very scarce.

942 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Drainage — Much tiling being done. Larger tile being used than for-
merly.

Lands — Very little for sale. Prices out of sight.

Report of Fair — Held August 19-22 and was a success in every way.
Good weather and the best attendance in the history of the fair.

O'BRIEN.

GEORGE GARDNER, SHELDON, SEPTEMBER 10, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops were slow in getting
started on account of continued cold weather in the spring, but later
the conditions were favorable and nearly everything caught up and was
ready for harvest at the usual time. Better crops were never grown
in O'Brien county.

Corn — ^At this time there is every indication that there will be a
bumper crop of corn. The stand is unusually good, the ears are large
and well filled, and an early frost is the only thing that can prevent a
"bumper crop."

Oats — A heavy stand of straw, well filled heads, and weight consid-
erably in excess of machine measure and estimate.

Wheat — ^Largest acreage for many years and good yield.

Rye — Comparatively little grown but that was good.

Barley — Large acreage and good yield. Many fields were colored on
account of rain before stacking.

Flax — ^Very little sown but yield was fair.

Buckwheat — None grown here for market.

Millet — ^Very little sown.

Sorghum — None produced hereabouts.

Timothy — A very fine crop.

Clover — An unusually heavy crop and considerable saved.

Prairie Hay — Very scarce in this county but what we had was heavy
and fine quality.

Other G^-ains and Grasses — Some farmers are experimenting with
alfalfa and most of them are of the opinion that it can be grown here
profitably.

Potatoes — An average yield of late potatoes but early varieties were
below the average. There will be some potatoes here for market.

Vegetables — Unusually good this season.

Apples — Very scarce this season.

Other Fruits — Plums plentiful. Cherries and small garden fruit very
good.

Cattle — Looking fine. This section of the country has many fine herds
of the best blooded stock to be found anywhere. The farmers are inter-
ested in improving their herds and the prospects are bright for this
developing into one of the best stock sections of Iowa.

Horses — Farm horses are of superior quality; high grade draft breeds.
There are also a few standard bred horses.

Swine — Numerous. High prices of recent years have induced the
farmers to go into the hog business on a large scale and has made it

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 943

a source of profit. Some of the best strains of Poland China, Duroc
Jersey and other breeds are produced here and shipped as stock hogs
to all parts of the country.

Sheep — Comparatively few are raised but the ones who have gone
into the business find it profitable. The flocks are well bred and are
looking fine.

Poultry — This is a poultry country. The common "barn yard fowl"
has disappeared and well bred birds are plentiful.

Bees — Few swarms kept.

Drainage — A great deal of drainage has been done during the past
several years.

Other Indmstries — Flouring mills, and cement and tile factories do-
ing a prosperous business.

Lands — Prices range from $100.00 to $175.00 per acre. Several small
tracts of from 40 to 50 acres have sold at $200.00 per acre. Prices
have advanced steadily for several years.

Report of Fair — Held at Sheldon August 27-30. The weather, ex-
cept the last day, was very favorable and the attendance was very
good. There was a good program and the people were well pleased
with the exhibition.

O'BRIEN.

J. B. MURPHY, SUTHERLAND, OCTOBER 12, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops good, best we have had
for years. Rainfall below normal at this season.

Corn — About two weeks late. Indications are that we will have a
large yield of good corn.

Oats — Away above the average in quantity and weight.

Wheat — ^Very little raised but what we had was good. More winter
wheat is being raised than heretofore.

Rye — None to speak of.

Flax — None to speak of. '

BucTcwheat — Not any.

Millet — Heavy crop. Very little raised.

Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — The best in years; excellent for both hay and seed.

Clover — Average crop and well filled with seed.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Good but not so large as the average.

VegetaMes — Good and plentiful.

Apples — None.

Other Fruits — Small fruits and plums excellent.

Cattle — Scarce. In good condition and high priced.

Horses — Good. More than usual.

Sunne — Not quite so many pigs as usual. Some sickness.

Sheep — ^We have several small flocks and they seem to be doing well.

Poultry — About the average lot. Some disease.

Bees — Mostly killed during the winter of 1911-12.

944 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

Drainage — Good.

Other Indhistries — None.

Lands — ^Advancing in price rapidly.

Report of Fair — Held September 4-6. The weather was good. The
attendance was not very good on account of other attractions held at
the time of the fair.

PAGE.

A. W. GOLDBERG, SHENANDOAH, SEPTEMBER 5, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — "The best ever."
Corn — Ideal prospects.

Oats — Heavy crop. Somewhat hurt in shock by rains.
WJieat — Heavy crop but hurt in many places on account of rain.
Rye— Good but a limited acreage.
jBarZei^— Same as rye.
Flax — Not any.
Buckwheat — Not any.
Millet — Practically none.
Sorghum — Not enough to report on.
Timothy — Good crop but hurt in the shock.

Clover — Looks as though there would be a good crop at this date.
Prairie Hay — Fair and good.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.

Potatoes — Pair to good. • .

Vegetables — Good.
Apples — ^Very light.

Other Fruits — Plums, cherries and grapes very good; others a failure.
Cattle — Light supply.
Horses — ^Normal.
Swine — Average.
Sheep — ^Light.

Poultry — Late but a heavier average than last year.
Bees — ^Very few.
Drainage — Good.

Lands — High priced and hard to get.

Report of Fair — August 12-16. We had rainy weather which caused
a loss in attendance and receipts of about 35%.

PAGE.

J. C. BECKNER, CLAEINDA, OCTOBER, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Favorable season.
Corn — Will be more than an average crop. The early corn is of extra
fine quality.
Oats — The best I have ever known in Iowa.
Wheat — A very heavy crop and large acreage.
Rye — Practically none raised.
Barley — Very little raised.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 945

Flax — Not any.

BucJcioheat — None.

Millet — Very little raised.

Sorghum — Splendid crop.

Timothy — Extra good quality. Not quite as much as usual on account
of being killed by last year's drouth.

Clover — Quality fine but small acreage and yield.

Prairie Hay — Very little raised.

Other Grains and Grasses — Bluegrass was extra all year.

Potatoes — About an average crop and of fine quality.

Vegetahles — A fine crop.

Apples — Very few this year.

Other Fruits — Cherries were plentiful and of extra fine quality. Short
crop of berries.

Cattle — Not as many as we should have but we have some very fine
herds.

Horses — We have a number of as fine horses as any county can boast of.

8ici?ie — Several large herds of pure bred swine in the county. More
cholera prevalent than for many years and there are not so many pigs
as usual.

Sheep — Quite an interest taken in this industry.

Poultry — There are thousands of fine birds of many different breeds
raised here.

Bees — Not much interest in this industry. .

Drainage — Thousands of dollars are being spent in straightening the
Nodaway, East River and The Tarkio. Many tile are also being used.

Other Industries — Lawn mower factory at Clarinda doing a very good
business.

Lands — Selling from $125.00 to $300.00 per acre, depending on loca-
tion and improvements.

POCAHONTAS.

J. p. MULLEN, FONDA, OCTOBEE 5, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

Corn — Above the average yield but not fully matured, possibly 25 to
30% hurt by frost.

Oats — Yield from 40 to 70 bushels per acre; quality good.
Wheat — Fine.

Rye — No great amount grown in this county.
Barley — Good.

Flax — Not much grown; yield good.
Buckwheat — Fair.
Millet — Heavy crop.
Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — Best yield in many years; quality good.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — Heavy crop.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
60

946 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE . i

Potatoes — Fair yield; quality good. ;

Vegetables — Abundant.

Apples — Poor crop.

Other Fruits — Abundant.

Cattle — Scarcity of young stock.

Horses — About the average.

Svnne — A nice lot of pigs.

Sheep — Increasing.

Poultry — About the average number of chicks. Not so many turkeys
as usual.

Bees — Poor.

Drainage — Progressing.

Other Industries — Cement and tile factory doing a flourishing busi-
ness.

Lands — Prices increased about 25 or 35%.

Report of Fair — Held August 6-10. Very good exhibits but attendance
was not up to standard on account of wet weather.

POTTAWATTAMIE.

CALEB SMITH, AVOCA, OCTOBER 19, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Very dry until about the
first of September.

Corn — Twenty-five per cent better than the year 1911.

Oats — ^Very good; yield as high as 70 to 75 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Better yield and quality than has been threshed the last 30
years; 44 bushels winter wheat and 24 spring wheat reported threshed.

Rye— Very little raised in this county.

Barley — Good; not much raised.

Flax — None raised.

Buckwheat — Not any.

Millet — Not much raised.

Sorghum — Not much grown.

Timothy — Light crop on account of dry weather early in season.

Clover — Same as timothy.

Prairie Hay — Late rains helped it some but not an average crop.

Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa about an average crop. More of
it raised as farmers begin to realize its value.

Potatoes — 25% better than the 1911 crop.

Vegetables — Quality and quantity above the average.

Apples — ^Very light crop.

Other Fruits — Plums abundant, grapes average, cherries plentiful. All
berries about 80% of an average crop.

Cattle — In good condition and prices high.

Horses — Are in good demand and each year there is an increase in
the number of foals and the quality is improving.

Swine — At present writing they are doing well. Some lo^s by dis-
ease earlier in the season.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 947

Sheep — Not many raised in this county but a good many are shipped
in and fed during the fall and winter months and farmers realize
a good profit therefrom.

Poultry — One of our leading industries. Thousands of dollars worth
of poultry and eggs are sold each year.

Bees — Not enough kept to supply the home demand for honey.

Drainage — County is generally rolling and very little tiling being done.

Other Industries — Very little being accomplished outside of farming
and stock raising.

Lands — Farms are increasing in value and are selling from $125 to
$175 per acre. Rents have increased about 25% the past few years.

Report of Fair — Held at Avoca September 24-27. The exhibits and at-
tractions were the best in the history of the fair but the attendance
was the poorest on account of the threatening and rainy weather. Some
of the races and attractions were called off on account of the muddy
track. We expect, however, to meet all bills.

POWESHIEK.

J. T. CESSNA, GRINNELL, OCTOBER 10, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Normal.

Corn — Heavy. Average 40 to 45 bushels per acre, with some of it
going as high as 100 bushels per acre. Early corn very good but late
corn somewhat damaged by frost.

Oats — Very good; average from 45 to 50 bushels per acre.

Wheat — Very good; average from 20 to 25 bushels per acre.

Rye — None grown.

Barley — Good, averaging about 45 bushels per acre.

Flax — None grown.

Buckmheat — Not any.

Millet — Good.

Sorghum — Not any.

Timothy — Good. Seed crop good.

Clover — Good. Seed crop short.

Potatoes — Good.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — None.

Other Fruits — Fair.

Cattle — Shortage, probably 90 per cent of normal. Farmers are using
more land for corn and less for pastures.

Horses — Average.

Swine — Shortage, probably 75 per cent of normal.

Sheep — Very few raised.

Poultry — Large crop.

Laiids— Still advancing. Price ranges from $75.00 to $300.00 per acre,
according to location, quality and improvements.

Report of Fair — Held September 2-5th. Weather bad first two days.
The last two days were fine and our attendance good. Our attractions
were splendid and everyone seemed satisfied.

948 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

POWESHIEK.

JAMES NOWAK, MAI^COM, OCTOBEE 28, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — One of the best crop years
we have had in the history of the county.

Corn — The spring was late and planting delayed but a good stand was
secured. About 10 per cent soft on account of early frost in September.

Oats — Never better in the history of the state. Yields from 60 to
100 bushels per acre are reported.

Wheat — A good yield of both spring and fall wheat. Quality good.

Rye — Good yield and quality.

Barley — A good crop.

Flax — None raised in this county.

Buckivheat — Good yield but only a small acreage.

Millet — Also a good yield.

Sorghum — A fine crop.

Timothy — Above the average. Lots of seed and cheap.

Glover — Good crop.

Prairie Hay — None here.

Other Grains and Grasses — All other grains and grasses cultivated pro-
duced a good yield.

Potatoes — An average crop.

Vegetables — A good crop of all varieties.

Apples — Light.

Other Fruits — Plums abundant and cherries a fair crop. Berries fair.

Cattle — Not an oversupply. Prices are high.

Horses — Demand exceeds the supply. Prices good.

Swine — Cholera prevalent and many hogs are being shipped out be-
fore they are matured.

Sheep — Not many raised here. Prices good.

Poultry — Healthful condition and one of our leading industries. Prices
are good.

Bees — Some killed last winter by excessive cold.

Drainage — More scientific attention being paid to drainage.

Other Industries — A large number of silos being put up. Canning
factories doing a big business.

Lands — Going steadily up, selling from $100 to $200 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held August 19-20. On account of rain and threshing
season attendance was not average. Good exhibits.

RINGGOLD.

L. F. HALL. TINGLEY, SEPTEISIBER 11, 1912.

Corn — In fine condition. With ten days good weather will be out of
the danger of frost. The yield will be exceptionally large.
Oats — Good quality; yield 35 to 70 bushels per acre.
Wheat— Good quality; yield 24 to 40 bushels.
Rye — Not much grown.
Barley — Very little grown.
Flax — None grown.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 949

Buckwheat — Small acreage. Will be good if present weather condi-
tions continue.

Sorghum — Good.

Timothy — Heavy yield of hay and seed.

Glover — Heavy yield of hay. Second crop for seed looks good.

Prairie Hay — None to report on.

Other Grains and Grasses — Bluegrass heavy this year.

Potatoes — Early ones fair yield and good quality. Late ones looking
well.

Vegetables — Abundant yield of all kinds.

Apples — Very few.

Other Fruits — Small fruits average.

Cattle — Scarce and hard to buy.

Horses — Improvement in breeding. Average number in the county.

Sioine — Healthful condition. Only an average number for market.

Sheep — More interest being taken in sheep raising. More than usual
in this vicinity.

Poultry — On the increase. More attention given to the raising of
better fowls.

Bees — Not much attention given to bee culture.

Drainage — Some tiling being done.

Lands — Being farmed better and additional improvements being made.
Increasing in value.

Report of Fair — Held September 5-6. Original dates were Sept. 4-6,
but we were obliged to change on account of rainy weather. Under the
circumstances we think we did well.

SAC.

GUS STEOHMEIER, SAC CITY, OCTOBER 23, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops quite good and season
fair. Frost about the usual time and rainfall average.
Corn — Large acreage and most of it good. Late corn hurt by frost.
Oats — Good yield and good quality. Late oats the best.
Wheat — ^Winter wheat a fine crop; good yield and fine grade.
Rye — Good crop but not much sown.
Barley — Good quality but small acreage.
Flax — Not much put in here.
Buckwheat — Not much grown here.

Millet — Fine and considerable raised. Of the best grade.
Sorghum — Two mills here and they were kept busy in the season.
Timothy — Fine quality and quite a bit threshed for seed.
Clover — Good crop and seeded well. Both crops fine and heavy.
Prairie Hay — Very little here.

Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa good and more raised than usual.
Potatoes — Good. Fair yield.
Vegetables — Plentiful and good.
Apples — Very short crop.

Other Fruits — Plums abundant and grapee fine.
Cattle — In good condition but not the usual number.

950 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Horses — Doing fine. A great many colts raised this year.

Sioine — Fine herds and all are doing nicely.

Sheep — Not doing very well.

Poultry — In good condition and lots of them. Prices good.

Bees — Not many but the honey is of the best grade.

Drainage — Our land is mostly tiled.

Other Industries — We have a sweet corn factory, a tile factory and a
stone factory, all doing a good business.

Lrands — Selling at the highest prices and changing hands. Rented land
is scarce, renting from $4.00 to $7.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held August 13-16. Good attractions and good attend-
ance and fine racing.

SHELBY.

FRED FRAZIEE, HARLAN, SEPTEMBER 9, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — All crops are at or above nor-
mal yield. The season has been very dry in the main but lately we have
had plenty of rain.

Corn — About 90% of a stand; acreage increased about 15% and yield
will be above the average in case frost stays off until October 1st.

Oats — Acreage about normal and yield the best in ten years.

Wheat — Normal acreage and yield fully up to normal.

Rye — None grown except in patches. Good yield.

Barley — About average yield and acreage a little above normal.

Flaw — None grown.

Buckwheat — But little grown. I do not know of any.

Millet — About the usual amount sown. The best crop we have had
in years.

Sorghum — Not much grown except for home consumption. Some sown
for forage and will yield a good crop.

Timothy — Better than last year but hardly up to the normal yield.
Secured in fine condition.

Clover — Not the average yield nor acreage. The past two seasons have
been too dry for seeding.

Prairie Hay— But little left.

Other Grains and Grasses — Considerable alfalfa has been sown. The
stand is pretty good and it promises to be a success.

Potatoes — Drouth has hurt this crop some. There will be plenty for
home use.

VegetaNes — Good crop of all kinds.

Apples — About 5% of a crop.

Other Fruits — Grapes and plums a full crop, others only fair.

Cattle — Fewer cattle are owned in this county than a year ago. High
prices this season have taken too many cows out of the county. The
usual number of calves are on hand.

Horses — Good horses are high priced and scarce. More than the
usual number of foals.

Swine — Not the usual number. No disease.

Sheep — A neglected industry. Some being shipped in to feed.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 951

Poultry — Plenty of fowls. Young chickens are late but there are more
than usual.

Bees — Only small interest taken in this industry.

Drainage — A great deal being done.

Other Industries — No new enterprises have been started during the
past year.

Lands — Values have not increased much if any. They range in price
from $100 to $250 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held August 19-22. The best fair ever held in the
county.

SIOUX.

J. G. VAN DER BERG, ORANGE CITY, OCTOBER 15, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Generally in good condition.

Corn — Good crop; yield above the average and well matured.

Oats — Very good quality and heavy yield.

Wheat — Good, averaging from 15 to 25 bushels per acre; quality good.

Rye — Not any.

Barley — Fair. Average 20 to 40 bushels per acre.

Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — None,

Millet — Good. About the usual amount.

Sorghum — Very little raised.

Timothy — Below the average crop.

Clover — Fair crop. Killed somewhat by the severe winter.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Very good; large acreage.

VegetaJ)les — Very good.

Apples — Not any. Total failure this year.

Other Fruits — Very little.

Cattle — In very good condition but not as many as in 1911. A good
many young cattle were shipped last fall on account of scarcity of feed.

Horses — In good condition and about the usual number.

Swine — In good shape. The number of pigs is a good average.

Sheep — Not as many as last year. Most farmers disposed of them last
fall on account of scarcity of feed.

Poultry — The usual number. Prices high.

Bees — Not many here. Honey of good 'quality.

Drainage — This county has a natural drainage.

Lands — Increase in price this year from $25.00 to $50.00 per acre.
Selling from $150 to $200 per acre. Our farms are well improved and
the soil is first class.

Report of Fair — Fair held September 11-13. Weather and attendance
good. Exhibits were very good in all departments.

952 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SCOTT.

EDWAED COLLINS, DAVENPORT, NOVEMBEE 25, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops above tlie average and
season favorable.

Corn — Yield about 45 bushels per acre and quality good.

Oats — Good yield, about 35 bushels per acre and quality good.

Wheat — Only a fair yield, about 20 bushels per acre. Quality good.

Rye — Extra good yield and good quality.

Barley — About 35 bushels per acre; quality very good.

Flax — None to speak of.

Buckwheat — But little grown.

Millet — Only a small quantity raised; quality good.

Sorghum — Very little grown.

Timothy — Yield about 1% tons per acre.

Prairie Hay — Fair yield; good quality.

Other Grains and Ch'asses — Very little.

Potatoes — Yielded about 100 bushels per acre. The quality as a whole
was fair.

Vegetables — A good average yield; good quality.

Apples — Yield about 10%.

Other Fruits — Small fruits good.

Cattle — In a healthful condition and prospects are satisfactory.

Horses — The usual number raised, with a tendency toward increase
on account of high prices.

Swine — Conditions are not so good as usual. Cholera has been more
or less prevalent. Number raised below the average.

Sheep — Average number raised and they are in a healthful condition.

Poultry — Raised in large numbers and increasing.

Bees — An ordinary year.

Drainage — County is pretty well drained.

Other Industries — Thriving.

Lands— Ysdues tending higher. Sales being made at good figures with
ready buyers.

Report of Fair — No fair was held this season.

STORY.

L O. HASBROUCK, AMES, OCTOBER 28, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.

C07-71 — Above the average.

Oats — Heavy yield.

Wheat — Good crop; heavy yield.

Rye — Not much raised.

Barley — Very little raised.

Flax — None.

Buckwheat — Very small acreage.

Millet — Some small pieces a big yield.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — Good crops.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 953

Clover — Good crops, both first and second.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — Not any.
Potatoes — Big yield.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Small yield.
Other Fruits — All small fruits good.
Cattle — Farmers not raising many cattle.
Horses — Good.

Swine — Good. Some cholera.
Sheep — Few but good.
Poultry — Good.
Drainage — Most all drained.

Report of Fair — Held October 3, 1912, and proved a big success. The
attendance was good and we intend to hold a three day fair next year.

TAMA.

A. G. SMITH, TOLEDO, OCTOBER 4, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Above the average.

Corn — Better than an average crop. A small amount hurt by frost;
not to exceed 10%. A larger acreage than last year.

Oats — 15% in excess of average crop and quality excellent.

Wheat — Small amount but of excellent quality. Yield about 20 bushels
per acre.

Rye — Small acreage but quality and yield good.

Barley — Small acreage but yield and quality very good.

Flax — I know of none.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Small acreage. Yield and quality good.

Sorghum — Only enough for private use grown.

Timothy — Small acreage. Yield and quality good. The hay was thin
but of excellent quality, averaging from 1 to 1^2 tons per acre.

Clover — None for seed. Hay yielded from 1 to 1% tons per acre.

Potatoes — Good quality; yield about the average.

Vegetables — Good yield and excellent quality.

Apples — Scarcely any.

Other Fruits — Lots of cherries, plums and berries.

Cattle — Not so many as usual.

Horses — Draft horses are increasing in number and grade.

Swine — Increase in both quality and number.

Sheep — Only small flocks.

Drainage — No drainage districts at all.

Other Industries — We have brick and tile factories, cigar factories and
paper and flour mills.

Lands — Excellent land, adapted to general farming and stock raising.
Steadily advancing in price. Average price $100 to $125 per acre.

Report of Fair — Date of fair September 17-20. On account of rainy
weather our exhibits were not up to the standard, nor was the attendance.

954 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TAYLOR.

F. N. LETSVIS, BEDFORD, OCTOBER 27, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Good.
Oats — Good.

Wheat — Better than usual.
Rye — Normal.
Barley — Average.
Flax — Normal.
BuckivJieat — About as usual.
Millet — Good.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good.

Prairie Hay — Not much in the county.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Fair.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Failure.

Other Fruits — Plums good but everything else almost a failure.
.' Cattle — Good but not enough in the county.
Horses — Good.

Swine — Good but not so many as usual.
Sheep — Good.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — Good.
Drainage — ^Fair.
Other Industries — Normal.
Lands — Prices good and advancing.
Report of Fair — No fair held this year.

VAN BUREN.

D. A. MILLER, MELTON, NOVEMBER 15, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — One of the most prosperous
seasons we have ever had.
Corn — Bumper crop; will yield from 60 to 100 bushels per acre.
Oats — Excellent quality; big yield.
Wheat — Quality excellent; small acreage.
Rye — Good but only a small acreage.
Barley — None grown here.
Flax — Not any.
Buckwheat — Good.

Millet — Excellent quality; big yield.
Sorghum — Big crop.

Timothy — Largest in years; yielding from 5 to 10 bushels per acre.
Clover — Quality good; yield small.
Prairie Hay — Excellent but not much grown here.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good quality and large yield.
Potatoes — Fair crop.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 955

Vegetables — Excellent crop.
Apples — Three-fourths of a crop.
Other Fruits — Large yield.
Cattle — Large number in the county.
Horses — A great many in the county.
Siuine — Prices high. Short in number.
Sheep — Quite a lot of sheep.
Poultry — Getting better all the time.
Bees — Average.
Drainage — Good.
Other Industries — Flourishing.
Lands — Good. Value high.

Report of Fair— Held September 17-20. Good fair; in fact better than
usual, both as to attendance and exhibits.

WAPELLO.

H. R. BAKER, ELDON, OCTOBER 28, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Season a little drouthy during
month of August but the general condition of crops is good.

Corn — Very good crop and of good quality. New crop starting out at
40 cents per bushel.

Oats — Unusually good, some yielding as high as 60 bushels per acre
and of good quality.

Wheat— About two-thirds winter killed. The rest did fairly well.

Rye — Very little sowed but that did well.

Barley — No barley.

Flax — Not any.

Buckioheat — None.

Millet — Some millet and it made a good crop.

Sorghum — Not much sown.

Timothy— Fine crop; good quality. Price about $12.00 per ton.

Clover — Very good crop.

Prairie Hay — None.

Other Grains and Grasses — Not any.

Potatoes — Light crop; fair quality.

Vegetables — Most of the vegetables did fairly well.

Apples — Small crop; good quality.

Other Fruits — Small fruits a good crop.

Cattle — Very scarce and high priced.

Horses — More plentiful than usual and the prices are high. We have
a much better grade of horses than a year ago.

Swine — Healthful condition and plentiful.

Sheep — Not many in this locality.

Poultry — A very paying industry.

Bees — Not any.

Drainage — Considerable drain tile being put in with good results.

Lands — Good lands selling from $100 to $150 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held September 3-6th. Elegant weather and large at-
tendance. The fair was a financial success.

956 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

WARREN.

JOE M'COY, INDIANOLA, SEPTEMBEB 23, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The best in 20 years.

Com — The acreage is as large as usual and the stand good. Indications
are that we will have a big yield of good quality.

Oats — Good. 35 to 70 bushels.

Wheat — Good. Will average 35 bushels.

Rye — Good.

Barley — Not much sown.

Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Not much raised but what we have is good.

Sorghum — None.

Timothy — Good.

Clover — Not much.

Prairie Hay — None.

Potatoes — Early ones good; late ones need two weeks longer.

Vegetables — Good.

Apples — Not any.

Other Fruits — Good.

Cattle — Scarce.

Horses — About the average.

Swine — Not as many as usual.

Sheep — Average.

Poultry — Good supply.

Bees — Not many.

Drainage — Not much put in this season.

Lands — Selling at a wide range — $45 to $200 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held Sept. 10-13. Attendance on Wednesday and Thurs-
day best in history but we were rained out on Friday. Good exhibits in
most departments.

WAYNE.

LOKEN JOHNSTON, SEWAL, NOVEMBER 1, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — ^Favorable.
Com — I believe it will yield an average of 40 bushels per acre.
Oats — Yielded all the way from 50 to 88 bushels.
Wheat — Yielded about 25 bushels per acre.
Rye — About 25 bushels an average yield.
Barley — I know of none.
Flax — Not any.

Buckwheat — None to report on.
Millet — Fair crop but not much raised.
Sorghum — Very little grown.

Timothy — Not very heavy on account of the dry weather in May and
June.

Clover — Same as timothy.
Prairie Hay — ^None to speak of.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 957

Potatoes — Light, crop.

Vegetables — Light crop.

Apples — Some orchards had no apples at all, others only a few.

Cattle — Scarce and high priced.

Horses — Scarce and high priced.

Stoine — A good many hogs but cholera has been prevalent.

Sheep — Not very plentiful.

Poultry — Not as many as usual.

Bees — Not many.

Lands — Selling from $65 to $130 per acre.

Report of Fair— Held September 12-14, 1912.

WEBSTER.

J. C. SAVAGE, FORT DODGE, OCTOBER, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — All crops above the average
of the last four years.

Corn — Average per acre 42 bushels. Quality good.

Oats — Good quality and average yield about 39i bushels per acre.

Wheat — Grown only in about two townships in this county. Quality
fair and the average yield about 18i/4 bushels.

Barley — Acreage limited. Average per acre 40 bushels.

Flax — I know of none.

Buckwheat — None grown for market.

Millet — Average 1% tons per acre. This crop is usually planted where
corn or other crops have failed.

Sorghum — Some small patches grown for the purpose of making
sorghum. None grown for forage.

Timothy — Quality good; weather conditions ideal for harvesting. Aver-
age per acre about IJ tons.

Clover — Not many fields of clover. Usually grown with timothy.

Prairie Hay — Upland prairie hay is a thing of the past in this county.

Other Grains and Grasses — None.

Potatoes — Not a very good crop. Potatoes are now being shipped in
from the north to supply local demand.

Apples — Complete failure in this county.

Other Fruits — Plums and grapes a good crop.

Cattle — Not enough kept in this county to eat the rough feed. They
are high in price and it is hard to secure stockers and milk cows.

Horses — More being raised in recent years and most all are using full
blood sires.

Swine — Large percent died of cholera.

Sheep — None that I know of in this locality.

Drainage — Is being conducted by the county board of supervisors for
the last eight years and is meeting with great approval by more of the
tax payers.

Lands — Good land in this county sells for $125.00 to $150.00 per acre.

Report of Fair — Held September 24-27.

958 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

WINNESHIEK.

ED BLAKEMAN, DBCORAH, OCTOBEB 25, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Good.
Oats — Very good.
Wheat — Good.
Rye — Good.
Barley — Good.
Flaw — Good.
BucMvheat — Good.
Millet— Good.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Very good.
Clover — Same as timothy.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Good.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Not many.
Other Fruits — Fairly good.
Cattle — Good.
Horses — Good.
Swine — Some cholera.
Sheep — Good.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — Not good.
Drainage — Good.
Other Industries — Good.
Lands — Good.

Report of Fair— Held September 10-13, 1912. Quite a successful fair;
net profits being about $200.00.

WINNEBAGO.

M. M. THOMPSON, FOREST CITY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops very good and we
^-^.ve had an excellent season.

Corn — Best we have had for many years. The stand is 100 per cent
with an increased acreage.

Oats — Yield heavy, ranging from 50 to 70 bushels. Weight very
heavy.

Wheat — Not a large acreage but what we had was good.

Rye — But little raised. Better yield and quality than for years.

Barley — Quite a large acreage and a very heavy crop. Yield from
35 to 45 bushels per acre.

Flax — None raised to speak of.

Buckwheat — Very little grown.

Sorghum — Very little raised.

Timothy — Heavy stand, ranging from 2 to 5 tons per acre.

Clover — Fine crop.

Prairie Hay — None.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 959

Potatoes — Large acreage and fine crop. There will be many car-
loads shipped from this station.

Vegetables — Abundant.

Apples — But few apples this year.

Other Fruits — Plums abundant and of good quality. Berries good.

Cattle — Larger number raised than in former years and they are all
in good condition. We have several fine herds.

Horses — We have a large number of fine horses of different breeds.

8ivine — More than usual. All in fine condition.

Sheep — Not many raised but they do well.

Poultry — This is a fine shipping point and many carloads of poultry
go direct from here to eastern markets.

Bees — Not many raised.

Drainage — Much tiling is being done and there are a great many
drainage districts established.

Other Industries — Sweet corn canning factory will put up 800,000 cans
this fall. Cement tile and other cement products factory have been
doing a big business.

Lands — Have increased in value and are selling at from $90 to $125
per acre with good demand for all improved farms.

WOODBURY.

JAMBS HOBBS, MOVILLE, OCTOBER 4, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — More than an average. The
soil was in good condition this spring with abundance of rain all season.
Corn — A very heavy crop. A small percent injured by the frost.
Oats — Average yield per acre 50 bushels; good quality.
Wheat — Not much raised.
Rye — None.
Barley — Very good.
Flax — Not any.
Buckwheat — None.

Millet — Heavy crop. Raised only for hay.
Sorghum — I know of none.
Timothy — An excellent crop.
Clover — An abundant crop.
Prairie Hay — None left here.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Good crop.
Vegetables — All kinds abundant.
Apples — ^Very scarce.
Other i^'rwifs— Plentiful.

Cattle — Not the average number and in very good condition.
Horses — Plentiful, with a tendency toward better grades.
Swine — Not the average number but generally in good condition.
Sheep — Few but of a good grade.
Poultry — Average.
Bees — Scarce.

960 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Drainage — All low lands in the county are being drained by both
private and county work.
Other Industries — Controlled by the amount of labor obtainable. -
Lands — Rapidly increasing in value.
Report of Fair — Held September 4-6.

WOODBURY.

JOE MORTON, SIOUX CITY, SEPTEMBER 16-21, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been unusually
good. The general opinion of the leading agriculturalists is that never
in the history of the county have crop conditions been so satisfactory
and the seasons so well adapted for the raising of small grain, grasses
and corn.

Corn — The crop of corn this year was unusually good. Some of the
corn that was late on account of a backward spring was damaged by
frost, but corn that was properly taken care of and good seed used in
the planting was far above the average yield.

Oats — The oat crop is the best that has been raised in years. The
stand heavy and an exceptionally good quality.

Wheat — Good, particularly winter wheat.

Rye — Acreage is so small that it is impossible to get any definite
knowledge in regard to same.

Barley — A good crop in every particular. Quality and stand ex-
cellent.

Flax — Very little flax but of good quality and yield.

BucTcioheat — No buckwheat.

Millet — Small acreage but an unusually large yield.

Sorghum — Very little grown.

Timothy — Uncommonly large yield and of an exceptionally good
quality.

Glover — The clover crop was heavy and good.

Prairie Hay — Practically none in the county.

Other Grains and Grasses — Especially good this year, the seasons being
ideal.

Potatoes — Early ones were a little under the average, while the late
ones were a good crop.

Vegetables — Above the average.

Apples — The apple crop was somewhat affected by the late spring but
is an average crop in this county.

Other Fruits — The fruit crop was about the average and of a good
quality.

Cattle — Exceptionally fine condition and feeding has been a profitable
occupation owing to the extraordinary condition of the pastures, and the
high price of beef cattle.

Horses — High priced and there always is a demand for good work
horses.

Svyine — This industry has been profitable in this county, owing to the
high price of pork and the good quality of feed. There is, however,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 961

a cholera epidemic in some localities that is very bad. I am informed
that where cholera has shown itself it has been very disastrous an(^
fatal.

Sheep — The sheep have done very well last season. The industry I
think is increasing, and many of the farmers are breeding up their
flocks and there is an unusual demand for good sheep.

Poulti-y — Is high priced and poultry raisers report that the year has
not been up to the average as there were very few early chickens owing
to the cold disagreeable weather during the incubator season.

Bees — The honey crop this year was not up to the average on account
of the damage done to bees by the cold winter and very late spring.

Drainage — Nearly all of the low land is properly drained. Nearly
every farmer has had more or less tile laid where it is needed.

Other Industries — A prosperous year. There is much manufacturing
carried on in Woodbury County and all factories have been run to their
full capacity.

Lands — Farm lands range in price from $150 to $250 per acre. There
is always a demand for farm land here. The farm land in this county
has been well farmed and is above the average in fertility and location.

Report of Fair — Held during the week of September 16th. The weather
conditions were as bad as they could be without rain and snow during
the entire time. Under the circumstances, however, it was the general
opinion that we had an unusually good fair. The exhibits were of a high
class and the attendance much better than t-ould be expected.

WORTH.

E. H. MIIXEB, NOETHWOOD, OCTOBER 25, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season—Crops are generally good and
the season has been quite favorable.

Com — Corn made a fine growth where well tended but the late corn was
badly injured by the frost.

Oats — A good yield and are of good quality where well cared for.

Wheat — Fair quality and yield from 15 to 20 bushels per acre.

Rye — Very little grown here but it yielded well where sown and was
of good variety.

Barley — Yield good but color poor.

Flax — A good crop and yielded from 5 to 15 bushels per acre.

Buckwheat — Fine crop but not much sown.

Millet — A big crop; large yield.

Borghum — Not much grown here.

Timothy — A very good crop and a good average yield.

Clover — A fair crop and the 1912 seeding looks fine.

Prairie Hay — Not much raised but what we have was good.

Other Grains and Grasses — A little alfalfa in some localities and it does
very well.

Potatoes — A good crop and some large yields are reported.

Vegetables — Very good.

Apples — A very few home grown apples this year.
61

962 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Other Fruits — All small fruits were fine.

Cattle — Scarce and high.

Horses — Very few changing hands. Good horses bring good prices.

Swine — Plenty of hogs on hand and plenty of soft corn for feed.

Sheep — Very few flocks in this county but they are of good quality.

Poultry — This industry is on the increase. Many are keeping fine
flocks of blooded poultry.

Drainage — Quite a lot being done.

Other Industries — The dairy industry is being pushed and we have
many fine creameries in this county.

Lands — Advancing rapidly in value.

Report of Fair — Held September 16-18, 1912. We had very unfavorable
weather and our fair was not a success financially. It rained most of
the time.

WRIGHT.

CHAS. ROTZLER, CLARION, OCTOBER 14, 1912.

General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Good.
Oats — Good.
Wheat— Good.
Rye — Very little planted.
Barley — Not much grown.
Flax — I know of none.
Buckioheat — Not much raised.
Millet— Good.
Sorghutrv — None.
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — Good.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Good.
VegetaMes — Good.
Apples — Poor.
Other Fruits — Fair.
Cattle— Good.
Horses — Good.
Swine — Good.
Sheep — Good.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — Good.
Drainage — Improving.

Other Industries — In a thriving condition.
Lands — Increasing in value every day.

Report of Fair — Held September 3-6. The fair now has bright pros-
pects for a successful future with the right kind of management.

PART XV

Directory of Associations and Organizations

Representing Agricultural Interests

in Iowa

Iowa Department of Agriculture — President, C. E. Cameron, Alta; Vice-
President, O. A. Olson, Forest City; Secretary, A. R. Corey, Des Moines;
Treasurer, G. S, Giibertson, Des Moines.

Iowa State Horticultural Society — President, M. J. Graham, Adel; Vice-
President, F. P. Spencer, Randolph; Secretary and Librarian, Wesley
Greene, Davenport; Treasurer, F. O. Harrington, Williamsburg.

Iowa Park and Forestry Association — President, Eugene Secor, Forest
City; Vice-President, M. J. Wragg, Des Moines; Secretary, Wesley Greene,
Des Moines; Treasurer, A. T. Erwin, Ames.

Society of loioa Florists — President, Wm. Trillow, Des Moines; Vice-
President, F. J. Olsan, Ames; Secretary, Wesley Greene, Des Moines.

Western Grain Dealers' Association — President, E. A. Fields, Sioux City;
Vice-President, E. R. Ericson, Story City; Secretary and Treasurer, Geo.
A. Wells, Des Moines.

Iowa Corn Growers' Association — President, F. H. Klopping, Neola; Vice-
President, J. W. Coverdale, Ames; Secretary, H. L. Eichling, Ames; Treas-
urer, Ray Bennett, Ames.

Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association — President, A. Sykes, Des Moines;
Vice-President, R. M. Gunn, Buckingham; Secretary, H. C. Wallace, Des
Moines; Treasurer, Charles Goodenow, Wall Lake.

loiva Beef Producers' Association — President, Chas. Escher, Jr., Botna;
Secretary, Geo. H. Burge, Mount Vernon; Treasurer, C. H. Hechtner, Char-
lton; Membership Secretary, A. R. Leffler, Bentonsport.

Iowa State Highway Commission — Directors, A. L. Marston, Ames; C.
F. Curtiss, Ames; Highway Engineer, Thomas H. Mac Donald, Ames; As-
sistant Engineers, C. B. McCullough, Ames; F. R, White, Ames; J. H.
Ames, Ames; Consulting Bridge Engineer, J. E. Kirkman, Ames; Secre-
tary, Annie Laurie Bowen, Ames; Stenographer, Merle Crabtree, Ames.

The Farmers Grain Dealers' Association of Iowa — President, B. Hath-
away, Kingsley; Vice-President, J. W. Hagans, Barnum; Secretary, Roy
H. McVicker, Eagle Grove; Treasurer, D. D, Paine, Eagle Grove.

964 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

loicn Sivine Breeders' Association — President, J. H. Watson, Madrid;
Vice-President, B. F. Davidson, Menlo; Secretary and Treasurer, M. P.
Hancher, Rolfe, Iowa.

Iowa State Dairy Association — President, W. B. Quarton, Algona; Vice-
President, George Kolthoff, Britt; Secretary, J. J. Ross, Iowa Falls; Treas-
urer, E. T. Sadler, Waterloo.

Iowa Draft Horse Breeders' Association — President, G. W. Grigsby, Mad-
rid; Vice-President, C. B. Dannen, Melbourne; Secretary, Howard Vaughn,
Marion; Treasurer, Martin Nelson, Cambridge.

The Iowa Shorthorn Breeders" Association — President, Wm, Herkleman,
Elwood; Vice-President, J. A. Benson, Sheldon; Secretary and Treasurer,
B. B. Thomas, Audubon.

Iowa Bee Keepers' Association — President, Prank C. Pellett, Atlantic;
Vice-President, J. W. Stine, Salem; Secretary, S. W. Snyder, Center Point;
Treasurer, C. H. True, Edgewood.

Iowa State Poultry Association — President, E. L. Beck, Des Moines;
Vice-Presidents, Carl Dare, Osceola; A. Haskins, Jesup; Mart Rahn, Clar-
inda; M. W. Baldwin, Sioux City; W. D. Fleming, Sioux City; T. H. Hall,
Des Moines; Secretary, C. A. Kenworthy, Des Moines; Treasurer, W. L,
Hall, Sioux City.

FARMERS' COUNTY INSTITUTES AND SHORT COURSES IN IOWA,

Adair — President, D. J. Cowden, Adair; Secretary, J. E. Turner, Adair.

Adams — President, Geo. E. Bliss, Corning; Secretary, A. B. Lewis,
Corning.

Allamakee — President, Charles Childe, Waukon; Secretary, A. G. Mein.
ers, Waukon.

Appanoose — President, E. M. Bishop, C'enterville; Secretary, J. H. Wil^
lett, Centerville.

Appanoose — President, Craig Daniels, Moulton; Secretary, Jno. W. Wood.
Moulton.

Appanoose — President, C. E. Winsler, Moravia; Secretary, C. E. Nivkirk,
Moravia.

Appanoose — President, L. B. Monroe, Exline; Secretary, E. J. Beard,.
Exline.

Benton — President, A. J. Koch, Keystone; Secretary, J. H. Rozema, Key-
stone.

Benton — President, T. H. Weil, Blairstown; Secretary, H. J. Grunewald,
Blairstown.

Benton — President, J. E. McMillan, Vinton; Secretary, Chas. L. Will,
Vinton.

Black Haick — President, R. M. Gunn, Buckingham; Secretary, E. E.
Stokes, Waterloo.

Black Hawk — President, E. J. Buchan, La Porte City; Secretary, E. S.
Genung, La Porte City.

Boone — President, M. J. Kenison, Madrid; Secretary, C. H- Eeckgeen,
Madrid,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XV 965

Boone — President, F. A. Roll, Boxholm; Secretary, M. J. Lundvall, Box-
holm.

Bremer — President, J. W. Bennett, Janesville; Secretary, Ed. Barrick,
Janesville.

Buchanan — President, J. E. Brame, Independence; Secretary, John Orr,
Rowley.

Buena Vista — President, Algi Odoe, Rembrandt; Secretary, Conrad Pet-
erson, Rembrandt.

Buena Vista — President, Geo. M. Allee. Newell; Secretary, James Jensen,
Newell.

Butler — President, W. H, Mason, Shell Rock; Secretary, Leo G. Dewey,
Shell Rock.

Calhoun — President, Geo. A. Ridge,. Rockwell City; Secretary, A, W.
Eshhaugh, Rockwell City.

Carroll — President, A. G. Mereness, Glidden; Secretary, J. F. Snyder,
Glidden.

Cass — President, J. A. Nelson, Atlantic; Secretary, M. B. Nelson, Atlantic.

Cedar — President, I. D. Pawnall, West Branch; Secretary, Irwin Erb,
Centerdale.

Cerro Gordo — President, J. H. Carr, Swaledale; Secretary, R. A. Holman,
Rockwell.

Cherokee — President, Oscar E. Heline, Marcus; Secretary, Lloyd W.
Johns, Marcus.

Chei'okee — President, Wm, Keck, Washta; Secretary, Joe Chapman, Cor-
rectionville.

Chickasaw — President, Fred Babcock, New Hampton; Secretary, John
Heit, New Hampton.

Clarke — President, W. H. Dewey, Murray; Secretary, J. E. Ogden, Mur-
ray.

Clay — President, F. M. Smith, Royal; Secretary, C. L. Christensen, Royal.

Clayton — President, H. A. Axtell, Strawberry Point; Secretary, George
Sauerbry, Strawberry Point.

Clinton — President, D. L. Pascal, DeWitt; Secretary, John Olson,
Calamus.

Crawford — President, Jas. T. Byrnes, Denison; Secretary, W. C. Rollins,
Denison.

Dallas — President, Geo. M. Fox, Dallas Center; Secretary, Don. E. Fish,
Adel.

Davis — President, V. G. Warner, Bloomfield; Secretary, Will C. Horn,
Bloomfield.

Davis — President, E. J. Augspurger, Pulaski; Secretary, J, W. Wray,
Pulaski.

Decatur — President, A. E. Cotterill, Leon; Secretary, J. W. Long, Leon.

Delaware — President, F. H. Munson, Manchester; Secretary, J. F. Merry,
Manchester.

Des Moines — President, Willis I. Mathews, Danville; Secretary, S. H.
Sater, Danville.

Dickinson — President, Fred La Doux, Spirit Lake; Secretary, C. H.
Arthur, Spirit Lake.

966 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Duhuque — President, Joseph H. Dehner, Cascade; Secretary, W. A. Fair-
burn, Cascade.

Emm ft — President. J. G. McDonald, Estherville; Secretary, John Utz,
Estherville.

Fayette — President, James Scallan, Waucoma; Secretary, Errol Finch,
Waucoma.

Floyd — President, V/. E. Gaylord, Nora Springs; Secretary, if B. Swart-
wood, Nora Springs.

Fremont — President, W. W. Ettleman, Sidney; Secretary, H. J. Ross,
Farragut.

Greeve — President. J. B. Patrick, Dana; Secretary, J. H. Hughes, Grand
Junction.

Grundy — President, Louis Albert, Reinheck; Secretary, Gustav Treimer,
Reinbeck.

Guthrie — President, John Guy, Guthrie Center; Secretary, O. W. Sim-
mons, Guthrie Center.

HamJlton — President, J. C. Ritchie, Stratford; Secretary, H. H. Waller,
Stratford.

Haneock — President, Fred Zuehl, Britt; Secretary, Tom Peterson, Britt.

Hardin — President, J. M. Hunt, Ackley; Secretary, Rieko Snater, Ackley.

Harrison — President, R. W. Lewis, Woodbine; Secretary, Catherine
Lotspiech, Woodbine.

Henry — President, C. T Forbes, Mt. Pleasant; Secretary, L. C. Willits,
Mt. Pleasant.

Howard — President, B. P. Norton, Cresco; Secretary, Charles Nichols,
Cresco.

HumtoJdt — President, M. D. Wollcott, Humboldt; Secretary, C. A. Nord-
strom, Humboldt.

Ida — President, W. W. McKay, Ida Grove; Secretary, Leonard Smith,
Ida Grove.

Iowa — President, J. H. Burgy, South Amana; Secretary, Jas. Nicholas,
Williamsburg.

Iowa — President, Hy Gode, Marengo; Secretary, F. H. Karstin, Marengo.

Jackson — President, Geo. W. Blake, Maquoketa; Secretary, L. L. Little-
field, Bellevue.

Jasper — President, Wm. A. Johnson, Prairie City; Secretary, W. G.
Cooper, Prairie City.

Jefferson — President, W. A. Hook, Packwood; Secretary, Birnie Coleson,
Fairfield.

Johnson — President, E. F. Davis, Iowa City; Secretary, R. P. Adams,
Solon.

Keokuk — ^President, Frank S. Yerger, Sigourney; Secretary, W. E. Utter-
back, Sigourney.

Kossuth — President, Wm. Korrect, Armstrong; Secretary, C. M. Christen-
sen, Armstrong.

Lee — President, Jas. Carver, Farmington; Secretary, E. C. Lynn, Don-
nellson.

Livn — President, T. W. Moody, Walker; Secretary, T. W. Johnson,
Walker.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XV ml

Linn — President, W. W. Vaughn, Marion; Secretary, R, M. Fitzgerald,
Marion.

Louisa — President, Wm. Rodgers, Wapello; Secretary, J. D. Diehl,
Wapello.

Lucas — President, J. L. Washburn, Derby; Secretary, DeWitt White,
Derby.

Lucas — President, A. E. Reals, Russell; Secretary, J. L. Hamilton, Derby.

Lyon — President, L. M. Foote, Inwood; Secretary, F. B. Hanson, Inwood.

Madison — President, W. D. Patterson, Winterset; Secretary, H. G. Tilton,
Barney.

Mahaska — President, W. G. Rice, Oskaloosa; Secretary, Hassal A. Hedge,
Oskaloosa.

Marion — President, D. W. Wood, Knoxville; Secretary, C. T. Israel,
Knoxville,

Marshall — President, C. E. Arney, Albion; Secretary, Austin Wiley,
Albion.

Mills — President, T. A. Hougas, Macedonia; Secretary, Dallas N. McGrew,
Emerson.

Mitchell — President, R. J. Fish, Osage; Secretary, H. J. Dickinson, Osage.

Monona — President, R. A. Robbins, Castana; Secretary, J. E. McNamara,
Castana.

Monroe — President, John Forster, Albia; Secretary, B. S. Cash, Albia.

Montgomery — President, J. A. Olander, Stanton; Secretary, E. M. Cop-
page, Stanton.

Muscatine — President, C. H. Barnes, West Liberty; Secretary, E. C.
Neinaber, Wilton Junction.

O'Brien — President, Geo. J. Smith, Paullina; Secretary, Geo. Thompson,
Paullina.

Page — President, Arthur Falk, Clarinda; Secretary, Mrs. Sarah Huftalen,
Clarinda.

Palo Alto — President, I. F. Noble, Graettinger; Secretary, E. S. George
Graettinger.

Palo Alto — President, Ralph King, Emmetsburg; Secretary, Geo. C.
Smith, Osgood.

Plymouth — President, B. Hathaway, Kingsley; Secretary, R. B. Twogood,
Kingsley.

Plymouth — President, W. J. Long, LeMars; Secretary, Jacob G. Koenig,
LeMars.

Pocahontas — President, C. L, Gunderson, Rolfe; Secretary, Chas. John-
son, Laurens.

Pocahontas — President, S. W. McKinney, Fonda; Secretary, A. B. P.
Wood, Fonda.

Polk — President, Chas. Bishop, Altoona; Secretary, Geo. Grinstead,
Mitchellville.

Poweshiek — President, W. N. Morgan, Guernsey; Secretary, F. B. Mal-
colm, Deep River. R. F. D No. 1.

Ringgold) — President, J. A. Bliss, Diagonal; Secretary, Grant Stahl,
Diagonal.

Sac — President, John Fuchs, Odebolt; Secretary, W. M. Sayre, Oebolt.

968 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Scott — President, L. A. Schnehloth, Eldredge; Secretary, Adolpli P. Arp,
Eldridge.

Scott — President, Joseph Graham, Princeton; Secretary, Henry Schlot-
feldt, McCausland.

Shelly — President, Frank D. Nelson, Harlan; Secretary, J. C. Gingery,
Harlan.

Sioux — President, G. J. Shoemaker, Hawarden; Secretary, G. L. Venard,
Hawarden.

Story — ^President, J. H. Cleverly, Maxwell; Secretary, W. J. Hartimg,
Maxwell.

Story — President, W. H. Handsaker, Nevada; Secretary, Ray F. Bennett,
Ames.

Tama — President, Ward Wilson, Traer; Secretary, R. G. Stoakes, Traer.

Taylor — President, F. E. Wakeman, Bedford; Secretary, D. C. Mohler,
Bedford.

Union — President, A. J. Leninger, Afton; Secretary, L. J. Nickle, Afton.

Yan Bur en — President, Geo. V. Leffler, Stockport; Secretary, A. G. Rob-
erts, Bonaparte.

Wapello — President, David Jay, Blakeshurg; Secretary, Madison Warder,
Agency.

'Wapello — President, W. B. Morrison, Eldon; Secretary, J. E. Varnum,
Eldon.

Warren — President, J. F. Henry, Indianola; Secretary, Silas Igo,
Indianola.

Warren — President, C. B. Kern, Norwalk; Secretary, W. R. Thomas.
Norwalk.

Washington — President, Geo. Reed, Washington; Secretary, C. E. Deuel,
Washington.

Wayne — President, J. C. Snodgrass, Allerton; Secretary, R. C. Yohe,
Allerton.

Wel)Ster — President, Aaron Peterson, Lanyon; Secretary, Van Gabriel-
son, Harcourt.

Winnebago — President, John Carson, Forest City; Secretary, Jas. B.
Anderson, Forest City.

Winneshiek — President, J. H. McMillen, Mabel, Minn., R. No. 3; Secre-
tary, 0. L. Street, Hesper.

Woodbury — President, H. E. Brown, Salix; Secretary, Charles Carr,
Salix.

Woodbury — President, E. B. Carter, Sergeants Bluffs; Secretary, F. C.
Colby, Sergeants Bluffs.

Worth — President, E. H. Miller, Northwood; Secretary, Lewis G. Mel-
lem, Northwood.

Wright — President, M. L. Howell, Clarion; Secretary, H. F. Luick, Bel-
mond.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XV 969

COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND FAIR
ASSOCIATIONS IN IOWA.

Adams — Adams County Agricultural Society, Corning; President, S. M,
Richey, Corning; Secretary, Geo. E. Bliss, Corning.

Allamakee — Allamakee County Agricultural Society, Waukon; President,
B. O. Svvebakken, Waukon; Secretary, Geo. S. Hall, Waukon.

Avdubo7i — Audubon County Agricultural Society, Audubon; President,
J. H. Maharg, Audubon; Secretary, H. A. Nortliup, Audubon.

Benton — Benton County Agricultural Society, Vinton; President, W. S.
Bassett, Vinton; Secretary, Sol White, Vinton.

Boone — Boone County Agricultural Society, Ogden; President, A. B.
Morgan, Ogden; Secretary, W. C. Treloar, Ogden.

Boone — Boone Driving Park & Fair Association, Boone; President, A. M.
Burnside, Boone; Secretary, John S. Crooks, Boone.

Bremer — Bremer County Fair Association, Waverly; President, E. M.
Reeves, Waverly; Secretary, J. Q. Lauer, Waverly.

Buchanan — Buchanan County Fair Association, Independence; Presi-
dent, R. G. Swan, Independence; Secretary, J. S. Bassett, Independence.

Buena Vista — Buena Vista County Agricultural Society, Alta; President,
David Burns, Alta; Secretary, W. J. Sievers, Alta.

Butler — Butler County Agricultural and Horticultural Society, Allison;
President, Frank Fishel, Allison; Secretary, 0. F. Missman, Allison.

Calhoun — Calhoun County Fair Assoiciation, Manson; President, J. C.
Hoag, Manson; Secretary, C. G. Kaskey, Manson.

Calhoun — Rockwell City Fair Association, Rockwell City; President,
Andrew Stewart, Rockwell City; Secretary, W. Q. Stewart, Rockwell City.

Carroll — Carroll County Fair and Driving Park Association, Carroll;
President, A. Kessler, Carroll; Secretary, Peter Stephany, Carroll.

Cass-^Cass County Fair Association, Atlantic; President, C. Prall, At-
lantic; Secretary, John J. Curry, Atlantic.

Cass — ^Massena District Fair Association, Massena; President, S. D.
Wyckoff, Massena; Secretary, D. P. Hogan, Massena.

Cedar — Cedar County Fair Association, Tipton; President, Scott Hamil-
ton, Stan wood; Secretary, C. F. Simmermaker, Tipton.

Cerro Gordo — North Iowa Fair, Mason City; President, Chas. H. Ham-
street, Clear Lake; Secretary, Chas. H. Barber, Mason City.

Ghickasaiv — Chickasaw County Fair, New Hampton; President, P. H.
Brannon, New Hampton; Secretary, F. D. Griffin, New Hampton.

Chickasaw — Big Four Agricultural Society, Nashua; President, W. A.
Granger, Nashua; Secretary, C. L. Putney, Nashua.

Clayton — Elkader Fair and Track Association, Elkader; President, E. C.
Ehrhardt, Elkader; Secretary, Max B. Bishop, Elkader.

Clayton — Clayton County Agricultural Society, National; President, John
Matt, St. Olaf; Secretary, Henry Luehsen, Garnavillo.

Clayton — Strawberry Point District Fair, Strawberry Point; President,
H. A. Axtell, Strawberry Point; Secretary, R. W. Schug, Strawberry Point.

Clinton — Clinton County Agricultural Society, DeWitt; President, G. M.
Smith, DeW^itt; Secretary, G. H. Christensen, DeWitt.

970 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Crawford — Crawford County Agricultural Society, Arion; President, Wm.
Eggers, Arion; Secretary, O. M. Criswell, Arion.

Davis — Davis Agricultural Society, Bloomfield; President, E. D. Martin,
Bloomfield; Secretary, J. O. Wishard, Bloomfield.

Delaware — Delaware County Agricultural Society, Manchester; Presi^
dent, Thos. Moonan, Manchester; Secretary, J. G. Sabin, Manchester.

Dickinson- -Dickinson County Agricultural Society, Spirit Lake; Presi-
dent, L. E. Francis, Spirit Lake; Secretary, A. M. Johnson, Jr., Spirit Lake.

Fayette — Fayette County Agricultural Society, West Union; President,
J. S. Smith, Wpst Union; Secretary, E. A. Mcllree, West Union.

Franklin — Franklin County Agricultural Society, Hampton; President,
F. Nancolas, Hampton; Secretary, C. D. Williams, Hampton.

Greene — Greene County Fair Association, Jefferson; President, E. C.
p'reeman, Jefferson; Secretary, S. C. Culbertson, Jefferson.

Grundy — Grundy County Agricultural Society, Grundy Center; Presi-
dent, Robt. Plazer, Grundy Center; Secretary, E. V. McBroom, Grundy
Center.

Guthrie — Guthrie County Agricultural Society, Guthrie Center; Presi-
dent, B. F. Davidson, Menlo; Secretary, Wm. Edwards, Guthrie Center.

Hardin — Hardin County Agricultural Society, Eldora; President, J. H.
Hadley, Eldora; Secretary, Geo. W. Haynes, Eldora.

Harrison — Harrison County Agricultural Society, Missouri Valley; Pres-
ident, J. E. Jones, INTissouri Valley; Secretary, A. B. Hasbrook, Missouri
Valley.

Henry — Henry County Agricultural Association, Mt. Pleasant; President,
John W. Palm, Mt. Pleasant; Secretary, C. H. Tribby, Mt. Pleasant.

Henry — Winfield Fair Association, Winfield; President, Chas. Darken,
Winfield; Secretary, Jno. A. Baxter, Winfield.

Humboldt — Humboldt County Agricultural Society, Humboldt; Presi-
dent, A. M. Adams, Humboldt; Secretary, O. H. DeGroote, Humboldt.

Iowa — ^Victor District Agricultural Society, Victor; President, Chas
Raffensperger. Victor; Secretary, J. P. Bowling, Victor.

Iowa — Williamsburg Pavilion and Fair Company, Williamsburg; Presi-
dent, Jas. Nicholas, Williamsburg; Secretary, J. A. Ogle, Williamsburg.

loiva — Iowa County Agricultural Society, Marengo; President, J. A. Wad-
dell, Marengo; Secretary, F. H. Karsten, Marengo.

Jackson — Jackson County Fair Association, Maquoketa; President, A. L.
Broxam, Maquoketa; Secretary, W. D. McCaffrey, Maquoketa.

Jasper — Jasper County Agricultural Society, Newton; President, C. F.
Sauerman, Newton; Secretary, F. E. Meredith, Newton. .

Jefferson — Jefferson County Agricultural Society, Fairfield; President,
Sanford Zeigler, Fairfield; Secretary, A. E. Labagh, Fairfield.

Johnson — Johnson County Agricultural and Mechanical Society, Iowa
City; President, L. P. Kessler, Iowa City; Secretary, George A. Hitchcock,
Iowa City.

Jones — Anamosa Fair Association, Anamosa; President, W. D. Sheean,
Anamosa; Secretary, L. W. Russell, Anamosa.

Jones — Jones County Agricultural Society, Monticello; President, E. G.
Hicks, Monticello; Secretary, 0. J. Bucklin, Monticello.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XV 971

Keokuk — What Cheer District Fair Association, What Cheer; President,
J. M. Stephenson, Wliat Cheer; Secretary, Geo. A. Poff, What Cheer.

Kossuth — Kossuth County Agricultural Association, Algona; President,
E. A. Wolcott, Algona: Secretary, T. H. Wadsworth, Algona.

Lcc — West Point District Agricultural Society, West Point; President,
John Shepherd, West Point; Secretary, John Walljasper, West Point.

Lee — l^e County Fair and Agricultural Society, Donnellson; President,
R. Klingler, Donnellson; Secretary, Chris Haffner, Donnellson.

Linn — Wapsie Valley Fair Society, Central City; President, E. E. Hen-
derson, Central City; Secretary, H. F. Lockwood, Central City.

Linn — Marion Inter-State Fair Society, Marion; President, J. A. Cooper,
Marion; Secretary, Gene Fagen, Marion.

Louisa — Columbus Junction District Fair Association, Columbus Junc-
tion; President, Wm. Sink, Columbus Junction; Secretary, D. N. Johnson,
Columbus Junction.

LyoJi — Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Society, Rock Rapids; Presi-
dent, W. S. Cooper, Rock Rapids; Secretary, A. S. Wold, Rock Rapids.

Mahaska — New Sharon District Agricultural Society, New Sharon; Pres-
ident, Sidney Harper, New Sharon; Secretary, C. T. Momyer, New Sharon.

Marion — The Lake Prairie District Agricultural Society, Pella; Presi-
dent, A. W. DeBruyn, Pella; Secretary, Chas. Porter, Pella.

Marshall — Eden District Agricultural Society, Rhodes; President, C. J,
Buck, Rhodes; Secretary, H. M. Weeks, Rhodes.

Marshall — Marshall County Fair Association, Marshalltown; President,
Warren Nichols, Minerva; Secretary, W. M. Clark, Marshalltown.

Mills — Mills County Agricultural Society, Malvern; President, Sherman
Jones, Malvern; Secretary, I. J. Swain, Malvern.

Mitchell — Mitchell County Agricultural Society, Osage; President, Byron
Leighton, Osage; Secretary, Carl H. Spaanum, Osage.

Monona — Monona County Fair Association, Onawa; President, J. M.
Hathaway, Turin; Secretary, I. A. Blotsky, Onawa.

Mo7iroe — Monroe County Fair Association, Albia; President, Alf Tim-
mins, Albia; Secretary, Loren Perrin, Albia.

Muscatine — Union District Agricultural Society, West Liberty; Presi-
dent, C. P. Gibson, West Liberty; Secretary, W. H. Shipman, West Liberty.

Muscatine — The Wilton Fair, Wilton Junction; President, C. C. Kauf-
man, Wilton Junction; Secretary, W. A, Cooling, Wilton Junction.

O'Brien — Sheldon Fair Association, Sheldon; President, Fred J. Nelson,
Sheldon; Secretary, Geo. Gardner, Sheldon.

O'Brien — O'Brien County Agricultural Society, Sutherland; President,
Chas. Youde, Sutherland; Secretary, E. J. Claussen, Sutherland.

Page — Shenandoah Fair Association, Shenandoah; President, Chas. Aid-
rich, Shenandoah; Secretary, A. W. Goldberg, Shenandoah.

Page — Clarinda Fair Association, Clarinda; President, E. G. Strong,
Clarinda; Secretary, J. C. Beckner, Clarinda.

Pocahontas — Big Four District Fair, Fonda; President, C. C. Patty,
Fonda; Secretary, E. A. Elliott, Fonda.

Pottawattamie — Pottawattamie County Fair Association, Avoca; Presi-
dent, D. Gross, Avoca; Secretary, Caleb Smith, Avoca.

972 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Potveshiek — Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Malcom;
President, Wm. McClure, Malcom; Secretary, James Nowak,. Malcom.

PoioecJiiek — Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Grinnell;
President, J. A. Baughan, Grinnell; Secretary, J. T. Cessna, Grinnell.

Sac — Sac County Pair Association, Sac City; President, Theo. Huser,
Sac City; Asst. Secretary, Gus. Strohmeier, Sac City.

Shelby — Shelby County Agricultural Society, Harlan; President, Jos. F.
Beh, Harlan; Secretary, M. G. Kraschel, Harlan.

Sioux — Sioux County Agricultural Society, Orange City; President, Jno.
J. De Vries, Orange City; Secretary, H. Slikkerveer, Orange City.

Stori/ — Central Iowa Fair Association, Ames; President, C. L. Siverly,
Ames; Secretary, E. H. Graves, Ames.

Tmna — Tama County Fair Association, Toledo; President, W. N. Town-
send, Traer; Secretary, A. G. Smith, Toledo.

Taylor — Taylor County Fair Society, Bedford; President, John J. Clark,
Bedford; Secretary, C. N. Nelson, Bedford.

Van Buren — Milton District Agricultural Society, Milton; President,
H. C. Power, Milton; Secretary, D. A. Miller, Milton.

Wapello — Eldon Big Four District Agricultural Society, Eldon; Presi-
dent, D. A. Jay, Eldon; Secretary, H. R. Baker, Eldon.

Warren — Warren County Agricultural Society, Indianola; President, J.
E. Houghtaling, Indianola; Secretary, Joe McCoy, Indianola.

Wayne — Sewal Pair Association, Sewal; President, Everett Shriver,
Sewal; Secretary, Loren Johnston, Sewal.

Webster — Webster County Fair Association, Fort Dodge; President, J.
I. Rutledge, Fort Dodge; Secretary, Wm. H. Black, Fort Dodge.

Winnebago — Forest City Park and Fair Association, Forest City; Presi-
dent, F. J. Brooker, Thompson; Secretary, M. M. Thompson, Forest City.

WinnesMek — Winneshiek County Agricultural Society, Decorah; Presi-
dent, G. F. Baker, Decorah; Secretary, L. M. Enger, Decorah.

Woodbury — Moville Stock Show, Moville; President, W. W. McElrolt,
Moville; Secretary, R. J. Anderson, Moville.

Woodbury — Inter-State Dive Stock Fair Association, Sioux City; Presi-
dent, F. L. Eaton, Sioux City; Secretary, Joe Morton, Sioux City.

Worth — Worth County Agricultural Society, Northwood; President,
John M. Slosson, Northwood; Secretary, T. O. Groe, Northwood.

Wright — Wright County Agricultural Society, Clarion; President, F. P.
Wilson, Clarion; Secretary, O. W. Whaley, Clarion.

INDEX

PART I.

REPORT OF THE IOWA WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE FOR 1912.

Page

Annual normals for Iowa 23

Climatology of the year 1912 1

Monthly summaries 3

Climate and crop bulletins 1912 28

Climate and crop review 1912 25

Comparative data for the state, annual 23

Conditions, August 1 39

December 1, final 40

July 1 39

June 1 38

September 1 39

Crop Report:

Acreage by counties , 42

Average yield per acre and total product by counties 45

Dates of killing frosts 48

Tabulated crop summary 41

Total Precipitation Chart, 1912 24

"VVeather and crqp service . , , . , , ,,,.,...,..,..., J

PART II.

STATISTICAL TABLES OF IOWA'S PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS.

Crops for various years, Iowa:

Barley 52

Corn 49

Flax 55

Hay 54

Oats 50

Potatoes 56

Rye 53

Wheat 51

Crop statistics, principal farm crops of the United States:

Barley 64

Buckwheat 68

Corn 57

Flaxseed 71

Hay 74

Oats 69

Potatoes 72

Rye 66

Wheat, winter 59

Wheat, spring 61

Wheat, all , » 63

974 INDEX

Crop statistics, principal farm crops of the world: Page

Barley 87

Corn : 80

Flax 91

Oats 85

Rye 89

Wheat '.. 82

Farm animal statistics. United States:

Cattle, other than milch cows 78

Cows, milch 76

Horses 76

Mules 76

Sheep 78

Swine 78

PART III.

CROP AND OTHER STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR ENDING
DECEMBER 31, 1912.

Crops, acreage, yield per acre and total yield:

Alfalfa 101

Apples 95

Barley 98

Clover seed 116

Corn 98

Flax seed 101

Hay (t.ame) 101

Hay (wild) 101

Oats 98

Pop Corn 116

Potatoes 101

Rye 101

Sweet corn 116

Timothy seed 116

Wheat (spring-) 98

Wheat rwinter) 98

Farms, acreag-e, total 95

Averag-e monthly wage paid farm help 95

Averag-e size farms 95

Number in state, total 95

Silos, number in state 95

Introductory remarks 93

Live stock statistics, Iowa:

Cattle, all ag-es 113

Cattle not kept for milk 113

Dairy cows and heifers 113

Eg-g-s, number of dozen received (estimated) 113

Hogs on farms July 1, 1912 113

Horses, all ag-es 113

]\lules, all ag-es 113

Poultry on farms, July 1, 1912 113

Sheep kept on farms 113

Pounds of wool clipped 113

Shipped in for feeding- 113

Sold for slaughter 113

Tabulated crop summary, 1912 94

INDEX 975

PART IV.

PROCEEDINGS OP THE NINTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE CORN BELT
MEAT PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION.

Addresses: Page

Ames, Senator, A. L 168

Clarke, Governor Georg'e W 176

Davis, James C 174

Drury, Will 184

Henderson, Judge J. H 182

Ingham, Hon. Harvey 170

Sykes, A 11 S- 1 64

Thorne, Hon. Clifford 170- 201

Tomlinson, T. W 208

Wallace, Hon. Henry 165

Whitenton, W. M 191

Beef making- in Iowa, John M. Evvard 132

Beresford, Rex, "Profita.ble Beef Production" 145

Clarke, Gov. Georg-e W., address 176

Committee Resolutions 164

Davis, James C, address 174

Downing-, James E., "Market Weighing- of Live Stocl-c" 160

Drury, Will, address 184

Evvard, John M., "Beef Making- in Iowa" 132

Gibson, Dr. J. I., "Prevention and Control of Hog- Cholera" 150

Hammill, Fred H., "The Railroad and The Stockman" 185

Henderson, Hon. J. H., address 182

Ing-ham, Hon. Harvey, address 179

Market weighing- of live stoclc, James E. Downing 160

President's annual address, A. Sykes 119

Prevention and control of hog cholera. Dr. J. I. Gibson 150

Profitable beef production. Rex Beresford 145

Sykes, A., president's annual address 119

Address 164

The application of the moisture test in grading corn, George A. Wells 128

The railroad and the stockman, Fred H. Hammill 185

Thorne, Hon. Clifford, address 170

Address 201

Tomlinson, T. W., address 208

Wallace, Hon. Henry, address 165

Wells, Geo. A., "The Application of the Moisture Test in Grading Corn" 128

Whitenton, W. M., address 191

PART V.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE STATE
FARMERS' INSTITUTE.

Addresses:

Beckman, F. W 221

Harding, Lieutenant Governor, William L 230

Beckman, F. W., address 221

Harding, Lieutenant Governor William L., addro.<=s 230

Iowa roads and their future improvements, Thos. H. MacDonald 215

MacDonald, Thos. H., "Iowa Roads and Their Future Improvements".. 215

976 INDEX

PART VI.

SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE
AND COMMITTEE MEETINGS, 1911-1912.

Page

Agreement v/ith street car company on change of entrance 270- 273

Appropriations:

Ag'ricultural college exhibit 248

Babies' health contest 248

Auction sale of houses 269

Awards sheriff's jury land condemned 267

Bids :

Combination curb and gutter 254

Floor in agricultural building 254

Floor in machinery hall 254

Horse barn 265

Building purchased of Iowa Shorthorn Breeders' Association 290

Bishop, E. C, report on school exhibit 298

Board of Agriculture:

Meetings 237-244-247-258-275-281- 292

Oath of office 238-281

Bonds:

Of secretary fixed 238

Of secretary and treasurer approved 247

Brown, W. C, resignation as superintendent of privileges and conces-
sions 297

Committees:

Adulteration of foods, seeds and other products 257

Animal industry 257

Auditing 257- 278

Boys' camp 244

Dairying and dairy products 257

Executive 257

Legislative 257

Noxious weeds, fungus diseases in grains, grasses, plants, etc.... 257

Per diem and mileage 249-261-277- 301

Powers and duties of board 257

Resolutions 257

Revision of premium list 252-256- 257

Special 261- 265

Contracts:

Band and orchestras 270

Combination curb and gutter 255

Floor in agricultural building 255

Floor in machinery hall • 255

Horse barn 266

Ice 250-280

Irwin Bros. Cheyenne Frontier Show 262

National aeroplane company 270

Official catalog 270

Premium list printing 250

Score card privilege 270

Superintendent of grounds 251

Street car station 272

Corey, A. R., elected secretary, bonds 238- 282

Report of expenditures, receipts and improvements 238

Salary 238

Report 283

Deerner, Jas. H,, elected superintendent of grounds 245- 282

INDEX flitt

Page

Des Moines Bridge and Iron Works, contract 272

Des Moines City Railway, contract 270- 273

Estimated building- repairs, etc 259

Estimated cost of improvements 259

Executive committee meeting's

250-262-263 -264-267-26S -270 -272-273 -274-277-278-279- 280

Gilbertson, G. S., elected treasurer, salary 238- 282

Grounds rented, national aviators 266

Horticultural department report, Elmer M. Reeves 295

Improvements authorized by board December 15 258

Inspection of hogs 293

Johnston, R. S., report on swine department 292

Lovejoy, J. E., awnrded contract on horse barn 266

Machinery department report, J. P. Mullen 294

Mullen, J. P., report on machinery department 294

Nash, C. A., salary 276

Pay rolls, departments 275

Petition to vacate streets 267

Potts Brothers, awarded contract 255

Poultry department report, J. F. Summers 293

Premiums offered 1911-1912 256

Reeves, Elmer M., report on horticultural department 295

Report on public safety and transportation, E. M. Wentworth 296

Report on school exhibits, E. C. Bishop 298

Report on expenditures, receipts and improvements, A. R. Corey.. 238- 244

Comparative statement of premiums paid 1910-1911 241

Cost of advertising- 1911 fair 239

Financial statement 241

Improvements for 1912 242

Receipts 1911 fair compared with 1910 238

Statement amount of insiirance in force, etc 243

Statement of expense of 1911 fair compared with 1910 240

Statement of receipts on account of ticket sales for 1911 compared

with 1910 239

Report, A. R. Corey 283-288

Comparison of premiums 1911, 1912 288

Comparative statement receipts of 1911 and 1912 fairs 286

Financial condition of treasiiry Dec. 1, 1912 283

Improvements needed 284

Recapitulation ticket sales, 1912 fair compared with 1911 288

Statement of expense of the 1912 fair compared with 1911 287

Resolution favoring federal aid in extension work 244

On baby health contest 248

Authorizing executive committee to award contracts for cross sec-
tion of steel and brick horse barn in accord with plans ap-
proved ])y State Board of Agriculture 260

That no officer or employe have any concession at fair 260

Secretary elected 238-282

Authorized sell houses at auction 268

Bonds approved 247- 282

Bonds fixed 238

Reports 238- 283

Settlement of case Eva Brown et al vs. State of Iowa 279

Special days 191 2 fair 271

Summers, J. F., report on poultry department 293

Superintendents of departments 246- 289

Superintendent of grounds 245

Swine department, report 292

Treasurer, elected, salary 238- 282

Bonds approved 247

Bonds fixed 238

Wentworth, E. M., report on public safety and transportation depts... 296
62

978 INDEX

PART VIL

PROCBEDINGS OP THK STATF< AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION.

Page

Address, Dr. R. A. Pearson 451

Babies' health contest, Iowa State Fair, ]\Irs. Mary T. Watts 449

Boys' camp, Iowa State Fair, Fred M. Hansen 445

Cameron, C. E,, elected president. State Board of Agriculture 464

President's address 303

Chappel, Geo. M., report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service 460

Committees:

Credentials 305-462

Resolutions 305- 462

Curtin, E. J., elected meinber of Board of Agriculture 465

Essay, "What I Saw and Learned at the Iowa State Fair," Forest H. Ford 458

Ford, Forest H., essay, "What I Saw and Learned at the Iowa State Fair," 458

Gilbertson, G. S., treasurer's report 331

Hansen, Fred M.. report on Iowa State Fair Boys' Camp 445

Iowa State Fair and Exposition 318

Attendance 319

Comparative statistics of leading state fairs 337

Condensed financial statement 1896 and 1901 to 1912 338- 339

Expense warrants 360- 443

Improvements made in 1912 325

Itemized statement of account 326

Number of beef cattle entered and exhibitors 1912, 1911 321

Number of entries and exhibitors 1912-1911 320

Number of horses entered and exhibitors 1912, 191.1 321

Number of swine entered and exhibitors 1912, 1911. . 322

Premium warrants 340- 360

Table of improvements from appropriation and from state fair

receipts 336

Legoe, T. C, elected member of Board of Agriculture 465

Mullen, J. P., elected member of Board of Agriculture 465

Olson, O. A., elected vice-president Board of Agriculture 464

Pearson, Dr. R. A., address : 451

Phillips, C. W., elected member Board of Agriculture 464

Secretary's report, A. R. Corey 305

County and district fairs 310

Attendance and admission fees 316

Financial statement .' 312

Department of Agriculture, need of information bureau 318

Farmers' institutes and short courses 306

Financial statement, institutes 307

Short course associations 309

Sheldon, F. E., elected member Board of Agriculture 465

Treasurer's report, G. S. Gilbertson 331

Watts, Mrs. Mary T., report on Babies' Health Contest, Iowa State

Fair 449

Weather and crop service, director's report 460

PART VIII.

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE IOWA SWINE
BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION, 1912.

Curtiss, C. F., "Ventilation and Care of Winter Pigs" 474

Evvard, John M., "Feeding the Brood Sow" 478

Expert Judge Association 486

Feeding the brood sow, John M. Evvard 478

Forage crops for swine, Prof. W. J. Kennedy 468

INDEX 979

Page

Halford, R. W., elected secretary-treasurer, Expert Judge Assn 486

Harding', R. J., elected president Expert Judge Association 486

Kennedy, W. J., "Forage Crops for Swine" 468

Luther, C. E., "Public Sales" 473

Luther, T. F., "The Profitable Type of Hog for Farmer and Breeder".. 477

McKelvie, Sam, elected second vice president, Expert Judge Assn 486

Officers of association 467

President's address, J. H. Watson 467

Public sales, C. E. Iiuther 473

Stange, Dr. C. H., "Vaccinating" 481

The profitable type of hog for farmer and breeder, T. F. Luther 477

Vaccinating, Dr. C. H, Stange 481

Ventilation and care of winter pigs, C. F. Curtiss 474

Watson, J. H., president's address 467

Watson, J. H., elected vice president, Expert Judge Association 486

PART IX.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE
TOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

Address of welcome, James I. Kenyon 487

Butter scores, Iowa State Dairy convention, 1912 524

Committee on resolutions 493

Commercial starter, T. E. Culp 506

Criticism of butter exhibit, F. L. Odell 5II

Culp, T. E., "Commercial Starter" 506

Election of officers 511- 512

Estel, E. S., "Iowa State Dairy Association," the organization and its

accomplishments 513

Fowler, Geo, V., "Iowa Made Cheese" 516

Iowa State Dairy Association — the organization and its accomplish-
ments, E. S. Estel 513

Iowa made cheese, Geo. V. Fowler 516

Kenyon, James I., address of welcome 487

Kolthoff, G., elected vice president 512

Lee, Carl E., "Workmanship as a Factor in Creamery Butter Making" 493

Membership Iowa State Dairy Association 526

Modern creamery construction, Prof. M. Mortensen 508

Mortenscn, Prof. M., "Modern Creamery Construction" 508

Nelson, C. A., response to address of welcome 488

Odell, F. L., criticism of butter exhibits 511

Power efficiency, E. T. Sadler 501

Report of secretary, J. J. Ross 488

Report of treasurer, E. T. Sadler 491

Response to address of welcome, C. A. Nelson 488

Resolutions 512

Ross, J. J., elected secretary 512

Secretary's report 488

Sadler, E. T., elected treasurer 512

"Power Efficiency" 501

Treasurer's report 491

Workmanship as a factor in creamery butter making, Carl E. Lee.... 493

990 INDEX

PART X.

EXTRACTS FROM STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER'S REPORT OF 1912

TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL.

Page

Boost for better quality 543

Butter:

Average monthly price, extra creamery, New York market 54S

Creamery 546

General review of market 547

Pounds of butter made and sold in Iowa as reported by creameries 549

Renovated 546

Cheese 547

City milk inspection 535

Cows — number reported by creameries 551

Cow testing 543

Cream, number of pounds received at creameries 549

Educational work 533

Helpful acts of the thirty-fourth general assembly 532

Ice-cream 541

Increase in number of creameries 533

Increased revenue from license 532

Iowa as a butter state 533

Iowa State Dairy Association 541

Milk, number of pounds received at creameries 549

New building- a necessity 534

New measures recommended 534

Oleomargarine 547

Patrons of creamery, number 551

Save the calves ; 534

Separators, number of 551

Silos 535

Table, milk licenses issued city milk dealers 1905-1912 539

Why tests vary 544

PART XL
EXTRACTS FROM STATE VETERINARY SURGEON'S REPORT OF 1912.

Animal health commission 580

Baughman, Dr. D. E., "The Method of Using Anti-hog Cholera Serum" 575

Canadian trip 559

Dourine 561

Eighth biennial report 557

Tuberculosis 565

Glanders 558

Hog cholera 575

Interstate shipments of live stock 579

Introduction 555

Rules and regulations as to contagious diseases among animals 582

The method of using anti-hog cholera serum, Dr. D. E. Baughman.... 575

Tests on state herds 575

Various state requirements for the importation of live stock 586

PART XII.
PAPERS ON LIVE STOCK, AGRICULTURE AND MISCELLANEOUS TOP-
ICS, PAPERS READ BEFORE COUNTY FARMERS' INSTITUTES, ETC.

Alfalfa management in Iowa 650

Ames, A. L., "Iowa Stallion and Jack Laws" 601

INDEX 981

Page

Care of the calf from the feed lot to the butcher, H. J. Hess 63a

Co-operation among' fruit growers 610

Crownover, Wm., "Feeding- Draft Colts" 60G

Economical household conveniences, Mrs. W. VV. Latta 625

Escher, Jr., Hon, Chas., "What Can Iowa do to Relieve the Beef

Shortage?" 646

Farming on a business basis, Dallas N. McGrew 620

Feeding draft colts, Wm. Crownover 606

Hess, H. J., "Care of the Calf from the Feed Lot to the Butcher" 633

Kennedy, W. J., "The Beef Cattle Situation and its Solution" 648

Latta, Mrs. W. W., "Economical Household Conveniences" 625

McGrew, Dallas N., "Farming on a Business Basis" 620

Report of annual meeting, Iowa Beef Producers' Association 644

Silos, Wallaces' Farmer 629

Soil survey is needed in Iowa, W. H. Stevenson in Farmer and Breeder 641

Sparks, S. F., "Tile Drainage — Its Effect on Crops" 613

Stevenson, W. H. (In Farmer and Breeder), "A Soil Survey is Needed

in Iowa" 641

The beef cattle situation and its solution, W. J. Kennedy 648

The Iowa stallion and jack law, A. L. Ames 601

The practical management of a hog farm, H. T. Morgan 635

Tile drainage — its effect on crops, S. F. Sparlvs 613

True, C. H., "Winter Problems" 618

Vaughn, Howard, "What Horses Mean to Iowa" 604

What can Iowa do to relieve the beef shortage? Hon. Chas. Escher, Jr. 646

What horses mean to Iowa, Howard Vaughn 604

Winter problems, C. H. True 618

PART XIIL

PRESS REPORTS AND LIVE STOCK AWARDS AND RESULTS IN BOYS'
JUDGING CONTEST.

PRESS REPORTS.

Breeders' Gazette 737

Farmer and Breeder 781

Iowa Homestead 713

Twentietli Century Farmer 777

Wallaces' Farmer 766

AWARDS AND EXHIBITORS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS.

Cattle department 813

Horse department 787

Poultry department 864

Sheep department 855

Swine department 840

SCHOLARSHIP CONTESTS.
Boys' judging contest 882

PART XIV

REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS BY COUNTY AND DISTRICT
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN lOW^A.

Adair 885

Adams 886

982 INDEX

Page

Allamakee 887

Audubon 887

Appanoose 888

Benton 889

Black Hawk 889

Boone 890- 891

Buchanan 892

Bremer 893

Buena Vista 893

Butler 894

Calhoun 895-896

Cass 896- 897

Carroll 898

Cedar 899

Cerro Gordo 900

Chickasaw 900-901

Clayton 902- 903

Crawford 904

Clinton 904

Davis 905

Decatur 906

Delaware 906

Dickinson 907- 908

Fayette 908-909

Franklin 910

Greene 911

Grundy 912

Guthrie 913

Hancock • • • 913

Hardin 914

Harrison 915

Henry 915- 916

Howard 917

Humboldt 918

Iowa 919-920

Jackson 921

Jasper 922

Jefferson 922

Johnson 923

Jones 924

Keokuk 924

Kossuth 925

Lee 926- 927

Linn 928- 929

Louisa 929

Lucas 930

Lyon 931

Madison 932

Mahaska 933

Marion 934

Marshall 935- 936

Mills 937

Mitchell 938

Monona 938

Monroe 939

Montgomery 940

Muscatine 940- 941

O'Brien 942- 943

Page 944

Pocahontas 945

Pottawattamie 946

Poweshiek 947- 948

INDEX 983

Page

Ring-gold 948

Sac 949

Shelby • 950

Sioux 951

Scott 952

Story 952

Tama 953

Taylor 954

Van Buren 954

Wapello 955

Warren 956

Wayne 956

Webster 957

Winneshiek 958

Winnebag-o 958

Woodbury 959- 960

Worth 961

Wright 962

PART XV.

DIRECTORY OF ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTING
AGRICULTURAT-. INTERESTS IN IOWA.

Agricultural department, state 963

Bee-keepers' Association, Iowa 964

Beef Producers' Association, Iowa 963

Corn Belt jNIeat Producers' Association 963

Corn Growers' Association, Iowa 963

County and District Agricultural Societies and Fair Associations 969

Dairy Association, Iowa State 964

Draft Horse Breeders' Association, Iowa 964

Florists, Society of Iowa 963

Grain Dealers' Association, The Farmers 963

Grain Dealers' Association, Western 963

Highwa:'' Commission, Iowa State 963

Horticultural Society, Iowa State 963

Institutes and Short Courses 964

Park and Forestry Association, Iowa 963

Poultry Association, Iowa State 964

Swine Breeders' Association, Iowa 964

Shorthorn Breeders' Association, The Iowa 964

New York Botanical Garden j-'brar

3 5

85 00260 8485