yT .no FOURTEENTH ANNUAL Iowa Year Book of Agriculture Issued by the Iowa Department of Agriculture 1914 LIBRARY »EW YORK B#Ta'-'I; • QAiftr. ^-^^ DES MOIXES: ROBERT HENDERSON, STATE PRINTER J. M. JAMIESON, STATE BINDER 1915 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Office of lowxi. State Department of Agriculture. Des Moines, Iowa, July 1, 1915. To His Excellency, George W. Clarke, Governor of loiva; . Sir. — I have the honor to transmit herewith the Fifteenth An- nual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture for the year 1914. Arthur R. Corey, Secretary State Board of Agriculture. 1 .p.rtAUl* INTRODUCTORY ** The 1914 Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, herewith presented, is the fifteenth volume issued by this department. The first Year Book was issued in 1900, following the passage of the law which did away with the State Agricultural Society and established the Department of Agriculture in its stead. The Agricultural Society issued its reports annually during its existence, forty-six annual re- ports having been published up to 1900. A comparison of the summaries issued by the Iowa Weather and Crop Service in 1900 and in 1914 shows that the field crops in 1914 were worth more than twice as much, as in 1900. The total value of the field crops in 1900 was $229,805,058 and in 1914, $465,793,- 419. There was a larger acreage in corn, in oats and all other small grain crops in 1914 than in 1900. Winter wheat was a very minor crop in 1900, the whole crop being worth only $631,203, while in 1914 it was worth $12,038,210. Alfalfa, which was grown in every county in the state last year, was not enumerated in the crop yields in 1900. The crop statistics used this year are those of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The towTiship assessors' figures for 1914 will not be available until late in the summer of 1915 inasmuch as the assessors are taking the census this year along with their other duties. Hence the crop statistics from the township assessors do not appear in this volume. Part I contains a synopsis of the proceedings of the State Board of Agriculture and committee meetings during the year 1914. Part II contains the proceedings of the State Agricultural Con- vention held in the agricultural rooms of the State House, Decem- ber 9th. It includes the president's address and the reports of the secretary and treasurer; financial statement of farmer's institutes; the financial statement and statistics of county and district fairs and the report of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition for 1914. Part III gives the proceedings of the sixth annual meeting of the Iowa County and District Fair Managers Association. Part IV gives the press reports and live stock awards of the ] 914" Iowa State Fair and Exposition. iv INTRODUCTORY Part V gives the proceedings of the annual meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders Association. Part A"^! contains extracts from the annual report of W. B. Barney, state daiiy commissioner. Part VII gives the proceedings of the thirty-eighth annual con- vention of the Iowa State Dairy Association, Part VIII contains extracts from the annual report of Frank C. Pellett, State Bee Inspector. Part IX gives the proceedings of the annual meeting of the Corn Part X' contains papers on Live Stock, Agricultural and Miscell- aneous topics. Part XI gives the annual report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for 1914. Part XII contains statistical tables of Iowa's principal farm crops giving the total acreage, average yield per acre and total product by counties. Also the government tables showing acreage, production and value of the principal farm crops of the United States by states for 1913 and 1914, and also live stock tables giv- ing estimated numbers on farms and value January 1, 1915, by states. Part XIII contains the reports of agricultural conditions as given by county and district agricultural societies in Iowa. Part XIV contains a directory of associations and organizations xepresenting agricultural societies in Iowa. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 1915 EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. Governor of State Des Moines President of Iowa State College Ames State Dairy Commissioner Des Moines State Veterinarian Des Moines OFFICERS. C. E. Camerox, President Alta O. A. Olsox, Vice President Forest City A. R. Corey, Secretary Des Moines W. W. 'MoRROvr, Treasurer Afton DISTRICT MEMBERS. First District— C. H. Tribby Mount Pleasant Second District — C. W. Phillips Maquoketa Third District — Elmer M. Reeves Waverly Fourth District — E. J. Curtix Decorah Fifth District — Cyrus A. Tow Norway Sixth District — T. C. Legoe Wliat Cheer Seventh District — Chas. F. Curtiss Ames Eighth District — F^axk E. Sheldon Mt. Ayr Ninth District — John F. Summers Malvern Tenth District — John P. Mullen Fonda Eleventh District — H. L. Pike Whiting The President, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer are elected for one year. Terms of Directors from odd-numbered Districts expire second "Wednesday in December, 191.5. Terms of Directors from even-num- bered Districts expire second "Wednesday in December, 1916. COMMITTEES YEAR 1915 EXECUTIVE. C. E. CAMERON. • A. R. COREY O. A. OLSON. AUDITING. C. W. PHILLIPS J- P- MULLEN T. C. LEGOE. RESOLUTIONS. E. J. CURTIN F. E. SHELDON C. H. TRIBBY. PO^VEES AND DUTIES OF BOARD. C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY O. A. OLSON. E. M. REEVES. C. F. CURTISS. ADULTERATION OF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS. R. A. PEARSON W. B. BARNEY CYRUS A. TOW. NOXIOUS WEEDS, FUNGUS DISEASE IN GRAINS, GRASSES, PLANTS, ETC. E. M. REEVES JOHN P. MULLEN J. F. SUMMERS. DAIRYING AND DAIRY PRODUCTS. W. B. BARNEY J. F. SUMMERS C. F. CURTISS. ANIIIAL HUSBANDRY. C. F. CURTISS J. I. GIBSON H. L. PIKE. LEGISLATIVE. C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY O. A. OLSON. J. P. MULLEN. E. J. CURTIN. REVISION OF PREMIUJI LIST, RULES AND REGULATIONS. C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY O. A. OLSON. T. C. LEGOE. ' C. F. CURTISS. H. L. PIKE. ILLUSTRATIONS Page A glimpse of the beautiful driveway on College Campus, Ames 922 "A" House 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733 After dinner group of beekeepers at Hall apiary 488 Ames combination roof house 722, 723, 724 Appearance of larvae affected by European foul brood 535 Bartlett Pear 550 Black Cherry 544 Blue Weed 549 Boro Blusterer, Champion Shire Stallion 318 Canadian Goldenrod 553 Champion Aberdeen Angus Bull, Prince Felzer 345 Champion Breeders Young Hereford Herd 801 Champion Breeders Young Shorthorn Herd 224 Champion Cotswold Ram, Houlton ; 374 Champion Dorset Ram 380 Champion Duroc Jersey Boar 364 Champion Lincoln Ram 375 Champion Shropshire Ram 376 Champion Southdown Ewe 379 Coldham Surprise, Champion Shire Mare 319 Common Barberry 543 Common Wind Flower 543 Creeping Charlie 546 Crop Maps 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815 Cultivated Strawberry 545 Dadant, C. P 498 Demonstration work in Coverdale apiary 482 Demonstration work in Hall apiary 490 Dogbane 551 Economy House 738, 739, 740, 741 Farceur, Champion Belgian Stallion 322 First Hampshire Get of Sire 369 First summer meeting at McGregor 486 Flowers of Red Clover 572 Glimpses of some Iowa beekeepers 579-580 Government apiary and laboratory 521 Grand Champion Angus Cow, Eritus 346 Grand Champion Ayrshire Bull 356 Grand Champion Galloway Bull, Prince Favorite 347 Grand Champion Hereford Bull, Repeater 7th 342 Grand Champion Hereford Cow, Miss Repeater 11th 342 Grand Champion Holstein Cow, Lady Reka Mooie 351 Grand Champion Berkshire Boar 367 X ILLUSTRATIONS Page Grand Cliampion Chester White Boar 366 Grand Champion Guernsey Cow, Deanie 16th 355 Grand Champion Jersey Bull, Togo's Oxford Majesty 352 Grand Champion Poland China Boar 361 Grand Champion Shorthorn Bull, Cumberland's Type 33S Grand Champion Shorthorn Cow, Lancaster Duchess 7th 338 Group of beekeepers at Delmar 484 Group of bee men at Strong apiary 493 Group at Clarinda 487 Horse Mint 547 Icwa's Best Crop, Prize "Winners at 1914 Iowa State Fair 746 Iowa Gable Roof House 715, 716, 718, 719 Insects that visit Red Clover 566 Insects that visit Sweet Clover 569 Insects that visit Wild Parsnip 567 King Norman, Champion Clydesdale Stallion 316 Lycee, Champion Percheron Stallion 312 Magnificent showing of Aged Bulls at the 1914 Iowa State Fair and Exposition Map of Iowa, showing location of creameries, etc 437 Milkweed 571 Mint 549 One corner of silo exhibit Ill One view of automobiles parked : 402 Pair of Cheviots 381 Pangburn, W. S. — Apiary 525 Home 523 Phacelia 548 Phillips, Dr. E. P 503 Precipitation, total 780 Prominent men at Delmar 495 Sash for admitting sunlight during cold weather 720 Senior and Junior Champion Guernsey Bulls 354 Simpson Honey Plant 551 Sneezeweed 552 Split Sections, Dr. L. D. Leonard method 577 Stine, J. W., and Mrs. Stine 539 Teepee House 734, 735, 736 Thirteen colonies left of 105, etc 534 Thirteen Young Herds of Shorthorns at the 1914 Iowa State Fair and Exposition 852 The way pigs balance their ration, etc 617, 618, 619 Trade mark for Iowa butter 438 View of entrance to Women and Children's Building 101 Winds, mean annual Isotherms and prevailing winds 779 Willow Herb or Fireweed 547 Wild Parsnip 573 Wild Plum 545 Yarrow 554 TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter of Transmittal. Introductory. State Board of Agriculture. Standing Gomviittees. Index to Illustrations. PART I. Synopsis of Proceedings of State Board of Agriculture and Com- mittee Meetings, December 11, 1913, to December 10, 1914 1- 82 PART II. Proceedings of the State Agricultural Convention 83-176 PART III. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Iowa County and District Fair Managers' Association 177-223 PART IV. Iowa State Fair and Exposition, Press Reports and Live Stock Awards 225-396 PART v. Proceedings of the Winter Meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association, 1914 397-401 PART VI. Extracts from State Dairy Commissioner's Report 403-438 PART VII. Proceedings of the Thirty-eighth Annual Convention of the Iowa State Dairy Association 439-480 PART VIII. Extracts from State Bee Inspector's Report 481-580 PART IX. Annual Meeting Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association 581-654 PART X. Papers on Live Stock, Agricultural and Miscellaneous Topics. .. .655-745 PART XI. Annual Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, 1914 747-821 TABLE OF CONTENTS Statistical Tables of Iowa's Principal Farm Crops and those of other states 823-851 PART XIII. Report of Agricultural Conditions by County and District Agricul- tural Societies 853-921 Directory of Associations and Organizations Representing Agricul- tural Interests in Iowa 923-931 IOWA'S SOURCE OF WEALTH FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1914. COMPILED FOR THE IOWA YEAR BOOK OF AGRICULTURE FROM ESTIMATES MADE BY THE IOWA WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE. ACREAGE, PKODUCTIOX, AVERAGE YIELD AND VALUE PER ACRE AND TOTAL VALUE OF IOWA FARM PRODUCTS FOR THE YEAR 1914, taj a < o o D O 03 O Com - 9,324,300 5,154,200 638,410 261,025 437,400 73,150 110,205 14,440 3,928,250 684,070 88,070 363,680,600 bu. 172,699,000 bu. 12,038,210 bu. 3,691,470 bu. 11,423,310 bu. 1,360,200 bu. 9,540,200 bu. 152,280 bu. 4,234,370 tons 880,280 tons 319,853 tons Estimated Estimatetl Estimated Estimated Estimated) Estimated Estimated ■ Estimated Estimated 39 34 22 14 26 19 87 11 1.4 1.3 s.e $ .55 .41 .97 .94 .56 .77 .58 1.21 10.78 8.28 12.50 $21.45 13.94 21.34 13.16 14.56 14.63 50.46 13.31 15.09 10.77 45.00 $ 200,029,280 Oats — - 70,805.360 Winter wheat 11,677,063 3,469,981 B-arley _ - 5,397,053 Rye -- --- - - 1,054,320 5,533,316 184,268 Hay (tame) .- — - 45,64«,608 Hay (wild) - _ 7,123,118 Alfalfa - 3,998,162 84,000,000 3,750,000 2,600,000 500,000 535,000 ::::.. - --- : — .500,000 Fruit crop _- 5,000,000 Garden truck 5,000,000 9,000,000 $ 465,793,419 Wool Estimated Estimated Estimated $ 1,350,000 50,000,0<10 Poultry and eggs' 40,000,000 $ 557,143,419 NUMBER, AVERAGE VALUE AND TOTAL VALUE OF LIVE STOCK JANUARY 1, 1915. Figures taken from Agricultural Outlook published by U. S. Department of Agriculture, February, 1915. Number all ages 1^ Horses _— -- — — . --_ — . -_ 1,600,000 58,000 1,377,000 2,683,000 8,720,000 1,249,000 $ 105.00 111.00 57.00 37.50 11. OO 5.60 $ 168,000,000 6,438,000 Mules' — - - Milch cows Other cows Swine _.. _ .. .._ . .__ 78,489,000 100,612,000 95,920,000 Sheep 6,994,000 Total $ 456,453,000 IOWA FARM STATISTICS Land area of Iowa $ 35,575,040 Total acreage in farms 31,658,759 Total number of farms 194,598 Average size of farms, acres 162.7 Total population, 1910 . 2,224,771 Rural population, 1910 1,544,717 Value of all farm property, 1910 $ 3,745,861,000 Value of land, 1910 $ 2,801,974,000 Value of buildings, 1910 $ 455,406,000 Value of implements and machinery, 1910 $ 95,478,000 Farms operated by owners and managers, 1910 134,929 Farms operated by tenants, 1910 82,115 Value of live stock $ 456,453,000 Value of farm crops and other products $ 557,143,419 Total value of live stock, farm crops and other products $ 1,013,-596,419 Average value live stock, farm crops and other products per farm $ 5,209 MONTHLY WEATHER DATA FOR IOWA IN 1914. Temperature Precipitation Number of Days -a a MONTH a 1^ £ 4^ 1 0 ill 1 0 4^ 0 u 03 5 +2 3 1 5 11 •3.2 n January 27.8 16.8 34.7 48.6 62.2 79 9 +9.9 —3.7 -fl.4 —0.1 +1.7 +3.1 +2.5 +1.9 +1.1 +5.1 +6.0 -8.2 64 59 78 88 98 101 109 103 99 88 80 63 —10 —29 — 5 11 25 40 43 40 30 14 — 4 —31 0.88 0.87 1.69 2.52 3. .31 5.57 2.27 2.19 7.88 3.23 0.22 1.30 —0.17 —0.28 — O.08 —0.34 —1.26 +1.19 —1.69 —1.49 +4.52 +0.77 —1.29 +0.08 2.34 1.99 3.84 5.03 6.90 13.24 6.50 4.90 16.24 6.64 0.95 2.24 0.27 5 0.32 6 11 10 12 10 14 12 20 17 15 16 19 10 8 9 8 2 11 14 8 10 8 6 6 6 12 9 11 12 6 4 3 4 7 9 5 15 nw nw 0.28 0.37 0.30 1.17 0.44 0.42 2.48 0.74 0.00 0.57 7 8 10 13 5 7 10 9 2 9 nw \pril nw s July - 76.6 73.7 64.5 55.9 41.0 15.7 49.1 s s s g nw nw +1.7 109 —31 31.93 -0.04 16.24 0.00 91 166 102 97 PART I Synopsis of Proceedings of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture and Committee Meetings, 1914 A synopsis of the transactions of the Iowa State Board of Ag- riculture during the year from Tuesday, December 11, 1913, up to and including the meeting of December 11, 1914, is given in this part. All meetings of the board, the executive committee and special committee meetings are presented. MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. THURSDAY, DECEMBER 11, 1913. Board met at 10 o'clock a. m. in the rooms of the Department of Ag- riculture, with the following members present: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Wentworth, Legoe, Curtiss, Sheldon, Summers, Mullen, Pike and Gibson. Minutes of the board meetings on May 16-17 and August 29, and all committee meetings were read and approved. Mr. Wentworth offered the following resolution: That the amount of money ($29.05) which was collected and turned in by the Public Safety Department be returned to that department. Seconded by Mr. Legoe. Resolution adopted. Mr. Wentworth read the report of the Public Safety Department, and by order of the president, same was placed on file. To the State Board of Agriculture : Gentlemen: In submitting my report for the work of my department for the year 1913, I would prefix same by calling attention to the reports and recommendations made in 1911 and 1912, but for ready comparison I will quote therefrom the following: "In 1911 we had a total of 144 men; 127 footmen and 15 mounted, the chief and assistant to the chief, with an aggregate of 1,023 days' service. In 1912 we had 163 men; 137 footmen and 24 mounted, the chief and assistant to the chief, with an aggregate of 1,201 days." For the year just closing we had a total of 186 men; 158 footmen, 28 mounted, the chief and assistant to the chief, with an aggregate of 1,508 days police duty. The expense being divided as follows: 2 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE General grounds policing $3,809.45 Camp grounds • • 195.00 Marshals 135.00 Superintendents, assistant, etc 99.00 Total $4,238.45 There was an increase of 307 days work and $669.98 expense. Nothing that I can say better shows the real increase and growth of the Iowa State Fair than the demands made upon this department, and at this time I wish to call attention to the remarkable, as I believe, record made during the 1913 fair. There was not a single case of pocket picking, loss from tent, or other evidence of pilfering of the light-fingered gentry reported to our office. In the camp feature we also note a steady increase, over 1,700 tents being pitched and occupied practically throughout the fair, an increase of about 125 over the previous year. During the days the camp grounds were policed by mounted men for the first time, an innovation which met with the approval of all. As their duties were largely those of guides, they were much more readily reached and could be of greater assistance to the visitors at the grounds. I again urge the desirability of increasing the wages of both the mounted and the foot men. The cost of living on the grounds has steadily increased; the bills for feed for the mounted men are such that they actually do not break even when shipping expense and feed bills are added to their own board bills. This should not be and I would suggest that we be at least as liberal in this matter as our neighboring state of Minnesota, which pays its mounted men $5 per day and furnishes the feed for the horses. Minnesota also pays her foot men $3 per day and they have in addition to that an average of fifty men in uniform from the Twin Cities, the only expense to the association being the furnishing of the men their meals while on duty. I would again call, and urge, attention to better housing conditions for the men, and suggest the desirability of the board purchasing from the county of Polk the building now on the grounds and formerly used as a public comfort station and waiting room for the inhabitants of that county and their friends. At comparatively small expense this could be fitted up into ideal police headquarters and the time has come, in the judgment of your superintendent, when we must pay just regard to the comfort of the men who come here and work an average of sixteen hours out of the twenty-four, giving faithful, efficient service and contributing in a large measure to the success of the fair. I wish to thank the members of the board, and the officers and the men in this department for their cheerful co-operation and prompt obedience to all instructions, rules and regulations. Respectfully submitted, B. M. Wentworth, Superintendent. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 3 On motion of Mr. Pike, the board adjourned. The board reassembled and the following newly elected mem- bers were sworn in by B. W. Garrett, clerk of the supreme court: Cameron, Olson, Tribby, Beeves, Curtiss, Summers and Pike. On roll call the following members of the board responded : Cam- eron, Olson, Corey, Tribby, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Legoe, Cur- tiss, Sheldon, Summers, Mullen and Pike. The election of secretary was first taken up and Mr. Curtiss moved that Mr. A. R. Corey, be re-elected secretary for the ensu- ing year, his salary to be $2200.00 per annum until April 23, 1914, and $2600.00 after that date, as fixed by statute. Seconded by Mr. Curtin. Motion carried. The election of treasurer was then considered. Mr. Curtin moved that Mr. Gilbertson be elected treasurer for the ensuing year, at a salary of $100.00. Seconded by Mr. Olson. Motion carried. Mr. Reeves moved that the secretary furnish surety bond of $10,000.00 and that the premium of $25.00 be paid by the de- partment. Motion carried. Mr. Mullen moved that the treasurer's bond be fixed at $100,- 000.00. Seconded by Mr. Reeves. Motion carried. Mr. Curtiss moved that James H. Deemer be re-elected superin- tendent of grounds at a salary of $100.00 per month. Seconded by Mr. Legoe. Motion carried. Mr. Curtin moved that the executive committee be authorized and instructed to buy lots to square out the southwest corner of the grounds whenever in their judgment these lots are offered at a reasonable price. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Reeves made the following motion: That the dates of the 1914 fair be August 26 to September 3 inclusive; that the admis- sion fee on Wednesday, Thursday and Sunday, August 26, 27 and 30 respectively, be twenty-five cents, and that the regular fee of fifty cents be charged on all other days ; all exhibits and live stock to be in place at nine o'clock Friday morning, August 28, and re- main in place until Friday morning at six o'clock, September 4, and that the following rule be printed in the premium list: "Ex- hibits not to be packed or removed until six o'clock a. m. Friday, September 4." Seconded by Mr. Legoe. Motion carried. On motion the board took a recess until one o'clock. 4 • IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AFTERNOON SESSION. Board convened at one o'clock with members present as at the morning session, also Dr. R. A. Pearson, ex-officio member of the board. The secretary made the following report to the board : SECRETARY'S REPORT TO BOARD. The purpose of my report to the board is to call your attention to a number of matters that should have your attention and action at this time; to briefly analyze the financial condition of the department and to call your attention to the many needed improvements that have been dis- cussed by the executive committee and members of the board. I am aware that it will not be possible to make all the improvements mentioned, but it is for the board to decide which shall be made, and I trust you will give them careful consideration before any action is taken. By referring to the printed financial statement you will note the bal- ance on hand December 1, 1913, is $18,759.32. I have made a careful analysis of the receipts other than fair which come from the fees of the division of horse breeding, fair ground col- lections by the superintendent of grounds, the appropriation of $1,000.00 for insurance and $2,400.00 for the support of the department. I have also analyzed the expense other than for fair or improvements which consists of salaries and clerical help for the division of horse breed- ing, the expense of printing certificates and the annual report of that divi- sion, the salaries of the superintendent of the publicity department and one stenographer, cost of printing and mailing "Greater Iowa" and other pamphlets published by the publicity department, the insurance premiums which will amount to $1,400.00 during 1914, and the maintenance of grounds and buildings, which has amounted to between $6,000.00 and $7,- 000.00 each year for the past two years. I have reached the conclusion that the receipts other than fair will take care of the expense other than fair or improvements. Therefore the board may appropriate for permanent improvements the balance on hand and such amount as you may wish to anticipate from the receipts of the 1914 fair. One proposition that should have the attention of the board in the way of improvements is the purchase of nine lots at the southwest corner of the grounds. As soon as this ground can be secured I believe the street running north and south immediately east of the street car entrance should be continued to the south line and an automobile entrance put in at that point. Mr. Olson can tell you that the vehicle entrance on Rock Island Avenue is not adapted for the handling of automobiles and that the main automobile entrance on Grand Avenue will soon prove inadequate to handle the traffic if it continues to increase the way it has for the past two years. In fact, it was congested during the last fair on several days. I might also add that a number now use Dean Avenue — on which this new FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 5 entrance would oi^en — as a means of reaching the grounds in automobiles. They prefer it to the rough pavement on Grand Avenue. This street is also being paved and I understand will be paved a greater portion of the distance within the next fev/ years. We have estimated the cost of these nine lots and the two houses there- on at $2,750. In addition to this it would be necessary to extend the storm sewer 160 feet, grade the new street, change the fence and put in an entrance, all of which would cost not less than $1,000.00. Another improvement contingent upon the purchase of these lots is the moving of Power Hall to a location just south of the street car entrance and on the west side of the street leading to the new Dean Avenue en- trance. In case the building is moved to this or another location it would be necessary to put on a new shingle roof. The new roof would cost about $1,000.00 and moving and replacing the foundation would cost, as esti- mated by our superintendent of grounds, $1,000.00. The building is in a good state of preservation with the exception of the shingle roof. This year but 7,920 square feet of floor space in this building was rented, out of the 12,540 square feet available. It is difficult to dispose of the floor space on account of the bad condition of the roof and the undesirable lo- cation. Another matter the board should not overlook is to make allowance for approximately 18,000 square feet of cement walk. This w^ould include a twelve foot walk from Rock Island Avenue to the west entrance to the Women and Children's Building, twenty foot walks around the court, along the west front and along the north side of the Women and Chil- dren's Building. This will cost approximately $1,800.00. It will also be necessary to place the street leading from Rock Island Avenue to the Women and Children's Building to grade. In order to have it in keeping with the surroundings it should be curbed and macadamized, or at least covered with a good layer of cinders and oiled. It would also be well to consider placing a row of electroliers on each side of the street. Should the board decide to put in the coin controlled turnstile at all outside gates it would be necessary to purchase 12 complete outfits at a cost of $135.00 each, or $1,620.00. It would be possible to return two turn- stiles and chopper boxes purchased in 1913 and receive a credit of $230.00, reducing the cost to $1,390.00 plus the freight and expense of installing. It might also be possible to dispose of some of the old turnstiles and chop- per boxes to county fairs and thus considerably reduce the cost of the change. The special National Cash Register manufactured for collecting ad- missions at team gales, and which is used successfully at the New York and South Dakota State Fairs, costs $410.00. Should the board adopt this plan it would be necessary to have two machines, and three if the new au- tomobile entrance is put in at the southwest corner of the grounds. The roof on the swine pavilion and the porch roofs of the Administra- tion Building should have a coat of tar and gravel. We have consulted two roofing concerns regarding this matter and they tell us that with these repairs the roofs should be good for seven. years; otherwise they will go to pieces within the next two or three years and would require an en- 6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE tire new roof, at a cost of $3.50 per square. There are approximately 1400 squares in the swine pavilion roof and 800 squares in the porches of the Administration Building. The cost would be about .$1.75 per square, or $3,850.00 to put both roofs in good repair. The need of toilets near the Administration Building for both men and women is more apparent each year, and while it may not be possible to alter this condition, another year the matter should be kept in mind. It would be impossible to install two sets in the room under the main lobby of the Administration Building, which is partially excavated, with en- trances at each side of the steps at the south entrance to the building. The other improvements that have been discussed by the board are the paddock for horses entered in the races and the tunnel under the track. Also the cross section of the cattle barn, or one or two of the individual units of the cattle barn. I believe the time has come when more attention should be given to beautifying the grounds. Practically all of our streets and walks are lo- cated and the arrangement of the permanent buildings is fixed. I am of the opinion that the board could Vv'oll afford to spend a little more money than we are now spending on plants and flowers, vines and shrubbery. I believe it would prove profitable to employ a professional gardener four or five months out of the year to supervise and carry out the work. The shrubbery has had but little attention and needs cutting back. A great deal could be done to beautify the buildings by planting creeping vines about them similar to those along the west side of the swine pavilion. With the care and attention of a gardener beautiful beds of flowers may be grown from seeds or annuals. These flowers, in addition to the beds grown from bulbs and roots, would greatly increase the beauty of the grounds. At present we spend about $400.00 annually for roots and bulbs and no attempt is made to save the roots. I see no reason why a root cellar could not be constructed at a nominal cost and these roots and bulbs stored therein. They could then be started in the spring in our own green house. In addition to the recommendations made by the superintendent of the agricultural department for changes in the classification I should like to submit the following: In the class for individual farm exhibits I would recommend that $125.00 be appropriated for each exhibit scoring above the minimum in the classes for farms over 80 acres and for farms under 80 acres -and $100.00 for each exhibit in the class for Polk county farms, to be divided pro rata among the exhibitors scoring above a minimum of 50 points, in place of $850.00 in each of the first two classes mentioned and $250.00 in the class for Polk county. I would also recommend that a committee be appointed to form.ulate a score card for these classes. The purpose of the score card is for the information of the exhibitors so that they may know the quantity of each sample required and the number of varieties neces- sary for a perfect score in so far as quantity and variety are concerned. I would also like to have the board consider a plan for county exhibits to be put on by county advisers. The plan has been discussed by the FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 7 superintendent of the department, his assistant Mr. Heathcrshaw, Mr. Coverdale who is in charge of the county advisers, and your secretary. The tentative plan outlined is about as follows: The exhibit to be put on by the county advisers in counties organized and working in co-operation with the extension department and the U. S. Government; the fair management to offer |150.00 cash for each exhibit scoring above a minimum of 50 points. The money so offered to go into a fund to be divided pro rata on points scored above the minimum. Addi- tional premiums to be awarded to five county exhibits scoring highest on beauty of arrangement. These latter premiums need not be large; say $100 divided $30, $25, $20, $15, $10. The purpose of these special pre- miums would be to encourage beauty of arrangement inasmuch as the other money would be awarded almost entirely for quality of exhibits. It would also be necessary to provide a score card so that the advisers might know what v>ould constitute a perfect score for quantity and variety of exhibit, similar to the score card mentioned for the individual farm ex- hibits, except that the variety and quantity shown should be greater. We have the assurance of Mr. Coverdale that if a class for these exhibits is adopted that he will make it a duty of each of these advisers to provide and put up an exhibit at the state fair. In regard to the art exhibit, it is a well known fact that we have been unable to induce anyone to exhibit anything of value or worthy of men- tion for the reason that it has been necessary to house the exhibits in a frame building, familarly known as the "Art Barn." In the basement of the Women and Children's Building we will have a room 46x70 with a fifteen foot ceiling and dead walls on one side and both ends. This room is absoutely fire proof and would make an ideal place for such an exhibit. I would recommend that the board authorize placing the exhibit in this room and a thorough revision of the classification. I am of the opinion that the classification should be open to the world and the exhibits should be insured for two-thirds of their value from the time they leave the possession of the owner until they are returned in order to secure a high class exhibit. The board should at this meeting recommend to the governor that George M. Chappel be appointed to succeed himself as director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for two years. IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ADMISSIONS TO GRAND STAND AFTERNOON AND EVENING 1913. AS COMPARED WITH 1912. Friday Saturday Monday Tuesday Wednesday .. Thursday Friday Total admissions. 47,837 51,614 ADMISSIONS TO LIVE STOCK AND HIPPODROME SHOW 1913, AS COMPARED WITH 1912. 1013 Saturday - 1,042 'Sunday 1,787 Monday 1,826 Tuesday 2,472 Wednesday 1,566 Thursday 438 Total admissions 9,131 1912 6,830 ♦Philharmonic choir, sacred concert. RECAPITULATION TICKET SALES 1913 FAIR COMPARED WITH 1912. 1913 1912 Number 'I 'a > o g s 0) 3 "3 > "3 *^ o 142,870 16,671 13,737 19,065 7,720 7,035 $.50 .25 .25 .25 .40 .384 $71,435.00 4,167.75 3,434.25 4,766.25 3,088.00 2,704.00 136,742 12,066 11,672 15,313 7,845 6,802 $.50 .25 .25 .25 .40 .384 $68,371.00 3,016.50 2,918.00 Gen. admission after 5 p. m. Children Half fare — - 3,828.25 Campers . - - 3,138.00 Exhibitors _ -- . _ 2,612.00 Total paid admissions— 207,098 $89,595.25 190,440 $83,883.75 DAT AMPHITHEATER. 15,214 2,469 24,950 1,777 $.25 .25 .50 .75 $ 3,803.50 617.23 12,475.00 1,332.75 17,671 1,679 17,101 0,005 ■ 1,280 $.25 .25 .50 .75 1.00 $ 4,417.75 Quarter stretch 419.75 Reserved seats 8, 550.. 50 4,991.25 1,280.00 Total day amphitheater 44,410 $18,228.50 44,386 $19,659.25 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I RECAPITULATION TICKET SALES— Continued NIGHT AMPHITHEATER. 1913 1912 > p 9 a "3 > "3 p Bleachers and paddock _ 30,039 21,808 1,M8 $ .25 .50 .75 $ 7,509.75 10,904.00 1,123.50 28,-576 13,785 5,58S 833 $ .25 .50 .75 1.00 $ 7,144.00 6,892.50 4,189.50 833.00 Reserved seats Reserved box seats .. Total night amphitheater... 53,345 $19,537.25 48,780 $19,059.00 STOCK PAVILION. Reserved seats Standing room 5,912 2,191 $.50 .25 $ 2,956.00 547.75 6,020 575 $.50 .25 $ 3,010.00 143.75 Total stock pavilion 8,103 $ 8,503.75 5,595 $ 3,153.75 TICKET SALES: 1913, .$130,864.75; 1912, $125,755.75; Increase, $5,109.00. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS 1912 AND 1913 FAIRS. Horse Department Cattle department Sheep department Poultry department Swine department Machinery department Agricultural department Dairy Department Fine Arts department Police department . Concession department Speed department Forage department Association specials Miscellaneous receipts Premium list advertising .. Telephone exchange ^_.- Ticket sales Dog show 130 ,751.00 970.00 118.00 691.05 784.00 ,184.40 ,115.00 ,679.50 ,665.00 29.05 ,836.16 ,453.80 ,043.84 ,535.49 53.50 799.00 258.56 864.75 Increase 1,745.00 988.00 138.00 731.45 1,076.00 6,191.37 1,695.00 1,731.85 2,890.00 69.90 23,632.85 6,166.50 5,595.10 4,894.46 103.80 695.50 125,755.75 1,601.18 Totals $ 188,832.10 ! $ 185,701.21 $ 8,741.40 420.00 2,203.31 103.. 50 2.58.56 5,109.00 decrease 18.00 20.00 40.40 292.00 1,006.97 52T35 225.00 40.85 1,712.20 551.26 1,601.18 § 5,610.18 10 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPARISON OP CASH PREMIUMS PAID 1912 AND 1913. Decrease Horses Cattle Swine Sheep Poultry Agriculture Pantry and apiary Fruit _ Dairy Plants and flowers Pine arts Schools Scholarships Speed department Dog show Babies' health contest- Totals 15,612.50 12,623.00 4,404.00 2,317.00 1,172.50 4,173.00 1,215.00 1,614.00 602.00 1,439.40 1,658.50 665.00 650.00 12,620.00 304.00 14,940.00 11,738.00 4,042.00 2,306.00 1,112.50 4,059.00 1,092.50 1,139.25 627.00 1,382.40 1,662.50 430.00 0.50.00 12,360.00 318.00 280.00 $ 61.069.90 $ 58,139.15 672.50 885.00 362.00 11.00 60.00 114.00 122.50 474.75 57.00 235.00 260.00 24.00 $ 3,277.75 $ 347.00 SPEED DEPARTMENT— 1913 SUMMARY REPORT. m t; o » a Class li Is >> cost o o a O c3 SP4 SAh a o < < f=Q !?; ^ EARLY CLOSING. 2-year-old trot 3-year-old trot 2:30 trot 2:20 trot 2-year-old pace 3-year-old pace 2:25 pace 2:14 pace 500.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 500.00 800.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 400. OO 800.00 800.00 800.00 400.00 COO. 00 800.00 800.00 210.00 420.00 580.00 440.00 lOO.OO 16S.0O 380.00 480.00 190.00 380.00 220.00 360.00 300.00 432.00 420.00 320.00 LATE CLOSING. 700. CO 700.00 700.00 900.00 500.00 500.00 560.00 560.00 560.00 720.00 400.00 400.00 185..50 126.00 126.00 189.00 80.00 75.00 374.50 434.00 434.00 531.00 320.00 325.00 7 5 6 2:10 trot 7 4 5 600.00 900.00 800.00 800. CO 480.00 720.00 640.00 680.00 108.00 144.00 120.00 72.00 372.00 576.00 520.00 608.00 6 5 Free-for-all pace 5 3 Totals $ 13,900.00 $ 11,120.00 $ 4,003.50 $ 7,166.50 103 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I SPEED DEPARTMENT— Continued 11 Class O fu ^ V, 2 eg C >. O "S m O S d jj a'M < < M ;< ;?; RUNNING RACES. 14 mile derby 7 furlong dash G furlong dash G furlong dash 6 furlong dash 5 furlong dash 5 furlong dash 4J furlong dash (special) 4J furlong dash (special) Totals „ 300.00 150.00 1.50. 00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 $ 1,500.00 300.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 $ 1,500.00 35.00 25.00 40.00 40.00 20.00 40.00 30.00 40.00 35.00 $ 315.00 265.00 115.00 110.00 110.00 130.00 110.00 120.00 110.00 115.00 $ 1,185.00 63 Totals for harness races $ 13,900.00 $ 11,120.00 $ 4,003.50 $ 7,116.50 103 Grand totals $ 15,100.00 $ 12,620.00 $ 4,31S.50 $ 8,301.50 166 Treasurer's Receipts: Entry fees $ 4,318.50 Suspensions 135.30 . Total receipts speed department $ 4,453.80 STATEMENT OF INSURANCE IN FORCE ON FAIR GROUND BUILD- INGS AND DATE OP EXPIRATION. Fire Tornado General form on frame buildings.— Brick horse barns Brick cattle bams Transformer station and contents- Agricultural building Administration building Administration building contents-- Stock pavilion Machinery hall Swine pavilion Farm house Farm barn Street car station Total insurance 57,200.00 14,500.00 6,000.00 2,000.00 10,000.00 17,000.00 3,000.00 15,000.00 1,500.00 500.00 57.200.00 24,500.00 6,000.00 1,000.00 10,000.00 13,000.00 3,000.00 13,500.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 1,500.00 500.00 2,000.00 2,073.50 475.00 180.00 54.00 300.00 490.00 85.00 450.00 75.00 60.00 15.00 5.00 12.50 $ 126,700.00 $ 161,200.00 $ 4,275.00 EXPIRATIONS. 1914 I $ 45,000.00 1915 I 17,500.00 1916 I 64,200.00 Totals $ 126,700.00 53.500.00 17, .500. 00 90,200.00 161,200.00 1,400.00 525.00 2,350.00 $ 4,275.00 12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The rates for the tliree year period for which all the insurance is written is as follows: Fire insurance on frame buildings $30.00 per $1,000.00 insurance Tornado insurance on frame buildings 6.25 per 1,000.00 insurance Fire insurance on permanent buildings 25.00 per 1,000.00 insurance Tornado insui-ance on pei-manent buildings 5.00 per 1,000.00 insurance The tornado insurance on permanent buildings renewed during the past year has been written for $4.00 per $1,000.00. Mr. Curtiss moved that the board recommend to Governor Clarke the reappointment of Dr. Geo. M. Chaj)pel as director of the weather and crop service. Seconded by Mr. Legoe. Motion carried. Mr. Olson moved that the Boys' State Fair camp be continued as a feature of the 1914 fair. Seconded by Mr. Mullen. Motion carried. Mr. Pearson moved that whenever the secretary of this board receives information that the county superintendent of schools will not take charge of the boys' camp essay contest as desired by the board, upon receipt of such information directly from the superin- tendent or through failure to reply to the correspondence, that the secretary shall have power to select another person to act as chair- man of the committee. Seconded by Olson. Motion carried. Mr. Reeves moved that the premium list for the school exhibits department be prepared and sent out at a discretionary date so that work may be prepared during the school year. Seconded by Mr. Curtiss. Motion carried. A committee composed of Judge W, B. Quarton of Algona, C. A. Nelson of Waverly, Wilcox & Stubbs of Des Moines, and others, representing the Iowa State Dairymen's association and exhibitors of dairy cattle at the Iowa State Fair, appeared before the board and asked for better accommodations for the dairy cattle exhibits at the fair. The board took a recess until five o'clock in order to make a trip over the fair grounds. Board reconvened at five o'clock. Mr. P. W. Branton, representing the Chicago House Wrecking Company, and H. W. Byers, appeared before the board asking for a refund of a portion of the amount paid for a concession at the 1913 fair. Hearing was continued until the following day. Board adjourned until 9 :30 a. m. Friday, December 12th. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 13 MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. FRIDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1913. Board met at 9 :30 a. m. with the following members present : Cameron, Olson, Corey, Tribby, Reeves, Curtin, Tow, Legoe, Cur- tiss, Sheldon, Summers, Mullen and Pike. Mr. Cyrus A. Tow, new member of the board from the fifth dis- trict, was sworn in by B. W. Garrett, clerk of the supreme court. Minutes of the board meeting of the previous day were read and approved. Mr. Pike moved that the management of the 1914 state fair be delegated to the executive committee and the elective members of the board. Seconded by Mr. Sheldon. Motion carried. Mr. Reeves moved that the executive committee be authorized to make the assignment of superintendents for the various depart- ments for the 1914 fair. Seconded by Mr. Legoe. Motion carried. The secretary read the following list of assignments prepared by the executive committee : Tickets C. W. Phillips. Concessions and Privileges J. F. Summers. Live Stock Sanitation Dr. J. I. Gibson. Horses, Ponies and Mules C. F. Curtiss. Speed E. J. Curtin. Cattle H. L. Pike. Swine C. A. Tow. Sheep C. H. Tribby. Poultry E. L. Beck. Implements and Machinery J. P. Mullen. Agriculture F. E. Sheldon. Pantry Stores and Apiary F. E. Sheldon. Dairy W. B. Barney. Horticulture E. M. Reeves. Floriculture "Wesley Greene. Fine Arts, etc T. C. Legoe. School exhibits E. C. Bishop. Babies' Health Contest Mary T. Watts. Publicity and Advertising H. N. Whitney. Grounds J. H. Deemer. Mr. Legoe moved the adoption of the report as read. Seconded by Mr. Mullen. Motion carried. 14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Olson moved that T. J. Hudson, Charles Akes and Carl Shields be elected marshals for the 1914 fair at a salary of $45.00 each; they to furnish their own horses and feed for same. Motion seconded and carried. Mr, Legoe read the following report of the fine arts depart- ment : REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF FINE ARTS DEPARTMENT. The Exposition Building being a frame building and rather old, should, before another fair, be inspected and necessary repairs should be made before the fair begins; such as fixing up booths and stopping leaks in the roof, and generally going over the building. I wish also to call attention to the fact that said building is wired for electric lights and is also wired to furnish power and day current, and these wires are not put up in good shape and are not safe. There are two different companies who have been putting wires in the building, as I understand it, the state fair manage- ment has the building wired for lights and an outside company furnishes the current for power, and these wires cross each other in such a way that they make it extremely dangerous and I believe that the superinten- dent of grounds should have this matter attended to and these wires all taken down and put up in proper shape before another fair. As to the matter of concessions, I wish to say that there should be some system established so that people looking for concessions in the buildings at the Iowa State Fair should not be in a position to bargain with superintendents of the dilTerent departments, which is now the case to a certain extent. I wish to state farther in regard to concessions, we cannot, in the future, sell as much space to persons who use it for sell- ing purposes, as we have in the past, on account of the fact that a great many more concessions of this kind are being sold in the other building. I wish to say in regard to exhibits made in the exposition building by merchants and manufacturers, that the past year we have had the best exhibits of this kind that have ever been made in the exposition build- ing, and have had more of them, and one reason why we did not get as much money for concessions this year as we have had in former years was because we sold so much space for exhibits, and, of course, we do not charge as much for exhibit space as for space sold to persons who use the same for selling purposes. I believe it would be a good plan, and would prevent congestion in the east part of the building, if that center space where we have placed sell- ing concessions (there in the east wing) was torn out and three attrac- tive booths built up, leaving spaces between them so that the people would not have to walk clear around the aisle to get out of the building unless they so desired. In regard to the exhibits in the fancywork department, will say that they are in good shape and we are getting new and more attractive ex- hibits each year. However, as far as I am able to learn, the amount of premiums is not always properly adjusted according to the value of the FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 15 articles exhibited, as they should be; that is, we give say $1.00 premium for an article worth 10c, then again we give a premium of $1.00 for an article worth $10.00, and I think we ought to have an expert go through the books, that is the premium list, and revise the premiums, taking into consideration the value of articles exhibited or the necessary amount of work to be put on same, so that these premiums will be based more to values than they are now. The china department is in a very fine condition and we have our cases filled and have had this condition for several years. The only thing that would make the china exhibit larger and better would be to make the premiums somewhat larger and furnish more room for the exhibit. In the painting department we are doing as well as we could expect to do under the present conditions. The facts are that we are not going to get very many fine paintings exhibited at the state fair until such time as you are able to give the exhibit a safer and more fire proof location. However, if you can put this exhibit where it is practically safe from fire, the exhibit will improve in quality and quantity and by giving some- what better premiums, the Iowa State Fair can have such an exhibit in this class that it will be proud of. It will also balance up better with the other exhibits of the fair. I wish to say generally in regard to the exhibits made in this depart' ment for premiums that if the building was in better condition and if the fire hazard was less we could have much better exhibits for the same money than now. However, until such a time as the Iowa State Fair can and does erect a good permanent building, where the fire hazard is not so great, we cannot expect to do the best that can be done by this depart- ment. For the benefit of any person who may have charge of this department hereafter, I wish to state that we now have arrangements madfi whereby we can handle exhibits much better than formerly and with less chance of loss of articles. We use the same system they have in the post office for handling mail. We have a frame work made up with compartments enough to make one for each exhibitor and then put the numbers of the exhibitors on the different compartments, and when distribution is made everyone has their articles separated. Of course this applies only to the fancy work department as it would be impossible to handle the other ex- hibits that way. I wish to say, however, that we use a book and have ev- eryone receipt for their articles before we turn them over to them, that is we have them sign the book. When the entries are made we list each ex- hibitor's article separately and have same verified by the exhibitor when we receive them, and when we deliver the exhibits we have the exhibitor sign the book in which his articles are listed and stating that he has re- ceived same. It is absolutely necessary in this department in order to have good results, in receiving and returning exhibits, to have each ex- hibitor's number and kind of exhibit scheduled in a book separately. In that way we have no trouble in checking them out at the end of the fair. We had the entries in our department closed earlier last year than usual so that we would be able to get the exhibits in place by the time the fair opened to the public; heretofore it has been that the exhibits were 16 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE not delivered, necessarily, until the evening before the fair opened to the public and it was difficult to get them in place in time for the opening; under the new system adopted this year it was much better, and enabled us to do the work with less help, notwithstanding the fact that the fair commencing one day earlier made more time in which we had to employ help. Wish also to say that leaving the exhibits in the building over night, until the morning after the fair is over, was a much better plan for our department than the old way of carrying everything out on the afternoon of the last day of the fair, and as far as this department is concerned the new method of handling the exhibits and keeping them intact until the day after the fair, is the proper way in which to run this department as to delivery of exhibits. In the other building it is customary for the fair management to have an orchestra or bands play at stated times during the fair, while in this department nothing of the kind has ever been done; and it seems to me that this department deserves as much attention at least as some of the other departments, and in view of the fact that it prac- tically pays all its premiums and expenses from concession money re- ceived, it does seem that it is entitled to more consideration from the managers of the fair. Respectfully submitted, T. C. Legoe, Superintendent. Mr. Legoe moved that the revision of the premium list for the fine arts department be delegated to the executive committee and the superintendent of the department, and that this department be allowed an increase of not to exceed $500.00 additional for pre- miums in order to build up the art department. Seconded by Cur- tiss. Motion carried. Mr. Mullen made the following report of the machinery depart- ment: REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF IMPLEMENTS AND • MACHINERY. To the Executive Committee and Board of Directors of the loua State Fair: Gentlemen: I wish to report that the relations between the officials of the Machinery Department and the machinery exhibitors of all classes were extremely pleasant and harmonious; that the exhibit as a whole was bigger and better than the previous years. I wish to com- pliment the executive committee on their action in the removal of the old street car station, which tended to give the machinery exhibit bet- ter appearance, and more compact. Also at the arrangements between this department and the executive committee and the department of safety whereby the policing of machinery hall was left in the hands of the superintendent, and the labor saving in cleaning the building FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 17 and sprinkling it was highly advantageous and successful, and I ask that the same conditions prevail during the coming fair. The automobile exhibit was not as large as in 1912, but under the circumstances, on account of the friction between the automobile club of Des Moines that existed, the exhibit was very creditable, and I suggest the same conditions, terms and prices that prevailed in 1913 regarding the letting of space per foot for this exhibit remain the same as last year. The opening of a new Jedger which is used as a record of this de- partment, showing a list of the exhibitors alphabetically arranged, the number of tickets and passes given each exhibitor, his location on the grounds, contracts made with them, the number of exhibitor's ticket, and the total receipts, proved to be a very satisfactory and practical arrangement. I also request that the rule authorizing this department to have written contracts with the exhibitors for outside space for the nominal sum of $1.00 per contract be continued. To give the exhibitors of gasoline engines, who have heretofore ex- hibited in Power Hall, the opportunity which they have repeatedly asked for in placing their exhibit in close connection or adjacent to the larger machinery exhibit on the southwest of the grounds. And for the further reason that we find it at the present time, under present conditions, a hard matter to sell space in Power Hall. For these rea- sons I request that Power Hall be removed from its present location and relocated in the southwest part of the grounds, viz., that the build- ing be run east and west and be faced east of what is known as the drug store on the southwest part of the grounds, running east on the south side of the east and west street so that the east end of said building will extend to a point about fifty or seventy-five feet west of a line drawn south from the west side of machinery hall. There will be ample room for this building and it will be desirable location for gasoline engines and other exhibits of small machinery. It will not inconvenience any other exhibitor to any great extent. The building will doubtless need re-shingling, and I also suggest that it be raised from a level with the street from one and a half to two feet. I ear- nestly request that this suggestion in regard to the removal of this building be accomplished before the opening of the 1914 fair. Yours very truly, J. P. Mullen-, Superintendent. Mr. Summers moved that Mr. Mullen's recommendations be re- ferred to the executive committee with power to act. Seconded by Mr. Reeves. Motion carried. Mr. Summers made report of the concessions and privileges de- partment and recommended the following changes in that depart- ment: That check stands be provided in the various buildings on the grounds, instead of having but one. 18 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE That all machinery exhibits in the northeast part of the grounds be removed to locations in the machinery department. That the refreshment concession for the amphitheater be run by the fair management. That better police protection be provided for the concession depart- ment office. That a barber shop be provided under the administration building and tlie old shop abandoned. That the tent and awning concession be extended to allow another company to operate on the grounds. That a paid ticket be provided for helpers to be sold with the team and driver ticket, ticket to be good to pass out and in gates. That time for settlement of contracts be changed, setting it one day earlier. That the roll tickets for Midway shows be put up 2,000 in each roll instead of 500, and that each different priced ticket be a different color. Mr. Curtiss made report of the horse department with recom- mendations for 1914 as follows: REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF HORSE DEPARTMENT. The exhibit in the horse department for the year 1913 was probably the largest and best balanced that has ever been held in the history of the fair. It was more nearly a farm breeders exhibit than ever be- fore. Practically all of the large importers were absent, and the ex- hibit numbering nearly one thousand head, came from the farms of Iowa and other states, with one exhibit from Canada. There was no state fair held in any state tliat furnished as large a proportion of the entries in the horse department as the Iowa fair. The exhibit has grown stronger each year in this respect. There were 148 horse ex- hibitors at the last fair and 107 of them were Iowa farmers. There were 43 Percheron exhibitors, and 30 of them were Iowa farmers. The Futurity classes for yearling draft stallions and fillies have resulted in greatly strengthening the breeders exhibits from the farms. The Iowa State Fair in co-operation with the Live Stock World of Chicago, was the first to inaugurate this kind of a show. It has since extended to a number of the other leading state fairs, and was this year adopted by the International Live Stock Exposition at Chicago for the first time. It is universally conceded that this has been the means of greatly stimulating the draft horse breeding interests of the middle west. The light and heavy harness horse show was conceded to be the best ever held at the Iowa State Fair, and probably the best ever held by any state fair taking all breeds and classes into consideration. The addition of the hunters and jumping classes added a feature of marked interest that contributed to the attractiveness of the night show pro- gram in the pavilion. The saddle horse show, as usual constituted one of the chief attractions. The entries were large and the competition very keen. The show of Shetland, "Welsh, Hackney and other ponies FIPTEKNTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 19 was, as usual, the largest of the season. No lair or exhibition has as large and meritorious an exhibit of ponies as may be seen annually at the Iowa State Fair. Unfortunately, the live stock pavilion is not large enough to permit of showing more than about one-half of the exhibit during the fore- noons, the only time when it is available for the exhibition of the horses. We have been obliged to run from two to four rings outside each forenoon, and a part of the afternoons, in order to complete the work. These outside rings have been conducted without provision for comfortable seating of the audience that wants to see the show, and the benefits of many of the best features of the horse show have been largely lost on account of lack of proper facilities for showing. In order to remedy this, I wish to earnestly recommend that a subway be put under the track near the west end, and a show ring erected in the in-field dirctly across from the grand stand. This can be used for showing harness horses and saddle classes during the forenoons and afternoons when the grand stand is filled, and it will furnish an added attraction to the afternoon race program. The audience in the grand stand by use of the catalogues, and exhibitors' numbers can follow the show of the horse classes in an intelligent manner. I wish also in this connection to recommend that a turf track just inside of the regular race course be fitted up for steeple chase races. Some steeple chase races can be put on at a moderate expense that .will prove to be one of the most attractive features of the afternoon programs. The new section in the horse barn has been found to be a great con- venience and comfort in housing the large exhibit of the horse de- partment. There are some minor features that could be improved. The ventilation is not quite adequate; some additional roof ventilators should be installed. The floors are dusty and the building is not as neat and attractive as it might be. This could be remedied by having the dirt floors leveled and filled where needed early in the spring, and the entire dirt floor surface liberally sprinkled with crude oil. There should be some cement water tanks put in at the hydrants to avoid waste and muddy places when the barn is in use during the fair. I wish to recommend as new features for tlie horse department at the coming show, the steeple chase races, a horse shoeing contest, a thousand dollar saddle horse stake, and a new plan and more liberal prizes for the get of sire show. I have outlined the plan for the get of sire show in the proposed classification. If the thousand dollar sad- dle horse stake Is patronized as liberally as we have reason to ex- pect, it will constitute an added attraction of great interest, and will not involve much, if any, new increase in the total premiums paid in the saddle horse classes. The horse shoeing contest will constitute a unique and entirely new feature in the American show ring. Such contests have been held annually, and with marked benefit in some of the leading live stock shows of Great Britain. Many of the draft horses that are presented for exhibition at the state fair and at the International Live Stock Exposition are poorly shod. Horse exhibitors complain about incom- 20 IOWA DEPART.MENT OF AGRICULTURE petent horse shoeing service, yet tliey are helpless in securing better work. It is believed that an annual horse shoeing contest and exhibi- tion, where prizes liberal enough to induce the best horse shoers to enter the competition may be offerejd and where the public may view the work, the results will be the means of stimulating increased in- terest and greater skill in this important phase of the horse industry. No such exhibition has ever been held at any American fair so far as I know, at any rate, not in recent years. I recommend that such a con- test be established at the Iowa State Fair for 1914. Mr. Reeves moved that the report and classification for 1914 be referred to the executive committee and the superintendent of the horse department with power to act. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Pike moved that the following changes be made in the cattle classification : Cut out the classes for Grand Champion Steer and Grand Champion Group (Classes 46 and 47). Cut out classification for Dutch Belted cattle. Add fourth and fifth premiums in the Brown Swiss and Ayrshire classes, placing these two classes on a par with the Guernseys. Motion seconded by Mr. Olson and carried. Mr. Pike moved that Frank Reed Sanders of Mesa, Arizona, be suspended from showing at fairs until settlement is made of amount* due this department, and such suspension be reported to the Ameri- can Association of Fairs and Expositions. Seconded by Mr. Shel- don. Motion carried. Mr. Sheldon submitted requests from exhibitors for changes in classification in the agricultural department as follows : SUGGESTED CHANGES IN THE AGRICULTURAL PREMIUM LIST FOR THE NEXT STATE FAIR. At a meeting of the exhibitors and assistant superintendents held on the 2 6th day of August, 1913, in the Agricultural building, the fol- lowing recommendations were made. In Class 84, field corn, premiums 1504 and 1505 be made equal in amount of money awarded. In Class 85, sweet corn and pop corn, Class 15 30 be made to read "10 ears of White Rice Pop Corn," and a class be added for "10 ears pop corn any other variety." In Class 86, Grains and Seeds, Class 1536, be changed to large colored oats; that premiums 1539 be taken out of the book; and that a pre- mium for Speltz be added to the list. In Class No. 87, grass and forage, that there be two classes for blue grass; one for hay and one for seed. In Class no 88, that 1561 be ripe millet for seed. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 21 In Class 91, vegetable root crops, that the class for onions read one dozen each; that classes 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, read one-half dozen each. In Class No. 92, that 1607 read one quart White Navy Beans, shelled. In class No. 94, that sweepstakes be raised to $30, $25, $20, $15 and $10. In class No. 95, Individual Farm Exhibit, the Polk county exhibitors ask that they be given $100 for each exhibit to be divided pro rata. In class No. 110, that No. 1893 be made to read, best 500 lbs., comb honey in solid classes; that in No. 1892 case buckwheat, heartsease or any other dark honey, 24 sections (may be one year old). The premiums in these classes to be $8, $6, and $4. These recommendations are respectfully submitted to the board for consideration. Mr. Reeves moved that Mr. Sheldon's report be referred to the executive committee and the superintendent of the department with power to act. ALso recommendations for changes in classes for individual farm exhibits and a classification for county exhibits to be put on by the county advisers as outlined in the secretary's report to the board. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Curtin moved that the matter of classification, purses, etc., for the speed department be referred to the executive committee and the superintendent of the speed department with power to act. Seconded by Mr. Curtiss. Motion carried. The report of Mr. Greene, superintendent of the floricultural department, was read and referred to the executive committee and the superintendent of the floricultural department with power to act. REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF FLORICULTURAL DEPART- MENT. I can report that the building assigned the department of plants and flowers was the most satisfactory exhibition space the department has used in recent years, and will serve until more space can be assigned or a new building provided. The only objection exhibitors have made is that it is not large enough to show all of the exhibits in best form. The premiums offered in the department are not yet large enough to induce people living outside of Polk county to make exhibits. I would suggest that $130 more be added to the premiums to strengthen a few of the premiums offered. Would also suggest that trees, shrubs and bedding plants on the grounds be correctly named so that people visiting the fair would become familiar with the names of the different trees, shrubs and plants used on the grounds. Respectfully submitted, Wesley Greene, Superintendent. 22 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Keeves made report of the horticultural department as follows : REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF HORTICULTURAL DEPART- MENT. In reporting the affairs relating to the fruit department at the last fair I can say that it was a decided success and the affairs passed off in good shape. The fruit shown was brought from largely scattered parts of the state so it represented the crop and conditions quite fully. The showing was large; it filled the allotted space and overran into the adjoining space and filled the galleries. Tables had to be crowded in so the best effect could not be obtained. The fruit was sound and the most perfect lot ever shown at the Iowa State Fair. However, the dry season had retarded its development so it did not show as good color as usual. Many of the samples were very small. A small showing of box apples was brought and apples were bought and used facing about 150 boxes. This shows style of pack and does very well under our conditions and at that time of year. We have no large commission firms on whom we can call for a showing of box apples, so the plan adopted seems the only way at present if we are to persevere in teaching the use of the box for fruit. Help was obtained from the college to do the packing. This was efficient and much cheaper than by hiring outside help for this work. A sorting machine was shown, being shipped from Chicago for this purpose. It proved to be cumbersome and considerable work to run and with the showing made seemed to not be suited to Iowa conditions. In spite of these facts it can be claimed that the showing of the machine will result in enough added interest in the sorting and grading of apples to pay for the time and expense of getting the machine. The quality and showing of grapes was excellent and quite in con- trast to that at the Minnesota fair where it was almost nothing and, as they said, the poorest in years. In plums the showing proved that fruit to be a poor crop although more and better fruit was shown than we had some years ago. For the premiums on ornamental baskets there were ten contestants and the excellent arrangement showed a marked improvement over last year. This premium adds much to the interest of the exhibitors. The ten plate displays of the leading commercial sorts proved a good addition and should be enlarged upon. These should also be arranged on tables separate from other fruits. Our plan of having each exhibitor place his fruit and look after it during the fair has its strong points and I believe it better suited to Iowa conditions than the plan of taking it from the exhibitor and classifying it as is done at some fairs. The latter method makes work easier for the judge, but that is more than offset by the extra work in arranging. Besides it does away with the valuable feature of having the owner at his tables to instruct and entertain visitors. At the Iowa fair that is a valuable feature and should be retained. It seems that the time has come when a better setting for the fruit should be provided. Nothing expensive is needed but more good tables should be provided and more room to allow for a proper arrangement FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 23 and when fruit is placed a draping around the tables should be added. The room in the gallery is not suitable for the fruit and still less for plants. Exhibits not injured by heat and -wind will do there, and if the quantity of fruit continues to come it will require half of the build- ing to give the artistic effect that such a department is entitled to. Of course we can get along with what seems best but to keep up with the advance of the times the additional room will be needed. Liberal premiums on pears have brought out a good showing of this choice fruit and taught growers that some of the best fruits can be grown as well as the standard — the apple. As to additional premiums, I would suggest the following to be offered at the next fair, about half of which is likely to be called for in any one year: Make two districts for peaches, the same as plums. Add $50 on ornamental baskets, making the entire amount $150. Make the premiums on boxes of apples $5, $3, $2 and $1 on each, variety, thus adding $240 to this class, of which perhaps $100 will be claimed. Make a class of crabs in each of the four districts, which will add about $70 to the offerings. Make one on class of apples stored for one year, offering, about $9. Additional plates should be provided as we have been constantly hin- dered in placing the fruit by this lack. These in brief are the principal wants of the department for the next campaign, but be it understood, we will grin and be happy with what- ever seems best as is the habit of the small boy at Christmas time. Respectfully, E. M. Reeves, Superintendent. Mr. Sheldon moved that the recommendations in the above re- port be referred to the executive committee and the superintendent of the department with power to act. Seconded by Mr. Curtin. Motion carried. Report of M. G. Thornburg, superintendent of the sheep de- partment, was read as follows : REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF SHEEP DEPARTMENT. I respectfully submit the report of the sheep department for the Iowa state fair with recommendations for the 1914 show. The sheep exhibit at the Iowa state fair is making a steady increase both in number and in quality. The 1913 show numbered over 500 head with a total value of over $30,000. The three most notable features that helped to make this year's show a success were: First. The exhibitors were all pleased with the judging and every- body was well satisfied. Second. The large increase of Iowa flocks, and the improvement in the quality of the Iowa sheep. Mr. McKerrow, who has exhibited sheep at the Iowa state fair longer than any other shepherd, said that the Iowa sheep had increased over eighty per cent in the last three years. 24 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Third. A large increase in the number of fine wool sheep. Ten breeds were represented, owned by twenty-one exhibitors. All classes were well filled except one. In total numbers the breeds ranked as follows: 1. Shropshires. 2. Merino. 3. Oxford. 4. Rambouillet. 5. Southdown. 6. Lincoln. 7. Cotswold. 8. Hampshire. 9. Cheviot. 10. Dorset. BECOilMEXDATIOXS FOR THE 1914 FAIR. I need only mention the need of a new sheep barn, as the board knows the condition of the present pens, and that the sheep show has entirely outgrown its present accommodations. In regard to the changes in the classification, owing to the large increase of Merinos, I would suggest that the present class No. 55 for Merinos, American, Spanish and Delaines, be changed to "B" type Merinos; also that the Iowa special class for Merinos, American, Spanish and Delaines, be changed to "B" type Merinos, owned and bred in Iowa; and that two new classes for "C" type Merinos be added, — an open class and the Iowa class for this type. All of the leading state fairs have recognized the two types of Merinos and I feel sure that the fine wool and Merino show will increase more than 50 per cent if this change is made in classification. As the Merino class now stands it is very difficult to judge both the types together and it is unsatisfactory to the exhibitors. I also recommend that a class for breeders' young fiock be added to each of the breed classes, the breeders' young flock to be owned and bred by exhibitor and to consist of one yearling ram, two yearling ewes, and two ewe lambs. This is a class that is found in the premium list of all the state fairs and should be added to ours. Thanking the board for the courteous treatment they have shown me during the past season as superintendent of the sheep department, I beg to remain, 'Very sincerely yours, Mark G. Thornburg, Superintendent. j\Ir. Reeves moved that the report and the recommendations be referred to the executive committee and the superintendent of the department with power to act. Motion carried. Mr. Reeves moved that the matter of Poland China futurity be referred to the executive committee and the superintendent of the swine department with power to act. Motion seconded and carried. The report of E. C. Bishop, superintendent of school exhibits, was read as follows : FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 25 REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOL EXHIBITS DEPART- MENT. I am pleased to submit herewith report of the Educational department of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition for the year 1913. 1. Full report as to premiums offered and premiums awarded and paid appears in the record books of this department on file in the office of the secretary. 2. In the arrangement of the premium list for 1913 there were omitted some of the divisions of school work for which premiums had previously been offered, wherever it appeared that the work called for was not such as had met a response in the way of exhibits. Also in order to arrange to include some lines of work which are up-to-date and in which there is considerable interest we omitted certain classes of school work, believ- ing that premiums offered in newer work would bring better results than in some of the collective exhibits previously called for. I am much pleased with the results, and would like to see the premium list as offered last year extended for the year 1914. There are one or two lines of work which I would like to see encouraged if it can be done. One is for individual exhibits of manual training work, another is for individual exhibits of corn, potato, poultry, sewing and cooking clubs as carried out by the Boys' and Girls' clubs throughout the state. This could be included to any amount up to a hundred dollars in a way which I believe would create an interest among a great number of young people and school teachers especially, and would result in some exhibits which would be of value to the fair and to the state. If any extension could be made in this line, I shall be pleased to suggest definite arrangement of same so that it will fit into the cooperative government, state and county club work to advantage. 3. The picture gallery brought out a very much greater exhibit of photographs of good school grounds, buildings, equipment, etc., than we ever had before. I should like to see that department continue to next year. I am sure the awakening given last year will result in an extended exhibit without further change in the premium list. 4. Canning work. The demonstrations in the "cold pack", "hot water bath", and "steam pressure" methods of canning fruits and vegetablesi, methods used by the Iowa .Girls' Canning Clubs, were very successful from the standpoint of interest created and as an attraction to state fair visitors. I believe that can be included next year to advantage on one of the porches of the Women's Rest Cottage if the same is turned over to us for school exhibits. The background of the house would protect the stoves used in canning from wind and would offer a frontage for visitors which I believe would enable those doing the work to handle it to better advantage. This would obviate the necessity of a tent. The matter can be easily adjusted when you decide as to just what space will be assigned for the educational exhibit. 5. There are some detail matters in connection with the preparation of the premium list for the state fair that I shall be glad to take up with the secretary at his convenience. I believe that we should arrange as last year to get out an educational department premium list as early as possible in order that the superintendents and teachers may have direc- 26 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE tion in the preparation of exhibits during the school year. Tlie assistance and cooperation given by state fair officials and all those concerned in the schools exhibit was most satisfactory in every way, and I want to express my appreciation for the privilege extended and the helpfulness of the board and those concerned in carrying out the regulations of the state fair as applied to the schools exhibit. Respectfully sumbitted, E. C. Bishop, Superintendent. Mr. Curtiss moved that the report and recommendations of the superintendent of the school exhibits department be referred to the executive committee ^Yith power to act. Seconded by Mr. Cur- tin. Motion carried. Mr. Curtin moved that all departments not filing report at this time be referred to the executive committee and the superintendent of the respective departments with power to act. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Summers moved that the department bear one half the ex- pense of the college exhibit at the 1914 fair, provided, however, that one half the expense shall not exceed $-800.00. Seconded by Mr. Mullen. Motion carried. The matter of permanent improvements was taken up and con- sidered at length. Mr. Curtiss moved that the executive committee be authorized to secure plans and bids, and let contract if bids are considered favorable, for one section of the permanent cattle barn, to consti- tute the southwest corner when the barn is completed. Seconded by Mr. Curtin. Motion carried. Mr. Curtiss moved that the executive committee and the super- intendent of the speed department be authorized to visit other race tracks and get information about designs, and to have plans prepared, secure bids and let contract for paddock. Seconded by Mr. Mullen. Motion carried. Mr. Legoe and Mr. Mullen Avere at this time excused from at- tendance during the remainder of the day. Board adjourned until 1 :00 o'clock p. m. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 27 AFTERNOON SESSION. ]\rr. Curtiss moved that the executive committee be authorized to make necessary arrangements for police service at the fair and to secure the state militia for such service if satisfactory ar- rangements can be made. Seconded by Mr. Sheldon. Motion car- ried. Mr. Curtiss moved that the executive committee be authorized to employ a competent man to have charge of the stallion regi- stration di »^ision, under the direction of the secretary and the execu- tive committee, and to give his time chiefly to that work, the salary to be fixed b}^ the executive committee and paid from fees in the stallion registration division. Seconded by Mr. Summers. Motion carried. Mr. Reeves moved that the secretary be authorized to have printed 8,000 copies of the annual report of the stallion registra- tion division, and also the certificates and other printed matter necessary in the conduct of that division, all to be paid from the fees of the stallion registration division. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Curtin moved that the executive committee be authorized to receive new bids for four sections of the street ear station and let contract if bids are satisfactory. IMotion seconded and car- ried. Mr. Curtin moved that the matter of coin controlled turnstiles be referred to the executive committee with power to purchase same if in their judgment it is deemed advisable. Seconded by Mr. Sheldon. Motion carried. Mr. Sheldon moved that the executive committee and Mr. Cur- tiss proceed to procure estimates and bids to build a subway un- der the race track, and, if thought best in their judgment, to also build the inside turf track as suggested by Mr. Curtiss. Seconded by Mr. Curtin. Motion carried. Mr. Curtiss moved that all unfinished business be delegated to the executive committee with power to act. Seconded by Mr. Summers. Motion carried. The president appointed as committee on per diem and mileage Messrs. Sheldon, Pike and Curtin. 28 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The bond of Treasurer G. S. Gilbertson for $100,000.00 was pre- sented. Mr. Curtin moved that same be approved and placed on file. Motion seconded and carried. The committee on per diem and mileage made the following re- port, and on motion of Mr. Reeves, same was adopted and war- rants ordered drawn for the respective amounts: Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to re- port as follows: No. 11039 No. 11 wi No. 11(M2 No. 11043 No. 11044 No. 11045 No. 11046 No. 11047 No. 11048 No. 11049 No. 11050 No. IIOOO No. 11051 H. No. 11052 O. No. 11053 C. E. Cameron.. _ A. Olson Johnston Phillips Reeves Curtin Wentworth. Legoe P. Curtiss E. Sheldon P. Summers P. Mullen L. Pike H. Tribby A. Tow S. W. M. J. M. C. >1 ■*j a Q « 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.0O 4.00 4.00 4.0O 4.00 4.00 4.0O 4.00 $24.00 24.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 140 155 158 210 123 195 60 85 37 123 160 117 206 ?14.0O 15.50 15.80 21.00 12.30 19.50 6.00 8.50 3.70 12.30 ae.oo 11.70 20.60 $ 38.00 39.50 27.80 45.00 36.30 43.50 18.00 32.50 27.70 36.30 40.00 35.70 44.60 12.00 12.00 $ 488.90 Respectfully submitted, P. E. SHELDON, H. L. PIKE, E. J. CURTIN, Committee. Mr. Summers made the following motion : That the executive committee be instructed to write Harris Bros. Company of Chica- go, and make them a price for their building, and give them an option of accepting this price or removing their building from the grounds before June 1, 1914, or paying the amount of the concession. Mr. Curtin moved as a substitute that the executive committee and Mr. Summers take the matter up personally with the representative of the company and try to come to an agree- ment, and if unable to come to an agreement, to proceed accord- ing to Mr. Summers' motion. Seconded by Mr. Pike. Substitute carried. (Tlie above refers to the Chicago House Wrecking Com- pany.) On motion of Mr. Summers the board adjouuimed. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 29 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JANUARY 8, 9, 10, 1914. Members present, Cameron, Olson, Corey, and Board member Curtin. The following superintendents for 1914, were selected in ad- dition to those approved by the board at the annual meeting : Admissions Department— 0. A. Olson, Director in Charge; N. M. Mc- Beath, Superintendent. Public Safety Department— C. E. Cameron, Director in Charge; Guy E. Logan, Superintendent. Women and Children's Building— Dr. M. N. Voldeng, Cherokee; General Superintendent. The committee authorized the secretary and the superintendent of the agricultural department to cooperate wdth a committee composed of John Coverdale, Fred Hethershaw and Victor Felter to formulate classification and rules for exhibit to be made by county advisers and individual farm exhibitors as approved by the board at the annual meeting and authorized in the secretary's report to the board. The committeee authorized the appointment of Mr. Earl S. Gir- ton as chief clerk of the division of horse breeding, at $1,500.00 per annum, should he accept the proposition made him by the secretary and Mr. Curtiss. The committee directed the secretary to ask for bids for print- ing the 1914 premium list and to let same to the low^est respon- sible bidder. The committee granted H. C. Lowery of Nevada and H. P. Wilkinson of IMitchellville the use of the horse barns and stock pavilion on March 10th and 11th for the sum of $50.00 for the purpose of conducting a draft horse sale. The committee conferred with architect 0. 0. Smith regarding plans for one section of the cattle barn, subway under the race track, four sections of the street car station, and paddock for race horses. The architect was instructed to prepare plans and specifica- tions for the siibway, the cattle barn, and the addition to the street car station in accordance with plan outlined by the com- mittee. The committee decided that before proceeding with the plans for the paddock, the committee, j\Ir. Cnrtin and the architect should inspect the paddocks at Cleveland, Ohio, and Lexington, 30 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ky., and arranged to do so immediately after the meeting in Chi- cago on February 17th, 18th and 19th. The committee and Mr. Curtin arranged to attend the meeting of the Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota Racing Circuit at Sioux City, February 11th and the congress of the American Trotting Association in Chicago on February 17th, and the attraction meet- ing in Chicago on February 18th and 19th. The committee, Mr. Curtin, the architect and the engineer visited the grounds for the purjjose of locating the subway under the track. It was agreed to locate same so that the east wall would be 32 feet west of the bleachers and the same to pass under the track at right angles with the track. The application of Wm. E. Morton, secretary of the Standard Jack and Jennet Eegistry of America, for recognition of said as- sociation as standard by the Iowa Department of Agriculture, with other communications from Dr. A. S. Alexander, president of the National Association of Stallion Registration Boards, and Wayne Dinsmore, secretary of the National Society of Record As- sociations, was brought to the attention of the committee. The evidence on file showed that the Standard Jack and Jennet Registry has published Vol. I. It has been recognized as standard by the National Association of Stallion Registration Boards, and the secretary of the National Society of Record Associations was of the opinion that the same recognition should be given it as had been given the Tennessee registry book. Therefore, the commit- tee resolved to recognize said book as standard and the secretary of the Iowa Department of Agriculture was directed to add this book to the list recognized by the department and to issue certifi- cates of pure breeding to jacks registered in said book. The committee held a conference with the following ladies who had interested themselves in the Women and Children's Building and the features to be carried out in the building during the 1914 fair: Mrs. Mary T. Watts, Mrs. Charles Breiiton, Mrs. A. M. Deyoe, Mrs. A. E. Kepford, Mrs. 0. 0. Smith, and Dr. Lenna j\Ieans. The following departments and the superintendents to be in charge of same, were decided upon : General Superintendent of Building — Dr. M. N. Voldeng, Cherokee. Rural School Department — Mrs. A. M. Deyoe, Des Moines. Babies' Health Contest — Mrs. Mary T. Watts, Audubon, FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 31 Child's Welfare Exhibit — Mrs. Charles Brenton, Dallas Center. Domestic Science — Miss Neale S. Knowles, Ames. Art Exhibit — Professor C. A. Camming, Des Moines. Day Nursery — Superintendent to be selected. Mr. W. M. McFaddeii, secretary of the American Poland China Record, presented to the committee a proposition for a Poland China Futurity for spring and fall pigs at the 1914 fair. The proposition called for an appropriation of $150.00 by the manage- ment of the fair and the Poland China Record guarantee said futurities to be worth $G00.00. The proposition was accepted by the committee. The bond of Secretary A. R. Corey for $10,000.00 was approved by President Cameron and filed with the secretary of state. The committee authorized the purchase of the house and lot of B. A. McKeever located at the southwest corner of the fair grounds, for $625.00 and 1913 taxes, lot 8, block F, Redhead's addition to Grant Park. The committee authorized the secretary to purchase lot 7, block F, Redhead's addition, for $125.00 and 1913 taxes that are unpaid. The president announced the appointment of the following standing committees : Executive — C. E. Cameron, 0. A. Olson, A. R. Corey. Auditing— C. W. Phillips, T. C. Legoe, J. P. Mullen. Resolutions — E. J. Curtin, C. H. Tribby, F. E. Sheldon. Powers and Duties of Board — C. E. Cameron, 0. A. Olson, A. R. Corey, E. M. Reeves, C. F. Curtiss. Adulteration of Foods, Seeds and Other Products — R. A. Pearson, Cyrus A. Tow, W. B. Barney. Noxious Weeds, Fungus Diseases in Grains, Grasses, Plants, etc. — E. M. Reeves, J. F. Summers, John P. Mullen. Dairying and Dairy Products — W. B. Barney, C. F. Curtiss, J. F. Sum- mers. Animal Industry — C. F. Curtiss, H. L. Pike, J. I. Gibson. Legislative— C. E. Cameron, O. A. Olson, A. R. Corey, J. P. Mullen, E. J. Curtin. Revision of Premium List, Rules and Regulations — C. E. Cameron, A. R. Corey, O. A. Olson, T. C. Legoe, C. F. Curtiss, H. L. Pike. Mr. H. C. Beard, chairman of the highway commission, ap- peared before the committee and made the following jiroposition for building a strip of concrete road upon the state fair grounds : The commission will furnish the engineer to do the surveying, laying out the road and furnish plans and specifications for same ; also the concrete mixer and other necessary tools and a man in n IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE charge of mixer. Commission will also furnish men to supervise work and will keep complete data on cost of construction of road. The committee conferred with Governor Clarke and Adjutant General Logan relative to the latter serving as superintendent of public safety department of the state fair and utilizing the Na- tional Guard to police the groimds. The committee received assurance that the Governor had it within his power to call out the militia for this duty, and General Logan indicated a willingess to serve in this capacity and agreed to take up the matter with the guard at an early date and give the com- mittee his decision. The committee conferred with Attorney General Cosson and Rail- road Commissioner Tliorne relative to the appeal of the case con- cerning reduced rates to the state fair. The committee was informed that an appeal would be prepared and filed at an early date. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JANUARY 27, 28, 29, 1914. Committee met with Cameron, Olson and Corey present. In accordance with the action of the board, the committee author- ized the purchase of coin controlled turnstiles for all outside gates and the sale of the old turnstiles at $50.00 each. Committee authorized placing $10,000 tornado insurance on Grand Stand at $9.00 per annum for a three year period. Committee decided to dispense with the fifty cent entrance fee in the boys' judging contest and the $50.00 special prize offered to party or association inducing the largest number of boys to enter the contest. Committee decided to have the boys' entering the contest for the Boys' Camp write essays on the subject "The Ideal Farm," and authorized the publication of 10,000 circulars giving details of contest. The committee with Architect 0. 0. Smith went over the plans for the cattle barn, subway under race track, addition to street car station and plan for walks and street forming approach to the Women and Children's Building, and authorized the architect to complete plans and specifications and advertise for bids to be opened on March 4th. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 33 The President iiisti'iictcd the Secretary to notify all members o£ the board that there will be a full meeting of the board on March 5th to approve the letting of contracts for improvements to be made at the grounds during 191-i and to transact such other busi- ness as may be brought to the attention of the board. Committee authorized the purchase of Lots 21 and 24. Block E. Redhead's addition to Grant Park, for $350.00. Committee inspected the property of Theo. Flint, located on Lots 3 and -4, Block F, Redhead's Addition, and authorized the secretary to offer ]\Ir. Flint $1,000.00 for the two lots and improve- ments thereon, or $600.00 for the lots and Mr. Flint remove all improvements. SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING. SIOUX CITY, IOWA, FEBRUARY 11, 1914. ]\Iembers present : Cameron, Olson, Curtin and Mullen. The purpose of the meeting was to arrange the program for the Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota circuit, as reported by the sec- retary. On motion of Morton, seconded by Curtin, the circuit was to have four $1,000 early closing events as follows : 2 :30 trot ; 2 :20 trot ; 2:25 pace, and 2:14 pace. Entrance fee one per cent (l^c) o^ purse, payable May 15, 1914. Positively no entry will be accepted unless accompanied by cash. Seven per cent (7%) of the purse will be deducted from money winner. Any entry failing to declare out on or before August 10, 1914, and which does not start, will be held for one per cent (1%)' of purse additional. The other early closing events were adopted as follows : Two year old trot ; two year old pace ; three year old trot ; three year old pace. Entries to late closing events to close as follows: Iowa, August 10th ; Nebraska. August 17th ; South Dakota, August 24th ; Sioux City, September 1st. The records that day no bar. On motion of Cameron, seconded by Curtin, the secretarj- was directed to place the circuit "ad" in the "Horse Review", "Spirit of the West", "Western Horseman" and "The Horseman", Chi- cago, the four (4) weeks immediately preceding the date of the closing of the early events May 15th. The rules of the American Trotting Association to govern, and the point system. 3 34 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE On motion of Ciirtin, seconded by Morton, W. R. Mellor was elected president of the Circuit Association for the ensuing year, and C. M. Mcllvaine, secretary. As to the class races the different societies would adopt that which would be the best for their respective places. On motion of Curtin seconded by Cameron, the entry fee on the class races was to be three per cent (3%) with five per cent (5%) deducted from money winners, with the following addition : One- half entrance fee refunded to starters finishing the race inside the flag and outside the money. Meeting adjourned. SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING, AUDITORIUM HOTEL, CHICAGO, FEB. 17TH, 18TH, 19TH. FEBRUARY 17TH. Members present, Cameron, Olson, Corey and Curtin. At nine a. m. the committee attended a meeting of the Great Western Circuit and were assigned dates in this circuit. The com- mittee also agreed to pay the regular dues for advertising the cir- cuit, amounting to $90.00. At twelve o'clock noon, the committee attended the meeting of the 12th Biennial Congress of the American Trotting Association. FEBRUARY 18TH AND 19TH. Members present : Cameron, Corey, Curtin and Summers. The committee attended the meeting of the Western Fairs for the purpose of considering propositions from the various booking agencies and free attraction people to furnish music and attrac- tions for the 1914 Iowa State Fair. The committee closed contract with Patrick Conway for his forty (40) piece band, which includes a mixed quartet, for a period of seven (7) days, beginning Friday, August 28th and closing Sep- tember 3d, at twenty-five hundred dollars ($2500.00). The committee also closed contract for Dubrock's Hippodrome to furnish six (6) events to be put on in front of the amphitheater on the race track for the full period of the fair for the sum of thirteen hundred and fifty dollars ($1350.00). The committee also closed contract with "The World At Home" to furnish eight (8) high class shows and two riding devices lr» take the place of the midway feature of recent state fairs. The percentage to be 75 and 25. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR liOOK— FART I 35 MEETING OF BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. THURSDAY, MARCH 5, 1914. Board convened at ten o'clock a. m. with the following members present: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Tribby, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Tow, Curtiss, Mullen and Pike. Minutes of the meeting of the board on December 12th and sub- sequent committee meetings were read and approved. The board discussed at length the following proposed improve- ments for the year 1914 as presented by the secretary. ESTIMATE OF IMPROVEMENTS FOR 1914. Finishing Women and Children's building $ 5,000.00 Walks from Rock Island to Women and Children's building. . . . 1,750.00 Additional land, southwest corner of the grounds 2,650.00 New entrance and 160 feet storm sewer, southwest corner grounds 1,000.00 Repairs to swine pavilion, administration building, roofs.... 3,850.00 Fourteen cash turn stiles 1,300.00 Section brick cattle barn 5,430.00 Addition to street car entrance 2,600.00 Subway under tracks 6,043.00 Paddock for race horses 10,000.00 One hundred lawn seats 190.00 New fence east of camp grounds (150 rods) 750.00 Moving and new roof on power hall 2,000.00 Miscellaneous improvements by superintendent of grounds, in- cluding such items as painting roofs on agricultural and administration buildings, painting structural steel work in swine pavilion and grand stand, building ten booths in agricultural building for county exhibits, cinder hauling and work on streets and other miscellaneous improve- ments 3,500.00 Total improvements $ 46,063.00 Balance on hand December 1, 1913 18,500.00 Total anticipated $ 27,563.00 Mr. Curtin moved that the estimate of repairs and improve- ments submitted by the executive committee and outlined by the secretary be approved, and if in the discretion of the executive committee any of the repairs can be held off until after the fair, they have authority to do so. Seconded by Mr. Phillips. Motion carried. 36 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The matter of aiito races for the fair was considered. The prop- ositions from Mr. Moross and Mr. Sloan to pnt on races were read by the secretary. Mr. Mullen moved that tlie stock parade and auto polo be held on Thursday evening, September 3d, in addition to the regular night show, and that the auto races be put on on Friday afternoon, September 4th, and the dates of the fair to be August 26th to Sep- tember 4th; live stock to be released Friday, September 4th at tw^elve o'clock noon, and all other exhibits and concessions to re- main in place until 4 o'clock p. m. Friday, September 4th, un- less otherwise provided. Seconded by Mr. Phillips. Motion carried. On motion the board adjourned until 1 :30 p. m. AFTERNOON SESSION. Board met at 1 :30 p. m. pursuant to adjournment, with mem- bers present as at the morning session. The matter of erecting a monument or tablet to mark the place of holding the first Iowa State Fair was discussed. The secretary was instructed to confer with the attorney general and ascertain whether or not the funds of the fair could be appropriated for such purpose. The secretary read the l)ids received for improvements on March 4tli as follows: Name of Bidder F. Fen-in & Son Akin & Flutter Louis J. .Jolinson & J. R. Potts Lytton Construction Co. Henry D. O'Donnell ,T. E. Lovejoy Koss Construction Co. W. F. Mitchell Geo. M. King Potts Bros. ,Tas. Maine & Sons Co B. J. Sweet *And 25c per cubic yard lor all grading necessary .099 $ .07 .10 .09 .081 .061 .10 J .06 J .m .07 .08 .lOJ .09 .Hi .09 .10.73 .0788 .m •m .13 .10 .14.3 .11.4 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 37 Name ol" Bidder Cattle barn a a ".2 Subway under track 1^ a 3 $ .-S.iSO.OO $ 8,367.00 10,997.20 9,159.00 $ 7,461.00 W F. Mitchell .T. W. Turner Imn Co 8,768.00 Kucharo & Company 9,280.00 5,932.00 Chas Weitz & Sons $ 3,267.00 7,323.00 11,180.00 8,429.00 9,080.00 6,323.00 Capital City Const. Co. 9,600.00 7,036.00 5,587.00 9,324.00 Des Moine.'s Bridge & Iron Work.s . 2,621.00 2,600.00 The Shorthill Co. H. M. Lewis ... .. 6,623.00 7,780.00 10,850.00 6,743.00 10,700 00 6,043.0o W. H. Brereton . „ 6,868.00 6,373.00 B J. Sweet 7,425.00 7,200.00 .T. B McGorrisk . 6,800.00 Faris Abramson Const. Co 13,745.00 13,300.00 Mr. Ciirtin moved that the executive committee he instructed to take up the matter of letting the contracts, and if, in their judg- ment it is not deemed advisahle to let contract to the lowest bidder, to take the bid of the next lowest responsible bidder. Seconded by Mr. Mullen. Motion carried. The revision of classification for the premium list was consid- ered and the following new classifications discussed : HORSE DEPARTMENT. INCREASES. Percheron, filly three and under four, increase Percheron, filly two and under three, incrcase. Percheron, get of stallion, increase Clydesdale, same changes as above Shire, same changes as above Belgian, same changes as above Suffolk Punch, new class Runabouts, two fifth premiums, $10.00 each Ladies turnouts, 2 fifth premiums, $5.00 each High steppers and park horses, new class, stallion, mare or gelding, and height, horse alone to be considered: $50, $50, $30, $20, $10 Four additional fifth premiums, $10.00 each Gig horses, 2 fifth premiums, $10.00 each Tandems, new class, tandem teams, any size, horses alone to be con- sidered: $.50. $40. $30, $20, $10 Two additional fifth premiums, $10.00 each $ l."i0.00 40. (X» 150.00 20.00 Saddle horses, 1 additional fifth premium Saddle horse stake . Hunters and high jmnpers, additional lor steeple chase classes. Welsh ponies, increase Horse shoeing contest 17.00 17.00 120.00 Total increase. 154.00 154.00 154.00 154.00 1,099.00 20.00 10.00 190.00 20.00 $ 170.00 10.00 1,000.00 760.00 149.00 70.00 $ 4,114.00 38 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DECREASES. Brougham horses, class cut out i? 200.00 Saddle horses, champion cut out _-- 50.00 Hackney ponies and others - --- 40.00 Military horses 5.00 Total decrease , 205.00 Net increase $ 3,i>l!/.(»0 CATTLE DEPARTMENT. INCREASES. ■ Change the following dairy classes, placing them on an cciual with other, dairy breeds: Ayrshire . $ 197.00 Brown Swiss ir>7-()!) Pat Short Horns 1-20. (lO Fat Angus 120.00 Total increase _-_ $ (j.'24.((0 DECREASES. Dairy Short Horns, class cut out $ 200.00 Dutch Belted, class cut out .=)47.00 Grand Champion, class cut out 50. CO Grand Champion Group, class cut out 75. CK) Total decrease .. . $ 872.00 Total increase 631.00 Net decrease $ 238.00 SWINE DEPARTMENT. Dcerea.sc on amount offered Poland China Futurities $ VlTi.OO SHEEP DEPARTMENT. INCREASES. Merino Class changed to Merino Class "B" and Merino Class "CV. Iowa Ch'sses for each division, making two additional classes. Increase in Merinos • s 374.00 Increase on Rambouillet 2.00 Iowa Cotswolds, new clars !;)4.0i Angora goats, new class 71.00 DECREASES. Shropshire (open class) ,$ e.oo Shropshire (Iowa special) 10.00 Net increase IC.ro Note: Ewe 2 years or over, cut out of all AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. INCREASES. ' ' 'T-n and pop com _ ^ ■■;).■) Crass and forage D OO Veget,^ble swcrstakps , .jsloo Individual fnrni exhibits (estimated) 475. (iO County exhibits (estimated) 1.500. 00 Total increase $ 2,0M).00 Fiold corn decreases - ' S3.(H) Net increase s o c-ifi (,o FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART 1 P^VXTRY, KITCHEN, HOXET. BEES, ETC. Honey and Bees $ 6.00 Corn bread class .- l.'j.oo Inerer'se . HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. Inerease box apples New class crab apples Increase peaches .-- Increase ornamental basket fruit Total increase FLOSICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. Increase in all classes .— SCHOOL EXHIBITS. Inerease in all classes. .... 226. OU 90.00 21.03 CO. 00 $ 313.00 130.00 SUMMARY OF TOTAL PREMIUMS OFFERED AT THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION, 1914, SHOWING INCREASES OVER THOSE OFFERED IN 1913. 4^ a O Offered by Department 1914 1 Inerease by Department Decrease by Department Horses $ 19,105.00 15,900.00 12,294.00 4,180.00 3,373.00 2,233.00 6,227.00 846.00 417.00 697.00 2,258.50 1,600.00 1,322.50 72.50 1,073.00 300.00 600.00 800.00 1,000.00 § 15,286.00 15,700.00 12,512.00 4,305.00 2,788.00 2,101.00 4,201.00 828.00 411.00 697.00 1,865.50 1,470.00 1,862.50 170.50 968.00 304.00 650.00 800.00 $ 3,819.00 200.00 Speed Cattle _ $ 218.00 Swine Sheep .. ._ .._ ----- 132.00 2,020.00 15.00 6.00 123.00 Poultry _ Agriculture _ Pantry and kitchen .. ._ Apiary . Dairy .. Horticulture Floriculture .. . 393.00 130.00 Textile. China, etc. 5iO.(K( Work of children _ 98.00 School exhibits . 103.00 : .'bics' health contest 4.00 liolarships . 50 00 ■ Uoge exhibit .;t department . — . _. _ .. 1,000.00 Totals $ 74,298.50 $ 66,919.00 8,414.50 $ 1,035.00 Mr. Mullen moved that the revision of the premium list as out- lined be approved. Seconded by Mr. Tribby. Motion carried. The matter of offering prizes for farm crops was discussed ; crops to consist of the best ten acres of corn, best ten acres of alfalfa, and best ten acres of oats ; the state fair to offer .$1000.00 and the five railroads crossing the state, i. e., Chicago y'^--^^ ■^'■+ern, Chi- cago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, Illinois Centra go, Rock 40 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Island and Pacific, and the Chicago, Burlington and Qnincy," to be asked to contribute $1000.00 each. Mr. Curtiss moved that the president appoint a committee to take the matter up with the rail- roads, the president to be a member of the committee, and that the fair appropriate $1000.00 provided the railroads would come in on the basis of $1000.00 each, and that the details be worked out later. Seconded by Olson. Motion carried. The advertising budget for the 1914 fair as follows was con- sidered : COST OP ADVERTISING 1913 FAIR AND ADVERTISING BUDGET FOR 1914 FAIR. Cost 1D13 Budget 1914 Country weekly papers, 481-500 Plates for weekly papers, 481-500 Daily papers outside of Des Moines Miscellaneous papers and magazines Des Moines daily papers Agricultural and live stock papers Horse papers and speed program H. N. Whitney, five month's salary Minnie Truax, five months salary Kxtra reporters during the fair Printing five issues "'Greater Iowa" Postage on same and 10,000 Heralds Hangers Monthly calendars 125,000 two-color, eight-page Heralds Outdoor signs County distribution, advertising matter- Billboard service and date sheets Street ear advertising Photos Cuts and electros Daily and band concert programs Trip on jobber's train Gummed stickers Miscellaneous advertising items Totals i? 11,818.3! ,910.18 760.33 226.05 168.25 ,339.18 ,178.45 627.17 833.30 2.90. OO 98.15 3&i.40 114.79 505. OO 136.10 275.00 1.57.. 50 788.90 335.70 87.15 291.. 50 119.52 81.50 37.50 30.17 56.55 $ 3,000.00 775.00 350.00 150.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 625.00 833.30 375.00 lOO.OO 475.00 130.00 1,000.00 75.00 300.00 175.00 7.50. OO 300.00 90.00 175.00 125.00 85.00 37.50 .55.00 119.20 $ 12,500.00 Mr. Curtin moved that the budget be adopted. Seconded by Mr. Mullen. Motion carried. The president appointed as committee on per diem and mileage Messrs. Pike, Olson and Mullen. The committee on per diem and mileage made the following re- port which, upon motion of Mr. Reeves, was adopted and warrants ordered drawn for the resjiective amounts. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 41 Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to re- port as follows: Ul'iS C. E. Cameron_ 1115!) O. A. Olson lllfJO C. H. Tribby-- 111«1 C. W. Phillips.- 11102 Klmer M. Reeves 111(53 E. J. Curtin 111C4 Cyras A. Tow.. 11165 Chas. F. Curtis 11166 Jiio. P. Mullin.. 11167 H. L. Pike c ►> £ o o C cs f: ft K ■ft. r^ < 5 $ 4.00 $20.00 140 $14.00 i) 4.00 20.00 1.5.T 15.50 3 4.0O 12.00 144 14.40 3 4.00 12.00 210 21.00 3 4.0O 12.00 123 12.30 + 4.00 16.00 195 19.50 3 4.00 12.00 112 11.20 3 4.00 12.00 37 3.70 4 4.00 16.00 117 11.70 3 4.00 12.00 206 20.60 % 34.00 35.50 26.40 33.00 24.30 35.50 23.20 15.70 27.70 32.60 Respectfully submitted. Ou motion the board adjourned. J. p. MULLEX, O. A. OLSOX, H. L. PIKE. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. MARCH 6, 1914. Members present : Cameron, Olson and Corey, also board mem- ber Cnrtin. The committee took np the matter of letting contracts in .accord- ance with resolution of board. Committee required contract bond for 25 per cent of contract on each job. Contracts Avere let as follows to the lowest bidders : Cattle barn — J. E. Lovejoy % 5,4.30.00 Street car station — The Sliorthill Co 2,600.00 Subway — On revised plan — Des Moines Eng. & Const. Co 6,043.00 The lowest combination bid for cement walks and floors, which was made by the firm of Louis J. Johnson and J. R. Potts, was accepted. Tlieir l)id was Sygc for walks and 6^40 for floors. Arrangements were made for a committee meeting with Dr. Voldeng and the superintendents of the various departments of the Women and Children's building, on March 18th. The committee with architect, visited the grounds for the pur- pose of definitely locating the subway. The committee and Mr. Curtin went over sketch for paddock, making a number of suggestions and directed the architect to pro- ceed with plan as outlined. 42 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The committee authorized the secretary and superintendents of grounds to let contract at once for building storm sewer from cement bridge soutli of track to draw gate bridge so that dirt from the excavation for subway -may be used for making fill for pad- deck. The committee and Mr. Curtin formulated speed program and conditions governing same. Program to consist of nineteen har- iu;:s and seven running races; $15,900 offered in prizes. The committee adopted budget for advertising speect program in the horse papers. Budget to be approximately the same as last year. Not to exceed $625.00 exclusive of the futurity advertising. The following bids were received for printing 15,000 copies of the premium list in accordance with specifications furnished each bidder. BIBS ON PRINTING PREMIUM LIST, lOY/A STATE PAIR, 1914, FIFTEEN THOUSAND COPIES. No. 1 S. & S. C. 50 lb. Book. (;eo. A. Miller Printing Co Robt. Henderson, State Printer. Welch Printing Co. II?ilhee]cer Printing Co. Si:eeesslul Farming liome.-tead Company Purcell Printing Company ,_ ^_, o 1 71 rt m to C o C tant secre- tary of the department of agriculture, to accept a position as sec- retary of the North Dakota state fair April 1st, it became necessary for Ihe secretary to select his successor. Mr, Clift'ord C. Heer was tenderetl the position at $110 per month and accept'-'l same. The other members of the executive committee were consulted over the phone regarding]; the appointment of Mr. Heer. I EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. APRIL 14, 15, 16, 17, 1914. The committee met with INIessrs. Cameron, Olson and Corey; also board members Mullen, Curtiss and Tow. The executive committee, Mr. Mullen and Mr. Turk, superin- tendent and assistant superintendent respectively of the machinery department, visited the fair grounds to determine the location for Power Hall. It was decided to move same to a location in the southwest corner of the grounds, put on a new shingle roof, and put the building in good repair. The superintendent was instructed to order 200,000 shingles for Power Hall. The committee went over the general rules in the premium list and approved changes. Committee authorized the secretary to co-operate wath the jMin- nesota, Wisconsin and Illinois state fairs in advertising jointly the saddle horse stake and show horse classification in the Saddle and Show Horse Chronicle and the IMissouri Stockman, the ex- pense of advertising same not to exceed $100. Committee instructed the secretary to notify the Klondike In- cubator company and the Emerson-Brantingham Implement com- pany, both of Des Moines, to remove their exhibits buildings on or before May 20th. Superintendent of grounds was instructed to furnish an estimate of the number of posts and rods of fencing necessary to build new fence on east side of camp grounds, and the secretary was author- ized to order same. 46 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The request of the Farmers' Graiu Dealers' Association of Iowa for tent space on the grounds during the fair was granted. Committee went over the propositions on file with the secretary from various Iowa bands and agreed to accept the proposition of the Fifty-fourth Infantry band, Clarinda, Iowa, twenty-five piece.5, six days, at $790. Committee and Mr. Curtin went over the plans and specifications for the cooling out paddock. The architect was directed to mats a few changes in the plans and specifications and prepare samd for bidders. The secretary was directed to advertise for bids on same, to be on file on or before 12 o'clock noon, Tuesday, May 5th. The secretary and Mr. Curtiss conferred with Mr. Tow relati\^e to judges for the swine department at the 1914 fair. The list was agreed upon and JMr. Tow extended the parties an invitation to do the judging. The committee agreed that inasmuch as the construction :>t the subway prevented the horsemen from using the track mat the horsemen should not be charged stall rent from April lath until the track was in shape to be used by them. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. MAY 6, 7, 1914. Committee met with members Cameron, Olson and Corey present. The purj)Ose of the meeting was to receive and open bids on the cooling out paddock and to transact such other business as might be brought to the attention of the committee. The following bids were received on the cooling out paddock. Deduction No. 1 was for leaving out the low brick walls back of stalls including concrete support beam and substituting wooden pgucls for same. Deduction No. 2 was for substituting swinging gates in place of folding gates as specified. . BIDS ON COOLING OUT PAEDOCK. Deductions Nol No. 2 James Maine & Sons Co., Des Moines, Iowa — - $ 9,500.00 8,975.00 8,448.00 8,515.00 8,069.00 $ 215.00 $ 258.00 484.00 500.00 Wm. J. VanDyke Des Moines Iowa Arthur H. Neumann & Co., Des Moines, Iowa - Chas. Weitz Sons, Des Moines, Iowa. -_ -_ 256.00 1 176.00 J. E. Lovejoy, Des Moines, Iowa 250.00 1 200.00 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 47 Mr. J. E. Love joy being the lowest bidder, was awarded the con- tract, and secretary was instructed to execute contract and con- tract bond for same, the contract to be in accordance with the original plans and specifications and no advantage taken of either deduction for changes in outside walls or gates. A clause was inserted in the contract stating that the gates as specified were to cost $276; if the swining gates were decided upon and sub- stituted the department was to receive credit for the difference in cost. The secretary was instructed to renew the insurance on the agri- cultural building expiring on May 12 and 13, 1914. The secretary was instructed to pay pro rata expense for six pages of advertising in the Implement Trade Journal providing arrangement was made with five other state fairs, each to pay for one page of advertising. Propositions for an Iowa concert band and an orchestra were brought to the attention of the committee. The committee decided to accept the proposition of T. Fred Henry and his band, seven days, forty pieces, including a vocal soloist, for $1,550. Also to accept the proposition of C. P. Graham for a sixteen-piece orches- tra, six days, for $436 ; and to accept the proposition of P. Conway to play an additional day (Friday, September 4) for $300. The committee authorized the superintendent of grounds t3 award contract for moving Power Hall to the southwest portion of the grounds and to place same on blocks, for the sum of $475, i) James H. Quiunett of Des Moines. Committee accepted the proposition of Lawa-ence Stewart of Dcs Moines to make a piece of statuary life size of mother and child which shall be acceptable to the committee as fitting for the Women and Children's building, for the sum of $50. Secretary was instructed to have plans and specifications pre- pared for screening doors, windows and openings on the second story porch of the Women and Children's building, and to receive bids for same on May 16th. The committee and architect Smith visited the fair grounds to ascertain what progress was being made with the contract w'ork. The following items were called to the attention of J. E. Love joy, general contractor for the Women's and Children's building. He was instructed to plaster the ceiling of the model school room, at the estimated cost of $36. 48 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Place four posts to support twenty foot 6x8 i>urliiK's over the day nursery, rest room and auditoriums over ten feet in length, with 4x4 back to iron girders, as called for in the specifications and drawings. Cover all light conduits coming down to switches with wooden strips as instructed by architect. The superintendent of grounds was instructed to construct a partition along the west row of steel colunnis in the large room under the auditorium of the Women and Children's building; also to tint the cement floor in this room with red mortar coloring. The superintendent of grounds was also instructed to lower the outer ends of the north and south approaches to the subway 18 inches. The Des Moines Engineering and Construction company agreed with the architect and the committee to put in the addi- tional concrete on account of the above change in the approaches without additional cost on account of defective work in the divi- sion wall. The committee met with Dr. Voldeng and Dr. Lenna L. Means to discuss matters pertaining to the Women and Children's build- ing and the babies' health department. The committee authorized Dr. Means, medical director of the ]iabies' health contest, to select eight examiners for six days, at $10 per day. The committee also agreed to allow the superintendent of the babies' health contest one assistant, who is also to act as preliminary judge and receive the same compensation as an examiner; two nurses six days at $3.50 per day; two clerks for the scoring committee six daj^s at $2.50 per day, and one stenographer six days at $2.50 per day. The committee with member C. F. Curtiss visited the grounds on May 7th to determine what should be done about moving the vaude- ville stages from the centerfield to the paddock in front of the am- pitheater, building a sod track around the inside of the half-mile track for the steeple chase races and hunters and jumpers contest, also a show ring for light harness and saddle horses in the center- field. The committee agreed to move the vaudeville stages from the centerfield into the paddock and locate one directly in front of each end section of the ampitheater and close to the fence. The committee agreed and instructed the superintendent of grounds to level the ground for the sod track around the inside of the half-mile track and to have same seeded at the earliest pos- sible date. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 49 The conimittcc also agreed and instructed the superintendent of grounds to Imild a show I'iiig in the ccntertiehl directly in front of the anij)liitli('ater, tlie outside dimensions of this ring to he 60x300 feet; also to construct a water hazard and hrusli jump immedi- ately west of the show ring. The superintendent of gi'ounds was also instructed To purchase four or five harrels of road oil and to apply same to the aisles of the swine pavilion to determine whether this would be a satisfac- tory Avay of keeping down the dust. It was agreed that the committee should meet again on May 16, 17 and 18 for the purpose of determining the repairs and improve- ments to l)e made at the grounds this vear. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. MAY 16, 17, 18, 1914. Members present Cameron, Olson, Corey and Director Curtin. The executive committee in company with Mr. Deemer, Super- intendent of grounds, went over the various improvements and re- pairs which they deemed necessary at this time. The superintendent of grounds was instructed to proceed with the following improvements and repairs : Paint the metal roofs of the agricultural building, administratioii building, and two brick cattle barns. Paint all steel risers in the grand stand and touch up all rusty patches in the structural steel. Paint all the structural steel in the swine barn. . Cut doorway through brick partition in stock room under the east end of amphitheater and put in a counter, so as to provide a place for stocking up boys who sell pop, peanuts, etc., in the grand stand. Build in dressing rooms under bleachers at each end of the grand stand, in accordance w'ith plans to be worked out by the secretary and the superintendent. Rebuild the outside fence around Weaver's drug store corner by plac- ing woven wire fence the full height of the posts now in place and by putting cross arms on top of said posts and stringing barbwire between same. Close up opening all around base of refrigerator in the dairy end of the agricultural building. Repair meat market by putting in new ceiling and new floor; also make repairs in the ice box and connect up same with drain. Tint or paint all brick walls in the large art room in the Women and Children's building. 50 IOWA DEPART.MENT OF AGRICULTURE Superintendent was also instructed to examine the flues, boilers, water pipes and sewer connections in the brick dining halls, and to make such necessary repairs as to put all in good condition prior to the opening of the fair. The committee authorized the secretary to order the following cash turnstiles: three 25c and six 50c at $110 each, and five con- vertible cash turnstiles that will operate with either 25c or 50c pieces at $135 each, from II. V. Bright, Cleveland, Ohio, in ac- cordance with his proposition whereby he agrees to accept the two turnstiles and chopper boxes purchased in 1913, giving us credit for full price, $220. The secretary was also instructed to write the Chicago House Wrecking company and determine what they would take for their building on the fair grounds. In case they ask the department for a proposition, we offer them not to exceed $400 cash for the building. The secretary was iustructed to have a large sign painted on the south side of the swine judging pavilion to read as follows : IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION GROUNDS. The secretary was authorized to let contract to Louis J. Johnson and J. R. Potts for putting in the four inch floor in the street car station and for the four inch walk leading up to the station, at .08%c per square foot. The committee with Architect Smith went over a number of propositions relative to the Women and Children's building and decided upon the following : Mr. Lovejoy, contractor, was instructed to place sub floor and risers one thickness of two pound Eureka floor deadener over that part of the ampitheater extending over the main auditorium, and plaster, at the estimated cost of $86.50. Contractor Avas also instructed to plaster ceiling of the model school room, at an estimated cost of $36. He was also instructed to plaster the ceiling of the large art room under the main audi- torium and the ceilings of all rooms in the babies' health contest department, at a cost of 45c per square yard ; this to include plaster board and plaster. Contractor was also notified to remove the porch ceiling that had been stained with dark stain and to replace same with new ceiling and to give all porch ceilings one coat of pure linseed oil instead of one coat of stain. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 51 Contractor was also instructed to leave off canvas covering on the second story porches and to place this canvas on the two en- closed porches on the first floor. The committee received the following bids for furnishing screens and installing same on all exterior doors and windows, also the second story openings of enclosed porches in accordance with plans and specifications furnished by Architects Smith and Keffer. BIDS ON SCREENS, WOMEN AND CHILDREN'S BUILDING. K. T. Burrowes & Co., by Whitloek & Turner, Des Moines $ 1,330.00 J. E. Lovejoy, Des Moines 1,236.00 Watson Mfg. Co., by E. W. Stone. Des Moines 975.00 The contract was awarded to the Watson Manufacturing com- pany, E. W. Stone agent, at $975. The committee and Mr. Curtin took up the matter of bidding for the trotting and pacing divisions of the AVestern Breeders' No. 1 Futurity. Secretary was instructed to submit a bid of $300 for both, or $300 for the trotting division and nothing for the pacing division. The committee met with Miss Edith M. Robinson, registrar of the Registered Nurses Registry association, and Miss McCarthy, chairman of the committee of Visiting Nurses, for the purpose of making arrangements with the above association to take charge of the day nursery in the Women and Children 's building. An agree- ment was reached whereby the department is to furnish the per- manent equipment, such as ice box, stove, chairs, beds and mats, tables, etc.; the nurses' organization to furnish all cooking utensils, bedding and minor supplies. Said association is not to charge to exceed 15c per hour for the care of children, and to receive for their compensation the entire receipts collected for the care of children. The Secretaiy was instructed to make up a list of furnishings for the Women and Children's building and to confer with architect Smith relative to light fixtures for this building. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JUNE 5, 6, 1914. Members present Cameron, Olson, Corey and Director Mullen. Mr. R. E. Hankinson of De Soto, Kan., met the committee and submitted his proposition for auto polo for the period of seven days. The committee accepted his proposition for a consideration 52 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of $1,500, contract calling for fifty minutes play each day of tlie fair. Mr. Brantdn of the Chicago House Wrecking company met with the committee to consider propositions the board had made for buying their exhibits building located on the state fair grounds. The committee made Mr. Branton two propositions as follows : The committee agreed to pay $400 cash for the buildings as soon as the bill of sale to the State Board of Agriculture was made ; or to allow said company to occupy the building with their exhibit during the 1914 fair without charge for concession, j^roviding they gave the Board of Agriculture a bill of sale on the building to take effect at the close of the fair. The committee went over the matter of furnishings for the Women and Children's building with Davidson Bros, and Chase & West. The general style of the furniture to be used in the build- ing was agreed upon and the secretary was instructed to make up a list and secure prices from both firms, both firms agreeing to fur- nish the furniture at ten per cent above cost to them plus freight ; furniture to be delivered at the Women and Children's building, set up and polished, the board to receive credit for special discounts on the order. The secretary was instructed to place $15,000 combination fire and tornado insurance on the Women and Children's building at $2 per hundred, for the period of three j^ears. The committee directed J. E. Love joy, contractor, to plaster the ceilings as follows : Ceiling of rooms on the main floor of the Women and Children's building; ceiling in the main rest room; ceiling in hallways between the auditorium and school room, and ceiling in all day nursery rooms. Contractor was also instructed to place deadener felt under the floor in the auditorium ; also to put in two cement steps on the east side of the building in place of wooden ones as specified. The committee authorized Secretary Corey to attend the Winni- peg horse show in company with Mr. Simpson, secretary of the Minnesota state fair, for the purpose of soliciting entries in light harness, hunter and jumper, and steeplechase classes. Mr. Mullen conferred with a number of automobile dealers of Des Moines relative to making exhibits at the 1914 fair. , The superintendent of grounds was instructed to build in a re- freshment stand and stock room at the west end of the amphithe- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 53 ater; also to make cliaiiycs in tlie refresluncnt stand and stock room in the east end of the ampitheater as directed. The following bids were received for combination curl) and gutter and straight 6x15 curb on driveway leading from Rock Island avenue to the Women and Children's building: £! S £ .D 'C - M g W) "S V Mm 5 5 '5'P: oo o CO 4Cc 3.-)C 44c •22c Potts Bros., Des Moines, Iowa 40e IOC The aljove bids were so much per lineal foot. The committee accepted the bid of Potts Bros, and secretary was instructed to make contract. EXECUTIA^E COMMITTEE MEETING. JUNE 16, 17, 1914. Members present ]\Iessrs. Cameron, Olson, Corey, also member Curtiss on June 17th. The committee met for the purpose of purchasing furniture for the Women and Children's building and opera chairs for two sec- tions of the grand stand and in the auditorium for the babies' health contest department. The committee considered bids from the various firms submitting bids on furniture and decided to place the order for the general furnishing for the AVomen and Children's building with S. David- son & Sons of Des Moines, and for the kitchen equipment and hotel range, refrigerator, etc., with Chase & West of Des Moines; both firms having offered to sell furniture on a margin of ten per cent above factory cost plus the freight. The committee placed an order with the American Seating com- pany for 88-4 opera chairs for the grandstand at ^1.25 each, and 320 opera chairs for the babies' health contest department at $1.15 each. Committee instructed the superintendent of grounds to build in all necessary kitchen equipment in the kitchen to serve the main 54 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE dining hall in the Women and Children's building; also to build tables for seating eight persons in the dining room. Superintendent of grounds was also instructed to build pens in the poultry building for exhibiting flocks; also to arrange lighting for stages in the paddock and to put up fence to guard the stages. The committee accepted the proposition of the McDonnell Boiler & Iron Works to furnish ten five light electroliers for lighting the approach to the Women and Children's building at $20 each, and two one light electroliers to be placed at the main entrance of the building at $16.20 each. The committee accepted the proposition of the Des Moines Tent & Awning company to sell the canvas used for the south side of the automobile show room for $225. The committee approved the bid of $100 for the pacing division of the Western Horse Breeders' Futurity. The secretary was directed to buy two coin counters to be used in counting fifty and twenty-five cent pieces taken up from the cash turnstiles. Also one time announcer to be used in the judges' stand. The secretary was directed to close contract with Hutton's orches- tra for six days at $436. The committee and member Curtiss visited the fair grounds on Wednesday, June 17th, for the purpose of inspecting the steeple- chase track and show ring under process of construction in the center field, and to instruct the superintendent of grounds relative to building same and water hurdles, etc. The committee took up matters relative to the horse show and decided that all attendants in the ring should be in proper livery and judges, ringmaster and clerk in full dress suits. It was also decided to accept Geo. A. Heyl's proposition of $100 for bringing his six-in-hand pony team to the Iowa state fair this year as an attraction to be used in the afternoons in front of the grandstand and at the evening show in the coliseum. The secretary was directed to order a sufficient amount of calcium chloride for treating the race track and the show ring in the center field. The committee accepted the proposition of the Stoner-McCray System to paint the large sign on the south side of the swine judg- ing pavilion for $58.50, and for two large signs on the street car entrance for $70, one half the expense of the latter to be paid by the street car company. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 55 The committee decided to extend President Wilson an invitation to visit the Iowa state fair this fall, and it was also deemed advisa- ble that Mr. Cameron, in company with influential representatives in congress, visit ]\Ir. Wilson in the near future to personally extend this invitation. AUDITING COMMITTEE MEETING. JULY 14, 1914. Auditing committee met wdth Messrs. Legoe, Phillips and Mullen present. The committee audited all bills that had been paid upon approval of the executive committee since December 1st; also audited and approved all unpaid bills on file Avith the secretary. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JULY 16, 1914. Committee met with Cameron, Olson and Corey present. The Ladies' Poultry association was granted the use of the as- sembly tent for a poultry day program ; they to have the use of the tent on Monday or Thursday as the committee may later decide. The United Shoe Machinery company of Boston, Mass., was granted the privilege of erecting a black top tent on the fair grounds during the state fair to be used in showing the industrial pictures of shoe manufacturing; no admission fee to be charged by said company and no charge for space by the fair management. The committee decided to race the pacing division of the Western Breeders' Futurity on Tuesday, September 1st, and the trotting division on Thursday, September 3rd. The committee instructed the secretary to call a meeting of the superintendents of departments in the Women's and Children's building for Friday morning, July 24th, and Avas further in- structed to notify all superintendents and parties interested. The proposition of Successful Farming to exchange $504 worth of advertising space in Successful Farming for $75 worth of general admission tickets was accepted. The committee selected Mr. M. W. Keating of Afton, Iowa, to act as superintendent of the camp grounds; he to start work on August 19th and his compensation to be $4 per day; he to have three assistants after August 24th to assist in locating tents and they to receive $2.50 per day. 56 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The committee approved the estimate of $700 for decorating all buildings as submitted by Cressy & AVingate. The following settlement was made with the Des Moines En- gineering & Construction company. FINAL SETTLEMENT— SUBWAY CONTRACT. Contract $ 0,013.00 Extra raising west approach wall at south entrance, as per revised drawing of architect, and estimate filed 23.J.00 Grooving floors of both approaches as per order of Superintendent 2.5.00 To si.x sacks of cement delivered to Supt. of Grounds 2.70 Total due $ 6,305.70 CREDITS. April 21, warrant No. 11208 $1,839.00 April 23, warrant No. 11233 600.00 May 2, warrant No. 112.51 1,585.00 May 16, warrant No. 11271 350.00 June 16, warrant No. 11313 -■ 450.00 July 13, warrant No. 11380 400.00 Backfill made by Supt. of Grounds 125.00 Deducted for railing left off and cinders used in foundation 2-5.00 Use of team 21 hours at 55c 11.55 July 13, warrant No. 11390 920.15 Total payments $ 6,305.70 The People's Popular Monthly of Des Moines, Iowa, was granted privilege of erecting a building 12x12 feet in Newspaper row. The committee agreed to meet at Minneapolis on Saturday morn- ing, July 18th, to witness the performance put on by Lincoln Beachey. The comittee visited the grounds with Mr. Curtiss and IMr. C. E. Perkins of Burlington, Iowa, relative to making final arrangements for the steeplechase cour,se, and for the purpose of instructing the superintendent of grounds how to build water and brush jumps. The committee also- went over numerous improvements to be made at the grounds and instructed the superintendent of grounds as follows : Place two windows in the south side of barber shop; also whitewash barber shop on the inside. Build a new cupboard in the secretary's office for taking care of complimentary tickets. Build fourteen poultry pens for flocks in the south side of the east wing of poultry building. Also build outside pens for egg laying con- test. Build a four foot fence around the two vaudeville stages in the pad- dock. Set one twenty-five foot iron post in each of the south corners of the two vaudeville stages for carrying cable on which to place light re- flectors. Also place cable on iioles along the front of the paddock for carrying light reflectors for lighting race track at night. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART 1 57 Build a judges' stand in the centerfield of the show ring opposite amphitheater. Rebuild old sheep barn known as "Cattle Barn No. 18" for hospital barn. Put on hasps and provide locks for all show cases in the pantry stores department in balcony of the agricultural building. Sheet up brick walls at the north and south ends of the county ex- hibit booths so they can be burlapped. Rebuild concession stands in exposition building in accordance with instructions of Mr. Legoe. Build two platforms for searchlights under the roof at each end of the amphitheater. Paint nine tables with two coats of white enamel for babies' health contest department, and place measuring board in top of one as in- structed. Place gas pipe guard rail in art room as per instructions. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JULY 24, 25, 1914. Members present Cameron, Olson and Corey. The meeting was called for the purpose of holding a conference of the superintendents of the Women and Children's building. The following superintendents and persons interested in the ex- hibits to be put in the building were present : Mrs. Charles R. Brenton, child welfare exhibit. Professor E. E. Lewis, Iowa City, child welfare exihibt. Professor Robt. E. Reinow, Iowa City, child welfare exhibit. Professor C. A. Cummings, art exhibit. Mr. A. M. Deyoe, educational department. Dr. G. H. Sumner, public health departmenf. Mrs. Mary T. Watts, babies health contest. Dr. N. M. Voldeng, superintendent of building. Miss Mabel Lodge, suffragist. The conference discussed the various features to be put in the Women and Children's building and the program to be carried out in the auditorium each day of the fair. In the afternoon the committee and all the superintendents visited the fair grounds for the purpose of assigning space, etc, SATURDAY, JULY 25. The committee instructed the secretary to extend the committee on retrenchment and reform an invitation to hold their meetings during the period of the fair in the board room in the Administra- tion building. 58 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The committee instructed the superiutendent of grounds to em- ploy a night watchman commencing August 3rd; he to go on duty at 1 o'clock p. m. and remain on duty until 12 o'clock midnight. The committee instructed the superintendent of grounds to en- close the grounds available by the removal of Power Hall and tlie plot of ground east of where Power Hall stood with a six foot fence and to put in a division fence and streets, so that the grounds could be used for parking automobiles. Secretary was instructed to make arrangements with the su- perintendent of public safety for a fire team and three men in the grounds during the period of the fair. Also to make arrangements with the police judge to hold police court at the fair grounds each day of the fair, and to arrange with the attorney general's office to have an assistant attorney general present during sessions of the court to act as prosecutor. Committee also closed contract with Lincoln Beachey to put on three aeroplane flights each day, to consist of one trick flight, one known as the death dive and upside down flight, and one flight known as the loop-the-loop. Consideration for seven days to be $5,000, and on any day Beachey fails to loop-the-loop and make the death dive he to receive no pay. Committee also closed contract with the Philharmonic choir of Des Moines for one hundred and fifty voices to put on a sacred concert in the live stock pavilion on Sunday'- evening, August 30th, for the sum of $500. Committee also negotiated wdth F. S. Dusenberg for his three racing cars, one to be driven by Mr. Rickenbacher, who won the three hundred mile automobile race at Sioux City on July 4th. Committee took up the matter of granting request of the Wo- men's Suffragist association for a room in the Women and Chil- dren's building. The committee decided that inasmuch as this building was built for the women and children of the state of Iowa and the plans of the building did not anticipate taking care o£ organizations of this kind, that their request be not granted. The secretary was instructed to order 120 rods of 58 inch Elwood fencing for the purpose of enclosing the auto parking ground. Also to order one twenty-five ton car of calcium chloride to be used on the race track and in the aisles of the horse, cattle , and swine barns and the aisles of Machinery Hall for keeping down dust. The secretary was also instructed to purchase one car load FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 59 of spent tan bark to be used in the stock pavilion, carriage section of the horse barn and the cooling out paddock. The secretary was instructed to purchase one coin counting ma- chine, built for counting twenty-five and fifty cent pieces, of the Johnson Coin Counting company, at $175. The secretary was instructed to close contract with Siester Bros, for taking care of the manure in the live stock department during the fair. Secretary was instructed to close contract for an eight-piece orchestra for the Exposition building. The committee also met with Hal S. Ray, General Passenger Agent of the Rock Island Railway, relative to special trains and shuttle train service. The committee requested that the shuttle trains be put in operation commencing Saturday, August 29th, to September. 4th, inclusive; that the special train service commence August 29th and continue until September 4th, Sunday excepted ; and that on Sunday all regular week day trains be run. The committee also instructed the secretary to purchase the following playground equipment of the Fred Medart Mfg. Co., St. Louis : Six swing outfits, three individual children's slides, and one four board see-saw. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. AUGUST 2, 1914. Members present Cameron, Olson and Corey. The committee, wnth Architect 0. 0. Smith, made a thorough inspection of the Women and Children's building to determine just Avhat remained to be completed. Under the specifications and contract Mr. Lovejoy was to tint the walls and the audi- torium and in the class room, and he was ordered to proceed Avith this work without further delay. Various other minor mat- ters were brought to his attention which he was instructed to take care of at once. The committee went over a number of improvements and re- pairs that would necessarily have to be made prior to the open- ing of the fair and instructed the superintendent to proceed with same. Among the principal improvements were the following: Place a five foot woven wire fence around the lots set aside for the free parking of automobiles. 60 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Place division rails in the stairways leading to the public dining halls under the administration building. Build in a dressingroom under the main lobby of the administration building opening off of the employe's dining room for the use of the em- ployes of said dining room. Jefferson Logan was selected as chief janitor of the Admin- istration building and the Women and Children's building. He Avas instructed to hire four day men, four night men, and two women for toilets and one man for toilets in the Women and Children's building, and four day men, four night men, and one lady to take care of the upstairs rooms, in the Administration building. Free space was granted to Drake University, the Iowa High- Avay commission, and the United Shoe ^Machinery Company for their exhibits. Secretary was instructed to have shades placed in. the public dining room, main floor rest room, both floors of day nursery, and the main auditorium in the Women and Children's building, IN VACATION. Prof. C. F. Curtiss, Superintendent of the Horse Department, Charles Rinehart, Don Berry, and Joe McCo,y, assistant superin- tendents of the horse department, arranged the details of the judging i:)rogram for that department and assigned the stalls on August 7, 8 and 9. On August 7 Mr. C. H. Tribby, Superintendent of the Sheep Department, and Mr. Mark Thornburg, the assistant superinten- dent, assigned the pens in the sheep department, and made other arrangements for the sheep show. On August 8 and 9 ]\Ir. H. L. Pike, Superintendent of the Cattle Department assigned the stalls in the cattle department. On August 12 Mr. Cyrus A. Tow, Superintendent of the Swine Department assigned the pens in the swine department. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. AUGUST 15, 16, 1914. Committee met with members Cameron, Olson and Corey pres- ent. ]\Ir. F. 'M. Barnes informed the committee that it would be impossil)le for him 1o deliver the professional act knoAvn as iMay FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 61 Wirlli and Family for tlie reasons tliat the liorses had been con- fiscated by the English government in London. Tlie committee anthorized the snl)stitntion of The Five Gargoni.s and The Four Portia Sisters in place of the >\ray Wirth act. The committee approved the order for four steel poles to be l)lac'ed in front of the vaudeville platform at $18.50 each. Also the steel fencing around the two stages for $304. Also four spot lights to be used in lighting the vaudeville stages at $45 each. The r-oniuiittee authorized the secretary to issue warrant for $200 on the contract of Cressy & Wingate for decorating build- ings. The committee and ^Ir. Barnes went over the amusement pro- grams for the afternoon and evening shows in front of the amphitheater and the show in the stock pavilion as outlined by the secretary, and with a few^ changes, same was approved. The committee spent August 16th at the fair grounds, going over improvements and repairs with the superintendent of grounds. Superintendent of grounds was instructed to build a temporary barn for cattle, 42x100, and make provision for thirty-six stalls. Also build two temporary horse barns, one to be 50x120 and one 42x140, stalls to be built as per instructions and tents erected over same. The committee approved the estimate of the Globe Plumbing Company of $95 for furnishing the following plumbing in the cooling out paddock : One roll rim corner lavatory, and one 18x30 white enamel flat rim sink, trail to floor under each; bath connected to hot and cold water ; one sixty gallon galvanized range boiler suspended as directed; one No. 100 International heater connected to boiler by the proper circulation pipe, also to the chimney. All hot and cold water installed coinplete and con- nected to service pipe at the floor. The Des ^Moines Daily News was granted the privilege of dis- tributing 15,000 or 20,000 State Fair News on the grounds each dav of the fair. 62 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING DURING FAIR. AUGUST 20-SEPTEMBER 5, 1914. The committee held no regular sessions but handled matters as they came up during the fair. ]\IEETING OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 1914. Board met in the hoard room of the Administration building at 8 :30 p. m. with the following members present : Cameron, Olson, Corey, Gilbertson, Tribby, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Tow, Legoe, Curtiss, Sheldon, Summers and Pike. Mr. Curtin moved that the executive committee lease the fair grounds on Labor Day to the Trades and Labor Assembly and al- loAv them to hold motorcycle races. Seconded by Mr. Sheldon. On roll call the vote was as follows: Yes — Cameron, Gilbertson, Tribby, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Tow, Sheldon, Summers and Pike. No — Olson, Corey, Legoe and Curtiss. Motion was de- clared carried. Secretary read the pay rolls for the various departments as follows: 11590 A. R. Corey, Secretary's office -- $ 894.85 11591 E. C. Bishop, Supt. school exhibits 378.00 11592 C. P. Curtiss, Supt. Horse Department l,!55!i..'^(i 11.593 H. L. Pike, Supt. Cattle Department 1,079.84 11594 F. E. Sheldon, Supt. Agricultural Department 458.50 11.595 E. J. Curtin, Supt Speed Department 820.55 11596 A. R. Corey, See'y Forage Department 534.00 11597 Wesley Greene, Supt. Floricultural Department 104.00 11595 C. E. Cameron, President Camper's Headquarters 225.25 11599 C. E. Cameron, Pres. Auto Parking and Marshals 290.50 11600 C. W. Phillips, Supt. Ticket Auditing Department 225.00 11601 G. S. Gilbertson, Treasurer, Treasurer's Department 1,369.00 11602 T. C. Legoe, Supt. Exposition Building 503.00 11603 C. H. Tribby, Supt. Sheep Department 90.00 11604 E. L. Beck, Supt. Poultry Department 318.00 11605 Cyrus A. Tow, Supt. Swine Department 440.75 11606 E. M. Reeves, Supt. Horticultural Department 205.54 11607 N. W. McBeath, Supt. Admissions Department 2,667.00 11608 A. R. Corey, See'y, railroad fare Boys' Camp 482.49 11609 J. P. Mullen, Supt. Machinery Department 597.10 11610 A. R. Corey, See'y, Boys' Camp Leaders 183.00 11711 A. R. Corey, See'y, property men 123.10 11737 J. F. Summers, Supt. Concessions Department 1,565.50 11576 H. Robert Heath, Capt. Co. F., 56th Infantry (Guards) 1,425.14 11546-7 C. D. Ross, Capt. Co. F, 5.5th Infantry (Guards) 1,149.85 11738 W. B. Barney, Supt. Dairy Department 859.24 11633-37 A. R. Corey, See'y. Press Bureau and Awards 143.50 11633 M. N. Voldeng, Supt, Women and Children's Building 911.85 J'IFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 62 Mr. Legoe mox'od that the pay rolls as read be approved and allowed and the seeretary anthorized to issue expense warrants and deposit same with the treasurer to the credit of the superin- tendents' pay roll accounts. Seconded by Mr. Gilbertson. Mo- tion carried. Mr. Legoe moved that the bills of W. A. Dewey of Milford, Iowa, for $3.20, and James Slater of Emmetsburg, Iowa, for $1.20, for refund on campers' tickets, be allowed and the secretary authorized to issue warrants in payment of same. Seconded by Mr. Reeves. Motion carried. Secretary presented the claim of H. J. Kahl of Des Moines for refund of $1.50 on grand stand tickets. Mr. Curtin moved that the bill be allowed. Seconded by Mr. Legoe. Motion carried. Secretary presented bill for 133 meals in the Club Dining Room on State Day amounting to $99.75, and meals for judges and guests during the week amounting to $54.05. Mr. Phillips moved that the bills be allowed. Seconded by IMr. Pike. Motion car- ried. Mr. Summers presented the )natter of shortage of two cashiers in the Concessions department, one for $8.50 and one for $18.00. Mr. Sheldon moved that Frank Fields be reimbursed the $8.50 lost on score cards. Motion seconded and carried. Secretary read the following resolution passed at a meeting of Civil War Veterans : SOLDIERS' REUNION. Headquarters Tent, State Fair Grounds, September 1, 1914. Whereas, The management of the state fair have this year for the first time granted the civil war veterans, their wives and widows of deceased comrads, free admission for two days instead of one day as heretofore; therefore, be it Resolved, That we tender to the officers and directory board of the state fair our grateful appreciation of said courtesy. Motion was made to adopt the above preamble and resolution and same was adopted unanimously by a rising vote. Samuel Mahon, Chairman. Attest : v. P. TwoMBLY, Chairman, Committee on arrangements The president appointed as committee on per diem and mileage ]\Iessrs. Pike, Olson and Phillips. 64 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Ciirtin moved that the hoard express its appreciation to Adjutant General Logan for the efficient service rendered by the National Guard in doing police duty during the State Fair. Seconded by Olson. Motion carried. Secretary presented the bill of Dan Davis of Omaha for services as special detective, $107. G8. Mr. Curtin moved that the bill be allowed. Seconded by Mr. Sheldon. jMotion carried. The bill of Minnie Summers for .$75 for stenographic work in the Concessions department was presented, and on motion of j\Ir. Pike, same was alloAved. The committee on per diem and mileage presented the follow- ing report and on motion of iMr. Reeves the report was adopted and the secretary instructed to issue warrants for the respective amounts : Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to re- port as follows: a c =■ m => 11556 11.567 11558 11559 11660 11661 11662 11663 11661 11665 11666 11667 11668 C. E. O. A. C. H. O. W. E. M. E. J. Cyrvis T. O. C. E. F. E. ,T. F. J. P. H. L. Cameron- Olson Tribby Pliillips___ Reeves Curtin A. Tow_- Legoe Curtiss Sheldon.- Svimmers-- MuUen Pike 4.0O $88.00 140 $14.00 4.00 88.00 155 15.50 4.00 88.00 144 14.40 4.0O 88.00 210 21.00 4.00 88.00 123 12.30 i.M) 88.00 195 19.50 4.00 88.00 112 11.20 4.00 88.00 85 8.50 4.00 88.00 37 3.70 4.00 88.00 123 12.30 4.00 168.00 160 16.00 4.00 88.00 117 11.70 4.00 88.00 206 20.60 $102.00 103.50 102.40 109.00 100.30 107.50 99.20 96.50 91.70 100.30 184.00 99.70 108.60 Respectfully .submitted, H. L. PIKE. O. A. OLSON, C. W. PHILLIPS, Committee. j\Ir. Curtin moved that the secretary and treasurer be allowed $25 each to cover extra expense of board during the period of the fair. JMotion seconded and carried. On motion of Mr. Gilbertson, the board adjourned. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 65 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. SEPT. 30-OCT. 1, 1914. JMembei's present, Cameron, Olson and Corey. Committee met for the purpose of approving and allowing bills incurred on ac- count of 1914 fair and to check up and make final settlement on the Women and Children's building, cooling out paddock and cattle barn. The following settlement made with Johnson & Potts on ac- count of cement work was approved by the committee: Mr. A. R. Corey: Dear Sir — The following is the estimate of work done by Potts & Johnson, as measured up to August lOtli: Item Floor under porches Women and Children's bldg. Floor interior of Women and Children's bldg Sidewalk around building' above crossing Walk from crossing to R. I. Ave. and connection: Crossings at Women & Children's bldg. , upper one In South Drive . In North Drive Total. Steps around Women & Children's bldg Concrete in walls at ends of steps Laying about 1.5 eu. yds. of brick wall at steps into toilet Station — Front of ._: North end . South end Total Grand Avenue sidewalk Curb and gutter Raising wall on east side of subway at south ap- proach Removing concrete of south end of Grand Avenue bridge before laying cement walk Total- .'■)772.e sq. ft. 12371.45 sq. ft. 8149.4 sq. ft. S2o<>.0 sq. ft. 514.4 sq. ft. 180.0 325.0 sq. ft. sq. ft. 1019.4 sq. ft. 310.9 sq. ft. (tread) 1.27 cu. yds. 1.50 cu. yds. 3828. G sq. ft. 24.53.0 sq. ft. 2.523.7 sq. ft. 8805.3 sq. ft. 590.9 sq. ft. 12.0 sq. ft. $ .0G3 .069 .15 .45 7.00 7.00 389.65 385.07 723.26 732.99 151.81 139.90 8.89 10.50 781.47 52.44 6.00 38.00 12.00 if'3,882.98 PAYMENTS. Warrant No. 11270^1st estimate, May 5, 1914 $ 540.00 Warrant No. 11310— 2d estimate, June 16, 1914 COO. 00 Warrant No. 11315— 3d estimate, June 17, 1914 400.00 Warrant No. 11418— 4th estimate, August 12, 1914 1,500.00 Warrant No. 11518— Balance, September 7, 1914 842.98 Total $3,882.&a Respectfully submitted, JOHN A. BURRIS. 66 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The committee with 0. 0. Smith, architect, and J. E. Lovejoy, contractor, inspected the cattle barn, cooling out paddock, and Women and Children's building for the purpose of determining whether or not they were completed, in accordance with plans and specifications. Also to agree upon bill of extras on the "Women and Children's building submitted by Mr. Lovejoy. The committee found the cattle barn completed in accordance with plans and specifications with no bill for extras. The follow- ing settlement was made : To contract on cattle bam $5,430.00 PAYMENTS. Warrant No. 112S1— 1st estimate. May 9, 1914 $1,390.60 Warrant No. 11312— 2d estimate, June 16, 1914 1,881.25 Warrant No. 11407— 3d estimate, July 25, 1914 1,530.00 Warrant No. 11783— Balance, October 1, 1914 1,128.15 Total $5,430.00 The committee found the cooling out paddock completed in ac- cordance wtih plans and specifications with no bill for extras. The following settlement was made with Mr. Lovejoy: To contract for cooling- out paddock $8,069.00 PAYMENTS. Warant No. 11376— 1st estimate, July 9, 1914 $3,336.25 Warrant No. 11453— 2d estimate, August 8, 1914 2,517.50 Warrant No. 11647— 3d estimate, September 14, 1914 1,500.00 17 rods fencing- furnished 19.17 Warrant No. 11647— Balance due October 1, 1914 696.08 Total $ 8,069.00 The committee found the Women and Children's building com- cordance with plans and specifications with no bill for extras. ordered by the committee and architect. The following bill for extras was checked and computed by the committee and archi- tect. The charge for a greater portion of the extras had been agreed upon by contractor and committee and architect, as will be found in minutes of executive committee meetings. LIST OF EXTRAS ON WOMEN ANE' CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 4880 ft. 1x6 No. 1 YP fence sheathing used in reinforcing porch roof trusses $ 122.00 217% hours carpenter's time on same @ 65c 141.37 Extra iron railing on east porch, 158 ft. 6 in 136.00 2,500 face brick laid on east porch foundation extra 80.00 527 cu. ft. tile and brick wall on east porch extra 205.13 60 ft. cement steps on each porch @ 50c 30.00 1 extra bracket on east side cornice 12.50 Quoted difference between %x4 YP bead ceiling on porch ceil- ings and plaster-board and plaster 88.25 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 67 2 doors and frames under front steps Sub-floor and risers in amphitheater over auditorium with deadening felt as quoted 4 flag staffs 55 ft. double flue from kitchen range and ventilating flue from toilet and kitchen Plastering ceilings of rooms in connections with baby health department, ceiling of large room in basement, ceiling of north and south wing first floor, 866 yards @ 45c 140 ft. iron-girder metal lathed and plastered in exhibition room in basement Eureka deadening felt over two thirds of auditorium floor.. 84 ft. iron-girder metal-lathed and plastered in day nursery. . Removing stained ceiling on south porch and putting in new ceiling Plaster ceiling of school room as per price Extra ceilings on Loggias first floor 2 gates to stairways, south wing Tinting school room ceiling Tinting auditorium ceiling Platform in domestic science room Superintendent's office on second floor Extra brick wall under north porch, 257 cu. ft. @ 39c 1,675 faced brick @ $32.00 2 scuttle holes extra to attic ' Red rosin paper under all floors 31 rolls Partitions in men's toilet in basement Changing flue in B. H. C. judging room Resetting book case in school room Cutting hole in wall for moving picture machine Brick wall omitted on north where steps occur to men's toilet $ Area wall on east omitted Canvas fioor in nursery Loggia fioor 28.60 22.50 11.50 25.00 86.50 32.00 110.00 389.70 14.00 23.00 8.40 38.80 36.00 56.25 7.50 10.50 48.00 17.70 26.50 101.39 53.60 8.00 27.00 60.00 8.20 12.00 2.00 $ 2,017.29 62.60 Total extras due $ 1,954.69 The following settlement was made with Mr. Lovejoy on con- tract and extras for Women and Children's buildino-; To contract on Women and Children's Building $ 65,190.00 Bill of extras 1,954.69 Total $67,144.69 68 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAYMENTS. Warrant No. 10934— 1st estimate, October 15, 1913 $15,000.00 Warrant No. 109S3— 2d estimate, November 17, 1913 9,270.00 Warrant No. 11065— 3d estimate, December 16, 1913 5,896.00 Warrant No. 11105— 4th estimate, January 16, 1914 4,640.00 Warrant No. 11171— 5th estimate, March 7, 1914 2,640.00 Warrant No. 11221— 6th estimate, April 9, 1914 3,600.00 Warrant No. 11260^7th estimate. May 9, 1914 6,196.50 Warrant No. 11311— 8th estimate, June 16, 1914 6,885.00 Warrant No. 1140S— 9th estimate, July 25, 1914 1,020.00 Warrant No. 116461— 10th estimate. September 14, 1914 8,500.00 63,647.50 Balance due $ 3,497.19 The committee authorized the secretary to make contract with the Iowa Poultry and Pet Stock association, Des Moines, for use of poultry cooping during winter show, the rental for use of cooping to be $150. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. OCT. 12, 13, 14, 1914. The committee met with members Cameron, Olson, Corey, Cur- tin, Summers and Curiiss present on October 12th. The purpose of the meeting was to confer with the program and executive committee of the American Association of Fairs and Expositions which was in session at the Savery Hotel relative to arrangements for the annual meeting in Chicago on December 3d and 4th. The executive committee met on October 13tli and 14th. The committee granted the Western Breeders' Sales Company the use of the horse barns and stock pavilion for the horse sale to be con- ducted by said company on October 29th, 30th and 31st, for the sum of $50 plus the expense the department would be to in taking up street crossings, cleaning barns, hauling forage, etc. The secretary brought to the attention of the committee the fact that when all bills for material, expense of fair, etc., were paid there w^ould be a deficit in the treasury of between $11,000 and $20,000. The committee deemed it advisable that there be a full meeting of the board to take care of this matter. President Cameron therefore instructed the secretary to call a full meeting of the board for Tuesday morning, at ten o'clock, October 27th. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 69 MEETING OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. TUESDAY, OCTOBER 27, 1914. The board met at 1 :30 p. m. with President Cameron in the chair. The following members of the board responded to roll call : Cameron, Corey, Tribby, Reeves, Curtin, Tow, Legoe, Shel- don, Summers, Mullen and Pike. Secretary read the minutes of the board meeting on March 5th and the executive committee meetings up to June 16th and 17th. Mr. Reeves moved that the minutes as read be approved. Sec- onded by Mr. Legoe. Motion carried. Secretary presented an itemized statement of receipts and dis- bursements of the Iowa Department of Agriculture and the Iowa State Fair and Exposition for the period December 1, lOlS', to October 24, 1914, of which the following is a sumraai'y: SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS, DECEMBER 1, 1913, TO OCTOBER 24, 1914. RECEIPTS: Cash on hand Deo. 1, 1913 $ 18,505.82 Receipts from other sources than fair 63,721.27 Receipts of fair other than ticket sales $ 59,104.20 Receipts from ticket sales 128,718.50 Total receipts of fair 187,822.90 Grand total receipts $ 270,O4<>.99 DISBURSEMENTS: For other than fair or imp. paid $ 8,300.67 For other than fair or imp. unpaid 167.35 Total other than fair or imp $ 8,477.02 Exp. fair other than prems. paid $99,428.77 Exp. fair other than prems. unpaid 5,386.72 Cash premiifms paid 66,118.85 Total cost of fair 110,OS4.U Permanent improvements, paid $93,497.18 Permanent improvements, unpaid 11,666.36 Total cost of improvements and biiildings 105,163.54 Maintenance of grounds, paid $ 6,.?13.69 Maintenance of grounds, unpaid 392.32 Total cost of maintenance 6,736.01 Total disbursements 291,310.91 Total short to date $ 21,260.92 The matter of taking care of the unpaid bills was discussed by the board members and it was deemed advisable to borrow the money to take care of all claims. Mr. Curtin offered the following resolution and moved its adop- tion. ]\Iotion seconded by Mr. Mullen : 70 lOW^A. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Whereas, The Iowa department of agriculture on account of the 1914 Iowa State Fair is indebted for permanent improvements in a sum in excess of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000.00), be it Resolved, That the president and secretary be authorized to execute notes to different financial institutions of Des Moines due in ten months, at seven per cent, for amounts aggregating twenty thousand dollars ($20,000.00); said notes to be endorsed by the directors personally and said notes to be paid out of the first receipts of the 1915 fair. Roll call on the resolution resulted as follows: Yes — Cameron, Corey, Tribby, Reeves, Curtin, Tow, Legoe, Sheldon, Summers, Mullen, Pike (11). No — None. The resolution was declared adopted. Mr. Summers presented the following resolution and moved its adoption, seconded by ]\Ir. Tribby, and same was unanimously adopted : Resolved, That the executive committee be authorized to borrow not to exceed five thousand dollars ($5,000.00), or as much thereof as may be necessary, for the purpose of taking care of unpaid bills and cur- rent expenses of the Iowa department of agriculture. The following notes, dated October 27, 1914, due ten months after date, at seven per cent, were endorsed individually by mem- bers of the board present : Valley National Bank, Des Moines $ 3,500.00 Central State Bank, Des Moines 2,000.00 Central State Bank, Des Moines 2,000.00 Central State Bank, Des Moines 2,000.00 Central State Bank, Des Moines 1,500.00 Iowa Trust & Savings Bank, Des Moines 2,500.00 Iowa Trust & Savings Bank, Des Moines 2,500.00 Ees Moines National Bank, Des Moines 4,000.00 Secretary read letters in reply to a letter addressed to horse and cattle breeders sent out by Mr. Curtiss relative to holding a sj)ring stallion and bull show and sale at the fair grounds. Action on the matter was deferred until the annual meeting in Decem- ber. The matter of cooperating with the county and district fair managers association in a joint program on December 8th was discussed. Mr. Legoe moved that the department cooperate with the county and district fair managers association in carrying out the program. Seconded by Mr. Pike. Motion carried. Compensation for the services of Adjutant General Logan, sup- erintendent of public safety during the 1914 fair, was considered. Mr. Reeves moved that General Logan be allowed $100 for his services seconded by Mr. Legoe. Motion carried. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL, YEAR BOOK— PART I 71 The president appointed as committee on per diem and mileage Messrs. Pike, Tow and Summers. Mr. Legoe presented a claim of Miss Mary Christensen of Marshalltown, Iowa, for $15 for goods exhibited in the needle- work department at the 1914 fair that were lost or misplaced, and expense incurred in making a trij) to Des Moines to present the claim. Mr. Tribby moved that Miss Christensen be reimbursed to the amount of $10. Seconded by Mr. Legoe. Motion carried. Mr. Pike, chairman of the committee on per diem and mileage, presented the following report and moved its adoption; motion seconded and carried : Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to re- port as follows: ■M a 3 o C3 a K o K < 12074 C. E. Cameron- 12W5 O. A. Oli^on 12076 C. H. Tribby 12077 O. W. Phillips- 12078 Elmer M. Eeeves- 120TO E. J. Curtin 12080 Cyrus A. Tow... 12081 T. C. Leg-oe 12082 Chas. F. Ourtiss 12083 P. E. Sheldon— 120Si J. F. Summers— 12085 Jno. P. Mullen. 12086 H. L. Pike $ 4.00 $-24. 00 4.00 24.00 4.00 24.00 4.00 24.00 4.00 24.00 4.00 24.00 4.00 24.00 4.00 24.00 4.00 24.00 4.0O 24.00 4.0O 24.00 4.00 24.00 4.0O 24.00 140 155 144 210 128 19.5 112 85 37 123 160 117 206 .$14.00 15.50 14.40 21.00 12.80 19.50 11.20 8.50 8.70 12.30 16.00 11.70 20.60 38.00 39.50 45.00 36.80 43.50 35.20 32.50 27.70 36.30 40.UH 75.00 9q 37.50 HO 37.50 75.00 43.95 63.69 75.00 38.17 154.15 73.00 63.. 32 46.80 38.00 50.58 83.76 55.90 27.70 37.28 19.75 55.27 59.25 26.48 49.62 77.02 61.20 31 R9 75.00 33 75.00 266.95 129.05 41.50 71.38 75.25 17.00 205.50 90.00 110.10 12.40 208.75 187.07 89.44 15.75 69.09 114.65 16.11 31 75.00 75.00 3.3 3r, 75.00 37 75. CO .38 75.00 39 75.00 $ 202.73 40 75.00 41 75.00 71.01 .05 26.57 196.19 15.00 20.09 79.25 13.75 42 43 75.00 44 41.95 -15 75.00 341.00 46 75.00 """"11^57' 47 48 49 73.63 75.00 50.00 114.95 9.20 725.20 75.00 95.77 226.98 50 75.00 51 104 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF COUNTY Receipts Keokuk Kossuth Leo Linn (Walker) Linn (Marion) Lucas Lyon Mahaska Marshall Mills Monona Montgomery (Stanton) Montgomery (Grant) . Muscatine O'Brien Page .. Palo Alto Pocahontas (Laurens) Pocahontas (Rolfe) __. Polk Poweshiek Ringgold Scott (Eldridge) Scott (Princeton) Scott (Dixon) -_- Shelby Sioux Story (Maxwell) Story (Roland) ._ Tama .. Taylor . Union Van Buren Wapello (Ottumwa) Wapello (Eldon) ._. Warren Wayne Webster Woodbury Worth Totals- 11 0 2,000 2,400 4.23 46.53 u 8 5 7 13 650 1,000 600 2,000 2,775 198.48 16. 8U 52^40" 13.19 10 li 4,000 775 1,500 1,200 1,385 565 1,675 408.01 7 18 9 5 6 19.20 44.64 53.41 1.29 8 2,987 63.12 8 4,000 900 3,000 2,100 4,000 90O 4 10 21 49.00 71.09 38 6 552.67 8 1,500 52.28 7 5 G 300 2,050 1,800 1,450 3,710 950 500 1,300 975 1.34 11.08 .72 8 7 4 4.44 136.54 12 13 49.00 6 1,550 54.75 19 900 4.00 9 13 4 12 17 4 14 1,800 1,050 600 4,000 2,100 OOO 2,400 gr.23 44.63 368.74 72.77 149.68 42.13 15.75 799 153,277 $ 5,804.49 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II FARMERS INSTITUTES IN IOWA- Continued 105 Receipts Eh Disbursements 220.18 241.53 851.44 154.57 76.20 150.15 510.19 1,558.92 89.25 91.00 339.20 378.04 371.22 76.29 23G.97 504.25 130.20 286.89 577.20 2,708.26 164.50 327.33 410.54 3.57.58 259.19 198.35 638.49 308.59 121.50 426.. 'JO 122.50 176.15 79.00 406.381 482.53 544.42 373.31 467.23 379.13 292.40 $ 32,025.66 t^ 5 a (5h 17.36 4G.65 133.87 32.14 43.37 18.€2 195.07 53.89 29.00 30.00 62.10 49.88 22.53 51.08 68.65 26.00 83.87 89.14 89.45 30.50 32.04 116.28 26.30 22.35 31.96 64.76 17.. 56 27.12 49.48 42.45 17.40 28.25 27.89 35.16 12.88 47.32 32. &4 89.71 51.11 $ 4,776.51 340.00 33.25 60.85 91.50 794.93 47.00 121.25 237.50 166.00 22.75 58.00 537.15 19.00 59.. 50 171.50 1,448.19 114.00 114.50 153.00 155.00 70.50 118.00 284.00 126.14 32.00 331.00 25.00 60.75 15.00 156.50 300.00 103.. 50 137.50 113.25 10&..50 40.00 $ 13,258.16 184.13 50.04 80.71 20.07 11.55 26.00 265.84 298.74 62.87 44.00 112.14 66.90 81.22 33.29 58.95 350.07 11.20 78.97 379.28 208.19 20.00 111.62 87.88 123.30 88., 50 105.32 169.. 51 38.35 27.10 22.. 50 27.20 35.28 36.00 148.10 72.29 54! 85 107.94 110.28 124.61 52.36 $ 8,035.60 201.49 96.69 554.58 85.46 54.92 105.47 552.41 1,147.56 91.87 91.00 263.39 366.50 297.10 78.57 168.03 955.87 56.20 222.34 639.92 1,745.83 164.50 258.16 357.16 304.60 181.35 255.28 518.27 182.05 86.22 402.98 94.65 113.43 79.25 332.49 407.^5 171.23 292.76 256.37 319.82 143.47 $26,070.27 18.69 144.84 299.86 69.11 21.28 44.68 411.36 75.81 11.54 74.12 74.00 64.55 53.38 .52.98 77.84 120.22 126.54 35.28 23.. 52 27.85 62.72 73.89 75.08 373.19 80.. 55 210.86 .59.31 148.93 if6,887.68 42.22 "2'62' $ 932.29 106 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF SHORT FOR THE YEAR Receipts a c G Counties m ■w < o i oi °- S 3 O ■^ § -""i: 11- ^; O s Adair CaiToll Crawford Dallas Decatur Dubuque Guthrie Hamilton Howard Louisa Lucas Madison Marion Mitchell Palo Atlo Polk Pottawattamie Winnebago (Forest City) Winnebago (Buffalo C-enter) Winneshiek Totals 26 250 $ 90.00 % 712.36 25 3.200 182.71 938.35 24 3,350 1,459.25 16 575 914.05 58 7,500 777.30 27 1,400 279.02 583.98 27 1,600 41.50 520.00 26 3,300 282.92 826.99 15 3,500 902.50 27 6,300 1,132.39 26 525 54.51 497.45 38 30 5,350 5,500 1,630.65 1,882.24 24 520 43.93 906.45 39 3,000 124.93 625.87 22 3,000 55.00 555.95 22 36 1,200 7,272 401.00 642.36 560.00 24 2,500 1,055.64 28 3,000 85.30 768.85 560 62,842 $ 1,882.18 % 17,651.57 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 107 COURSE ASSOCIATIONS OF IOWA ENDING JUNE 30, 1914. Receipts Disbursements a JS a o O State Aid J a qX a g o .2 aw .2 s OS en $ 200.00 75.00 75.00 200.00 165.62 184.90 75.00 200.00 236.20 75.00 150.20 275.00 75.00 75.00 78.10 164.00 75 00 $ 1,002.36 1,196.06 1,534.25 1,114.05 942.92 1,047.90 636.50 1,309.91 1,138.70 1,207.39 702.16 1,905.65 1,957.24 1,025.38 828.90 774.95 476.00 1,240.16 1,093.14 929.15 $ 82.00 336.86 159.81 246.99 172.00 110.04 275.00 132.20 420.00 352.52 40.75 203.47 454.98 141.20 253.25 87.95 20.00 327.39 2,52.19 150.00 $ 571.97 288.02 884.15 513.50 414.05 462.25 15.00 576.00 321.75 93.75 330.50 905.90 620.00 223.00 195.25 314.50 $ 343.39 441.64 500.79 244.49 285.36 337.43 319.58 375.59 427.00 436.44 145.03 777.87 503.22 593.30 178.91 165.44 595.25 264.36 522.15 741.07 $ 997.36 1,066.52 1,544.75 1,004.98 871.41 909.72 609.58 1,083.79 1,168.75 882.71 516.28 1,887.24 1,578.20 957.50 627.41 567.89 615.25 666.75 859.34 986.75 $ 5.00 129.54 10.50 109.07 71.51 138.18 20.92 226.12 30^05 324.68 185.88 18.41 379.04 67.88 201.49 207.06 573^41" 233.80 139.25 37.50 37.50 75.00 75.00 85.00 95.68 57"60 $ 2,529.02 $22,062.77 $ 4,218.60 $ 6,985.27 $ 8,198.31 $19,402.18 $ 2.897.99 $ 237.40 108 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COUNTY AXD DISTRICT FAIRS. During the year 1914 there were ninety county and district fairs held in the State of Iowa, or one less than during the previous year. Twenty-four counties in the State held no fairs. The counties of Clayton and Iowa held three each and the counties of Black Hawk, Calhoun, Chickasaw, Henry, Jones, Lee, Linn, Marshall, O'Brien, Page and Poweshiek held two each. The Department has compiled four tables which give detailed informa- tion relative to these fairs. Table No. 1 shows the balance on hand at the beginning of the year; receipts of the fair and receipts from other sources, such as borrowed money, sale of stock, subscriptions, etc., and the total receipts. The disbursements show the total expense of fair, indebtedness of previous years paid, cost of improvements made during the year 1914, the total disbursements, balance or over- draft November 1, 1914, value of grounds and buildings and the present interest bearing indebtedness. Table No. 2 takes into consideration the receipts and disbursements of the fairs only. This table shows receipts from the outside gates, grand stand, entry fees, speed department, concessions and privileges, miscellaneous receipts of fairs, state aid received, and total receipts of fair. The disbursements show premiums paid in all departments other than speed; speed premiums paid; cost of music and attractions; mis- cellaneous expense of fair, and total disbursements. There is also a column showing the profit or loss on the 1914 fair. Table No. 3 deals with the exhibit departments of the fairs and shows the number of exhibitors in all departments, number of exhibitors in the live stock departments, number of horses, cattle, swine, sheep and poultry on exhibition, and the amount of cash premiums in each of these divisions; also the amount of cash premiums paid on agri- cultural products, pantry and kitchen products, fine arts and miscel- laneous departments. Table No. 4 shows the total attendance of the fair and the total paid admissions. It also indicates the fee charged for adults, vehicles and children at the outside gates and the admission fee to the grand- stand; also the admission fee for vehicles and persons to the quarter- stretch. Fourteen fairs paid premiums in excess of $1,500.00 each and were paid the full $300.00 state aid. The following sets forth the amount of premiums paid by each: Inter-State Live Stock Fair, Sioux City $8,167.50 Dairy Cattle Congress, Waterloo 4,840.00 Marshall County Fair Association, Marshalltown 3,138.50 North Iowa Fair, Mason City 3,089.30 Bremer County Fair Association, Waverly 2,545.30 Henry County Agricultural Society, Mt. Pleasant 2,300.00 Union District Agricultural Society, West Liberty... 2,154.50 Cedar Valley District Fair Association, Cedar Falls.. 1,800.10 Tama County Fair Association, Toledo 1,677.35 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 109 Clinton County Agricultural Society, De Witt 1,655.50 Shenandoah Fair Association, Shenandoah 1,629.15 Warren County Agricultural Society, Indianola 1,613.25 Cass County Fair Association, Atlantic 1,570.14 West Point District Agricultural Society, West Point. 1,501.75 The matter of state or county aid for Iowa county and district fairs should have the attention of the legislature at the next session. We find on examining the financial statement of the ninety fairs reporting to the department this year that a great many of them had a hard struggle to pay their operating expenses to asy nothing about making needed improvementments and maintenance of the plant. In fact thirty- six out of the ninety met with a loss on their 1914 fairs. Under our present Iowa law county and district fairs may receive state aid to the extent of $300.00; this is paid on the basis of 40 per cent of the first $500.00 and 10 per cent of the next $1000.00 paid out in premiums in all departments except speed. Under this law the state paid to the fairs in 1914, $21,131.27; in 1913, $20,205.17; in 1912, $20,860.32. The average amount received by each fair in 1914 was $235. We find by referring to the laws and reports of our neighboring states upon this subject that they are much more liberal with their aid to agricultural fairs. In the State of Illinois the county and district fairs receive from the state 60 per cent of the first $1000.00 paid in premiums; 50 per cent of the second $1000.00; 40 per cent of the next $2000.00 and 30 per cent of all premiums paid in excess of $4000.00. Under this law the State of Illinois reimbursed the county and district fairs for premiums paid to the extent of $82,022.75 in 1914; $62,670.00 in 1913 and $61,600.00 in 1912. During the year 1913 there were 69 county fairs held in the state of Illinois that received from the state an average of $908.00 each. The average for 1914 will be much larger but we have been unable to get a detailed report of the 1914 fairs. The state aid paid Illinois fairs in 1913 ranged from $222.26 to $2,219.53. Twenty-two drew over $1000.00 and three of these over $2000.00 each. The State of Minnesota reimburses the county and district fairs for all premiums paid to exhibitors up to $1,500.00. During the year 1913 there were ninety fairs held in Minnesota and the State reimbursed them in the sum of $91,666.00, or an average of $1,918.00 each. The State of Wisconsin pays 80 per cent of all premiums actually paid by the county and district fairs, except for speed contests. There is, however, a provision in their law which provides that no county agri- cultural society shall receive to exceed $2500.00 state aid in any one year. During the year 1912 Wisconsin held 76 county and district fairs and they received $109,900.00 state aid, or an average of $1,446.00 each. New York appropriates $250,000 annually for the support of her county and district fairs. There is a provision in their law which provides that no fair shall receive state aid to exceed $4000.00 in any one year. The Department of Agriculture receives the reports of the fairs and pays the state aid to each society in proportion to the amount paid in premiums. 110 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE During the year 1913 there were 88 county fairs held in that state; fifteen of these fairs received the limit of $4,000.00 and the average amount received by all fairs was $2,841.00. The State of Ohio pays the county and district fairs on a basis of two cents for each inhabitant of tlie county. They have a provision in their law providing that the state aid paid to any fair shall not exceed the sum of $800.00 in any one year. Ohio held 88 fairs in 1914 and 78 re- ceived the full amount of state aid. In the State of Nebraska the county and district fairs receive from the county treasurer a sum equal to five cents for each inhabitant in the county, upon the basis of the last vote for the Member of Congress in said county, allowing five inhabitants for each vote. In the State of Missouri the county and district fairs receive from the state an amount equal to 30 per cent of the premiums paid. They have a provision in their law to the effect that no fair shall receive to exceed $300.00. In addition to this the county may appropriate $100.00 for premiums to be awarded at the fairs in accordance with the rules and regulations of the society. In counties having seventy thousand inhabit- ants or more the county may appropriate $1,000.00 for the same purpose. In the State of Indiana the county commissioners may appropriate and pay to agricultural fair associations a sum equal to one cent on the hundred dollars valuation of the taxable property of such county. This money must be used in the payment of premiums on agricultural and horticultural products and live stock. 112 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. I— FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF COUNTY ANIV County Adair Adams Allamakee Audubon Benton Black Hawk- Black Hawk Boona Bremer Buchanan — Buena Vista Butler Calhoun Calhoun Carol] Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo - Chickasaw-- - Chickasaw — Clay Clayton Clayton Clayton Clinton Crawford Davis Delaware -— Dickinson -— Fayette Greene Grandy Guthrie Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry — . Henry Humboldt Iowa Iowa Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnsoo Jonea Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee Lea Linn Linn Louisa Lyon Mahaska --. Marion Marshall .-. City or Town fSeceipts K fiS Greenfield Corning Waukon Audubon Vititoq Waterloo Cedar Falls Ogden Waverly Independenca Alta Allison Mansoij RocVwell City — Carroll Atlantic Tipton Mason City Nashu;i New Hampton -— Spencer National Strawberry Point Elkader De Witt Arion Bloomiield Mant>hester >Spirit Lnke West Union Jefferson Grundy Center Guthrie Center .. Britt Eldora Missouri Valley _ Mt. Pleasant Winfield Humboldt Marengfo TIeto? Williamsburg Maquoketa Newton Fairfield Iowa City Anamosa Monticello What Cheer Algona Donnellson West Point Central City Marion Columbus Jet. _. Rock Rapids New Sharoo Fella Rhodes $ 186.81 43.08 230.215 4,703.42 13. OS 192.28 S83.45 86.581 468.66, 628.44 536.47 18.99, 231. ,541 100.00' 48.59 146.88 139.9-4 57.70 1,663.68 1,174.01 85.00 228.92 34.56 1,903.84 36.23 307.06 136.00 572 lffT.59 311.44 815.41 1,538.30 531.22 150.00 94.99 26.70 3,389.16 313.67 223.48 Marshall ' Marshalltown 2,190.71 3,043.72 4,980.11 4,656.27 4,944.72 1,813.25 15,516.40 13,165.48 1,659.40 17,158.85 8,055.52 6,683.75 3,287.50 2,537.917 5,475.49 3,200.32 7,1-30.55 2,966.17 17,947.23 4,157.57 2,311.52 226.45 1,677.28 4,215.13 3,480.29 6,926.614 2,242.56 4,378.34 2,760.12 1,197.16 9,155.97 4,427.14 3,378.18 4,843.90 3,938.42 5,039.15 3,128.10 10,332.95 3,682.41 6,884.88 3,269.27 2,167.22 1,215.43 5,581.47 6,364.15 6,927.40 1,494.36 8,677.38 5,702.22 4,013.22 6,972.27 3,263.78 4,575.47 4,568.90 6,541.51 6,425.60 11,710.19 2,172.78 1,687.06 l,358.9fl 12,734.66 $ 2,400.00 2,200.00 2,685.00 42,810.19 3,000.00 1,432.68 84.96 1,197.65 1.141.50 334.50 1,330.00 .352.6a 1,701.00 10.00 80.00 10.67 439.03 39.00 2,267.30 4,000.00 74.00 550.00 733.00 3,911.00 5,443.72 5,166.95 4,656.27 4,987.78 4,243.50 18,201.40 55,975.67 1,659.40 24,862.27 8,068.60 6,876.03 4,720.21 3,607.98 5,562.07 4,397.97 8,735.71 3,624.61 18,301.73 4,157.57 2,847.99 226.45 1,696.27 5,776.66 3,932.94 8,676.29 2,399.44 4,518.28 2,750.12 1,334.86 10,830.32 4,866.17 4,501.19 4,843.90 4,023.42 5,268.07 3,162.66 12,236.79 3,743.66 6,824.88 3,576.32 2,303.22 1,215.43 6,154.23 7,021.74 7,238.84 3,761.09 9,492.79 7,240.52 4,544.44 11,122.27 3,263.78 4,744.46 5,118.90 6,568.21 7,158.60 15,099.35 2,540.10 1,910.54 1,358.96 18,836.37 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 113 DISTRICT FAIRS IN IOWA RECEIVING STATE AID 1914. Disbursements II! 0) t, O B <^ S3 O) Balance or Overdraft Assets and Liabilities 03 ,j, S2-3 ! 2,720.01 4,497.49 3,458.50 3,617. Tol 4,076.101 13,224.051 11,206.44! 2,278.50 15,171.381 7,174.61 5,624.03! 3, a a o 3 c t 6° 3 „ Si -5 o a 1-, ** c 3 O S o. o o 1-, T a 3 M H cu cc S S H e^ A $ 224.42 $ 3,043.72 $ 744.20 $ 554.98 $ 870.00 $ 550.83 $ 2,720.01 $ 323.71 + 1 209.31 4,980.11 593.14 2,500.00 540.00 864.35 4,497.49 482.62 + 2 1S4.60 4,656.27 461.50 1,415.00 597.00 985.00 3,458.50 1,197.77 + 3 244.27 4,944.72 1,813.85 942.75 1,975.00 7CO.O0 3,617.75 1,326.97 + 4 203.57 535.75 460.40 500. CO 2, 579; 95 4,076.10 2.232.25 5 300.00 15,516.40 4.840.00 1,500.00 6,884.05 13,224.05 2,292.35 + 6 300.00 13,165.48 1,800.10 2,990.00 3,850.00 2,536.34 11,206.44 1,959.04 + 7 175.10 1,659.40 437.75 705.00 607. CO 528.75 2,278.50 619.10 — 8 300.00 17,158.85 2,545.30 3,127.62 2,592.50 6,905.98 15,171.38 1,987.47 + 9 23S.47 8,055.52 834.75 1,175.50 2,270.00 2,894.36 7,174.61 SS0.91 + 10 238.55 6,683.75 885.50 2,03O.CO 1,400.00 1,308.53 5,624.0^ 1,059.72 + 11 224.38 3,287.59 743.80 460.00 1,32.3.45 1,160.35 3,687.60 400.01 12 250.10 2,537.9" 1,001.00 140.95 1,252.13 £58.56 3,252.64 714.67 M 222.52 5,475.49 725.25 2,233.75 1,118. CO 800.05 4,877.05 598.44 + 14 201.77 3,200.32 517.75 1,709.10 1,160.74 1,167.49 4,555.03 1,354.76- 15 300.00 7,130.55 1,570.14 2,463.99 1,301.00 2,112.41 7,447.54 316.99 — 16 2OT.12 2,906.17 1,371.20 548.00 774.00 995.53 3,688.73 692.56 — 17 300.00 17,947.23 3,089.30 3,331.59 6,394.53 3,781.64 16,597.06 1,350.17 + 18 203.07 2,311.5'2 560.75 639.50 960.00 265.58 2,425.83 114.31 — 19 233.57 4,157.57 835.75 600.00 850.00 461.50 2,747.25 1,410.32 + 20 202.95 226.45 529.50 2140.00 769.50 543.05 — 21 223.84 1,677.28 738.40 iie'oo 1,242.34 2,166.74 489.46 — 22 228.65 4,215.12 786.50 9G5.00 1,534.25 908.31 4,194.06 21.06 + 23 213.74 3,480.99 637.40 760.00 1,625.00 800.00 3,822.40 341.41 — 24 300.00 6,926.64 1,655.50 2,010.0V l.l.'O.OO 3,543.001 8,338.50 1,431.86 — 23 205.63 2,242.56 556.00 525.00 234.00 1,035.716 2,351.36 103.80 26 228.54 4,378.34 785.45 1,550.00 683.33 1,124.68 4,143.46 234.88 + 27 196.14 2,750.12 490.35 1,075.00 1,375.00 444.50 3,384.85 634.73 28 239.26 1,197.16 9,155.97 892.60 1,020.50 750. CO 1,460. CO 890.32 1,770.07 2,532.92 6,430.57 1,335.76 2,725.40 + 29 252.05 2,180.00 30 261.69 4,427.14 1,116.88 790. uu 1,627.53 309.01 3,903.42 523.72 + 31 237.517 3,378.18 S75.73 505. CO 755.00 910.25 3,045.98 332.20 + i2 212.60 4,843.90 625.98 1,353.75 104.00 1,708.51 3,792.24 1,051.66 + 33 200. &2 3,938.42 5,039.15 508.25 1,276.55 1,800.00 2,280.00 350.00 1,247.00 2,6.38.25 6,432.71 1,280.17 + 1,393.56- 34 277.65 1,629.16 35 212.30 3,128.10 626.00 82.75 784.13 825.50 2,315.38 812.7? -f 36 300. 0 10,332.95 2,300.00 2,900.00 550.00 1,997.92 7,747.92 2,585.03 + 37 225.8; 3,682.41 758.75 1,545.00 414.48 547.28 3,265.51 416.90 + 33 249.88 6,824.83 998.80 2,075.00 2,800.00 601.08 6,474.88 3.50.00 + 39 175.02 3,269.27 437.55 1,014.25 721.60 604.96 2,778.36 490.91 + 40 106.72 2,167.22 266.80 1,000.00 275.00 778.00 2,319.80 152.58 41 176.32 1,215.43 438.30 260.00 175.00 121.10 994.40 221.03 + 42 259.12 5,581.47 1,091.25 1,720.30 7.55. OO 1,142.46 4,709.21 872.26 + 4» 291.40 6,3«.15 1,414.04 1,696.25 1,000.00 1,711.45 5,821.74 532.41 + 44 165.80 6,927.40 414.50 2,700.00 710.00 1,0"6.68 4,891.18 2,086.22 + 45 234.54 1,494.36 845.40 570.00 75. CO 1,241.11 2,731.51 1,237.15 — 46 218.07 8,677.38 680.75 1,920.60 2,952.25 1,822.20 7,375.80 1,301.58 + 47 201.42 5,702.22 514.20 1,185. CO 1,859.90 1,639.52 5,168.62 533.60 + 48 225.65 4,013.22 756.50 1,350.00 5S0.O0 12.31 2,698.81 1,315.04 + 49 275.37 6,972.27 1,253.75 1.700.00 WJ2.70 1,853.62 5,740.07 1,232.20 + 50 160.78 3,263.78 401.95 1,285.00 305.00 770.05 2,762.00 501.78 + 51 300. CO 4,575.47 1,501.75 1,010.00 228.04 1,208.63 3,943.42 632.05 + 52 247.60 4,568.90 976.00 1,644.35 1,563.49 4,183.84 355.03 + 53 235.74 6,541.51 857.37 1,634.00 1,770.00 1,077.18 5,338.55 1,202.96 + 54 282.25 6,425.60 1,332.50 2,225.00 7.56.0:) 1,397.64 5,7C«.14 725.46 + 55 238.05 11,710.19 880.50 3,567.50 1,920.00 2,911.86 9,279.86 2,430.33 + 56 212 53 2,172.78 625.30 705.00 in. 50 778.60 2,540.40 307.62 ffr 1S3.84 1,687.06 450.60 330.00 442.00 731.76 1,953.36 276.30 — 1 58 200.41 1.358.96 504.10 460.00 324.20 1,288.30 70.66 + 59 118 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. II County an-i City or Town Receipts Ticket Sales ss 50 Marshall, Marshalltown - Mills, Malvern Mitchell, Osage Monona, Onawa Monroe, Albia Muscatine, West Liberty Muscatine, Wilton O'Brien, Sheldon O'Brien, Sutherland Page, Clarinda Page, Shenandoah Pocahontas, Foada Pottawattamie, Avoca _. Poweshiek, Grinnell Poweshiek, Malconi Sac, Sac City Shelby, Harlan Sioux, Orange City Story, Ames Tama, Toledo Taylor, Bedford Van Buren, Milton Wapello, Eldon Warren, Indianola Wayne, Sewal Webster, Fort Dodge Winnebago, Forest City Winneshiek, Decorah Woodbury, Sioux City ._ Worth, Northwood Wright, Clarion 2,165.30 93.80 446.60 763.25 825. £0 358.75 389.25 159.25 77.10 409.70 1,073.85 272.00 425. 25| 816. 00! 133.25! 242.75. 680.90' 653. 83| 217.65 157.90 623.90 36.17 365.20 470.001 183. 95I 4,724.75i 110.15' 296.25 1,345.00 949.00 227.50 42.00; 387.50 708. 00| 320.001 l,49O.00l 5.OOI 582.00: 913.30 1,922.50 497.75i 158.751 S9S.9i5l 9S1.75' 974.75 222.85 240.00 750.00' 136.00 3OO.OO1 170.50: 130.00 878.75: 90.00, 560.00 1,791.11 1,320.00 1,352.25 702. 6S 146.50 380.50 791.00 644.15 276.50 578.00 186.20 637.50 796.50 1,200.00 845.35 149.30 271.00 2,351.60 785.00 195.80 232.95 469.50 165.00 605.40 478.65 355.86 368.06 2114.50 88.00 6,905.25 168.40 476.00 290.56 361.19 324.00 6S5.85 360.67 770.95 325.09 755.31 121.00 1,153.55 1,611.14 528.00 322.60 455.86 300.47 135.00 509.40 202.5V 429.15 490.86 386.06 189.55 386.85 337.30 24.75 77.90 629.50 120.00 2,487.70 331.15 290.00 $287,228. 94 1$45, 876. 47|$41, 262. 11 $35,279.23 ^,463.78 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 119 -Continued. Receipts Disbursements 3 a 3 "5 a 300.00 249.55 205.85 234.00 250.9: 300.00 226.40 243.27; 214. 97 1 291.311 300.001 229. 07 1 233.44 254. 53| 209.45 202.91 271.72 212.02 291.15 300.00 117.40 200.70 216.58 SCO. 00 123.10 204.23 213.89 202.50 300.00 2-30.09 253.25 12,734.66 5,483.45 2,434.15 3,197.75 6,445.14 8,448.20 3,360.93 7,252.18 2,061.17 13,417.80 10,042.69 6,957.87 6,331.84 2,976.24 2,826.67 8,830. 71 1 6,498.47! 3,161.35 3,287.53 6,001.49 4,350.17' 2,405.15j 4,812.481 4,051.10' 669.88 3,564.54 3,014.34 3.732.05 40,329.31 2,320.19 5,986.00 $21,131.27 $504,241.80 3,138.50 995.55 558.50 840.00 1,009.75 2,154.50 764.00 932.68 649.75 1,413.15' 1,629. 15| 796.75: 834.36' 1,045.30| 594.50 1,129.10! 1,217.25; 626. 25j 1,411.50| 1,677.35] 293.65 507.00 665.85 1,613.25 307.75 542.32 638.94 525.00 8,167.50 700.87 1,032.50 3,040. OU 2,186.00 780.00 400.75 2,101.ijO 1,915.00 1,750.00 3,080.00 470.00 2,091.00 2,530.S<> 3,425.00 3,144.25 790.75 1,222.10 3,403.W; 3,095.00 827.15 1,2^.00 1,976.25 1,075.00 1,923.75 1,545.00 410.50 2,567.50 620.00 1,458. CO 6,288.48 3,525.00 1,900.00 950.00 797.00 1,202.91 135.24 440.00 110.00 1,032.00 915.00 2,439.74 1,911.00 800.00 600.00 650.00 274.75 1,425.00 SOO.OO 750.00 882.21 770.00 816.25 87.50 1,025.00 75.00 750.00 1,187.50 1,188.50 2,965.00 646.50 482.00 1,267.05 $130,452.46 $93,975.14 $139,564.89 5,102.37 600.00 750.00 013.69 1,419.39 1,407.08 1,043.74| 1,418.4S| 915.70 2,712.70 2,5e0.40| 1,338.03 1,832.04 963.44 773.75 1,749.25' l,3£3.19j 585.241 1,509.81 867.00 787. 77| 679.65 1,048.68! 1,218.621 175.00' 1,764.59 820.58 1,564.54 19,040.85 631.83 915.20 13,180.87 6,031.55 2,885.50 3,057.38 4,665.88 5,916. 58| 3,667.74, 6,463.16; 2,950.45i 8,056.59 8,631.65 6,360.33 6,460.05 3,449.49 2,805.10 7,706.35 6,505.44 2,788.64 3,803.52 4,580.29 3,873.92 2,349.15 4,663.28 4,451.87 893.25 5,624.41, 3,267.02 4,766.04 36,461.83 1,979.20 5,954.70 446, 451. 451. 140, 1,779, 2,531. 306. 4,761 1,411 567 128 473 38 1,124 6 372 515 1,421 476 56 149 400 223 2,059 252 1,0.33 3,867 340 31 21 90 35 37 ,26 62 81 ,02 .28|— ,2ll + ,04] + .49 + .8ll— ,25|— ,43 — SO 61 62 63 64 63 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 + 75 97,— 7l| + 971— 20l + 25 + 00 + 20 + 77' — 37 — 87 — 68 — 99 — 48 + 99\ + m+ ,259.54 $59,998.18; + $22,015,921— 120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. Ill— TOTAL NUMBER OF EXHIBITORS, NUMBER HORSES, CATTLE, SWINE, SHEEP AND POULTRY ON EACH County and City or Town E t Swine Adair, Greenfield Adams, Corning Allamakee, W.iukon Audubon, Audubon Benton, Vinton Black Hawk, Wnterloo Black Hawk, Cedar Palls-- Boone, Ogden Bremer, Waverly Buchanan, Independence -_- Buena Vista, Alta Butler, Allisnn Calhoun, Manson Calhoun. Roekwell City Carroll. Carroll Cass, Atlnntic Cedar. Tipton rpTTo Gordo. Mason City - ChirkaR"w. New Hampton ch;rk"s<)w. Nashua Cloy. Sppncer rinvton. Vit'on-l Clavton. StTawhprrv Point Cl-vton. KlVarlpr Clinton. De Witt Prawford. AHon Davis. Bloomfield •p)oir,n-irp. M'^nnhpotpr Dickinson, Spirit Lake Fayette, West Union Greene, Jefferson Grundy, Grundy Center Guthrie, Guthrie Center _.. Hancock, Britt Hardin, Eldora Harrison. Missouri Valley , Henry, Mt. Pleasant Henry, Winfield Humboldt. Humboldt Iowa, Marengo ._ Iowa, Victor Iowa, Williamsburjr Jackson. Maquoketa Jasper, Newton Jefferson, Pairflpld Johnson, Iowa City Jones, Anamosa Jones. Monticpllo _. Keokuk, Wh-t Cheer Kossuth. .^Mffona T,pp. Dnnnellson Lee, West Point Linn, Central City Linn. Mirion Louisa, Columbus Jet. Lyon, Rock Rapids Mahaska. Oskaloosa Marion. Pella Marshnll, Rhodes Marshall, Marshalltown 2(X) 116 95 35 735 113 750 172 122 200 202 150 71 413 280 509 150 146 .52 60 260 138 S4o 118 2.'^3 165 227 352 457 240 1.51 216 420 79 120 126 80 130 224 160 im 112 30O 102 109 183 91 93 200 231 224 294 219 229 91 615 25 42 35 68 12 82 60 27 20 46 35 14 194 56 72 184 50 9 15 101 50 16 47 136 48 16 119 130 63 34 36 32 37 69 48 35 127 147 45 81 67 44 107 34 13 8 16 135 69 6 40 ,=;s 32 36 91 40 87 55 79 43 16 28 64 a? 95 206.50 102.10 96.00 198.00 336.00 331.50 216.00 665.50 224.18 39.50 102.00 197.00 190.00 98.00 566.00 569.50 180.00 72.50 180.50 210.00 143.00 152.75 76.00 430.00 118.75 212 OO 167.50 225.00 363.50 460.38 70.30 141.45 137.60 304.50 176.00 .591.00 225.00 280.00 64.00 29.00 £6.00 289.00 297.90 20.00 274.75 166.00 PO OO 167.00 26f>..50 102 50 905.00 244.00 171.60 207.50 124.00 1.33.00 182.00 114.00 316.00 30 30 12 650 122 10 209 60 20 8 31 65 52 28 24 160 39 100 50 22 42 28 45 26 28 23 19 41 48 103 12 43 20 9 6 85 32 8 18 36 38 31 57 .'?0 33 34 57 27 .58 11 2 .57 110 125.00 118.00 98.1X1 i;6.00 3y.0O 4,840.00 476.00 35.50 605.50 276.20 96.00 67.00 159.00 185.00 197.00 107.50 217.00 ,559.00 80.00 207.00 157.50 53.00 153 50 59.00 365 00 65.00 109.50 88.00 67.00 75.00 113.90 295.45 62.90 122.75 234.00 70.00 .594.00 1.31.00 160.00 169.00 51.00 36.. 50 2.=;8.10 62.78 28.00 2,31.00 87.20 ino no 127.00 2fifl 00 103 00 1.53.00 148.00 265.49 215.00 243 00 54.00 8.00 90.00 669.00 2U0 18 240 247 20 107 70 89 7? 38 128 29 150 61 30 70 11 29 40 102 50 19 26 89 138 71 65 83 14 285 24 20 15 6 6S 168 30 20 14 61 67 .56 30 6 70 150 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 121 EXHIBITORS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS, NUMBER EXHIBITION AND AMOUNT OF PREMIUMS PAID IN DIVISION. Swine Sheep Poultry >> q 0 a ^ U 1- 11 „ !5 "a u (L — '5 u sS ■a 0. i 03 P. III = ^5 t4 0 ■A e >-< 3 Horses Cattle Swine »4 . 0) .Q a a 0) s '3 6 •0 '5 a S 1 -a 5 6 •a '3 a a 3 s •0 S it 6 -A 61 6?! Mills, Malvern Mitchell, Osage 78 42 150 138 40O 181 276 86 271 190 200 """lis" 105 216 31 11 26 47 80 75 38 51 38 35 23 22' 34 68 73 24 50 111 150 54 45 48 122 80 62 '"37" 35 95 315.00 104.00 138.00 477.10 637.00 205.00 184.50 170.50 458.00 674.00 190.00 143.00 210.50 149.00 325.00 436.00 205.00 438.00 244.00 17.00 88.50 174.00 292.00 180.00 163.00 44.78 73.00 1,233.00 173.74 237.50 57 19 35 19 90 40 74 31 36 55 50 34' 12 25 50' 60 175 40 19 31 42 1 32 68 53 397 60 65 311.00 93.00 213.25 100.30 397.00 108.00 209.50 133.50 148.00 339.00 225.00 214.50 274.00 92.00 150.00 267.00 153.00 238.00 599.00 86.60 64.00 130.00 207.00 28.00 279.32 185.63 93.75 2,709.00 103.11 276.00 19 6« Monona, Onawa - - - 41 64 65 66 Monroe, Albia .. Muscatine, West Liberty Muscatine, Wilton -. . . . 42 90 51 67 68 O'Brien, Sheldon O'Brien, Sutherland - --. 75 36 69 Page, Clarinda .-- - -. 56 70 Page, Shenandoah . -. . 40 71 Pocahontas, Fonda 15 72 73 74 75 Pottawattamie, Avoea Poweshiek, Grinnell Poweshiek, Malcom Sac, Sac City 54 27 44 76 Shelby, Harlan . -. 77 Sioux, Orange City - - 119 217 250 49 67 144 95 84 17 78 111 548 174 25 79 85 12 12 38 26 28 9 46 46 130 32 35 125 125 5 33 62 98 27 27 22 32 178 59 84 48 78 Story, Ames -__ .. 79 Tama, Toledo ... 340 80 Taylor, Bedford 28 81 Van Buren. Milton 37 P?. Wapello, Eldon .. 54 S3 Warren, Indianola ---i . 55 84 Wayne, Sewal 85 Webster, Fort Dodge . 86 Winnebigo, Forest City „ 43 87 Winneshiek, Bpcorah . . .. 114 88 Woorlburv. Sioux City . . .. 1,856 43 89 Worth, Northwood . . 90 Wright, Clarion _ _ 73 ■•6 717 3.432 5,223 $21,639.38 4,859 $23,372.73 7.759 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II COJNTIMIJEIJ. 123 Swine Sheep Poultry 1 , a ■IS SS .5 3 a s. ill Sea, 41 o Quarter fttretch Monona. Onawa Monroe. Albia Muscatine. West Liberty - Muscatine. Wilton O'Brien, Sheldon O'Brien. Sutherland Pnge, riarinda Pasre, Shenanriop.h P'^eahnntns. Ponrla Pottnwattamie, Avoca -- Poweshiek, Grinnell Poweshiek, Malcom Sac. Sao City Shelby, Harlan Sioux-, Orange City Story, Ames Tama, Toledo Taylor. Bedford Van Buren, Milton Wapello, Eldon Warren, Tndianola Wayne, Sewal Webster, Fort Dodge ... Winnebag-o, Forest City Winneshiek, Decorah Woodbury, Sioux City . Worth, Northwood Wright, Clarion Total attendance 4,718 13,000 15,000 6.000 13,000 3,2.';0 2.5.000 32,. TOO 7.000 fi,000 T.O'lO 12, COO 7,?m 10,000 14.000 7 ! c3 a o'W oOW oW dow ^ 'A fe g; Short Horns Herefords Aberdeen Angus - Galloway Polled Durham ._ Red Polled Holstein Friesian Jersey Guernsey Ayrshire Brown Swiss Dutch Belted .„ . Totals 2^8 220 120 43 48 79 106 91 126 38 57 1,186 160 16S 126 57 29 51 104 79 94 35 42 12 957 The swine exhibit this year was a marked improvement over last year's show, both in quality and in the number of swine on exhibition. The show was made by 159 exhibitors, who entered 2,491 head of swine, as compared with 117 exhibitors and 1,590 head entered in 1913. Competent judges pronounced it the best show, from the standpoint of quality, that they had seen at the Iowa State Fair for a number of years. The rule of the Animal Health Commission, which provides for the immunizing of all swine before being placed on exhibition at state or county and district fairs, met with less opposition than a year ago. However, it is still evi- dent that the rule keeps away a number of exhibitors who have not been convinced that the serum treatment is a safe treatment and pre- ventive for hog cholera. The following tabulation gives the number of swine exhibitors and the number of swine entered in each division, as compared with 1913: Breed 1OT3 Fair •a ■s. d 55 1914 Fair 55 o a 2i Duroe Jersey Poland China Chester White Hampshire Berkshire Yorkshire Tamworth Male Foot Totals- 159 758 680 572 238 120 48 55 2,491 117 483 384 376 208 51 72 16 1,590 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 133 The sheep exhibit this year was made by thirty exhibitors, showing about 700 head of sheep, which is a slight increase over the number shown last year. The management finds it difficult to increase the sheep exhibit, or even hold its present exhibitors, with the accommodations they have to offer them. The old sheds assigned the sheep exhibitors again this year did not prove to be much shelter during the storms on Thursday and Monday nights. This caused considerable feeling among the sheep ex- hibitors; in fact, every sheep exhibitor at the 1914 fair signed a petition that they would not show their sheep at the Iowa State Fair unless better accommodations were provided for their exhibit before another, year. The sheep industry in the State of Iowa is of such importance that we are in hopes that the coming session of the legislature will give the matter serious consideration and make an appropriation to provide adequate quarters for the sheep exhibit at the Iowa State Fair before another fair takes place. The poultry exhibit was made by 104 exhibitors, who exhibited 1,612 birds, or approximately the same number as was shown at the 1913 fair. The educational poultry exhibit put on by the Extension Department at Ames, including demonstrations in poultry dressing, proved to be an attractive and educational feature in this department. The classification added this year for flock, consisting of one male and ten females properly mated to produce standard specimens, attracted a number of entries and a great deal of attention. The pens for exhibiting the flocks were 6x8 in size and were built on the ground. It would seem that this is the practical way to show poultry. We believe the time will come when practically all utility breeds will be shown in this man- ner and the numerous classes carried in all premium lists for fancy breeds of poultry will in time be discouraged or eliminated. The agricultural exhibit was far superior in quality and quantity to what we have had in former years. The new classification for county exhibits brought out seven excellent exhibits. They not only showed in an attractive way what was produced in the county but they also stimu- lated an interest in the county agent work. The seventeen individual farm exhibits clearly indicated the diversity of products that may be produced upon an individual farm in the state of Iowa, and they were put up in such shape as to make them educa- tional as well as attractive. The plan of using the score card for the exhibits in the county and individual farm classes provided a better basis for judging and met with the approval of the exhibitors. At the close of the fair the Iowa Agricultural committee of the Panama-Pacific Exposition secured a number of the county and individual farm exhibits as well as some of the specimens of sheaf grain exhibited in the indi- vidual classes, for the purpose of making the agricultural exhibit at the San Francisco Exposition in 1915. We are of the opinion that we will hear from these exhibits later when they are placed on exhibition in competition with the products of other states. 134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The horticultural exhibit was a surprise, not only to the management, but to the visitors at the fair. It seemed to be the prevailing opinion that on account of the dry weather, in the southern part of the state, there were but few apples and products of the orchard available for exhibition purposes this year. However, the horticultural end of the building proved the contrary. There were about 7,000 plates of apples and other fruits on exhibition this year. In addition to this there were exhibits of apples in commercial pack- ages, ornamental designs in fruit, and a box apple exhibit put on by the department. All these added materially to the horticultural division. In the dairy end of the building the usual exhibit of dairy equipment and dairy machinery was on display. The Food and Dairy Commissioner also had a booth containing a number of excellent educational exhibits. These consisted principally of a display of pure foods and misbranded foods; also an exhibit showing the nutritive value of a quart of milk compared with other food stuffs of the same value. There were some surprising facts brought out in this exhibit and it created considerable comment and interest. The Food and Dairy Commissioner was also assigned a booth for an exhibit of the weights and measures department. This was made up largely of scales and measures condemned by the department since this law has been in force. The machinery exhibit presented a different appearance to the visi- tors than in former years on account of the absence of the large circus tents formerly erected on the grounds to house such exhibits as the International Harvester Company, John Deere, Fairbanks Morse, and four or five other large concerns which had formerly exhibited at the Iowa State Fair. The exhibit was made by 327 exhibitors as compared with 341 in 1913. The exhibit was more diversified than in previous years and there was a noticeable increase in the number of Iowa manufactured products on exhibition. Practically all of the floor space in the exhibition buildings was sold and the outside space was well filled. The impression seems to have gone out that there was a disagreement between the management of the Iowa State Fair and the large machinery exhibitors and for that reason they did not show this year. Some infer that it was on account of the excessive charge for space and others said it was on account of the failure of the management to furnish the necessary employes tickets to helpers in charge of the exhibits. I wish to say, however, that there Is absolutely no foundation for either of these assertions and wish to further state there is no trouble or disagreement between these large concerns and the management of the fair. In regard to space the rules of the machinery department provide there shall be no charge for outside space other than the $1 necessary to make a legal contract. The rules also provide that employes actually employed in taking care of exhibits, either day or night, will be pro- vided with the necessary helpers' ticket upon application to the super- intendent of the machinery department. As to the treatment accorded these large exhibitors at other state fairs we are not in a position to speak, but it is our understanding that these large concerns came to the FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 135 conclusion shortly after the close of the 1913 fair season that they must retrench and cut their expense accounts in some manner. To this end about a dozen or more firms agreed to not exhibit at any of the state fairs in 1914. Whether this policy proves profitable to them or not we will have to wait and see. To substantiate the statements that there is no trouble between the fair management and these large concerns I wish to quote an article which appeared in the 1914 October issue of the St. Louis Farm Machinery. "The Iowa State Fair should not come under the general charge of excessive exhibition rates that is being made against various state fairs, according to W. H. Town, general manager of the International Harvester Company, located in Des Moines, Iowa, which firm did not exhibit at the Iowa State Fair this year. 'There is no complaint to be made,' says Mr. Town. 'The fair management always has been liberal in the issuance of passes to employes of exhibitors and the display rate of five cents per square foot is most reasonable when one considers that the space is located in Machinery Hall, which is one of the finest buildings of the kind in the nation. Moreover, the fair management always has given free use of outside space. Machinery Hall is a fireproof building of steel and concrete and there is no objection to the rate charged for display space in this structure. The fair management is in no way to blame on account of the loss of some of the big exhibitors this year. It is an injustice to the management of the Iowa Fair to have such an impression abroad in the land and I would like to help correct this injustice.' " The Iowa State College at Ames staged a very interesting and educa- tional exhibit again this year. In addition to the exhibit, programs were provided in the College Building auditorium for each forenoon and after- noon of the fair. These programs consisted of lectures, demonstrations, and in a number of cases, motion pictures were used to illustrate the lectures which were given at stated hours twice each day. Special motion pictures were run of the Iowa State College of Agri- culture and Mechanic Arts, showing the 120-acre campus at Ames; the forty or more buildings, experiment stations and student life at the college. WOMEN AND CHILDEEN'S BUILDING. Tlie Women and Children's Building, which was completed this year, proved to be one of the most attractive places on the grounds. With its wide porches, well arranged and well ventilated rest rooms this building made an ideal resting place for women and small children. A most comprehensive program in which all the important phases of child life, as well as the most vital questions of interest to women, were brought out in the exhibits in the various departments and by lectures in the large auditorium. The babies' health contest proved a most interesting feature again this year. The quarters provided for this contest in the Women and Chil- dren's Building were found to be most admirably arranged; not only from the fact that the contest was so staged that the public could witness the tests and examinations to advantage and at the same time be com- fortably seated, but the reception room, dressing room, and judging rooms 136 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE were so arranged and equipped that the work of putting on the contest and judging the babies was greatly facilitated. The exhibits staged in the Women and Children's Building were all new features for the fair this year and they proved to be of interest to the public and were also of an educational nature. The model school room, which was properly lighted and ventilated was furnished with all the latest and most modern school equipment and offered many valuable suggestions in construction and furnishings. The manual training de- partment offered valuable suggestions for instruction and equipment of this department for public schools. The domestic science department, which was under the direction of the extension department at Ames, afforded excellent programs each day, consisting of lectures and demonstrations on the subject of domestic science. The art exhibit was hung in the large basement room and was pro- nounced by artists present to be a revelation in the art exhibition at the Iowa State Fair. The exhibit consisted of oil paintings by leading Iowa artists and a loan exhibit from the Chicago Society of Artists, valued at $25,000. The loan exhibit was made up of some excellent works of art and afforded an opportunity to compare the work of Iowa artists with some of the best work in the middle west. The public health exhibit put on by the State Board of Health con- sisted of charts, mechanical devices and models, which suggested a more rational hygiene and diet, sanitary arrangements for the farm home, and discouraged the self-drugging habit. In addition to this the public health department distributed a great deal of literature on public health subjects and also provided a number of speakers for the daily programs in the large auditorium. Tbe child welfare exhibit, which was put on by the University of Iowa, consisted principally of charts and the necessary equipment for taking care of small children. The charts offered many valuable sug- gestions to mothers in the way of instructing them as to the proper clothing, diet and sleeping quarters for the baby. Another much appreciated feature of the building was the day nursery and play ground. Here children from six months to ten years of age could be left in the care of trained nurses for a nominal fee, and insured mothers that their children would be given proper care and attention. Children between the ages of six months to five years were taken care of in the two rooms constituting the nursery and children between the ages of five and ten years were cared for in a large play room and play grounds, which was fully equipped with swings, slides, teeters, etc. A new feature added this year was an exhibit of boys' and girls' club work, put on under the direction of E. C. Bishop of Ames, who is in charge of this club work in the state of Iowa for the United States govern- ment. This exhibit was housed in the old rest cottage, which was moved to a location near the college building. The exhibit consisted of the various lines of work which these boys and girls' clubs have undertaken and completely filled three wings of the building. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 137 In addition to these interesting exhibits each forenoon and afternoon a program was put on consisting of canning demonstrations by canning clubs from different sections of the state, showing modern metliods of canning fruits and vegetables. An excellent exhibit of Iowa coal was put on in a building set aside for that purpose, through the cooperation of the State Mine Inspectors and the coal operators in the state of Iowa. This exhibit showed samples of coal from practically every mine in the state of Iowa. The exhibit was also supplemented by charts showing the value of coal produced annually; the number of people employed in the industry and the scale of wages paid, etc. The Iowa Geological Survey also put on an educational exhibit in the same building, consisting of soil maps and an exhibit of minerals to be found in the state of Iowa; also maps and charts showing where clay, sand and mineral deposits might be found in the state. The state factory inspection department occupied space in the Ma- chinery Building and made an exhibit of safety appliances and guards for dangerous machinery. A number of these were shown in operation. This brought the factory inspection department in close touch with a number of the manufacturing concerns in the state. The boys' judging contest, for which five scholarships at the Iowa State College at Ames are offered as prizes, was again a feature of the first day of the fair and was participated in by 104 boys. In addition to the prizes offered this contest offers a short course in live stock judging for the boys who do not participate in the awards and it is commanding more interest each year. The boys' camp was made up of ninety-eight boys this year, and consisted of one boy from each county in the state, with the exception of Winneshiek and Harrison, and one from the state at large. In Winneshiek county there was a lack of interest, and in Harrison county the boy who had been selected was unable to attend the camp. These boys earned their trip to the Iowa State Fair on a competitive essay contest. The railroad fare and board for these boys were paid by the management. In return for this, they assisted in ushering at the grand stand and live stock pavilion. The camp leaders escorted the boys through the exhibition buildings and explained the exhibits to them. In addition to this, each morning two or three good speakers were asked to talk to the boys in attendance at the camp. Immediately after the boys returned to their homes they submitted essays on ''What I Saw and Learned at the Iowa State Fair," and their essays would indicate that the week spent at the Iowa State Fair was profitable to them. FAIE FINANCES. The total receipts of the 1914 fair were $188,644.66. This is $187.44 less than the receipts of the 1913 fair. The receipts from the outside gates fell off $4,539.75, which was due to the storm on Monday night previously referred to. There was also a decrease of $898.75 in the receipts of the night horse show in the stock pavilion. This was also due to the storm Monday night, which put out the lights about 8 o'clock and prevented the 138 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE show from going on and also necessitated a refund of admissions. The receipts of the afternoon and evening shows in front of the grand stand showed an increase of $3,200.50 over last year. The total receipts from all ticket sales at outside gates, grand stand and stock pavilion show a decrease of $2,136.25 from last year. The receipts of fair from the various departments and sources, other than ticket sales, were $59,916.16, or an increase of $1,948.81 over last year. The total expense of conducting the 1914 fair was $170,436.18, which was an increase of $23,696.16 over the cost of the 1913 fair. The principal items of expense accountable for this increase are as follows: There was paid out in cash premiums in all departments this year, $66,024.85. This was an increase of $4,954.95 over the amount paid out at the 1913 fair. This increase was due to new classes added and the increased number of exhibits, especially in the live stock departments, which necessitated the awarding of a greater percentage of the premiums offered than in former years. Advertising the fair cost $13,117.94, an increase of $1,299.60 over last year. This item, however, only exceeds the advertising budget approved by the board by $177.94. This year music and attractions cost $26,374.55, which is $6,766.85 more than was expended for music and attractions for the 1913 fair and $364.90 less than for the 1912 fair. The increased cost of music and attractions over last year is due to the contract made with Lincoln Beachey about six weeks prior to the opening of the fair, after contracts had been closed for all attractions which the management had expected to employ. The question is sometimes asked and has been freely discussed at the annual meetings of the American Association of Fairs and Expositions whether the racing amusement features of our state fairs are becoming top heavy. One of the speakers assigned to this subject in 1912 collected data in regard to this from a great many of the state fairs. The figures produced showed that the receipts from grand stand admissions, grand stand concessions and entry fees in the speed department, came within nine per cent of paying the entire cost of the racing and amusement program, including all music. "We are pleased to note that the Iowa State Fair did considerably better than that this year. After paying for the entire cost of the speed program, including payroll of employes in that department, all music and attractions, and the auto races, there was a net profit from the receipt of grand stand admissions and grand stand concessions of $2,578. I do not believe any fair-minded man would say that the receipts of the outside gates would not suffer if the management would eliminate the amusement and racing features, yet all are paid for without touching one cent taken at the outside gates. Other items entering into the increased cost of the fair were $2,835 for auto races, which took place on Friday, an added day this year; forage cost $2,463 more; payrolls were increased $2,600 on account of the added day and the help required in the Women and Chil- dren's building, which was a new department this year. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 139 The attached statement sets forth the receipts and disbursements of the fair and the Iowa Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year end- ing November 30, 1914, and shows the profit on the 1914 fair to be $18,- 208.48, and the balance on hand $968.73. IMPROVEMENTS. There was expended for permanent improvements upon the fair grounds during the year 1914, $100,649.13. Of this amount, $46,468.19 was for the Women and Children's building and paid from state appro- priation. The balance, $54,180.94, was paid from fair receipts, and $20,- 000, which the board was obliged to borrow after the close of the fair to pay bills for material and balances due on contracts. The cost of, and the principal improvements made this year, and paid for out of the de- partment funds were the new cattle barn, which stalls 108 head of cattle, $5,893.80; the subway under the race track, which made it possible to show the harness and saddle horses in the center field each afternoon, without interfering with the races, $6,657.92; cooling out paddock for horses entered in races, $9,867.19; extension to street car station, $3,204.26; cement walks and curbing, $3,019.74; additional land, $1,445.77; Women and Children's building and furnishings, over and above state appropria- tion, $5,892.81; coin controlled turnstiles for outside gates, $1,490.92; opera chairs for amphitheater, $1,268.78; addition to forage barn, $902.69, and numerous other improvements itemized in the attached statement and -which the management felt they were obliged to make before the opening of the fair. ITEMIZED STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF THE IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1914. RECEIPTS. Cash balance December 1, 1914 $ 18,505.82 Receipts from sources other than fair: Fees — Stallion registration division $ 10,666.50 Pair grounds collections: Stall rent speed barns 344.15 Pasture rent 122.95 Rent poultry cooping 185.00 Smoke stack from light plant 50.00 Balance on engine from light plant 35.65 Fan from dry closet 10.00 Sale of forage left over from 1913 fair 181.72 Hauling water 8.90 Miscellaneous .50 House rent 33.00 Horse sale, grounds rental 100.00 Kindling wood and old lumber 75.00 Sale of old iron 10.00 Rent of buildings for storage 100.00 140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bills payable 20,000.00 State appropriation, Women's and Children's bldg. 46,468.19 State appropriation, insurance 1,000.00 State appropriation, support Dept. of Agriculture. 3,800.00 Sale of turnstiles 280.00 Insurance, damage to Poultry Building 79.40 Adventist meeting, labor 16.50 Suspension account 1913 fair 117.00 Ground rental, Labor day 1914 100.00 Interest on bank balance 247.97 Refund, taxes on land purchased 35.69 Total receipts other than fair or ticket sales $ 84,068.12 Receipts of fair: Stall rent, horse department $ 2,031.00 Stall rent, cattle department 1,159.00 Pen rent, swine department 997.00 Pen rent, sheep department 147.00 Coop rent, poultry department 366.75 Space rental, poultry department 158.40 Space rental, machinery department: Floor space, Machinery hall $ 3,377.50 Floor space. Power hall 288.75 Floor space, Automobile show.. 1,267.80 Outside ground contracts 156.00 Miscellaneous space 10.87 5,100.92 Space rental, Agricultural building 1,195.00 Space rental, Dairy department 455.38 Sale of ice cream. Dairy department 1,373.20 Space rental, Exposition building. 2,601.50 Concession and privileges dept: Concessions and privileges $20,556.85 World at Home Shows (percent- age) 3,358.42 Independent shows (percentage) 522.46 Grand Stand and Stock Pavilion: Refreshment privilege (percent- age) 960.94 Score card privilege (percent- age) 404.35 Cushion privilege (percentage) . . 25.95 25,828.97 Eentry fees. Speed department 3,674.50 Suspensions, Speed department 133.50 Sale of forage 7,900.13 Association special premiums 5,223.49 Advertising in premium list 904.50 Entry fees, saddle horse stake 280.00 Entry fees. Speed department 3,674.50 Entry fees, Western Breeders' Futurity 100.00 Labor for World at Home 39.00 Sale of apples. Horticultural department 15.50 Telephone collections 231.42 Total receipts of fair other than ticket sales. $ 59,916.16 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 141 Ticket sales: Exhibitors' tickets (sold by Sec'y)..$ 3,058.00 Outside gates 82,099.25 Day amphitheater 23,656.00 Night amphitheater 17,310.25 Live Stock and Hippodrome Show.. 2,605.00 Total ticket sales $128,728.50 Total receipts of fair Grand total receipts $188,644.66 $291,218.60 DISBURSEMENTS. Expense other than for Pair or Improvements: Publicity Department: Superintendent, salary 7 months. $ 1,166.62 Clerk and stenographer, salary 6 months 450.00 Printing 64,000 Greater Iowa 707.49 Postage on Greater Iowa 35.74 Folding and mailing Greater Iowa 19.50 Cuts and electros '59.54 Miscellaneous printing 63.87 Envelopes and wrapping paper. . 43.62 Supplies 49.64 Miscellaneous expense 18.15 $ 2,614.17 Stallion Registration Division: . Salaries and clerical hire $ 3,135.74 Printing report 480.64 Traveling expenses 16.48 Stud books 51.90 Printing certificates 178.70 Engraving 1.35 5,000 stickers, permanent certifi- cates 12.42 Folding laws 3.50 Supplies 13.96 $ 3,894.69 Expense account of 1913 Fair 143.85 Annual meeting and State Agr'l Convention 600.21 Miscellaneous expense other than Pair 102.24 Hauling poultry cooping 92.50 OflSce furniture and fixtures 188.65 Insurance premiums 1,830.16 Hauling kindling wood 3.00 Futurity No. 1 21.65 Futurity No. 2 ' 78.85 Horse sales, labor cleaning barns after sale.... 72.00 Adventist meeting, labor cleaning grounds after meeting 16.50 Poultry building, repairs covered by insurance.. 79.40 Motion picture film 1914 fair 695.16 Interest and discount 1,166.67 Total expense other than for Fair or Im- provements $ 11,599.70 142 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Expense of Fair other than premiums: Executive committee meetings $ 884.50 Special committee meeting 1,780.98 Express, telegraph and telephone 441.22 Postage 1,418.86 Printing: Tickets for admission at all gates and side shows $ 644.60 Ring and stall cards 114.00 Entry hlanks, all departments.. 51.95 Premium list and advance sheets 1,205.00 Premium list envelopes 34.17 • Premium list and envelopes. Edu- cational department 49.50 Boys' camp circulars 53.50 Hoys' judging contest circulars. . 13.75 Crop cards 27.50 Programs and entry lists. Speed dept 77.50 Entry, premium, shipping and coop tags 109.45 Contracts and receipt books 51.20 Record books 74.00 Judging programs. Horse dept... 20.21 Horse Show programs 49.00 Covers for speed programs 87.00 Covers for Horse Show premium list 10.80 Entry books (two) 19.00 Multigraph letters 24.15 Premium and expense warrants. 25.00 Ribbon badges, ticket takers, etc. 25.50 Order blanks and books 24.70 Bill heads 9.75 Statements (premiums paid) 12.85 Baby health contest circulars... 5.20 Art exhibit circulars 5.75 Catalog cards 9.65 Invitations and envelopes 8.75 Payroll blanks 9.50 Placards and printed notices 43.80 Miscellaneous printing 21.75 $ 2,918.48 Advertising: 472 country weekly papers $3,022.12 Plates and electros, weekly papers 774.60 17 daily papers outside Des Moines 324.77 Des Moines daily papers 1^,267.16 Agricultural and live stock papers 1,264.32 Horse papers, advertising speed programs 797.00 Misc. papers and magazines 95.00 Supt. advertising, five months' salary 833.30 Clerk and stenog., 5 mos. salary. 375.00 Printing 67,700 Greater Iowa... 692.98 Postage on Greater Iowa 62.34 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 143 Folding and mailing Greater Iowa 29.13 Special articles for Greater Iowa 18.50 11,025 special hangers, showing buildings 1,101.25 300 window cards 72.00 4,000 post cards of buildings... 23.75 125,000 2-color 8-page heralds... 275.00 8,000 outdoor signs 121.97 2,400 monthly calendars 73.21 500 large daily programs 49.50 8,000 Sunday concert programs.. 16.00 Dates and billboard paper 71.05 Billboard service 453.40 50,000 gummed stickers (dates) . 55.23 Mailing tubes 39.90 County agents (distributing adv) 781.20 Photos of buildings and 1914 fair 90.50 Cuts and electros 125.56 Ding drawing for county news- paper adv 20.00 Advertising in directory and catalog 30.00 Posters for moving pictures 49.00 Slides and titles for moving pic- tures 93.50 Bill poster tacks 8.00 Gummed stickers (for posting lithos) 2.90 Subscription to Billboard 4.00 Mailing list, Implement Dealers. 4.80 $ 13,117.94 Music and Attractions: Conway's Band, 40 pieces, 8 days.$ 2,800.00 Henry's Band, 40 pieces, 7 days. . 1,550.00 Landers' Band, 25 pieces, 7 days. 790.00 Hutton's Orchestra, 16 pieces, 7 days 436.00 Graham's Orchestra, 16 pieces, 7 days 436.00 National Drum Corps, 25 pieces, 7 days 300.00 Quist's Orchestra, 8 pieces, 7 days 350.00 Philharmonic Choir, Sunday night, 150 voices 500.00 Six vaudeville acts 3,550.00 DuBrock Hippodrome 1,350.00 Night Show at Grand Stand 7,500.00 Property men and laborers 212.55 Six-in-hand pony team 100.00 Hankinson's Auto Polo, 7 days.. 1,500.00 Lincoln Beachey, aeroplane flights 5,000.00 $ 26,374.55 Light and power (current) 719.56 Light and power (labor) 753.83 Water for August and September 453.75 Supplies, stationery, etc 461.77 Forage purchased 7,095.65 Salaries, secretary and clerical force 6,431.10 Board meetings on account of fair 548.90 144 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Assistants and foremen, grounds dept 834.25 Scavenger work, care of closets, etc 1,162.75 Track work 176.25 Streets, oiling and other work 1,020.09 Refunds: Refund stall rent, horse depart- ment $ 261.00 Refund stall rent, cattle depart- ment C3.00 Refund admission tickets 108.15 Refund entry fee, Western B. Futurity 100.00 Refund concession. Agricultural Bldg 25.00 $ 547.15 Cleaning and preparing grounds 925.42 Cleaning and preparing buildings 1,161.02 Payroll, Concession department 1,826.20 Payroll, Treasurer's department 1,534.00 Payroll, Speed department 928.05 Payroll, Horse department 1,962.70 Payroll, Cattle department 1,188.44 Payroll, Swine department 539.95 Payroll, Sheep department 305.30 Payroll, Poultry department 399.75 Payroll, Machinery department 696.80 Payroll, Agricultural department 658.80 Payroll, Dairy department 953.29 Payroll, Horticultural department 305.84 Payroll, Floricultural department 104. CO Payroll, Textile and China department 658.60 Payroll, School Exhibits department 522.94 Payroll, Admissions department 2,770.50 Payroll, Public Safety department 5,187.37 Payroll, Ticket Auditing department 334 00 One-half expense State College Exhibit 799.99 Payroll, Boys' Judging Contest 54.75 Expense Boys' Encampment 1,570.16 Payroll and Expense Grapliic and Plastic Arts department 430.83 Payroll reporting awards 243.50 Payroll, Gen'l Supt. Dept. W. & C. Bldg 119.00 Payroll, janitors, Administration Bldg 309.25 Payroll, janitors. Women & C. Bldg 338.75 Payroll, Model School department 80.00 Payroll, Child Welfare department 48.00 Payroll, Public Health department 44.00 Payroll, Baby Health contest 689.96 Plants and flowers 551.21 Coal and firing boilers 97.32 Dues Am. Trotting Association 100.00 Dues Am. Ass'n Fairs and Expositions 35.00 Care of Camp Ground lights 31.00 Meals served guests and on State Day 153.80 Rental two sulkies. Speed department 24.48 Straw used by Speed and Cattle depts 32.90 Putting up awnings and flags 47.15 Rental, grounds for storage of hog crates 10.00 Rental uniforms for property men 11.50 Lost exhibits , 10.00 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 14§ Laundry work dining room 5.55 Misc. labor, Aug. 9-22, inc 149.25 Misc. labor, Aug. 23-Sept. 5, inc 523.13 Misc. expense of Fair 6.70 Freight and drayage 241.54 Automobile races 2,835.20 Calcium Chloride for track and barns 461.54 Placing Amphitheater chairs 75.75 Tan Bark for Paddock and Stock Pavilion 188.64 Temporary Horse Barns (labor) 129.75 Temporary Cattle Barns (labor) 25.25 Depreciation on lumber in temporary structures 264.64 Water system, temporary extension and repairs. 170.52 Decorating buildings 1,012.06 Fences, closing holes 22.00 Turnstiles, mechanics during Fair 51.00 Closing buildings 98.38 Ground supplies 104.83 Miscellaneous signs, used during Fair 186.40 Premium ribbons and badges 819.03 Rental tents, bedding, chairs, etc 1,103.07 Total expense of Fair other than premiums. $104,411.33 CASH PREMIUMS PAID. Horses $ 18,437.50 Cattle 12,^673.25 Swine 4,499.00 Sheep 2,779.00 Poultry 1,036.50 Agriculture 5,398.00 Pantry and kitchen 1,251.00 Dairy 652.00 Horticulture 1,680.00 Floriculture 1,535.60 Textile China, etc 1,183.00 Graphic and plastic arts 561.00 School exhibits 931.00 Scholarships, Iowa State College 125.00 Speed premiums 13,283.00 Total premiums paid $ 66,024.85 Total expense of fair $170,436.18 PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS. Light system, extensions and electroliers $ 1,345.27 Streets, cinders and grading 779.71 Walks and curbing (new) 3,019.74 Tools and implements 300.05 Women's and Children's Bldg. (new) 52,361.00 Subway (new) 6,657.92 Cattle barn (new) 5,893.80 Miscellaneous improvements 339.38 Additional land purchased 1,445.77 Drainage 1,080.77 Trees and shrubs, permanent planting 30.50 10 146 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Farm house improvements 127.20 Cooling out paddoct: (new) 9,867.19 Forage barn, addition and improvements 902.69 Drainage, storm sewer 676.00 Agricultural building, booths, tables, etc 804.46 Exposition building, band stand, booths, etc 398.55 Street car station, extension (new) 3,204.26 Grading 472.57 Steeple chase track and show ring 566.55 Bleachers, dressing rooms 541.18 Stock pavilion 8.00 Track fence 139.66 Amphitheater, chairs and improvements 1,268.78 Swine pavilion, painting structural steel 354.25 Outside fence (new) 732.79 Coin turnstiles 1,490.92 Poultry building, coops and pens 75.48 Water system, extensions 126.25 Brick horse barns 183.32 Administration building 163.46 Power hall, shingling and painting 952.57 Boys' and Girls' club building 51.75 Auto park fencing 389.25 Play ground equipment 290.92 Carbon lamps 528.66 Sheep barn 100.52 Lumber returned to yard less 20 per cent 1,058.54 Mines and mining building (purchased) 488.14 Judges' stand in show ring 20.00 Hurdles and jumps 100.85 Stage in centerfield 86.28 Machinery hall 21.37 School exhibits building 164.60 Vaudeville stages 80.58 Meat market 14.48 Brick dining halls 98.60' Simplicity timer, speed department 35.00 Coin counting machine 65.00 Share in three speed wagons 38.97 Electric fans, Women and Children's Bldg 83.50 Garbage cans 90.00 Flags for building 76.50 Measuring standard horse (dept.) 2.50 Telephone exchange, extensions 275.88 Toilets 2.55 Iowa State College building 35.90 OfSce furniture, grounds 91.35 Valley Junction dining hall 47.40 Total permanent improvements $100',649.13 MAINTENANCE GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. Superintendent and assistants $ 1,606.80 Miscellaneous maintenance 350.04 Cleaning and care of grounds 464.79 Cleaning and care of buildings 63.53 Hauling manure 202.83 Race track work except during fair 513.07 Mule and horse teams, keep 200.93 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 147 Tools and implements, repairs 295.35 Streets, dragging, etc 119.96 Moving and repairing miscellaneous bldgs 194.58 Seeding and planting 50.75 Flower beds 18.70 Walks, repairs 39.37 Moving vaudeville stages 212.54 Water system, repairs 119.30 Administration Bldg., repairs and painting roof 86.00 Amphitheater repairs 44.35 Grading, miscellaneous 16.00 Closets, repairs 71.71 Swine pavilion, repairs 32.45 Drayage, material from city 126.05 Mowing grass and weeds 538.80 Painting metal roofs 94.87 Power hall, moving and repairing 1,208.26 Fence repairs 14.50 Repairing miscellaneous buildings 218.47 Machinery hall, repairs and painting 104.26 Water bills, except August and September 229.72 Agricultural building, repairs and painting roof 151.19 Locks and turnstiles repairs 18.00 Sheep barn repairs 40.38 Trimming trees 36.48 Bridge repairs 18.00 Lawn seats, repairs 21.08 Cattle barns, repairs 41.75 Total maintenance $ 7,564.86 Grand total disbursements $290,249.87 SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS AND RECONCILIATION OF ACCOUNTS WITH TREASURER. Receipts: Cash balance Dec. 1, 1913 $ 18,505.82 Receipts from sources other than fair 84,068.12 Receipts of fair other than ticket sales $ 59,916.16 Receipts of fair from ticket sales. . . 128,728.50 Total receipts of fair $188,644.66 Grand total receipts $291,218.60 Disbursements: Disbursements other than fair or improvements $ 11,599.70 Expense of fair other than pre- miums $104,411.33 Cash premiums paid 66,024.85 Total cost of fair $170,436.18 Cost of permanent improvements... 100,649.13 Cost of maintenance of grounds and buildings 7,564.86 Total disbursements $290,249.87 148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Balance on hand Nov. 30, 1914 $ 968.73 Warrants outstanding 689.41 Cash balance in treasury Nov. 30, 1914 $ 1,658.14 REPORT OF TREASURER. G. S. GiLBERTSON. Gentlemen: I present herewith, report of receipts and disbursements for the fiscal year, ending November 30, 1914, as follows: KECEIPTS. Balance on hand November 30, 1913 $ 18,759.32 Received from sale of tickets and cash turnstiles as follows: From cash turnstiles % 60,755.50 29062 general admissions (50'c) 14,531.00 2867 general admissions (25c after 5 p. m.) 716.75 10900 children and half-fare (25c) 2,725.00 1706 round-up tickets (50c) 853.00 1224 campers at $2.00 each 2,448.00 14 automobiles for week at $5.00 each 70.00 30969 day amphitheater (reserve at 50c) . . 15,484.50 2421 day amphitheater (box seats at 75c) . . 1,815.75 21609 day amphitheater (bleachers 25c) 5,402.25 3814 day amphitheater (quarter stretch 25c) 953.50 20777 night amphitheater (reserved at 50c). 10,388.50 1710 night amphitheater (box seats at 75c) 1,282.50 22557 night amphitheater (bleachers 25c)... 5,639.25 4821 night stock pavilion (50c) 2,410.50 778 night stock pavilion (standing room) (25c) 194.50 1529 exhibitors' tickets at $2.00 (sold by Secretary) 3,058.00 Total ticket sales $128,728.50 Received from Superintendents of Departments as follows: Fees stallion registration division $ 10,666.50 State appropriations 51,268.19 Bills payable 20,000.00 Fair Ground collections: Stall rent 344.15 Pasture rent 122.95 Miscellaneous collections 789.77 Interest on monthly balance 247.97 Secretary miscellaneous receipts 628.59 Superintendent of Horse department 2,031.00 Superintendent of Cattle department 1,159.00 Superintendent of Swine department 997.00 Superintendent of Sheep department 147.00 Superintendent of Poultry department (coop rent) 366.75 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 149 Superintendent of Poultry department (space rent) 158.40 Superintendent of Machinery department 5,100.92 Superintendent of Agricultural department 1,195.00 Superintendent of Dairy department (space ren- tal) 455.38 Superintendent of Dairy department (ice cream sales ) 1,373.20 Superintendent of Exposition Building 2,601.50 Superintendent of Concessions and privileges... 25,828.97 Superintendent of Speed department (entry fees) 3,674.50 Superintendent of Speed department (suspen- sions) 133.50 Secretary, Forage department 7,900.13 Secretary, Association special premiums 5,223.49 Secretary, Advertising in premium lists 904.50 Secretary, miscellaneous collections 665.92 Total receipts other than ticket sales $143,984.28 Grand total receipts $291,472.10 DISBURSEMENTS. Paid expense warrants $223,944.18 Paid premium warrants 65,869.78 Total disbursements $289,813.96 Balance on hand November 30, 1914 $ 1,658.14 Respectfully submitted this 8th day of December, 1914. G. S. GiLBEETSON, Treasurer. Des Moines, Iowa, December 2, 1914. To the Directors of the State Board of Agriculture. Gentlemen: This is to certify that there was on deposit in the Iowa Trust and Savings Bank on November 30, 1914, to the credit of G. S. Gilbertson, Treasurer of the Iowa Department of Agriculture, the sum of One Thousand Six Hundred Fifty-eight Dollars and Fourteen Cents ($1,658.14). Yours very truly, L. M. Bablow, Cashier. 150 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ADMISSIONS TO GRAND STAND, AFTERNOON AND EVENING, 1914, COMPARED WITH 1913. 1914 Fair 1913 Fair 1 (5 a to a ft Night Admissions Friday Saturday Monday 3,570 5,406 10,883 7,922 12,927 8,500 13,174 5,243! 5,921 9,151 8,018 11,741 7,295 3,731 4,911 11,358 12,162 7,742 4,276 5,865 5,848 17,316 15,966 Wednesday Thursday Friday 8,226 1,600 Total! admissions 62,388 47,369 44,180 54,821 ADMISSION TO LIVE STOCK AND HIPPODROME SHOW, 1914, COM- PARED WITH 1912 AND 1913. 1914 1913 1912 Saturday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Total admissions 806 957 2,113 1,264 605 1,042 1,826 2,472 1,566 438 5,745 7,344 1,233 2,265 2,070 1,262 6,830 PHILHARMONIC CHOIR, SACRED CONCERT, SUNDAY NIGHT 1914 1913 Sunday 671 1,727 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 151 RECAPITULATION TICKET SALES, 1914 FAIR, COMPARED WITH 1913. 1914 1913 u •2 3 > "3 o 0) a Oh 3 > "3 o General admission ... 134,985 14,095 30,721 1,706 6,120 8,492 $ .50 .25 .25 .50 .40 .36 $67, 492.. 50 3,523.75 7,680.25 853.00 2,448.00 3,058.00 142,870 16,671 32,802 "7^720 7,035 $ .50 .25 .25 ".lb .38 $ 71,435.00 4,167.75 8,200.50 Gen. admission after 5 p. m Children and half fare Camper's round-up . Campers Exhibitors 3,088.00 2,704.00 Total paid admissions 196,119 — - $85,055.50 207,098 — - $ 89,596.25 DAT AMPHITHEATER. Bleachers and paddock. . . 21,609 3,814 30,960 2,421 $ .25 .25 .50 .75 $ 5,402.25 953.50 15,484.50 1,815.75 15,214 2,469 24,950 1,777 $ .25 .25 .50 .75 $ 3,803.50 Quarter stretch Reserved seats 617.25 12,475.00 1,332.75 Total day amphitheater 58,813 .... $23,656.00 44,410 .... $ 18,228.50 NIGHT AMPHITHEATER. Bleachers and paddock Reserved seats Reserved box ■^2,. 5.57 ?0,777 i,no 45,044 $.25 ..50 .75 $ 5,639.25 10,388.50 1,282.50 30,039 21,808 1,498 $.25 .50 .75 $ 7,509.75 10,904.00 1,123.50 Total night amphitheater... .... $17,310.25 53,345 .... $ 19,537.25 STOCK PAVILION. 4,821 778 $ .50 .25 $ 2,410.50 194.50 5,912 2,191 $ .50 .25 $ 2,956.00 Standing room 547.75 Total stock pavilion 5,tS9 $ 2,605.00 8,103 $ 3,503.75 MISCELLANEOUS. Over on cash turnstiles ... .... $ 31.75 70.00 U auto tickets at $5.00 Total ticket sales .... $128,728.50 $130,864.75 152 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RECAPITULATION-Continued » C3 > ^ a n O iz; b^ OUTSIDE GATES. 1913 1914 207,098 196,119 Decrease 89,595.25 85,055.50 $ 4,539.75 DAT AMPHITHEATER. 1914 1913 Increase 58,813 44,410 14,403 23,656.00 18,228.50 $ 5,427.50 NIGHT AMPHITHEATER. 1913 . 1914 - 53,345 45,044 $ 19,537.25 17,310.25 8,301 $ 2,227.00 STOCK PAVILION. 1913 1914 Decrease -. -- - -- — - . . . 8,103 5,599 $ 3,503.75 2,605.00 2,504 $ 898.75 TOTAL TICKET SALES. 1913 1914 Decrease $130,864.75 128,728.50 $ 2,1.?R.25 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 153 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS, 1913 AND 1914 FAIRS. g a 41 a> Horse department Cattle department $ 2,031.00 1,159.00 997.00 147.00 525.15 5,100.92 1,195.00 1,828.58 2,601.50 25,828.97 3,808.00 7,900.13 5,223.49 904.50 434.50 231.42 128,728.50 $ 1,751.00 970.00 784.00 118.00 691.05 5,184.40 2,115.00 1,679.50 2,665.00 25,836.16 4,453.80 5,043.84 5,535.49 799.00 53.50 258.56 130,864.75 29.05 $ 280.00 189.00 213.00 29.00 Sheep department $ 165.90 83.48 Agricultural department Dairy department 149.08 920.00 Exposition department 63.50 7.19 645.80 Concession department Speed department ._ . 2,856.29 Forage department Association specials Premium list advertising Miscellaneous receipts IO5I50' 381.00 312.00 Telephone exchange 27.14 Ticket sales Police department .. ... . ._ 2,136.25 29.05 Totals . . $ 188,644.66 $ 188,832.10 $ 4,202.87 $ 4,390.31 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF EXPENSE, OTHER THAN PRE- MIUMS, 1913-1914 PAIRS. Executive committee meeting Special committee meetings Express, telegraph and telephone Postage Printing Advertising Music and attractions Light and power (current) Light and power (labor) Water, August and September Supplies, stationery, etc. Forage purchased Salaries, sec'y and clerical force Board meetings on account of fair Assistants and foremen grounds dept Scavenger work, care of closets, etc Track work Streets, oiling and other* work Refunds, stall rent, etc Cleaning and preparing grounds Cleaning and preparing buildings Payroll concessions department Payroll treasurer's department Payroll speed department Payroll horse department 884.50 1,780.98 441.22 1,418.86 2,918.48 13,117.94 26,374.55 719.56 753.83 453.75 461.77 7,095.65 6,431.10 548.90 834.25 1,162.75 176.25 1,020.09 547.15 925.42 1,161.02 1,826.20 1,534.00 928.05 1,962.70 1,166.50 1,453.43 351.94 1,126.00 2,898.80 11,818.34 19,607.70 639.97 7&4.72 633.95 588.02 4,632.50 4,646.74 547.10 926.94 863.63 364.54 896.76 477.00 1,277.05 796.20 1,507.50 1,604.20 909.95 1,502.20 327.55 89.28 292.86 19.68 1,299.60 6,766.85 79.59 2,463.15 1,784.36 1.80 123.33 70.15 364.82 318.70 .89 180.20 126.25 188.29 18.10 460.50 351.63 "70^20 154 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPARATIVE STATEMENT QF EXPENSE-Continued Payroll cattle department Payroll swine department Payroll sheep department Payroll poultry department Payroll machinery department Payroll agricultural department Payroll dairy department Payroll horticultural department Payroll floricultural department Payroll textile and cliina department Payroll school and exhibits department- Payroll admissions department Payroll public safety department Payroll ticket auditing department One-half expense State College exhibit-— Payroll boys' encampment Expense boys' encampment Payroll reporting awards Payroll Gen. Supt. W. and C. bldg Payroll janitors. Administration bldg-— Payroll janitors W. & O. bldg Payroll graphic and plastic arts dept Payroll model school department Payroll child welfare department Payroll public health department Payroll baby health contest Plants and flowers Freight and drayage Automobile races Calcium chloride for track and bams Placing amphitheater chairs Tan bark Temporary horse bams Temporary cattle bams Depreciation on lumber, temp'ry struct. Water system Decorating buildings Fences, closing holes Turnstiles, mechanics Closing buildings Ground supplies Miscellaneous signs Premium ribbons and badges Rental tents, bedding, chairs, etc Miscellaneous expense of fair Expense womans' rest cottage Expense Pioneer Day Expense Girls' Canning Club Outside show ring Hauling manure Telephone exchange Totals. 1,188.44 539.95 305.30 399.75 006.80 658.80 953.29 305.84 104.00 a58.60 522.94 2,770.50 5,187.37 334.00 799.99 54.75 1,570.16 243.50 119.00 309.25 338.75 430.83 80.00 48.00 44.00 689.96 551.21 241.54 2,83;5.20 461.54 75.75 188.64 129.75 25.25 264.64 170.52 1,012.06 22.00 51.00 98.38 104.83 186.40 819.03 1,103.07 1,237.78 $ 104,411.33 1,236.34 539.70 360.25 285.05 653.90 600.80 821.54 293.07 91.50 564.50 284.65 2,789.00 4,627.54 495.63 796.18 69.80 1,447.91 292.45 637.83 93.15 135.45 190.15 100.00 195.71 900.00 24.75 24.00 165.00 371.25 S47.87 972.63 1,331.55 57.90 149.00 00.60 31.50 299.00 165.79 $ 85,670.12 $21,992.85 .25 '''u.70 42.90 58.00 131.75 12.77 12.50 94.10 238.29 559.83 sTsi' 122.25 243.50 119.00 338^75' 430.83 80.00 48.00 44.00 397.51 lis' 39' 2,835.20 461.54 29.75 25.25 264.64 27.00 186.40 47.90 '63^95 18.50 161.63 "ii"o5 59.70 1.51 2.75 "'66'62 266.42 "28"84 "93"77 57.90 149.00 60.60 31.50 299.00 165.79 $ 3,251.64 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 155 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF PREMIUMS PAID, 1913-14. Department < Horses Cattle Swine Sheep Poultry Agriculture Pantry and kitchen Fruits — . Plants and flowers Fine arts Graphic and plastic art School exhibits Babies' health contest Scholarships Iowa State College. Speed Totals 18,437.50 12,673.25 4,4:49.00 2,779.00 1,036.50 5,398.00 1,251.00 652.00 1,680.00 1,535.60 1,183.00^ 561.00) 931.00 125.00 13,283.00 $ 66,024.85 o Oa < 15,612.50 12,623.00 4,404.00 2,317.00 1,172.50 4,173.00 1,215.00 602.00 1,614.00 1,439.40 1,658.50 665.D0 304.00 650.00 12,620.00 $ 61,069.90 $ 5,919.95 - G $ 2,825.00 50 25 95.00 462.00 '$ '"Irn'oo 1,225.00 36.00 50.00 66.00 96.20 85.50 266.00 — 'm'.w 663T06" 525.00 $ 965.00 Total increase in premiums, $4,954.95. SPEED DEPARTMENT, IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION, SUM- MARY REPORT, 1914. HARNESS RACES. *j '3 m 0 ft 0 4i 2 Class eg 4^ > 6 ?s B t b's <; < '■^ » iz; EARLY CLOSING. 2-year-old trot 3-year-old trot 2:30 trot 2:20 trot 2-year-old pace 3-year-old pace 2:25 pace 2:14 pace 500.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 500.00 800.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 395.00 760.00 720.00 720.00 400.00 640.00 690.00 720.00 235.0C 330.00 450.00 320.00 150.00 248.00 340.00 370.00 160.00 430.00 270.00 400.00 250.00 392.00 350.00 350.00 156 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPEED DEPARTMENT— Continued ft nn $ 635.00 2,350 00 1917 60,000.00 78,500.00 1,780.50 Totals $ 145,700.00 $ 188,200.00 $ 4,765.50 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 159 f The rate for the three-year period, for which all the insurance is written, is as follows: Fire insurance on frame buildings $30.00 per $1,000.00 insurance Tornado insurance on frame buildings 6.25 per 1,000.00 insurance Fire insurance on permanent buildings 25.00 per 1,000.00 insurance Tornado insurance on permanent buildings 5.00 per 1,000.00 insurance The tornado insurance on permanent buildings renewed during the past year has been written for $4 per $1,000. The following statement sets out the amount expended for improve- ments on the Iowa State Fair Grounds during the past thirteen years from state appropriations and from the receipts of fair; also the amount paid in cash premiums during the same period: 03 Purpose for wliich Appropriation was State made Amount of State Appro- priation for improvements Amount expend- Cfl from fair receipts for improvements Total amount expended for iniprovenionts during past 18 years c ^ eg E S 190^ Stock pavilion .. $ 37,000.00 $ 26,457.00 17,8.55.00 12,640.00 11,963.00 30,035.00 41,459.00 53,663.00 50,208.00 24,360.00 3i'i775Too" 64,056.00 22,579.00 54,180.00 $ 63,457.00 17,855.00 59,640.00 11,693.00 30,035.00 116,459.00 53,663.00 150,206.00 24,360.00 ""m775.o6" 71,056.00 51,110.00 100,619.00 $ 21,736.00 1903 23,813.00 1904 1905 1906 Agricultural building 47,000.00 24,691.00 28.556.00 31,703.00 1907 i9n« Swine bam 75,000.00 35,504.00 38,744.00 1909 Grand stand — 100,000.00 42,262.00 1910 49,717.00 1911 Machinery building _ Sanitary toilets Land Land 65,000.00 8,000.00 5,000.00 7,000.00 28,531.00 46,469.00 56,254.00 1912 58,139.00 1913 1914 Women and Children' Women and Children'. Total 13 years , building building 61,069.00 66,024.00 $ 419,000.00 $ 441,230.00 $ 859,960.00 $ 538,220.00 THE STATE'S INVESTMENT AND VALUE OF THE FAIR GROUNDS PLANT. The present investment of the state of Iowa in the fair grounds property, including the original appropriation of $50,000 for the first frame buildings and the appropriations since 1902 for permanent build- ings and additional ground, total $475,111. The state fair grounds contain 283 1.3 acres, and was appraised in 1913 by a committee well acquainted with real estate values in and around Bes Moines, without taking into consideration any improvements, at $375,070. The value of the buildings, personal property, etc., and as shown by the books of the department is $828,589. Adding to this the value of real estate, it gives the total value of the plant at $1,203,659. By deducting the total investment of the state in the fair grounds plant from the present value, we have the surplus, or profit to the state, of $728,548. This profit is largely due to the increased value of the real estate since the state acquired the title in 1885 and the many improvements added to the grounds in the past thirteen years from the profits of the fair. 160 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE STATE DEPARTME Showing Receipts and Disbursements of Iowa State Fair and Other Sources Repairs, etc., and Net Profit of Receipts a -a 9 o *2 om « 5.S s a. a a u ^ II § a C3 !; Si o S A^ S <-• ss S 3 "3 t. 'O c fe« r/i CJ 't-' a =3 o S *i o cS S. X O-M ^ O <^ p^ fe h< o £i O 1896 $ 116.79 $ 36,622.10 $ 7,000.00 $ 6,710.22 $ 50,332.32 $ 50,449.11 $16,404.29 $ 15,351.06 1901 - . 28,616.55 50,712.91 1,000.00 2,753.82 54,466.73 83,083.28 19,203.83 13,925.87 1902 ... . 34,244.93 30,372.25 63,084.71 59,838.56 38,000.00 1,000.00 3,037.06 3,140.79 104,121.77 63,979.35 138,366.70 94,351.60 21,736.31 23,813.13 20,073.34 1903 21,989.56 1904 ... 28,963.11 29,657,23 39,976.34 66,100.36 84,786.25 110,929.85 48,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 2,622.03 2,840.92 3,717.16 116,722.39 88,627.17 115,647.01 145,685.50 118,284.49 155,623.35 24,691.68 28,730.89 31,703.94 28,485.42 1905 -- -. 34.406.62 1906 -. . .. 40,315.60 1907 50,294.87 104,356.75 76,000.00 5,452.34 185,908.09 236,103.96 35,504.79 43,647.20 1908 35,227.90 138,764.66 1,000.00 3,262.95 143,027.61 178,355.51 38,744.56 55,848.65 1909 25,328.73 137,307.40 101,000.00 5,257.42 243,564.82 268,893.55 42,262.76 66,963.12 1910 4,985.25 157,259.77 1,000.00 14,658.30 171,918.07 176,903.32 49,717.50 80,513.68 1911 . 7,283.44 179,549.67 78,000.00 5,275.72 262,825.39 270,108.83 56,264.35 81,603.16 1912 18,036.99 185,701.21 8,000.00 14,579.82 208,281.03 226,318.02 58,139.15 85,829.74 1913 615.63 188,832.10 30,786.81 17,211.86 236,830.77 237,446.40 61,069.90 85,670.12 1914 18,505.82 188,644.66 51,268.19 32,799.93 272,712.78 291,218.60 66,024.85 1(^,411.33 NOTE. — In accordance with the recommendation of the efficiency en- gineers employed by the committee on retrenchment and reform, tlie cus- tom of printing a list of all expense and premium warrants and payroll checks issued in the Year Book has been discontinued. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 161 NT OF AGRICULTURE FOR YEARS OF 1896 AND 1901 TO 1914, INCLUSIVE. and Expenditures, together with Amount Expended for Improvements, Fair for Each of the Years Named. Disbursements Profits of Fair a a 5 III .h2b « tl£J2 a5.h >, u o "a 1 a c o o Provious year's business or outstanding warrants "3 o £ o a o o tR s . 0- $ 7,471.95 13,378.73 63,457.12 17,855.77 59,611.11 11,968.09 30,035.33 $14,019.88 2,313.44 2,608.69 1,704.83 3,195.43 3,345.27 3,385.87 5,043.03 4,975.50 4,379.91' 14,740.26 4,429.29 4,101.43 13,776.04 11,599.70 $o8,247.2S 48,821.87 107,875.46 a5,363.29 116,013.64 78,447.87 105,440.74 200,654.07 153,231.98 263,814.37 169,332.42 252,071.84 22.^,7l»i.3j 218,940.58 290,249.89 $ 152.84 34,244.93 30,372.25 28,y63.11 29,657.23 39,976.34 50,394.87 35,327.90 25,328.73 4,985.25 7,283.44 18,036.99 6i5.63 18,505.82 968.73 $ 16.48 118.90 25.20 14.63 139.81 112.26 176.19 381.39 332.39 287.46 209.85 563.84 253.50 689.41 $ 53,400.12 83,083.28 138,366.70 94,351.60 145,685.50 118,284.40 155,623.35 236,103.96 178,355.51 208,893.55 176,903.32 270,108.83 226,318.02 237,446.40 291,218.60 $ 319,622.10 50,712.91 63,084.71 59,838.56 66,100.36 84,786.25 110,929.85 104,356.75 138,704.66 137,307.40 157,259.77 179,549.67 185,701.21 188,832.10 188,644.66 $ 31,807.35 33,129.70 41,809.65 45,802.69 53,177.10 63,139.51 72,459.39 79,151.99 94,. 593. 21 109,225.88 130,231.18 137,867.51 143,968.89 1 146,740.02 170,436.18 $ 4,814.75 17,583.21 21,275.06 14,035.87 12,823.26 21,646.74 38,470.46 16,459.05 53,663.69 25,204.76 44,171.45 150,206.58 21,360.98 109,755.04 7i,a".«.56 51,110.85 100,649.13 !f«,575'.51 7,313.67 7,564.86 28,081.52 27,028.59 41,682.16 41,732.32 42,092.08 18,208.48 The theory was advanced that a clironological list of warrants and checks issued did not give the legislature or public the information de- sired, and to use eighty or one hundred pages of the Year Book for this purpose was a needless expense to the state. 11 162 IoWA department OF AGRICULTURE President: Gentlemen — This will complete our program lor this morning and we will stand adjourned at this time until 1 :30 o'clock this afternoon. AFTERNOON SESSION. Chairman: We will now complete our morning work by listening to an address by Mr. A. A. Burger, County Agent, Black Hawk county, Cedar Falls. ADDRESS. BY A. A. EERGER, COUNTY AGENT, CEDAK FALLS. Mr. President and Gentlemen: I don't know what excuse shall be offered for my being on the program this afternoon. I was glad to be here and listen to the speeches this forenoon and the quite excellent re- port of our county, district and state fairs. One thing that impressed me in the talks this morning was the educational trend of the agricultural movement of the state of Iowa. There was a time ten or fifteen years ago when it was a difficult propo- sition to get an audience in the state of Iowa at a farmers' institute, but that sentiment has been changed. You can notice it in the institute, the short courses, in the fairs being held in the state of Iowa, and I have found out in talking to members of the Dairy Commission, to the members of the Extension Department, and you can see it all through the state that there is a greater interest being taken along agricultural lines. Now, I am here to talk to you people a little while about the live stock movement. I will first talk to you briefly about what we are trying to do in Black Hawk county, and in that way you will get an idea of what we are trying to do in various counties in the state of Iowa; and you will pardon me if I refer to what we have done, or attempted to do, in Black Hawk county. Some may imagine that it is our province to tell people how they should manage their farms, etc. It is not that at all. That is the least part of the county agricultural agent's duties. He is not there to tell the people any more than our college, any more than the extension department, any more than the experiment station are to tell people how absolutely to do things on the farm. The question is simply as to the extension of the extension department into the various counties. Now, you know, yourselves — you are all thinking men — it is a pretty hard proposition to get hold of some people in the county, and the only way you have of getting hold of them is by going to see those people privately. Now, our people in Black Hawk county raised $1,500 to do that work. It was part of my work to raise that subscription list of some 300 or 400 farmers of Iowa, so I went out on the farms of Black Hawk county, for I was to work for it in Black Hawk as well as in many of the other counties in the northern part of the state of Iowa. That same winter we organized one short course. We organized and held two farmers' insti- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 163 tutes and assisted in the organization of another short course in the county. We organized the first Holstein breeders' association that was organized in the state of Iowa. The next spring we started out and organized two institutes and laeld a one day's session at one place and at the other a three days' session, an institute that had previous to that time been started in Black Hawk county. The first year after that we started out to put in some experimental tests with these with corn, alfalfa and lime. We shipped in something like three car loads of lime, making some twenty-five or thirty experiments. Since that time we have shipped in twenty-five or thirty car loads of lime. We have continued the lime, the alfalfa and the corn experiments. I am unable to say how many experiments we had in the line of corn, and I don't know how many corn experiments were distributed to other lines. We conducted in the first year, in conjunction with the agricultural association and each of the experiment associations, something like seventy-five to one hundred tests with lime, alfalfa and corn. The second year we started out on two principal lines, one of alfalfa and the other of corn. We started out in cooperation with the Agricultural College. We arranged night meetings in the county. It cost the extension department something like $1,000 to put that campaign on; it cost the association something like $150. The meetings were arranged so that no farmer was more than three miles from any meeting place. Earlier in the spring, Leavitt & Johnson, of the National Bank of Waterloo, in cooperation with the Crop Improvement Association, put on the corn contest. They offered $1,300 in cash premiums in that contest and paid other premiums that amounted to more than the cash premiums. We started in the spring sending out notices. Later on we held a meeting, invited in two or three prominent farmers from each township, and we held meetings. We arranged meetings in each of the townships and as there are sixteen or eighteen townships in Black Hawk county there were quite a number of these meetings. The result was that on the 15th of May, when these entries were closed, we had 572 contestants, out of about one-fourth of the farmers of Black Hawk county. Later on we organized seven boys and girls corn clubs and we worked these corn clubs throughout the district. Starting in the spring, they made germination tests of all the corn grown on their father's farm. Later on they got out in the field and studied the cultivation of corn. Still later on they made a study of the pests affecting corn. Many of the boys and girls made collections of the common injurious insects, such as the corn worm, and other pests, in the schools where these clubs were held. Later, in the fall, they studied methods of selecting their seed corn and caring for the same. When the contest was completed each one of these boys and girls was required to submit two essays, and that, to- gether with their work in the field and in the club, was the basis for writing of their work through the entire year. I forgot to say a moment ago that $1,000 of the $1,300 was given for each of the grade tests, and we allowed men and women and boys and girls, without restrictions as to expense, to enter into that test. In the other test, for $300, the boys and girls only were allowed to compete. The 164 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE final results were that seventy-eight out of the total number of contestants finished up. Later on, in the fall, we had a corn show at Waterloo, and each one of the contestants was required to exhibit thirty ears of corn. We made arrangements with the management of the cattle show at Water- loo to provide each one of the contestants with a free ticket for the entire week at their show. The result was that we had in that show about 330 contestants, each of whom had twenty-five or thirty ears of samples they had saved up, filling a space twenty-five or thirty feet long, by twelve wide, with corn on each side of the porch and hung overhead on seed corn hangers. Now, we eliminated a good many of the con- testants by the scoring, and after they were eliminated by these scores we had seventy-eight left. What was the result? We had 572 contestants, in round numbers, representing about one-fourth of the farmers of Black Hawk county. We had about 100,000 acres of corn in Black Hawk county; that represented one acre from each one of these farmers, making a total of something like 25,000 acres of corn that was represented at the corn show. I say represented because the acre he selected was the best acre he could get on the farm, and the 330 samples would represent some- thing like 14,000 acres of corn. And in the final elimination of the con- testants that represented something like 3,500 acres of corn in Black Hawk county on which we got the exact weight in the crib and the amount of shelled corn, and we absolutely know the shelling per cent. We found out more than that. In the organization of the Crop Improve- ment Association of Black Hawk county we started out to find a standard variety of corn, and thought we had. When we got through, finally, we found that the variety of corn we selected, and had been recommending, yielded six bushels more per acre, on the average, than the next competing variety; and that represented a good deal. To increase the yield in Black Hawk county, only one bushel per acre would mean 100,000 bushels; it would mean, in round numbers, $50,000 net increase in the corn crop in that county alone. Now, I am sure the corn show and the tests we have made in Black Hawk county would increase the yield. In fact, testing out every ear of the seed corn, not to say anything about the better variety of corn acquired, not to say anything about crop rotation, in any county in the state of Iowa, will more than increase the corn production of one bushel per acre. Now, I have included many things along the line of experimental work, but there are many things I have not mentioned. For instance, the growing of alfalfa, the distribution of clover seed, and some of the other experiments that have been conducted, but I thought perhaps it would be better to give you a brief idea of what we attempted to do, rather than to give you my own idea of the crop association work. I do not know how generally the people of Iowa look with favor upon this proposition, and I do not know' how many of you people here this after- noon are in favor of this proposition, but, I want to say to you, it is one of the greatest agricultural movements that has occurred since our Civil war, and it goes hand in hand with the extension department, the experi- ment station and the Agricultural College, and, whether the people of the state of Iowa, or you people here, are in favor of it or not, the crop FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II U5 association work in the state of Iowa will be continued as it is continued in the other states. In some respects, I am ashamed of the state of Iowa. I did not know, until I learned through the reports of the Greater Iowa Association, what some of the greater possibilities of the state were, and I did not know, until I came down here this morning, that thirty or thirty-five per cent of the people of our colleges are leaving the state to go into other work. I want to say to you that along this very line of agricultural improvement, Illinois, Minnesota and Missouri, and the states around Iowa, are bidding far better than Iowa for the best men that we have today for that kind of work. In the state of Illinois they are taking away from the university and the Agricultural College the very best men we have; they are coming to Iowa and taking the boys of Iowa and putting them ahead in their institutions in those states. As I have listened to the talks this morning, and, as I have thought a great many times of the great things that Iowa might do, I have wondered what the state was going to do in an educational way. Now, it is up to us to get into the game. I have thought many times the reason we did not take advantage of these things which the other states have taken ad- vantage of is that we have made money too easily in the state of Iowa. Another thing we are lacking in is advertising. Now, I do not know any better way than to take the information we have at the colleges and experiment stations to the Iowa farmers. The man who needs it is the man who does not get to attend the fairs and institutes. He is the man who needs somebody to step right onto his own farm and take that work up with him. I think that is one of the ways of getting at the man who stays at home on his own farm. To give you an illustration, on one of the farms in Black Hawk county the owner had experimented with four different varieties of corn. These were put in the same field, side by side. One of the neighbors came in and said, "Peterson, how did my corn do?" I guess Peterson had asked him about his corn, and he said, "How did my corn do?" He said it was not worth a damn, and Peterson said it is not worth cussing about. He said, "I don't believe in this testing of corn; it will do no good." He says, "do you know how I test corn?'' "I go out in the field and husk some corn and throw it inside of a box and the next spring plant it and cultivate it just like anybody else does," and, he says, "I depend on the Lord to do the rest.' Peterson looked at him and said, "If I had that good a standing with the Lord, I would not select my corn, either." The average local corn of Black Hawk county yielded about eight bushels more per acre. Now, I want to give you one other example of that, then I am through. You people are all acquainted with Professor Bowman. Last year he noticed one of the varieties of corn we had there, and he said to me, "Where can I get some of that variety?" I said, "I do not know. Practically all of the seed we have now is gone." He went to the man who had originated this variety of corn, as he understood he had some seed corn, but he told him it was all gone, and he did not succeed in getting any there. So Professor Bowman went into the corn crib and picked out twenty-five bushels and tested It, and, out of that twenty-five bushels, threw away ten bushels, so the seed 166 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE corn cost him about $10 per bushel. Bowman went out in the field, pick- ing the best corn in the ear and planted two rows to the plat, keeping back the biggest part of that ear. He planted right along side of the corn grown on the farm, and that had been grown for a number of years thereon. While he was out there a man came along and saw him planting that stuff by hand, and found out how he had secured the corn, and he said that was peculiar farming. That made Bowman a little sore, but he was game, and he knows how to keep at it, and he kept at it, and this fall this corn he planted along side of the old-fashioned corn he had been growing made twenty bushels to the acre more than the corn he had been growing on the farm; and I was there when the corn contest was com- pleted and the corn was weighed, and that corn weighed across the scales 109 bushels to the acre, and out of that yield he got 63%, or about seventy bushels, of his good seed, and, a little later on, when the contest was completed, that corn won $200 as being the best acre of corn in Black Hawk county, and the farmers who had accused him of peculiar farming began to sit up and take notice. That is the way the county agent has to take hold of the people of the county, and the only way you can get hold of a big per cent of the people of almost every locality in the state of Iowa is by experiments right on their own farm, or in the neighborhood where they can see results. Now, the Crop Improvement Association is a great thing. It is right along the line of the advertising features of the state of Iowa, and a good thing for your fairs and your farm institutes in general, not to say anything of it as a factor of the dissemination of agricultural knowledge first hand to the people living in the county, and you people ought to take hold of that work and help it grow in this state, at least, so Iowa would not have to take second rank. When I heard that some counties had lost out, and that our own county had only got through by a small majority, I thought improvement was made by those living in the city instead of by those living in the country, I wondered if it was not time for the Iowa people to wake up to some of the possibilities. You know what Iowa is. I think that all it needs is development, and I think this is one of the things that will help develop it. President : The next paper we have is one I am sure you will all be interested in. Mr. Corey explained to you this morning in regard to this boy, how he came, and the bringing of these boys down to the camp and how we required each boy to go home and write a paper on what he saw and learned at the State Fair. Then, of course, we have judged those papers; and the manage- ment has paid the expenses of this boy down here to read this paper. Now we will have the First Prize Essay, "What I Saw and Learned at the 1914 Iowa State Fair," by Mr. Howard Evans of Webster City. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 167 'WHAT I SAW AND LEARNED AT THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION." BY HOWARD EVANS, WEBSTEE CITY, IOWA. Words cannot express my delight when I was informed that my essay on "The Ideal Farm" had been awarded first prize in Hamilton county, and that I would be a member of the boys' camp at the Iowa State Fair of 1914. I had never visited the fair, which everyone reported a wonderful institution. On August 24th I was enrolled with ninety-eight boys from every part of the state. The first day we were given an opportunity to learn as much as possible about the fair grounds, and I saw a great deal more than I could remember. However, I learned to find the various buildings and exhibits, which were many and varied. Of great interest to me was the building of the Iowa State College, containing exhibits of the agricultural and engineering departments. Models of the buildings and many other inter- esting devices were shown. Wireless messages were also sent from there to the city. All kinds of grains, grasses and weeds were on exhibition; also models of soil types and the best rotations and fertilizers. Lectures and motion pictures were given daily. The Agricultural Hall contained many attractive county and farm exhibits, vegetables and fruits. In Floral Hall were a great many beauti- ful flowers and the Exposition Building contained many attractive ex- hibits. The Administration Building was used for the officers of the fair and for a reading and rest room. One of the most popular and hand- some buildings on the grounds was the Women and Children's Building, which contained an interesting art exhibit, model school room, manual training and domestic science rooms, a children's playground, the baby health contest, and many other interesting features. In the Boys' and Girls' Club Building I saw manual training and domestic science exhibits from schools. Everyone was interested in the mammoth swine building and judging pavilion. There were many exhibitors of the various breeds. I was especially interested in the exhibits of pure bred horses and ponies, and the barns full of all breeds of beef and dairy cattle. The sheep also attracted attention and the poultry building was crowded with chickens, ducks, geese, etc. In this building the Iowa State College put on a very interesting and educational exhibit pertaining to the killing and picking of fowls. The new cattle barn and paddock were greatly appreciated. Our camp life was an important part of the trip. In addition to learn- ing how to camp, I became a friend of some of the best fellows in the state, and was under guidance of good, friendly men. We were allowed a good night's rest and arose and went to meals at a scheduled time. We were privileged to hear talks by Governor Clarke, Rev. Hanson, Auditor Bleakley, Mr. Parsons, Rev. Idleman, Uncle Asa Turner, and Mr. Goodrich. There were also morning prayers by the leaders. 168 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE In the mornings we played indoor baseball and came to know each other better in these games. We were used as ushers at the ampitheater and stock pavilion. Here we saw the various attractions, the wonderful Lincoln Beachey, auto polo, horse and auto races, the Panama canal open- ing, stock judging, and the million dollar live stock parade, We were also permitted to visit the Capitol, Historical Building, and the Y. M. C. A. I am sure that we all learned a great deal during the week we were at the fair. I learned many of the good points of animals in the boy's judging contest and in visiting the many barns filled with stock. I learned much about the merits of the gas engines and tractors and other farm machinery. I learned about the different kinds of silos, milking machines, etc. I learned how stock was judged, how an aeroplane flies, how thread is wound, how wireless messages are sent, how the immense crowds at the fair are handled, and, in fact, I cannot begin to tell the many things of interest I learned. I might say that I was very much interested in the exhibits of the Iowa mines and quarries, the State Board of Health, State Food and Dairy Commission, parcels post exhibit and the highway commission. I am sure that a crowd of boys never gathered at a camp with a better purpose, to have as much fun, and make the most of their opportunities, than did the members of the 1914 Iowa State Fair Boys' Camp. I am sure boys never enjoyed the company of each other, and of Mr. Hanson and his leaders, more than I did. I believe we were all benefited in some way and were glad to have been a member of the camp. We will all try to meet at the fair of 1916. • President: We will now listen to the report of the Director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Bureau, Dr. Geo. M. Chappel. FINAL CROP REPORT FOR THE STATE, DE. GEO. M. CHAPPEL, DIBECTOB IOWA WEATHEE AND CBOP SERVICE. Gentlemen: This is only a very brief summary of a very extensive report on crop yields, prices and acreage for this year. Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the acreage, average yield per acre and total yields of staple soil products, and the average price at the nearest station, December 1, 1914: CoRX. — As in 191.3, drouth reduced the yield in the southern counties, but timely and copious showers over the northern districts more than made up the loss, and the state produced twenty-one million bushels more than it did last year. The average yield per acre was thirty-nine bushels, and the total yield, 363,689,600 bushels. The average price at the nearest station was 55 cents, making the total value of the crop $200,029,280. The weather during the latter half of October, and all of November, was ideal for harvesting, and the quality of crop was never better. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 169 Oats. — The area harvested was 5,154,200 acres; average yield, thirty- four bushels per acre; total yield, 172,696,000 bushels; aggregate value, at 34 cents per bushel, $70,805,360. Last year the average yield was 34.2 bushels per acre; total yield, 164,851,000; aggregate value, at 34 cents per bushel, $56,049,340. Spring Wheat.— Area harvested, 261,025 acres; average yield, fourteen bushels per acre; total yield, 3,691,470 bushels; price, per bushel, 94 cents; total value, $3,469,981. Winter Wheat.— Area harvested, 538,410 acres; average yield per acre, twenty-two bushels; total yield, 12,038,201 bushels; average price, 97 cents per bushel; total value, $11,677,063. The total yield of all wheat is 15,729,680 bushels, as compared with 16,348,807 bushels last year; but the value of this year's crop exceeds that of 1913 by $2,641,223. Barley. — Average per acre, twenty-six bushels; total yield, 11,423,310 bushels; average price, 56 cents; total value, $5,397,053. Rye. — Average yield, nineteen bushels per acre; total crop, 1,369,260 bushels; farm price, 77 cents; total value, $1,054,320. Flax Seed. — Average per acre, eleven bushels; total product, 152,280 bushels; total value, at $1.21 per bushel, $184,258. Potatoes. — Average yield per acre, eighty-seven bushels; total yield, $9,540,200 bushels; total value, at 87 cents per bushel, $5,533,316. Hay (Tame). — Average yield, 1.4 tons; total yield, 4,234,370 tons; average price, $10.78; total value, $45,646,508. Hay (Wild).— Average yield, 1.3 tons; total yield, 860,280 tons; average price, $8.28 per ton; total value, $7,123,188. Alfalfa. — Area, 88,070 acres; average yield, 3.6 tons per acre; total yield, 319,853 tons; average price, $12.50 per ton; total value, $3,998,162. TABULATED CROP SUMMARY. •3 g ^« p. p !kB bx & tn > a < ,a fur- 238 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE nislied especially good evidence of continued prosperity in equine hus- bandry. The grand total of all horses shown numbered about 175 head more than a year ago, the increase being almost equally divided between the light and heavy horse contingents. The showing was watched by large crowds throughout. Competition was keen, and taken as a whole the draft horse exhibit was strictly high-class in all breeds. THE PEBCHERONS. Percheron stallions furnished a strong show with good type and char- acter among the winners in all classes. The aged class, numbering seven- teen head, was topped by Kronprinz, a very rugged type with lots of bone and a grand middle. Next him stood Kapon, a horse of more quality, but lacking the size and substance of the winner. Among eighteen three- year-olds Lycee excelled in substance and even turn of top, while his head and neck are exceptional. His feet are larger than those of Luron, and his width of middle is more pronounced. The latter has heavier quar- ters and nicer hocks than Commander, placed third. Lavardac has plenty of size, but did not move very well on this occasion. A similar deficiency kept Lent in fifth position. Two-year-olds made the best show of the Per- cheron division. Among twenty-six head the grand-moving Mazagran was placed up, although he did not escape criticism in croup and set of hind legs. Malais has an unusually good combination of size, type and quality. His top is pleasing, his neck has good length, his tail is set well up, and his stifles, gaskins and forearm are heavily muscled. A bit more bone below the knee would help him, but his hoofheads and feet are excel- lent. Minutier is a big-boned colt, and Carlotheon, placed fourth, is a good-topped, stylish fellow. The stallion foals were a strong class, with some very promising material among the winners. The stallion cham- pionship was awarded to Lycee, winner of the three-year-old class, the yearling futurity winner, McClure's Choice, contesting this honor with him. The latter was awarded the reserve rosette. The female class brought out some individuals of much merit, and all were well filled. Among ten yeld mares, Hermine was an outstanding good one. She has symmetry and quality combined with extra size. Her draftiness and feminine character, coupled with clean joints and bone, excellent pasterns and feet, and a nice way of going entitle her to high rank. The mare and foal class had fifteen entries, among which Gargouille and Juvenilia with their foals were first and second. Florence 2d, a very sweet, stylish mare, was placed up in the three-year-old class, although her superiors in size and bone were in the class. Lurette, placed second, was a growthier sort, with more bone and better feet. Among eighteen two-year-old fillies Carnoress, grandly topped and growthy, wore the blue, with the refined gray Mignon second. Mr. Drennan later conceded that he had omitted from the list Mr. Corsa's best two-year-old, the gray Car- nette, and expressed regret that he had in some unaccountable way over- looked her in the large class. The mare foals were a good lot. The female championship went to Hermine, with Florence 2d, reserve. R. E. Drennan, Canora, Sask., selected the winners in the mare classes, but sud- den illness prevented him from handling the stallion classes on Monday and his place was taken by Alex. Galbraith, DeKalb, 111. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 239 THE BELGIAXS. Twelve stalwart aged stallions furnished a fine show, with the Inter- national champion Farceur in the honor role. He is vastly improved over his three-year-old form, having matured into a most impressive horse, very clean of limb, correct in set of underpinning, and excellent in way of going. He leaves little to be desired and made a clean win of championship honors. Prof. W. J. Kennedy, Sioux City, la., who made the awards, pronounced the fourteen three-year-olds the hardest class he has ever been called upon to judge. Competition was keen all along the line. Paul de Roosbeke has not the size nor extreme draftiness of Com- battant de Granty, but his better head and neck, longer croup, and flatter bone gave him a slight advantage. Pacha has considerably more weight than Volcan 2d, but the latter is a very clean-cut type with much nicer hocks than the drafty Bienfait, placed fifth. Among twelve sub- stantial two-year-olds, Ruban was first mainly because of his substance and balance in conformation. An extra foal was found in W. C. Estes' Ob. With such promising American-bred youngsters, material will be available to mitigate some of the losses that the war will entail on our farmers who have chosen this breed for draft stock improvement. It was a show of unusual merit throughout the female division. It was almost exclusively an Iowa show also. Prof. Kennedy found an even clean well-balanced lot in all classes, and his work satisfied exhibitors and ringside. Anna du Balcan was an outstanding mare in the yeld class from which six head were barred because of failure to appear promptly when the class was called. Due notice had been given all exhibitors of this penalty. Anna has the desired Belgian type, including lots of clean bone, nice pasterns, and very heavy middle and muscling. Thirteen entries in the mare and foal class made a great show. Flora and foal were placed up because of the mare's good feet and bone and her fiUy foal's exceptional size and type. The first-prize three-year-old mare Paula de Lens is a grand one in every way, while Dora among the two-year-olds is a sweet mare with exceptional hocks and plenty of size. The championship was awarded to Anna du Balcan, with Paula de Lens reserve. THE SHIEES. Cowley Triumph, a grand rugged sort, with bone to spare, headed the class of aged stallions. Among the eight three-year-olds Boro Blusterer was outstanding in size, type and quality. The first-prize two-year-old Royal Patch is of extra excellence, and an outstanding foal was found in Royal Fame. Boro Blusterer won the purple rosette with Royal Patch reserve. Eight yeld mares furnished a good class with the famous Coldham Surprise in first position. She is a very large, well-balanced, drafty mare, exceptionally clean in bone and joints, and good in pasterns and feet. R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, who assigned the positions, pronounced her in better form than ever before. She made a brilliant show and was the outstanding individual of the Shire female division. The reserve cham- pionship went to the second-prize aged mare Wallington Sunbeam. 240 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE THE CLYDESDALES. The stallion classes were of good quality. Size and stallion character had much to do with King Norman's win in the aged class, which was one of the best forward in years, and final attainment of championship honors. Prince Cedric, standing alongside was a very clean-legged sort and a nice mover. Forest King might have gone higher than third posi- tion had he kept his hocks a little closer together at the walk. The eight two-year-olds were a uniformly good class throughout, with Victor Favorite in somewhat higher finish than those below him. The reserve championship was awarded to King's Emblem, second-prize colt in the futurity, and son of the champion, King Norman. The judge favored this colt for first place in the futurity, but was overruled when a referee was called in to decide the placing of the first two colts. Still believing him to be the better colt, he reversed the futurity placing when awarding the reserve championship. The Clydesdale females were strong in numbers and good in quality. Among the younger mares some excellent individuals came forward. Lady Stewart, winner of the two-year-old class, is a filly with grand under- pinning and an exceptionally good middle. She made a great show. Lady Favorite, third in the same class, while representing somewhat the older type of Clydesdales with somewhat more ruggedness than is commended today, is nevertheless a good one of a strictly useful sort. The awards were made by Donald Campbell, Hannaford, N. D. NATIONAL DRAFT HORSE FUTURITY. The richest stakes ever competed for by yearling drafters, and the strongest classes of yearlings ever shown at a state fair, briefly describes the character of the futurity event promoted by the "Live Stock World," Chicago, and explains the presence of the big crowd filling the Coliseum to witness the judging. Percheron stallions numbered sixteen head and the fillies two more; the Belgians numbered eight of each sex; there were thirteen Clydesdale colts and eleven fillies, and Shires were represented by eleven and thirteen head respectively. A total of $3,871 was distributed in the eight classes, of which $1,469 went to the Percheron classes. To the regular judges were added Peter Hopley on the Percherons, J. G. Truman on the Belgians, Leslie Smith on Clydesdales, and Latimer Wilson on the Shires. Great credit is due J. H. S. Johnstone and the "Live Stock World" for having so successfully applied the futurity idea to the breeds of draft horses. THE PERCHERONS. The gray McClure's Choice, a very wide, deep middle, rugged colt, with much size, extreme bone and draftiness throughout, was first. He is a son of Honorable. The big black Dudie was a close second, but lacked the strength of back of the blue-ribbon winner. Helion, son of Helix, a well-balanced colt, and the best mover in the class, stood third. Magnet, in fourth place, is an exceptional colt with lots of draftiness and bone. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 241 Next him stood Carbon 2d, by Carnot, a very pretty sort with quality to spare. Keota Idea and Navarre, sons of Honorable and Gavail respectively, were both good types and filled their positions acceptedly. Carnante and Folito 2d, two excellent daughters of Carnot, wore the blue and red in the filly division. The former is a heavier-boned filly, heavier muscled and better in fore pasterns, but many of the ringside preferred the second-prize filly because of her sweetness of head and neck, flatter bone, and neater joints. Neva, by Fier-a-Bras, has excellent quality and is a high-class kind in every way. The same is true in slightly less degree of Helen Helix, placed fourth. Jalap's daughter, Maple Grove Snowball, a gray with plenty of bone and excellent type, but a bit plain about the head, stood fifth. Hazel Helix was sixth, with another Carnot filly in seventh position. THE BELGIANS. The yearling classes were not quite up to the remainder of the Belgian show. Irvinedale Jean, by Danube, is a nice roan, the cleanest-cut type in the class, with a good top line and a pleasing walk. Prince Imperial, son of Robuste de Thalie, is a very rugged sort. A' very large colt. Prize Winner, stood third, with the bay, Orderly, alongside. The latter had the best feet and the most correct way of going of anything in the class, but his top is a bit plain. Frenchy is a younger, smaller colt, and Bour- don 2d is slightly deficient in amount of bone. Jolie de Thimeon 2d, daughter of Bourdon, a filly with plenty of size, good feet and ample bone, stood first. Lili, by Comet, is a very wide one of the extra-drafty sort. Irvinedale Minnie in third position was the best in action and has lots of quality. Lack of size kept Irvinedale Viola in fourth place, and Anna 2d would have gone higher than fifth except for a temporary blemish. THE SHIRES. The Shire futurities were surprisingly good shows. Fleetwood Laddie, sired by Saltfleet Dray King, is best at the ground, has faultness bones, is grandly topped and moves more truly and easily than the others. Royal Moors, son of Royal Grey, stood second. He is in thin flesh, but is strictly a good one. Royal Pilot is a rugged, grandly-topped colt, and Paramount Milton was placed above Sylvia King because of his greater size and better quality. The fillies were headed by Royal Jolly, sired by Royal Grey. She is very stylish, with a strictly feminine head and neck, bone and feather of quality, and stands and moves right. Princess Beauty 2d has more bone than the winner and is modeled after a wider pattern, but was well placed in second position. Blandina has excellent quality and correctly-set limbs. Favorite Duchess and Marie Brilliant followed in close order. THE CLYDESDALES. What was declared to be the best ring of yearling Clydesdale stallions ever seen in the United States furnished such close running that Pro- fessor Kennedy was called in to referee between the first two colts, upon which the two regular judges disagreed. Hope's Prince, by Baron's Hope, 16 242 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE is a heavier-boned colt than King's Emblem, son of King Norman. He is two months younger than the latter and was better liked at the trot. The McLay entry had feet of nicer texture and took a longer stride at the walk. Some critics believed that Favorite Prince was scarcely en- titled to third place over Prince Fearless. The latter is in thin flesh, but has very flinty bone and excellent slope of pasterns, has his hind legs put under him right and moves well. King's Voucher and Queen's Prince are both good individuals. The fillies were hardly so strong a show as the colts. Palmerston's Favorite by Stewart's Favorite, is a good kind, barring rather small hind feet. Lady May, by The Pinnacle, is heavier-middled than Evangeline by the same sire, but the latter excels in set of hind legs and pasterns as well as size and texture of feet. Osco Darling has excellent quality. THE SUFFOLK PUNCH. Hawthorn Farm, at Hawthorn Farm Postofflce, Lake county. 111., was the only exhibitor of Suffolk Punch horses and made a very creditable display. Westside Chieftain, the aged horse made champion, is a horse of true draft size and substance and has a good way of going. He would look well alongside the good ones of the better-known draft breeds. Nearly a score of horses of this clean-legged chestnut-colored breed were on exhibition, among them a number which have been bred at Hawthorn Farm. SADDLE HORSES. Awards in the $1,000 stake for gaited saddle horses were thus made: 1, Houchin & Anderson, on Astral King; 2 and 4, Miss Loula Long, on Kentucky's Best, and Maurine Fisher; 3, Paul Brown, on Johnny Jones; 5 and 6, E. D. Moore, on Miss Cliff, and Majestic McDonald; 7, Hamilton Brothers, on Art Bonta; 8, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, on Lawrence Barrett. The special prize, a $100 trophy, offered by the American Saddle Horse Breeders' Association for stallion or mare three years old or under to be shown at hand, was won by Bruce Robinson, on Kentucky's Champ Clark. THE PONY SHOW. The usual strong show of Shetland and Welsh ponies held the interest of the rising generation of horsemen and horsewomen Friday morning and afternoon. The Shetland classes were well filled throughout, and some exceptionally good individuals found their way to top honors. Twenty-one stallions came forward in the aged class, and the foal class numbered twenty-eight. King Larigo continued his numerous winnings. Among the Welsh ponies there was considerable variation in size and type, several entries leaning strongly toward Hackney type. Pony breeders should make their breed types include a definite conformation and way of going, instead of basing their classification upon measurement so ex- clusively. However, W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa, placed his ribbons to suit the ringside, and the winners had correct Welsh type. The merit FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 243 of the show appears in the fact that the first prize aged mare at the 1913 international stood second in class to Dinarth Roany, a beautiful mare with excellent quality and action. IOWA HOMESTEAD, DE8 MOINES, IOWA. The Iowa State Pair is an institution of which any state might justly be proud. Leading in the production of corn, oats, hay and hogs, it is only right and proper that Iowa should also lead in the annual exposition which calls the attention of the world to the agricultural resources of the fertile heart of America. It is given to Iowa to open the grain-belt series of state fairs. No other state holds an exposition which can equal the Iowa one in the quality and quantity of live stock and farm products displayed. The 1914 Iowa State Fair, held at Des Moines, will go down in history as the biggest and best — from an exhibit standpoint — in the long and honorable list. For sixty years Iowa has been inviting the world to its doors, bidding it to come, enjoy itself and be instructed. The world did not respond in as large number this year as last, but the fair was worthy of a bigger attendance than has ever yet been accorded to it. Considering the fact that there were one-fifth more horses and cattle shown this year than ever before, it becomes apparent that the 1914 Iowa State Fair breaks all records and is entitled to the grand championship sweepstakes. Never before was there such an exhibit of live stock as was to be seen in Des Moines this week, testifying to the high plane which the live stock industry has reached in this state. With the foreign supply cut down almost to the vanishing point, by the seizure of pure-bred mares and stallions for army service, the door of opportunity for the Iowa and the grain-belt breeder is opened as never before. Even a casual glimpse in any of the stables in Des Moines this week would convince the most doubtful that here is one state, at least, which has the stock and the breeders for the crisis. Many of the horsemen declared it will be twenty years before Belgium can export any pure-bred horses. France will be cut down in its exports for at least half that time. In the meantime, it will be to America that the horse industry of the world must look. With its wonderful lead over the rest of the grain belt — the 1910 census showing Iowa to have horses to the value of $188,160,000, or over $10,000,000 in excess of the next leading grain-belt state — it was meet indeed that the horse display at the 1914 Iowa State Fair should have been unsurpassed. With the best display of Short-horns ever gathered together, and with every department and class full of splendid entries, the Iowa State Fair for this year was a record-breaker. Iowa is accustomed to having ideal weather for its annual fair. It was somewhat of a shock, therefore, to find that the customary ideal brand was not on exhibition this year. The fair started with ideal climatic conditions, it being so cool that the stock was shipped with far less trouble and fewer casualties than usual. But the threatening skies deluged the fair on Monday night, wetting many thousands of sightseers and doing several 244 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE thousand dollars' worth of damage to the grounds, mainly to the tents and minor exhibition structures. Lowering clouds were present throughout much of the week, resulting in a decrease, rather than the anticipated increase, in attendance. President Cameron had predicted that the at- tendance this year would pass the 300,000 mark, but the weather man was obdurate, and so the attendance dwindled somewhat. Monday was expected to be the big day, but the total attendance was only 40,000, falling about 18,000 short of the same day last year. It was regretable that better weather could not have prevailed, as a better show was never held. The new Women and Children's building was a center of attraction for thousands. Iowa is the first state in the Union to provide such a building, which is given a commanding position and takes rank as one of the finest structures on the grounds. Thanks to the untiring efforts of a little band of determined women, the last legislature appropriated $80,000 for a build- ing in which the work and welfare of women and children should be ex- hibited and advanced. The money has been well and judiciously expended. The building is sightly from an architectural standpoint, its wide verandas offering rest and comfort and its numerous departments providing enter- tainment and instruction for men, women and children. Chief interest centered in the babies' health contest, which, instead of being held in a small tent, as heretofore, now has several large and admirably arranged rooms, with a large auditorium for the comfort of the spectators. Here some three hundred tots were examined as to physical qualifications in the effort to find the most perfect youngster in the state and to stimulate parents generally to pay more attention to the rearing of their offspring. But the baby show was by no means the only attraction of the building. A large and comfortable auditorium, in which were given daily lectures on hygiene, sanitation, the care and training of children and home economics, drew large and interested crowds. The art exhibit was es- pecially commendable, being so much superior to the so-called exhibits of former years as to be beyond all comparison. A model school was shown and striking exhibits made in the campaign to rid the state of tuberculosis and to advance the health interests of young and old. Rest rooms, chil- dren's playgrounds, nurseries and kindergartens are provided, adding to the comfort of those who come long distances to attend the fair. It is now possible for a mother to leave her baby, for a fee ranging from 5 to 15 cents a half hour, in the charge of a competent nurse and see the fair in the knowledge that her little one is being well cared for and vastly better off than if it were being dragged about from one spot and exhibit to another. If the 1914 Iowa State Fair did nothing but demon- strate the place and value of the new Women and Children's building it would be well worth all it cost, both to the state and to every individual in attendance. Iowa is the best market in the United States for automobiles. If any one doubted this for a moment the number in evidence at the fair grounds this week would have converted him. Already the license tags have FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 245 passed the 100,000 mark and still the Iowa farmer and the Iowa town- man are buying steadily. Thousands of farm families drove in to Des Moines this week in their own motor cars. Last year the management permitted these cars to be parked along the main street of the fair, thus making it crowded and dangerous to human life. This year special quar- ters, or paddocks, were provided for the automobiles, making it more con- venient to the drivers and minimizing the danger to life and property on the main thoroughfare of the grounds. There is no better barometer of Iowa prosperity than the automobile paddock at the state fair. It is safe to say that two-thirds, possibly three-fourths, of the motor cars being sold in Iowa are being sold to farmers or small-town people. It is here that prosperity is most general and the automobile most needed and most use- ful. While the various makes of motor cars are not exhibited at the fair in as large number as heretofore, owing to the high cost of exhibit space, the number of automobiles on the grounds is increasing at a rapid rate. It is a sight of which to be proud to see a well dressed farm family driving to the fair in their own automobile, deftly driven by the head of the family or one of the younger folks. It testifies to a state of prosperity which has never been equaled in any other state or at any other time in our history. A resolution requesting new and adequate sheep quarters was signed by practically all the sheep exhibitors and will be presented to the legis- lature next winter. There is no question but that interest in this impor- tant branch of the live stock industry is growing in Iowa by leaps and bounds and the sheep men are entitled to what they ask. This year the exhibits were so large that it was necessary to crowd some of the sheep into the swine pens. The old quarters are not only crowded, but are inadequate in every particular, the roof over the pens and judging pavilion being leaky and causing discomfort to exhibitors and exhibits alike. Iowa now has well on toward a million and a half head of sheep, of the value of $7,500,000, at a conservative estimate. Such an important industry should have better provision made for it at the state fair. The sheep men have rejoiced at the success of the horse, cattle and hog men in securing ample quarters, now they believe it is high time more at- tention was being paid to them. The superintendent of this department is a new man, Mr. C. H. Tribby, of Mt. Pleasant, but he has taken hold of matters with determination and proposes to keep up the campaign until the sheep men of Iowa are given the recognition and quarters all too long denied them. It is doubtful if the Iowa state fair grounds ever looked cleaner or better than they did this week. Many of the unsightly frame buildings, which formerly encumbered the grounds, have either been removed or demolished. Several old frame buildings formerly given over to machinery exhibits have been removed to less conspicuous sites and their place given over to parking or flower beds or to make room for the larger crowds now attending the annual exhibition. Never before were the flower beds more numerous, better kept or more sightly. There was a time — and that not so very many years ago — when the physical comfort of the fair visitors 246 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE was practically overlooked. Live stock and farm machinery were ex- hibited in large numbers and the world was bidden to come and look, whether it could look in comfort or not. Now there are many places in which to rest, and practically every exhibit can be inspected in comfort. The grounds were an eye treat this year as never before. Likewise, there were benches a-plenty for the weary. Second, only to this attention to physical comforts was the commendable lack of the one time prevalent spirit of gouge and graft. Neither on the grounds nor down town was there any evidence of over-charge, an evil which once flourished unchecked. Prices may seem high, at times, to those who are away from home, but it is to the credit of Des Moines and the state fair that prices were not raised for the occasion, being merely the regular ones now generally pre- vailing. In this respect the Iowa fair sets an example which it is to be hoped will be followed throughout the entire fair circuit. The state fair management is entitled to much credit for giving the people a great show free from all objectionable features, entertaining and instructive throughout. The grounds have been ridden of many of the "ballyhoos" and fakers formerly present and conspicuous in all too large number. The Midway attractions were the best and cleanest ever pro- vided. The best of order was maintained. There was but little of the discourtesy which was once allowed to prevail unrebuked. The manage- ment realizes that the people come to a fair to learn and be amused. The exhibits provide the instruction. The vaudeville attractions provide most of the amusement. This year they were commendable in the extreme. Chief among the entertainers was the daring aviator, Lincoln Beachey, whose death-defying flights three times a day not only thrilled the im- mense crowds, but showed the wonderful possibilities of the airship. Aeroplanes are no new sights, but the Iowa State Pair has never had an aviator who lived up to his contract so well or performed such thrilling feats aloft as Beachey. Sixty acres of farm machinery! It is a wonderful sight. It was to be seen at the Iowa State Fair this year. Iowa is the biggest and best market in the world for agricultural machinery. The exhibit was in keeping with this immense demand. The mechanical aids to farming are innumerable, many of them almost human in their ingenuity. The splendid Machinery Hall was supplemented by a large, miscellaneous display which never failed to attract thousands and to show the farmers how wonderfully the mechanical genius of man is rallying to his help. Among the novel and instructive exhibits, with which the fair was re- plete this year as never before, was the parcel post package display gathered together by the Des Moines postmaster, Mr. L. C. Kurtz. An invitation was extended to various local business houses to submit pack- ages of goods such as they were accustomed to sending through the mail, in the parcel post, and the response was hearty. As a result, several score of packages, prepared for shipment and showing the possibilities of FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 247 the parcel post, were exhibited, attracting much attention. If the average farmer needed any proof that the parcel post presents far-reaching oppor- tunity, both for the sale of small produce and the purchase of small sup- plies, the striking exhibit made at Des Moines this week should convince him. BREEDING CATTLE. The observant fair visitor this year quickly noticed that a marked change has occurred in the show of cattle in the live stock pavilion. fWbere in previous years there has been but comparatively few dairy cattle and the ring was filled with beef cattle, there has grown to be a dairy show almost equal in character and importance to the beef cattle. A state fair is a mirror for the industries of the state, and the Iowa fair of 1914 indicates that a high degree of development has obtained in the dairy industry of this commonwealth. It does not show, however, that the beef industry is suffering to any extent as yet. In fact, one of the big features of the beef cattle show was the wonderful development of the exhibit of one of the breeds. No Iowa Short-horn show has ever sur- passed the one made this year, either in numbers or high quality of the animals brought out. In the barns, which were crowded to their capacity, the interest of the farmers of the state is even greater than before, and there are more men asking about better stock. In the dairy side of this show, nothing attracted as much attention as the exceptional classes of Guernsey cattle that were placed there. Judging in the cattle began on Saturday, which is a new departure for this fair, and from the results this year has proved a good one. Iowa set a good record in the cattle department for her neighboring states to follow this year. The judging was highly satisfactory in all the breeds and the classes, which were scheduled in advance, were placed rapidly, efficiently and without any confusion whatever. SHORT-HOENS. No Iowa show has ever surpassed the record made by the Short-horns this year in the high class of the exhibits or in the numbers shown. Com- ment to this effect that this showing will take rank as one of the best that has ever been brought out anywhere in this country was made by those who have followed the state fairs and the stock shows of this coun- try for years. Beginning with a class of aged bulls, which was said by competent authorities to be the best, from first to last place, that has been led into a ring for a long time, the rings were, with the exception of the two-year-old bulls, even and close. The side of the arena devoted to the beef breeds had barely enough room for the display of Short- horns alone. One of the prettiest sights of the entire fair was the big ring of aged herds, the whole beef cattle side of the pavilion being prac- tically filled with the entries. Rees & Son won first in the aged bull class, with Whitehall Rosedale, a big roan that is of a most rugged type and carries an exceptionally thick covering. He was defeated for the cham- pionship by Cumberland's Type, a bull with wonderful style and quality. The Saunders' herd made a very strong showing throughout the competi- tion. Thirty-three senior calves, came out for the money, a bunch showing 248 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE exceptional merit. When they left the ring the thick Uppermill Lord was at their head. The calves in the first four places were close and all had some favorites in the ringside. All the classes of young stuff were good — indeed, superb. The Kilgour herd from Illinois made a good show- ing in the female class, taking first in senior and junior yearling heifers, and placing in the senior heifer calf class. Iowa herds were among the leaders in this show, the Burge, Westrope, Herkelmann, Graham, Thomas, Watts, and Lakewood Farm entries winning many coveted places, aside from those already mentioned. Anoka Farms, of Waukesha, Wis., took the female championship with Lancaster Duchess 7th with the Kil- gour entry, Proud Rose, as junior champion. Both these cows would have looked well as champions in the usual shows, but the Harding entry showed a little the stronger. Leslie Smith, of St. Cloud, Minn., made a good job of the placing, the decisions being accepted without discussion. HEREFORDS. Iowa attracted Herefords from widely-scattered territories. The Davis herd from Mississippi, Taylor from Kentucky, O. Harris & Sons, J. M. Curtice, and Buhl & Sidwell from Missouri, Robinson from Wisconsin and McCray from Indiana all having entries. This did not prevent Iowa from winning many of the choice places. The quality in all classes was of the highest order, while the total number shown was sufficient to make a top-notch exhibit. The judging by Phil C. Lee, of Texas, was satisfactory all along the line, and promises to stand wherever these animals may meet during the fair season. Repeater 7th, the Harris two-year-old bull, was made champion, and his blocky type, even and thick covering and finish promise favorably for a high place wherever he may be shown this fall. THE ABERDEEN ANGUS. Angus cattle continue to make a rather conservative showing. Several of the herds that formerly seemed fixtures at the Iowa State Fair turne.d up missing, with their places not filled by newer breeders. Though lack- ing in numbers, there was still a uniform showing made, no class showing tail end stuff. Escher won championship with his bull, Prince Filzer, a big, smooth, growthy fellow, the sort that appeals to a business breeder. The Caldwells were, given female championship on Eritus C, after a close contest with their senior champion, as noted below. The Eritus cow is a little superior in hind quarters and a little more even in covering. As usual with the Angus, Iowa led in the number of breeders showing. Silas Igo, of Indianola, Iowa, made satisfactory awards in all classes. POLLED DURHAMS. The showing of Polled Durhams fitted in admirably with the general high character of the bovine exhibit at the Iowa State Fair. There were types in these classes that were not excelled, in so far as quality, finish and scale were concerned, in any of the beef breeds. Ed. Stegelin, of Kansas; Achenbach Bros., of Kansas; Shaver, Seeley and Huntley, of Iowa, and Hultine, of Nebraska, won the prizes as given below. Chas. Escher, of Ryan, Iowa, was judge. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 249 GUERNSEYS. The keenest kind of competition developed in the Guernsey classes. No breed illustrated the advancement that has been made in the dairy-cattle showing as well as this one, and there were probably more high-class in- dividuals of the breed shown than in any other exhibit. Beginning with a sensational class of aged cows, in which there was not a cow which could be called a poor one, the entire exhibit maintained an unusually high standard in every class. The classes were all close, there was hardly a walkaway for any single winner, but what was most pleasing of such a show was that Professor Grout's awards were all received well. That there is no division of the breeders as to types within the breed was evi- denced in the group showings, especially when the aged herds were being awarded ribbons. It was indeed a beautiful and instructive exhibit. W. iW. Marsh, of Waterloo, Iowa, added greatly to the interest of the exhibit by showing a few of the individuals imported from the English herd of the late J. P. Morgan. Deanie 16th, first prize aged cow, senior and grand champion cow of the show, is a specimen of Guernsey dairy type which helps improve score cards. She has a most mellow quality, possesses refinement which does not weaken, has a very well shaped and capacious udder, shows digestive and mammary qualities which mark only the better dairy types. Marsh's aged bull was also made champion and here again in the masculine was demonstrated a high rank of type. He is strong and shows character, but not the grossness so often seen, has good lines, an excellent girth, and a great character-giving front. The Jones cow, Daisy's Sequel Boy of Dunnach, which stood second to Deanie 16th, is a cow which, although perhaps not so showy a type, is a producer in looks, if barrel capacity and size, shape and quality of udder, together with constitution and quality, can prove it. Chas. Hill, of Wisconsin, A. W. & F. E. Fox, of Wisconsin, and Wilcox & Stubbs, of Iowa, had ex- cellent entries and won a goodly share of the prizes. HOLSTEINS. Holsteins are coming to be quite numerous among the dairy breeders of the corn belt, and, as would be natural to expect, there were a good many exhibitors of the breed. The selections of Mr. W. J. Gillett, of Rosendale, Wis., were seldom questioned, never seriously criticised, and were made with good reasons in every instance, which he was very ready to give to those who asked for the information. This manner of instruc- tive judging is to be commended as an educational feature which an institution like the Iowa fair can afford to develop. The bull-calf class was judged by H. G. Van Pelt. BROWN SWISS. To a great many who have not been acquainted with the breed, the individuals shown in the Brown Swiss competition furnished pleasant surprises as to what breeders have done in developing dairy type. It is only a few years since Brown Swiss breeders refused to follow that will- o'-the-wisp, the dual-purpose type, and turned their attention to develop- ing a strictly dairy breed, and the progress that has been made must be 250 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE very gratifying. Mucli of the roughness is disappearing, while losing none of the characteristic rugged appearance and a real dairy machine is fast being developed. The cow, Hildare, shown by Hawthorn Farm, Lake county, 111., is an example of a rugged dairy machine that many dairy men are seeking. She has as capacious and well-shaped an udder and is as well veined as the better cows of other breeds, with the digestive capacity and strength of constitution that are the envy of all dairy breeders. There were others nearly as good, but she is mentioned as an illustration of what this breed can accomplish. H. G. Van Pelt judged the breed. AYRSHIBES. Ayrshires make a very attractive exhibit when the good ones are brought out, as they were this year. There should be more of them shown, for they undoubtedly have a place in the dairy regions of this section. Only two herds were shown, those of Adam Seitz and the Fern- dell Farms, both of Wisconsin, but these two herds are both repre- sentative of the best of the breed in show type and productive conforma- tion. There was nothing sensational shown, as in some of the other dairy breeders, but neither was there anything that could be called of an inferior sort. These cattle were placed by H. G. Van Pelt, of Waterloo, Iowa. DRAFT HORSES. The total number of horses shown this year at Des Moines was greater than a year ago, but in the draft section it is doubtful if the show equaled that record. It would be classed as about an average show for the fair, but it must be remembered that the standard which has prevailed in previous years has been a high one. Of the four principal draft breeds, the Perch- eron, as in other years, made the largest showing. On the whole, how- ever, there was missing from the classes of this breed some of the excep- tional entries which have been seen here during the history of the fair. The main item of discussion among the horsemen was the probable effect of the disturbances in Europe on the horse business in America. Breeders who are fortunate enough to have a good supply of bred mares on hand were being congratulated, and had good reasons to feel optimistic over the outlook for the future of the business here. One of the most attractive parts of the showing was the classes of mares with foals at side. Some great brood mares were brought out. There were better foals than have been shown here before. It was in these classes, too, that the judges of every breed found their greatest difficulties in making the awards on account of the closeness of the animals shown. American bred rings were a little stronger than have been seen in other years, while the number of smaller breeders who entered mares and stallions this year showed a material increase. PEECHEEONS. American bred Percheron mares are coming to form a larger part of the exhibit of this breed each year. This brings with it the swelling of the lists in the foal classes, a fact which was well demonstrated during the FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 251 Percheron showing. There is also coming to be a closer correspondence between the open classes and the "bred by exhibitor" shows. The younger stallion classes were close, also the mare classes throughout the entire showing. The first place winner in the aged stallion class was a good draft type and one of the sort that looked good to breeders. There was a little criticism of the placing in the class of mares with foal at side, and the one three-year-old stallion class, but most of the classes were so close and so good that much balancing of fine points was neces- sary to get the winners. R. E. Drennan, of Canada, started the judging Saturday, but was taken ill and on Monday and Tuesday Alex Galbraith, of DeKalb, 111., acted. In the futurity classes, which again attracted much attention, Mr. Galbraith was assisted by Peter Hopley, of Lewis, Iowa. BELGIANS. Some really high-class horses were out for places in the Belgian show. An International winner took the lead among the stallions and good entries prevailed in all the male showing. When the grand display of five stallions was called, the Champlin quintette of chestnuts that won this ribbon showed a uniformity of type and a quality of the best sort which would have been hard to defeat anywhere. The champions were all Iowa owned. W. J. Kennedy, of Sioux City, Iowa, was judge and was assisted in the futurity classes by John Truman, of Bushnell, 111. SiWINE. DUROC JEESETS. The show of "Reds" was a popular one with the onlookers, and much spirit was manifested. The Durocs had the greatest number of exhibitors entered and the most pens ordered, but they had to yield in numbers on the ground to the Chester Whites. Mr. A. J. Lovejoy, of Roscoe, 111., the judge, was confronted by many a stiff proposition, but succeeded in giving satisfaction. The line-up of twelve aged boars showed at once that the $25, which a Duroc Record Association had offered for the heaviest pig on the grounds, would not go to a red one. However, they were the kind that grow fast and dress well. Waltemeyer took the blue here and again on his senior yearling, a big, sturdy fellow, upright, with big bone and as smooth as a ribbon. Waltemeyer again drove out a beautiful top to the aged sow ring, a short-legged individual with most enticing lines. Waltemeyer lost the ribbon on his senior yearling sow because of a bad tumor in her udder, but he came back in the under-one-year class. The ring of nineteen good ones was the hottest contest of the show and caused the judge to ponder long. He finally turned down some choice, low-down, thick ones of Vanderhyde's for a trio with more youth and stretch, headed by Waltemeyer's. Waltemeyer camp has, in fact, cause to rejoice. Against a field of some forty exhibitors they captured all six championship ribbons. POLAND CHINAS. The Poland China show needs no apology. It was a worthy one, but recollections of only a few years back, when the entries were more numer- ous by threefold, could not be repressed. The dispute on type which, has 252 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE divided the Poland China breeders and has given pause to their united advance has allowed the breeders of the reds to make deep inroads into their territory and into the public favor which was theirs. But the dis- pute is now in its twilight stage, and the big hog with quality is coming to its own. The aged boar class brought out several hogs past the 1,000- pound mark. The entry of Crees carried 1,090 pounds, but bore never a dent nor a wrinkle, and his stocky, short legs and straight pasterns held him up in flashy style. But Sievers' hog had a bit more of length and also mellowness, and the judge liked him better. Paul's aged sow had just weaned a litter of nine pigs and lost to Lonergan's junior yearling for senior champion. A still younger one, Henry's under-one-year entry, was the grand champion sow, however. She was indeed a pleasing sight, not of extreme length, but smooth as a ribbon on top and belly and with feet and bone that are true models of perfection. It was a show of big pigs, rather than a big show, but no fair-minded critic could say that it was a show of coarse ones. J. E. Meharry, veteran showman from Tolono, 111., was missed from the ranks. He is said to be plotting for Pan-Ameri- can 1915. C. A. Marker, the man to whom, as his feeder, Meharry owes much of his success, was judge, and his decisions were happy ones. CHESTER WHITES. The "Whites" also made a score of the "heaviest show yet" as regards number. Thirty-seven exhibitors, all but three from Iowa, and they were all there except Mr. Thos. Kent, of Walnut, Iowa, and, for the most part, with good-sized herds. That veteran breeder and Judge, N. H. Gentry, of Sedalia, Mo., selected the winners and he launched many a surprise. Plenty of good stuff failed to capture blues in accordance with ringside judgment. The sow stuff upheld the excellence of the show. HAMPSHHSES. Hampshire breeders have got the "bigger and better than ever" habit and their show was in full accord with this policy. Fifteen exhibitors entered some 160 pigs and they made an array royal in the Hampshire pens. Some belts were wide and some were narrow, but it mattered little to the judge, Mr. Wilson Paine, of Eavenport, Iowa, and quality was the watchword of the show. The line-up of good boars was saved from mediocrity by the top pair, and the better of these, Mr. Bunn's "Bunn's Pattern," was indeed a hog to remember. The royal purple sow was Yates' Gloria 2d, a rare combination of bacon side and lard back. Senti- ment has a place in the Hampshire breeders regime and many beautiful and costly cup trophies were awarded, amid repeated hurrahs and cheers. The breeders didn't break up their rally until six o'clock and left the ringside hatching plans for, in Mr. Stone's words, the best and biggest show ever staged by any breed of swine at any time or at any place in the world. BEBKSHHIES. Five exhibitors came under the wire in the Berkshire classes which was well nigh equal to that of last year. But the Berkshire Association must look to its defenses in Iowa, for but a single herd, that of lowana Farms, appeared to represent the breed at this state fair, N. H. Gentry FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 253 made the awards and the prize money, for the most part, was distributed with some degree of evenness to all the exhibitors. Four championships went to four different breeders. The winning aged boar carried a wonder- ful top and was easily entitled to the blue and the royal purple. lowana won out in the aged sow class with their grand champion of last year. She has been shown for three years, and has never been defeated. She is today a joy to look upon. No sow ever carried a smoother loin. Berkshire men generally were pleased with the size, quality and fitting of entries and with the awards which were made. YORKSHIRE. Some choice bacon types were seen in the Yorkshire classes. The boar classes were not well filled, but there were some good individuals shown. The sow classes were strong and although Davidson captured the cham- pionship ribbons he was pushed hard in many cases. The judging was done by C. C. Roup, of Kalona, Iowa. WALLACES' FARMER, DES MOINES, IOWA. (Issue of Septeviber Jfth.) The fair season is on, and if the future can be predicted from the opening at Des Moines last week, it will be even more successful than usual. Never before has the Iowa fair offered so much and such a variety of entertainment and instruction. The regular fair exhibits are superior, both in quality and arrangement and convenience of access. Courses of lectures on all sorts of topics of interest to farm folk are given each day in the different buildings, and the amusement features — some excellent and some not so good — are sufficient to provide entertain- ment and relaxation. On Friday, the first real visitors' day, the exhibits were practically all in place. Thursday night and Friday morning, a gentle rain rather discouraged the attendance of some folks, but Friday was children's day, and the children of the city were out in force, with the result that by the time the sun came out, about noon, the crowd seemed about as large as on some of the principal days a few years ago. The rain delayed many within fifty miles of Des Moines, who had in-, tended to drive in by auto, but a number of hardy spirits plowed through the mud, and said it felt good to experience a real rain and feel real mud once more. Monday opened with threatening weather, and this, together with the preceding rain, must be held accountable for the lessened attendance — about 20,000 less than Monday of last year. By the middle of the day the sky had cleared, however, and it proved a very satisfactory day for those who came. Monday night, however, the clouds which had advanced and retreated during the day, marshaled their forces, and about eight o'clock descended in force, with driving rain and high wind. Tents were blown down, glass was broken, loose timbers were thrown about, to the injury of several people; branches of trees were torn off, electric wires were 254 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE blown down, plunging both the fair grounds and many parts of the city in darkness. Thousands who had remained on the fair grounds for the night shows were drenched to the skin and spent several uncomfortable hours before they could get back to the city. In some places there were near panics, but the guards were hurriedly called out, and with their efforts serious trouble was averted. A large tent in which the overflow from the horse barns was sheltered was partially blown down, and prompt work was necessary to control the valuable horses and get them safely into the live stock pavilion, where they were kept during the remainder of the night. A number of employes of the entertainment shows were seriously injured by falling tent poles, and the doctors and nurses on the grounds were kept busy for several hours. The street car service to the city was put out of commission for several hours, and thousands of people were compelled to remain at the fair grounds until near mid- night. Early Tuesday morning the damage on the grounds was fully repaired and everything again ready for business. The storm, however, with threatening weather again Tuesday, will undoubtedly cut short the attendance this year. No matter how dry the season, if there is any moisture at all in the air, the state fair may be depended upon to jar it loose. Being the first of the larger fairs, Iowa has always been fortunate in her live stock exhibit. All of the western show herds meet here for a preliminary try-out, and then separate, some going to Nebraska and some to Minnesota, to come together again later in the season. The stock show this year has probably never been surpassed, and as stated by our live stock experts was of distinctly international character. Both the cattle and horse shows were wonderful exhibitions of the art and skill of the breeder and feeder. Barn accommodations were quickly found to be inadequate, and it was necessary to house many of the valuable animals in large tents erected for the purpose. A very gratifying feature of the live stock exhibit is the large number of Iowa breeders who are showing herds fully able to compete with the best that have been brought in from other states. There can be no better evidence of the healthfulness of the live stock industry than is afforded by the show this year. While the report of the stock show can not be made complete in this issue, the results in most of the classes will be found in our report, and our readers are directed to it for details. Somebody back in Washington has interfered with one of our real exhibits. For some years it has been the custom of many of our con- gressmen, state officers and members of the legislature to foregather at the fair, shake hands with the dear people, and lay plans for their political futures. It has really been quite an occasion. But some mean fellow back at Washington has spoiled It this year — in part, at least. Congress is enforcing the rule to "dock" members $20 per day for absence from their seats without a better reason than the desire to visit the folks FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 255 in Iowa during the fair. So we will have to do without the congressmen. But the state officers and legislators will be here in all their glory, and their opinion about the war will probably be worth just as much. Those who come to the fair with the serious purpose of getting the most for their money, will do well to lay out their time carefully in advance, and then stick as closely as possible to their program. There gire so many distractions, and it is so easy to drift aimlessly from place to place, that one is likely to find himself at the close of the day with little stored away to show for the time and money spent. Tlie early hours of the forenoon, and from three to six in the afternoon offer the best time to see the exhibits in the buildings; during the middle of the day the aisles are filled with people drifting through, and it is next to impossible to get near enough to see to any purpose or to talk satis- factorily to the exhibitors. That part of the machinery exhibit which is not under cover can be examined very well late in the evening. The middle of the day can be devoted to the live stock show and the amuse- ment features that are worth while. Of the latter, some are entertaining, but time spent in some of the show attractions is worse than wasted. After incurring the expense of coming to the fair, the way to get it back with interest is to organize one's time and spend most of it where some- thing is to be learned. The program of lectures and general entertain- ments will be found posted conspicuously in different parts of the grounds, and dates and places of lectures will be found in this program. The Agricultural College building, up on the hill near the poultry building, is always worth far more attention than it gets. Thousands of farmers are going through this building every day, but too many give it but a glance here and there, failing to grasp the many interesting and valuable facts spread out before them in a way easy to understand. But now and then a real seeker after knowledge comes through. He stands before single exhibits a half hour at a time; he takes down figures with pencil and paper; and, best of all, he talks with the college men in charge of the exhibits. These young fellows know all about the exhibits under their care and are eager to tell all they can about them to those who show real interest. In the Agricultural College building is an exhibit of lime and ferti- lizer. On request, the man in charge gives a list of Iowa firm's supply- ing ground limestone, and describes the different ways of applying lime. Different pieces of litmus paper are to be seen in contact with soils which need lime and soils which need no lime. Our readers are, of course, familiar with this test, but thousands of farmers are seeing it this week for the first time at the college building. In pans spread out so that they may be seen and felt are some of the common fertilizers, such as lime, rock phosphate, acid phosphate, bone meal, and compound commercial fertilizer. A practical Iowa rotation is indicated on a field divided into 256 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE four plots, two of which are in corn, one in oats, and one in clover. Figures nearby indicate that at the Iowa station, during a period of eight years, or two rotations, they secured a total of 294 bushels of corn, 137 bushels of oats, and 5.9 tons of clover hay from the average acre, while when the land was in corn eight years continuously, they secured only 431.2 bushels of corn. In other words, with prices as they are now, the average acre under rotation produces each year an average of $5 more than the average acre in corn continuously. The soil map is always interesting. It shows the type of soil in each county, and figures above the map give the average amount of plant food in each type. In pans the different kinds of soil are spread out so that they can be felt and compared more carefully as to color and texture. An Interesting chart gives the results of investigations into the pros- perity of over 100 Iowa tenants. Those tenants who stay five years or more on a place make an average of .$1,877, as compared with $1,090 for tenants who stay three and four years, and $866 for those who stay one or two years. The tenants who have 1,000 pounds of stock for every four acres make an average of $1,650 a year, while those with 1,000 pounds of stock to twenty acres make $485. That the tenants who have plenty of money invested in stock, machinery, etc., make the most money is indicated by the chart figures, which give an average return of $2,053 to the average tenant with more than $5,000 invested in farming, while tenants with $1,000 to $3,000 averaged only $834 per year. Evidently the tenants who make the most money are those w^ho stay on one place for many years in succession, who keep 1,000 pounds of stock to every four or five acres, and who have at least $5,000 invested in stock, machinery, etc. At the Iowa station they have tried for many years past to determine the best varieties of small grains. Among the oats varieties, according to the exhibit on the east side of the college building, Silver Mine and Kherson have proved to be the two best, until a short time ago, when a new variety known as the White Kherson came into the lead with an average yield of 70 bushels per acre. This White Kherson was originated at the Iowa station by picking out a white sport of the yellow Kherson and breeding from it. Samples of these different varieties are on exhibit, together with information concerning the time of ripening, liability to lodge, etc. Among the varieties of barley, the Caucasion, Oderbrucker, and Manchuria are at the head of the list. Samples of these barleys are on exhibit together with information concerning time of ripening, etc. The Turkey Red, Kharkov, and Red Cross have ranked as the highest yielding varieties of winter wheat, until a new variety was recently originated at the Iowa station — known as No. 404 — which has averaged four bushels per acre higher than the Turkey Red. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 257 On the west side of the building, Professor Buchanan, in charge of the cooperative experiments for the college, has his exhibit. He arranges with those farmers who so desire to make cooperative experiments. For instance, he will send out a small amount of improved varieties of wheat or oats. Or he will give direction for an experiment with limestone or rock phosphate. By talking with men like this farmer visitors to the fair this week are learning many new things. The wireless telegraph at the Iowa State College building was a new feature. The click of the Instrument which flashed messages from the fair grounds to city newspapers could be heard for long distances. This was said to be the first use ever made of the wireless telegraph for news- paper purpose in Iowa. Demonstrators were on hand to explain the principles of wireless telegraphy, and the sending station was a point of general interest to hundreds of visitors daily. One exhibit shows the different varieties of knots; another common Iowa weeds; and another some of the plants which may some day be grown on Iowa farms, but are not grown much as yet. For instance, there are specimens of field peas, soy beans, cowpeas, sweet clover, Ger- man millet, Hungarian millet, common millet, Japanese millet, and barn- yard grass. By careful examination of these different exhibits it is possible for one to learn many new things. In the poultry building the poultry department of the Iowa Agricul- tural College gives demonstrations every day of caponizing, killing poul- try and dressing, handling eggs and grading them for market. Exhibits indicate the difference between the grade of eggs known as selects, the grade known as firsts, and that known as seconds. The selects sell for five cents more per dozen than the seconds, and for from one and a half to three cents more than the firsts, and it is the object of the poultry demonstrator to bring about the marketing of as many high-grade eggs as possible in Iowa. He wants wide-awake creameries to establish egg departments. He has been greatly encouraged in this work because one Iowa creamery, in taking this up, has managed to make $600 in six months over what the eggs would have brought if marketed in the ordi- nary way. Tlie poultry demonstrator is worth talking to. He will tell you about the advantages of the different models of poultry houses that are on exhibit and the best ways to kill lice and mites. In past years the state fair grounds have been policed by several hundred civilians from various parts of the state, whose appointment was secured for them by their friends among the officers of the state fair management. This year the management arranged with the state militia to furnish two companies of guardsmen for this duty. In their neat 17 258 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE service uniforms they added a bit of military color to the fair. The companies selected were Company M, of the fifty-fifth regiment, from Red Oak, and Company F, from the fifty-sixth regiment, at Fort Dodge— these two companies standing the highest in the annual spring inspec- tion conducted by the officers of the state guard. In addition to these two companies there were a number of picked men selected from some of the other companies to act as mounted police. In all, nearly 200 uni- formed soldiers were on duty. The Iowa guardsmen are an efficient lot. They know how to obey orders and how to enforce them. Any brewing trouble was very promptly nipped in the bud. The crowds were handled in a splendid manner, and the success this year of using the guardsmen for police duty will certainly insure its being a permanent feature of the fair. Fewer men are required to police the grounds, and it can be and is done more effectively by the men in uniform. A dairy farm, with buildings and stock, moulded from butter, won its share of admiration. The sculptor who did the work was Lawrence Stewart. Standing in the rear was the Goddess of Plenty, representing Iowa, holding an ear of corn and extending a hand of welcome. Three hundred pounds of butter had been moulded into a farm surrounded by fences, and including a home, dairy barn, silo, automobile, stock, water- ing troughs, and farm buildings. This was one of the attractions in the agricultural building. An exhibit of confiscated weights and measures showed part of the work being done by this department of the dairy and food commission. The exhibits were part of a carload which had been condemned since the new law went into effect. With few exceptions all produce must be sold by weight. The net weight of the contents of a package must be stated on the container. The inspector pointed out to fair visitors how many consumers were being defrauded out of their just dues. One pair of scales exhibited had been taken from a poultry dealer who was only paying for twelve ounces for a pound as weighed by his scales. Others had been using liquid quart measures for the dry quart. The local postoffice department had a display showing how to use the parcel post for mailing farm produce. Packages of fruit and other produce properly packed and stamped for shipment illustrated great possibilities along this line. The one in charge said preparations were being made for raising the weight limit and decreasing the charges. The last scales received from the government for weighing parcel post pack- ages weigh articles up to 100 pounds, which probably soon will be the maximum limit, as it is in some other countries. Inquiry among farmers who stopped to look over the display indicated that many were using the parcel post for marketing eggs and butter, and that they were buying more or less produce through it. One local shoe dealer said it had enabled him to reduce his stock 25 per cent and at the same time give better service to his customers. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 259 The Iowa counties with county experts, namely, Clinton, Scott, Mus- catine, Montgomery, Black Hawk, Wright, Greene, Henry and Clay, this year have exhibits in the agricultural building. The exhibits are nice enough, but are practically the same sort of thing as the county exhibits of old days. The best exhibits are the county experts themselves. They are all bright, wide-awake young men of practical experience. The farmers passing through the agricultural building are finding it worth while to ask them questions. They are especially well up on such prob- lems as hog cholera, alfalfa seeding, and insect pests. We hope that farmers from counties having no experts have talked with these men, so as to get some idea of what a county expert may be worth. There is a widespread opinion that county experts, being young fellows from college, are impractical men who have little information of value under actual farm conditions. In reality, the county experts are educated farm boys who have grown into their positions as county experts in a very prac- tical way. • Many housewives stopped to study a display made by the pure food commission, showing the comparative values of foods with milk at eight cents per quart. The equivalent of a quart of milk in food values was exhibited with figures showing the cost. A quart of milk, according to the commission, is equal to a pound of cheese costing 9.5 cents; ten eggs costing 29 cents; eleven ounces of beef steak costing 15 cents; six and a half ounces of white bread costing 2.5 cents; five ounces of corn- meal costing 1 cent; nine and a half ounces of potatoes costing 2.5 cents; one head of cabbage costing 10 cents; five bananas costing 10 cents. The idea of the display was to show the economy of using certain foods during a period of high priced groceries and food products. In a corner of the agricultural building the American manufacturers who make starch, sugar, oil, etc., from corn have an exhibit. It is very interesting to see with your own eyes the things which are actually made from corn in a commercial way. It is hard to believe that such sub- stances as oil, sugar and rubber may be made from corn, and yet in this exhibit you may see them for yourself. Fourteen individual farms have exhibits this year. These are good exhibits, showing much enterprise on the part of the farmers exhibiting. Nevertheless we wonder if the trouble of getting together such an exhibit is really worth while. It takes infinite pains and care to get together good samples of the different cereals, tie them up neatly, and arrange them in a nice manner. The result is good to look at, but from an educational standpoint is worthless. Some of it is good artistically, but for educational purposes it would be better to have the competing farmers make diagrams of their farms, indicating the rotation, the average yields, methods of fertilizing the soil and feeding the stock, method of marketing, and the net income. A score card could be drawn up to apply to a competition of this sort. 260 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Just south of the exposition building is the building of the boys' and girls' club. During the past year this movement has become strong in the state, and at the present time many thousands of boys are in the corn growing contest and many thousands of girls are in the canning contest. In the building are many different things that the boys and girls have made. Twice daily some of the ladies in charge of the girls' canning work give demonstrations of the methods of canning corn, to- matoes, fruit and meat. They describe both the method of canning in tin cans and in glass jars. The few women and girls who have been attending these demonstrations have been much interested. It is interesting to talk to some of the boy ushers. You will gen- erally find that they are farm boys, and that they are camping this year on the fair grounds with a number of other boys — ninety-nine altogether, one from each county. They won the right to come to the fair because each one of them wrote the best essay in his county on the ideal farm. All their expenses are paid, but they pay back part of them by spending time each day ushering. This plan has been in use for several years, and seems to be giving good results. The American Bible Society has an excellent exhibit of Bibles in the BJ^position building. They sell a complete Bible for 17 cents, and a New Testament for 5 cents. They supply Bibles in English, German, French, Danish and Swedish. Aeroplane flights by Lincoln Beachey are big attractions. The daring .aviator made reckless turns and shoots which thrilled thousands. His famous loop-the-loop was perhaps the most spectacular performance. He played hide-and-seek with the clouds thousands of feet in the air, going in and out of them with his machine under perfect control, and as un- concerned himself as though he had been walking on the ground. Mr. Beachey is popular, and is one of the most expensive features, his remun- eration being $1,000 a day. An industrial exhibit of the blind showed what remarkable things can be accomplished by those devoid of sight. Their method of writing is an interesting demonstration. It is done by punctures in a cardboard, one of which was given as a souvenir to anyone interested. The blind lady in charge could write almost as fast as a person with pencil and paper. The writing is read simply by pushing the fingers over the perforations. Ninety-nine boys, whose ages range from 15 to 19, representing ninety six counties, were guests of the fair association. The boys had a great time, and took advantage of every available minute. Last spring every boy whose age was within the limits was given an opportunity to com^ FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAU BOOK— PART IV 261 pete for the trip with all expenses and entertainment paid for by the association. It was an essay contest, on the ideal farm. In each county, the boy who wrote the best essay, following the suggested outline, won the trip as a reward. In the stock judging contests, members of the camp won most of the moneys and honors. First and third places went to former members of the camp, while fourth and fifth places were given to members of this year's camp. Fourteen out of twenty-five first places were captured by these boys. The members had privileges of the grounds, but their able service in ushering at the baby show, stock judging pavilion, and all over the grounds made up for this. Games and amusements were provided, one of these being an indoor baseball league of seven teams. Each day a speaker gave a talk at the camp headquarters. Governor Clarke spoke Tuesday. Bryce Binnall, of Crawford county, had the best essay, according to the judges. On his return home each boy will write up his experiences and what he saw. The winner will be declared a delegate to the annual meeting of the state board of agriculture. Fred M. Hansen, of the Y. M. C. A., acted as superintendent. Arthur Runft, champion boy corn grower of the United States, was a member of the camp. The boys' judging contests, which are held every year, are a most excellent idea. As a variation of this idea, we would suggest contests among the farm boys in rapidity of hitching up teams, in excellence of work in plowing, and in rope tying. Some of these events might be put on in the stock pavilion and made very interesting and also educational if the judges at the close of the contest would make a few remarks. Following are the winners in this year's contest. First, Clement Miller, Fairfield, 662; second, Leo Aldrich, Rowan, 640; third, Raymond Teach- out, Imogene, 639; fourth, Bryce Hinnall, Dow City, 618; fifth, Oscar McQuirin, Osceola, 614. Frank C. Pellett, state bee inspector, moved his headquarters to the grounds during the week. Twice each day during the fair, motion pic- tures of the honey bee were exhibited at the college building. These were educational, showing how to manage bees and prepare honey for the market. THE BREED SHOW. Iowa's 1914 exhibit of pure bred stock sets a high standard for other state fairs which follow. Those who have been regular attendants at state fairs and leading stock shows do not hesitate to put it in the class with the international of Chicago. The horse show filled the barns to overflowing, and tents covering temporary quarters were hastily put up to accommodate the overflow. The pony show, which occupied the big stock show amphitheater on Friday was the biggest pony show ever seen at Des Moines, and perhaps the largest that has been seen at any state fair. The showing of draft horses was exceptionally strong, as specially mentioned, with the awards, elsewhere in this issue, and a late arrival 262 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of light horses and saddlers Is adding interest to the fair, as this goes to press. Iowa is strongly represented in the stock show, but the ex- hibitors are from several different states. All departments of the stock show are well represented, and the showing is very satisfactory. THE CATTLE DIVISION. Over one hundred exhibitors of cattle have registered stock at the Iowa State Fair this week. This of itself is a big show, and the value of the stock runs into many thousands of dollars. It also requires much barn room to house it, and probably attracted more visitors than any other part of the stock show. There were usually three different breeds on exhibition at the same time in the big amphitheater, and big crowds witnessed the judging, which was in full operation Saturday, and con- tinues as we go to press. There were thirty exhibitors of Shorthorns, sixteen of Herefords, thirteen of Angus, five of Galloways, eight of Polled Eurhams, five of Red Polls, eight of Jerseys, seven of Guernseys, two of Ayrshires, and three of Brown Swiss. SHOETHORNS. The Shorthorns outnumbered all other breeds of cattle on the fair grounds, the standard of quality and condition was high, and it was easily one of the greatest showings of reds, whites and roans that has been made anywhere. Some good judges pronounce it a bigger Shorthorn show than was seen at the last International, which was unquestionably one of the best ever seen in this country. The judging commenced on Saturday, and the first class brought out ten herd bulls that were a very creditable lot. Leslie Smith, of St. Cloud, Minn., officiated as judge, and soon placed them in the order named below. The two-year-old bull class was the weak class of the show, there being only two entries. As this class is usually weak, it would seem that exhibitors would make more of an effort to bring out two-year-olds. The next class brought out some championship material. The Saunders Champion, Cumberland's Type, headed the class, but had the closest kind of competition in the Kilgour entry. Saunders was also a strong third with his other entry in this class. The junior yearlings, numbering fourteen, made a good, strong class, but the big show in Shorthorn bulls was the senior calf class of thirty-three head. It was a strong class in both quality and numbers, with some exceptionally good ones at the head of the class. There was some difference of opinion among the ringside talent as to the way they should be rated, but the massive youngster from Uppermill Farm, Wapello, Iowa, found favor with the judge for first place. The big, attractive straw- berry roan, owned by Jos. Miller & Sons, Granger, Mo., was placed second, and, with some, was a favorite for first, although he has been growing too fast to be in the best condition to show. The third and fourth win- ners also attracted much attention, and with a difference of opinion as to their proper rating. The Bellows entry, which was placed fourth, was large, like the first and second winners, and a very rugged sort. Mention of the discussion of these good young bulls by the ringside is made, not FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 263 to criticize the judge, but to show the interest taken in this class of good ones. Others down the line were also worthy of mention, if space would permit. The class of juniors was also strong and large, but did not excite the interest that the seniors did. The female classes were as strong ag usual, and most of the classes were large, the young classes, in particular, comparing with the best young classes at the International. The aged cow class was headed by Wm. Herkelmann's last year's winner, Mildred of Oakland. The two-year-old class was headed by Lancaster Duchess 7th, the superior young cow shown by Anoka Farms, of Wisconsin, while Uppermill Farm, of Iowa, was a very close second with Village Flower 2d. The senior yearling heifer class was a good one of fourteen, in which Kilgour, of Illinois, won first with an outstanding show heifer sired by Fair Acres Sultan. In the junior class, Mr. Kilgour was again the for- tunate winner of first, while in the calf classes the Cumberlands were at the top, the senior owned by Saunders, of Iowa, and the junior owned by Herr Bros. & Reynolds, of Wisconsin. The Iowa exhibitors were more numerous than they were several years ago, and made a strong showing for the state. THE HEKEFORDS. The Hereford show this year was a high average of the good shows made by this breed for years. Exhibitors are here from several different states, a feature of the show being the strong exhibit from Mississippi, demonstrating that this land of cotton and cane can also produce the good beef cattle. There were some exceptionally strong show animals got to the head of the classes, and the show was quite uniformly good all through. The Iowa exhibitors, some of whom were out for the first time, had the strongest kind of outside competition, but won a share of the best prizes. THE ANGUS. The Angus show was not strong numerically, in comparison with the Shorthorns and Herefords, and did not represent the full strength of the breed. Mr. Battles, of Maquoketa, Iowa, had made entries, but is showing in the East instead, and W. J. Miller, of Newton, Iowa, is another who made entries and is not here. However, there were a dozen exhibitors in the Angus show, eleven of them from Iowa and one from Missouri. The breed is well represented in quality, although there is no Erwin C. out this year. The show is in progress as we go to press, with Silas Igo, of Indianola, Iowa, acting as judge. POLLED DTJRHAMS. The Polled Durham show brought out some of the best show animals that have been seen in recent years, but outside of these tops the showing of Polled Durhams was not specially strong. The classes were not large, and included some not well fitted. Mr. Stegelin, of Kansas, won both grand championships on very worthy specimens of the breed. Mr. Shaver, of Iowa, won junior championship on an outstanding calf of his age, a calf with an exceptionally fine poll, a smooth shoulder, and of good balance, type and quality. He had the strongest kind of competition, however, for junior championship. 264 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE THE GUEENSEYS. The showing of this dairy breed, which is fast gaining in popularity, was unquestionably the best that has ever been made at the Iowa State Fair, if not the best that has been made at any stock show in the corn belt. Not only was the size and quality of the Guernsey exhibit good, but the size and quality of the animals on exhibition was a matter of comment. Wilbur Marsh, of Waterloo, Iowa, who recently added the entire Pierpont Morgan herd to his already valuable collection of im- ported Guernseys, was a very strong winner at this show, but had worthy competition. THE HORSE SHOW. War in Europe and drouth at home did not prevent the horse depart- ment of the Iowa State Fair of 1914 from making one of its best shows. The capacity of the barns was overtaxed, and a large tent was used to shelter the overflow. In character and quality, it was superior to many former shows, and, in numbers, was a surprise, when present conditions are considered. The show is well managed and runs on schedule time. The entire ring is given to the horses in the forenoon, the cattle showing in the afternoon. All four draft breeds are shown at the same time, which makes a very attractive and pleasing display — probably one of the best found in the entire fair circuit. Single expert judges placed the horses, beginning on all the mare classes. Saturday morning the Perche- ron and Belgian mare and filly classes were out in large numbers, the latter making the best showing we have yet seen at any state fair. The showing made by the Shires and Clydes stood high in character and quality, and reflects in a measure what is being done by the American breeder. The mare classes were specially interesting on account of a large number being American bred. This show should lend encourage- ment to the breeding of better horses, and those who were fortunate enough to see it have been shown high-class specimens of all breeds. American farmers should take advantage of their present opportunity. UGHT HARNESS AND SADDLE HOKSES. The love of the lowan for a good horse was very clearly disclosed by the interested throngs which watched the showing of the gaited saddlers, gig horses, Morgans, ponies, high school horses, high jumpers, etc. The liberal premiums this year brought out a most excellent and a most entertaining exhibit. There is something about a good horse that rouses the enthusiasm of the Iowa crowd, even though it comes to the fair in automobiles. THE HOG SHOW. Iowa's big hog show, always the biggest of the year, is now in progress. The superintendent of the swine department reports that 952 pens were engaged by exhibitors. Not all who made entries brought their hogs, but some others needed more pens than they had engaged, so that the big swine amphitheater was pretty well filled. The Duroc Jerseys, Poland FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 265 Ohiaas and Chester Whites made up the bulk of the show, and these three breeds were of about equal strength numerically. It was the largest Chester White show that the breed has made. The Hampshires, Berk- shires, Yorkshires, and Tamworths were the other breeds represented. THE DUROC JERSEYS. For several years now the Duroc Jerseys have led the other breeds in numbers at the Iowa State Fair. This year the breeders of this popular red hog again engaged the most pens, but there was very little difference in the number of reds, whites and blacks in the pens. The showing of Durocs this year was strong, although it hardly excelled last year's show for animals of outstanding excellence. The championships went to Walte- meyer Bros. THE POLAND CHINAS. The Poland China exhibitors at the Iowa State Fair this year made one of the strongest and most satisfactory exhibits this breed has ever made. There were more good big ones than ever, and the indications are that the big type Polands have made a place for themselves in the Iowa shows, and made it on merit, for the big ones that are winning now are not only big but are smooth and have show yard merit. The show opened Monday morning with the aged boar class, and the merits of this class called out as much favorable comment as any class of the entire show. It came near being the sensational class of the show, although there were good sow classes also. When the breed has as good herd boars as are indicated by the herd boars at this show, it means much for the future of the breed. We have heard of 1,000-pound herd boars, but it is not often that they have been winning the prizes. In this show the first prize aged boar actually weighed 1,000 pounds, and he had big company. Mr. Marker did the judging, and the exhibitors and breeders present gave him credit for doing a good job. HAMPSHIRE SWINE. The showing of this white belted breed of swine was good. Mr. Wilson Rowe, of Ames, Iowa, who did the judging, and has judged the Hamp- shires at the Iowa State Fair more than any other man, pronounced this show the best he had ever passed on, and stated that the first prize win- ners were especially good, and the competition in most of the classes close. He considered the group classes strong competition for any breed. THE CHESTER WHITES. The Chester Whites have taken their place as one of the strongest swine exhibits at the big Iowa State Fair. The exhibit ranked this year with the Durocs and Polands in numbers, Avith the possibility that when the actual count is made they will outnumber the other breeds. The Chester White breeders are quite jubilant over the steady growth their breed has been making. The judging was done by N. H. Gentry, of Missouri, and in commenting on the show, he said that there were some very fine speci- mens of the breed on exhibition, that were worthy of the best prizes, but that there were some on exhibition that were not first-class. When asked to state the chief fault he noticed in the latter class, that it might be 266 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE published for the benefit of exhibitors and breeders who wanted to guard against these faults, he mentioned the feet and legs as being the most at fault, which can be guarded against by the selection of show animals with short pasterns and good legs. W. T. Barr, of Ames, Iowa, was the win- ner of grand champion boar, and was strong in the fight on sows. THE BERKSHIRES. The showing of Berkshires was better than usual, although not strong numerically. The lowana herd, of Iowa, was especially strong in the winning, as indicated by the awards. N. H. Gentry, of Sedalia, Mo., tied the ribbons. THE SHEEP SHOW. The good feeling that pervaded the sheep camp at the Iowa State Fair this year was very noticeable. The show was good, one of the best that has been seen at a state fair, and the wool and mutton market is in better shape than it has been for years, so there was no trouble for a sheep man to "look pleasant" this year. The only complaint they had was the crowded, unsatisfactory sheds that cover the sheep exhibit. The management talked new quarters for sheep for some time, but the $85,000 that went into the new Women and Children's building compels the sheep men to wait until later. The fine wool breeds were offered more class premiums than before, and consequently made a bigger showing. The two silver cups for best Shropshire ram and ewe, home bred, went to E. L. Bitterman, of Mason City, Iowa, and Fawcett & Son, of Springdale, Iowa. The sheep on exhibition were owned by twenty-eight different men, or firms, and were from Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio, Nebraska, and Wyoming. The mutton breeds were judged by J. G. Hammer, and the wool breeds by John Webb. (Issue of Septemier 11th.) As indicated by our report in last week's issue, the Iowa State Fair this year in most ways eclipsed all previous records. Had the weather been less threatening, the attendance would very greatly have exceeded the high-water mark and when the final count was made Friday evening, it was but a few thousands short. Here are the figures: 1914. 1913. Attendance 273,640 280,462 Receipts $181,520.74 $185,616.12 The following shows the attendance record by days: 1914. 1913. Wednesday 4,464 3,829 Thursday 8,916 8,608 Friday 26,964 33,020 Saturday 28,065 26,861 Sunday 22,092 25,211 Monday 40,839 58,045 Tuesday 41,871 66,465 Wednesday 46,761 40,972 Thursday 31,329 17,431 Friday 22,339 Closed Totals , , . , , , . , 273,640 280,462 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 267 The decrease in attendance Monday and Tuesday can probably be laid to the weather. Rain Friday night and cloudy weather on Saturday no doubt held back many who had made their plans to come. Then came the storm Monday night, acompanied by a high wind, which did con- siderable damage to the larger tents. Sensational reports went out over the state, some of them to the effect that there had been a cyclone at Des Moines, and many of the principal fair ground buildings had been demolished. Many telegrams and long distance calls came from anxious friends at home who feared for the safety of their people at the fair. As a matter of fact, there was not a day of bad weather during the fair. Tuesday morning was cloudy and threatening, but the skies cleared and the days following were ideal. The city of Des Moines took care of the fair visitors in a manner which left no reason for complaint. Two information bureaus were maintained, one on each side of the river, where courteous clerks fur- nished information of all kinds, and assigned rooms in desirable houses to all who wished them. The hotels and cafes took care of their guests at reasonable rates, and the citizens generally took pains to make the visitors comfortable and happy. In years past a few editors of county papers have tried to make it appear that Des Moines has taken advan- tage of the fair crowds to impose unreasonable prices. If there ever was foundation for this complaint, it was destroyed many years since. There were no indications of hard times among the people who came to Des Moines. Everybody was cheerful, optimistic, and thankful that he lived in a country of peace and plenty. As to the Iowa corn crop, the greatest variety of opinion was expressed. Men from the southeastern counties complained of serious damage. One farmer said that in his county there were two or three good townships with prospects of over forty-five bushels per acre, but that most of the county would average under thirty bushels. Many reported that corn on clover sod fall plowed was the worst hurt. The northern part of the state seems generally good, although for the most part not up to last year. Several southern Iowa farmers were looking for a chance to buy corn in the north to ship home. From the talk at the fair grounds, we judge that there will be a large seeding of winter wheat this fall. The cattle feeding situation did not appeal to most of the farmers with whom we talked. Some said that it was hard enough to make money out of 70-cent corn when fed to hogs, but that such corn fed to cattle meant sure loss. Many reported the sale of six-month calves at $30 to $35. The general impression given by talking with the average Iowa farmer is that of a prosperous man who has sized up his situation carefully. He may not know much about the science of agriculture, and it is good for him to brush up on that, but he is "right there' when it comes to the common sense of farming. 268' IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The board of control, in the exposition building, gave the people of Iowa a chance to see what the boys and girls of the state institutions are doing. Some of the blind illustrated how they read and write. Samples of needlework, woodwork, etc., gave an idea of the useful arts learned by the boys and girls in Iowa state institutions. The Women and Children's building, centrally located and in just the best position to get the coolest breezes, was one of the big attractions to the women visitors. Here was plenty of room for resting and cooling off. Here was the glass room for the baby health contest. In the base- ment was an extensive child welfare exhibit, giving "do's" and don'ts" connected with the healthy raising of children. Illustrations and charts made this vivid. Outside, fenced off so that the children could have it to themselves, was a little playground for children of three to seven years of age, provided with swings, chutes and teeter-boards. The ladies who had charge of the baby judging contest took their work very seriously. The babies were measured, weighed and examined most carefully, notwithstanding their vocal protests. Some of the mothers can learn a lesson from the stock showman, who spends a good deal of time training his animals to show-ring procedure before coming to the fair. If the anxious mother should accustom her baby to being handled by strangers, she would have a marked advantage over those whose babies are frightened. The baby show attracted much attention, and no doubt serves to teach improved methods of feeding and care. It can not, of course, do much to advance the science of eugenics. Many agricultural college men get together at fair time. Some are with the exhibitors showing cattle and horses. Others report for news- papers. Others help in the judging and general management. A . few are on hand simply to see the fair. Altogether there were probably 300 agricultural men at the fair, and most of them were at work. Last year and the year before we had reason to criticise the fair management because of the character of some of the side show attrac- tions. We are glad that the reasons for such criticism were not apparent this year. The side show features were not elevating, instructive or beneficial, but they were not nasty and positively corrupting, as they were last year. This is as it should be, and we trust that the improve- ment begun this year will be continued. In no state is the average of the citizenship higher than in Iowa, and a state institution like the fair should reflect the character of the people. The machinery exhibit, as usual, was one of the most educational features of the fair. Nearly every man who visits the fair feels it his FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 269 duty to see the machinery every year, in order to keep abreast of the recent changes. There were models of some seventeen silos, which must all be looked over to determine any important modifications. There were of course the usual number of gas engines, windmills, lighting outfits, and the hundred and one other things which we always expect to find in the machinery exhibit, but which we never tire of examining year after year. The men in charge of the machinery exhibits, while out for the dollar, gave valuable information as to the cost and practicability of the machines in which they were directly interested. The machinery exhibit this year was certainly worth while, despite the absence of many big concerns. One of the finest things about it was the fact that the larger part of the machinery was made here in Iowa. Never before has the machinery exhibit been so truly representative of the state. A characteristic feature of the Iowa fair is the evenly scattered crowds. Unlike some of the other big fairs, the people do not seem to congregate at one place and then go to another. Instead of this overcrowding, a fairly large gathering would be at the stock judging pavilion at one time, at the same time another group would be in the agricultural build- ing, another at the State College exhibit, another taking in the midway attractions or the races, and so on. A visitor from another state said that few could see anything at some other fairs, because all wanted to see the same thing at once, and consequently could not see nearly so much as would be possible with more evenly scattered crowds. East of the fair grounds was a live city of campers. Officials esti- mated there were more than 8,000 camping on the grounds, this exceed- ing all former records. About 1,100 heads of families registered, but each registry represented from five to eight persons and there were many who did not register. A few years ago the campers came mostly in covered wagons, but this year a covered wagon was a curiosity. There were a few, but automobiles had taken their places for the most part. Families came to enjoy the fair and have a good time. Many from the same neighborhood would pitch their tents close to each other, and hold get-together meetings when not viewing the exhibits. One woman brought her sewing machine, and others who thought their home work could not be left behind brought it along. The round-up took place each morning, when each one in the camp had to present a ticket. In order to encour- age camping, the fair management offered special rates of admission for those wanting these privileges for the entire fair. A fife and drum corps, composed of Civil "War veterans, gave daily concerts. Clad in their blue uniforms, and playing the old war tunes which gave inspiration to victorious armies years ago, they made one more keenly appreciate a spirit of patriotism. They were not so spry 270 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE as they once were, and their hair was of a whiter color, but they put their old time spirit into the music as they marched up and down the roads within the fair grounds. Live stock entries this year exceeded those of last year and of every other year in the history of the fair association. This year there were 137 horse exhibitors, with 1,143 entries, as compared with 145 exhibitors and 993 entries in 1913. In the cattle show this year 104 exhibitors had 1,188 entries, while last year there were only 77 exhibitors with 945 entries. The hog show was larger also, and the sheep were fully up to last year in numbers. Professor L. H. Pammel, botanist of the Iowa experiment station, took occasion to tell about the work he is undertaking to gather information on the honey plants of Iowa. This lecture was given at the bee keepers' headquarters. Professor Pammel pointed out the importance of the honey bee both as a producer of honey and as a benefit to the horticultural interests of the community. He is going to make a detailed study of the honey plants of the state, the investigation to cover three or four years, and he wants the cooperation of the residents of the state. He especially desires to get specimens of honey plants and information stating their abundance and value. A special question sheet has been prepared for distribution, and all willing to assist in the work should write to him for a copy. His address is Ames, Iowa. The fruit exhibit, while perhaps not up to the usual standard, was creditable in view of the unfavorable season for fruit in this state. The entries were mostly made by orchardists who spray and take care of their orchards. Their splendid exhibits had been possible on account of this extra work given the orchards. All predicted that apples would be high this fall, and few exhibitors had much fruit to offer for sale. The display of boxed apples was good, and a demonstration in boxing showed how to do the packing and sorting properly. One box of apples packed from last season's crop was in fair condition, but had begun to show signs of its age. The parade of prize winning live stock was one of the biggest features of the fair. It was held Thursday evening, and was scheduled to start at 6:30. Unfortunately, it was delayed until nearly dark, and the crowd did not get the full benefit of it. It was a magnificent display and was properly called the "million-dollar parade." It was, without a doubt, the best parade of live stock ever seen in Iowa or at any other fair in the central states. One of the best improvements on the fair grounds this year was the building of a double subway under the race track. This permitted the free passage of vehicles to and from the center of the race track with- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 271 out any interference with the races, or endangering the lives of those whose business took them back and fortli across the track. It is a feature that other state fairs might well imitate. A splendid cooling paddock is another new feature at the state fair. It is just west of the amphitheater, and contains stalls for twenty-flve or more horses. The horses entering the races each day are stabled in this paddock convenient to the track. It facilitates the racing, and avoids the tedious delay which characterizes the usual state fair races. The state fish and game department made a small but interesting ex- hibit at the game farm on the east end of the fair grounds. The state game warden, Mr. Hinshaw, has charge of the headquarters. The state department is promoting the stocking of private fish ponds as well as the state waters of Iowa. They are also establishing large game pre- serves in various parts of the state, where adjoining land owners will agree to keep off trespassing hunters and give a little attention to the preservation of native and imported birds. A number of Hungarian partridges and pheasants have been sent out through the state for stocking purposes, and the department is working earnestly to co-operate with land owners in a stricter enforcement of the state game laws. The refreshment stand men found it heard sledding, and only a few of them broke even or made any money on their business venture at the fair. The lessened attendance and the increased number of refresh- ment stands must be held responsible. The crowds were well taken care of, and there was a decided improvement in the sanitary condi- tions under which refreshments were served, but in a number of in- stances conditions could have been much better. Black Hawk county was awarded the blue ribbon for the best display of county products. Its county agent, Mr. A. A. Burger, had more than 400 different products grown in the county. This included, of course, different varieties of the same produce. Strawberries of the ever-bear- ing variety were on display, as well as both kinds of raspberries and blackberries. There were all kinds of tree fruits, grains and farm prod- uce. Other county exhibits were along the same line. Henry county won second place, and Scott county third. The county booths served as a general meeting place for visitors from each county. The agents kept a registry where all guests from the county could register. The horseshoeing contests held just north of the main horse barn at- tracted considerable attention. The blacksmiths who entered had to build a fire, make a pair of plate shoes from bar iron, and put them on in good shape. Several completed the work in less than an hour. Pre- miums were awarded on the basis of good work rather than s^eed. It was an educational feature worth while, and will doubtless be made a regular feature of the fair. 272 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SADDLE AND SHOW HORSE CHRONICLE, LEXINGTON, KENTUCK\. BY HERBERT J. KRUSI, EDITOR. While the county fairs have been in full blast for several weeks in Kentucky and Missouri and the eastern shows have been staged on the Virginia circuit the first of the horse shows on the state fair circuit found its opening session at Des Moines in connection with the Iowa state fair. Being the first of the series, it naturally commands an un- usual importance and also enjoys a patronage that is scarcely true in like degree of any of those which follow. But in addition to the favorable position it occupies on the time schedule, the Iowa institution has other advantages which give it a commanding postion. The fair is admirably supported by the state board and is able to indulge in educational ad- vantages for the people with a most lavish prodigality. Iowa is a rich and prosperous state and her state fair is regarded as an institution be- longing to all of her people so that it is not only solidly grounded from a financial standpoint, but enjoys, as well, the substantial and highly im- portant united sentimental support of her public. Also it is most superbly officered. President C. E. Camerrn., oi Alta is an all round adept in conceiving and carrying out big projects and his firm hand in directing the many phases of the mammoth affair is perceptible in every direction. Ably and serenely occupying the chief executive position. Secretary Corey is the most unruffled official possible to conceive. Nothing worries or disturbs his composure and the thou- sand sided machine he directs works as smoothly and with as little fric- tion as the most perfectly balanced and delicately adjusted piece of mechanism. He is never in a hurry and with countless scores of de- mands upon him, he has time, patience and a prompt and low voiced answer for every one. Perfect mastery of detail and most palpable evi- dences of far reaching executive and administrative abilities make them- selves felt in every part of the Iowa state fair. In the horse department this fair enjoys what is of course an advantage not duplicated at any other in the country for nowhere else is it possible to have as superin- tendent of horses such a man as Dean C. F. Curtiss, of Ames. He is a veritable gaint in intellectual stature and of tremendous creative power in reducing multifarious and magnificent projects to ah orderliness and system bordering closely on perfection. He has surrounded his depart- ment, too, with a corps of able assistants and C. N. Arnett, of Ames is one of the best qualified men in personal charge of a show ring to be found anywhere in the country. Of. first importance is the amount of money "hung up" for the horse- men to compete for. Of course as draft horses are the great glory of Iowa's live stock interest and wealth it is natural that the heavy horses get a very favorable consideration, but the light horses fare well also and the, horse show end of it has become the real "pet" of the Iowa man- agement. The total sum set apart for the show horses is $12,000 and fo""o7ang the custom which has been growing in favor since it was in- troduced by The Chronicle in the saddle horse colt stake, the multiple ^ FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 273 division of premiums is followed and in most of the events five owners participate in the money winnings. This recognizes the fact that it costs the owner of the horse that gets no better than fourth or fifth place, just as much for shipping and feeding as it does the owner of the first and second prize winners and he gets something against his expense account. This is not done at the cost of the leading winners for the first premium is $50 in most classes and in many of them more than that sum. This year, too, Iowa has added the "Big Stake" idea for five gaited saddle horses and $1,000 is hung up as a feature. The classification is broad and comprehensive, the weakest point being the breeding classes for young stock which the show events practically re- place as it would be almost impossible to get a representative lot of exhibits in a community where but little such stock is as yet being bred and where, therefore, it would be necessary for such long shipments to be made as would render it out of the question. But with such exhibits as were seen in the show classes the breeding of these animals is certain to be given a great impetus and then breeding classes will be provided. Facilities for showing are admirable at Des Moines. The grounds and buildings are adequate and the transportation arrangements leave little to be desired. Programs are arranged into morning, afternoon and eve- ning sessions. The two former are shown in a special new open air arena opposite the immense grandstand and across the track. This show ring is reached via a subway under the race track and, while it is somewhat distant from the audience, there are no obstructions to the view, and the horses have excellent opportunities for showing to the greatest ad- vantage. The evening classes are held in Live Stock Pavilion, v/hich has only the objection of being circular in shape so that the horses are on "the turns" all the time and the ring is too small for the most ad- vantageous display. Judging was in most competent hands at this fair, the complete list of officials being herewith presented. HOESE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent Charles F. Curtiss, Ames, Iowa; Assistant Superin- tendant Charles Rinehart, Dallas Center, Iowa; Assistant Superintendent Don L. Berry, Indianola, Iowa; Assistant Superintendent C. N. Arnett, Ames, Iowa; Manager Live Stock and Horse Show, Thos. W. Bell, Chicago. JUDGES. Percherons, R. E. Drennan, Canora, Sask., Canada; Clydesdales, Donald Campbell, Hannaford, N. D. ; Shires, R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, 111.; Belgians and Mules, W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa; Suffolk Punch, W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa; draft geldings and mares, R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, 111.; ponies, W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa; saddle horses (fi-ve gaited), Porter Taylor, Montgomery City, Mo.; standard bred, Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111.; American carriage, Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111.; Morgan, W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa; Arthur G. Leonard, Chicago, 111.; Thos. E. Wilson, Chicago, 111.; harness horses and hackneys, George Pepper, 18 274 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE t Toronto, Canada; W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa; Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111.; hunters and jumpers, George Pepper, Toronto, Canada; steeple chase races, Thos. E. Wilson, Chicago, 111.; George Pepper, Toronto, Canada; military horses, Gen. James Rush Lincoln, Ames, Iowa; horse- shoeing contest. Dr. Jack Seiter, Libertyville, 111.; R. B. Ogilvie, Chi- cago, 111. Of these, most are well known to our readers. Porter Taylor has come into a well deserved prominence as a judge during the past two or three seasons and his utter fearlessness, absolute impartiality and disregard to ownership and all other considerations, excepting only individuality and performance, together with his high standards of excellence, make him an ideal show ring arbiter. He acted in the five gaited divisions, as usual. George Pepper, of Toronto, is better known in this western country as one of the most successful exhibitors than as a judge, but no man has a wider fund of practical experience, from every angle of the game, and his decisions were marked by careful consideration and the nicest possible discrimination. How any man could be better qualified is difficult to imagine, and the complete satisfaction with which his de- cisions were received by all proves his fitness for such tasks. Walter Palmer is easily in the front rank as a popular judge, and he fully justi- fies the high esteem in which he is held by both exhibitors and manage- ments. His work is conservatively, carefully and promptly done, and few men have ever tied ribbons for as long a period as has the popular Ottawa official and made as few questionable decisions, much less down- right mistakes. Of the other judges, as judges, perhaps less is known, though undoubtedly the manner of their performances here will be the cause of their being requisitioned much more widely in the future for their services. Two absolute essentials are requisite in show ring judges. One, of course, is perfect impartiality and integrity which is beyond being in- fluenced and the other is competent judgment and discernment comparable to present day conditions. Ignorance, or incompetency of any kind, are as fatal in their results as downright dishonesty or crookedness. If a judge could be suspected of being "approached" every one might ha^ an equal chance to get to him, but there is no protection from, nor remedy for, stupidity or ignorance, and judges must be selected for their complete fitness for the job. Wm. Dobson, of Des Moines, acted in pony classes and in concert with Messrs. Pepper and Palmer in harness horse events. For many years Mr. Dobson was the leading Western dealer in heavy harness horses and probably discovered and brought out more animals that later became celebrities in the show ring than any other man in the business. To this astuteness show ring history owes the incomparable champion. Lord Brilliant, and three of celebrated $20,000 four-in-hand which Tichenor & Co. sold Alfred Vanderbilt were discovered and handled by Mr. Dobson. In passing, one wonders what has become of Rustling Silk, Full Dress, Polly Prim, and the others of that wonderful collection that made history in the last part of the former century and the first part of the present one. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 275 It is noted in the foregoing list of judges that the names of two gentle- men appear that are practically newcomers as show ring officials. Thos. E. Wilson was present, assisting George Pepper in placing the ribbons on hunters and jumpers, and Mr. Arthur G. Leonard was assigned to the Morgan breeding classes. Mr. "Wilson is an enthusiast on riding hunters and owns a number of them that have won at prominent shows. He is chairman of the South Show Club Horse Show of Chicago, and, in a business way, is the directing head of Morris & Company, a firm not entirely unheard of in almost any part of the world. In the case of Mr. Leonard, it is surmised that his acceptance of the judging of Morgans was a bit of pleasant euphemism for a sadly needed relief from his onerous duties as the head of that gigantic enterprise included under the general title of The Union Stock Yards and Transit Co. of Chicago. Morgan horses have been an example of diminishing greatness in this country, but behind all of the great live stock shows of America is the immeasurably modest but equally measureless genius and dominant personality of one of America's really great men. Unobtrusive, and rarely in the spot light of publicity, nevertheless millions of money and the daily destinies of countless thousands of men are affected in no small degree to their constant betterment by the brilliant brain, far seeing sagacity, sterling character and patriotic citizenship of Arthur G. Leonard. No account of this show would be adequate without proper credit being given to the real director of its practical presentment. When one attends the theater, there is, somewhere behind the scenes, unseen and un- heralded, one in whose hands the whole movement of the affair is placed and upon whose ability the conscious feeling of perfect satisfaction of the audience depends. Just so with a big horse show. When the show goes smoothly, with a lot of "pep" and ginger, one class in as another goes out, and time schedules running like a railway time card, it is very likely that Thomas W. Bell of Chicago is standing just on the edge of things, as he was at Des Moines, and as he has been since before the days of the old Chicago Coliseum shows. In a class by himself and without an equal. EXHIBITORS AXD THEIR HORSES. In the harness horse division competition was largely confined to the stables of Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, of Columbia, Mo.; John R. Thomp- son, of Chicago; George J. Peak & Son, of Winchester, LU. ; Houchin & Anderson, of Jefferson City, Mo.; Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111.; A. L. Champlin, Ames, Iowa, and a number of others who had occasional entries as well in these events as in others where they fitted more properly. The real contests were between Mooers, Thompson, Peak and Houchin. Mooers' stable was fairly complete, with an even dozen head, ten of which fitted into the various harness events, he frequently having three entries in a class, and not infrequently leaving the ring with three premiums, which, more than once, were first, second and third. Advance Guard was his best winner, finally landing the championship. This is a well known horse, registered in both the standard bred and Morgan 276 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE registers, and was formerly owned by A. T. Cole at Wheaton, 111. He has been a consistent winner for many seasons and has never appeared to better advantage than he did in this show. It seems proper to say that Mooers must be a remarkable care taker and conditioner, for all his horses are in fine fettle, have that rare bloom of perfect health and good spirits, and are singularly free from unsoundness and blemishes. This is the more remarkable when it is considered that several of the horses in his stable are real old-timers that have served a long career on the tanbark and some of which were thought to have become second raters years ago. There is Gallant Lad, ex-member of that famous stable of Lawrence Jones, of Louisville, winning frequent championships and being about as frequently "gaited," or getting nothing, all of a decade ago, and having an unenviable reputation as an outlaw that must be permitted to have his own way and on no account to be crossed and in the hands of Will Roberts, one of Kentucky's most adroit horsemen, he now parades under the name of The Count, and Mooers must be given credit for having broken him, for, although he occasionally manifested his old-time propensity to war dance instead of trot, he stood quietly enough when lined up and submitted to having ribbons placed on his brow band without the least indication of his sometime former habit of plunging through the judges' box just as they had about decided to give him a blue string. Nor has whatever process that has been applied to his rejuvenation been one that constituted breaking his heart, for he has frequent flashes of that old-time brilliancy of action, speed and air that made him, in the old days, a real champion when his evil disposition did not operate to his disaster. Two other members of the former Jones stable are still in Mooers' hands, Royal Regent and John Alden, the latter now being called Chocolate Soldier. The Spring Maid, in the handsome bay mare that was formerly owned by the former well-known horse show exhibitor, Mrs. Jarvis Hunt, of Chicago. She is now nine years old, and her breeding is: Sire, Rene Russell; dam, Genola, by General Hancock. Hallie's Comet is the Maid's mate in the pairs, and I know nothing about him. Pick of the Basket and Dainty Maid are two new ones that Mooers bought somewhere last winter. They are said to be Hackneys, the former out of a mare by the great trotting sire. Chimes. They are a very nice pair with finished action, step and man- ners. Mr. Mooers had the invaluable assistance in showing his horses of Mrs. Mooers' driving, and she is certainly one of the most capable reinsmen before the public, and one of the greatest ring generals, know- ing just what to do, when to do it, and when to stop doing it. In a number of classes, the daughter. Miss Charlotte Louise, drove, this show constituting her debut in horse show circles, and she made a very graceful, charming picture, and not at all an inadequate contender for the highest honors. In one point Mooers seems to be open to criticism (though per- haps not more so than some other exhibitors), and that is in the inordinate length of toe which he inflicts upon some of his horses. It is creased by excessive length of foot, and some of Mooers' horses, as, for example. The Spring Maid, had so much too much foot that it was almost certainly a long since exploded fallacy to think that high action is in- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 277 a deformity and lessened, rather than increased, her chances. The proof is in the fact that Mooers lost several valuable prizes, including a num- ber of firsts, that this mare would clearly have won from the fact that her shoes could not be kept on her and she flung them off as fast as a smith at the ringside could tack them back on. Others of his horses were the same way, and in one class all of his entries had shoes off, one after the other, until there was a miniature pile of iron where they were collected. "There's an overdoing of doing that sometimes proves an undoing," and the matter of letting the foot grow so long that there is nothing but dead horn to nail to is as bad as cutting the hoof off so short there is danger of the nails pricking the quick. John R. Thompson, of Chicago, restaurateur, was represented by his four familiar horses. Pride o' Prides and Oakwood, Ebony Girl and Lovely Lady, and also by a new grey gelding that was secured from Mat Biers at Mendota, 111. He is a horse that has raced some under the name of Buster M., and is said to have a record of 2:20 and a fraction. He made his only appearance in the four-in-hand class and looks to be the making of a pretty high class show horse. These horses were in charge of Edward White, and he did extremely well with them and made a host of friends by his efficient horsemanship and pleasant man- ner, taking his wins without undue exaltation and his losses without any wrangling and unpleasant criticism, although in one or two classes he, perhaps, had some grounds for questioning the entire justice of the decisions. He had also in charge the handsome roan gelding. Jack Tar, owned by William Daniel, and hitched him in with the others in making up a four one afternoon. He was far in the lead as a blue ribbon winnner, getting fifteen firsts, out of twenty-seven shows, and nine seconds. Houchin & Anderson failed to make many harness shows, for some reason. The well known Sporting Extra was shown once or twice, but was not highly rated by the judges. From some accidental cause he has lost practically all of the hair from his tail and the dock made a sorry looking appearance, though he put up a couple of corking good shows. Mrs. Champlain, of Ames, Iowa, had a pair that were attractive in appear- ance, rivaling their owner in this respect, but, unfortunately, one of them seemed to show a trifle lame and they were scarcely up to the excellence of the Mooers and Thompson entries. In the pony division the chief rivals were Bunn, of Peoria, 111.; George A. Heyl, of Washington, 111., and Mrs. Adam Stirling, of Des Moines, Iowa. The showing of these animals was particularly strong and any quantity of good ponies were constantly in evidence. Honors were pretty evenly divided between them, Heyl getting the single champion- ship, with King Larigo, and Bunn the pair event, with Grandee and Ovilta. If any one thinks the partizanship for one's entries is confined to saddle and harness horse owners and exhibitors, conversation with the pony owners will prove that the former have no monopoly on the commodity. Saddle horses were naturally a very strong feature of the show and many of the best in America were in evidence. The following were the leading exhibitors in either, or both three and five gaited classes: Houchin 278 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE & Anderson; Miss Loula Long, of Kansas City; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa, Blades Bros. & Holman, Holliday, Mo.; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; Ed. Moore, Columbia, Mo.; 0. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo.; Robert Barnes. Oskaloosa, Iowa; William Daniel, Chicago; Bruce Robinson, Riverside, Iowa; Ed. Uhricb, Kansas City, Kan.; Wm. C. Seipp, Chicago, and Fred Williams, of Barnes City, Iowa. Tom Bass, of Mexico, had entries, but for some reason w^as not present. In the aged stallion. Astral King, Kentucky's Best, Art Bonta, Fitz Boy, Montgomery, Artis Mont Rose and Majestic McDonald were the leaders. Hook had My Major Dare with him, but elected not to show him, though the small ring and the night shows ought to have just suited Hook's idea of where the Major shows to best advantage. He will probably not show this horse until the Springfield, 111., stake. Three-year-old stallions were not in evidence except Robinson's Kentucky Champ Clark, a very good doing son of Bourbon Star. The two-year-old class brought out Miss Long's Garrard Hunt, a son of Murphey's very fine Chester Dare stallion, Garrard Chief, this colt being placed above Moores' Comedian, a very attractive son of Red McDonald. The mares were shown with geldings in the over-two-year-old classes and 'several extra good ones were seen. The aged class brought forward Paul Brown's handsome chestnut gelding, Johnnie Jones, as the winner of the event, with Del Holman showing him. He was second in the com- bined class to Kentucky's Best, and third in the $1,000 stake to that horse and Astral King. This is a coming champion, if I mistake not, for if he be forgiven for a somewhat abrupt slope of rump, he possesses about all the requisites for a high class winner. He has the air, splendor and carriage and ability to do a lot, though he is not yet at the full fruition of his speed and gaits. This is a horse for which I predicted a bright future last fall at the Missouri State Fair, though at that time he was thin and poor, and lacking in training, but he gave evidence then of maturing into a brilliant specimen of the five gaited sort. He was bred and shown by Buckham Bros., of Monroe City, and is accredited to that firm's great show horse, Bob McDonald. Of Nickle Plate, the gray gelding of varying fortunes, it is needless to recount his well known story, though his greatness appears to have departed in spite of the fact that during the week he made one or two excellent shows. Among the aged mares, those most prominent were Maurine Fisher, Czarmira, and Golden Go and Cleo Grand McDonald from the Miss Long stable; Helen Hicklin, from the Houchin & Anderson; Helen Idle wood, owned by the Minnesota State College, and shown by Mooers, and Miss Cliff, owned by Luchsinger Bros., at Monroe, Wis., and shown by Ed Moores. Among the younger mares that were especially worthy of note are My Idol, in the Blades & Holman string; Polly Ann, from the Houchin & Anderson; Vernon Castle, Blades & Holman, and Eloise Thornton, owned by the estate of A. S, Burr, of Bement, 111., and shown by Ed Moores. The two-year-olds were pleasing. Blades & Holman having a daughter of My Major Dare, called Butterfly Dare, and Houchin a beauty called Lady Astral, by Astral King, and Miss Long a nice filly called Virginia Mayla, by Rex King, the good FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 279 stallion that Paul Brown has usod in St. Louis for his riding horse for a number of years, and also as a sire. Several local horses were of un- common merit and well shown. Three gaited saddle types were numerous and of great excellence, a va- riety of different types being brought before the judges, which necessarily caused some little confusion as to the kind of horse being ridden at walk, trot and canter that is most likely to obtain favor in the West. There were three regular classes and one combination class. As is generally the case at Western shows, quite a number of five gaited animals were shown in the three gaited division, some of the owners taking the short cut of cobbing the tails in order to present the appearance of a docked animal. Mares and geldings of any age were shown together. There was a mare and gelding class requiring ladies to ride, a stallion class for horses any age, and a combination class for stallion, mare or gelding. Miss Long's well known chestnut mare, Nancy Garland, by Kentucky Artist, was the winner in the events in which she w^as shown. She won the combination class with John Hook in the saddle. Houchin & Anderson's Pauline Moore getting second. Blades & Holman third, with Mary Bowling, the Princess Charm- ing, from the 0. J. Mooers stable, fourth. William C. Seipp, of Chicago, was represented by his thoroughbred type, Gay Deceiver, which was not especially favored by the judges. William Daniel, of Chicago, had an entry in Tommy Atkins that, I understand, has not been shown hereto- fore, and w'hich made a rather pleasant impression, especially in the ladies' class, where he was ridden into second money by Miss Hazel Ritchie. Blades & Holman had a good entry in the young mare, Maxine, and 0. J. Moores showed his fine Bourbon King mare, Princess Charming, winning the ladies' class with Mrs. Rasmussen in the saddle and hurting her chances for higher honors than fourth in the combination event by an untimely display of bad manners. This mare is out of the famous old Helen Walker, that was formerly owned and shown by Mr. Moers and he also had an entry, in the gray mare called Gracie Gray, of good con- formation and considerable action, but whose manners were far above reproach. Roadster classes furnished some of the best contests of the week, and the brunt of the battles in these events were between George R. Peak, of Winchester, 111.; Ed. P. Urich, of Kansas City, Kan.; Houchin & Anderson, Miss Loula Long, and several local entries. Probably the most exciting ring of the entire week was the roadster pair class, which had five entries. Trev. Anderson, showing Billy Woods and Hastings Girl; George Peak, showing Tommy Doyle and Tommy Piper; E. P. Uhrich, showing Stevie C. and Mate; O. .J. Mooers, showing Helen Idlew^ood, and Lawrence Barrett, and one of Peak's men, showing his Duke's Lassie and Devil's Dare. As everybody knows, in the horse show field, Tommy Doyle Is one of the most consistent- winners, and it is generally conceded that there are few pairs that can beat the two Tommies driven by their owners. On the other hand, Anderson has won countless prizes with his mare and gelding, and shows them to the greatest possible advantage. Considerable feeling was stirred up over this class, which was finally won by Anderson, with Peak second, and Uhrich third, Mooers getting fourth and the other Peak entry 280 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE fifth. The class was judged by Pepper, Palmer and Dobson, and a very- thorough try-out was given before the preliminary line-up. Sent back for a second work-out, Anderson led off the reverse way of the ring, this being a bit of show craft that places Anderson in the front rank of ring generals. It put Hastings Girl on the long way of the journey, giving her the outside of the ring, and going this way, it is impossible to drive her off her feet, and she can out-step almost any half a pair that is ever hitched. Anderson clearly out-drove Peak the wrong way of the track, and Peak had a further disadvantage in the fact that in the premiminary the right way of the track his pair did not get to show the full extent to which they are capable. Peak is always good natured and an unruffled loser, but he evidently had some feeling in this case, for he was heard to remark that "Nobody ever heard of races being won the wrong way of the track." Tommy Doyle won the Reverse Championship for harness horse, the championship, with both the stallion and the mare or gelding class going to 0. J. Moores, the former on Advance Guard and both the Championship and Reserve on Spring Maid, driven by Mrs. O. .1. Mooers, and The Count, alias Gallant Lad, driven by Mr. Mooers. Hunters and jumpers were, for the most part, a distinct disappointment to the management, the number of entries being inadequate, although the few that were present afforded some good entertainment and plenty of excitement. Several horses were sent down from Burlington by Charles Perkins, and two days in succession the rider of one of the horses met with serious hurts in being thrown, but proved to be a lad of indomitable courage by coming right back and inviting further disfigurement. It was reported that he had been killed in the last event of the previous day, but this was untrue, and he rode on Thursday afternoon. The accident befalling him in this event being of an unusual kind. He had completed the course that was laid out for him just inside the half mile track, finishing with a water jump, in front of the grandstand, which he took in good form. Just after landing the water jump, the horse bolted across the show ring proper, striking one of the guy wires holding the poles on which the electric lights were strung. This threw the horse in a heap, steed and rider rolling over two or three times, with the unfortunate lad falling under the horse most of the time. The other hunters and jumpers were owned by William Daniel, of Chi- cago, these being shown by Miss Hazel Richie, Helgar Rasmussen, who had the well known old-timer, Alston, and William C. Seipp. Mrs. Ras- mussen rode in the hunters class and showed her husband's horse to splendid advantage. In the ladies' harness class, Mrs. H. B. Kinnard, of Des Moines, drove the John R. Thompson pair. Ebony Girl and Lovely Lady, and gave a splendid exhibition, winning the first over two of Mooers' entries and Mrs. A. L. Champlain. Mrs. Kinnard was formerly Miss Valeria Young, of Kentucky, and was accounted one of the most proficient horsewomen of the Blue Grass state. Inaugurating a new plan, the show at the Iowa State Fair began in the last half of the week of August. The first show rings were called on Saturday, some of the breeding classes and the heavy horse department FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 281 having been started on Friday. The probable reason for this was to bring the show to a close in the next week at a time tliat would enable exhibitors to ship to various succeeding fairs in time to reach them by Monday of the succeeding week, and make allowances for delays in transit. In one way this accidentally worked an unexpected disadvantage to some of the exhibitors as the classes for Saturday afternoon included those for five gaited saddle stallions. A number of the prominent stables, includ- ing those of Miss Loula Long, of Kansas City; Blades and Holman, of HoUiday; Ed. Moores, of Columbia, and one or two others, did not arrive until Sunday. These stables had been at Shelbina, where they showed on Wednesday and Thursday, and from which place they had expected to ship out on Thursday evening, which would have put them' in Des Moines in time for the Saturday afternoon show. Unfortunately, a terrific rain and wind storm came up Thursday afternoon about the time the horses were being loaded and made it im- possible for the exhibitors to get out that night. Consequently, they did not arrive in Des Moines until Sunday, and, as stated, the saddle stallion classes were scheduled for Saturday afternoon. The first class called was that for saddle stallions showing, five gaits, four-year-olds and over. Four very good stallions were brought forward and Hamilton Bros., of Keota, Iowa, won first, and second went to Art Bonta 2267, a very handsome ten-year-old bay horse, sired by Elliston 667; dam. Lady Artist 183, by Artist 75; and was ridden by Don Reavis, and showed a very apt proficiency at all five gaits. Ralph Hamilton rode Fitz Boy, a chestnut horse, with star, snip and hind ankles white, four years old, and was bred by Ed. Hodgson, of El Paso, 111. Third premium went to Montgomery 2787, a handsome bay horse that is now owned by C. E. Monahan, of Des Moines, being now eight years old. This horse has a rather interesting history, having been bred by Allen S. Edelen at Burgin, Kentucky, who sold him, if my memory serves, to a Mr. Clifford, of Denver, Colo., when he was about three years old. Mr. Clifford was identified»with some horse affairs and horse shows in Denver, and was also in the newspaper business. At a later date the horse was in the possession of his wife, who either sold or traded him during one of the Denver horse shows to O. J. Mooers, of Columbia, Mo., and probably passed from Mr. Mooers' possession to Monahan within the last few years. He is a very fine, upstanding bay, of beautiful color, and is sired by Montgomery Chief, out of Edelen's well known brood mare, Glenworth Maid, a daughter of Chesterfield, and tracing on further back to King Eagle 750 and King William 67. He probably never^ had the advantage of real first-class training, but looks as though he was a horse that, with proper training, would be very formidable in high society, in both gaited saddle and harness classes. Mr. Monahan is a middle-aged gentleman and made a very creditable showing with the horse, getting third in this class and second in another class later on in the afternoon. Saddle stallions three years old and under four brought out only one entry on account of the non-appearance of the stables mentioned above. The one shown was a very handsome chestnut called Kentucky's Champ Clark, sired by Bourbon Star, a well known and frequent winner owned 282 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE by Charlie Cohen, of Lexington, the dam of this horse being Mollie T. He is owned by Bruce Robinson, of Riverside, Iowa, wlio showed him to very good advantage. Stallions any age were given a peculiar classifica- tion at Des Moines, being shown under the walk, trot and canter division, a class that, so far as I know, is not given in any other premium list. Whether this is an error in the arrangement of the catalog, or intended for some purpose, I am unable to state, but I know the saddle stallions are not supposed to show in a three-gaited class as a separate classifica- tion, and walk, trot and canter classes do not usually include stallions. The class was won by Art Bonta, the second going to Montgomery, third to Fitz Boy, fourth to Kentucky's Champ Clark and fifth to Artis Mont Rose, owned by Fred Williams of Barnes City, Iowa. It is noted that in the five gaited division the aged stallion class is classified as stallions four years old and over, three gaited division, containing mare or gelding any age, stallion any age, and mare or gelding ridden by a lady. On Monday afternoon the first class was for five gaited mare or gelding over three and under four and brought out one of the best contests of the entire fair. There were five premiums and six horses. The winner was the brilliant bay filly. My Idol, sired by Lord Highland, out of the famous old three gaited chestnut. Lady McDonald, by Rex McDonald. She was bred by James L. Gay & Son, of Pisgah, Ky., and was one of the winners in the First National Saddle Show Futurity at Lexington. Later was sold to Wallace Estill, of Estill, Mo., in whose ownership last year she was one of the season's leading winners, and at the Estill dispersal sale passed into the present ownership. She was ridden by W. Del Holman, and is a filly of wonderful future promise, as well as present ability. She is quite certain to be very formidable in the three gaited division later on, and I do not hesitate to predict championship honors for her as a walk, trot and canter mare. She is of exquisite finish and brilliant carriage, characteristic of the Highland Denmarks, and the animation and vivacity of the Rex McDonalds. Her contender in this class was also an extremely good filly called Polly Ann, owned by James Houchin and showed for all she was worth by L. B. Barnett. This was formerly known as Heaven's Maid, or some such name suggestive of her sire, which is Astral King. She has been a leading winner all through this season and has been defeated only once or twice, has much of the air and grace as well as speed and action of her sire, and is a coming five gaited mare. The third ribbon was awarded to Varnon Castle from the stable of Blades & Holman, and ridden by Lon Blades. Is sired by the good Missouri stallion. Rex Chief A', and, while not as far forward in condition and education as the others, was picked by many of the ringside critics as certain, with age, to be placed ahead of those who beat her here, on many occasions. Is extremely fine in the head and neck, and a horse of very great prospect. Ed. Moore had the fourth prize winning with the light chestnut filly, Eloise Thornton. This filly will be recalled as the winner of the first Saddle Horse Futurity in Missouri and also as having been placed in the yearling division of same. She is a large, growthy mare that will improve constantly, and Ed. Moore made a splendid show with her, getting all of the gaits in good form. She will make one of the best FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 283 aged mares, if she has no bad luck, that will be seen in her class. Fifth premium went to Francis Highlander, a daughter of King Highland, whose dam was Lady Tulleride, owned by B. F. Redman, of Oskaloosa, Iowa. The class for walk, trot and canter mare or gelding to be ridden by lady, 50 per cent for riding and 50 per cent for horse, was scheduled for Monday evening, but on account of the terrific storm, which put the entire grounds in darkness, by wrecking the electric light system, and swamping everything, blowing the tent in which some of the stables were housed, was necessarily thrown over to Tuesday evening and four good entries came out for the four premiums into which this event was di- vided. Mrs. Halger Rasmussen proved to be the winner, with O. J. Mooers' Princess Charming, Miss Hazel Richie, of Chicago, getting second on William Daniel's Tommy Atkins, Mrs. Shields getting third on Geo. McDonald, owned by Uhrich Bros., and Mrs. Del Holeman fourth on Maxine, owned by Blades & Holeman. On Tuesday afternoon the three gaited class for stallion, mare or gelding, any age, was shown and nine very high class animals gave Judges Dobson and Pepper their hands full. The first premium was awarded to Miss Loula Long's Nancy Garland, shown by John Hook, second to Houchin & Anderson's Pauline Moore, shown by Barnett; third to Mary Dowling, owned by Paul Brown, St. Louis, shown by Holeman; fourth to Princess Charming, owned and shown by O. J. Mooers, and fifth to Montgomery, ridden by Monahan. Miss Richie showed Daniel's Bro. Mack, Viles showed William C. Seipp's Gay Deceiver, Ed. Uhrich showed his Geo. McDonald, Helgar Rasmussen showed O. J. Mooers' Gracie Gray. Considered from every point, it must be considered to be one of the best three gaited classes that will be seen anywhere this year. The five gaited class for three-year-old mares and geldings owned in Iowa was won by Major, which was shown by Don Reavis, of the Hamilton stable, this horse being shown by C. N. Arnett. He is a son of Rex McDonald, and as splendid a trot and as good a rack as any of the horses shown in any of the classes. Raven H., from the Hamilton stable, was second; third, Francis Highlander; fourth, Thomas A., ridden by Del Holeman, for the Hamiltons. On Tuesday afternoon also was shown the five gaited class, and eight entries came before Judge Porter Taylor and was as good a class as will be seen anywhere. At the head of the string was placed Paul Brown's gelding, Johnny Jones, which was shown by Del Holeman, and he fought a real battle for the first honors, with four other winners, as well as three that were unplaced. John Hook was showing Maurine Fisher and made an awful fight to not let the blue ribbon get away. Trev Anderson also made a strong bid with Houchin's chestnut mare, Helen Hicklin and he certainly showed this mare with splendid form, and got every particle of doing from her of which she was capable. Lonnie Haydon made a strong effort with Miss Long's black mare, Czar- miva, and at the rack had the edge of all the entries. Splint Barnett came fifth with the famous gray gelding, Nickle Plate, which did not make as good a show in the soft footing of this tan bark as he usually does on the outdoor, hard track. The ones not placed were Ed Moore, with the excel- 284 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE lent gelding, Diamond McDonald; Mooers, on the black gelding, Lawrence Barrett, that used to be King Hamilton, and Ed. Uhrich, on Geo. McDonald. Naturally the big event, from the show horse point of view, was the $1,000 stake for five gaited saddle stallion, mare or gelding, this being the first time a stake of this kind has ever been offered in Iowa, and it was conceded to be more really experimental on the part of the management, which in conjunction at each of them for the purpose of provoking a wider degree of interest in the breeding of saddle horses in their respective localities, and to furnish entertainment that may be talked about for a long time to come, and probably with some minor consideration to the effectiveness of such events as drawing cards affecting attendance. That the stake at Des Moines was a brilliant success and one which enthralled thousands of spectators, is putting it very mildly, and certainly American horse breeders' interests owe a debt of gratitude to the management of the Iowa fair for affording them an opportunity to display their animals before so large and important an assemblage of people. Fourteen entries had originally been named and twelve of these appeared for the word. As the event is now history, the names of the contestants and their riders are given in the order in which the awards were made. Astral King was the winner, ridden by L. B. Barnett, and Kentucky's Best, rid- den by John Hook, was second; Johnny Jones, with Del Holeman up, was third; Maurine Fisher, with Lonnie Haydon riding, was fourth; Miss Cliff, with Barrett Moore, was fifth; Ed. Moore and Majestic McDonald, was sixth; Art Bonta, ridden by Don Reavis, was seventh, and Lawrence Barrett, ridden by 0. J. Jones, was eighth. The horses unplaced being Kentucky Champ Clark, ridden by Bruce Robinson, it being remembered that he is a three-year-old, and Geo. McDonald, ridden by Ed. Uhrich; Mary Dowling, owned by Paul Brown and ridden by Lon Blades, and Montgomery, ridden by C. E. Monahan, of Des Moines. The horses en- tered that were not shown were Cason McDonald and My Major Dare. The horses were delayed at the post quite a little while after being called on account of the track being utilized by Lincoln Beachey and his airship, after which they paraded down the stretch in 'front of the grandstand, and were announced to the audience, the show being held in the ring opposite the amphitheater. It was judged by Porter Taylor and about three-quarters of an hour was consumed in arriving at the decision. The contestants were really, in pairs, first and second horses clearly out-show- ing the next set, and Astral King, the winner, by considerable margin, over Kentucky's Best. Johnnie Jones, Maurine Fisher and Miss Cliff had an interesting triangular contest for the third money, it being decided to rank those horses in the order given. Ed. Moore, with his regularly beautiful bay, Majestic McDonald, would probably have been placed much higher had the horse made a better performance of the different gaits and had not made so many mistakes and given an exhibition of bad manners, and unfinished show ring education. It was a beautiful sight, every horse was given a full, fair and impartial trial, and when the rib- bons were awarded probably there was not a dissatisfied voice as to the placing of any one of them. The triumph was clearly Astral King and Barnett showed the horse with masterly skill and won a deserved victory. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 285 On the other hand, no stigma of disgrace attaches to the losing of first place for Kentucky's Best and he had to yield the pride of place simply to an older and more seasoned, and more brilliant performer. Hook showed him with all the skill of generalship of which he is a pastmaster, and there were undoubtedly moments when the beautiful black appeared to be threatening his chestnut rival dangerously. But in the final summing up the consensus of opinion was unanimous for Astral King and he was entitled to wear the blue ribbon. TWENTIETH CENTURY FARMER, OMAHA, NEB. The Iowa State fair has again scored a record-breaking exhibition and display of all that contributes toward making a great agricultural and live stock show. Iowa is distinctly at the top in state fair and live stock exhibitions. Its resources within itself are a factor that cannot be easily overcome by any division of the United States. Iowa is great in its herds of pure-bred horses, cattle and hogs. It is not only great in numbers, but it has immense capital employed in the operation of producing the best that human ingenuity, skill and breed- ing intelligence can suggest. Iowa's State fair has become a national exhibition, where large numbers of the high class show animals of America congregate Owners of the champions and grand champions of the live stock shows of the country believe that nowhere can they be afforded greater honors than in occupying a place in the show ring of the Iowa State fair. It is not in any spirit of placing one of our great live stock shows above another that we say that noted expert authorities on live stock and live stock shows have gone on record as pronouncing this the greatest live stock show in horses and cattle that has ever been held in the United States. When this has been established the way is clear to make it world-wide, since the International at Chicago has been freely pronounced by the best of expert judges of Europe to surpass any held in that far-famed land of pure-breds. INCREASE IN LIVE STOCK EXHIBITS. This was not a two-breed exhibition of live stock. All breeds ot every kind of stock — horses, cattle, hogs and sheep — were fully rep- resented, and the very closest competition prevailed throughout the classifications in each show. The comparison with last year shows a remarkable increase, which indicates the position this fair holds in the estimation of exhibitors. In 1913 there were shown 993 horses, this year 1,142; cattle in 1913, 945; this year, 1,188; hogs in 1913, 1,000; this year, 2,500 ;sheep in 1913, 750; this year, 800. These figures indicate the growing popularity of the Iowa State fair among the high class outside breeders, who are anxious to get into the tide of ex- hibition excellence. Iowa is fortunate in having the natural layout in ground suitable for every feature of exhibition. It has been taken up by competent engineering talent and planned into a most beautiful and fitting design 286 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE for all departments. The classification or division of exhibits has made it an easy matter for the fair visitor to find anything he desires to see with the shortest possible expense of time. It is a fair grounds planned and builded upon a business basis, yet with natural fitness that charms the visitor with its beauty. The machinery display was a very large increase over former years and exceeded the prepared exhibition space by more than twenty acres of out-of-door room. In the thousands of machines on display it was asserted that there was not a single one but had some improvement over last year. This department was thronged with visitors and buyers, and the machinery dealer has good prospects for a big trade for next season. The agricultural and horticultural divisions at this fair are strong features. They are not planned solely for show and magnitude of exhibit, but based upon the educational advantage that these exhibits may contribute to the visitor who is seeking information. The county and farm displays are under supervision of the county agent, who in this case is J. W. Coverdale, state agent of the work in the state of Iowa, an appointee of the federal Department of Agriculture. No exhibit' can go into these displays that does not in all respects conform to the published requirements laid down by the superintendent. All articles of farm production must be accompanied by a full description of how they were produced, when planted, kind of soil grown in, preparation of the ground, cultivation, etc., so that with each article any visitor at the fair may inspect and study a full account of its production, thus making the farm products show in reality an educational study and a benefit to the student of crop work or seeker for information. It has been established that merely a feast for the eye is not a con- solation to the soul; that the fair exhibit, if it is to serve its best purpose, must teach the lessons of advantage by information to be given out to those who are interested inquirers. Blank forms are provided for the grower or producer to fill in, showing every feature of work in production. These are ready with the exhibit for inspec- tion at all times. Large premiums are offered for these displays, based upon a pro rata division, according to the score of the exhibit. This promises to be a successful method of exhibition and is meeting with great favor by agricultural experts from all parts of the country. The fruit show was, in all respects, the best ever put up in the state. Apples, pears, peaches, plums and grapes were of excellent quality. Unfortunately, however, the fruit crop of Iowa is very short, due to a failure in blooming which has not been satisfactorily ac- counted for. Insect damage has also been a contributing factor in lowering the yield. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 287 WOMEN AND CHILDREN'S BUILDING. No finer accommodations for women and children are provided any- where than the new building at the Iowa fair. Cool, airy, quiet rest rooms; clean, sanitary arrangements, splendid playgrounds and nursery for the little ones, where they are much better cared for than being dragged about among the exhibits; model rural school room, excel- lent art exhibit, quarters for the traveling library commission, health exhibit, occupying much floor and wall space. These are only some of the departments housed in this beautiful building. The health exhibit is one of the seven belonging to the State uni- versity and constantly in use throughout the state. It presents warn- ings against flies, patent medicines and insanitary practices in a clear, comprehensive manner. One of the most striking things in this department is the bell that tolls every two and one-half minutes, each toll representing one death from tuberculosis, most of these deaths being preventable. The graphic manner in which the process of securing testimonials by fraudulent patent medicine concerns is pic- tured in another impressive feature of this exhibit. The baby health contest is housed in ideal quarters in the Women's building. The interested audiences are accommodated in the audi- torium, from which they view the examinations going on in the glass- walled room, where the babies are undisturbed by the outside noises, which are deadened by the walls. The light is good, the ventilation cared for, arrangements being made by which the air is kept pure, but no drafts are admitted. There is even a fireplace, which was of service in keeping the temperature right during some of the cool days of the week. Mrs. Mary T. Watts, with her corps of assistants, managed the baby contest with a smoothness acquired by a number of years' ex- perience and facilitated by the spacious and well arranged quarters prepared for this important department. SWINE DEPARTMENT. In numbers the hog show was not up to the average, although more hogs were in the pens than last year. At least two factors were in a measure responsible for the decrease in the usual attendance. All hogs shown at this fair are required to be vaccinated. Some breeders won't vaccinate, consequently cannot show. In many places cholera last fall and winter was very prevalent and without doubt many showmen did not have the pigs to show on this account. POLAND CHINA HOGS. The Poland China show was, in at least one respect, different from all previous Iowa state fairs. It was a big type show. The hot blood was not there. The ribbons were tied by C. A. Marker, of Tolona, 111., who gave good general satisfaction. The aged boars in this division were certainly very attractive. It never before has been our privilege to see such size and quality. They were big, still smooth, with fine backs and with practically perfect 288 iOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE feet. The Fred Seivers hog, Smooth Big Bone, was placed first. This hog had plenty of quality, was smooth and had a fine masculine ap- pearance. Extra Long, owned by C. W. Crees, of Coon Rapids, Iowa, won the red ribbon. This hog was deep, long and smooth, with fine finish. D. C. Lonergan, of Florence, Neb., drove out the third prize boar in this class, showing Big Ursus by Big Mischief, dam by Big Victor. The Lonergan entry, like the other two, was massive, deep and strong. Many hog men have been saying they wanted size with quality, which we believe very essential. These qualities were cer- tainly brought out in this class. The first prize senior yearling, shown by Shivers & Son, Knoxville, Iowa, and the best junior yearling, owned by W. E. Willey, of Steele City, Neb., were both animals of superior merit. In the final test the Shivers boar was made grand champion. In all the Poland China sow classes good animals were driven out, the grand champion ribbon going to D. C. Lonergan, of Florence, Neb., on his great junior yearling entry, Big Type Girl. This show has demonstrated the fact that a hog carrying scale and quality can be produced. The Poland China men have been working along this line and are meeting with good success. DUROC JKRSET HOGS. There were something over 600 animals in the Duroc Jersey show. Gen- erally speaking, we do not think the quality shown in the class was up to the standard. Barring the under six months pig class, the first prize winners were good individuals and would make a creditable show in any ring. We looked this show over carefully and wondered why the show generally was not up to the standard. Duroc breeders must awaken to the fact that they must maintain the necessary qual- ities of good feet and good backs if they expect to keep their favorite breed in the position it is at the present and has been for some time past. Many animals in this class show good size, but are seriously lacking in these two essentials. Ribbons in this were tied by A. J. Lovejoy, of Roscoe, 111. Generally speaking his decisions were favorably received. In some cases he had a hard job, as is usually the case in these large shows. In some of the pig classes Mr. Lovejoy made serious objections to some ani- mals shown. Some questions asked the showmen in this class could not help but convey the idea that the judge thought the ages were not as represented. In this connection we wish to call attention to this matter to showmen of all breeds. We have often seen pigs driven out in the under year and under six months classes that appear to the experienced man to be out of their class. This is something that doesn't pay. Waltemeyer Bros., of Melbourne, Iowa, were winners of the blue ribbon in the aged boar class on their boar Grand Model. This boar was of true Duroc type, having the splendid back, and was of good length, smooth and mellow. Second prize went to John Thompson of Lake City, Iowa, on his three-year-old boar. This boar showed splendid finish and depth and considering the fact that he was a FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 289 strong competitor in this class last year, he made a very creditable showing. Waltenieyer, of Melbourne, won in the senior yearling class over I. E. Stieckelman, of Clarinda, Stieckelman's boar lacking in length, action and scale of coming up to the Waltemeyer entry. W. H. and A. D. Vandmeter, of Williamsville, 111., were successful in getting the blue ribbon on their junior yearling. Waltemeyer won first on their good brood sow, Golden Queen 35th. This sow was sired by Golden Model 2d, dam by High Model. Later in the show this sow was made grand champion by a popular decision. Waltemeyer Bros, were winners of both junior and senior champion boars, grand champion going to Grand Model. CHESTER "WHITE HOGg. The Chester White show was considerably larger in numbers than in some years past. Many creditable animals were driven into the ring, showing a material advancement in quality in this breed of hogs over what they were several years ago. We demand one thing, and that is in looking at any hog we always want to see a good foot and a good back. We do not think that the Chester White breed in gen- eral is up to the high standard of some other breeds in these two important respects. Chester White breeders in their breeding opera- tions should pay more attention to good feet and good backs and more size of bone. They have an animal with good feeding qualities and very prolific. The first prize aged boar, shown by W. T. Barr, won senior and grand champion. In the sov/ class Raymond E. Brown, of Dunlap, Iowa, was winner in the aged class; R. F. Fantz won in the senior year- lings, W. T. Barr in the junior yearlings and M. F. Black, of Scribner, Neb., in the under year. The Black sow was made senior and grand champion. The making of this sow grand champion was by a popular decision, although it is considerably out of the ordinary, for an under year sow is seldom winner of the purple ribbon. Mr. Black showed but four pigs, a boar and three sows under year. ■ This was a litter of exceptional quality, wanning first on the boar and three sows under year, open, bred by exhibitor. HAMPSHIRE HOGS. The Hampshires were out in force and made a very creditable show- ing. Wilson Rowe tied the ribbons in his usual efficient manner. The aged boar winner was Charles E. Bunn. This boar was afterward made grand champion of the show. The purple ribbon on this class was awarded to Roy E. Fischer, of Winside, Neb. Noticeable improve- ment is being made each year by breeders of this breed of hogs. The shortening of the pastern and a general strengthening of the feet as they begin to obtain a little more size and larger bone under these animals will be a material improvement. 19 290 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BEEKSHIEES AND YORKSHIBES. N. H. Gentry, of Sedalia, Mo., tied the ribbons in the Berkshire class. Tlie Sutton farm was winner in the aged boar class, afterward being awarded the purple ribbon on this animal. The lowana farm were strong competitors in all classes. Berkshires are one of our earliest breeds; at the same time they have not, in our opinion, made the advancement they should in having good feet and short pasterns. Also, in addition to size of bone, the general run of animals in this breed would materially waste their selling qualities to the average corn belt farmer. Three herds of Yorkshires were entered, as were some Tamworths. These two breeds are always light shows at the Iowa state fair, the average farmer in this part of the country preferring to raise more of the lard breeds in preference to the bacon type, due to the fact that corn is the main feed on which they have to depend and corn is not a good feed on which to raise bacon animals. CATTLE DEPARTMENT. That Iowa will come to the rescue and supply the beef needed by the warring nations can be but little disputed if one may judge by the magnitude of the exhibit of pure-ibred cattle at Des Moines. It was without any question superior to any previous display seen there, and many who have followed show circuits for years counted it a record- breaker for the territory west of the Mississippi. The scarcity of cat- tle at the large markets of the country has awakened the small farmer to the realization that he must begin to produce calves which are to consume surplus grain and roughage. The breeder of registered beef cattle is aware of this and he is coming forward to the big shows with the idea of a/ttracting the fair visitors' attention to sale stock. For- tunately, the week was quite cool and the heavily laden show beasts seemed to come through in nice shape. No deaths at the fair grounds were reported, although one of the Angus exhibitors lost a two-year- old bull in transit, for which he had paid $2,005 last winter. Beef cattle must be fitted to make a creditable showing, yet breeders would prefer to keep their animals in moderate flesh. Perhaps this may be possible at some time in the future. When one goes to the shows and sees beef cows weighing upwards of a ton in show shape, with their calves at foot, weighing possibly forty or fifty pounds when several weeks old, he cannot help but wonder if the high-fitting has not proven detrimental. Several years ago the Hereford people en- deavored to pass a rule prohibiting the exhibition of cows over four years old. This would doubtless aid the producing record of many showyard heifers. SHORTHOKXS. Leslie Smith, of Minnesota, a breeder, herdsman and showman of many years' experience, tackled the difficult task of ribbon awarding in this breed. There was a total of 258 head, representing thirty-one FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 291 different herds. Last year there were nineteen exhibitors with a total of 160 entries. Consequently, the show was larger this year by 50 per cent than last year. There were ten aged bulls. While the top was good, there were several individuals at the tail end of the string which were scarcely of county fair caliber. Reece, of Nebraska, headed the list with Whitehall Rosedale. This bull is perhaps the largest show bull of the breed in America today. He weighs 2,675 pounds and carries his fleshing quite evenly for an animal of such scale. He is typical of the English type and his scale would prove of much benefit to him in a British show ring. He was later made senior champion. Harding's Village Denmark was rated second. He is a bull of some 2,300 pounds and showed rather gaunt in the ring. This condition caused him to look a trifle rough. Some judges would disagree on the placing of this pair. At St. Joe, the week before, the Harding bull was placed above the Reece bull. In the senior yearlings Saunders, of Iowa, headed the list with his sensational 1913 calf, Cumberland's Type. This youngster weighed 1,3 00 pounds at Des Moines in 1913 when but a trifle over 11 months old. In January at the Denver show he weighed 1,500 and now he registers an even 1,8 00. For a calf of his size and bone he carries ahove the average quality. His skin is still pliable and mellow, while his covering of flesh is smooth and thick, although it might possibly be a bit firmer. He was later made junior and grand champion. The senior bull calves formed a sight worth seeing. Had they been put up at public auction after the show the entire lot could easily have made a $500 average and still sold in a conservative manner. The bull Uppermill Lord was a growthy calf of good width and in the pink of condition. He looked well at the head. Miller, of Missouri, came second with Choice Cumberland, a dark roan shown thin. He looked a trifle narrov/ from either end, but put up a great appearance from the side. There were an even twenty in the junior calves, headed again by one from the Uppermill farm, with Anoka farms of Wisconsin an easy second on Augusta Sultan. Female classes were scarcely so strong as the males. The aged cow, Mildred of Oakland, a 4-year-old of show yard fame as a calf and year- ling, was selected to wear the blue. In the 2-year-olds Harding headed the list, with Lancaster Duchess 7th. She is showing in the highest bloom and was later placed as senior and grand champion. Of the fourteen senior yearlings Kilgour's Proud Rose was chosen over Surge's Silver Mysie. There were twenty junior yearlings, headed by Kilgoure's Fair Acres Nell. This heifer was later given the junior honors. From a big class of senior calves Saunders' representatives were chosen for flrst and second. This was perhaps as closely contested as any of the female groups. Twenty-three junior calves were headed by Herr Bros.' Cumberland Lass, a dark heifer of ample scale, 'beautiful lines and a thick, even covering of flesh. Second to her stood Trueby Allen from the Nebraska herd of Rapp Bros. She was good enough to head her class at St. Joe and would not have looked out of place at the head here, the judge admitting them to be a very close pair. 292 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ; HEBEFORDS. Although there were 199 Herefords as against 168 in 1913, there was not the outstanding show of this breed such as was made by the Shorthorns. Herefords seem to be content with making their big splurge at the Kansas City Royal. While the Des Moines rings were reasonably large and the quality at the top end of each class was ex- ceedingly good, yet the show was only a trifle above what it has been in other years. Phil Lee of Texas did the awarding, and although sev- eral former decisions were reversed, he gave very good satisfaction and held consistently to his smooth, wide-backed type, with ample scale and ruggedness. In the aged bulls Harris' Prince Perfection by Perfection went to the top, with Curtis' Don Perfect second. Imported Farmer, a bull that won the blue consistently last year as a 2-year-old, was left in fifth place. In the 2-year-old class appeared one of the best Hereford bulls in the country at this time. This is Repeater 7th by Repeater and owned by Harris of Missouri. He is growthy, of true type, deep flank, heavy quarters, and covering all is a deep, firm layer of meat. There is scarcely an uneven spot anywhere on this bull's back. He was later made senior and grand champion. Tow of Iowa won with Disturber Jr. in the junior yearling class and later received the junior championship on him. The Davis herd of Mississippi won consistently in the younger classes. Honors were quite well divided between Harris, Curtice, McCray and Tow. Among the females were some very praiseworthy individuals. McCray won in the aged class on Nora Fairfax, while Harris caught the red on Defender's Lassie 2d. In the 2-year-olds the judge found his senior and grand champion. Miss Repeater, by the same sire, as the grand champion bull. Tow won the junior championship on Disturber's Lassie 2d, a very smooth senior calf, possessed of much Hereford character and refine- ment. ABERDEEN ANGUS. There was a somewhat smaller show of the black doddies than in 1913. About 100 head of high class individuals formed the exhibit. Several prominent breeders failed to bring out their show herds. With the exception of the Caldwell herd from Missouri it was purely an Iowa show. The McHenry string, as usual, made a very strong showing. GALLOWAYS AND POLLED DURHAMS. Charles Escher of Iowa pinned the ribbons on these two breeds. Classes were small, there being small displays of each. Quality was good in most cases. Some of the Polled Durhams were shown without fitting and hence were handicapped in the ring. RED POLLED. There were five herds of this dual purpose breed. Elliott Davis of Lincoln, Neb., made allotments in a careful and acceptable manner. The 2-year-old Larabee bull, Teddy's Charmer by Teddy's Best of the Hanssler herd, looked worthy of the purple. Many breeders consider him one of FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 293 the best young prospects in the country at the present time. Hill of South Dakota won in the senior bull calves with Martin, a deep-bodied youngster of much promise. A splendid group of aged cows was led before the judge. They looked like dual purpose for fair, with large well-placed udders with tortuous veins leading forward to the expansive milk wells so characteristic of the breed. They were cows with wide backs, and doubtless their calves in the fattening pen would produce profitable beef. DAIRY CATTLE. That dairying is a valuable adjunct to the farmer of the middle west was well exemplified at the Des Moines show. Farmers from every corner of the state stood by and watched carefully as the dairy cattle were being placed. Breeders reported much inquiry for young stock throughout the week. Many who have of recent years made a success of dairying have received their first impetus to enter the business from seeing the stock of the various breeds at the state fair. Guernseys seem to be the popular cow in many regions. There were more of these at Des Moines than of any of the dairy breeds. Some 125 head were led before the judge, George P. Grout of Minnesota. Marsh of Iowa made a great showing and caught most of the blues and purples. His imported bull, Hayes Cherub 2d, an undefeated champion of 1913, was again awarded grand championship honors. Several exhibitors were there with herds from Wisconsin, while the balance were lowans. The Holsteins made an average show. W. J. Gillett of Wisconsin pinned the ribbons. The Genoa Indian school of Nebraska made several important winnings. lowana Farms of Iowa captured the bulk of the big awards. Holsteins are undergoing a boom at this time and there seems to be a scarcely sufficient number of them to meet the demand from the western districts embarking in better milk stock. Jerseys were judged by Hugh Van Pelt, as were the Brown Swiss. These two breeds were present in about equal numbers. Specimens of each breed when seen near each other certainly form a contrast. Although of about the same color, they are extremes otherwise. The Jerseys pos- sess the fine bone and skin, meek little head and light horn of much quality, whereas the Swiss are of extremely heavy bone and big joints. The head is coarse and the horn large. They should prove of value in western districts where severities and hardships are quite frequent. The Jerseys were an even lot at Des Moines. Most of them were of the finer, so-called "Island'' type. The judge picked for the qualified indi- vidual of strong milking indications. The champion cow was an extreme of the milking type. She carried no surplus fat at any point of her body. Her large udder and winding veins would prove her to be a milk factory of high development. 294 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HORSE DEPARTMENT. All previous records as to number of horses were broken. Prophets had predicted a light show because of the absence of the importers as well as a general depression in the horse values during the last year. As proof that the small breeder was very much in evidence we noted that there were 171 exhibitors with horses in the barns. This was cer- tainly commendable. Superintendent Curtiss inaugurated a new plan of judging this year. A small program was printed giving the day and the hour that each class would be judged. In this way all interested knew exactly when each class would be in the ring. Some of the larger classes took more time than was allotted them. However, by working until 1 o'clock each day the judges were able to get through the scheduled classes. The plan is certainly praiseworthy, as many of the visitors desire to see certain parts of the judging, but cannot afford to give all their time to this feature. By the aid of the detailed program they can plan their route in advance and thereby see all they wish to. The judging, for the most part, was quite satisfactory. The one-judge plan was used entirely in the open classes. This method doubtless saves considerable time, although with two judges officiating serious mistakes should be out of the question. .ludging horses of any kind is com- plicated work, to say the least. With the wide difference of opinion that exists as regards type it is hard for a judge to satisfy all the exhibitors and onlookers, even though he do consistent work. PERCHEKOXS. The French drafts made a highly creditable showing, in spite of the fact that imported horses were practically neglible owing to the out- break of the war just as the large importers were ready to assemble their purchases ready for shipment. Iowa breeders should profit by the present condition of affairs. Evidently they are expecting to for they certainly had their colts out in large numbers at Des Moines. The American breeds made a highly creditable showing besides what few imported horses were on hand and were able to win consistently. This is surely proof that drafters can be developed in the United States to as great a degree as they are abroad if we will but feed and care for them. The Percheron judge, Ralph Drennan of Canada, was taken sick Satur- day evening after judging the mare classes and Alexander Galbraith was chosen to complete the awarding in stallion and group classes. Several placements were made in the mare classes with which the ringside failed to agree. In the aged class Early's 2,200 pound gray, Hermine, justly headed the string of eleven matrons. She moved well and stood on clean limbs with considerable bone and quality. She was later made cham- pion. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 295 In the brood mare and foal class there were fifteen entries headed by Brown and Walker's black mare, Gargonille and foal by Helix. In 3-year-olds, Early also won, this time on the black Florence 2d. Dun- ham's gray Lurette was placed second. She is a mare that, as a 2-year- old won championship honors consistently. Corsa won first and second in the 2-year-olds on Caroress and Migon, while his winning gray filly of the 1913 circuit was sent to the barn. In stallion classes entries were much better than last year. There were seventeen led out in the aged class, against seven in 1913. Cham- plin & Ruppel of Iowa, won first on the very blocky 2,200 pound horse, Kronprinz. He showed a bit like a Belgian in the head and neck and lacked the true Percheron type of the Dunham colt, Kapon, which stood second. However, his scale and massiveness placed him up. Singmaster won third on Imperial Jalap. This horse won several prizes in France before importation. He was shown thin and looked a trifle cut in the flank, although his underpinning was of the best. In 3-year-olds Dunham won on the outstanding gray named Lycee. He was later made champion, with the growthy yearling futurity winner of Singmaster as reserve. A black of ample quality, but a shade light below the knees, won second in the 3-year-old class. There were twenty-six 2-year-olds led out, and they were a good, even string with home-bred colts far in the majority. Truman headed the string with the toppy gray, Mazagram. He showed well at the move and was indeed a likable horse from almost any angle. A trifle more straightness in the hind legs would have improved matters, although he carried ample support below the hock. The Singmaster colt, Malais won the blue, while another gray Truman colt of similar build to the first one was placed third. A colt by Jalap won in the foal class. He was young and looked a trifle leggy. However, he showed an abundance of quality and was of very sturdy build. The draft horse of Belgium is probably stronger today in the United States than in his native land. Importers at Des Moines who were just back from Europe reported the vast German army camped in the heart of the Belgian horse-breeding district and daily slaughtering large num- bers of these splendid horses for their food. Probably some day the Belgian government will have to send to the corn belt for horses with which to restock its farms. Be that as it may, there were nearly as many Belgians at the Iowa state fair as there were Percherons. Quality was good, even in the home bred colts and the breed as usual won many friends from the ringside. In the aged stallions, Crownover won the blue on Farceur, the red roan champion of 1913, as a three-year-old, both at Iowa and the Inter- national. He is a horse of 2,300 pounds weight and carried the quality of a Clydesdale. His hocks are the correct pattern and his beautiful cannons and ankles speak well for his endurance. The purple ribbon was justly given him when the champion class was out. There were fifteen led out in the aged class and sixteen in the three-year-olds. The 296 IOWA DEiPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE top horse was shown by Champlin of Iowa and is reputed to have been the highest priced colt to leave Belgium this year. Eggert's colt stood second. It was scarcely so clean cut in the head and neck but a trifle shapelier in the body and croup. Onlookers were about equally divided in their choice between this pair. The mare classes included many animals of show yard records on both sides of the ocean. Lefebure came in strong in these classes and cap- tured both championships. Irvine won in the three-year-olds. FARMER AND BREEDER, SIOUX CITY, IOWA. The attendance at the Iowa state fair this year was considerably below normal. For some reason or other the farmers did not turn out so liberally as usual. Stockmen claimed that the percentage of the atten- dants who came through the barns to examine the live stock was much smaller than it has been in recent years. This may have been due partly to the heavy rains that fell on Monday night, though that rain was by no means general over the state and should not have been a factor of great importance in preventing people at a distance from coming. Early Tuesday morning the weather was still cloudy and probably prevented some from sections close to Des Moines from coming in their automo- biles. After Tuesday noon the weather was fine and the attendance should have been large. It is difficult to say why there was such a lack of interest this year. The attractions and exhibits were certainly all that could be expected and the fair management deserves credit for the way in which they handled this big state institution. It is marvelous to contemplate what progress has been made in the past fifty years in building up this great useful state fair, which is truly an educational institution, the value of which it would be impossible to measure in dollars and cents. From year to year the fair has grown in equipment, in interest, and in value to the people. The state has been liberal in making appropriations for building up this practical farmers' school. Nearly all important buildings are of permanent type and well suited for the purpose for which they were built. They could probably not be improved upon. There is only one thing to regret in connection with this excellent institution and that is the comparatively small attendance of farmers from the remoter parts of the state. When the fair was established it was undoubtedly thought that it would serve all farmers of the state equally well and theoretically it does, but practically only a few scattered farmers here and there from the four corners of the state find themselves in position to attend. There are many farmers in Iowa who have never attended their state fair and always will be. It is not only the cost of getting to the fair that pre- vents these people from the remoter parts of the state from attending, but many of them are also too busy to be away from home for three or four days at a stretch. It is to be hoped that some way may be found FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 297 in the near future to make it nossible for a greater number of farmers to attend first-class fairs and thus get in closer touch with the big busi- ness of farming and stock raising. It was a pleasure to pass from barn to barn this year and see the large number of cattle, horses, swine, and sheep on exhibition. It was, indeed a pleasure to see the high quality so manifest on every hand. The live stock exhibits at any state fair, and particularly at the Des Moines fair, are a fair index to the live stock activity throughout the state as well as in states adjoining, and this year's exhibition certainly showed that more interest is now being taken in live stock, especially in the breeding of good cattle, than ever before because there were more exhi- bitors, many of whom were new Iowa breeders. Small herds are being started all over the state because people are beginning to wake up to the fact that there is not only a scarcity of cattle throughout the United States and in foreign countries as well, but also owing to the high price of our land better cattle will from now on become an absolute necessity if stock raising and stock feeding are to remain profitable. Scrub cattle can not be profitably fattened on 70-cent corn and $12 hay, nor can such cattle pay interest on- land worth from $150 to $250 an acre. We repeat, therefore, that it was a great pleasure to see that this sentiment was reflected on the fair grounds. The Iowa State College is becoming a factor of increasing interest and importance on the fair grounds from year to year. Its exhibits are, of course, all educational, but that is not all. They are exceedingly practical and appeal strongly to the more up-to-date farmers. It is true that the college exhibits should be studied with greater care than they are, but they are comparatively new and it takes a long time to get the average farmer to take hold of new things. We trust that in the future these college exhibits will be studied more carefully, for the lessons they teach are invaluable. In one department of the college building there was an exhibit of lime and various commercial fertilizers. The young men in charge explained what kind of soils are in need of lime and how to determine v/hen they are. They showed how a soil may be tested with litmus paper; that an acid soil turns blue litmus paper red, while one that is not acid does not change the color of the paper at all. Tests of that sort Avere made in the college building and farmers were shown how to discriminate between very acid and slightly acid soils and how much lime to add to overcome various degrees of acidity. Such fertilizers as raw rock phosphate, acid phosphate, kanit, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of ammonia, were shown and their uses explained. The average farmer does not realize that commercial fertilizers have a place in Iowa, yet the time is at hand when the yielding capacity of a con- siderable amount of Iowa land can be profitably increased by the judi- cious use of fertilizers in connection with barnyard manure and the plowing under of green crops. 298 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE The old story of crop rotation was illustrated by means of charts and records. It was shown that during the past eight years the Iowa State College has had a certain tract of land under a four-year rotation con- sisting of two years corn, one year oats, and one year clover. During these eight years corn on the rotation fields averaged 73.6 bushels per acre; oats, 68.5, and clover, 2.95 tons. On similar land where corn was grown eight years in succession, the average yield was only 53.9 bushels per acre. Reliable figures show that at present prices of farm products the land under rotation has produced $5 more per acre as an average for the past eight years than that which was not under rotation. Those who have attended the Iowa state fair regularly have seen the soil map of Iowa, which the state college has been exhibiting for a number of years. This same map was on exhibition again this year, and judging from the interest farmers took in this, it still serves a useful purpose. This map shows the different soil areas in the state and the attendants gave information in regard to the general average composition of the soils in the different areas. This map we have always regarded as one of the valuable features of the college exhibit, because it gives a man a comprehensive view of the soils in the entire state. For some time the Iowa State College has been gathering statistics from tenants with a view of getting an insight into their income. The results of this investigation show that long-term tenants are making considerably more money than short-term tenants. Tenants who have been on the same farms for five years or more have an average annual income of $1,877; those who have been on farms for three to four years in succession, an income of $1,090, and those who have been on farms for one to two years, an income of only $866. These figures are valuable not only to tenants, but also to land owners, and it is to be hoped that many landlords were impressed by them. The reason why we have so many short-term tenants is not the fault of the tenants themselves so much as it is of the land owners. The average land owner will not rent his farm for more than one year at a time and so long as that system prevails our lands will continue to be robbed of their fertility. A tenant can not afford to build up a farm if he has no assurance of remaining on it for more than one year. For the same reason no land- lord can afford to rent his farm for one year at a time; we need long- term leases. Not until they become common will any progress be made in building up the fertility of tenant farms. It was also shown that tenants who keep live stock to the extent of 1,000 pounds per four acres of land have an annual income of $1,650, while tenants who kept live stock to the weight of 1,000 pounds per 20 acres had an income of only $485 per year. In other words, the live stock tenants are the men who are making the biggest profits. The information that could be gathered in the college building with reference to varieties of grains was also very valuable. For a number of years the most promising varieties of winter wheat have been Turkey FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 299 Red, Kharkov and Red Cross. In recent years the Iowa Experiment Station has bred a new variety of winter wheat known as No. 404, which seems to be outyielding the varieties referred to above. No. 404 has produced four bushels more per acre tlian Turkey Red as an average during the past few years. The old stand-bys in the oat line are Kherson and Silver Mine. They head the list of all the varieties that have been under test at the Iowa station for many years, with the single exception of a new variety originated by the Iowa station known as White Kher- son. White Kherson has been developed by selecting white kernels from the ordinary yellow Kherson variety, and present indications are that it will be superior to the ordinary Kherson. The best barleys for this state, according to tests made at the state college, are Caucasian, Oderbrucker and Manchuria. Samples of all these varieties, together with others, were on exhibition; they epitomized the practical side of much of the experiment work that the college has been conducting during the past decade. The poultry industry, as every farmer knows, is one of growing importance. We are just beginning to learn how to produce eggs profit- ably; the same is also true of fowls for the market. We are learning how to feed them so as to make the largest possible gain from a given amount of feed. The art of caponizing is again being introduced as an aid in producing market poultry at a profit. To that end the state col- lege demonstrated caponizing every day and every hour of the day on the fair grounds. Any farmer could go there and learn to caponize or at least learn the rudiments of it and go home and in a short time be- come an expert. A capon fattens much more rapidly than a cockerel and his meat brings a higher price on the market because it is more tender, and there is a growing demand for it. In- connection with the poultry exhibit, model poultry houses suitable for various farm conditions were shown. There were a number of individual farm exhibits again this year. All were tastily arranged and nice to look at, but that was about all that could be said for them. As we have repeatedly said in former years, these individual farm or county exhibits are absolutely valueless from an edu- cational standpoint; they mean nothing and the sooner we can get rid of exhibits of that kind and put others of educational value in their place the better off we shall be. The mere fact that a farmer is able to select a few dozen wheat, oat or barley plants from his fields, tie them in neat bundles, and hang them up on the wall in an artistic manner gives no idea whatever of how he manages his farm or how he raises that grain. If individual farm exhibits could be made to show how suc- cessful farmers are managing their farms, how deep they plow their ground, how they sow their different grains, what the cost of operating is, and what the net returns at the end of the year amount to, the informa- tion would be educational and of great value. It would afford comparison between different systems of farming. There are successful grain farmers 300 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE who keep up the fertility of their soils without raising much live stock. There are others who are managing live stock farms very successfully. If the results of such different methods could be shown, individual farm exhibits would prove to be one of the most attractive features at the fair. It is time that some steps were taken in this direction. Uncle Sam was on the fair grounds this year with an exhibit showing people how his parcel post may be used to good advantage in marketing various farm products. This exhibit was quite interesting and it was stated that there is a movement on foot to increase the weight of parcels that may be carried for short distances. Uncle Sam expects soon to be carrying 100-pound packages and make the parcel post a real practical thing for the farmer. Housewives took much interest in an exhibit that showed the relative nutritive values of different foods. For instance, it was shown that the following amounts of foods have equivalent nutriment values: One quart of milk, one pound of cheese, 10 eggs, 11 ounces of beef, 6.5 ounces of bread, five ounces of corn meal, five bananas, 9.5 ounces of potatoes, and one head of cabbage. While one can not always substitute a quart of milk for 10 eggs, yet the knowledge of the relative nutritive values of these food products is highly important in the management of the home. A great many people consider milk as a sort of luxury, when as a matter of fact it is far from it; it is an economical food. A quart of milk can be bought for eight cents, whereas 10 eggs perhaps cost 25 cents or more. In these days of high priced food products it is important that the house- wife should be posted on relative food values of the articles she uses in the culinary department. HORSES. PEKCHERONS. The Percheron show was not so good, taking it as a whole, as we have seen in previous years. Probably there were more Percherons on the ground and the entries were larger, but with a few exceptions there were no outstanding winners in any of the classes. One noticeable feature was the great number of new men having entries of a few horses. It was pretty much an American-bred show, and Harry Early of Liscombe, Iowa, a young breeder, is to be congratulated upon his winnings, as he made his first appearance this year and captured the first prize in the aged mare class, the female grand championship, and the reserve. The cham- pion mare, Hermine, is a massive, gray seven-year-old — one that shows that she has been in the collar as well as raising colts. Reserve mare, Florence 2d, a black three-year-old mare of great promise, was sired by the champion Inscrit. Lakewood Farm took their noted sire, Calypso, to show in "Stallion and his get." This horse is in his 17th year, and yet came back and won in his class. The Percheron futurity classes, in FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 301 which so much interest is taken, was not so large as in some previous years, but judging from the ringside comment, it was the most even and uniform futurity yet shown. Singmaster & Sons won first in stallions on a big, growthy, rugged colt that shows great substance and bone with a lot of outcome. First and second awards in the filly class was again won by Mr. Corsa on the get of his great show and breeding stallion, Carnot. BELGIANS. The show of Belgians was the feature of the horse department of the fair this year. Never before has there been shown at a state fair such a high class finished, breedy lot of Belgians. The aged stallion class was reported by competent judges as being on a par with any class shown at the International, and on down to mare and stallion foals each class was strong and competition keen throughout. Farceur, a great roan four-year-old belonging to Wm. Crownover of Hudson, Iowa, won again in the aged class and was later made grand champion. This horse is without a doubt one of the greatest specimens of the breed that has been shown in recent years and is up to date an undefeated champion. Not only is he a champion himself, but his sire and dam were both winners before him. Chas. Irvine, Ankeny, Iowa, had an excellent display and won his share of the prizes in all classes. Anna du Balcan, an aged chestnut mare from the Lefebure stables, came back a winner again this year in the aged mare class and she was later awarded the championship. She has been a successful winner since a colt and is a great specimen of the breed. The Belgian futurity classes were not so large as the classes of some of the other breeds, but individually they were good and made a nice showing. SHIRES. The Shire class was up to the standard of previous years. "While per- haps numbers have been larger in the past, the quality was there and some very good classes were shown. Trumans of Bushnell, 111., won both champion and reserve champion stallion, and McCray won championship in mares on the good aged Colham Surprise. She is an excellent indi- vidual and a great show mare as well as a proved breeder. The Shire futurity class was very strong in both stallions and fillies; it was by far the best ever shown at the fair. Truman was successful in winning first in the stallion futurity on Fleetwood Laddie. He is a very typy colt of the Shire that is in demand by the American people. Eleven stallions and thirteen fillies were shown in the futurity, and the competition in both classes was strong from beginning to end. CLYDESDALES. The Clydesdale show this year was without question the greatest show the breed has ever made at the Iowa State Fair, and we believe that we are safe in saying the greatest show of Clydesdales ever seen at any state fair. In numbers, it was the largest show ever held, and eminent judges said that, taking everything into consideration, they had never seen a better bunch of Clydes come together. The outstanding feature of this 302 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE show was the Clydesdale futurity, which was by far the greatest class ever shown of this breed. There were in the stallion class 14 colts and competition for first honors was so strong that it was necessary to call in a third judge to place the winner. First place was given to Hope's Pride, a colt considerably younger than his rival; this colt had so much quality and Clydesdale character that the honor rightfully belonged to him. C. R. and H. S. Barron, Elkton, S. D., made a very creditable exhibition, which shows that the West can raise just as good horses as the East. CATTLE. SHOKT-HOENS. The Short-horns led all the other breeds on the grounds this year and the quality was above anything ever seen before at this or any other show in the United States. That seems like a pretty strong statement to make, but competent judges said that they believed it was a better and stronger show than was held at the last International. Leslie Smith of St. Cloud, Minn., a veteran breeder and judge, placed the ribbons in a very satisfactory manner. The aged bull class was very strong. H. Reese & Sons of Pilger, Neb., won on Whitehall Rosedale, that was later made senior champion. The two-year-old class was, as usual, the weak class of the show. It seems strange that there are not more good two-year-old bulls brought out, for each year this class appears to be the weakest. The senior yearling bull class was very strong and was won by Cumberland's Type, a good young bull that was a winner wherever shown last year. The female classes were stronger than usual, especially the young classes, and most of them were very large. Lancaster Duchess 7th, a winner wherever shown last year, came back this year in grand form and won the two-year-old class and later the grand championship honors. HEREFORDS. Exhibitors of this breed covered territory reaching from the North to the South and the East to the West; in fact one of the strongest exhibits came from Mississippi. The show as a rule was of high caliber — better than has been shown in recent years. The great show bull, Repeater 7th, now in his two-year-old form and as yet undefeated, was again placed first in his class and later awarded the grand championship. He is pro- nounced by many to be the greatest young bull shown in recent years. ABEBDEEN-AXGTJS. The Doddies were well represented in quality, but in numbers they were not so strong as the Short-horns and Herefords; in fact they were a little short of previous years. Practically the entire Angus show was made up of Iowa breeders; the only outsider was the Caldwells of Mis- souri. Prince Felzer was in excellent condition and made a great show- ing. He was an easy winner in the aged bull class and was later made grand champion of the show. Col. Silas Igo of Indianola officiated as judge and gave entire satisfaction. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 303 HOLSTEINS. One of the greatest shows of Holstein cattle ever held at the Iowa State Fair was that made this year. Some of the most noted herds in the country were represented, hence competition was strong and the placing of the ribbons most interesting. The heavy winners were C. E. Schroeder, Moorehead, Minn., and the lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa. Both firms have as good cattle as can be found in the United States. The lowana Farms succeeded in winning most of the championships. If this show may be considered a criterion of the popularity of this breed for dairy purposes the Holsteins certainly are in favor. GUERNSEYS. The Guernseys made the strongest show the breed has ever made at the Iowa State Fair and was represented by five herds. W. W. Marsh, Waterloo, Iowa, had the largest exhibit and Avon practically all firsts in the female classes and all the championships. SWINE. POLAXD-CHIXAS. This breed made the very best and strongest show ever made at Des Moines. A very noticeable feature was the many real good individuals on the grounds, which showed conclusively that the big type of Poland- China with smoothness and quality is in favor. The aged boar class was one of the best classes ever seen in any breed of hogs and found favorable comment from the ringside. Mr. Marker's judging was very satisfactory to all the exhibitors. Fred Sievers of Audubon, Iowa, won first on aged boar and grand championship on Smooth Big Bone, a son of Black Big Bone, weighing over 1,000 pounds. D. C. Lonergan of Florence, Neb., won grand championship on one of his superb sows. DUROC-JERSEYS. The Duroc show was a strong one, though the championship prizes all went to one and the same party (Waltemeyer Bros., Melbourne, Iowa). BERKSHIRES. There was but little if any difference in the Berkshire show of this year as compared with other years. Some of the classes were possibly a little stronger, but others were also smaller. lowana Farms of Daven- port, were strong winners in most of the classes. CHESTER WHITES. Many were surprised at the evident popularity of this breed, judging from the excellent showing made. It was by far the best Chester show ever made at the Iowa State Fair; in fact, there were nearly as many Chesters on exhibition as there were of either the Polands and Durocs. 304 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A NEW AND ATTRACTIVE FAIR FEATURE, THE HORSESHOEING CONTEST AT DES MOINES, IOWA. BY DR. JACK SEITER, CHICAGO, ILL. (Issued in Bulletin Form.) First Prize — Wm. Campbell, Rock Rapids, Iowa. Second Prize — C. E. Wicklund, Marshalltown, Iowa. Third Prize — Ben Woolgar, Des Moines, Iowa. Fourth Prize — Wm. Cameron, Ames, Iowa. Fifth Prize— Wm. Montis, Des Moines, Iowa. In order to promote more skillful and intelligent shoeing of draft horses, five prizes were offered for the best shoeing in public competition. First Prize Silver medal and $25.00 Second Prize Bronze medal and 20.00 Third Prize Diploma and 15.00 Fourth Prize Diploma and 10.00 Fifth Prize Diploma and 5.00 Horses for shoeing will be provided by the state fair management. Forge, fuel, anvil and vise will be provided by the fair. All other mate- rials and tools must be provided by the competitors. Each competitor must remove two old fore shoes from his horse and make and fit two new ones from bar iron, lots having been previously drawn for the order in which they will proceed to work. The style of shoeing will be the ordinary cart horse shoe, without clips or calks. Each competitor will be allowed one assistant or striker to help him in forging and to hold the horse. The maximum time allowed to each competitor for the complete opera- tion will be one and one-half hours, and the judges are asked to allow points for rapidity of execution within that limit. The following scale of points were used by the judges in making their rewards: Making shoes 35 points ' Fitting shoes 30 points Driving nails 15 points General finish 10 points Time 10 points The judges made note and observations of the following points which will have a bearing on the decisions rendered: Work on the anvil, hammering and heating. Limited heating and liberal hammering gives tougher and better wearing shoes. Keeping the fire and handling the shoe in the fire. Cutting gutter (creaser or fuller) so that the nail heads will be straight and firm when driven. Punching nail holes the right size and angle. Paring and leveling of hoof. Fitting the shoe without too much burning. Driving the nails at the proper place in the hoof. Cutting and clinching nails. Finish and neatness without too much rasping. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 305 DR. SraTKR'S REVIEW OF CONTEST. This contest was, I believe, the first of the kind ever held in the United States. There have been numerous horseshoe turning contests, but never before a real horseshoeing contest, where the participants were required to strip an animal, dress the feet, make and apply new shoes. Being honored with the appointment to officiate as judge of this con- test, and never having acted in this capacity before, I really was at sea in regard to the modus operandi of the entire procedure, but after arriv- ing at the "scene of battle" I found that I was not the only "green" hand on the job. In fact, everyone connected with the undertaking was looking for advice as to the best way to proceed. The rules governing the contest were, so I was told, the same under which such contests were decided in Scotland, so, after reading the rules over carefully, it was decided not to change them, at least not for the present contest. But I believe we could draw up a set of rules for future contests of this character that would be more up to date, more American-like, as it were, and easier to comprehend. I am, and always was, a stickler for originality, and we are far enough advanced in our vocation that we do not have to copy, or run second to any nation in the world in regard to the shoeing of the horse; consequently, it is up to us to draft our own rules and regulations for future contests of this character. I believe the public will endorse what I say in regard to this matter; at least, a large majority of the horseshoers who attended the contest, either as contestants or spectators, were in favor of drawing up a more up to date set of rules to govern future contests by. Whether this contest was advertised sufficiently or not, I can not say; but the lack of entries made me believe so. But, later on, I dis- covered that it was not caused by the horseshoers being unaware of the fact that a contest of this kind was to be held in connection with the Iowa State Fair, but more so by the fact that most of the horseshoers had a bad attack of "cold feet," or "stage fright," when it came to appearing or performing before the public. Some of the contestants even got nervous and disappeared after they had paid their entrance fee, acting the same as a green colt when refusing to "face the starter." But after the contest was over and we became acquainted, horseshoers could hear them say: "If I had known just how the thing was going to be pulled off, you bet I would have been in it myself." From these and other remarks I heard, I believe that there will be more contestants next year than the management of the fair will be able to handle, or at least enough to entertain the horse-loving public every afternoon during the entire week. To say that it was a drawing card would be putting it mildly. The tent in which the contest was held was jammed with people long before the time the contestants were to appear, and long after it was all over, too. In fact, it was one of the best mediums conceivable to bring the horseshoers and the horse-loving public together. And right in this tent I have seen many a horseshoer come out of his hard shell of envy and prejudice and mix up with the rest of the horny handed, large hearted 20 306 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE "knights of the anvil." It was the beginning of a reunion of horseshoers whereby they will become better acquainted with each other, and the conditions surrounding them and their work, and if this affair is kept up, year in and year out, there is not the least doubt in my mind but what it will be one of the grandest avenues ever paved for the purpose of bringing the horseshoers of the United States together. It is at such gatherings as this that we learn the true sentiments of the men in regard to their chosen work, the conditions of the trade, causes of success or failure; in fact, they have real heart to heart talks among themselves, talks that we rarely or never hear at our meetings; but here in the open, where men coming from miles away meet and become friendly with each other, they lay aside all troubles and prejudice and unfold themselves as they really are; strong, large hearted, whole souled me- chanics. Now, as to the contest: It was held in a tent, probably sixty by thirty feet large, open on three sides, bleachers being built along one side to seat the spectators. If it had been ten times as large it would have been crowded just the same; as it was, it reminded me a good deal of a crowd at a game of baseball, standing a hundred deep and trying to look over each other's heads in the vain endeavor to see the performance. There were three forges let up in the middle of the tent, equal dis- tances apart, anvils and ^ises in their places, and fuel handy, and as A contestants were obliged to furnish the iron and their own tools, every- thing was soon ready. j ALL READY GO! The first day three men participated. They drew for positions and forges, and were given numbers to correspond with those on the score cards, their names being unknown to the judges. After the fires were started and the men were ready, the horses were led in and tied. They were three yearlings, weighing about twelve hundred each. All had been shod before and were supposed to be gentle and stand reasonably quiet. Now they were asked if they were ready, and, answering in the affirma- tive, the word was given, the shoes were removed, the feet dressed and measurements taken for the shoes, which were made out of inch by half- inch iron. The forges were of the small, portable variety, better known as riveting forges, and were far too small for this kind of work, but finally the stock was hot and the actual work of turning began. Here, again, the men ran into a snag. The anvils, being new, and being covered with some sort of paint or varnish, to prevent them from becoming rusty, made the face rather slippery when the hot iron was laid upon this varnish, and it was with difficulty that one could hold the stock in place for the helper to strike upon it, or when running the creaser or fuller, and also when punching the holes. This was considerable of a handicap encountered by the contestants of the first day that the men following on the next day did not encounter, and I think that this condition of the anvils caused, to a certain extent, the difference in the time made between the contestants of the first day and that of those of the following day, FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 307 the time of the first day being 58, 60 and 62 minutes, and the time for the second day being 33 and 44 minutes; but, as the time counted only ten points on the score card, this did not have much bearing on the total score. In turning the shoes, I could not help but notice the different methods employed by the several contestants in going about their work; and, as this had a direct bearing on the result, it was really surprising to me how some of the men still held to some old style and antiquated method of forming the shoe. One of the rules of the contest read: "that limited heating and liberal hammering gives tougher and better wearing shoes," consequently there was plenty of pounding and noise. This "limited heating and liberal pounding" clause is, according to my way of looking at it, a joke. This may have been the proper caper in olden days, when horseshoe stock was made out of old shoes or old iron welded together, then it was, no doubt, necessary to do considerable pounding and hammer- ing to make the mold firm and tough enough so that it would stand the operation of creasing and punching, without "ripping," but this is not necessary nowadays, with our improved methods of rolling iron, and it is rare indeed to run across a bar of iron that will not stand the process of being made into a horseshoe. Another thing: In this "limited heating and liberal hammering" stunt, we naturally do most of the hammering along the sides of the shoe, but where the wear is the strongest, around the toe, very little hammering is done. So this is one rule that should be eliminated. The shoes were to be perfectly plain, no clips or toe or heel calks, but I could not help notice that most of the contestants cut off far too much stock for their shoes; in fact, enough to supply turned up heel calks with, and, of course, after the shoes were turned, this extra stock had to be cut off, and this counted against the contestant also. After the shoe was turned and the first trip was made to the foot, credit was given for the nearest fit, and also for the least number of times the shoe was tried to the foot before it was ready to be driven on. Each competitor was closely observed as the nails were driven, whether he drove them in line, whether he had to pull any nails, and whether the shoe fitted the foot nice and flush; if any of the wall projected out over the shoe, it counted against the contestant; in fact, close observations were kept of the smallest of details, and it was not the time that counted, but the workmanship, first, last and all the time. CONTESTANTS THE FIRST DAY. Ben Woolgar, Des Moines, Iowa; time, sixty-two minutes. Wm. Cameron, Ames, Iowa; time, fifty-eight minutes. Wm. Montes, Des Moines, Iowa; time, sixty minutes. CONTESTANTS. THE SECOND DAY. Wm. Campbell, Rock Rapids, Iowa; time, forty-four minutes. C. E. Wicklund, Marshalltown, Iowa; time, thirty-three minutes. NOTE — Winners were not judged by time. 308 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JUDGING THE WORK. In judging a contest of this character, there are inumerable small details to be kept track of, and it keeps a judge stepping about to keep his eye on the men at work, and as my associate judge, Mr. R. B. Ogilvie, was not a horseshoer, but a breeder and show horse judge, could not stand the heat and smoke (it was an exceedingly hot day in the tent), he did not stay around much the first day and not at all the second, it left the burden of the work upon my shoulders. Now, for instance, in pulling off the shoes, I had to keep my eye on three men; did they cut the clinches or simply make a "bluff" at it? iWas the shoe carefully removed, or was it torn off with one or two jerks, with- out regard to bruising the sole or tearing the wall? Was the foot dressed properly? Was the toe or heel too high? Was the foot level? Did it set square upon the floor, when bare-footed? Was the shoe lang enough? Were the heels fitted to the foot properly? The bearing surface of the wall and the sole had to he taken into consideration. One contestant, after removing the shoe of a rather flat-footed animal, whose wall had been dressed down far too much, in fact, so much that the sole actually had the appearance of a typical drop sole, was not satis- fled to let it go at that, but attempted to rasp some more off of the wall, and then he attempted to pare out the already too thin sole; naturally, this counted against his score; and then, again, when he applied the shoe, he had the most of the pressure on the sole around the toe, instead of on the wall, he having failed to concave out the sole bearing part of the shoe sufficiently to prevent excessive sole pressure. After the shoeing was finished, the animals were jogged up and down the road several times, note being taken of the way in which they traveled. Did they move free and easy? Did they travel square? Did they set their feet down flat and even? Naturally, the case refer rd to above did not travel free and easy, but, on the other hand, it was on the very verge of lameness, and could not be driven into a trot; of course, from an educational standpoint, this incident carried considerable weight, for the cause of the soreness was evidently plain enough to be seen by even the most inexperiencd, especially after I had pointed it out as the cause, and I believe that demonstrations of this character made in the presence of the public, the horse-owning public, would go a great way toward educating them to better comprehend the responsibility attached to the entire procedure of shoeing the horse. It is hardly necessary to state that the shoes were removed from this animal immediately after the work was passed upon, and then he was re-shod, with special attention being paid to the weak sole, and after this traveled as free and easy as of old. Some of the shoes were fitted too narrow, some too short; in some cases it was necessary to rasp off the wall in order to make a neat job of it. Some drove their nails very uneven, some nails going up two inches, others hardly an .inch; some cut large grooves under the nails, in order to make a neat job of it. This made the job look rather un- sightly, and certainly does more or less damage to the wall. Others did too much rasping on the wall in their attempt to finish up the job, es- pecially above the nails. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 309 I am not criticising the work of the several contestants, but simply stating the facts that I, as judge of the contest, passed on, and I am willing to go on record as saying that if all of the horses in the United States, or the world, for that matter, were as well shod as this bunch of colts were, with the one exception mentioned above, it would be a Godsend and a blessing to many a poor, old, sore-footed, faithful friend of man. And it would be the direct means of saving of millions of dollars to the horse owners, and also the direct means of saving the lives of thousands of horses yearly. IMPRESSIONS ON THE PUBLIC. Now, to take a glimpse at the contest from the public's standpoint. After the shoeing was finished and each job passed on, the public was permitted to view the work at close range, and I'll wager that many a farmer, his wife and children, will head right for the horseshoeing tent at the next Iowa State Fair. It was really interesting to notice the interest taken in this work, the questions asked, and, pardon the remark, the ignorance displayed, in regard to the knowledge, or, rather, lack of knowledge, pertaining to the hoof of the horse. Actually, I met farmers there, owners of any numbers of horses, who would lead you to believe that they did not know that the hoof of the horse grew, that it was a sensitive structure, endowed with the most delicate and sensitive mechanism and organism imaginable, and that the least deviation from right, in working on it, not only injures the foot alone, but that as the foundation of the whole body, it renders the animal absolutely useless for the time being, until the harm done is remedied, if possible. In innumerable cases this is at times impossible, and the animal must either be destroyed, or, far worse yet, travel through its miserable existence a life-long cripple. One rancher asked me to show him just where it was safe to drive a nail. He said he did his own shoeing, and that the only way he could tell that the nail was not going into the right place was by the animal letting him know that it was being hurt, or by drawing blood. On ask- ing him what he usually did after he drove a nail into the sensitive laminae, he laughed and said: "Oh, I simply turn them loose and let them rustle around until the next season, stating that he had "jimmed" (as he called it) as high as ten to fifteen good cow-ponies in one season by driving nails into their feet. Now, to hear a man, apparently intelli- gent, tell one a tale like the above makes one shudder and wonder if we really are living in the Year of Our Lord 1914. The state of Iowa, in promoting this contest, does so with the object in view not to make speed contests alone, but educational contests, to educate the public, and to rightly impress them with the operation of protecting the main organ of the horse, the organ that we must keep in working order at all times, the organ that without which the whole animal is rendered useless as a working tool for a man. "No foot, no horse." How true, but how abused, is this very foundation of the noble animal; it is cut, rasped, burned and mutilated until he is rendered use- less, and is sent to a premature death. 310 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE It is wonderful to note the thousands of good, young, finely built animals that are employed upon the streets of our large cities; they're brought in with the best of feet and limbs, full of vim, vigor and vitality, but in a year, or probably two years, they are advertised as "sore-footed," suitable for farmers' use, and are again returned to the country, worn out, haggard looking wrecks of their former selves. WTiat caused this change? Dear reader, you know as well as I do that the majority, the great majority, is caused by bad and indifferent shoeing; not ignorance of the principles of shoeing, but carelessness, such as excessive cutting out of the sole, frog and bars, excessive use of the rasp, both on the wall and sole portion of the hoof, burning the sole, ill-fitting shoes, nail wounds, and a hundred and one other little neglected duties that appear as the "chasm," as it were, by which we designate the "good" from the "bad" mechanic, the careful from the careless mechanic; the man who holds the steady job from the "bum." If other states would follow in the foot-steps of Iowa, these contests would eventually become one of the best, grandest and most humane attempts ever promoted by man for the good and welfare for our most noble animal. There is no reason why a good, sound, young animal should not serve his master for ten years at least, instead of only two or three, and I firmly believe this possible if we could avoid the numerous foot troubles that are brought on by inferior or neglected shoeing. In connection with contests of this character, it would be a good idea to give prizes for pathological shoeing and shoeing diseased feet, illus- trating the most up to date and practical methods for the treatment of corns, side and ring bones, quarter and toe cracks or any other foot or leg trouble that may yield to mechanical aid, how to make and fit a bar shoe properly, the benefits derived from a side calk set here or there on a shoe, for certain cases. Things .like the above would prove of great interest to both the public and also the horseshoers, and it would have the desired effect most sought; namely, education for the masses. When shoeing a case of lameness, it would be an excellent idea to have a practical man, well posted in anatomy, to lecture during the procedure, explaining each act of the operation, how it should be done, and why it must be done so. I believe that practical demonstrations of this class will eventually be held in connection with most of our larger fairs, and should be held at every small fair. Let the local horseshoers get together and hold similar contests; it would bring them together at least once a year and they could exchange their ideas and experiences and thereby add to their store of knowledge, become friendly with their neighbors and become more en- lightened, consequently better mechanics and men. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 311 Awards in Live Stock Departments, Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1914. **^' HOKSE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent. C. F. Curtiss, Ames. PERCHERON. exhibitors. Geo. Baker, Newton ; Brown & Walker, Clarinda ; W. H. S. Barnett, Dexter ; John Cameron, Audubon ; W. S. Corsa, White Hall, 111. ; H. D. Clore, Lucas ; Crawford & Griffin, Newton; Cliamplin Bros., Clinton; Clell Collier, Osceola; Champlin & Ruppel, Ames ; C. B. Dannen & Sons, Melbourne ; Dunham's, Wayne, 111. ; L. A. Dennis, Kilduff ; Geo. Eggert, Newton ; Harry Early, Lis- comb ; W. S. Fox, Genoa, Neb. ; C G. Good, Ogden ; E. N. Gates, Newton ; J. M. Gross, Adel ; Hawthorn Farm, Lake County, 111. ; H. Hursh, Hudson ; R. W. Hoit, Beacon ; John S. Horswell, Estherville ; "W. L. Joy, Grand Junc- tion ; J. T. Judge, Carroll ; Lakewood Farm, Rock Rapids ; H. C. Lowrey, Nevada ; Morris Bros., Stockport ; George W. Murray, Estherville ; M. J. Nel- son, Cambridge ; C. P. Quirin, Marcus ; J. C. Redman, Altoona ; Frank M. Shaw, Oneida, 111. ; Singmaster & Sons, Keota ; W. W. Seeley, Stuart ; Geo. H. Stultz, Winterset ; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111. ; VV. M. Tice, Sully ; Ed Trester, Winterset ; R. P. Wait, Reynolds, 111. ; H. P. Wilkin- son, Mitchellville ; R. J. Wallace, Gravity. Judges Alex Galbraith, DeKalb, III, R. E. Drennen, Canora, Sask., Canada. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Champlin & Ruppel on Kronprinz, 1347 ; second, Dunham's on Kapon, 97589 (90765) ; third, Singmastser & Sons on Jalap, 80583 (85614); fourth, Lakewood Farm on Agitator, 77533; fifth, C. G. Good on Intrepide, 102924 (81321) ; sixth, R. P. Wait on Isadora, 71614 (79888). Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Dunham's, Lycee (102746) ; second, Singmaster & Sons on Luron, 99039 (101048) ; third, John Cameron on Com- mander, 82972 ; fourth, Wm. Crownover on Lavardac, 1014S6 ; fifth, R. W. Hoit on Lent, 101770 (101841) ; sixtli, Singmaster & Sons on L,ical, 99042 (103235), Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Mazagran, (109179) ; second, Singmaster & Sons on Malais, 101335 (107608) ; third, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm on Minutier, (106813) ; fourth, W. S. Corsa on Carlotheon, 91137 ; fifth, W. H. S. Barnett on Major Lewis, 86977. Stallion Over One. Under Two — First, Singmaster & Sons on McClure's Choice, 99964 ; second, W. M. Tice on Dudie ; third, Brown & Walker on Helion, 97205; fourth, Singmaster & Sons on Nadir, 99064 (111542). Stallion Foal — First, Singmaster & Sons, on Keota Jalap ; second, Lakewood Farm on Tambeau ; third. Brown and Walker on Horatio, 104965; fourth, Harry Early on Medallion ; fifth. Brown & Walker on Halton, 104964. Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred hp Exhibitor — First, John Cameron on Commander, 82972 ; second, Lakewood Farm on Agitator, 77533 ; third, Sing- master & Sons on Stanley S., 87701 ; fourth, H. I>. Clore on Hercules, 9111S. Stallion Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Singmaster & Sons on McClure's Choice, 99964 ; second, W. S. Corsa on Carlotheon, 91137 ; third, W. H. S. Barnett on Ma.ior Lewis, 86977 ; fourth, Brown & T\''alker on Helion, 97205 ; fifth, Singmaster & Sons on Keota Jalap. 312 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 313 Yeld Mare Four Years or Over — First, Harry Early on Hermine, 102198 (76134) ; second, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Joie, (83942) ; third, Sing- master & Sons on Jocande, 82289 (96967) ; fourth, Singmaster & Sons on Kibitl^a, 91262 (97695) ;; fifth, C. B. Dannen & Sons on Isterie, 74606 (80075). Mare and Foal, Mare to Count 50 per cent, Foal CO per cent — First, Brown & Walker on Gargouille, 60048; second, J. T. Judge on Juvenilia, 87259 (86622) ; third, Harry Early on G'astraigie, 61459 (69881) ; fourth, J. A. Loughbridge & Sons on Henrietta, 74334. Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Harry Early on Florence II, 85529 ; second, Dunham's on Lurette, 9740 (102707) ; third. Hawthorn Farm on Keg- istere, 98291 (103413) ; fourth, Singmaster & Sons on Luth 91275 (98978) ; fifth, Dunham's on Pink 'Clarissa, 81140. Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, W. S. Corsa on Caroress, 91032 ; second, Geo. Baker on Migon, 95426; third, W. S. Corsa on Radbie, 94317; fourth, Singmaster & Sons on Malice, 99132 (108026) ; fifth, Singmaster & Sons on Meninge, 99056 (108428). Filly Over One, Under Two — First, W. S. Corsa on Carnante, 94321 ; second, W. S. Corsa on Folito II, 94322; third, Geo. Baker on Neva; fourth, Brown & Walker on Helen Helix, 97206; fifth. Singmaster & Sons on Maple Grove Snowball, 99965. Mare Foal — First, J. T. Judge ; second, M. J. Nelson on Grace Kaoline, 105286; third, Singmaster & Sons on Keota Huppee ; Fourth, Morris Bros, on Concoran ; fifth, Morris Bros, on Stockport Miss. Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Dunham's on Pink Clarissa, 81140; second, Lakewood Farm on Elsetta, 85534; third, C. B. Dan- nen & Sons on Bird, 79828; fourth, C. B. Dannen & Sons on L,ola, 72769; fifth, Lakewood Farm on Rometta, 85520. Mare Under Three Years, Bred by Exhibitor — First, 'W. S. Corsa on Car- noress, 91032 ; second, W. S. Corsa on Folito II, 94322 ; third, Geo. Baker on Neva; fourth, Geo. Baker on Migon, 95425; fifth, W. S. Corsa on Radbie, 94317. Chaminon Stallion — First, Dunham's on Lycee, (102746) ; second, Singmaster & Sons on McClure's Choice, 99964. Champion Mare — First, Harry Early on Hermine, 102198 (7C134); second, Harry Early on Florence II, 95529. Champion Stallion, Oioned in Iowa — First, Singmaster & Sons on McClure's Choice, 99964; second, Singmaster & Sons on Duron, 99039 (101048). Champion Mare, Owned in Iowa — First, Harry Early on Hermine, 102198 (76134) ; second, Harry Early on Florence II, 85529. Stallion and His Get — First, Lakewood Farm ; second, Singmaster & Sons. Produce of Mare — First, Singmaster & Sons ; second, Lakewood Farm ; third, Brown & Walker ; fourth, "W. H. S. Barnett ; fifth, C. B. Dannen & Sons. Grand Display — First, W. S. Corsa ; second, Lakewood Farm ; third, C. B. Dannen & Sons. Five Stallions Owned by Exhibitor — First, Singmaster & Sons. SPECIAL, PRIZES OFFERED BY THE PERCHERON SOCIETY OF AMERICA FOR 1914. Stallion Three Yeais Old or Over Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — First, John Cameron on Commander, 82972 ; second, Lakewood Farm on Agitator, 77533 ; third, Singmaster & Sons on Stanley S., 87701. Stallion Under Three, Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — First, Singmaster & Sons on McClure's Choice, 99964; second, W. S. Corsa on Carlotheon, 91137; third, W. H. S. Barnett on Major Lewis, 86977. Champion Stallion, Bred and Oioned by Exhibitor — First, Singmaster & Sons McClure's Choice ; second, John Cameron on Emperor. Mare Three Years or Over, Bred and Oivned by Exhibitor — Dunham's on Pink Clarissa, 81140; second, Lakewood Farm on Elsetta, 85534; third, C B. Dannen & Sons on Bird, 79828. Mare Under Three, Bred and Oivned by Exhibitor — First, W. S. Corsa on Camoress, 91032 ; second, W. S. Corsa on Folito II, 94322 ; third, Geo. Baker on Neva. 314 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Champion Mare, Bred and Oioned hy Exhihitor — First, W. S. Corsa on Car- noress; second, W. S. Corsa on Folito II, 943:^2. Get of Stallion — First, W. S. Corsa on Camot ; second, Brown & Walker on Helix. Produce of Mare — First, Sing-master & Sons ; second, Lakewood Farm ; third. Brown & Walker. Champion Stud — First, W. S. Corsa ; second, Lakewood Farm ; third, C. B. Dannen & Sons. Five Stallions, Owned hy Exhihitor — First, Singmaster & Sons ; second, Dun- ham's. Champion Stallion, Open Class — First, Dunham's on Lycee (102746) ; sec- ond, Singmaster & Sons on McClure's Choice, 99964. Champion Mare, Open Class — First, Harry Early on Hermine, 102198 (76134) ; second, Harry Early on Florence II, 85529. NATIONAL DRAFT HORSE BREEDERS' FUTURITY OPENED AND GUAR- ANTEED BY THE CHICAGO DAILY LIVE STOCK WORLD. Judges Peter Hoplet, Lewis, Iowa. Alex Galbraith^ DeKalb, 111. Percheron Stallions — First, Singm.aster & Sons on McClure's Choice, 99964 ; second, W. M. Tice on Dudie ; third. Brown & Walker on Helion, 97205 ; fourth, J. A. Dennis on Magnet; fifth, W. S. Corsa on Carbon 2nd, (100017); sixth, Singmaster & Sons on Keota Idea ; seventh, Crawford & Griffin on Navarre ; eighth, C. B. Dannen & Sons on Jeferies ; ninth, J. T. Judge on Cyclone, 104054 ; tenth, C. B. Dannen & Sons on Josiah ; eleventh, Crawford & Griffin on Nogent, 104287 ; twelfth, John S. Horswell on Briquet. Percheron Fillies — First, W^. S. Corsa on Carnate, 94321 ; second, 'KV. S. Corsa on Folito 2nd, 94322; third, Geo. Baker on Neva; fourth. Brown & Walker on Helen Helix, 97206 ; fifth, Singmaster & Sons on Maple Grove Snow- ball, 99965; sixth. Brown & Walker on Hazel Helix, 103829; seventh, W. S. Corsa on Camorada, 100016; eighth, M. J. Nelson on Remona ; ninth. Brown & M^alker on Harriet, 103828; tenth, R. H. Hoit on Madge, 104618; eleventh, R. P. Wait on Emma Pearl, 105727; twelfth, Geo. AV. Murray on Jumannette, 105403. CLYDESDALE. exhibitors. ' C. R. & H. S. Barron, Elkton, S. D. ; Bedminister Farm, Bedminister, N. J. ; E. J. Edwards. Alta ; H. Farris Ford, Storm Lake ; Alex Galbraith & Son, DeKalb, 111. ; J. W. Hillman, Dana ; Hildebrand Bros., Gladbrook ; W. V. Hix- son, Marengo ; E. J. Koms, Hartwick ; Morris Bros., Stockport ; McLay Bros., Janesville, Wis. ; James MacGough, Williamsburg ; James Pedley, Britt ; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, 111. ; South Bros., Orion, 111. ; W. W. Weston & Son, Audubon. Judge Donald Campbell^ Hannaf ord, N. D. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, McLay Bros, on King Norman, 16159 ; second, H. Harris Ford on Prince Cedric, 16656; third, James Pedley on Forest King, 14076; fourth, McLay Bros, on King's Buckler, 16158; fifth, A. G. Soder- berg on Scotland's Majesty, 17644 ; sixth, W. V. Hixson on Stewart Favorite, 15505. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, James MacGtough on Max, 18127 ; second, A. G. Soderberg on Come Again, 16920; third, W. V. Hixson on Baron Caliph, 16592; fourth, A. G. Soderberg on Vigor, 18132; fifth, W. V. Hixson on Glenco, 16596. Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, 'W. A". Hixson on Victor Favorite, 17208; second, E. J. Korns on A\^arren's Favorite, 17071; third, H. Harris Ford on Donald's Pride, 17546 ; fourth, South Bros. ; fifth. South Bros, on Hope's Price, 17019. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 315 Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, A. G. Soderberg on Hope's Pride, 18135 ; second, McLay Bros, on King's Kmblem, 17886 ; third, W. V. Hixson on The Favorite Prince, 17902 ; fourtli, H. Harris Ford on Prince Fearless, 1S112 ; fifth, James MacGough on King's Vouclier, 17850. Stallion Foal — First, McLay Bros. ; second, C. R. & H. S. Barron on Elegant Prince ; third, TV. V. Hixson on Flossie's Favorite ; fourth, H. Harris Ford on Prince Forward. Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, A. G. Soderberg on Come Again, 16920 ; second, A. G. Soderberg on Osco Price, 11226 ; third, James Pedley on Forest King, 14076; fourth, W. V. Hixson on Baron Caliph, 16592; fifth, W. V. Hixson on Glenco. 16596. Stallion Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, McLay Bros, on King's Em- blem, 17886; second, A. G. Soderberg on Hope's Pride, 18135; third, W. V. Hixson on Victor Favorite, 17071; fourth, E. J. Korns, Warren's Favorite, 17071. Yeld Mare, Four Years or Over — First, McLay Bros, on Florentia, 12574 ; second, C. R. & H. S. Barrons on Euphemia Walls, 14426 ; third, W. V. Hixson on Clifton Bell, 15530; fourth, A. G. Soderberg on Winsome Princess, 12841; fifth, McLay Bros, on Queen of Time, 15453. Mare and Foal, Mare to Count 50%, Foal 50% — First, McLay Bros, on Princess Handsome. 9758; second, H. Harris Ford on Una, 16194 (25422) ; third, W. V. Hixson on May Palmerston, 15994 ; fourth, W. V. Hixson on Flossie, 15862 ; fifth, C. R. & H. S. Barron on Mayfiower, 15699. Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, C. R. & H. S. Barron on Fanny, 16406 ; second, H. Harris Ford on Princess Mae, 16807 ; third, A. G. Soderberg on Osco Bell, 16279 ; fourth, James MacGough on Maple Hurst Belle, 16649 ; fifth, J. W. Hillman on Wayside Princess, 16500. Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, W. V. Hixson on Lady Stewart, 17214 ; second, McLay Bros, on Buchlyvie Lady, 17256; third, W. V. Hixson on Lady Favorite, 16926; fourth, A. G. Soderberg on Osco Gem, 16922; fifth, W. W. Weston & Son on Winsome Bessie, 17369. Filly Over One, Under Tivo — First, W. V. Hixson on Palmerston's Favorite, 17899 ; second, C. R. & H. S. Barron on Lady May, 17823 ; third, C. R. & H. S. Barron on Evangeline, 17823; fourth, A. G. Soderberg on Osco Darling, 18134; fifth. South Bros, on King Norman's Beauty. Mare Foal — First, McLay Bros. ; second, W. V. Hixson ; third, Morris Bros. ; fourth, A. G. Soderberg; fifth, J. "W. Hillman. Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, McLay Bros, on Princess Handsome, 9758; second, W. V. Hixson on Flossie, 15862; third, C. R. & H. S. Barron on Fanny, 16406 ; fourth, A. G. Soderberg on Osco Bell, 16279 ; fifth, W. V. Hixson on May Palmerston, 15994. Mare Under Three Bred by Exhibitor — First, W^. V. Hixson on Lady Stewart, 17214 ; second, McLay Bros. ; third, W^. V. Hixson on Palmerston's Favorite, 17899 ; fourth, C. R. & H. S. Barron on Lady May, 17823 ; fifth, C. R. & H. S. Barron on Evangeline, 17826. Champion Stallion — First, McLay Bros, on King Norman, 16159 ; second, McLay Bros, on King's Emblem, 17886. Champion Mare — First, W. V. Hixson on Lady Stewart ; second, McLay Bros, on King's Princess. Champion Stallion Oiuned in loiva — First, "W. V. Hixson on Victor Favorite, 17208; second, James MacGough on Max, 18127. Champion Mare Owned in loica — First, W. V. Hixson on Lady Stewart ; second, W. V. Hixson on Palmerston's Favorite, 17S99. Stallion and His Get — First, McLay Bros. ; second, W. V. Hixson ; third, C. R. & H. S. Barron ; fourth, H. Harris Ford. ■ Produce of Mare — First. South Bros. ; second, "W'. V. Hixson ; third, W. V. Hixson ; fourth, C. R. & H. S. Barron. Grand Display — First, McLay Bros. ; second, W. V. Hixson ; third, C. R. & H. S. Barron ; fourth, A. G. Soderberg. Five Stallions Owned by Exhibitor — First, W. V. Hixson ; second, McLay Bros, 316 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE cpq FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 317 NATIONAL CLYDESDALE BREEDERS' FUTURITY. Owned and Guaranteed by the Chicago Daily Live Stock World. Judges Donald Campbell, Hannaf ord, N. D. Leslie Smith, St. Cloud, Minn. W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa. Stallions — First, A. G. Soderberg on Hope's Prince, 18135; second, McLay Bros, on King's Emblem ; third, W. V. Hixson on The Favorite Prince, 17902 ; fourth, H. Harris Ford on Prince Fearless, 18112; fifth, James MacGough on King's Voucher, 17850; sixth, A. G. Soderberg on Queen's Prince, 18133; seventh, A. G. Soderberg on William Woodmack, 17909; eighth, McLay Bros, on Connoisseur. Fillies — First, W. V. Hixson on Palmerston's Favorite, 17899; second, C. R. & H. S. Barron on Lady May, 17823; third, C. R. & H. S. Barron on Evangeline, 17826; fourth, A. G. Soderberg on Osco Darling, 18134; fifth. South Bros, on King Norman's Beauty; sixth, W. V. Hixson on Favorite's Darling, 17897; .seventh, McLay Bros, on Lady Serene ; eighth, J. W. Hillman on Wayside Clara, 17658. ENGLISH SHIRES. EXHIBITORS. Dan Boyd, Jr., Menlo ; Wm. Crownover, Hudson; George Eggert, Newton; J. M. Gross, Adel ; J. Li. Howard, Ankeny ; H. Hursh, Hudson ; Frank E. Huston, Waukee ; D. M. Johnston, Storm Lake ; Thos. Kiddoo & Son, Joy, Illinois ; George M. McCray, Fithian, Illinois; G. W. Smith & Son, Altoona ; A. G'. Soder- berg, Osco, Illinois ; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois ; J. H. Thompson, Elliott ; H. P. Wilkinson, Mitchellville. Judge R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, 111. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Cowley Triumph (29268) ; second, Thos. Kiddoo & Sons on Osco Grand Prince, 11845; ';hird, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Darleston King (29290) ; fourth, Tru- mans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Heckington Chief (30520) ; fifth, H. P. Wilkinson Eros, on Romulus V., 14573 (28722). Stallion Over Three Under Four — First, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Boro Bhisterer (31140) ; second, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Cosford Buchanan (31119); third, Wm. Crownover on Dunchurch Baronet, 14570; fourth, Frank E. Huston on Dunsmore Sentinel, 14186; fifth, "V^^m. Crownover on Holdenby Adonis, 13519. Stallion Over Two Under Three — First, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Royal Patch (31143) ; second, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Fayette Rambler, 13794; third, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Surprise, 13579; fourth, H. Hursh on Wycombe Superior, 15135. Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Fleet- wood Laddie, 14250; second, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Moors, 14898; third, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Pilot, 14534 ; fourth, Wm. Crownover on Paramount Milton. Stallion Foal — First, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Fame ; second, J. M. Gross on Frank L ; third, J. L. Howard on Starlight Prince, 15222. Sta.llion Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Flame; second, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Moors, 14898; third, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Pilot, 14534 ; fourth, Wm. Crownover. Yeld Mare Four Yeai's or Over — First, Geo. M. McCray on Coldham Surprise, 11980; second, A. G. Soderberg on Wallington Sunbeam, 13346 (69112); third, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Normandy Sweet Briar (6803 8) ; fourth, H. Hursh on Haring Golden Lass, 14834. Mare and Foal, Mare to Count 50%, Foal 50% — First, Geo. M. McCray on Elvetham Flora, 12750; second, J. M. Gross en Betty; third, J. L. Howard on Ankeny Starlight, 10529 ; fourth, H. Hursh on Verona Lillie, 9585. 318 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE O u — M P w o o K FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 319 Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Wm. Crownover on Fuschia, 14571 ; second, Geo. M. McCray on Moulton Tagalie, T.'M?:! ; third, H. P. Williinson Bros, on Clifton Daisy, 14582 (70247) ; fourtli, II. 1*. Wilkinson on Flower, 14581 (73184). Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Trumans' Pioneer St>id Farm on Marcli Forest Queen (73180) ; second, H. P. Wilkinson Bros, on Yatesbury Sharpely, 14584 (73188); third, Frank K. Huston on Pinokrcst Primrose, 13225; fourth, Geo. Eggert on Oak Lawn Easter Rose, 13247. Filly Over One, Under Two — First, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Jolly, 14899 ; second, Thos. Kiddoo & Sons on Princess Beauty II, 14272 ; third, Thos. Kiddoo & Sons on Blandina, 14274 ; fourtli, Thos. Kiddoo & Sons on Favorite Duchess, 14273. Mare Foal — First, Thos. Kiddoo & Son on Verona Belle, 15303 ; second, G. W. Smith & Son; third, H. P. Wilkinson Bros., Elmland Charm, 15299; fourth, Thos. Kiddoo & Son on Gwendolin, 15300. Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Pann on Trumans' Lady Patch, 14257 ; second, A. G. Soderberg on Osco Princess, 12825 ; third, G. W. Smith & Son on Mabel Smith, 11399 ; fourth, Thos. Kiddoo & Son on Rowena Belle, 10346. Mare Under Three, Bred by Exhibitoi — First, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Jolly, 14899 ; second, Thos. Kiddoo & Son on Favorite Duchess, 14273 ; third, Thos. Kiddoo & Son on Blandina, 14274 ; fourth, Thos. Kiddoo & Son on Princess Beauty II, 14272. Champion Stallion — First, Trumans" Pioneer Stud Farm on Boro Blusterer ; second, Trumans' Pioneer Stud' Farm on Royal Patch. Champion Mare — First, Geo. M. McCray on Coldham Surprise ; second, A. G. Soderberg on Wallington Sunbeam. Champion Shire Mare, Coldham Surprise, 11980, owned by Geo. N. McCray, Fithian, Illinois. 320 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Champion Stallion, Owned in Iowa — First, Frank E. Huston on Dunsmore Sentinel ; second, Wm. Crownover on Duncliurcli Baronet, 14570. Champion Mare Owned in Iowa — First, H. Hursh on Hering Golden Lass ; second, H. Hursh on Fuschia. Stallion and His Get — First, Thos. Kiddoo & Son. Produce of Mare — First, Geo. M. McCray ; second, Thos. Kiddoo & Son ; third, A. G. Soderberg ; fourth, Frank E. Huston. Grand Display — First, Thos. Kiddoo & Son. Five Stallions Owned hy Exhibitor — First, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm. SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SHIRE HORSE ASSOCIATION. Champion Stallion, Any Age — First, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Boro Blusterer (31140). Champion Mare, Any Age — First, Geo. M. McCray on Coldham Surprise, 11980. Best American Bred Stallion, Any Age — First, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Fleetwood Laddie. Best American Bred Mare, Any Age — First, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Jolly. NATIONAL SHIRE DRAFT HORSE BREEDERS' FUTURITY. OPENED AND GUARANTEED BY THE CHICAGO DAILY LIVE STOCK WORLD. Judges R. B. Ogilvie^ Chicago, III. A. Latimer Wilson, Creston, Iowa. Fillies — First, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Jolly ; second, Thos. Kiddoo & Son on Princess Beauty 2nd, 14274; third, Thos. Kiddoo & Son on Blandina, 14274; fourth, Thos. Kiddoo & Son on Favorite Duchess, 14273 ; fifth, Geo. Eggert on Marie Brilliant, 14624; sixth, Geo. McCray on Royal Sylvia; seventh, R. P. Wilkinson & Sons on Elmland Bold Duchess, 14346. Stallions — First, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Fleetwood Laddie, 15250 ; Geo. M. McCray on Royal Moors ; third, Geo. M. McCray on Royal Pilot ; fourth, Wm. Crownover on Paramount Milton ; fifth, A. G. Soderberg on Sylvia King, 15258; sixth, Geo. Eggert on James Echo, 15213; seventh, Geo. Eggert on Newton King Oscar, 14669. BELGIAN. EXHIBITORS. Wm. Crownover, Hudson ; Crawford & Griffin, Newton ; Champlin Bros., Clinton ; W. C. Estes, Packwood ; C. H. Eversold, Ankeny ; George Eggert, New- ton ; R. F. French, Independence ; J. F. Gift, Dallas Center ; C. G. Good, Ogden ; Harry E. Hopper, Indianola ; Hildebrand Bros., Gladbrook ; Chas. Irvine, Ankeny; H. Lefebure, Fairfax; J. A. Loughridge, Delta; G. A, McCarty, Princeville, 111. ; J. D. McDermott, Wiota ; W. C. McDermott, Wiota ; Carl A. Rosenfeld, Kelly ; J. C. Ritchie, Stratford ; Singmaster & Sons, Keota ; Tru- mans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111. ; J. F. Thompson, Ankeny ; Whip Tree Farm, Pioneer ; W. A. Wickersheim, Ankeny. AWARDS. Judges W. j. Kbni^tedt, Ames, Iowa. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Wm. Crownover on Farceur, 7332 ; second, Henry Lefebure on Clarion de Rosseignies, 7978; third, R. F. French on Ergot, 7611; fourth, Crawford & Griffln on Belvedere, 7246; fifth, H. Lefebure on Jules Remi, 6166. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Champlin Bros, on Paul de Roosbeke, 7786 ; second, Geo. Eggert on Combattant De Granty, 8214 ; third, Crawford & Griffln on Pacha, 8246; fourth, Chas. Irvine on Volcan II, 7550 (72912); fifth, J. F. Thompson on Bienfait, 7588 (S0854). Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Chas. Irvine on Ruban, 8423 (82332) ; second, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Figaro (91480) ; third, Champlin Bros, on Marck, 7785; fourth, C. W. McDermott on Governor Major, 6931; fifth, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Paul de Wiels (91476). FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 321 Stallion Over One, Under Tivo — First, Chas. Irvine on Irvindale Jean, S426 ; second, C. W. McDermott on Prince Imperial, 8299 ; tliird, W. C. Estes on Prize Winner, 7651 ; fourtli, Wiiip Tree Farm on Orderly, 8392. Stallion Foal — First, W. C. Estes on Ob ; second, H. Lefebure on Indigine ; third, R. F. Frencli on Jules de Ergot ; fourtli, Whip Tree Farm on Nitro. Stallion Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Jean, 8426 ; second, J. D. McDermott on Prince Imperial, 8299 ; third, W. C. Estes on Packwood Rex, 7555 ; fourth, W. C. Estes on Ob. Yeld Mare, Four Years or Over — First, H. Lefebure on Anne Du Balcan ; second, Chas. Irvine on Gusta ; third, H. Lefebure on Fannie de Dotte ; fourth, H. Lefebure on Gazetta. Mare and Foal, Mare to Count 50%, Foal 50% — First, R. F. French on Flora ; second, Wm. Crownover on Quimperlette ; third, Whip Tree Farm on Marquise, 583 ; fourth, Geo. Eggert on Marth de Haerten, 1026 ; fifth, Wm. Crownover on Civette, 3065. Fili)/ Over Three, Under Four — First, H. Lefebure on Paula de Lens, 3047 ; second, Chas. Irvine on Reverse (91522); third, Chas. Irvine on Dina, 3420; fourtli, H. Lefebure on Marie II d'Aulne, 3617 ; fifth, C. G. Good on Bessy, 3879. Filli/ Over Two, Under Three — First, Chas. Irvine on Dora (106619) ; second, J. F. Thompson on Orpha, 3424 (89083) ; third, H. Lefebure on Amulette (98777) ; fourtn, Chas. Irvine on Fayette (106615) ; fifth, W. C. Estes on Bay Beauty, 3379. Filly Over One, Under Two — First, Harry E. Hopper on Jolie de Thimeon II, 4117; second, R. F. French on Lili de Comet; third, Chas. Irvine on Irvine- dale Minnie, 4033 ; fourth, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Viota, 4034. Mare Foal — First, R. F. French on June de Ergot ; second, Wm. Crownover on Salome ; third, Wm. Crownover on Lista ; fourth, R. F. French on Cora de Ergot. Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Chas. Irvine on Blue Belle, 2666; second, W. C. Estes on Lady Maude, 619; third, J. Loughridge & Sons on Madam of Delta, 2820; fourth, J. Loughridge on Portia, 2050. Mare Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — 1 irst, Harry E. Hopper; second, R. F. French on June de Ergot ; third, R. F. French on Belle de Comet ; fourth, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Minnie, 4033. Champion Stallion — First, Wm. Crownover on Farceur, 7332 ; second, H. Lefebure on Clarion de Rosseignies (7978). Champion Mare — First, H. Lefebure on Anna du Balcan, 3044 ; second, H. Lefebure on Paula de Lens, 3047. Champion Stallion, Oxcned in Iowa — First, Wm. Crownover on Farceur, 7332 ; second, H. Lefebure on Clarion de Rosseignies (7978). Champion Mare, Oioned in loiva — First, H. Lefebure on Anna du Balcan, 3044 ; second, H. Lefebure on Paula de Lens, 3047. Stallion and His Get — First, Wm. Crownover ; second, R. F. French ; third, W. C. Estes. Produce of Mare — First, W. C. Estes ; second, Chas. Irvine ; third, Wdiip Tree Farm ; fourth, J. C. Ritchie. Grand Display — First, R. F. French; second, Chas. Irvine; third, J. A. Loughridge & Sons. Five Stallions, Owned by Exhibitor — First, Chaplin Bros. ; second, Chas. Irvine. SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF IM- PORTERS AND BREEDERS OF BELGIAN DRAFT HORSES. Stallion Four Years and Over — First, Wm. Crownover on Farceur, 7332 ; second, H. Lefebure on Clarion de Rosseignies, 7978; third, R. F. French on Ergot, 7611 ; fourth, Crawford & Griffln on Belvedere, 7246 ; fifth, H. Lefebure on Jules Remi, 6166. Stallion Three Years and Under Four — First, Champlin Bros, on Paul de Roosbeke, 7786 ; second, Geo. Eggert on Combattant De Granty, 8214 ; third, Crawford & Griffin on Pacha, 8246; fourth, Chas. Irvine on Volcan II, 7550 (72912) ; fifth, J. F. Thompson on Bienfait, 7588 (80854). 21 522 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 323 Stallion Tioo Years and Under Three — First, Chas. Irvine on Ruban, 8423 (82332) ; second, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Figaro (91480) ; third, Champlin Bros, on Marclt, 7785 ; fourth, C. W. McDermott on Governor Major, 6931 ; fifth, Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm on Paul de Wiels (91476). Stallion One Year Old and Under Two — First, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Jean, 8426 ; .second, J. D. McDermott on Prince Imperial, 8299 ; third, W. C. Estes on Prize Winner, 7651 ; fourth. Whip Tree Farm on Orderly, 8392. Mare Four Years Old and Over — First, H. Lefebure on Anna du Balcan, 3044 ; second, Cha.s. Irvine on Gusta, 4026 ; third, H. L,efebure on Fanny de Dotte, (98767) ; fourth, H. Lefebure on Gazette (98769). Mure Three Years Old and Under Four — First, H. Lefebure on Paula de Lens, 3047; second, Chas. Irvine on Reverse (91532); third, Chas. Irvine on I>ina, 3420 ; fourth, H. Lefebure on Marie II d'Aulne, 3617. Mare Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Chas. Irvine on Dora (106619) ; second, J. F. Thompson on Orpha, 3424 (89083) ; third, H. Lefebure on Amu- lette (98777) ; fourth, Chas. Irvine on Fayette (106615) ; fifth, W. C. Estes on Bay Beauty, 3379. Mare One Year Old and. Under Two — First, Harry E. Hopper on Jolie de Thimeon II, 4117 ; second, R. F. French on Lili de Comet; third, Chas. Irvine on Irvinediile Minnie, 4033 ; fourth, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Viola, 4034. Champion Stallion, All Ages Competing — First, Wm. Crownover on Farceur, 7332 ; second, H. Lefebure on, Clarion de Rosseignies, 7978. Champion Mare, All Ages Competing — First, H. Lefebure on Anna du Balcan, 3044 ; second, H. Lefebure on Paula de Lens, 3047. Five Stallions, Property of One Exhibitor — First, Champlin Bros. ; second, Chas. Irvine. BELGIAN NATIONAL DRAFT HORSE BREEDERS' FUTURITY. Stallions — First, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Jean, 8426 ; second, J. C. McDer- mott; third, "W. C. Estes on Prize Winner, 7651; fourth, A. W. Hawley on Orderly, 8392; fifth, J. C. Ritchie on Frenchy ; sixth. Hopper Stock Farm on Bourdon 2nd, 8499 ; seventh, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Don, 8424. Fillies — First, Hopper Sfock Farm on Jolie De Thimeon 2nd, 4117 ; second, R. F. French on Lili ; third, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Minnie, 4033 ; fourth, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Violet, 4034 ; fifth, Hopper Stock Farm on Anna 2nd, 3756 ; sixth, A. W. Hawley on Ottlie, 3999 ; seventh, Hildebrand Bros, on Fanny de Tripser, 3983. LEFEBBURB BELGIAN SPECIALS. Stallions — First, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Jean, 8426 ; second, W. C. Estes on Prize Winner, 7651 ; third, A. W. Hawley on Orderly, 8392 ; fourth, J. C. Ritchie on Frenchy, 8634. Fillies — First, Harry E. Hopper on Jolie De Thimeon 2nd, 4117 ; second, R. F. French on Lili De Comet, 4295 ; third, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Minnie, 4033 ; fourth, Chas. Irvine on Irvinedale Viola, 4034. SUFFOLK PUNCH. EXHIBITORS. Hawtliorn Farm, Lake county, Illinois. Judge W. J. I-Cennedy^ Ames, Iowa. AWARDS. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, on Westside Chieftain, 315 ; second, on Ashmoor Romeo, 607 (3895) ; third, on Darsham Onyx, 736 (4128). Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, on Attleborough, 666 ; second. Haw- thorn Sunrise, 640. Stallion Over One, Under Tivo — First, on Hawthorn Chieftain ; second, on Hawthorn Ormond, 733; third, on Satin, 768 (778). Stallion Foal — First, on Hawthorn Olrwell, 835. Stallion Under Three, Bred hy Exhibitor — First on Hawthorn Ormond, 773 ; second. Hawthorn Sunrise, 640. 324 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Yeld Mare Four Years or Over — First, on Baudsey Hebe, 650 (7388). Mare and Foal, Mare to Count 50%, Foal 50% — First, on Burgli Darling, 653 (6946) ; second, on Imp. Tease, 651 (6572). Filly Over Three Under Four — First, on Minstrel Lady, 669. Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, The Suffragette, 670. Filly Over One, Under Two — First, on Hawthorn Teasel, 749 ; second, on Hawthorn Joyce, 726. Mare Foal — First, on Hawthorn Darling, 837. Mare Under Three, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, on Hawthorn Joyce, 726. Champion Stallion — First on Westside Chieftain 315 ; second, on Attleborough, 666. Champion Mare — First, on Burgh Darling, 653 (6946); second, on Minstrel Lady, 669. Get of Stallion — First. Prodtice of Mare — First and second. Or and Display — First. Five Stallions Owned hy Exhibitor — First. DRAFT GELDINGS AND MARES. EXHIBITORS. C. B. Dannen & Son, Melbourne ; C. H. Ebersold, Ankeny ; W. C. Estes, Pack- wood ; Harry Early, Liscomb ; H. Harris Ford, Storm Lake ; R. F. French, In- dependence ; C. G. Good, Ogden ; Nelson Gormley, Bondurant ; Hildebrand Bros., Gladbrook ; J. L. Howard, Ankeny ; Frank A. Huston, Waukee ; J. A. Lough- ridge, Delta ; Morris Bros., Stockport ; McLay Bros., Jane.sville, Wis. ; Geo. M. McCray, Fithian, 111. ; M. J. Nelson, Cambridge ; J. C. Ritchie, Stratford ; Carl A. Rosenfeld, Kelley ; G'. "W. Smith & Son, Altoona ; "W. TV. Seeley, Stuart ; Sing- master & Sons, Keota ; South Bros., Orion, 111. ; Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111. Judge R. B. Ogilvie^ Chicago, 111. AWARDS. Gelding or Mare Four Years or Over — First, Nelson Gormley on Mike ; second. Nelson Gormley on Mack ; third, C. H. Ebersold on Don ; fourth, C. H. Eber- sold on Dick ; fifth, W. C. Estes on Prince. Gelding or Mare Three Years, Under Four — First, Nelson Gormley on John ; second, C. H. Ebersold on Don ; third, J. L. Howard on Beauty ; fourth, G. W. Smith & Son on Tom. Gelding or Mare Two Years and Under Three — First, J. L. Howard on Dolly ; second, J. L. Howard on Nig. Gelding or Mare One Year and Under Two — First, Frank E. Huston ; second, Hildebrand Bros, on Nellie ; third, W. C. Estes on Dick ; fourth, C. H. Ebersold on Nick ; fifth, C. H. Ebersold on Dan. Horse or Filly Foal — First, Morris Bros, on Stockport Lad ; second, Frank E. Huston ; third, C. H. Ebersold on Joe ; fourth, Hildebrand Bros, on Tripsee Jr. ; fifth, Morris Bros, on Stockport Lassie. Farmer's Team — First, Harry Early; second, Harry Early; third. Nelson Gormley; fourth, O. H. Ebersold; fifth, C. G. Good; sixth, G. W.' Smith & Son. Gelding or Mare Four Years or Over — First, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm on Woodrow Wilson ; second, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm on Teddy Roose- velt ; third. Nelson Gormley on Mack ; fourth, Nelson Gormley on Mike ; fifth, C. H. Ebersold on Don. Draft Team in Harness — First, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm ; second. Nelson Gormley ; third, C. H. Ebersold. Champion Gelding or Mare — First, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm on Teddy Roosevelt ; second, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm on Woodrow Wilson. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 325 ROADSTERS. EXHIBITORS. Horace L. Anderson, Des Moines ; Thomas Bass, Mexico, Mo. ; J. C. Brunk, Springfield, III. ; A. L. Champlin, Ames ; Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo. ; Miss Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo. ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo. ; P. C. McNally, Dunlap ; Geo. J. Peak, Winchester, III. ; Bruce Robinson, Riverside ; Ed P. Uhrich, Kansas City, Kan. ; Fred Williams, Barnes City. Judges Geo. W. Pepper, Toronto, Canada. W. A. DOBSONj Des Moines, Iowa. Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. AWARDS. Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Geo. J. Peak on Tommy Doyle; second, Houchin & Anderson on Hastings Girl ; third, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooersi on Helen Idlewood ; fourth, Thos. Bass on Billy Woods. Pair Stallions, Mare or Geldings — First, Houchin & Anderson on Billy Woods and Hastings Girl ; second, Geo. J. Peak on Tommy Doyle and Tommy Piper ; third, Ed P. Uhrich on Steve C. and Mate ; fourth, Geo. J. Peak on Jackey and Erilla. RUN-ABOUTS. EXHIBITORS. H. Li. Anderson, Des Moines ; Thomas Bass, Mexico, Mo. ; J. C. Brunlc, Spring- field, 111. ; A. L.. Champlin, Ames ; William Daniel, Chicago, 111. ; E. A. Elliott, Des Moines ; Hawthorn Farm, Lake county, Illinois ; Hamilton Bros., Keota ; Harris & Richardson, Mystic ; Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo. ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo. ; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines ; Geo. J. Peak, Winchester, 111. ; Bruce Robinson, Riverside ; Wlilliam C. Seipp, Chicago, 111. ; John R. Thompson, Chicago, 111. ; C. F. Stewart, Des Moines ; Ed P. Uhrich, Kansas City, Kan. ; Fred Williams, Barnes City. Judges Geo. T^'■. Pepper, Toronto, Canada. W. A. DOBSON, Des Moines, Iowa. Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. AWARDS. Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers ; second, Wm. Daniel ; third, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers ; fourth, Wm. C. Seipp ; fifth, Ha-*'- thorn Farm. Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Royal Regent and Advance Guard ; second, Ed P. Uhrich on Rexall and Mate ; third, Geo. J. Peak on Gaitwood, 46705. Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Hamilton Bros, on Major ; second, Bruce Robinson on Game Major; third, Horace L. Anderson on Winnie Blake; fourth, E. A. Elliott on Pickles, FAMILY TURNOUT. EXHIBITORS. Thomas Bass, Mexico, Mo. ; Blades & HoUman, Holliday, Mo. ; A. L. Champ- lin, Ames ; Hamilton Bros., Keota ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo. ; Geo. J. Peak, T\"inchester, 111. ; E. P. Uhrich, Kansas City, Kan. Judges Geo. W. Pepper, Toronto, Canada. W. A. DOBSON, Des Moines, Iowa. Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. Single Horse Familii Turnout — First, A. Li. Champlin on Fair Eliza; second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Chocolate Soldier ; third, Ed P. Uhrich on Daisy Lee, 326 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LADIES' TURNOUT. EXHIBITORS. H. L. Anderson, Des Moines ; A. L. Champlin, Ames ; Hamilton Bros., Keota Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo. ; Geo. A. Heyl & Son, Washington, 111. ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo. ; Geo. J. Peak, "Wincliester, 111. Bruce Robinson, Riverside ; John R. Thompson, Cliicago, 111. Judges Geo. W. Pepper_, Toronto, Canada. "W. A. DOBSON, Des Moines, Iowa. Walter Palmer^ Ottawa, 111. Single Mare or GeUUnfi — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Spring Maid ; second, J. R. Thompson on Ebony Girl ; third, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Chocolate Soldier ; fourth, A. L. Champlin on The Fair Eliza. Pair Mares or Geldings, or Mare and Gelding — First, John R. Thompson on Ebony Girl and Lovely Lady ; second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Pick of the Basket and Dainty Miss ; tliird, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Spring Maid and the Chocolate Soldier ; fourth, A. L. Champlin. HIGH STEPPERS AND PARK HORSES. exhibitors. Thomas Bass, Mexico, Mo. ; Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111. ; A. L. Champlin, Ames ; Wm. Daniel, Chicago, 111. ; B. A. Elliott, Des Moines ; Hawthorn Farm, Lake county, Illinois ; Hamilton Bros., Keota ; Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo. ; George A. Heyl, Washington, 111. ; Harris & Richardson, Mystic ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo. ; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines ; Geo. J. Peak, Winchester, 111. ; Bruce Robinson, Riverside ; William C. Seipp, Chi- cago, 111. ; C. F. Stewart, Des Moines ; John R. Thompson, Chicago, 111. ; Ed P. Uhrich, Kansas City, Kian. ; Fred Williams, Barnes City. Judges Geo. W. Pepper, Toronto, Canada. W. A. DOBSON, Des Moines, Iowa. Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. AWARDS. Stallion, Marc or Gelding ir, to ir>-2 — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Spring Maid ; second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Advance Guard ; third, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Pick of the Basket ; fourth, John R. Thomp- son on Liovely Lady; fifth, W\n. Daniel on Jack Tar. Stallion, Mare or Gelding l.',-2 and Over — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Count ; second, John R. Thoinpson on Pride of Prides ; third, Houchin & Anderson on Sporting Extra ; fourth, Wm. C. Seipp on Gay Deceiver ; fifth, Houchin & Anderson on Gayety. Pair Stallions^, Mares or Geldings 13 to l'<-2 — First, Jno. R. Thompson on Ebony Girl and Lovely Lady ; second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Royal Regent and Advance Guard ; third, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Pick of the Basket and Dainty Miss. Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings Over V>-2 — First, Jno. R. Thompson on Pride of Pride and Oakwood ; second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Spring Maid and Hallie's Comet ; third, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Chocolate Soldier and the Count ; fourth, A. L. Champlin. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Height — First, Mr. and Mrs. O'. J. Mooers on The Pick of the Bassket ; second, John R. Thompson on Ebony Girl ; third, Chas. E. Bunn on Dinarth Roany ; fourth, Wm. C. Seipp on Billy D ; fifth, Hawthorn Farm on Tollington. Stallion, Mare or Gelding Owned in Iowa — First, A. L. Champlin on Fair Eliza; second, Hamilton Bros, on Miss Fidelity; third, Bruce Robinson on Game Major; fourth, E. A. Elliott on Pickles. Pair Stallions, Mare or Geldings — First, Hamilton Bros. ; second, A. L. Champlin. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 327 GIG HORSES. EXHIBITORS. Thomas Bass, Mexico, Mo. ; A. L. Cliamplin, Ames ; Wm. Daniel, CliicagD, III. ; Hawthorn Farm, Lake county, Illinois; Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson Ci;y, Mo. ; George A. Heyl & Son, Washington, 111. ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo. ; Wm. C. Seipp, Chicago, 111. ; John R. Thompson, Chicago, 111. ; Kd Uhricli, Kansas City, Kan. Judges Geo. W. Tepper, Toronto, Canada. W. A. DOBSONj Des Moines, Iowa. Walter Palmer^ Ottawa, 111. AWARDS. Horses Not Exceeding ir,-2 — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Spring Maid ; second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Advance Guard ; third, Jno. R. Thompson on Lovely Lady ; fourth, Wm. C. Seipp on Billy D ; fifth, Wm. Daniel on Jack Tar. Horses Over jr,-2 — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Count ; second, Jno. R. Thompson on Oakwood ; third, Houchinl & Anderison on Sporting Extra ; fourth, Wm. Seipp on Gay Deceiver ; fifth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Chocolate Soldier. TANDEMS. EXHIBITORS. Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111. ; A. L. Champlin, Ames ; Houcliin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo. ; George A. Heyl & Son, Washington, III. ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo. ; Geo. J. Peak, Winchester, 111. ; John R. Thompson, Chicago, 111. ; Ed P. Uhrich, Kansas City, Kan. Judges Geo. W. Pepper^ Toronto,' Canada, W. A. DOBSON^ Des Moines, Iowa. Walter Palmer^ Ottawa, 111. Tandem Team, Wheeler Over 15-2 — First, Jno. R. Thompson on Pride of Prides and Oakwood ; second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Count and The Chocolate Soldier ; third, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Hallie's Comet and The Spring Maid ; fourth, Geo. J. Peak orn Countess Maid and W^ater Wagon. Tandem Team, Wheeler Under JJ-2 — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Spring Maid and Advance Guard ; second, Jno. R. Thompson on Ebony Girl and Lovely Lady ; third, Mr. and Mrs^ O/. J. Mooers on The Pick of the Basket and Dainty Miss ; fourth, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on Dinarth Roany and Bess. Tandem Team, Any Size — First, J. R. Thompson; second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Moores ; third, C. E. Bunn ; fourth, Houchin & Anderson. UNICORNS. exhibitors. A. L. Champlin, Ames ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, ]Mo. ; Geo. J. Peak, Winchester, 111. ; John R. Thompson, Kansas City, Kan. Judges .Geo. W. Pepper, Toronto, Canada. W. A. DOBSON, Des Moines, Iowa. Walter Palmer^ Ottawa, 111. awards. Unicorn Team — First, Jno. R. Thompson on Pride of Prides and Oakwood and Ebony Girl ; second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers ; third, Geo. J. Peak & Son ; fourth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers. 328 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOUR-IN-HAND. EXHIBITORS. Geo. J. Peak, Winchester, 111. ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo. ; Jolin R. Thompson, Chicago, 111. Judges Geo. "W. Pepper^ Toronto, Canada. "W. A. DoBSON, Des Moines, Iowa. Walter Pal,mer^ Ottawa, 111. Road Four — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers ; second, Jno. R. Thompson ; third, Geo. J. Peak. Park Four — First, John R. Thompson ; second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers ; third, Geo. J. Peak. CHAMPION HARNESS HORSE. Champion Harness Stallion — Fir.<;t, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Advance Guard ; second, Geo. J. Peak & Son on Tommy Doyle. Champion Harness Mare or Gelding — First, Mr. and IMrs. O. J. Mooers on The Spring Maid ; second, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on The Count. SADDLE HORSES. EXHIBITORS. Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111. ; Blades & Hollman, Holliday, Mo. ; Thomas Bass, Mexico, Mo. ; Robert Barnes, Oskaloosa ; Wm. Daniel, Chicago, 111. ; Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo. ; Hamilton Bros., Keota ; Harris & Richardson, Mystic ; George A. Heyl, Washington, 11. ; Mrs. H. B. Kinnard, Des Moines ; Loula Long, Kansas City, Mo. ; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Co- lumbia, Mo. ; E. D. Moore, Columbia, Mo. ; Midge Marshall, Columbia, Mo. ; Mrs. C. E. Monahan, Des Moines ; Geo. J. Peak, Winchester, 111. ; Win. H. Ridge, Shelbina, Mo. ; Bruce Robin.=on, Riverside ; B. F. Redman, Oskaloosa ; H. E. Slack, Carlisle ; Wm. C Seipp, Chicago, 111. ; C. F. Stewart, Des Moines ; Ed P. Uhrich, Kansas City, Kan. ; Fred Williams, Barnes City. Judges W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa. Porter C. Taylor^ Montgomery City, Mo. FIVE GAITED. Gelding or Mare Four Years or Over — First, Blades & Hollman on Johnny Jones; second. Miss Loula Long on Maurine Fisher, 10882; third, Houchin & Anderson on Helen Hicklin ; fourth, Loula Long on Czarmiva ; fifth, Houchin & Anderson on Nickle Plate. Gelding or Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Blades & Hollman on My Idol ; second, Houchin & Anderson on Polly Ann ; third, Blades & Hollman on Vernon Castle ; fourth, E. D. Moore on Eloise Thornton ; fifth, B. F. Redman on Frances Highlander, 10718. Stallion Four Years and Over — First, Hamilton Bros, on Art Bonta, 22 67 ; second, Hamilton Bros, on Fitz Boy, 4482; third, C. E. Monahan on Montgomery; fourth, Fred Williams on Artis Montrose. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Bruce Robinson on Kentucky's Champ Clark, 5602. Stallion Two Years Old Shown in Hand — First, Miss Loula Long on Garrard Hunt, 6127 ; second, E. D. Moore on Comedian, 6000. Mare Two Years Old Shown in Hand — First, Blades & Hollman on Butterfly Dare; second. Miss Loula Long on Virginia Mayla, 10207. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 329 "WALKi, TROT OR CANTER. Mare or Gelding Any Age — First, Miss Lioula Long on Nancy Garland ; second, Houcliin & Anderson on Pauline Moore ; third, Wm. Daniel on Brother Mack ; fourth, Miss Loula Long on My Choice ; fifth, Blades & Hollman on Maxine. Stallion Any Age — First, Hamilton Bros, on Art Bonta, 2267 ; second, C. E. Monahan on Montgomery, 2787 ; third, Hamilton Bros, on Fitz Boy, 4482 ; fourth, Bruce Robinson on Kentucky's Champ Clark, 5602 ; fifth, Fred "Will- iams on Artis Mont Rose. Mare or Gelding, Ridden by Lady; OOVr for Riding and 50% for Horse — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on I'rinceps Charming; second, Wm. Daniels on Brother Mack ; third, El P. Uhrich on Geo. McDonald ; fourth. Blades & Holl- man on Maxine. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age, Five Gaited — First, Miss Loula Long on Kentucky's Best, 5664 ; second, Blades & Hollman on Johnny Jones ; third, Houchin & Anderson on Nickel Plate ; fourth, E. D. Moore on Diamond McDon- ald ; fifth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Helen Idlewood. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age, Three Gaited — First, Miss Loula Long on Nancy Garland ; second, Houchin & Anderson on Pauline Moore ; third. Blades & Hollman on Maxine ; fourth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Princess Charming ; fifth, C. E. Monahan on Montgomery, 2787. COMBINED HARNESS AND SADDLE HORSES. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age, Five Gaited — First, Loula Long on Ken- tucky's Best ; second, Blades and Hollman on Johnny Jones ; third, Houchin & Anderson on Nickle Plate ; fourth, E. D. Moore, on Diamond McDonald ; fifth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooens, on Helen Idlewood. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age, Three Gaited — First, Loula Long on Nancy Garland : second, Houchin & Anderson, on Pauline Moore ; third, Blades & Hollman on Maxine ; fourth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Princess Charm- ing ; fifth, C. E. Monahan on Montgomery. HIGH SCHOOL, HORSES. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Hamilton Bros, on Topsy McDonald ; second Ed P. Uhrich on Daisy Lee ; third, Hamilton Bros, on Miss Fidelity ; fourth, Bruce Robinson on Duke ; fifth, Fred Williams on Artis Mont Rose. Mare or Gelding, Three Years or Over — First, Hamilton Bros, on Major ; sec- ond, Hamilton Bros, on Raven H. ; third, B. F. Redman on Francis Highlander, 10718 ; fourth, Hamilton Bros, on Thomas A. Stallion Three Years or Over — First, Hamilton Bros, on Art Bonta, 2267 ; second, Bruce Robinson on Kentucky's Champ Clark, 5602 ; third, Hamilton Bros, on Fitz Boy, 4482 ; fourth, C. E. Monahan on Montgomery, 2787. $1,000 SADDLE HORSE STAKE. Stallion Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Houchin & Anderson on Astral King; second, Miss Loula Long on Kentucky's Best, 5664; third, Paul Brown on Johnny Jones; fourth, Loula Long on Maurine Fisher, 10882; fifth, E. D. Moore on Miss Cliff; sixth, E. D. Moore on Majestic McDonald, 6811; seventh, Hamilton Bros, on Art Bonta, 2267 ; eighth, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Law- rence Barrett. SPECIAL, PRIZE OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. Stallion or Mare, Three Years Old or Under to Be Shown to Hand — Bruce Rob- inson on Kentucky's Champ Clark, 5602. HUNTERS AND HIGH JUMPERS. EXHIBITORS. Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111.; Wm. Daniel, Chicago, 111.; Walter C. DeBrock, Chicago, III.; George A. Heyl, Washington, 111.; Geo. E. Perkins, Burlington; George J. Peak, Winchester, 111.; H. Rasmussen, Chicago, 111.; Wm. C. Seipp, Chicago, 111. 330 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Judge Geo. W. Pepper, Toronto, Canada. Light Weight Hunters, Carrying uj) to I'M Pounds — First, H. Ra.«mussen on Alston ; second, Clias. E. Perkins on Loma Palom ; tliird, Wm. Seipp on Cobourg Boy, 6S160. Middle Weight Hunters, Carrying «j; to ITS Pounds — First, Clias. E. Perkins on Manzanita ; second, Wm. Daniel on Brother Mack ; third, H. Rasmussen on Sir Morris ; fourth, Bruce Robinson on Game Major. Heavy Weight Hunters, Carrying Over 200 Pounds — First, Wm. Daniel on Sham- rock ; second, Chas. E. Perkins on Humbug ; third, WIm. Seipp on Fortunate Youth. Ponies 13 to I'l Hands Over Jumps 3 ft. G to .) ft. High or Over — First, Bruce Robinson on Duke. Ponies Under 13 Hands Over Jumps 3 ft. 6 to ■) ft. High or Over — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Oak Lassie. Champion Pony Jumper — Bruce Robinson on Duke. Steeple Chase Race, Open to Heavy Weight Hunters or Thoroughbreds — First, Chas. E. Perkins on Humbug ; second, Wtn. G. Seipp on Fortunate Youth. Steeple Chase Race, Open to Medium Weight Hunters or Thoroughbreds — First, Chas. E. Perkins on Manzanita ; second, H. Rasmussen on Sir Morris. Steeple Chase Race, Open to Heavy and Medium Weight Hunters or Thor- oughbreds— First, Chas. E. Perkins on Humbug; second, H. Rasmussen on Sir Morris ; third, Wm. C. Seipp on Fortunate Youth. Steeple Chase Race, Open to Light Weight Hunters and Ponies — First, Wm. C. Seipp on Cobourg Boy ; second, H. Rasmussen on Sir Morris ; third, Chas. E. Perkins on Loma Palom. Free For All Steeple Chase Race — First, Wm. Seipp on Cobourg Boy, 68160; second, H. Rasmussen on Sir Morris ; third, Chasu E. Perkins on Humbug ; fourth, Chas. E. Perkins on Loma Palom. High Jump — First, H. Rasmussen on Alston ; second, H. Rasmussen on Sir Morri.s. Lady's Hunter, Ridden by I^ady — First, H. Rasmussen on Alston ; second, Wm. Daniel on Shamrock ; third, H. Rasmussen on Sir Morris ; fourth, E. A. Elliott on Brother Mack. Champion Hunter, Open to All — First, Wm. Daniel on Shamrock ; second, H. Rasmussen on Alston. MILITARY HORSES. EXHIBITORS. Thos. Bass, Mexico, Mo.; J. C. Brunk, Springfield, 111.; Robert Barnes, Oskaloosa;. Blades & Hollman, HoUiday, Mo.; Wm. Daniel, Chicago, 111.; Hamilton Bros., Keota; Hawthorn Farm, Lake couinty, Illinois; Lou la Long, Kansas City, Mo.; E. D. Moore, Columbia, Mo.; Morgan Horse Farm, Plainfleld; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines; Geo. J. Peak, Winster, 111.; Wm. M. Ridge, Shelbina, Mo.; Bruce Robinson, Riverside; Fred Williams, Barnes City. Judge Jas. Rush Lincoln, Ames, Iowa. AWARDS. Gelding Suitable fot Officer's Mount — First, "V\^m. Daniel on Brother Mack : second, E. D. Moore on Diamond McDonald; third, Hamilton Bros, on Major; fourth, Blades & Hollman on The Gambler. Stallion Suitable to Sire Cavalry Remounts to Be Shown in Hand — First, E. D. Moore on Majestic McDonald, 6811; second,- Hamilton Bros, on Fitz Boy; third, Hawthorn Farm on Tollington ; fourth, J. C. Brunk on Red Ethan. STANDARD BRED TROTTERS. E.KHIBITORS. Horace L. Andei'som, Des Moines; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Mo.; Chas. G. Col- bert, Menlo; Ed Crawford, Des Moines; E. A. Elliott, Des Moines; Houchin FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 331 & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo.; Mi', and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo.; J. D. McCarthy, Ames ; George J. Pealt, Wincliester, 111. ; Bruce Robinson, River- side; Ed P. Uhricli, Kansas City, Kan.; C. W. Wolford, Des Moines. Judge Walter Palmer, Ottawa, III. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, iQeo. J. TPe&k on Tommy Doyle ; second, Geo. J. Peak on Gaitwood ; third, E. A. Elliott on Pickles. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Ed Crawford on Jappylac, 50 102 ; second, J. D. McCarthy on Crookston, 55894. Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Geo. J. Peak on Golden Grain ; second, H. Li. Anderson on De Antler; third, Ed Crawford on Pacwa ; fourth, Geo. J. Peak on Tommy Peak. Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, E. A. Elliott on E. A. E. ; second, Chas. G. Colbert on Farmer Burns, 59909 ; tliird, Geo. J. Peak on Franklin J. Stallion Foal — First, E. A. Elliott on Chestnut E. ; second, E. A. Elliott on G. P. E. Yeld Mare Fonr Years or Over — First, Geo. J. Peak on Countess Maid ; second, Ed P. Uhrich on Stevie C. ; third, Hoiace L. Anderson on Winnie Blake ; fourth, Geo. J. Peak on Duke's Lassie. Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Geo. J. Peak on^ Lucy, Vol. 21. Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Geo. J. Peak on Barness Creator, Vol. 21. Filly Over One, Under Tivo — First, Ed Crawford on Lily Hail ; second, Geo. J. Peak on Lena C, Vol. 21. Mare Foal — First, E. A. Elliott on Lola E. ; second, E. A. Elliott on Jennie E. ; third, C. W. Wolford. Mare and Foal, Mare to Count .W%, Foal 50% — First, E. A. Elliott; second, E. A. Elliott; third, C. W. Wolford. Champion Stallion — First, Geo. J. Peak on Tommy Doyle ; second, Geo. J. Peak on Golden Grain. Champion Mare — First, Geo. J. Peak on Covmtess Maid ; second, Geo. j. Peak on Baroness Creator. Get of Stallion — First, Geo. J. Peak ; second, Geo. J. Peak. Produce of Mare — First, Geo. J. Peak ; second, Geo. J. Peak ; third; Ed Craw- ford ; fourth, E. A. Elliott. Grand Display — First, Geo. J. Peak. AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES. EXHIBITORS. Horace L. Ainderson, Des Moines; C. T. Ayres & Son, Osceola; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Mo.; J. B. Baker, Waverly; J. C. Brunk, Spring-field, III.; Blades & HoUman, Holliday, Mo.; Chas. G. Colbert, Menlo; E. A. Elliott, Des Moines; Hamilton Bros., Keota; Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mo.; Loula Long-, Kansas City, Mo.; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo.; C. E. Monahan, Des Moiines; Morgan Horse Farm, Plalnfleld; E. D. Moore, Co- lumbia, Mo.; Geo. J. Peak, Winchester, 111.; B. F. Redman, Oskaloosa; Ed P. Uhrich, Kansas City, Kan.; O. W. Wolford, Des Moines; Ed Crawford, Des Moines. Judge Walter Palmer, Otawa, III. AWARDS. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Loula Long- on Kentucky's Best, 5664 ; second, Geo. J. Peak on Tommy Doyle, 50261 ; third, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Advance Guard ; fourth, E. D. Moore on Majestic! McDonald. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, E. D. Moore on Ben Rex ; second, Horace L. Anderson on J. W. A. Stallion Over Tioo, Under Three — First, Miss Loula Long on Garrard Hunt. 6127; second, E. D. Moore on Comedian, 6000; third, J. C. Brunk on Sentiment; fourth, Geo. J. Peak on Golden Grain 5847. 332 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, E. D. Moore on Battle ; second, E. A. Elliott on E. A. E., 59809 ; third, J. B. Baker on Foxy J., Vol. 4 ; fourth, Chas. G. Colbert on Farmer Burns, 59909. Stallion with Three of His Get of Either Sex — First, Geo. J. Peak on Tommy Doyle, 50261; second, Morgan Horse Farm; third, E. A. Elliott. Yeld Mare Four Years or Over — First, G«o. J. Peak on Countess Maid ; second, Houchin & Anderson on Hastings Girl ; third, Ed P. Uhrich on Daisy Dee ; fourth, J. C. Brunk on Ruby. Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Blades & Hollman on My Idol ; second, G'eo. J. Peak on L.ucy, Vol. 21 ; third, E. D. Moore on Eloise Thornton. Filly Over Tivo, Under Three — First, Blades & Hollman on Butterfly Dare ; second, Geo. J. Peak on Baroness Creator, Vol. 21 ; third. Miss Loula Long on Virginia Mayla, 10207 ; fourth, J. C. Brunk. Filly Over One, Under Two — First, Hamilton Bros, on Merry Maid, 11623 ; second, Geo. J. Peak on Lena C, Vol. 21 ; third, Ed Crawford on Lily Hail. Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Morgan Horse Farm on Polly Taylor, Vol. 4 ; second, E. A. Elliott on G. P. E. ; third, C. T. Ayres & Son on Dr. Kane ; fourth, C. T. Ayres & Son on Nelly Kane. Champion Stallion — Miss Loula Long on Garrard Hunt, 6127 ; reser\'e, Horace L. Anderson on J. W. A. Champion Mare — Geo. J. Peak on Countess Maid ; reserve, Blades & Holhnan on My Idol. MORGAN. EXHIBITORS. C. T. Ayres & Son, Osceola; J. B. Baker, Waverly; J. C. Brunk, Spring- field, 111.; Morgan Horse Farm, Plainfield; Bruce Robinson, Riverside. Judges W. A. Dobson^ Des Moines, lov^^a. Arthur G. Leonard, Chicago, 111. Thos. E. WilsoNj Chicago, 111, Stallion Four Years or Over — First, J. C. Brunk on Allen F, 5722 ; second, Morgan Horse Farm on Dart, 5130; third, J. C. Brunk on Red Ethan, 6638; fourth, C. T. Ayres & Son on Morgan Star, 6891. Stallion Three Years and Under Four — First, Morgan Horse Farm on Mont- gomery, 6684 ; second, J. C. Brunk on Toronto. Stallion Tioo Years and Under Three — First, J. C. Brunk on Sentiment ; second, J. B. Baker, on Buster M., Vol. 4 ; third, Bruce Robinson on Ayres Morgan, 6892. Stallion Over One Year and Under Tioo — First, J. B. Baker on Foxy J ; second, J. C. Brunk on Mohawk. Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Morgan Horse Farm on Polly Taylor, Vol. 4 ; second, C. T. Ayres & Son on Nellie Kane ; third, Morgan Horse Farm on Archy L, Vol. 4 ; fourth, J. C. Brunk on Red Ruby. Yeld Mare Four Years or Over — First, J. C. Brunk on Ruby. Mare Over Three and Under Four — First, J. B. Baker on Maud Baker, Vol. 3 ; second, J. C. Bnmk on Mrs. Lewis. Filly Over Tico and Under Three — First, Morgan Horse Farm on Myrtle, Vol. 4 ; second, Morgan Horse Farm on Mabel, Vol. 4. Champion Stallion — J. C. Brunk on Sentiment ; reserve, Morgan Horse Farm on Montgomery, 6684. Champion Mare — J. C. Brunk on Ruby ; reserve, Morgan Horse Farm on Polly Taylor. Get of Stallion — First, Morgan Horse Farm ; second, J. B. Baker. Grand Display — First, J. C. Brunk. SPECIAL PREMIUM OFFERED BY THE MORGAN HORSE CLUB. Stallion, Mare or Gelding Conforming Most Truly to the Ancient Morgan Type — J. C. Brunk on Allen F. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 333 HACKNEY. EXHIBITORS. Thos. Bass, Mexico, Mo.; Chas. E. Buinn, Peoria, 111.; Crawford & Griffin, Newton; A. L. Champlin, Ames; Fred S. Castle, Joy, 111.; Hawtiiorn Farm, Lake county, Illinois; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, 111.; Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooers, Columbia, Mo. Judge Geo. W. Pepper^ Toronto, Canada. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Hawthorn Farm on Tollington (10464) ; second, A. L. Champlin on Imp. Prince of Green Hill, 11347. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Quoboris, 6796. Yeld Mare Four Years or Over — First, A. Lu Champlin on Fair Eliza, 19061. Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Mr., and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Osogay ; second, Chas. E. Bunn on Quick Silver, 6784. Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Dinarth Bounce. Champion Stallion — First, Hawthorn Farm on Tollington (10464). Champion Mare — First, Mr. and Mrs. O. J. Mooersi on Osogay ; second, A. L. Champlin on Fair Eliza, 19061. Get of Stallion — First, Chas. E. Bunn. Grand Display — First, Chas. E. Bunn. SPECIAL, PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN HACKNEY HORSE SOCIETY. Champion Stallion — First, Hawthorn Farm on Tollington (10464). Champion Mare — First, Mr., and Mrs. O. J. Mooers on Osogay ; second, A. L. Champlin on Fair Eliza, 19061. WELSH PONIES. EXHIBITORS. Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111.; Helen Curtiss, Ames; George A. Heyl, Wash- ington, 111.; H. M. & R. M. Jones, Des Moines; W. T. Roberts, Ames; C. F. Stewart, Des Moimes; Mrs. Adam Stirling, Des Moines; J. C. Thompson & Sons, Jamaica. Judges Geo. W. Pepper, Toronto, Canada. ■, ~ 1 W. A. DOBSOiSTj Des Moines, Iowa. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Geo. A. Heyl on Llewyn King, 424 ; second, Geo. A. Heyl on Gwindy Duke, 5 86; third, Geo. A. Hej^ on Elewyn Emperor. Stallion Three Years, Under Four — First, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Rob Roy; second, Chas. E. Bunn on Llewyn Master, 491. Stallion Two Years. Under Three — First, Geo. A. Heyl on Gwindy True Blue, 546. Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Mrs. Adam Stirling ; second, Helen Curtiss on Prince of Wales ; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling ; fourth, Chas. E. Bunn on Bell of the Welsh. Mare Four Years or Over — First, Chas E. Bunn on Dinarth Roany ; second, Chas. E. Bunn on Princess Nell, 477 ; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Rosebud, 89 ; fourth, C. F. Stewart on Dinarth Sparkler; fifth, Chas. E. Bunn on Windy Bird, 478; sixth, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Fickle 208; seventh, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on Llewyn Bracelet, 428. Mare Three Yeai-s, Under Four — First, Geo. A. Heyl on Llewyn Peggy, 482 ; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Myrtle, 446 ; third, Chas. E. Bunn on Forest Dandy Toll, 500 ; fourth, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Grand Duchess. Mare Two Years, Under Three — First, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on Gwindy Blos- som, 587; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Coquette, 556; third, Mrs, Adam Stir- ling on Bracelet, 561. 334 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Gelding or Mare in Harness — First, Chas. E. Bunii on Dinarth Roany ; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Fickle ; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Rosebud ; fourth, C. F. Stewart on Dinarth Sparlcler. Pair Ponies in Harness — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Dinarth Roany and Bess; second, Chas. E. Bunn on Bird and Nell ; third, Mrs. Adlam Stirling on King and Emperor ; fourth, Geo. A. Heyl on Rosebud and Rob Roy. Tandem Team — First, Mrs. Adam Stirling ; second and third, Chas. E. Bunn. Pony Under Saddle — First, Helen Curtiss on Black Beauty ; second, Chas. E. Bunn on Bess ; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Duchess ; fourth, W. T. Roberts on Mystic. Four-in-Hand — First, Chas. E. Bunn ; second, Geo. A. Heyl & Son. Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding in Harness — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Dinarth Roany ; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Rob Roy. SHETLAND PONIES. EXHIBITORS. Chas. E. Bachman, Des Moines; Reed Bridgeford, Joy, 111.; Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111.; George Briedson, Bayard; John Donhowe, Story City; H. C. Davis, Ames; J. U. Hainline, Orient; Harry Brothers, Des Moines; Geo. A. Heyl & Son, Washington, 111.; H. H. & R. M. Jones, Des Moines; Mrs. C. D. Knight, Ames; W. T. Roberts, Ames; Mrs. Adam Stirling, Des Moines; J. C. Thompson & Son, Jamaica; R. E. West, Altoona; F. R. Wilson, Colo; Welty & Stewart, Nevada and Des Moines. Judge W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa. AWARDS. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on King Larigo ; second, Chas. E. Bunn on Grand.ee ; third, Chas. E. Bunn on Locust, 11567; fourth, Welty & Stewart on Perfect Harum, 6481; fiftli, John Donhowe on Dermote. Stallion Three Years, Under Four — First, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on Don Larigo ; second, Chas. E. Bunn on Onion, 13598 ; third, Harry Brothers on Quickse, 12123; fourth, W. T. Roberts on Kimple, 13013. Stallion Two Years, Under Three — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Happy Hooligan, 12788; second, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on Sensational Larigo, 15185; third, Mrs. A(Jam Stirling on Lord Bobbs, 14105 ; fourth, H. M. & R. M. Jones on Tom Pollock, 13713; fifth, F. R. Wilson on Sparkle, 12985. Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Spruce, 1493 ; second. Reed Bridgeford on Demaree B, 15020 ; third, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on Larigo's Perfection, 14946 ; fourth, Welty & Stewart on Sharp Kennedy. Stallion or Mare Foal — -First, Mrs. Adam Stirling; second, John Donhowe on Beauty Spot ; third, H. M. & R. M. Jones on Waggalia ; fourtli, J. C. Thompson & Son on Rob Roy ; fifth, F. R. T\nison on Snip. Mare Four Years or Over — First, Geo. Heyl & Son on Pearl, 8779 ; second, Stewart & Welty on Mack's Princess, 9940; third, Chas. E. Bunn on Ovilta, 10620; fourth, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Clara 2nd, 11935. Mare Three Years, Under Four — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Promised Luck, 12738; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Daffodil; third, Chas. E. Bunn on Quality, 12832 ; fourth, Welty & Stewart on Kilkateen Nell, 12384. Mare Over Two, Under Three — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Quapho, 14346 ; second, Chas. E. Bunn on Flying Seal, 13509 ; third. Reed; Bridgeford on Esther Bridg- ford, 13640; fourth, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Belle of Edinbrae, 14476. Mare Over One, Under Two- — First, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Countess, 14480 ; second, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on Orvetta Larigo, 14952 ; third, Chas. E. Bunn on Sazelle, 13974 ; fourth, Welty & Stewart on Queen Larigo. Gelding or Mare in Harness — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Ovilta, 10620 ; second, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on Pearl ; third, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on Pricilla ; fourth, Chas. E. Bunn on Quapho, 14346. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 335 Pair Pontics in Harmless — First, Clias. K. Bunn on Grandie and Ovilta; second, »Geo. A. Heyl & Son on King- Larigo and Pearl; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling- on Truant and Alford ; fourth, Welty & Stewart on Macli's Princess and Lady Starlight. Four-in-Hand — First, G'eo. A. Heyl & Son ; second, Chas. E. Bunn ; third, Wielty & Stewart ; fourth, Mrs. Adam Stirling. Tandem Team — First, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on Kling Larigo and Pearl ; second, Chas. B. Bunn on Locust and Ozella ; third, Chas. E. Bunn on Grandie and Ovilta; fourth, B. B. Welty and C. F. Stewart on Joyful and Lord Kennedy. Pony Under Saddle — First, C. B. Backman on Dimple ; second, C. E. Backman on Prince ; third, John Donhowe ; fourth, Mrs. C. D. Knight on Flossie. Four Colts, Get of One Sire — First, Mrs. Adam Stirling; second, Reed Bridge- ford ; third, Geo. A. Heyl & Son ; fourtli, Chas. E. Bunn. ehauipion Stallion, Mare or Gelding in Ha/rness — First, G^o. A. Heyl & Son on King Larigo, 8778 ; second, Chas. E. Bunn on Grandee, 4423. Grand Display — First, Chas. E. Bunn ; second, Geo. A. Heyl & Son ; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling; fourth, John Donhowe. Pony in Harness — First, B. B. Welty & C. F. Stewart ; second, Mrs. Adam Stirling; third, H. M. & R. M. Jones; fourth, Mrs. C. D. Knight. Pair Ponies in Harness — First, Mrs. Adam Stirling on Truant and Alford ; second, Mrs. C. D. Knight on Anton andi Dunmore ; third, Welty and Stewart on Perfect Harum and Queen of Flett ; fourth, Welty & Stewart on Joyful and Lord Kennedy. Pony Under Saddle — First, C. E. Bachman on Dimple ; second, C. B. Bachman on Prince ; third, Jolui Donhowe on Dermote ; fourth, Mrs. C. D. Knight on Flossie. HACKNEY PONIES AND OTHERS. EXHIBITORS. Thos. Bass, ]Mexico, Mo.; George Briedson, Bayard; Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111.; H. C. Davis, Ames; Johini Donhowe, Story City; George A. Heyl, Washington, 111.; Mrs. C. D. Knight, Ames; Mrs. Adam Stirling, Des Moines; J. C. Thompson, Jamaica; F. R. Wilson, Colo. Judges George W. Pepper, Toronto, Canada. W. A. DoBSON, Des Moines, Iowa. ..Stallion Three Years or Over — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Fire Lad; second, Chas. E. Bunn on Quoboris ; third, Chas. B.. Bunn on Quartz. Marc Three Years or Ovei- — First, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on Dinarth Dot ; second, Geo. A. Heyl & Son on. Dinarth Gem ; third, Chas. E. Bunn on Quick Silver. Pony in Harness — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Fire Lad ; second, Geo. A. Heyl on Dinarth Gem ; third, Mrs. Adam Stirling. Pony Under Saddle — First, John Donhowe on Daisy ; second, Chas. E. Bunn on Orient ; third, F. R. Wilson on Dewey. Pair Ponies in Harness — First, Geo. A. Heyl & Son ; second, Chas. E. Bunn ; third, Chas. E. Bunn. Tandem Team — First, Geo. A. Heyl & Son ; second, Chas. E. Bunn ; third, F. R. Wilson. Four-in-Hund — First, Chas. E. Bunn ; second, H. C. Davis. MULES. EXHIBITORS. F. L. Hutson & Son, State Center; Midge Marshall, Moberly, Mo.; A. L. Russell, Arbella, Mo. Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa. AWARDS. Mule Four Years or Oi'Pr — First, Midge Marshall on Missouri Queen ; second, Midge Marshall on Susie ; third, F. L. Hutson & Son on Jennie ; fourth, F. L. Hutson & Son on Sis. 336 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mule Over Three, Under Four — First F. L. Hutson & Son on Daisy ; second, F. Li Hutson & Son on Nina ; tliird, F. L. Hutson & Son on Lizzie. Mule Over Tivo, Under Three — First, F. L. Hutson & Son on Mary ; second, F. L. Hutson & Son on Maud. Mule Over One, Under Two — First, F. L. Hutson & Son on Beck ; second, F. Li. Hutson & Son on Kate. Mine Mule Under 15 Hands — First, F. L. Hutson & Son on Lizzie ; second, F. L. Hutson & Son on Mabel. Pair Mules Over 2J00 Pounds, to he Shown in Harness — First, Midge Mar- shall on Queen and Susie ; second, F. Li. Hutson & Son on Sis and Jennie ; third, F. L. Hutson & Son on Queen and Jim. Pair Mules Under 2J00 Pounds, to Be Shown in Harness — First, F. L. Hutson & Son. Five Mules, Any Age — First and second, F. L. Hutson & Son. Chainpion Mule, Any Age — First, Midge Marshall on Missouri Queen ; second. Midge Marshall on Susie. Champion Pair of Mules, Any Age — First, Midge Marsliall on Missouri Queen and Susie ; second, F. L. Hutson on Sis and Jennie. HORSE SHOEING CONTEST. Judges R. B. OGiLvre^ Chicago, 111. Dr. Jack Seiter^ Libertyville, 111. Horse Shoeing Contest — First, Wm. Campbell, Rock Rapids ; second, C. E. Wickland, Marshalltown ; third, Ben Wolgar, Altoona ; fourth, H. C. Cameron, Ames ; fifth, Wm. S. Montis, Des Moines. CATTLE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent H. L. Pike^ Whiting, Iowa. SHORT-HCIRN. EXHIBITORS. Anoka Farms, ^Vaukesha, W^is. ; C. S. Bratt, Arapahoe, Neb. ; R. E. Baldwin, Osceola, Iowa ; Bellows Bros., Maryville, Mo. ; G. H. Burge, Mount Vernon, Iowa ; S. G. Eliason, Montevideo, Minn. ; A. L. Grimm, Zearing, Iowa ; W. E. Graham & Son, Prairie City, Iowa ; C. B. Grimes, Winnebago, Minn. ; Wm. Her- kelmann, Elwood, Iowa ; Herr Bros. & Reynolds, Lodi, Wis. ; J. A. Kilgour, Sterling, 111. ; Lakewood Farm, Rock Rapids, Iowa ; C. L. McClellan, L.ouden, Iowa ; Joseph Miller & Son, Granger, Mo. ; H. Pritchard & Son, Walnut, Iowa ; Rapp Bros., St. Edwards, Neb. ; H. Rees & Sons, Pilger, Neb. ; Wm. M. Smith & Sons, West Branch, Iowa ; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa ; Frank Toyne, Lanes- boro, Iowa ; E. B. Thomas, Audubon, Iowa ; Uppermill Farm, Wapello, Iowa ; W. A. Wickersheim, Melbourne, Iowa ; R. E. ■\\'atts & Sons, Miles, Iowa ; G. D. Westrope & Son, Harlan, Iowa. Judge Leslie Smith. St. Cloud, Minn. Bull Three Years or Over — First, H. Rees & Sons on Whitehall Rosedale. 320004 ; second, Anoka Farms on Village Denmark, 334439 ; third, Uppermill Farm on Sultans Last, 363468 ; fourth, Lakewood Farm on Fair Knight, 2nd, 350285; fifth, B. H. Ahrenholtz on Lord Cumberland, 3rd, 353218; sixth, T\^m. Herkelmann on True Cumberland, 3rd, 353220 ; seventh, R. E. TVatts & Sons on Sultan Calculator, 334973. Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, J. G. Westrope & Son on Scottish Rex, 370101 ; second, Wm. M. Smith & Sons on Victoria Favorite, 3rd. Btill Senior Yearling — First, C A. Saunders on Cumberland's Type, 388132 ; second, J. A. Kilgour on Fair Acres Gloster, 385760 ; third, C. A. Saunders on FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 337 Cumberland Again, 3S8131; fourth, Bellows Bros, on Superior Goods, 398194; fifth, J. G. Westrope & Son on Pine Valley Rex ; sixth, S. G'. Eliason on Bishop, 385327 ; seventh, Wm. M. Smith & Sons on Scottish Lord, 3rd. Bull Junior Yearlmg — First, Herr Bros. & Reynolds on Royal Choice, 392788 ; second, Uppermill Farm on Village Victor, 387932 ; third, Anoka Farms on Regal Stamp, 396730 ; fourth, G. H. Burge on Perfection ; fifth, H. Rees & Son on Village Premier; sixth, Uppermill Farm on Uppermill Sultan, 39170; seventh, C. L. McClelland on Gainford Champion, 91262. Bull Senior Calf — First, Uppermill Farm on Uppermill Lord, 391777; second, Jos. Miller & Sons on Choice Cumberland ; third, S. G. Eliason on Bobby Burns, 400997; fourth. Bellows Bros, on Parkdale Baron, 396731; fifth, Anoka Farms on Venus Sultan, 396731; sixth, J. A. ;Kalgour on Color Guard; seventh, W. E. Graham & Son on Champion Mysie, 408008. Bull Junior Calf — First, Uppermill Farm on Sultan's Coronet ; second, Anoka Farms on Augusta Sultan, 402628 ; third, Anoka Farms on Crystal Stam, 402621 ; fourth, C. A. Saunders on Sultan Cumberland ; fifth, Herr Bros. & Reynolds on Double Sultan ; sixth, Rapp Bros, on Village Sultan ; seventh, Rapp Bros, on Village King. Cow Three Years or Over — First, Wm. Herkelmann on Mildred of Oakland, 101856; second, C. B. Grimes on Roan Hellen, 13471; third, Anoka Farms on Golden 5, 118839 ; fourth, J. G. Westrope & Son on Roan Lady, 109467 ; fifth, G. H. Burge on Missie of Wayside 2nd, Vol. 77 ; sixth, R. El. Baldwin on; Violet, Vol. 68; seventh, E. B. Thomas on Lady Devergoil, 108829. Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Anoka Farms on Lancaster Duchess 7th, 125860; second, Uppermill Farm on Village Flower 2nd, 127923; third, Wm. Herkelmann on Ruby Goods, 127874 ; fourth, H. Rees & Sons on Lovely Goods; fifth, S. G. Eliason on Matchless 4th, 133346; sixth, C. B. Grimes on British Countess, 126927 ; seventh, Lakewood Farm on Fair Minerva, 139202. Heifer Senior Yearling — First, J. A. Kilgour on Proud Rose, 150343 ; second, G. H. Burge on Silver Mysie, 149735 ; third, Anoka Farms on Augusta, 112, 152321; fourth, S. G. Eliason on Sunshine 7th, 149104; fifth, H. Rees & Son on Lady Violet 6th; sixth. Bellows Bros, on Queen of Beauty 28th, 164502; seventh, C. A. Saunders on Goldie Cumberland. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, J. A. Kilgour on Fair Acres Nell, 150334 ; second, Anoka Farms on Anoka Ross, 156246 ; third, G. H. Burge on Orange Flower 3rd, 149734; fourth, Herr Bros. & Reynolds on Queen Avenue, 151896; Wm. Herkelmann on Good Princess, 152455 ; sixth, Rapp Bros, on Bonnie Bell ; seventh, W. E. Graham & Son on Scotch Lady, 149055. Heifer Senior Calf — First, C. A. Saunders on Gipsey Cumberland 3rd, 166289 ; second, C. A. Saunders on Gladsome Cumberland, 166789 ; third, H. Rees & Son on Lady Violet 7th ; fourth, Bellows Bros, on Lovely of Parkdale 12th ; fifth, S. G. Eliason on Dairsie Lass 3rd, 176325 ; sixth, Uppermill Farm on Village Queen 2nd ; seventh, J. A. Kilgour on Bonnie Belle. Heifer Junior Calf — First, Herr Bros. & Reynolds on Cumberland Lass 14th ; second, Rapp Bros, on Trueby Allen ; third, Anoka Farms on Moss Rose 42nd ; fourth. Bellows Bros, on Diamond Emma ; fifth, Anoka Farms on Princess Royal, 172672 ; sixth, Uppermill Farm on Village Clara 5th ; seventh, Uppermill Farm on Village Baroness 2nd. Champion Bull Two Years or Over — H. Rees & Sons on Whitehall Rosedale. 320004. Champion Bull Under Tico Years Old — C. A. Saunders on Cumberland's Type, 388132. Champion Coiv Tico Years Old or Over — Anoka Farms on Lancaster Duchess 7th, 125860. Champion Heifer Under Two Years Old — J. A. Kilgour on Fair Acres Nell, 150334. Grand Champion Btill, Any Age — C. A. Saunders on Cumberland's Type, 388132. 22 338 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Grand Champion Shorthorn Bull, CumherHncVs Type, owned by C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa. Grand Champion Shorthorn Cow, Lancaster Duchess 7th, owned by Anoka Farms, Waukesha, Wisconsin. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 339 Grand Champion Cow or Ilrifcr, Any Age — Anoka Farms on L,anraster Duchess 7th, 125860. Graded Herd — First, Anoka I'^arms ; second, H. Rees & Son ; third, Uppermill Farm; fourth, Wm. Herkelmann ; fifth, Lakewood Farm; sixtli, J. G. Westrope & Son. Breeders' Yonnp Herd — First, J. A. Kilgour ; second, C. A. Saunders, third, Bellows Bros.; fourtli, S. G. Fliason ; fifth, Herr Bros. & Reynolds; sixth, Anoka Farms. Breeders' Calf Herd — First, Bellows Bros. ; second, C. A. Saunders ; third, Herr Bros. & Reynolds ; fourth, Anoka Farms, fifth, S. G. Eliason ; sixth, Rapp Bros. Get of 8ii-c — First, C. A. Saunders ; .second, .T. A. Kilgour ; tliird, TTppcrmiU Farm ; fourth, Anoka Farms ; fifth, S. G. Eliason ; sixth, H. Rees & Sons. Produce of Cow — First, C. A. Saundens; second, C. A. Saunders; tliird, S. G. Eliason ; fourtli, IT. Rees & Son ; fifth, Wm. Herkelmann ; sixth, O. H. Burge. IOWA SHORT-HORN SPECIALS. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Uppermill Farm on Sultans La.st, 363468; second, Lakewood Farm on Fair Knight 2nd, 350285 ; third, B. H. Ahrenholtz on Lord Cumberland, 353218; fourth, Wm. Herkelmann on True Cumberland 3rd, 353220 ; fiftli, R. E. Watts & Son on Sultan Calculator, 334973 ; sixth, Frank Toyne on Royal Velvet, 355923 ; seventh, W(m. Herkelmann on Princely Sultan, 350513. Btill Tioo Years, Under Three — First, J. G. Westrope & Son on Scottish Rex, 370101 ; second, Wm. M. Smith & Sons on Victoria Favorite 3rd. Bull Senior Yearling — First, C. A. Saunders on Cumberland's Type, 388132 ; second, C. A. Saunders on Cumberland Again, 388131 ; third, J. G. Westrope & Son on Pine Valley Rex ; fourth, Wm. M. Smith & Sons on Scottish Lord 3rd. Bull Junior Yearling — First, Uppermill Farm on Village Victor, 387932 ; second, G. H. Burge on Perfection ; third, Uppermill Farm on Uppermill Sultan, 391780 ; fourth, C. L. McClelland on Gainford Champion, 91262 ; fifth, Wm. Herkelmann on Roan Cumberland ; sixth, C. Li McClelland on Missies Victor, 408262 ; seventh, G. H. Burge on Silver Beau. Bull Senior Calf — First, Uppermill Farm on Uppermill Lord, 391777; second, W. E. Graham & Son on Cliampion Mysie, 408008; third, G. H. Burge on Master Mysie; fourth, Lakewood Farm on Fair Seal, 402614; fifth, W. E. Graham & Son on Champion' .s Goods, 408007 ; sixth, C. A. Saunders on Gloster Cumber- land, 399387 ; seventh, E. B. Thomas on Elanwood Sultan. Bull Jxmior Calf — First, Uppermill Farm on Sultan's Coronet ; second, C. A. Saunders on Sultan Cumberland ; third, C. A. Saunders on Bred Right, 401527 ; fourth, G. H. Burge on Winter King ; fifth, J. G. Westrope & Son on Royal Fragrance ; sixth, J. G. Westrope & Son on Rex Jr. ; seventh, Wm. Herkelmann on Mildred's Ideal. Cow Three Years or Over — First, Wm. Herkelmann on Mildred of Oakland, 101856; second, J. G. Westrope & Son on Roan Lady, 109467; third, G. H. Burge on Missie of Wayside 2nd, Vol. 77 ; fourth, R. E. Baldwin on Violet, Vol. 68; fifth, E. B. Thomas on Lady Devergoil, 108S29; sixth, G. H. Burge on Lavender Rose, Vol. 64. Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Uppermill Farm on Village Flower 2nd, 127923 ; second, Wm. Herkelmann on Ruby Goods, 127874 ; third, Lakewood Farm on Fair Minerva, 139202 ; fourth, J. G. WIestrope on Lady Aberdeen ; fifth, Frank Toyne on Village Lassie 2nd, 127925. Heifer Senior Yearling — First, G. H. Burge on Silver Mysie, 149735 ; second, C. A. Saunders on Goldie Cumberland ; third, Uppermill Farm on Golden Wreath 12th, 149293 ; fourth, 'Wm. Herkelmann on Missis 4th, 152456 ; fifth, G. H. Burge on Nonpareil Mint, 149733; sixtli, Frank Toyne on Village Baroness 3rd, 152927. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, G. H. Burge on Orange Flower 3rd, 149734 ; second, W^m. Herkelmann on Good Princess, 152455 ; third, W. E. Graham & Son on Scotch Lady, 149055 ; fourth, Lakewood Farm on Fair Beauty, 139199 ; fifth, C. A. Saunders on Laring Cumberland 3rd ; sixth, E. B. Thomas on Victoria Rose; seventh, Lakewood Farm on Fair Mysie, 139203. 340 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Heifer Senior Calf — First, C. A. Saunders on G'ipsey Cumberland 3rd, 166289 ; second, C. A. Saunders on Gladsome Cumberland, 166789 ; third, Uppermill Farm on Village Queen 2nd ; fourth, C. A. Saunders on Lady Cumberland 3rd ; fifth, E. B. Thomas on Prudent Sultana ; sixth, E. B. Thomas on Victoria Sultana. Heifer Junior Calf — First, W. A. Wickersham on Village Clara 5th ; second, Uppermill Farm on Village Baroness 2nd ; third, Wm. Herkelmann on Mysie Maid 3rd; fourth, Lakewood Farm on Fair Crystal, 172742; fifth, Lakewood Farm on Fair Butterfly 2nd, 172741 ; sixth, Wm. Herkelmann on Sweet Victoria 2nd ; seventh, J. A. Kilgour on Silver Nell. Champion Bull Two Years or Over — Uppermill Farm on Sultan's Last, 363468. Champion Bull Under Two Years Old — C. A. Saunders on Cimiberland's Type, 388132. Champion Coio Two Years Old of Over — Uppermill Farm on Village Flower 2nd, 127925. Champion Heifer Under Tivo Years Old — C. A. Saunders on Gipsey Cumber- land 3rd, 166289. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — C. A. Saunders on Cumberland's Type, 388132. Grand Cham.pion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — ^Uppermill Farm on Village Flower 2nd, 127925. Graded Herd — First, Uppermill Farm ; second, Wm. Herkelman ; third. Lake- wood Farm ; fourth, J. G. Westrope ; fifth, Frank Toyne. Breeders' Young Herd — First, C. A. Saunders ; second, G. H. Burge ; third, Wm. Herkelman ; fourth, Lakewood Farm ; fifth, E. B. Thomas ; sixth, J. G. Westrope. Breeders' Calf Herd — First, C. A. Saunders ; second, Wbn. Herkelman ; third, E. B. Thomas ; fourth, J. G. "Westrope ; fifth, C. A. Saunders ; sixth, Lakewood Farm. Get of Sire — First, C. A. Saunders ; second. Bellows Bros. ; third-, Wm. Herkel- man ; fourth, G. H. Burge ; fifth, Lakewood Farm ; sixth, E. B. Thomas. Produce of Cow — First, C. A. Saunders ; second, C. A. Saunders ; third, Wm. Herkelman ; fourth, G. H. Burge ; fifth, E. B. Thomas ; sixth, G. H. Burge. HEREFORD. EXHIBITORS. Wm. Andrews & Sons, Morse, Iowa; Biehl & Sidwell, Queen City, Mo.; A. A. Berry & Son, Mount Vernon, Iowa ; W. H. Campbell & Son, Grand River, Iowa ; J. M. Curtice, Kansas City, Mo. ; E. M. Cassady & Son, Whiting, Iowa ; W. J. Davis, Jackson, Miss. ; O. S. Gibbons & Son, Atlantic, Iowa ; O. Harris & Son, Harris, Mo. ; Mayne & Brazie, Harlan, Iowa ; Warren 'f. McCray, Kentland, Ind. ; B. F. Maiden & Son, Tama, Iowa ; Parmelee & Pierson, Villisca, Iowa ; J. C. Robinson & Son, Evansville, Wis. ; Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa. Judge Phil C Lee^ San Angelo, Texas. AWARDS. Bull Three Years or Over- — First, O. Harris & Sons on Prince Perfection, 342054 ; second, J. M. Curtice on Don Perfect, 400000 ; third, W^arren T. McCray on Protector Fairfax, 361812; fourth, O. S. Gibbons & Son on Good Lad, 343996- fifth, Warren T. McCray on Farmer, 426279 ; sixth, Parmelee & Pierson on Beau Monde, 272726. Bull Two Years and Under Three— First, O. Harris & Son on Repeater 7th, 386905 ; second, Warren T. McCray on Crusader Fairfax, 388813 ; third, W. J. Davis on LaVernet Prince 2nd, 393858; fourth, E. M. Cassady & Son on Golden Lad, 381477 ; fifth, J. C. Robinson on Maple L,ad, 33rd, 397606 ; sixth, A. A. Berry & Son on Standard 4th, 3S220S; seventh, ^V. H. Campbell & Son on Polled Victor, 389779. Bull Senior Yearling — First, W. J. Davis on Vernet King 4th, 415792 ; second, Warren T. McCray on Letham Fairfax, 414471 ; third, J. M. Curtice on Don Perfect 2nd, 464022 ; fourth, O. Harris & Son on Gay Lad 16th, 432192 ; fifth, O. Harris & Son on Gay Lad 18th, 412194; sixth, O. S. Gibbons & Son on Beau Mischievious 2nd, 445517 ; seventh, A. A. Berry & Son on Beaumont, 442469. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 341 Bull Junior Yearling — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber Jr., 424253 ; second, W. Andrews & Son on Bonnie Brae 60tli, 413606; tliird, O. Harris & Son on Harris Standard 2nd, 424030; fourtli, A. A. Berry & Son on Bonnie Gomez, 442473; fiftli, Warren T. JMcCray. on Superior Fairfax Jr., 425492; sixtli, J. C. Robinson & Son on Maple's Lad 48th, 428979 ; seventli, J. M. Curtice on Don Perfect 1st, 464023. Bull Senior Calf — First, W. J. Davis on Vernet Prince IStli, 452152; second, Warren T. McCray on Martin Fairfax, 449300; tlTird, J. M. Curtice on Don Perfect 3rd, 464090; fourtli, Cyrus A. Tow on Standard 22nd, 448718; fifth, Warren T. McCray on Owen Perfection, 449310; sixth, Warren T. McCray on Homer Fairfax, 449288; seventli, A. A. Berry & Son on Gomez Boatman, 447812. Bull Junior Calf — First, Warren T. McCray on Ogden Fairfax, 449309 ; second, W. J. Davis on Vernet Prince 23rd, 461062 ; third, Cyrus A. Tow on Fairview Boy, 448708; fourth, J. M. Curtice on Don Perfect 5th, 464091; fifth, A. A. Berry & Son on Cedar Lad, 461631; sixth, Cyrus A. Tow on Standard 26th, 448722 ; seventh, E. M. Cassady & Son on Don Lee, 447950. Cow Three Years or Over — First, Warren T. McCray on Nora Fairfax, 344290 ; second, O. Harris & Son on Defender's Lassie 2nd, 385300 ; third, O. Harris & Son on Disturber's Lassie 4th, 349146; fourth, J. M. Curtice on Donna Perfect 9th, 386353; fifth, W. J, Davis on Belle Perfection 17th, 368016; sixth, O. S. Gibbons & Son on Pansy Belle 4th, 364248; seventh, B. F. Maiden & Son on Daisy Dale, 388399. Heifer Tivo Years and Under Three — First, O. Harris & Son on Miss Repeater 11th, 395824; second, Warren T. McCray on Joan Fairfax, 388823; third, W. J. Davis on Lady Albany 29th, 387237 ; fourth, Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber's Lassie 6th, 388029 ; fifth, A. A. Berry & Son on Gertrude Fairfax, 388822 ; sixth, J. M. Curtice on Donna Perfect 6th, 386582 ; seventh, Parmelee & Pierson on Mischief Maker 21st, 440143. Heifer Senior Yearling — First, J. M. Curtice on Mischief Maker 36th, 440149 ; second, W. J. Davis on Vernet Queen 8th, 415817; third, O. Harris on Miss Gay Lad 15th, 412204; fourth, Cyrus A. Tow on Lady Standard, 411218; fifth, Warren T. McCray on Margaret Fairfax, 414473 ; sixth, J. C. Robinson & Son on Maple's Lass 32nd, 428993; seventh, Cyrus A. Tow on Standard's Lady, 411220. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, J. M. Curtice on Vivian Donald, 464096 ; second, Cyrus A. Tow on Fairview Bonnie 2nd, 424257 ; third, W. J. Davis on Vernet Princess 10th, 427125; fourth, Wm. Andrews & Sons on Bonnibel, 422348; fifth, Warren T. McCray on L,ovely Fairfax, 425483; sixth, A. A. Berry & Son on Primrose, 427500 ; seventh, Warren T, McCray. Heifer Senior Calf — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber's Lassie 12th, 448703 ; second, O. Harris & Sons on Miss Repeater 28th, 451579 ; third, J. C. Robinson & Son on Maple Lass 40th, 459777; fourth, W. J. Davis on Vernet Princess 15th, 452159 ; fifth, J. M. Curtice on Bell Perfect, 464087 ; sixth, J. M. Curtice on Donna Perfect 8th, 464093 ; seventh, Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber's Lassie 15th, 448706. Heifer Junior Calf — First, J. M. Curtice on Donna Perfect 10th, 464094; second, W. J. Davis on Vernet Princess 24th, 461070 ; third, J. M. Curtice on Donna Perfect 11th, 464095 ; fourth, Cyrus A. Tow on Fairview Queen, 448713 ; fifth, Warren T. McCray on Adah Fairfax, 449267 ; sixth, O. Harris & Sons on Miss Perfection 10th, 460818; seventh, O. Harris & Sons on Miss Repeater 31st, 460819. Champion Bull Two Years Old or Over — O. Harris & Son on Repeater 7th, 386905. Champion Bull Under Tioo Years — 'Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber Jr., 424253. Champion Cow Two Years Old or Over — O. Harris & Sons on Miss Repeater 11th, 395824. Champion Heifer Under Two Years Old — Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber's Lassie 12th, 448703. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — ^O. Harris & Sons on Repeater 7th, 386905. Grand Champion Coiv or Heifer, Any Age — O. Harris & Sons on Miss Repeater 11th, 395824. 342 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Grand Champion Hereford Bui!. Repeater 7th 386905 ; owned Ijy O. Harris & Sons, Harris, Missouri. Grand Cliampion Hereford Cuw, Ali.s.s lifpeai.i- JJil Harris, Mo. iWiifd Ijy O. Harris & Sons, FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 343 Graded Herd — First, O. Harris & Sons; second, J. M. Curtice; third, Warren T. McCray ; fourtli, W. J. Davis; liftli, O. S. (;n)l)ons & Son; sixtli, A. A. Berry & Son ; seventh, Parmeleo & I'eirson. Breeder's Yonnf/ Herd — First, Cyrus A. Tow ; second, W. J. Davis ; third, J. M. Curtice; fourth, Warren 'P. McCray; lifth, J. C Rol)inson & Son; sixtli, Wm. Andrews & Sons. Breeder's Calf Herd — First, W. J. Davis ; second, Cyrus A. Tow ; third, J. M. Curtice ; fourth, O. Harris ; flftli, Warren T. McCray ; sixth, J. C. Robinson & Son ; seventh, J. M. Curtice. Get of Sire — First, O. Harris & Sons; second, Waricn T. McCray; third, W. J. Davis ; fourth, Cyrus A. Tow ; fifth, J. M. Curtice ; sixth, J. C. Robinson & Son ; seventh, J. M. Curtice. Produce of Goto — First, O. Harris & Sons; second, Warren T. McCray; third. W. J. Davis ; fourtli, Cyrus A. Tow ; fifth, Cyrus A. Tow ; sixtli, J. C. Robinson & Son ; seventh, J. M. Curtice. IOWA HEREFORD SPECIADS. Bull Three Years or Over — First, O. S. Cibbons & Son on Good Lad, 343996; second, Parmelee & Peirson on Beau Monde, 272726. Bull Two Years and Under Three — First, E. M. Cassady & Son on Golden Lad, 381477; second, A. A. Berry & Son on Standard 4th, 382208; tliird, VV. H. Campbell & Son on Polled Victor, 3S9779. Bull Senior Yearling — First, O. S. Gibbons & Son on Beau Mischievious 2nd, 445517; second, A. A. Berry & Son on Beaumont, 442469. B^ill Junior Yearling — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber Jr., 424253 ; second, Wm. Andrews & Sons on Bonnie Brae 60th, 413606; third, A. A. Berry & Son on Bonnie Gomez, 442473 ; fourth, B. F. Maiden & Son on Improver Real, 439906 ; fifth, Parmelee & Peirson on Publislier 2nd, 446774 ; sixth, \V. H. Campbell & Son on Polled Britt. 446147. Bull Senior Calf — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Standard 22nd, 44S718; second, A. A. Berry & Son on Gomez Boatman, 4 47 812 ; third, Cyrus A. Tow on Standard 23rd, 448719; fourth, Wm. Andrews & Sons on Bonnie Brae 79th, 451123; fifth, B. F. Maiden & Son on John Real, 465308 ; sixth, Parmelee & Peirson on Beau Monde 2nd, 448453. Btili Junior Calf — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Fairview Boy, 4 4 8708 ; second, A. A. Berry & Son on Cedar Lad, 461631; third, Cyrus A. Tow on Standard 26th, 448722; fourth, E. M. Cassady & Son on Don Lee, 447950; fifth, O. S. Gibbona & Son on Good Lad 7th; sixth, Wm. Andrews & Sons on Bonnie Brae 84th, 451128. Cow Three Years or Over — First, O. S. Gibbons & Son on Pansy Belle 4tli, 364248; second, B. F. Maiden & Son on Daisy Dale, 38S399 ; third, B. F. Maiden & Son on Daisy Shadeland 2nd, 291966; fourth, A. A. Berry & Son on Delia Dean, 311860 ; fifth, Parmelee & Pierson on Hazel B., 207311. Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber's Lassie 6th, 388029 ; second, A. A. Berry & Son on Gertrude Fairfax, 388822 ; third, Parmelee & Pierson on Mischief Maker 21st, 440143 ; fourth, O. S. Gibbons & Son on Priscilline, 391950. Heifer Senior Yearling — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Lady Standard, 411218; second, Cyrus A. Tow on Standard's Lady, 411220 ; third, O. S. Gibbons & Son on Good Lady, 410706 ; fourth, A. A. Berry & Son on Delia Gomez, 4 42474 ; fifth, Parmelee & Pierson on Dixie Bell 6th, 428672 ; sixth, B. F. Maiden & Son on May Flower 5th, 439910. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Fairview Bonnie 2nd, 424257 ; second, Wm. Andrews & Sons on Bonnibel, 422348; third, A. A. Berry & Son on Primrose, 427500 ; fourth, Wm. Andrews & Son on Lady Dulcinea, 422351 ; fifth, Parmelee & Pierson on Nellie, 428151. Heifer Senior Calf — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber's Lassie 12th, 448703 ; second, Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber's Lassie 15th, 448706 ; third, Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber's Lassie 12th, 448705 ; fourth, A. A. Berry & Son on Miss Brae Gomez, 447815; fifth, Wm. Andrews & Sons on Miss Brae 57th, 451134; sixth, O. S. Gibbon.-* & Son on Miss General 12th, 440116. 344 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Heifer Junior Calf — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Fairview Queen, 448713; second, A. A. Berry & Son on Cedar Lass, 461632 ; third, B. F. Maiden & Son on Princess Real, 465312 ; fourth, Wm. Andrews & Sons on Miss Brae 60th, 451137 ; fifth, A. A. Berry & Son on Cedar Lass 3rd, 461634 ; sixth, Parmelee & Pierson on Trixie Monde, 459848. Champion Bull Two Years Old or Over — O. S. Gibbons & Son on Good Lad, 343996. Champion Bull Under Two Years Old — Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber Jr., 424253. Champion Cow Tioo Years Old or Over — Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber's Lassie 6th, 388029. Heifer Under Tivo Years Old — Cyrus A. Tow on Fairview Bonnie 2nd, 424257. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Cyrus A. Tow on Disturber Jr., 424253. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Cyrus A. Tow on Fairview Bonnie 2nd, 424257. Graded Herd — First, O. S. Gibbons & Son ; second, A. A. Berry & Son ; third, Parmelee & Pierson. Breedei-'s Young Herd — First, Cyrus A. Tow ; second, "U'ra. Andrews & Sons. Breeders' Calf Herd — First, Cyrus A. Tow ; second, Wm. Andrews & Sons ; third, A. A. Berry & Son ; fourth, O. S. Gibbons & Son ; fifth, W. H. Campbell. Get of Sire — First, Cyrus A. Tow ; second, Wm. Andrews ; third, A. A. Berry & Son ; fourth, O. S. Gibbons & Son ; fifth, B. F. Maiden & Son ; sixth, Parmelee & Pierson. Produee of Cow — First, Cyrus A. Tow ; second, Cyrus A. Tow ; third, O. S. Gibbons & Son ; fourth, Wm. Andrews & Son ; fifth, A. A. Berry & Son ; sixth, Parmelee & Pierson. ABERDEEN-ANGUS. EXHIBITORS. R. M. Anderson, Newell, Iowa; Matt Baker, Mitchellville, Iowa; C. D. and E. F. Caldwell, Burlington Junction, Mo.; Chas. Escher & Son, Botna, Iowa; J. O. Gring, Dallas Center, Iowa ; W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa ; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa ; Clarence Pearson, Mitchellville, Iowa ; H. H. Reed, Marengo, Towa; Roberts & Williams, Atlantic, Iowa; Julius Tudor & Son, Iowa City, Iowa ; Carl A. Rosenfeld, iKielley, Iowa. Judge Silas Igo, Indianola, Iowa. AWARDS. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Chas. Escher & Son on Prince Felzer, 156700; second, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell on Kiahogia, 150488; third. Matt Baker on Black Joe 2nd B. ; fourth, H. H. Reed on Evening Star, 142083. Bull Tivo Years, Under Three — First, R. M. Anderson & Sons on Provo 2nd, 160575; second, Julius Tudor & Son on Tyrus, 170999; third, W. J. Miller on Enus 4th, 160576; fourth, Clarence Pearson on Black Lad of Leaside 2nd, 170833. Bull Senior Yearling — First, H. H. Reed on Glenmere Eclipser 2nd, 185505 ; second, Roberts & Williams on Deceiver's Knight, 168976 ; third, R. M. Ander- son & Sons on Prince Blueblood, 183987. Bull Junior Yearling — First, R. M. Anderson & Sons on Lord Melamere, 171535 ; second, Carl A. Rosenfeld on Gay Eric 3rd, 172519 ; third, W. A. McHenry on Bravo of Denison, 168878; fourth, Carl A. Rosenfeld on Helen's Quiet Boy, 175679; fifth, H. H. Reed on Heatherdale Comet; sixth, W. J. Miller on Barbara's Rose Gay 2nd, 174109. Bull Senior Calf — First, W. A. McHenry on Blackcap Bertram, 183787; second, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell on Burgomaster, 180851 ; third, "W. A. McHenry on Earl Marshall, 183780; fourth, Julius Tudor & Son on Glyn Mawr Quiet Lad; fifth, Chas. Escher & Son on Pandeau, 180031; sixth, Chas. Escher & Son on Eudorus, 180075; seventh, R. M. Anderson & Son on Jilts Jerome 2nd, 183981. Bull Junior Calf — First, C. D. & B. F. Caldwell on Everytime, 181219; second, R. M. Anderson & Sons on Lord Melamore, 106545 ; third, Julius Tudor & Son on Fryon ; fourth, W. A. McHenry on Blackcap Bryce, 183799. Cow Three Years or Over — First, C. D. & B. F. Caldwell on Pride Petite, 141445 ; second, R. M. Anderson & Sons on Key of Ind. 4th, 150048; third, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell on Erica Dean, 149979 ; fourth, W. J. Miller on Barbara Wood- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 345 son 2ncl, 139901 ; fifth, TT. H. Reed on Star's Rose, 110615 ; sixth, W. J. Miller on Barbara Woodson, 129611. Heifer Two Yeats, Under Three — First, C. n. & E. F. Caldwell on Erito, 162450 ; second, R. M. Anderson & Son on Eulima 28th, 171532 ; tliird, AV. A. McHenry on Queen McHenry 58th, 168864 ; fourth, W. A. McHenry on Pride McHenry 116th, 168855; fifth, W. J. Miller on Ridge Lawn Pride, 171454 Heifer Senior Yearling — First, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell on Eritus, 162446; second, R. M. Anderson & Son on Eulima 28th, 171532; third, W. A. aicHenry on Queen McHenry 58th, 168864 ; fourth, W. A. McHenry on Pride McHenry 116th, 168855; fifth, W. J. Miller on Ridge Lawn Pride, 171454. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, Roberts & Williams on Rose Ataoss 7th, 185278; second, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell on Esthonia 12th; third, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell on ItosPride, 170572; fourth, W. A. McHenry on Pride McHenry 124th, 168877; fifth, W. J. Miller on Ridge Lawn Kata, 171457 ; sixth, Clarence Pearson on Liora's Grace, 174928; seventh, H. H. Reed on Glenmere Hilda, 181787. Heifer Senior Calf— First, W. A. McHenry on Pride McHenry 129th, 183779; second, R. M. Anderson & Sons on Bell Eclipser of Newell 3rd, 183976 ; third, Carl A. Rosenfeld ; fourth, C. D. & B. F. Caldwell on Black Jestress 3rd, 180853 ; fifth, Chas. Escher & Son on Blue Blood Lady 4th ; sixth, H. H. Reed on Black Daw 2nd ; seventh, Julius Tudor & Son on Enamma- 2nd. Heifer Junior Calf — First, Chas. Escher & Son on Eulotta, 180061; second, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell on Blackbird 156th, 180868; third, R. M. Anderson & Sons on Erina Lassie 5th, 183985; fourth, Julius Tudor & Sons on Black Cap of Glyn Mawr ; fifth, W. J. Miller on Black Rose. Champion Bull Tivo Years Old or Over — Chas. Escher & Son on Prince Felzer, 156700. Champion B)tll Under Two Years Old — W. A. McHenry on Blackcap Bertram, 183787. Champion Cow Two Years Old or Over — C. D. & E. F. Caldwell on Erito, 162450. Champion Heifer Under Tivo Years Cld — C. D, & E. F. Caldwell on Ei'itus, 162446. Clianipiuu Abc-rdetn Anyu.s Bull, Piinre Felzt'i' l.iij, uU, & Son, Botna, Iowa. Clias. Escher 346 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE tiiaiul Champion Aberdeen Angus Cow. Eritus ; owned by C. D. & E. F. Cald- well, Burlington Junction, Missouri. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Clias. Eschar & Son on Prince Felzer, 156700. Grand Champion Coio or Heifer, Any Age — C. D. & E. F. Caldwell on Eritus, 162446. Graded Herd — First, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell ; .second, R. M. Anderson & Sons ; third, H. H. Reed ; fourth, W. J. Miller. Breeder's Young Herd — First, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell ; second, W. A. McHenry. Breeder's Calf Herd — First, W. A. McHenry ; second, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell ; third, Cha.si Escher & Son ; fourth, R. M. Anderson & Sons ; fifth, Julius Tudor & Son. Get of Sire — First, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell ; second, R. M. Anderson ; third, W. A. McHenry ; fourth, H. H. Reed ; fifth, Julius Tudor & Son ; sixth, Matt Baker ; seventh, W. J. Miller. Produce of Cow — First, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell ; second, Chas. Escher & Son ; third, R. M. Anderson & Son ; fourth, W. J. Miller ; fifth, Julius Tudor & Son. GALLOWAY. EXHIBITORS. G. E. Clark, Topeka, Kansas ; C. S. Hechtner, Chariton, Iowa. Judge Chas. Escher, Jr., Botna, Iowa. AWARDS. Bull Three Years or Over — First, C. S. Hechtner on Prince Favorite, 36212 ; second, G. E. Clark on Casino, 36410. Bull Two Years, Vnder, Three — First, C. S. Hechtner on Emperor of Drum- lanrig, 38304; second, G. E. Clark on High Tide of C. V., 281S7. Bull Senior Yearling — First, G'. E. Clark on Echo of Capital View, 38165; second, C. S. Hechtner on Comer Boy, 38305. Bull Junior Yearling — First, G. E. Clark on Messenger Boy of C. V., 39069; second, C. S. Hechtner on Abbie's Favorite, 38315. FIFTEENTH AxNNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 347 Bull Senior Calf — First, C. S. Hechtner on Myrtle's Standpatter, 38S18; second, G. E. Clark on Nettie's Medalist, 39057. Bull Junior Calf — First, C. S. Hechtner on Kingsley of Maples, 39241; second, G. E. Clark on Choice Goods, 39473. Cow Three Years or Over — First, G. E. Clark on Nelly Melville, 36223 ; second, G. E. Clark on Daisy Dimple, 35187; third, C. S. Hechtner on Clara of Maples 2nd, 35169. Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, C. S. Hechtner on Abbie's Queen, 36548; second, G. E. Clark on Alberta 2nd, 37543. Heifer Senior Yearling — First, C. S. Hechtner on Nellie of Maples 4th, 37633 ; second, G. E. Clark on May Flower's 4th, 38486. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, C. S. Hechtner on Nellie of Maples 5th, 38314 ; second, G. E. Clark on May Flower of C. V., 38263. Heifer Senior Calf — First, C. S. Hechtner on Tara's Pride, 39238 ; second, G. E. Clark on Mola's Pride of C. V., 39068. Heifer Junior Calf — First, C. S. Hechtner on Abbie's Queen 2nd. Champion Bull Tivo Years or Over — C. S. Hechtner on Prince Favorite, 36212. Champion Bull Under Two Years Old — C. S. Hechtner on Myrtle's Stand- patter, 38818. Champion Coio Two Years GUI or Over — G. E Clark on Nelly Melville, 36223. Champion Heifer Under Tico Years Old — C. S. Hechtner on Nellie of Maples 5th, 38314. Grand Champion Galloway Bull, Prince Favorite, owned by C. S. Hechtner, Chariton, Iowa. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — C. S. Hechtner on Prince Favorite, 36212. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — G. E. Clark on Nelly Melville, 36223. Graded Herd — First, C. S. Hechtner; second. G. E. Clark. Breeder's Young Herd — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, G. E. Clark. Breeder's Calf Herd — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, G. E. Clark. Get of Sire — First, C. S. Hechtner; second and third, G. E. Clark. Produce of Cow — First, G. E. Clark; second, C. S. Hechtner; third, G. E. Clark ; fourth, C. S. Hechtner. 348 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE POLLED DURHAM. EXHIBITORS. Achenbach Bros., Washington, Kansas ; H. W. Dueker, Wellman, Iowa ; S. S. Huntley & Son, Chai'iton, Iowa ; Albert Hultine, Saronville, Neb. ; Chas. Irvine, Ankeny, Iowa; Ed Stegelin, Straight Creek, Kansas; Joe Shaver, Kalona, Iowa; W. W. Seeley, Stuart, Iowa. Judge Chas. Escher, Jr., Botna, Iowa. AWARDS. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Achenbach Bros, on Meadow Sultan, 8721 ; second, Albert Hultine on Select Goods, 8719 ; third, W. W. Seeley on Silver Secret, 339882; fourth, L. S. Huntley & Son on Iowa Lad, 9441. Bull Ttco Years, Under Three — First, Ed Stegelin on True Sultan, 9157; second, L. S. Huntley & Son on Silver Champion, 9873 ; third, L. S. Huntley & Son on Red Champion, 9873. Bull Senior Yearling — First, W. 'W. Seeley on Roan Goods, 11335. Bull Junior Yearling — First, Achenbach Bros, on Intense Sultan, 385899; second, Chas. Irvine on Premier Sultan, 10842 ; third, Albert Hultine on Happy Goods, 11372 ; fourth, W. W. Seeley on Victor Clipper. Bull Senior Calf — First, Joe Shaver on Hazlewood Duke ; second, Achenbach Bros, on Baron Francis, 11320; third, Achenbach Bros, on Sultan's Chancellor; fourth, Achenbach Bros, on Thankful Sultan 2nd, 11321 ; fifth, Albert Hultine )n Promotor, 11373. Bull Junior Calf — First, W. W. Seeley on Clipper Goods; second, Albert Hultine on Fern Lad, 11374. Cow Three Years or Over — First, Ed Stegelin on Lady Marshall ; second, Achenbach Bros, on Thankful Martha, Vol. 5 ; third, L. S. Huntley & Son on Iowa Vic, Vol. 6. Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Achenbach Bros, on IMinute 2nd, Vol. 5, p. 344 ; second, L. S. Huntley & Son on Iowa Mar.iory 3rd. Heifer Senior Yearling — First, Achenbach Bros, on Sultana, Vol. 6 ; second, Albert Hultine on Fern Goods, Vol. 6 ; third, Albert Hultine on Select Belle, Vol. 6. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, Achenbach Bros, on Sultana Kora, Vol. 6 ; second, Achenbach Bros, on Minute 3rd, Vol. 6 ; third, L. S. Huntley & Son on Sweet Marie ; fourth, Albert Hultine on Select Augusta, Vol. 6. Heifer Senior Calf — Achenbach Bros, on Choice Sultana, Vol. 6. Heifer Junior Calf — First, Achenbach Bros, on Kora Sultana, Vol. 6 ; second, Achenbach Bros, on The Rosary ; third, Albert Hultine on Capacious Augusta, Vol. 6 ; fourth, L. S. Huntley & Son on Minnie B. Champion Bull Two! Years Old or Over — Ed. Stegelin on True Sultan, 9157. Champion Bull Under Ttvo Years Old — Joe Shaver on Hazlewood Duke. Champion Coin Two Years .Old or Over — Ed. Stegelin on Lady Marshall. Champion Heifer Under Two Years Old — Achenbach Bros, on Sultana, Vol. 6. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Ed Stegelin on True Sultan, 9157. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Ed Stegelin on Lady INIarshall. Graded Herd — First, Achenbach Bros. ; second, L. S. Huntley & Son. Breeders' Young Herd — First, Achenbach Bros. Breeders' Calf Herd — First, Achenbach Bros. Get of Sire — First, Achenbach Bros. ; second, L. S. Huntley & Son ; third, Albert Hultine ; fourth, "W". W. Seeley. Produce of Cow — First, Achenbach Bros. ; second, Achenbach Bros. ; third, L. S. Huntley & Son ; fourth, Achenbach Bros. ; fifth, W. W. Seeley. RED POLLED. EXHIBITORS. J. B. Ahlers, West Bend, Wisconsin ; Frank J. Clouss, Barnum ; W. S. Hill, Alexandria, S. Dakota; Haussler Bros., Holbrook, Nebraska; J. W. Larrabee, Earlville, Illinois. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 349 Judge Klliott Davis, Lincoln, Ncbr. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Frank J. CIouss on Paul, 20994 ; second, Haussler Bros, on Teddy's Best, 17603; third, W. S. Mill on Marshall, 21100; fourth, J. W. Larrabee on Apple Gurnard, 20107. BiiJl Two Years, Under Three — First, J. W. Larrabee on Teddy's Charmer, 2.3100 ; second, J. B. Ahlers on Norman, 22886. Bull Senior Yearling— First, W. S. Hill on Teddy's Perfection, 24.538; second, J. W. Larrabee on Blythfield Charley, 24602. Bull Junior Yearling — Fir.st, Haussler Bros, on Royal Charmer, 25740 ; second, Haussler Bros, on Gay Jack, 25281; third, J. W. Larrabee on Queen Buddy, 25806; fourth, 'W. S. Hill on Roland, 24876. Bull Senior Calf — First. W. S. Hill on Martin, 25502 ; second, Frank J. CIouss on Teddie's Goods, 25399 ; third, Frank J. CIouss on Earl, 25401 ; fourth, J. W. Larrabee on Dannie, 26119; fifth, Haussler Bros, on Wild Boy. Bull Junior Calf — First, W. S. Hill on Curtis; second, Frank J. CIouss on Archer; third, J. W. Larrabee on Nelson, 26120; fourth, J. W. Larrabee on Christopher, 26122 ; fifth, J. W. Larrabee on Sam, 26057. Cow Three Years or Over — First, Haussler Bros, on Gazelle, 32011; second, W. S. Hill on Mary, 25015; third, Frank J. CIouss on Lena 28536; fourth, W. S. Hill on Pearl, 27817 ; fifth, J. W. L.arrabee on Davy Belle 4th, 31633. Heifer Tioo Years, Under Three — First, "W. S. Hill on Veda, 36333; second, Haussler Bros, on Tippie, 35577; third, J. W. Larrabee on Lucy, 35536; fourth, Frank J. CIouss on Rozell, 36378; fifth, J. W. Larrabee on Sweet Rose, 35531. Heifer Senior Yearling — First, J. TV. Larrabee on Sarah, 36492; second, "W. S. Hill on Dakota Rose, 37371 ; third, J. W. Larrabee on Chicago Girl, 37351 ; fourth, J. B. Ahlers on Pearl, 3624S. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, Frank J. CIouss on Dinal, 38494 ; second, "\V. S. Hill on Ruby Rose, 37389; third, Haussler Bros, on Lady Crook, 37373; fourth, J. W. Larrabee on Rose Bud, 37352 ; fifth, J. "W. Larrabee on Flora, 37357. Heifer Senior Calf — Fir.'Jt, J. W. Larrabee on Jello, 39431; second, J. W. Larrabee on Allis, 39432 ; third. Frank J. CIouss on Princess, 38503 ; fourth, W. S. Hill on Charlotte, 38595 ; fifth, TV. S. Hill on Henrietta, 38593. Heifer Junior Calf — First, J. B. Ahlers on Coronet ; second, Frank J. CIouss on Diana ; third, Haussler Bros, on Charming Lady ; fourth, Frank J. CIouss on Ringlet ; fifth, W. S. Hill on Flo. Champion Bull Tivo Years Old or Over — J. W. Larrabee on Teddy's Charmer, 23100. Champion Bull Under Two Years Old — ^W. S. Hill on Teddy's Perfection, 24538. Chamtnon Coio Two Years Old or Over — Haussler Bros, on Gazelle, 32011. Champion Heifer Under Two Years Old — J. TV. Larrabee on Sarah, 36492. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — J. TV. Larrabee on Teddy's Charmer, 23100. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Haussler Bros, on Gazelle, 32011. Graded Herd — First, J. TT^. Larrabee ; second, Frank J. CIouss ; third, Haussler Bros. ; fourth, TV. S. Hill ; fifth. J. TV. Larrabee. Breeders' Young Herd — First. J. TV. Larrabee ; second. Haussler Bros. ; third, Frank J. CIouss ; fourth. TV. S. Hill ; fifth, J. TV. Larrabee. Breeders' Calf Herd — First, J. TV. Larrabee ; second, TV. S. Hill ; third, Frank J. CIouss ; fourth, J. TV. Larrabee ; fifth. Haussler Bros. Get of Sire — First, Haussler Bros. ; second, J. TV. Larrabee ; third, TV. S. Hill ; fourth, Frank J. CIouss ; fifth, J. TV. Larrabee. Produce of Cow — First, J. TV. Larrabee ; second, Frank J. CIouss ; third, TT''. S. Hill : fourth. J T^^. Larrabee: fifth, TV. S. Hill. NINE — 6448. .HCP. .March 29 HOLSTEIN. EXHIBITORS. Nathan Dickinson, Lake Geneva. TTHs. ; Elliott Bros.. TVoodward. Iowa; lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa; S. M. Randall. TVaupun, TVis. ; E. S. Schroeder, Moore- head, Minn. ; U. S. Indian School, Genoa, Neb. 350 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Judge W. J. Gillett, Rosendale, Wis. Bull Three Years or Over — First, lovvana Farms on Oak DeKol Ollie Home- stead, 85529 ; second, E. C. Schroeder on Sir Korndyke Hengerveld DeKol 36tli, 85968; third, E. C Schroeder on Sir Pleterje Ormsby Mercedes 14th, 81142. Bull Two Years, Under Three — First, Nathan Dickinson on Buffalo Forty Beets, 87922 ; second, E. C. Schroeder on Buffalo Pieter Doede, 94018. Bull One Year, Under Two — First, E. C. Schroeder on Sir Korndyke Fytie, 110159; second, Nathan Dickinson on lowana Sir Ollie, 114797; third, U. S. Indian School on Tate Lincoln 3rd, 120900. Bull Senior Calf — First, Nathan Dickinson on Walcowis Johanna Champion ; second, E. C. Schroeder on Sir Korndyke "Wren, 124834; third, E. C. Schroeder on Sir Korndyke Homestead, 123103 ; fourth, U. S. Indian School on Tate Lincoln 5th; fifth, lowana Farms on lowana Ocean Fayne, 122343; sixth, lowana Farms on White King, 122341. Bull Junior Calf — First, E. C. Schroeder on Sir Korndyke Ormsby Piebe, 13270; second, E. C. Schroeder on Prince Korndyke Jewel Beauty, 131755; third, E. C. Schroeder on Sir Korndyke Fytje Pieterje, 132719 ; fourth, Elliott Bros, on Violet King Korndyke, 136989; fifth, Nathan Dickinson on Buffalo Forty Beets 2nd, 129397. Cow Four Years or Over — First, lowana Farms on Lady Reka Mooie, 94410 ; second, Nathan Dickinson on Groveland Pauline Posh, 102357 ; third, U. S. Indian School on Woodlawn Daisy Cornucopia, 134499; fourth, E. C. Schroeder on Glen DeKol Artis 3rd, 68827; fifth, Elliott Bros, on Gudreitje Gerben Wayne, 108448; sixth, lowana Farms on Star Watson Mooie 3rd, 144580. Cow Three Years and Under Four — First, E. C. Schroeder on Heilo Pieterje Ormsby Mercedes, 154366 ; second, E. C. Schroeder on Jennie Wren Ormsby, 161799 ; third, lowana Farms on Johanna Fayne Pauline, 155158 ; fourth, lowana Farms on Fryslan Waldorf, 155158; fifth, Elliott Bros, on Jessie Fobes Pieterje, DeKol, 167418. Heifei- Ttvo Years, Under Three — First, E. C. Schroeder on Burke Spring Brook Ormsby, 162968 ; second, E. C. Schroeder on Burke Mercedes Ormsby, 173400; third, lowana Farms on Star Wat.son 4th, 184905; fourth, U. S. In- dian School on Abbekerk Golden Skylark, 212256 ; fifth, Nathan Dickinson on Daisy Johanna Vaughn, 195128. Heifer Senior Yearlinfj — First, E. C. Schroeder on Queen Mercedes Ormsby, 203800 ; second, E. C. Schroeder on Jennie W^ren Pieterjie, 203797 ; third, U. S. Indian School oii Lady Abbekirk Golden 2nd, 211725 ; fourt.h, lowana Farms on Colantha DeKol Josephine, 200742 ; fifth, U. S. Indian School on Parthena Lady Golden 3rd, 211727. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, lowana Farms on Una Korndyke, 221809 : second, lowana Farms on lowana Countess Jessie, 201332; third, S. M. Randall on Grendola Klorndyke, 230449 ; fourth, lowana Farms on A.sh Grove G'ewina Pontiac, 213868; fifth, E. C. Schroeder on Colanthe Pieterje Lass, 211240. Heifer Senior Calf — First, Elliott Bros, on Tudultje Korndyke ; second, Elliott Bros, on Bonnie Jean ; third, Nathan Dickinson on Cleveland Pontiac DeKol Inka/ 246039 ; fourth, U. S. Indian School on Parthena Lady Golden 4th, 245110; fifth, U. S. Indian School on Lady Pride Mechthilde 2nd, 245109. Heifer Junior Calf — First, Nathan Dickinson on Pontiac Inka Netherland ; second, E. C. Schroeder on Jenny Wren Mercedes, 239968; third, E. C. Schroed- er on Glen DeKol Mercedes, 239965 ; fourth, lowana Farms on lowana Ollie Watson, 235520; fifth, S. M. Randall on Groveland Pontiac Inka Netherland, 246040. Champion Bull Tivo Years Old or Over— lowana. Farms on Oak DeKol Ollie Homestead, 85529. Cliampion Bull Under Two Years Old — E. C. Schroeder on Sir Korndyke Ormsby Piebe, 132720. Champion Cow Two Years Old or Over — lowana Farms on Ladty Reka Mooie, 94410. Champion Heifer Under Two Yea7's Old — lowana Farms on Una Korndyke, 221809. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 351 Gi-aiid Champion Holstein Cow, l.ad.v lU ka Alouio, ;)4 11ii, .cvuca by luwana Farms, Uavenport, Iowa. Grand Champion Bull Any A(jc — lowana Farms on Oak DeKol Ollie Home- stead, 85529. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer Any Age — lowana Farms on I^arly Reka Mooie, 94410. Graded Herd — Finst, lowana Farms ; second, E. C. Schroeder ; third, Nathan Dickinson. Breeders' Young Herd — First, E. C. Schroeder ; second, U. S. Indian School ; third, S. M. Randall. Breeders Calf Herd — First, E. C. Schroedler ; second, U. S. Indian School ; third, Elliott Bros. Get of Sire — Fir.st, E. C. Schroeder; .second, E. C. Schroeder; third, lowana Farms; fourth, E. C. Schroeder; fifth, U. S. Indian School. Produce of Cow — First, lowana Farms; second, E. O. Schroder; third, E. C. Schroeder ; fourth, U. S. Indian School. Premier Exhibitor — E. C Schroeder. Premier Breeder — E. C. Schroeder. JERSEY. EXHIBITORS. Burwel) Farm, IMinneapolis, Minn. ; W. S'. Dixon, Brandon, Wis. ; Nellie Fab- yan, Geneva, 111. ; J. B. .Smith, Platte City, Mo. ; James I. Wade, Weldon, Iowa. Judge Hugh G. Van Pelt, Waterloo, Iowa. AWARDS. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Nelle Fabyan on. Ocean Blue, 99477; second, Burweb Farm on Combination You'll Do, 10687 S. Bull Tioo YearSj Under Three — First, J. B. Smith on Stockwell's Champion, 115854. Bull One Year, Vnder Tioo — First, Nelle Fabyan on Light Blue of River- bank, 115822; second, Burweb Farm on Viola's Golden Prime 11118(5; third, J. B. Smith on Waterloo Boy, 124170. 352 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bull Senior Calf — First, W. S. Dixon on Togo's Oxford Majesty, 123731 ; sec- ond, W. S. Dixon on Interested Financier, 122436; third, J. B. Smitli on Fountain Lad ; fourtli, J. B. Smith on Financial's Wonder L.ad. Bull Junior Calf — First, W. S. Dixon on Miranda's Oxford Majesty, 123732 ; second, J. B. Smith on Wonder's Boy ; third, "W. S. Dixon on Gamboge's Ox- ford Majesty, 124011; fourth, Nelle Fabyan on Fern's Noble of Riverbank ; fifth, Nelle Fabyan on Golden Fern 2nd of Riverbank. Cow Four Years or Over — First, Burweb Farm on Combination's Speckled Hip, 291751 ; second, Burweb Farm on Merline Ibsen, 246596 ; third, Nelle Fabyan on Bright Lilac, 17092; fourth, Nelle Fabyan on Mabel 56th, 16536; fifth, Nelle Fabyan on Burweb's Night Dream, 258203 ; sixth, Burweb Farm on Roselay's Lady, 270482. Coio Three Years, Under Four — Fir.st, Nelle Fabyan on Grey Portia, 17758 ; second, Nelle Fabyan on Matrons Queen 2nd, 1S389; third, Nelle Fabyan on Cowslips Glory, 18573; fourth. J. B. Smith on Pleasant Valley, 308893; fifth, Burweb Farms on Oxford's Queen Mary, 258664. Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, W. S. Dixon on Eminent's Reminder 2nd, 267164 ; second, Burweb Farms on Ibsen's Glory Coulisse, 274077 ; third, W. S. Dixon on Scott's Noble Brenda, 274902 ; fourth, J. B. Smith on Stock- well's Baroness, 296401 ; fifth, Nelle Fabyan on Nelle of Riverbank, 295951. Heifer Senior Yearling — First, W. S. Dixon on Majesty's Oxford Vance, 296624; second, J. B. Smith, Stockwell's Golden Maiden, 296684; third, Bur- web Farms on Glory's Coulisse, 285098 ; fourth, J. B. Smith on Stockwell's Jersey Wonder, 313391. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, J. B. Smith on Stockwell Sarah ; second, W. S. Dixon on Oxford Majesty's Miranda, 312422 ; third, J. B. Smith on Warder's Pansy; fourth, Nelle Fabyan on Rose, 295952; fifth, Burweb Farm on Bur- web's Buttercup, 210448. Heifer Senior Calf — First, W. S. Dixon ; second, W. S. Dixon on Majesty's Cixford Rose, 312974; third, J. B. Smith on Golden Maid's Lass; fourth, Bur- Grand Champion Jersey Bull, Togo's Oxford Ma.iesty, Dixon, Brandon, Wis. 1 ; owned by A\'. S. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 353 web Farm on Burweb's Harriett, 310450 ; fifth, Burweb Farm on Burweb's Helen, 310449. Heifer Junior Calf — First, W. S. Dixon on Oxford Majesty's May, 312975; second, Nelle Fabyan on Sultana of Riverbank ; third, J. B. Smith, Stockwell's Pearl. Champion Bull Tico Years Old or Over — J. B. Smith on Stockwell's Cham- pion, 115854. Champion Btill Under Tiuo Years Old — W. S. Dixon on Togo's Oxford Majesty, 123731. Champion Cow Tioo Years Old or Over — Nelle Fabyan on Grey Portia, 17758. Champion Heifer Under Two Years Old — W. S. Dixon. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — W. S. Dixon on Togo's Oxford Majesty, 123731. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Nelle Fabyan on Grey Portia, 17758. Graded Herd — First, Nelle Fabyan ; second, Burweb Farms ; third, J. B. Smith. Breeders' Young Herd — First, W. S. Dixon ; second, J. B. Smith ; third, J. B. Smith. Breeders' Calf Herd — First, J. B. Smith. Get of Sire — First, Burweb Farm ; second, W. S. Dixon ; third, J. B. Smith ; fourth, Nelle Fabyan ; fifth, J. B. Smith. Produce of Cow — First, J. B. Smith ; second, W. S. Dixon ; third, J. B. Smith ; fourth, Burweb Farms ; fifth, Nelle Fabyan. Preinier Exhibitor — J. B. Smith. Premier Breeder — J. B. Smith. GUERNSEYS. EXHIBITORS. F. M. Buck, Waukee, Iowa ; A. "W. & F. E. Fox, Waukesha, "Wisconsin ; H. W. Griswold, TS-est Salem, Wisconsin ; Chas. L. Hill, Rosendale, Wisconsin ; Wm. M. Jones, Waukesha, "Wisconsin ; W. W. Marsh, Waterloo, Iowa ; Wilcox & Stubbs, Des Moines, Iowa. Judge Geo. P. Grout, Duluth, Minn. AWARDS. Bull Three Years or Over — First, W. W. Marsh on Hayes Cherub II, 25147 ; second, Wilcox & Stubbs on Gay's May King, 19731 ; third, Chas. L. Hill on Imp. Victory of Sarnia, 22001 ; fourth, A. "W. & F. E. Fox on Raymond of Les Belles, 2849, P. S. ; fifth, Chas. L. Hill on Imp. Prince of Sarnia, 22000; sixth, Wilcox & Stubbs on Imp. Holden IV, 12179. Bull Two Years, Under Three — First, A. W. & F. E. Fox, on Raymond's Billy of the Hogue, 21752 ; second, W. Marsh on Roehampton Croesus III, 2635 ; third, Wm. M. Jones on Billy of Paradise Spring City, 21162 ; fourth, Wilcox & Stubbs on College Star, 20678. Bull One Year, Under Two — First, Chas. Lt Hill on Imp. Diamond of the Lubin, 26257; second, A. W^. & F. E. Fox on Gratify's Standard, 25521; third, A. W. & F. E. Fox on Glenwoods Volunteer, 24228; fourth, Wilcox & Stubbs on Vanquisher of Beimtown, 25710 ; fifth, F. M. Buck on Crimson's Sequel, 27745. Bull, Senior Calf — First, W. W, Marsh on Cherry's Memento, 27562 ; second, W. M. Jones on Daisy's Sequel Boy of Denmark, 26406; third, Chas. L. Hill on Domby of Sarnia; fourth, "^^m. M. Jones on Violet's Walter Sequel, 26688; fifth, A. W. & F. E. Fox on Nelly's "U'alter Sequel, 26408 ; sixth, Wm. M. Jones on Ouidal's Sequel of Denmark, 27941. Bull Junior Calf — First, Wm. M. Jones on Ada's Douglas, 28961 ; second, W. W. Marsh on Lady Robert's Souvenir, 28945; third, Wm. M. Jones on Dairy Maid's Sequel of Denmark, 28736; fourth, W. W. Marsh on Dairymaid's Cri- terion, 28187 ; fifth, Wilcox & Stubbs on King of the Rilmas. Cow Four Years or Over — First, "W, W. Marsh on Deanie 16th, 8906 ; second, A. W. & F. E. Fox on Essie Jeweller, 14265 ; third, W. W. Marsh on Imp. Lady Jebbe L. 7341; fourth, W. W. Marsh on Jedetta of Pinehurst, 17434; fifth, Chas. L. Hill on Imp. Lady Tamworth, 33123 ; sixth, W. W. Marsh on Diana of Calais 5th, 6843. 23 354 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Cow Three Years, Under Four — First, W. W. Marsh on Imp. Jessamine of tlie Pon Chez, 9042 ; second, A. Wl & F. E. Fox on School Girl of "Waukesha, 35369. Heifer Tiuo Years, Under Three — First, "VV. "W. Marsh on Fleurie Mar, 43156 ; second, W. W. Marsh on Polly of Briquet, 43669 ; third, Chas. L. Hill on Imp. Bee Bee of Sarnia ; fourth, A. W. & F. B. Fox on Dairymaid of Waukesha, 38053 ; fifth, Wm. M. Jones on Luecicero's Bonnie, 44081 ; sixth, Wm. M. Jones on Raymond's Juliana, 38376. Heifer Senior Yearling — First, W. W. Marsh on Lily La Pine, 43842 ; second, A. W. & F. E. Fox on Pleasure's Promise, 43528; third, Wm. M. Jones on Lady Violet, 43089 ; fourth, "Wilcox & Stubbs on Buttercup 2d of the Roundebosch, 50333 ; fifth, "Wm. M. Jones on Sequel's Aurea, 43086. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, A, "W. & F. E. Fox on Sundari's Dairymaid, 45635 ; second, Wilcox & Stubbs on Hillcrest Farm Lassie, 46940 ; third, A. W. & F. E. Fox on Selma's Dairy Girl, 39599 ; fourth, Wm. M. Jones on May Rose of Sunny Valley, 46135 ; fifth, Wilcox & Stubbs on Village of Lassie 3d, 46694. Heifer Senior Calf — First, W. "W. Marsh on Bopeep's Queen ; second, A. W. & F. E. Fox on Florence May of Waukesha, 49216; third, Wm. M. Jones on Yeksa's Tops of Gold's Fannie 2d, 49103; fourth, W. "W. Marsh on Hayes Snow- drop 7th, 10084 ; fifth, A. W:. & F. E. Fox on Arabelle of Waukesha, 48911 ; sixth, Wm. M. Jones on Elizabetli's Beauty 2d, 48734. Heifer Junior Calf — First, Wilcox & Stubbs on Graceful Princess ; second, "W. W. Marsh on September Morn, 50830 ; third, "W. W. Marsh on Roehampton Deanie HI, 10463 ; fourth, A. W. & F. E. Fox on Walter's Sequel Blanchflower, 49888; fifth, Wm. M. Jones on Cherub's Joy, 49367. Champion Bull Two Years Old or Over — W\. W. Marsh on Hayes Cherub II, 25147. Senior and Juninr I'liamiiion Guernsey iJulls, H.iyes Cherub 2d, 25147, and Clierry's Memento, o"ft'ned by W. "W. Marsh, Waterloo. Champion Bull Under Tito Years Old — W. W. Marsh on Cherry's Memento, 27562. Champion Cow Two Years Old or Over — W. "W. Marsh on Deanie 16th, 8906. Champion Heifer Under Two Years Old — W. W. Marsh on Bopeep's Queen. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — W. W, Marsh on Hayes Cherub II, 25147. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — W. W. Marsh on Deanie 16th, 8906. Graded Herd — First, W. W. Marsh ; second, A. W. & F. E. Fox ; third, "^^ilcox & Stubbs ; fourth, Chas. L. Hill ; fifth, Wm. M. Jones. Breeders' Young Herd — First, Wl "W. Marsh ; second, Wm. M. Jones ; third, A. "W. & F. E. Fox; fourth, Chas. L. Hill; fifth, Wilcox & Stubbs. Breeders' Calf Herd — First, Wm. M. Jones ; second, Wilcox & Stubbs ; third, W. W. Marsh. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 355 Grand Champion Guernsey Cow, Deanie 16tli, 8906, owned by W. W. Marsh of Waterloo. Get of Sire — First, Chas. L. Hill ; second, W. W. Marsh ; third, A. W. & F. E. Fox ; fourth, "Wm. M. Jones ; fifth, Wilcox & Stubbs ; sixth, Wilcox & Stubbs. Produce of Cow — First, W. W, Marsh ; second, Chas. L. Hill ; third, Wilcox & Stubbs ; fourth, Wm. M. Jones ; fifth, Wm. M. Jones ; sixth, Wm. M. Jones. Premier Breeder — W. W. Marsh. SPECIAL, PFIZE OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN GUERNSEY CATTLE CLUB. Premier Breeler — W. W. Marsh. AYRSHIRE. EXHIBITORS. Ferndell Farm, Ladysmith, Wisconsin ; Adam Seitz, Waukesha, Wisconsin. Judge Hugh G. Van Pelt, Waterloo, Iowa. AWARDS. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Adam Seitz on Imo. Bargenoch Gay Cavalier, 11981. Bull Two Years, Under Three — First, Adam Seitz on Bargenoch Rising Star, 14843 ; second, Ferndell Farms, Inc., on Victor of Ladysmith, 14779. Bull One Year Under Two^First, Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Fond Hope, 15944 ; second, Ferndell Farms, Inc., on Ferndell Victor, 16369. Bull Senior Calf — First, Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Rising Tide, 16814 ; second, Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Kilnford Ringmaster, 16816. Bull Junior Calf — First, Ferndell Farms, Inc., on Ferndell Goldflnder, 16905 second, Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Sultan Fashion, 16812. Cow Four Years or Over — First, Adam Seitz on Imp. Kilnford Bell 3d, 30643 second, Adam Seitz on Imp. Hillhouse Maud, 2d ; third, Adam Seitz on Imp, Kilnford Bell 4th, 32797; fourth, Adam Seitz on Imp. Carston Lady Mary Stuart, 35474 ; fifth, Ferndell Farms, Inc., on Dorothy Ann, 23674. 356 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Covo Three Years, Under Four — First, Adam Seitz on Imp. Beuchan Tulip, 37663 ; second, Femdell Farms, Inc., on Springhill Wliinflower Hugo, 30668. Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Adam Seitz on Bargenock Silver Pet, 32496 ; second, Adam Seitz ; third, Femdell Farms, Inc., on Victorine Fizzaway, 33933. Heifer Senior Yearling — First, Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Violet, 35691 ; second, Adam Seitz on Cavalier's TVlld Rose, 3.5693. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Rose Bowl, 37668; second, Ferndell Farms, Inc., on Value's Pride of Oak Valley, 36623. Heifer Senior Calf — First, Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Maud ; second, Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Bonnie Jean, 37669 ; third, Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Cream- pot, 37673. Heifer Junior Coif — First, Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Duchess, 37372 ; second, Fei-ndell Farms, Inc., on Silver May of Femdell, 37886 ; third, Femdell Farms, Inc., on Nerine of Ferndell, 37887 ; fourth, Femdell Farms on Ferndell Princess May, 37909. Grand Champion Ayrshire Bull, Imp. Bargenoch Gay Cavalier, owned by Adam Seitz, Waukesha, Wisconsin. Champion Bull Two Years Old or Over — Adam Seitz on Imp. Bargenoch Gay Cavalier, 11981. Champion Bull Under Tivo Years Old — Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Fond Hope, 15944. Champion Cow Two Years Old or Over — Adam Seitz on Imp. Kilnford Bell 3d, 30643. Champion Heifer Under Tioo Years Old — Adam Seitz on Cavalier's Violet, 35691. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Adam Seitz on Imp. Bargenoch Gay Cava- lier, 11981. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Adam Seitz on Imp. Kilnford Bell 3d, 30643. Graded Herd — First, Adam Seitz ; second, Adam Seitz ; third, Femdell Farm®, Inc. Breeders' Young Herd — First, Adam Seitz. Breeders' Calf Herd — First, Adam Seitz. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 357 Get of Sire — First, Adam Seitz ; second, Adam Seitz ; third, Ferndell Farms. Produce of Cow — First, Adam Seitz ; second, Adam Seitz ; third, Ferndell Farms. Premier Exhibitor — Adam Seitz. Premier Breeder — Adam Seitz. BROWN SWISS. EXHIBITORS. Allynlnirst Farm, Delavan, "Wisconsin ; Dahlen & Schmidt, Eldorado, Kansas ; Hawthorn Farm, Lake County, 111. Judge Hugh G. Van Pelt, Waterloo, Iowa. AWARDS. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Allynhurst Farm on Myone Boy, 3120 ; second. Hawthorn Farm on Starlight Hector, 3566 ; third, Dahlen & Schmidt on Royal Lad, 2902. B^ill Two Years, Under Three — First, Hawthorn Farm on Prince George of Osceola, 4021; second, Dahlen & Schmidt on Glover, 3804. Bull One Year, Under Ttvo — First, Allynhurst Farm on Casper Brown of Allynhurst, 4077 ; second. Hawthorn Farm on Hawthorn Sultan, 3895 ; third, Dahleen & Schmidt on Modern Hero, 4131 ; fourth. Hawthorn Farm on Perfume's Lad, 4061. Bull Senior Calf — First, Allynhurst Farm ; second. Hawthorn Farms on Theo- dore R., 4299 ; third, Hawthorn Farms on Wilson, 4298 ; fourth, Allynhurst Farm. B7ill Junior Calf — First, Allynhurst Farm ; second, Allynhurst Farm ; third. Hawthorn Farm on Invincible, 4442. Cow Four Years or Over — First, Hawthorn Farm on Hildare, 3970 ; second, Allynhurst Farm on Arlene, 2769 ; third, Allynhurst Farm on Belle of Grattan, 5144 ; fourth. Hawthorn Farm on Perfume, 3793 ; fifth, Allynhurst Farm on Myone Baby, 3378. Cow Three Years, Under Four — First, Hawthorn Farm on Zell's Pet, 5201 ; second, Allynhurst Farm on Delia C, 4989 ; third, ±iawthorn Farm on Zell's Mascot, 5200; fourth, Dahlen & Schmidt on Miss Cornelia, 5006. Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Allynhurst Farm on Show Girl of Allynhurst, 5545 ; second, Allynhurst Farm on Folie of Allynhurst, 5547 ; inird, Dahlen & Schmidt on Princess Velva's Pet, 5472 ; fourth, Dahlen & Schmidt on Culalie, 5471 ; fifth. Hawthorn Farm on Lady A, 5417. Heifer Senior Yearling — First, Allynhurst Farm on Colett of Allynhurst, 5896 ; second, Allynhurst Farm on Merry Maid of Allynhurst, 5897 ; third, Hawthorn Farm on Marion, 5815 ; fourth, Hawthorn Farm on Hawthorn Pink, 5661 ; fifth, Dahlen & Schmidt on Victoria Louise, 5995 ; sixth, Hawthorn Farm on Haw- thorn Lily J, 5665. Heifer Junior Yearling — First, Dahlen & Schmidt on Madaline, 5996; second. Hawthorn Farm on Caroline, 5817 ; third. Hawthorn Farm on Kashaw II, 5871 ; fourth. Hawthorn on Senorita, 5818; fifth, Allynhurst Farm on Betty, 6044. Heifer Senior Calf — First, Hawthorn Farm on Santa Maria, 6022 ; second. Hawthorn Farm on Lucerne, 6103 ; third, Allynhurst Farm ; fourth, Dahlen & Schmidt on Marie of Highland, 6508 ; fifth, Allynhurst Farm. Heifer Junior Calf — First, Allynhurst Farm ; second. Hawthorn Farm on Lady Marie, 6368; third, Allynhurst Farm; fourth, Dahlen & Schmidt on Pearl of Highland, 6506 ; fifth. Hawthorn Farm on Blossom, 6367 ; sixth, Hawthorn Farm on Kashaw III, 6403. Champion Bull Tivo Years Old or Ouer— Allynhurst Farm on Myone Boy, 3120. Champion Bull, Under Two Years Old — Allynhurst Farm on Casper Brown of Allynhurst, 4077. Champion Cow Two Years Old or Over — Hawthorn Farm on Hildare, 3970. Champion Heifer Under Tioo Years Old — Allynhurst Farm. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Allynhurst Farm on Myone Boy, 3120. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Hawthorn Farm on Hildare, 3970. Graded Herd — First, Allynhurst Farm ; second. Hawthorn Farm ; third, Dahlen & Schmidt ; fourth, Hawthorn Farm. 358 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Breeders' Young Herd — First, Allynhurst Farm ; second, Hawthorn Farm ; third, Dahlen & Schmidt. Breeders' Calf Herd — First, Allynhurst Farm ; second. Hawthorn Farm ; sec- ond, Hawthorn Farm. Get of Sire — First, Allynhurst Farm ; second, Allynhurst Farm ; third, Dahlen & Schmidt ; fourth, Dahlen & Schmidt ; fifth, Dahlen & Schmidt. Produce of Cow — First, Allynhurst Farm ; second, Allynhurst Farm ; third, Dahlen & Schmidt ; fourth, Allynhurst Farm ; fifth, Dahlen & Schmidt. Premier Exhibitor — Allynhurst Farm. Premier Breeder — Allynhurst Farm. SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY THE BROWN SWISS CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. Get of Sire — Allynhurst Farm. FAT SHORT HORNS. (PURE BREDS.) EXHIBITORS. Herr Bros. & Reynolds, Lodi, Wisconsin. ; Wm. Herkelmann, Elwood, Iowa ; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa. Judge Leslie Smith, St. Cloud, Minn. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, Wm. Her- kelmann on Roan Boy ; second, C. A. Saunders on Oak Leaf ; third, Herr Bros. & Reynolds on Flash Victor. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, C. A. Saunders on James Rofert ; second, Herr Bros. & Reynolds on Dividend ; third, Herr Bros. & Reynolds on Flash Victor 2d. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, Wm. Herkelmann on Robin ; second, C. A. Saunders on James Robert, Jr. ; third, Herr Bros. & Reynolds on White Royal. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Wm. Herkelmann on Robin. Group of Three, Owned by Exhibitor — First, Wm. Herkelmann ; second, C. A. Saunders ; third, Herr Bros. & Reynolds. GRADE OR CROSS BRED. EXHIBITORS. W^. E. Graham & Son, Prairie City, Iowa ; C. B. Grimes, Winnebago, Minne- sota ; Herr Bros. & Reynolds, Lodi, Wisconsin ; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa. Judge Leslie Smith, St. Cloud, Minn. AWARDS. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, C. A. Saunders on Kansas Lad. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Ttoo— First, C. A. Saun- ders on James ; second, Herr Bros. & Reynolds on Politician ; third, W. E. Graham & Son on Roan Charlie. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, C. A. Saunders on John ; second, C. B. Grimes on Rob Roy. Chatnpion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — C. A. Saunders on James. Group of Three, Owned by Exhibitor — First, C. A. Saunders. FAT HEREFORD. (PURE BRED.) exhibitors. Wm. Andrews & Son, Morse, Iowa ; E. M. Cassady & Son, Whiting, Iowa ; W. H. Campbell & Son, Grand River, Iowa; Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa. Judge Phil C. Lee, San Angelo, Texas. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 359 Stcerj Spayed or Martin llcifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Fancy Befau, 80 ; second, K. M. Cassady & Son on Mike, 59 ; third, Wm. Andrews & Son on Pretender, 394864 ; fourth, E. M. Gassady & Son on Martin 2d, 91. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year, Under Two — First, "Wm. Andrews & Son on Briglit Boy, lOG ; second, Cyrus A. TTow on General, 114 ; third, E. M. Cassady & Son on Dan 2d, 135. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, Wm. Andrews & Son on Bonnie Boy, 133; second, Cyrus A. Tow on Fairview Byron, 448709; third, E. M. Cassady & Son on Beau Vatican, 447945 ; fourth, W. H. Campbell & Son on Hobart, 463277. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Wm. Andrews & Son on Bright Boy, 106. Group of Three, Owned l)y Exhibitor — First, Wm. Andrews & Son ; second, Cyrus A. Tow ; third, E. M. Cassady & Son. GRADE OR CROSS BRED. EXHIBITORS. E. M. Cassady & Son, "V\niiting, Iowa ; W. J. Davis, Jackson, Miss. ; Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa. Judge Phil C. Lee, San Angelo, Texas. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, W. J. Davis on James K. Vardaman ; second, 'C>'rus A. Tow on Bob ; third, Cyrus A. Tow ; fourth, E. M. Cassady & Son on Tip Top. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year, Under Two — First, Cyrus A. Tow on Archie ; second, E. M. Cassady & Son on Don's Lad. Steer, Spayed or Martiti Heifer Under One Year — ^First, Cyrus A. Tow on Lula ; second, E. M. Cassady & Son on Jimmie. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer— T. J. Davis on James K. Vardaman. Group of Three, Owned by Exhibitor — First, Cyrus A. Tow ; second, E. M. Cassady & Son. FAT ABERDEEN-ANGUS. (PURE BRED.) EXHIBITORS. R. M. Anderson & Sons, Newell, Iowa ; Carl A. Rosenfeld, Kelley, Iowa ; W. J. Miller, Newton. Judge Silas Igo, Indianola, Iowa. AWARDS. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, R. M, Ander- son & Sons on Riverdale Perfection ; second, W. J. Miller on Carpenter's Hero 2d, 1825 ; third, Carl A. Rosenfeld on Steam Roller. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, R. M. Anderson & Sons on Archie ; second, Carl A. Rosenfeld on Rosengift's Choice ; third, W. J. Miller on Pio's Goods, 1095. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, R. M. Anderson & Sons on Victor E. ; second, Carl A. Rosenfeld on Rosengift Prince ; third, 'W. J. Miller on Erin's Lad, 1873. Champion Steer, Spayed or 3Iarti7i Heifer — R. M. Anderson & Sons on Victor E. Champion Gi'oup of Three Head, Oioned by Exhibitoi First, R. M. Anderson & Sons ; second, Carl A. Rosenfeld ; third, W. J. Miller. (GRADE OR CROSS BRED.) Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Two Years and Under Three — First, W. J. Miller ; second, Carl A. Rosenfeld on His Majesty. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year and Under Two — First, Carl A. Rosenfeld on Gay Prince ; second, W. J. Miller on Ridge Lawn Laddie. 360 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, Carl A. Rosenfeld on His Highness ; second, W. J. Miller on Ridge Lawn Pete. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — ^W. J. Miller. Champion Group of Three Head, Owned by Exhibitor — First, W. J. Miller ; second, Carl A. Rosenfeld. SWINE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa. POLAND CHINA. EXHIBITORS. A. J. Banks, Montour, Iowa; H. G. Boyer, Albia, Iowa; R. R. Blake, Dallas Center, Iowa ; J. H. Cope, Carlisle, Iowa ; C. C. Croxen, Atalissa, Iowa ; C. W. Crees, Coon Rapids, Iowa ; I. J. Conrad, Melbourne, Iowa ; M. A. Dowling, Reasnor, Iowa ; E. S. Dyas & Sons, Bellevue, Iowa ; J. S. Fawcett & Sons, Springdale, Iowa ; S. Fleming, Stuart, Iowa ; S. L. Farlow, Ankeny, Iowa ; J. O. Gring, Dallas Center, Iowa ; Ray Howard, Ankeny, Iowa ; Charles Howard, Ankeny, Iowa ; F. H. Hassler, Manning, Iowa ; Henry Bros. Co., Sheldon, Iowa ; Joe Kramer, Elkader, Iowa ; C. F. Keeling, Avon, Iowa ; Chas. H. Krumm, Post- ville, Iowa ; A. Kool, Cordova, Iowa ; D. C. Lonergan, Florence, Neb. ; A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa, Iowa ; Wm. Lentz, Ankeny, Iowa ; G. F. Marshall, Monroe, Iowa ; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa ; Maurice V. Lonergan, Florence, Neb. ; Wm. H. Molin, Monroe, Iowa ; Isaac Overton, Knoxville, Iowa ; D. H. Paul, Laurel, Iowa ; F. G. Paul, Marshalltown, Iowa ; J. L. Risler, Ames, Iowa ; S. A. Roberts, Knoxville, Iowa ; George Swallow, Booneville, Iowa ; Mark I. Shaw, Monroe, Iowa ; Fred A. Sievers, Audubon, Iowa ; M. Shivers & Son, Knoxville, Iowa; W. L. Willey, Menlo, Iowa; E. O. Wilson, West Liberty, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. Judge Chas. A. Marker, Auburn, 111. Boar Two Years or Over — First, Fred Sievers on Smooth Big Bones, 218543; second, C. W. Crees on Extra Long, 69044 ; third, D. C. Lonergan on Big Ursus, 70329 ; fourth, I. J. Conrad on Big Wonder Again, 209279 ; fifth, R. R. Blake on L's Big Bone, 196615; sixth, F. G. Paul on Queen's Model, 191343; seventh, D. C. Lonergan on Big Omaha, 65082. Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, M. Shivers & Son on Chief Jumbo ; second, D. H. Paul on Prospect, 220607. Boar One Year, Under Eightee^i Months — First, W. E. Willey on Superba, 220623 ; second, L J. Conrad on D. C. Victor, 220671 ; third, Wm. H. Nolin on Iowa's Improver, 219609 ; fourth, I. J. Conrad on Blue Valley Wonder, 220587 ; fifth, F. G. Paul on Big Bones Don, 204809 ; sixth, E. C. Wilson on The Patrician, 220441 ; seventh, Chas. H. Krumm on Standard Price, 210113. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, A. Kool on Big Wonder, 220111; second, Henry Bros. Co. on Right Kind ; third, W. E. Willey on Big Bones Son, Jr., 220025 ; fourth, A. J. Lytle on King Price Second, 220529 ; fifth, Henry Bros. Co. on Beat Kind ; sixth, S. L. Farlow on Belle's Big Bone, 220491. Boar Under Six Months — First, I. Overton ; second, I. J. Conrad ; third, I. J. Conrad ; fourth, E. C. Wilson ; fifth, J. S. Fawcett & Son ; sixth, Henry Bros. Co. ; seventh, D. C. Lonergan on Wonder K. Sow Two Years or Over — First, D. H. Paul on Big Look, 453100 ; second, R. R. Blake on Lady Lentz, 480980 ; third, F. G. Paul on Mastodon's Modesty, 453710; fourth, F. G. Paul on Iowa Queen, 482662. Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, M. S. Shivers & Son on Wil- cropt's Orphan ; second, M. S. Shivers & Son on Chief's Lady Price ; third, D. H. Paul on Miss Keep Sake 1st, 482428; fourth, F. G. Paul on Longfellow's Queen, 511042. Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, D. C. Lonergan on Big Type Girl; second, I. J. Conrad on Long Betsy 2d, 514100; third, W. E. Willey on Big Lady A., 483106; fourth, W. E. Willey on Big Lady B., 483108; fifth, M. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 361 Shivers & Son on Smooth Molten ; sixth, R. R. Blake on Big Bone Beauty, 482996; seventh, D. H. Paul on Wonder Lady 1st, 482426. Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Henry Bros. Co. on Best of 1914; .second, M. Shivers on Halftons Tons Orphan ; third, W. E. Willey on Annie Price 34th, 513166 ; fourth, S. Lw Farlow on Big Bone Belle, 5139.52 ; M. Shivers on Halftons Tons Lady; sixth, J. S. Fawcett & Son on Faith, 513982; seventh, W. E. Willey on Annie Price thirty-fifth, 513166. Sow Under Six Months — First, Henry Bros. Co. ; second, D. H. Paul on Big Look 1st, 514124; third, M. Shivers & Son; fourth, Henry Bros. Co.; fifth, I. J. Conrad ; sixth, F. G. Paul ; seventh, E. C. Wilson. Champion Boar Ocer One Year — Fred A. Sievers. Champion Boar Under One Year — A Kool. Champion Soiv Over One Year — D. C. Lonergan. Champion Soio Under One Year — Henry Bros. Grand Champion Boar, Any Age — Fred A. Sievers. Grand Chamijion Poland China Boar, 1668 ; o%vned by Fred A. Sievers, Audubon, Iowa. Grand Champion Sow, Any Age — D. C. Lonergan. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, W. E. Willey ; second, I. J. Conrad ; third, M. Shivers & Son ; fourth, D. H. Paul ; fifth, F. G. Paul. Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, W. E. Willey ; second, I. J. Conrad ; third, D. H. Paul ; fourth, F. G. Paul. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Henry Bros. Co. ; second, W. E. "^''illey ; third, M. Shivers & Son ; fourth, A. J. Lytle ; fifth, F. G. Paul ; sixth, M. Shivers & Son ; seventh, D. H. Paul. Boar and Three Sotvs Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Henry Bros. Co. ; second, W. E. Willey ; third, M. Shivers ; fourth, A. J. Lytle ; fifth, F. G. Paul ; sixth, D. H. Paul ; seventh, M. Shivers. Get of Sire — Fir.st, W'. E. Willey ; second, I. J. Conrad ; third, Henry Bros. Co. ; fourth, A. Kool ; fifth, W. E. Willey ; sixth, M. Shivers & Son ; seventh, F. G. Paul. Produce of Soiv — First, "W. E. Willey ; second, I. J. Conrad ; third, Henry Bros. Co. ; fourth, A. Kool ; fifth, M. Shivers & Son ; sixth, F. G. Paul ; seventh, D. H. Paul. 362 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POLAND CHINA FUTURITIES. (SPRING PIGS.) Boars — First, Isaac Overton, IKnoxville, Iowa, on Expansion Boy, 221113 ; second, E. C. Wilson, West Liberty, Iowa, on Combination You'll Do, 220447 ; third, J. S. Fawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa, on Jasper, 221425 ; fourtli, Henry Bros., Sheldon, Iowa, on Matchless Chief, 220843 ; fifth, S. A. Roberts, Knox- ville, Iowa, on Jumbo King, 220577 ; sixth, S. A. Roberts, Knoxville, Iowa, on Big Price, 220579 ; seventh, A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa, Iowa, on King Bone, 221871. Sows — First, Henrj^ Bros., Sheldon, Iowa, on A Matchless Miss, 514606 ; sec- ond, D. H. Paul, Laurel, Iowa, on Big Look 1st, 514124 ; third, M. Shivers, Knoxville, Iowa, on Smooth Lady, 516418; fourth, Henry Bros., Sheldon, Iowa, on A Matchless Queen, 514612 ; fifth, S. A. Roberts, Knoxville, Iowa, on Lady Look, 514090; sixth, F. G. Paul, Marshalltown, Iowa, on Big Modesty 4th, 514114; seventh, E. C. Wilson, West Liberty, Iowa, on Miss You'll Do, 513878. Litter — First, Henry Bros., Sheldon, Iowa ; second, E. C. Wilson, West Liberty, Iowa ; third, D. H. Paul, Laurel, Iowa ; fourth, S. A. Roberts, Knoxville, Iowa ; fifth, J. S. Fawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa ; sixth, F. G. Paul, Marshalltown, Iowa ; seventh, A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa, Iowa. (FALL PIGS.) Boars — First, A. Kool, Cordova, Iowa, on Big Wonder, 220111 ; second, Henrj' Bros., Sheldon, Iowa, on Right Kind, 220839 ; third, A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa, Iowa, on King Price, 220527 ; fourth, S. Lv Farlow, Ankeny, Iowa, on Belle's Big Bone, 220491; fifth, Henry Bros., Sheldon, Iowa, on The Kind, 220841; 6th, F. G. Paul, Marshalltown, Iowa, on Modesty Longfellow, 217607. Sows — First, Henry Bros., Sheldon, Iowa, on Best of 1914, 514602 ; second, M. Shivers, Knoxville, Iowa, on Fancy Lady, 516416; third, S. L. Farlow, Ankeny, Iowa, on Big Bone Belle, 513952 ; fourth, M. Shivers, Knoxville, Iowa, on Half Ton's Orphan 2d, 516402 ; fifth, M. Shivers, Knoxville, Iowa, on Half Ton's Orphan 1st, 516400 ; sixth, J. S. Fawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa, on Faith, 513982. DUROC JERSEY. EXHIBITORS. George F. Abbott, Menlo, Iowa ; H. I. Allen, Russell, Iowa ; A. P. Alsin, Boone, Iowa ; E. A. Bonham, Macksburg, Iowa ; F. B. Butterfleld, Ankeny, Iowa ; F. P. Bieth & Son, Joliet, 111. ; H. I. Branson, West Branch, Iowa ; M. C. Cramer, Monroe, Iowa ; Frank N. Crow, Oxford, Iowa ; Fred S. Castle, Joy, 111. ; Arthur Dearinger, Reasnor, Iowa ; E. W. Day & Son, Kellogg, Iowa ; S. P. Freed, Ames, Iowa ; J. H. Faris, New Providence, Iowa ; John Fennema, Monroe, Iowa ; J. W. Garis, Rhodes, Iowa ; Myles Harkins, Pleasantville, Iowa ; Hanks & Bishop, New London, Iowa ; John S. Hooks, Blair, Neb. ; Carl Hutchins, Algona, Iowa ; R. J. Harding, Macedonia, Iowa ; E. G. Hirst, West Branch, Iowa ; C. B. Jar- nagin & Son, Monroe, Iowa ; W. A. Kellogg, Le Grand, Iowa ; A. E. Long, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa ; Grant Lynn, Spirit Lake, Iowa ; C. Wl McDermott, Wiota, Iowa ; R. G. McDuff, Monroe, Iowa ; H. C. Nichols, West Liberty, Iowa ; D. Nauman & Son, West Liberty, Iowa ; Frank D. Nelson, Harlan, Iowa ; Elmer Reed, New London, Iowa ; Geo. E. Richardson, Gilman, Iowa ; C. A. Rasmussen, Kimballton, Iowa ; H. B. Staples, Glidden, Iowa ; W. B. Shaw, Monroe, Iowa ; I. E. Stickel- man, Clarinda, Iowa ; I. W. Stewart & Son, Kennard, Neb. ; S. W. Swanson, Stanton, Iowa ; John Thompson, Lake City, Iowa ; O. E. Wilcox, Deep River, Iowa ; Waltemeyer Bros., Melbourne, Iowa ; Grant White, Afton, Iowa ; Hosea Wilson, Blair, Neb. ; I. J. Wilson, West Branch, Iowa ; F. S. Vandershyde, West Concord, Minn. ; W. H. & A. D. Van Meter, Williamsville, 111. ; Fred H. Swan, Missouri Valley, Iowa. JuDGi; A. J. LovEJOT, Ro.scoe, 111. Boar Two Years or Over — First, Waltemeyer Bros, on Golden Model Critic, 55737a; second, John Thompson on Golden Prince, 125991; third, Waltemeyer Pros, on I Am Golden ~Model 2d, 133821m; fourth, J. W. Garis; fifth, A. P. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 363 Alsin on A. P.'s Golden W., 158685; sixth, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son on Van's Crimson, 102553; seventli, S. P. Freed on Wonderful Crimson Again, 111835. Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, 'W. H. & A. O. Van Meter on Illustrator's King, 55891; second, F. W. Swan on Prince Defender; third, Waltemeyer Bros, on I Am Golden Model Again, 158851 ; fourth, Waltemeyer Bros, on I Am Golden Model 31st; fifth, A. P. Alsin on College Col., 154483; sixth, H. B. Staples on Orange Chief; 158737 ; seventh, H. S. Allen. Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Waltemeyer Bros, on Long Wonder, 139273; second, I. B. Steckelman on Crimson Echo, 147949; third, I. J. Wilson on Chief Gano ; fourth E. W. Day & Son on Elrosa Chief, 140205 ; fifth, J. H. Faris on Colonel Jim, 152419 ; sixth, F. P. Bieth & Son on Our Volunteer, 47913; seventh, John Thomp.son on Valley King 2d, 146173. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Waltemeyer Bros, on I Am Golden Model 4th, 158859; second, Waltemeyer Bros, on I Am Golden Model 6th, 158849; third, Hanks & Bishop on Aresto ; fourth, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son on Van's Crimson 2d, 157677; fifth, Arthur Dearinger on Smooth Gano; sixth, W. H. & A. D. Van Meter on The Dude, 55905 ; seventh, F. P. Bieth & Son on Drafter, 55763. Boar Under Six Months — First, D. Nauman ; second, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son ; third, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son ; fourtli, Hosea Wilson ; fifth, S. M. Stewart & Son; sixth, J. S. Fawcett & Son; seventh, H. B. Staples. Soio Two Years or Over — First, Waltemeyer Bros, on Golden Queen 35th, 341918; second, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son on Crimson Bessie, 361946; third, R. J. Harding on Harding's Medium, 323982 ; fourth, Grant Lynn on Nellie Advancer, 361036; fifth, W. H. & A. D. Van Meter on Fond Memory 2nd; sixth, H. B. Staples on Mabel, 336816 ; .seventh, F. P. Bieth & Son on Miss Janette. Sow Eighteen Months, Under Tivo Years — First, E. Reed ; second, W. H. & A. D. Van Meter on Miss Illustrator, 125956; third, Waltemeyer Bros, on Golden Queen 39th, 362584 ; fourth. Grant Lynn on Ruby Lady, 361026 ; fifth, F. P. Bieth & Son on Crimson Princess, 125684 ; sixth, W. H. & A. D. Van Meter on Mandylee, 125988; seventh, Waltemeyer Bros, on Golden Queen 44th, 404856. Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, R. J. Harding on Golden Lady, 404572; second, D. Nauman on Iowa Model, 405118; third, D. Nauman on Model Lady 5th, 405406; fourth, Waltemeyer Bros, on Golden Lady, 125572a; fifth, Waltemeyer Bros, on Golden Queen 41st, 362588; sixth, "W. H. & A. D. Van Meter on Ida M- 2d, 125968; seventh, R. J. Harding on R. J.'s Medium, 404562. Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Waltemeyer Bros, on Golden Lady 4th, 404862; second, W. H. & A. D. Van Meter on Miss Magnolia 1st, 125958; third, Grant Lynn on Miss Model II, 402716 ; fourth, D. Nauman on Model 2d, 405110 ; fifth, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son on Miss Crimson 1st, 401910 ; sixth, D. Nauman on Model, 405112 ; seventh, Grant Lynn on Miss Model 2d, 402714. Sow Under Six Months — -First, D. Nauman ; second, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son ; third, H. B. Staples ; fourth, E. G. Heist ; fifth, Waltemeyer Bros. ; sixth, J. S. Fawcett & Son. Champion Boar Over One Year — Waltemeyer Bros, on Golden Model Critic. Champion Boar Under One Year — Waltemeyer Bros, on I Am Golden Model 4th. Champion Sow Over One Year — Waltemeyer Bros. Champion Sow Under One Year — -Waltemeyer Bros. Grand Champion Boar, Any Age — Waltemeyer Bros. Grand Champion Sow, Any Age — Waltemeyer Bros. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, Waltemeyer Bros. ; second, Waltemeyer Bros. ; third, W. H. & A. D. Van Meter ; fourth, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son ; fifth, W. H. & A. D. Van Meter. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Waltemeyer Bros. ; second, W. H. & A. D. Van Meter ; third, Waltemeyer Bros. ; fourth, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son ; fifth, W. H. & A. D. Van Meter. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Waltemeyer Bros. ; second, W. H. & A. D. Van Meter ; third, D. Nauman ; fourth, Grant Lynn ; fifth, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son ; sixth, S. W. Swanson. 364 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Champion Duroc Jersey Boar, Grand Model Critic, owned by Waltemeyer Bros., Melbourne, Iowa. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, "Waltemeyer Bros. ; second, W. H. & A. D. Van Meter ; third, D. Nauman ; fourth, Grant Lynn ; fifth, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son ; sixth, S. W. Swanson. Get of Sire — First, "Waltemeyer Bros. ; second, "Waltemeyer Bros. ; third, "W. H. & A. D. Van Meter ; fourth, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son ; fifth, D. Nauman ; sixth, "W. H. & A. D. Van Meter ; seventh. Grant Lynn. Produce of Sow — First, D. Nauman ; second, "W. H. & A. D. Van Meter ; third, F. S. Vanderhyde & Son ; fourth. Grant Lynn. Boar and Three Sotos Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — "Waltemeyer Bros. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — "Waltemeyer Bros. CHESTER "WHITE. EXHIBITORS. A. F. Anderson, Selma, Iowa ; Raymond E. Brown, Dunlap, Iowa ; Maurice F. Black, Scribner, Neb. ; W. T. Barr, Ames, Iowa ; B. M. Boyer & Son, Farmington, Iowa ; Reed Crawford, Libertyville, Iowa ; "W. H. Dunbar, Jeffer- son, Iowa ; George "W. De Bar, Aurora, Iowa ; J. L. Dickerson, Knoxville, Iowa ; F. G. Dickerson, Knoxville, Iowa ; F. "W. La Doux, Spirit Lake, Iowa ; Joe "W. Edgar, New London, Iowa ; R. F. Fantz, New Hampton, Iowa ; "W. M. Fantz & Son, New Hampton, Iowa ; N. L. Fuller, "What Cheer, Iowa ; "Wm. A. Hoover, Oskaloosa, Iowa ; O. H. Jarnagin, Monroe, Iowa ; George A. Lasley, Selma, Iowa ; J. H. Lachmiller, Spirit Lake, Iowa ; D. M. Lewis, Geneseo, 111. ; Will Michael, Selma, 111. ; J. H. & Duke Mahannah, North English, Iowa ;■ Edwin M. Nolan, Monroe, Iowa ; E. Ll Nagle & Son, Deep River, Iowa ; J. T. Perry, Selma, Iowa ; Fred Pieplow, Aurora, Iowa ; G. O. Satre, Jewell, Iowa ; J. A. Scott, Monroe, Iowa ; A. B. Somerville, Monroe, Iowa ; D. H. Sleichter & Sons, River- side, Iowa ; P. H. Sheridan, Vail, Iowa ; S. M. Thompson, Birmingham, Iowa ; Jesse L. "White, Galena, 111. ; E. L. Laring, Reasnor, Iowa ; "V\''m. "V^aiitted, Monroe, Iowa ; M. "W. Young, 'Ankeny, Iowa. Judge N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo. AWARDS. Boar Two Years or Over — First, "W. T. Barr on "Wildwood Prince, 16087 ; second, A. B. Summerville on Jumbo "Wonder, 26169 ; third, F. "W. La Doux on Gold Coin, 21439 ; fourth, G. O. Satre on "White Giant, 24037 ; fifth, R. F. Fantz FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 365 on Chief O. K., 23985 ; sixth, E. L.. NaRle & Son on Col. Evans, 21623 ; seventh, B. M. Boyer & Sons on Iowa First, 16749. Boar Eighteen Months, Under Tioo Years — First, P. H. Sheridan, on Western Winner, 24085 ; second, R. F. Fantz on Perfector, 26107 ; third, F. W. L,a Doux on Honest Abe, 25901 ; fourth. Will Michael on Good Enough, 16971 ; fifth, Wm. A. Hoover on Pilot \\nonder, 27371 ; sixth, R. F. Fantz on Model Goods, 23981. Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, W. T. Barr on Elmo Chief, 28111; second, A. B. Sommerville on Champion Boy, 27167; third, E. L. Nagle . on Nagle's Kind, 17063 ; fourth, F. W. La Doux on Victor Boy, 23757 ; fifth, R. F. Fantz on Fairview Contractor, 26099 ; sixth, Wm. A. Hoover on Indiana Boy, 27369 ; seventh, P. H. Sheridan on Big Chief, 28185. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, E. L. Nagle & Son on Sensation, 17467; second, E. L. Nagle & Son on Good, 17465; third, W. H. Dunbar on Peacemaker, 27811; fourth, D. H. Lewis on Elmo Chief 2d, 28107; fifth, J. L. Dickerson on Public Favor, 27981; sixth, F. W. La Doux on Comet; seventh, J. H. & Duke Mahannah on Combination Parody, 27977. Boar Under Six Months — First, J. H. & Duke Mahannah ; second, W. H. Dunbar ; third, Leonard Willey ; fourth, B. M. Boyer & Sons ; fifth, J. H. & Duke Mahannah ; sixth, E. L. Nagle & Son ; seventh, F. W. La Doux. Sow Two Years or Over — First, Raymond E. Brown on Myrtle B., 49152 ; second, W. A. Hoover on Fancy, 62426 ; third, B. M. Boyer & Sons on Bloom First, 28336; fourth, W. T. BaiT on Miss Lenora, 51064; fifth, R. F. Fantz on Glory, 53434 ; sixth, W. A. Hoover on Hawkeye Belle 3d, 62430 ; seventh, Jesse L. Wliite on Miss Perfection, 54486. Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, R. F. Fantz on Queen 3d, 62344; second, Raymond E. Brown on R. E.'s Choice, 53218; third, F. W. La Doux on White Queen; fourth, Raymond E. Brown on Dunlap Lassie, 53220; fifth, Wm. A. Hoover on Lally C. 3d, 60848; sixth, Wm. A. Hoover on Lilly C. 2d, 60846; seventh, R. F. Fantz on TVhite Rose, 53588. Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, W. T. Barr on Better Goods, 62494 ; second, J. L. Dickerson on Lenora's Premium, 55716 ; third, E. L. Nagle & Son on Young Fancy, 28650 ; fourth, R. F. Fantz on Glory's Choice, 62350 ; fifth, G. O. Satre on Mercy, 62580; sixth, Raymond E. Brown on Dunlap's Princess, 62510 ; seventh, F. W. La Doux on La Doux's Pride. Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, M. F. Black on Beauty, 62188 ; second, M. F. Black on Fancy Lady, 62190 ; third, Raymond E.' Brown on Per- fection Lady Again, 62504 ; fourth, W. H. Dunbar on Bonnie Belle, 61876 ; fifth, W. H. Dunbar on Bonnie, 61874; sixth, D. H. Lewis on Elmo Pride, 62484; seventh, R. F. Fantz on Iowa Lady, 62358. Sow Under Six Months — First, E. L. Nagle; second, W. T. Barr; third, R. F. Fantz on Panama Gift ; fourth, Elvin M. Nolan ; fifth, Raymond E. Brown ; sixth, J. H. & Duke Mahannah ; seventh, J. H, & Duke Mahannah. Champion Boar Over One Year — W. T. Barr on Wildwood Prince. Champion Boar Under One Year — J. H. & Duke Mahannah. Champion Sow Over One Year — R. E. Brown. Champion Sow Under One Year — M. F. Black. Grand Champion Boar, Any Age — -W. T. Barr on Wildwood Prince. Grand Champion Sow, Any Age — M. F. Black on Beauty. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, W. T. Barr ; second, Raymond E. Brown ; third, G. O. Satre ; fourth, Wm. A. Hoover ; fifth, R. F. Fantz ; sixth, Wm. A. Hoover. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, W. T. Barr ; second, Wm. A. Hoover ; third, R. F. Fantz ; fourth, Wm. A. Hoover. Boar and Three Soios Under One Year — First, M. F. Black ; second, 'W. H. Dunbar ; third, Wm. A. Hoover ; fourth, W. T. BaiT ; fifth, D. H. Lewis ; sixth, R. F. Fantz ; seventh, Raymond E. Bro-«Ti. Boar and Three Sotvs Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, M. F. Black ; second, W. H. Dunbar ; third, Wm. A. Hoover ; fourth, W. T. Barr ; fifth, D. H. Lewis ; sixth, R. F. Fantz ; seventh, Raymond Brown. 366 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Grand Champion Chester White Boar, 'Wildwood Prince, owned by W. T. Barr, Ames, Iowa. Get of Sire — First, M. F. Black ; second, W. T. Barr ; third, Wm. A. Hoover ; fourth, R. F. Fantz ; fifth, D. H. Lewis ; sixth, J. H. & Duke Mahannah ; seventh, "Wm. A. Hoover. Produce of Sow — First, M. F. Black ; second, Wm. A. Hoover ; third, W. T. Barr ; fourth, R. F. Fantz ; fifth, D. H. Lewis ; sixth, J. H. & Duke Mahannah ; seventh, W. H. Dunbar. BERKSHIRE. EXHIBITORS. The Farmer Farm, Farmington, Minn. ; Nelle Fabyan, Geneva, 111. ; E. Fitz, Melbourne, Iowa ; C. B. Grimes, Winnebago, Minn. ; lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa ; Sutton Farm, Lawrence, Kansas. Judge N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo. AWARDS. Boar Two Years or Over — First, Sutton Farm on Duke's Baron 8th, 151368 ; second, lowana Farms on Rival's lowana Baron 2d, 172536 ; third, The Farmer Farm on Premier's Master 5th, 146091 ; fourth, lowana Farms on Baron Premier 102d, 172300; fifth, Nelle Fabyan on His Lordship of Riverbank. 183075; sixth, Sutton Farm on Berrytown Duke Jr.'s Last, 195450 ; seventh, E. E. Fitz on Nick Rival, 183080. Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, The Farmer Farm on Gillieas Knight Errant, 178799 ; second, Nelle Fabyan on Duke of Riverbank, 178308; third, Sutton Farm on Robinhood Style, 195450; fourth, lowana Farms on Ames Rival 36th, 176400. Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, lowana Farms on lowana's Royal Champion 2d, 184350; second, Sutton Farm on Classy Robinhood, 195414; third, lowana Farms on Ames Rival 51st, 190000; fourth, Nelle Fabyan on The Shah of Riverbank, 181827; fifth, Nelle Fabyan on The Kaiser of Riverbank, 181826; sixth. The Farmer Farm on Rubicel Champion, 188201. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, The Farmer Farm on Bandmaster 2d, 194423 ; second, lowana Farms on lowana Baron Premier, 188526 ; third C. B. Grimes on Forest Grove Rival ; fourth, Sutton Farm on Beau Robinhood, FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 367 195456; fifth, The Farmer Farm on Starlight 15th, 194426; sixth, lowana Farms on lowana Artful Rival, 188495 ; seventh, Nelle Fabyan on Prince George of Riverbank. Boar Under Six Months — First, The Farmer Farm ; second, Sutton Farm ; third, C. B. Grimes on Forest Grove Rival 7th ; fourth, The Farmer Farm ; fifth, lowana Farm ; sixth, lowana Farm ; seventh, C. B. Grimes on Forest Grove Rival 8th. Soio Two Years or Over — First, lowana Farms on Rival's Lady 3.3d, 152787 ; second, lowana Farms on Rookwood Lady 52d, 178094 ; third. The Farmer Farm on Laughing Water 15th, 153773; fourth, C. B. Grimes on Rival Lady 34tli, 152788; fifth, Nelle Fabyan on Queen of Riverbank, 178307. Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, lowana Farms on lowana Peaceful 2d, 179237 ; second. The Farmer Farm on Knight Errant's Lucindy 2d, 178801 ; third, lowana Farms on lowana Peaceful 4th, 179239. Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, lowana Farms on lowana's Royal Lady, 184353; second. The Farmer Farm on Lovely Lass 2d, 191549; third. The Farmer Farm on Duke's Last 2d, 194425 ; fourth, C. B. Grimes on Forest Grove Laurel; fifth, lowana Farms on Rival's lowana Lemore, 184356; sixth, Nelle Fabyan on The Czarina of Riverbank, 181830; seventh, Nelle Fabyan on The Viscountess of Riverbank, 181829. Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, C. B. Grimes on Forest Grove Laurel II ; second, lowana Farms on Rival's lowana Empress, 188513 ; third, The Farmer Farm on Lady Lightfoot 5th, 194431 ; fourth, lowana Farms on Rival's lowana Empress 2d, 188514 ; fifth, Sutton Farm on Lady Brummel Robinhood, 195453 ; sixth. The Farmer Farm on Lady Twilight, 194427 ; seventh, Sutton Farm on Lady Brummel Robinhood, 195454. Soio Under Six Months — First, The Farmer Farm ; second, The Farmer Farm ; third, Sutton Farm ; fourth, Sutton Farm ; fifth, lowana Farms ; sixth, C. B. Grimes ; seventh, lowana Farms. Champion Boar Over One Year — Sutton Farm on Duke's Bacon 8th. Chamiiion Boar Under One Year — The Farmer Farm on Bandmaster 2d. Champion Sow Over One Year — lowana Farms on Rival's Lady 33d. Champion Soio Under One Year — C. B. Grimes on Forest Grove Laurel. Grand Champion Boar, Any Age — Sutton Farm on Duke's Bacon 8tlT.. Qrand Champion Berkshire Boar, Duke's Bacon Sth, uwned by ilie Sutton Farm, Laurence, Kansas. 368 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Grand Champion Soio, Any Age — lowana Farms on Rival's Lady 33d. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, lowana Farms ; second, The Farmer Farm ; tliird, lowana Farms ; fourtli, Nelle Fabyan. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, lowana Farms ; second, Nelle Fabyan. Boar and Three Soivs Under One Year — First, The Farmer Farm ; second, lowana Farms ; third, C. B. Grimes ; fourth, Sutton Farm. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, The Farmer Farm ; second, lowana Farms ; third, C. B. Grimes ; fourth, Sutton Farm. Get of Sire — First, lowana Farms ; second. The Farmer Farm ; third, lowana Farms ; fourth, Sutton Farm ; fifth, C. B. Grimes ; sixth, Nelle Fabyan. Produce of Soio — First, C. B. Grimes ; second, Sutton Farm ; third, Nelle Fabyan. HAMPSHIRE. EXHIBITORS. Chas. E. Bunn & Son, Peoria, 111. ; C. A. Brook, Washington, Iowa ; J. E. Beckendorf, Walnut, Iowa ; C. S. Bratt, Arapahoe, Neb. ; Ed Dooley, Selma, Iowa ; Carey Feagins, Bussey, Iowa ; Ralph Hutchins, Algona, Iowa ; Glen G. Hayes, Washington, Iowa ; Clayton Messenger, Keswick, Iowa ; F. T. Quire, Sully, Iowa ; Art Shaw, Oskaloosa, Iowa ; John N. Vigars, Eldora, Iowa ; Russell Yates, Palo, Iowa ; W. F. Yingst, State Center, Iowa. Judge 'U^ilson Rome, Davenport, Iowa. AWARDS. Boar Two Years or Over — First, Chas. E. Bunn on Bunn's Pattern, 21481 ; second, Russell Yates on Coffee Pot, 13089 ; third, John N. Vigars on Monticello King, 5633 ; fourth, J. E. Beckendorf on De Kalb's King 55th, 13965 ; fifth. Glen G. Hayes on Union Leader, 10940 ; sixth, Ralph Hutchins on Prince Kos- suth, 20453 ; seventh, F. T. Quire on Bob Evans, 12015. Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, C. A. Brooks on Brook's Choice; second, Russell Yates on Palo Boy, 14805; third, Clayton Messenger on Bob Riley, 16651; fourth, W. F. Yingst on Joe Cracker Jack, 16617; fifth, Clayton Messenger on Clayton's Choice, 20967 ; sixth, J. E. Beckendorf on DeKalb's King 63d, 17703. Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Carey Feagins on Bud's Best 2d, 169S1 ; second, Clayton Messenger on Messenger's Choice, 15791 ; third, Clayton -Messenger on Blythedale Jim 3d, 15849 ; fourth, John N. Vigars on Pride of Gnmdy, 18491 ; fifth, C. A. Brook on Kirk Anthony. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Clayton Messenger on Iowa Boy 2d, 19943; second, Russell Yates; third, Carey Feagins on Tom Keen; fourth, C. A. Brook; fifth, C. S. Bratt on John, 20977; sixth, F. T. Quire on Exhaneion, 20987 ; seventh, Roy E. Fisher. Boar Under Six Months — First, Clayton Messenger on Scottish Boy, 21395 ; second, Russell Yates ; third, W. F. Yingst ; fourth, F. T. Quire on Good Time, 20993; fifth. Glen G. Hayes; sixth, Roy E. Fisher; seventh, Roy E. Fisher. Sow Two Years or Over — First, Russell Yates on Gloria 2d, 12464 ; second, Clayton Messenger on Annie Bowers, 19108 ; third, Clayton Messenger on Coinita, 19104; fourth, C. A. Brook; fifth, Roy E. Fisher; sixth, F. T. Quire on Per- fection Best, 8000 ; seventh, Ralph Hutchins on Louisa Princess, 38376. Sow Eighteen Months, Under Tivo Years — First, Clayton Messenger on Ella Crone, 27302; second, Clayton Messenger on Evelyn, 28668; third, C. A. Brook on Lady Courtland ; fourth, Russell Yates on Clover Queen, 26784; fifth, Roy E. Fisher ; sixth, Roy E. Fisher ; seventh, J. E. Beckendorf. Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months—First, Roy E. Fisher ; second, Clay- ton Messenger on Pauline, 34274; third, C. A. Brook; fourth, Clayton Mes- senger on Pansy Girl, 34288 ; fifth, Russell Yates on Palo Queen, 31522 ; sixth, Chas. E. Bunn & Son on Miss Dudie, 32632; seventh, Roy E. Fisher. Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Roy E. Fisher; second, Clayton Messenger on Lotta M., 40560; third, Clayton Messenger on Nancy Nan, 40562; fourth, Russell Yates on Miss Susie, 41254; fifth, C. A. Brook; sixth, John N. Vigars; seventh, Carey Feagins on Cedar Valley Queen 1st, 40540. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 369 Sow Under Six Months — First, Roy E. Fisher; second, C. A. Brook; third, Roy E. Fisher; fourth, Clayton Messenger on Scottish Girl, 40570; fifth, Art Shaw on Fair Wtonder, 48728; sixth, Chas. E. Bunn on Bunn's Gem, 40854; seventh, Chas. E. Bunn on Bunn's Ruby, 40856. Champion Boar Over One ye«r— Chas. E. Bunn & Son on Bunn's Pattern. Chaminon Boar Under One Year — Clayton Messenger on Iowa Boy. Champion Soio Over One Year — Russell Yates on Gloria 2d. Champion Sow Under One Year — Roy E. Fisher. Grand Champion Boar, Any Age — Chas E. Bunn & Son on Bunn's Pattern. Grand Champion Soiv, Any Aye — Russell Yates on Gloria 2d. Boar and Three Sotvs Over One Year — First, Russell Yates; second, C. A. Brook ; third, Clayton Messenger ; fourth, Clayton Messenger ; fifth, Roy E. Fisher ; sixth, Roy E. Fisher. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred By Exhibitor — First, Clayton Messenger ; second, Clayton Messenger ; third, Roy E. Fisher. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Clayton Messenger; second, C. A. Brook ; third, Russell Yates ; fourth, R. E. Fisher ; fifth, R. E. Fisher ; sixth, Clayton Messenger ; seventh, W. F. Yingst. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Clayton Messenger ; second, C. A. Brook ; third, Russell Yates ; fourth, Roy E. Fisher ; fifth, Roy E. Fisher ; sixth, Clayton Messenger ; seventh, W. F. Yingst. First, Hampsliire Get of Sire, owned by Clayton Messenger, Keswick, Iowa. Get of Sire — First, Clayton Messenger ; second, Clayton Messenger ; third, C A. Brook ; fourth, Roy E. Fisher ; fifth, Russell Yates ; sixth, Roy E. Fisher ; seventh, F. T. Quire. Produce of Sow — First, Clayton Messenger ; second, Clayton Messenger ; third, Roy B. Fisher ; fourth, C. A. Brook ; fifth, Roy E. Fisher ; sixth, F. T. Quire ; seventh. Glen G. Hayes. LARGE YORKSHIRE. EXHIBITORS. F. M. Buck, Waukee, Iowa ; B. F. Davidson, Menlo, Iowa ; T. I. Manley, Guthrie Center, Iowa. Judge C. C. Roup, Kalona, Iowa. Boar Tivo Years or Over — First, F. M. Buck on Dan D. Stuff, 17135 ; second, T. I. Manley on Dan D. Stuff, 18660; third, F. M. Buck on Oak Dale Lad 3d, 16688. 24 370 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE " ■■ Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, F. M. Buck. Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, B. F. Davidson on Lake Park Fashion, 18974; second, T. I. Manley on Royal Stuff 1st, 20571; third, F. M. Buck on Prairie Lea Wonder, 19772 ; fourth, T. I. Manley on Royal Stuff, 20570 ; fifth, F. M. Buck on Augiistino Lad, 19768. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, B. F. Davidson on Deer Creek Evener, 19723 ; second, B. F. Davidson on Deer Creek Modeler 3d, 20496 ; third, T. I. Manley on Tinker, 20573; fourth, T. I. Manley on Tinker 2d, 20574; fifth, F. M. Buck on Meadow Glen Lad ; sixth, F. M. Buck on Meadow Glen Lad 2d. Boar Under Six Months — First, B, F. Davidson ; second, B. F. Davidson ; third, F. M. Buck ; fourth, F. M. Buck. Sow Two Years or Over — First, B. F. Davidson on Deer Creek Martha 5th, 14977; second, F. M. Buck on Mondamin Gem 3d, 15886; third, F. M. Buck on Lake Park Augustine 3d, 16587 ; fourth, T. I. Manley on O. U. Beauty. Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, F. M. Buck on Pride's Gem, 18270; second, F. M. Buck on Prairie Lea Augustine, 18268. Soto One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, B. F. Davidson on Deer Creek Martha 13th, 18421; second, T. I. Manley on Royal Stuff 2d, 20572; third, B. F. Davidson on Deer Creek Nema 5th, 18419 ; fourth, F. M. Buck on Gem of the Lea 6th, 19770 ; fifth, F. M. Buck on Prairie Lea Star, 19771. Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, B. F. Davidson on Deer Creek E. Lena, 19727; second, B. F. Davidson on Deer Creek Nema 6th, 20493. Sow Under Six Months — First, B. F. Davidson ; second, B. F. Davidson ; third, F. M. Buck ; fourth, T. I. Manley. Champion Boar Over One Year — F. M. Buck on Dan D. Stuff. Champion Boar Under One Year — B. F. Davidson on Deer Creek Evener. Champion Soxo Over One Year — B. F. Davidson on Deer Creek Martha 5th. Champion Sow Under One Year — B. F. Davidson on Deer Creek Lena. Grand Champion Boar, Any Age — F. M. Buck on Dan D. Stuff. Grand Champion Sow, Any Age — B. P, Davidson on Deer Creek Martha 5th. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, B. F. Davidson ; second, F. M. Buck ; third, T. L Manley. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, T. I. Man- ley ; second, F. M. Buck. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, B. F. Davidson ; second, B. F. Davidson ; third, F. M. Buck ; fourth, T. I. Manley. Boar and Three Soios, Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, B. F. Dav- idson ; second, F. M. Buck ; third, T. I. Manley ; fourth, B. F. Davidson. Get of Sire — First, B. F. Davidson ; second, B. F. Davidson ; third, F. M. Buck ; fourth, T. I. Manley. Produce of Sow — First, B. F. Davidson ; second, T. I. Manley ; third, F. M. Buck. Special Prise Offered by the American Yorkshire Club — B. F. Davidson. TAMWORTH. EXHIBITORS. F. M. Hartsel, Carthage, 111. ; J. B. Mackoy, Farragxit, Iowa. Judge C. C. Roup, Kalona, Iowa. Boar Two Years or Over — First, F. M. Hartzell on Knoll Slope Duke, 9824 ; second, J. B. Mackoy on Pine Ridge Glenn, 15114 ; third, J. B. Mackoy on Ap- palachian King, 12097. Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, J. B. Mackoy on Shamrock 2d, 13916; second, F. M. Hartzell on Teddy L., 14972; third, J. B. Mackoy on Stony Croft Ike, 14780. Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, J. B. Mackoy on Superior Lad, 15807 ; second, F. M. Hartzell on H. J. W., 15849 ; third, J. B. Mackoy on B's Mastodon, 15809 ; fourth, F. M. Hartzell on Maple Leaf Reveller 2d, 14685. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, F. M. Hartzell on Herman, 15847 ; second, J. B. Mackoy on Mastif Prince, 15798.; third, J. B. Mackoy; fourth, F. M. Hartzell on John D., 15848, FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 371 Boar Under Six Months — First, J. B. Mackoy ; second, F. M. Ilaitzell ; third, F. M. Hartzell ; fourtli, J. B. Mackoy. Soiv Two Years or Over — First, J. B. Mackoy on Glenary Lettie, 7582 ; second, F. M. Hartzell on Brendette, 9545 ; third, F. M. Hartzell on Peggy H., 13722 ; fourth, J. B. Mackoy on Olga Netliersole, 12009. Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Yeais — First, F. M. Hartzell on Elizabeth, 14973 ; second, J. B. Mackoy on Lady Lou, 13917 ; third, J. B. Mackoy. Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, J. B. Mackoy on Superior Lady, 15806; second, F. M. Hartzell on Cerise, 14975; third, J. B. Mackoy on Lady Superior, 15S04. Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, J. B. Mackoy on Cedar Crest Rose, 15799 ; second, F. M. Hartzell on Maud H., 15844 ; third, F. M. Hartzell on Beky, 15843; fourtn, J. B. Mackoy on Cedar Crest Rosary, 15800. — Sow Under Six Months — First, F. M. Hartzell; second, J. B. Mackoy; third, J. B. Mackoy; fourth, F. M. Hartzell. Champion Boar Over One Year — F. M, Hartzell. Champion Boar Under One Year — F. M. Hartzell. Champion Sow Over One Year — J. B. Mackoy. Champion Sow Under One Year — J. B. Mackoy. Grand Champion Boar, Any Age — F. M. Hartzell. Grand Champion Sow, Any Age— J. B. Mackoy. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First and fourth, F. M. Hartzell ; sec- ond and third, J. B. Mackoy. Boar and Three Soivs Under One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, F. M. Hart- zell ; second and third, J. B. Mackoy. Boar and Three Soivs Under One Year — First and third, F. M. Hartzell ; sec- ond and fourth, J. B. Mackoy. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First and third, F. M. Hartzell ; second and fourth, J. B. Mackoy. Get of Sire — First and fourth, J. B. Mackoy ; second and third, F. M. Hartzell. Produce of Soiv — First and third, J. B. Mackoy ; second and fourth, F. M. Hartzell. SHEEP DEPARTMENT. Superintendent C. H. TribbTj Mt. Pleasant, la. MERINO CLASS "B." EXHIBITORS. F. F. and V. G. Warner, Bloomfleld, Iowa ; Uriah Cook & Son, Peoria, Ohio ; A. J. Blakely & Son, Grinnell, Iowa; S. Rail & Sons, Birmingham, Iowa; F. W. Cook, West Mansfield, Ohio. Judge J. E. W^ebb^ Southport, Indiana. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Uriah Cook & Son ; third, A. J. Blakely & Son on 2304. Ram One Year Old and Under Txoo — First and second, Uriah Cook & Son; third, A. J. Blakely & Son on 2339. Ram, Under One Year — First, Uriah Cook & Son ; second, A. J. Blakely & Son ; third, F. F. and V. G. Warner. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Uriah Cook & Son ; third, A. J. Blakely & Son on 2351. Ewe Under One Year — First, Uriah Cook & Son ; second, S. Rail & Sons ; third, A. J. Blakely & Son. Champion Ram, Any Age — Uriah Cook & Son. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Uriah Cook & Son. Flock — First, Uriah Cook & Son ; second, A. J. Blakely & Son ; third, S. Rail & Sons. 372 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Breeders' Pen — First, Uriah Cook & Son ; second, A. J. Blalcely & Son ; third, S. Rail & Sons. Get of Sire — First, Uriah Coolc & Son ; second, A. J. Blaliely & Son ; third, S. Rail & Sons. IOWA SPECIALS. Ra7n Tivo Years Old or Over — First and third, S. Rail & Sons ; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner on 77695. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, A. J. Blakely & Son on 2339 ; second and third, S. Rail & Sons. Ram Under One Year — First and second, A. J. Blakely & Son ; third F. F. & v. G. Warner. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and third, A. J. Blakely & Son on 2351 and 2354 ; second, S. Rail & Sons. Ewe Under One Year — First and third, S. Rail & sons; second, A. J. Blakely & Son. Champion Ewe, Any Age — A. J. Blakely & Son on 2339. Champion Ram, Any Age — A. J. Blakely & Son on 2351. Flock — First, A. J. Blakely & Son ; second, S. Rail & Sons. Breeders' Pen — First, A. J. Blakely & Son ; second, S. Rail & Sons ; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Get of Sire — First, A. J. Blakely & Son ; second, S. Rail & Sons ; third, F. F. & v. G. Warner. MERINO, CLASS "C." Ram Two Years Old or Over^First and third, F. W. Cook ; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner on 77701. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, F. W. Cook; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner on 89562. Ram Under One Year — First and second, F. W. Cook ; third, A. J. Blakely & Son on 2382. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and third, F. W. Cook ; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner on 89592. Ewe Under One Year — First and third, F. W. Cook ; second, A. J. Blakely & Son. Champion Ram, Any Age — F. W. Cook. Champion Ewe, Any Age — F. W. Cook. Flock — First, F. W. Cook ; second, A. J. Blakely & Son ; third S. Rail & Sons. Breeders' Pen — First, F. W. Cook ; second, A. J. Blakely & Son ; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Get of Sire — First, F. W. Cook ; second, A. J. Blakely & Son ; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. IOWA SPECIALS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner on 77701 ; second, S. Rail & Sons; third, A. J. Blakely & Son on 2268. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. P. & V. G. Warner on 89562 ; second, A. J. Blakely & Son on 2348; third, S. Rail & Sons. Ram Under One Year — First, A. J. Blakely & Son on 2382 ; second, A. J. Blakely & Son ; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner on 89592 ; second, A. J. Blakely & Son on 2362 ; third, S. Rail & Sons. • Ewe Under One Year — First, A. J. Blakely & Son ; second, S. Rail & Sons ; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Champion Ram, Any Age — F. F. & V. G. Warner. Champion Ewe, Any Age — F. F. & V. G. Warner. Flock — First, A. J. Blakely & Son ; second, S. Rail & Sons. Breeders' Pen — First, A. J. Blakely & Son ; second, F. F. & "V. G. Warner ; third, S. Rail & Sons. Get of Sire — First, A. J. Blakely & Son ; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner ; third, S. Rail & Sons. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 373 RAMBOUILLET. EXHIBITORS. F. S. King Bros. Co., Laramie, Wyoming; C. S. Bratt, Arapahoe, Nebraska; F. W. Cook, West Mansfield, Oliio. Judge J. E. Webb, Southport, Indiana. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, F. S. King Bros. Co. on F. S. K. 1205, 72535 ; second, F. S. King Bros. Co. on Brieshicer No. 30 ; third, F. W. Cook. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. S. King Bros. Co. on F. S. K. 1308, 71350; second, F. S. King Bros. Co. on F. S. K. 1303, 71346; third, F. W. Cook. Ram Under One Year — First, F. S. King Bros. Co. on F. S. K. 1763 ; second, F. W. Cook ; third, F. W. Cook. Ewe One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, F. S. King Bros. Co. on F. S. K. 1309; second, F. S. King Bros. Co. on F. S. K. 1323; third, F. W. Cook. Ewe Under One Year — First, F. S. /King Bros. Co. on F. S. K. 1751 ; second, F. S. King Bros. Co. on F. S. K. 1766 ; third, F. W. Cook. Champion Ram, Any Age — F. S. King Bros. Co. on Brieshicer. Champion Ewe, Any Afire— F. S. King Bros. Co. on F. S. K.'s 1309, 71351. Flock — First, F. S. King Bros. Co. ; second, F. W. Cook ; third, C. S. Bratt. Breeders' Pen — First, F. S. King Bros. Co. ; second, F; W. Cook ; third, C. S. Bratt. Get of Sire — First, F. S. King Bros. Co. ; second, F. W. Cook ; third, C. S. Bratt. COTSWOLD. EXHIBITORS. Anoka Farms, Waukesha, Wisconsin ; W. A. Taylor & Son, Ames, Iowa ; Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin ; Joe W. Edgar, New London, Iowa. Judge J. G. Hamner, Ames, Iowa. AWARDS. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Anoka Farms on Aldsworth, 77575 ; second, Anoka Farms on Houlton's 77567 ; third, W. A. Taylor & Son on Husted's 93, 74845. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Anoka Farms on Houlton, 74411 ; second, Alex. W. Arnold ; third, W. A. Taylor & Son on Husted's 43, 74573. Ram Under One Year — First, Anoka Farms on Alsworth's llZl'i ; second, Anoka Farms on Swanwick's 77571 ; third, W. A. Taylor & Son. Ewe One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, Anoka Farms on Houlton ; second, Anoka Farms on 77579 ; third, W. A. Taylor & Son on Husted's 99, 74844. Ewe Under One Year — First, Anoka Farms on S'wanwick, 77573 ; second, Anoka Farms on Swanwick, 77574 ; third, W. A. Taylor & Son. Champiofi Ram, Any Age — Anoka Farms in Houlton, 74411. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Anoka Farms on Houlton, 77571. Flock — First, Anoka Farms ; second, W. A. Taylor & Son. Get of Sire — First, Anoka Farms. IOWA SPECIALS. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Joe W. Edgar on Edgar's 196, 75599 ; second, Joe W. Edgar on Edgar's 201, 75604. Ram Under One Year — First, Joe W. Edgar on Edgar's 206 ; second, Joe W. Edgar on Edgar's 208. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Joe W. Edgar on Edgar's 200, 75603. Ewe Under One Year — First, Joe W. Edgar on Edgar's 205 ; second, Joe W. Edgar on Edgar's 207. 374 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Champion Cotswold Ram, Houlton, owned by Anoka Farms, Waukesha, Wisconsin. Champion Rarn^ Any Age — First, Joe W. Edgar on 75599. Champion Ewe, Any Age — First, Joe "W. Edgar on Edgar's 200, 75603. Breeders' Pen — First, Joe "W. Edgar. Get of Sire^-First, Joe W. Edgar. LINCOLN. EXHIBITOR. Alex. W^. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin. Judge J. G. Hamner, Ames, Iowa. AWARDS. Ram Tivo Years Old or Over — First on 24198. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First on 26418. Ram Under One Year — First on 26419 ; second on 26420. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First on 26421 ; second on 26424. Ewe Under One Year — First on 26422 ; second on 26423. Champion Ram, Any Age — First, ' Champion Ewe, Any Age — First. Flock — First. Breeders' Pen — First. Get of Sire — First. HAMPSHIRE DOWNS. EXHIBITORS. Wm. Cooper & Nephews P. S. Co., Chicago, 111. ; Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin ; John Graham & Sons, Eldora, Iowa. Judge J. G. Hamner, Ames, Iowa. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 375 Champion Lincoln Ram, owned by Alexander W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Alex. W. Arnold on Golden Avon, 15660. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Alex. W. Arnold on Gold Fort, 15659. Rayn Under One Year — First, Alex. W. Arnold on 15662 ; second, Alex. 'W. Arnold on 15661 ; tiiird, John Graham & Sons on Graham's 977, 154S5 ; fourth, John Graham & Sons on Graham's 976, 15484. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Alex. "W. Arnold on 37985 ; second, Alex. W. Arnold on 37986; third, John Graliam & Sons on Emmons 263, 36428; fourth, John Graham & Sons on Emmons 227, 36414. Ewe Under One Year — First, Alex. W. Arnold on 37987; second, Alex. W. Arnold on 37988; third, John Graham & Son on Graham's 972; fourth, John Graham & Son on Graham's 979. Champion Ram, Any Age — Alex. T\'. Arnold on 15662. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Alex. W. Arnold on 37987. Flock — First, Alex. W. Arnold ; second, John Graham & Son. Breeders' Pen — First, John Graham & Son. Get of Sire — First, Alex. W. Arnold second, John Graham & Son. SHROPSHIRE. EXHIBITORS. Anoka Farms, Waukesha, Wisconsin ; E. L. Bitterman, Mason City, Iowa ; H. D. Eddingfield, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa ; J. S. Fawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa ; W. T. Fawcett, Mt. Vernon, Iowa ; F. P. McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa ; O. H. 376 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Peasley & Sons, Indianola, Iowa ; C. W. Poulter, Cumberland, Iowa ; H. H. Reed, Marengo, Iowa ; W. A. Taylor & Son, Ames, Iowa. Judge J. G. Hamner, Ames, Iowa. AWARDS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Anoka Farms on Corston Stamp, 392575 ; second, E. L. Bitterman on East "View's Royal, 385426 ; third, E. Lw Bitterman on East View's Ben, 385424 ; fourth, C. W. Poulter on Poulter's Royal Boy, No. 658, 383946. Ba7n One Year Old and Under Two — First, Anoka Farms on Brewin's 79, 392556; second, H. D. Eddingfleld on Tanner; third, Anoka Farms on Corston Expectation, 392566 ; fourth, "W. A. Taylor & Son on 392576. Ram Under One Year — First, H. D. Eddingfleld on "Westminster ; second, Anoka Farms on Sutton Stamp, 392545 ; third, E. L. Bitterman on The Decision, 391313; fourth, "W. A. Taylor & Son on 392485. Eioe One Year Old and Under Two — First, H. D. Eddingfleld on "Westminister ; second, Anoka Farms on Brewin's, 392554 ; third, Anoka Farms on Buttars, 392568; fourth, "W. A. Taylor & Son on 312573. Ewe Under One Year — First, Anoka Farms on Brewin's, 392554 ; second, H. T>. Eddingfleld on Enock ; third, Anoka Farms ; fourth, W. T. Fawcett. Champion Shropshire Ram, No. 392556 ; owned by Anoka Farms, "Waukesha. "Wis, Champion Ram, Any Age — Anoka Farms on Brewin's 79, 392556. Champion Ewe, Any Age—H. D. Eddingfleld on "Westminister. Elock — First, Anoka Farms ; second, H. D. Eddingfleld ; third, J. S. Fawcett & Son ; fourth, E. L. Bitterman. Breeders' Pen — First, E. L. Bitterman ; second, H. D. Eddingfleld ; third, J. S. Fawcett & Son ; fourth, "W. A. Taylor & Son. Get of Sire — First, Anoka Farms ; second, E. K Bitterman ; third, H. D. Eddingfleld ; fourth, J. S. Fawcett & Son. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 377 IOWA SPECIALS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, E. L. Bitterman on East View's Royal, 385426; second, E. Li. Bitterman on East View's Ben, 385424; third, H. D. Eddingiield on Eddingfleld's 103, 361475 ; fourth, O. H. Peasley & Sons on Peasley's 351, 389621 ; fifth, O. H. Peasley & Sons on Onward, 261696. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, E. L». Bitterman on East View's 605, 376634 ; second, W. A. Taylor & Son on Maple Grove's Dean, 376825 ; third, J. S. Fawcett & Son on Fawcett's 316, 391476; fourth, H. D. Eddingfleld on Valley Home Ram 129, 376921; fifth, J. S. Fawcett & Son on Fawcett's 311, 391477. Ram Under One Year — First, E. L. Bitterman on The Decision, 391313 ; sec- ond, "W. A. Taylor & Son on 392485; third, H. D. Eddingfleld on Valley Home Holker 159, 391748; fourth, E. L. Bitterman on Bitterman's Choice, 391312; fifth, "W. A. Taylor & Son on 3924 86. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, J. S. Fawcatt & Son on Fawcett's 285, 376650; second, H. D. Eddingfleld on Valley Home Beauty 121, 376913; third, E. L. Bitterman on East View's Flossie, 391323 ; fourth, B. Li. Bitterman on East View's 603, 376847; flfth, J. S. Fawcett & Son on Fawcett's 287, 392872. Ewe Under One Year — First, W. T. Fawcett on 392875; second, H. D. Edding- fleld on Miss Holker 168, 391746 ; third, E. L. Bitterman on East View's Lady Swiss, 391318; fourth, J. S. Fawcett & Son on Fawcett's 321, 392871; flfth, J. S. Fawcett & Son on Fawcett's 320, 392870. Champion Rain, Any Age — E. L. Bitterman on The Decision, 391313. Champion Ewe, Any Age — J. S. Fawcett «& Son on Fawcett's 285, 376650. Floek — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son ; second, E. L. Bitterman ; third, H. D. Eddingfleld ; fourth, O. H. Peasley & Sons ; fifth, W. A. Taylor & Son. Breeders' Pen — First,. H. D. Eddingfield ; second, J. S. Fawcett & Son ; third, W. A. Taylor & Son ; fourth, W. T. Fawcett ; flfth, O. H. Peasley & Sons. Get of Sire — First, H. D. Eddingfleld ; second, J. S. Fawcett & Son ; third, W. A. Taylor & Son ; fourth, W. T. Fawcett ; fifth, O. H. Peasley & Sons. SPECIALS BY AMERICAN SHRQiPSHIRE REGISTRY ASSOCIATION. Ram Two Years Old or Over— First, E. Lt Bitterman on East View Royal, 385426 ; second, E. L. Bitterman on East View Ben, 385424 ; third, H. D. Edding- fleld on Eddingfleld's 103, 361475 ; fourth, O. H. Peasley & Sons on Peasley's 351, 389621. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, E. L, Bitterman on East View's 105, 376634 ; second, E. L. Bitterman on 376632 ; third, W. A. Taylor & Son on Maple Grove's Dean, 376825 ; fourth, J. S. Fawcett & Son on Fawcett's 311, 391476. Ram Lamh — First, E. L. Bitterman on The Decision, 391313 ; second, W. A. Taylor & Son on Maple Grove's G'ay Lord, 392485; third, H. D. Eddingfield on Valley Home Holker 159, 391748; fourth, E. L. Bitterman on Bitterman's Choice, 391312. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son on Fawcett's 285, 376650; second, H. D. Eddingfleld on Valley Home Beauty, 376913; third, E. Li. Bitterman on East View's Flossie, 391323 ; fourth, E. L. Bitterman on East View's 603, 376847. Ewe Lamb — First, W. F. Fawcett on 392875 ; second, H. D. Eddingfleld on Miss Holker's 168, 391746; third, E. L. Bitterman on East View's Lady Swiss, 391318; fourth, J. S. Fawcett & Son on Fawcett's 320, 392870. Champion Ram, Any Age — E. L. Bitterman on The Decision, 391313. Champion Ewe, Any Age — J. S. Fawcett & Son on Fawcett's 285, 376650. Breeders' Pen — First, E. L. Bitterman ; second, H. D. Eddingfield ; third, J. S. Fawcett & Son. IOWA SWEEPSTAKES. Best Ram, All Mutton Breeds — E. L. Bitterman on East View's Royal, 385426. Best Ewe, All Miction Breeds — J. S. Fawcett & Son on Fawcett's 285, 376650. 378 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE OXFORD DOWNS. EXHIBITORS. R. E. Baldwin, Osceola, Iowa ; C. S. Bratt, Arapahoe, Neb. ; Wm. Cooper & Nephews P. S. Co., Chicago, 111. ; C. C. Croxen, Atallssa, Iowa ; John Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa ; Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co., Pewaukee, Wis. Judge J. G. Hamner, Ames, Iowa. AWARDS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co. on 65277 ; second, C. C. Croxen on 58542; third, R. E. Baldwin on Lyndale Advance, 67222; fourth, John Graham & Son on Graham's 661, 50035. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Geo. MdKierrow & Sons Co. ; second, C. C. Croxen; third, John Graham & Son on Graham's 955 ; fourth, C. C. Croxen. Ram Under One Year — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co. ; second, John Graham & Son on Graham's 985; third, C. C. Croxen; fourth, John Graham & Son on Graham's 963. Ewe One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co. ; second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co. ; third, C. C. Croxen ; fourth, John Graham & Son on Graham's 906. Eive Under One Year — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co. ; second, Geo. Mc- Kerrow & Sons Co. ; third, John Graham & Son on Graliam's 975 ; fourth, C. C. Croxen. Champion Ram, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Son on 65277. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Son. Flock — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons Co. ; second, C. C. Croxen ; tliird, John Graham & Son ; fourth, R. E. Baldwin. Breeders' Pen — First, John Graham & Son ; second, C. C. Croxen ; third, R. E. Baldwin. Get of Sire — First, John Graham & Son ; second, C. C. Croxen ; third, R. E. Baldwin. IOWA SPECIALS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, John Graliam & Son on Graham's 661 ; second, C. C. Croxen ; third, C. C. Croxen ; fourth, John Graham & Son on Graham's 661. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, C. C. Croxen ; second, John Graham & Son on Graham's 955 ; third, C. C. Croxen ; fourth, John Graham & Son on Graham's 957. Ram Under One Year- — First, John Graham & Son on Graham's 985 ; second, C. C. Croxen on Lyndale Advancer 3d ; third, John Graham & Son on Graham's 963 ; fourth, R. E. Baldwin on Lyndale Advancer 2d. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, C. C. Croxen ; second, John Graham & Son on Graham's 906; third, C. C. Croxen; fourth, R. E. Baldwin. Ewe Under One Year — First, John Graham & Son on Graham's 975 ; second, C. C. Croxen ; third, John Graham & Son on Graham's 990 ; fourth, R. E. Baldwin on Lyndale Lass 2d. Champion Ram, Any Age — John Graham & Son on Graliam's 985. Champion Ewe, Any Age — C. C. Croxen. Flock — First, C. C. Croxen ; second, John Graham & Son. Breeders' Pen — First, C. C. Croxen ; second, R. E. Baldwin ; third, John Graham & Son. Get of Sire — First, C. C. Croxen ; second, R. E. Baldwin ; third, John Graham & Son. SOUTH DOWN. EXHIBITORS. Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wis. ; R. F. Fantz, New Hampton, Iowa. Judge J. G. Hamner, Ames, Iowa. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 379 AWARDS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, R. F. Fantz on Fantz 49, 26142 ; second, Alex. W. Arnold on 26355. Ram One Year and Under Two — First, Alex. W, Arnold on 315.30 ; second, R. F. Fantz on Fantz 59, 31004 ; third, R. F. Fantz on Fantz 61, 31005. Ram Under One Year — First, Alex. W. Arnold on Arnold's 115. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Alex. W. Arnold on 31538. Ewe Under One Year — First, Alex. W. Arnold on 31534 ; second, R. F. Fantz 101, 31007; third, R. F. Fantz on Fantz 102, 31008. Champion Ram, Any Age — Alex. W. Arnold on 31530. Champion Ewr, Any Age — Alex. W. Arnold on 31538. Champion Southdown Ewe, No. 3 153 8, owned by Alexander W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin. DORSET. EXHIBITOR. H. H. Cherry, Xenia, Ohio. Judge J. G. Hamner, Ames, Iowa. AWARDS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, H. H. Cherry. Ram One Year Old and Under Tioo — First and second, H. H. Cherry. Ra7n Under One Year — First and second, H. H. Cherry. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, H. H. Cherry. Ewe Under One Year — First and second, H. H. Cherry. 380 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Champion Dorset Ram, owned by H. H. Cherry, Xenia, Ohio. Champion Ram, Any Age — H. H. Clierry. Champion Ewe, Any Age — H. H. Cherry. Flock — H. H. Cherry. Breeders' Pen — First, H. H. Cherry. Get of Sire — First, H. H. Cherry. CHEVIOT. EXHIBITOR. Wayne C. Postle, Camp Chase, Ohio. Judge J. G. Hamner, Ames, Iowa. AWARDS. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Wlayne C. Postle on True Type, 7697 ; second, Wayne C. Postle on Wliite Stocks 160, 7478. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Wayne C. Postle on Wlilte Stocks Example, 7859 ; second, Wayne C. Postle on White Stocks Cliallenger, 7854. Ram Under One Year — First, Wayne C. Postle on Postle's 204 ; second, Wayne C. Postle on Postle's 196. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Wayne C. Postle on White Stocks Example, 8256 ; second, Wayne C. Postle on White Stocks Example, 8254. Ewe Under One Year — First, Wayne C. Postle ; second, Wayne C. Postle. Champion Ram, Any Age — Wayne C. Postle on 7697. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Wayne C. Postle on 8256. Flock — First, Wiayne C. Postle. Breeders' Pen — First, Wayne C. Postle. Get of Sire — First, Wayne C Postle. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 381 Pair of Cheviots ; owned by Wayne C Postle, Camp Cliase, Oliio. ANGORA GOATS. EXHIBITOR. H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa. Judge J. G. Hamner, Ames, Iowa. Buck Two Years or Over — First, H. C. Davis. Buck One Year — First, H. C. Davis. Buck, Kid — First, H. C. Davis ; second, H. C. Davis. Doe Two Years or Over — First, H. C. Davis ; second, H. C. Davis. Doe One Year — First and second, H. C. Davis. DoCj Kid — First and second, H. C. Davis. One Buck and Three Does, Any Age — First, H. C. Davis. Champion Buck, Any Age — H. C. Davis. Champion Doe, Any Age — H. C. Davis. 382 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POULTRY DEPARTMENT. Superintendent E. L. Beck, Des Moines, Iowa. AMERICANS. EXHIBITORS. A. L. Anderson, Indianola, Iowa; J. C. Ash, Norwalk, Iowa; J. M. Brown, St. Charles, Iowa; Carrie R. Bishop, Mitchellville, Iowa; M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Mrs. W. L. Beatty, Des Moines, Iowa; O. C. Bierma, Mitchellville, Iowa; Mrs. H. I. Branson, West Branch, Iowa; Oscar L. Bock, Council Bluffs, Iowa; A. and J. W. Boyt, Des Moines, Iowa; Bushmann-Pierce Red Farms, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Wib. F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; Scott Covalt, Council Bluffs, Iowa; Guy Davis, Scranton, Iowa; Ealton Bros., Hawarden, Iowa; Joe F. Denburger, Des Moines, Iowa; Farmer & Bell, Ft. Dodge, Iowa; Clarence H. Frame, Villisca, Iowa; H. U. Fishel, Hope, Ind; Fishel & Son, Hope, Ind.; H. V. Hethershaw, Des Moines, Iowa; A. L. Huston, Red Oak, Iowa; J. F. Harsh, New "Virginia, Iowa; C. G. Hammer, Indianola, Iowa; Hillcrest Farm, Valley Junction, Iowa; Hubler & Son, Marshalltown, Iowa; Peter Hove, Stanhope, Iowa; W. C. Hengen, Ottumwa, Iowa; Mrs. Frank Isbell, Des Moines, Iowa; Iowa,-Nebraska Poultry Company, Council Bluffs, Iowa; A. B. Jordan, Moravia, Iowa; W. C. Jacobs, Knoxville, Iowa; L. W. Jackson, Des Moines, Iowa; R. S. Jackson, Muscatine, Iowa; Wm. J. Lockhart, Des Moines, Iowa; Mahogany Range, Muscatine, Iowa; Wm. Mather, Des Moines, Iowa; R. D. Miller, Marshalltown, Iowa; Beatrice Mansfield, Altoona, Iowa; J. V. Pfander & Son, Clarinda, Iowa; E. J. Redel, Marshalltown, Iowa; J. D. Reed, Tipton, Iowa; Mrs. Wm. Stall, Le Mars, Iowa; Richard Shope, Des Moines, Iowa; Julius Sinn, Williamsburg, Iowa; C. E. Spaugh, Rugby, Ind.; L. J. Schuster, Des Moines, Iowa; C. H. Townsend, Nemaha, Iowa; J. L. Todd, Des Moines, Iowa; Jas. H. Wyman, Des Moines, Iowa; M. G. Weaver, Lewis, Iowa; Harry M. Webster, Runnells, Iowa; Dana Wagner, Des Moines, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Wiarner, Bloomfield, Iowa; E. C. Wilson, West Liberty, Iowa; Ray Williams, Hampton, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; Wm. Winnike, Carroll, Iowa; Mrs. Wm. Zurnmehlen, Burlington, Iowa. AWARDS. Judges W. S. Russeix, Ottumwa, Iowa. F. H. Shellabarger, West Liberty, Iowa. FlocTc— First (13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23), Hubler & Son; second, (50-23-76-58-96-24-90-25-86-2-84), W. C. Hengen. Barred Pli/mouth Rock Cock, Cockerel Bred — First (415), C. E. Spaugh; second (7), Wm. Winnike; third (66), Mrs. Wm. Stall. Barred Plymouth Rock Cockerel, Cockerel Bred — First (74), Wm. Winnike; second, C. E. Spaugh; third (608), C. E. Spaugh. Barred Plymouth Rock Hen, Cockerel Bred — First (46), J. F. Harsh; second (46), Mrs. H. I. Branson; third (45), J. F. Harsh. Barred Plymouth Rock Pullet, Cockerel Bred — First (61), Wm. Mather; second (69), Wm. Winnike; third (48), Mrs. H. I. Branson. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 383 Barred Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen — Fowls, Cockerel Bred — First (4-311-43-48-372), J. F. Harsh; second (64-71-53-75-12), Wm. Minnike. Barred Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen — Chicks, Cockerel Bred — First (49-31-70-60-57), Wm. Winnike; second (61-62-47-58-66), J. F. Harsh. Barred Plymouth Rock Cock, Pullet Bred— First (52), L. J. Schuster; second (1), H. V. Hethershaw; third (30), Mrs. H. I. Branson. Barred Plymouth Rock Cockerel, Pullet Bred— First (18), M. H. Buck; second (19), M. H. Buck; third (72), Wm. Winnike. Barred Plymouth Rock Hen, Pullet Bred— First (55), L. J. Schuster; second, C. E. Spaugh; third, C. E. Spaugh. Barred Plymouth Rock Pullet, Pullet Bred— First (2519), C. E. Spaugh; second (67), Wm. Winnike; third (4), H. V. Hethershaw. Barred Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen — Fotols, Pullet Bred— ¥irst (62- 54-58-68-61), Wm. Winnike; second (58-59-60-61-62), L. J. Schuster. Barred Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen — Chicks, Pullet Bred — First (63- 64-65-66-67), L. J. Schuster; second (66-52-56-61-74), Wm. Winnike; third, (6-64-63-67-69), J. F. Harsh. White Plymouth Rock Oocfc— First (8297), U. R. Fishel; second (3338), U. R. Fishel; third (3315), U. R. Fishel. White Plymouth Rock Cockerel— First (3331), U. R. Fishel; second (3307), U. R. Fishel; third (10), Mrs. Frank Isbell. White Plymouth Rock Hen— First (7190), U. R. Fishel; second (6877), U. R. Fishel; third (1969), U. R. Fishel. . White Plymouth Rock Pullet— First (1970), U. R. Fishel; second (12), Mrs. Frank Isbell; third (13), Mrs. Frank Ishell. White Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen— Fowls— First (lSOl-38254-2890- 1963-151), U. R. Fishel; second (2025-2021,590-2018-2482), U. R. Fishel. White Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen— Chicks— First (2012-1989-1953- 1985-2865), U. R. Fishel; second (1981-1975-1996-2870-2040), U. R. Fishel; third (1-2-3-4-5), Mrs. Frank Isbell. Buff Plymouth Rock Cock — First (52), Peter Hove; second (43), Hill- crest Farm; third (9), Joe F. Denburger. Buff Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First (11), M. G. Weaver; second (124), Joe F. Penburger; third (26), Peter Hove. Buff Plymoiith Rock Hen — First (665), Joe F. Denburger; second (654), Joe F. Denburger; third (11), Peter Hove. Buff Plymouth Rock Pullet — First (19), Peter Hove; second (91), M. G. Weaver; third (29), Peter Hove. Buff Plymouth Rock Exhibition pen — Fowls — First (5-9-54-33-42), Peter Hove; second (178-621-625-690-647), Joe F. Denburger. Buff Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen^Chieks— First (10-11-12-13-14), Wm. J. Lockhart; second (30-9-51-15-38), Peter Hove; third (5-6-7-8-9), Wm. J. Lockhart. Partridge Plymouth Rock Cock — First (68), L. J. Schuster. Partridge Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First (69), L. J. Schuster; second (70), L. J. Schuster; third (71), L. J. Schuster. Partridge Plymouth Rock Hen— First (72), L. J. Schuster; second, (73), L. J. Schuster. 384 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Partridge Plymouth Rock Pullet — First (75), L. J. Schuster; second (74), L. J. Schuster. Partridge Plymoiitli Rock ExMhition Pen — Fowls — First (76-77-78-79- 80), L. J. Schuster. Partridge Ply^vouth Rock Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (81-82-83-84- 85), L. J. Schuster. Silver Wyandotte Cock — First (901), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (2), A. L. Anderson. Silver Wyandotte Cockerel — First (1231), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (1101), F. F. & V. G. Warner; third (7), A. L. Anderson. Silver Wyandotte Hen — First (1104), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (62), A. L. Anderson; third (10), A. L. Anderson. Silver Wyandotte Pullet — First (1105), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (1107), F. F. & V. G. Warner; third (3), A. L. Anderson. Silver Wyandotte Exhibition Pen — Fowls — First (1228-10-11-12-13), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (2-12-4-72-62), A. L. Anderson; third, Richard Shope. Silver Wydndotte Exhibition Pen— Chicks— First (1114-1109-1110-1111- 1112), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Golden Wyandotte Cock — First (72), A. L. Anderson; second (96), Julius Sinn; third (1120), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Golden Wyandotte Cockerel — First (84), A. L. Anderson; second (9), Julius Sinn; third (23), Julius Sinn. Golden Wyandotte Hen — First (11), Julius Sinn; second (64), J. L. Todd; third (5), Julius Sinn. Golden Wyandotte Pullet — First (4), Julius Sinn; second (99), A. L. Anderson; third (1115), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Golden Wyandotte Exhibition Peji—Foivls— First (1144-1122-1125-1029- (1130), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (21-19-6-10-2), Julius Sinn; third, (59-73-57-51-52), A. L. Anderson. Golden Wyandotte Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (22-24-8-25-21), Julius Sinn; second (80-8-1-96-97), A. L. Anderson. White Wyandotte Cock— First (394), J. C. Fishel & Son; second (18), Oscar L. Bock; third (58), Clarence H. Frame. White Wyandotte Cockerel — First (7), C. G. Hammer; second (85), Beatrice Mansfield; third (382), J. C. Fishel & Son. White Wyandotte Hen— First (23), Oscar L. Bock; second (364), J. C. Fishel & Son; third (55), Garrie R. Bishop. White Wyandotte Pullet— First (355), J. C. Fishel & Son; second (47), Beatrice Mansfield; third (371), J. C. Fishel & Son. White Wyandotte Exhibition Pen— Fowls— First (396-397-292-356-314), J. C. Fishel & Son; second (379-381-375-378-385), J. C. Fishel & Son; third (19-15-17-20-21), Oscar L. Bock. White Wyandotte Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (94-240-243-244-248), Beatrice Mansfield; second (357-362-387-372-353), J. C. Fishel & Son; third (8-9-10-11-12), C. G. Hammer. Buff Wyandotte Cockerel— First (5610), J. D. Reid; second (5644), J. D. Reid; third (5668), J. D. Reid. Buff Wyandotte Hen— First (23), F. F. & V. G. Warner. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 385 Buff Wyandotte Pullet— First (5659), J. D. Reid; second (5660), J. D. Reid; third (5661), J. D. Reid. Btiff Wyandotte Exhihition Pen— Foivls— First (1249-1135-1133-1187- 1138), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Buff Wyandotte Exhihition Pen— Chicks— First (5G58-5656-9-5651-5653), J. D. Reid. Partridge Wyandotte Cock — First (3 Blue), Mahogany Range; second (00865), R. S. Jackson; third (49), R. S. Jackson. Partridge Wyandotte Cockerel — First (16), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (4 Blue), Mahogany Range; third (100), R. S. Jackson. Partridge Wyandotte Hen — First (21 Blue), Mahogany Range; second (39), R. S. Jackson; third (56), R. S. Jackson. Partridge Wyandotte Pullet — First (17), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (127), R. S. Jackson; third (22 Blue), Mahogany Range. Partridge Wyandotte Exhibition Pen — Fotuls — First (23-24-25-26-5), Mahogany Range; second (45-14-6-44-33070), R. S. Jackson; third (18-19- 20-21-22), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Silver Penciled Wyandotte Cock — First (1158), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Silver Penciled Wyandotte Cockerel — First (5), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (6), F. F. & V. G. Warner; third (4), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Silver Penciled Wyandotte Hen — First (9), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (8), F. F. & V. G. Warner; third (7), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Silver Penciled Wyandotte Pullet — First (1), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (2), F. F. & V. G. Warner; third (3), F. F. & V. G. Warner. ColumMan Wydndotte Cockerel — First (912), Mrs. W. S. Beatty. Columbian Wyandotte Hen — First (988), Mrs. W. S. Beatty. Columbian Wyandotte Pullet — First (59), Mrs. W. S. Beatty; second (54), Mrs. W. S. Beatty. Rose Comb Dominique Cockerel — First (9), M. H. Buck; second (30), M. H. Buck; second (30), M. H. Buck. Rose Comb Dominique Hen — First (32), M. H. Buck; second (43), M. H. Buck. Rose Comb Dominique Pullet — ^First (47), M. H. Buck; second (60), M. H. Buck. Single Comb Rhode Island Red Cock — First, Buschmann Pierce Red Farms; second (91), Wib. F. Clements; third (8710), Scott Covalt. Single Comb Rhode Island Red Cockerel — First (72), A. & J. ,W. Boyt; second, Buschmann-Pierce Red Farms; third (8713), Scott Covalt. Single Comb Rhode Island Red Hen — First (87), Dana Wagner; second (42), Wib. F. Clements; third (5602), Scott Covalt. Single Comb Rhode Island Red Pullet — First (5610), Scott Covalt; second (5560). Scott Covalt; third (5626), Scott Covalt. Single Comb Rhode Isldnd Red Exhibition Pen — Fowls — First (66-60-61- 62-63), A. & J. W. Boyt; second (47-49-77-50-76), Wib. F. Clements. Single Comb Rhode Island Red Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (8715- 5613-5612-5605-5627), Scott Covalt; second (8718-5625-5604-5562-5615), Scott Covalt; third, J. M. Brown. Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Cock — First (2), R. D. Miller; second (341), Buschmann-Pierce Red Farms; third (47), W. C. Hengen. 25 386 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Rose Comh Rhode Island Red Cockerel— First (48), Guy Davis; second (81), R. D. Miller; third (321), Buschmann-Pierce Red Farms. Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Hen— First, Buschmann-Pierce Red Farms; second, Buschm?.nn-Pierce Red Farms; third (3), Hubler & Son. Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Pullet— First (26), Guy Davis; second (10), Mrs. Wm. Zurnmehlen; third (5), A. B. Jordan. Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Exhibition Pen — Foiols — First (1-1-1-1-2), Buschmann-Pierce Red Farms; second (18-15-61-87-48), W. C. Hengen; third (1-1-1-1), Buschman-Pierce Red Farms. Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Exhibition Pen — Chick.s—First (83-84-85- 86-17), R. D. Miller; second (139-57-58-60-101), Wib. F. Clements; third (2-91-78-83-23), W. C. Jacobs. SWEEPSTAKES. Best Cockerel — American Class — First (7), C. G. Hammer. Best Pullet — American Class — First (19), Peter Hove. ASIATIC. EXHIBITORS. Wib. F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; Frank Fortman, Dyersville, Iowa; Fairholme Poultry Yards, Boone, Iowa; Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa; F. W. Johnson, Monroe, Iowa; Jno. M. Kott, Orland, Illinois; R. A. Lund- berg, Altoona, Iowa; Ed. Monilaw, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; J. M. McPherrin, Des Moines, Iowa; Beryl F. Parks, Des Moines, Iowa; A. J. Schultz, Hillsboro, Iowa; Peter Sievers, West Side, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; Logan E. Wing, St. Joseph, Mo. Flock— First (322-290-231-299-282-255-319-250-401-344-438), A. J. Schultz. Light Brahma Cock — First (25), F. W. Johnson; second (SO), Fairholme Poultry Yards; third (1), Frank Fortmann. Light Brahma Cockerel — First (12), Frank Fortmann; second (55) Weir Hart; third (26), Weir Hart. Light Brahma Hen — First (25), Fairholme Poultry Yards; second (86), Weir Hart; third (11), Frank Fortmann. Light Brahma Pullet — First (5), Frank Fortmann; second (37), Weir Hart; third (100), Weir Hart. Light Brahma Exhibition Pen — Fowls — First (94-86-18-98-99), Fairholme Poultry Yards; second (58-40-74-79-32), Weir Hart. Light Brahma Exhibition Pen — CMcfcs— First (35-42-54-75-59), Weir Hart. BuU Cochin Cock— First (8), John M. Kott; second (48), R. E. West. Buff Cochin Hen— First (62), R. E. West; second (12), Jno M. Kott; third (53), Jno. M. Kott. Buff Cochin Exhibition Pen— Fowls— First (41-79-50-33-39), R. E. West. Partridge Cochin Cock—First (29), R. E. West; second (399), Beryl Parks; third (291), R. A. Lundberg. Partridge Cochin Cockerel— First (289), R. A. Lundberg; second (59). R. A. Lundberg; third (10), Beryl Parks. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 387 Partridge Cochin Hen — First (63), R. A. Lundberg; second (99), R. A. Lundberg; third (88), R. E. West. Partridge Cochin Pullet — First (292), R. A. Lundberg; second (297), R. A. Lundberg; third (3), Beryl Parks. Partridge Cochin Exhibition Pen — Fom;Zs— First (44-40-65-68-96), R. E. West. Partridge Cochin Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (4-5-6-7-8), Beryl Parks. Black Langshan Cocfc— First (80), R. E. West; second (23), Weir Hart; third (287), A. J. Schultz. Black Langshan Cockerel — First (A 9702-W), Logan E. Wing; second (A 9701-W), Logan E. Wing; third (309), J. M. McPherrin. Black Langshan Hen — First (246), A. J. Schultz; second (292), A. J. Shultz; third (A 9713-W), Logan E. Wing. Black Langshan Pullet — First (A 9704-W), Logan E. Wing; second (33), Peter Sievers; third (A 9703-W), Logan E. Wing. Black Langshan Exhibition Pen — Fowls — First (1-2-3-4-5), E. D. Moni- law; second (73-27-26-49-97). R. E. West. Black Langshan Exhibition Pdn — Chicks — First (7-8-9-10-11), E. D. Monilaw; second (A 9707-W; A 9708-W; A 9709-W; A 9700-W), Logan E. Wing. White Langshan Cock — First (81), R. E. West; second (97), Weir Hart; White Langshan Cockerel — First (52), Weir Hart; second (96), Weir Hart. White Langshan Hen — First (38), Weir Hart; second (4), R. E. West. White Langshan Pullet — First (27), Weir Hart; second (50), Weir Hart. SWEEPSTAKES. Best Cockerel — Asiatic Class — First, Ed. Monilaw. Best Pullet — Asiatic Class — First, Ed. Monilaw. ENGLISH. EXHIBITOKS. August Beclc, Granger Iowa; Wm. Cook & Sons, Scotch Plains, N. J.; Dalton Bros., Hawarden, Iowa; J. L. Dickerson, Knoxville, Iowa; Carl Hedburg, Boxbolm, Iowa; lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa; B. O'Keen, Ankeny, Iowa; Mahogany Range, Muscatine, Iowa; Mrs. G. Nesland, Davenport, Iowa; C. E. Pyles, Union, Iowa; K. L. Price, Missouri Valley, Iowa; Mrs. J. N. Robertson, Davenport, Iowa; W. N. Servic, Garden Grove, Iowa; W. H. Topp, West Gate, Iowa; J. S. Wright, Rockwell City, Iowa. 2^?ocfc— (831-897-898-890-891-892-893-894-895-896-899), lowana Farms. Single Comb Buff Orpington Cock — First (26), .T. S. Wright; second (20), Mrs. G. Nesland; third (67), J. S. Wright. Single Comb Buff Orpington Cockerel — First (22), Mrs. G. Nesland; second (162), J. S. Wright; third (146), W. H. Topp. Single Comb Buff Orpington Hen — First (180), J. S. Wright; second (239), Mrs. G. Nesland; third (27 Blue), Mahogany Range. 388 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Single Comb Buff Orpington Pullet — First (28), Mrs. G. Nesland; second (23), Mrs. G. Nesland; third (28 Blue), Mahogany Range. Single Comb Buff Orpington Pen— Fowls— First (55-14-161-0081-152), J. S. Wright. Single Comb Buff Orpington Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (144-143- 133-147-150), W. H. Topp; second (1-2-3-4-5), B. O'Keen. Single Comb Black Orpington Cockerel — First, Carl J. Hedberg. Single Comb Black Orpington Hen — First (6), August Beck. Single Comb Black Orpington Pullet — First (53), Carl J. Hedberg; second (52), Carl J. Hedberg; third (55), Carl J. Hedberg. Single Comb Black Orpington Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (1-2-3-4-5), August Beck. Single Comb White Orpington Cock — First (827), lowana Farms. Single Comb White Orpington Cockerel — First (59198), W. N. Servis; second (176), K. L. Price; third (14), J. L. Dickerson. Single Coonb White Orpington Hen — First (884), lowaua Farms; second (885), lowana Farms. Single Comb White Orpington Pullet — First (C 8582-S), W. N. Servis; second (450), K. L. Price; third (C 8581-S), W. N. Servis. Single Comb White Orpington Exhibition Pen — Foiols — First (830-861- 862-863-864), lowana Farms. Single Comb White Orpington Exhibitio7i Pen — Chicks — First (472-473- 474-475-184), K. L. Price; second (C 8599-S; C 8576-S; C 8562-S; C 8560-S), W. N. Servis; third (C 8580; C 8578; C 8591; C 8577), W. N. Servis. SWEEPSTAKES. Best Cockerel — English Class — ^W. N. Servis. Best Pullet — English Class — Mrs. G. Nesland. MEDITERRANEAN. EXHIBITOKS. W. O. Coon, Des Moines, Iowa; Wib. F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; Fread's Buttercup Yards, Des Moines, Iowa; H. W. Harvey, Des Moines, Iowa; B. R. Harmon, Springfield, Mo.; Otis E. Ingle, Bondurant, Iowa; F. W. Johnson, Monroe, Iowa; R. V. Keeney, Avon, Iowa; C. A. Kenworthy, Des Moines, Iowa; Ellwyn E. Lucas, Des Moines, Iowa; Mrs. Wilson Mclntyre, Red Oak, Iowa; Mrs. E. A. McElroy, Des Moines, Iowa; E. B. McPherrin, Des Moines, Iowa; E. D. Monilaw, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; J. H. Reader, Leon, Iowa; Anthony Stocker, Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. Mather, Des Moines, Iowa; J. M. Williamson, Des Moines, Iowa; C. D. Warren, Altoona, Iowa; W. F. Wallace, Diagonal, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa. Flock — First, B. R. Harmon; second, W. Harvey; third, J. M. William- son. Single Comb Broum Leghorn Cock — First (96), W. 0. Coon; second (24), F. W. Johnson; third (8), F. W. Johnson. Single Comb Brown Leghorn Cockerel — Second (9), W. O. Coon. Single Comb Brown Leghorn Hen — First (85), W. 0. Coon; second (177), W. O. Coon; third (71), F. W. Johnson. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 389 Single Comb Broion Leghorn Pullet — First (137), F. W. Johnson. Rose Comb Broicn Leghorn Cock — First (82), Wib. F. Clements; second (81), Wib. F. Clements. Single Comb White Leghorn Code — First (170), B. R. Harmon; second (906), Mrs. Wilson Mclntyre; third (137), J. M. Williamson. Single Comb White Leghorn Cockerel — First (1), Anthony Stocker; second (176), B. R. Harmon; third (8), W. F. Wallace. Single Comb White Leghorn Hen — First (27), W. F. Wallace; second (73), C. D. Warren; third (177), B. R. Harmon. Single Comb White Leghorn Pullet — First (140), J. M. Williamson; second (498), W. Harvey; third (181), B. R. Harmon. Single Comb White Leghorn Exhibition Pen — Fowls — First (141-145- 142-143-144), J. M. Williamson; second (186-187-188-189-190), B. R. Har- mon; third (191-193-193-194-195), B. R. Harmon. Single Comb White Leghorn Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (146-147- 148-149-150), J. M. Williamson; second (196-197-198-199-200), B. R. Har- mon; third (201-202-203-204-205), B. R. Harmon. Single Comb Buff Leghorn Cock — First (2), EUwyn Lucas; second (1), Ellwyn Lucas; third (3), Ellwyn E. Lucas. Single Comb Buff Leghorn Cockerel — ^First (6), Ellwyn Lucas; second (1), C. A. Kenworthy; third (6), Otis E. Ingle. Single Comb Buff Leghorn Hen — First (7), Otis E. Ingle; second (12), Ellwyn E. Lucas; third (11), Ellwyn E. Lucas. Single Comb Buff Leghorn Pullet — First (8), Ellwyn E. Lucas; second (9), Ellwyn E. Lucas; third (7), C. A. Kenworthy. Single Comb Buff Leghorn Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (607-8-9-10), Otis E. Ingle. Single Comb Black Leghorn Oocfc— First (385), R. E. West. Single Comb Black Leghorn Hen— First (33), R. E. West. Sicilian Butterc-wp — Hen — First (41), E. B. McPherrin; second (311), E. B. McPherrin; third, Fread's Buttercup Yards. Sicilian Buttercup Pullet — First (48), E. B. McPherrin; second (49), E. B. McPherrin. Single Comb Black Minorca Cocfc— First (4), R. V. Keeney. Single Comb Black Minorca Cockerel — First (357), R. E. West. Single Comb Black Minorca Hen — First, R. E. West; second (5), R. V. Keeney. Single Comb Black Minorca Pullet— First (381), R. E. West. Single Comb Black Minorca Exhibition Pen — Fowls — First (186-38-8-10- 195), R. E. West. Single Comb Black Minorca Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (14-15-16- 17-18), E. D. Monrlaw; second (370-391-394-380-71), R. E. West. Single Comb White Minorca Cock — First (86), R. E. West. Single Comb White Minorca Cockerel — Second (93), R. E. West. Si7igle Comb White Minorca Hen — First (51), R. E. West. Single Comb White Minorca Pullet — Second (78), R. E. West. White Faced Black Spanish Cock— First (75), R. E. West. White Facedi Black Spanish Hen — First (98), R. E. West. Blue Andalusian Cock — First (32), R. E. West. 390 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Blue Andalusian Cockerel — First (387), R. E. "West. Blue Andalusian Hen — First (37), R. B. West. Blue Andalusian Pullet — First (5), R. E. West. Campine, Silver, Cockerel — First (11), J. H. Reeder; second (1), Wm. Walker; third (3), Wm. Walker. Campine, Silver, Pullet — First (2), Wm. Walker; second (5), Wm. Walker; third (6), Wm. Walker. SWEEPSTAKES. Best Cockerel — Mediterranean Class — (1), Anthony Stocker. Best Pullet — Mediterranean Class — (140), J. M. Williamson. POLISH. EXHIBITORS. R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa. AWARDS. White Crested Black Polish Cock— First (375), R. B. West. White Crested Black Polish Hen — First (21), R. B. West. DUTCH. EXHIDITORS. R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa. AWARDS. Golden Spangled Hamburg Cock — First (89), R. E. West. Silver Spangled Hamburg Cockerel — First (4), R. E. West. Silver Spangled Hamburg Hen — First (144), R. B. West. Silver Spangled Hamburg Pullet— First (96), R. E. West. Mottled Houdan Cock— First (27), R. B. West. Mottled Houdan Cockerel— First (31), R. E. West. Mottled Houdan Hen— First (62), Wib. F. Clements; second (82), R. E. West. Mottled Houdan Pullet— First (57), R. E. West. ORNAMENTAL GAMES AND BANTAMS. EXHIBITORS. Wib. F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; L. M. Collins, Des Moines, Iowa; Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa; Frank Harris, Des Moines, Iowa; H. H. Schultz, Des Moines, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa. AWARDS. Golden Seabright Cockerel— First (50), R. E. West Golden SeabHgM Cocfc— First (1), R. E. West. Golden Seabright Pullet— First (74), R. E. West. Silver Seabright Cock — First, R. E. West. Silver Seabright Cockerel— First (8), R. E. West. Silver Seabright Pullet— First (89), R. E. West. Buff Cochin Cock— First (84), Wib. F. Clements; second (390), R. E. West; third (83), Wib. F. Clements. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 391 But! Cochin CocfcereZ— First (2), L. M. Collins; second (3), L. M. Collins; third (87), Wib. F. Clements. BuU Coehin i/en— First (82), Wib. F. Clements; second (80), R. E. West; third (4), L. M. Collins. BujJ Cochin Pullet— First (5), L. M. Collins; second (81), Wib. F. Clements; third (97), R. E. West. Partridge Cochin Cock — First (14), R. E. West. White Cochin Cock — First (378), R. E. West; second (4), Weir Hart. White Cochin Cockerel— First (2), R. E. West. White Cochin Hen— First (94), R. E. West. White Cochin Pullet— First (3), R. E. West. Black Cochin Cock — First (42), R. E. West; second, Frank Harris; third (56), H. H. Shultz. Black Cochin Hen — First (45), H. H. Shultz; second, Frank Harris; third (59), H. H. Shultz. Black Cochin Pullet— First (16), R. E. West. MISCELLANEOUS. EXHIBITORS. R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa. White Silkie Cock— First, R. E. West. WJiite Silkie Cockerel— First (395), R. E. West. White Silkie Hen— First (96), R. E. West. White Silkie Pullet— First, R. E. West. CAPONS. Any Variety Capons — First (6), J. L. Dickerson; second (11), J. L. Dickerson. PIGEONS. EXHIBITORS. Edwin Burke, Des Moines, Iowa; Mrs. Blanche Harris, Des Moines, Iowa; Allen Ramsey, Des Moines, Iowa; Virginia Wagner, Des Moines, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; Frank Fortmass, Dyersville, Iowa; Wib. F. Clements, Agency, Iowa. Pair Homing Pigeons — First (1-1), Mrs. Blanche Harris; second (2-2), Mrs. Blanche Harris; third (3-3), Mrs. Blanche Harris. Pair Fantail Pigeons — First (18-19), Virginia Wagner; second (Agate and Yellow), Allen Ramsey; third (2-41), R. E. West. Pair Pouter Pigeons — First (Agate and Blue), Allen Ramsey; second, Frank Fortmann; third, Frank Fortmann. Pair Sioalloio Pigeons — First (78), W^ib. F. Clements; second (93), Wib. F. Clements. 392 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TURKEYS. EXHIBITORS. 0. C. Bierma, Mitchellville, Iowa; R. H. Longworth, Polk City, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. Bronze Turkey Cock — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (5), O. C. Bierma. Bronze Turkey Cockerel — First (1240), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Bronze Turkey Hen — First (1214), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Bronze Turkey Pullet— First (1238), F. F. & V. G. Warner. White Holland Turkey Cock — First (44), R. H. Longworth. White Holland Turkey Cockerel — First (40), R. H. Longworth. White Holland Turkey Hen — First (35), R. H. Longworth. White Holland Turkey Pullet— Fir&t (36), R. H. Longworth. DUCKS. EXHIBITORS. M. H. Buck, Prairie City, Iowa; Garrie R. Bishop, Mitchellville, Iowa; W. O. Coon, Des Moines, Iowa; T. H. Kaldenberg, Pella, Iowa; R. H. Longworth, Polk City, Iowa; Beryl Parks, Des Moines, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; Harry N. Webster, Runnells, Iowa; R. B. West, Altoona, Iowa; C. D. Warren, Altoona, Iowa. White Pekin Drake, Old— First (1236), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (93), Harry N. Webster. White Pekin Drake, Young — First (1150), F. F. & V. G. Warner. White Pekin Duck, OZd— First (930), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (146), F. F. & V. G. Warner; third (24), Harry N. Webster. White Pekin Duck, Young— First (1142), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Colored Rouen Drake, Old — First (52), R. E. West. Colored Rouen Drake, Young — First (138), R. E. West. Colored Rouen Duck, Old— First (142), R. E. West. Colored Rouen Duck, Young — First (85), R. E. West. Black Cayuga Drake, Old— First (4), R. E. West. Black Cayuga Duck, Old— First (10), R. E. West. Black Cayuga Duck, Young — First (150), R. E. West, Colored Muscovy Drake, Old — First (74), M. H. Buck; second (29), R. E. West; third (65), M. H. Buck. Colored Muscovy Duck, Old— First (19), R. E. West; second (6), M. H. Buck; third (27), M. H. Buck. White Muscovy Drake. OZd— First (70), R. E. West. White Muscovy Duck, OZrf— First (8), R. E. West. Faicn and White Indian Runner Drake, Old — First (25), Garrie R. Bishop; second (68), Wib. F. Clements; third (540), T. H. Kaldenberg. Fawn and White Indian Runner Drake, Young — First (67), Wib. P. Clements; second (70), Wib. F. Clements; third (4), Beryl Parks. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PA.lT IV 393 Fawn and White Indian Runner Duck, Old — First (564), T. H. Kalden- berg; second (90), Wib. F. Clements; third (509), T. H. Kaldenberg. Fawn and White Indian Runner Duck, Young — First (74), Wib. F. Clements; second (89), Wib. F. Clements. White Indian Runner Drake, Old — First (24), Wib. F. Clements; second (9), C. D. Warren; third (20), Wib. F. Clements. White Indian Runner Drake, Young — First (75), Wib. F. Clements; second (5), Wib. F. Clements. White Indian Runner Duck, Old — First (24), C. D. Warren; second (502), T. H. Kaldenberg; third (600), T. H. Kaldenberg. GEESE. EXHIBITORS. O. C. Bierma, Mitchellville, Iowa; Wib. F. Clements,' Agency, Iowa; Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa; R. V. Keeney, Avon, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa. AWARDS. Gray Toulouse Gander, Old — First (47), R. E. West; second (7), R. V. Keeney. Gray Toulouse Gander, Young — First (9), R. V. Keeney; second (91), R. E. West. Gray Toulouse Goose, Old — First (11), R. V. Keeney; second (59), R. E. West; third (8), R. V. Keeney. Gray Toulouse Goose, Young — First (10), R. V. Keeney; second (87), R. E. West. White EmMen Gander, O^d— First (83), Wib. F. Clements; second (1), O. C. Bierma; third (100), R. E. West. White Embden Gander, Yoxing — First (92), Weir Hart. White EmMen Goose, OW— First (38), R. E. West; second (2), 0. C. Bierma; third (96), Wib. F. Clements. Gray African Gander, Old — First (33), R. E. West; second (27), R. E. West. Gray African Gander, Yoiing — First (83), R. E. West. Gray African Goose, Old — First (66), R. E. West. Gray African Goose. Young — First (68), R. E. West. Brown Chinese Gander, OM— First (63), R. E. West. Brown Chinese Gander, Young — First (34), R. E. West. Brown Chinese Goose, Old — First (25), R. E. West. Broicn Chinese Goose, Young — First (83), R. E. West. White Chinese Gander, Old— First (70), R. E. West; second (85), Wib. F. Clements; third (94), Wib. F. Clements. White Chinese Gander, Young — First (87), Wib. F. Clements; second, (84), Wib. F. Clements. White Chinese Goose, Old— First (100), Wib. F. Clements; second (68), Wib. F. Clements; third (95), R. E. West. White Chinese Goose, Young — First (77), Wib. F. Clements; second (68), Wib. F. Clements. 394 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EGG-LAYING CONTEST. EXHIBITOES. W. Harvey, Des Moines, Iowa; B. R. Harmon, Springfield, Mo.; C. D. Warren, Altoona, Iowa. First (475-476-477-478-479-480), W. Harvey; second (481-482-483-484-48.5- 486), W. Harvey; third (217-218-219-220-221-223), B. R. Harmon; fourth (70-49-66-99-2-11), C. D. Warren. BOYS' AND GIRLS' POULTRY CONTEST. EXHIBITORS. Florence Alexander, Indianola, Iowa; Esther Brazelton, Ankeny, Iowa; Y. H. Ellis, Altoona, Iowa; Marion D. Creath, Ottumwa, Iowa; Helen Ruth Parks, Des Moines, Iowa; Lucy Morrison, Adelphi, Iowa; Theresa William- son, Des Moines, Iowa; Jay A. Mitchell, Des Moines; L. Gertrude Ketchem, Des Moines, Iowa. AWAEDS. Best Design Made from Feathers of Any Domestic Fowl — First, Marion D. Creath. Model of Poultry House, Made from Any Kind of Material — First, Jay A. Mitchell; second, Helen Ruth Parks; third, Theresa Williamson. Largest Hen's Egg — ^First, Y. H. Ellis; second, L. Gertrude Ketchum. Best Dozen Eggs — First, J. M. Williamson; second, L. Gertrude Ketchum; third, Richard Peck. Best Essay on Poultry Industry of Iowa — First, Theresa Williamson. Best Half Dozen Colored Easter Eggs— First, Helen Ruth Parks. Best Design Made of Egg Shells — First, Jay Mitchell. Best Cake Containing Three or More Eggs — First, Helen Ruth Parks; second, Florence Alexander; third, Lucy Morrison. Best Pen Made from Quill Feather — First, Theresa Williamson. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART IV 395 REPORT OF BOYS' JUDGING CONTEST, IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION, 1914. Name 4-2 Clement Miller, Fairfield Leo Aldrich, Kowan Raymond Teachout, Imogene Bryee Binnall, Dow City Arthur McQuirin, Osceola Leland Roberts, Jefferson John Knotek, Washington O'has. Grandgeorge, Eagle Grove Donald F. Malin, Tama. Arthur Meints, Dixon Russell Mowry, Orchard Lyle A. Sergeant, State Center. -. Marvin Parsons, Can-oil Clem O. Flanders, Rome Fred J. Paulus, Hampton Austin Hogan, Duncomb Harry Mathias, Clarion Maurice Phelps, Glenwood Gordon Jeffers, Cresco Geo. Teachout, Imogene. F. Stuart Cleworth, Tama Earl Boyer, Stanton Arthur E. Bell, Underwood James Loughridge, Delta Harry Tyrrell, Belmond Floyd Doctor, Clarion Chester Viers, Des Moines Ancel N. Croft, Kirkman Raymond L. Whannell, Traer Murle Mills, New Providence Will Lawson, Norwich Paul Shirk, Goldfield Myrl Martin, Goldfield Allan Hicks, New Market Arthur Runft, R.einbeck -Albert Clark, Clarion Harold Johnston, Coming Ernest Robinson, Yale Cecil S. Wilson, Morning Sun Harold Breckenridge, Clarion Frank Guthrie, Newton George Garrett, Braddyville Theron Jacobson, Floyd Ambrose Link, Waukon Forest M. Oarhartt, Albia Harold McBinnie. Boone Marion Fowler, Battle Creek Olifton Richardson, Holmes Ivan Fuller, Fremont Jens Rasmussen, Coulter Harley Blau, George Milton Nuzum, Wick Ivy] E. Naylor, Stratford Louis Shaffer, Walker Vem McFarlane, Oelwein Earl Dye, Blakesburg Horace Thomas, Dow City Fred Day, Afton Newman Engh, Goldfield Harold Homer, Russell Homer S. Lucas, Greene Frank Christie, Belmond Mont Sanderson, Keosauqua John A. Baumhover, Carroll Robert Neal, Sac City 74 62 93 i 81 76 1 78 42 86 43 45 44 53 37 48 59 50 87 55 62 54 58 70 62 67 47 55 71 55 42 53 74 50 73 40 59 88 67 48 80 87 63 86 91 72 78 82 90 94 75 I 70 72 85 90 77 81 86 76 90 54 80 79 6S 51 83 55 74 52 68 80 82 53 79 90 53 80 56 81 82 83 78 82 75 46 51 68 79 78 50 51 87 I 74 80 I 63 85 77 68 77 94 87 52 85 I 56 44 50 662 77 640 80 33 43 45 50 41 44 40 90 i 40 85 I 63 78 1 55 87 I 51 81 : 70 87 i 81 70 44 81 87 50 68 41 76 52 43 43 81 53 81 49 63 57 73 51 47 73 40 66 56 5i 61 35 60 72 57 77 58 58 40 48 74 55 41 44 52 57 69 47 57 43 43 39 49 35 44 44 40 33 42 56 U 41 31 43 62 38 58 40 639 618 614 604 603 602 599 596 589 537 584 582 580 580 580 577 576 574 574 572 571 568 565 564 562 562 561 561 561 560 560 555 554 553 552 552 550 549 548 545 544 540 540 536 532 532 532 532 531 530 530 528 528 526 523 523 522 519 517 517 516 515 514 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 15-16-17 \ 15-16-17 J 15-16-17 18 19 ) 20-21 J 20-21 22 23 24 25 26 27-28 27-28 29-30-31 29-30-31 29-30-31 32-33 32-33 34 35 36 37-38 37-38 39 40 41 42 43 44-45 44-45 46 147-48-49-50 [47-48-49-50 [47-48-49-50 J 47-48-49-50 51 52-53 52-53 54-55 54-55 56 57-58 57-58 59 60 61-62 61-62 63 64 65 396 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REPORT OF BOYS' JUDGING CONTEST— Continued Name i a o ai •2 O cJIJ " tS CO f^ gS|£g a P fi pq Q Frank Sonnefelt, Rose Hill Dewey Hawker, West Liberty liouis Lord, Iowa City Leroy Truekenmiller, Sibley Claire Gristle, Belmond John W. McDonald, Clarion Leland Dawson, Aurelia Ellsworth Bailey, Unlonville Clark Wolf, West Liberty Vincent Corrigan, Prederieksburg-— L. Roy Rounds, Le Mars Wallace McKee, Indianola Howard Evans, Webster City Ralph Erickson, Dows LuVeme Fogelman, Sutherland Cecil Hillman, Deep River Lloyd Dickinson, Wilton Junction- Oscar Olson, Linn Grove Earl Griffith, Swea City Max Baher, Belmond Carl E. Krapf, Rowley Herbert Armbrecht, State Center Oliver Tellman, Clarion Wm. Marshall, Battle Creek Raymond P. Joseph, Hopkinton Elmer O. Ketcham, Spencer Wm. Conn, Parkersburg Spencer Mayo, Cedar Falls Wallace Donaldson, Woolstock Lewis Vetter, Calamus Cecil Gates, La Porte City Nelson Hauge, Dows Cecil Conner Arthur Larson, Eagle Grove Lee Bayless, Kellerton Carl Lewis, Eagle Grove Martin Elvebak, Keister, Minn Arthur Rhodes, Dows Glen Anderson, Sumner 0) fH o OS , a a S3 O O o O o H 513 513 512 511 509 506 506 504 503 503 502 502 501 501 499 499 496 496 495 485 484 482 481 477 472 470 467 465 445 443 443 432 421 397 393 384 875 342 \ 317 66-67 66-67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74-75 74-75 76-77 76U77 78-79 78-79 80-81 80-81 82-83 82-83 84 85 86 87 90 91 92 93 94 95-96 95-96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 IQl PART V Proceedings of the Winter Meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders Association, 1914. The winter meeting- of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association was held January 9, 1914, in connection with the annual farmers' short course at the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Me- chanic Arts at Ames, We are indebted to the Iowa Homestead for the following report of the meeting, which report appeared in the Homestead in its issue of January 15th : An unusually interesting and important meeting was held by the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association last week at the Iowa Agricultural College. There were those among its members who claimed that this was the best meeting ever held by the association. The program was opened by Prof. John. M. Evvard, who is in charge of swine experi- mental work at the Iowa Station. He presented the result of his work in the feeding of forage crops and corn supplements to swine. Pro- fessor Evvard first pointed out the respects in which corn was deficient as a food for animals and then proceeded to show how this deficiency can best be met. Forage crops, when they can be had, offer the best means of meeting this lack and among these crops rape and alfalfa stand out pre-eminently. In fact, rape is without a peer; it is the best of all forages for swine, feeding value alone considered. It is second to alfalfa only in number of pigs which it can support per acre (twenty- five for rape and forty-three for alfalfa) and in ease of management. In order of general desirability red clover comes next, followed by blue grass and sweet clover. Soy beans and cowpeas may have great virtue when used properly for certain purposes, but can lay no claim to be profitable swine forage crops under Iowa conditions. But forage crops alone are insufficient to produce the best results; some concentrated supplement must be fed. The concentrated pro- tein feeds which have won first rank in this series of experiments are oil meal and tankage, or meat meal. Oil meal seems to contain some toxic substance, at least some property which renders it unattractive to hogs when it is fed alone. They neglect it, even ignore it, and fail to consume enough to properly balance their ration when fed in a self feeder by itself. Tankage does not have this disadvantage, and does not require mixing to be fed. The ways of the pig are indeed past understanding. The mystery of the digestive economy of a hog is well brought out by some data 398 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE on mixing oil meal and tankage which Professor Evvard presented. The cost per 100 pounds gain when oil meal was used as a corn sup- plement was $5.62. When tankage was used as a supplement the cost per 100 pounds gain was less, $5.30. Now, any hog which understood even the rudiments of mathematics would know that, if it received a ration in which these two feeds were mixed in equal proportion, it should make 100 pounds gain at an average of these two costs; i. e., $5.46. A hog works in total disregard of this rule, however, and the cost of 100 pounds gain when oil meal and tankage are mixed half and half is only $5.04, considerably less than when either food is given alone. This fact amounts virtually to a demonstration of the propo- sition, that the only way to find out how best to feed a pig is to feed it, the several possible conditions and combinations must be tried, the results carefully recorded, and the verdict given on the evidence obtained. A never-ended work lies here for the experimental animal husbandman. However, the pig is not altogether without knowledge on dietary mat- ters. In fact, he shows astonishing skill in compounding his own ration, exhibiting in this regard, a fineness of discrimination not possessed by man himself. A bunch of sows weighing 260 pounds was divided into two lots and both put on the same forage. Lot 1 received shelled corn in a self feeder; the sows gained 2.4 pounds a day and 457 pounds of corn were required for each 100 pounds of gain. Lot 2 was put in the care of an expert feeder with instructions to secure the very greatest gains pos- sible, but the corn was fed out by hand; the sows only gained 2.09 pounds a day and there were required for each 100 pounds gain 478 pounds of corn, twenty-one more pounds than when the corn was taken out of a self feeder. Or again, two lots of pigs were fed on shelled corn and tankage. The pigs in Lot 1 had access to the corn and the meat meal, each in a self feeder, at whatever moment of the day or night they chose to nibble. Lot 2 was fed with greatest possible care, by hand. Lot 1. Lot 2. Lbs. corn per ily gain 100 lbs. gain 2.35 470 2.13 483 The results, as shown in the above table, indicate the advisability, within limits, of giving to the pigs greater freedom in eating what and when they choose. In the discussion which followed Professor Evvard's report it devel- oped that certain hog raisers discriminated against tankage because of its supposed liability to carry hog cholera infection. Professor Evvard pointed out that although undesirable, animal refuse, often cholera- infected hogs, is used in tankage manufacture, nevertheless, in the process of manufacture the mass is raised to a heat great enough to kill all cholera germs. The only chance of meat meal carrying cholera infec- tion is from contamination while it is being sacked, or afterwards, by contact with a contaminated body. In well-organized packing houses, this possibility is carefully guarded against, and this most excellent FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 399 source of protein meat meal can be fed with perfect safety if purchased from a reputable manufacturer. Also the quality of the tankage should be looked to; unscrupulous dealers frequently attempt to substitute a low grade of tankage intended for fertilizer for the higher grade manu- factured for feeding purposes. Mr. Cyrus Tow, Norway, Iowa, superintendent of swine at the Iowa State Fair, then greeted the members of the association. He declared his intention of providing for the exhibitors of swine at the state fair every convenience and comfort which his best efforts could secure for them, and solicited suggestions for the management of the swine depart- ment at the 1914 show. Mr. McPadden, secretary of the American Poland China Association, gave a short address which was pregnant with the promise of prosperity. An office such as the one managed by Mr. McFadden is a fairly good bar- ometer of the pure-bred swine business, for interest in any one breed stimulates interest in all. The barometer shows a raise. In the face of the affliction and disaster which have this year confronted the swine in- dustry each month has seen an increase in registrations, of Poland-China swine and in December it was greater than a year ago; 1913 was the third largest year's business ever conducted. Interest is spreading into the far West to a remarkable degree. There are now on file in Mr. McFadden's office orders for three car loads of pure-bred swine, one to Canada, Tennessee and Washington. During the evening the association members met in conjunction with the short-course students in the agricultural assembly. In an excellent program of four addresses, lasting two hours, swine cholera, the "black beast" of the hog raiser, was set upon and conspired against. Dr. W. B. Niles drove the beast into the open by a thorough going over of the ground; Dr. C. H. Stange, director of the state serum laboratory, dis- played the weapons with which to attack him; J. S. Thatcher, manager of lowana Farm, described an engagement with the beast, in which the enemy was defeated, and Prof. W. J. Kennedy, director of the exten- sion department, connived and plotted for his complete extermination. Dr. Niles' address was in the nature of a general survey; the nature, methods of contagion, symptoms and remedies were given. Dr. Stange described the serum plant and the manufacture of serum; he also pointed out the utter inability of the state serum plant as it is now equipped to produce enough serum to supply one-seventh of the hogs of Iowa. The plant has sent out serum to 1,200 herds of hogs and has over a million cubic centimeters of serum in its store rooms. In only three cases was loss in these herds serious after the administration of the treatment. In one of these cases death proved to be due to worms; in one case the disease was present, unrecognized, and the third case is being investi- gated. 400 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Thatcher pointed out that in number Iowa has 14 per cent of all the hogs in the United States. In value 17 per cent of all hogs are found in Iowa, but of all hog losses in the United States, Iowa bears the burden of 25 per cent. This situation demands immediate and decisive action; the entire industry is threatened, many regions report a loss of 40 per cent of all hogs. The saving element in the situation is that these rav- ages can be stopped. A means is at hand to absolutely prevent further loss if its use is resolutely continued. This means is the anti hig-cholera serum, and by its use lowana Farm has passed from a turmoil of con- tagion and death to a condition of serene confidence that the $20,000 stock of hogs is safe. In effect, the only safe policy is to create and maintain an immune herd by administering the simultaneous treatment to every hog brought into the herd, and to every pig raised on the place, some time before weaning. Since 1912 the lowana Farm has been work- ing under this system, 1,500 pigs having been treated during this time, some of them as young as eleven days old, and not a single head has been lost from cholera, though in the midst of a badly-infested community. In his closing address Professor Kennedy declared that no permanent progress can be made in eradicating hog cholera till the use of serum becomes practically universal in infected regions. This general use of serum will never come to pass until farmers develop perfect confidence in the efficacy of the serum, and this confidence, in turn, awaits the time when all serum on the market shall be standardized and shall be worthy to be trusted. About 100 members remained in the room after the program of speak- ers, to take part in the adjourned business meeting of the association. The meeting was called at 9:30 o'clock. The plea made by Professor Ken- nedy was of the sort calculated to incite to action and it bore definite fruit before final adjournment. Mr. Thatcher urged legislation in regard to federal inspection and standardization of all serums put upon the mar- ket. At this point Dr. Stange called attention to the fact that certain federal restrictions already controlled commercial serum plants and in- vited Dr. Niles to describe the working of this law. The law provides in effect that commercial serum plants doing an interstate business must operate under a federal license. All licenses must be renewed annually, the grounds for issuing licenses being the result of an annual inspection. The quality of the serum is also tested from time to time. Professor Kennedy pointed out the shortcomings of this law. When we use the simultaneous method we are using the disease — we are playing with fire, and cannot risk poor serum. It will not do to get good serum only part of the time; the only time when it is safe to stop is when every drop of serum on the market is tested, bottled and sealed under federal supervision. Then all serum will have a constant value, its use will have a constant and uniform effect, farmers will grow to have trust in it and permanent progress will be made possible. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART V 401 Mr. Thatcher now offered the followiug resolutions: Resolved, that the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association request Senator W. S. Kenyon to introduce a bill into the United States senate requiring the placing of a federal inspection at each commercial hog-cholera serum plant, to test all serum before it is distributed, either for state or for interstate ship- ment. It is indeed fitting that the state of Iowa should, through its Swine Breeders' Association, thus instigate legislation which will inevitably prove of deep significance for the swine industry the country over in making possible a campaign of complete eradication of the plague of hog cholera. The resolution was unanimously adopted and immediately forwarded by wire to Senator Kenyon. 26 402 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PART VI Extracts from State Dairy Commissioner's Report of 1914 W. B. BARNEY, Commissioner In handing you this, the Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the Dairy and Food Commissioner, it is with some degree of satisfac- tion that I am able to call to your attention and that of the incom- ing Legislature, the continued progress and development of this department. When the 35th General Assembly adjourned, we found this de- partment responsible for the enforcement of the following laws : DAIRY LAW PURE FOOD LAW AGRICULTURAL SEED LAW CONCENTRATED FEEDING STUFFS LAW CONDIMENTAL STOCK FOOD LAW PAINT AND LINSEED OIL LAW TURPENTINE LAW WEIGHT AND MEASURE LAW SANITARY LAW COLD STORAGE LAW COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER LAW and CALCIUM CARBIDE LAW. The last five of these laws were enacted by that body during the last session. We know of no laws on our statute books that are of more im- portance or affect a larger number of people, than do the Weight and Measure and Sanitary Laws. Some states of no greater popula- tion than Iowa employ more people in the enforcement of their Weight and Measure Law alone than we have in this department for the enforcement of the twelve laws with which we are charged. We only speak of this to call the attention of the Legislature to the importance and magnitude of this work. While there is only a small per cent of the people engaged as purveyors of different commodities that seek to short weight or 404 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE in other ways swindle the consumer, eternal vigilance on the part of some one is about the only protection for the public and the honest dealer. We have every reason to believe that the people are going to demand the protection that they are entitled to and that the work in this department along this line is going to mater- ially increase in the future. When you consider how far reaching the results of this work may be made and that practically all the people of our commonwealth are either directly or indirectly af- fected we are surprised that they have been so slow in asking for relief. As to the Sanitary Law which has been effective about eighteen months, the results show for themselves. Eighty or ninety per cent of the stores and other places that sell food products are in first class shape. Those that have not cleaned up will have to drop out for the public will no longer patronize the poorly kept in- sanitary place. Many hundred thousands of dollars have been in- vested in new and up to date show cases and equipment by the grocers, butchers, and others selling food products. We have some times been at a loss to know why it was necessary to pass a law obliging these people to properly care for and protect their pro- ducts from dust, dirt, and flies, when the up to date dry goods, clothing, hardware and jewelry merchants have been giving their wares proper protection for several years. Many new slaughter houses have been built and old ones re- modeled. We have tried to be as reasonable and lenient in the en- forcement of this law as possible where it applies to these places, for we feel there is a great advantage in killing as much of our meat at home as we can, saving the freight on these products both ways. There are many sections of this law that can well be applied to the dairy work and have been and will be most helpful. While this is primarily the dairy report of the department, we have thought best to refer briefly to these two laws on account of their importance in connection with the dairy work. THE CREAMERY PROMOTER. The creamery promoter has been rather more active for the last year than for some time past. Several plants have been built and equipped on which the owners could have saved anywhere from FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 405 $1,000 to $3,000 if they had called on the Dairy and Food Commis- sion or the Iowa State Agricultural College at Ames for assistance. This department is now well equipped with blue prints, plans, and specifications, also cost of machinery and equipment, constitution, by-laws and all other information necessary. We have men in the department that have specialized in this work and their services may be secured without cost where there is a reasonable certainty of a sufficient number of cows (600 to 800) assured, and a desire on the part of the community to build and support a plant. We deplore the fact that the promoter pays so little heed to the future success of most plants they construct. They build an under- sized, cheap building, put in much of the equipment that would be obsolete in an up to date factory, charge a big price for the outfit and leave it for this department to nurse along for several years. We recently heard a new definition for the promoter that can well be applied to most creamery promoters, — "A man who sells some- thing he hasn't got, to people who pay for something they never get." CENTRALIZERS OR CENTRAL CHURNING PLANTS. Some of these plants have been unusually active in the last year in their efforts to put the farmers' co-operative or small individual creamery out of business. By reference to a map shown in another part of this report, you will notice that of the 496 creameries in this state about 400 of them are located in the northern two-thirds and about 96 in the southern third of the state. We think there is no disputing the fact that the prices paid for butter fat in any of the many well managed co-operative creameries range from 3c to 7c more than the price paid by the centralizer. This being true, we feel that this department is fully justified in giving all possible as- sistance and support to the creameries already organized, and en- coutagement and help to the communities where there is reason to believe there is sufficient interest and enough cows to make a paying proposition of a plant. We realize that the men operating the centralizers are in a legitimate line of trade. They make dairying possible in sections where there would be little or no market for butter fat if it were 406 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE not for the one they offer. They are fully entitled to just and fair treatment. So long as we are at the head of this department its policy will be "a square deal to all and favors to none." We have been much surprised within the last year to find that in practically every case where there was sufficient dairy sentiment aroused so there were prospects of a plant being built, the price of butter fat was advanced by buyers for the centralizers from three to four cents by the time the creamery was ready to begin business, and that twelve or fifteen miles distant the same old prices were paid. It is apparent that the motive behind this is a desire on the part of the big plant to kill off the local creamery. We believe this unfair and unbusiness like and that if they can pay these prices in competition to a local creamery they should pay them where this competition does not exist or where they come in competition with other centralizers. This is our fifth report since taking the office of commissioner, and we have never been obliged to refer to troubles of this nature in our former reports. We had hoped that the rather unpleasant relations that existed several years ago between these two branches of the dairy industry was a thing of the past. When the position of commissioner was tendered, it was accepted without entanglement or obligation to any set of men or interests. We expect to direct the efforts of the department along lines, that in our judgment will be of greatest benefit to dairymen and farmers. If by helping to organize a creamery in a community, the dairyman may be benefited to the extent of an increase of from three to six cents a pound for his butter fat, we expect to render this assistance even though the centralizer may lose the business. COST OF MAINTAINING THE DEPARTMENT. In looking over the laws under which this department was or- ganized, there is nothing that we find that gives reason to believe that it was the intention of the Legislature to make the depart- ment which is a law enforcing body, self supporting. The Government appropriates many hundred thousands of dol- lars yearly for the enforcement of the Dairy and Food Laws. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 407 When the present commissioner took charge of the Department in 1909, the annual revenue from licenses, tax tags, etc., amounted to $9,593.24; for 1910 the amount turned over to the State Treasurer was $17,435.30; for 1911, $20,892.97; for 1912, $22,- 049.02; for 1913, $36,504.52; and for the year ending November 1, 1914, the earnings of the Department are $43,842.40. As all fines under the Food laws go into the county school fund in the county where these cases are prosecuted, this should be added to the earnings. At a conservative estimate this amount would reach $5,500, making a total of $49,342.40. As compared with an adjoining state with 150,000 less people, we find that for maintaining the Dairy and Food Department for the year 1912, the cost per capita was two and ninety-four hun- dredths cents for that state, and for Iowa fifty-eight hundredths of one cent. "VVe beg leave to call your attention to the fact that no other State Dairy and Food Department has the number of laws for en- forcement that we have, and that the greater the amount of work, the more help is necessarily required to properly look after the work, and the greater the cost. In some states the same work that is done by this department is divided up — ^two, three, or four com- missions or departments doing the work. We do not speak of this because we think it a good or economical plan but to call the atten- tion of the Legislature to the fact that the criticism by some people on account of a multiplicity of commissions does not hold good so far as this department is concerned, with its twelve different laws to enforce. WORK OF INSPECTORS. We have been trying out the plan of having some of our in- spectors do all kinds of work. Those designated in the list given in this report, as "Assistant Dairy Commissioners and Food In- spectors," have been looking after the enforcement of all of the different laws in the territory they cover. By reference to our former reports you will find that this plan of work originated in the Department some four years ago, and not with the Committee on Retrenchment and Reform, or the special Efficiency Committee as some have been led to believe. 408 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE We put on two men over four years ago so that we might know from experience whether there was any advantage either by reason of saving in expense or efficiency in handling the work. If we only had the enforcement of a few laws the plan would be quite accept- able and in certain territories it works fairly well, even with the enforcement of the twelve diiferent laws. In other sections of the state, we find it practically impossible to handle the work in this way. We have found that the work of an inspector, if properly looked after, is a "real man's job," and that this is especially true since the sanitary and weight and measure laws have been added. There is no saving in expense under this plan, and as we all know that this is an age of specialists in all lines, we do not know why it should not apply in a measure to work in this Department. If houses like Marshall Field & Company and Hibbard, Spencer, Bart- lett & Company, find it necessary to employ from two to five men who visit Des Moines and other large cities in the state, representing the different lines of merchandise they have put on the market, they do it because these men are specialists in the various lines. In the memory of many middle aged people, the doctor acted as sur- geon, dentist, eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist, veterinarian, etc. Today, specialists in these lines do this work and the man who claims to make good in all these various lines is generally sized up as a fraud. NEW OFFICE BUILDING MUCH NEEDED. Since the enforcement of the Weight and Measure Law has been placed in this department and about $2,000.00 worth of equipment has been added for this purpose, there is more reason than ever for a move on the part of the incoming legislature to provide better quarters for this and several other departments. The law reads as follows: "The State Sealer shall take charge of the standards of the state, causing them to be kept at the Capitol in a fire proof building, belonging to the state." Besides this, we have about $8,000.00 worth of laboratory and other equipment, making in all $10,000.00 worth of property be- longing to the State. The records of the department since it was FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 409 organized would go with the above, should the building take fire as it is apt to do at any time on account of poor wiring and the general bad and dilapidated conditions on account of age. CREAM GRADING IN IOWA. Again this year the creameries over the state have started an agitation leading toward the grading of cream and paying accord- ing to quality. For several months a few local creameries have been working on a quality basis, and the improvement in the quality of their butter and the general betterment of the conditions on the farm has been gratifying. There should be no market for an inferior grade of cream, and when this time comes the careless, unclean, dairyman will either have to improve his product or get out of business. The whole system, if it can be called a system, of buying cream irrespective of quality is absolutely wrong. The packer will not pay the same price per pound for a canner cow that he will for a finished steer; the grain dealer will not offer the same price for moldy grain that he will for a clean, dry product; it is equally absurd for a creamery to offer the same price for cream in all stages of deterioration, and expect to make good butler out of it. Many creameries are struggling along with this poor quality cream, dop- ing it with neutralizer, adding a large percentage of starter in an endeavor to cover up the undesirable flavors, and then trying to pawn it off on the unsuspecting consumer as first grade nutter. The Dairy and Food Commission of the State of Iowa will use every means to bring about the grading of cream and paying there- fore according to quality or grade. The best interests of dairying in this state demand that this system be adopted, and the following grades have been established : Extra — Special grade cream is sweet cream, suitable for table use, and such as .will not* curdle in hot water, tea or coffee. First Grade — First Grade cream shall consist of cream that is clean to the taste and smell, slightly sour, containing not to exceed four- tenths of 1% acid, and not less than 25% butterfat, and free from lumps, curd, dirt and all other foreign matter. 410 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Second Grade — Second grade cream is cream that is too sour to grade as first grade, or may have weedy or other undesirable flavors or odors. All other cream shall be deemed illegal. Illegal Cream — Illegal cream is cream that is very old, rancid, mouldy, dirty or muddy; or that is produced from an unclean separator ; or that is stored, handled or transported in unclean cans ; or that has been produced, handled, separated, stored or trans- ported in violation of the state dairy, pure food or sanitary law; and the sale, purchase or manufacture of such cream for any hu- man food purpose should be prohibited by statutes. In the spring of 1911 the dairy and food department at the solicitation of several of the larger creameries of the state, made a ruling governing the buying of cream according to quality. Copies of these rulings were printed in large quantities and distributed all over the state, in fact practically every creamery man and cream station operator had a copy of them tacked up in his place of business to refer to. These rulings were not adhered to by many unscrupulous buyers and thus the good accruing from our efforts would scarcely defray the cost of printing. Before "cream grading" can be put on a workable basis in the state of Iowa or any other state, the cream-station operator must be better trained and equipped. He is not now competent to tell the difference between first and second grade cream and the facili- ties of the average station are insufficient for handling a perishable product. The operator is put in charge of the station, a check book is placed in his hand, and he is instructed to pay a certain price for butter fat, and under no conditions to vary this price unless competition demands it. Then this cream is placed in ten gallon cans and shipped, without refrigeration, to the place of manufacture from fifty to five hundred miles distant. For these reasons we must maintain that the central plants are largely re- sponsible for the poor grade of cream delivered to our Iowa creameries. We are in favor of cream grading; we are in favor of law forc- ing the grading of cream in every creamery of the State. We are ready and willing to lend our assistance to any plant soliciting our aid. We want to see every creamery adopt an honest and con- scientious grading system, and stick to it, and when that is done Iowa butter will be greatly enhanced in value. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 411 STATE DAIRY AND BUTTERMAKERS' ASSOCIATIONS. "We are particularly fortunate in having in these two associa- tions a live and active membership, officered by men who are will- ing to give their time even more than should be expected of them. The State Buttermakers ' Association, though only five years old, is doing a most excellent work and filling into a place that had not been covered by the older association. These associations have each put on very successful conventions. Our contention is that as much good comes out of these meetings by reason of the members getting together and discussing with each other the propositions that they come in contact with as the information they get from papers and addresses. ICE CREAM. The past year was not such a busy one for the ice cream makers of the state as the one before. This conclusion is drawn from the reports received from the manufacturers, in regard to their out- put, from October 1, 1913, to October 1, 1914; the output for the past year, as near as we are able to learn, being about 500,000 gal- lons short as compared with the year before. This shortage, we feel justified in attributing to the weather conditions, as the past season was remarkable for its lack of hot days and protracted spells of warm weather. This shortage of 500,000 gallons does not necessarily, however, mean that the manufacturers have not realized as much on the out- put as heretofore. This can be attributed to the fact that a large number are coming to realize that the only parties who derive a benefit from the low price at the factory are the retailers, and since their margin is great, the manufacturer can increase his profits by increasing the wholesale price without materially decreasing the percentages of profit of the retailers, not sufficiently at least to cause him to discontinue to handle the product or to discourage the consumption of the same. However, there is still room for the 412 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE manufacturer to increase his revenues by considering the matter of where the larger percentages of profit from the manufacture of the products go, and what effect it would have upon the con- sumption to raise or lower his price to the retailer. As before stated, the ice cream output in this state fell short about 500,000 gallons, the output for the entire year being in the neigh- borhood of 2,500,000 gallons. Due to the premium paid for butter fat in sweet cream for ice cream making purposes, this output means a great deal to the dairy farmers in the state who are supplying this trade. From reports received, about 1,560,000 pounds of butter fat must have been used in the manufacture of ice cream or about one pound of butter fat from every cow in the state was used for ice cream making pur- poses. The average premium paid for butter fat in sweet cream for ice cream purposes was about 10c. Therefore, the producer in this state received 10c more for each cow he milked last year because of the ice cream industry. These figures are not very startling but when considered as a whole over $15,000 does not seem to be a very trifiing revenue which was added to the income of the producers of the state because of the development of the ice cream industry. We trust that another year will show even greater returns. We are gratified to be able to say in this report that the Supreme Court of this state saw fit to reverse the decision of Judge Mc- Henry, which declared the law enacted about three years and a half ago, setting forth a standard for ice cream, unconstitutional. We believe that the language used in handing down the reversal of this decision is sufficiently plain so that no one need question but what, in the minds of those on the bench, a state clearly has a right to establish for itself standards by which those manufactur- ing food products shall be governed. In this state, ice cream is considered one of these products. We are pleased to state that during the past year, such gross violations of the ice cream law have not come to the notice of the department as did last year. We wish to again call your attention to the fact that more care- ful attention should be paid in the factory to the details in making up batches. The time has long since passed when ice cream can be made by guess. Competition is too keen, the trade too critical, and the risk too great to still employ guess methods. We want to urge upon the manufacturer, the necessity of the use of the Babcock FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 413 test in standardizing the cream used in the making of ice cream. No one would expect to churn skim milk and get butter out of it, neither can the ice cream manufacturer expect to secure a standard product by putting into his mixing vat, skim milk and other pro- ducts, the butter fat content of which he has no knowledge. Furthermore, the buying of cream for ice cream purposes should be done only on the butter fat basis. We believe the ice cream maker is entitled to get all that he pays for and are warning him not to buy cream by the gallon unless he is doing so under a con- tract that calls for a certain percentage of butter fat in the cream, and then this should only be done when the cream is tested regular- ly. We have two or three reporting a price of $1.20 to $1.50 per gallon paid for sweet cream and will venture to say that these people probably had very little idea as to what they were paying per pound for butter fat or what this cream was testing. We are pleased to learn that there is an improvement in the condition of the returned empty ice cream containers. An ice cream, container is a utensil used in the distribution of a food product and must, under the sanitary law, be kept clean at all times. It, therefore, behooves the retailer or the users of ice cream to wash and keep clean containers in their possession. So far, we have been pursuing the policy of educating these people to the fact that such containers must be washed as soon as emptied. How- ever, in all probability it will be necessary to prosecute a few violators before this evil can, within the next year, be remedied entirely. We should like to be able to report a greater improvement in the condition' of the ice cream factories, and within another year expect to be able to do so. This will mean that during the coming year a number of the manufacturers will have to provide more light and ventilation for their factories, put in better floors, make tight, smooth walls, provide proper ventilation, do more effective screening, and pay more attention to the keeping of the factory and employees in a clean condition. By doing this, the manu- facturer will not only avoid conflict with the officials and running the risk of losing his factory license, but trade will be stimulated by such inviting surroundings. 414 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE HOMOGENIZED PRODUCTS. During certain seasons of the year, there is a scarcity of cream suitable for ice cream making purposes. This scarcity has caused the development of the use of the homogenizer and other devices, which are used to reincorporate butter fat with milk serum, either skim milk, natural, or that made by mixing skim milk powder and water. This department is in favor of the use of any device or idea which will help simplify food producing and distributing prob- lems, but highly disfavors any practice which tends to discourage cleanliness and the use of high grade products to accomplish this result. Inferior grades of butter should not be allowed to be incorpor- ated in milk and the product put on the market and sold in com- petition with the pure, fresh article produced under sanitary con- ditions. It is the intention of this department to have a law enacted regarding the handling of homogenized products, which shall be similar to the ruling issued last May. This ruling is as follows : "Any product prepared by passing cream through an apparatus which increases its viscosity, and said product contains not less than sixteen per cent of milk fat by weight shall be known and sold under the name 'Homogenized Cream.' Any product prepared by passing wholesome milk fat together with milk, skim milk, or skim milk powder, through an appar- atus, which will cause the products to unite, forming a product having a semblance of cream, and containing not less than 16 per cent of milk fat by weight, shall be known and sold under the name 'Homogenized Process Cream.' Any product prepared in the semblance of ice cream, which has been made in whole or in part from homogenized process cream and said product contains not less than 12 per cent by weight of milk fat, shall be known and sold under the name, 'Homogenized Process Ice Cream.' Each container of said homogenized products shall be distinctly labeled with the true name of said product as herein specified, together with the name of the manufacturer or producer thereof. ' ' FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 415 We would recommend that in the case of bottled goods such as cream, the word "Homogenized" or "Homogenized Process" be added to the printing on the bottle caps which have already printed thereon the name of the producer. In the case of ice cream containers for those who use homogenized cream occasion- ally we would suggest that printed slips, bearing the word, or words, "Homogenized" or "Homogenized Process" ice cream and the name of the manufacturer, similar in style to those used by express companies in marking packages of goods, be pasted on the packer in conspicuous place. For those using homogenized or homogenized process cream continually in the manufacture of ice cream, we would suggest that the words be stenciled on the packer in a manner similar to that used in marking the brand or the name of the manufacture of the product. "Wherever homogenized products are sold at retail, a printed sign or signs shall be conspicuously displayed, giving the true name of the product as herein specified, followed by the words, 'Used Here' or 'Sold Here.' All of said words shall be printed on white cards, using black letters, not smaller than 72 point, heavy face, Gothic caps (standard line). No other printed matter of any kind shall appear on this card. Butter which is made from cream, which previous to its ripening in the hands of the manufacturer, coidd not he used as sweet cream, or butter, which at the time of its use does not score 93 or more, shall not he used in manufacturing homogenized products." The Supreme Court of Iowa has sustained the validity of the law requiring 12% of butter fat in ice cream. The law creating a standard having been upheld, the course of this department is made plain and manufactures and dealers should exercise care to insure that ice cream handled by them is above the standard set by the statute. OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONDENSERIES AND CHEESE FACTORIES IN IOWA. The department believes in a greater Iowa. It not only believes in it, but it is going to do what it can to make this state a more desirable and attractive place in which to live, by bettering its conditions and showing its opportunities. 416 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Although our dairying is very well developed, it is not devel- oped as much as it should be when we consider the quantities of these products which are shipped into this state in the form of cheese and condensed milk, besides a large amount of skim milk powder which is used extensively in bakeries, ice cream factories, and creameries. In order to determine the amounts of these products which are shipped into this state annually, report blanks were sent to all of the wholesale houses in this state, inquiring as to the amounts of cheese and condensed milk which were distributed by their estab- lishments during the year. We received replies from nearly all of these concerns and find that during the past year, the wholesale houses of the state distributed over 10,391,934 pounds of condensed milk, the majority of which was sent in from Wisconsin and Illi- nois, only one concern reporting having received a portion of their product from Iowa. This does not include large quantities of bulk condensed milk, and milk bought directly from the factories out- side of the state, by ice cream makers and bakeries. When we consider that the condenseries of the state produce only six and a half million pounds, we see that in Iowa there is a large field for the development of condenseries, because of the local market which should be filled with home products. Over 6,765,000 pounds of cheese were distributed by these houses and reports from our factories show that only 433,000 pounds were manufactured in this state. These two lines of dairy activities should be developed as we have the markets for these products. Dairying is an essential in the permanent system of our state agricultural development and by pointing out the fact that we have home markets for these prod- ucts to the extent of about 14,000,000 pounds more of condensed milk than is being produced and about 6,500,000 pounds more of cheese than is being manufactured in home factories, this depart- ment hopes to be able to stimulate development along these lines. Reports received show 12 cheese factories in operation as com- pared with 11 for the previous year. The amount of cheese made is hardly in keeping with the increase in number of factories. It is en- tirely possible that the causes which contributed in reducing the amount of creamery butter manufactured have operated to reduce the amount of cheese for the same period. The number of creamer- ies in operation at the present time is given as 496, a shrinkage of 22 from a year ago. Some of these plants are fully equipped and FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 417 will remain closed during the winter months, planning to reopen in time to do much of the spring business. With a normal season, we believe many of the creameries now idle will be organized and manufacture butter during the coming year. A MOVE TO IMPROVE IOWA BUTTER. After having made what we know is a marked improvement in the quality of Iowa eggs, we are going to see what we can do to help the quality of the cream. Nearly a million of what is known as our "Bad Egg Warning" have been sent out within the last year. This is only one of our various plans of educating the producer. We believe in educa- tion first, and prosecutions as a last resort. We will have to ad- mit that we were obliged to make a good many prosecutions to get results and get rid of the bad eggs and the end is not yet. We have sent to the creameries for distribution among their patrons, a large quantity of our bulletin, ' ' Care of Milk and Cream on the Farm." Speakers from this department have addressed Farmers' Institutes, Dairy and Creamery meetings, warning the farmers time and again that there was altogether too much poor cream on the market to make the class of butter that sells for top prices. We realize that a great many of the producers have made a very general improvement in their products by bettering the conditions about their places in the way of putting in ice houses or water tanks for the purpose of cooling and keeping their milk and cream in good condition. Besides this, many new milk houses have been built and others remodeled and cleaned up. We expect to keep up this kind of work and from this time on, supplement it by having the Assistant Dairy Commissioners, where their time will permit, visit some of the most flagrant violators on the farm. Within the last few weeks we have made several successful prosecutions under the new sanitary law, enacted by the 35th General Assembly. Part of Section 1 reads as follows : ' ' Every dairy, creamery, cheese factory, restaurant, hotel, grocery, meat market, or other place or apartment used wholly or in part for the preparation, sale, manufacture, packing, storing, or distribution 27 418 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of any food, shall be properly lighted, drained, plumbed and ven- tilated, and conducted with strict regard to the influence of such conditions upon the purity and wholesomeness of food therein produced, and for the purpose of this Act, the term 'food' as used herein shall include all articles used for food or drink." The courts have held that milk and cream come within the mean- ing of this act, and we believe no one will dispute that they are articles of food. This being true, why should this department stand for the operation of the cream separator in a hog house. Last week a would-be dairyman donated $25.00 to the school fund of Fayette County for that privilege ; besides this he paid the costs of the case. One other offender paid $15 and costs, while two others in Clayton County contributed $10 each. We wish to give these prosecutions the publicity they merit as a warning to other willful offenders. The old saying that "cleanliness is next to God- liness" does not seem to appeal to some of the cream producers. If these people alone were the sufferers for such gross negligence, we should not feel so vitally interested. They do not appear to know or care how much loss or damage they are doing a careful neighbor with whose cream their filthy product is mixed in going to market, neither are they at all solicitous of the welfare of the buttermaker who is using every effort to make a grade of butter that will score 92, or better, so that the creamery may receive a price that shall reflect credit on the management as business men, and fairly compensate the real dairyman for his hard work. "We believe that the unwashed separator has had more to do with low grade butter than any other evil. "We are writing this as a warning to the filthy offenders and to say that unless they clean up and change their methods they will be obliged to do so after having donated to Iowa's school fund. TRADE MARK FOR IOWA BUTTER. This department has been co-oj)erating with the Dairy Depart- ment of the Iowa State College at Ames working out plans for a trademark brand for Iowa butter. Mr. M. Mortensen, professor in dairying at Ames, spent four months this summer in Denmark and Holland and brings home with him much valuable data. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL, YEAR BOOK — PART VI 419 We have requested E. R. Harlan, curator of the state historical department, to draft an appropriate design for the Iowa trade mark. It was at first suggested that the state coat of arms be placed on the design, but this suggestion was dropped. We have recommended that the Iowa State Dairy Association appoint a committee to work with the State Dairy and Food Com- mission and representatives of the Iowa State College in formu- lating laws to be enacted by the next general assembly, A rea- sonable amount of financial aid or help will be asked of the legis- lature to put this brand of butter before the people of this and other countries. The idea, as put before the buttermakers, is that the state adopt a trademark which may be used by all persons who comply with a certain standard to be fixed by the state for Iowa butter. The butter must score at least 93 per cent on the system of scoring adopted by the state. This system included inspection of the plants, the material used, and the butter products. At any time a plant falls below the standard, the state would withdraw the privilege of putting the product out as Iowa butter. The state produces for sale outside of Iowa nearly 90,000,000 pounds of butter annually. The grade is high, but by the estab- lishment of a standard, we think it can be improved so that outside of the state there will be a steady demand for Iowa butter at prices 2c to 3c above the market. Regarding the scoring, we would further recommend that butter from the creameries having the privilege of using this trademark be scored monthly and that such scoring be done at the Iowa ex- periment station and that for doing such scoring one man be furnished by the State Dairy and Food Commissioner, one by the Dairy Department, Iowa State College, and third to be a creamery buttermaker from one of the creameries belonging to the associa- tion. The reports from such scorings should be mailed immediately to the office of the State Dairy and Food Commissioner, who should have the authority to call for a return of the trademark whenever it is found that the quality of the butter does not warrant the use thereof. Any creamery desiring the privilege of using such a trademark should apply in writing to the office of the state dairy and food commissioner in Des Moines. Any creamery allowed to use the trademark should also be al- lowed to use it on print butter. The manufacturers of parchment 420 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE paper for such prints should receive a stamp, from the state com- missioner and no one would be allowed to use such a stamp except by instruction of the state dairy and food commissioner. CONDITION OF BUTTER MARKET. For the past twelve months the butter market has averaged some- what lower than for the preceding year. Late in the year 1913, large shipments of foreign butter began to arrive which, taken in connection with rather a large amount of storage butter held in freezers, had a depressing effect on trade conditions. The demand for strictly fancy butter remained quite keen throughout the year, undergrades suffering because of the foreign competition. Very little of the butter received from New Zealand, Australia, Argen- tine or Siberia, has been good enough to compete with the best American butter. This condition has caused a wide range of prices between the grades offered and on December 15, 1913, the best butter was quoted on the New York market at 37c while seconds would not sell for more than 27c. Creameries receiving poor raw material have found it difficult to operate at a profit owing to the low price received for poor grades of butter. This has resulted in an extraordinary effort be- ing put forth to obtain a better grade of raw material and the out- side competition, which appeared at first as a calamity, will result in an improved quality. Figures received from 506 creameries re- porting indicate that the average quality of butter has again shown improvement over the preceding year. The creameries of Iowa manufactured 92,865,921 pounds of butter which sold for $29,513,902.27, an average of 31.78c per pound. For the year preceding, the butter sold for 1.51c more than the average price quoted for extras, while for this year the butter brought 1.81c above the average quotation. This would indicate that the butter, selling on the same basis, was .3c per pound better value than in 1913. This increase seems small but when applied to the entire output amounts to $278,597 which, after all, is a mighty good return for the money and effort expended in securing the better quality. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 421 The amount of butter produced is somewhat smaller than that reported a year ago and in our opinion the shrinkage is in a large measure due to the extremely dry weather which prevailed in the southern half of the state during the summer months. The general prosperity has also tended to decrease the number of cows milked on each farm but figures are not available which would indicate to what extent this has reduced the output of butter. SHOWING AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICE OF EXTRA CREAMERY BUTTER IN NEW YORK MARKET. Month X a© 4) be 111 o o SO t> a a J, o o SO (U be > a m a 4i o t> SO > a S3^ o o BO a M ^S |gS 5^ O O SO III JSrH o o SO (U be > o II § w . o o go >_a 5 aa: X!rH a-J o o so > a a 4^' o O SO (U bn > a ^ acn a« o O SO > Q XI rH a-^ o o SO 0) M > a a -OS |gs October November December January $.2362 .2650 .2920 .2762 .2600 .2860 .2725 .2200 .2160 .2012 .1940 .2075 $.2100 .2317 .2423 .2270 .2517 .2452 .2284 .2012 .1803 $.2095 .2481 .2688 .2910 .3218 .2807 .3008 .2371 .2049 $.2184 .2350 .2480 .2650 .2709 .2700 .2188 .2017 .2022 .2062 .2257 .2462 $.2611 .2762 .3164 .3080 .32.54 .3061 .3069 .2501 .2360 .2481 .2488 .2781 $.2915 .2725 .2887 .3069 .3233 .2840 .2855 .2369 .2329 .2243 .2285 .2388 $.2673 $.3064 $.2996 $.3044 $.3129 .2957 .3095 .3117 .3.391 .3446 .3131 .3490 .2966 .3679: -3727 .3152, .3344, .2639 .3810; .3518 $.3146 .3385 .3612 .3266 February March April May .3009 .2964 .2611. .3114 .2953, .3263 .2391 .3064 .27081 .3113 .2111 .3235 .2658; .2843 .2187, .3043 .258ll .2702 .2499' .2731 .3639 .3677 .3459 .2861 .2781 .2702 .2798 .3157 .2934 .2774 .2540 .2616 .2722 July August September .17671 .2056 .1793 .2111 .1947 .2068 .2623 .2719 .3013 .2831 .2938 .2989 .2510 .2631 .2655 .2713 .2663 .2976 .2790 .3043 .3143 Av. value per lb. per year $.2438 $.2140| $.2489 $.2340 $.2759 $.21762 $.2848 $.3060 $.2609 $.3121 $.3241 $.2997 REPORT OF THE IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. The work of the Educational Department of the Iowa State Dairy Association during the past year has been conducted somewhat dif- ferently than in previous years, due to the development of dairying throughout the State. The special campaigns of previous years which covered large areas in a limited time served their purpose to stimulate interest and created a demand for more detailed in- formation along the lines of better dairying. In order to meet this demand the department arranged to hold longer meetings and wherever possible conduct practical demonstrations by using the equipment and stock from the farms of each community. The special work was also conducted as nearly as possible in those sections where dairying is least developed and where its in- 422 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE troduction will be of greatest benefit in improving the agricultural conditions. The southern half of Iowa is in need of more dairying because of the condition of the soil and the relatively low income obtained with the present methods of farming used on the high priced land. There are but few creameries in this portion of the state and therefore the market for the dairy products is not as well developed as in the northern portions. In order to be of the greatest assistance a large part of the work has been devoted to the southern half of the State. Since our last report representatives of the Iowa State Dairy Association have met 268 audiences in 62 counties. The records of the attendance at these various meetings show that 37,480 people have been reached. Of the 268 audiences, 43 were in attendance at the Farmers' Institutes, 89 at Creamery Meetings, and the re- maining 136 meetings were conducted by the Dairy Association directly. Up to the winter of 1913-14 the department had operated 12 dairy trains. These covered every railroad line in the State and furnished the lecturers an opportunity to reach 595 towns, 47 of which were given two meetings due to the crossing of the various lines. These special trains were conducted in a manner to create an interest in dairying and prepared the way for more detailed information in the localities visited. During the winter of 1914, a special dairy train was operated over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Meetings from one half day to a full day in length were held at each town and a complete program given. Although the train was out nearly a month, the longer meetings would only permit holding from three to four a day. This limited the number of meetings and only the communities that were willing to give assistance were included in the itinerary. The farmers, the business men, and the commercial clubs at each place cooperated in every way to make the meeting a success. Upon the arrival of the train, lectures w^ere given in a hall provided by the town for this purpose. The subjects of feeding, breeding, care of the herd, the pure bred sire, barn construction, silos and ensilage, alfalfa, the care of cream, diseases of dairy cattle, etc. were taken up in a practical manner. After each lecture questions were called for and discussions held. The exhibit cars carried on this special were equipped more com- pletely than those on the previous trains. The exhibit of dairy ap- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 423 pliances, model silos, barns, etc., as well as representatives of the leading breeds were shown to the audiences after the program at the hall and the local cow show had been completed. A community cow show was held in conjunction with 58 of the meetings conducted during the year. This feature in every instance proved most practical and instructive. At each town the business men provided prizes for the best cows exhibited. This created considerable rivalry and brought out an average of 18 cows at each show. In addition to the farmers' meetings an effort was made to reach the younger generation. In order to do this most efficiently, lectures on general dairying were delivered to the high school students. At the completion of the lectures the boys and girls were given work in judging dairy cattle. Prizes for this contest w^ere also offered by the local merchants. According to the records 1685 boys and girls were given instructions in judging dairy cattle. A milk record contest among the boys and girls between the ages of 12 and 20 years was also conducted during the year. One hundred and eighty-two contestants w^ere entered, and one hun- dred fifty-seven completed the work. Each of the contestants kept records on the milk and butterfat produced, the cost of feed, and figured the profit or loss on three or more cows for three months. The results of the contest indicate that 623 cows were under test. Practically all of them were located on farms which would not have carried on this work had it not been for the contest. As an inducement to encourage the boys and girls to enter this contest, three pure bred bull calves, representing the Holstein, Jersey and Guernsey breeds were given for the first three prizes. Other prizes in the form of dairy equipment, cash prizes and farm journals were offered by companies interested in the promotion of dairying. A number of creameries were assisted in issuing to their patrons bulletins containing dairy information. The department made a study of the conditions of the various localities and furnished the copy for these bulletins. The practice of issuing bulletins which began last year was con- tinued throughout the present year. During the busy season for the farmers when it was impossible to hold meetings, bulletins on timely topics, pertaining to the improvement of the dairy condi- tions on the average farm were prepared and sent for publication to the newspapers in 364 communities. 4:24 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE In addition to the above mentioned work the Association has as- sisted the managements of the County and District fairs to increase their dairy departments. Production contests were also conducted at a number of the local fairs. The organization of breeding and testing associations has also been encouraged in a number of localities. Like in former years the state dairy expert helped with the management of the Dairy Cattle Congress which is held annually with the State Dairy Association Convention. The Dairy Show since its beginning in 1910 has been an important factor in encourag- ing better dairying . It brings the best representatives of all the leading breeds of dairy cattle in America to Iowa for the inspection of the farmers and dairymen. In addition to the cattle there is a large exhibit of butter and other dairy products as well as up-to- date dairy farm equipment of all kinds. The convention proper is held on the grounds of the show and furnishes an added attraction to those seeking dairy information. The Iowa State Dairy Association in all of its work has been as- sisted in a large measure by the other dairy interests of the State. Chief among these is the Dairy and Food Department which had a number of speakers on the trains throughout the tours and also co-operated in all the other work. The individual dairymen have also sacrificed portions of their time to educating their brother farmers in better methods and giving them the benefit of valuable experience. The Dairy Department of the Iowa State College and the Department of the State Veterinarian has also given valuable assistance each year. There is an extensive field for dairy educational work in Iowa. The preliminary work of showing the vital relation of good dairy- ing to permanent agriculture is being rapidly accomplished. If the necessary funds are supplied the work can be extended and dairy- ing made to be a very profitable department on the Iowa farm. ALFALFA. The acreage devoted to alfalfa, especially in dairy districts, is rapidly increasing in Iowa from year to year. The men who contend that alfalfa cannot be grown on Iowa land are harder to find than FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 425 they were a few years ago, and when farmers over our state know as much about raising alfalfa as they do about raising our great corn crop, its success will be assured. It is not an uncommon thing for alfalfa to yield five tons to the acre in three cuttings and being nearly equal in nutritive food value to wheat bran, it is not unfair to say that good alfalfa hay is worth from $10.00 to $15.00 per ton to any feeder of farm animals. When starting an alfalfa field select a well drained tract with a water level at least five feet from the surface. Alfalfa will not grow on a water-logged, mucky or sour soil. To determine the sourness or acidity of the soil, use the blue litmus paper test. Pro- cure some blue litmus paper from your druggist, cut a slit in the moist soil and insert the paper and press the soil closely around it. Allow it to remain about a half hour and then examine the color of the paper. If the paper is pink the soil shows acidity and should be limed before sowing alfalfa, but if it remains blue no lime is necessary. Alfalfa may be sown in either the fall or spring, but fall sowing is to be advised as a grain crop can be raised on the land during the early months of the season and if sown in the spring the field is apt to become infested with weeds. The plant does not, as a rule, do well with a nurse crop. The field to be used should be well fertilized with well rotted barnyard manure, and inoculated with nitrogen gathering bacteria which are so essential to the life of the alfalfa plant. Soil may be inoculated in two ways; First, by taking wagon loads of dirt from a neighboring alfalfa field, or sweet clover field, (which uses the same kind of bacteria) or the pure culture. These nitrogen produc- ing bacteria are seldom found in soil never before used for alfalfa. Plow the soil deep, providing as much aeration as possible before planting the seed. Sow about twenty pounds to the acre of the best alfalfa seed procurable to obtain the best results. The time to cut the crop is when the little shoots put out at the base of the plant. Never har- vest the crop until these appear. Good alfalfa hay used in conjunction with corn silage and a small grain ration is the ideal balanced ration feed for a dairy cow without the addition of any high priced concentrate to reduce the profit from the butterfat. "When the dairymen of the state are universally equipped with silage and alfalfa their profits will be very materially increased. 426 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE THE BABCOCK TEST IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Ever since the Babcock test has been generally used as a means of determining the amount of butterfat produced by individual cows, dairy authorities have recognized the value of placing these ma- chines in the hands of dairymen. Farmers and dairymen have been urged to weigh the milk from each cow and test the product on the farm as this part of the dairy work always creates an interest in better dairy animals and adds an attractive feature to the other- wise monotonous labors of the dairyman. Realizing the importance of reaching the young people on the farm, the operation of the Babcock test has been demonstrated to large numbers of pupils in the schools throughout the state and the interest shown in this subject leads us to believe that within a short time the subject of testing milk and cream. will be taught as a part of a regular course in agriculture in the rural schools. The Owasa public school has during the past year carried on a course of instruction in testing milk and cream and prizes were offered to those who stood highest in an examination given at the close of the school year in June, 1914. In giving the examination the same blanks were used as have been adopted in examining oper- ators of the Babcock test before issuing licenses in this state and the papers filled out by these pupils were very creditable and in- dicated that the instruction had been thorough. In addition, these pupils were given instruction in the care of milk and cream and bulletins issued by this department were used as a text in school work. Essays written by the various pupils, which were later submitted to this department, for grading, indicate that the pupils gained a very clear idea of the subject matter and we believe this plan furnishes the best means of improving the quality of Iowa butter. Keeping in mind that many of these boys and girls will within a few years be the people who will live on the farms of Iowa, we cannot over-estimate the importance of teaching them proper methods in the care of milk and cream. Much of the poor cream produced is a result of failure on the part of our dairymen to understand the necessity for giving the best care to their produce and no work undertaken in recent years will bring greater direct benefit to the individuals and to the state as a whole than this line of instruction in the rural schools of the state. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 427 CREAMERY SCORE CARD. Early in the year 1913, Prof. M. Mortenson of the Dairy Depart- ment at Ames offered prizes for the best kept creamery premises with a view to creating an interest in better creamery buildings and surroundings. The contest aroused considerable rivalry and the results were such as justified an expansion of his idea. At the semi-annual meeting of inspectors of this department in May, 1914, Prof. Mortensen appeared and presented his plan with the result that a committee of our inspectors met with Prof. Morten- sen and a creamery score card was designed to be used in grading the various creameries according to the condition of the plant and equipment. Prof. Mortensen again provided prizes for the highest scoring plant and our creamery inspectors are able to fill out a score card of the building and grounds while making the regular sanitary inspection of the plant and at the end of the year the score cards will be judged by a committee to determine the winner of the prizes. It has long been acknowledged that a clean building with well kept grounds had a good effect on the producer of the raw material and a creamery plant in which the producers take pride acts as a stimulant to produce a superior quality of milk or cream. There are many creameries throughout the state that will pass inspection under the law and yet may be greatly improved by a little addi- tional care on the part of the buttermaker or Board of Directors. Little attention has been paid to the beautification of the grounds surrounding our industrial establishments but we hope in the future to so educate the farming communities that they will make their creamery grounds a place of beauty as well as a financial asset to the community. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. Foot and mouth disease is an acute, highly communicable disease confined to cloven-footed animals and ruminants and is character- ized by an eruption of vesicles on the mucous membrane of the mouth and on the skin between the toes and above the hoofs and 428 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE sometimes on udder, teats and escutcheon. The vesicles rupture, forming erosions and ulcerations; there is also salivation, tender- ness of the affected parts, loss of appetite, lameness, emaciation, and diminution in the quantity of milk secreted. In some instances, the horn tissues slip from the foot of the hog. The foot lesions are most pronounced in hogs, the mouth lesions in cattle. The tremendous ravages of the disease are seen in the number and variety of the species attacked. While it may be regarded as essentially a disease of cattle, hogs are fully as susceptible. Sheep and goats are apparently not as susceptible as cattle and hogs. Horses, dogs, cats and even poultry, may occasionally carry the infection. Man himself is not immune, and the frequency of his infection by coming in contact with diseased animals is established by numerous observations. The disease prevails in European countries and occasions great economic losses. The disease has made its appearance in the United States only on five different occasions — 1870, 1880, 1884, 1902-3, and 1908, but fortunately every outbreak upon American soil has thus far been quickly followed by its complete eradication. The United States through the Bureau of Animal Industry, work- ing in co-operation with the authorities of various states, has never failed to eradicate this disease. This cannot be said of any other country in connection with the outbreaks of foot and mouth disease. The causative agent or germ of this disease has not been isolated or identified. The specific principle may be found in the serum of the vesicles in the mouth and on the feet and udder; in the saliva, milk and various secretions and excretions; also in the blood during the rise of the temperature. Animals may be in- fected directly through the saliva, as by licking each other, and in calves by sucking diseased cows, or indirectly by fomites such as infected manure, hay, utensils, drinking troughs, railway cars, animal markets, barnyards, and pastures. Foot and mouth disease is primarily and principally a disease of cattle, sheep, goats and swine. The disease may be transmitted to man, and especially to children, through the ingestion of raw milk from a diseased cow. It is doubtful whether the disease can be transmitted to man by cutaneous or subcutaneous inoculation, though it is probable the infection may be communicated if the virus directly enters the blood through wounds of any kind. Chil- dren are not infrequently infected by drinking raw milk during the periods in which the disease is prevalent in the neighborhood, FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 429 while persons in charge of diseased animals may become infected through contact with the diseased parts or by milking, slaughtering, or caring for the animals. The disease is very seldom fatal to human beings, usually ap- pearing in a very mild form except in w^eakened children, in whom an accompanying intestinal catarrh may lead to a fatal termina- tion. An animal in the first stages of the disease, or with a slight at- tack, will produce milk which is only slightly abnormal. There is generally a reduction in the quantity of sugar and casein, which causes a reduction in the specific gravity. "When the disease is fully developed, the milk invariably contains inflammatory products of a very pronounced character and the quantity of milk is greatly reduced. Cows affected with malignant form of the disease prac- tically fail to produce milk. If the udder becomes involved the milk becomes slimy and is yellowish and viscous like colostrum. It may contain blood and deposit a sediment on standing; the cream layer is thin and of a dirty color. Sometimes no cream layer is formed, the milk ap- pearing uniform but slimy and possessing a bad odor and repul- sive rancid taste. On account of the possibility of the disease being transmitted to human beings as well as to animals, through the use of milk and its products, it is advisable that all milk, cream, skim milk, and butter- milk be efficiently pasteurized. The bacteria causing the disease loses its virulence by being heated to 122° F. for 15 minutes ; by being heated to 158° F. for 10 minutes; heating to boiling destroys it at once. The bacteria is not easily killed by cold and has been known to remain active after being placed in a refrigerator for one month. As a means of safeguarding the health of the people through the milk supply of the state, as well as for the protection of the dairyman and his herd, the Commission makes the following recom- mendations : ALL FARMS FOUND TO HAVE DISEASED ANIMALS MUST BE IMMEDIATELY QUARANTINED AND NO MILK OR DAIRY PRODUCTS THEREFROM PERMITTED TO BE USED FOR ANY PURPOSE AVHATSOEVER. CREAMERIES MUST THOROUGHLY PASTEURIZE ALL CREAM, MILK, SKIM MILK, AND BUTTER-MILK. 430 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE WASH AND SCALD ALL MILK CANS AS SOON AS THEY ARE RETURNED. DO NOT VISIT FARMS OR DISTRICTS WHERE THE DISEASE IS PREVALENT OR SUSPECTED. DO NOT PURCHASE FEED OR BEDDING FROM IN- FECTED DISTRICTS. ALL BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE KEPT IN A CLEAN AND SANITARY CONDITION. THOROUGHLY CLEANSE ALL WATERING TROUGHS FREQUENTLY. DO NOT PERMIT VISITORS OTHER THAN OFFICERS OR VETERINARIANS TO INSPECT YOUR ANIMALS. KEEP ALL LIVE STOCK OFF THE HIGHWAYS. ALL DOGS AND CATS SHOULD BE CONFINED AT HOME, ALSO PIGEONS. ALL STRAY DOGS, CATS, PL GEONS AND CROWS SHOULD BE SHOT. The following disinfectants are satisfactory when thoroughly applied to cow barns and premises. Three per cent solution cresol compound U. S. P. or 5% solution of carbolic acid, with sufficient lime to whiten the solution. If the disease is prevalent in your vicinity, spray barns thor- oughly with either of the above solutions. The water should be luke warm. Strain the solution before placing in sprayer. Spray the barn soon after the cows are turned out in the morning. Animals' feet may be disinfected with a 1 to 1,000 solution of Bichloride of Mercury. COMPETITIVE EXHIBITIONS OF MILK. In this state four such annual exhibitions have been held, under the auspicies of the State Dairy Association, and in connection with the Dairy Cattle Congress at Waterloo, during the month of Oc- tober. As no tabulated reports of these contests have been published we deem them worthy of a place in this report, since the first three were under the direct supervision of 0. P. Thompson, State Dairy Inspector of this department. "The first public milk and cream exhibition for prizes in this country was held in connection with the National Dairy Show in FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 431 Chicago, under the direction of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, February 15-24, 1906. The objects were, first, educational ; second, to determine the possibilities in the handling and keeping of milk and cream produced under sanitary conditions and kept cold ; and third, to test a score card for rating fairly and accurately this class of dairy products. ' ' It was deemed advisable to have but one class — raw milk at this time, and to add at a later date pasteurized milk, and also a class for cream both raw and pasteurized. Some objection has been made to this sort of an exhibit from the fact that the samples submitted do not accurately represent the milk offered for sale in a regular way, and that the milk men take extra pains with this milk. This is ordinarily the case, but this is an educational exhibit and is intended to show what can be done. The buttermaker who enters a tub of butter for the scoring con- test does not take this butter from his regular churning, neither does the exhibitor of dairy cattle, for a prize, lead his cow directly from the pasture into the show ring. To those unfamiliar with these exhibitions, it may seem that the score under the head of "Visible dirt" is low, but it averages up well with other similar exhibits, at other shows. The samples for the first three years "^ere judged and plated for bacterial count on the fourth day after being milked, and those for the current year were judged and plated on the second day. 432 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Table showing the number of milk licenses issued to city milk dealers for each year from 1907 to 1914. In each case the year ends on July Fourth. Number . 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1006 1078 1149 1106 1310 1908 2038 1914 2189 Cities Population Boone 10,347 Burlington 25,741 Cedar Rapids 32,811 Clinton 25,577 Council Bluffs 29,292 Davenport 43,028 Des Moines 86,368 Dubuque 38,494 Fort Dodge 15,543 Keokuk 14,008 Iowa City 10,091 Marshalltown 14,000 Mason City 11,230 Muscatine 16,178 Ottumwa 22,012 Sioux City 47,848 Waterloo 26,693 Inspectors M. Healy, M. D. W. F. Schroeder Phil Pray J. H. Spence, D. V. S. Peter Smith H. J. High H. W. McElroy F. J. Kennedy, D. V. S. Francis Ludgate, M. D. W. P. Sherlock, M. D. C. S. Chase, M. D. C. A. Noggle, D. V. S. A. L. Wheeler, M. D. John Tillie, D. V. S. B. W. Van Der Veer E. C. Pape W. W. Wyant FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 433 TABLE NO. 3. Table Sliowin^^ Number of Poxmds of Milk Received, Number of Pounds of Cream Received, Pounds of Butter Made and Pounds Sold in Iowa and Outside the State so far as Reported by the Creameries. Counties a s c n Adair Adams Allamakee __. Appanoose --. Audubon Benton Black Hawk . Boone : Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo Cherokee Chickasaw Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware Des Moines -. DickinsoQ Dubuque Emmet Payette Floyd Franklin Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton — . Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt — Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson --- Johnson Jones 137,473 47,5o4 9,000 24,978,862 69,338,236 15,856,333 U,2m 8,085,976 11,716 185,210 181^496' 1,357,817 19,122,372 318,212 15,562,554 233,998 4,868,000 17,170,094 36,777 1,568,831 325,238 7,112,711 2,968,538 1,440,543 4,598,060 845,895 1,279, 3:-2 2,196,73a 3,251,591 3,893,743 2,519,292 2,270,248 1,570,193 1,483,660 2,841,683 297,783 6.870, OiO e02,S24 132,502 1,937,855 2,162,466 7,464,985 3,374,026 372,804 3,908,817 168,000 1,394,050 7,108,457 2,670,475 2,020,386 1,251,473 36,035,392 43,000 28,869 174,705 954,139 66,875 1,556,221 540,239 1,700,315 26^006' 744,126 467,747 10,000 1,519,301 6,392,830 931,636 7,276,695 4,082,832 3,941,583 120, S43 325,325 2,495,244 1,998,250 1,179,867 4, 577,89s 4,896,631 300,000 5,700,230 2,567,261 651,670 l,364,7.r> 4,688,179 444,035 265,450 36,000 6,699,111 1,098,945 501,347 2,437,168 285,615 3,040,178 1,348,437 1,089,915 1,515,082 880,825 821,370 534,755 490,334 1,518,772 110,824 2,514,710 812,274 3,185,670 1,124,941 124,268 323,223 60,480 418,057 3,100,006 941,3141 2,184,904 470,535 3,739,045 756,308 1,178,443 40,115 126,633 806,779 672,625 336,783 1,448,172 l,605,a59 100,000 38,566 5,171 40,123 61,932 17,430 149,111 11,530 268,131 100,814 47,265 125,836 23,433 21,948 1,535 18,889 43,117 28,562 177,960 51,665 101,934 20,792 676 18,435 1,350 197,133 19,042 85,718 38,752 267,538 31,418 53,569 11,233 47,515 49,958 43,086 63,403 94,970 20,000 1,680,907 839,006 255,500 508,393 1,576,052 159,171 86,250 12,000 2,037,059 28 91,832 31,630 4,000 46,029 34,333 11,287 2,000 101,079 35,460 13,350 117,328 40,179 109,974 660,118 140, 2C0 193,498 165,050 72,684 96,181 30,960 134,312 111,507 210,148 223,091 26,000 108,232 82,064 313,987 159,890 24,639 204,192 29,105 13,414 264,081 58,753 811,681 9,345 280,952 199,123 71,391 11,372 39,701 8,968 76,609 44,901 56,934 132,872 80,000 150,205 61,032 35,000 50,395 97,561 47,923 56,250 10, COO 117.743 5!28,798 113,973 1,780,404 996,834 376,937 1,627,939 133,879 2,608,549 1,082,573 966,965 1,293,065 776,432 665,110 421,713 261,297 1,252,504 56,262 2.228,512 678,540 2,769,749 944,259 98,953 100,596 29,965 404,643 2,647,852 862,947 1,787,505 422,438 3,190,560 525,767 1,053,483 28,743 75,099 750,296 546,053 268,795 1,327,835 1,377,511 1,438,930 746,344 216,500 411,969 1,444,158 99,961 30,000 1,818,241 434 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. 3— Continued. Counties Keo'kuk Kossuth L«e Irinn Louisa Lucas Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills - Mitcliell Monona Monroe Montgomery -- Muscatine O'Brien O'sceola Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas — Polk Pottawattamie Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapello Warren Washington -- Wayne Webster Winnebago -— Winneshiek Woodbury Worth — Wright Total- 1,629,217 23, lie 1,19T,479 115,S24 82,516 713,160 183,813 3,685,001 234, SSr? 5,000 520,000 83,105 3,467 57,422 5,8S6 191,8817 104,220 22,974 103,604 787,500 431,151 4,212,328 1,141,103 20,910 51,149 240,347,153 485,000 5,819,890 4,439,260 7,125,267 62,7S4 1,408,134 497,679 282,432 1,940,690 210,525 4,246,691 172,256 320,000 1,772,165 567,076 1,999,115 4,410,898 771,551 1,079,968 10,953,073 2,868,656 684,356 25,110 1,674,026 704,285 993,228 4,245,318 2,358,42V 1,029,300 2,310,328 757,202 4,468,804 64,968 1,820,457 1,427'.826 i,7Vl,-2rH> 8,240,797 27,452,206 4,300,153 2,047,787 256,661,863 164,800 1,SS3,792 1,146,420 2,289,292 13,711 481.627 2,000 157,119 68,841 160 2,6'52 166,898 102,826 687,414 70,175 1,253,316 46,035 90,000 663,840 232,176 858,083 1,517,533 265,077 351,610 3,729,311 954,552 232,204 8,859 569,546 250,992 379,567 1,540,089 792,138 341,487 766,705 275,586 1,423,827 20,656 663,169 424,922 1,640,114 2,367,509 10,740,082 1,306,374 607,689 92,865,921 21,874 85,776 6,067 2,000 314,774 5,460 155,762 8,204 7,209 92,800 128,878 130,970 402,622 2,943 15,885 10,720 213,166 40,672 66,309 9,153 50,000 4,294 110 25,962 20,071 36,410 86,375 12,379 15,620 5,3SS 3,245 2,973 129,366 35,855 10,000 72,086 27,505 3,768,478 95,878 31,359 57,785 102,006 87,808 40,166 1,590,321 207,100 123,279 1,945 83,046 50,016 ffi,l72 92,709 141,997 87,250 46,320 44,829 381,354 66,723 212,498 72,388 108,043 723,836 55,975 114,909 11,337,247 100,000 1,597,796 1,015,450 1,817,829 10,608 463,090 165,893 92,106 452,375 29,503 1,101,231 29,266 38,000 533, lb» 195,357 800,298 1,259,765 160,065 304,236 2,138,990 747,4»:i 104,631 6,804 460,538 194,976 337,324 1,410,970 563,766 241,858 704,765 225,374 1,042,473 20,666 593,201 209,451 1,438,300 2,223,608 10,006,246 1,178,313 465,275 77,760,196 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VI 435 TABLE NO. 4. Table Showing Number of Hand Separators, Number of Patrons and Number of Cows. Counties s S5 o '3 — O O 03 . o. a COO) o 03 O CD en -*j •a o a o. C3 O n o »-. <*-• t^ c o . a > o o . a o 0) • 2 1 8 713 144 1,648 717 160 1,7315 4,038 1,120 13,603 8 e 12 2 7 e 14 5 10 2 4 8 2 9 9* 13 6 1 2 1 1 19 6 1,086 1,196 1,259 3160 248 837 1,354 934 837 1,394 471 747 943 290 1,40(2 2,172 1,645 120 440 80 eoo 1,857 1,043 1,226 778 2,049 360 1,984 1,363 1,367 1,535 1,020 1,476 541 789 1,463 384 1,978 '"'iloir 2,665 1,672 124 721 129 700 2,543 1,060 8,881 BentoD - 4,401 Black Hawk 2 13,519 2,660 16.926 1 9,394 Buena Vista — Butler 9,268 10,980 2 5,895 Carroll 7.998 2 3.440 Cedar 5,344 2 9,975 3,155 16,702 Clarke Clay - 6^226 21,176 OliDton — 2 1 1 7,778 Crawford — Dallas 868 4,867 612 1 1 1 4,400 Delaware Des (Moines 16,677 6,730 Dubuque Emmet . _ 3 17 5 14 41 7 1 2 5 5 5 8 10 1 1.768 381 1,802 ess 1,105 €0 269 584 780 503 1,339 1,467 130 1,939 414 3,021 902 1,200 65 279 665 810 674 1,339 1,584 150 15.184 3,517 Fayette — Ployd 21,533 5,630 Franklin 1 8,394 459 Grundy 5^629 5,446 Hamilton 4,293 9,884 Hardin 1 10,427 1,050 9 e 1 7 12 2 1 1 7 2 18 1 1,499 903 180 569 1,490 232 75 20 1,821 175 1,629 400 1,603 938 200 582 1,561 244 120 20 1,878 200 1,639 4,000 13,952 Humboldt 1 6,489 1,000 3,904 Jasper 1 11,089 1,639 850 140 Keokuk 2 1 1 13,335 1,400 Kossuth Lee 12,481 21,000 436 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. 4- Continued. Counties a u a X3 > '3 — ■eg oca . CO. O <1> 0) o as then again just before the cane and cow peas are ready FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 4SS for use. The third cutting comes on just when the cows appreciate a change from the cane and cow peas. Other Crops Grown: Rye has been tried hut found to be in- ferior as a soiling crop. "While it is of value as an early pasture it is deficient as a soiling crop because it comes on when it is not usually necessary to supplement the pasture and it is in proper stage of maturity for soiling, but a very short time and it lacks palatability. Cow peas and soy beans have not been found to be especially valuable as soiling crops when grown alone, although when grown with cane the cow peas are excellent. While they make excellent hay, as green crops they seemed to lack palatability. Because upon most farms sufficient pasture is allowed to give the animals the necessary feed until the middle of June at least, the following outline of a succession of soiling crops will doubtless prove of value. SUCCESSION OF SOILING CROPS USED ON THE IOWA STATE COLLEGE DAIRY FARM. Approximate time of cutting Crops Approximate time of sowing Rate of seeding per acre Average yield of green feed per acre June 10 to Alfalfa Oats and Canada Field Peas Oats and Canada Pield Peas Alfalfa Amber Fodder Cane- Fodder Cane and Cow Peas Spring or August April 5 April 20 20 lbs. .. 8 tons June 15 to July 5 July 1 to July 10 ... IJ bu. oats IJ bu. peas l| bu. oats IJ bu. peas 20 lbs. 70 lbs. 30 lbs cane 1 bu. cow peas— 30 lbs. cane 1 bu. cow peas— 3 pecks 5 tons 5 tons July 10 to July 15 July 10 to July 20 July 15 to August 15 Spring or August May 5 May 15 June 10 July 10 4 tons 20 tons 12 tons August 15 to September 20 Fodder Cane and Cow Peas 13 tons September 20 to heavy trost Millet 3 tons The first cutting- of alfalfa yielded 2.96. the second cutting 1.46, and the third 2.61 tons of cured hay per acre in 1912. 456 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE VALUE OF THE DAIRY SIRE. BY HUGH G. VAN PELT. The subject assigned to me is not only one of vast importance as it pertains to improving dairy conditions, but it is broad in its scope. It permits ttie speaker to treat upon the selection as well as the care, handling and feeding of the dairy sire. Volumes can be and have been written on these various phases. I shall treat only oil suggestions per- taining to the selection of the sire. It is the most important phase of the subject and in too many instances given too little thought and study. The judgment and discretion used in selecting bulls determine the future of the herd. Success in breeding any class of live stock de- pends upon the character of the sires. So often has it been said the sire is half the herd that we have learned to believe but not, in a large percentage of cases, to heed it. The statement is true, however, and radical as it may appear it is not sufficiently sweeping to illustrate the worth of a good sire or the worthlessness of a poor one, for given a herd of cows the sire is the controlling factor in establishing or eliminat- ing the quality of the herd from the standpoint of breeding. No breeder of live stock has ever made advancement who has not recognized this fact and unless you are willing to make it your plan to use only sires that bear the stamp of excellence, your herds will deteriorate rather than improve regardless of all other factors. It is true that proper care and feeding are necessary and of vital importance, but reckless breeding can never be corrected by good feeding any more than poor feeding can be corrected by careful breeding. These go hand in hand and one without the other spells failure as surely as the two together assure success. POOR SIRE A MONEY LOSER. There is no logical reason why any intelligent dairyman should use a poor sire. There is no scarcity of good animals and no breeder of dairy cattle should use a poor bull as long as there is a good one in America. I wonder how many have really thought how differently good and poor sires affect your herd and your bank account. Here is an example that is being demonstrated every year on thousands of American farms. A dairyman has fifty fairly good cows averaging 200 pounds of fat annually. He is sure he needs a bull. He makes his selection almost wholly from the standpoint of cost and prides himself on being shrewd when he places a bull at the head of his herd which, although pure bred, cost but little, and is worth less. He uses him two years, or until his first daughters come into milk. Granting 50 per cent of his calves are heifers, and allowing a 20 per cent death loss, he has sired forty cows. These cows yield annually only 190 pounds of butter-fat, or ten pounds less than their mothers. This loss, at 30 cents per pound, equals $3 per year for each cow — $120 per year for the forty. Not so much, but FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART-VII 457 keep them in the herd for ten years, which should he the working life of a good cow, and the total loss is $1,200. This measures the real value of this bull — $1,200 less than nothing. This is not an exceptional case, for I venture the assertion that there are thousands of bulls in service today that are lowering the average annual yield from ten to fifty pounds. Any dairyman who is wise enough to weigh and test his milk will learn from this a lesson and use care and judgment in selecting his next bull. The following result is not too great to attain. A sire may be secured that is so good his forty daughters will yield 100 pounds more butter annually than did their mothers. At 30 cents per pound, this equals $30 each, annually — $1,200 for the herd, or $12,000 gain during a ten-year period. The bull need not cost a great price in the beginning, but what is his real intrinsic value? Any dairyman who thinks seriously on this question will seek infor- mation that will aid him in avoiding the poor bull that is costing farmers millions yearly. ESSENTIAL POINTS OF GOOD BULL. It is a most difficult task to find a bull capable of increasing perceptibly the production of a herd that is yielding from 300 to 600 pounds of butter-fat a year, but the task is simple with herds averaging from 150 to 300 pounds. To begin with, the dairyman must have clearly defined in his mind the purpose for which he is selecting a bull. If it is merely for increased production fewer factors need consideration than if a true breeder is desired to better the appearance, type, uniformity, character, and conformation of his herd. Being compelled to admit that it is possible to secure both excellence of conformation and production in one and the same animal, I am going to offer you the following suggestions, and I trust you will give them careful consideration. When you go home, study the pedigree of the bull you are using, note carefully his conformation, and, above all, determine whether or not his daughters are an improvement over their mothers. If he is not up to the standard, get rid of him and set about it diligently to select his successor with the following points in mind: First, breed; second, pedigree; third, masculinity; fourth, prepotency; fifth, individuality; sixth, age; seventh, cost. I mention breed first because it must be first determined before the other points can be given intelligent consideration. Taking it for granted your experiences have proved to you that your selection should be made from one of the dairy breeds. I suggest that you choose the breed you like best, for a man will unconsciously give better care to stock he admires. Bear in mind that those who are guiding the des- tinies of each of the special dairy breeds are aiming at one end, namely, great and economical production of milk and butter-fat. There are good animals and poor animals in every breed. DAIRY cows vs. DUAL PUBPOSE COWS. It is true the world today faces the most serious shortage of beef that it has ever known, but this is hardly the dairyman's responsibility. Some would lead us to believe so, but whenever the packer is willing to share 458 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE his profits with the producer there are millions of farmers ready to raise beef, and their services, though valuable in that direction, are worth little in the dairy world. It is not for the dairyman, who also sees a shortage in dairy cattle and dairy products, to leave his chosen field to compete in this class producing 8 cent beef instead of 30 cent butter in response to the plea to feed the world juicy steaks, and thereby swell the millions of a few. If it is profitable to produce beef, grant the profits to the man whose business it is to raise beef. Your conditions are such that you cannot afford to do so. You are located close to markets, where dairy products are always high. Your lands are high-priced, and your farms not extensive. To make real tangible profits, your methods of farming must be intensive. Therefore, you want cows that will return the great- est amount of human food for the least amount of feed. Analyze the dairy and dual purpose cow for the purpose. It's a common dairy cow that will return 300 pounds at 30 cents per pound, or $90 worth of butter- fat in a year. She eats no more than the dual purpose cow and requires no more labor. Veal the calf, if you please, and allow the manure and skim-milk to pay for labor. Grant that it costs $50 a year to feed her. She gives you a profit of $40. A million dual purpose cows in the state of Iowa are averaging only 140 pounds of butter-fat a year, which, at 30 cents per pound, brings $42. Give the calf credit of being worth $10 the day it is born. Add this to $42, the value of the butter-fat, and charge the $50 worth of feed to the cow. It leaves a net profit of $2 for milking the cow some 700 times, as compared with $40 in case of the special dairy cow. You have labored in the interest of a commendable cause — that of producing rib roasts for a hungry people, and great profits for a rich but thankless middleman. Does it pay? In the above comparison, taxes, interest, insurance and depreciation have been considered as equal in each case. PRICES HIGH FOR DAIRY CATTLE. It is necessary to allow a value for the dairy calf, because, as you are aware, there is a tremendous and growing demand for good dairy cattle all over the world, and prices rule higher for them than for any other class of cattle. It is being demonstrated that nowhere in the world can more productive and more typical dairy cattle be raised than along the western coast of America. This fact, together with your excellent present facilities for exporting and the added facilities which will come with the opening of the Panama canal, provides you with opportunities of bringing the world to your doors whenever you have pure bred live stock of a special purpose for sale. But you say, "there is a value for the dual purpose cow that has been omitted. At the end of her milking life there is a canning value of 5 cents per pound for 1,200 pounds, or $60." Likewise, there is a lesser value for the dairy cow, but she has served you well. During her ten years' milking period, she has yielded you $380 more than the dual purpose cow that you have milked at almost a loss, looking forward to the day you could cash ir. her bones and hide. Sell the dual purpose cow to the canner for $60, if you please, but in honor to the cow that has swelled your bank account, brought you profit, removed the mortgage from your farm, builded your home, educated FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 459 your children, and made you prosperous, buy a quarter's worth of chloro- form, let her die easily, and hire a man to dig her grave. You will still have a hundred more dollars than the other cow earned. Having decided the breed, secure a pure bred sire whose pedigree is not only reliable, but also vouches for the fact that his ancestors were productive and profitable. BULL MUST HAVTE GOOD ANCESTRY. Do not think because a bull is pure bred and has a pedigree that he must necessarily be a good bull. The value of the pedigree is measured by the story it tells. Demand that the pedigree of your bull proves beyond a doubt that his material ancestors back for six generations were great producing cows and good individuals, and that his sire's ancestors were sires of such cows. Avoid the pedigree that merely sets forth the fact that the bull has ancestors. Such a pedigree is valueless. The presence of the bull assures you that he had ancestors. Remember that one of the greatest laws of breeding is that, "like begets like, or the likeness of an ancestor," and that the greatest improvement of all breeds of live stock has come through the recognition of this law. Therefore, it is not enough that your bull have a good productive mother. The offspring may, and likely will, revert in certain characteristics to an- cestors more remote, and the thoughtful breeders demand that all female ancestors, for at least six generations, show in the pedigree of the sire by tabulated records that they have been producers. Then, if the pedigree also shows that the paternal ancestors have been the sires of productive offspring, it is reasonably safe to assume that whether the bull begets his own or his ancestors' likeness, the results will be an improvement. Considering these facts, it would seem scarcely necessary to advise against the use of a grade sire. Yet I know dairy- men, otherwise very intelligent, who are using grade bulls. Their excuse is that their bulls have good mothers, and they believe this sufficient evi- dence that they will also have good daughters. Knowing nothing, how- ever, about the grandmothers, great grandmothers and more remote an- cestors, it is a fallacy to believe that there is a certainty of the offspring being uniformly even a creditable lot. SIRE MUST BE MASCULINE IN TYPE. The sire must be masculine in appearance and be endowed with that Strength of character which is indicated by large, bright, prominent eyes, between which the face is broad and, in all, impressive in appear- ance, stamping him as having the power of transmitting the characteris- tics of his ancestors. Bulls with dull, sluggish eyes, narrow heads and necks, lacking the characteristic bullish crest, and effeminate in appear- ance, are to be avoided, for, excellent as may be the records of ancestry, the indications are that their valuable traits will not be perpetuated by the sire in question, for he lacks the most essential points indicative of prepotency. If the cows upon which he is used are strongly bred, either along acceptable or meager lines, they will each quite likely reproduce their characteristics, or those of their ancestors, with the result that the increase in the herd will lack uniformity and be a heterogeneous 460 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE collection of individuals, good, poor, and indifferent, according to the character of the various blood lines. If production is the sole aim for which the dairy herd is builded, less attention need be paid to the individuality. Yet, the point is, by no means, unw^orthy of careful consideration. It is a fact well recognized that if a cow be productive and profitable to own, she must combine in her conformation the indications of well developed constitution, capacity, nervous temperament, blood circulation and ability. The most certain method of building a herd of cows endowed with these vital points is to demand that all sires and the ancestors of all sires used possess them to a marked degree. Then, as surely as "like begets like or the likeness of an ancestor," the resulting daughters will not be faulty in conforma- tion. From the standpoint of individual conformation, therefore, the sire should indicate great strength of constitution, with very large, open, well distended nostrils, great depth from the top of the shoulder to the floor of the chest, well sprung fore-ribs, giving great capacity for the development of heart and lungs. Supplementary to these points, if he is vigorous and rugged in appearance, acceptable constitution is indicated. If he is capacious, he will have a large mouth, great length from shoulder to hip bone, and well sprung, deep ribs, assuring a roomy barrel for the storage of great quantities of foods, both concentrated and bulky. In addition, the soft, pliable and elastic hide, covered with hair that is silky and fine, vouches for a digestive apparatus that is strong and has the power of utilizing, efficiently and readily, the food the animal may consume. The digestion of the animal is either temporarily or per- manently inefficient if the hide is hard and resistant to the touch and the hair is coarse and wiry. NEEDS WELL DEVELOPED NERVOUS TEMPERAMENT. As truly as cows that lack a well developed nervous temperament are loafers and unprofitable, so is a bull worthless who begets daughters want- ing in this respect. The useful dairy sire indicates, more clearly than does the female, excellence of dairy temperament. This does not sug- gest that he is an unruly critter, but that because of a head broad between very large, prominent, bright eyes, he possesses brain power sufficiently strong to control the great nervous system which is demon- strated by a prominent, open-jointed backbone, a muscular body, free from beefiness in all parts, and a general appearance of activity. Bulls with dull, sluggish eyes, inset, and close together, are of a slow, sluggish, passive temperament, usually beefy in conformation, and beget daughters that are predisposed to convert their feed into beef worth from 5 to 8 cents per pound, rather than butter-fat worth upwards of 30 cents per pound. As surely as it is desirable for cows to have large, tortuous mammary veins, numerous and large milk wells, and large udders, and medium- sized, well-placed teats, so it is necessary that the sire in use has well- defined mammary veins and milk wells of the same character and rudi- mentary teats that are reasonably large, placed far apart and forward of the scrotum; so that, through inheritance and possession, he may transmit them to his daughters. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 46i As the cow's ability is indicated by an udder of quality and texture, hung high behind and extended far forward, the bull's quality and con- formation should be such that he will transmit these essential points. Cows long from the hip bone to the pin bone have udders comparatively long, while cows short between these points have comparatively short udders. It is, therefore, apparent that a bull long between these points, with the power of transmitting his own characteristics, will beget daugh- ters that, when they mature, will have long udders. The bull should also carry out straight at the tail setting, for those with dropping rumps beget daughters "with the most objectionable fault, which is almost in- variably accompanied by a faulty udder, with shallow, tilted front quarters. Heifers with thin thighs, well cut up behind, develop udders that are broad and well attached, and those beefy in the hind quarters necessarily sacrifice the portion of the rear udder displaced by beef. Therefore, bulls with thin thighs, free from all indications of beefiness, are to be greatly preferred. Given masculinity, prepotency and good ancestry, the bull in whose conformation is to be found all the essential points belonging to a good cow is well worth risking at the head of the herd, but even then there are many disappointments that are difficult to account for. After all, the real tangible proof of a bull's value is determined solely by the character of his daughters. Just what they will be is never known until after some of them have matured and shown their worth by records. This is a most excellent reason for the practice of placing at the head of the herd a bull that is old enough to have demonstrated his worth. Although not generally practiced, it is safe and sane advice to secure a bull that has produced excellent daughters, rather than a young bull whose breeding and individuality indicate that he should become the progenitor of such. If the value of bulls ranging in ages from four to eight years were more fully appreciated, fewer of the best bulls of the dairy breeds would find their routes to the shambles so early in life, and their use would greatly increase the average production of the American dairy cow. The last and least important point to be considered in selecting a sire is his cost. The selling price of an animal never indicates his worth, it merely shows that someone is willing to pay for him. And yet thousands of dairymen and many prominent breeders consider little else. Some choose a bull because some one else has been willing to pay a high price for him or some of his immediate ancestors, while others buy a bull merely because they can secure him for a low price. Such practices are the extremes of folly, and those who follow them never advance very far in developing cows with the power of yielding largely and economically. The successful breeder or dairy farmer uses judgment, time and care to locate a bull whose breeding and individuality are sufficiently good to admit of his use in the herd. He always bears in mind that he is for- tunate if he secures a bull whose daughters will be better and more pro- ductive than their mothers, for such a bull will bring him success. On the other hand, if he, through some oversight, is unfortunate, and secures a bull whose daughters prove to be poorer individuals and yield less than their mothers, his efforts are an absolute failure. 462 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COW TESTING ASSOCIATIONS. BY PEDER PEDERSON. What is a cow testing association? How does it work, and does it pay to belong to one? A cow testing association generally consists of twenty-six farmers, who virtually bind themselves together to get their cows tested, employ an expert to come around and weigh all the feed given in the form of roughage and grain, and other concentrated feeds, and put them all down at their market value; the same with the pasture, charging up against each cow all she consumes of any and all kinds of feed; then weighing the milk of each individual cow and giving her credit for all the butter- fat she produces at actual prices, as paid by the creamery to which the milk is sold. No credit is given to the cow for skim milk, only the butter-fat, as the milk is returned and used on the farm, when milk is sent, or retained at the farm where only the cream is sent. To get this testing uniform, the prices are "set" after butter-fat; if I sell my milk to private customers and get 2^2 to 3 cents per pound, my cows get no more credit than butter-fat prices for the butter-fat they produce, which is the only way it is possible to get a fair average for everybody, the object being to find out exactly what cows are the most profitable and what ones are not worth keeping for milk. There somebody may say, as they have said here in the Benson Cow Testing Association, that they do not want to have anybody else to know how poor milkers their cows are. To that I shall only say, what difference does that make? If I have a cow that is not paying me as a milk cow, she will not pay for anybody else, but it makes no difference to the butcher, as he will pay as much for a poor milker as for a good milker, and that is where the poor milkers all ought to go. I shall now give you a few facts from the Benson Cow Testing Associa- tion, but mainly from our own herd, so you can see what we have been doing and judge for yourself if you think it has helped us anything and been worth our while to work for it. Of course, I shall have to give you the main facts from our own herd, as here I have all the details and particulars on hand, but for the Benson Cow Testing Association in full, I shall also give a few facts and figures. RECORDS IN BENSON COW TESTING ASSOCIATION. First year's highest cow in the association made 323 pounds of butter- fat, and a net profit of $63.50. Second year's highest cow made 418 pounds of butter-fat, and a net profit of $90.50. Third year's highest cow made 439.9 pounds of butter-fat, and a net profit of $106.30. I shall here explain that by net profit is to be understood the amount of money left from price paid for butter-fat produced by the cow after pasture, roughage, and feed of all kinds are deducted. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 463 Net profit is what the cow has given j'ou for your care for her, rent on money invested in her, and rent on money invested in her share of the barn. Three months have now passed of the fourth year, and the prospects are that we are going to smash every record held here by very large margins. Tlie increase in butter-fat per cow in the association has been forty pounds of butter-fat for the three years past. This year the indica- tions are for comparatively much heavier increases. The herd record for any herd up to the present time is 285 pounds per cow for a full herd, and second herd 263 pounds, third 252 pounds. This year all these three herds will undoubtedly pass an average above 300 pounds of butter-fat, and I shall not be surprised to see five herds passing that mark. The highest cow from last year has beaten her own record for the same months last year with more than 2,000 pounds of milk and sixty-five pounds of butter-fat for the three months, and she will most likely raise the record with from 140 to 170 pounds of butter- fat for the year. KECORDS FROM SLR. PEDERSON'S HERD. Now I shall give you facts and figures from our own herd. The first year of the testing association I was manager for a large farm belonging in the association. The second year my oldest son and myself started farming for ourselves, and went into the association. Our cattle were mostly young, and we bought some few middle-aged cows. They were high-grade Holsteins, with one exception, a pure bred registered cow, and a pure bred registered bull. The second year we bought more pure bred Holstein-Friesian cows, and also a pure bred heifer. Each year of the two, our four poorest cov.s went to the butcher and were replaced with heifers we raised from the best cows. First year, from March 1, 1911, to March, 1912, our best cow gave 7,574 pounds of milk, 270.5 pounds of butter-fat, and a net profit of $54.22; our poorest cow gave 1,976 pounds of milk, 69.9 pounds of butter-fat, and $1.56 in profit; average for the whole herd was 5,670 pounds of milk, 195.4 pounds of butter-fat, and $31.60 net profit. The highest cow paid about $2.70 for every dollar's worth of feed she consumed, and the lowest, $1.03 for every dollar's worth consumed; average for the herd, $1.75 for every dollar's value consumed. We sold the four poorest cows to the butcher, replaced them with three heifers of our own raising and a pure bred cow which we bought. Second year, from March 1, 1912, to March, 1913, our best cow gave 11,779 pounds of milk, 439.9 pounds of butter-fat, and $106.30 in net profit (this is the highest record for this testing association, our poorest cow gave 2,723 pounds of milk, 126.4 pounds of butter-fat, $16.04 in net profit; herd average, 7,060 pounds of milk, 251.9 pounds of butter-fat, $53.96 net profit. The net profit per cow for the whole herd the second year, as you will notice, was within 26 cents of our highest cow the first year. The best cow produced butter-fat for 10^^ cents per pound, and returned $3.25 for every dollar's worth of feed consumed; poorest cow produced butter- fat for 19 cents per pound, and returned $1.65 for every dollar's worth of feed consumed. The herd, as a whole, produced butter-fat for 13 464 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE cents per pound, and returned $2.66 for every dollar's worth of feed con- sumed. We sold the three poorest cows and replaced them with three heifers, two of our own raising, the third being the yearling heifer bought last year (she is a pure bred). This is the third year for us in the association. Three months passed and we are doing better than ever. Our best cow, for the three months, has given 7,584 pounds of milk, 261.0 pounds of butter-fat, and $70.30 in net profit. She has produced butter-fat for 10 cents per pound, and re- turned $3.50 for every dollar's worth of feed consumed. She will give close around 600 pounds of butter-fat for the year, and better than $150 in net profit. Our lowest cow has given 1,356 pounds of milk, 47.1 pounds of butter-fat, and $7.40 net profit. She has given $1.70 for every dollar's worth of feed consumed, and as she is a fine li£ifer, due to freshen with her second calf October 1st, she will make a good record before the end of the year. Herd average for three months, 3,388 pounds of milk, 117.0 pounds of butter-fat, and about $23.10 net profit. We expect this year to have our poorest cow give about $38 net profit, and to raise our herd average above 300 pounds of butter-fat, and $70 net profit. GREAT BEXEFITS IN CO-OPERATION. If we had not been in the testing association, we should have been standing today but very little better than when we started. One man is pushing another along, and every time the tester is here, I always ask to look over the records in the evening. Then you can see how other people are feeding and what it cost them to produce a pound of butter-fat. It is not enough to get high producers. What counts in our pockets are high but economical producers, cows that can consume a large amount of feed, cows of capacity to transform this feed into butter-fat as economically as possible and return the largest profit. We are all after the dollars and cents, and the only way to get them out of a dairy herd is to be in a testing association. Buy your feed as cheaply as possible, which can only be done by the association buying its cottonseed meal, oil meal, alfalfa and so forth, in carload lots. Balance your ration the cheapest it can be done, feed well, and take good care of your cows. Keep exact hours, both in feeding and milking, and be kind to the cows, for they will pay it all back with better 'interest than any bank will give, and that kind of a cow will not go to the butcher. Everything in this country is organized except we farmers. Start with the testing association, get better herds, earn more dollars and cents, buy your feed together. You save from $3 to $5 per ton by buying direct, and in the fall you can figure how much it takes for the winter. Once every month this testing association has a meeting that goes from one farm to another, and we take our good wives along. The meeting is set for 11:00 a. m., and we take a picnic lunch. At 12 noon we sit down to the lunch arranged by our wives. After lunch we men go out and look over the stock while the tables are cleared, and then our wives join us; after having looked over the farm, we sit down, either in the house or outside, and talk about everything and all kinds of work on the farm. At 4:00 p. m. everybody leaves for home. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 465 It is wonderful how much we all learn at these meetings, and how well we all get to know one another, and wonderful to find that there is not one man but who has something worth learning "up his sleeve" when you get at it right. "We farmers here in the northwest corner of Black Hawk county, to- gether with the adjoining corners of Grundy, Butler and Bremer counties, have begun organizing. We have the Pioneer Testing Association (Black Hawk county), the Benson Testing Association (Black Hawk county, and a few in Butler county), Fredsville (Grundy, and a few in Butler county), Janesville (about half from Black Hawk and half from Bremer), and all of these testing associations are included in the Holstein-Friesian Breeders' Association, whose object is to promote the breeding of good dairy cattle and to help one another, both in buying and selling. We have set out to make this section the greatest dairy country in Iowa, and we are going to do it too. Now in conclusion, let me advise you to start the good work in Kos- suth county. Show us that you can do as good work as we can. I am sure you are as good men. Give us a "dare" and we will accept it and run a friendly race against you to see who can do the most for the good of the farmers, socially and economically. But I warn you in advance that if you are going to equal or beat us you must pull together. NEW DAIRY CAMPAIGNS INAUGURATED. BY E. S. ESTEL, STATE DAIRY EXPERT. It is a peculiar fact that those who are in greatest need of assistance to improve the conditions on their farms are generally the most reluctant to accept advice. This unfortunate circumstance does not only apply to dairy- ing, but to every department of the farm. The men who work hardest to establish farmers' institutes, conduct short courses, and promote the or- ganization of co-operative societies in their local communities, are in the majority of instances those who receive least benefit. The educational department of the Iowa State Dairy Association dur- ing the year 1914 has made an effort to overcome the difficulty of reach- ing the non-believer in progressive dairying. This has been done by in- troducing some attractive and exceedingly practical features into each program. The results indicate that this method has been a great help to arouse interest among those who would not otherwise have given dairy- ing a trial. The special work was conducted as nearly as possible in those sections where dairying is least developed and where its introduction will be of greatest benefit in improving the agricultural conditions. The southern half of Iowa is in need of more dairying because of the condition of the soil and the relatively low income obtained with the present methods of farming used on high priced land. The mild climate, the abundance of grass, and the adaptability of the soil for the growing of milk producing feeds make the natural conditions ideal for the economical production of milk. There are but few creameries in this portion and therefore, the 30 466 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE market for dairy products is not as well developed as in the northern portions. In order to be of the greatest assistance, a large part of the recent work has been devoted to the southern half of the state. Up to the winter of 1913-14, the department had operated twelve dairy trains. These covered every railroad line in the state and furnished the lecturers an opportunity to reach 595 towns, forty-seven of which were given two meetings, due to the crossing of the various lines. These spe- cial campaigns which covered large areas in a limited time, served their purpose to stimulate interest and create a demand for more detailed in- formation. In order to meet this demand, arrangements were made to hold full day meetings and give practical demonstrations with local stock in addition to the regular programs. During the year ending November 1, 1914, representatives of the asso- ciation met 268 audiences in sixty-two counties. The records of attend- ance show that 39,200 people were reached. Of the 268 audiences, forty- three were in attendance at farmers' institutes, eighty-nine at dairy and creamery meetings, and the remaining 136 at meetings conducted by the dairy association directly. THE COMMUNITY DAIEY SHOW. Community dairy shows were held in conjunction with fifty-eight meetings. These were more successful than had been anticipated and brought out an average of eighteen cows and bulls at each place. The business men at each town co-operated in making the show a success and offered attractive cash and merchandise prizes for the best animals ex- hibited. The dairymen and leading farmers in the communities also gave considerable of their time in encouraging their neighbors to exhibit cat- tle. All breeds of cattle used for milk production, whether grades or pure breds, were entered, which gave an excellent opportunity for comparison of the various types. The shows were held in a lumber yard or livery stable which afforded the best place obtainable to stable the animals and furnish shelter for the audiences as well. The programs were opened by leading the best cows into the ring and using them to demonstrate the essential characteristics of good productive dairy type. Questions were then called for and dis- cussions held in which all were invited to participate. After the cow demonstration was completed, the ring was made larger or when the weather would permit all the animals were led into the streets, and the judging of the various classes begun. The animals were then placed by the judge in regard to their dairy qualities after which each was gone over carefully and its desirable and undesirable points ex- plained. The community Dairy Shows made it possible to reach the man milk- ing a few cows and point out to him by the use of a member of his own herd the difference between the profitable and the unprofitable dairy cow. It was explained to him on his own basis, and he was encouraged to de- termine further the real value of his herd by weighing and testing the milk. Considerable friendly rivalry was created among the exhibitors which will undoubtedly lead in many instances to better feed and care in the average herd of milch cows. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 467 INTERESTING THE CHILDREN. In addition to the Farmers' meetings, an effort was made to reach the younger generation. The majority of the county superintendents were glad to comply with the request that the rural schools close for a day and the children be allowed to attend the meetings. It was not an un- common sight to see a country school teacher bring all of her pupils to town in a sleigh or wagon. The students from the country and town were assembled in the high school where lectures were given on the importance of agricultural training with special reference to dairying. At the completion of the lectures at the high school, the students ac- companied by the instructors, were taken to the barn where the cattle for the community dairy shows were kept, and instruction given in judging. The cow demonstration was given first to explain the characteristics of the correct type of dairy cow. Then the boys and girls were supplied with directions and all required to compare the class of animals brought before them. After inspecting the animals for twenty minutes, the stu- dents wrote their placing together with the reasons for same, on the di- rections sheets and these were handed to the lecturer in charge. Dis- cussions were then held and all questions answered. The business men at the various towns gave prizes for the boys and girls who judged. The students generally were very much interested in the work and expressed a desire to study their agricultural work in school in a similar way. During the winter of 1914 nearly 2,000 boys and girls were reached in this manner. WEIGHING AND TESTING THE MILK. To be capable of judging and comparing dairy cows is important, but the only definite way to determine the value of a cow is to weigh and test her milk. It was a question as to how this could be introduced to best advantage on the average farm. The work was carried on along the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy line in southern Iowa, where the small num- ber of dairy cattle would not permit the organization of cow testing asso- ciations. It was simply a matter of getting some one in as many families as possible started to weighing and testing the milk of the herd. It was decided that this could be most efficiently done by inaugurating a milk record contest among the boys and girls betv,een the ages of twelve and twenty years. These age limits were made to insure fair com- petition to all who entered and also to interest those who were in a posi- tion to derive the greatest benefit from the work. It was found easier and more helpful to mould the future of the boy and girl than to change the fixed habits of the father and mother. Any boy or girl between the specified age limits who could weigh and test the milk of three or more cows for three consecutive months, was eligible to enter the contest. The contest proper closed in three months, but the contestants were all encouraged to continue the work for at least one year in order to get the entire lactation period of each cow. A supply of monthly record sheets, feed standards, and pamphlets con- taining all of the necessary directions for carrying on the work, were 468 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE furnished to each contestant. They were required to furnish themselves with scales and wherever possible, with Babcock testers. In case the tester could not be secured, the contestant was required to have the creamery or station man test the samples for butter-fat not less than twice each month. At the end of each month, the records were transferred to a summary sheet and the complete data mailed to the office of the asso- ciation. The manner of grading the reports was based upon the efforts put forth by the contestants, and not on the production of the cows. In addition to the reports, an essay of not to exceed 500 words describing the man- ner in which the work was carried on and the benefit derived therefrom was required from each contestant. Any changes which improved the rations or made the production of milk more economical, were recognized, but it was realized that the contestant had no opportunity to select the cows with which he must work. The following score was used in grading reports: Accuracy, 25; number of cows, 15; neatness, 20; completeness of de- tails, 20; essay, 20; perfect score, 100. The breeders of dairy cattle, the publishers of dairy magazines, and the manufacturers of dairy appliances assisted very materially in making the contest a success by offering the following valuable and practical prizes for furthering the dairy industry. A year's subscription to Kimball's Dairy Farmer and Hoard's Dairy- man were given by the respective publishing companies to eacli contestant regardless of standing. The other prizes were: First prize — Choice pure bred Guernsey, Jersey or Holstein bull calf. Second prize — Choice of calves after first had been selected. Third prize — The remaining calf after first and second had been chosen. The Guernsey was given by Wilcox & Stubbs Co., Des Moines, Iowa; the Jersey by Shoemaker-Van Pelt-Mayne Co., Waterloo, Iowa; and the Holstein by C. A. Nelson, Waverly, Iowa. Fourth prize — Iowa Cream Separator, by Iowa Dairy Separator Co., Waterloo, Iowa. Fifth prize — $10 cash prize, Kimball's Dairy Farmer, Waterloo, Iowa. Sixth prize — Milk scale and Babcock tester complete, Creamery Pack- age Mfg. Co., Waterloo, Iowa. Seventh prize — Perfection Babcock tester complete, J. G. Cherry Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The results of the contest are gratifying. There were 157 boys and girls who completed the work. Many of these tested more than the re- quired number of cows, while some tested as high as fourteen during the entire contest. The reports show that the milk from 623 cows was weighed and tested for three months and that practically all of these will receive full-year records. With very few exceptions, these cows would liever have been tested except for the contest and the owners deprived of the knowledge of what their herds were doing. The prizes were awarded as follows: First — Oren C. Leetum, Lamoni — Holstein bull calf. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 4 69 Second — Albert Axelson, Red Oak — Guernsey bull calf. Third— William Lloyd, Red Oak— Jersey bull calf. Fourth — Carl Coffey, Humeston — Iowa Dairy separator. Fifth— Herbert C. M. Gass, Moulton— $10 in cash. Sixth — Latham Heskett, Promise City — Babcock tester and milk scale. Seventh — Miss Dorcas Manchester, Davis City — Babcock tester. It was a fortunate circumstance that the winners of the bull calves all received their choice of breed. Mr. Leetum preferred the Holstein. Mr. Axelson, the Guernsey, and Mr. Lloyd, the Jersey. Information contained in the essays of all those winning prizes indicate that the calves, as well as the other prizes, will be used to build up the herds represented. The results of the contest show that the 623 cows produced an average of 404 pounds of milk and 19.6 pounds of butter-fat per month or 13.5 pounds of milk and .65 pounds of fat per day. The average milking period as tabulated on the reports, is eight and one-half months, which makes an average of 3,434 pounds of milk and 166.6 pounds of butter-fat per year. The average cost of feed per month was $4.50 per cow. This in- cluded dry feed two months and pasture one month. The cost of pro- ducing 100 pounds of milk averaged $1.11, and of producing one pound of butter-fat twenty-three cents. The average price received for butter-fat which was sold for the manu- facture of butter was 23.5 cents per pound. This shows a profit of only one-half cent per pound for the butter-fat if the skim-milk and manure are allowed to balance the cost of labor, interest and depreciation. The average price received for butter-fat used in ice cream making, was thirty-eight cents which shows the advantage in selling sweet cream for this purpose. The relatively low price of butter-fat, as shown by the reports of the contestants, is due taainly to the lack of local markets. During the same months, the price received for butter-fat in the northern half of the state, was twenty-eight cents per pound. The high cost of production is ac- counted for by the unbalanced rations fed. Of the 157 herds in the con- test, thirty-two were receiving silage, twenty-nine alfalfa hay, and only eighteen a combination of these two feeds. The amount of cottonseed meal, oil meal and bran fed was small and limited to cnly a few herds. The principal ration used consisted of corn and oats, mixed hay, and corn fodder. The results of the milk record contest show the conditions as found in the average small herd of milch cows in southern Iowa. They emphasize the importance of getting the farmer, who milks a few cows, interested in his herd. They also indicate the part these herds play in lowering the production of the Iowa cow. ABSTRACT OF REPOKT FOR YEAR 1914-15. During the past year representatives of the Iowa State Dairy Associa- tion have addressed 281 audiences. By means of special trains, creamery meetings, farmers' institutes and other gatherings, the association has reached 45,000 farmers and dairymen. 470 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Two special dairy trains were operated during the months of January and February, 1915. Each trip was three and one-half weeks in length. The lines of the Chicago Great Western, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and the Waterloo, Cedar Falls & Northern were covered. In each case the railroad companies furnished the equipment absolutely free of charge to the Association. These trains were operated in a similar manner to the one described over the Burlington. Half day and full day meetings were held at each town. In addition to the regular lecture work, community dairy shows, boys' and girls' judging contests, milk record contests, etc., were con- ducted. More extensive exhibit cars were carried on these trains than on any previous campaigns. The calls from the farmers' institutes for speakers were more numer- ous this year than heretofore. Twenty-one institutes were attended and a large number of requests could not be accepted, because of the other work which was being carried on at the same time. Several dairy short courses were also conducted. These were in the older dairy communities where detailed information was required. These were three days in length and instruction in breeding, feeding, testing, dairy cattle judging, etc., was given. Although the special dairy short course was new, the attendance was very good at each of these con- ducted. The creamery picnic during the summer months has become very popular, and a larger number of these were held during the past year than ever before. Such gatherings are an excellent means of bringing the patrons together in a social way as well as to hear the practical dis- cussion of subjects essential to the improvement of conditions on the farm. During the spring and fall months when the work is urgent on the •farm and it is therefore difficult to hold meetings, bulletins are sent to the local newspapers. These contain timely suggestions which assist the farmer in solving the problems which confront him with reference to his dairy herd. They are written with the idea of assisting the cream- eries in improving the quantity and quality of raw product. The news- papers are lending their assistance by giving the information a promi- nent place in their columns. One of the most important features of the work has been the establish- ment of a great dairy show in conjunction with the annual convention. This year the show was unsurpassed by any similar event. It brings dairy cattle breeders with their choice animals from every part of the United States and offers the farmers of not only lewa, but the Mississippi Valley an opportunity to become acquainted with the various breeds. Premiums are offered for butter, cheese, and milk which, in addition to the display of dairy appliances and farm implements, bring thousands of prosper- ous farmers. The convention proper is held in a building on the grounds, and subjects of interest to the buttermakers, creamerymen and dairy- men are discussed by authorities of national reputation. The Iowa State Dairy Association in all of its work has been assisted in a large measure by the other dairy interests of the State. Chief among these is the Dairy and Food Department which had a number of speakers FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 471 on the trains throughout the tours and also co-operated in all the other work. The individual dairymen have also sacrificed portions of their time to educating their brother farmers in better methods and giving them the benefit of valuable experience. The Dairy Department of Iowa State College and the State Veterinary Department have also given a great deal of assistance from time to time. ORGANIZING CO-OPERATIVE CREAMERIES. BY G. M. LAMBERT. There are very few dairy districts in the United States that have not, at some time or other, been interested in operating or in organizing a co-operative creamery. The idea the average small dairyman first possesses is that the co-operative creamery will pay him considerably more for his product than he has been able to get elsewhere. Almost every state in the Union can furnish, as examples of failures, the wrecks of co-operative efforts along this line. Now, these failures are not all due to the same cause. Nevertheless, regardless of the cause, they stand as monuments to failure, and, as such, they should be useful as a source of information. Briefly stated, the history of a nation is merely the biography of its great men; and, the history of an industry is the life story of its successful men. Education plays a most influential part in the changes which take place in the methods of doing business. The true way for a man to be practical is to take advantage of his own knowledge and all the knowledge of other men that he can absorb. The time has come when the truth about dairying can not easily be covered up, nor that which is falsely pretended. The growth of the dairy industry demands that all dealings must be based upon an honest understanding between contracting parties. WHY CBEAMERIES FAIL. Now, I shall not attempt to assign a reason why all those creameries are closed. Instead, I shall simply enumerate and again repeat a few of the things that are commonly known to cause creameries to fail. Among these are the lack of sufficient number of cows to furnish the desired amount of cream, poor organization, lack of proper co-operative spirit, poor management and poor markets. To any mind there is but one word which exemplifies creamery success. That one word is "efficiency." Modern philosophy teaches that nothing is important that does not have a work to do. If a creamery has a work to do, and exercises efficiency in doing it, it fulfills its mission. Other- wise, it will, in time, give way to one that is efficient. At the present time, a creamery may possess the strongest possible organization, but, if its management, through a feeling of confidence, will lack vigilance and neglect the smallest details, that creamery will gradually fall below its high standard and, perhaps, fail. The finest machine made will go wrong, and perhaps stop altogether, if something gets into its cogs; so it is with the strongest creameries — ^when the cogs are blocked, trouble ensues. 472 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE We know that many farmers are following improved methods of culti- vation in order that they may receive larger crops; they are feeding their cows more and better feeds and housing them more comfortably so that they will produce a greater quantity of milk. They know that by feeding their own crops to the dairy cow, they can retail their grain and hay, in the form of butter-fat, to much better advantage than if they were sold in the raw stage. What are these farmers doing when they follow such methods? In short, they are co-operating with the soil, and with the cow; perhaps not consciously, but, nevertheless, co-operating. They are co-operating in this way because they are gaining in efficiency and because they are securing greater returns. MARKETING OF BUTTER VITALLY IMPORTANT. It is with the idea of receiving greater returns and more satisfactory results that the majority of co-operative creameries are organized. Now, when any new organization attempts to put its butter upon the market it finds itself in the same position as any individual would find if he would attempt to market his own product direct. In other words, the creamery meets the competition of all the other butter on the market. And here let me say that I firmly believe the marketing of butter is one of the most important, yet one of the most neglected, phases of the creamery business. I further believe that next to the lack of sufficient cows, more creameries have failed on account of their poor markets than any other reason. If a co-operative creamery proves successful, it should be able to pay its patrons at least several cents premium per pound of butter-fat; and that's what every successful creamery should strive to do, pay a premium for first class goods. A creamery cannot succeed, in the broad sense, when its patrons make use of it merely in a mechanical way in disposing of their butter-fat. No creamery can hope to be success- ful that does not have the thorough co-operation of its patrons in pro- ducing a good quality of cream to make good butter. It requires good butter to find good markets. It requires good markets to obtain good prices. It requires good prices to encourage good dairying. Candy machines, weighing machines and telephones are supposed to render a certain service according to the amount of money deposited in them. If the machine is out of order, the individual has no recourse; and so the mechanical dairyman, who delivers his butter-fat to a simple mechanical factory, has no recourse when trouble arises. So now, as I see it, the big thing is to get down to the individual. Meet trouble before it starts. Before a man can become a strong co- operator, he first must be a strong individual. The trouble with most co-operative creameries is that they begin at the wrong end. They spend a large sum of money in organizing and building a factory before they really know what they are going to do. If the desired number of cows are pledged, they are usually encouraged to gb ahead. The theory is that the profits are very large, and that they will be pro rated accordingly. Little thought is given to the selling end of the business, or to the out- side competition. In practice, this system has worked out badly in a large number of cases. Then, after all, who is to blame for the many failures that have been and still are being made? I answ^er, the state. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 473 STATE SHOULD PROTECT INVESTORS. Dairying must be considered as one of the state's greatest resources, and, as such, it must be protected in the same manner and degree as are other state industries and enterprises. Think of the hundreds and thousands of dollars that have been wasted and lost in the abandoned creameries. They stand as a disgrace to the locality and state in which they are allowed to rot down. In my Western work I am meeting large numbers of men who have moved away from the Middle "West. Many of these men relate to me their experience with such creameries and tell of the money they have lost, and of the hardships and discouragements they endured. At present, their faith in dairying, especially in creameries, is very small. Now, I believe there is a remedy for this condition. We are all interested in dairying, and I take it for granted that asso- ciations are organized for the promotion of a better feeling and a better understanding between us. We gather from several different states, be- cause of our faith in the continued usefulness and ultimate triumph of better dairying. Associations were founded because men have learned the practical values of closer association with one another. We know that by promoting good fellowship and unselfishness we have much to gain and little to lose. We know that ruinous competition and creamery failures go hand in hand. We have learned that judicious organization and true co-operation between dairymen and factorymen mean success. By helping one another we will all sooner attain the desires of each. And what is the first step? Knowledge. The man who wants to invest in a co-operative creamery must have knowledge, and the right kind of knowledge. And the associations, and we, as individuals, and the dairy press, must be the source of this know- ledge. I believe that the state of Montana has taken a great step forward in the way of protecting its dairymen, and it is the duty of every state to protect its people. Montana has vested the authority in the state dairy commissioner to say when a new creamery shall be started in that state. Consequently, I predict few creamery failures. Before a creamery can start, a solid foundation must be laid. As the foundation is being laid, the dairymen are being supplied with useful information. That is a great work — a work that all our states should take up. Now, in closing I wish to say that my idea in regard to the "Essentials in Organizing Co-Operative Creameries" is: Assist the dairyman first, place useful information at his disposal, and encourage him to be a strong individual. After he has become a strong individual, he will be only too eager to co-operate. By that time he will understand the true funda- mentals of co-operation and will realize when and how to organize a co-operative creamery. 474 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE THE DAIRY BARN. One of the first requisites for successful dairying is a barn adapted to the purpose. In building the dairy barn in Iowa, it must be remembered that it is to be the home of hard working animals for about six months of the year. The dairy cow, in order to produce milk economically, must be kept under the best conditions possible. She is a mother once each year, and, therefore, in order to produce large quantities of milk between these periods, she must not be subject to adverse conditions. In choosing the site for the dairy barn, we should have in mind a warm, well-drained place. It is best to construct it on slightly sloping ground, so that the surface water will drain off readily and not cause mud holes around the barn doors. The well-drained site also furnishes a drier atmosphere for the animals, which is very desirable in the winter time. In building the dairy barn, there are four essentials which should re- ceive prime consideration, namely: Light, sunshine, warmth and ventila- tion. At present there are many so-called "basement dairy barns." Al- though some of these are furnishing the quarters for our best herds, yet they are undesirable. The barn which is partly buried in the earth does not have dry walls, and the air is damp, due to the lack of sunlight. It is always advisable to have the dairy barn constructed on a good foundation and have the cows on the surface floor. There are many types of barns being constructed. Some of them have double rows of cows, some single and some triple. It matters little as to the arrangement, provided it is handy and that it has some system of furnishing plenty of fresh air and an abundance of light. It should not open into a horse barn, and is preferably built separate from the other buildings. The size of the barn depends entirely on the size of the herd. As a general rule, it should not be too high, so that the animal heat of the cows will be lost on cold days in winter. Most barns built now are sealed about eight feet from the floor, which makes less space to heat and, at the same time, furnishes the necessary volume of air for each animal, if the ventilation is installed properly. The floor should be constructed so that it will drain readily and dry quickly. Cement is rapidly taking the place of wood for barn floors. It costs very little more than plank and will wear much longer. If cement is used it should have the rough flnish, which will avoid injury to the animals when the floor is damp. The average double-row barn should be thirty-two feet wide. In the barn where the cows face outward this allows four feet on either side for feed alleys. Two feet for each manger, four feet six inches for the standing platforms, fourteen to sixteen inches for gutters and seven feet for the alleys between the cows. The feed troughs and alleys should be so constructed of cement, which affords an easy means of cleaning the barn. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 475 The fixtures should be as simple as possible and should, preferably, be constructed of iron. The patent stanchions and stalls furnish a strong and simple means of keeping the cows in place. The swinging stanchions, fastened at the top and bottom by several links of chain, are very com- fortable for the animals. Sloping partitions reaching within a foot of the drop should separate the cows. This prevents injuries to udders and teats by cows stepping on each other. The stalls should be three and one-half feet wide, which gives plenty of room for the average cow. It is very seldom that the dairy barn requires artificial heat. If the barn has siding on the outside and paper and ceiling boards on the inside, it furnishes an air-tight wall. The barn is heated by the animals to a temperature of about fifty degrees, which is about the correct temperature. Large production is always accompanied by a good circulatory system. In order to have a vigorous flow of blood, the cow must have plenty of fresh air to purify her blood. It is, therefore, very essential to have some means of supplying fresh air. Very little attention has been paid to this in the past, which is one of the reasons why the milch cows go into pasture in the spring in a weak condition. They are kept in the barn and compelled to breathe foul air over and over again, and if any of the cows are diseased the others are under conditions to contract it very readily. All systems of ventilation are based on the fact that cold air is heavier than warm. The King system is used most extensively. It admits pure air by means of ducts, without creating a draught, and draws off the impure air by means of outlets. Another means of furnishing fresh air is by admitting it through swinging windows and drawing off the impure air by means of several ventilators. Light, the third important factor, should be furnished in abundance. It is the greatest disinfectant we have, and as germ life is very antagonistic to both milk and animals, the importance of light is evident. Each cow should have six square feet of window space. Glass is little more ex- pensive than wood and should be used freely in building the barn. I have thus far spoken only of the new dairy barn. There are a large number of barns already built that could be greatly improved with little expense. A ventilating system could be installed without materially changing the barn, and windows could be sawed between the ones that are already there. By making a few simple changes, the old barn can be transformed into a comfortable home for the dairy cow. EFFICIENCY IMPORTANT. The farm, and especially the dairy farm, if it is to be made a success, must be operated on the same basis as our factories. In fact, the farm is a factory, and every animal on it a machine placed there for the specific purpose of making a substantial profit over and above the cost of main- tenance and labor. As in the manufacturer's plant, the machines on the farm should be put to a rigid test, and if they fall below a certain stand- ard they should be disposed of at once and replaced with those having greater efficiency. 476 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The successful beef raiser is the man who has studied the conditions of the feed lot thoroughly. He is the man who feeds the animal best fitted for the economical manufacture of beef. The hogs which are a source of profit to their owners are those highly bred animals that are especially adapted for pork production. Likewise, the dairy cow, if she is to be a profit-maker, must be a special purpose animal bred for the specific purpose of converting the grains and grasses of the farm into the finished products of milk and butter-fat at a minimum cost. Why is it that the average production of the so-called dairy cow is so low and that two-thirds of the cows in the Middle West are kept at a loss? The only answer is that they are the wrong kind of machine for the place they are supposed to fill. Of course, the present type of dairy cow cannot be abolished at once. It would be foolish, indeed, to advocate that all the cows milked on the averaje farm should be disposed of and others secured to take their places. This great change from unprofitable to profitable cows must take place gradually and in a manner that will involve the smallest expense. The only logical method of securing better dairy cattle is through the pure bred sire. The cows should be subjected to a fair test and all those producing a profit kept on the farm as the foundation for the future dairy herd. These cows should be bred to a pure bred sire chosen from one of the milking breeds. When the first cross calves arrive, they will have fifty per cent of the sire's blood, and, if he is a good individual, the daughters should be greater producers than their mothers. The first generation should again be crossed with pure bred blood of the same breed, thus making the resulting calves seventy-five per cent pure bred. By fol- lowing this system of breeding, and by careful selection, the average herd can be built up at a remarkable rate. The writer has in mind a certain farmer located in central Iowa, who, six years ago, had a herd of twelve cows, nine of which were losing him from $2 to $12 annually, and the remaining three returning an average profit of $22. After determining the condition of his herd, the nine board- ers were sold and the three returning a profit bred to a pure bred Holstein bull, which was purchased at a cost of $95 when a yearling. The bull proved very prepotent, and the owner, encouraged by the marked im- provement of the daughters over their mothers, has continued to breed up, until the second generation is producing an average of 220 pounds of fat, an increase of sixty pounds over the production of their grand- mothers. This man sees the necessity of having the most efficient ma- chine in the proper place. He is on a farm similar to yours. Try his plan of making the farm a factory and every animal on it a profitable machine. SOURCES OP IMPURE MILK. The problem of raising the quality of butter in the creameries of Iowa is one which concerns the farmers to a great extent. This is especially true in the co-operative creameries where an increase in price means a direct return to the stockholders. In many instances we find the butter- maker held responsible for the poor class of butter, while in reality he is FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK^PART VII 477 caring for the cream in the best possible manner after it arrives at the plant. This false accusation has led many good operators to leave the creameries and seek employment at other places. The real source of the undesirable odors and flavors in butter is on the farm. In many instances the farmers are entirely unaware of the con- ditions under which they are producing milk. They fail to consider how every other food product is produced compared to the average farm. If we would visit a candy factory and see the maker mixing candy in a tub surrounded by manure and a loose ceiling, through which the dust could sift and drop into the candy, we would immediately denounce the product as unfit for consumption, while milk and cream produced under the same conditions is used to drink without a thought to its contamination. Milk is one of the best foods we have, if it is clean; but it is one of the poorest foods if not cared for properly. When drawn from the cow, it is at a temperature of about 85° F.,, which is very favorable for the growth and multiplication of bacteria that are the cause of practically all of the odors found in cream and butter. The common ropy, bitter and undesirable acid fermentations found in cream are due to these little organisms. They multiply at a rapid rate, and, therefore, if only a few enter today there will be millions tomorrow. The first source of poor cream is the pasture containing sloughs or creeks. During the summer months when the cows are molested by the flies they gather in these sloughs and, as a result, collect a great deal of the slime and mud, which is shaken off when milking takes place. Again, in the spring, when the frost begins to come out of the ground, the lots are generally muddy and filled with manure. If the cows are milked without being curried the milk pail again receives a contribution of filth. The second great source of poor cream is the unsanitary barn. If we would visit all the barns of Iowa where cows are kept we would find that only a few of them could be classed as dairy barns at all. As a rule, the cow is placed wherever there is room, regardless of ventilation or light. The quality of cream could be greatly improved if the barns had tight ceilings, more windows and tight, well-drained floors. In many of the barns the ceilings are not tight. If there is a storage space above for hay or straw, the dust drops through and into the open milk can below. The floor should be tight and, preferably, constructed of cement, which will not admit the wet manure to be absorbed. Light, one of the greatest disinfectants known, is almost entirely ignored in most barns. We only have about one-third as many windows in our barns as we need. At the present high price of lumber we can buy glass as cheap as wood, which eliminates an extra expense. If the barn has an abundance of light, the floors will be dried and the air will be more healthful for the animals. The dairy barn should not contain anything but the necessary fixtures, such as stanchions, troughs, carriers, etc. If machinery is stored in the barn, it furnishes a place for the collection of dust and makes it difficult to properly clean the floor and walls. A coat of whitewash three or four times a year will also aid in keeping the barn clean and will add greatly to the appearance of the interior. 478 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Some system of ventilation should also be provided. There are many barns being constructed without a thought of pure air and its value in producing clean milk, to say nothing of its helpful effect on the health of the cows. Milk absorbs odors very readily and, therefore, if the air is foul we should not be surprised to find the buttermaker criticize it for having barn odors. Let us consider briefly the cow herself, and determine wherein better care adds to cleanliness as well as to her comfort. The horses are curried every day, whether they are used or not, but the cow, which often gets much dirtier, never sees a curry comb. There are many in- stances where the cow goes to pasture in the spring with the entire rear end of her body soaked with manure. When this avalanche of filth finally comes loose, it takes all but the skin with it. Cows kept in this con- dition and milked twice each day cannot produce clean milk. During the operation of milking the filth is shaken into the pail and furnishes a source for the spread of disease among the consumers. Another great source of impure milk is the neglected hand separators in horse barns and cow barns. In many instances the hand separator is condemned, but it is folly to blame a machine constructed of cast iron and steel for lowering the quality of cream. It is the improper care that causes a separator to turn out poor cream. Although the machine is kept perfectly* clean, yet, if stationed in the barn, the cream as it comes from the machine is exposed to an atmosphere contaminated with dust. Wisconsin has a law which makes it a crime for anyone to keep the separator in the barn. Iowa would do well to follow in the footsteps- of her neighbor. When the milk comes from the cow it is absolutely pure, but the con- tamination starts from the time it leaves the teat until placed in the vat at the creamery and cooled. If the cows are on pasture there is less liability of dirt entering the milk during the summer than during the winter. However, care should be taken in brushing off the dirt and dust from the udder, and the milker's hands should be clean. The milk should be run through the cream separator as soon as possible after it has been drawn. It should be removed from the barn and taken directly to the cream separator and skimmed. When the milk is drawn it has a temperature which is just right for the development of bacteria. If it is allowed to stand around the barn the bacteria will develop rapidly and thus make it much more difficult to produce sweet cream. The cream should be taken from the separator and cooled at once. This can be most easily done by placing the cans in a small tank of water. The average well water has a temperature of about 50.° This, when pumped directly into the small tank, which has an outlet into a large stock tank, offers the most practical means of cooling the cream on the average farm. The tank may be constructed of either wood, steel or cement. Shot-gun cans offer the best means of cooling cream, because of their small diameter and the amount of surface exposed to the water, in com- parison with the amount of cream contained. The cream will cool much quicker if it is stirred at intervals of one-half hour after it has been skimmed. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VII 479 The cream separator, as well as the milk utensils used, should all be thoroughly washed with a brush. A brush is much preferred to a rag, because of the bristles getting into the cracks and crevices and cleaning the pails and cans thoroughly. After washing, the utensils should be scalded and then placed in the air to dry. Cans and pails should be inverted, but should not have the tops closely against the table. Pegs fastened into the wall are a very good means of airing the milk cans. One of the most important features in producing clean milk is the covered milk pail. This is simply an ordinary pail with the top partly covered, in order to prevent the dirt which drops from the cow entering the pail. These pails are little more expensive, than the ordinary open pail and practical use shows that they are very desirable for the average farm. Those who are producing the best grade of cream have constructed small milk houses. These are inexpensive and are located near the pump. The cooling tank, as well as the cream separator, are placed in them, thus concentrating the work and making it easier to care properly for the cream. Every farmer will be well repaid for constructing a small tank and handling his cream in a sanitary manner. The premium on sweet cream will continue to increase and the price will more than repay for the ex- pense of the equipment and the trouble of giving the products good care. BENEFITS OF THE CREAMERY. How to keep the small town prosperous is a problem that should interest every citizen. This is particularly true in the Mississippi valley, where there are numerous villages ranging in population from 200 to 1,000. These towns are essential because they furnish a trading place for the farmers in close proximity to their homes. Each is the center of the business and social activities of a community. A town less than 1,000 in population is seldom located on more than one railroad, and as a result the shipping facilities are not adequate to justify a large manufacturing plant locating in it. Thus the prosperity and financial support of every institution in the town depends entirely upon local capital. One of the most remunerative factories for the small town is the creamery. This is true because it does not necessitate products being shipped from a great distance and it secures its supply of raw material entirely from the surrounding community. Although the creamery does not employ a large number of men, it makes the town prosperous because of the comparatively large returns it brings to the community for the capital invested. The average plant in Iowa has been built at a cost not to exceed $5,000, and according to the dairy commissioner's report for 1910, the average annual business of the Iowa creamery has been $61,852. Thus, it can be readily under- stood that a large business is operated on an exceedingly small amount of money. The average creamery in Iowa during the past fiscal year has manu- factured 206,173.9 pounds of butter. If we value this at 30 cents per 480 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE pound, it means that each creamery has sold $61,852.17 worth of butter Only 8,481,940 pounds of the entire product was consumed in the state. Therefore, over 90 per cent of the money paid to patrons came from the large cities of the East. This not only makes a large business for the local banks, but assists materially in an even distribution of money at all times. In the community that has no creamery and where the products of the cow are only used to pay the grocery and meat bills each month, the supply of currency is more spasmodic. The farmer who raises grain and disposes of it directly to the elevator, receives his money only during the marketing season. The extensive beef and hog raiser likewise receives compensation for his stock only once or twice a year when the animals are marketed. This system brings large quantities of money to the bank at certain seasons. The small institution, in order to make a profit on its deposits, is forced to send the money to other localities where it can be disposed of at a profitable rate of interest to the large business houses and manu- facturing plants of the cities. By doing this the money which originates in the small town and which rightfully should be used for the purpose of upbuilding the local community is used for assisting business in other states. The farmers' co-operative creamery is especially valuable for building up the town as well as the surrounding community, because it brings heavy deposits to the bank at frequent intervals, as well as a check to each patron once a month. This supplies ready cash for the living expenses of the farmer, which, in turn, makes it possible for the merchants to conduct a cash business. A creamery in the community is also a means of bringing the mer- chants and farmers into closer contact. It intensifies their business rela- tions and is a mutual benefit to the surrounding farmers, as well as to every business man in the town in which it is located. PART VIII Extracts From the State Bee Keeper's Report By FRANK C. PELLETT, State Bee Inspector The year 1914 has not been a favorable one for honey protluc- tion in Iowa. The drouth of 1913, followed by a similar one this year was responsible for a failure of the white clover, which is the principal source of nectar secretion. The dearth of honey during the best part of the summer has made conditions favor- able for the spread of bee diseases, and the bee keepers have not only had to face a short honey crop but in many localities have had to combat foul brood as well. Both American foul brood and European foul brood have been reported from many local- ities the past season. European foul brood has been especially prevalent and has made its appearance in all parts of the state. It is now present in several counties where it has never been known previously. Indications are that within a short period it will have spread into every county of Iowa and that the bee keeper of the future must be prepared to deal intelligently with disease or quit the business. In localities where disease is pres- ent, the inspector frequently finds a lot of empty hives but no bees, on the premises of the careless apiarist. Hundreds of farmers are thus involuntarily quitting the bee keeping end of their business. Bee diseases are not an unmixed evil for they compel better attention. Many a careless bee keeper has found it necessary to study his business more carefully or lose his property, with the result that better attention has increased the return from his apiary. Some of the most successful honey producers of the writer's acquaintance say that they never made any money from their bees until they were compelled to fight foul brood. On the average farm the bees are the last thing to receive any attention. Too many men are content to leave the bees to shift for themselves as best they may and if there is a surplus of honey in the fall they regard it as so much velvet. Foul brood is rapidly removing such apiaries from disgracing their owners. Unfortunately, however, while they are being 31 482 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 483 thus removed the disease is too often carried to the apiary cf the most careful bee keepers who are compelled to fight the disease, perhaps for years, at great loss. Seldom a man passes through an epidemic of foul brood and remains in the business but he becomes a thorough-going bee keeper. In spite of tlie unfavorable conditions of the season there is much interest mani- fested in the business of honey production and many beginners are taking it up. NEW PUBLICATIONS. So many inquiries reached this office early in the season, as to where books and papers on bee keeping can be secured that we were compelled to issue a bulletin containing' this information in order to reduce the necessary correspondence and at the same time give the desired information in sufficiently comprehensive form. This bulletin seems to fill a decided need and the small edition printed is nearly exhausted. (Bulletin No. 2, "Bee Keeper's Library.") At the request of Prof. Kennedy, then head of "the extension department of the Iowa Agricultural College, the writer pre- pared manuscript for a bulletin on wintering bees which was issued by the extension department of the college and is being distributed from Ames. The demand for information concerning brood diseases has been so great that the supply of the second annual report was reduced to a few hundred copies by the middle of the summer. In order to retain a supply of this report for future use a brief bulletin on "Brood Diseases of Bees" was issued from this office in July. This bulletin is placed in the hands of each bee keeper visited by the inspector and it is also mailed on request from the office. (Bulletin No. 3, "Brood Diseases of Bees.") NEED OF EDUCATION. It is becoming more and more apparent that the problem of bee diseases is largely one of educating the mass of bee keepers to an understanding of the nature and treatment of the two forms of foul brood. Professional bee keepers readily recognize that something is wrong as soon as disease appears among their colonies. Such need only to have a sample examined to inform them -which kind of disease is present and they are then able to give the matter prompt and efficient attention. It has frequently 484 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 485 happened that disease has promptly been stamped out on its first appearance in an apiary whose owner was alert. With the rank and file of people who only have a few colonies there is no suspicion of anything wrong until the bees are dead and their honey carried away by visiting bees and the disease thus spread far and wide. When the inspector is called into a neighborhood to examine bees in such cases, he is almost sure to be informed that the particular bees which he may wish to examine are all right. Yet in most cases their owners have never examined the brood nest and would be unable to recognize diseased brood if they saw it. The fortunate visit of an inspector has located many cases of disease in apiaries of this kind where but for his coming the disease would have surelj' been spread to surround- ing apiaries. In one case the inspector called at a farm house where he was advised that there were bees. The housewife in- formed him that they had no bees but some empty hives. An examination of the hives disclosed the fact that bees had died of American foul brood, yet the combs and honey were still in the hive. It was in early spring and fortunately it had not been found by the bees from neighboring apiaries. The owner was in the field and when visited by the inspector and informed of the condition promised to burn the whole outfit when he went in at noon. The inspector would have much preferred to do the job himself but the owner insisted that it would be promptly attended to. A man was sent back the following day to see that instruc- tions had been carefully followed, only to find that the hive had been carefully disinfected by burning out the inside, but the honey was left lying on the ground, where it was much more likely to be found by Tjees than had it been left in the hives. As far as the hive was concerned it had been effectively cleaned of the disease but the owner had failed to grasp the fact that the disease is carried from hive to hive in the honey. Very fortu- nately a large apiary near at hand was saved from infection by the opportune visit of the inspector. MOVING PICTURES. It early became apparent that with the funds available but little progress could be made by personal visitation as seems to be contemplated by the law. With the consent of the executive council a moving picture film of nearly one thousand feet in 486 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FIFTEENTH AXXUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 48' length was secured. This film shows the modern methods of apiary management and is a revelation to many who have had bees on their premises for many years. Unfortunately the film is too short to give all the information that is to be desired. One can get an idea from the moving picture at a glance which would not be fully made clear by pages of reading. The film has been sent out to institutes, schools, churches and anywhere else where public meetings discussing agricultural questions were being held. Those using the film have been required to pay the express, thus relieving the department at the expense of keeping it in use. The agricultural college very generously gave the department the privilege of showing this film at the close of their picture program in the college building at the state fair twice each day. Mr. Colburn who operated the machine for showing the college Group at Clarinda. pictures also showed our film, thus relieving the department of expense of operation. The officials of the agricultural college have shown themselves uniformly courteous and have assisted this department in every possible way in carrying on the work of the year. SUMMER MEETINGS. At the 1913 convention of the Bee Keepers' Association arrange- ments were made to co-operate with the inspector in various ways. Among other things planned was a series of summer meetings 488 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE at convenient places over the state. Eight in all of these meet- ings were held. Six were well attended and the day very profit- ably spent in discussing not only bee diseases but other subjects of timely interest relating to bee keeping. Several conditions conspired to interfere with the success of the other two meetings. The Iowa Bee Keepers' Association is lending every possible aid to the inspector in his work. At some points branch associ- ations have been organized locally for the express purpose of assisting in the work of checking brood diseases among the bees. The Polk County Bee Keeper's club is one of the most active. At Sioux City the bee keepers are also very energetic and when the writer was called to that city, more than twenty-five After dinner group of beekeepers at Hall apiary. came together with but a few hours notice to discuss ways' and means of assisting in inspection of the apiaries in and around the city. In such a location the inspector would be helpless without the aid of some one well acquainted with the locality to assist in finding the bee keepers. At Sioux City the bee keepers offered their services freely in acting as guides and assistants and also furnished transportation by placing their teams and automobiles at the service of the inspector without charge. Mr. Aldrich, the deputy for the northwestern district, did most of the work there and his expense account was lightened by probably fifty dollars FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 4 89 by the generosity of the local bee men. The same condition has prevailed to a greater or less extent all over the state and it would have been otherwise impossible to have reached so many apiaries without a much greater expenditure of funds. UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS. The conditions that have favored the spread of disease have made it extremely difficult for the inspectors to work. The fact that no honey was being brought to the hive during much of the summer made it very easy to start robbing and it very frequently happened that an inspector would only get nicely started to work when such conditions would compel him to stop. At such a time an inspector had much better be at home for he can easily spread disease instead of checking it. The protracted illness and death of the father of Prof. Bar- tholomew, who was working in the northeastern district, inter- fered with his work greatly and prevented him from finishing some much needed inspection. Taken altogether it has been a trying year for the inspectors. The unexpected appearance of disease in so many new localities has made an unprecedented demand for assistance and the unfavorable nectar secretion has made it impossible to reach nearly all of them or to do really satisfactory work in many of the localities visited. NEED OF COUNTY INSPECTORS. A season like the present one when conditions that favor the spread of disease make it impossible for the inspectors to make rapid progress in dealing with it make it very clear that in order to get effective inspection a considerable number of men must be available for work at the time when conditions permit good work to be done. I am doubtful whether with a large appropri- ation it would be possible to get a sufficient number of compe- tent men for the short period that they can be thus employed. Then, too, it is often necessary to travel long distances and con- siderable expense is necessary. It seems to me that provisions should be made for cases where disease is badly scattered in any county, to authorize the county boards of supervisors to appoint a competent resident bee keeper as county inspector on petition of about ten resident bee keepers and the recommendation of the State Inspector. In this way a man would be able to work 490 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE with little expense beside his time and the total amount neces- sary to do the work in any one county in any one year would be so small as hardly to be considered. Being on the ground the county inspector could do his work at the most favorable time and his local acquaintance would greatly facilitate his work. There are at present about ten counties where such a county in- spector should be at work during the coming summer. The small expense necessary will be returned a hundred fold in the in- creased honey production of the state. During the past summer the department has tried the experiment of appointing one dep- uty with no work outside his home county. Mr. L. W. Elmore, a bee keeper of Fairfield, has had charge of the work in Jeffer- son county. Because of the fact that he was not compelled to Demonstration -n-ork in the Hall apiary at Colo. leave his work half finished to rush off to some other quarter to meet insistent demands he has perhaps made more real progress than we have been able to do in other sections. With efficient county inspectors in counties where disease is badly spread, and the state department to look after localities where there is not so much to be done, and to have a general supervision of the work, there is hope that foul brood can be reduced to a point where it will no longer be a serious menace to the bee keeping interests of Iowa. This plan will not only be the most effective, but by far the cheapest plan that at present seems possible. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 491 CHANGES IN THE LAW. Without a very much larger appropriation than is now avail- able, it would be impossible to follow the law as it now stands. This being the case the department has been compelled to follow it only as far as funds will permit. Section 2, of chapter 169, requires the inspector to examine such apiaries as are reported to be diseased and all apiaries in that locality. This should be changed to leave the matter a little more to the best judgment of the inspector. In some such localities are bee keepers who have extensive apiaries that would require several days of an inspector's time to examine thoroughly. These same bee keep- ers may understand the treatment of disease fully and may be able and anxious to find it on its first appearance. For an in- spector to spend a week in such an apiary would be a useless expense. Then the same section requires the inspector to make a second visit to these same apiaries. Experience shows that this is not always necessary. In fact only occasionally is it necessary for the inspector to go to the expense of a second visit. This should also be left to the discretion of the inspector. IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY. Quite frequently one can hear the total production of the poultry and bees compared, to the disparagement of the bee keeping industry. Such persons seem to forget that 75 per cent of the total figures represented by the product of the poultry yard have already been counted as corn, wheat or other grain which had been fed to the poultry to produce the product, while with the honey produced we have a net resource. The bees gather the nectar from which the honey is produced direct from the flowers and if it were not so used it would be lost. The few millions that *honey adds yearly to Iowa's production is a net addition to her wealth. The expenditure for hives and fixtures can be compared to the investment in poultry houses and fences which are not deducted in considering the returns. This is rather an investment than an expense and is good for many years. The presence of large numbers of bees also greatly increases the production of fruits and seeds of many kinds by better cross pollination of the blossoms so that but a small part of the rev- enue derived from the bees is represented in the direct product 492 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of honey and wax. The real value of the bees to Iowa cannot be told for there is no way to measure this indirect product. The business is only partially developed in this state and is capable of sustaining many thousands of people in comfort and adding millions of dollars to the resources of the commonwealth, ADVANTAGES OF IOWA BEE KEEPERS. Most of Iowa's honey is of high quality and brings the highest prices in the world's markets. When the markets are glutted, the white clover honey is among the first to be moved and sel- dom is there a season when first quality white clover honey does not move readily. This being the ease there is little danger of over production. As long as our honey will bring several cents more per pound than honey from many southern and west- ern localities, in the same market, the Iowa honey producer need have little fear of being unable to sell his crop. ASSISTANCE NEEDED. The large correspondence of this department with bee keepers concerning every phase of bee keeping is evidence of the need of some special headquarters for disseminating information re- lating to bee culture. The industry is one well worthy of en- couragement and every possible means should be offered to in- quiring bee keepers to secure dependable information. While it would be possible to enlarge the work of this department to cover such needs as is being done in some states, I am of the opinion that the better plan would be to provide a special appro- priation for research work in bee culture in connection with the state experiment station at Ames. There is no apparent reason why the man with less than ten colonies of bees should be ex- empted from taxation. This is depriving the state of revenue from hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of taxable prop- erty without accomplishing the purpose for which it was in- tended. I would suggest that this section of the tax law be repealed and that all bees be taxed the same as other property and that a part of the funds thus raised be appropriated for special work in the development of apiculture at the state experi- ment station. There is no reason why Iowa should not set the pace for the world in bee keeping as well as in some other lines of agricultural development. The state has not been slow to FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 493 recognize the value of educational work in other agricultural lines and the bee keepers feel that they should receive the same consideration. By following the plan above outlined no addi- tional burdens will be laid on the general taxpayers. COMMON CAUSES OF FAILURE. When one goes into the apiaries in all parts of the state as an inspector is compelled to do, he is impressed with the fact that the standard of Iowa's professional bee men is a high one. The crops they raise and tlie general showing they make is surprising Group of bee men at Strong apiary, Clarinda. when one considers how little attention has been given to the development of bee culture in this state. On the oth^r hand the standard of the mass of bee keepers is deplorably low. The average production per colony is not more than 20 per cent of what is possible and what reasonably should be expected with proper attention. One of the common difficulties is excessive swarming at the time of the main honey flow. Too often only one super is placed 494 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE on a hive at a time and this without bait section or foundation in the sections. The bees are slow to enter the super at all under such conditions and when they do, as soon as the super is well filled and the bees crowded for room they will swarm. Dividing the col- ony in the middle of the honey flow is making increase at the ex- pense of the crop. The professional bee keeper makes his increase at the close of the honey flow and thus gets both a honey crop and increase. Another very common reason why little surplus is stored is because the bee keeper is raising too many drones. The drone is the male bee. It gathers no honey and adds nothing to the productive powers of the hive. The only purpose of the drone is the perj^etuation of the species. As each hive has only one queen and one mating is sufficient for life it will readily be seen that but a small number of drones in an apiary will serve all the purposes for which nature designed -them. I think it safe to say that I have found more drones in a single hive in the ordinary farm apiary than I found in nearly one hundred hives in the yard of F. W. Hall at Colo, Story county. The drones are reared in larger cells than are the workers. If the bees are allowed to build according to their own notions there will fre- quently be from one-fourth to one-third of the total comb surface in the hive made up of drone comb. During the productive season the queen lays thousands of eggs daily and in such hives thousands of drones will soon appear. Some one has estimated that it requires the labor of five worker bees to support one drone. I do not know whether this estimate is anywhere near correct but if it is, it will readily be seen that the presence of 20 per cent drones in the total population of the hive will absorb all the surplus honey that would otherwise be stored. The use of full sheets of foundation in the brood chamber re- sults in the building of nearly all worker combs and thus few drones are present at any time. Large numbers of drones are not only loafers where workers should be present but they con- sume the product of the labor of their industrious sisters. These sheets of foundation lare made of pure bees wax rolled out thin and run between rollers that leave the impression the exact size and shape of the bottom of worker cells. The bees are quick to make use of this boost in building their combs and straight combs with cells nearly all of worker size are the result. Instead of large blocks of drone cells as in natural built combs only a few small places in the corners will thus be used. FIFTEENTH AXXUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 495 Improper preparation for winter is another common source of loss. Thousands of colonies are allowed to remain on their sum- mer stands without suitable protection, with old and failing queens and frequently with honey dew or other low grade stores. The percentage of annual losses is so large as to make one won- der why some people will keep bees at all. With a systematic plan of education such as has been carried on with corn and some other agricultural crops, these losses can be greatly reduced and the production of honey increased to the point of adding millions of dollars annually to the resources of the state. Prominent men at Delmar — Frank Coverdale, C. B. Bartholomew, C. P. Dadant and S. W. Snyder. THE IOWA BEE KEEPER'S ASSOCIATION. It is doubtful whether there is another agricultural organiza- tion accomplishing so much under such unfavorable conditions as the Iowa Bee Keepers' Association. The association has no funds aside from its membership fee of fifty cents annually, yet it is undertaking the improvement of the bee keeping industry along all lines. Its secretary and other officers perform a vast amount of labor without compensation. While the association has never asked for any state appropriation such as has been given the horticultural and other societies it would seem that 496 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE some provision should be made for the publication of the annual reports, for in no other way, perhaps, can as much be accom- plished looking toward the general betterment of an industry than the judicious dissemination of printed matter. Among the objects of the association as announced in its printed matter may be mentioned : To assist in checking the spread of bee diseases, to spread information concerning improved methods of produc- tion, to assist its members in marketing their crops, to secure recognition of the industry at state and county fairs, to instruct its members in their legal rights and to assist when necessary in securing them; to inform the public as to the value of honey as food, of the importance of the business of honey production and the value of bees to other crops, and to elevate the business of bee keeping to a place of eminence among agricultural activ- ities. The membership fee is only fifty cents per year payable to the secretary. The association is affiliated with the national organi- zation of the same name and one dollar additional secures mem- bership in the national association and the official organ, "The Bee Keepers' Eeview." Officers for 1915 are: President — C. E. Bartholomew, Ames. Vice President — B. T. Bleasdale, Des Moines. Secretary-Treasurer — S. "W. Snyder, Center Point. Directors — A. P. Chamberlain, Des Moines; "W. S. Pangburn, Center Junction ; J. W. Stine, Stockport. Attorney — Russell E. Ostrus, Des Moines. SUMMARY OF THE SEASON'S WORK. The state has been divided into four districts. Prof. C. E. Bar- tholmew of Ames had charge of the northeastern district. As before mentioned he was greatly hindered in his work by illness and death of relatives. The southeastern district has been in charge of J. W. Stine, now of Stockport. While the drouth and consequent unfavorable conditions have interfered with the work all over the state, conditions have been particularly un- favorable in the southeastern district. There is great need of work the coming season in both of the eastern districts. In the northwestern district B. A. Aldrich has made good progress, for the disease conditions are not so widely scattered as further east. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 497 The state inspector has had charge of the field work in the southwestern district, in addition to general supervision of the entire state. There are less bees in this district and consequently- less appeals for assistance, although some much needed work has not, as yet, been reached. The following summary gives the total results of the combined efforts of the four inspectors and also of the work accomplished by L. W. Elmore, who has been at work in Jefferson county. Total number of apiaries visited 294 Total number of apiaries where disease was found 127 Total number of colonies in apiaries visited 6,623 Number of colonies diseased 995 Number of colonies with American foul brood 552 Number of colonies with European foul brood 342 Number of colonies with sac brood 91 Number of colonies destroyed 21 Number of cases treated 86 Total expenditure of funds, including salary of the state in- spector and four deputies, traveling expenses, office expenses, moving picture film and incidentals, $1,539.46, from January 1, to November 1, 1914. It need hardly be added that most of the nearly one thousand diseased colonies found have been cared for by their owners and have either been treated or destroyed. It has not been the policy of the department to insist on destruction, only as a last resort. Destruction has frequently been recommended, but whether de- struction or treatment should be given has been usually left to the owner to decide. Respectfully submitted, FRANK C. PELLETT, State Inspector of Bees. 32 498 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SHORT HISTORY OF BEEKEEPING. C. p. DADANT. C. P. Dadant. This is a long subject, for bees and lioney were mentioned in the re- motest times. So I can give but a short glimpse of it. Those familiar with the Old Testament are acquainted with the name of "Debora," a prophetess of Israel. But only a few know that this name is that of the honey bee in Hebrew. They know also that Samson found a swarm of bees established in the dried-up carcass of a lion which he had slain a few weeks before. That suggested to him the riddle which he gave for his Philistine guests to solve and which they were at a loss to explain until they bribed his wife to secure the solution. In the Proverbs, it is said "Eat thou honey, my son, for it is good." The promised land was a country "flowing with milk and honey." Our bee keepers, to advertise their honey, can have no difficulty in securing good testimonials, when they can even quote the Bible in their favor. FIFTEENTH ANXTTAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 499 In mythology, we find Jupiter, king of gods, born in the Island of Crete, fed upon honey from golden bees by a nymph called Melissa. The Greek word "meli" dignifies. Hence came the names of various plants producing sweets or honey: Melica, melilotus, melissa. The fabulous story of Aristaeus, king of Arcadia, which shows him as obtaining swarms of bees from the bodies of slain bulls and heifers, is the first where the teaching of bee culture is suggested. Aristaeus was a lover and teacher of agriculture. But his method of securing swarms from the bodies of slain animals is criticized in our day, by Jules De Soignies, a Belgian writer, who merrily suggests that it was probably from this most extraordinary source that foul brood originated. Decaying flesh is hardly the proper conveyer of swarms of bees. When we seek outside of fabulous folk-lore, for the first writers on bees and their culture, we find the Greek Aristotle, the teacher of Alexander the Great, 384 years before the Christian Era. Later Latin writers, Varro, Virgil, Pliny, who died in Pompei by the eruption of Vesuvius, Columella, who wrote a treatise on agriculture entitled "De Re Rustica" (About Rustic Things). But none of these writers knew much about tha natural history of bees. Their teachings were much mixed with the mys- tic and fabulous beliefs of the time. Most of them believed that bees gath- ered their eggs from the blossoms which they visited. They called honey "the dew of heaven." They asserted that from it was made the "am- brosia," the food of the gods. Similarly "nectar," the drink of the gods, was thought to be brewed from honey. That is why, to this day, the liquid sweet taken by the bee from the blossom is still called by us "nectar." The best honey was said to be produced on Mount Hymettus, in Greece, from aromatic plants, like thyme, and orange blossoms. The directions for bee keeping were confined to the methods of hiving swarms and taking the honey. But Virgil had already noticed that there were bees of a ygl- lower color than others, in some districts, and wrote about it. During the dark ages, many unimportant writers mentioned the honey bee and gave directions for its culture. Bees were of much more im- portance than at present, since sugar did not exist and honey was the only sweet produced, with the exception of the juice of some fruits and plants, which served mainly for fermented drinks. Beeswax was also greatly appreciated. It was used for candles for divine service. Then the ancients used tablets covered with a light coat of it for writing, with a stylus. The stylus was an instrument shaped like a pencil, sharp at one end and blunt and flattened at the other. The sharp end served to write upon the wax, the flat end to erase what had been written, so that the tablet might be used indefinitely. Hence the Latin expression em- ployed to advise pupils to often correct their work: "saepe stylum vertas" (often invert the stylus.) It was not until 1609 that an English writer, Butler, affirmed the exist- ence of a queen, or mother bee. Until then she was called "king." The purpose of the drones was unknown, although some asserted that they were intended to keep the brood warm and hatch it, just like sitting hens. 500 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE There are people yet who believe this to be their main function, and who also believe in the existence of a king bee. The production of wax was also thought to be from the pollen which the bees bring home on their legs. Swammerdam, in 1737, first described the queen as a female, for he had dissected this bee. He found the ovaries. But the mating was ascer- tained by Huber, the first positive scientist to give us a correct natural history, at the end of the eighteenth century. Huber used a leaf-hive, the first style of movable-frame hive in exist- ence, now called "closed-end frame hive." His frames were hinged and opened like a book. He was one of the most persistent observers, though he had to rely on the eyes of others for his experiments, for he was blind. During that wonderful century, the eighteenth, a number of writers recorded important discoveries; Wildman, Schirach, Delia Rocca, Duchet, Reaumur and hosts of others studied the honey bee. The production of wax was ascertained, the function of the drones proven and observing hives built that permitted investigation. In 1845, in the Bienenzeitung, the first bee journal, the famous Dr. Dzierzon published his discovery of parthenogenesis, or the ability of a queen bee to lay eggs that would hatch into live drones without having ever mated. This was first written as a hypothesis. It soon became an established theory and is nor;^ con- sidered as a proved fact. Numerous scientists, especially in Germany, studied this problem, and the present methods of rearing queens from worker eggs were fully inaugurated. Dzierzon was keeping his bees in what he called a movable comb hive. It was simply composed of a box in which top bars were set upon which the bees built their combs. But as there were no side bars to these, the bees fastened the edges of the combs to the walls of the hive and at each visit it was necessary to separate these combs from both ends in order to be able to lift them with the top bar to which they adhered. It was with such an' unhandy contrivance that he made some of the most inter- esting experiments which have been handed down to us. A little later Berlepsch invented a movable frame hive, which is still much used in Europe. It had most of the principles of the movable frame hive in present use, with the exception of the removable ceiling of the brood chamber or supers, and was made like a cupboard. In other words, the frames of this hive have to be removed from the rear, one at a time, and when you wish to examine the front comb or that which Is nearest the entrance, you must remove all the others first, one at a time, drawing them out of the hive horizontally. It will be understood, therefore, that the frames of the Berlepsch hive run parallel with the entrance, instead of at right angle with it. A little later, Debeauvoys invented a top-opening movable frame hive, but the frames were made to fit closely in the hive at both ends. This hive worked finely as long as there w^ere no bees in it, but as soon as the bees occupied it they fastened the frames with propolis, so that it was impossible 'to move them without breaking them. FIFTEENTH ANXUAT. YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 501 At length, Mr. L. L. Langstroth experimented upon this same subject and in 1852 obtained a patent on the movable frame hive in use the world over at the present day, a hive in which the frames hang upon rabbets at the ends of the box, by two projecting shoulders, these frames sep- arated from the walls, ceiling and bottom by a bee space. This invention caused a revolution in bee culture. Mr. Langstroth himself was a very careful observer and made many remarks which have been confirmed to this day. He was the first man to dare assert that the bee moth never destroyed a single colony of bees, that the colonies which had died sup- posedly by the invasion of the moth worms were invariably queenless, or contained a worthless queen, so that the colony was doomed. He boldly stated that it was as senseless to imagine that the moths could destroy a colony of bees in normal condition as to believe "that carrion birds or worms, which are devouring a dead horse, were the primary cause of its untimely end." Although the principle of the Langstroth hive has been criticized by some students, who have called it "a rattle box" owing to the freedom of hanging of its frames, this hive, in one shape or another, is at present used all over the civilized world, in many places to the exclusion of any other hive. After 1852, bee culture took long strides. In 1861, the American Bee Journal was established by Samuel Wagner. It was the third bee journal in point of age, the first being the Bienenzeitung, already mentioned by me, the second L'Apiculteur of Paris. The old Bienenzeitung has been discontinued, other German bee papers having taken its place. In 1865, Major Hruschko, of Dolo, Italy, invented the honey extractor, by the use of which honey is removed from the combs without damaging them, so that they may be returned to the hive to be filled again and again. He hit upon this discovery by accident. Having given his little son a piece of unsealed comb honey to carry on a dish, the boy tied this in his handkerchief as in a sling and swung the dish around his head. The honey was found to have emptied itself into the dish. That gave a clue to the making of the instrument which consists of wire-cloth baskets re- volving speedily within a metal receptacle. Little beginnings often make great endings. They certainly had no idea of the great proportions which the use of the honey extractor would take. Millions of pounds of honey are now taken all over the world by this method, which produces a better and cleaner article, while permitting the expensive comb to be returned to the hive, to be filled again. It did away with the "strained honey" ob- tained by crushing the combs and pressing the honey out. Perhaps this assertion is a little too strong, for in many parts of Europe and in a few districts in this country, there are still bee owners who are uninformed and persist in breaking up the combs and straining the honey. In whole districts, for instance in Southern France, visited by me last year, and in Italy, England, etc., especially in the heather regions, establishments are in existence which buy brimstoned colonies every fall and render up the combs by the straining process. The honey thus produced is dark. 502 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE strong, and cloudy. I was told that it is used principally to give flavor to glucose compounds sold in some countries under the name of honey. Although much remains to he done in enlightening the country people of Europe on practical and scientific production, the fact is that the bulk of the honey produced through such countries as ours and in the more enlightened parts of Europe is now harvested in the best shape and in the most economical manner. The straw or willow skep and the "gum" or the box hive have been replaced by the movable-frame hive. With the exception of Switzerland, which is very far advanced in progress, the older countries are following somewhat in the rear of the newer States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, etc. A necessary complement of the invention of the extractor was comb foundation. To handle frames readily, to be able to sell honey in nice little sections, it was indispensable that the combs be built straight in them. Comb foundation not only secured that end, but saved the bees a great deal of labor and a great deal of honey expenditure, since bees- wax worth commercially between 25 and &5 cents can be thus returned to the hive in such acceptable shape as to save the bees from 8 to 12 pounds or more of honey for each pound of wax. The diminishing of the amount of drone comb in undesirable colonies is also a great advantage of the use of foundation with worker cell base. This wonderful improve- ment was thought out in the middle of the nineteenth century, by Mehring, a German. But it remained for an American, A. I. Root, to make it in a practical way. With the help of an able machinist, Mr. Washburn, he produced cylinders in 1876 that made foundation as thin as 8 square feet to the pound. This was later improved upon by Vandervort, in the 80's, and thin sheets are now made as light as 13 square feet, which have long ago removed the objection of a fishbone in the honey. Strange to say, on the European Continent, beekeepers have only slightly improved upon the Mehring invention and make foundation by presses which our Amer- ican beekeepers would reject, owing to its imperfection and its great weight. Minor inventions, such as the bee smoker, the honey knife, were im- proved upon from time to time since the middle of the nineteenth century. Advance in the diffusion of apiarian knowledge is noticeable every day in a more marked manner. The Germans have dozens of noted writers and scientists. In Switzerland, Bertrand, in England, Cowan, have writ- ten books on bees which have been translated in seven or eight different languages. Another Englishman, Cheshire, in his "Bees and Beekeeping," gave a summary of modern advances, in 1886. In this country, Lang- stroth, Quinby, Cook, Root, C. C. Miller have written the leading text books on the subject. But why name any, when so many have to be left out? Queen rearing and the importation of bees from one country to another to try the best races have become common. The selection of the best honey producers as breeders has increased the yield of honey materially. A new method of rearing queens by making artificial cell cups, invented FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 503 by Doolittle some 26 years ago, has permitted an unlimited production of queens from selected stock. Bee journals are in many countries. Our own United States have four, France has a dozen, Italy two. Our Department of Agriculture is giving bees a special place in the Bureau of Entomology and the spread of dis- eases is being checked with their help. The growth of bee keepers' associations is perhaps one of the most marked features of progressive bee keeping. A few years ago, a meeting calling together as many apiarists as are now found in almost any state convention would have been an impossibility. But I make bold to say that we are only at the beginning of success in our industry. The United States have not yet produced in a single year enough honey to supply a pound to each inhabitant, and there is plenty of room for more bees. Dr. E. F Phillips. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDIITY IN THE WINTERING OF BEES. E. F. THILLIPS, WASHINGTON, D. C. It is not necessary to argue before a company of beekeepers, especially in the North, that the successful wintering of bees is not only one of the most important problems before the bee keeper, but also at times one of 504 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the most difficult of solution. You all know that the winter losses are considerable, but it is nevertheless a fact that bee keepers often fail to realize in full the magnitude of the winter loss, even in an average or even in a mild winter. The season of 1911-12 was the most recent case that we have experienced of a winter accompanied by severe losses. The summer of 1911 was a poor season for most localities in the North .and most colonies were weaker than usual all summer. They went into winter weak, short of stores and with too many old bees. The winter was excep- tionally severe and many colonies were not in condition to expend the energy necessary to maintain life, and as a result the loss by the death of colonies was over 50 per cent in many apiaries. If the bees had been in condition to obtain the bountiful crop of 1912 that year would have been a banner year in beekeeping, but there were not enough bees. Similarly in 1909 there was a dearth of nectar but an abundance of honey-dew in many localities, causing enormous losses in the following winter. The winter of 1903-4 was another of heavy losses, while that of 1884-85 was one of the worst experienced by American beekeepers. It is, of course, evident that good beekeepers lose less colonies than those who are uninformed, but even the good beekeeper loses sometimes. An estimate of 10 per cent for the average annual loss is probably conserva- tive, and it speaks well for beekeeping as an occupation that American bee- keepers can sustain such a loss year after year without destroying the Industry. Looking, then, at the other side of the picture, it is clear that if this loss can be prevented beekeeping ought to advance rapidly to its rightful place in American agriculture. From the experience and observations of beekeepers we now know con- siderable about wintering, and our information is increasing constantly. There are two facts concerning this information to which attention should be directed. First, many of the very best observations have appeared in the bee journals, but are now practically forgotten because beekeepers are often not careful enough to keep complete files of their journals and to consult them frequently. A bee journal is not altogether a newspaper, but should be considered as a permanent record of the good things ob- served. The other consideration is that the results have been obtained at enormous cost, since they are records in the main only of gross results. A beekeeper tries a certain method of wintering and necessarily gauges his success by what is left the following spring. With the facilities of the apiary detailed observations as to the daily activities and require- ments of the bees are impossible, and consequently our knowledge of wintering is based largely on commercial experience, but is lacking in facts concerning the detailed needs of the bees. In the present discussion of this subject it is proposed to depart some- what from the usual methods in discussing the wintering problem and to record some of the things that bees do in winter, as well as to explain some of the physical phenomena observed. In doing so I shall draw on the results published by Mr. Demuth and myself concerning our work of the past two years. While I am having the pleasure of attending this meeting, Mr. Demuth is back at the laboratory making more observations, although rightfully we should read this paper as a duet. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 505 THE SOURCE OF HEAT IN THE COLONY. It is a well-known fact that bees generate heat during cold weather, so that the temperature of the cluster never drops very low. The lowest temperature that we have found is 57° F. In order to see what the bees do during this period of heat production, we devised a special outfit so that we could see the inside of the cluster. A colony in winter forms a compact, approximately spherical cluster and on the outside of the cluster there is nothing that one can see that suggests the heavy heat production that must take place. However, a narrow hive was provided, with double glass sides and top, with an air space between the sheets of glass to act as an insulation. The stores were then so arranged that the only place available for the cluster was next to the glass on one side. In the outside space were placed a number of the electrical thermometers which we used and which are briefly described in Bulletin No. 93 of the Department of Agriculture, to which those interested are referred. In the space pro- vided there was not room for a spherical cluster, so the bees formed a hemisphere, the equator of which was against the glass. This showed as a circle of bees on the glass, exposing to view the center of the cluster. It was then clearly demonstrated that the cluster is not uniformly com- pact. The cluster consists, between the combs and sometimes above and below them, of an outer shell of bees packed close together, with their heads toward the center. The thickness of this ring varies with the weather being thicker when the outer temperature is warm and when less heat production is needed, and becoming thinner with the increase in heat production. This is because when more heat is produced more beees are needed for this work, leaving less for the outer rim. In order to expose this colony (Colony C) to rapid changes in tempera- ture, the hive was placed on the roof of the building, and while one per- son watched the bees another read the temperatures in the room below where the instruments were located. A telephone was installed, so that the two persons could be in constant communication, head pieces being used, so that the hands of both observers were free. The observations made on the roof were then given over the telephone and all records were made below. This colony was of course in the light, but the normal clus- ter was nevertheless observed. The colony was disturbed as little as pos- sible during the observations to eliminate abnormal conditions. The nearly spherical cluster of bees consists, between the combs and sometimes above or below them, of an outer shell of bees close together, with their heads toward the center. This ring may be several layers thick. The position with the heads inward is typical, except when condensed moisture drops on the cluster, as it often does in cool weather, when the bees at the top turn so that their heads are upward. The bees in this outer shell are quiet, except for an occasional shifting of position. Inside this rather definite shell the bees between the combs are not so close together, nor are they headed in any one way. Considerable movement, such as walking, moving the abdomen from side to side, and rapid faa^ ning of the wings, takes place inside the sphere, and when a bee becomes 506 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE unusually active the adjoining bees move away, leaving an open space in which it can move freely. Two bees may often be seen tugging at each other. In addition to the bees between the combs, placed as above de- scribed, others are in empty cells of the comb on which the cluster is always formed, always with their heads in. A verification of these state- ments is contained in the following observations, and the experiment may easily repeated by anyone: For the purpose of obtaining a colony with- out combs for another experiment, a hive was opened December 15, 1913, while the outside temperature was low enough to cause the formation of a compact cluster. When the combs were separated the circle of bees in the shell was clearly observed. When a comb from the center of the clus- ter was shaken the active bees in the center of the circle dropped off readily, and those in the outer shell which were somewhat sluggish were removed with more difficulty. After this was done those occupying empty cells in the center of the sphere backed out of the cells and were shaken off. Finally those occupying cells in the border of the sphere backed out, showing a well-marked circle on the combs. Evidently the bees in the shell, whether in the cells or between the combs, are less active than those in the interior of the cluster. Naturally such a manipulation as this is not to be recommended, except for purposes of demonstration. It is clear from observations previously recorded that the highest tem- peratures are those of points in the center of this shell, and this is to be expected, as the heat is generated here. The outer shell constitutes an ideal insulator for the conservation of the heat, since the bees arranged so close together form small dead air spaces in their interlacing hairs, especially those of the thorax, and afford still more insulation with their bodies. The abdomens of the bees in the outer row are practically sep- arate one from another, and must often be exposed to severe cold. That this method of conserving heat is effective is shown by observations on undisturbed colonies out of doors. For example, on January 14, 1914, there was at 9 a. m. a difference of 68° F. between thermometers 14 (center of the sphere) and 16 (outside the cluster) of Colony D, which were less than 41/2 inches apart on the same level in the same space between combs, and a difference of 75° F. between this couple and the bottom board 4i/i inches below it. What this difference might sometimes be in colder cli- mates may be imagined. Examples of this kind might be multiplied indefi- nitely from the records of these experiments. The source of the heat of the cluster must, of course, be the oxidation of the food consumed by the bees. The bee is classed as a cold-blooded ani- mal, in that the temperature of the individual bee is practically that of the surrounding medium. There is obviously, from the records just given, no internal regulation of the temperature of the body, such as is found in birds and mammals, for the temperature of a broodless cluster varies greatly. From the observations made on the various colonies, especially Colony C, it is clear that heat for the warming of the cluster is produced by muscular activity. While, of course, some heat is doubtless liberated by other life processes, this is practically negligible when bees are quiet, as in Colony A, when above 57° F. That higher temperatures may FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 507 be produced greatly increased muscular activity is required, and in Col- ony C in cold weather bees in the center of the shell of insulating bees were seen fanning vigorously and executing other movements, such as shaking and rapid respiration. We thus have the paradoxical condition that bees fan to heat the cluster in winter as well as to cool the hive in summer. Observations of this kind were repeated beyond number, and this theory of the method of heat production is entirely supported by the repeated observation of a humming noise from the cluster during cold weather. A few details of the observations on Colony C may be of interest. For example, one bee was observed fanning vigorously for TY2 minutes (9.53 to 10.001/2 a. m., January 23), while the other bees kept a space cleared for it. The temperature of the nearest thermometer rose %° F. during this time. At 9.52 this thermometer was almost a degree cooler than at the time of greatest heat during the fanning. The rapidity of fanning of the wings varied, and toward the end of the time it became so slow that the outline of the wings was distinguishable. After the excessive activity this bee stood in the same place for a time. Rapid respiration may play a more important part in heat production than at first appears. One bee was observed to breathe 21 times in 14 seconds and then cease the rapid respiration. On other occasions 50 or more bees would begin shaking their bodies from side to side. THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE ON THE HEAT PRODUCTION. Another colony (Colony A) was used during the winter of 1912-13 to determine the responses of a normal colony to changes in outer tempera- ture. It also was located on the roof, where the bees were free to fly when ever the weather permitted, and where it was exposed to rapid changes in temperature. It was in a 10-frame Langstroth hive, the en- trance being reduced to % inches deep and eight inches wide, and the colony was not packed or given additional protection. In this hive we placed nineteen electrical thermometers, three on the bottom board in a row down the center, one in each upper corner and twelve among the combs, distributed in such a way that the cluster could never get away from all of them. Readings were made hourly from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m. through the entire period of observation (September 26 to March 28), except Sundays and holidays, and at intervals additional special series of readings were made every 15 minutes (sometimes every 30 minutes) dur- ing the night (5 p. m. to 8:45 a. m.) for periods of several days each. In all 41,413 records were made of temperatures in Colony A. The reaction of the cluster in heat production, as induced by changes in external temperature, is well shown by the records made from noon November 13 to 2 p. m. November 15 (1912), when readings were made hourly from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m. and every 15 minutes at night. From noon on November 13 the outside temperature dropped slowly until 6 a. m., November 15, and the weather was cloudy, so that the bees did not fly. At noon on the 13th the outside temperature was about 69.2° F. and all 508 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the points within the hive were then cooler than the outside air, due to the fact that it took some time for the inside of the hive to warm up. At 4 p. m. the outside temperature had dropped to 65.3° F., when it was lower than any of the points within the cluster, which had in the mean- time become warmer. From this time until 6 p. m. the next day (14th) the temperature wthin the cluster gradually dropped as the outer air cooled, until the lowest one (No. 9) was 57° F. (Outside temperature, 48.2° F.). The generation of heat began at 6:15 p. m. at this point, which was to one side of the cluster, and is to be attributed to the move- ment of the bees in forming a definite cluster. At 6:30 p. m. a rise in temperature was noticed on thermometer 19, at the other side of the cluster. Until 10:15 p. m. the changes in temperature are probably to be interpreted as incidental to the formation of a compact cluster, and from this time until the next day at the close of the series of readings ther- mometers within the cluster showed a considerably higher temperature than the outer air, or than the thermometers outside the cluster. The maximum in this series was reached at 3:15 a. m. November 15, when thermometer 12 in the center of the cluster registered over 89.4° F. After the coldest outside temperature was reached and the outer air began to get warmer (6.15 a. m., November 15), there was a tendency for the cluster temperatures to drop. This is somewhat noticeable in the case now being discussed, and is more clearly seen in records obtained in other series. In general, after a period of cold, when the outside tem- perature begins to rise, the cluster temperatures drop slowly to meet the outside temperature. The generation of heat is reduced, or even discon- tinued, only to be increased when the outside temperature again drops, or when it gets high enough to induce greater activity, as in flight. It is found also by taking more frequent readings when the cluster tempera- ture is above about 69° F. that it is less constant than when it is below this temperature, indicating that temperatures above this point the bees move about to some extent, while between 57° and 69° they are quiet, unless flight is desirable owing to a long confinement. This series of readings is supported by numerous records taken on this and other colonies throughout the winter, and, since all the observations tend to confirm what was first seen on the record presented here, we feel justified in presenting a definite statement of the reactions of the cluster to outside temperatures. It may be added that a careful study of the records of previous investigators fails to show a similar statement on this subject. When a colony is without brood, if the bees do not fly and are not disturbed and if the temperature does not go too high, the bee« generate practically no heat until the coolest point among the bees reaches a temperature of about 57° F. At temperatures above 57° F. a compact cluster is not formed, but the bees are widely distributed over the combs. At the lower critical temperature, which is for the present stated as 57° F., the bees begin to form a compact cluster, and if the temperature of the air surrounding them continues to drop they begin to generate heat within the cluster, often reaching temperatures considerably higher than those at which they were formerly quiet and satisfied. It is evident. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 509 therefore, that the temperature within the cluster is far from being uni- form in winter, as has been, in a sense, assumed among practical bee- keepers. At the temperature at which other insects become less active (begin hibernation), the honey bee becomes more active and generates heat in some cases until the temperature within the cluster is as high as that 'of the brood nest in summer. To sum up, wh§n the temperature of a colony of undisturbed broodless bees is above 57° F. and below 69° F. the bees are quiet and their temperature drifts with the outer tempera- ture; at lower temperatures they form a compact cluster, and the tem- perature within it is raised by heat generated by the bees. We desire to state that while the lower critical point, 57° F., appears rather well established, the observations up to the present do not justify too definite a statement concerning the upper limit of quiescence. It must be emphasized that these conditions do not apply when the colony has brood. The rearing of brood in winter causes a marked -increase in heat production and constitutes a condition which may become one of the most disastrous that can befall a confined colony. When the heat production of the colony is explained, we are able to understand to some extent the divergence in the records obtained by other observers. It has, of course, long been known that bees generate heat, and it has been pointed out that during cold weather the temperature of the cluster is often higher than during ^>armer weather. While the tem- peratures previously recorded are in most cases abnormal, due to d'is- turbance, the chief difficulty in understanding the phenomena which takes place is due to insufficient observations. For example, if between noon November 13 and 2 p. m. November 15 only a half dozen temperature rec- ords had been made for the cluster (and perhaps without finding the warmest part of it) and the outside air, it would have been impossible to determine the limits of heat production. Most observers have been satis- fied with a few observations, and seemingly everyone who has inserted a thermometer in a hive has felt called upon to publish the results, thereby only confusing the problem. THE EFFECT OF CONFINEMENT AND THE ACCUMtJLATION OF FECES. Before beginning a discussion of the effect of confinement and the accu- mulation of feces, it may be recalled that during the active summer sea- son the length of life of worker bees is in a sense determined by the work done by them rather than by days or weeks. The greater the necessity for excessive activity the shorter the term of life. We believe that they haVe evidence to prove that this applies to the winter also, and this belief is en- tirely supported by the experience of beekeepers everywhere. That bees may come out of winter quarters strong in numbers and vitality, it fol- lows that the vvork to be done by the bees in the winter should be reduced to a minimum; and the winter problem, as thus interpreted, is therefore to find the conditions under which broodlees bees do the least work. The work which broodless bees do in winter consists, so far as has been deter- mined, solely in the production of heat or in activity incident to flying 510 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE on warm days (if free to fly), and therefore the problem, so far as it is under the control of the beekeeper, is primarily to obviate the necessity for the production of heat. If brood is reared the work of the bees is necessarily enormously increased, and their vitality is correspondingly de- creased. So far as evidence is available in our work, the colony is not fully recompensed for this expenditure of energy by an increase in the strength of the colony by bees thus reared. The colonies to be discussed under this heading (Nos. 1 and 3) were wintered in a constant-temperature room at the University of Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in special 6-frame hives (to economize space and concentrate the colony so that fewer thermometers would be required) with full entrances and were not propolized or sealed at the top. During the regular series of readings the room was kept at a temperature which rarely dropped below 40° F. or went above 45° F., and the average temperature from October 14 to March 6 was 42.67° F. This temperature was chosen as being nearly the one usually considered best by beekeepers. The foods given these colonies were stored in the combs, just as placed by the bees. There was some pollen available in colony No. 1. On this colony, 24,077 temperature readings were taken. According to what has been said in the previous section, we should expect bees at such a temperature to maintain a compact cluster and to generate some heat at all times. This was actually the case, the tempera- ture of the interior of the clusters dropping below 64° F. only a few times in either colony. Colony No. 1, on honey stores, was in the constant-temperature room from October 12, 1912, to March 24, 1913, or 163 days. It was then re- moved for a flight and put back the same evening, where it remained until March 28. From March 7 at 9 a. m. until March 28 at 4 p. m. readings were made on this colony every 15 minutes night and day, with the exception of the period between 9 a. m. and 7 p. m. on the 24th, when it was out of doors. During this period of three weeks the temper- ature of the room was changed slowly, being raised as high as 64° F. and cooled to 13° F. When this colony was first placed in the room for the regular series of readings, after a preliminary confinement, October 12 (the readings were begun Monday, October 14), it maintained a cluster temperature which usually lay between 64° and 68° F., the daily average tempera- ture departing from these rather narrow limits only four times up to November 22. The average temperature is 66.5° F. During the first five weeks the temperature of the room was less regular than later (due to faulty working of the regulating apparatus), and this doubtless accounts for some irregularities in the cluster temperature. At first the three ther- mometers in the cluster (1, 2, and 5) gave temperature readings quite close together, while thermometer 6, which was near the cluster, gave readings intermediate between the three thermometers of the cluster and the four others in the hive, farther from the cluster. After November 22 the records of the thermometers in the cluster were more widely sep- arated and the temperature of the center of the cluster (shown on ther- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VTII. 511 mometer 5) tended to rise gradually. It varied constantly, but by De- cember 7 and from then until the end of the month, it averaged between 69° and 75° F. On November 29 and December 12 the cluster temperature rose to over 88° F. From the 1st of January until March 6, which ended the regular series of readings, the cluster temperature became more and more irregular, and on January 20 the cluster moved (probably to accommodate itself to the stores) until theremometer 2 was nearer the center and showed a higher temperature than thermometer 5. The size of the cluster was gradually decreased by the death of the bees, and all the thermometers except 2 and 6 show a gradual decrease in temperature until finally, from about February 25 to March 6, they are all low and of nearly equal temperature. The two thermometers giving high readings continued to show in general a higher and higher average temperature and to become more irregular (except from February 15 to March 1), the periods of increased heat becoming more frequent. There was abso- lutely no regularity in these intervals. After February 1 the tempera- ture of the cluster varied between 75° and 91° F., the average from February 1 being 85.4° F. On March 6 all colonies in the constant-temperature room except two were removed. The colony described above (No. 1) and one other (No. 12), not to be described at present, were left. On March 7 at 9 a. m. the temperature of the room stood at 42° F., and the temperature of the interior of the cluster was about 84° F. The brine which cooled the room was then shut off and the temperature of the room rose very slowly and regularly, until on March 11 at 8:45 a. m. it was 64° F. For the first day the temperature of the cluster was slightly variable, and at 10:45 p. m. thermometer 6, which had been cooler than thermometer 2, showed a rise in temperature (probably due to a shifting of the cluster), and from then on to the 24th they were nearly of the same temperature at all times. On March 8, at 3 a. m., thermometer 2 rose to 87° F. (room temperature, 48.5° F.), having previously shown a cooling. The cluster temperature then dropped slightly, showing relatively little variation until at 4:15 p. m., March 9, it stood at 77.3° F. (room temperature, 55.7° F.). As the room temperature continued to rise, the cluster tem- perature increased still more rapidly, until at 8:15 a. m., March 11, it reached 93° F. (room temperature, 64.2° F.). A little brine was now turned on, sufficient to lower the temperature gradually to 58° F. at 9 a. m., March 12, and it again rose to 63.3° at 5:45 p. m., March 15. Dur- ing this period the cluster temperature followed the room temperature, but remained constantly over 20° warmer. The room was again cooled slowly, and the cluster temperature dropped until on March 16, at 3 p. m., the room was 49° F. and the cluster 77.5° F. As the room continued to cool, the cluster temperature increased, the bees responding to the colder temperature, until at 4:15 a. m., March 17, the room was 48° F. and the cluster 88° F. The room then gradually warmed, and again the tempera- ture of the cluster dropped and then again rose with the room tempera- ture, remaining always over 20° warmer. At 6:45 p. m., March 19, the brine was turned on full and the room cooled rapidly, reaching the mini- 512 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE mum of 13° P. at 9 p. m., March 20. At no time, however, did any of the thermometers in the hive record a temperature below 33° F. Here it re- mained constant within 0.1° F. for about six hours, during which time the cluster temperature varied between 86.5° and 89.5° F. (a difference between the room and the cluster temperatures of 73° to 76° F.) The brine was turned on full and the room cooled rapidly, reaching the mini- 24, when it reached a temperature of 44.5° F. During this warming the cluster cooled until at the close it was varying between 72° and 79° F. As stated above, the colony was now (9 a. m., March 24) removed for a flight and put back the same day at 7 p. m. In the meantime the room was cooled to 33° F. When the bees were put back into the room the tem- perature of the entire inside of the hive showed great variation and nat- urally an increase due to the warming up while out of doors and to the activities of a good flight. The points outside the cluster dropped rapidly, but it was midnight, March 25 (31 hours), before the curves of tempera- ture again appeared normal. The room was slowly warmed to 63.2° F. at 6:30 p. m., March 26, and then slightly cooled to 54° F. at 6 a. m., March 27, and again warmed to 58.5° at the close of the series, 4 p. m., March 28. After the flight the temperature of the cluster never dropped below 89.5° F., and the highest temperature reached was over 95° F. (soon after the flight). Thermometer 6 remained high, but thermometer 2, which had previously been high, now approached the other thermometers, probably due to a rapid loss of bees and to a decrease in the number of bees during the flight. It must be recalled that these bees had been con- fined for an abnormally long time and were subjected to treatment which is at least unusual. After this colony was taken from the room for the last time it was found that thermometer 6 was over a patch of larvae, and, estimating as accurately as possible, the eggs from which these hatched must have been laid at the time when the room was coldest (March 20-21) and when the cluster temperature was at its highest point. There had been no brood previously according to the temperature records as compared with those of this colony earlier and with those of other colonies, nor was there much evidence of increased heat production due to the presence of brood until after the flight. Probably no extra heat was produced for the eggs, and possibly the hatching of the eggs was somewhat delayed by the low outer temperature. The effects on the cluster temperature which might be expected from a flight, in relieving the accumulation of feces, were not observed, because brood rearing had been begun. Colony No. 3 was placed in the constant temperature room October 12, 1912, after a good flight, and readings were begun on Monday, the 14th. In all, 2,165 temperature records were made on Colony 3. The stores provided this colony consisted of honeydew honey, which was gathered in the department apiary and which, since it granulated almost at once, had been removed by melting up the combs which contained it. After this operation it remained liquid. During the summer of 1912 some of this honeydew honey was fed to a colony in the open, during a dearth of nectar, and was stored in new combs above the brood chamber, in which no cells FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 513 of pollen were to be found. After the second storing the honeydew honey was clear, well ripened, and did not granulate. This colony was also in a six-frame hive, as previously described, and contained five thermometers (Nos. 14-18) among the combs. It is of course well known to beekeepers that honeydew honey is not a good food for winter. When this colony was first put into the constant temperature room it behaved much as did Colony No. 1, except that the temperature varied between 69° and 78.7° F. for the first week, being slightly higher and more variable than that of Colony No. 1. The second week it remained much the same, the temperature, however, varying between 69° and 80° F. From this time on the temperature of the center of the cluster rose rapidly, never dropping below 79° F. From October 29 almost to the close of the readings. After November 4 the temperature remained above 86° F., and after November 11 it dropped below 89° F., only twice until the end. Thermometer 17 at first read about 4° below therm'ometer 14, but after November 11 they were close together until November 25, when ther- mometer 17 began to cool rapidly, due to loss of bees, and after November 30 thermometer 14 cooled rapidly until, on December 9, it showed that no more bees remained alive. From December 2 to 7, inclusive, there was little heat generated, due to the scarcity of bees. It is of interest to observe the records of thermometer 16, near the cluster, but usually outside of it. It at first showed a temperature but little higher than the two thermom- eters away from the cluster, but on October 31 it began to rise until, on November 12, it reached 80.5° F., when it was doubtless covered by the bees. Even the two thermometers (15 and 18) clear to the back of the hive rose until, on November 13, they recorded 61.5° P. These thermom- eters showed about the same temperature for about ten days, and then these two and thermometer 16 showed a cooling, since the bees were dying so fast that there were no longer enough to warm up these thermometers away from the center of activity. It was to be expected that this colony would die, and the experiment was performed to learn the phenomena incident to the loss. Before summing up the results of these two colonies, Nos. 1 and 3, it may be stated that, so far as the evidence here presented is concerned, the results as far as here discussed are confirmed by records from ten other colonies kept in the constant temperature room, but fed other foods and otherwise different. There is in all of the records no evidence which we can interpret as at all contrary to the views here stated. It is evident from the behavior of Colony No. 1 that at least one factor entered which gradually caused the bees in the cluster to generate more and more heat until at the beginning of the special series, March 7, the cluster temperature was about 20° warmer than it was at the same room temperature at the beginning of the confinement. It is also seen that during the special series, March 7-24, the cluster temperature always re- mained at least 20° above the room temperature, whereas from the dis- cussion of bees unconfined (Colony A) we might expect them to cease heat generation when above the lower critical temperature (57° F.) In the case of colony 3, fed on honeydew honey stores, the factor which caused 33 514 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE more heat to be produced evidently increased much more rapidly. As stated previously, honeydew honey is a poor food for winter and is so recognized. It contains the same sugars as honey, but contains in addition a considerable amount of dextrin, the particular lot fed to colony 3 con- taining 4.55 per cent while good honeys contain only a fraction of 1 per cent. Prom the evidence at hand it appears that dextrin can not be digested by bees and, whether or not this is the explanation, honeydew honey causes a rapid accumulation of feces which usually results in the condition known as dysentery, in bad cases of which the feces are voided in the hive. In the case of Colony 3 the whole hive inside and out, as well as the frames and combs, were spotted badly, the inside of the hive being practically covered. Even with fine honey stores such a spotting is usually noticed after a prolonged confinement, especially in severe weather (or during brood rearing). It therefore appears that the ac- cumulation of- feces acts as an irritant, causing the bees to become more active and consequently to maintain a higher temperature. We are there- fore justified in believing that the cause of poor wintering on honeydew honey is due to excessive activity, resulting in the bees wearing them- selves out and ultimately in the death of the colony. In the case of col- onies on good stores the feces accumulate more slowly and the excess activity is not so marked and is induced more gradually. The accumula- tion of feces due to confinement causes increased activity and this in turn is the cause of excessive heat production, resulting in a reduction in the vitality of the bees. It therefore follows that excessive activity causes the consumption of more food, resulting in turn in more feces, so that colonies on poor stores are traveling in a vicious circle, which, if the feces can not be discharged, results in the death of the colony. While the activity of the cluster is greater at some times than at others, there are not, as has been held, regular intervals of activity at which the colony rouses itself to take food. At no time is a colony kept at a room temperature of 45° P. or less in a condition which can be characterized as inactive. Presumably the reported "intervals of activity" have occurred when the colony made a noise due to disturbance by the beekeeper. The bees in Colony 3 were compelled to work constantly to maintain so high a cluster temperature. In fact, they did more work than colonies wintered in the open air. Keeping these bees in a cellar protected them from low outside temperatures, but the lack of opportunity for a normal ejection of feces caused a condition more serious than extreme cold weather. We seem to have here an explanation of the fact, often observed by beekeepers, that some colonies wintered in the cellar are in worse con- dition in the spring than colonies that are exposed to severe cold. Poor food is evidently a more serious handicap than low temperature. HUMIDITY IN WINTER. This subject is one concerning which less definite information is avail- able, although it is one which has been much discussed by beekeepers. One of the chief difficulties seems to be a lack of information concerning the interrelationship of temperature and relative humidity and it may be well to make some of these points clear. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 515 THE SOUECE OF MOISTURE IN THE HIVE. All northern beekeepers know that under some conditions, especially in the cellar, the atmosphere in the hive in winter may become so laden with moisture that it cannot all remain in the form of water vapor but condenses on the hive and combs. Water may even run from the hive during the winter confinement. Obviously this moisture does not come from outside the hive for this often occurs when the cellar appears dry. Within the hive the only source of moisture is the food consumed by the bees. Honey not only contains about 20 per cent water but when the sugars are consumed and assimilated the final products are carbon dioxide and water. Honeys vary in composition but on an average when one pound of honey is consumed there is produced about two-thirds of a pound of water, and since honey is one and one-half times as heavy as water, one gallon of honey when consumed produces approximately one gallon of water. If we take for example a bee cellar containing 216 colonies and estimate the average consumption of honey during the winter at ten pounds per colony the total honey consumed is 2,160 pounds or 180 gallons. This pro- duces 1,440 pounds of water or 180 gallons, enough to fill six 30 gallon barrels. If these colonies are in the cellar for four months there will be given off one and one-half gallons of water a day and unless there is con- siderable movement of air within the cellar the atmosphere cannot take it all up as water vapor and condensation will occur. THE EELATIOX OF HUMIDITY TO TEMPEEATURE. Before discussing the changes which take place in the humidity of the hive it may be best to take up some facts concerning the moisture content of the atmosphere as influenced by temperature. It is of course well known that if warm moisture laden atmosphere is cooled its capacity for water vapor is decreased and moisture is condensed. This is shown in the condensation of moisture on the outside of a glass of ice water. Similarly we have condensation on the surface of the leaves which we call "dew" if the moisture remains liquid and "frost" if it is frozen as it condenses. These phenomena are duplicated in the bee hive and bee cellar. The problem of the beekeeper is to eliminate this moisture, which leaves the body of the bee in the form of water vapor, without condensation. This has been done in cellar wintering (1) by raising the temperature of the outer air, (2) by drying the air (as by the use of unslaked lime in the cellar) or (3) by causing the air to move so that as the atmosphere becomes laden with moisture it is replaced with other air capable of taking up more moisture. To determine by weight the actual amount of water in the atmosphere is difficult in ordinary practice and the usual method is to determine the relative humidity, that is the amount of moisture in the atmosphere com- pared with the maximum which might be held at that temperature. The common method is by the use of the wet and dry bulb thermometers, to 516 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE determine how much the wet bulb is cooled by evaporation. Then from this data the relative humidity is obtained from prepared tables. To make clear the relation of the relative humidity to temperature it may be well to choose a few examples. For the first case, there may be assumed a cluster temperature of 60° F. (barometer, 30 in.) in an atmos- phere which is fully saturated. In this event the slightest cooling will cause condensation and the wet bulb in such an atmosphere (if it could be circulated rapidly) would show no cooling. No evaporation can occur as the atmosphere cannot take up any more moisture. If, however, the wet bulb can be cooled at this temperature the relative humidity is less as the readings of the wet bulb thermometer are lowered. The tempera- ture to which an atmosphere must be cooled to produce condensation is known as the "dew-point." This is also lowered as the humidity decreases These points are illustrated in the accompanying table: Assumed cluster temperatures Dew Relative Dry bulb Wet bulb point humidity 60° P. 60° F. 60° F. lO'O per cent. 60° F. 58° F. 57° F. 89 per cent. Dew poini t 60° F. 57° F. 53° F. 49° F. 45° F. 40° F. 35° F. 60° F. 56° F. 53° F. 78 per cent. 60° F. 54° F. 49° F. 68 per cent. 60° F. 52° F. 45° F. 58 per cent. 60° F. 50° F. 40° F. 48 per cent. 60° F. 48° F. 35° F. 39 per cent. With such an assumed temperature of the cluster (60° F.) only the highest relative humidities would show condensation in an atmosphere in which such a cluster temperature would be found, for such a cluster tem- perature could occur only when the external temperature is above 57° F. If different temperatures are assumed for the cluster (all of which have been observed under different conditions by various investigators) the relative humidity of the warmer atmosphere which will show no conden- sation when cooled to cellar temperature is given in the following table, (barometer, 30 in.): Relative humidity 58 per cent. 48 per cent. 35 per cent. 18 per cent. In this second table the numbers are chosen so that the dew-point is practically 45° F. in all cases, assumed as an average cellar temperature. It appears that a given amount of water given off by bees at 96° F. creates a much lower relative humidity (18 per cent) than the same quantity of water at 60° F. (58 per cent) because the warmer atmosphere is capable Assumed cluster temperatures Dew ry bulb Wet bulb point 60° F. 52° F. 45° P. 65° F. 54° F. 45° F. 75° F. 58.5° F. 46° F. 96° F. 66° F. 45° F. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 517 of holding more water vapor and relative humidity is simply an expres- sion of the percentage present compared with all that the atmosphere can hold. However to maintain a temperature of 96° F. necessitates the consumption of much more honey and this in turn gives off much more water vapor. Consequently with a cellar temperature of 45° P. we should expect much more condensation in a colony with a cluster temperature of 96° F. than in one with a cluster temperature of only 65° F., except that the increased heat would tend to produce stronger currents of air in the hive which might relieve the situation somewhat. Since 96° F. is about brood rearing temperature it is partly indicated why brood rearing during the winter confinement may be highly injurious, as it is usually held to be. It may be stated that a cellar temperature of 45° F. and a cluster temperature of 60'° P. might not occur; the other temperatures used in the table might well occur under different conditions. In making determinations of relative humidity it is necessary to take into account the barometric pressure but in any given locality the changes of the barometer are so small as to be negligible and therefore need not be discussed here. In any event in using wet and dry bulb thermometers the conversion table used must be for the right barometric pressure. A further word of warning concerning the use of wet and dry bulb thermometers may not be amiss. To obtain accurate results the air must be moving past the bulbs at the minimum rate of 15 feet per second and if this is not occurring naturally the thermometers must be whirled at a corresponding rate. Unless this is done the readings are entirely worth- less. Great care must be taken not to read the wet bulb thermometer until it registers as low as it will fall. It is therefore obvious that wet and dry bulb thermometers hung in the bee cellar and not whirled give no reliable data as to the relative humidity of the cellar. Many beekeepers thus use them incorrectly. HOW MOISTUBE ESCAPES FROM THE HIVE IN WINTER. During the summer when nectar is being ripened into honey, great quantities of water leave the hive in the form of water vapor. During this period the hive is being well ventilated by fanning bees so that the atmosphere is changed rapidly and, being warm, is capable of taking up more moisture than is the atmosphere of the bee cellar. In winter when the bees are in a cluster this ventilation by fanning does not occur. The amount of water that must leave the hive is much less than in summer, but on the other hand it either must pass out in air set in motion by changes in temperature, or will condense on the frames, combs and hive and possibly run out of gravity. If the atmosphere of the bee cellar is heavily charged with water vapor, as is frequently the case, that within the hive must be saturated. The additional water produced by the bees will therefore condense and run out the entrance. It frequently happens that the air inside is saturated while that outside is capable of taking up this moisture again by evapora- tion, so that there may be no water visible except within the hive, most often on the cover, and possibly also on the bottom board. 518 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE If the wooden cover of the hive is loose or if the hive is covered with some absorbent or porous material, the heat escaping from the cluster may cause the formation of slight upward air currents which will carry the moisture out the top in the form of vapor. Out of doors there may be condensation of moisture in the porous packing more rapidly than it can be carried off by evaporation, in which case the packing becomes wet and usually thereby less effective as a non-conductor of heat. With sealed covers the moisture must pass out the entrance and this may also occur in the form of vapor if the outer air is of suflficiently low relative humidity to take up all the water as it comes outside. One of the much discussed questions among beekeepers is whether it is better to have the wooden cover of the hive sealed tightly by the bees with propolis or whether the replacing of the cover with an absorbent cushion to take up the moisture does not keep the colony in better con- dition. The usual method of providing upward ventilation is to plac^ several thicknesses of absorbent cloth or other absorbent material over the frames, over which is placed suitable packing material. Out of doors care must be taken to have the cover water proof so that the packing and absorbent material will not become wet from rain or snow. Another method used to a considerable extent in New York State is to have a small hole in the front of the hive through which the moisture laden air may escape. If the temperature of the inside of the hive, not in the cluster, is low and the humidity of the air which escapes from the cluster is high, this moisture will not escape from the entrance without condensation. In such a combination of circumstances it is obviously advantageous to pro- vide an avenue of escape. This the upward ventilation and absorbent cover does. The late W. Z. Hutchinson, who had unexcelled opportunities for studying bees in winter in North Michigan, says: "Those beekepers who have been the most successful in wintering their bees out of doors in the higher latitudes have, so far as I know, given upward ventilation through some kind of packing material." Coggshall refers to the severe winter of 1880 when in his region (Groton, N. Y.) the temperature re- mained below 0.0° F. for three weeks in January. Three-fourths of the bees in New York died and he lost half of his. Those saved had been packed with burlap or carpet over the frames over which was four to six inches of dry sawdust. Bees in box hives died unless the boxes had a hole for flight half way up or were cracked so that moisture could escape. On the other hand it is frequently observed that colonies in box hives sealed inside by the bees often winter better than colonies in hives with movable frames carefully packed. The majority of box hives are much higher than they are wide. This enables the bees, by going toward the top to keep the temperature of the combs about them high enough so that moisture does not condense and furthermore there are frequently cracks to allow the escape of moisture. In situations where the temperature of the combs and hive does not often reach the point of condensation, or if a low temperature is prevented by packing, a tightly sealed cover can do no harm and many beekeepers FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 519 report success in wintering bees in such conditions. The attributing of differences in manipulation and methods to "locality" has been greatl> overdone by beekeepers, particularly since they usually do not describe the characteristics of the locality or analyze their conditions to deter- mine why certain things prove best. This peculiarity in the beekeeping literature is probably largely to blame for the discussions on the virtues of upward ventilation. It should be borne in mind, however, that while sealed covers may be harmful in colder regions, upward ventilation is not objectionable in warmer regions. A careful study of the methods em- ployed by the beekeepers who winter their bees most successfully would probably show that the quotation given above from Hutchinson is correct. EFFECT ON THE HUIIIDITY OF CHANGING THE OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE. Any change in the temperature of the bee cellar may affect the humidity of" the air in the hive in two ways. As the optimum cellar temperature is approached, the heat produced by a normal colony will diminish and this decreases the food consumed and consequently the water produced. The widely varying reports of the food consumed by bees in cellars find their explanation chiefly in the difference in the temperature of the cluster. As the cellar is cooled below the optimum not only is there mere water produced, but the cooler atmosphere is incapable of holding so much and there is therefore an augmented cause for condensation. In this connection it may be of interest to record a few observations made by one of the authors on bee cellars not long since. The first cellar was away from any house, was ventilated by the sub-earth system and was without any artificial heat. The temperature of the air at the floor was 40° F. and in the center of the cellar 41° F. There was little circu- lation of air and moisture had condensed freely in the chamber above the cellar proper, under the roof. In this cellar were 98 colonies in 24 stacks. Of these, condensed moisture was seen on the bottom boards of 21 in the bottom tier, 11 in the next tier, 3 in the third and 6 in the top tier. There was no condensed moisture on the floor. The only adequate explanation for the greater number of wet colonies in the lower tiers is the slightly lower temperature at the floor. If now there had been more ventilation provided without greatly lowering the cellar temperature, this moisture might at least have reached the chamber above the cellar before con- densing, and doubtless if the temperature could have been raised a couple of degrees all of the condensed moisture would have disappeared from the bottom boards. There might still have been condensation on the covers, where it first appears, but this, too, would doubtless have evaporated at 45° F. with good ventilation. In a second cellar where the temperature was 45.5° F at the floor and 50° F. six and one-half feet from the fioor, there was no condensed mois- ture in any of the 93 colonies. Here the ventilation was much more abundant and the cellar was artificially heated. In a third cellar, tem- perature 40° F. five feet from the floor, there was moisture on several covers but none on the bottom boards. The ventilation was excellent. In a fourth cellar, temperature 52.5° F., no condensation was observed 520 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE even on the covers. It therefore appears from these few observations that in the two cellars at 40° F. the moisture was more in evidence in the poorly ventilated cellar and that when the temperature was raised to 45.5° or 52.5° F. no condensation occurred. In this connection it should be remembered that the cellar temperature is often higher than that of the outer air, thus giving the atmosphere a greater capacity for water vapor. For example, if air comes from the outside at 0.0° F. into a cellar where it is warmed to 45° F. its capacity for moisture is increased thereby almost eight times (barometer, 30 in.) so that even if the atmosphere at 0° F. is saturated, it is capable of taking up much more moisture when it reaches the cellar temperature. Moist air passing from the cellar will often cause frost to form about the ventilating holes. The only conclusions that can safely be made from the data on these four cellars is that concerning the capacity of the atmosphere for water at different temperatures. Other factors entered into the wintering of bees in these four cellars so that probably no reliable conclusions could be formed from data as to the food consumed by the various colonies, even if these were available. In discussing the condensation of moisture in the hive and the various methods by which it may be avoided, one must not lose sight of the fact that little is definitely known as to the effects of such condensation or of a high relative humidity on the wintering of bees. From the experience of numerous beekeepers there is justification for concluding that bees win- ter better in the dryer cellars, but it is not so clear whether this state- ment would hold true for all cellar temperatures. In most systems of cellar ventilation the object accomplished is not so much to provide oxy- gen for the bees as to eliminate the exhaled moisture without too great condensation. The amount of oxygen needed to oxidize a couple of pounds of honey per month is not great. Even in a cellar in which a ton of honey is consumed during the winter, as in the theoretical case cited, sufficient oxygen would probably get in without any special provision for ventila- tion. This is not true for the elimination of the water, however. In discussing the exclusion of moisture from the hive it is necessary to bear in mind one other hiding place for moisture, usually overlooked. In hives where condensation is common the hive and cover often become saturated and sufficient moisture may be held in this way that it comes through and blisters the paint on the outside surface of the hive. It is clear that on account of this absorption of water by the hive many records of weights on the removal of bees from the cellar fail to give accurately the loss in weight by the consumption of honey and the death of bees. Much honey finds its equivalent in the water in the soaked hive. Before drawing any conclusion as to the honey consumed we must be sure that condensation or evaporation do not affect the weights of parts assumed to be constant. A reverse example of this phenomenon is to be found in some records made of the weight of a hive and combs (without bees) made recently. The hive lost weight constantly by evaporation when placed in a dry room. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 521 EFFECTS OF HUMIDITY. It may as well be stated that we have no data showing the effects of an increase or decrease in the relative humidity on the activities of the bees in winter. We therefore do not know what relative humidity is best, for we do not know whether the moisture is the cause or the effect of poor wintering. From practical experience it may be concluded that excessive condensation is indicative of poor wintering and most beekeepers aim to have their cellars as dry as practical. Whether this is desirable for the warmer cellars remains to be determined. Government apiary and laboratory at Washington. Elwood falls into a common error, in which he is probably accompanied by many beekeepers, when he states that a damp cellar at 45° to 50° F. is no warmer than a dry cellar at 38° to 40° F. This conception arises from our personal experience that high relative humidity gives us a feel- ing of chill. There is no evidence that bees with very different exteriors are so affected. At any rate it is evident that condensation of moisture on the combs of honey is not beneficial since this favors the growth of molds. The damp dark interior of the hive is certainly favorable for the growth of these organisms. It is not yet shown how these are injurious but they can scarcely be assumed to be desirable as food. A still more serious con- sideration is the fact that honey tends -to take up moisture either from a 522 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE highly saturated atmosphere or from water condensed on the surface of the comb. This dilution of the honey often leads to some fermentation, injuring the honey as a food. A discussion of the humidity conditions in the hive would be incom- plete without mention of the work of Parhon. This author attempts to determine the physiological phenomena of the bees during the four seasons of the year. The bees under investigation were obviously abnormal and it is a matter of serious doubt whether her results are of value. She found that the water content of bees in winter was 74.82 per cent and in summer 71.44 per cent, which difference is assumed to be advantageous' to the bees in withstanding cold by conserving the heat necessary to evaporate this slight amount of water. No data are given concerning the humidity of the atmosphere in the hive which might throw light on the differences observed. It is claimed that the respiratory changes in the bee are greater than in any other animal investigated, and this is attrib- uted to the colonial life, but why this makes any difference is not made clear. WINTERING BEES IN IOWA. W. S. PANGBUBN, CENTER JUNCTION. Friends, in one sense my subject is well chosen as I never wintered a colony of bees outside of Iowa in my life. In another sense I am not the man for the subject. The one to do the subject justice should be able to handle both outside and cellar wintering. Having never wintered a colony of bees outside of a cellar I am not capable of giving you anything from that point of view. Mark Twain said "he always liked to talk about things he knew nothing about because he wasn't hampered with facts." It is evident in my mind Mark never talked before a beekeepers' con- vention or wrote for a bee journal. If he had he would have become acquainted with a lot of mighty fine fellows, and would have been ham- pered with something worse than facts. I don't know who put me on for this subject, but I suppose our modest President, Mr. Pellett. The fellow who writes "beekeepers I have known" — you who have had your biographies written up by him know — well, he reminds me of a little dialogue that took place between Johnnie and his mother. Jimmie Jones had just moved to town and Johnnie had gotten pretty thick with him. Everything was Jimmy Jones. Johnnie's mother, who was very particular what sort of company Johnnie kept, as all mothers should be, asked Johnnie one day what kind of a boy this Jimmie Jones was. Johnnie straightened up and says: "Well, I'll tell you, mother. He's no angel; that isn't his profession. But he's all right." I am simply giving you 11 years of experience and observation in win- tering bees in the cellar. I leave you to judge as to whether it has been successful or not. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 523 I don't know that my cellar has any marked peculiarities different from lots of cellars. It is located under one part of our dwelling and ts 16x22x61/^ inside measurements. Located on a hill with good drainage, plastered walls and cement floor. It has always been dry. Two 3-light sash, one in the southwest and one in the southeast corner of cellar, with an outside door in the center of the east side for carrying the bees in and out. There is nothing uncommon about the cellar. In fact, when the cellar was dug 20 years ago I had no idea of ever owning a bee. When we had our kitchen and living room over this cellar with two stoves going most of the time in the winter, the temperature rarely varied over 2 degrees in any reasonable weather. The thermometer registered 45 to 47° most of the time. Two years ago we remodeled our home and Home of W. S. Pangburn. moved kitchen and dining room to another part of the house, leaving but one stove over the cellar, and it not going very regularly. Since that time the temperature ranges from 40 to 45°, about 43 on an average, I should judge. Still I can't see but what the bees winter just as well as they did before. But there was more moisture in the hives which had to be gotten rid of which I did by removing the piece of section over the hole in the inner cover and placing a sheet of muslin under the covers. It had its objections, however, as the bees ate holes (in some this winter as I think it better. But like Dr. Miller, "I don't know;" will know later. The muslin cloth does very well if you use a heavy grade, cases) in the muslin, especially the thin grade. I expect to use flax board 524 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I use a %-iii. entrance winter and summer. I tier hives up in the cellar five high with outside covers off. Back of hive a little higher than front and the tiers ahout 4-in. apart. I leave an alley way of about 2 ft. between rows so I can examine them at any time and note their condi- tions. Rows are put in facing each other which darkens the entrances of both rows, so if I wish to ventilate I can without the little light that might show disturbing the bees. If the weather is mild, I ventilate often. In fact, one of the windows is left open whenever the weather will permit. I usually hang a gunny sack over it to exclude the most of the light. I often open outside door and window in the evening and let in copious supplies of fresh, pure air in mild weather. I am satisfied right here is the cause of lots of failures in cellar win- tering. People should have pure air to be healthy. Are bees unlike people in this respect? Doesn't hygiene teach that pure air is easier and quicker warmed than impure? Then why not ventilate? I never could understand why the temperature should be so exact in a cellar, when bees wintered outside are subjected to more changes in temperature than any cellar wintered bees could possibly be. From 60 above to 20 below zero is not uncommon in Iowa, and that inside of 24 hours sometimes. If fresh, pure air will winter bees out of doors with the different changes of temperature, I don't see why it isn't a mighty good thing in a bee cellar, even if the temperature goes down to 40° or some less. I would rather have a cellar with a temperatur of 40° and pure air than one with the orthodox 47° and impure air. I don't take so much stock in that 47° business as I used to, or per- haps I should say I don't pay so much attention to it. It worried me a good deal when I first commenced keeping bees. I am satisfied that statement "If you can't keep your cellar at 47° or close to it, better winter out of doors," has caused many an amateur to chink up his cellar, compel his bees to try to live on that foul poison air, just to mantain that 47°, then to wonder in the spring what killed his bees — of course it was cellar wintering. Now don't understand me to be knocking against the orthodox 47°. Because I like to have it, if I can, and have pure air. However, my bees seem to be in a more normal condition at 40 or 45. But if I have to lower that temperature to have pure air, down she goes. I use my nose in a bee cellar fully as much as the thermometer. In fact, I haven't had a thermometer in my cellar to my knowledge for three years. I have wintered 100 per cent several times in this cellar and don't re- member of carrying out over eight dead colonies in any one winter, and that year we got honey dew in the winter stores. The only year I ever knew my bees to gather honey dew. However, they gathered some from the maples in early summer this year and I had two reports of bees work- ing on the spruce. I imagine spruce honey dew would be fine dope. It might do to compete with some of this imported honey that is selling at three cents per pound. We have wintered as high as 116 swarms in this cellar besides all our vegetables and canned fruits. Perhaps an average of 75 swarms for the FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 525 past 10 years. I have never kept an exact account of the per cent of loss, but don't think it would average more than from 3 to 5 per cent in normal colonies. I never could understand why a good dry cellar with plenty of pure air and the bees with plenty of good stores wouldn't winter bees success- fully, but seemingly some don't. Before I close my subject I wish to mention one thing that is of vital importance to cellar wintered bees, and that is don't put the bees out too early in the spring. Here is where lots of the so-called cellar losses come in. Pangburn Apiary. You hear a good deal about spring dwindling. Personally, I don't think I have had bother enough with that to mention it. I think there is a remedy for most of this trouble and it is left for the beekeeper to apply. I never put my bees out of the cellar until the soft maples are in bloom a la Miller. This year it was the 13th of April, soft maple froze on the trees and gone when bees went out. Bees never went out in finer condi- tion. But they had all the fresh air I could get into the cellar in the spring. No use to set bees out of the cellar in March when weather is change- able and nothing to do. It is mighty hard on cellar wintered bees. They will get out on days not fit, chill, and never get back to the hive. 526 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I want plenty, yes, plenty of honey and pollen in the hives early in the spring so the bees never feel skimped. I want them to feel as Brother Doolittle says, "millions of honey at our house," and brood rearing can go on unhindered, and replenish the hive with young bees just as soon as possible to take the place of the old ones that die off. If brood rearing is hindered early in the spring the results are a lot of weak colonies. The old bees will die and they die mighty fast in the spring too. It takes bees to make honey and also honey to make bees. If your colony hasn't got the honey give it to them if you ever hope to get any surplus. Do not kill the goose that lays the golden egg. Beekeeping is made up of little details and the beekeeper who pays attention to the little details at the proper time is the man who gets a crop of honey if there is any to get. FIFTY YEARS OF BEEKEEPING IN IOWA. EDWARD KEETCHMEE, COUNCIL BLUFFS. I hastily w-ill give a few reminiscences on the subject assigned me, namely — "Fifty Years of Beekeeping in Iowa." In order to make the mat- ter a little more complete, I have to go back to the year of 1860 when Mr. Parson of Flushing, Long Island, brought the first Italian bees to the United States. It was in the fall of that year when I obtained the first queen of Italian bees that crossed the Mississippi, and as such the first Italian bees in the state of Iowa. From this queen, several queens w^ere raised the next year until the writer entered the service of the United States, and during his absence, his father sold the original colony to W. H. Furman of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, who then owned the patent for the Langstroth hive for the state of Iowa. On my return from the service I again purchased a colony of Italian bees from Mr. Furman, and again entered actively into beekeep- ing in the state of Iowa. During the Iowa State Fair the writer showed to a vendor of so-called bee charmer that bees could be handled with a little smoke, creating quite a sensation on the fair ground, which was exaggerated by newspaper re- porters, resulting, however, in numerous inquiries as to his manner of handling bees, and was soon followed by a demand and description of his hive. In order to more fully outline my method of handling, I wrote a small pamphlet entitled "Winke fur Bienen Zuchter," followed by an English edition "Intimation to Beekeepers," followed by "The Beekeepers' Guide," a small volume of 244 pages, and two years later another book entitled "The American Beekeepers' Guide," of a slightly larger edition. About that time much was said about the Langstroth frame being too shallow for our Iowa climate, and to settle this question a number of the enthusiastic beekeepers met in Des Moines, at which meeting there were FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 527 present Suel Foster of Muscatine, Dr. Elisha Gallup of Orchard, Iowa, and Ellen S. Tupper of Washington, Iowa, myself, and a number of others whose names I can not now recall. At the meeting the subject of a frame suitable for our northern climate was discussed at some length, and the sense of the meeting seemed to be for a frame whose outside dimension should be twelve inches square, and be known as the American frame. A number present who favored that size made the remark in substance as follows: "I have several hundred combs and Langstroth frames. What shall I do with those combs to change to the American frame, and not sustain material loss?" It should be remembered that at that time comb foundation was not to be had. Consequently, every scrap of comb was carefully used; hence, the desire on the part of some not to change from the combs then in use. But in order to yield to the demand for the hives, the writer manufactured what was then known as the Champion Hive, and later the Alternating Hive, a horizontal divisible brood chamber hive, also the Langstroth Hives. The aforementioned Furman of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, was then selling the Langstroth hive already nailed and painted, from wagons traveling over the state, which necessarily made those hives expensive, and a de- mand sprung up for a cheaper hive. To gratify this demand, we manu- factured for a while a so-called "Plain Hive," which is today practically the same hive with the dovetailed or lock corners. About this time the writer in reading a German bee journal saw the description of the cen- trifugal force honey extractor, as invented by Major Hursky. I long pon- dered on a process of extracting the honey from the comb and saving the comb. As is already mentioned, combs were considered a very valuable adjunct to practical beekeeping, and even the present day I have to smile at the numerous attempts to extract honey by air pressure, suction, etc. But as soon as I learned of the use of centrifugal force to extract honey from the combs, I instantly saw the requirement necessary to accomplish the result. I then at once used the tall tub constructed with wooden reel surrounded with common wire cloth, and in the absence of a gear, I wound around the center post a stout string and used the center reel to revolve the center wheel, like a boy would use a string on a top. Although decidedly crude as compared with the present extractors, it did extract the honey from the comb, and as far as we know, this probably was the first honey ex- tractor manufactured in the state of Iowa, if not in the United States. At that time, in the early '70's, we still had to depend mainly on the wild flowers of the prairies and the wild fruit bloom for our supply of honey. Goldenrod at that time furnished an abundance of fall honey, and the writer with one assistant did actually extract 3,000 lbs. of goldenrod honey in a single day of a consistency so thick that a common table knife would stand upright in a bowl of this goldenrod honey. Honey crop at that time was very spasmodic, and I kept a record, not only of the product of every colony, but also the various yields during one year and successive years, and one record shows that for four sue- 528 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE cessive years the average for those four years did not exceed ten pounds of surplus honey, and the fifth year following, owing to very late summer and fall rains, we had an abundant yield of goldenrod and heartsease honey, and the yield exceeded 400 lbs. extracted honey, so that even after a failure of four years, we get an average yield of about 90 lbs. for the five years. I presume that Iowa may take the credit of being the first to ship queens by mail any great distance. From my record it appears that in 1866 we shipped queens to Stockton, California, a greater distance of which was by the so-called pony mail. For this purpose the writer obtained a patent for the mailing cage, consisting of a drum shaped cage of wire cloth, in which was suspended a small frame which contained comb, which would hang perpendicular regardless of what shape the cage might be placed. At that time it was believed that bees could only be shipped on combs, which must always be perpendicular. During the World's Fair in Chicago, 1893, the writer had charge of the Iowa honey exhibit, where over 12,00'0 pounds of honey at various times was displayed, and seven different persons received awards, including a medal and diploma awarded to the writer for extracted and comb honey. Among the comb honey exhibits were the words "Iowa Honey" built by the bees in letters six inches high, which attracted an unusual amount of attention, as also did the curved nozzle smoker and the horizontal di- visible brood chamber hive. In 1875, I think, we organized the first Iowa Beekeepers' Association, with the writer elected as president, but at that time the professional beekeepers, or beekeepers who kept a large number of colonies were very few — hence, the attendance was very limited. Farmers who had only a few colonies could not be induced to attend, and after holding two meet- ings, it was decided that the organization was premature, and the subject matter was dropped. But now I am glad to know a rousing Beekeepers' Association has been formed, and trust v/ill be continued — and now I can only repeat my regret of inability to be present, but trust that I may have the pleasure of meeting the members at future meetings. INDIVIDUAL AND CO-OPERATIVE METHODS OF MARKETING HONEY. WESLEY FOSTEE, BOULDER, COLORADO. We must get as direct and short a line to the consumer as possible. If we cannot get such a line we find that the profits in honey production are microscopic except in the best of years. We can view our situation perhaps with more calmness than the fruit growers or potato growers who often have such a poor market that the fruit is left unpicked or the potatoes undug. Our crop will keep and it always pays to get the surplus off the hives though the market may be slow. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 529 It is probably true that the marketing question troubles the majority of beekeepers very little. In 1913 the clover crop was very large and market conditions were decidedly off, but this year the market has been better in some respects and poorer in others. Comb honey has been In good demand and fair prices have been easily secured for well put up stock. Extracted honey has been slower sale and it is with extracted honey that we should more urgently work the markets. About all mar- ketable comb honey needs is to be shown, to be sold, while extracted honey has to be pushed and its deliciousness demonstrated. Wesley Foster. ONE INDIVIDUAL PLAN THAT WORKED. In 1913 I had 800 cases of comb honey and about 5,000 pounds of ex- tracted honey. My brother had about 500 cases and perhaps 2,000 pounds of extracted honey. We went in as partners in selling some of our comb and extracted honey that at the time was slow sale. We employed a gentleman who had had some experience in selling goods and also had worked for us with the bees for several weeks to go on the load with sam- ples and sell honey. He had a fair knowledge of our methods of producing honey and so could talk bees pretty well. We paid him $12 a week and expenses and he carried a side line which probably brought his weekly earnings up to about twenty dollars a week, for the time he was out for 34 530 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE us, which was about three weeks. It was a short campaign for the reason that the territory which can be profitably worked from our location is limited in extent and the time that profitable business can be secured is also limited to a few weeks in early fall. The cost of the three weeks' campaign was about ninety dollars and the amount of orders secured that were filled and collected for were over $900. The price secured for comb and extracted honey by this method of sale was more than ten per cent above the price we got by selling wholesale. There was more work attached to crating and shipping the honey, sending out bills, etc. All orders were taken subject to two w^eeks' shipment. This gave us time to ascertain the reliability of the parties making the purchases. As the orders came in we took them to our bank and the bank wrote to its correspondent in the town where the orders came from as to the re- sponsdbility of each party. This cost us nothing except postage of about a dollar. All orders reported to us as good by the banks were shipped on thirty days' time or two per cent off for cash in ten days. Those reported doubtful or slow were written that if they wanted the honey we would ship C. O. D. Every one such was turned down or we did not hear from them again. In this way we cancelled a num- ber of orders. One order was shipped C. O. D. without writing the party and we had it turned down, so had it shjipped on a few miles farther to another customer. I think Avhere a bank will perform this service for you it is far more reliable than the commercial agencies. One bank is very care- ful about reporting a doubtful party as O. K. to their correspondent bank. Something over fifty orders were received and filled and all were collected for inside of ninety days except one which was put dn the hands of an attorney, one letter from him bringing a check in full payment within a week. The attorney's fee was $2.00 for collecting this bill of about $25.00. All bills that were not paid promptly in thirty days were drawn on through our Ijank. This procedure brought the money in every case except the one mentioned, which required the services of an attorney. Several customers wrote that crops had been poor and collections slow and asked a little more time, which was given, but all were settled for in less than four months from the time we ibegan shipping honey. If the beekeeper is adapted to the work of selling honey he should, if favorably located, be able to place a good proportion of his crop direct to the grocers. We sold honey to restaurants, hotels and farm- ers where an order of $6.00 or more could be secured. Our sales- man was alert and would not turn down business no matter where from. Especiial care was taken in packing the comb honey and liquid honey ■for shipment as the grocers told us that their great difficulty in buy- ing honey of the commission men was the broken and leaky shape in which the honey was received. All comb honey was crated in carrier crates holding four to eight cases with plenty of straw on all sides. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 531 Glass jars of honey were packed in like manner and I do not recall a single case of breakage being reported. The disadvantages of this meth®d are that it may not pay every season, if the grocers get stocked up before you get to them and it takes considerable time in preparing the honey for shipment as grocers want extracted honey in glass and several sizes of tin packages which makes the filling of orders rather tedious and fussy work un- less you are well equipped for it. The letter writing and making out bills, hookkeeping, etc., is considerable. It could not be done by the beekeeper unless he has his beework out of his way and can devote most of his time to the selling and shipping. THE CO-OPERATIVE PLAN THAT WORKS. I have sold my honey in large part through our Colorado Honey Producers' Association for a number of years and with satisfactory re- sults. No fussing with little orders or much bookkeeping, for the as- sociation, comprised of between two and three hundred stockholders, has a manager, bookkeeper, stenographer, etc., to look after that. All I have to do is to pack and mark my honey according to the rules of the organization and either ship it in car lots with other members from Boulder or ship it to Denver where the main office is located and have it handled from there. If the car is loaded in Boulder, the manager or his representative is present to inspect the honey and superintend the load- ing. An advance is made to the beekeeper, if he needs it, on the day the honey is shipped and remittance in full, less commission, comes in ten days to three weeks. This marketing through the association cuts out the fuss and worry over small details. The beekeepers have grown so used to selling in large lots that many do not want customers coming to their homes for honey at all — they do not solicit such business. It is an aggravation to have to stop one's work and show a customer around for ten or fifteen minutes and then only sell him one or more pounds of honey, especially if one is busy. The prices secured for comb honey through the association are often higher than the local grocers will pay in small one to five-case lots. The association has a market that is little affected by the farmer-beekeepers' honey of uncertain quality and grading. Numerous have been the times that we association members would be loading out a car of comb honey at $3.00 a case for No. 1 when the grocers would pay but $2.50 to $2.75 for honey in small lots, and then the grocers want you to trade all or part of it out in goods. Personally, I like the co-operative method best, but the direct-to-the- grocer selling is good in an emergency or where one is located 'favorably and has the qualifications for successfully handling the business end of such a deal. 532 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Followiug Mr. Foster 's paper on marketing honey, the discussion was opened by Mr. P. J. Doll of Minneapolis, Minnesota, who spoke as follows : I have attended bee-keepers' meetings for fourteen years, and at nearly every one I have heard a paper or discussion on marketing of honey. Everybody agrees tliat the price of honey is much too low and that the commission house man is not working to the interest of the bee-keepers. The bee-keeper who can market his honey in his home town is not subject to the abuses of the commission house business, but many bee-keepers are compelled to find a market in the larger cities. It was for the benefit of this class of bee-keepers that the Minnesota Bee-keepers' Association took action to organize a honey exchange in Minneapolis, whose object and purpose is to buy and sell honey; to help the bee-keepers in Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin market their product at a fair and uniform price, and to advertise to the public the fact that clover and basswood honey produced in Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin is the finest honey on earth. After it is once generally known that our honey is finer, we can easily obtain a higher price, because honey produced in this section is of finer flavor, but it does not always follow that all honey produced is of the highest quality. Some of the plants growing in these states yield honey which is very distasteful. Some bee-keepers even extract basswood and clover honey before it is ripe, sell this in a fermented state to dealers and consumers in large cities as pure clover or basswood honey. The innocent public who get this kind of honey decide that they do not like honey and, as a rule, cannot be induced to taste it again. We, therefore, must try to educate the public to know that there is a difference in honey, no matter where it is produced, the same as there is good or poor butter or any other staple product. This Honey Exchange does not only handle fine honey which is care- fully graded and sold under their brand as table honey, but aims to serve the bee-keepers who have off-fiavored or unripe honey which must be sold. This is disposed of where it will do no harm to the honey trade. In Minneapolis and St. Paul there are many places where honey is wanted regardless of flavor. In fact, you can sell anything if you know how to find a party who wants the article you have to sell. One of our best stores is glad to get all of our fancy comb honey, and pay 20 cents per pound for it. They will not buy from ordinary, small bee-keepers, because they do not want to bother with inspecting the goods and depend on getting what they order. A lot of stores want No. 1 honey. There is no inducement at all to offer fancy because their trade does not demand it. Other stores are satisfied with No. 2, and even some are glad to buy No. 3. Very much the same can be said about extract honey. Besides want- ing different fiavors, stores require different size packages. Many handle only quart bottles, others pint bottles, some five and ten pound pails, and many will handle only tumblers. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 533 The bee-keepers in and around Minneapolis, realizing the difficulty of marketing their product to the best advantage, decided to find a remedy, so on May 20, 1914, a meeting was held at which the Tri-State Honey Exchange was established. Among the members are many prominent bee-keepers, some having one hundred colonies or more, who have success- fully marketed their honey at very good prices in Minneapolis for years, but they realized that it takes considerable time to handle their product and decided they would rather hire somebody to do it for them, so they all joined together and, in this way, were able to hire a good salesman and keep him in a permanent position where he can do business with all the bee-keepers who wish to market their honey in this way. The Tri-State Honey Exchange is a co-operative stock company, to which over thirty members have subscribed for one share, each costing $10.00. No member is allowed to have more than one vote. We want to get as many bee-keepers as possible to join as stock-holders, but we are doing business with anybody who is producing honey in Minnesota, Iowa or Wisconsin, on exactly the same terms and everybody will receive the same treatment. This is not a money-making institution and we must buy our honey at a very low price to eliminate all chances of loss. Our manager, of course, will try to realize as much for his goods as possible, but at the end of the year we return eighty per cent of all the profit to the people who have furnished the honey. The stock-holders who have helped establish this business will receive only ten per cent of the profit and the balance is to be retained as a surplus and will be used to buy equipment. This association, if managed right, will eventually become a big institu- tion and have a good influence in maintaining fair and uniform prices for honey. We, at the present time, find many localities where honey is sold at $1.00 per gallon, or S% cents per pound, at retail. I know several men who claim that all their extract honey sells at 25 cents per pound. Why should there be so much difference, sometimes in one county, for honey of the same quality? Let us all help make this Exchange a success so we may all reap the benefit and work together for the good of the community. We want to help and encourage every large commercial center organize a honey exchange. These exchanges can then organize and work together, so when there is a failure of a crop in one section they can procure from a section where there is a surplus. It will be to the best interest of the bee-keepers to have an established trade always supplied. EXPERIENCE WITH EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. J. I. WILTSIE, ARLINGTON, IOWA. My first experience with the disease was the summer of 1913. One of my neighbor beekeepers who lives about one-half mile west of me, came to my yard and wanted to look over some of my weak colonies, which we did, and found nothing wrong. He informed me that there was some- thing wrong with the brood in some of his colonies. We then visited 534 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE another beekeeper who lives about one mile east of me and found his bees apparently all right. We then returned and examined the diseased brood, which we decided was European Foul Brood, judging from what we had read of the disease. It showed up in a few of my weak colonies that fall. These colonies I destroyed. The winter of 1913-14 I lost about forty colonies in the cellar, a 50 per cent loss where my loss for the winter of 1912-13 in same cellar was less than 3 per cent. The disease did not show up in the spring of 1914 until the bees had been out of the cellar about two weeks, when it spread rap- idly to all of my colonies. During the meantime I had taken thirty-nine colonies on shares from my neighbor to the east of me, he having moved to Delaware county the fall before, taking twelve colonies with him. I examined the thirty-nine colonies within a day or two from the time they were taken from the cellar, they were apparently O. K. at that time, but Thirteen colonies left of 105, result of European foul brood in eight months. the disease soon developed in all of them. I visited this beekeeper in Delaware county in August this year and found him with eight or ten colo- nies all diseased; we also visited another beekeeper in his vicinity, who had over one hundred colonies of which we examined ten or twelve and found no disease. On May 19 I went to the picnic at McGregor and suc- ceeded in having Mr. Pellett return with me that evening. The next day we went through my colonies, caged the queens and muted them until I had but 13 colonies of my original lot remaining. I also had fifteen colo- nies that were apparently free from the disease, these I had bought about the first of May. Mr. Pellett inspected a number of yards in this vicinity finding one yard with all colonies diseased and one yard of twelve colonies with three diseased. On May 22 my neighbor and myself ordered eighty queens from a party in Arkansas, who kept putting us off and finally said he could not furnish them at all. On June 17 we ordered the queens from the American Bee Journal, and received them the 20th, introducing them in the same day. Our colonies having been queenless for 30 days and hav- ing given them close attention, some had reared new queens and had brood FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 535 536 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE well along with the most of it diseased. All of them that had reared new queens we now shook into foundation, giving them a new queen. The ones which had not reared new queens we left on same combs. We shook our fifteen swarms we had bought on to full sheets of foundation. Finding that five or six had the disease very light, we gave all new queens. We stacked all of our combs which contained brood, diseased or not, on five of our weakest colonies which had been shaken on to foundation. We removed these combs when the brood was all out. The disease did not re- appear in these colonies and they are among the best I have now. The disease did appear in some that I shook on to foundation and some that I left on their combs, destroying five of my colonies, and nine of those I had taken on shares. I now have twenty-three colonies of my own and eight of those that I took on shares left, they all seem to be in a good healthy condition. I am expecting the disease to reappear this next spring, but think I will be able to keep it under control. EXPERIENCE WITH EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. L. W. ELMORE, FAIRFIELD. The European Foul Brood proposition is a serious one, more especially to those who are unfamiliar with brood diseases. Two or three years ago I knew only a few farmer bee men who knew anything about foul brood or treatment of same. I am glad to say that in my acquaintance I have found only a few that did not want to know or make an effort to master the dis- ease as required now by our state law. In reference to my own personal experience with European Foul Brood, allow me to say when it made an unwelcome visit to my apiary a few years ago I was prepared to meet the occasion. Knowing what I had and how to handle it I proceeded to do so at once. It being in early spring I soon had everything as good as new again; as far as my apiary was concerned, at least. But, alas — I realized my troubles had only begun — 'With over 100 colonies within a radius of three miles, owned by about a dozen farmers. As before stated these were people entirely unfamiliar with this disease. Just at this time it looked rather discouraging, to say tlie least. As we had no foul brood law or inspector; it was up to myself alone to apprize them of the danger if I could. Well, I talked to this and that one, first inquiring about their bees getting the necessary evidence before approaching the subject. Most all had lost some bees, some had lost all they had from one cause or another. Some said the moth had eaten them up. It was very clear to me they had foul brood. I was now aware foul brood was all around me. No one making any effort to clear up the trou- ble. I must take my chances for better or worse and wait for results. I knew in course of time many would go out of business as bee keepers. Time drifted along for a year or two, and as expected one by one they were losing out. All along I had many diseased colonies in my own apiary which were promptly treated. About this time, one or two having several colonies FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 537 began to sit up and take notice, it dawned upon them that Elmore's Foul Brood theory was not all a myth. Our foul brood law already enacted, the inspector talked of, and 50 per cent of the bees dead, I will admit cir- cumstances looked better to me every way. The state inspector being now appointed, at his earliest convenience he sent the deputy to Jefferson county. I being better acquainted, and having a little spare time just then, had the pleasure of going with him over part of the county on his first trip in June, 1913. "We found many diseased colonies, as he left prop- er instruction for treatment, literature, etc., the change for the better was seen at once, only a few contrary ones refused to obey orders until forced to do so. As I served as deputy inspector for Jefferson county this year, I had a good opportunity to see the results of our previous inspection which was generally very satisfactory. I appreciate very much the kindly feeling to- ward me as shown by my fellow beekeepers and friends; as it is a good natured bunch of fellow^s that can or will without a word of protest quit plowing or planting corn and go to the house one quarter or one-half mile with a bee inspector, it shows they are interested. Just two farmers did not have enough interest to go. Upon examination of their apiaries 1 found all they had were diseased. In fact the situation is Improving nicely, and the literature sent out by the department is a good educator and I can not recommend this method too highly. Let us all unite and keep the work moving on. EXPERIENCE WITH AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. D. E. LHOMMEDIEU, COLO, IOWA. Mr. President, fellow beekeepers: If the program committee had as- signed me the subject of "Shook Swarming," "Handling Cappings," "Start- ing Out Yards," or something congenial, it would have been a much pleasanter theme for me to talk upon. About twenty years ago while attending the Seventeenth Annual State Convention at Madison, Wis., an old countryman (I think a Swede) de- scribed how he could tell if his hives had the disease. He smelled the hive entrance and if they had the disease it made him sick. When the American Foul Brood first passed through central Iowa, all of my yards were affected about the same time, more or less badly (ex- cept one), before I knew what was the matter. Before I had gotten con- trol of the situation I was not only sick and tired but hundreds of dollars out of pocket. While the knowledge cost high, yet I think it may be worth it. Now all I have to do is to lift one frame from the center of the brood nest, in dandelion time, if one cell is diseased, then make a full examina- tion and treat according to existing conditions and quarantine such hive by driving a stake in front of the hive and keeping tab until a cure is made. Some may say, "You can't quarantine bees. "Well, you will find you will need to be doctor, nurse and health officer and see that they 538 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE don't go visiting into your other liouses. By looking through each hive about every three weeks tlirough tlie rest of tlie season, I have no disease to go into winter quarters, the next fruit blossom time going through each hive as in the previous season. I may find a swarm now and then that has contracted the disease from some outside source, say a few dozen cells on each frame of brood. These I remove with all other combs, leaving the bees in their old hive until all the honey they carry with them is consumed, then set a clean hive on the old stand and fill from the strongest hives in the yard. Leave brood, honey and empty combs, just about as they were before treated, then shake the bees in front of the clean hive, scald diseased hive with a teakettle of boiling water. Cut out the diseased brood and burn or bury it. If much honey is left, extract it. If you wish to feed the honey, boil thoroughly for fifteen minutes and see that every particle of the scum is cooked (before boiling dilute the honey with water), feed scum and all. To clean the brood frames immerse in a No. 9 wash boiler in boiling water until the wax rises, being careful to dry the frames well before us- ing again. This plan is for spring and fall not during the regular honey flow as then you can proceed as per the (except I do not double shake) McEvoy treatment. In a day or so after giving the brood you may go through the apiary and find every swarm looking and working as if nothing had hap- pened. I look upon the American Foul Brood among bees to be as contagious as the smallpox among the human family, or the hoof and mouth disease among cattle. To place one diseased cell in the center of a strong colony I figure that swarm will be a dead swarm of bees in one year if left to themselves and the whole yard in a year or two more. We need as careful laws to govern this disease as for the other conta- gious diseases. Tlif.li The Alexander plan may work on European Foul Brood but not on a bad case of our American kind. If through ignorance or neglect the infection becomes epidemic, move the few swarms that show no disease to another part of the yard, build, double, and even up the diseased swarms until the summer or fall flow starts, then shake on foundation starters all of the strongest colonies, catch out the queens in the weak ones and tier the brood above them four of five stories high ; carry the rest of the combs to the bee house. Any of them you may experiment with, if they are clean. Melt the rest for wax. After three weeks shake these swarms, running in a good queen by the smoke plan at the same time. In conclusion, will say to the would-be-beekeeper, get in touch with our energetic state inspector and make a date this summer some time to spend one day in a diseased yard, and learn to tell the disease when the first little, white grub begins to turn a cream color or yellow. Even if you have to pay ten dollars car fare and lose a day in the rush of the season, it will save you hundreds of dollars when the American Foul Brood reaches your locality. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 539 DISCUSSION ON EXPERIENCES WITH AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. J. W. STINE, STOCKPORT, IOWA. I scarcely knew what was expected of me, whether I was to speak on my experience with American Foul Brood or whether the discussion was to be a question box. If the latter should be the desire of the convention we have present, men of authority to help answer your questions. In our experiences in handling bees we find "knowledge is power." Es- pecially is this true in any of the bee diseases. It is with the diseases of bees like an old colored aunty told a noted preacher who was denying the existence of the Holy Spirit. She said to him, "Dere isn't any as you J. W. Stine, Director, and Mrs. Stine. knows of." So with bee diseases, some will say my bees are perfectly healthy, never have had any disease. All I ever had to die either froze to death or the m.oth killed them out. These excuses for bees dying are quite familiar to the inspector. Had the owner of the bees known what was the matter with them in time he would not only have saved the dis- eased ones but have saved other healthy ones which would turn in and rob the diseased bees of their honey. One of the best ways of preventing the spread of disease is that at all times as far as possible keep all colonies from the tendency to rob. I be- lieve the feeding of bees outside and away from the hives should be avoided. I was in one locality last spring where a man had lost all his bees 540 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE with American Foul Brood, except two colonies, and had placed his empty hives containing the diseased honey outside or above his bee shed, as he said, "so the bees would clean out the honey easier." You can imagine something of the conditions in that locality. Every colony of bees for miles around was diseased. I believe the beekeepers can help themselves if they will by showing the danger of exposing honey containers so bees may reach them. For we never know where a drop or so of diseased honey is going to be exposed. I believe another good way of preventing disease might be in introduc- ing queens, by taking away the attendant bees from the cages before in- troducing the queen. I believe the introduction of the queen might also be safer in doing this, for the queen would be the only stranger among strangers and there would not be as much antagonism to the queen as though she had ten or twenty attendants. There is no sure way of telling whether a colony has disease by outside observation except when the disease is in an advanced stage when you can plainly smell it at the entrance of the hive. Truly the old saying is a good one to observe with bee diseases, "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." While waiting for the adjustment of the lantern for an illustrated lec- ture, Mr. Dadant was called upon to tell something of his recent visit to Quebec. He spoke as follows: TRIP THROUGH QUEBEC. BY C. P. DADANT. We received an invitation from the Quebec Beekeepers Association, which is composed mostly of French Canadians. We left home on the 2d of November and returned on the 15th. This gave us but a short trip, so we had time to visit only four or five of the leading apiarists. We learned a number of interesting things, but did not secure much practical informa- tion. Here are some of the interesting things. When we arrived in the City of Quebec, we called one of the leadinig beekeepers on the telephone. He came with his auto and took us to visit several other beekeepers. I found that in many places they use a much larger hive than is in common use in the United States, some of their hives containing twelve and thirteen Langstroth frames. In lower Quebec, the season is short, the crop beginning as late as the 20th of June and closing by the first of August. The Italian bees do not prove very satisfactory because of this short season and the coolness of the mornings and evenings. These bees are accustomed to rise early and retire late, in a sunny climate, and to breed too late in the season. As soon as the sun begins to warm up they breed plentifully and many bees get lost by being out too early in the day or too late at night. By the first of August, when the crop is over, the common bees prepare for winter, while the Italians continue their breeding, using up their honey, so that they have to be fed for winter, while the other bees have enough. But FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 541 this was not the case all through the Province. In Western Quebec, the season is longer, there are two crops of honey, owing to the warmer cli- mate, and the Italian bees thrive as they do in the United States. The same may be said of the Province of Ontario, where the climate is similar to that of Southern Michigan. They have also ascertained that the Italian bees overcome European Foul Brood much more readily than the common black bees. I heard numerous statements of having done away with this disease by the introduction of Italian queens. As a matter of course, they winter their bees almost invariably in the cellar. The few cellars which I saw were very shallow and I remarked that they would be subject to great changes of temperature and would be too cold in winter. But when they told me that the snow usually covers the ground to the depth of five or six feet, I could understand that the changes of the outside temperature would have but little effect on the temperature of the cellars. One of the apiarists told me that he had kept his bees 186 days in the cellar one winter and that they came out in good shape in the spring. He stated that the temperature of his cellar kept regularly at 49 degrees, but when I visited it, the thermometer registered only 45 de- grees which is a satisfactory degree for the wintering of bees. They pile the hives in the cellar four or five tiers high, much as we do. Some had their bees already in the cellar, but most of them were just preparing to take them in. They take them out at the blooming of the soft maple in spring. In Western Quebec, they harvest large crops of honey. One record given at the meeting, from a man of St Hyacinthe, which was vouched for by several neighbors of his, also present, was 6221 pounds from 15 colonies, or about 415 pounds per colony of extracted honey. He had 13 frames Langstroth hives, with supers of the same dimension. In that locality, the bees get their first crop from white and sweet clover and their second crop from buckwheat. According to the reports in the hands of the sec- retary, Mr. Comire, the average of the crop for the entire Province was about 70 pounds per colony. As I am a firmly convinced supporter of large hives, I was glad to see that, even in that country with short summers, the best crops were har- vested from the large hives. The beekeepers of the western part of Quebec are practically a unit in praising the Italian bees. The beekeepers are encouraged to buy Italian queens, for the Province has appropriated the sum of $500 to pay half of the cost for the apiarists who wish to try them. The only difficulty is that this amount is insufficient to supply as many queens as have been desired. The Province has already passed a law forbidding the use of poisonous sprays on fruit bloom. They have also passed a law compelling the beekeeper who keeps his apiary within .50 feet of neighbors' home^ to build an eight foot tight board fence between the hives and the neighbor's yard. They say that this is an advantage because when they have com- plied with the law, if anything happens, they cannot be held responsible. The homes are usually very close together and the villages are strung along a roadside. The lands were granted in long narrow strips, only 180 feet wide, which extend back several miles. This was for the better protection, in the old days, against the Indians, who w^ere not destroyed 542 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE as in Anglo-Saxon countries, but were slowly civilized. There are still Indian villages in close proximity, and I was shown a settlement of Abenakis who have become so mixed with the whites as to be almost in- distinguishable. The French Canadians of Quebec have retained their identity, their language and their religion, in spite of the efforts to assimilate them with the more numerous Anglo-Saxons. They have fine, neat homes, they are thrifty and prolific. It is said that the French population of Quebec doubles every 20 years and the Province would soon be overstocked if their young people did not emigrate towards the Great West. HONEY PLANTS OF IOWA. BY L. H. TA^M-MEL, AMES. Through the kindness of your secretary, Mr. S. W. Snyder, I have been invited to prepare a paper on the honey plants of Iowa. I am glad to ap- pear before you, because the Iowa State College wants your co-operation in the study of the honey plants of Iowa. In a little leaflet issued this summer by the Botanical Section, "Information Regarding the Honey Plants of Iowa," the following statement was made: "Mr. Frank C. Pellett, the State Inspector of Apiaries, estimates the honey production in Iowa at ten to twelve million pounds annually. He estimates, moreover, that the bees could gather $5,000,000 worth more of honey that now goes to waste. Aside from honey production, bees and other insects are of great im- portance in the pollination of flowers. Without these insects, in many cases, seed and fruit will not form. They are, therefore, of inestimable value to the fruit and agricultural interests of the state. It has seemed wise to undertake an exhaustive study of the problem from many different angles. Professor C. F. Curtiss, Director of the Iowa Agricultural Ex- periment Station, has authorized the undertaking of a study of this prob- lem. It will take time to do this work properly, since a great many ques- tions are Involved. In this work the Botanical Section will have coopera- tion on fruit blossoms and leguminous forage plants (alfalfa, etc.,) by Dr. J. N. Martin. Prof. L. A. Kenoyer and a number of assisants will, during this and succeeding seasons, work on the problems of honey plants, in- sects, nectar secretion, etc., and the beekeepers are invited to co-operate with us by filling out the blanks on this sheet and indicating as fully as possible their experience with honey plants. It is especially desirable to obtain specimens of honey plants. We would appreciate your sending these specimens to us with notes on their abundance and their value for honey purposes. Yours truly, (Signed) L. H. PAMMEL, Botanist, Iowa Experiment Station. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 543 May I invite your attention to this leaflet and ask each of you to take this home and look over the questions, answer them and return to me. It will enable us to carry on the investigation more intelligently. The list of plants enumerated in this pamphlet gives the more im- portant honey plants. It is not, however, complete. Some of the plants mentioned in this list are not generally distributed in the state. One Fig. 1. Common Wind Flower (Anemone nemorosa). One of the early spring bloom- ing plants visited by bees. (Charlotte M. King.) plant may be a good honey plant in one part of the state and not in an- other. A plant may yield an abundance of nectar at one time and not at all at other times. During a visit in southeastern Iowa the past sum- mer, I found bees abundant on the yellow, or golden Spanish needle (Bidens aurea) in the vicinity of Centerville. This was after a rain. A day later, the same plant was found in abundance near Keosauqua, the Fig. 2. Common Barberry (Berberis vulgari). lotte M. King.) An excellent honey plant. (Char- 544 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE rains here had occurred in abundance a few days previous. The day was bright and clear and in spite of the fact that an abundance of the plant occurred in the vicinity of an apiary, no bees, or very few, were found on this species. Every beekeeper has made similar observations. Prof. Kenoyer tells me that although buckv/heat was in blossom abundantly in southeastern Kansas until frost, very few honey bees were working on this plant. Some plants have their maximum secretion for honey in the Fig. 3. Black cherry (Pi'unus serotiria). the flowers. (U. S. Dept. Agrl.) Visited by bees. Gather some honey from morning. Mr. Munger and Prof. Kenoyer found honey bees working on buckwheat only in the morning until 10:00 a. m. During the latter part of September, 1 found that the same was still true. Bees were abundant up to 10:00 a. m. or a little later. None were observed at 11:00 a. m. or 12:00 m., or in the afternoon. The amount of nectar secreted varies in the different plants.* Thus Mr. Dadant mentions the copius secretion of nectar in the South African Protea mellifera.'] It is said to be so abundant that the natives gather the nectar by dipping it from the flowers with spoons. The writer and *Liangstroth on The Hive and Honey Bee, revised by Dadant, 397. tProc. la. Acad. Sci. 2 :148. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 545 Miss Beech, in a paper on the pollination of cucurbits, made this state- ment with reference to the nectar in the flower of the common squash (CucurMta maxima): "In some pistillate flowers covered with bags, it (nectar) was found outside the nectary. In one or two cases a half teaspoonful of sweet nectar might easily have been obtained." Fig. 4. Cultivated Strawberry. Visited by bees and pollinated by them. M. King.) (Charlotte The amount of moisture in the soil, and the humidity of the atmos- phere gives us in a measure the amount of nectar secreted by the plant. We hope to determine some of these points in our investigation. Prof. L. A. Kenoyer during the past summer has been investigating this prob- lem, and we hope to get at some of the interesting facts before another season is over. In this connection my attention has been called by Mr. Fig. 5, Wild Plum {Prunus americana). Chiefly pollinated by honey bees. Bees gather much honey from these flowers. (Charlotte King.) 35 546 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Pellett to an interesting article on the secretion of nectar in flowers by F. W. Sladen.$ For instance, lie calls attention to an interesting feature in nectar secretion by A7-abis alpina which blooms in England in April and May. During the first half of its flowering period it is visited abundantly by honey bees but not later. In the case of golden- rods at Ottawa, he found during the first two weeks of flowering, hardly a bee was seen on them, it was dry, but during the third week of bloom- ing there had been no change in the weather, that is there had been no rain, the goldenrod was in full bloom and the earliest flowers had with- ered, bees were working abundantly. It seems to me that there is here an interesting problem for us to work out. Fig. 6. Creeping Charlie (Nepeta hederacea). Related to catnip. Catnip is a most excellent honey plant. Creeping Charlie is not visited as frequently. (Johns Medical Botany of North America.) I may here allude to another interesting matter concerning the gath- ering of honey by bees and the visits of honey bees to different flowers. First, there is the matter of promiscious visiting of diiferent species of plants. Some years ago, while I was studying the pollination of clover, I found growing together in one small area, the common red clover, white clover, Partridge pea, Horsemint. I carefully observed bumble bees and honey bees. I found that a bee would visit only a single species of plant, the honey bee did not as a rule go from the white clover to the Partridge pea. The bumblebee did not go from the red clover to the Horsemint. This confirms the results that have usually been published JBeekeepers Review 27 : 419, Nov., 1914. P'IFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 547 on this point. A second point I wish to refer to is this. When there is a scarcity of honey, bees visit flowers that ordinarily are not visited by them. When the flow of nectar in the white clover is abundant, bees 4 Fig. 7. Horse Mint (Monarda fistnlosa). Pollinated by bumble bees. The coralla tubes too large for honey bees to get nectar. Mr. Brown at the Bee Keepers' convention at Ames, stated bees gather honey from this plant. will not go to red clover, but when nectar and pollen are scarce, honey bees are frequently found on red clover. Do honey bees get nectar from the red clover? I notice the statement made in Langstroth's Hive and Fig. 8. Willow Herb or Fireweed (Epilobium augustifolium). A spIencHf! hr-t!-^v plant. Common northward in the Rocky Mountains and on the Pacitie ( oasr. 548 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Honey Bee, that "unfortunately its corollas are usually too deep for the tongue of our bees. Yet sometimes in summer, they can reach the nectar, either because its corollas are shortened on account of dryness or because they are more copiously filled." Some years ago, I made this statement in my Ecology, that honey bees frequently pollinated red clover because they frequently collect pollen. The tongue is not long enough to reach the Oectar. In some cases the nectar is taken through perforations. A few years ago I had a large number of measurements made of the length of the staminal tube. Miss Mildred Walls found by measurement, Fig. 9. Phacelia (Phacelia serica). Mountains. This plant is visited by bees. In the Rocky that out of 493 flowers, the mean length was .3513 in. and that the length of the tube varied between .3082 in. to .4018 in. The flower be- cause of the pleasant odor and large amount of nectar are attractive to insects. The nectar is concealed in the base of the staminal tube, which is formed by the fusion of the nine lower filaments and attached to the claws of the petals. The upper free stamen lies on one side so that the opening of the staminal tube permits the Insect to get the nectar. In order to reach the nectar, the honey bee must have a tongue from .3543 to .3937 inches in length to get the nectar. I have for several years closely observed honey bees and red clover, and from these observations I am still inclined to the opinion, earlier expressed, that honey bees do not get nectar from the flowers of the FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIIT. .4^ red clover, notwithstanding the statements made by several correspond- ents in recent numbers of the American Bee Journal, and the opinion of many beekeepers in Iowa. Third, I want to especially exonerate the honey bee from the perforation of flowers and the injury of fruits. Some years ago I published a monograph on the Pollination of Phlomis tuberosa Fig. 10. Mint {Mentha pijjerita). Bees frequently visit this mint. and the Perforation of Flowers. The conclusion reached was that our flowers are not perforated by honey bees.§ This is slightly at variance with a few recorded observations by Hermann Mueller, who found that the honey bee perforated the flowers of Erica Tetralix and Nepetn hederacea. Fig. 11. Blue "Weed (Echium vulgare). (Selby Oihio Agrl. Exp. Sta.) § Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. Many of the borages are good honey plants. 5:241. 550 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The fourth point I desire to make is this. Let us plant more honey plants. A few friends of mine have lately been discussing the desir- ability of reducing the width of the Iowa roads. Another friend, Sena- tor Larrabee, has been advocating the planting of the highways with useful forage plants to make the highways useful. I believe this is a very sensible proposition. It would bring in several million dollars an- nually to the farmers of Iowa. The beekeepers of Iowa should encourage Senator Larrabee and advocate the sowing of such plants as the al'sike clover, which is a most excellent honey plant and a most useful forage Fig. 12. Bartlett Pear, an enlarged flower. Sp, sepals; v, petals: a, ant'.K-r of flairi?ns f. filament; s, stigma; d, disk where nectar is secreted; ov, ovary. (Waits U. S. Dept. of Agrl.) plant. There are many places on our highways that cannot be reclaimed for meadow purposes. I refer to the slopes of hills and banks. These should. not be left bare, but can be planted with trees and shrubs useful for the beekeepers and at the same time furnish an excellent honey crop. In many places in Iowa, such places can be planted with the wild crab, a splendid honey plant. The Russian Oleaster, which blooms later than the wild crab, and in many places the basswood would be a most suit- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 551 able pl'ant. Then there is the Vitex. A host of other ornamental honey shrubs and small trees should be planted with reference to their bloom- ing season, so as to give continuous bee forage. Such planting would be a delight to those who use our highways, besides furnishing a large amount of honey. Fig. 13. Dogbane iAiwcyniini) . Bees were abundant on the dogbane the past summer. (U. S. Dept. Agrl.) Fig. 14. Simpson Honey Plant (Scrojyhularia nodosia) . Flowers in different stages. 2, the female stage ; 3, male stage ; n, calyx ; h, corolla ; c, stamens ; f, stigma. (After Mueller.) 552 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HONEY PLANTS. Should I give you a list of all the honey plants in Iowa, I would go beyond the limits of a paper desirable at a meeting of this kind. I want to call your attention to a few of our most important plants. Of the early blooming plants, the willows are the most important. There are several species widely distributed in the state. The almond leaved Fig. 15. Sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale). Bees gather honey from this plant. It is however bitter. (U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) willow, (Salix amygdaloides) , the Black willow (alix nigra), the pussy willow (jSaZia; cordata). These species furnish an abundance of nectar and pollen. The pussy willow is the earlier of the blooming willows. The soft maple (Acer saccharinum) , now cultivated everywhere in the state, is one of the best of the early blooming plants for nectar. The hard maple (Acer nigrum) also furnishes an abundance of nectar, but it blooms much later. The dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is one of the early and late nectar producing plants. I saw honey bees visiting it on the 30th of October 1914. In May, or the latter part of April, the apple, plum, and cherry furnish an abundance of honey. Then come the raspberry and blackberry and with them the white clover followed by the alsike clover, and soon the white sweet clover, which in Iowa is FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 553 the best of all the honey plants. Though it be ever so dry it furnishes a good supply of honey during the entire blooming season, till nipped by the frost. The yellow sweet clover is also a good honey plant, though not as good as the white flowered species. The basswood is one of the best of our honey plants, though its season is short. The tree might very profitably be planted as a shade tree more than it is. There is no 4 f ■4 » ^•^^ ¥^^ ^^k 1 ^3^ m^ ^^m ^ ^*^^^ ^pS ^W^ ' ^w. "i m r > J E 8E£S I « 4 I. A Soci«.L i\ ■■ ■^s- ^ AA^rl ^ /c/^4 # Jj- % I I: i9££TL£S gu umo/v FLY Fig. 2 Insects that visit tlie wild parsnip. 568 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE unruly but yet are likely to remain alive and furnish fresh food for the waspling. With them is placed a single egg, then the mother leaves. Some species of wasp mothers never see their offspring, while others return at intervals to bring fresh food. One wonderful thread-waisted creature, the sand-loving Ammophila, is said "to take a small square pebble in her mandibles to tamp the filled-in shaft in which she has placed her larder and laid her egg, so that it may appear undisturbed like the surrounding soil. Man has been defined as the tool-using animal, but here we have the remarkable ex- ample of a wasp that uses tools. But, you ask, what is the practical import of all this? Well, the grown-up wasp departs from its early dietary training and acquires a taste for the sweets from flowers. The flower is its dining table, not its field of labor. It is the Nimrod of the insect world, and devotes its busy hours to the chase, whereby it satisfies the needs of the home. Still it must tarry at the flower bed to meet its own personal needs. Since it does visit flowers in its blustering sort of way, it is bound to carry pollen. For several reasons it is a less important agent of pollination than is the bee. Its season is shorter,— very few being seen on fruit blossoms in spring and on the last lingering dandelions and asters in fall; then because of the hunting habit that we have men- tioned the wasp has less time during the day to spend on the flower than has the bee; it has no pollen-baskets and does not intentionally gather pollen; it is generally less hairy, and its hairs are simple, not branching and feather-like as are those of the bee, — the wasp's body under the microscope appears as a field covered with telegraph poles and not as a miniature forest as does that of the bee. But most of our showy fiowers have sticky pollen-grains, which will readily adhere upon con- tact with the hairs of the wasp. A medium-sized wasp, Cerceris clypeata, which we collected from golden rod, was found to have on its body two thousand pollen grains of several different kinds. Some flowers are preeminently wasp flowers. Possibly their nectar is not apreciated by bees. Among such we might mention the dog- banes and the green milkweed. On a plot of this milkweed four feet square on July 22 there was seen but one honey bee during the entire day, while there was an average of fifteen wasps on hand all day long. The dogbanes and milkweeds have a treacherous way of trapping small insects, and it may be that some of our wasp visitors are really trappers and are in quest of the insects that the flowers catch. But the majority are undoubtedly after mectar, for their insect food is of a type wholly un- likely to be found on milkweed blossoms. Now the pollen of the milk- weed clings together in a peculiar way, and is jerked out by the foot of the visiting insect. Fig. (4) Wasps taken from milkweed usually have one or more of these pollen masses on their feet, hence it would appear that they play some part in the pollination of this plant. Passing on to the true bees, skilled gatherers of pollen and honey, we find two families, the short-tongued and the long-tongued bees. This distinction is an important one, for, as we shall see, it determines what flowers the bees may visit. The short-tongued bees are all solitary, each FIFTEENTH AXNTTAL YEAR BOOK — PART VIII. 569 \NhitC Sweet Cuover. I :^li^ < i ^Hj-^/^OKju^^ Shorts X'o>»9He- S 03 ^: ^i^^.i E^s -ii C o^ ■^ c =^ o srsy: c o - -a +j _ - p <" -C+J __•— ?^ helle mea oat lime helle mea oats chai ston helle mea oats mid char ston helle mea salt past cc «. tc cc Average final ^vcight . _ -. . 288.6 6.01 299.3 6.55 289.32 6.32 288.2 Total daily feed eaten 5.96 Peed eaten for lOO pounds of gain- Shelled com 361.91 379.62 372.40 391.5 "Meat meal -- _- 30.55 6.38 25.65 5.17 27.57 2.53 . Oats 4.81 6.21 1.15 14. &i ■ Middlings . - — - — _ --. -. _. . Charcoal .07 .04 .11 .12 .20 .14,' .10 .14 .13 Limestone - _ Salt . , .. - .37 'Alfalfa pasture - -. - .oiwt Total 399.06 417.12 418.55 396.69: Cost of 100 pounds gain- Corn, 40 cents : .. $ 3.41 $ 3.50 ? 3.61 $ 3.03 Oom, 50 cents _ . . 4.07 4.73 4.19 4.88 4.28 4.95 3.73 Corn, 60 cents 4.42 Return for a bushel of corn, $G.0O hogs .788 .757 .749 .816 *Last twenty-two days of 162-day period, finished in dry lot; pasture gone. tPraetion of an acre. {Plus pasture, .0101 acre. Prices of Feeds. — Corn, 40, 50 and 60 cents; whole oats, 30, 38 and 45 cents; meat, meal, $2.50; oil meal, old process, .$1.50; wheat middlings, $1.45; charcoal, $3.00; Urtiestone, 60 cents; salt, $1.00 per cwt.; and alfalfa pasture, $10.75 an acre. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 621 Peculiarly enough, the "dry lot fed" pigs to a group outgained the "alfalfa ones,'" but this may be more apparent than real, inasmuch as the dry lot pigs did not begin to outgain the pasture pigs until the feeding period was well along. This fall (1914), the heavy rains of September, and the cold, damp weather in October, gave the dry lot pigs at the barn some advantage, but this is nearly always an expected advantage of dry lot feeding, that is, better, more controlled conditions overhead and under foot. The indications are that the pigs on alfalfa could have been re- moved a little sooner and put in the dry lot for their finishing touches; in other words, it might have been better to practice the time honored scheme of growing to a fattening age on forage and then finishing in the dry lot. The important consideration is that after all is said and done, the forage fed pigs produced gains at the least cost. When corn costs 60 cents, the gains here cost $4.42 per 100 pounds, as compared to the cheapest gains produced in dry lots, namely, $4.73, this being where the pigs received corn, meat meal and oats in addition to the mineral feeds. Here is a difference of 31 cents in cost of gain in favor of the forage over the dry lot method. Of course the alfalfa was charged at only $10.75 an acre, which may not be enough under some local conditions. Where hay is exceptionally high in price, a higher cash value is attributed to said alfalfa. However, as much as $41.44 could have been paid for this alfalfa to the acre, and still produce gains at the same cost as the best dry lot, or $4.73 100 pounds. Really, this would mean, therefore, that pasture is superior to dry lot feeding. Under the conditions given, alfalfa would be worth for hog feeding purposes $41.44 an acre. When it comes to the production of gains at the same cost, putting all of the profits upon the corn, hogs selling at $6, we have returns for a bushel ranging from 74.9 cents to 78.8 cents, in dry lot, as compared to the somewhat greater return of 81.6 cents on the forage of alfalfa. In a comparison of hand versus self feeding methods, on alfalfa pas- ture, in the year of 1913, we had some very striking developments in favor of the self feeding scheme. After the forage was gone in late November, all of the pigs that had not reached a weight of 250 pounds were fed corn in one self feeder and meat meal in another. All of the pigs were started at w-eaning time in May, and were carried until they reached a weight of 250 pounds before the experiment was discontinued. The results are given herewith: Where hand feeding was practiced, it paid to supplement the alfalfa with meat meal or tankage, even though it cost $2.50 per 100 pounds, in that gains were more rapid; less feed was required for 100 pounds of gain, and less outlay was necessary from the dollar standpoint for 100 pounds of gain; then, too, the return for a bushel of corn was greater. Where the ear corn and meat meal were hand fed, as compared to where the meat meal was self fed, there was no time saved as regards days taken to make a 250-pound hog, but feed was conserved, in that 13 pounds less was required for 100 pounds of gain. It happened that the costs of gains were identical with 60 cent corn. With 50 cent corn, however, there was 4 cents on 100 pounds gain advantage in favor of the 622 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HAND VERSUS SELF FED PIGS ON ALFALFA. Pigs, weaning to market, full fed. Number of days fed 229 .95 3.91 .08?^ 419.6 $ 4.57 .754 206 1.06 3.82 .28 385.4 $ 4.46 .796 206 1.07 3.62 .39 372.6 $ 4.46 .811 180 Average daily gain 1.22 Feed eaten daily- Corn, grain . . 4.10 Meat meal .. _ _ . _ .. ._ .33 Total feed for 100 pounds gain Cost of 100 pounds gain, com at 60 cents.— Return for bushel of corn, hogs at ^.00 364.0 $ 4.43 .839 *Some meat meal fed in dry lot following forage. hand fed scheme. The return for a bushel of corn was greater where the self feeding scheme was used. Where shelled corn and meat meal were both self fed in separate feeders, the gains were most rapid of all, the feed consumption largest, the feed required for 100 pounds of gain less, and the cost per 100 pounds was decreased; then, too, the return for a bushel of corn was larger. This point needs emphasis: The "free will" fed pigs, receiving both corn and meat meal on alfalfa (all three feeds self fed), finished for market at the weight of 250 pounds, forty-nine days ahead of the hand fed corn only lot. The range would have been even greater had not meat meal been fed to the "ear corn alone" lot after the forage season was over. It is quite a saving, if you can, and still get better results, to do away with forty-nine days of hog feeding. As compared to the two hand fed lots receiving both corn and meat meal, there was a saving of twenty- six days when the self feeder for all feeds was used, as compared to hand feeding. These indications are noteworthy: 1. Growing and fattening pigs that are full fed corn by hand on alfalfa need a protein supplement. (Recent developments of our feeding trials tend to show that pigs self fed corn on alfalfa pasture do not need as much supplement as where they are hand fed. This is contrary to our expectations, and we must await further evidence before making definite statements in regard to the truth or falsity of the indication.) 2. The self feeding of corn and meat meal in separate self feeders is practical and economical on alfalfa. 3. When corn is hand fed, there is a question (unless corn is kept before the pigs almost continually) as to whether or not meat meal Is to be free will. Relative prices are important in the consideration. 4. Considerable labor was saved in self feeding; risk, interest, and responsibility were lessened by having hogs ready for market earlier. To show the preference of hogs for corn, even though on pasture supplemented with a large number of feeds in separate feeders, figures FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 623 are given which show the quick fattening of well grown shotes fed the "cafeteria way," on blue grass, in the summer of 1914: Seventeen 225- pound shotes on blue grass, for 68 days, with self feeders, there being allowed separately dry shelled corn, of which they ate per head daily 7.39 pounds; meat meal (carrying 60 per cent protein), .18 of a pound; whole oats, .07; wheat middlings, .04; linseed oil meal (old process), .10; charcoal, .003 (fine charcoal may be made from corn cobs) ; and rock salt, .003 of a pound. We could hardly have hand fed them to better advantage. They gained 1.75 pounds daily, which is quite good, and required for 100 pounds of gain, these feeds: Corn, 422 pounds; meat meal, 10.3 pounds; oats, 4.2 pounds; middlings, 2.2 pounds; oil meal, .7 of a pound; charcoal, .16 of a pound, and salt, .16 of a pound, or of total concentrates, 439.6 pounds. Charging the corn at 50 cents, meat meal at $2.50, oats at 38 cents, middlings at $1.45, charcoal at $3, salt at $1, and blue grass pasture at $6 an acre, the cost of the 100 pounds of gain is $4.22. Cbarging corn at 60 cents and oats at 45 cents, other prices the same, we have $4.98. With $6 hogs, the return for a bushel of corn, all profits placed on corn, was 72.7 cents. A quick thirty-day finish was put on two groups of sixteen 265-pound hogs last winter (1913-1914), corn being fed in self feeders to the groups, the first of which was fed tankage as a slop and the latter self fed dry. The results are close. The figures based on Ames weights, follow: 4A «A a a J. ^1 °3 S p. S s w 02 Average cLaily gain Corn eaten daily Meat meal eaten daily Feed eat*n per 100 pounds of gain Cost of lOO pounds of gain; corn at 60 cents, meat meal at $2.50. 1.21 5.61 .40 498 $ 5.81 Practically, the results indicate close similarity. Of course, the allow- ance of meat meal was made, based on a large number of years of ex- perience. It is hardly probable that the average layman could approxi- mate as correct a proportion of meat meal in hand feeding so closely as was done in this case. In another experiment of this same character, but tried on a different set of hogs, the self fed hogs made the better showing, although the differences were small. One must not overlook the advantage of labor saved in the self feeding method. In fattening old sows for market, our self feeder trials have been very satisfactory. For instance: Two groups of yearlings, weighing 241 pounds when started, one hand fed, the other self fed, on shelled corn, made gains of 2.30 and 2.64 pounds daily, respectively. The hand fed ones took 436 pounds of corn for each 100 pounds of gain, the self fed ones 417 pounds; the profit per hog in 58 days, corn costing 50 cents and hogs selling for $6, was, when hand fed, $2.77, and self fed, $3.42, a dif- 624 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ference of 65 cents. Strikingly it is shown that for such mature hogs, the self feeder for short feeds is relatively very profitable. Other feeding records show that these old sows had more judgment as regards the amount of supplement they should have, if any, than their feeder, ex- perienced and first class though he was. Old sows, weighing from 300 to 500 pounds, just through suckling litters (if not too thin), make very economical gains on corn alone. This is in marked contrast to the heavy requirements of young pigs, for supplement. A peculiar development has been manifested in our self feeder investi- gations. The indications are that less protein supplement is required along with corn when pigs are self fed than when they are hand fed. It seems that growing and fattening swine require a certain definite amount of protein, which must be supplied somehow, or the gains will be inhibited and the total consumption of feed decreased through a lack of appetite^this probably being the direct result of lack of protein, principally. Now we know that corn contains about 10 per cent of protein on the average, hence the pig which eats the most corn is getting the most protein. When pigs are self fed, they are enabled to eat more corn than when hand fed, hence they come nearer supplying the minimum of proteins necessary, and hence the reason why they do not suffer so much from protein starvation as do hand fed, corn alone, pigs. This is a very practical point in the economical production of pork, and it is one of which we have been unfamiliar until the recent developments in our "cafeteria" investigations brought it to light. It is somewhat difficult in presenting a new proposition such as the "Iowa system of self feeding swine," to avoid giving a wrong impres- sion. In order to guard against misconceptions which might arise from a study of the, let us trust not too enthusiastic, contents of this paper, there is appended some self feeder or "free will" don'ts, which may help to simplify the method: 1. Don't think that the hog likes hash (a mixture of feeds) any better than you do. He enjoys the "free will" choice method most hearti- ly. 2. Don't use the self feeder for all classes of hogs. 3. Don't self feed if you want to grow your pigs along slowly. 4. Don't self feed if you do not want rapid gains. 5. Don't fail to provide sufficient self feeder trough space, because swine that stand around waiting for their turn to eat are wasting energy (feed) as compared to when lying down. Encourage the fatten- ing hogs to lie down most of the time. 6. Don't expect the self feeder to save all the work. 7. Don't self feed pregnant sows excepting early in the breeding sea- son, unless you mix bulky feeds — of which ground alfalfa is the best of all under corn belt conditions — with grain (a mixture of forty pounds of ground corn, fifty-six pounds of ground alfalfa, and four pounds of tankage should be well adapted to the self feeder scheme of carrying brood sows). Regulate the fatness of the gilts or sows by increasing or decreasing the proportion of corn iri the mixture. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 625 8. Don't think that because the self feeding method works out meri- toriously in many circumstances with swine, that the same will be true of cattle, horses, sheep, poultry and goats. 9. Don't forget that the hog is a i)hysiologist, not an economist; be- cause of his physiological instincts, he will eat to suit himself; and if you feed him sugar, he eats it without respect to price. Corn at 60 cents a bushel and corn at 3 cents a bushel, so long as tbe quality is the same, makes little difference to the pig; it is all alike to him. 10. Don't always expect the hog to economically balance the ra- tion, no matter what feeds you allow. 11. Don't fail to appreciate that "hogging down corn" is practiced by your fellow Iowa farmers because it pays, and do you not know that it is the natural self feeder method of harvesting the corn crop? 12. Don't you realize that when fattening hogs are lying down that they are making every ounce of grain count? They lie down more when self fed than when hand fed. 13. Don't expect ideal results if you self feed tankage or meat meal, if you limit the corn ration; when the pig gets hungry, it is to eat tankage or nothing, and he is likely to eat the tankage. What assur- ance has he that you are going to come back again with the feed that he likes most, namely, corn? 14. Don't weather the self feeder out in the rain, and the hail, and the snow (especially the latter), because such a method of procedure will inhibit consumption of feed. Put the feeder under warm shelter, and give the pigs the sort of surroundings you yourself like best. 15. Don't fail to realize that rats, chickens, birds (especially the cholera carrying pigeon), and mice enjoy the self feeder idea as much as the swine; guard your operations accordingly. 16. Don't neglect to self feed salt; this has worked admirably in our self feeding experience and observations. It is superior to the old "guess-at-it" method of mixing salt with the feed. Of course, one should not feed "brine" at free will, because that is not pure salt, and is liable to produce bad results. Start the pigs on salt slowly, and then leave it before them all the time. "When swine are accustomed to salt, you can profitably leave it before them all of the time. 17. Don't feel you are compelled to trust the careless, unreliable human feeder always; if conditions warrant, you may use a self feeder and thus avoid the ill consequences resulting from unskilled men. 18. Don't lose interest in youf hogs; visit them reguluarly and give them the attention they so richly deserve. Theoretically, all hogs not immunized are subject to cholera and other diseases, and although the self feeder may be of some assistance in the prevention of trouble, yet it will not absolve you from giving them the closest of attention. 19. Don't self feed unless you keep plenty of drinking water before the hogs always; self watering is part of the self feeding game. 20. Don't condemn the hogs because they root; ofttimes they root because you have not fed what the appetite demands, that is, what the pigs must have in order to develop normally. The same may be said 40 626 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of the "chicken eating" habit; by using the "Iowa system of self feed- ing," where many feeds are allowed, all such worries are practically prevented. 21. Don't neglect to keep the self feeders full; see that the slides are working properly; this is very important. 22. Don't you know that self fed pigs are liable to eat most any hour of the night or day? It is well to have the feeders accessible all of the time, preferably under cover. 23. Don't forget the remedy for wasting ear corn in the mud. Shell the corn, place it in the self feeder which is arranged upon a small under- foot platform (this may be a part of the feeder) ; the feeder is best put under shelter to avoid this waste. The important thing to remem- ber is that the self feeder is a means of keeping the ear corn out of the mud. 24. Don't rush the hog; the self feeder gives him plenty of time to eat without creating that impulse to hurry because the other hogs get all of the feed (as in the hand feeding system). 25. Don't you realize that the ordinary "cafeteria" or "dairy" style of meal serving is really a human expression of the self feeder idea? 26. Don't expect young growing pigs on dry, hard blue grass to do well when self fed on corn; either "green up'' the grass or supply rape, alfalfa, skim-milk, meat meal, and so on. 27. Don't expect the self feeder to be a panacea for all swine feeding troubles and difficulties; simply remember that it is the natural way of full feeding. 28. Don't you appreciate now as never before that every efficient means of saving labor must be utilized to the greatest possible extent; the self feeder in the full feeding of swine may be of great assistance — a most efficient means of conserving labor. 29. Don't forget that pigs self fed, other things being equal, drink less water than when hand fed, even though they do eat more feed; the labor of pumping water for the hogs may be decreased a bit because of the self feeder. 30. Don't neglect the feeding of those dry lot fall pigs; they do most excellently when fed according to the "Iowa system of 'free will' feeding," allowing corn, tankage or meat meal, oil meal, oats, and salt. Why not try the scheme, and enjoy the results? Volumes could be written about the self feeding system, and still much would remain unsaid. After all, it takes experience to determine the usefulness and practicability of any system of feeding; hence, let us await the judgment of the men in the field. The experienced ones so far are enthusiastic supporters of the principle as outlined in the scheme of the "Iowa system of self feeding swine." Q. Do yon find any waste to speak of in the self-feeding of tankage? Professor Evvard : Very little. We like to place them on a concrete or wooden platform. Hogs which eat only two-tenths of a pound a day are not going to hang around the tankage FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 627 very ranch. Our results take into consideration that waste. If it is wasted, it is wasted. Everything that the pig gets is charged to him, so that, even though there is a little waste, the advan- tages that he gains more than offset it. In our experimental work, we start the tankage out the very first day, but in practice, I would not do that. I think I would take a week or so — ^just throw a little out in the trough and gradually get them accustomed to what they are to take. Q. Any bad results from it? Professor Eward: No; we have never had any. Q. In your plan for a self-feeder, you feed from one side? Professor Eward: We have four or five different plans. We will have a bulletin out in a couple of months, in which we will have feeders that feed from both sides and one side. Q. I notice you figure the charcoal at three cents a pound. Where do you buy it? Professor Eward: From Wittig & Company, of Milwaukee, Wis., at $20 a ton, and pay the freight. A member : We have a club, and a neighbor who moved to our community from Illinois, buys it and furnishes it, and it is costing us a cent and a half a pound. It has to be ordered in ton lots. It is a hardwood charcoal and exceptionally nice. Professor Eward : We charge three cents a pound to play safe. They eat so little of it, that it would not make any differ- ence whether you paid two cents or ten cents a pound. The President : I am going to change this program just a little, on account of the fact that Mr. Stryker wants to leave on an early train for Omaha ; so at this time we will call upon A. F. Stryker, secretary of the Omaha Live Stock Exchange. ADDRESS BY MR. A. F. STRYKER. Mr. President and Gentlemen: Owing to tlie peculiar rate situation which obtains at present, and the immense amount of work caused by the hoof and mouth quarantine, I will be obliged to refer to notes. I have not had the time to prepare and commit an address, which should properly be the method pursued for a body of this kind. I assure you, I esteem it an honor to be asked to address the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Asso- ciation, for the invitation implies a request on your part that we come and give you a partial account of our stewardship of your affairs on the public markets. This I do with particular pleasure, for the reason this is the first opportunity ever given a representative of the South Omaha 628 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Live Stock Exchange to appear before you. Your organization has done more, I think, in the way of putting the feeding operations of the country on a firm and sound basis than any other. "Time was" when the average feeder secured liis feeding stock in a hit-or-miss manner, paying no particular attention to the grade of stock secured or the time it might take to mature same, to crop conditions, or, in fact, to any of those conditions surrounding liis business which might have a beneficial or injurious effect upon his feeding operations for that particular year. These conditions are now decidedly changed, these changes brought about to a considerable extent by the information dis- seminated through the channels of your organization. Feeders today handle their business as carefully and economically, with as minute at- tention to detail, as that given by the manager of a department store to his business, or the president of a bank to the affairs of that financial institution. Your organization, through its officers, has been wide-awake, safe- guarding your interests in many ways. They have been tireless in their efforts with the railroads to secure equitable and just transportation conditions. Chief among the railroad cases instituted and pushed to a conclusion by your organization, was that which caused the lowering of live stock rates to Chicago from Iowa points. When the railroads at- tempted to eliminate the stock and sheep rate, your officers were tireless in their efforts to help the South Omaha exchange, which instituted this case. There is no question in my mind but that the testimony of your president, Mr. Sykes, and his able argument before the commission, had much to do with the final victory. Your organization has called attention to some bad spots which have crept into the service at the public markets. It has been our desire to keep our market absolutely clean. A short time since, we discovered some bad practices on the part of one of our firms, and I can assure you the firm is not in business on our market at this time. We feel the in- terests of the members of your organization are our interests, that as your members prosper we prosper; that we are inter-dependent, and that those things which adversely affect your members are reflected onto us. We take it that we can best be worthy of our hire when, outside of those routine features of the average exchange, we keep a keen eye out for the welfare of our shippers. Among other items which we feel it incumbent upon us to watch carefully are the rates, rules and regulations promul- gated by the common carriers. We feel it one of our duties to protest any changes in freight rates, rules or regulations, which adversely affect shippers to or from our market, asking the suspension of these proposed changes until the same can be revised by the Interstate Commerce Com- mission on interstate business, and by the several state railway commis- sions on intrastate business. We have complete confidence in the Inter- state Commerce Commission and in its members, and believe them to oe honorable gentlemen, keenly alive to the welfare of this country, and anxious to deal justice to all concerned. At this point, I want to congratulate your members on their local rail- way commission, and upon its having for its chairman Clifford Thorne, FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 629 one of the brightest, keenest, transportation men in the United States, I want also to congratulate you on having as a Commerce Counsel, Judge Henderson, whose argument in the contract valuation case was a clean, clear-cut, masterly presentation of the facts in the case. It was our privilege to help your officers and the state railway commission in the trial and argument of this case. We hope its outcome may be such as will prevent common carriers taking your live stock, transporting same interstate, and paying you but one-third of its valuation providing an accident befalls same. It seems to me no more unfair provision could be inserted in a contract or bill of lading than one of this character. It is our hope in the near future to be able to ask for several changes in live stock contracts. We expect to ask for the elimination of that feature of most of the contracts which says claims for damages must be filed before live stock is mixed. This is impossible at the public markets. When this case is filed, we hope for the assistance of your organization. Many changes in packing house products, live stock and grain rates have recently been proposed by the carriers, most of these changes in the nature of advances. We have asked for the suspension of the tariffs carrying these proposed changes until the same can be revised by the Interstate Commerce Commission, and both the railroads and the shippers have an opportunity to be heard. It is not our position that all live stock rates are too high. We know of some rates that are too low; we know many others which in our opinion are too high. We do think, however, that all changes should be O. K.'d by the commission. In conclusion, I want to say a little concerning the outbreak of the hoof and mouth disease, and the action of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, in the suppression of this disease. We under- stand, of course, that some of your members have been hard hit by this outbreak, and to them some of the regulations of the department may seem harsh, but we have implicit confidence in the honesty and ability of Doctor Melvin and his assistants, to successfully quell this outbreak, and in a manner that will be most beneficial to the entire live stock industry. I thank you. The President : I now take pleasure in introducing to you Professor R. K. Bliss, who is now the head of the extension de- partment of agriculture, at Ames. ADDRESS BY PROF. R. K. BLISS. Mr. Chairman and Members of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' As- sociation: I notice that the hour is getting late, and I wish to assure you that I am not going to detain you from the opportunity of visiting one of these cafeterias. You had a talk upon the cafeteria system of feeding pigs this morning, and I thought when Professor Evvard was speaking, what a fine thing it would be if every feeder throughout the state of Iowa could have had the opportunity which you men are 630 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE having here this morning, to get this latest valuable information which conies direct from the experiment station, and that is the purpose of the extension department. It is the business of the extension department to get this material out to the people of the state in just as efficient and effective a manner as possible. It is the business of the extension de- partment to take the experimental work of the Iowa experiment sta- tion and of the other experiment stations throughout the country, sift the unimportant from the important, condense and summarize it. It is also the business of the extension department to gather information from the experience of successful men throughout the farming regions, and sift and condense that, and combine it with the experiment station material, and present it to the people of the state. Most of you are familiar with that work, and I will dwell upon it but briefly this morn- ing. The extension department has been in operation for the last eight years, and during that time it has grown from the small department to one of the largest departments of our college; and last year, accord- ing to the report of the extension department, nearly 500,000 people were reached in one way or another by the department of agricultural extension. I can give you just a brief summary here. I have jotted down a few notes, so that I can save time for you this morning. Some- thing like thirty-five one-week courses were held last year, which in- cluded the topics of farm crops, animal husbandry, and home economics. About seventeen two and three-day courses were held, which taught the same subjects. These were somewhat in the nature of institutes. Fifty-five one-week home economics courses were held, in addition to these thirty-five that I have mentioned, and eight two and three-day home conomics courses; and fourteen teachers' short courses were held throughout the state. Practically 26,000 people were reached, and in our institutes 29,000, and at other meetings something like 400,000 people. There was a time when we had to go out and work up new lines of work, but at the present time it is difficult for us to get the right kind of men in order to meet the demand that comes from over the state. This demand has grown so that we have to work from one end of the year to the other. During the winter months, we have our short courses and farmers' institutes, which keep our entire force as busy as can be, and we are obliged to employ additional help in one way or another during the winter, in order to carry this work through, and then are unable to meet all the demands made upon us. In the spring months you might think that the work would drop off, b,ut our home economics workers are booked today for every available bit of their time during these spring months, for this short course work. Then we have calls for assistance at teachers' institutes, and we are planning now to conduct agricultural work in connection with the teachers' institutes, and in that way prepare the teachers to teach agri- culture in the schools, or, at least, give them some encouragement and help along that line. Then we have our demonstration farms that we have to look after in the spring months, and our farm tours. I think FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 631 that is a grand line of work. Here is a county where one man success- fully grows alfalfa; another man is successful in feeding pigs; another is successful in feeding cattle; another in dairying. We go to that county and organize a farm tour of farmers, and visit these different farms. The man who has been successful in growing alfalfa explains to his neighbors and friends just how he grew it, and it is a demonstration that is of dis- tinct educational value, and is lasting, and it has been done right in the community; there isn't any question about it. These farm tours take up a great deal of time during the spring months. Then there are the school picnics. The schools are at the present time making demands upon our department to come out and meet with them during the graduation — especially the rural schools. Then there are spraying demonstrations. Our horticultural men are booked solid during the entire spraying period for the spraying of fruit trees and vegetables. During the summer we have our bulletin work, summarizing these data that I have already mentioned, attending school picnics and insti- tutes, taking care of our demonstration farms, and snatching some time for vacation. Sometimes we don't get it, but it is a good thing to take some time off in the summer. Then in the fall our fairs begin, and we have a tremendous demand — more than we can fill — for judges at fairs, along the line of judging live stock, farm crops, horticultural exhibits, and home economics exhibits. Colt shows make a great demand upon us, and we were unable to fill the demand last year. We went out of our way to fill a large number of these dates for colt shows. Then there are the institutes and short courses that begin again in the fall, and the preparation for the winter work. And we have some extra things to look after during the entire year. The boys' and girls' club work is growing, and should grow. Then there are the dairy test associations that have to be taken care of. I presume some of you are familiar with these; if you are not, there are some of these organizations up in the northeast part of the state that are going to make Iowa famous from the standpoint of dairy production, because they are applying strict business principles to their methods of dairying. Ten men give their entire time in this state to looking after the cows in these associations, and those men are paid by the ones who own the cows. That is a fine line of work for any community which is really in earnest and wants to go into the dairy business. We are or- ganizing a co-operative egg association in connection with one of these test associations. Then there are the special things that come up — the hog cholera control work, and foot and mouth disease, and the Hessian fly, and all these other things that are bobbing up continually; and the organization work that we keep at constantly from one end of the year to the other, believing thoroughly that if the problems of this state are to be successfully solved, they must be worked out by the people in the communities. We can furnish some assistance, but when it comes to the actual working out of the problem, it must be done by the people who live in the communities. I have not mentioned one other line of work — the county agent work, which is growing in this state, and is destined to grow rapidly in the future. I want to point out briefly some of the plans for developing 632 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE extension work in tlie future. The principal plans we have for develop- ment work will be along the line of the county agent and the corres- pondence course in agriculture for teachers; and I will speak of the correspondence course first. We are at the present time working upon a correspondence course in agriculture for rural teachers. The one way in which we will be able to get information into the hands of every boy and girl in this state is through the medium of our public schools. Our last legislature appreciated the fact when it passed a law requiring the teachers of Iowa to teach agriculture in the rural schools, beginning with September 1, 1915. But in order for teachers to teach agriculture in the rural schools, they must have some facts to present, and a method of presenting them; and we are at the present time working upon this correspondence course, and we are planning to place facts in the hands of the teacher, and at the same time place a method of teaching in her hands, so that when she gets the lesson that we send her, she will be able to teach it in turn to the pupils under her charge. Now, this question has been discussed for a long time, and some have assumed the position that it is impossible for a teacher to teach our boys and girls anything about farming. Let's get that idea out of our heads if we may. A teacher can not tell a child how to work a problem in arithmetic; the child has to work that problem for himself. What the teacher does i3 to encourage that child to work out the problem for himself; and, if we, through a correspondence course, can furnish this teacher with material which she, in turn, can turn over to the child, and encourage it to work these problems out for itself, we have rendered a great service to agricul- ture in this state. And when the teacher in your section goes to teach- ing agriculture in the schools, you want to get back of it and help it out. I have high hopes of what may be accomplished through the teaching of agriculture through our rural schools, if we will take that attitude toward it. Take this question of soil fertility: it is entirely possible to work out facts and lessons for rural teachers so that they can im- press upon the pupils under their charge the tremendous importance of maintaining the fertility of the soil, and start them to thinking. This little information that they give these pupils may be the leaven which will finally leaven the whole lump, and inspire them to go forward and study deeper into these subjects. We feel that this course for teachers is. essential, and that it will accomplish great results throughout the state if it can be given a thoroughly fair trial. The other line of work is the county agent work. We have been talk- ing about a greater Iowa, and the difficult thing when you go to talking about that is to really comprehend the greatness of the state. So I am going to divide the state of Iowa by 100 — or by 99, to be more exact — and take one county in the state. We can understand the greatness of a county, I think, a little better than we can the greatness of the state. The average county raises 90,000 acres of corn, approximately; about half as much oats and wheat, and somewhere in the neighborhood pf 20,000 brood sows, and something like 14,000 milk cows; and the live stock and the grain crop and the land, representing a capital of millions of dollars, constitute the wealth of the average county in the state. The average yield of corn in the state of Iowa today is about thirty-five FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 633 bushels per acre, but there are men in every county raising forty-five, fifty-five or sixty bushels ])er acre. Perhaps some of the men present today have an average of sixty bushels per acre covering the last several years. Why is that difference? What is the reason for it? Is it the difference in the original fertility of that soil, or is it due to difference in methods of farming? We feel that it is more largely due to differences in the methods of farming, and if one man can raise sixty bushels of corn per acre, certainly the average of the county ought to be more than thirty-five. Let me call your attention to some of our experiments along this line. During some years past, we have conducted farmers variety tests in connection with our county farms. At corn planting time we go out through the county and collect eighty or ninety samples of seed corn from different farmers — just the kind of corn that will be planted. We plant this in plots by hand, so as to get it exactly right — usually three different plots, in order to have our records exact. These experiments have been conducted for the last ten years at different places, and the summary of this work will show that the seed collected in this way, when taken to the county farm and planted side by side with the average, will produce an average of ten bushels per acre more than the average seed planted in that county. If that is true, that if we could replace all the seed in the county by seed taken from the one-tenth of the best farmers in that county, it would mean an increase in yield of from thirty-five to forty- five bushels an acre. It is entirely possible to increase this yield from thirty-five to forty-five bushels, and on up to fifty or sixty bushels. Take the question of milk cows, with 14,000, and an average yield of butter-fat around 150 pounds per cow. If the boys in the country could just learn that a stool was made to sit on always, and not to pound cows with, they would increase that ten pounds per cow, and there you would have an increase of 140,000 pounds. There is a tremendous opportunity in every county, and we believe the best way is to organize it and place someone in the county to take care of it. The county agent organizes a short course here, an institute there, and a farm tour in another place, and conducts demonstrations upon different farms throughout the county. He is the man in the county who gives special attention to the business of that county, and we are thor- oughly committed to the purpose of developing this county idea through- out the state, and placing a county agent or a local representative of the college and extension department in these different counties. This man is on the ground, sees what needs to be done, plans the work, has his special problems bobbing up to confront him continually, and he calls upon us and we send out men who are specialists along the lines of the different problems, to help him in their solution. Just a word, and I am through. We have been talking about a greater Iowa. This is a fine sentiment, and we need to get back of it and keep it going. But, after all, the future greatness of Iowa depends primarily upon the fertility of the soil. We have nothing else in the state except a few coal mines, and whether or not Iowa reaches the place that she ought to reach will depend primarily upon the methods we use in handling 634 . IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE this soil, so as not only to maintain this fertility, but to make it more fertile and productive in the years that are to come. That is the great problem before the people of the state of Iowa, and I want to congratulate you men of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, upon the fact that you are the ones who, in my opinion, are successfully solving this ques- tion of maintaining soil fertility. The practicable plan of maintaining the fertility of the soil is to market the unsalable and rough feeds of the farm through the medium of live stock, take care of the manure, and return it back to the farm. We cannot indefinitely maintain the fertility of the soil by a simple rotation of crops. Take the experience of the Ohio station, covering a period of eighteen years, in which they have fol- lowed rotations that included clover regularly. Some of these rotations are four years and some five. Covering a period of the last year (you can find this information in Bulletin No. 246 of the Ohio experiment station), they have found that where barnyard manure was applied to this land that was being rotated, in comparison with land that was being rotated but did not have any manure, the former has returned $2.73 a ton in increased yields upon the land, where the manure was taken right out to the field; and they have found that manure that was kept under cover and was not allowed to leach out, has returned increased yields of $3.73 per ton; and when the manure was treated (as it needs to be for the soils back there) with mineral elements, such as phosphorus and lime, the increased production due to the application of that manure has been very much larger than in the cases that 1 have already cited, running up as high as $5 per ton for the manure. Now, when you take into consideration that the average 1,000-pound steer upon full feed produces manure at the rate of about seven or eight tons per year, you can see how important it is from the standpoint of maintaining the fertility of the soil, to take care of this manure carefully and return it back to the land. You men know that that is true. You can go through this state in any of the older regions, and wherever you find a man who is producing fifty and sixty bushels of corn per acre year after year, you find a man who is taking care of his land; and in nine cases out of ten you find a man who is marketing his surplus produce through the medium of live stock, and returning the manure to the farm. On the other hand, if his neighbor is raising twenty-five or thirty bushels per acre, you almost invariably find a man who is marketing his crops at the elevator. And so I want to congratulate you upon the business that you are in. The Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, or the people of Iowa who are producing live stock, are creating a market for the rough, unsalable feed of their farms, and converting that feed into human food, and at the same time they are solving this question of soil fertility. I want to assure you, on the part of our extension department, that we emphasize, in and out of season, every member of the force, the necessity of maintaining the fertility of our soil. If we can be of service to any one of these different communities here represented, we stand willing and ready to give everything that we have in that service, and we hope that we can co-operate with you in some way to work out these problems that we have in the state. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 635 AFTERNOON SESSION. Vice-Prt'sident Gunn in the chair. The Chair: I am going to change the program just a little. Doctor J. 1. Gibson is with us now, and as he is very b'asy at this time, we will hear from him on the foot and mouth disease. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. BY DR. J. I. GIBSON, DES MOINES. Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: I don't suppose it is necessary for me to talk particularly about the disease. The time is too short to tell you all about the foot and mouth disease, and I couldn't tell all if I tried. It is an eruptive blood disease, causing high fever in the early stages, rapid emaciation, then vesicles form, and rupture forming ulcers. When the eruption takes place, the fever drops, the same as in measles and all other eruptive diseases that you know about in your own families. There is a difference in the infective agent connected with the spread of each disease. The infections differ in virulence and in carrying possibilities. It is enough for me to say that foot and mouth disease infection is as easily carried as any known disease of man or beast, because it is readily carried on the clothing and the shoes of the attendant of animals, and by various other carriers. Now I will take up just for a short time this outbreak. It was first located in Michigan, adjacent to the town of Niles. In this town is a tannery that does quite an extensive business, and it is supposed that this outbreak came from one of two or three causes. One is hides from foreign countries. While we have always maintained that the United States was free from foot and mouth disease, and have always stamped it out when it appeared in this country, yet we have some domain that is always infected — the Philippine islands, for instance. One report is that water buffalo hides from the Philippine islands produced this disease. Another is that tanning materials from Japan and the Argentine Republic produced it. These materials were put up in a peculiarly woven, heavy, mat-like sack. These sacks made good door-mats, and some of them were carried home from the tanneries; and I believe the disease was first seen on those premises. You have heard it charged that there was unnecessary delay in con- nection with handling this outbreak in the first four counties — first in the two counties in Michigan, and then they found it had spread into two counties in Indiana which adjoined. There was some delay. The government first sent their men there and took virus from the patients and sent it to Washington, and they made inoculations and failed to produce the disease on inoculation. For some reason or other the virus became attenuated — weakened — in transit, as is often the case. I might further state that the first cases in Michigan were very mild cases. Evi- dently, the virus that started this outbreak in Michigan, was almost 636 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE inert, it had almost lost its virulence and power of producing this dis- ease; therefore, the first herds were so mildly affected that it was mis- leading. After it spread to a few herds it soon regained its virulence, and was producing a type of the disease the most pronounced ever seen by our men in the field. There was a pure-bred Red Polled herd — a nice, well-kept herd — in Indiana, that even had the large blisters on the muzzle up between the nostrils, where they say it is very rarely seen; and Doctor Eichorn drew from one blister over three drams of the deadly fluid that produces the disease. Now, in these four counties, they didn't have as much live stock in a county as we have in a township in Iowa. Iowa has no equal in all lines of agriculture, and especially in live stock lines; so that, while Iowa is at the forefront in all these matters, these outbreaks of the disease that strike Iowa are more serious than when they strike any other terri- tory. There was little stock business between these four counties and Chicago. In looking for shipments, they found only one shipment of hogs from Indiana to Chicago, and the man who shipped them, after he had learned more about foot and mouth disease in the community, said he believed some of the hogs that he shipped to Chicago had foot and mouth disease. So that is how we believe it reached Chicago. There was a time (I can't give you the exact date) when the authorities of the government were pleading with the interests in Chicago and the authorities of Illinois to close the Chicago stockyards and clean and dis- infect them, before they were sure that it was there, and before they were sure that the stockyards business was going to spread it in other states. The government was hotly opposed in this proposition, and it went on for some time, until finally they quarantined the state of Illinois, and the stockyards company then had to clean up and disinfect. If they had quarantined Chicago when the government requested them to do it, so far as we have traced the dates now on our outbreak, we would have had no foot and mouth disease in Iowa. I can't give you the number of states — infected — it was about twenty — that received this infection from the Chicago yards. We received twenty-four shipments during the critical time. Before we knew that we had been in danger, positively, I went through my files in the ofRce and gathered out every certificate indicating the shipment of cattle from the Cliicago yards into the state of Iowa, and sent my men out to place them in quarantine, for foot and mouth dis- ease. We had this work practically covered the first time before the government told us that we had received infection, doubtless, from Chi- cago. At that time the outbreak was bad in other parts of the country, and the government was very short of men, and we had been handi- capped in accomplishing things as fast as we would have liked to, although I am glad to say to you that I think we have it under control in Iowa. We have had the disease show up in only six counties; those are Iowa, Johnson, Jones, Jackson, Clinton, and Cedar. As you know, on November 6th, the state of Iowa was first placed in strict quarantine by the United States authorities. Later, effective on the 30th of November, we had seventy-eight counties released only as to an FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 637 open market for slaughtering fat stock. Before the government would make that release, we had to agree o place thirteen counties as a health border around the six counties in which the disease existed. Those counties I will always remember, I think, because we have had an awful roar from them. They couldn't understand why they should be quaran- tined when they didn't have the disease. But I am telling you that I have had to do what the federal authorities asked me to do, or else they would slap it on Iowa and say, "Take care of yourself." So we were mov- ing every way and doing the best we could to get the release as fast as possible. Only yesterday we received Amendment No. 7 from Washington, which permits feeding and breeding stock to come from clean states into certain yards, and go back again into clean territory. That will relieve one big loss in Iowa. The Sioux City yards had a large feeder business, and they were still held out of about half of it; so they were delighted yesterday when they got news that that was relieved. They can now take in feeders from the West into certain yards set apart for that business; and can send them back again through the states that are quarantined against us for all other purposes — Nebraska and South Dakota. These two states together take about half of the Sioux City feeder business. The states that are in bad condition now are Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Pennsylvania, New York and Kentucky. I have some statistics that I will give you, so you will know what it has amounted to up to date. Of course, you all know what it has amounted to in your individual cases, and the part of it that we always regret is the individual loss. There is one thing wrong about quarantine procedure. All over this country, all quarantine measures and all restrictions of that kind are supposed to be placed with a view to the greatest good to the greatest number. There are men who have been fixed under this quarantine so they had no market for their hogs, and the hogs were ready, and the cholera had even broken out in their breeding herds on their farms, and they had no escape. The man who loses his hogs under these conditions ought to be entitled to an appraisal, the same as the man on whose premises we find the disease, and we appraise and kill his stock. As I said before, the disease. has been found in the six counties that I named. The total number of diseased herds has been twenty-six, and those come down to an individual animal in one or two instances, that was on the premises with the herd where the disease developed. The total appraisals to date amount to $53,824.62; estimated total cost of burial — that is, the digging of the trenches and the filling, $1,072.75. Added to that, of course, is the price of disinfectants and the work of disinfecting farms, and the lime. As high as thirty barrels of lime have been used for one grave. Those trenches are dug eight feet wide and eight feet deep, and a foot in length for each bovine that is to be buried; and we allow that the hogs and sheep, if there be any, will fit into the crevices. At the earliest possible moment, I ran over into Indiana, to see the disease, so that I would know what it looked like, and to see the measures adopted by the government while the work was going on. I did not 638 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE suppose I would really need the information, but I was not there much too soon. I had not much more than gotten home when I found we were In trouble. The total number of diseased cattle in Iowa to date is 693; total number of hogs, 936; total number of sheep, 11. We have no goats; this is not much of a country for billygoats. In Cedar county there were seven herds, in Jackson four, in Jones five, in Clinton one, in Iowa eight. In some in- stances we could not get the people to realize how serious foot and mouth disease was, and how dilficult to control, until it had spread to some other farms. Most of the exposures took place before we had established ainy quarantine, and, in fact, before we knew that we had any foot and inouth disease in the state. In one instance a man took eleven head of cattle home just a few days before the quarantine was established on the diseased herd. This was in Iowa county. That man never admitted that he took cattle out of that pasture until his cattle at home were all diseased. Wouldn't you have thought that any good citizen, when hw knew that the herd was diseased from which he took the eleven head, would have said, in fairness to us, the government authorities, and your own authorities: "Come over and quarantine me; I am afraid I have got it."? When his cattle were all diseased, he couldn't very well stand out against it any longer. In one instance the hogs got through the fence; and there has not been a single direct exposure to any one of these outbreaks but produced the disease. At Oxford Junction it jumped five miles, and we didn't know how. The man to whose place it had jumped was a very reputable citizen, and he said he hadn't been away from the farm. We found out later that they bought a puppy from the farm that had the disease, and his boy went down and got it, and that is the only connection we have between the two farms. Either the boy or the puppy carried enough infection to produce the disease. At Tipton they killed 149 cattle and 389 hogs; total appraisals on those three farms, $17,064.72. That is where we struck Matthews & Sons' two carloads of steers weighing 1,650 pounds, fitted for the Royal and the International; and in another field we struck forty-nine head of steers that weighed between 1,200 and 1,300 pounds, all on the Matthews farm. We first found his hogs infected. They were treated with Great Western serum No. 44 and virus No. 41, with no other known exposures. We killed his hogs. These cattle were on different parts of the farm; his wife was taking care of part of them. We recommended all precautions that we could, but we had reason to believe that the young man Matthews did not deal with this disease as he should; and the first thing we knew, it showed up definitely in the forty-nine head of lighter steers, and they and the show steers were watered at the two ends of the trough which extended under the fence. His attorney wrote that there had been no exposure to the show cattle, and I simply answered him that there was only one more effective exposure than the watering trough, and that would be direct inoculation. There were two farms there out of seven on which the Great Western serum was used, developed the disease up to date. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 639 We had this modification in the quarantine: First, 78 counties were permitted to ship to outside markets November 30th. On December 7th we got another modification that the thirteen border counties around the disease were permitted to ship to market on special permit issued by a veterinarian who was a joint employe of the state and the bureau. The state pays $5 a day, and the bureau $5 a month for these men, and that is working fairly well now, although these men cannot reach the inspections as fast as they are being called for. Yesterday morn- ing we wired for eleven additional men to add to that force, but we have not yet got any confirmation from Washington. Their man wired in the proposal, and I followed it this morning with a telegram say- ing that the necessity for these men was very urgent at this time. I have not had an answer yet. The next modification we are looking for (I have a communication from the bureau today that hints at it) will be the entire release for all purposes of the seventy-eight counties), the privilege of the other thirteen to ship without examination, and the examination work to be closed down to the six counties in which the disease has existed. I might say that this week will see not only all the known diseased herds up to this date killed and under the ground, but the dis- ihfection of the premises. I think this is the fifth outbreak in this country. Our government has followed the stamping-out process. It looks sometimes as if this outbreak had gotten too large; it is going to cost so much money; but I am satis- fied yet that if they can get an early eradication of the disease, it will be worth untold millions to the United States to still have our stock above foot and mouth suspicion. It has been difiicult to get the railroad companies and their agents, the express companies, the live stock dealers and the people to all under- stand the different restrictions put upon them. We have had some trouble, but there have been very few shipments that have been made in violation of quarantine. I heard of one today that went to Keithsburg, 111. That is a direct violation, because at this date there is nothing leaves Iowa for any purpose except for immediate slaughter and they are not per- mitted to go east of Chicago alive. Horses, of course, are not included in this quarantine; poultry is not included. If this disease had come in the summer time, when the shotes w^ere growing and the steers out on the grass, and practically nothing ready for market, it would not have caused any hardship; but it came at the regular time for our shipments; and how did these conditions find us? They found us the greatest producing territory of live stock on earth, absolutely dependent, you might say no market of our own. We furnish our own killing plants — a dozen or more in Iowa, with a goodly number of hogs and a few cattle; we furnish a lot of stock for slaughter in St. Paul, in Omaha, in St. Joseph, in Kansas City, and in St. Louis; and after doing all that we furnish forty per cent of the entire business of the Chicago yards. Now, it does look to me as if we are big enough to have our own market, and you meat producers are here to see what you can do with your resolutions and your influence to better your conditions in Iowa. Suppose you get busy and create somewhere in Iowa a market 640 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE and a slaughtering point tliat tliereis no Christmas beef too heavy or too good to go to, and no hogs too heavy to go to. There isn't any reason why we should have to pay freight and lose shrinkage and pay freight back on our cured meats from Chicago and these other places. You have slept on your rights in this regard while the railroads have been busy training the people where to ship their stock. I found out the other day tliat twenty miles from Des Moines they ship to St. Louis, because they have the Wabash road running there. There ought to be a market built in Iowa that will handle a situation of this kind. Now, of course, whether I caused these losses or not, I sure get the blame more than anybody else. I have worked day and night on this proposition since it came on, and you may think it sounds foolish, but I have had a paralyzed hand and arm from holding a constant posi- tion at the telephone; my elbow got bruised so that I couldn't lean on it any more, and my fingers on my left hand would be numb all night long. I did more telephoning than I ever expected to do in all my life, and long distance telephoning is hard work. Out of all our troubles and with the general disinfection of stockyards and stock cars, and the present requirement that every car must be dis- infected after every shipment, I believe you are paving the way for enough less cholera in Iowa to pay you for all the trouble you have been to. I want to see it put into law that no railroad company can bring a dirty car into Iowa, or sidetrack a dirty car with all kinds of infection in it. If we can't run both things at once, suppose we ease up on the cutting of freight rates and demand sanitary service from the railroads. The stock cars ought to go out for every load so clean that the man who has the best known Short-horn bull or the best boar in Iowa could put it in that car safely. It has even come to a point that the man who ships his boars by express is in danger, because the express cars are not cleaned and disinfected as they should be. And the man who has a number of cattle to ship can't get a car that ventilates properly and gives his cattle a fair shipment in the warmer part of the year, because he doesn't dare load them in a stock car. He has to jam them into a box-car. That is one serious problem with the man who owns good stock. I hope they will put into law this year something like the proclamation for disinfection of cars that we sent out. It may be improved, but it covered the point in a very few words, that every car in Iowa had to be disinfected, and that no com- pany should haul a car into the state of Iowa that was not cleaned and disinfected. Let me tell you about some of our good luck. The government is trac- ing every car and every secondary exposure. There were two cars that hauled diseased cattle from Chicago to Fulton, 111. One of these cars came into Iowa twice after carrying this load to Fulton, and went out again, and was caught in Wisconsin with other cars, and disinfected there two or three weeks after its infection. It came into Iowa empty both times, and carried stock out. If it had brought anything in, it would undoubtedly have given us a new focus of disease everywhere it unloaded. Another car came from Fulton, 111., to Belle Plaine, Iowa; from Belle Plaine to FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 641 Harlan, and from Harlan back to Boone, and was disinfected with other cars in Boone; but there hadn't been a thing in it; it was hauled empty all the time, and good luck for us that it was. You saw by the paper this morning that they are trying to make a new mixture down at Washington, and I can tell you right now it won't mix. You can't mix politics and sanitation, and you can't compromise with an infection like foot and mouth disease. If you slip one cog, you will go right out and find that it has spread on you. I even proposed to the governor that he call out the state militia and stand them as pickets on the roads in the neighborhoods of these outbreaks, when it was getting away from us; that was before we knew of all the ex- posures. We found out afterwards that we were not so much to blame as we thought we were; that the exposure took place before we knew it. There has not been a case where a herd of cattle or hogs came together at the line fence, but all had the disease. I had just as soon undertake to control Bubonic plague or Asiatic cholera, as to successfully control foot and mouth disease; and you have a better show to control disease with the human family than we have with the animals. To show you how strict we have been, the moment we found the disease, we served a written quarantine notice upon the owner, upon his wife, upon every child in the house, upon his hired help, and absolutely forbade every- one to leave the premises. Not a child has gone to school from a farm where this disease has existed. We have forbidden all persons to go onto those premises. In one case, an auctioneer went on a farm to see the disease. My assistant followed him to his home, and socked him and all of his family into quarantine immediately. I think I am honest in this; I think I am doing my best. I know I am caus- ing hardship, but it is better to have this stamped out and have Iowa clean again at the earliest possible moment. We are going to do this right to the best of our ability. Who in all this state stood by me the best President Pearson, at Ames. Why? He knows foot and mouth dis- ease. He was commissioner of agriculture in New York when they had it there to deal with. I told him about the troubles we had. A banker came in, a nice young man, who said that this quarantine stopped $200,000 com- ing across his way, and the condition of your banks is always an index of the condition of your country. President Pearson said: "That is too bad, but you tend to your knitting," and he is the one man, knowing what I was dealing with better than any other man in Iowa, that has told me to stand firm and to do what was necessary to control this outbreak at the earliest possible moment. I don't know for sure when the next release will come. I will outline what I think will come soon: An entire release of the seventy-eight counties; a release of the thirteen that have been so wounded to go to market without inspection, and the inspection work gathered into the six counties, and the fifteen-mile radius reduced. Mitchell and Greene counties are in a class by themselves. We have the serum exposure there. We have the No. 44 serum and the No. 41 virus used in Greene county and Mitchell county, the same as we believe 41 642 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE produced this outbreak in Cedar county. I presume the government man will get through with Mitchell county today, and I believe the proper time has elapsed, and that Mitchell will be released; and I hope by this time next week, Greene will be in the same position. C. G. Cockerill: Is the Matthews farm at Tipton the only place where serums 44 and 41 have caused the disease, that you know of ? Doctor Gibson: That is the only one we know of, and that is why we are especially alarmed about 44 and 41. Mr. Cockerill : Is there any other state that you know of where that serum was the cause? Doctor Gibson: The last letter I had from the state veter- inarian of Indiana, said they were in very good shape, and thought they had the disease under control, until all of a sudden came a serious outbreak caused by serum. Mr. Cockerill: We don't believe that this serum or virus has caused the foot and mouth disease, and I am satisfied that some of the best veterinarians in Iowa are of the same opinion as I am. I think the very greatest harm has been done against our hog cholera vaccination by all this talk about the serum, and that it has caused even more loss than the foot and mouth disease. I have vaccinated for two years as Doctor Stange knows, and have had the best luck with a lot of hogs. We have a county agent there, and one day you said to me that it might be possible you would have to go over all this herd that he has caused to be vaccinated — over 10,000 head — and I doubt if he has lost one per cent where they were vaccinated. It is a good thing for the meat producers of Iowa to know that there is success in vaccination. Doctor Gibson : I would not for anything have it understood here that I was casting any reflection upon the county agent in Greene county or any other county. I said we might have to ex- amine all the hogs treated, or examine all the records. The county agent, at my request, sent me a record of every bit of serum and virus that he had procured and distributed in Greene county. We found two or three instances where he furnished for the same man that the other serum was furnished for, but the dates were so far apart that it didn't cause any alarm. Mr. Thompson : Concerning Matthews, I am personally ac- quainted with him and his son. Have you ever investigated to find out whether Mr. John Matthews had not been in Chicago with a shipment of cattle, and might have brought that trouble from the Chicago stockyards? FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 643 Doctor Gibson : I liave not, but the field men surely have. Mr. Thomjoson: I know they ship a great deal of stuff, and when I was there in July, they had a shipment of cattle, and it was in my mind that they might have done the same as the dog. Doctor Gibson : That could easily happen. The government claims to have traced this disease twenty miles on a man's shoes in the snow. It is the belief of all interested (and we are all in- terested in hog cholera serum and all believe in it), that the virus would be more apt to be infected. A careful serum maker could be fooled and could draw virus from a pig that was in the first stages of foot and mouth disease, though showing no external lesions, and having fever from his cholera that couldn't be added to very materially by the other disease ; and in that way he might draw a combined virus of hog cholera and foot and mouth disease from the same hog, and at the same time think that he was using all necessary precautions. Doctor Stange will admit that, because in the first stages of this disease the fever might run as high as a good case of cholera. Mr. Brockway: I wish you would explain just how the author- ity on quarantine is divided between your office and the federal office. Doctor Gibson : The first quarantine was of the entire state. The government can onlj^ quarantine by states; its authority be- gins and ends at a state line. They quarantined the state of Iowa as soon as they knew we had foot and mouth disease in the state. There came a time when we were begging for relief, and they were willing, as I said before, to release seventy-eight counties, holding the six counties in which the disease existed, and a border of clean counties around them. That is why the thirteen counties were put in a little tighter fix than they had been before, because the gov- ernment required it in order to release about four-fifths of the state. I thought the people in that other fifth of the state would be willing to say: "Well, that is good; I am sorry we are not a part of that four- fifths ; I am sorry we are the ones that are caught ; but that is a great relief for the people of Iowa." But instead of that, they have just jumped on me and argued uphill and down that they should not have been quarantined. The new senator over here (Mr. White) is laughing; he was one that burned out several wires on me ! Some of the republicans in his county say that the reason I have held his county so tight is because he is a democrat and I am a republican. 644 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A Member : Can this disease be carried by fowls or pigeons ? Doctor Gibson : We believe it could be carried by any com- mon carrier. The germ of foot and mouth disease has never been isolated ; the same with hog cholera. The people who make the serum don't say that they know what hog cholera is. Here and there is a commercial firm that puts out literature saying that they know what the germ is, but it is all to facilitate the sale of their products. The trouble came not only on account of Cliristmas meat ready for the market, L'ut we were caught with thousands of head of cat- tle on summer pastures, where the water and feed ran out; and our veterinarians have run over the country day and night to see that that stock was all right, and to permit its movement to a cer- tain point, so that we would know just where it was moved, and all about it. The auction sales have been under a ban, and the short courses. Referring to Ames, let me say again that they voluntarily declared the state short course off. I didn't have to ask them to do it, although I said it inight be wise, but I was in hopes that the coast might be clear. They thought they wouldn't care to risk Avhat stock they have on the college farms belonging to the great state of Iowa. Can you imagine anything, with a disease that we believe is carried the way foot and mouth disease is, worse than a public sale, w^here all come in and tramp over the same ground and go back at night? The extension department at once aban- doned their short courses for fear of exposure. The poultry does not come under the government quarantine in this outbreak, but a poultry show will bring the people just the same as any other kind of a show, and if there was anybody in the community that had this infection on the premises, they would all stand more or less show of taking it home with them from a poultry show or any other public gathering. We made our own rule on the handling of poultry a little more strict than the government, in that we re- quired that no poultry should go to market from, a township in which the disease existed, except it be dressed. Outside of that township, it went in the ordinary way. Some of our poultry in carload lots, both live and dressed was not accepted at Chi- cago until we would make a statement that it did not come from diseased premises. The government required poultry from dis- eased premises to have the feet cut off, be scalded and dressed. In that particular, we have gone stronger than the government, but in every other particular we have followed the request of the gov- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 645 ernraent, and I told them at the start we would do everything in our power to enforce their requirements, in order to get through this as quickly as possible ; and I think when the history of this outbreak is written, the state of Iowa will be credited with hand- ling it better than any other state that was infected ; and if we do get that credit, it reflects back to the government authorities that the politicians are trying to find fault with now because we have simply done what they said we should do. The Chair: We will now hear Doctor Stange on "The Hog Cholera Situation. ' ' HOG CHOLERA IN IOWA. DR. C. H. STANGE, AMES, IOWA. Members of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, Gentlemen: I am glad of this privilege of meeting with you. It is noticeable that you have had one or more addresses on a veterinary subject at your last few meetings. If our profession has not been delivering the desired service, it is your duty to reveal the fact and indicate your wishes. If we cannot benefit the live stock industry, then there is no more excuse for our existence than there would be for the medical profession if the human race did not profit by the presence of doctors in our midst. Our interests are the same, although our duties are different and quite well defined. It has been my desire to see members of the veterinary pro- fession become better acquainted with representatives of your industry, and offer assistance and counsel. The same should be equally true of veterinarians seeking the counsel of stockmen. The entire situation lies in the palm of your hand, to do with as you wish, and the veterinary profession would be glad to have your suggestions. The work of the State Biological Laboratory during the past eighteen months has been based largely on the idea that the problem confronting us was not one of a profession, political party, class or single industry, but one concerning the state as a whole. Certainly, the loss of fifteen to twenty-five million dollars' worth of a single class of live stock during one year in Iowa must be a question which concerns every citizen of the state. It would be very unfortunate if foot and mouth disease should be added to the already too long list of contagious diseases affecting animals, but in any event hog cholera will probably remain the most significant disease of animals in our history of Iowa. Any plan for suppressing hog cholera, therefore, must be broad and free from detri- mental influences, political, factional or otherwise. It must be based upon scientific principles, practically applied, and enforced with judgment. In Europe, a very thorough and efficient organization of sanitary offi- cers is maintained in order to check the many contagious diseases of animals which exist there. Our states have not reached the stage when 646 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE such an organization would be supported. It was necessary to substitute something, so far as this could be done, and four veterinarians have been doing educational work, and in this way securing more or less uni- formity in ideas and co-operation. Since 1884, this state has experienced three severe outbreaks of hog cholera, which appeared in the form of "waves." The first came in 1886, the second in 1897, and we are just passing through the third. A short study of conditions convinced us that the immediate problem was to save all the Iowa hogs possible, and that the more deliberate and thorough work of complete suppression should be taken up when the disease is at its minimum. Our efforts, therefore, were designed to meet the existing «onditions. Our plan must necessarily include the state as a whole. The chief reliance was placed in vaccination and education. Vaccina- tion is the practical application of the scientific fact that a hog once re- covered from hog cholera will not contract the disease a second time, due to substances which circulate in the blood. If these substances are sufficiently concentrated, the blood will protect susceptible hogs when in- troduced into their body. Concentration can be secured by intensifying the exposure. The animal receiving these substances, however, soon eliminates them, and again becomes susceptible, while the animal pro- ducing them has lasting protection. Therefore, in order to make the tem- porary protection permanent, the animal thus protected is exposed to in- fection usually by inoculation. The latter method, commonly called the simultaneous treatment, is recommended in all cases except pregnant or nursing sows, sucking pigs, or when only temporary immunity is desired. Our reports indicate that pigs from susceptible sows are more easily permanently immunized than those from immune sows. In a considerable number of herds, the pigs under sixty pounds from immune sows have lost their immunity in six to ten weeks' time, especially when a small dose of virus was given. Too many people do not appreciate that in order to withstand the simultaneous treatment, the hogs should not be suffering from some de- bilitating condition. Too frequently we hear a statement as follows: "My hogs are not doing well, guess I will vaccinate them," and vaccina- tion is ordered, whether the hogs are suffering from hog cholera, lung worms, intestinal worms, improper rations, mange, or any one or more of debilitating conditions. The results in such cases are usually more or less unsatisfactory. We should not lose sight of the fact that in order to secure the desired results, the hogs should be in the best possible condition, and that every detrimental influence operates in favor of the virus and counter to the serum. Therefore, every herd should be care- fully studied by a competent person, and serum and virus used according to indications. Anti-hog cholera serum is specific in counteracting the virus, and we have no right to assume that it will prevent any of the numerous other infections which may accompany or are a part of hog cholera. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 647 At the time the State Biological Laboratory was established, there was little or no regulation on any phase of hog cholera serum work. Eighteen months has, I think, shown considerable improvement in conditions. That there has been approximately 50 per cent decrease in cholera during 1914 is generally admitted, which means ten to twelve millions of dollars saved for this state. The following summary compiled from all reports received from owners of herds treated with serum procured at the State Biological Laboratory may be of interest: -a J2 •^ '— ■ • -o '"J .^ ^ O r^ « ;-, ■■= ~ «. '•B TS t-l (-. c . ^ o o o .2 S p: o C «4-4 Ih"" ^ "W ^ ^ (k !^ PL| S^ Ol Senim alone. . . 11,865 2,054 17 4,830 40 3,614 30 Senim alone .._ 4,321 39,415 108 4,320 2.4 Simultaneous 3,174 8 5,643 14.6 10.9 Simultaneous 81,141 1,G57 1.9 Total 139,742 5,228 10,473 9.705 It is significant to note that in both cases where serum alone and where simultaneous treatment is applied in diseased herds, the loss is less than the number of animals reported sick at the time of treatment. One cannot help but notice also that the diseased herds were not vac- cinated until 10.2 per cent were dead and 20.4 per cent were sick. This indicates that a diagnosis is not made sufficiently early in a large majority of the herds. The campaign of education conducted in co-operation with the agricultural extension department has to some extent overcome this, and both veterinarians and stockmen are becoming more prompt in their decisions and actions. Much has been said about sterility in vaccinated animals. You are well aware that sterility was more or less prevalent before vaccination was known, so the question developed as to whether it was increased by vaccination. The following data gathered in co-operation with the federal Bureau of Animal Industry should be convincing: TREATED HERDS. tH •a a -a ij m •M ■S o P= O a m 03 o 4J >• |i w 5 02 S" 1^ 101 20 5 1,431 287 28 8,6G0 1,934 177 79 19 5.5 6.6 6.18 6.74 6.32 126 1,746 10,971 98 5.6 6.28 648 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HERDS NOT TREATED. '2 o CO c 0 S o 3 fcj"o, EI •« >° Sows not treated, boars treated Sows and boars not treated-. -. — - _ _-- 11 C7 9 164 835 104 986 4,W8 338 12 62 7.3 7.4 6.01 4.85 Sows not treated, boar ? 6.25 87 1,103 5,372 74 6.7 4.87 Attention is called to the fact that the percentage of sterile sows is greater in non-treated herds, and that the average number of pigs per sow is lower. Theoretically, therefore, one could say that vaccination is beneficial, but for the present let us at least assume that it is not injurious. Does vaccination increase abortion among sows? is a very important question, concerning which we have no complete statistics. It is easily conceivable, however, that the simultaneous treatment may be followed by such results, and whether or not it is responsible, it is charged, and therefore this treatment is not recommended for pregnant sows, although thousands have been successfully so treated. Reports on the use of state serum indicate that in 76 per cent of the herds reported as healthy at the time of vaccination, showed no loss after treatment. If the virus was properly handled, therefore, we may assume that on these farms no infection was established, but there remains 24 per cent where there was some loss. These cannot be ignored, and there- fore the virus should be kept in the hands of those who have been trained to use it. This question is more pertinent at a time when cholera is less prevalent, and will therefore deserve close attention in the immediate future. Trained men should be kept in different districts of the state, to supervise the work in their respective districts. What can be done by co-operation and education is indicated by the report of W. A. Posey, county agricultural agent for Clay county. There had never been a hog in the county vaccinated with the double or simul- taneous treatment. "A strenuous vaccination campaign was started, and in six months, 566 herds, or 30,000 hogs were vaccinated. Clay county lost 20 per cent less than the average of the eight counties bordering or cornering on Clay county. This 20 per cent amounted to more than $150,000." The state laboratory has made over 9,000,000 cubic centimeters, or enough serum to protect 300,000 hogs, worth approximately $3,000,000. This is quite easily estimated, but the benefits derived, if there be any, from a supervision of the distribution of virus as well as to determine so far as lies within our power, that every person using virus should know how to use it intelligently, combined with frequent testing of samples of commercial serum, especially when it seemed necessary, cannot be easily calculated. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 64 9 At this point, I wish to call attention to the last wave of hog cholera in Iowa. It required three years for the disease to reach its maximum, which was, according to the United States Bureau of Statistics, about 30 per cent of the hogs. In three years more, the disease had receded to "normal." According to the same bureau, history began to repeat itself In 1912, and in 1913, or the second year of the wave, losses had reached upwards of 16 per cent, but according to assessors' figures, this was con- siderably too low. There is some justification, it seems, to assume that 1914 would have shown the maximum loss. As has been mentioned be- fore, however, the loss was probably 50 per cent less, or near 12 per cent, whereas, precedent would have made it 30 per cent. Apparently, the year of maximum losses was eliminated entirely. Allow me to call your attention to another point in this connection. There has been much said concerning the spread of hog cholera by the simultaneous treatment. This form of treatment was applied much more extensively during 1914 than ever before. The decrease of cholera in the face of this extensive use of virus with hog cholera serum does not seem to indicate that this is one of the prime factors in the dissemina- tion of hog cholera. Though realizing the importance of carefully super- vising the use of virus, I am more suspicious of the infected herd which is being neglected and of the careless methods of carrying on neighborly relations in many communities. Inasmuch as it would be impossible to exhaust the subject In several hours, I am closing my paper with the hope that you have received at least some useful information. Q. Didn't you say that you should not vaccinate the hogs until the cholera was in the neighborhood? Doctor Stauge : That is what we generally recommend. Q. Wouldn't that be liable to be too late to vaccinate? Doctor Stange : If people will vaccinate promptly when the disease appears, they can prevent a great loss; but their neigh- bors ought to vaccinate and prevent the spread of the disease. Where there are outbreaks, somebody ought to go there and super- vise the work and keep the disease from spreading. A Member: Out near Whiting, in Woodbury county, they vac- cinate their pigs regularly two weeks after they are weaned, and I have done that every year for three years. Doctor Stange : You wouldn 't recommend that for every farmer in the state, would you ? That is a question that we have been fac- ing, whether we are going to work up to the point where we will vaccinate all the hogs, or toward the point where it won't be nec- essary to vaccinate at all. That is a big question for the state, and it hinges on whether all the farmers want to vaccinate, or con- trol the disease when it comes to a time like this. 650 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A Member : I would like to ask if there is any way that the farmer can have assurance of getting potent serum? Doctor Stange : On July 1st, following the establishment of the State Biological Laboratory at Ames, the United States Bu- reau of Animal Industry was given authority to supervise the manufacture of hog cholera and all other biological products for veterinary use, and they are now maintaining government in- spectors at Kansas City and Sioux City, and, in fact, in connec- tion with all plants that have a government license. No plant can ship any product frbm one state to another unless it has a govern- ment license, and when they have it, they are under rigid super- vision or inspection. I might say that it cost one company in Kansas City $5,000 to settle up with some of the farmers, and three or four licenses have been revoked, and there are two plants with suspended licenses now. Of course we can't take up matters that don't come to our attention, but when they are reported to us, we take up the matter immediately with the plant, and determine, if possible, where the trouble was. I want to say in this connec- tion that a product that is used so extensively as hog cholera serum will never give perfect results in every case. That would be an ideal condition, but it is something you can't realize, because the conditions of the herd, the care given them, and all of those things have an influence; and so long as hog cholera serum is used, there is going to be an occasional herd where you will have trouble. You can't get away from that any more than you can get away from the fact that a man who is vaccinated for smallpox will sometimes have trouble ; it all works on the same principle. Mr. Cockerill : You recommend the simultaneous treatment ? Doctor Stange : That is what we generally recommend. Mr. Cockerill: And you know some people in the state of Iowa Ihat disapprove of if? Doctor Stange : Of course there is a difference of opinion on that. Mr. Swearingen : How large a dose would you recommend for 250-pound hogs ? Doctor Stange : Seventy cul)ic centimeters. The Chair: Suppose a township didn't have hog cholera; there wasn't any of it close by, but they should give the serum alone treatment — would that be sufficient ; would it clean it up ? Doctor Stange: No; that immunity would last from four to six weeks, and then your hogs would be infectious again; if the dis- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 651 ease was brought in they would die just as they would before. You must have something permanent if you want protection. A Member: Is the hog cholera serum made in such a way that when you use it, you would not be giving your hogs some other dis- ease, say tuberculosis, or something of that kind? Doctor Stange: I might say in connection with the manufac- ture of hog cholera serum, that the hogs are all tested for tubercu- losis before they go into the serum production, and every hog is posted after it is through being used, to see that there is nothing wrong with it; so that we feel that there is very little possibility of disease being transmitted by the serum unless you are near a stockyard. That is one of the objections I have to a serum plant near a stockyard. Mr. Cockerill: You keep the product of each hog separate all the time? Doctor Stange : Yes ; until the hog is posted. A Member: Can Ames furnish the serum at the present time? Doctor Stange : Not as much as the demand is. We have made over 900,000.000 cubic centimeters. "We do business with the farmers directly, and the demands under those conditions have been so great that we couldn't supply them. J. E. Doran: I have a few dead hogs lying around the place. I see the hogs have apparently the same disease that they had last year, and I have lost probably less than ten in the last sixty days, and no serum of any kind has come onto the place. There are 180 hogs that weigh 100 pounds and more, alive and doing well, and 100 or more pigs, healthy and strong. How do you account for this condition of affairs without the assistance of serum? Doctor Stange : May I ask if those were pigs from immune sows last year? Mr. Doran : I had thirty som^s left after last year. We had 150 pigs from those sows. They all lived and did well for about a month or two; then they all died but six. These same sows have healthy pigs now. A Member: Do you know that you have hog cholera on your place? You might have some other disease that is killing your hogs. Mr. Doran : There are some of the old hogs lying around from last year. Mr. Cockerill: When did you quit burning them? Mr. Doran: When they quit dying. I suppose I have dried hog cholera on those hides. 652 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A Member: Don't you think that Senator Doran and all of us fellows that have been in contact with him ought to be disinfected before we go home? The Chair : I think the senator ought to have been disinfected before he came here. Mr. Doran : I\Iy trouble is foot and mouth disease. The report of the committee on Resolutions was read by Chair- man Brockway, and upon motion was adopted section by section. The report as adopted is as follows: EESOLUTIONS. We, the delegates of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, at annual convention assembled, at Des Moines, Iowa, December 9, 1914, congratulate the association on the continued loyalty and enthusiasm ol its members, and the important service that it is rendering to the state of Iowa. The association has been instrumental in securing for the people of Iowa the return of the stockman's transportation, improved railroad service, a reduction in the railroad rates in Iowa of from 18 to 50' per cent on live stock, a re-grouping of the Iowa-Chicago live stock rates, greatly benefiting the shipper, improved service at the Chicago stockyards, a feeding-in-transit rate on cattle and sheep; co-operating with others, better water was secured at the Chicago stockyards, reducing the shrinkage of cattle about 25 per cent; prevented a 10 per cent advance in freight rates in 1910; establishing the office of Commerce Counsel in Iowa; made a winning fight to retain a 75 per cent rate on feeding cattle and sheep; obtained the adoption of a 16,000-pound minimum car for hogs, and a 20,000-pound minimum car for cattle in Iowa. Has made a per- sistent and so far successful fight to prevent a general increase in freight rates. Able representatives have appeared before the state and national law-making bodies to represent our interests. Measures that we have in the past endorsed by resolution; and that were supported by our organization, have largely been adopted into law and are now the settled policies, while time has proven that our opposition to certain measures and practices was well grounded. We have repeatedly, by resolutions adopted, and by personal representa- tion before congress, opposed the free and unlimited importation of cattle, meats, hides, and grain, and urged upon congress the enactment of laws that will protect the Iowa producer. Furthermore, we believe from the information at hand that the present disastrous foot and mouth disease can be attributed to the importation of infected hides that come to us by the present open-door policies. Drastic inspection laws should be adopted and rigidly enforced. We are opposed to the importation of live stock and live stock products from countries which do not maintain the same rigid inspection that we maintain. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART IX. 653 Resolved, That the state of Iowa should provide that competent en- gineers and accountants be employed to look after the interests of the people of Iowa, to the end that a just physical valuation of the railroads be made, as the railroads have representatives to look after their interests in the valuations now being made; and we believe that the interests of Iowa should be equally well represented. Resolved, That .the state of Iowa should immediately provide the rail- road commission with funds to employ special help and to incur necessary expenses in the advance rate case now before the Interstate Commerce Commission. Resolved, That we favor the appropriation, by the legislature of Iowa, of funds sufficient for the manufacture of hog cholera serum to supply the demands of the stock raisers of Iowa. Resolved, That we favor the enactment of a law providing for a long term farm mortgage system, by which bonds may be issued, secured by farm mortgages. Resolved, That there should be an official investigation of the condition and practice at the live stock market centers, to ascertain whether such violent fluctuations in the prices of live stock can be satisfactorily explained. And in any such investigation, this association should be represented. Resolved, That, deploring the condition of the quarantine for foot and mouth disease, we believe that a more limited quarantine would have been more effective, and would not have caused so much inconvenience and loss. We here express to Mr. A. Sykes, who has been president of this asso- ciation for eight years, our thanks and appreciation for his untiring efforts in behalf of the association and the stock raisers of Iowa. We again commend the faithful service of Secretary H. C. Wallace; and ex- press our appreciation for the services rendered by the rest of the officers. President-elect Corrie was thereupon introduced by Chairman Gunn. President Corrie : Gentlemen, I have felt like talking some- times, but I thought it was best for you to thresh all this business out yourselves. I did feel, however, as if I wanted to stand up and face you fellows before I began the work of the year. It is a work that has come to me very unexpectedly ; I had no thought of such a thing when I left home. Mr. Sykes, as I said the other eve- ning at the banquet, spent the evening with me a couple of weeks ago, and we talked about association matters, but this matter of the presidency did not come into my mind, nor was it talked of at all. In fact, I had not thought of it until on the road up here Mr. Drury said : ' ' Sykes is going to be president again ? " "As far as I know," I replied; ''I don't know how he is feeling." Early the next morning, Drury came to me and said they had had a meeting 654 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the night before., and they wanted to know whether I wonld accept in case I was elected: and out of that grew that fact that I was elected. Now, gentlemen, I don't want to detain you, but I do want to say this: In the directors' meeting, through my efforts, it has been arranged that Mr. Sykes is to assist in all these important rate hearings or trials before the various boards. That was at my request; so you will understand, when you see it in the newspapers that Mr. Sykes appears, how it comes. He has been added to the executive committeee partially at my request, as an extra member, so that I can work in conjunction with him ; and I mean to do that; and I want you to stand behind me and behind Mr. Sykes in all the work that we are called on to do. The work looks wonder- fully big to me, and I am a green farmer who has not had very much opportunity for educational advantages. I just grew up back there in Cedar county, and began farming before I got to be of age, and have worked at it there and in Ida county and in various places, and come in contact with j^ou men and others, so that I have worked up to this honorable position; and I hardly know why I was chosen as the head of this organization. I pledge myself to do all that my ability permits me to do for the associa- tion in the year before us, and I ask your cordial support and your earnest effort to help in this work. Mr. Brockway : There is one little matter I want to bring up. President Pearson made a suggestion to me this afternoon in the matter of the present quarantine. Suppose this outbreak should spread over the state. Our organization ought to have a committee which could work in harmony with the state veterinary depart- ment. I suggested the matter to Doctor Gibson, and he said he would be \ery glad to co-operate with any such committee. I would move that our executive committee, in any matters, relative to the present outbreak of the foot and mouth disease and the quarantine thereof, be ordered to take up the matter and represent our association with the state and federal departments. Motion seconded by Mr. Cockerill, and carried. Upon motion, duly seconded, the convention thereupon adjourned sine die. PART X Papers on Agricultural Subjects, Live Stock and Extracts From Bulletins THE FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. (Paper Read by Dr. K. Y. Stouder, Ames, Iowa, at Annual Meeting of the Aberdeen Angus Association.) This Aphthous fever or Murrain of Europe sometimes called Aph- thous Epizootica Vesicular Apthae and Eczema Epizootica in the classi- cal discussion, but in common parlance receiving the highly descriptive term of foot and mouth disease and also hoof and mouth disease, has again invaded our country, obtained a foothold in one of our greatest markets and worse yet, came very near getting a foothold in our range country. Briefly, the history of this disease is that it has prevailed in Asia from time immemorial, gained an entrance to Europe in the eighteenth century and at various times since has occurred in widespread out- l)reaks in continental Europe as well as England. It has also been imported Into both North and South America by cattle traffic from Europe and other means at various times. It was imported from Eng- land to Montreal in 1870 and spread over most of New England. Very little transportation of livestock westward caused the disease to be- come rather self-limiting naturally and its course was spent in a few months. Authorities then present seem to place great credit to the slight amount of westward livestock movement as the most effective barrier operating to control the IS 70 outbreak. Those outbreaks occurring in the United States within the memory of the present generation are as follows: One in 1902 in Massachus- etts, Rhode Island, Vermont and New Hampshire, which was controlled comparatively quickly and rather cheaply, since less than 4,000 head of cattle were destroyed at a total cost of about $300,000. The next outbreak was in 1908 and was more expensive in that Pennsylvania and New York as well as most of the North Atlantic states were involved. This outbreak was more expensive to control since more territory was involved. In both instances the infection was proven to have been imported into this country but not through channels under the quarantine control of the federal Bureau of Animal Industry. 656 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The so-called foot and mouth disease occurring in Kansas in 1884 was not the infectious disease Aphthous Fever of the old world, but rather gangrenous ergotism so often seen among cattle fed upon grasses affected with that particular fungous growth. The foot and mouth lesions produced are similar in a way to those of the Aphthous Fever and are mistaken as to diagnosis at times especially as to the foot lesions produced. The causative agent of the true foot and mouth disease is without doubt an organism very small in size, since it seems to pass the Berk- feld filter, but not the finer Kitasato filter. That it is due to infec- tion, however, is easily appreciated when one remembers that ex- cluded from England in the middle of the eighteenth century it did not recur for a hundred years and then only after being imported, but did not occur at that time in districts where new stock was not taken. The infection is especially to be found in the apthae or vesicles of the mouth and interdigital spaces. Abundant drooling of saliva quick- ly and easily infects drinking water, mangers, roads, pastures and halters and therefore readily infects healthy stock following diseased animals. From the vesicles in the interdigital spaces the pastures, floors of stables, and manure are easily infected. From those found on the teats the milk is easily infected as are also the milker's hands and suckling animals or humans consuming the milk. If dried on litter its distribution may be by winds or on the feet of men and animals. The conditions contributing most to the spread of the disease are the free movement of ruminant animals and swine. In countries depending upion central markets for the distribution of livestock wide outbreaks can occur quickly, once the market becomes infected, but the infection is at first confined to those animals which have been in such markets or those associating with them or follow- ing in pens, cars, roads or pastures used by such animals. The symptoms are usually a moderate fever after a short period of incubation varying from twenty-four hours to five or six days and occasionally drawn out to two weeks. Cattle usually show the dis- ease within forty-eight hours of first exposure, but there are nearly always a few which do not contract it at all so far as clinical symp- toms will reveal. The fever is of course usually accompanied by chill, dry muzzle and erected hair. Redness and tenderness of mouth lining, saliva drooling from the mouth with sometimes froth due to the working of the jaws and a peculiar smacking sound of the tongue on the palate is heard. The result is impaired appetite of course, and even refusal to eat at times, owing to the soreness of the mouth and pharynx. Lameness is noted in some when the foot lesions are found to be severe. The blisters are to be seen on the tongue, mouth lin- ing, in the pharynx and at times on the muzzle, which burst soon after formation, showing a red base clearly defined and may leave shreds of torn epithelium. The interdigital space is the principal seat of the foot lesions where the blister usually is smaller than that of the mouth and often leaves an ulcer after its rupture because of the filth of the stable with which it becomes contaminated. The re- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 657 newal of the mouth lesions is rapid and usually complete in four or five days after rupture of the vesicle. The teats are often in- volved with similar vesicles to those of the mouth and abscess of the udder occasionally results. In sheep and swine the foot lesions predominate and like cattle if not kept clean and free from infection shedding of the hoof is not uncommon in aggravated cases. Lactation in milking animals is usually impaired during the most severe part of the disease but usually returns to about 75 per cent of the normal flow as the dis- ease subsides and the appetite returns. Beef animals may lose flesh to a considerable extent and are sometimes slow to recover it. Herein lies the source of greatest loss in foot and mouth disease. It is doubtful if any of the warm blooded animals are immune, though it seldom attacks any but cattle, sheep and swine. The mortality, however, is not high in mature individuals under good care and sur- roundings, though young animals fed or infected milk may suffer such severe and extensive infection as to terminate fatally. Of the pure bred cattle insured with the Agricultural Cattle Insurance com- pany in Scotland, 1,474 head died during the epidemic of foot and mouth disease in Great Britain in 1855 to 1860, yet not one was re- ported dead of the foot and mouth disease. James Law, former Dean of Cornell University Veterinary College and one of America's most experienced veterinarians with wide European and American ex- perience, advises that he became very familiar with the disease in Europe in his early life and later in America while filling official commissions for the United States government. Speaking of Eng- land, he says: "Cattle brought in at the great autumnal markets al- most of a necessity brought with them the foot and mouth disease. During the next fortnight they passed through the plague on the feeding farm, all recovered during the ensuing fourteen days and the following spring when the dairy cows freshened there was no germ left to infect the offspring." In the epidemic of 1870 there was little or no official restriction to amount to anything and the disease was self-limiting. At this time, however, we must remember that there was little or no cattle transportation or stock car movement especially westward and that the winter freshening of cattle was not so general as it is today. These conditions would tend to give the germ little or no new ma- terial to work on once all individuals of a herd or community were attacked and had been recovered for several weeks before new ar- rivals came into the herd. It is probable also that the summer tem- perature had much to do with the eradication of the disease as it is easily destroyed at a temperature of about 88 degrees F. On the other hand in parts of the tropics of Asia this disease is so prevalent that all newly imported animals are expected to have it and separate pens are provided for interning them for a few weeks until the acute- ness of the attack has passed, when they are permitted to proceed to their destination. This is in harmony with European experience and result and would lead us to believe that the statement that it 42 658 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE requires two years for complete recovery to take place has been in isolated instances of chronic infection bearers, a condition met with in practically all infectious diseases. We have now in America an experiment under way in the at- tempt to save the individuals exhibited at the National Dairy Show which will give us some first-hand knowledge, no doubt, just whether the quarantine method coupled with inoculation tests be- fore releasement or absolute slaughter, is imperative in the certain control of foot and mouth disease. The evidence of history is that where the infection is found early the use of the slaughter system coupled with rigid inspection has kept America remarkably free from the disease and at a moderate cost when the volume of our livestock business is taken into account. On the other hand some authorities are contending that we can control this disease by quarantine, disinfection and a rigid patrol of infected territory if coupled with stringent rules for the importation of ani- mals and their by-products, as feeds and fodders which might carry the infection. After several years' experience in various capacities dealing with the administration of livestock sanitary laws and attempts to assist owners and the public in general to lessen our livestock losses from infectious disease, the author doubts if with the support and organiza- tion given at present this plan could be made effective In any but isolated cases, by our existing sanitary boards. To succeed it would need larger funds, more effective action and the moral support of a better educated public opinion than we find existing at present towards the control of contagious diseases in general. To properly draw a conclusion of the best procedure for the future, remember that the slaughter method has in the past eradicated the disease and kept the country free of it for several years at a time. It has accomplished its purpose. On the other hand once the disease is here herds are involved which represent many dollars of value and many years of labor. When remorseless slaughter of infected and ex- posed animals is practiced it is but human for owners to remonstrate and mayhap to attempt evasion. They sometimes may hide its ex- istence and thus defer action which might have lessened its spread. In other words, too drastic action can easily engender antagonism for the system of eradication when hearty cooperation should be culti- vated instead. Advocates of the slaughter method will contend that it immediately disposes of the center of infection and thus with the further production of the germ. Under this system, however, cases are sometimes not found till at their height and often at a time when in a few days they would all be on the way to recovery. In extreme cold weather the lesions are sometimes healed in many of the individuals before sufficient excavation can be done to accom- modate the entire herd when slaughtered. In a week more the in- fection of that herd would be subsiding. The premises would not be more infected by rigid quarantine and strict isolation coupled with thorough and repeated disinfection. The cost would be less than by FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 659 the slaughter method since under the slaughter method disinfection of premises must go on just, the same and isolation of the premises from new stock looked after. The attitude of the owner should be better as his business would be harmed much less and therefore his cooperation with the plan more hearty, getting outbreaks or sus- picions of outbreaks reported so much earlier as to be of material benefit and assistance to the system. In short, public opinion could be incorporated in this plan easier and its forceful energy would be felt and soon recognized as an efficient force in control work. It is doubtful if in actual practice today such a plan could be made to operate successfully except in rare instances because we do not have a properly informed and willing public to do the cooperating. Whichever method we may finally adopt to control foot and mouth disease or any other contagion, let us remember these facts regard- ing all Infectious diseases. In the first place, we hear little of con- tagious diseases in a new country, as a rule. Many people believe that this is due to climate, soil or water, but the same is true of pests affecting our field crops, and as livestock population increases in density on the soil so do the infectious diseases increase to prey upon the host. This fact is world history regarding the infectious diseases of man and the lower animals as well. It is as true and firm as the hills. It is a fact that must be met squarely. Man's answer is that rigid quarantine of the causative factor once located, coupled with careful disinfection, has made tropical pest holes and plague-ridden tenements fit for the habitation of man or beast. This has been dem- onstrated a fact repeatedly. Wherever this work has been accom- plished, however, it has been under the guiding hand of a scientifically trained head selected for efficiency and tact and bearing a reputation for results accomplished because of a knowledge of the subject in hand. No attention can be given to partisan politics of factional de- sires in making these selections, for sanitation and politics are as incompatible as water and oil. Livestock losses in the United States annually exceed two hundred millions of dollars. Iowa's loss often exceeds twenty millions and is always several millions annually. With increasing livestock values these losses become of more and more vital importance. We are fully sensible to the fact that we are an agricultural coun- try first, last and all the time. Our every industry is dependent upon the successful progress of our agricultural activity and just as cer- tainly are we aware that the continued success of a profitable agricul- ture in our country is dependent upon the possibilities of successful livestock production. Let us rise out of this baffling network of superstition and the hazy idea that mere luck and good fortune or ill governs the destinies of our agricultural activities and instead turn the light of science based upon coherent investigation to control this great source of annual loss to agriculture and the world. To do this may involve the postpone- ment or surrender of private interests and the abandonment at times of local advantages but compensation will be found in the assurance that the common interest is served and the general welfare advanced. 6b0 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE We must coordinate our work and for the protection of many million dollars worth of livestock be willing to spend more than a paltry few thousand annually in such a great and vital work. We must create an efficient scientifically trained corps of experts in full sympathy with the advancement of agriciilture in every phase to watch over and guard this industry from disease. This service must be so created as to give assurance of respect from all interests involved. Able enough to create a public sentiment which will respect its decisions and poli- cies, with no partisan politics and factional entanglements, so that no exceptions can be found to its rules and regulations. It must be free from local attachments which might hamper the enforcement of what is know^n to be for the greatest good of the greatest number. It must be sufficiently supported financially to insure that efficient men can be attracted to it who are capable of outlining such a broad policy for the control of animal diseases. Its cost need not to exceed one per cent of our average annual loss from disease at present. AMERICAN DRAFT HORSE BREEDING METHODS AS COMPARED TO EUROPE. (Paper read by H. Lefebure, Fairfax, Iowa, at Annual Meeting of Iowa Draft Horse Breeders' Association, Des Moines, Dec. 30, 1914.) The American methods, I am sorry to say, are very diverse. We have some breeders who pay close attention to their live stock, who feed well and use the best of judgment in caring for their live stock, but too many of our farmers use too little help upon their farms and undertake to do too must themselves. I did considerable traveling about this state last fall in search of a few native pure bred Belgian stallions to fill some of our empty stalls. Among those I purchased were a couple of two year olds that weighed 1980 and 1940 pounds respectively upon arrival at the farm, neither having as yet shed a tooth. I also found some very good and growthy yearlings that were as good as could be found in Europe. Upon the farms on which I found these good colts, I noticed that the mares were in good condition, that the colts in pasture were fed grain whenever the grass was short, and that the owners were men who marketed their grain by feeding it with care to the stock upon the farm. They were men who took much pleasure and enjoyment in watching the colts enjoy a good feed. They were men I wouldn't be surprised at seeing sit on the top of a board fence watching the hogs crack corn and be so interested as not to hear the dinner bell ring. Men who will stop a little and watch the colts enjoy their feed are as a rule the successful ones; they are the European kind — the kind that keep enough help to do the work properly. Getting back nearer my subject of comparisons between European and American methods, I will compare with Belgian methods, inas- much as I am more familiar with them, knowing as I do that unfor- tunate little kingdom as well as I do the county of Linn which has been my home from the time of my birth. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 661 When the horse breeding- season approaches, some American farm- ers make no arrangements whatever and simply use the first stallion that comes along, regardless of quality. His next neighbor permits this same stallion to go by and takes his mares off to the best stal- lion, regardless of cost. We find some of these same conditions in Belgium. The men with- out ambition raise horses to sell at low prices to be used for ordinary purposes, while their ambitious and careful neighbors breed horses for the show ring and to sell for breeding purposes at attractive prices. The shiftless Belgian breeder cannot make as serious a mistake as can the American, for no stallion can be used for public service in Belgium unless he has passed inspection for soundness, size and quality by a jury of five competent men consisting of three horse judges, one veterinarian and a secretary, all appointed for the purpose by the di- rectors of the Belgian Horse Society. In this way the careless breeder has no opportunity to use an inferior stallion. The jury that passes upon the stallions is paid by the government, there being no cost to the owners, but all stallions to be examined must be assembled at the most central village of the commune, each commune being about the size of one of our townships. The date for said inspection in each commune is advertised in the agricultural papers and by the posting of bills in the public places. This method of Inspection, I think, should be adopted by the lawmakers of our great state. Compelling many of our stallion owners to send from eight to twenty miles for a veterinarian is very expensive and im- practical. When foaling time comes the Belgian farmers always watch their mares. Their farm help sleep in the stable the year around and veterinarians, being plentiful and reasonable in their charges, are al- ways called to assist the mare and new born colt. As soon as the colt will' eat a little grain it is given a private feed box in which it finds a variety of grain at all times. When the mare is worked the teamster brings her in to give the colt a forenoon and afternoon lunch during which time the teamster himself goes in for a bite. He doesn't hurry — they seldom hurry, but all their work must be properly done. As soon as the clover is in bloom they start cutting a little by hand each day, tie it up in bundles of proper size for a feed for a horse or cow and haul it in to be fed to the work horses, the little colts and the milk cows. As soon as the clover is fit to feed very little grain is fed to matured animals. Each horse gets a bundle of this clover morning, noon and night. Their wonderful dairy cows, even though they be knee deep in grass, are given each a bundle of this green clover when stabled to be milked morning, noon and night. When the clover patch is all cut, the second growth at the corner where they first started cutting, is large enough for a second cutting. The weather is cool, moisture abundant. The clover does not mature fast as in this country, but affords great quantities of feed. 662 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The little colts make a wonderful growth by weaning time and the successful breeder keeps his colts on full feed until matured. The successful Belgian horse breeders — the ones who have good strong stallion colts to offer buyers every year — are men who feed grain twice daily to their yearling and two year old stallions, even though they be knee deep in grass. Very few of our American horse breeders crowd the colts along until maturity. If they would care for their colts as do the Belgian breeders, if they would care for the colts as the most successful of our Iowa pure bred cattle breeders care for their calves, our American pure bred horses would compare with those of Euope as do our American cattle with those of England and Scotland. I often hear men of this country say: "That colt was crowded and will have its growth early." I say it is just the opposite; the colts that we keep growing constantly will develop into much better and stronger horses. The colt that has been allowed to stop growing at times is the colt that I would expect to mature early and grow but little after three years of age. Many of our American breeders do not get their colts accustomed to eating grain before weaning time and allow them to be stunted the first winter. These colts will never make up the time lost. They will never be so large or nearly so large as the colts that are kept growing as are the colts of Belgium. Neither will they sell for half the money. The foreign powers are destroying each other at the present time and many of the very valuable horses of Belgium have been destroyed. Indigene de Fosteau, the greatest draft stallion that ever lived, the only stallion that ever carried off the grand championship for four years in succession, a stallion that was worth $30,000 when young and changed owners and localities at the age of fourteen for $10,000, has been killed. His owner, Mr. M. Bury, was shot while trying to defend his prize horse. Some of the valuable stallions were taken to Holland and some to England. There is no question but that the draft horse industry of Belgium is receiving a terrible blow and that now is the opportune time for owners of draft mares in America to take advantage of the situation by caring for their young horses as do the Belgian breeders. Our American dealers will gladly pay you good prices for colts of sufficient size and strength but we cannot use the undersized ones. We cannot sell them. I have purchased some of them, but for no other purpose than to express appreciation of the continued patronage of good old customers, but I have lost money on every purchase of this kind. I will now switch off onto another branch, government encourage- ment. What the Belgian government did to stimulate interest in the constant and continued improvement in their breed of horses is won- derful. There is seldom a week when there is not a horse or colt show in some commune or other of Belgium. The medals and cash prizes are furnished by the government and on account of the large number of entries in many of these shows, ten prizes are offered in each class and the judges must find and place the best ten. These shows are one day shows. The horses are taken in early, are on exhibition dur- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 663 ing the day and home again at night. One show is a colt show and then a two year old filly show and then a two year old stallion show and then the mare show and the stallion show. There are several stallion shows each year in each of the several provinces of Belgium, one for government inspection for service li- cense at which prizes are given to the ten best, the regular fall stal- lion show and then there is the show of aged stallions to compete for the pensions offered by the province to the ten best stallions. These pensions are payable one year after date provided the horse remains worthy of it and is still owned in that district. Another district show for matured stallions is one at which each of the best ten are given 1,500 francs. Then there is the national show at which all the first prize stallions of the whole nation compete for the national pension. This show like the others, pensions the ten best, the highest being 6,000 francs payable in four equal annual payments beginning one year after date. Stallions already drawing a national pension are barred from competing again, but they must appear at this same show in order to draw the annual pension then due to their owners. The combined prize and pension money drawn by the better class of stallions of Belgium together with the service fees they earn for their owners amounts to from $3,000 to $12,000 per year. You may think I am exaggerating this, but as a proof I will give for example. Indigene de Fosteau, the prize stallion that was shot by the Germans last month on account of his getting unmanageable while being taken across to Germany. The service fee of this stallion as well as for several other champion stallions of Belgium, was 500 francs for the season, payable in July. The breeding of 100 mares per season is not at all uncommon, making 50,000 francs ($10,000) in service fees and say $2,000 drawn in government pension, district pension, provin- cial annual prize of 1,500 francs and other prizes would make a $12,. 000 annual income very common for their best horses. By this you will see that we must not wonder at these best breeding horses changing hands among the leading breeders of Belgium at from $15,000 to $30,000. They work these valuable stallions enough to keep the muscles hard and strong. They claim that allowing the muscles of a sire to become soft may have a tendency to cause de- generation. I have seen Paul, the grand champion stallion of Belgium in 1912, out in the field hitched single to a plow and pulling it with perfect ease while the plow was running eight inches deep. BREED EXTENSION. (By Charles Gray, Chicago, Secretary American Aberdeen Angus Breed- ers' Association, read at the Annual Meeting of the Iowa Aberdeen Angus Association.) Extension has become the byword, password and watchword in everything pertaining to education in Iowa. Many states can boast of wonders that have been accomplished by their extension department but none can show by natural and artificial results such a monument 664 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of achievement to the live stock industry of the country as the breed- ers of Iowa. Due to the luxuriant conditions Iowa has been favored with, prac- tically every useful breed of domestic farm animals has spread, as it were, with the ease that plants have been disseminated by the winds of the prairie. One has only to glance back a few decades to find Iowa the western frontier with all that was good and great in live stock lore back east. Today Iowa can boast of having reached the highest pinnacle of fame in the production of farm animals. This is especially true of Iowa's operations in the production and extension or distribution of the Aberdeen Angus breed of cattle. In fact Iowa is the best example of extension in every sense of the word which we have in the country. Iowa has not only advocated extension of the Aberdeen Angus by every theorist within her borders, but through publicity and practical men she has spread much information within the reach of everyone inter- ested in Aberdeen Angus cattle. Prom the small beginning of a fevv- bulls which were imported by a Kansas ranchman in 1873, we have recorded nearly 200,000 Aberdeen Angus cattle in this country. Although a few bulls were brought from Scotland to a Kansas range in 1873 it was not until the eighties that Aberdeen Angus cattle fully established themselves as the invincible blacks in America. From 1880 to 1883 they were brought to this country in such droves that it is estimated over 2,000 were imported and distributed in America. In 1883 the Aberdeen Angus Association was organized and in 1886 the first volume of the herd book was published. It contained 5,2 00 pedigrees. The membership of the association in 188 6 was 112, while at present it is over 3,000. Of these, Iowa can boast of 850. In 188 6 Missouri had twenty-eight members, Illinois eighteen and Iowa twelve. In 1893 or at the end of the first ten years' life of the association, Illinois had seventy-eight, Iowa forty-six and Missouri thirty-three. Ten years later in 1903 Iowa had 209, Illinois 201 and Missouri ninety. Eleven years later which brings us up to the present time, Iowa is represented by 850, Illinois 432, Missouri 269. In the first volume of the herd book, Missouri recorded 45 9 animals, Illinois 394, Kansas 226 and Iowa 127. Only three breeders in Iowa recorded over ten head each. What a difference thirty-one years has wrought in Aberdeen Angus circles! While some may feel a little discouraged on account of the ravages of the foot and mouth disease and the manner in which it is being handled in some states, the above facts should make everyone feel like congratulating those who have made possible the extension of the Aberdeen Angus breed to such great numbers as at present. When the first herd book was published, Illinois was represented by pedigrees from thirty-two breeders, Missouri twenty-seven and Iowa twenty-six. In the last volume issued in November, 1914, containing pedigrees received at the office in less than a year, Iowa is represented by 553 breeders and pedigrees of 4,468 animals, Illinois 250 breeders FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 665 and 1,508 animals, and Missouri 251 breeders and 1,538 animals. Although sheer merit has been the principal factor in disseminating the Aberdeen Angus in this country, just as it has been in the breed's native land, it is nevertheless true, publicity has been the vanguard of proclaiming the superiority of the breed. Comprehensively speaking, publicity is the force that has accomplished the results the breed can proudly boast of at present. Publicity can take so many forms that one can see that directly and indirectly it has been instrumental for all breed extension in every country. The exhibits of Aberdeen Angus at the leading shows, fairs and expositions of this country and other countries are probably the most concrete examples of publicity we have had recorded up to date. The exploitation of the breed in its native habitat in northeast Scot- land and in the British Isles by means of exhibits at fairs, was the first thing to attract the attention from beyond the breed's localized county sphere. A further demonstration of its merits over all breeds was portrayed on continental Europe at Paris, France in the seventies. The heralding of the Aberdeen Angus overwhelming success at Paris was the substantial means of convincing the American cattlemen the breed was par excellence in the production of beef and was no doubt the greatest factor in introducing the breed so quickly and in such great numbers in the early eighties in America. Facts relative to the introduction and migration of the breed in America in the hands of some of our most brilliant writers could be woven into a story that would eJitrance the most indifferent breed- extension thinker. The breed's extension by practical demonstration in the show rings in America is like the history of a victorious people. The Aberdeen Angus, as it were, forced their way by sheer merit and possessed the richest land of the corn belt. From this center of cattle- dom through the breed's inherent efficiency it has constantly radiated its influence on the cattle industry in every direction. Contemporaneous with the unlocking of the vast fields of plant fer- tility with the plow in the west a generation or two ago, came the necessity for improved live stock. State boards of agriculture have greatly aided the extension of breeds by liberal premiums and the edu- cational exhibits that have been in evidence at leading fairs in the past. Other agricultural authorities and enterprising business men have made much of our breed extension possible by their loyal support to inter-state district and county fairs. Some people believe we have reached our zenith in point of number and quality of our fairs and bhows. Others believe we are just in our infancy in this form of breed extension. The difference of opinion comes from two distinct classes of breeders, namely, those who Exhibit and those who do not exhibit. Our leading fairs and shows as a whole are reaching larger numbers and they have become vast institutions of extension and learning for all who attend. The cooperation of the American Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association with all state fairs and shows as far as its finances would permit has helped to make the extension operations 666 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of Aberdeen Angus breeders profitable. The judicious manner in which the American Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association has spent its money whether it was in large or small sums, has borne fruit which has been worthy of being heralded in every cattle section of the country as well as abroad. Notwithstanding what has been ac- complished at the leading fairs where cooperation has reached its highest degree oi efficiency many improvements can be made during the next decade and greater numbers can be reached. Beyond the reach of the state fairs and shows and expositions there is a field of greater vastness than has been reached or can be hoped to be reached by state fairs and shows. The county, street and local fairs will un- doubtedly rise to every occasion as it naturally develops. One is safe in saying that if we progress in the matter of fairs and shows during the next generation, as we have during the past, and there is every reason to believe we will far surpass, we should be able to extend through fairs of great and small degree an opportunity for everyone to review breeds of live stock in general and Aberdeen Angus in par- ticular. Much credit is due the colleges and universities of the country for the substantial manner in which they have extended the merits of improved live stock. The Iowa State College is a shining example of what can be done with profit and at the same time furnish lessons of a scientific and practical nature. The merits of the Aberdeen Angus have not only stood the most rigid tests in extension trips among practical farmers but they have also weathered the most searching in- vestigations of university and college men who are constantly delving into every atom that comprises the animal and plant kingdom. I firmly believe the success which the Iowa State College has attained with Aberdeen Angus cattle is the most substantial evidence of merit any breed has attained in the state of Iowa, and I further believe much of the popularity which Aberdeen Angus enjoy in Iowa is due to its record of superior performance. What has been accomplished in ex- tending the Aberdeen Angus breed by the Iowa State College the past decade is a symbol or promise of what we may expect when they get the various departments of their division of extension in a state of preparedness whereby they can invade any part of the state in any desired number necessary to impress everyone within the borders of Iowa of the real significance of breed extension. Another form of extension which is as old as the breed in this country and which has done much in popularizing it is the public sale which has been held by individual breeders and combinations cf breeders. The support the breeders have given the public sales as a whole has been the means of stimulating the trade on many occa- sions when it was dull with those who preach and believe in only private barter. The most authentic material we have on values dur- ing the history of the breed in this country and in Great Britain were obtained from the results of public sales. Public sales are as great an attribute in the success of breed extension as exhibits at fairs and form as valuable a part in the history of any breed. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 667 Probably no organization of the nature of the American Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association has been more diligent in the discharge of its duties which involve the primary functions of keeping a pure and systematic record. In addition to transacting the routine work of its office the association adopted a plan a few years ago of holding spring bull sales. The plan has proved the greatest breed extension factor the trade has ever experienced in the sale of bulls in this country. Every year the breeders become more anxious for the bull sales and greater extension of the plan and policy under the auspices of the association. The prestige of the association and the economical manner in which the successful sale.? have been conducted proved the most popular movement the association has ever attempted for its members. Its success has attracted the attention of breeders of other ])reeds and organizations of our nature. What has been made possible and successful by the American Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association can also be extended in a practical manner by such organizations as the Iowa Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association and the county as- sociations, which are certain to develop in the future as soon as the colleges and universities can educate enough experts to place in each county. There never was a time when we were in greater need of more experts for breed extension in every county in the country. The sales the American Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association con- ducted in the south in 1914 through the cooperation of the federal government's extension department, which was brought to such a high degree of perfection by the late Doctor Seaman Knapp and is being still further augmented by his son, gave breed extension in the south an impetus that has no parallel in the history of the pure bred in- dustry in this country. A decade ago one could not have dreamed of development in the south such as exists at present. Iowa people in general and Aberdeen Angus breeders in particular should feel proud of what the Knapps of Iowa have done to rejuvenate agricultural con- ditions in the south. The breed extension made possible in the south last year was the best market the Aberdeen Angus breed had and will undoubtedly continue to be one of the best markets the breed will have for many years. I trust the Iowa Aberdeen Angus Breeders' As- sociation will do everything within its power to foster the extension of the breed it represents not only in the state of Iowa but also in every cattle section of the country. Last but not least, after all forms of breed extension of which the above mentioned are but a few, the greatest factor in the extension of anything is the press, and breed extension naturally has been fos- tered chiefly by the farm journals and on them depends the destiny not only of our breed of cattle, but all breeds. Without the good service of farm journals which has been rendered during the history of the Aberdeen Angus breed in America, which has covered a period of good, bad and indifferent times, the achievements of our favorites would still be hidden as it were under the canopies of the show tents or pavilions where but a comparative few were fortunate enough to be spectators. The association has had a splendid opportunity to 668 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE study comparisons in its efforts along tliis line by advertising by cir- cular letter, folders and booklets. Although good results have been obtained from the efforts of the association only a favored few who had more or less knowledge of their interests have been benefited. Through the columns of the farm journals millions have been and can be reached. Much has been done but greater things can be accom- plished in breed extension if all organizations will do their work in co- operating in a substantial manner with the press in general and the farm journals in particular. THE PRACTICAL SIDE OF FARM LIFE. (By Mrs. C. L. Herren. Read at the Page County Farmers' Institute, Clarinda, Iowa, Dec. 11, 1914.) In one of his early addresses at the close of the late presidential campaign. President Wilson said: "The delusion may exist in some that the arts, the sciences, wealth are the keystones of human happi- ness, so far as social and political government are concerned. This is not true. The keystone, the enduring or the crumbling center of sup- port is the human home." During the last twenty-five years this nation has been undergoing a terrific economic change. Wealth has trebled, resources have ex- panded like an Arabian Night's dream, and what influences the American nation, in just the same proportion is the American home affected. The home is the center of all government. What is done within its walls makes or unmakes government. No difference whether the home be a sod shanty on the prairie or a mansion in the city, the in- fluence is the same. In all lyric poetry which deals with the tender side of home life, there is none more beautiful than Burns' "Cotter's Saturday Night." In the simple lines the Scotch poet has expressed all that tends to unite the father and mother, which brings the child into unity with the parents, which puts a song of joy into the whistle of a winter's wind. Let us look now to the making of better homes; to the practical side. The word "practical" meaning "capable of being turned to use." Let us consider the greatest needs in farm life. The American Branch of the International Congress of Farm Women held its fourth annual meeting in Wichita, Kansas, last October. The keynote of the congress was the speech of Dr. Carver, head of the Rural Organization Service Bureau of Washington. He declared that the great needs of farm life today are better schools, more thorough pro- vision for sanitation, better opportunity for recreation, a wider effort for beautiful surroundings, and last of all, rural organization. Dr. Carver declared that the first four needs could be answered by ac- complishing the last. Farming is just as much a business as merchandising, and farm op- erations must be carried on. in a business-like way. Every depart- ment of farm work corresponds to the various departments of a larger FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 669 mercantile business and the work of each must be carried on syste- matically. This includes the farm home and the management of the household. Housekeeping is a profession. There is a sentimental and personal and a business side. Because women have wanted their work to be personal it has been drudgery to a great many. Isn't it about time that we put housekeeping on a basis of business efficiency? The installation of up-to-date machinery about the farm almost invariably pays from a dollar and cents standpoint entirely, aside from the larger consideration of making farm life more convenient and congenial. What is a labor saving device? It is really a labor conserving de- vice. That is, saving labor in one thing to be expended in something else. It is any given piece of machinery by which any task may be as well performed, but in less time and with less expense of vitality. Unless it conforms to these conditions it is merely a luxury. The power washing machine probably should receive the first place. When we consider that by the investment of twenty-five dollars the machine may be installed. Including the interest on the investment and the depreciation in value of the machine, the cost of the washing is figured to be about twenty-five cents. What laundry or what wom- an could you hire for that sum? The oil stove is largely taking the place of the wood or the coal stove during the summer season. The cost is little more and when compared with the comfort of working in a room with a stove that does not give off ninety per cent of its heat, the cost is to be dis- regarded. Have you watched a woman iron, counting the steps to and from the ironing board for a hot iron, measured the distance and figured ihe number of rods traveled in doing that family ironing? There is no stronger argument in favor of an electric, gasoline or charcoal iron than this problem in arithmetic. A bread mixer saves that tired back many an ache. The fireless cooker has not found its rightful way into the farm kitchen. It is a fuel saver as well as a saver of energy and care on the part of the housekeeper. There are many small utensils suited to the use of individuals which represent a small outlay of money, but mean a great amount of labor, time and energy saved. That there be no useless time or energy consumed the kitchen equipment must be properly arranged. To have the dishpan six feet from the table where the dishes are washed, when it could hang over the table or under it, seems a small matter to be considered. But the dishes are to be washed three times a day, the pan must cause an unnecessary twelve feet each time. Would you believe that you have walked uselessly two and a half miles during the year? Labor saving devices and a convenient kitchen are good, but lack of water and sewerage systems is the thing which taxes farm women most of all. It is by no means least in importance, but it is the thing 670 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE usually left to the last. It is regarded as a luxury and when the farm is fitted up with the latest equipment then some thought is given to putting in the water system. Sanitation is the subject that is of the greatest importance in the welfare of the home. During the warm season this subject is not neglected, but when the cold days come, we close our homes to the pure fresh air. Open the windows — sleep with plenty of the life- giving oxygen in the room. Do you know that it is estimated that one-seventh of all mankind die of tuberculosis? The great prevention as well as cure of this disease is pure air, day and night. Much is said of the practical value of co-operation. There is one line in which we may all have a part, namely, co-operation of the home and school. When we send our children from the home to the care of the teacher, do we give her the sympathy and encouragement in our power? She has her difficult problems to solve as well as the homekeeper. We know how necessary sympathy is to our happiness and success. Then pass it on to the country teacher, who strives to train our children. Only one person in every thousand in Denmark is unable to read and write compared "with seven out of every thousand in the United States. The secret of Denmark's high place lies in the influence which the teacher has upon the people. The teacher's high social rank makes her leader in church and state. She is pensioned for disability or age. Next to the school in the molding of character is the reading mat- ter in the home. The traveling library may be brought to all. Thirty- five states are now undertaking library extension work and twenty- nine states maintain traveling libraries. Much is said of the drudgery of farm life. The basis of drudgery is monotony. The reason housework is classed as drudgery is because it becomes so everlastingly monotonous. It isn't the work itself that grinds. It is the thought of it day after' day, week after week, stretch- ing on through a lifetime. The housekeeper who allows herself to get into a rut is in grave danger. Neglect some of the work. There will be dishes to wash, beds to make and pies to bake a thousand years from now, but we have only one trip through this world. Make the best of it. Be fair to your family and to yourself. And here comes the practical side of our country club work. We believe that we gain in efficiency in home work by taking an afternoon every week or two, meeting one another and thereby receive an uplift, physically, mentally and spiritually. Work goes easier when the mind and body are rested. Have you ever, dear home-maker, looked about your simple home and thought what a commonplace life you lead? Such thoughts come into the minds of many women as they go through the common round that makes up the work of a home. While all may not reach fame, all may win love and respect by blooming in whatever soil they may be planted, cheerfully putting forth all their simple beauty as do our humble garden flowers. FIFTE'ENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 671 "A commonplace life we say and we sigh ; But wliy should we sigh as we say? The commonplace sun in the commonplace sky Makes up the commonplace day. The moon and the stars are commonplace things, And the flower that blooms and the bird that sings. But dark were the world and sad our lot If the flowers failed and the sun shone not : And God who studies each separate soul, Of the commonplace lives makes His beautiful whole." FARMERS' RECREATIONS. (Paper Read by D. N. McGrew, at Mills County Farmers' Institute.) When I first began working on this subject I hardly knew whether to consider recreations entirely as amusements or something to change the occupation. After thinking about the subject, I decided that recreations might mean anything which took the mind off the regular order of work. The next question is, do farmers need recreation? (Now I am going to consider the whole farm family when I speak of the farmer.) Most any person will admit that a change of occupation will so rest the mind and body that one is able to accomplish enough more in less time to more than make up for the time taken. Some people will say the farmer is a busy person; he has no time for a camping trip, the Chautauqua or county fair. Now it has been shown that the per- son who takes time for a fishing trip, lecture course, etc., is as well up with his work as the one who works all the time. The city business man takes a vacation. Why? Because he feels that he will be able to do enough more or manage his business enough better, to make it w^orth while. Why did Henry Ford increase his employes' wages and shorten the working hours? Just because he believed the men would do more and do it enough better to make it pay returns. Those of you who have been interested in his plan know that it has worked out. Now the question is, if the farmer takes a little more time to think of other things, will he not be able to plan his work to better ad- advantage and in the end accomplish more? Now, don't misunderstand me, and pick out some farmer who is seldom found at heme and think that I mean he should take more recreation. There are about three classes of farmers. One, the ex- treme in which the people practically stay at home from the beginning of the year until the end, seldom going any place except to town for supplies. They have no interest in public affairs and are interested in their work only as a means of livelihood. This is not an exag- gerated case, there are numbers of just such families. The condition is usually worse for the women, as they have nothing whatever to in- terest them. The men get away from home more by changing work with the neighbors and are usually the ones to go to town. I don't mean that they will naturally be more sociable than the women, but 672 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE that the women have fewer opportunities to get away from home and who can blame them for losing interest in things outside the home? The second class is the farm folks who do take time to enjoy pub- lic affairs and still attend to their home duties. The third class and the class as much in the extreme as the first mentioned are the farmers who live in the country and stay in town. Nothing happens in the way of amusements but what they are present and on ordinary days can usually be found in town at the croquet grounds or some other favorite loafing place, either talking about the merits of their automobiles, else how unlucky they are in everything they undertake. The recreation I would recommend for this class would be, stay at home and farm a little. It is in this class that the men will have to take most all the blame for when you notice a farmer that stays in town you usually observe that his wife stays or has to say at home. Now this may not always be. When we get equal suffrage we may see the women at some favorite spot in town talking not about what a good hill climber their auto is, but about how handy their fireless cooker is and how they can put the food in it in the morning and rush home a few minutes before noon or supper time and soon pre- pare a piping hot meal for the hired man, while their husband is put- ting another can of gasoline in the automobile. I was reading recently an article in a farm paper about farmers working so hard while young that they were not able to relax their efforts when they became old, thus making old age a dissatisfied ex- istence, instead of a contented time of life, deserved by honest effort. Statistics show that the average life of a retired farmer is five years. This means that some farm men and women simply work themselves to death. They work early and late in order to lay up something for old age, but work so hard that when old age comes their health is broken and the habits formed during the years of hard work are so dominant that they are dissatisfied with idleness and not being able to work they become an easy prey for ailments and are anxious to be through with this world. Now, which is better? Shall farmers work so hard trying to pre- pare for retirement and old age that they will not be able to enjoy either when that time comes, or shall they have their pleasures along with the work. It may take a little longer to acquire a certain amount of property that all people should have to rightfully enjoy old age, but think of the years of living instead of drudgery that they will have, and if it does take a little longer to acquire this, won't the period classed as "old age" be shortened, due to the physical strength be- ing better preserved? Now the question comes, what shall be the recreations for the farmer? For one thing I think that every family should get away from the farm for a week or more every year. I don't mean camp at the Chautauqua and go home every day to see how things are or else telephone there and tell the man in charge to commence cutting the hay or something like that. I mean, get away from the farm FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 673 for that time and stay away. Get someone to look after the chores and give him directions to act as he thinks best, and if the pigs get into the potato patch let the chore man do the worrying — don't, on the peril of your vacation, let him tell you about it. Then, after a family has had a week or so of rest with no farm matters on their mind they will be able to go home and if the hogs are out or the hens have commenced to eat eggs, say "Never mind, the vacation was worth it." ! : i ! j^ '?] The vacation need not be expensive. Eight or ten dollars would get someone to do the chores and a tent could be rented at a reasonable price. The Chautauqua, fairs, etc., are nice to attend, but what farm man or woman is there, who, when the chautauqua session is lasting longer than usual, will not be thinking, it's time those hogs were watered or the bread box is about empty and I ought to be at home now getting some of the work done so I can bake again before the next afternoon session. So much for an entire change for recreation. What I want to talk about now is the recreation that will last the whole year, can be en- joyed by the whole family, will help the community socially and will mean better farmers and housekeepers. This recreation is called "The Farmer's Club." They will do all that is claimed for them, and are practical. They are successful in some communities; why not all? These clubs may be entirely for social purposes, but I think it would be better if a program pertaining partly to agriculture and home economics "were given at every meeting. I have read considerable about such clubs in Harrison county. Near Missouri Valley there are several. These farmers and their families meet every two weeks for an all-day session. The meetings may be further apart, varying per- haps at different seasons of the year. The meetings are held at the different members' homes and always mean a dinner, a program and a social good time. While this form of recreation is not free from the farm problems, I believe it is the form that will appeal to the average farmer. A bet- ter or a newer way to do things is always a change or a recreation and the farmers meeting at these clubs will always discuss the best methods in agriculture and home economics. Every person usually excels in some particular line, so a whole neighborhood meeting to- gether is sure to mean improvement. As for recreation, did you ever see a person who had seen or heard of a newer or better way to do anything, that lacked enthusiasm? Now the thought I would like to leave is, let each community have its organization for social and educational purposes. If we do we will find that our neighbors are good people after all and are just as capable as we. There will not be any more families living on the same section that have never been at each other's homes. I really believe that people were more sociable fifty years ago when the whole family went visiting in the lumber wagon, than they are now when 43 674 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE we have buggies and autos to go in. The trouble now with us is, we are too independent and self-centered. If we would co-operate a lit- tle more we could build up a community in which land would seldom be for sale, and if it were, would be the place where those hunting new homes would like to locate. THE OPPORTUNITIES OF THE RURAL CHURCH. (An Address Given by the Rev. James W. Johnson, Leon, la., Before the Decatur County Farmers' Institute.) Whatever may be said as to the reasons for a "rundown" church, it can be truly said that one of the reasons is that the community finds so little use for it. People would find more use for it if it served them in their everyday life. The rural church, as a rule, is locked up six days in the week and when it is open it is when the everyday affairs are shut up, so the church and everyday life seldom meet. This is an awful error because sooner or later it means the end of Miss Church's career in that community. Farmers are the busiest people on earth, as a class, and they cannot be expected to give time to something that will not return some sort of profit, somewhere. Some wise man said once, "The way to a man's heart is through his stomach." That's one way. There are a legion of other ways. But no truer or more justifiable way can be found than through helpful- ness. So in case the church does the farmer a good turn, you will find him promptly recognizing the service and reciprocating. Our Master said, "I am among you as one that serves," "and the common people heard him gladly." It will require a profound logic to prove that a serving church will not be loved by those same com- mon folks. Remember, man is soul, mind and body. But remember, too, that the church can administer to the mind and body, just as well as to the soul, and in proportion as she does that will she approach the maxi- mum of her possibility. The fact is the rural church has today dis- covered that she can do this work and it is the open day of her new and best day. The church can be an educational center for the whole community. The city has her clubs, her lyceum courses, entertainments. The coun- try has sporadically and spasmodically a taste of such things, but as a rule the rural folks must go to the city for such or go without them and generally they go without them. This need not be, for show the country people the possibility of such pleasures among them- selves and they prefer to enjoy them at home rather than go to town. In a certain rural school where old-time ways and old-time subjects only were taught, a vote was taken among the boys as to whether they would prefer to stay- on the farm or go to town. Nine-tenths of them wanted to leave. Afterwards a course of agriculture and kin- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 675 dred subjects was introduced and another vote was taken. This time nine-tenths voted to remain on the farm. They saw what the country could do. One of our country churches introduced a lyceum course of several numbers, each coming on a moonlight evening, and it was spiced a bit by one or two home talent numbers. It was a great treat. And probably for the first time in its history the old house rang with laughter and applause. But who dares assert that the God of laugh- ing children was displeased to see His children enjoying themselves? Most of us know of the plowing contests that some Illinois churches put on, where the ladies prepare good meals while the men prepare a most enjoyable appetite by trying, out new and old style plows. A church in a plow contest! Sure! A church put it on, for farmers plow, and why shouldn't a church gather men around a plow as well as anywhere if she can get them there and increase their eiRciency as tillers of the every-day Eden? Some others who believe that if it is a good thing to raise hogs it cannot be a sin to listen to instructive lectures on hog cholera, its cure, prevention, etc. Still others invite physicians to give lectures on hygiene, sanitation, care of the teeth, etc And why not? Churches teach that it is a sin to misuse the body and slow suicide to do so. Then why not godly to learn how to prevent suicide. So the church finds herself again. Of course the schools can and do teach much of this, but they by no means can reach all who need it. The whole community needs it and when the church serves that community in these ways it will have in turn a response that will thrill and build her most wondrously. The biggest error on earth respecting the church is to believe that she has no chance at everyday life, or rather nothing she can con- tribute to such life. The church that cannot contribute to everyday life can hardly be thought worthy of a place in any day of your life. But probably a greater possibility for the rural church is in her op- portunity to provide, with the church as a center, a dependable inter- est in good amusements and recreations. Some other seer said, "Show me a nation's songs and I'll tell you her character." INIaybe. But you can say without fear of ever being defeated in your argument, "As a people play so they are." Who is there in the country to provide amusements and recreation for the young? Nobody. Who is best adapted to provide it? Proba- bly nobody so far, but the church has the biggest opportunity of any- body. It might savor of heresy and degeneracy to some old standpat fath- ers to ask for a gymnasium in the new church basement, but to the young it sounds like sense. And when, after seeing a house filled with old and young, they ask "Why," the answer is, "The church has helped these young people, now they help the church." For remember, if the church frowns on everything but the Bible and the hymnal, most likely the young people will frown on even these. What the country and country church needs is not to know 676 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE how to frown but to serve her young people and help them to smile. A boy gets a lot of exercise plowing corn, but a boy is three-fourths dirt and one-fourth noise till he is ten or twelve years old, then he divides the fractions so that part is fun. And you can't eliminate any fraction and retain him as a normal boy. So the church has a won- derful opportunity to provide proper amusements and recreation for her young. All work and no play "unmakes" the boy. We used to keep slaves till they were sold or dead. Now we keep a boy tied till he is twenty- one and then he gets such a start in freedom he often makes it into license and wrecks himself. When I was a boy we were given our Saturday afternoons and we met to play ball. It helped in two ways, better boys, and on Sunday no one wanted to dissipate, we had had our fun. The church was gainer. Young folks must play; that is as necessary as breath if we want them healthy and robust socially and spiritually. Some country churches put a few dollars into picture machines and other parapher- nalia to entertain their boys and girls under proper scrutiny. They think it's better to spend some cents (sense, too) keeping them at home, rather than dollars to bring them back home after they have gone, and too often for good. They tell the churches and old people, "I am going where there is something going on." Well, they will find something, all right, but as a rule their new- found pleasures are closely related to crookedness and shade. Age- blind guides! Look at your shortsighted business! Save dollars and damn your sons and daughters! Churches, spend a few dollars and a few acres in fixing up ball grounds, gymnasiums, skating and swimming ponds, picnic parks — anything that in your open-eyed vision for growing young people you can see. Spend, and it will come back to you a hundred fold. It has been true too much that the church is the biggest institu- tion on earth for manufacturing "Don'ts." But "don't" never did anything but stop. What will you have the young people — and old — do? Then do it with thy might. Serve or sink. HOW ONE GRITTY WOMAN RAISED POULTRY WITH ORDINARY EUILDINGS. (Paper Read by Mrs. Geo. D. Jones, Cascade, Iowa, at the Dubuque County Institute.) As I have been very successful in the poultry business, J have been asked to tell my way of handling it, that you may profit from my ex- perience. In order to be successful, one must have in store patience, good sense, energy to work hard and long and stick-to-it-iveness. With these qualities in hand, a few chickens and some feed, you are ready for the work. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 677 The strains of chickens I 'keep arc those I thinlv the best layers. They are the White Rock, Barred Rock, White Leghorn, Brown Leghorn, Rhode Island Red and a few Buff Orpingtons. I get only the pure breeds. The food I use is the grains the farm produces. One thing I am very care- ful to give them, is all the fresh water and oyster shell they need. Sometimes I have been without the shells and in two or three days it will show a decrease in eggs. The eggs I gather twice a day during the spring and summer months. In getting eggs ready for the market I pack only those of uniform size. With the exception of rainy days I pack only the clean eggs. During the broody season I shut in the broody hens every night to insure fresh eggs for the market. And always when at home I gather the eggs myself. The way to break a broody hen of setting I have heard from neighbors is this: "Souse her in a pail of water and that will frighten the broodiness out of her. Or shut her up and neither feed nor water her until she ceases to cluck." I hardly considered either treatment humane so I did not try them. I shut them away from the other chickens and give them all the corn, oats, shell, grass and water they want and in a very short time they begin to lay again. In choosing broody hens for setting, I choose the heavier ones. The little Leghorns are too flighty for best results. I have used an incu- bator several times, but do not like to work with it, though I had good success. For hatching purpose I select the medium sized, nice-shaped, hard shelled eggs. I have used the large eggs with good results. Once I tried an extra large egg. I allowed it a couple of days extra for hatching, then became impatient and broke it and found two live chickens. I use only fresh eggs for setting. Still, I allow them twenty- four hours to cool; until the animal heat is gone. I can prove from experience it is the better way. I often hear it said that from the hen that steals her nest we get the best results. But you will notice that there is always left at least one egg not hatched, the egg that was not cooled. While I have set dozens of hens that have hatched every egg. The broody hens I choose for setting I leave on their nests until I have from seventeen to twenty. Then I have a place ready with nests in nail kegs — ^the kegs I purchase from a hardware dealer — and set each hen on one egg for a day or two until I can depend on her. I keep the kegs covered with boards and let the hen out to feed once a day. In the early spring I put thirteen eggs under, each hen, but as the weather gets warmer I let the hens have fifteen eggs- When the setting hens have been troubled with mites I put a layer of dog fennel on the straw in the nests and the mites either die or leave. I did try to put two lots of hens in one place, but during the days of hatching of the first setting the second lot were so disturbed by the peeps of the little chicks that they became restless and spoiled their eggs. As the little chicks hatch I take them to the house. Here I have the advantage over most people in having a cat that will care for wee chicks and turkeys and keep them content. I then give the hens about seventeen chicks apiece and keep them shut in a couple of days so they will learn their place of roosting. For at least two days I do not feed the young 678 IOWA DEPARTMENT O'P AGRICULTURE chick. When I begin I give them dry bread, oatmeal and chickfeed. Tlie first week they get only sweet milk to drink. In two or three weeks I begin feeding corn meal and chickfeed. I never give them the raw meal, but always bake it thoroughly. It makes lots of work but it pays well. Now, I come to the part of the poultry business I like so well. The work with the turkeys. Almost without exception I hear the people say, "The little turkeys are so hard to raise." I am glad to be able to differ with them. I do not remember having lost any with the baby cholera, the trouble turkey raisers dread so much. I keep the big bronze as pure in stock as I am able to get. In selecting the hens I keep the very largest. Some have trouble in having the hens wander off to make their nests. After the snow melts and the turkeys begin to leave the barns and come around the house I go out every morning and feed them a little bread. They soon begin to look for it and become so tame they will eat from my hand. Those hens will not wander far from the home place, you may be sure. Like the little chick, the young turkey is not given anything to eat for a couple of days. The feed consists of chopped hard-boiled eggs and onions, using both top and bulb, with a sprinkle of pepper, though I do not think the latter necessary. I use the sweet, white pepper for turkeys and chickens. They get only sweet milk to drink for a couple of weeks and when I begin to let them have water I give them only a little at first. After a while I mix a little dry bread and oatmeal with the egg with always plenty of onion. The curd from sour milk makes fine feed. They are fed regularly every other hour for two weeks. The first two weeks I keep them in a pen made of boards, with a large box in one end for the hen to roost. The pen is only a board or two high, so the hen can be outside. I have it in a grassy place. When I first let the turkeys out I watch that they do not get too far away and always get them home at night. In a few days the hen learns to come home to roost. I then feed them about five times a day. It means some hours of walking, but regular feeding means healthy turkeys. Their first feed all summer long is about four o'clock in the morning. About harvest time they get only breakfast and supper. Even in the fall, when the corn is in the field, I feed them at night, as it makes them eager to come home. When I see a heavy storm come up I bring them home for shelter. When they do get soaked I begin doctoring them at once as I have found in dealing with turkeys "an ounce of prevention is worth a .pound of cure." I take bread, quantity regulated by number and size of turkeys, using -as many as three loaves of bread. For that amount of bread I take from two to three teaspoons of balsam mixed in the quantity of milk needed to moisten the bread, with a generous sprinkling of pepper. In a little while the little fel- lows are as spry as ever. The bread has satisfied hunger, the pepper has warmed them and the balsam has prevented bowel trouble. I use several bottles of the balsam during the summer for chickens and turkeys and like it better than anything I have found. When they begin to eat corn they need plenty of shells. Shelter from the cold fall rains. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 679 and not too much green corn will keep them healthy. For cholera in grown chickens or turkeys I have found fresh lime as good as any thing. Dissolve fresh lime, the size of a walnut, to ten quarts of water. Give the chickens no other water at the same time. CORN IMPROVEMENT FY SELECTION. Specialists will breed corn in future — ^Certain clearly defined principles must be kept in mind if permanent improvement is to result. — By A. A. Burger in The Iowa Homestead. The improvement of our corn depends to a very large extent upon the efficiency of our selection. And in the selection of our corn we must take into consideration both the factor of field selection and the selection In the ear. The factor of field selection will perhaps be greatest in de- termining the yield and maturity, while the selection of individual ears will be greatest in determining the type. Both methods of selection, however, are important, and to attain the highest possible success in the breeding or growing of corn it will be necessary to give each the attention it deserves. Good corn like good stock tends to reproduce itself, • and the reasons that make necessary the selection of stock apply equally well to the selection of corn, and, in fact, to all the crops grown on the farm. We have already done a great deal more toward improving our varieties of corn than toward improving our varieties of small grain. But every farmer cannot become a corn breeder, any more than every farmer can become a pure-bred stock breeder. However, there is no excuse in either case for the breeding or production of scrubs. The time is coming when we shall have corn breeders in every locality from whom we can buy our pure-bred seed corn just as we now buy pure-bred cattle or other live stock from breeders who are making a specialty of that particular business. Every man could not succeed in the production of pure-bred stock or pedigreed corn and grain, nor would such a procedure be profitable. The average farmer is content to leave the production of the very best to specialists in the business. The specialist realizes this now more than ever before, and he realizes that there is a need for more systematic improvement. The man who has the knack of selecting corn and who can settle himself to the task of actually doing something in this line will make a success of it, and he will be well repaid for his work. With as much improvement as we have already made, and as much good corn as we already have, we still have need for thousands of bushels of seed corn which should be distributed throughout the country. In the selection of corn it is necessary that we know what to select. Perhaps the first thing which would attract our attention is the general appearance of the ear, or, commonly speaking, its size and shape. The size must vary with the variety, with the locality and the particular farm upon which it is grown. The largest ear is not always the best. This will be true not only as regards the type, but also as regards pro- duction, and especially regarding maturity. Ears slightly above the medium in size for any locality will come nearer producing the highest 680 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE yield than the very largest ears for that locality. This must be evi- dent from the fact that the largest corn of any locality does not always properly mature. In this connection it will be well for us to remember that one of the greatest mistakes that we have made in selecting our corn for the field and selecting our corn for the show has been the selection of a type too large for the locality in which it is grown. The farmer likes to see the large ear because it is that kind that fills up the wagon and in his judgment the kind that produces the yield, and the judge likes to place the ribbon upon such a sample because he has more corn. We will need to give special heed to this in the northern part of the corn belt. The careful corn grower will select the largest ear of corn that he is certain will mature in his locality every year. In shape the ear should be rather cylindrical, slightly tapering from butt to tip. Experiments indicate that the highest-producing ears of corn are those which conform to this type. The ears should carry out full and strong in the middle, and should have their greatest circumference about one-third the distance from the butt to the tip. The circumference here is often called constitution, and, while we like to see ears which are full and strong in this respect, this is not always a characteristic of corn which is strong. If this were true, short, stubby ears with a large circum- ference would be the strongest producers. Long ears are objectionable because they are generally weak in the center, although they might not necessarily be weak in constitution. It has been found by repeated ex- periments that ears which are slightly above the average in length are the heaviest yielders. However, extremely long ears usually have poor butts and tips, shallow kernels, and hence a low per cent of grain to the ear. Short, thick ears, on the other hand, are objectionable not only because they are poor in yielding qualities, but because they lack quality, and are late maturing and hence inclined to be weak in vitality. The butt of the ear should be well filled out, and not club shaped nor too small, and should have a shank of medium size. Large open butts with large shanks indicate lack of breeding and late maturing. Such ears are hard to break off in husking. Small butts, very closely filled with irregular kernels and having a small, weak shank, show a lack of strength and frequently blow off the stalk before maturity. Corn of this type will not be the heaviest producer. In medium varieties of corn, the shank should be about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. The cavity in the butt of the ear should be slightly larger. This should be smooth and should blend nicely into the kernels, which should be of uniform shape and arranged in straight rows from the butt to the tip of the ear. The tip of the ear should be well filled with deep, well- dented kernels and the rows should run well out on the end. It is not at all necessary that the tip should be completely covered. In fact, this is a "fancy" point and is usually correlated with short, stubby, late- maturing ears. We find that this characteristic is developed at the expense of other desirable characteristics in our corn. Because such ears have a nice appearance it is not infrequent to find very inferior ears which are filled over the tips at our corn shows. Of course, if we can find corn having every characteristic which we desire and at the same time well filled at the tip, such corn will be given preference. But it FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 681 must be remembered that the actual amount of corn which an ear carries will not be determined by the filling of the ear over the tip. Here again, experiments have shown that the highest-yielding ears of corn were those which were rather deficient in the filling of the butt and tip, and that between these two characteristics the filling of the tip was the less important. The ear should conform to the breed type of the variety. In yellow corn we will look for a red cob; in white corn for a white cob. The kernels as well as the cob should have a bright, uniform color, char- acteristic of the variety. Foreign color in the kernels, as, for example, white or red in a sample of yellow or yellow in a sample of white, indi- cates either a mixture or a lack of breeding. The kernels should be uniform in size, shape and depth, and should be arranged regularly in well-defined rows from the butt to the tip. In shape, color, dent, etc., they must conform to the variety type. The size or width of the kernel determines, to a large extent, its character and strength. It is to the ear of corn what the size of bone is to the animal. A small weak-boned animal shows weakness in its makeup. And so corn, however well it may be improved as to its type, may be strong or weak as indicated by the size of the kernel. Corn grown in the northern latitudes generally has a wider kernel and fewer rows than that in the southern part of the corn belt. This must be true, for width of kernel which gives strength is more necessary. And in the breeding of all our strains of corn, as in the breeding of our animals, it will be necessary for us to keep away from the "fine-boned, shoe-pegged" type of ear. The type that the judge selects should be the type that will do the best in the field. Type is also indicated by the shape and dent of the kernel. The char- acter of the dent varies from the smooth, hard, flinty corn to the soft, chaffy, beaked varieties. The dent should be uniform over all parts of the ear and it should be typical of the variety or of the ideal toward v/hich we are selecting. There is a tendency in dented varieties of corn toward a smoothness at the tip. This characteristic should be avoided. It is one of the first indications of the lack of breeding and proper selection. Most of the corn breeders are now selecting a rather medium dent and are discarding the extremes of both the smooth and beaked types. This practice conforms to the results which have been secured in experimental work and which indicates that such corn will produce the largest yields. The most important single factor to be considered in selecting corn is vitality. It is the greatest factor for our low yield of corn. Ears which will not germinate have no place in a show sample, much less in the corn which has been saved for planting purposes. . Dead ears may sometimes be detected by the "cheesy" appearance of the embryo. The healthy germ should be large, smooth and bright — not discolored, blistered, wrinkled or roughened. When broken apart it should appear fresh and oily and the outside of the kernel should have a bright, cheer- ful appearance. The germ should be of a rather creamy color and rather brittle, although not dry or wrinkled. ChafBness, a white, starchy condition (usually noticed at the crown of the kernel), the adherence of a part of the chaff of the cob to the end of the kernel, or the ad- 682 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE herence of the tip cap of the kernel to the cob exposing the germ are all indications of weak vitality. These tests, however, are merely ex- ternal and they serve merely as a guide for "guesswork." It is difficult for us to determine whether kernels are weak or strong, nor can we tell in plant life where life begins or ends. The only reliable test is the germination box. If every ear of corn to be planted next spring were tested this winter, it would be the most profitable improvement that we could make. Corn should show a reasonably high-shelling percentage — that is, 85 to 87 per cent of corn to cob. The cob should be of medium size. The cob, as the kernel itself, bears the same relation to the ear of corn that the bone does to the animal. It may be too fine or too coarse. A coarse cob indicates poor quality, generally a low-shelling percentage, and fre- quently poor type. Such corn usually drys out slowly and hence it is usually poor in vitality because subject to frost. Small, undersized cobs may contain long, loose kernels with narrow contracted germs, poor in feeding value and low in vitality. A medium sized cob with a kernel slightly tapering toward the tip and of medium depth is to be preferred. Extreme depth is not associated with high-shelling corn. On the other hand, extreme depth usually indicates starchiness, late maturity and low yield. There must be solidity and compactness in our corn, small space between the kernels at the surface and no space at the cob. Finally in the selection of corn, let us bear in mind that it is not merely a selection for show purpose, but that we are selecting corn with the ultimate aim of establishing and improving varieties for the highest yield. A careful test on any farm will convince the most skeptical that the proper selection, grading and testing of seed corn will pay. THE CLOVER AND LIME PROBLEM. WALLACES' FARMEE. Many of the soils of the southern half of the corn belt and some of those of the northern half have become acid, and in order to grow good red clover or alfalfa, require the application of from one-half a ton to three tons of limestone per acre. In many sections of our territory it is possible to spread on the limestone at a cost per acre of not much more than $1 or $1.50, but in other sections it is next to impossible to put on lime with any economy. If our farmers were only awake to the situation they would realize that at the present time we have a lime problem in the corn belt. Beginning with the season of 1909, and omitting that of 1912, most of the corn belt has suffered more or less from drouth. To have so many dry summers in succession is unusual. Year after year our farmers have lost their clover seed, and the next year they have seeded more in the hope that the season would be normal. Probably millions of dol- lars have been lost on account of our inability to secure a good stand of clover during the last flve years. Of course, a number of men have been FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 683 successful. In some cases this has been because their localities have been wetter than the rest of the corn belt. In other cases it is because the soil is sweet, well stocked with humus, and handled just right. A north central Illinois correspondent presents a typical problem as follows: "I wish to know how to get better results in seeding down land. I own 120 acres, which is in a good part of the corn belt. This land is gently rolling, the good and poor land being in irregular patches, caused by draws and ravines making some parts steeper than others. There are about twenty acres of bottom and about sixty of good upland, be- sides forty acres of hillside steep enough to sheet wash during hard rains. I bought this land five years ago. For seven years previously it had been rented to nearby neighbors, no one being on the premises, and consequently the place was entirely without live stock. There was also no grass, and the hillside land had become too thin to raise more than twenty or twenty-five bushels of grain per acre. The bottom land was good, and the level upland was fair. I fenced the place in twenty- acre fields and planned the following rotation: Sixty acres were always to be in grass, forty acres in pasture, twenty acres in meadow, forty acres in corn, and twenty acres in oats in which grass seed was to be sown each year. This would give me twenty acres of sod corn, twenty acres of second-year corn, and twenty acres of oats. I have noticed that nearby farmers have followed this rotation with very good results. They have been able to keep enough live stock to eat all the roughage and most of the grain also. In 1910, I sowed twenty acres to red clover and timothy. It came up fairly well, but it was so dry that year in June that all but about five acres died. I still have this five acres in meadow, but the plants are short and slender, and it usually makes just about one load of hay per acre. The year 1910 was a poor one for grass in this locality, and many fields failed. In 1911, I sowed twenty acres of red clover and timothy, but the season was very hot and dry, and all plants were dead by July 1st. The seeding in this locality was an entire failure even on bottom land. In 1912, I seeded twenty-five acres of timothy and alsike clover. This was a good season for grass, and I got a good stand except on a thin slope. The alsike is now gone, but the timothy remains good. The season of 1912 was generally favorable for getting a grass stand in this country. In 1913 I seeded ten acres of red and alsike clover and timothy on fall plowing. This proved an entire failure. I seeded twenty acres of the same mixture in corn stalks, with oats, and secured a poor stand on the hills and a fairly good stand of timothy and alsike on the level spots. The red clover died during the summer. The season of 1913 was hot and dry, but a generally fair stand of clover was obtained in this locality. In 1914, I sowed twenty acres to red clover, alsike clover and timothy. The red clover is dead, the alsike is going, and the timothy is holding on. The season has been hot and dry. You see that I have had but one satisfactory stand in five years, and that contained no red clover. As far as I am able to judge, the soil is acid. The litmus paper test indicates it at any rate. Sorrel and moss are found nearly everywhere on the hills. I plowed up a five year pasture last spring that had grown little but 684 lO/WA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE foxtail since it was seeded down. Tlie corn on tlie level parts is very rank and thrifty, showing that the soil Is better suited to cereals than to the grasses. I sowed a small patch to soy beans and a patch of sweet clover last spring, and both look fairly well so far. It seems that nearly every year such spells of hot, dry weather occur that the young grass is endangered even on the best of soils, and is usually killed out entirely on soils at all unsuited to grass. This has become a matter of grave concern to all. It is impossible to make enough manure to solve the problem. I am nine miles from the railroad, and the application of lime and phosphate would be a big undertaking. Even if I knew it would be successful, I would have to proceed slowly. If you know of any pasture • grass that would be better than what I have, or some legume that is grown and plowed under, I would be very glad to hear from you. The Income from the pasture and hay land except as a fertilizer Is very small anyway, and I could get along without it for a time if I could keep the land in good shape for grain." Dry weather and acid soil have got the best of our correspondent's clover. Of course he can do nothing about the weather. That will no doubt come back to normal in the near future. So far as we are able to determine from the weather records, dry seasons may continue for three or four years in succession, but sooner or later they seem always to have been followed by seasons moister than usual. Just when the moist seasons will come, we can not say, but It would seem as though they were about due. So far as the acid soil is concerned, our correspondent can do a lot of thinking. There are two ways of approaching the problem. He can sweeten the soil or he can grow crops that will stand acid conditions. The general recommendation is to sweeten the soil by applying from one to three tons of ground limestone per acre. We do not know just how far our correspondent would have to go to get the ground lime- stone, but probably not so very far, for there are a number of quarries in Illinois that have limestone for sale. A list of these quarries can be had from the Illinois experiment station, at Urbana. But with his long haul, the chances are that an acre application of limestone would cost him |4, and the application should be repeated once every four years. We suspect that this application would pay, but can not be absolutely certain. It should be worth while, however, for our correspondent to experiment with a carload of limestone. There is also a slight pos- sibility that this land is lacking in phosphorus. Some soils refuse to grow good clover because of being poor in phosphorus. To determine this point, our correspondent should experiment with rock phosphate, applying it at the rate of half a ton per acre on two or three acres, or with acid phosphate, applying it at the rate of half a ton per acre on half an acre or so. Corn does first rate on acid soil; so do oats, potatoes, millet, buck- wheat, rye and red-top. Strawberries, raspberries and blackberries do better on acid soil than on sweet soil. It is well known that clover and alfalfa refuse to grow well on acid soil, but there are other legumes that get along nicely. Cowpeas, soy beans, hairy vetch and crimson FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 685 clover make a nice growth on acid soil. Since our correspondent is so far from the railroad, it may be that it would be better for him to experiment with crops tolerant to acid conditions than to buy lime- stone. To furnish nitrogen and humus to enrich his soils, he has his choice between cowpeas, soy beans, hairy vetch and crimson clover. Crimson clover and hairy vetch have the same habits, both being seeded in the late summer. They become established before winter, and make a very heavy growth in April and early May, at which time they may be plowed under for corn. Crimson clover is a very tender plant, and generally winter kills north of southern Illinois. Hairy vetch is quite hardy over the entire corn belt, but, unfortunately, the seed is so high in price and so uncertain in quality that most of our readers who have tried it have become disgusted with the crop. That there are wonderful possibilities in this crop as an enricher of acid soil has been demon- strated by an Indiana farmer who, by sowing it in the late summer and plowing it under the following May, has been able to double his corn crop. It is a good plan to seed vetch with rye, using twenty or thirty pounds of vetch seed per acre, and about three pecks of rye. Vetch may fail the first year it is tried, but the second time it is seeded, it generally grows splendidly. We suspect that there are possibilities in growing vetch seed in the corn belt, although no one seems to have tried it as yet. Cowpeas and soy beans are both seeded in June or early July. They may be broadcasted at the rate of six pecks per acre, or drilled in at the rate of three or four pecks. They stand drouth fairly well, and make a good growth of green manure to plow under in the fall or early the next spring. The objection to cowpeas and soy beans on northern soils is that they do not make such a very heavy growth, and, moreover, the price of seed is generally about $3 a bushel. We suggest that our Illinois correspondent try a rotation of corn and oats, drilling in a mixture of vetch and rye with a single horse wheat drill in the corn in August, and plowing the rye and vetch mixture under the next May for another crop of corn. In the corn which is to be followed by oats, no vetch and rye should be seeded. After the oats are taken off and the land is disked up, cowpeas or soy beans might be put in. By following a system of this sort it should be possible to keep up the soil fertility. As to whether or not it would be economi- cal can be determined only on experiment. We suspect that it would pay better to buy the limestone so that alfalfa and red clover might be grown. If our correspondent has the time, money and inclination it would be interesting to compare the two systems. Under the one sys- tem lime would be bought and the humus and nitrogen would be fur- nished by red clover or alfalfa. Under the other system no lime would be bought and the humus and nitrogen would be furnished by cowpeas, soy beans or hairy vetch. Under either system it would probably be necessary sooner or later to buy rock phosphate to keep up the phos- phorus supply. Our readers must realize that it is impossible perma- nently to keep up the phosphorus supply except by applying rock phos- phate, acid phosphate, bone meal, or very large quantities of barnyard manure. 686 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE THE DRAFT HORSE ON THE CORNBELT FARM. BY WILLIAM H. ADE. (In The Breeders' Gazette.) In the spring of 1877, when a lad of seventeen, I started farming for myself on a rented farm in Newton county, Indiana. This is part of the grand prairie that covers central Illinois and extends over a few counties in Indiana, and is one of the favored regions of the cornbelt. The first team I owned that year was a pair of gray mares, weighing less than 2,000 pounds, well mated and very useful for riding, driving, or hauling our crops to market. That was before the day of disc har- rows, self-binders, or gang plows, and we used light walking plows and cultivators. I have owned many horses since but do not think I ever owned a better team for farm work than this pair. Our roads were so bad we could not haul a heavy load except when they were dry or frozen solid. Our farm horses were a sorry lot — a bunch of nondescripts. That was in the day of horse-cars in Chicago. As soon as the street-car horses were out of commission on the pavements they were shipped out to the cornbelt and sold to farmers, who were more than pleased to get them, as they soon recuperated and made useful animals on farms. In the early '80's the great northwest was opened up for settlement and the demand for good cheap work horses was so great that trainloads of our poorest horses found a good market at very high prices. When the farmer started out to replace these horses he wanted something better. This was the beginning of improvement in our draft horses in the cornbelt. The same spirit of wanting something better has been growing ever since, and is responsible for what we often see in our horse market quo- tations, "The farmers are the best buyers." We have been putting forth our efforts here in this county to raise the best draft horses, and I have sold to farmers yearly from fifty to one hundred high-grade draft two- year-old colts to be worked and finished out by the buyers. Many other farmers are doing the same thing on a smaller scale, and it would seem as if we would over-supply the market. A buyer will come in here and in one week's time gather up and ship to the eastern market more good draft horses than I can replace with coming three-year-olds in a year. It only takes one day to ship a load of good horses away, but it takes three years to grow colts to take their places on the farm. Here is where our trouble comes in. For every good marketable draft gelding we raise we have two common ones and buyers run after us to get the good geld- ings and refuse to buy the common ones. Before the buyer leaves the farm he has persuaded us to not only keep the common ones but has talked us into pricing a good mare, and it is the same old story — "I priced her so high I did not think he would buy her." We need more than anything else just now a market for this horse that fails to come up to the different standards demanded by our horse markets. I am willing to go on record as predicting that it will not be many years before we will have a market for this class of horses for slaughtering, and the horse raiser will be rid of a great handicap and FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 687 the supply of our meat products will more equally meet the demand. While in Belgium I met a farmer who had worked in America and spoke the English language, and at his urgent invitation I dined with him. After the meal was over he asked if I knew what I had been eating. I assured him I had the utmost confidence in him as a host, and had eaten what he had put before me and asked no questions. Then he told me the worst, and right there I was convinced and, though prejudiced as all Americans are, I had to confess that "horse meat is good to eat" if you do not know what you are eating. The first thing necessary to raise a draft horse is to have a draft colt. Our farmers now have a very fair start in stocking their farms with a good class of mares, and almost every neighborhood has at least one good imported or American-bred registered stallion of one of the recognized draft breeds. These mares, weighing from 1,400 to 1,600 pounds, mated with a good stallion, produce colts from which we must grow the draft horse. When mares are worked, the colts should be left in a roomy stall in the barn and given all the oats they will clean up. They should weigh at six months old from 700' to 800 pounds. This is the critical time in the life of the draft horse. If properly cared for, he should never stop grow- ing during the first winter and should develop into a big, rugged colt weighing 1,000 pounds at twelve months old. But if he is turned out into the stalk-fields and has to seek shelter on the sunny side of the straw stack he will soon slide into the scrub class and will weigh no more at twelve months than when weaned. On the other hand, perhaps a farmer will kill his colt with kindness and keep him confined in a box-stall and give him all he can eat and drink and will tell how much his colt has gained. In the spring he has developed along with his colt a pair of bog spavins that puts him in the scrub class several degrees below his straw-stack-wintered brother. The happy medium between these two extremes has enabled me to have the best success in colts. If a man will start a colt when taken from the mare in the fall by giving him, in addition to the oats which he has learned to relish, a ration of separated cow's milk, he will soon learn to meet his master half-way when he sees the bucket and will drink more than is good for him, if not prevented. I usually allow a colt about a gallon morning and evening and prefer to feed it while yet warm. Size alone does not make a draft horse; we must have also color and quality. A colt cannot develop these qualities in a box-stall. In raising cattle we strive to put on fat but in raising horses we must develop the muscles or the colt will be useless when put to the hard work for which he is intended. I provide my colts with a good box-stall and see that they have a good bed and a good feed night and morning, and every day they must run at large over the farm. I usually have a bluegrass pasture which has been allowed to grow up in the fall to furnish them some green feed in addition to the fields of standing stalks, the usual winter feed on a cornbelt farm. With this kind of treatment colts will go out in the spring not fat but large, well-developed, healthy yearlings, more than half the job of making them first-class draft horses being accpm- 688 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE plished. If one should have, when he weans his colts in the fall, a blem- ished one or a scrub, he should not be deceived into thinking he can perform a miracle and make a good horse out of a scrub colt. Sell him, if possible, or give him away to a less enterprising neighbor, if necessary, and be relieved of the discomfort of being compelled to see a colt in the bunch you are ashamed of, for it will always be standing between you and your best colt when you wish to show the bunch to visiting neighbors. England with the Shire, Scotland with the Clydesdale, France with the Percheron and Belgium with the Belgian have each made a great success by years of building up and breeding along certain lines until they have attained the size, color and uniformity required in a draft horse. In this country we have tried an entirely different plan. We hoped to get the ideal type by buying from each of these countries their very best and like the magician who puts everything in a hat and stirs them up and by waving his hand and by saying the magic words produces anything one may call for, we hoped by this mixture to produce a draft horse; but we have not yet learned the magic words and our efforts have been a failure. I shall have to plead guilty of attempting this hocus pocus way of building up a draft breed, but after a short trip through some of the breeding districts of Europe I was not long in reaching the conclusion that if we ever wanted to compete with them in the production of any breed of horses we would have to make a radical change in methods. After wasting the best years of my life in raising nondescripts, I am now starting in with one breed and have stocked our farm with some good young mares which I brought home with me from Belgium two years ago; also a few stallions for our own use. I am convinced after my short experience that we can raise just as good horses here by securing good imported mares and stallions as a foundation and giving them our in- dividual attention as can be raised anywhere in the world. With our land selling at $200 an acre and more we must quit raising anything but the best. We should learn a lesson from the farmer of Belgium who pays $24 an acre cash rent for his pastures, buys all his grain from either America or Argentina and then finds his market here in the cornbelt for his horses. I have always thought our state fairs and the International at Chicago gave too much attention to the imported horses and very little, if any, to American-bred horses. The importer who is willing to travel the world over to find the best to put into our showrings and sell to farmers to improve their stock deserves all the encouragement we can give him; but it is not fair to compel a farmer who only raises a few colts each year to go into the showring and compete with the best in the world. He tries the game once or twic6 and gets discouraged and quits. Neither is it fair for the importer, as it is no credit to him, and by discouraging the young breeders he is losing customers for his best stallions. Proper encouragement should be given the American-bred colt and classes made and premiums offered sufficiently large to cover the expenses of the trip to the fair. As superintendent of the draft horses at our Indiana State Fair I suggested a class for the best weanling draft colt, any breed, pure-bred or grade of either sex, and we are offering $100 in FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 689 premiums. The secretaries of the different associations should so adjust their specials that the bullc of the money would go to American-bred horses. The object of our state fairs and the different horse associations should not be to encourage the importation of horses, but rather the en- couragement of the breeding in America of as good horses as we can buy abroad. The prosperous conditions of our cornbelt farms have been a detriment rather than a benefit to the breeding of better horses. A great many of our well-to-do landowners started out bravely in establishing good stock farms and stocking them with splendid horses. The rapid ad- vancement in land values and a gradual realization of the fact that they had enough of this world's goods caused many good farmers to sell or rent their farms and pastures. "Where once grazed good registered mares, corn is being grown and mules are being used to cultivate the fields. We cannot predict the future for the draft horse without taking into consideration the tractor. Our hardest work on the farm consists in har- vesting and fall-plowing. We often hear farmers make the remark, "I would like to own a good team of registered mares if I thought the hired man would not overheat them." Our large fields and the heavy work in August and September have been the ruination of many of our best horses. One hot day with a pushing driver will do the work. I think too much of my good brood mares to work them during the heat of the summer on the binder or on that sure horse-killer, the gang plow. There is need on every farm for a power that will relieve the horse of the killing strains and encourage the farmer to use the mechanical aids and thereby save his good mares for the lighter work and for raising colts. We have a tractor, and while we have not had the best success with it, I think it is here to stay and will be perfected, as has been the automobile. The horse is firmly established on the farm; he can be assisted but never replaced by any other power. The tractor will be the salvation of the draft horse. Instead of being the farmer's slave he will be the farmer's pride, and he will have finer horses and the quality will grow better until the cornbelt farm will be known as the home of the draft horse. A CONVENIENT FARM HOME— HOW A FAMILY SOLVED THE HOME LABOR PROBLEM. BY MRS. R. K. BLISS IN SUCCESSFUL FARMING. Last summer we desired to obtain first hand information in regard to certain phases of farming, and getting a knowledge of real facts would necessitate visiting a large number of farms of all types — good, bad and indifferent. After canvassing every plan that seemed feasible we decided that by far the most practical and satisfactory method of doing this, and at the same time having a vacation, was by traveling by auto. We also decided that Mr. B. should be the chauffeur while I should accompany him in the highly responsible position of private secretary and first assistant in time of great need. (Everyone who drives an auto will appreciate just how responsible was my position.) We therefore purchased a roadster, tent, 44 ^ 690 IQWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE and army cots and proceeded to put our plans into execution, spending most of tlie summer traveling from farm to farm and covering in all about four thousand miles in Nebraska, Iowa, and Minnesota. While Mr. B. got from the farmer the information he desired, I was usually invited into the home. One of the most interesting things I thus learned was how the better farm homes have solved or are coming to solve some of their greatest problems. Wherever we went there was the same old story, "I just can't get anyone to help me in the house." So here and there water, the gasoline engine, and electricity with all the modern improvements and labor saving devices which they make possible are being brought into these homes and are successfully solving the help problem. Not only are they solving that problem but they are entirely doing away with much of the drudgery that has often made the farm woman so anxious to move to town, and are helping in no small way to make the boy and girl see that the farm is one of the greatest places in the world. I was particularly impressed with the farsightedness and good judg- ment which had been displayed in planning and equipping one home which we visited, and much interested in the story of this home as it was told me by the wife and mother. The parents started life with no capital but their strong young bodies and an indomitable courage. They rented for some years and by dint of rigid economy finally bought a farm of their own. There was a small house on the place at that time and in this they lived. As the years passed welcome little strangers arrived and finding this a real home — one much to their liking — stayed on and thrived and grew into strong, lusty, vigorous boys and girls, taxing the capacity of the little old house to the utmost. Finally, the farm was paid for and then money was saved for a new home. But the children were older now and must be kept in school so saving was slow work. PLANNING THE NEW HOME. There came a time, however, when plans for the new house were begun and then what a babble of voices there was as, assembled in family council about the table in the old kitchen, each one voiced the thought uppermost in his or her heart. One mentioned larger bedrooms and plenty of them; another spoke of having enough well ventilated closet room so that clothes could be kept from becoming "wrinkly and stuffy"; another wanted "a nice big dining room so that when there is company, I won't have to wait for the second table." Mary, who is socially in- clined, thought it very important to have a living room large enough for parties and church societies. Then Father, who had noticed Mother's silence voiced what he knew was in her heart: "If we don't have anything else I want Mother to have a good kitchen with plenty of windows and enough built-in cupboards so that she can have everything handy. I've been studying it over and it seems to me that a medium sized room with a place for everything is much better than a great big one with things all scattered out so that a, woman has to walk a mile to get a meal." FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK^PART X €91 This must have been a long speech for Father as he is a man of few words, but Mother's happy smile and glistening eyes as she told me of it showed how glad she was that he had been the one to think and speak of the kitchen. After this day by day the plans grew and took shape. Meanwhile the eldest son, a young man of eighteen or nineteen years, had been reading and thinking. He was naturally of a mechanical turn of mind and one winter while attending a short course at his State Agricultural College had gotten an idea of some of the modern inventions most useful on a farm. Out of doors he had gradually begun making use of various labor saving devices; now the thought came and grew: "Why shouldn't Mother and sisters have their labor lightened in the same manner?" THE BASEMENT. Plans for the house included only a part size basement with one room for furnace and fuel and one for fruit and vegetables. He suggested en- larging the basement, making five rooms instead of two, and having one for engine room, one for dynamo room, and one for laundry. He ex- plained how electricity for lighting might be generated and stored while the gasoline engine was running the washing machine or a pump to furnish the house with water. It seemed like a big undertaking but the more they thought and figured the more they thought they could do it. The mother had had visions of beautiful new furniture for each room but she knew that that could be waited for and so the money intended for furnishings went to pay for the conveniences which make that home what it is today — one of the most perfectly equipped of farm homes. The furniture from the old house was moved over to the new; one or two beds, a dining table, chairs, range and other kitchen equipment were added and the family began to enjoy life in the new home. True the living room was almost devoid of furniture but no apologies were neces- sary, the choice was so obviously a wise one. HOW THE WORK WAS LIGHTENED. And the mother said, "This house with its ten rooms and its large attic and basement isn't so hard to care for as that little house of five rooms. The washings and ironings were so hard to do in the kitchen where we cooked and ate. Now our engine does the washing and while it is still cool in the morning we can finish the ironings with the electric iron. With my built-in cupboards, and dumb-waiter to carry things to the basement to keep cool, I am saved many steps every day. I thought at first that I wanted a summer kitchen in which to cook during the hottest weather — we had a small one built on back of the old house — but instead of going to that extra expense we put a few dollars into a kero- sene stove and a fireless cooker. You would be surprised to see how cool I can keep my kitchen and all my work is done in the one room with no running back and forth." I might add that the laundry chute for soiled clothing and linen which went directly from the bath room on the second floor to a basket in the laundry room was another great time and labor saver. As soon as pes- 692 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE sible they are going to purchase a medium priced electric vacuum cleaner. From my own experience I know they will find this an invaluable help and a great saver of time and strength. The aged grandmother showed us the large airy attic with its great spaces for storage and ample room, too, to hang the whole washing to dry in very cold or stormy weather. SAFETY IN THE BARN. Later the father, who with justifiable pride had been listening as the son explained to us just how the electricity was generated and stored on wash day, added a word, "I was always worrying about fire in the barns when the boys and I had to be in there so much with the lanterns. We had a good electrician wire the barns and milk house for electric lights and now I feel much safer; we need not use lanterns at all and I am sure the wiring is all right. With better light we get through our work quicker, too." What matter that the living room wasn't furnished at once? What matter that new curtains and rugs couldn't be placed in each room? They have chosen the better part. Furniture, curtains and rugs may and will be added little by little, while the larger and more expensive improve- ments, if omitted now, would not have been added in years. Father, mother and grandmother are growing younger in the closer companionship with the children which this mutual planning, mutual fore- going, and mutual pleasure have brought about. There is no danger of that family's wanting to give up the farm and move to town. When the father and mother want to turn the manage- ment of things over to one of the sons there will be built near this one, another house, perhaps somewhat smaller and if desired the same light- ing system may be utilized for both houses. I feel sure somehow that on that farm progress has just begun. Progressiveness begets greater progressiveness. Putting labor saving de- vices into the barns led to putting the best conveniences into the home. Putting electric lights into the house led to having them in the barn. Being alert, open minded and up-to-date in thinking along one line leads to progress along all lines. It means branching out fearlessly. This farmer is already breeding pure bred cattle and hogs. He and his sons will be among the leaders in scientific agriculture in their com- munity as they are now in scientific stock raising. The wife and daugh- ters will be among the leaders in Home Economics. And such progress is contagious. Others about them, who have had even better opportunity financially but have lacked the initiative, will find that they, too, need and can have such conveniences. Although it would be much better to put them in when building, with careful planning a house otherwise satisfactory may be remodeled and modern improve- ments installed. FIFTETENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 693 A SYSTEM OF FARM COST ACCOUNTING. BY C. E. LADD, AGENT, OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT. (Farmers' Bulletin 572, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) INTRODUCTION. The farmer wishes to know how much he is making or losing on his business each year, how much he is making or losing on each crop or class of animals, and how he can improve his business so as to make more money. Cost accounting for the farm is the same sort of work which the large meat-packing companies are doing to learn whether they make a profit on canned goods, smoked meats, etc. The farmer wishes to know whether his wheat pays and whether his cows or orchard pay. These are some of the things which a set of farm cost accounts will show. Many farmers are desirous of keeping accounts of this sort, but do not know how to start. Undoubtedly many are deterred from starting be- cause they believe that they do not know enough about bookkeeping and because they have ifa mind no definite method of procedure. To any such men who desire to keep accounts and who have not worked out a system for themselves, it is believed that the system outlined in this paper will be helpful. Those who are already keeping accounts but are not satisfied with the results obtained may find here some suggestions of value. Farm cost accounting, of necessity, involves many estimates, but there is no reason why one should lose faith or be discouraged because of them. If the worker has reasonably good judgment and is not prejudiced in favor of any crop or animal he can obtain satisfactory results. The sys- tems of cost accounting in use by the large packing companies and by large wholesale grocery houses involve as many estimates and do not give any more accurate results than do well-kept farmers' accounts. Cost accounts cannot be absolutely exact. They contain many es- timates. It is foolish to spend time with refinements in methods of book- keeping that are designed to check exact work to the last cent. In fact, attempts to find insignificant errors often disgust persons with the whole question of accounting. Of the desirability of keeping accounts on a farm much has been said in the agricultural press. In an agricultural survey of Tompkins county, N. Y., made in 1907, it was found that 45 per cent of the farmers already kept some sort of records or accounts. This bulletin simply aims to give a description of a system of farm cost accounting which has been tried for three years in the state of New York with fifty-three farmers under widely differing conditions and has proved fairly successful. It is a method so simple that a farmer can keep it without assistance. TIME REQUIRED TO KEEP ACCOUNTS. The first question which the practical farmer asks about a set of ac- counts is, "How much time will it take?" The time required is one of the chief objections made to most kinds of farm cost accounting. The farmers who have used this particular system during the past year 694 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE answer the question of time by estimates ranging from two to ten minutes a day. The average seems to be about five minutes for the daily entries. To this must be added a number of hours of work at the end of tlie year to close the accounts. This time will vary with the type of farming, the complexity of the business, and the degree of accuracy and completeness with which the accounts have been kept. BOOKKEEPING KNOWLEDGE UNNECESSAKY. No bookkeeping knowledge is necessary. In all the co-operative work done so far, bookkeeping training, as sometimes given in commercial schools, has seemed a detriment rather than a help. Those trained in commercial bookkeeping have a tendency to insert technicalities and com- plexity of entry which would be all right for a business house, but which are entirely out of place for a practical farmer who wishes to do cost accounting. It is not necessary to know the difference between a day- book and a journal or to know how to get a trial balance in order to keep good farm cost accounts. A FAVORABLE TIME TO START ACCOUNTS. Accounts may be started on an ordinary farm any time after the last crop is harvested in the fall and before the first crop preparations are started in the spring. The exact date will depend upon the geographical location of the farm and the nature of the business or type of farming in practice. The time should be as late as possible, in order that there may be the smallest quantity of last year's crops on hand to be inventoried. However, the date should be early enough to give the farmer sufficient time to close his year's accounts, work out results, plan the next year's business, and start new accounts before the spring crop work begins. In a large majority of cases this date will be January 1, March 1, or April 1. For a tenant the date for taking an inventory will, of course, correspond to the date of his lease. REQUIREMENTS FOR KEEPING A COMPLETE SET OF FARM COST ACCOUNTS. In order to have a complete set of farm accounts three records are necessary : (1) An inventory at the beginning and at the end of the year. (2) An account of all money paid out or received. (3) A record of all work done by men and horses during the year. INVENTORY. The inventory on an ordinary farm is a matter requiring from two to five hours' work at the beginning and at the end of the year. The same inventory, of course, is used for closing one year's accounts and starting the next, so that this work is done only once a year. This inventory should be a detailed list, with values, of the following: The farm, sub- divided into buildings and land, each building being listed separately, with the number of acres of land and its value per acre (the total value of buildings and land listed being equal to the value of the farm); the horses, listed by name and giving their ages, followed by other live stock listed separately, giving value per head; machinery, each item being listed separately, except that small tools may be bunched as one item; quan- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 695 titles of feed, produce, and supplies on hand; growing crops (value of labor and materials already spent for next year's crops); cash on hand and in bank; and bills receivable. The total of all these should be found and the mortgage and bills payable, if any, subtracted from it. The difference is what the farmer is worth above debt, or his present net worth. In estimating values, the market price at the farm, or the price at the selling place minus the cost of hauling to market, should always be the standard. The value put upon anything should be what it is thought can be obtained for it at a normal sale and should neither be overrated nor underrated. In either case, one is fooling only one's self. It is better to be fair and unprejudiced and use one's best judgment. Table I. — A sample summary of (in inventory} Item Farm, 200 acres (including- buildings) Cows: 20 head at .$60 15 head at $70 Horses, 6 Machinery Feed and supplies Growing crops (cost of labor and materials). Cash Bills receivable - Total resources Mortgages and bills payable Net worth Gain for the year Mar. 1, 1912 $8,000 1,200 900 783 1,100 110 97 75 12,265 3,125 9,140 767 $ 9,907 Mar. 1, 1913 $8,000 1,050 850 80O 850 125 437 95 12,207 2,300 $ 9,907 $ 9,907 ^In the complete inventory each cow, horse, and machine is listed separately. The form in Table I is presented here as a suggestion as to the way in which the inventory may be classified and summarized after two in- ventories are completed. If preferred, the inventories may be kept on pages by themselves in the financial record book and the entering of inventory values to the individual accounts may be deferred until both inventories are complete and the accounts are being closed at the end of the year. The method of entering these amounts is given under "Closing the accounts at the end of the year." No other account will give so much information for the time and labor expended as the annual inventory. By comparing the net worth as shown by the current inventory with the net worth shown by that of the previous year, the farmer can tell whether he has made a gain or loss and how much, after paying from farm receipts what he has ex- pended for the living expenses of the family. If money has been added to or taken from the business by gifts or by transfer from some other business that is not included in the in- ventory, these items would have to be known in order to tell the gain or loss. Usually the farmer lists all his property in the inventory, so that there is no chance for such an error. He may have only a small 696 lOIWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE amount of cash on hand, as the gain may all be invested in a new team, additional cows, or extra feed. On the other hand, the cash on hand may be much larger than the year before, thus making the farmer feel more prosperous, whereas the number of head of stock or the quantity of feed on hand may be so much less that he has actually farmed at a loss that year. The annual inventory shows the annual gain or loss on the farm business, but it does not show what crops or what animals have made a gain or loss. On nearly every farm where accounts have been kept, the gain or loss for the year resulted from losses on several accounts and gains on several accounts. In every case the farmer was much surprised to see which accounts showed a gain and which a loss. Results like these can only be shown by a complete system of accounts. FINANCIAL RECORD. A record of the receipts and expenditures on the farm is necessary for a complete set of accounts. For this purpose a book called by stationers a "broad daybook," or "journal," is used. The requirements are that there be a place for a date on the left-hand side of the page, a broad space in the middle of the page in which to write explanations, and columns ruled for dollars and cents at the right. The page is ruled and items are entered as shown in the sample account with potatoes in Table II. The financial record book at the end of the year becomes the completed account book and will have a summary of labor entered in it from the work record as described later. A separate account is kept with real estate, each crop grown, each class of animals, machinery, labor, interest, persons dealt with, bills payable and bills receivable, and with such other items as may be found necessary or convenient. The items that make up bills payable and bills receivable should be listed in the inventory at the end of the year, as mentioned, either from memoranda or in any other way which may be found convenient. In closing out the inventory at the end of the year, the items for which money is due or owing should be charged or credited to their respective accounts. When these bills are settled, during the early part of the following year, the entries should be made under bills payable or bills receivable, as the case may be. In this book two pages facing each other are taken for each account. The name of the account is written at the top of the page. The right- hand page is marked "Credits" and is used only to record credits to the account. The left-hand page is marked "Oiarges" and is used only for charges against the account. The pages then appear as shown in the sample account with a crop of potatoes (Table II). FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 6^1 Table II. — A sample account with potatoes in a J.'i-acre field} Charges Credits 1913 Item Amount 1913 Item Amount June 3 Seed, 160 bushels, at 45 cents Corrosive sublimate, 3 $72.00 .30 24.06 .60 1.32 14.40 70.00 151.40 87.76 29.36 12.00 30.00 Oct. 5 20 Nov. 1 Sold, 226 bu., at 60.18 cents $136.00 316.20 4 Sold, 510 bushels, at 62 cents Sold, 241 bu., at $1.083.. Saved for seed, 135 bu., at $1 . 10 Seed, 43% bushels, at 55 cents 261.02 11 July 12 15 Corrosive sublimate, 6 ounces _ Paris green, 6 pounds.— Lead arsenate, 100 lbs... Use of land, 5 per cent on $100 per acre Man labor, 790 hours, at 19.02 cents 135.00 Saved for home use, 16 bushels, at CO cents Residual manure, 60 per cent of 1911 Residual manure, 30 per cent of 1910 9.60 18.00 6.00 Total credits Horse labor, 839 hours, at 10.46 cents Equipment labor, 839 hours, at 3.5 cents Manure, 60 per cent of 1910 application .... Manure, 100 per cent of 1911 application Total charges Gain Grand total . $493.20 388.62 $881.82 $881.82 iln the account book the items for "Charges" will occupy the entire left-hand page, and those for "Credits" the entire right-hand page. Now, suppose that on a trip to town on June 1 one spends $1.40 for horseshoeing, $3 for fencing, $5 for cow feed, and receives a $65 check for 6,500 pounds of milk. The entries are made as follows: The account marked "Horses" is turned to and on the left-hand page is entered "June 1— Shoeing, $1.40." The "Real Estate" account is turned to and on the left-hand page is entered, "June 1 — Fencing bought, $3." The "Cows" account is turned to and on the left-hand page is entered, "June 1— Cow feed bought, $5." On the right-hand page, under this same account, is credited, "June 1 — Milk, 6,500 pounds, $65." These entries are now complete; they will never have to be posted or entered again in any way. It is often advisable to keep a memo- randum book in the pocket in which to make notes when money is paid out in town, so that the items will not be forgotten before they can be entered in the account book. Whenever money is paid out, the farmer turns to the account in the book to which this money should be charged and enters it on the left-hand page. Whenever money is received the amount is credited to the proper account by entering it on the right-hand page under that heading. These are the only entries made. The amounts are charged or credited directly to the accounts to which they belong. To find the account wanted is made much easier by indexing the books in the following manner: Take a piece of adhesive tape about iy.2 inches long, bend it double, and stick it on the edge of the page "698 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE in such a manner that it projects about one-half inch. On this pro- jection write the name of the account kept on that page. Put a piece of tape on each account, arranging them one below the other along the edge of the book so that all can be seen at the same time. Tabs suitable for this purpose can be purchased from most stationers. WORK RECORD. For the work record, a book ruled exactly like the financial record book, iexcept that there should be two double columns at the right of the page, may be used. This should be indexed in the manner already described. In this book no separate pages are used for charges and credits and no entries are made in terms of dollars and cents. In the first double column at the right-hand side of the page are entered man hours and minutes, and in the second are written horse hours and minutes. These headings should be placed at the top of each column, so that the page appears as shown in Table III. This book contains simply a record of the work done on the farm during the year, classified accord- ing to the enterprise for which it was done, and it also gives the date and number of hours of each operation. The sample record with wheat shown as Table III will serve to il- lustrate the way the items should appear in the work record. Table III. — A 'sample work record with wheat. Operation Man Horsei 1912 « m D 3 W S a S Aug. 2 Plowing oats stubble 8 30 17 Rolling 1 45 3 30 '^Horse hours are expressed in terms of one horse for one hour, labor should not be charged against the horse account. Hours of horse Suppose that the date is May 1. The work done on this day aside from chores was drilling in oats 6 hours, with 2 horses; plowing for corn 8 hours, with 3 horses; repairing plow, 2 hours of man labor alone. The entries are made as follows: The "Oats" account is turned to, "May 1" written in the left-hand column, the single word "Drilling" written in the broad space in the middle of the page, and the figure "6" entered under man hours. Since 2 horses were used for 6 hours, the figure "12" should be entered under horse hours. In the same way, on turning to the "Corn" account, "May 1 — Plowing, 8 [under man hours], 24 [under horse hours]" is entered. Turning to the "Machinery" account "May 1 — Repairing plow, 2 [under man hours]" is entered. When this is done, the work entry for the day is complete; it will never have to be posted or written again. The original entry is the only entry made. For chores a special page should be ruled for each month, as shown in Table IV. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 699 Table IV. — A sample heading for a page of an account book shoiving the special ruling required for entering chores.' Horses Cows Poultry Hogs 1013 3 O Minutes o 1 a 3 O 3 a ii o a May 1 2 20 4 IS 30 1 10 etc ^If horses are used in the ehore vork, extra columns must be ruled under each heading to provide a place for the entry of hours and minutes of horse labor. It is more accurate to enter the chores every day; but, if chore time is fairly uniform each day, so that the chore work for the entire month can be based on fewer entries, an entry at tlie beginning, at tlie middle, and at the end of the month will ordinarily be sufficient. Entries should be made at other times if the time spent on chores changes; for instance, when the cows are turned to pasture, when additional cows freshen, or when a change of feed is made which will require more time or less time for chore work. DAILY WORK XECESSARY TO KEEP A COMPLETE SET OF ACCOUNTS. The daily work of .keeping a complete set of accounts ordinarily con- sists in entering receipts and expenses for that day and recording the hours of work done. On many days there are no cash receipts or ex- penses, as these are likely to be bunched on the days when trips are made to town. An actual day's entry made by one of the co-operators was as follows: July 5 Cultivating com Cutting hay Unloading hay Eggs, 35 dozen at 22 eents- Pulverizer repaired Fork bought The entry of these iterns with the filling of the chore blanks for that day, if necessary, should not take more than five minutes. It is being done in less than an average of five minutes every day by 51 New York farmers, whose education varies from that acquired in a district school to that of the college graduate, all of whom are working every day in the field with their hired men. 70a IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CLASSIFICATION OF FARM PRODUCTS AND FEED. Entries of the value of all home-grown feeds consumed must be made in the live-stock accounts. All the feed bought is charged in the financial record book directly against the animals for which it was bought. If the hog feed were to run out some day and a bag of cow feed were taken to the hogs, the entries should be made in the financial record book just as if the cows had sold this feed and the hogs had bought it. At the time of threshing or at the close of haying the total crop may be entered as a memorandum on the credit side of the proper crop ac- count, but the figures are not yet to be carried to the money column. Estimates can be made with fair accuracy by measuring bins and hay- mows or by counting the loads drawn and estimating the average weight. The values will be entered when the product is sold or transferred to the animals. When these crops are fed out, an estimate must be made of the proportion fed to cows, horses, and other stock and these accounts charged with the values thereof, credit being given the crops. The quantity sold will be known from weighing bills or otherwise, and it should be credited as a cash receipt. Whenever grain or hay is fed from the same bin or mow to two or more classes of animals, a day's ration for each class of animals may be weighed or measured once a month or oftener and the proper proportion of the total feed, based on these weighings and the number of days fed, charged to each class of stock. This method will give a reasonable degree of accuracy if weights are taken fairly often. When cows and horses are fed from separate haymows, there will be no difQculty in keeping the feed separate. Where concentrates are purchased in large quantities and fed to several classes of animals, a record may be kept in the feed room of the number of sacks fed to each class of animals. CLASSIFICATION OF TROUBLESOME ITEMS. The entry of some items will be confusing to the beginner. Generally common sense will straighten him out if he will ask himself "What ac- count really deserves this credit?" or "What account really deserves this charge?" 1 The real estate and the machinery accounts usually puzzle the beginner in keeping farm records. The former is more or less of a general ac- count in this financial book and work record. All items for fencing, ditching, improvements, repair of buildings, removal of old fences, new buildings, taxes, and insurance should be charged to this account. ' Many of these are somewhat permanent and are charges which the landlord ordinarily pays on farms leased on share rental. This account shduld be credited with any receipts from land rented out, old buildings sold, stone sold, and other similar items. If any special improvement is made, such as when a line of tile is laid, a building put up, or a silo built, one may open a separate account with it, if so desired. When complete, the cost should be figured and this amount charged against the real estate account as an improvement. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 701 Against the machinery account all costs of repairs to machinery and tools, all harness items, and the purchase of new implements or tools should be charged. This account should be credited with all receipts from sales of old machinery or machinery rented to neighbors. Under the work on machinery will be entered "Getting new plow points," "Re- pairing roller," "Storing away machinery," "Making new whiffletrees," and other similar items. Such work as manuring may be charged against the crop to which it is applied, or an account may be kept with manure and the total cost of manure, including the cost of hauling, may be distributed to the different crops at the end of the year. In this system no account is kept with "General expense." Nearly all items of this kind can be distributed as they occur. For instance, if a telephone is kept for the purpose of directing the hired man, the expense is charged direct to the labor account. If the telephone is kept for per- sonal and general farm use, it may be charged partly to the personal and partly to the real estate account. Such items as postage stamps, if small, may be charged to the farm account, but if a large number are used for one enterprise some of the purchases may be charged to this one enter- prise. It is nearly always possible to scatter the charges to different accounts as they occur. A general expense account, if found to be necessary, should be kept very small. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. There are many miscellaneous notes which it is desirable to keep in the same books with the accounts. Following are some of the entries which have been inserted by farmers and which are especially handy for later use. Sometimes they are merely written on the page where they seem ta belong; at other times they are kept by themselves in the back of the book: Date of "last killing frost in spring;" date of "first killing frost in fall;" date of "death of [horse or cow];" "height of hay [or en- silage!" at a certain date. Other miscellaneous records may be kept, such as herd records, maps of ditches, and maps of the farm, showing the crops for each year. These are not necessary in connection with the cost accounting, but may be kept if the farmer desires, and they will often prove useful. CLOSING THE ACCOUNTS AT THE END OF THE YEAE. Considerable time is required to close the set of accounts. However, this figuring should come in the winter at a time when other work is usually slack and when the weather is more favorable for working in- doors than out. A definite order should be adhered to in closing the accounts. This order may be as follows: (1) The first step is to take a final inventory in the same manner as at the beginning of the year. Thl.s inventory should Include all bills that other persons owe the farmer and all bills which the farmer owes to other per- sons. (2) The list of bills payable should be inspected and any ttems that have not yet been charged should be charged to the proper accounts. For instance, if $15 for labor is still due the hired man at the date of closing-, this item should be entered as a charge against labor. 702 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (3) The list of bills receivable should be inspected, and any items that have not yet been credited should be credited to the proper accounts. For instance, if the creamery owes the farmer $65 for milk and a neighbor owes him for some feed, the $65 should be entered as a credit to the cow account and the feed item entered as a credit to the account from which the feed was originally taken. (4) The record of all feed transferred to the live stock should be com- pleted, charging the various animals and crediting the various crops. Pro- duce raised and fed is charged against the animals at what it is worth on the farm. Suppose, for instance, there were 80 acres of hay with a total yield of 120 tons (20 tons of which had been sold and a credit entered) and that the feed-disposal memorandum showed 60 tons fed to the cows and 15 tons fed to the horses, leaving 25 tons on hand. If hay is worth $12 per ton at the barn, the hay should be credited by entering on the right-hand page of the hay account "60 tons to cows @ $12 = $720; 15 tons to horses @ $12 = $180." Now, charges against the cows "60 tons of hay @ $12" and against the horses "15 tons @ $12" should be made. When the value of the hay on hand, 25 tons at $12, as shown in the record inventory, is entered as a credit to the hay account, the credits to this account will be complete. (5) The various classes of live stock should be credited with the portion of unused feeds which were charged to them at the time of purchase or harvest. These farm items, will, of course, appear in the second inventory under the group headed "Feeds, produce, and supplies." (6) The use of pasture should be credited directly to the real estate or to a pasture account and charged against the animals using it. The amount charged for pasture should be as nearly as possible the market price; that is, the price for which pasture rents in that region. (7) The value of produce used in the house, if not noted before, should be entered. The proper crops or animals should be credited and charges made against the personal account. This item includes estimates of the quantities of milk, eggs, potatoes, and other products used by the family. (8) The entry of value of board, produce, or other allowances furnished to the laborers should be completed. These charges should be made against labor and the proper accounts credited. (9) The value of unpaid labor, such as work by the farmer himself, by boys in the family to whom regular wages are not paid, and milking or other farm work by women of the family should be entered. Make these charges against labor and credit the personal account. (10) The animals should be credited with the value of the manure pro- duced and this amount charged against the crops to which it was applied. The valuation of the manure should be made at about the market price at the farm. To find the quantity produced, a record should be kept of the number of loads hauled to the fields. (11) The proper amounts for the use of the buildings by crops, animals, the farmer, or laborers, should be entered. Each crop, each class of ani- mals, the personal, account, and the labor account should be charged with its proper proportion and credit of the real-estate account. As a general rule, 8 to 10 per cent o^ the current value of the buildings may be charged as rent. The proportion of the whole sum which each class of animals or each crop should pay will have to be determined by the farmer in propor- tion to the amount and value of the space occupied by each. Charges for the use of the buildings on one farm were made as follows: FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 703 (Value of bams, !f2,000; use for one year at 10 per cent, $200.) Amount to 1)0 charged 03 a 3 O a Amount to be charged Percentage of $200 a o E 30 20 10 10 6 $60.00 40.00 20.00 20.00 10.00 Horses 20 5 $40.00 Hay Oats . ^ Corn Total 10.00 Machinery _ Hoffs 100 $ 200.00 (12) Taxes and insurance paid on personal property should be distri- buted to the proper accounts. All land taxes are charged to the real estate account and distributed as part of the "Use of land and buildings." (13) All the hours and minutes of man labor on each enterprise, includ- ing- the chores, should be added up, these totals being brought together and the sum of the man hours on all enterprises found. (14) The total cost of man labor for the year should be found. (15) The rate per hour should be found by dividing the total cost of man labor by the total hours of man labor. (16) The total number of hours found against each enterprise in the work record should be transferred to the same account.s in the financial rec- ord, multiplying each total by the rate to obtain the cost. These items should be credited to labor in the financial record book. "When this is completed, the labor account should balance within a few dollars, though if the rate per hour were carried out in full to the last decimal place the account would balance. A difference of 1 mill in the rate for 6,000 hours would make a difference of $6 in the final results, and a difference of one- tenth of a mill would make a difference of 60 cents. This difference or error is not important enough to consider. It may be carried to the "Loss and gain" account, or it may be added to or substracted from one of the larger items of labor, in accordance with w^hether it is a loss or a gain. (17) All the hours and minutes of horse labor spent on each enterprise, including any horse labor on chores, should be added up, these totals being brought together and the sum of the horse hours on all enterprises found, just as was done for man labor. (18) To find the total cost of horse labor, first the horse inventories shopld be entered, the first inventory as a charge and the second as a credit to the horses. Then the horses should be charged with interest on the average of the two inventories at the current rate in the section and the interest account credited. The ordinary rate charge in most parts of the United States is 5 or 6 per cent on the investment. (19) The sum of each side of the horse account should be found. The sum of the credits should be subtracted from the sum of the charges and the difference will be the net cost of horse labor for the year. No charge is made against horses for the use of the harness and other horse equip- ment, all these costs being charged against the various enterprises in the machinery charge, as hereafter explained, on the basis of horse hours. (20) The rate per hour of horse labor should be found by dividing the total cost by the total hours. The figure thus obtained is the rate per hour. (21) The total number of horse hours found against each enterprise in the work record should be transferred to the same accounts in the finan- cial record, multiplying each total by the rate to obtain the cost. These items should be credited to the horse accounts in the financial record book. When this is completed, the horse account should balance within a few dollars. The reason for the failure to balance is the same as that already 704 idfWA IDEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE given for man labor. To make the account balance, the difference can be added to or subtracted from one of the larger items or carried to the "Loss and gain" account, as stated in paragraph 16. (22) To find the use cost of the machinery, the first machinery inventory should be entered as a charge and the second as a credit to the machinery account, then this account should be charged w^ith interest on the average of the two inventories, as directed for the horse account. The interest ac- count should be credited with the amount of this interest. (23) The sum of each side of the machinery account should be found and the credit total subtracted from the charge total, the same as for the horse account. The difference is the total use cost of the machinery for the year. (24) In order to distribute this cost, it may be assumed that for every hour horses were worked machinery was also used. Then each account will have charged against it the same number of machinery hours as horse hours. To find the rate of cost per machinery hour, the horse hours already charged to machinery should be first subtracted from the total hours of horse labor and the total cost of machinery use divided by this difference. Now the use of machinery for the year should be charged in the same way that the use of horses was charged, except the charge against machinery. When this is complete, the machinery account should balance within a few dollars. The difference may be treated as explained in paragraph 16. (25) Any other accounts of convenience, such as those for fertilizer or manure, if kept, should be distributed. (26) All the remaining items should be entered in the inventories. The inventory values for the beginning- of the year should be entered on the left-hand page of the separate accounts as a charge; that is, the cow in- ventory should be entered on the left-hand page of the cow account, the hog inventory on the left-hand page of the hog account, and the others distributed in the same manner. The final inventory for the year is like- wise distributed to the separate accounts, but the items are entered on their respective right-hand pages. (27) The interest, based on the average inventories against all accounts not already charged, should be charged and the interest accourit credited with the total, using the same rate as that used in charging interest against the horse and machinery account. (28) The proper charge for the use of the land should be entered. The rate should be high enough so that, with the use of buildings as charged in paragraph 11, it will cover interest on the investment in land and build- ings, taxes on real estate, and repairs to buildings and fences, for these items were charged to the real-estate account. Each crop should be charged for the land it occupied and the real-estate account credited. (29) Both sides of the accounts not yet closed should be footed up. The lesser total should be subtracted from the greater in each account. If the charge side is greater the difference represents a loss, and if the credit side be greater, a gain. The sample potato account given in Table II will illustrate a completed crop account. (30) A list of the losses and gains should be made and the total of each found in order to show the net gain or loss on the whole business. (31) Each account and the business as a whole should be studied in order to learn how to improve it. STUDY AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS. Farm accounts are of little use unless studied and conclusions drawn which will enable one to make his business more profitable in the future. It is just as important to study the different items of cost and returns in an account as it is to know whether or not it pays. From such a study it is often possible to learn how to reduce the cost of production or in- crease the returns so as to make a losing enterprise pay and to make a FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 705 profitable one more profitable. In studying the results of a year's busi- ness, one must keep constantly in mind that these are the results of a single year. Weather conditions, crop conditions, market conditions for the year as compared with an average year, must be considered. For instance, potatoes in 1912 showed large losses on many farms because of the low prices and the quantities lost by rot. However, by studying the potato account to find the cost of producing an acre, then, by considering both an average yield and price for the locality, one could draw the con- clusion that ordinarily it would or would not be a profitable business to raise potatoes on most of the farms where potatoes are raised. The potato account in Table II was studied when it was closed, and the following facts were obtained: Total acreage, 14; total yield, 1,128 bushels; yield per acre, 80.6 bushels; total cost of crop, $469.20; cost per acre, $33.51; total value of crop, $857.82; vatlue per acre, $61.27; total profit, $388.62; profit per acre, $27.76; man hours per acre, 57; horse hours per acre, 60; labor cost per acre, $10.81; horse labor cost per acre, $6.27; cost per bushel, 41.6 cents; profit per bushel, 34.4 cents. The average value per bushel was higher than is ordinarily received for market potatoes. Besides the satisfaction of actually knowing what crops or enterprises paid and how much, there are many other ways in which the accounts may be useful. They may be used to study the seasonal distribution of labor on the farm as a whole and on separate enterprises, and also to determine what crops and what animals are the most profitable. By comparing one's results with the facts detailed in bulletins on the same subject, one can find how his efforts compare with those of other farmers as to economy of labor, the working efficiency of horses, and many other points. By keeping farm cost accounts one cannot help but gain an idea of the value of labor. He soon finds that time represents money and that it is equally as Important to save one as the other. He sees that it is just as important to save an hour's work by man and team on an acre of oats as it is to get a yield of an extra bushel per acre and that it is more wasteful to have a team idle than to have one man idle for the same length of time. Farm cost accounts will help to teach one that very often the largest yields may not pay. After closing the accounts the farmer usually gets many surprises. Often he finds that the enterprises which he thinks are the best and to which he devotes most of his time are being conducted at a loss, while the steadier, more common enterprises or crops may be the only ones that show profits. The system of farm cost accounting outlined in the foregoing pages is not a theoretical system, but one which for several years, with many types of farming and under widely differing conditions, has given satis- faction. It is hoped that what has been written will furnish helpful suggestions to farmers who are keeping accounts and are not satisfied with the results obtained from their present system, and that it will be a guide to be followed by many others who wish to keep accounts but have not known how to make a beginning. 45 706 IQWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MOVABLE HOG HOUSES. BY JOHN M. Em'AED AND J. B. DAVIDSON. Bulletin No. 152, Agricultural Experiment Station, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Movable liog houses, properly built and used, are successful. Those described in this bulletin have stood the test at the Iowa Agricultural Experiment station. They are practical and satisfactory, and what is said concerning them and hog houses in general is based on years of thorough investigation and study of the housing of swine by the ani- mal husbandry and agricultural engineering sections. Proper housing is essential to successful swine production, and yet it is ofttimes overlooked. Dry, sanitary, comfortable conditions must be provided if one wishes the best returns in the pork producing business. The hog is not as well protected with natural covering as most domestic animals. He relies mainly on the production of thick layers of fat which provide considerable protection. All hogs are not so fortunate, how- ever, as to be fat, hence they must depend upon their hair or bristle covering which is inadequate, even though abundant, in the zero days of winter. Sensible shelter, therefore, is in order because it saves feed, provides comfort, and, of course, saves money. Swine are quite susceptible to the unfavorable influences of dampness, cold, heat and drafts. The new-born pig, farrowed in January, February, or March, must be intelligently housed in warm, dry, well ventilated quarters if good returns are to be expected. THE ESSENTIALS OF AN IDEAL HOG HOtTSE. The satisfactory house for hogs should possess these requirements: 1. War-mth: The newly farrowed pigs especially demand protection. Early pig production is impossible without warm shelter. Stock hogs thrive best when they are not compelled to "shiver" from cold and thus burn up feed which would otherwise be converted into tissue. The winter- ing sow makes good use of a warm sleeping bed. In truth, all classes of swine demand reasonably warm shelter if maximum returns are expected. Sudden wide ranges of temperature are to be avoided. 2. Dryness: To expect thrift in damp, musty quarters is not logical. The dripping of condensed moisture from roof and walls is seriously objectionable. Metallic constructions are open to deserved criticism in this respect; wooden inside sheathing helps considerably. Masonry unless built with hollow air space is somewhat liable to cause this undesirable condensation. A dry, well-drained floor as well as dry, tight roof and walls are all essential. 3. Abundance of light and direct sunlight: Without sunlight we cannot have a profitable swine husbandry. It is the great and universal germ destroyer and kills disease-causing organisms. It promotes dryness, warmth, and ventilation, thus bettering hygienic conditions. Direct sun- light gives suckling pigs vigor and strength. Direct sunlight should Note. — Acknowledgment is made to C. E. Wright and A. W. Griffin for assistance in the preparation of the drawings. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 707 strike each part of the interior of tlie house at some time during the day; and the pens should be well sunned, especially in the farrowing months of February, March and April. The forenoon sun has unusual value, coming as it does immediately after a relatively long, dark, and ofttimes cool and damp night, so weakening to young and suckling pigs. In the hot summer months some shade should be provided to ward off the direct sun. 4. Shade: The hog actually suffers more from the heat of summer than he does from the cold of winter; he should be protected from both. Feed is wasted in overcoming both extreme cold and severe heat. High temperature dulls the appetite so essential for profitable pork produc- tion. Hogs ofttimes die under the direct rays of the summer sun. 5. Ventilation: The hog demands an abundance of fresh, pure air; this may be easily provided without subjecting him to injurious drafts. Summer coolness is dependent largely on good ventilation. The hog suffers much in a closely confined, ill ventilated place because he is a productive animal that usually works at "top-speed"; especially is this true when fattening, hence he needs an abundance of untainted oxygen for his bodily functions. 6. Sanitfition: To clean and disinfect a hog house thoroughly is often imperative; the building should be free from inaccessible cracks and openings to permit this. Smooth walls and floors without crevices are to be emphasized. Crevices harbor filth, which encourages disease; bacteria that cause hog cholera, contagious sore mouth, white scours, and other troubles; and parasites, such as lice, worms, and mange. Masonry construction offers superior sanitary advantages. Freedom from dust is absolutely necessary for successful sanitation. Dust encourages pulmonary afflictions, manifested by coughing, wheezing, sneezing, gen- eral lassitude, and discomfiture. Dust predisposes to pneumonia, so often fatal. Dust is likely to further worm infection of the lungs and alimentary tract, an avoidable bugbear of swine husbandry. The regular removal of litter and manure is encouraged and made easy by roof doors and gable windows in small hog houses. The more easily one can clean the house the more likely it is to be clean. Bear in mind that the hog is more liable than all other domestic animals to gather disease infection from unsanitary surroundings; he is so anatomically constructed that he always breathes, eats, and drinks close to the ground where infection abounds. 7. Safety and comfort: High doorsills frequently cause abortion. Rough, uneven floors cause much discomfort, particularly to the pregnant sow. Slippery floors result in many accidents. Narrow or low doorways through which swine must squeeze or crawl, are objectionable. Fenders that save the lives of suckling pigs are quite indispensable. 8. Convenience : House details may be arranged to lessen the time and labor required to care for the swine herd. What is considered as one man's convenience, however, may be an inconvenience for his neigh- bor. Yet the following suggestive features are all more or less valuable in hog house building: 708 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Roof doors in small houses and alleys in large houses for quick and easy feeding, removal of litter or manures, and handling of herd. Bins for storage of feeds. Doors and windows which open or close easily and quickly. Room for supplies and appliances, such as veterinary medicines and instruments, feed cooker, water heater, stove, sleeping cot and so on. Abundant water supply for drinking and flushing. "Ventilators, readily adjustable. Litter carriers for. removing manure. Shade devices, handily managed. Attached runners, for quick moving of small houses. Dipping tank, in or near house. Troughs arranged so as to be filled and cleaned with dispatch without interference from hogs. Feeding floor, located in or nearby the house. Breeding crate and ringing chute under cover and near at hand, for winter service especially. Tile drainage for flush water which may be conserved by running into farm liquid manure tank. Minor equipment, such as hurdles, automatic waterers, self-feeders, bar- rel or other storage for slops, and other devices. 9. Serviceability : To be useful every day in the year means that a house must be suitable for farrowing time, for summer shade, and for winter protection. It is economical at times to use the hog house to shelter sheep, especially ewes with lambs, calves, or other domestic animals, thus adding to all around serviceability. However, that is not usually advisable. The more continuous service one secures the less the daily cost for shelter; to obtain a maximum of housing at a minimum of expense is the economic and practical objective goal. 10. Sufficient size to shelter advantageously: The capacity should be consistent with the number, weight and class of hogs to be housed in the various seasons. To avoid overcrowding, have plenty of floor and overhead space; ventilation and comfort is thus promoted. 11. DuraMlity : A house must withstand wind, rain, hail, snow, tem- perature, and the daily wear and tear of actual usage, so as to endure for the greatest term of years. Fireproof construction lessens risk. In general, that building which gives the longest continuous service is the one which is most worthy of consideration. 12. ReasonaMij low first cost: This should be consistent with the service rendered. 13. Minimum cost of maintenance : This charge may be systematically compared in various types of construction by placing them on the basis of the cost per annum, per sow, per litter or per hog in general. A maximum of service for a minimum of upkeep charges is the ideal to work toward. 14. Pleasing appearance: A satisfactory house harmonizes with its surroundings, it is neat in architectural design and sensible in construc- tion. Well chosen paint lends much to its attractiveness. In general, to add to, rather than detract from, the appearance of the farmstead should be the builder's ambition. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 709 THE LOCATION OF THE HOG HOUSE. The prospective site for the liog house should be carefully studied. Some of the more important considerations to be emphasized are: 1. Ecdnomy of labor and time in unanagemcnt: To save time and energy feed, water, and bedding should be near at hand. Locate so the house will fit in with the general scheme for doing farm chores. Un- necessary steps are profitably dispensed with. 2. Sufficient drainage: Rolling ground is unquestionably best for drainage, while low, level land is usually damp and unfit for swine. Sandy soils furnish a desirable base because water drains readily from them. Heavy clay or gumbo water-holding soils are to be avoided. Drain tile may often be used to advantage. 3. Sunny exposure: Select an open, well-sunned space because the direct sunlight must reach all portions of the house. Avoid the heavy shade of trees and other buildings. 4. Southern slope: The southern slope is preferable because of its warmth, which means much to the successful raising of suckling pigs. Warmth, dryness, and natural air drainage, all conducive to the best results with pigs are promoted by the southern slope. 5. Protective ivindhreaTcs : The extreme cold winds in Iowa come from the northwest. The most efficient site therefore should be to the southeast of a good, substantial windbreak of hills, trees, buildings, fences, or their happy combination. 6. Ncfirness to pasture and summer shade: Convenient pasture and shade are both indispensable for economical pork production. 7. Suitable elevation: The high situation is apt to be bleak, cold, and difficult of approach; the low, damp and unhealthy. The happy medium of elevation is indispensable for the good of both man and beast. 8. Prevention of odors reaching dwelling: Inasmuch as somewhat un- pleasant odors may possibly be carried to the farm dwelling, the piggery should be a reasonable distance therefrom, and preferably not in the direction from whence the prevailing winds come. 9. Lessened risk from disefisc infection: Locations in close proximity to public highways, railroads, and open waterways, unless free from possible infection, are to be avoided. The neighbor's herd may carry infection; and that source of danger should be considered. A reasonably complete isolation of the swine herd is advantageous. THE TWO TYPES OF HOG HOUSES. Piggeries are of two general types, the large centralized community, or stationary, and the small, individual, or movable. The centralized house generally contains a number of pens which may or may not have removable partitions. It is a comparatively large, elaborate, and durable structure. Undoubtedly there is much of merit In the centralized system of swine housing and management. Extensive investigations which cover the construction of this type of house have been and are now in progress at the Iowa Agricultural Experiment station; the results will be published later. 710 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE The individual liouse lias but one pen, hence the name; this usually accommodates a sow and her litter. It is small, simply constructed, and comparatively durable. The happy combination of the two types of houses, the centralized supplemented with the individual, finds favor in the practice of many most successful swine men. Each type of house has its own peculiar advantages and disadvantages, whereas the two together so counter- balance in their merits and demerits as to make a very efficient, practical system of swine housing. Our own experience and observation leads us to believe in the combination system. The value of the individual housing system is recognized in a general way by many hog men; however, few realize and appreciate all the advantages thereof. A careful study of the advantages and disadvantages of this system will repay in that it will enable one to determine the adaptability of this type to local conditions. ADVANTAGES OF THE MOVAIiLE IIOtTSE (COMPAKED WITH THE CENTUALIZED) . The arguments for the movable house may be summarized as follows: 1. Location may be changed tvhen desired^: The movable feature is important. The house may be situated as demands vary so as to: (a) Provide easily accessible pasture; (b) furnish protection from the ele- ments and disease; (c) be convenient to other buildings, water, and shade; (d) economize fencing when providing individual pasture for sows and litters, or other hogs; fenced lanes or runways are thus dispensed with; (e) encourage exercise, especially for pregnant sows and growing pigs; (f) be near common feeding floor; (g) supply shelter for hogs following cattle, other than that in general sheds; (h) afford housing for the sow that unexpectedly farrows in pasture or field; (i) render greatest possible service throughout the year. Adaptability to varying conditions insures a maximum of usefulness. 2. Isolation may he secured quickly and conveniently : The separa- tion of swine from others of their kind is of special value at times because: (a) quiet at farrowing time is assured. (b) Uniform development of the suckling pigs is encouraged; dis- turbances such as the troublesome squealing of pigs from other litters, and the clamoring of disgruntled sows are eliminated. Robbing being restricted within the litter, is reduced to a minimum. The isolation of swine in secluded pastures is an ideal method for the promotion of even development. (c) Danger from loss is minimized. Spread of disease among the herd is retarded. Huddling, piling up, fighting and other unfavorable results are largely avoided. (d) Developing boars may be segregated. The prevention of acci- dental breeding is thus brought about; in addition, conditions for de- velopment and prospective sale are bettered. 3. Sanitation is promoted: The movable house promotes health con- ditions in that: (a) Surroundings may be changed to prevent infection by disease such as hog cholera, contagious white scours, infectious sore mouth, and others. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 711 (b) Rotation of hog pastures and lots is easily and cheaply brought about, thus avoiding parasitic infestation, internal by worms (round, thorn-headed, tape, lung, pin, and others), and external by lice and mange). (c) A proportionately greater amount of light may enter if the roof doors are fitted with sash lights as in the Iowa Movable Hog House. (d) A more thorough airing and lighting is possible in that the roof doors, gable windows, sides, and general door may all contribute. These openings have an area which is proportionately greater in relation to the capacity than those in the centralized. It may be possible in the large type to provide as great a proportionate area of windows and doors, but hardly practicable. (e) Floors are likely to be more dry and sanitary because the manure, both solid and liquid, is usually deposited in the lot or on the fields where needed. Of course when the doors are closed, preventing free exit of the hogs, this sanitary advantage is absent; likewise in very cold weather the hogs often manure in the house. Feeding and watering is usually done outside, this also tending to keep the swine healthier because of the drier, cleaner, more sanitary floor and bedding. (f) Dust is not so liable to be a menace where dirt floors are de- pended upon; mere moving solves the difficulty. (g) Quarantine of acquired animals may be efficiently enforced. The small movable house with dirt floor is a convenient and effectual deten- tion hospital. 4. Construction is simplified: Some features which save time and energy are: (a) pig saving fenders are' not necessary on the sides of the "A" shaped type because of slanting roof; (b) permanent foundations are dispensed with; (c) the building can be constructed under cover, thus avoiding the cold weather of winter and hot sun of summer; (d) the location need not be determined definitely because of the movable feature; (e) prospective planning as to methods and details of con- struction is reduced. Building of the small, individual houses may be done quickly by anyone having a working knowledge of carpentry. Many Iowa boys have successfully built the individual hog house. 5. More practical and economical for beginners and Oivners of small herds: Requires but a small initial outlay because of low first cost. The prospective swineman is thus enabled to gradually add to his housing facilities as his herd increases. 6. Adaptability to the renter: Being a movab'.e, economical unit, the man who rents can better afford this type than the larger one, should the landlord not care to furnish hog houses. The knock-down style makes it easy to transport in compact form. 7. Artificial heat in feic pens easily supplied: In ordinary weather the animals furnish sufficient warmth; however, when extreme cold pre- vails provisions for heating is in order. The common barn lantern usually provides sufficient warmth, but sometimes the small kerosene heating stove may be advantageously pressed into service. 712 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 8. Fire risk is lessened: Isolation of the small houses insures slight risk from fire. Furthermore the danger to other buildings is minimized. 9. Supplements the eentralised house: The combination of the cen- tralized stationary and the individual movable furnishes a most complete system. One house is hardly sufficient no matter how large; it lacks adaptability necessary to meet all of the demands and needs of the swine herd. To have the sows farrow in the centralized, and then transfer them with their litters to the individual houses in from two to five weeks, depending upon the weather and other local factors, is a commendable, sane, and practical method of procedure. Such a successful system is followed quite widely in the middle west. The general appear- ance of the farmstead is improved by a well chosen arrangement of both types. DISADVANT.^GES OF THE IIOVABLE HOUSE (COMPARED WITH THE CENTRALIZED). The arguments against the individual house are given: 1. Time mid labor required greater: More energy and time are needed because facilities for feeding, watering, dipping, ringing, castrating, marking, breeding, and weighing are not so convenient. To have all sows under one roof during farrowing season contributes much to the efficiency of labor. 2. Durabilitif less: The movable feature has its drawbacks in that it somewhat reduces the years of service. Masonry construction, so desirable because of its durability, cannot be used with practicability. 3. Feed stor\age and fresh water supply imjiractical : Convenient in- door bins of feed and taps for water are most desirable. A mixing room with feed cooker and other appliances adjacent to the feeding alley is not possible. If the individual houses are permanently located, especially in a group, these disadvantages may be largely disposed of; storage within the small house is rarely practiced. 4. Exposure for herdsman greater: The caretaker is compelled to work outdoors regardless of weather conditions. 5. Close attention to herd impossible: At farrowing time especially, vigilant attendance to the herd is of great importance; with sows under several roofs this becomes very difficult. 6. Heating several pens difficult: To keep heat uniform in several houses is troublesome because the many lanterns or small heaters, as well as the ventilators, require constant care. 7. Lighting apt to be deficient: Movable houses are usually con- structed with little provision made for lighting; this defect is overcome in the Iowa individual house with roof sashes. 8. Ventilation not as systematic: The ventilators are usually not adjustable. The house presents a greater possibility of introducing the principles of the King System of ventilation. Furthermore, the over- head space is generally less, requiring a more frequent changing of air. 9. Site selection more complex: One site is more easily picked than several, as is necessitated with many individual houses. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 713 10. Common feeding floor not so likely to be used: The movable houses are not likely to be attached to the floor for feeding and because it is somewhat troublesome to move them to the floor, the tendency would be to feed on the ground. 11. Dfinger greater ichen grouped: Huddling and piling up is to be carefully guarded against when several individual houses are assembled in a common yard; under such circumstances the hogs tend to crowd into a few houses rather than to distribute themselves evenly among all. 12. Secluded sicine fight more when herded: Isolated swine, especially sows, when turned together quarrel considerably, resulting in various injuries, loss of flesh, and sometimes death. 13. Sanitfition may he discouraged: Masonry construction which has much sanitary merit is precluded from the materials used for building. The removal of manure from the houses to the fields, other things being equal, is more likely to be neglected in that it is a greater task to gather it from several sources than one. Steel rail litter carriers are not practical in small houses. 14. Equipment usually larger: To facilitate the work of feeding and watering, a horse and low wagon, or stone boat with its extra barrels or tank is quite essential, especially when the houses are widely dis- tributed. 15. Advertising value less: The general appearance of a few, or even several individual houses, is not so impressive as that of the more elaborate, centralized house or a combination of the two types. TYPES Oi" MOVABLE HOUSES WITH DESCRIPTION. A large number of movable houses have been erected by the animal husbandry and agricultural engineering sections. Many of these differ simply in the arrangement of doors, shade lifts, ventilators, and win- dows. It is unnecessary to describe all of the different houses investi- gated, but the details of construction of six distinct types with sug- gestive modifications is given here. These houses have proven satisfactory in general service, but the special adaptations of the different types are dependent upon local conditions. The movable types of which photographs are shown, specifications drawn, working drawings presented, etc., are: I. Iowa Gable Roof House. II. Ames Combination Roof House. III. "A" House — (Doors Hinged at Side). IV. "A" House — (Doors Hinged at Top). V. Tepee House. VI. Economy House. THE IOWA GABLE ROOF HOUSE. The Iowa gable roof house has for many years been successfully used by the Iowa Agricultural Experiment station. It is simple of construc- tion and presents a very attractive appearance. (See figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.) Some of its good features are: The perpendicular walls enable the floor space to be utilized to good advantage, permit of shade 714 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and airing doors, make possible considerable of overhead space, add substantially to the general attractive appearance, and encourage ease of moving. In moving houses with upright walls a very successful method of procedure is to take a strong heavy rope, throwing it entirely over and around the house so that it is snug up against the walls; fasten same to a clevis, hitch a team on, and take the house where wished. The framing structure of the Iowa house is rigid and substantial, this insuring durability. The roof doors, preferably placed on the east or south roofs and attached at the side, enable one to open the house for sunlight and aeration, thus increasing sanitation. The entrance door may be placed either in the front end or in the side of the house, according to the wishes of the herdsman; the location of the door in the "A" house has the disadvantage in that it must neces- sarily be placed in either end. CONSTKUCTIOX DETAILS. In the building of movable hog houses there are a number of features of construction which should be thoroughly understood; these follow: 1. RUNNERS. The runners or skid.s provide the foundation of tlie movable liou.se. The run- ners should be of sufficient dimensions (4x4 of tiie more durable woods like fir and cypress are good) to hold the house well off the ground. The use of short- lived 2-inch material, which decays when placed in contact with ground, can- not be advocated. Shoeing the runners with steel of about the thickness of the ordinary farm wagon tire is sometiines practiced, but this is quite expensive and hardly worth the extra cast ; in truth, unless the houses are moved very often they are of scarcely any advantage. Concrete runners have been quite successful when constructed so that they may be fastened to a floor by means of an attached dimension piece placed lengthwise thereon. These concrete runners commend themselves when a large number of houses are to be built, inasmuch as the cost of making is thei-eby decreased considerably in that the initial expense for foims and other concrete making accessories is distributed over more runners. 2. FLOOR. All of the houses described, with the exception of the "Economy," have 2- inch floors. If desired, 1-inch material may be used if joists are used to stiffen the floor. The use of inch material somewhat reduces the cost of the house ; generally .speaking, however, the 2-inch floor is preferable. The material which enters into the construction of the floor should be resistent to decay. White or yellow pine. No. 1, is figured on the bills of material ; the white is more satisfactory than the yellow, especially if the ground is damp. Many of the experiment station houses have floors made of fir, a very substan- tial durable wood, but fir is somewhat more expensive, although better, than pine under average Iowa conditions. A few hemlock floors have also been used with fair satisfaction ; the hemlock gives good service if not kept in contact with the ground. One can do without wooden floors if wished, the cost of a 6x8-foot house being decreased thereby about $3.00, or actually with $30 lumber, $2.88 ; the cost of laying the floor would also be eliminated. Earth floors kept dry, free from dust, and sanitary, are most excellent in sum- mer as well as in winter if the houses are well banked to prevent under drafts. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 715 L'ii;'. 1. Ijwa, Cj.'.j1u lluui. iluute. i-'iont viuw : paitially open. Shown without ventilator ; see Fig 2. Fig. 2. lowti Gable Roof House. Rear view ; closed. Xote improved peak ventilator. 716 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Fig. 3. Iowa Gable Roof House in Spring and Fall. Front and End view, showing doors on south ; arranged for sunshine. Fig. 4. Iowa Gable Roof House in Summer Service. Side and End view, doors open ; arranged for shade. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 717 3. FRAMING. Tlie design submitted is of a rather substantial frame built of 2x4-inch ma- terial. It is entirely possible to build this house with much less framework, but the more substantially built house is desirable. White or yellow pine, No. 1 or No. 2, may be used in the framework. Tlie construction of the frame is clearly shown in the drawing. Wind braces in the roof framing on the slope opposite the hinged roof doors are quite essential in that tliey prevent distortion when the house is moved; they likewise add much to the general rigidity of the roof, thus insuring that the doors fit more closely. 4. AIDING AND ROOF. Tlic Iowa house is covered with 10-inch shiplap whicli is tight and sheds water quite satisfactorily. While pine No. 2 is recommended for both the roof and sides inasmuch as it stands the weather to great advantage, not shrinking so as to necessitate the addition of battens, nor emitting a rosin which is not only disagreeable to the herdsman but causes the paint to peel. Some of the station house roofs were made of yellow pine ; it was not long before cracks appeared between the boards because of tiieir shrinkage, thus necessitating the addition of battens. If so desired the white pine roof can also be battened but this is hardly necessary imless roofing boards (not shiplapped or grooved) be used. If an exceptionally warm house is demanded one can use double siding and roofing with interlaid tar paper ; ordinarily, however, this is unnecessary under Iowa conditions. 5. DOORS. Location, size, and general character of the doors mean much to the con- venience of the hog house. There are entrance, end, and shade doors each of which deserves mention. A. Entrance Door. — This door may be placed in the middle of the gable end, or near one corner of the end or side. The corner location, whether it be in the side or end. Is the best because the swine are better protected from drafts and storm, and bedding is not so apt to be blown or carried out. The size of doorway called for in the original plans, 22x26-inch, may be made larger, higher especially, by building the sides higher, say 6 inches or so. Some of the large breeds demand higher doorways than specified. The southeast corner door makes it possible for the direct rays of the early morning sun to fall upon the floor of the inner house, thus promoting growth and general vigor of the pigs. When the door is at the corner it is necessary that hinges be used for at- tachment whereas the central location en.ables one to have the more serviceable sliding door which is firmly held in place by guides and easily fastened with a solid, substantial pin or bolt. A piece of burlap hung over the doorway furnishes an automatic door but its serviceability is short. Another sort of automatic door may be made by means of straps (ropes or heavy dog chain may be used) and light pieces of about lx2-inch or 3-inch dimensions. Simply nail the straps down on both ends of the previously arranged lx2's or lx3's sawed to fit the doorway horizontally, and placed side by side. The straps must extend beyond the combination of pieces so as to enable attachment to be made to the casing above the doorway from which the door swings. This door may be made of rope by boring two holes in both ends of the cut cross pieces and then weaving the rope therein. Generally, however, the more rigid doors are to be advised because of their dura- bility and other obvious advantages. With the automatic doors described the hogs are not easily .shut in or kept out of the house. B. Roof Doors. — Doors in the roof economize management of the swine ; in addition they permit the interior to be thoroughly sunned and ventilated. The roof doors had best be on the east side of the houses which have the entrance door on the south end ; this is in order to take advantage of the successive early morning and forenoon sun. When the entrance door is in the east corner of the .south side wall (see fig. 3) the roof doors should be on the south or sunny side. 718 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 6'-e" VenfilsJ-or, ez>.ch enc/ Jinimal H(^sbandry Secf/onS'. ' ■Jo wo ^penmenf- 5iaiion • Fig. 5. Iowa Gable Roof House. Side elevation. 5fop she&^ihing here to provide openina. for venfil&.for Th/3 si'c^e of roof 5hes>.ihed iighf 2h/ngec/ doors or) fn/s .5/(5^ Eye bo/f- for ho/d/og ^ do or 5 open. 3 oh fh/s s/de. Hinge iurned up over 2'>^4'pki& 5ide J)rawn try CSWrighf- G-O •Agrlcu/fura/ Engineerinff S Animal Hu3bandry Seciions • •Iowa Sxperimerrf' Station • Fig. 6. Iowa Gable Roof House. Front end elevation. If larger doorway is wi.slied make sides higher. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 719 720 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE /n place Aqriculhjral Snqineering ■ B Animal tiusbandri/ Sections- lon-a ^xp^ri.Ttent Station • Fig. S. Sash for Admitting Sunlight nurinar Cold Weatlier. sasli in place. Drawing showing The roof doors may be liung at the side (see figs. 1 and 15) or at the top (see figs. 10 and 23). The side attacliment allows of a maximum of sunning and convenience, whereas when hung at tlie end considerable shade is possible. Tlie top hinged doors may be arranged so as to be turned back upon tlie op- posite roof, thus enabling the herdsman to attend to the swine without a trouble- some door overhead. The arrangement of window sash in the doorways of the roof is a commend- able feature (see figs. 3 and 8) ; especially is this true wlien early pigs are farrowed : It is entirely optional with the builder as to wliether or not the sasli be included. The window sash are best made removable so as to avoid accidental breal^age when not in use. When the houses are moved the stresses may be such as to twist the window frames and crack the glass. The sash should fit snugly to avoid leakage. Standard size sash are preferable as they are more economically purchased than when made to special order. In general the glass sash in roof are of much service in the winter, early spring and late fall. It is quite surprising to the novice to find how much warmer the house is when fitted with glass than when not. One can secure an abundance of sunshine without cooling the house by opening the doors — a necessary pro- cedure when sunshine is wished in houses not equipped with sash. C. End Small Doors. — To provide ventilation and furnish means for a con- venient method of observing the swine the small end doors usually placed well toward the comb are a valuable addition ; these, properly located, may be made of glass. U. Shade Dooi's. — Swine demand and must have protection from the hot summer sun ; the shade doors solve the problem of furnishing a warm, dry, airy place for rest and comfort. These doors had best be thoroughly re-enforced at the hinges to insure stability and service. 6. FENDERS. For the protection of pigs at farrowing time fendei-s may be provided on the sides and ends of the house. A satisfactory protective fender is made by fasten- ing 2x4-inch pieces flatwise six inches from the floor. If the sides of the house are made into shade doors tlae fenders along these sides should be made de- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 721 tachable. The removable fenders can be so cut as to fit in place upon the end fenders, which are securely spiked in place, and held firmly thus with an easily withdrawn bolt or spike. 7. VENTILATORS. A satisfactory scheme of ventilation is provided by leaving an opening of moderate size beneath the ridge pole, protected by nailing a wide triangular board under and flush with the edge of the extending roof boards. The wind is prevented by this arrangement from sweeping through the house. A large ven- tilator may be provided throughout the length of the entire ridge by leaving an opening of two inches or so, protecting same with a false comb. Sometimes the smaller movable houses need a maximum of ventilation to insure dryness and fresh air, hence this suggestion. However, the use of the extended ridge venti- lator necessitates that the roof doors be cut short at the top so as to easily clear the false protective comb. 8. PAINTING. Not only will the expense in painting the wooden movable house prove a good investment in prolonging the life of the building, but it adds sufficiently to the appearance of the house to justify the expenditure. Any good outside paint will be satisfactory, but two coats should be given to insure that the wood be thoroughly covered. Some successful swine raisers practice the spraying of their hog houses, both inside and outside, with creosote oil or other similar preservative liquid. These liquids not only preserve the wood, but also act as disinfectants ; they help especially in the eradication of lice and mange. Creosote oil stains the wood black and sometimes makes it streaked, thus possibly making Its use objection- able from the standpoint of appearance. THE AMES COMBINATION ROOF HOUSE. The combination roof hog house (see figures 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13) is built with doors in the roof so as to provide a maximum of direct sunlight. The walls are higher than those of the Iowa gable roof type house. The higher the walls the more building material is required, hence the more expensive the house. However, there is more room in such a house for an attendant. The drawings and figures indicate clearly the arrangement of doors and gen- eral details. The materials and construction details are similar to those of the Iowa gabla roof house. THE "A" HOUSE (DOORS HINGED AT SIDE). The "A" house is a simple structure (see figures 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21), which can be easily and quickly erected. The "A" type has proven to be very satisfactory ; it is strongly recommended by a vast number of practical swine men. The slope of the roof is such as to obviate the necessity for protective in- terior fenders along the sides ; they are needed across the end. The specifications submitted call for a very substantial frame with a two- inch floor. A lighter frame may be used if one wishes to reduce the cost. The substantial construction is much more durable and satisfactory, and it is to be recommended. The dimensions of the "A" house may vary considerably. The detailed plans (see figures 16. 17 and IS) show a house 6'xS' in floor size with the ridge a little over 6' from the floor. "With this style of house if the peak is made lower than 6' it will be necessary to use a swinging door hinged at the top be- cause the lower house will not permit the sliding door to be raised high enough. The Economy house (see figures 32, 33,- 34 and 3.5) is built with a 5'x7' floor size, with the ridge 5' from the ground. This is also a satisfactory size but it is to be remembered that the Economy house as presented is doorless. In choos- ing a certain dimension one must flgure closely, among other things, on the size of house which will insure that the lumber entering into the construction there- of shall be cut with a minimum of waste. 46 722 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Fig. 9. Ames Combination Roof House. Front and End view ; closed. Door in side; compare to Fig. 10. Improved ventilators may be placed at peaks ; see Fig. 2. Fig. 10. Ames Combination Roof House. Side and Front view; all doors open. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 723 /S'sfrA/D h/nges,exira wicfe -8-6- ^^ Doo m&de ^'-i' -3'-C /rom/ '■/(ysh/p/isp ^^ .^_ \3'-e m&j.-/e fror.-> r>t/C!MplAp -rr^^^^rf^- l/e'afn^h/nges.dx/r^p. wide iwi ^° sapfixr^^ hinge screws <^j ^yDoor 'iZ'^" " 8-0' \^<3/^/,n door for- \^5°°'u3.°1^'^'^'^ \ W door b&ffep J Wooden Pin ■^'x:^' f)r ranr>er- ZIran-n b^ C£Wr-ighi 6-0" * A^ricL/iiura/ Sngineer/ng & J^inoal Hjsbanary Secfiona • Fig. 11. Ames Combination Roof House. Side elevation. 2 h/naed doors o/o m/B side 777/5 51 de cf roof sheisihed fighi' Eyebo//-, 3 on fh/'s 3/dB of roof. QideJ^oor ' 2-3'x8' ' jyricu/fara/ £naineerinq 8c Aiiim^/ Eusbandry Secr/ons. • » roi/va £x.perimsni S^ar/on • Fig. 12. Ames Combination Roof House. Front end elevation. 724 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ^■5 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 725 Tlie floors may be differently arranged depending upon local conditions, the preferable sliding entrance door is pictured in figures 14, 15, 17, 20 and 21, whereas the swinging top hinged door is shown clearly in figure 19. It may be advisable to put three hinges, thoroughly reinforced with battens, on doors that swing at the top in order to make them more durable. If entrance door larger than 22"x26" is desired for tall swine, make house higher and wider to allow for same. Manifestly one disadvantage of the "A" house is that there is but little prac- tical choice in the selection of a door site. It must necessarily be placed in the lower middle of the ends. The side, shade or sun doors had best be on the east side when the entrance door faces the south, or on the south side if the entrance is on the east. With such doors on the east advantage is taken of the early morning .sunshine, which is much more effective than from the afternoon sun when one is sheltering suckling pigs. It is quite desirable to sometimes make the side doors double (see figures 20 .n.nd 21) in that one can close the lower portion to facilitate the handling of sow and pigs. The double doors are shown wholly and partially open in the self-ex- planatory photographs (see figs. 20 and 21). The ventilators may be constructed in various manners. The improved venti- lators as constructed in the gable ends just under, the comb of the house (see figure 14) are satisfactory in that they give systematic ventilation and present a very attractive appearance. Another type consists of a false comb or small cap which fits the opening in the ridge near the middle point (see figure 19). This fal.se comb or cap may be inade to extend throughout the entire length of the house, but care should be taken in fitting the side roof doors to allow suffi- cient clearance. All of these ventilators are efficient. The serious disadvantage of the "A" type of house is that it does not effec- tively furnish shade on the hot days of summer. To offset this disadvantage we are presenting an "A" house with side doors hinged at the top (see figs. 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26), a house which is somewhat better for svmimer thah the regular "A" type house just described. "A" noiJHE moons hinged at top). This type of house differs from the other "A" house presented in that the side doors are hinged at the top in order to pi'ovide shade. (See figures 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26.) This type of house is used in the South, being somewhat similar to design proposed by the Mississippi Experiment Station. If one wishes an "A" house to be constructed so as to provide some shade this method of hinging the doors seems to be the only favorable solution. . One cannot satisfactorily hinge the ends so as to form a horizontal shade device as in the Iowa and Ames types because one end Is broken by a door and the other is usually on the north side where shade is already present. If the "A" house faces the east then such a shade-lift provision may be made on the west end. The side door hinged at the top is not as effective a shade device as the hori- zontal shade doors on the Iowa gable and Ames combination roof types. One is compelled to maintain the doors at too great a distance from the ground, thus reducing the shaded area, furthermore most of the front portion of the house when facing the south is not protected from the direct rays of the sun. The shaded area is likewise quite variable, moving as it does in accord with the circling sun. The heavy shade doors are somewhat unhandy to manipulate and do not easily permit of sunning of the interior of the house so essential in the raising of early spring and late fall litters. Taking everything into consideration, how- ever, this type of shade construction in the "A" house is as efficient as any so far proposed. The side doors are best held up by means of supports which are firmly at- tached to the rafters of the frame by means of bolts (see figure 26). It may be advisable to attach the top end of these supports while in service temporarily to the roof shade door in order to keep same from lifting when strong winds blow. The shade doors may be held up by means of heavy wires attached to eye bolts in the ends of the doors and close to the ridge of the roof, but one 726 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Fig. 14. "A" Hou.se (Doors Hinged at Side). Side and Front view; closed. I'ig. 15. "A" House (Doors Hinged at Side). Side and Front view; all but rear door open. Side doors are preferred on East Roof when en- trance door faces South. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 727 8'-(S'- /'>'2'sirip n&j/ed TO center rAffe^Zjr^ * Agr/cu/fur-a/ :C^gineer/na S Jlnima/ IfuSDOnanY Secfions ' Joujo £xpGrimenr 5f. venfi/dkioP 2 doors on /A/s side, eAch 3''' 7-^,' hinged i^ three poinfs wiih / wide Mrss-p hinges Drop Doori |^^;'::-|?^S//9//7.'? Z"* 4'3-fudd/ng SECTIOn TTim DOOR GUIDS Th/s side of rocf she&,fhed H^hf- Z' >\h/"ho/e in door end 2 in side of house fo hold &. wooden pin for locking door open or c/osed. \4':-"4'flr runner ,^^r^^^ 4'" 4'fir runnej ^shffener I ^'-^'— ............. ^ A - e-o'^ — JCnJma/ Moaoorkfry ^Secnons • Fig. 17. "A" Hou.se (Doors Hinged at Side). Front end elevation, doorway larger build house higher and wider. To make 728 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 729 must use very lieavy wire and fasten the eye bolts in such a manner that there will be a minimum of stress. The eye bolts as shown in figures 22 and 23 should be placed nearer the ridge than shown in order to be servlceably suc- cessful. Ordinarily when it is quite windy, this type of door hinged at top is best kept tightly closed, otherwise the wind if strong will lift it off from its hingeg. The use of as many as three hinges, strongly reinforced with battens on the under side of the door, is quite desirable inasmuch as they will insure greater strength and rigidity. THE TEPEE HOUSE. In building the Tepee (see figures 27. 28, 29, 30 and 31) we have economized in tlie material used, and at the same time have constructed a most rigid and substantial house. The angularity of the frame is such as to materially stiffen the structure. It is quite questionable, however, if the saving of material will compensate for the extra labor involved in building. The admission of sun- light is not provided in the Tepee as presented, although side roof doors, pre- ferably on the east when the house faces the south, may be easily provided. The use of fenders on three sides of the house is obviated in that the sloping roof naturally protects the litter ; fenders will need be constructed therefore only at the entrance and on either side of the door. Ventilation is provided through openings near the ridge both at the front and rear ends. Fig." 19. Another "A" House (Doors Hinged at Side). Ventilator in ridge; This may be extended to gables by hinging side doors lower. Sliding is preferable to top hinged entrance door. Make doorway higher for mature swine. 730 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Fig. -II. A lul "A" I Imiisc ( I innnlc I i,H,r,^ llii Side view ; top doors open. ,il Mill- ) . I' niiit uiK. Fig. 21. A Successful "A" House (Double Jjoors Hinged at Side). Facing south ; east roof and south doors open for morning sunning. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 731 "A" House (Doors Hinged at Top). Front view showing improved ventilator ; closed. Top eye bolts should be nearer ridge. Make the doorway higher for mature swine. Fig. 23. "A" House (Doors Hinged at Top). All doors open for shade and airing. Adapted to warm, sunny climate. Top eye bolts should be nearer edge. Make doorway higher for mature swine. 732 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE - S-er TT— 7-7-1 ._ ./_ ,._., 4 »A/^ricu/fur&l Kngineen'no & •Iow& Sxfxhmenf SMion- Fig. 24. "A" House (Doors Hinged at Top). Side elevation. Stop sheidhing here^ fo provide opening" for &. venHI&.for Z chors on this side e&.ch 4-3'x6'/, /?lb'n^^^i_^tC§'_ Yd^P. Z''^2'door prop. cuf€yi^J''2'l from 2>c4-s -two l(l_ ^.^-^^ for e&ch door i ! ^fe. /looA ' I I i.nd Bye. W / 2" doors '>/Cv on this side '^^ e&.ch4'-3''<6' -Agricu/f-urAl ^nfffneer/r^ St Fig. 25. *'A'* House (Doors Hinged at Top). Front end elevation, doorway higher for mature swine. Make FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 733 HI I* 734 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Fig. 27. Tepee House. Side and Front view. Make doorway higher for mature .swine. Fig. 2S. Tepee House. Rear and Side View. Roof door may be provided for sunning and airing. PIFTETENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X -5-2' Stop sheidhing here \\'Qir'fo provide opening I K for venfi/s>.for as \\'^ V shown. Fig-. 29. Tepee nouse. Side elevalion. Qtop she&.ihing here^ /o provide opening "for & venHiedor Bo^/7 sides of roof sheA-fhed fig/rf- with l'' o 6 !2; CO 1^ » 2 ft OS fig 03 > < •3.3 1 B Metal 6x8 120.23 123.32 611.66 444 470 457 26 3 B Wood 6xS 102.15 li:iG.29 6S.16 430 460 445 30 3 A Wood 5x7 53.63 !©.07 46.03 460 4S5 473 25 ■i A Metal 0X7 ee.ffl 79.75 30.88 430 4(30 440 20 Fig 36. A Metal House. Front and Side view: all doors open. This house has seen less than a year of light service. Note that the Series "A" houses, Nos. 1 and 2, are quite comparable as are those of Series B, Nos. 3 and 4. This side (east or west) and south surface areas are figured to give one an idea of the sunned portion. The sunshine is instrumental in the raising of the temperature, shining directly as it does upon the roof, sides and south end. The liouses were all placed in a row, having the entrance doors facing the south, and arranged in such a manner that all were under uniform conditions. Three hogs of approximately 150 pounds average weight were con- fined in each house eight days, they being fed and watered therein. In the meantime, after a couple of days' preliminary feeding, tempera- tures were observed and recorded. That the range in temperature should be greater within the metal houses than the wooden is not particularly surprising when one con- FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 741 Fig. 3 7. The Relative Tempera ture.s of Wooden and ]\Ietal Houses Wlien Occupied ; Grapliical Chart. siders the relative conductivity of the two materials. In series B we have an average range of 36' Fahrenheit with the metal as compared to 21° for the wooden house, or 71.43% greater range for the metal construction. In series A (smaller houses) we have an average range of 29.2° with the metal as compared to 15.8° for the wooden house, or 84.81% greater range for the metal construction. It make but little' difference how one makes the comparisons; uni- formly and consistently the metal houses conduct both heat and cold readily. The plotted charts in Fig. 37 place squarely on a systematic and understandable basis the daily variations in temperature. They show the temperatures of all houses, as well as the normal atmospheric check, at the hours of 1 a. m., 5 a. m., noon, 5 p. m. and 10 p. m., daily from March 20, 1 a. m., until March 26, noon, 1914. On the heavy middle line is designated the climatic conditions of "sunny" and cloudy." The metal house is hotter in the middle of the day and colder at night than the wooden; tracing the plotted lines in both Series A and Series B of the metal and wooden structures forcibly impresses one with the truth of this. 742 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE In no instance was the metal house cooler at noon (when it had best be) or warmer shortly after midnight, 1 a. m. (when it had best be) in these observations. It will be instructive to make these comparisons of temperature between metal and wooden houses in the dead of winter and in the middle of summer; it is the plan of the Experiment Station to do this. Other features of the metal house deserve mention: Permanent at- tached floors are not usually furnished but it is a comparatively simple matter to supply these. Possibly the most simple procedure would be to build a solid movable floor and place the house on it. This floor with attached runners would enable quick moving without portage — and thus add to the merit of the house in general. Unless built of strong, durable material well re-enforced the question of serviceability may be a serious one. The wooden frame with the steel covering has much to commend it from the substantial structural standpoint. The "A" type seems to be the most feasible and practical for metal construc- tion (unless wooden frame be used) and the "A" type disadvantages heretofore given are ever present. Being naturally a light weight house, the hogs may move it easily out of position; of course, one can fasten the house securely, but that necessitates extra labor and care, further- more such procedure interferes with the "quick and handy" movable feature. Shade is not very efficient under a metal roof, this being particularly true when the overhead protection is in close proximity to the shaded animals. It is quite essential that the natural shade of trees supplement the ordinary "A" type of metal house in the summer. The somewhat reasonable first cost will make an appeal to one's sense of economy; this in addition to ease of portage are the outstanding talking points of the metal house. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. The selection of the best possible hog house is largely a problem of correctly interpreting local conditions. Recognition must be given the various factors which determine the ultimate usefulness of the house in question. By studying the essentials of an ideal house one prepares himself to render better judgment as to the comparative value of the different types. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 743 REPORT OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE IOWA BEEF PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. The annual meeting of the members of the Iowa Beef Producers Asso- ciation was held in Des Moines in the parlors of the Savery hotel on the afternoon of Friday, January 15th. At this meeting resolutions were adopted favoring a liberal appropri- ation by the state for the purpose of securing and taking care of a strong representation of Iowa live stock for the Panama-Pacific exposi- tion. A legislative committee was appointed to work in harmony with other live stock interests of the state to secure such appropriations and also to secure further appropriations for the support of the work of the Beef Producers Association. The following resolution drawn in the form of a telegram was adopted and sent to Senator W. S. Kenyon at Washington, D. C: Be It Resolved, By the Iowa Beef Producers Association now in session at Des Moines, Iowa, that it is the sense of this association that all animals destroyed by the government in the eradication of foot and mouth disease should be paid for in full damages to the owners thereof at their actual value and not at beef prices as heretofore adopted. (Signed) C. F. Curtiss, A. C. BiNNIE, H. O. Weaver, Committee. The association representative. Rex Beresford, presented the following report of the year's work of the association: REPORT OF WORK FOR 1914. The active work of the Iowa Beef Producers Association began March 8, 1912, with the completion of the organization and the hiring of an association representative at that time. The first two years' work of the association up to January 1, 1914, is described in the detailed reports for 1912 and 1913. For 1914, under the direction of the board of directors and the execu- tive board, the work of the association has been along the lines of in- vestigational work, publicity work, fairs, shows and institutes, and special train work. During 1914 investigational work was carried on largely through May, June, July and August, partly through visits to farms and partly through reports from farms visited in previous years. Figures on production costs on thirty-nine farms producing baby beef have been compiled. These show that they grew and fed out in 1913-14 1,046 calves which were sold at an average weight of 864 pounds at six- teen and one-half months of age. The average price per cwt. was $9.20, and the average price per head $78.48. The average cost per head was $65.50, leaving a direct profit of $12.98 per head after all costs of pro- duction were paid, aside from labor. 744 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Some time was also spent with the Extension Department farm tours during June; these tours combining investigational and educational work. The publicity line of work has been carried on as before, though not to so great an extent as could be desired on account of lack of time. This includes articles along beef cattle lines in the various farm papers and some news items and short articles sent out to weekly and daily papers of the state, both directly and through the bureaus furnishing plate matter for these publications. The first edition of 20,000 copies of a sixty-four page booklet on "Beef production in Iowa" gotten out in 1913 being exhausted, the ma- terial was revised and a second edition of 25,000 copies was printed in August, 1914. About 4,000 copies of this edition have already been distributed. Three hundred and eighteen letters of inquiry relating to beef cattle breeding and feeding have been received and answered during the year. During 1914 the association representative has filled forty-six speaking dates, attended six farmers' picnics and judged cattle at sixteen shows and fairs in Iowa. Nine beef calf shows, such as were discussed at the last annual meeting, have been promoted by the organization. A small booklet on methods of holding such shows was gotten out and distributed to secretaries of fairs, institutes, etc. A number of other shows besides those held were arranged for or in process of organiza- tion but were dropped on account of foot and mouth disease and quaran- tine in the state. From March 17th to 27th, inclusive, a Beef Producers Special Train was operated over the Milwaukee lines in Iowa. This train made sixty- four stops. It was visited by nearly 13,000 farmers and 15,000 booklets were distributed from the train. It was the nlost successful and best attended train so far run. Itemized monthly reports of the expenditures of the association are in the hands of the secretary of the association and also with the execu- tive council of Iowa. For that reason but a brief report is given here: FINANCIAL REPORT Expenses and salary of Representative — Transportation $ 12.5.02 Hotel Expenses S7.G5 Salary l.SOO.OO $2,010.67 Expenses and salaries of advance men, speakers ai*ld helpers on special trains — Transportation 102.41 Hotel Expenses 73.85 Miscellaneous Expenses 10.30 Salaries 87.00 273.50 Expenses of Board of Directors attending meetings . . 25.28 25.28 Miscellaneous expenses of Association — Printing and stationery 862.88 Po.stage 74.04 Help (aside from on Specials) 21.98 Feed, bedding and supplies 33.75 Camera supplies, photo work 28.47 Drayage, freight, express, storage 15.85 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 745 Telegraph and Telephone charges 9.41 Chart Cloth, typewriter supplies, etc 5.50 Tent, sisns, halls, etc 2.10 Out of town car fare, hack fare, etc 1.50 $ 1,055.48' Total expenditures for 1914 $ 3,364.99 Total expenditures for 1913 $ 3,625.66 Total expenditures for biennial period Jan. 1, 191."! to 1915 $ 6;990.65 This report was approved as read. The following list of directors was then elected for 1915: First District — W. B. Seeley, Mount Pleasant. Second District — Fred McCulloch, Belle Plaine. Third District — R. M. Gunn, Buckingham. Fourth District — Wm. McArthur, Mason City. Fifth District— W. W. Vaughn, Marion. Sixth District — Ralph Sherman, Grinnell. Seventh District — John Shambaugh, Booneville. Eighth District — C. W. Huntley, Chariton. Ninth District — Charles Escher, Jr., Botna. Tenth District — George W. Godfrey, Luverne. Eleventh District — A. C Binnie, Alta. On motion the meeting was adjourned. A directors' meeting followed immediately where the following officers were elected: President — R. W. Cassady, Whiting. Vice-president— C. W. Huntley, Chariton. Secretary — Ledru Willits, Mount Pleasant. Treasurer — C. S. Hechtner, Chariton. On motion it was decided to ask the general assembly for an appro- priation of $7,500 for the next biennial period, with which to carry on the work of the association. A legislative committee consisting of R. W. Cassady, Ledru Willits, C. W. Huntley, Ralph Sherman and Charles Escher, Jr., was appointed to present the needs of the association to the legislature. PART XI Annual Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for 1914 GEO. M. CHAPPELL, Director The object and aim of this report is to place before its readers a condensed summary of the monthly and weekly bulletins, issued by the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, in co-operation with the Weather Bureau of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It is believed that in this form the matter will be especially valuable and convenient for reference and comparison in future years. Eeports have been received regularly each month from 114 co- operative meteorological stations and from the U. S. Weather Bureau stations at Des Moines, Davenport, Dubuque, Charles City, Keokuk and Sioux City, Iowa, and Omaha, Neb. Crop reports were received on the first of June, July, August, September and December, from about 1,400 correspondents, and weather-crop re- ports were received weekly from April to September, inclusive, from 150 correspondents who are well distributed over the State. The instrumental equipment at the meteorological stations has been kept up to a high standard, new thermometers, rain gages and instrument shelters being issued to co-operative observers to replace worn out or defective instruments or equipment when- ever necessary. There were distributed during the year 23,000 copies of the Monthly Reports, and 35,000 copies of the Weekly Weather-Crop Bulletins. Four hundred and twenty-five of the Monthly Reports are distributed each month through the Weather Bureau, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture to scientific institutions in this and for- eign countries. Daily weather forecasts were distributed by telegraph at the expense of the United States Weather Bureau to 76 towns ; by mail to 2,636 addresses: by rural free delivery to 909 addresses, and by free telephone to 95,621 subscribers. Arrangements were made to supply all fruit growers, who were prepared to use orchard heaters in case of frost, with timely warnings. This branch of the work is highly appreciated by orchardists and will, we believe, increase within the next few years. The co-operation with the Horticultural Department, Iowa Ex- periment Station, was continued during the year with fairly good results. 748 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE CLIMATOLOGY OF THE YEAR 1914 Barometer (reduced to sea level). — The average pressure of the atmos- phere for the year was 30.06 inches. The highest pressure was 30.72 inches at Dubuque on February 24th, and at Keokuk on December 16th; the lowest pressure was 29.29 inches, at Keokuk, on .January 8th. The range for the State was 1.43 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the State was 49.1°, or 1.7° higher than the normal. The highest annual mean was 53.4°, at Keokuk, Lee County. The lowest annual mean was 44.1°, at Estherville, Emmet County. The highest temperature reported was 109° at Centerville, Ap- panoose County, on July 12th. The lowest temperature reported was — 31°, at Iowa Falls, on December 26th. The range for the State was 140°. Precipitation. — The average amount of rainfall and melted snow for the year was 31.93 inches, or 0.04 inch less than the normal, and 1.98 inches more than the average for 1913. The greatest amount at any station was 44.11 inches, at Marshalltown, Marshall County, and the least amount was 23.32 inches, at Columbus Junction, Louisa County. The greatest monthly precipitation was 16.24 inches, at Lenox, Taylor County, in September. There was no precipitation at Lake Park, Dickinson County, and at Rock Rapids, Lyon County, in November. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours was 7.78 inches, at Cedar Rapids, Linn County, on September 14th. Snowfall. — The average amount of snowfall was 27.5 inches. The greatest amount reported from any station was 50.7 inches at Northwood, Worth County, and the least amount was 14.9 inches at Monroe, Jasper County. The greatest monthly snowfall was 24.6 inches at Centerville, Appanoose County, in February. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 91 days. This is 5 more than for 1913. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was south. The greatest velocity reported was 68 miles an hour from the northwest at Sioux City, on February 28th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 166; partly cloudy 102; cloudy 97, as against 182 clear days, 89 partly cloudy, and 94 cloudy days in 1913. More than the normal amount of sunshine was experienced. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 749 MONTHLY SUMMARIES JANUARY. A January so pleasant and agreeable as that of 1914 is but rarely ex- perienced in Iowa. The mean temperature averaged 10° higher than usual, the month being the mildest January since 1880; however the latter month averaged about 4° warmer than the current January, and stands as the warmest month of the name in the climatological history of the State. The mild and open cliaracter of the month was a subject of widespread comment and discussion, as were the similar conditions that had obtained during the two preceding months; and reference to the records discloses that the present winter season in the State to date (February 1st) is without exception the mildest of record. There were no storms during the month that could be classed as at all severe, and the snowfall over much of the State was lighter than usual. The latter did not remain on the ground long, and as a result there was little if any sleighing. The weather conditions of the month were especially favorable for stock, which was out much of the month, thereby effecting a considerable saving in feed. Building operations suffered little interruption because of unfavorable weather conditions. Pressure. — The mean sea-level pressure for the State was 29.97 inches; the highest recorded was 30.68 inches, at Sioux City, on the 12th; the lowest recorded was 29.29 inches, at Keokuk, on the 8th. Temperature. — The monthly mean for the 'State, 105 stations reporting, was 27.8°, or 9.9° higher than the normal. The month was relatively mildest in the western part of the State, where the average temperature was about 11° higher than the normal. The warmest point, as usual, was Keokuk, where the mean temperature averaged 34.0°, and the coldest point was Northwood, a station near the Minnesota line, the average tem- perature there being 22.2°. In all parts of the State the month was the mildest January since 1880. Only a few days in the month were colder than usual for the time of year; at Des Moines there were but 3 such days, viz., the 10th, 12th and 25th. The lowest temperature of the month occurred on the morning of the 12th in connection with a sudden cold wave; in the northern part of the State the values were mostly between 5° and 10° below zero, while at many stations in the Southern Section the zero point was not quite reached. The lowest temperature reported was — 10°, at Inwood and Lake Park, stations in northwestern Iowa. On several different days in the month the temperatures were in the fifties in all parts of the State, the highest reported being 64°, at Keokuk, on the 28th. No records for high temperature were broken. 750 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State was 81 per cent, the percentages ranging from 83 at Davenport and Dubuque to 78 at Des Moines. The averages were slightly higher than usual. Precipitation. — The average for the State, 111 stations reporting, was 0.88 inch, or 0.17 inch less than the normal. In general the geographical distribution conformed to the average of past years, the amounts being heaviest in the southeast and lightest in the west. The greatest amount was 2.34 inches, at Fort Madison, and the least amount was 0.27 inch, at Pacific Junction. The former was the only station reporting as much as 2 inches, and 1.74 inches of the total fall at that station occurred on the 28th. The great bulk of the month's precipitation occurred on and after the 18th, and was in the form of snow, except on the 28th. Snowfau,. — The average for the State was 5.1 inches, or about 2 inches less than the normal. The amounts ranged from 11.0 inches, at Sioux Center, to a trace at Elliott. Wind. — Northwesterly winds prevailed, and the movement was less than usual for January. The month was especially free from high winds; the highest velocity reported was 52 miles an hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 28th. The windiest days were the 1st, 2d, 20th and 29th. Sunshint; and Cloudiness. — For the State as a whole the percentage of sunshine received was about the normal amount; but there was a marked deficiency in eastern Iowa; at Dubuque the percentage of the possible amount was 24, or only about half the normal amount. At that point it was the darkest January of record. In Western Iowa the month had an excess of sunshine. The average number of clear days for the State was 11; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 12. Miscellaneous Phenomena. — Sleet occurred at some point in the State on the 1st, 6th, 17th, 18th, 28th and 29th; fog was recorded on the 1st, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 18th, 19th, 26th, 27th and 28th. Lightning and thunder occurred in connection with the storm of the 28th-29th, but this phenomenon was not widespread. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 751 COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— JANUARY. Year Temperature Precipitation 1S90 1891 1892 1893 1891 1895 1896 mn 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 — 1906 -- 1907 1908 1909 ..- 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 T indicates a trace 19.7 61 -27 2.03 3.46 26.0 58 - 4 1.75 3.99 15.3 76 -38 1.09 3.13 9.3 54 -34 .74 3.20 19.3 69 -37 1.09 2.24 13.6 68 -31 .85 2.65 23.4 68 -20 .48 2.10 17.2 66 -30 2.01 6.16 23.4 52 -11 1.60 5.32 19.8 68 -34 .28 1.15 25.6 66 -20 .53 2.47 23.7 22.4 23.0 60 63 60 -21 -31 -12 .74 .88 .28 2.34 2.83 1.46 14.0 57 -32 1.18 3.68 11.2 24.6 18.8 56 69 68 -30 -19 -22 .91 1.52 1.52 1.82 4.71 5.30 24.9 60 -18 .44 1.50 21.2 72 -25 1.66 3.74 18.1 20.2 56 66 -35 -35 1.57 .97 3.15 3.73 4.2 49 -47 ..53 1.90 20.9 62 -25 .77 2.05 27.8 64 -10 .88 2.34 .35 .61 .10 .13 .31 .09 T .15 T T T .04 .19 T .02 .12 .28 .10 .06 .41 .55 .11 T .04 .27 indicates temperature below zero. TEMPERATURE IN IOWA FOR DECEMBER AND JANUARY, 1860-1914. (Iowa City, Iowa.) The present unusually moderate winter tlirougliout Iowa lias been a matter of general comment, and some data concerning the months of December and January just past may be interesting, especially if compared with records for the same months of former years. We find the months of December, 191.3, and January, 1914, unique in the annals of Iowa weather. Voluntary observations on the weather in the state of Iowa were first begun by Professor T. S. Parvin at Muscatine as early as 1839, and the work continued there for twenty years. In 1860 Professor Parvin began observations at Iowa City and these have been continued without inter- ruption since that time. On account of the location of Muscatine upon the Mississippi river the mean temperature taken at that station is probably a little above the average temperature at Iowa City; this may be borne in mind when considering data prior to 1860. The past fifty years have been characterized by one December and one January each of which stands out with a temperature so far above the average as to satisfy even the demands of "the oldest inhabitant." January, 1880, with a mean temperature of 35.2°, and December, 1877, with a temperature of 40.1° are so far above the average for these re- spective months as to probably be rarely equaled. The absolute maxi- 752 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE mum of December, 1877, was 63° or 10° above the mean of the maxima for this month. The abnormal temperature of this particular month was shown by the fact that only on thirteen nights did the thermometer fall to the freezing point. If we take the month of January as observed at Iowa City beginning with 1860, we find that the mean temperature of the month just passed has been equaled or exceeded only for the corresponding months in 1880, 1891 and 1900, or but four times in fifty years have we had as warm a January. The temperature of December, 1913, has been equaled or exceeded only in the years 1877, 1891, 1892 and 1897. There have been then but five sucli warm Decembers in fifty years. Since a warm month in any one year may or may not be preceded or followed by another warm month, it does not follow that an extremely warm December or January means a really mild winter. For example, the January of 1880, as said above, was the warmest ever recorded at this station; yet because the December preceding was decidedly below normal, the result was not a higli average for the two months. When the mean then of December and January is considered, we find that the two months just past have been equaled or exceeded only for the corresponding months in 1877-78 and 1890-91, or as warm a December and January together has occurred but three times in fifty years. There is but little doubt but that these months in 1857-58 were as warm as the ones just past, yet the observations made at Muscatine can not be compared rigorously with those at Iowa City. The average deviation from the mean may be taken as a measure of variability. The average deviation, for December, from the mean of 23.6° is, when computed from fifty years' observations at this station, found to be 4.7°; while this deviation in 1913 was 8.6°. The correspond- ing value for January is 5.9° and for January, 1914, it was 8.0°. From the standpoint of probability we may expect a December as warm as that of 1913, about once in ten years, while a January like that just past may be expected perhaps once in thirteen years. A warm December with a January following such that a mean temperature equal to that of the past two months is observed, may probably occur once in seventeen years. If the chance of a warm December and a warm January immediately following were entirely independent of one another, we should then have for the probability of such an occurrence the product of the two inde- pendent probabilities, or in this case one-tenth times, one-thirteenth or one divided by one hundred and thirty; while the combination seems ■to occur with a probability of one-seventeenth; we then must think that a warm December and January are not independent of each other. The data are too limited to be dogmatic in our conclusions yet one seems to be justified in assuming a strong correlation between two successive months. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 753 The following table will make clear the numerical data given in this short sketch: Years Mean Temperature December Years Mean Temperature January Years Mean Temperature for December and January 1877 40.1 33.1 .S2.9 33.0 32.9 •1839 — 32.2 30.0 3.^.2 28.6 •1857-58 1877-78 1890-91.. 1 m .VI i 30.7 1891 _ •1858 33.3 1892 — 1880 ... 30.9 1897 - 1891 29.9 1913 1900 27.7 26.9 1914... •Observations made at Muscatine. Arthur G. Smith. FEBRUARY. February, 1914, will compare favorably, as to weather conditions, with months of that name in past years. The average temperature was con- siderably below the normal, and there was an excess of wind movement, but the precipitation was less than usual; and, with the exception of the evening of the last day of the month, there was no general winter storm that could be classed as severe. As a result, there was much less than the average amount of trouble and inconvenience from drifting snow. In fact railroads, telephone and telegraph companies and stock feeders probably have never experienced a more favorable winter than this, so far as the weather is concerned. The month was the coldest February since 1905, but the deficiency of temperature was due to almost con- tinuous moderately cold weather rather than to any extremely low tem- peratures or to any long continued cold spells. Nor were there any unusually warm periods. There were two cold waves of importance. The first occurred on the 7th-8th, and the second spread over the state on the afternoon and night of the last day of the month. The first was not severe, although it gave the coldest weather of the month and winter on the 8th. The one on the 28th was attended by winds of gale force and rapidly falling temperature. It proved to be one of the severest blows Iowa has experienced in recent years, and was the only general blizzard of the winter. Ice of good thickness and quality was secured throughout the State, and the harvest was generally finished by the 20th. Fall sowai grains were covered by a mantle of snow during the coldest weather and were reported to be in good condition at the close of the month. Pressure. — The mean sea-level pressure for the State was 30.24 inches; the highest recorded was 30.72 inches at Dubuque, on the 24th; the lowest recorded was 29.61 inches at Davenport on the 6th. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, 109 sta- tions reporting, was 16.8°, or 3.7^ lower than the normal. February was 48 754 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the coldest month of the winter, and the coldest February since 1905. It was 11.0° colder than January, 1914, and 1.1° lower tlian the normal for January. The highest temperature reported was 59° at Pella on the 28th, and the lowest was — 29° at Inwood in the extreme northwestern corner of the State, on the 7th. Over the northern counties the temperature was below freezing all of the time from the 4th to the 25th, inclusive, except on the 21st, when it was one or two degrees above that point. The 7th and 8th were gen- erally the coldest days, but the monthly minimum at some stations was recorded on the 16th, 18th or 24th, and the lowest temperatures were recorded in the extreme western counties; the values in the extreme southwestern corner of the 'State being considerably lower than they were in the north-central, or northeastern counties. The most noticeable feature In regard to the temperature of the month was the sudden change from warm to cold that occurred during the last day of the month. During the forenoon of the 28th, in the western, and the after- noon in the eastern half of the State, the temperature was near or above 50°, but with the approach of the cold wave from the northwest the temperature fell rapidly during the afternoon and night, and the read- ings were only a few degrees above zero in the eastern part of the state on the following morning. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State was 79 per cent, or about 2 per cent more than the normal. The average at 7 a. m. was 83 per cent and at 7 p. m. 74 per cent. The percentages at the several stations were as follows: Charles City, 84; Davenport, 82; Des Moines, 77; Dubuque, 83; Sioux City, 78; Omaha, Neb., 69 per cent. Precipitation. — The average for the State, 114 stations reporting, was 0.87 inch, or 0.28 inch less than the normal. As in January the greatest precipitation was over the southeastern counties. The greatest amount was 1.99 inches at Keosauqua, and the least amount was 0.32 inch at Britt. Practically all of the precipitation came in the form of snow, which was fairly well distributed throughout the month. Light snow flurries were frequent, but the only general storms occurred on the 6th-7th, 12th, 15th, 20th, and 22d, during which most of the precipitation fell, the greatest amounts being recorded on the 6th. Snowfaxl. — The average for the State was 9.2 inches, or 1.9 inches more than the average for the past 22 years. The greatest amount re- ported was 24.6 inches at Centerville, and the least was 2.5 inches at Britt. Wind. — Northwesterly winds prevailed, the total movement being con- siderably more than the normal for February. High winds prevailed on several days, culminating in a severe gale on the 28th when considerable damage was done to plate glass windows, trees, telegraph and telephone poles, and buildings in various parts of the State. The highest velocity reported was 68 miles an hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City on the 28th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The duration of sunshine was somewhat less than usual, the percentage of the possible amount being 53 at Charles FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 755 City; 57 at Davenport; 58 at Des Moines; 47 at Dubuque; 60 at Keokuk; and 55 at Sioux City. The average number of clear days for the State was 10; partly cloudy, 9; cloudy, 9. During the past 24 years the average number of clear days in February is 11; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 9. Miscellaneous. — Dense fog occurred quite widely on the 17th, 21st and 27th; sleet was reported from several points on the 2d, 18th, 22d and 26th; lightning was observed at Mason City on the 21st, and bright sun dogs w'ere visible at Albia on the 1st. COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— FEBRUARY. Temperature Precipitation Year a a P. a o -1 > a O 2 1890 26.0 19.4 28.1 16.4 19.7 16.4 27.4 24.7 24.2 12.2 14.8 17.5 17.6 19.8 14.8 12.8 23.6 25.0 24.3 26.2 17.8 27.3 18.1 20.2 16.8 67 70 68 60 60 73 78 61 62 75 60 49 62 56 70 6^ 66 65 59 62 58 71 57 70 59 -24 -31 -20 -28 -19 -33 -13 -24 -18 -40 -27 -21 -21 -21 -26 -41 -32 -31 -16 -26 -21 -13 -30 -24 -29 .83 1.16 1.20 1.39 .89 .49 .71 .89 1.20 .89 1.30 1.01 .73 1.18 .41 1.57 1.29 .71 1.6^ 1.54 .46 2.76 1.21 .82 .87 2.18 2.41 2.18 2.91 2.41 1.34 2.40 1.81 3.65 4.32 4.57 3. GO 2.39 3.25 1.99 2.97 2.91 1.95 3.95 4.72 2.09 5.46 3.25 2.39 1.99 .11 1891 .55 1892 .12 1893 .06 1894 T 1895 .. ... . ... . ... .02 1896 .04 1897 . .22 1898 .10 1899 .12 1900 -- ... -- .18 1901 _ ... .12 1902 .02 1903 . .30 1904 T 1905 ..... . .. .44 1906 ..-..-- .... .... .20 1907 . . .. .06 1908 . . .. .23 1909 .30 1910 - ... T 1911 ._ . . . .50 1912 1913 1914 _ .04 .07 .32 T indicates a trace. - indicates temperature below zero. MARCH. March, 1914, in Iowa was not an unusual month; in fact the climato- logical conditions were rather typical. The chief features were the cold wave at the beginning of the month, the warm springlike weather two weeks later, and the cloudy, showery period during the closing days. Both the mean temperature and average precipitation were near the normal, while the snowfall was light, averaging less than two inches. The cold wave already referred to was the culmination of the severe wind storm that passed over the state on February 28th; it caused the coldest weather of the month in all parts of the state, except a small area in the extreme southwestern portion. On the morning of the 1st the temperature in northern Iowa ranged from zero to 5° below, and in the central and southern sections, from zero to 10' above. A five-day period of warm pleasant weather began on the 12th; the day temperatures at this time were unusually high for so early in the season, reaching 756 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 70° even in northern Iowa. At Dubuque the maximum temperature of the 15th (70°) is tlie highest recorded at tliat station during the first 15 days of March in the last 20 years. Many evidences of spring were noted at this time; grass began to grow, insects were seen, and the general ap- pearance of migratory birds took place. Most of the ice in rivers and streams disappeared during this period. Some field work on farms was accomplished, and a little gardening was done. Growth of vegetation was checked by a return to cool weather on the 17th. The closing days of the month were marked by cloudy, damp, showery weather; at this time occurred the first rains of the season, and thundershowers were numerous. The moisture was of great benefit, but retarded outdoor work. Pkessitre. — The mean sea-level pressure for the State was 30.11 inches; the highest recorded was 30.64 inches, at Sioux City, on the 11th; the lowest recorded was 29.42 inches, at Omaha, Neb., on the 24th. Temperature. — The monthly mean for the. State, 108 stations reporting, was 34.7°, or 1.4° higher than the normal. The month was milder than usual over the entire state, the excess of mean temperature being greatest in northwestern Iowa, where it was between T and 3°. Keokuk, with a mean temperature of 39.0°, was the warmest point, and Northwood, a station in Worth county, with a mean of 29.6°, the coldest point. The lowest monthly temperatures at the various stations occurred on the 1st, except in three cases, the lowest temperature reported being — 5°, at Estherville, Emmet county, and at Northwood, Worth county. All the monthly highest temperatures, except that at Keokuk, occurred some time during the warm spell at the middle of the month; the highest tempera- ture reported was 78°, at Lamoni, on the 15th. Humidity. — The mean relative humidity for the State was 74 per cent, or practically the normal figure. The average at 7 a. m. was 80 per cent; at 7 p. m., 67 per cent. The monthly averages at the several stations were as follows: Charles City, 82-; Davenport, 77; Des Moines, 71; Dubuque, 76; Keokuk, 76; Sioux City, 70; Omaha, Neb., 70. Precipitatiox. — The average for the State, 116 stations reporting, was 1.69 inches, or 0.08 inch less than the normal. In northern Iowa there was an average deficiency of two-fifths of an inch, but in central and southern Iowa a slight excess prevailed. The greatest amounts occurred in the extreme eastern part of the state and over a small area in the southwest, where more than 3 inches were reported. The greatest amount was 3.84 inches, at Clinton. The northwestern part of the state was driest, less than an inch occurring in several counties. Lake Park re- ported the least amount, 0.28 inch. There were 3 fairly well defined precipitation periods. Tlie first covered the 5th-10th; the second, the 17th-21st; and the last, the closing week. Practically all the precipitation of the first two periods was in the form of snow, while that of the last period was rain. A large percentage of the month's total amount occurred in the last period. Thunder showers were quite numerous at this time, and in a few cases rain fell at an excessively heavy rate. At Davenport on the night of the 28th, 0.75 inch occurred in 20 minutes. The average number of rainy days was 7. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 757 Snowfall. — The average for the State was l.S inches, or 3.2 inches le^s than the normal. The greatest amount reported was 18.0 inches, at Northwood, while a few stations had only traces. Wind. — Northwesterly winds prevailed, and the movement was less than usual for one of the windiest months of the year. The windiest days were the 6th, 17th and 24th. The highest velocity reported was 42 miles an hour, at Sioux City, on the 17th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — About the normal amount of sunshine pre- vailed for the state as a whole. The percentages at the various stations were as follows: Charles City, 54; Davenport, 57; Des Moines, 64; Dubuque, 55; Keokuk, 51; Sioux City, 54; Omaha, Neb., 55. The average number of clear days was 12; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 11. Miscellaneous.- — Sleet was reported on the 4th, 5th, 6th, 17th and 26th; fog occurred on the last four days; and thunder was heard from the 23d to the 31st, inclusive, except on the 30th. COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— MARCH. Temperature Precipitation Year a or .a o Hi bo 0) > < a a 1890 - 28.0 26.8 31.9 31.8 41.0 34.4 30.9 32.0 37.5 23.0 30.7 34.2 39.1 r>8.8 34.8 41.5 27.1 40.6 37.9 32.5 48.9 39.4 24.9 31.9 34.7 75 C6 48 84 84 94 ■ 81 72 72 75 81 76 79 ' 82 78 84 65 92 85 71 92 83 70 78 78 -24 -19 - 6 - 8 - 5 -11 -12 -22 - 2 -16 -13 - 8 -12 6 3 1 -14 - 7 - S -15 -10 2 -19 -23 - 5 1.57 2.60 2.22 2.14 2.03 0.83 1.10 2.39 1.94 1.62 2.06 2.64 1.45 1.38 2.18 2.04 2.34 1.35 1.58 1.53 0.17 0.93 2.01 2.48 1.69 3.67 4.58 4.58 4.40 4.52 2.60 3.99 6.16 6.21 5.90 5.15 5.25 4.33 3.90 4.57 3.70 4.55 5.05 3.74 5.00 1.32 4.84 5.25 5.88 3.84 .32 1891 . . . — 1.33 1892 . -- - .57 1893 . __ - - - .64 1891 .26 1895 . .22 1896 1897 — — — .. - .16 .29 1898 - - . -^ — .33 1899 - - -- . - -- . .37 1900 - -— - -- .45 1901 . -. .70 1902 1903 - . _ .13 .15 1904 1905 .50 .39 1906 1907 1908 1909 .58 .23 .45 .28 1910 1911 .00 T 1912 1913 . .60 .74 1911 .. .28 T indicates a trace. Indicates temperature below zero. APRIL. For the State, as a whole, the climatic conditions of the month closely approximate the normals for April. While there were periods when the departures from the normal were quite marked, the averages for the month vary but little from the normals. There was a deficiency of only 0.1° in temperature and 0.34 inch in precipitation. The first twelve days were cold and mostly cloudy, but there was not much precipitation during 758 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE that period. In fact the month was considerably drier than usual until the 24th, although there were many light showers on the 1st, from the 4th to the 6th, 10th, 15th, and 18th to 19th, but from the 24th to the 28th rainfall was general and at many stations heavy. Nearly all of the precipitation came in the form of showers, but light snow flurries oc- curred in all parts of the State on the 4th, 5th, 10th or 19th. Much warmer weather prevailed generally during the latter half of the month, and from the 15th to 17th and 25th to 27th it was unusually warm. The month, as a whole, was favorable for all out-door pursuits. The bulk of the small grain was sown by the 18th, and by the end of the month it was up and showed a good stand. Potatoes were planted and a large area was prepared for corn. Fruit trees were in blossom in the southern counties, and shade and forest trees were becoming green in all parts of the State. Owing to a great amount of fall plowing and the favorable conditions prevailing this spring, farm work is farther advanced than usual at the close of April. Pressure. — The mean sea-level pressure for the State was 30.00 inches. The highest recorded was 30.53 inches, at Cliarles City, on the 30th; the lowest, 29.44 inches, at Sioux City, on the 17th, and at Charles City on the 18th. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 107 stations, was 48.6°, or 0.1° below the normal. This is the nearest approach to the normal for April ever before recorded since state-wide observations began in 1890. The first half of the month was considerably below the normal, and readings below the freezing point were recorded in all parts of the State on numerous dates. The 8th and 9th were, however, the coldest days except in the extreme northwestern counties where the lowest readings were recorded on the 4th or 5th. The lowest temperature reported was 11° at Lake Park on the 8th, Higher temperatures prevailed during the latter half of the month, and the read- ings from the 15th to the 17th and from the 24th to the 27th were de- cidedly above the average; the maximum occurring at most stations on the 16th, 17th or 26th. The highest temperature reported was 88° at four stations. Another cool wave spread over the State during the last three days of the month, which resulted in freezing temperatures in Palo Alto and Pocahontas counties on the 30th. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 76 per cent, and at 7 p. m. 58 per cent. The mean for the month was 67 per cent, or slightly more than the normal. The greatest monthly mean was 76 per cent at Charles City, and the least 64 per cent at Dubuque. Precipitation. — The average for the State, 115 stations reporting, was 2.52 inches, or 0.34 inch less than the normal. Geographically the dis- tribution was quite uniform, the average amounts for the northern, cen- tral and southern districts being 2.64, 2.60 and 2.32 inches, respectively. The greatest amounts were recorded in Greene and Carroll counties, where the rainfall was heavy on the 27th and 28th. The distribution during the month was uneven. In fact, the first and second decades were unusually FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 759 dry, there being only light showers prior to the 24th. The bulk of the precipitation came on the 26th, 27th or 28th, during which time the showers were copious to heavy and were quite general. There were no damaging downpours. The average number of days with 0.01 inch or more was 8. Snowfall. — The average for the State was 0.3 inch, or l.C inches less than the normal. This is, with five exceptions, the least amount recorded in April since 1892. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northwest. There were no wind storms of importance, but brisk to high winds pre- vailed on the 17th and 18th which caused considerable inconvenience in seeding small grain by causing dust storms over plowed fields. The high- est velocity recorded was 52 miles per hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, on the 10th. High winds also prevailed on the 27th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — For the State, as a whole, the percentage of sunshine received was somewhat below the normal; but there was a deficiency of 19 per cent at Charles City and 7 per cent at Sioux City, indicating more cloudiness over the northern than there was over the southern part of the state. The average number of clear days was 10; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 12. Miscellaneous Phenomena.^ — Sleet occurred in Fremont and Cerro Gordo counties on the 5th, and in Plymouth county on the 19th. Hail occurred in Cerro Gordo county on the 10th; in Cerro Gordo, Dallas, Union, and Wayne counties on the 18th; in Warren county on the 19th; Cass county on the 24th; and in Palo Alto, Kossuth and Hancock counties on the 26th. Thunderstorms were quite general on the 17th, 18th, 23rd, 24th, 26th, and 27th, and in a few localities on the 1st, 6th, 15th, and 28th. Rivers. — The rivers in this section did not change materially during the first three weeks of the month, and were low for the season during that period. Owing to moderately heavy rains, they rose steadily during the last week and in all cases the highest stage of the inontli was re- corded on the 30th. 760 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— APRIL. Temperature Pn cipitat o 3 3 *^ -M C3 ■2 C3 o S3 O C3 a ft W h! B ft C5 Number of Days 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 19n2 1903 1901 1905 19fl« 1907 . 1908 . 1909 . 1910 . 1911 . 1912 . 1913 . ?914 . 51.8 +3.1 88 2 1.80 -1.06 4.46 50.6 +1.9 93 13 2.15 —0.71 5.06 45.4 —3.3 88 14 4.75 +1.89 8.38 45.5 —3.2 96 15 4.21 +1.35 8.51 51.7 +3.0 93 12 3.07 +0.21 6.91 54.2 +5.5 98 8 2.62 —0.24 5.88 54.5 +5.8 94 10 5.02 +2.16 9.67 47.9 -0.8 89 19 5.35 +2.49 9.86 48.1 —0.6 91 14 2.56 —0.30 4.82 48.9 +0.2 89 1 2.40 — 0.-46 5.76 52.2 +3.5 89 19 2.67 —0.21 6.62 49.9 +1.2 92 15 1.79 —1.07 3.47 48.2 —0.5 96 9 1.71 -1.15 4.15 49.8 +1.1 86 17 2.98 +0.12 6.00 44.1 —4.6 86 13 3.63 +0.77 8.97 47.5 —1.2 90 10 3.03 +0.17 5.49 52.5 +3.8 94 22 2.42 —0.44 5.55 41.5 —7.2 80 10 1.32 —1.54 3.22 50.5 +1.8 91 8 2.2t -0.62 4.59 43.8 —4.9 86 14 4.. 58 +1.72 9.43 52.5 +3.8 99 15 1.48 —1.38 4.86 46.7 —2.0 86 3 3.09 +0.23 6.04 49.9 +1.2 84 20 2.66 —0.20 5.66 50.2 +1.5 88 16 3.28 +0.42 7.43 48.6 —0.1 88 11 2.52 -0.34 5.03 0.38 0.59 2.43 1.24 0.55 0.28 2.35 2.22 0.27 0.56 0.43 0.66 0.40 0.74 1.52 0.63 0.53 0.24 0.67 0.83 0.10 1.33 0.78 1.12 0.37 5.7 6.0 0.2 2.1 4.5 T T 2.0 0.9 2.0 T 0.8 1.4 1.2 0.6 2.7 0.3 3.1 3.0 3.6 1.1 2.7 0.3 6 14 S 14 9 8 10 8 9 11 5 14 11 11 11 9 8 13 7 12 6 12 5 14 5 14 9 11 7 15 8 12 8 14 6 12 8 14 12 9 7 14 9 n 8 13 9 15 8 10 MAY. The month was characterized by cool weather during the first and moderately warm weather during the latter half, and by numerous tor- rential rains, although there was a decided deficiency of rainfall for the State, as a whole. The month was, however, unusually favorable for all out-door operations, and farm work progressed rapidly. The bulk of the corn was planted by the 23d, and by the close of the month much of it has been cultivated once and some of it twice. Frost was quite general over the northern two-thirds of the State, between the 12th and 14th, but no damage was done except to tender garden truck. Destructive wind squalls occurred in many localities on the 3d, and on the night of the lOth-llth, which blew down wind-mills, silos and small buildings, and caused the death of one man near Camanche on the 3d. Most of the wind squalls attended severe electrical storms, and were accompanied by ex- cessive rainfall and, in some cases, by hail. The heavy rains caused con- siderable damage by floods and soil erosion, and the hail was destructive to fruits, garden truck, meadows and green houses. The lack of moisture in the southern counties was detrimental to all crops except corn, which was in fine condition and growing rapidly at the close of the month. Pressure. — The mean sea-level pressure for the State was 30.06 inches. The highest recorded was 30.46 inches, at Dubuque, on the 15th; the lowest, 29.54 inches, at Sioux City, on the 3d. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 761 Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 111 stations, was 62.2°, or 1.7° above the normal. This has been exceeded but five times during the past 25 years. The first 17 days were unusually cool, and light frost and freezing temperatures oc- curred on several dates in many localities. The 2d, 8th, 12th, 13th and 15th were the coldest days; the lowest reading, 25° being recorded on the 13th at Washta. After the 17th the temperature was above the normal most of the time, and the excess for the month was made up during this period. Tlie highest temperature was recorded at most stations on the 26th; the highest reading being 96° at Cedar Rapids. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State, at 7 a. m. was 74 per cent, and at 7 p. m. 54 per cent. The mean for the month was 64 per cent, or about 4 per cent less than the normal. The greatest monthly mean was 73 per cent at Charles City, and the least, 60 per cent at Davenport. The average for the State, 118 stations reporting, was 3.31 inches, or 1.26 inches less than the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern, 4.44 inches, or 0:04 inch less than the normal; Cen- tral, 3.52 inches, or 1.07 inches less than the normal; Southern, 1.96 inches, or 2.68 inches less than the normal. All of the rain came in the form of local showers, many of them being excessive. At Des Moines, on the lOth-llth, 2.58 inches fell in 3 hours and 19 minutes; on the 10th 1.22 inches fell in 24 minutes; on the 11th 1.20 inches fell in 18 minutes; and on the 23d, 1.31 Inches fell in 29 minutes. Precipitation. — The rainfall was light over the southern three tiers of counties, except over small areas in Jefferson and Madison counties, where heavy local showers occurred which did more harm than good. Over nine counties extending from Montgomery and Page eastward to Lucas and Decatur the rainfall was decidedly deficient, and within that area all crops, except corn, suffered from the lack of moisture. A few flakes of snow fell at Algona and Britt on the 7th. Measurable precipitation oc- curred on an average of 10 days. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the south. The highest velocity recorded was 50 miles per hour, from the north, at Sioux City, on the 23d. Wind squalls occurred on several dates, and were destructive in many localities. The squalls accompanied severe electrical storms and were attended in many cases by hail. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average duration of sunshine was about 71 per cent, or about 8 per cent more than the normal. The aver- age number of clear days was 14; partly cloudy, 11; cloudy, 6. Thunderstorms occurred on the 3d, 4th, 6th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 20th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th and 31st. Hail occurred on the 3d, 7th, 10th and 11th. Rivers. — There has been no "Spring Rise" in the rivers of this section this year, but there has been a fair boating stage throughout the month. 762 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— MAY. YEAR 1890 3891 1892 .1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 "907 VMS 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 Temperature Precipitation Number of Days 57.7 — 2.8 90 58.3 — 2.2 94 M.O — 6.5 88 56.6 — 3.9 96 61.1 + 0.6 96 61.7 + 1.2 104 65.5 + 5.0 100 58.5 — 2.0 96 59.6 — 0.9 92 60.2 — 0.3 90 63.2 + 2.7 98 60.7 + 0.2 95 63.8 + 3.3 97 61.6 + 1.1 91 59.6 — 0.9 93 58.3 — 2.2 88 60.8 + 0.3 95 53.5 — 7.0 90 .59.4 — 1.1 93 57.9 — 2.6 97 55.4 — 5.1 89 64.9 + 4.4 98 62.7 + 2.2 97 59.4 — 1.1 102 62.2 + 1-7 98 3.5C 3.18 8.77 3.45 1.87 3.19 6.69 1.92 4.67 6.23 3.31 2.35 5.39 8.55 3.78 5.95 3.54 3.48 8.3i 4.34 3.41 3.76 3.33 6.24 3.31 —1.01 —1.39 +4.20 —1.12 —2.70 —1.38 +2.12 —2.65 + 0.10 +1.66 —1.26 —2.22 +0.82 +3.98 —0.79 +1.38 —1.03 —1.09 +3.77 —0.23 —1.16 —0.81 —1.24 +1.67 —1.26 6.44 7.10 12.64 5.82 4.77 5.79 11.79 3.59 7.82 11.47 6.98 4.57 18.04 15.45 8.15 10.83 10.72 7.68 14.33 7.85 6.91 8.73 6.41 10.25 6.90 1.61 1.46 4.87 1.65 0.33 0.84 3.40 0.21 2.22 3.09 0.96 0.72 0.87 2.88 1.50 2.57 0.89 0.71 1.33 1.86 1.29 0.42 0.72 3.14 0.30 •- a ft— rt if o ^•2 03 o Ul ^-, b 9 10 13 8 14 9 T 16 5 9 0 9 13 9 0 6 17 10 0 9 11 12 0 12 11 12 0 5 16 10 0 12 9 10 0 13 9 12 0 8 14 10 0 7 16 9 0 13 10 12 0 16 9 12 0 8 13 10 0 14 12 11 0 11 13 10 1.0 10 11 10 0 15 9 11 0.1 9 12 12 T 10 15 7 0.7 9 16 9 0 10 14 11 0 13 11 8 T 10 14 11 JUNE. From the viewpoint of the agriculturist, June was an exceptionally favorable month over the larger part of the State. There were, how- ever, some objectionable features of a local character, such as damaging wind squalls, electrical storms, excessive rainfall, drouth, and in a few places hailstorms. The temperature was all that could be desired for crop growth, but the rainfall was unevenly distributed. Over the north- ern and central districts there was an excess of precipitation, amount- ing to 2.51 and 1.76 inches respectively, while in the southern counties there was a deficiency of .71 inch. The rain came in the form of show- ers and many of them were attended by thunderstorms, during which lightning caused considerable damage to buildings. The heavy and ex- cessive rains in the northern part of the State delayed the cultivation of corn and flooded the bottom lands, while in the southern districts, grass, small grain, and early potatoes were suffering from lack of mois- ture. But for the state as a whole crops, and especially corn, probably never were in better condition at the close of June than they were this year. Corn made remarkably rapid growth, and at the close of the month the bulk of the crop was laid by, with fields in excellent condition. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 763 Pressure. — The mean sea level pressure for the State was 29.93 inches. The highest recorded was 30.34 inches, at Dubuque, on the 16th; tlie lowest, 29.49 inches at Sioux City, on the 4th. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 108 stations, was 72.2°, or 3.1° higher than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 77.6° at Leon; the lowest was 67.2° at Elma and Estherville. The highest temperature reported in the State, was 101° at Burlington on the 9th and 26th and at Centerville on the 9th, and the lowest was 40° at Alton on the 2d and at Monroe on the 17th. The temperature was quite uniform throughout the month, which will account for the unusually rapid growth of vegetation. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 76 per cent, and at 7 p. m., 59 per cent. The mean for the month was 68 per cent, or about 2 per cent less than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 70 per cent, at Dubuque, and the lowest, 65 per cent, at Des Moines. Precipitation. — The average for the State, 116 stations reporting, was 5.57 inches, or 1.19 inches more than the normal. By sections the aver- ages were as follows: Northern, 6.94 inches, or 2.51 inches more than the normal; Central, 6.08 inches, or 1.76 inches more than the normal; Southern, 3.68 inches, or 0.71 inch less than the normal. The greatest amount reported from any station was 13.24 inches at Osage, and the least 1.17 inches at Bonaparte. The greatest amount in any 24 consecu- tive hours, 6.31 inches, occurred at Osage. During 12 hours and 13 minutes, 4.33 inches fell at Davenport on the 4th-5th. The rainfall was well distributed throughout the month, except in many localities over the southern counties, where but little rain fell during the latter half of the month. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 13 days. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the south. The highest velocity recorded was 67 miles an hour, from the south, at Sioux City, on the 23d. As in May, wind squalls were frequent, and damaging in many localities. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average duration of sunshine was about 70 per cent, or about 5 per cent more than the normal. The average number of clear days was 12; partly cloudy 14; cloudy 4. Miscellaneous Phenomena. — Thunderstorms occurred at some place in the state on every day of the month, except the 2d, 16th, and 29th, and hail fell on the 4th, 5th, 6th, 10th, 12th, 14th, 21st, 22d, 24th, 25th and 26th. RrvEES. — Owing to heavy rains in northern Iowa, Minnesota, Wiscon- sin, and the Dakotas, there was a moderately high stage of water in all rivers, but no damaging floods occurred except in some of the smaller streams in the northern part of the State, where bottom lands were flooded and crops were more or less damaged. 764 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— JUNE. Temperature Precipitation Number of Days YEAR 2 S "is % o "3 4J +;> 4J fH ! c3 C3 C3 3 O. SjO y* 4J a (3 O S Q M >A ^ O O a ^- 6 10 10 11 11 10 11 13 12 10 O 180O — 72.7 69.1 09.2 71.2 73.2 69.7 69.1 09.1 71.4 +3.6 0.0 +0.1 +2.1 +4.1 +0.6 0.0 0.0 +2.3 106 99 102 lOO 104 102 100 103 99 44 37 42 40 34 34 40 29 42 7.76 5.39 5.19 3.91 2.67 4.32 3.11 3.81 4.72 + 3.38 + 1.01 + 0.81 —0.47 —1.71 —0.06 -1.27 -0..'-,7 + 0.31 16.53 19. gS 14.16 7.. 56 0.20 9.26 7.89 9.38 12.48 1.57 1.68 0.67 1.36 0.57 0.98 0.81 1.03 1.90 11 11 10 8 7 10 9 10 9 12 8 12 15 16 11 12 10 13 8 ]8c>l 12 1892 . — 7 1S93 4 1894 4 1895 8 1896 5 1897 8 1898 7 1899 70.7 69.7 72.3 + 1.6 +0.6 +3.2 100 102 106 42 38 30 5.04 3.98 3.71 + 0.66 -0.40 —0.67 11.99 12.35 7.&4 1.10 0.67 1.05 10 5 9 12 17 15 13 10 11 5 19O0 3 1901 4 1902 6.'5.2 —3.9 97 32 7.16 + 2.78 16.04 1.46 14 8 11 11 19(13 64.6 —4.5 96 30 2.86 -1.52 6.04 0.75 10 13 10 7 190t -- -- 67.1 69.9 —2.0 +0.8 94 100 35 36 3.45 5.53 —0.93 +1.15 8.35 14.89 0.44 1.80 7 10 13 12 10 11 7 190') 7 I90f> 67.9 —1.2 99 37 3.92 —0.46 8.27 1.48 8 15 10 it 1907 - 06.5 67.1 69.1 -2.6 —2.0 0.0 98 94 96 36 35 40 5.35 5.66 6.41 +0.97 +1.28 +2.03 9.33 11.88 13.30 2.07 1.77 2.80 11 13 13 14 12 12 9 10 10 7 1908 8 1909 8 1910 69.5 +0.4 105 83 1.99 —2.39 5..'51 0.05 7 18 7 ft 1911 75.7 +6.6 108 36 1.82 —2.. 56 6.28 0.06 5 20 8 1912 66.2 —2.9 101 34 2.74 -1.64 5.71 0.78 7 15 0 6 1913 71.5 72.2 +2.4 +3.1 102 101 33 40 3.31 5.57 —1.07 +1.19 8.95 13.24 0.71 1.17 7 13 19 12 8 14 3 1914 4 JULY. The month goes on record as one notable for heat and dryness. "With the single exception of the memorable July of 1901, it was the warmest July in the 25 years' climatological history of the State. Moreover, with the exception noted, August, 1900, is the onljr other month of record warmer than the one under discussion. There has been less precipitation in other summer months than in July this year, but the total number of such months (June, July and August considered) is but 10 in a 25 years' record. The heat was less endurable than usual owing to the light winds that prevailed, the month being one of the least windy Julies of record. But few severe storms occurred, the most important being those of the 16th and 27th. The former was the more widespread, and much dam- age was done to corn and grain. However, the beneficial effects of the accompanying rainfall far exceeded the loss by wind and hail. A saving factor in the drouthy conditions of the month was that the rainfall came at opportune times, vegetation deriving the maximum pos- sible benefits. The great staple corn was in such excellent shape at the close of June that it withstood the unfavorable weather remarkably well, but considerable deterioration took place in southern counties as the month progressed. The weather conditions were good for haying and the harvesting of small grains, and by the close of the month this FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 765 work had been practically completed. At the same time threshing was well advanced. The soil was too dry for plowing, and pastures were cut short by the drouth, especially in southern counties. In some places stock had to go on feed. Reports of wells going dry came from several sections. Pbessube. — The mean sea level pressure for the State was 29.98 inches. The highest recorded was 30.27 inches, at Dubuque, on the 29th; the lowest was 29.56 inches, at Des Moines, on the 16th. Temperature. — The monthly mean for the State, 107 stations reporting, was 76.6°, or 2.5° higher than the normal. An excess of temperature prevailed at all stations, but the departures were greatest in southern sections. Burlington, with a mean temperature of 80.6° was the warm- est point in the State, and Elma, with a mean of 72.4°, the coolest. Most of the highest monthly temperatures at the individual stations occurred on the 11th, 12th or 27th. In general these values were slightly above 100° over the southern half of the State, and slightly below 100° over the northern half. The highest temperature reported was 109°, at Centerville, on the 12th. The next highest was 106°, at Bedford, on the 27th. The weather was coolest at the beginning and close of the month, and on or about the 18th. About 90 per cent of the lowest monthly temperatures at the various stations occurred at the last men- tioned time. The lowest reported was 43°, at Washta, on the 3d, and at Mason City, on the 18th. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 77 per cent, and at 7 p. m., 53 per cent. The mean for the month was 65 per cent, or about 3 per cent less than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 72 per cent, at Cliarles City, and the lowest, 62 per cent, at Davenport. Precipitation. — The average for the State, 114 stations reporting, was 2.27 inches, or 1.69 inches less than the normal. Only 4 other Julies since 1889 have been drier. The precipitation was deficient over 90 per cent of the State, but the Central Section was driest. There were two chief areas where there was an excess of moisture, one covering most of Pocahontas, Calhoun, Sac and Crawford counties, the other, Mahaska, Monroe, Wapello, Wayne, Appanoose and Davis counties. The greatest amount reported was 6.50 inches, at Oskaloosa, and , the least, 0.44 inch, at Davenport. In point of time the precipitation of the month was exceptionally well distributed. The 6th, 12th, 16th, 24th and 30th were the dates of most general occurrence. There was an average of 5 rainy days for each station, this being 3 fewer than the normal. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the south. The highest velocity recorded was 35 miles an hour, from the north, at •Sioux City, on the 16th. The velocities were among the lightest of record for July. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average percentage of the possible amount of sunshine was 81, or about 9 per cent more than the normal. The average number of clear days was 20; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 3. 766 lO'WA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Phenomena. — Thunder was heard at some place in the State on every day of the month, except the 2d, 8th, 14th, 19th and 20th, and hail fell on the 15th and 16th. Rivers. — As the result of heavy rains in Minnesota and Wisconsin in June, the Mississippi River rose rapidly during the first half of the month, reaching a stage of 14.4 feet at Dubuque on the 12th, and 10.6 feet at Davenport on the 13th. With three exceptions the stage at Dubuque was the highest in July in 40 years. Steadily falling stages prevailed at Dubuque after the 12th, and at Davenport after the 15th. COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— JULY. Temperature u 3 fl 03 s a bn s O W 1890 ]8M 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 19(10 1901 1902 1903 1901 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 Normals 75.6 +1.5 110 68.5 —5.6 99 73.0 —1.1 104 75.0 -fO.9 102 7fi.4 +2.3 109 72.1 —2.0 104 73.6 -JO. 5 104 75.6 +1.5 106 73.4 -0.7 102 73.1 —1.0 101 73.4 —0.7 102 82.4 +8.3 113 73.1 —1.0 99 72.0 —1.2 100 70.6 —3.5 100 70.6 —3.5 102 70.9 —3.2 102 73.7 —0.4 102 73.0 -1.1 lOO 72.3 —1.8 102 74.5 +0.4 108 75.5 +1.4 in 74.6 +0.5 103 76.1 +2.0 108 76.6 +2.5 109 74.1 104 Precipitation £ 3 C3 C3 4^ P. Eh s 1.98 —1.98 4.22 +0.26 5.29 +1.33 3.33 —0.63 0.63 —3.33 3.40 —0.56 6.90 +2.94 3.26 —0.70 2.98 —0.98 3.07 —0.89 6.15 +2.19 2.34 —1.62 8.67 +4.71 4.83 +0.87 4.41 +0.45 2.91 —1.05 3.04 — 092 7.27 +3.31 3.66 —0.30 4.77 +0.81 1.86 —2.10 2.27 —1.69 3.71 —0.25 1.82 —2.14 2.27 —1.69 3.96 5.00 8.20 12.86 8.84 3.50 10.10 12.67 7.60 12.88 8.66 18.45 5.97 13.. 57 12.72 11.97 7.08 7.05 13.66 9.21 12.20 5.69 6.62 7.56 6.23 6.50 9.39 Number of Days 0.37 3 18 8 1.67 8 13 13 1.71 9 16 10 1.49 7 19 10 T 3 22 8 0.45 7 15 12 1.61 9 14 11 1.01 6 18 10 0.55 7 19 9 0.^2 7 16 10 1.80 9 16 10 0.27 5 21 9 4.82 13 14 10 0.94 9 17 9 1.28 10 16 9 0.69 9 14 10 0.26 8 18 10 3.97 13 16 11 0.70 8 16 10 1.20 10 15 8 0.12 7 19 8 0.08 7 18 10 1.17 10 17 10 T 5 21 8 0.44 5 20 17 8 10 1.08 8 AUGUST. The hot and dry weather that prevailed during July continued until the 18th of August, culminating on the 16th, 17th and 18th with high temperatures and hot, dry winds. From the 19th to the close of the month more favorable conditions obtained. The temperature was gen- erally moderate and showers were more frequent. The 16th and 17th were among the worst days ever experienced in Iowa. The tempera- ture was near or above 100' degrees, with wind velocities ranging from 25 to 36 miles per hour, bright sunshine and extremely low humidity. All vegetation, especially over the southern half of the state, suffered FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 7G7 greatly by these adverse conditions, and corn probably never deteriorated more in 48 hours than it did on those two days. While August will go on record as a dry month, and great damage was done by the drouth, yet rain fell at some point in the state on every day of the month. The showers were, however, widely scattered and of but slight benefit, except in a few localities of small area, until near the close of the month. Copious and quite general showers occurred on the 23d, 27th and 31st, which afforded great relief to vegetation, and put the ground in condition for plowing. The month closed with severe local wind, rain and electric storms in many localities. Wind did much damage to trees and buildings, and wind and rain seriously injured the corn crop. Pressure. — The mean sea level pressure for the state was 29.96 inches. The highest recorded was 30.37 inches, at Sioux City, on the 2Gth; the lowest was 29.58 inches, at Sioux City, on the 17th. Temperature. — The monthly mean for the state, 113 stations reporting, was 73.7°, or 19° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 78.1" at Leon; the lowest, 68.5°, at Estherville. The highest temperature re- ported in the state was 103° at Lamoni, on the 18th and the lowest was 40° at Elma, on the 14th, and Spencer on the 25th. The coolest days were the 14th, 26th, 27th and 28th, and the highest temperatures were recorded on the 8th, 16th, 17th and 22d. Humidity. — The average relative humidity for the state at 7 a. m. was 78 per cent, and at 7 p. m., 53 per cent. The mean for the month was 66 per cent, or about 6 per cent less than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 76 per cent at Charles City, and the lowest, 61 per cent at Des Moines. Precipitatioin'. — The average for the state, 121 stations reporting, was 2.19 inches, or 1.49 inches less than the normal. By sections the aver- ages were as follows: Northern, 2.40 inches, or 1.08 inches less than the normal; Central, 1.82 inches, or 1.95 inches less than the normal; Southern, 2.35 inches, or 1.43 inches less than the normal. The greatest amount reported from any station was 4.90 inches at Lake Park, and the least, 0.42 inch at Webster City. The greatest amount in any 24 con- secutive hours, 4.30 inches, occurred at Tipton, on the 19th. At Dubuque, on the 31st, 1.03 inches fell in 15 minutes. While rain fell at some place in the state on every day of the month, the showers were generally light, widely scattered and of but little benefit until the 23d, when they were quite general and copious. They were also quite general on the 27th and 31st. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 7 days, which equals the normal. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the south. The highest velocity recorded was 52 miles an hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City on the 4th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average percentage of the possible amount of sunshine was 73 per cent, or 4 per cent more than the normal. The average number of clear days was 17; partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 4. 768 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscella'neous Phe^tomena. — Thunderstorms occurred at some place in the state on every day of the month, except the 1st, 3d and 14th, and hail fell on the 5th, 18th, 19th and 31st. RrvEES. — The Mississippi river from Dubuque to below LaCrosse fell during the first 10 days of the month, and then remained nearly station- ary until the close. The average stage was about 4.0 feet, which was sufficient for navigation. Practically all creeks and small streams were dry until near the close of the month. COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— AUGUST. IStJO 1891 1892 18U3 1894 18S>5 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1901 1905 1908 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 19U Normals 71.8 Temperature > B O "3 >. 1 o a o a OS IH o 5 1890 49.2 —1.6 86 16 3.48 +1.02 6.82 1.59 7 11 11 9 1891 50.0 54.5 52.4 -0.8 +3.7 +1.6 92 96 94 19 14 10 2.77 1.55 1.28 +0.31 —0.91 —1.18 6.53 2.58 4.56 0.85 0.00 0.02 0.0 0.0 6 4 i 18 21 16 7 6 9 6 1892 — 4 1893 6 1894 . 51.7 +0.9 90 20 2.67 +0.21 5.25 0.03 0.2 8 14 8 9 1895 46.0 —4.8 88 4 0.47 —1.99 1.38 0.00 T 2 19 8 4 1896 47.9 —2.9 88 12 3.13 +0.67 5.05 1.51 T 5 18 6 7 1897 56.8 +6.0 97 12 1.14 —1.32 3.30 0.03 0.0 4 17 8 6 1898 . . - — 47.5 56.7 59.3 -3.3 +5.9 +8.5 88 95 90 17 17 21 3.56 1.73 3.91 +1.10 —0.73 +1.45 5.75 4.64 8.00 1.27 0.15 1.20 3.6 0.0 0.0 8 5 7 7 17 16 9 8 7 15 1899 — 6 190O 8 1901 - - - 54.2 +3.4 88 20 1.98 —0.48 4.23 0.45 T 6 17 7 7 1902 53.5 +2.7 83 20 2.54 +0.08 6.66 0.28 T 5 16 8 7 1903 . — - . 52.2 53.1 +1.4 +2.3 90 96 16 16 1.95 1.67 — O.iil —0.79 4.50 4.43 0.32 0.14 0.0 T 5 6 19 15 6 8 6 1904 — 8 1905 49.2 50.5 50.4 —1.6 —0.3 —0.4 95 87 85 16 7 10 3.40 1.96 1.50 +0.94 —0.50 -0.96 5.36 4.25 3.71 1.20 0.50 0.30 1.6 0.1 0.0 8 6 5 16 14 20 6 7 5 9 1906 10 1907 6 1908 -- - - 51.1 49.7 55.2 48.7 +0.3 —1.1 + 4.4 -2.1 89 97 93 87 17 10 10 14 ,3.38 2.22 0.77 3.34 +0.92 — o.ai —1.69 +0.88 8.83 4.70 1.73 7.03 0.58 0.48 T 0.73 2.6 T 0.1 0.6 8 6 4 10 16 16 21 12 6 6 4 8 9 1909 . - „ 9 1910 6 1911 ..... 11 1912 52.2 +1.4 93 16 2.98 + 0..52 5.77 1.03 T 6 21 3 7 1913 - 49.2 55.9 —1.6 +5.1 89 88 90 -2 14 14 3.03 3.23 +0..57 +0.77 7.29 6.64 0.35 0.74 1.2 T 9 9 15 16 8 6 7 8 1914 9 Nonnals 50.8 2.46 5.16 0.55 0.4 6 16 8 T indicates an amount too small to measure. NOVEMBER. Seldom in the past in Iowa has November been so pleasant and agree- able as was the month under discussion. The weather was remarkably mild, dry and sunshiny, resembling in these respects the memorable November of 1904. The weather was ideal for outdoor work, and in many sections every day was a working day. Corn gathering progressed with but little inter- ruption, and by the close of the month a large percentage of the crop had been cribbed. The general absence of precipitation caused dusty roads in some parts of the State, but the lack of moisture did not ma- terially shorten pasturage for stock, which was out all the month. During the closing week haze and smoke were present, especially in southern FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 773 Iowa, and it is believed these conditions were due to the forest fires that prevailed in Arkansas and contiguous territory. Pressure. — The mean pressure (reduced to sea-level) for the State was 30.10 inches; the highest recorded was 30.62 inches, at Sioux City, on the 19th; the lowest recorded was 29.68 inches, at the same station, on the 14th. Temperature. — The monthly mean for the State, 108 stations reporting, was 41.0°, or 6.0° higher than the normal. Only four months of the same name in the last 25 years have been warmer. As compared with the normal the temperature averaged highest in the northwestern part of the State, and lowest in the northeastern, but the difference between the greatest and least departure was not large. The highest monthly mean temperature was 46.2°, at Northboro, Page county, and the lowest was 35.4°, at Estherville, Emmet county. The outstanding feature of the tern perature conditions was the sudden and severe cold wave of the 18th-19th. Over large areas the temperature on the 19th was the lowest of record for so early in the season, the readings ranging from 6°, at Keokuk, to — 4° at several stations in northern Iowa. In most cases the monthly highest temperatures at the various stations occurred on the 2d, 3d or 6th, the readings being above 70° except over the extreme northeast part of the State. The highest reported was 80°, at 3 stations. At Des Moines the maximum of 76° on the 2d equaled the highest previous November tem- perature at that station. The weather of Thanksgiving Day (26) de- serves special mention, the day having been remarkably mild and pleasant. Humidity. — The mean relative humidity for the State at 7 a. m. was 76 per cent, and 7 p. m. it was 60 per cent. The mean for the month was 68 per cent, or about 6 per cent lower than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 81 per cent, at Charles City, and the lowest, 60 per cent, at Sioux City. Precipitation. — With the single exception of November, 1904, the cur- rent month was the driest November in the last 25 years. The average precipitation for the State was but 0.22 inch, or 1.29 inches less than the normal. No station had as much as one inch, while at 13 stations only traces occurred. Moreover, at Lake Park, Dickinson county, there was no precipitation whatever. The great bulk of the month's supply of moisture came in three periods, viz., those of the 7th-8th, 14th-15th and 29th-30th. The last named period was the most important, being one of general, light, misty rains. The average number of days with 0.01 inch or more precipitation was 2. Snowfall. — Some snow fell over much of the State, but only 10 sta- tions reported measurable amounts. The greatest fall was 0.5 inch, at Bedford and Northboro, stations in extreme southwestern Iowa. With the exception of November, 1912, the current November is the only one on record having an average snowfall of only a trace. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northwest. The highest velocity was at the rate of 39 miles an hour from the north- west, at Sioux City on the 18th. The month was not so windy as usual. 774 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The mean percentage of the possible amount of sunshine was 68, or about 14 per cent Iiigher tlian the normal. The average number of clear days was 19; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 5. Miscellaneous Phenomena. — Thunder was heard at a few stations, most of them in northeastern Iowa, on the 2d; at Creston, on the 14th, and in extreme eastern Iowa on the 24th. COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— NOVEMBER. Temperature Precipitation Num ber of Days •a.9 >> 'a s 0 TEAR ? £ S o a 3 03 ^ +3 1 "3 3 1 4J V- n.2 ^1 S3 >> Oi be p. a? e3 o fH a (S M tA EH fi o ^ & ^- B Ph 5 1890 38.6 30.5 33.3 +3.6 —4.5 —1.7 78 84 70 — 2 —24 — 3 1.46 1.70 1.10 —0.05 +0.19 —0.41 3.55 3.64 3.16 0.71 0.06 0.05 "I'.l' 3 7 4 15 10 11 8 8 8 7 1891 12 1892 11 1893 - — 34.0 32.7 —1.0 —2.3 86 72 —13 — 5 1.17 0.92 —0.34 —0.59 2.56 2.42 0.05 T 4.6 0.4 4 4 16 9 8 11 6 1894 - 10 1895 — — 34.3 29.6 34.3 -0.7 —5.4 —0.7 86 82 81 —12 —15 -19 1.51 1.83 0.66 O.OO +0.32 —0.85 3.01 4.51 2.24 0.45 0.16 T 4.9 2.9 1.2 6 6 5 9 9 12 8 8 8 13 1896 13 1897 10 1898 32.2 —2.8 78 —17 1.50 —0.01 3.61 0.33 8.7 6 14 8 8 1899 - 43.9 33.5 35.8 41.2 +8.9 —1.5 +0.8 +6.2 86 79 77 79 8 — 6 2 4 1.20 1.06 0.86 2.13 —0.31 —0.45 —0.65 +0.62 2.97 3.35 2.30 4.19 0.13 T 0.20 0.16 0.5 3.7 2.6 1.8 5 6 3 7 12 12 18 9 8 7 6 7 11) 1900 11 1901 - — 6 1902 14 1903 34.2 41.0 —0.8 +6.0 76 80 — 5 4 0.52 0.15 —0.99 -1.36 1.74 0.50 T 0.00 1.1 0.5 3 1 13 20 8 6 9 1904 - - — 4 1905 . - 38.4 35.4 +3.4 +0.4 70 76 -12 — 5 2.84 2.03 +1.33 +0.52 5.30 3.86 0.90 0.35 0.6 4.4 5 8 16 9 7 7 7 1906 14 1907 - - 36.7 +1.7 fiK — 4 1.03 —0.48 2.27 0.05 0.9 4 17 6 7 1908 39.3 42.4 +4.3 +7.4 80 84 5 — 3 1.56 5.39 +0.05 +3.88 3.31 11.48 0.21 2.07 1.4 6.8 5 10 14 10 7 7 9 1909 13 1910 33.4 —1.6 76 5 0.34 —1.17 1.03 T 0.7 3 13 9 8 1911 29.9 —5.1 79 — 8 1.42 —0.09 4.99 0.11 1.6 6 11 8 11 1912 40.1 +5.1 77 6 0.98 —0.53 2.38 O.OO T 2 18 8 4 1913 . 44.1 41.0 +9.1 +6.0 78 80 10 —4 1.18 0.22 —0.33 —1.29 3.49 0.95 0.20 O.OO 0.4 T 6 2 11 19 7 6 1" 1914 . - 5 Normals 35.0 78 — 5 1.51 3.31 0.25 2.2 5 13 S 9 T indicates an amount too small to measure, or less than .005 inch precipitation and less tlian .05 inch snowfall. DECEMBER. December, 1914, will go on record as a pleasant and agreeable winter month, notwithstanding the fact that it was, with one exception, the coldest December of record, and that there was more cloudiness, more snow and a greater number of days with measurable precipitation than usual. These adverse conditions were, however, counterbalanced by the fact that the wind movement was extremely light, so there was no drift- ing of snow or blizzardy conditions. Snow flurries were frequent after the 7th, and the temperature was unusually low during the second and third decades of the month. In some localities the 26th was the coldest December day since December 31, 1863. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 775 All fall sown grains, grass and alfalfa were well protected by a thick mantle of snow during the periods of low temperature. Sleighing was excellent over the greater part of the state after the 18th. Pressure. — The mean sea level pressure for the state was 30.25 inches. The highest recorded was 30.72 inches, at Keokuk on the 16th, and the lowest was 29.53 inches, at Davenport and Keokuk, on the 29th. Temperature. — The monthly mean for the state, 109 stations reporting, was 15.7°, or 8.2° below the normal, and with one exception was the coldest December of record. By sections, the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern, 12.7°, or 8.5° below the normal; Central, 16.2°, or 7.9° below the normal; Southern, 18.2°, or 8.2° below the normal. The highest tem- perature reported in the state was 63° at Bloomfleld, on the 1st, and the lowest was — 31° at Iowa Falls, on the 26th. The temperature averaged lower, and lower readings were recorded, over the eastern and north- eastern counties than over the western and southwestern counties. At Iowa City, the 26th, with a temperature of — 22°, was the coldest Decem- ber day recorded since December 31, 1863, when the temperature was 23° below zero. Humidity. — The mean relative humidity for the state at 7 a. m. was 87 per cent, and at 7 p. m. it was 83 per cent. The mean for the month was 85 per cent, or 6 per cent more than the normal. The highest monthly mean was 90 per cent at Charles City, and the lowest 82 per cent at Des Moines, Dubuque and Keokuk. The high percentage of humidity at the 7 p. m. observations, as compared with the average for 7 a. m., is remarkable. Precipitation. — The average for the state, 116 stations reporting, was 1.30 inches, or 0.08 inch more than the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern, 1.09 inches, or 0.02 inch more than the normal; Central, 1.43 inches, or 0.18 inch more than the normal; Southern, 1.38 inches, or 0.03 inch more than the normal. The greatest amount re- ported from any station was 2.24 inches, at Tipton, and the least, 0.57 inch, at Le Mars. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours, 1.03 inches, occurred at Washington, on the 28th-29th. All of the precipitation after the 7th came in the form of snow, and, while the amounts were not great, the flurries were frequent. The average number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation was 9, which is 4 more than the average for December, and has not been equalled or exceeded in any December of record, except in 1909, when there were 11 days. Snowfall. — The average for the state was 11.1 inches, or almost twice the normal amount. The greatest monthly amount was 20.2 inches at Waterloo, and the least 5.2 inches at New Hampton. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was from the northwest. The highest velocity was at the rate of 40 miles an hour from the north- west, at Sioux City, on the 29th. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average percentage of the possible amouat of sunshine was 39 per cent, or about 10 per cent less than the normal. The average number of clear days was 10; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 15. 776 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Phenomena.- — 'Sleet fell at Belmond and Pella on the 28tli and at Clinton on the 29th. At the latter place many telephone wires were down "From heavy, wet snow." Rivers were frozen over between the 10th and 16th and by the end of the month the ice was 8 to 12 inches thick. The ice harvest began on the 28th at many places in the state. COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— DECEMBER. Temperature Precipitation Number of Days TEAR a a 3 a a a W ■S % o "3 o EH 3 S a O a '5 o a «3 5 a o q3 1890 29.1 32.3 18.9 22.0 30.1 25.4 30.8 18.0 18.1 22.6 26.9 20.5 20.1 19.6 23.4 27.0 25.7 28.8 27.2 15.1 23.4 27.9 29.2 32.0 15.7 +5.2 +8.4 —5.0 ■—1.9 +6.2 +1.5 +6.9 —5.9 —5.8 —1.3 +3.0 —3.4 -3.8 -^.3 —0.5 +3.1 +1.8 +4.9 +3.3 -8.8 —0.5 +4.0 +5.3 +8.1 —8.2 72 72 68 70 73 63 70 60 60 75 63 64 59 58 67 62 65 62 67 60 57 60 64 65 63 —18 —14 —29 —21 —17 —16 —10 —25 -25 —19 —10 —31 —20 —27 —19 —11 — 9 — 9 —17 -26 —14 —24 —13 —13 —31 0.45 2.41 1.65 1.31 0.95 1.63 0.65 1.65 0.48 1.61 0.45 0.93 2.23 0.41 1.44 0.52 1.43 1.00 0.57 2.18 0.37 2.57 0.74 1.02 1.30 —0.77 +1.19 +0.-J3 +0.09 --0.27 +0.41 —0.57 +0.43 —0.74 +0.3t» —0.77 —0.29 +1.01 —0.81 +0.22 —0.70 +0.21 -^).22 —0.6.') +0.96 —0.85 +1.35 —0.48 —0.20 +0.80 1.40 4.50 3.04 2.80 1.75 5.74 1.79 3.22 1.70 4.28 2.70 2.75 5.51 1.96 3.68 1.69 2.81 2.28 2.07 6.10 1.39 4.43 1.75 4.73 2.24 0.00 1.21 0.20 0.46 0.25 0.00 T 0.61 T 0.10 T 0.05 0.67 T 0.06 T 0.37 0.05 0.05 0.89 0.01 0.62 0.10 0.00 0.57 10.9 7.6 1.3 4.1 1.6 15.9 3.9 4.3 2.4 5.4 12.9 3.7 12.3 4.2 1.4 4.7 3.8 13.7 3.0 12.6 1.1 1.3 11.1 3 6 8 7 3 5 4 6 3 5 4 6 8 4 5 3 6 5 3 11 3 7 3 4 9 17 14 9 10 15 11 10 11 15 12 13 10 9 11 12 19 11 10 15 10 15 13 18 15 10 7 9 8 9 6 9 8 7 8 9 6 9 6 9 7 6 7 7 8 5 7 6 7 5 6 7 1891 8 1892 14 1893 - - 1^ 1894 1895 - . 10 n 1896 1897 - - 13 13 1898 . 8 1899 1900 10 n 1901 .- 1902 ... 12 16 1903 1904 1905 ... 11 12 1906 13 1907 . 14 1908 . 8 1909 1910 1911 1912 -. 16 9 12 6 1913 . 11 1914 .' 15 Normals 23.9 65 —19 1.22 3.05 0.25 6.2 5 13 7 11 T indicates an amount too .small to measure, or less than .005 inch precipitation and less than .05 inch snowfall. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 777 MONTHLY STATE DATA FOR 1914. MONTH January _ February March April May June July August --- September October .. November December Annual- Temperature S I a> sag 0-" 27.8 16.8 34.7 ■i8.6 62. 2j 72.2 76.6 73.7 64.5 55.9 41.0 15.7 +9.9' —3.7 +1.4 —0.1 +1.7 +3.1 +2.5 +1.9 +1.1 +5.1 +6.0 —8.2 +1.7 Precipitation Number of Days &2S 881—0.17 87—0.28 69—0.08 52—0.34 31 —1.26 57+1.19 27—1.69 19—1.49 88;+4.52 231+0.77 22-1.29 30 +0, 31.93--0.O4 ■4-> 4J •^ ,rH 16.24 0.00 5 11 8 12 6 10 9 9 7 12 8 11 8 10 8 12 10 14 11 6 13 12 14 4 5 20 8 3 7 17 10 4 10 15 8 7 9 16 6 0 2 19 6 5 9 10 6 15 91 166 102 97 nw nw nw nw nw nw COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE— ANNUAL. Temperature a D a a a a S3 S w Date Date Precipitation in inches C3 P a 3 a a o >S'S?OtH O C3 ^ " - !s "> °^ G c! S o ii ±i 2 o K e u t^ n D is X3 o is o .o O t>> CO ni a O 3 s> nf 3 U fts «■ 1= &-Sa1 o 2 S Si 5 _g S .a g 500000000 00000 0000000000 000000000000 < ^ ^ < 5, n s S o S S K S ^ K S -1 J " S 2: z !^ o i=^ P- 1=^ !» =« ^ «2 =° " ^ FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 779 780 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 781 CLIMATE AND CROP REVIEW Season 1914 WEATHER AND CROP REVIEW BY MONTHS. The year 1914 opened with the warmest January and ended with the second coldest December of record. All of the months of the year, except February, April and December, were warmer than usual, and the summer months, like those of 1913, were unusually warm. In regard to precipita- tion, the records show that the State received nearly the normal amount, there being a deficiency of only 0.04 inch. This, however, does not in- dicate the conditions that prevailed during most of the year, and es- pecially during the crop months. There was a deficiency of precipitation every month from January to August, inclusive, except in June, and the southern part of the State suffered from one of the worst droughts of record. At the end of August, there was an accumulated deficiency of precipitation of 4.12 inches. This was overcome by excessive rains in September and the excess was further increased by frequent showers during the first half of October, but dry weather during the latter half of October and all of November caused a slight deficiency for the year. The hot, dry weather during July and August greatly reduced the yield of corn, especially in the southern counties, where the effects of the drought were even worse than in 1913. SYNOPSIS BY MONTHS. The generally mild and pleasant weather that prevailed during Novem- ber and December, 1913, continued most of the time during January, 1914, making it the warmest month of that name since 1880, and the warmest winter season, November to January, inclusive, of record. The average temperature was 10° above the normal, and there were no storms of consequence. A moderate cold wave passed over the State on the 12th; the temperature ranging from a little above zero in the southern part of the State to 5° and 10° below zero in the northern section. The snow- fall was lighter than usual and did not remain on the ground long. Live stock was out most of the month, thereby affecting a considerable saving in feed. Building operations suffered little interruption because of un- favorable weather conditions. February was considerably colder than usual, but the precipitation was less than the normal. There was, however, an excess of wind movement, but there were no general winter storms that should be classed as severe until the night of the last day of the month. As a result, there was much less than the average amount of trouble and inconvenience from drifting snow. In fact, railroads, telephone and telegraph companies and stock feeders probably have never experienced a more favorable winter. There 782 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE were two cold waves. The first occurred on the 7th-8th, and the second spread over the State on the afternoon and night of the 28th. The first was not severe, although it gave the coldest weather of the month and winter on the 8th. The one on the 28th was attended by winds of gale force and rapidly falling temperature. It proved to he one of the severest blows Iowa has experienced in recent years, and was the only general blizzard of the winter. Ice of good thickness and quality was secured, and the harvest was generally finished by the 20th. Fall sown grains were protected by snow during the coldest weather and were in good condition at the close of the month. The conditions during March were quite typical. The chief features were the cold wave at the beginning of the month, the warm spring-like weather two weeks later, and the cloudy, snowy period during the closing days. Both the mean temperature and average precipitation were near the normal, while the snowfall was light, averaging less than two inches. A five day period of warm, pleasant weather began on the 12th; the day temperatures at this time were unusually high for so early in the season, reaching 70° even in northern Iowa. Most of the ice in streams and rivers disappeared during this period, vegetation began to grow, and some field work was done. The return of cool weather on the 17th checked the growth of vegetation. The mean temperature and average precipitation for April were very close to the normals, there being a deficiency of only 0.1° in temperature and 0.34 inch in precipitation. The month was considerably drier than usual until the 24th, but from that date to the 28th, the rainfall was general and, at many stations, heavy. The month, as a whole, was favor- able for all out-door pursuits. The bulk of the small grain was sown by the 18th. Potatoes were planted and a large area was prepared for corn. Fruit trees were in blossom in the southern counties, and shade trees were becoming green in all parts of the State. May was characterized by cool weather during the first and moderately warm weather during the latter half of the month, and by numerous torrential local rains, although there was a deficiency of rainfall for the State, as a whole. Frost was quite general over the northern two-thirds of the State between the 12th and 14th, but no damage was done except to tender garden truck. Destructive wind squalls occurred in many lo- calities on the 3d, and on the night of the lOth-llth. Most of the wind squalls attended severe electrical storms, and were accompanied by ex- cessive rainfall and, in some cases, by hail. The heavy rains caused con- siderable damage by floods and soil erosion, and the hail was destructive to fruits, garden truck, meadows and greenhouses. A deficiency of mois- ture in the southern counties was detrimental to all crops except corn. June was an exceptionally favorable month over the larger part of the State, but there was some objectionable features of local character, such as damaging wind squalls, electrical storms, excessive rainfall, drought and, in a few places, hailstorms. Over the northern and central districts there was an excess of precipitation, amounting to 2.51 and 1.76 inches, respectively; while in the southern counties there was a deficiency of .71 inch. The heavy rains in the northern part of the State delayed the FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 783 cultivation of corn and flooded the bottom lands, while in the southern districts grass, small grain and early potatoes were suffering from lack of moisture. Corn made remarkably rapid growth, and at the close of the month the bulk of the crop was laid by with fields in excellent condition. July was notable for heat and dryness. With the exception of July, 1901, it was the warmest month of that name in 25 years. But few severe storms occurred, the most important being those of the 16th and 27th. The former was more widespread, and much damage was done to corn and grain. Corn was in such excellent condition at the close of June that it withstood the drought remarkably well, but considerable deterioration took place in southern counties as the month progressed. Haying and harvesting were practically completed under favorable conditions. Pas- tures were cut short by the drought, especially in southern counties, and in some places stock had to go on feed. The hot and dry weather that prevailed during July continued until the 18th of August, culminating on the 16th, 17th and 18th with high temperatures and hot, dry winds. From the 19th to the close of the month the temperature was generally moderate and showers were more frequent. The 16th and 17th were among the worst days ever experienced in Iowa. The temperature was near or above 100 degrees, with wind velocities ranging from 25 to 36 miles per hour, bright sunshine and extremely low humidity. All vegetation, especially over the southern half of the state, suffered greatly by these adverse conditions. While August will go on record as a dry month, and great damage was done by the drought, yet rain fell at some point in the State on every day of the month. The show- ers were, however, widely scattered and of but slight benefit, except in a few localities of small area, until near the close of the month. Copious and quite general showers occurred on the 23d, 27th and 31st, which af- forded great relief to vegetation, and put the ground in condition for plowing. The month closed with severe local wind, rain and electrical storms in many localities. Wind damaged trees and buildings, and wind and rain seriously injured the corn crop. September was the wettest month of that name in the history of the State, and, with one exception — July, 1902 — it was the wettest month of record since state-wide observations began in 1890. Showers were fre- quent between the 1st and 24th, and in many localities the rainfall was heavy to excessive, the greatest monthly amount being 16.24 inches at Lenox, and the greatest amount in 24 consecutive hours was 7.78 inches at Cedar Rapids. The long, severe drought of July and August was thor- oughly broken, and at the close of the month pastures were as green as in May or June. Much fall plowing was done and a large acreage of winter wheat had been seeded. With the exception of frequent and general showers between the 5th and 14th of October, and light scattered showers on the 22d and 23d, the weather was unusually mild and pleasant and favorable for farm and construction work. The first cool wave of the season spread over the State between the 24th and 27th, causing the first killing frost in all sections, except in the extreme northwestern corner of the State, where 784 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE killing frost occurred on the 15th. Light snow flurries, the first of the season, occurred in the eastern counties on the 26th. Much of the corn crop was harvested and pastures, meadows and fall sown grains were in excellent condition. The weather during November was remarkably mild, dry and sunshiny. The general absence of precipitation caused dusty roads in some parts of the State, but the lack of moisture did not materially shorten pasturage for stock, which was out all the month. Corn gathering progressed with but little interruption, and by the close of the month a large percentage of the crop had been cribbed. December was, with one exception, the coldest month of that name of record. There was more cloudiness, more snow, and a greater number of days with measurable precipitation than usual, but these adverse con- ditions were counterbalanced by the fact that the wind movement was extremely light. Snow flurries were frequent after the 7th, and the tem- perature was unusually low during the second and third decades of the month. At Iowa City, the 26th was the coldest December day since De- cember 31, 1863. Grains and grasses were well protected by a thick mantle of snow during the coldest weather. Rivers were frozen over be- tween the 10th and 16th and by the end of the month ice was 8 to 12 inches thick. The ice harvest began on the 28th at many places in the state. CLIMATE AND CROP BULLETINS. Summaries of Weekly Bulletins Issued in the Season of 1914. Bulletin No. 1. For the week ending April 12, 1914. — The winter of 1913-14 was the warmest winter of record and was, with four exceptions, the driest winter since 1890. The average temperature for the five months, November to March, inclusive, was only 0.4 degree below the freezing point, and there was less snowfall than for any winter since state-wide observations began. March was warmer and drier than usual, but owing to wet, inclement weather during the last decade of the month and un- usually cold weather during the first eleven days of April farm work has been delayed and fruit buds are still dormant. Freezing temperatures were general on four or five mornings of the past week, and as a result but little field work could be done. While the sub-soil is dry, the recent rains and snows have been sufficient to thoroughly moisten the surface and the ground is in excellent condition for plowing and seeding as soon as warmer weather prevails. Fall sown grains and clovers suffered but little damage from winter killing, due to the fact that although the winter was mild the temperature was uniformly moderately cool. There are, however, some fields in the extreme southern counties that appear to be spotted, and the Hessian fly is reported to have caused 8 to 10' per cent damage to the crop in Scott county, but the condition for the state as a whole is at least 5 per cent better than it was on April 1, 1913, and the acreage is considerably greater than it was last year. Owing to the con- tinued cold weather the seeding of oats has but fairly begun. The bulk FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 785 of the spring wheat seeding is finished, and the acreage will be some- what greater than last year. But little has been done in the way of gardening and only a few potatoes have been planted. Grass appears to be in good condition, but has barely started to grow. All live stock came through the winter in a thrifty condition and there is sufficient feed and roughage left to last until new pasturage is obtainable. The spring pig crop is fairly good considering the great loss of breeding stock last season from cholera. The week closes with clear weather and much higher tem- perature, and if these conditions continue, all farm operations will be rushed during the coming week. Up to the present time the prospects are favorable for a bountiful crop year. Bulletin No. 2. For the week ending April 19, 1914. — The past week was, until Saturday, unusually warm, and all conditions, except brisk to high winds on Friday, were favorable for farm work and the growth of vegetation. The average daily temperature was six degrees above the normal, and on Thursday and Friday the maximum temperature readings were considerably above 60 degrees in nearly all parts of the state. There was practically no rainfall until Saturday morning, and the amount of sunshine was excessive. Under these conditions farm work progressed rapidly, and the bulk of the small grain was seeded, a large proportion of the early potato crop was planted and much ground was plowed for corn. The warm weather hastened the growth of vegetation, and pas- turage will soon be sufficient for the support of stock. Fruit buds are swelling, and leaves are appearing on early shrubs and some varieties of trees. Winter wheat is reported to be in good condition except in a few southern and southwestern counties where some fields are spotted. Showers and rapidly falling temperature occurred on Saturday, with gen- eral rain or snow on Saturday night, and the week closes with indica- tions of frost and temperatures near or below the freezing point Sunday night. Bulletin No. 3. For the week ending April 26, 1914. — Another full week of comparatively dry and warm weather has enabled farmers to do more than the average amount of field work. Spring seeding is finished, early potatoes and garden truck planted and much ground is ready for corn. Owing to a great amount of fall plowing and the favorable conditions pre- vailing this spring, farm work is farther advanced than usual at this season of the year. Spring grains and grass have started nicely, and oats show a good stand. Winter wheat and rye are generally In good condition, but a good, soaking rain is needed soon to keep up normal growth and produce an average crop of hay. The heavy frost and freez- ing temperatures on the morning of the 20th did but little if any damage, and the prospects for a fruit crop are still excellent. All fruit trees are in blossom in the southern counties, and shade and forest trees are be- coming green in all parts of the state. Some corn has been planted, and if favorable weather continues much of it will be planted during the coming week. 50 786 IOWA DEPART]\IENT OF AGRICULTURE Bulletin No. 4. For the week ending May 3, 1914. — The week as a whole was cold and cloudy. The average temperature was slightly above the normal in the eastern and central and slightly below the normal in the western districts. No frost occurred except in the extreme north- western counties, where the vegetation was not far enough advanced to be injured. Copious to heavy showers occurred in all sections, but the rainfall was generally less than the normal in the east central and was heavy and, in some localities, excessive in the western counties; the greatest amounts being reported from the southwestern district. The wet weather delayed plowing, and the cold nights retarded corn planting. The rain, however, was of great value to grasses and small grains. Cherry, plum and peach trees are in full bloom in the central and southern coun- ties, but many apple trees are not showing the usual amount of blossoms, probably owing to the drought of last summer and the heavy crop pro- duced last year. A heavy and damaging hailstorm occurred in the eastern part of Polk county on the afternoon of May 3d. Bulletin No. 5. For the week ending May 10, 1914. — The average tem- perature was slightly above the normal in the extreme eastern districts and below in the central and western. Light frost occurred on low places in many localities on two or three nights, but no damage was done except to check the growth of vegetation and the germination of corn. Local and generally light showers occurred in nearly all parts of the state on one or more days, but the rainfall was not heavy enough to interfere with field work. Plowing, and in some sections, corn planting progressed rapidly. In a few localities more than half of the corn has been planted, and if favorable weather continues the bulk .of the crop will be in by the close of the coming week. Grass and small grains are in good con- dition. Winter wheat is jointing and rye is heading in the extreme south- eastern counties. The following report by the secretary of the Iowa State Horticultural Society shows the average condition of fruit on May 1st: Apples, 58 per cent; pears, 78; American plums, 88; European plums, 76; cherries, 90; peaches, 69; grapes, 90; red raspberries, 74; black raspberries, 75; black- berries, 82; currants, 87; gooseberries, 83; strawberries, 78 per cent of perfect condition. The average condition of all fruits is 78 per cent, or 1^2 per cent less than in April. Bulletin No. 6. For the week ending May 17, 1914. — Unseasonably cool weather prevailed during most of the past week. Frost occurred in nearly all parts of the state and freezing temperatures are reported from the western counties, but no damage was done except to tender garden truck. Excessive rains, accompanied in some localities by hail and high winds, occurred in the central and north central counties on Sunday night and Monday morning. In the areas of heaviest rainfall field work was delayed for one or two days, and considerable damage was done by rain, hail and wind. But for the state as a whole the conditions were favorable for field work, and at the close of the week fully four-fifths of the corn area has FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 787 been planted. In the southern districts much of the early planted corn is up, shows a good stand, and is being cultivated. The soil is generally in good condition, but rain is neoded in the south central, southwestern and northwestern counties. The prospects for small grain and fruit are still promising. Bulletin No. 7. For the week ending May 24, 1914. — The past week was warmer than usual, with a slight deficiency of sunshine. The daily excess of temperature ranged from one to four degrees. The rainfall was, up to the time most of the reports were mailed, considerably less than the normal, but the few telegraphic reports received Sunday indicate that copious to heavy showers were quite general Saturday night. The con- ditions were favorable for field work. The bulk of the corn has been planted, and the late planted is germinating quickly under the effects of warmer weather. The stand is good, but cut and wire worms are doing considerable damage In southern counties.. The area planted appears to be fully up to and may prove to be in excess of last year's acreage. Small grain is generally in good condition, but was beginning to show the effect of lack of moisture in many localities, especially in southern districts. A few reports indicate that the Hessian fly is still active in winter wheat, and that some fields have been plowed up on account of the damage done by the fly. Hay, grass and potatoes are doing well, but need more rain. In some sections hay has a tendency to head short, due to lack of mois- ture. Tree fruits, except apples, give promise of good yields. Bulletin No. 8. For the week ending May 31, 1914. — Warm, growing weather prevailed during the past week. The average temperature was about 9 degrees above the normal, and the daily maximum temperatures were near or above 90 degrees on several days. The rainfall was consid- erably less than the normal, but showers occurred in nearly all parts of the state on Thursday or Friday, being copious in the southeastern coun- ties. The heavy showers, referred to in the last bulletin as having oc- curred on the night of the 23d, were quite general over the northern half of the state. Rain is badly needed in the southern districts, yet up to the present time corn Is making rapid growth and is in good condition. Much of it has been cultivated once and some of It twice. Small grain and grass show the effect of drougth to some extent, and winter wheat is seriously damaged in Fremont and Page counties by Hessian fly. Many fields have been plowed up and planted to corn. Over the northern half of the state all crops are in extra fine condition. Fruits, except apples, are still promising, but berries must have rain soon. Bulletin No. 9. For the week ending June 7, 1914. — The week was hot, and up to Thursday night, very dry. The average temperature was about six degrees above the normal and the daily readings were the highest recorded this season. Showers were frequent over the larger part of the state during the last three days and the rainfall was excessive in some localities, especially in the east central, and northwestern counties. Fol- 788 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE lowing are some of the greatest amounts reported: Wright county, 6.61 inclies; Marshall, 5.13; Osceola, 4.97; Dickinson, 4.17; Linn, 4.63; Black Hawk, 4.53, and Scott, 4.38 inches. The rainfall was practically nil over the south central counties, and within this area all crops, except corn, suffered from lack of moisture, and stock water is getting scarce. Over the balance of the state, all crops are in fine condition and were greatly improved by the timely rains. The week, as a whole, was exceptionally favorable for farm work and the growth of vegetation, but considerable damage was done in the area of heaviest rainfall by floods and soil erosion. Some damage also resulted from wind squalls, hail and lightning. Probably the most destructive storm of the week occurred in the northern part of O'Brien county on Friday night. 'Considerable alfalfa was put up during the week in the best of condition and some clover will be cut during the coming week. Bulletin No. 10. For the week ending June 14, 1914. — The conditions during the past week were unusually favorable for the growth of vegeta- tion. The average temperature was about 8 degrees above the normal, and all parts of the state received copious to heavy rains. Most too much rain has fallen in the northern and western districts, and as a result field work has been delayed and small grain is getting too rank. However, in the south central and southeastern districts, where droughty conditions have prevailed during the past month, the rains will be of great help to all crops except hay, which will be light. Corn has made phenomenal growth and, in some localities, will average knee high. Oats are heading in all sections, and in the southern counties are filling well, although the straw will be short. In the northern and western counties some oats were lodged even before they began heading. Much clover and alfalfa hay was put up during the week. Bulletin No. 11. For the week ending June 21, 1914. — With the excep- tion of light and widely scattered showers on Thursday, Friday and Sat- urday night, the week was dry, and until Saturday, cool. The conditions were, however, unusually favorable for field work and the growth of crops. The average temperature was about five degrees below the normal, and two nights were quite cool. Corn has continued to make rapid growth and most fields are clean. Much of it, in southern counties, has been laid by, and in many fields, in all parts of the state, it is knee high. The cooler weather has been beneficial to small grain and grass. Winter wheat and rye harvest has begun in southern districts and will be in full progress during the coming week. There has been some damage by drougth and in some localities by Hessian fly, but there has been but little rust. Oats are filling well, but the straw is short. In the northern part of the state all small grain is rank. The recent rains were also beneficial to fruits, but more moisture is needed in southern counties. Potatoes are promising and garden truck is generally in good condition. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 789 Bulletin No. 12. For the week ending June 28, 1914. — High temperature prevailed until Saturday, and over tlie northern two-thirds of the state showers were frequent, and in some localities heavy to excessive. The rainfall, however, was not well distributed. While there was little or no rain over the southern two tiers of counties, west of Monroe and Ap- panoose, the next two tiers of counties received heavy to excessive showers. Over the northern half of the state the rainfall was about normal, although heavy showers occurred in some localities. In many sections the showers were accompanied by high winds, and in a few in- stances by hail, which did considerable damage to small grain. Probably half of the corn has been laid by in southern districts, and in northern counties some of it is getting too large to cultivate. The crop probably was never in better condition or further advanced at the end of June than it is now. Much winter wheat, rye and some early oats are in shock in the southern part of the state. Most reports indicate that although the straw is short the yield will be good but not up to last year's crop. In northern sections all small grain is in head and filling well, but dry weather is needed to prevent further damage by lodging and the pos- sibility of rust. Haying is well advanced in southern and will become general in central and northern districts during the coming week. Pas- tures, potatoes and garden truck are generally in excellent condition, ex- cept in southwestern counties where dry weather continues. In the fruit district of western Iowa the prospects are satisfactory. Apples promise good size if the weather continues favorable. Both apples and grapes are further advanced than normal, and the grape crop, especially in Pottawat- tamie county will be large. Bulletin No. 13. For the week ending July 5, 1914. — Ideal weather pre- vailed during the last seven days for haying and harvesting fall wheat, rye and early oats, and the time was well improved. The average tem- perature was about four degrees below the normal and only a few light, scattered showers occurred. Practically all of the winter wheat, rye and early oats are in shock in the southern counties, and the work is well advanced in the central districts. Haying was general and the crop is being put up in fine condition. The yield is, however, considerably below the normal in southern districts but is fair to good over the central and northern counties. The bulk of the corn has been laid by in good con- dition, and the crop, as a whole, is a week to ten days in advance of the average for this time of the year. Much of it is showing tassels in the southern part of the state but will soon need rain in those sections. Threshing has begun in the south and will begin in central districts during the coming week. Early reports indicate good yields of winter wheat, but not up to those of last year. Early potatoes are generally small and have only a few in a hill. Pastures are in fine condition, except in the southern counties, where rain is badly needed for all growing crops and to replenish the water supply, which is getting short. Bulletin No. 14. For the week ending July 12, 1914. — This has been the hottest and one of the driest weeks of the season. The average tempera- ture was about 6 degrees above the normal, and the daily maximum tem- 790 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE peratures ranged from 90 to 104 degrees. The rainfall was decidedly deficient except in a few localities, of small area, where heavy local showers occurred. The excessive heat and dry weather are beginning to show injurious effects on corn in the southern counties, but the crop as a whole is making rapid growth and Is still in good condition. The early planted fields, in all parts of the state, are tasseling and are approaching that stage of growth when rain will be needed soon. Favorable conditions have prevailed for haying, harvesting and threshing. Considerable rust is reported in late oats and smut is appearing in many localities where the seed was not treated. The rust, however, is the red variety and came too late to do serious harm. In some sections more or less rust is re- ported in all small grain. The early potato crop is nearly a failure. A summary of the reports on apples for July 1st shows the following percentages of the 1913 crop in the several districts: Northeastern, 23; north central, 41; northwestern, 27; west central, 51; central, 44; east central, 29; southeastern, 36; south central, 58; southwestern, 53 per cent. The average of all reports received shows an estimated production of 40 per cent. Estimating from the assessors' reports for 1913, Iowa will har- vest this year a million-bushel apple crop. The fruit is far in advance of the normal for this time of the year and with normal rainfall should reach good size by harvest time. The coddling moth is very bad in un- sprayed orchards and the curculio is reported as having done considerable damage in parts of the state. The plum crop will be about 62 per cent and grapes above 90 per cent of the 1913 crop. Bulletin No. 15. For the week ending July 19, 1914.^ — Hot weather pre- vailed until Thursday evening, when quite general showers preceded a cool wave. Heavy showers also occurred in many localities on the night of the 12th, the heaviest rain, both on the 12th and 16th, being reported from the eastern part of the south central and southeastern counties, where the moisture was badly needed. In many localities the showers were accompanied by high winds and electrical storms, and in some sec- tions by hail. Much damage was done to corn and grain. Corn was blown down and uncut grain was badly lodged. The storms were, how- ever, of a local character, and the beneficial effects of the rain will far exceed the amount of damage done by wind and hail. Corn over the greater part of the state is still in good condition and earing well, but more rain would be beneficial. Harvesting is about completed in the southern counties and is well advanced in northern districts. Threshing is progressing rapidly and reports indicate fair to good yields of all grains. Rain is needed for pastures, potatoes, blackberries and apples, and would benefit corn. Bulletin No. 16. For the week ending July 26, 1914. — High tempera- tures, bright sunshine and generally dry weather prevailed during the last seven days. The average temperature was about five degrees above the normal, and the daily maximum readings were above 100 degrees on two or three days, in the southern districts. Showers occurred in nearly all parts of the state, but the amounts of rainfall were light, except in a few FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 791 localities of small area. The drougth has been injurious to pastures, po- tatoes and spring seeded clover and timothy, and has damaged corn to some extent in the southern counties, but even there it is not beyond redemption for an average yield. As a whole the crop is still in good condition, but would be benefited by rain, and the late planted fields must have rain soon to insure good caring. The small grain harvest is prac- tically completed and threshing is well advanced in central and nearing completion in many localities in southern districts. The yield of grain is variable, ranging from fair to good. Wheat ranges from twenty to thirty bushels per acre; barley sixteen to twenty-five, and oats from twenty to forty-five bushels. A reliable estimate of the average yields cannot now be given on account of the limited number of reports received. The storm of the 15th blew off many apples in Page and Fremont counties. Water for stock is very scarce in southern districts. Bulletin No. 17. For the week ending August 2, 1914. — Quite general showers occurred on Thursday and Thursday night, but the amount of rainfall was unevenly distributed. In some localities the rainfall was nil, while in others the amounts were light to heavy; the southern counties received the least. In some localities, in the northern counties there was sufficient rainfall to insure the early corn, but for the state as a whole, and especially in the southern districts, corn, potatoes and pastures are needing rain badly. Corn has already suffered considerable damage in the southern part of the state, but the average condition of the whole crop is only four points below the July 1st estimate, or 97 per cent. Much trouble is being experienced in southern districts in obtaining water for stock and for threshing. Small streams and many wells are dry. Thresh- ing is progressing rapidly under favorable conditions. Preliminary es- timates show the average yield of winter wheat to be about twenty-three bushels per acre; spring wheat, sixteen; oats, thirty-four; barley, twenty- seven and rye, nineteen bushels per acre. If these estimates are main- tained by final returns the state will produce about 175,000,000 bushels of oats; 16,500,000 of wheat; 11,000,000 of barley, and 1,300,000 bushels of rye. Bulletin No. 18. For the week ending August 9, 1914. — The week was hot and generally dry; the average daily excess of temperature being about three degrees, and the rainfall was much below the normal. There were, however, many local but generally light showers, which afforded slight relief from the severe drought and intense heat. Corn in the north- ern part of the state is holding its own remarkably well and gives promise of a large yield and early maturity. In some fields corn is beginning to dent. In the southern counties corn is steadily retrograding and the crop is being cut two to four million bushels a week. The scarcity of water is becoming serious. The drought is also severe on pastures, potatoes, gardens and fruit, and is preventing any fall plowing being done. Thresh- ing continues under favorable conditions and is well advanced. 792 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Following Is a summary showing average condition of crops on August 1st, as compared with the average of past years on that date, except fruit, which is compared with last year's crop as shown by reports of township assessors: Corn, 97 per cent; pastures, 84; potatoes, 80; flax, 91; apples, 25; plums, 52; grapes, 87 per cent. Bulletin No. 19. For the week ending August 16, 1914. — The average temperature for the week was about normal, the days being bright and hot and the nights cool. Light to copious showers occurred in a few localities, but over the larger part of the State the rainfall was practically nil or the amounts were too small to be of any material benefit. The greatest measurements of rainfall were reported from the west central, northwestern, north central and eastern counties and the least from the central and southern sections. Corn is steadily retrograding, and much of it in the southern districts is past the stage where rain would be of any benefit. Corn on sandy soil is firing badly in all parts of the state, and the prospective crop has been reduced eight to ten million bushels during the week, yet in many localities over the northern half of the state the crop is in excellent condition, and there has been sufficient rain- fall to assure its maturity. In some of the southern counties, corn is being cut to save the fodder. Pastures are brown and afford but little or no feed. Spring seeded grasses are burned out, and late potatoes arc suffering badly. Shallow wells and small streams are dry, and the lack of water for stock is serious. Threshing is progressing rapidly and is completed in many localities. But little fall plowing has been done. Bulletin No. 20'. For the week ending August 23, 1914. — The high tem- peratures and hot winds that prevailed at the close of last week continued during the first two days of this week. The remainder of the week was slightly cooler, with more or less cloudiness and local showers on two or three days in a few localities. The week was, however, hot and generally dry, the average temperature being about 9 degrees above the normal. The rainfall was nil or light except over the east central district and in portions of Madison, Union, Adams and Decatur counties, where the amounts exceeded an inch. The hot winds were very damaging to corn, and on high and sandy land the crop is badly fired. However, with normal weather during the next three weeks the northern half of the state will produce more per acre than the state average of past years. In the southern counties the crop will be much below the average, yet in some localities, where timely showers occurred, the yield will exceed thirty bushels per acre. The dry, hot weather was also damaging to potatoes, pastures, apples and garden truck. Bulletin No. 21. For the week ending August 30, 1914. — The weather conditions were much more favorable during the past week than they were during the preceding three weeks. The temperature was below nor- mal, and the nights were cool, which, together with a few showers, FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 793 checked the rapid dessication of corn. The average temperature was about four degrees below the normal, and while the rainfall was light over the central and northeastern counties it was copious to heavy over the southern and northwestern counties, where the amounts were con- siderably more than an inch in many localities. The rain, however, came too late to be of material benefit to corn or late potatoes in the southern half of the state, but it will help pastures and fall plowing. Practically all the corn in the southern districts is dry and beyond further injury by either drought or frost. Much of it has been cut, and many silos have been filled. The yield, although greatly reduced by the drought and hot winds, will be about up to the average of last year in those districts. In the nortliern counties corn is generally in good condition, and a heavy yield is promised, although on high or sandy land the crop has been in- jured by the dry, hot weather. More rain is needed for pastures, late potatoes, fall plowing and to replenish the water supply. Bulletin No. 22. For the week ending September 6, 1914. — More rain fell in the state during the last seven days than in any other week of the season. The rainfall was heavy except over the northwestern quarter of the state; the amounts, in many localities, in the eastern and southern districts exceeded three inches, and a few stations report more than five inches. In many localities the rains were accompanied by destructive wind squalls and hailstorms, which did much damage to corn. The aver- age temperature was nearly normal, although several nights were quite cool. Light frost occurred in exposed places over the northwestern coun- ties, but no damage was done. The rains were of great benefit to pas- tures, aftermath, late potatoies, plowing and to some of the late corn. Plowing is now progressing rapidly, and a large area is being prepared in the southern districts for fall wheat and rye. Corn is maturing rapidly and fully three-fourths of it will be beyond danger of frost by the end of the coming week. More than 90 per cent of it will be safe by the 20th and practically all of it by the end of the month. The average con- dition of corn on September 1st was placed at 87 per cent, or a loss of 10 per cent during August. The condition of late potatoes was 68 per cent and pastures 70 per cent. With favorable weather in the future corn husking will begin earlier than usual. Bulletin No. 23. For the week ending September 13, 1914. — Cool, cloudy and wet weather prevailed during the week. The average temperature was about 5 degrees below the normal, and the rainfall was copious to excessive. Pastures have revived and are now in good condition, and fall plowing and seeding of winter wheat and rye is progressing rapidly. Late potatoes and some late corn will be benefited by the rains, but the bulk of the corn is dry and beyond danger of injury by frost. Based on present conditions and an area of 9,324,000 acres, the state will produce about 320,000,000 bushels of corn. 794 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A summary of reports received September 1st, with 86 per cent of the threshing completed, shows the average yield of small grains to be as follows: Oats, 33 bushels per acre; winter wheat, 22; spring wheat, 15; barley, 26; rye, 19, and timothy seed, 4.2 bushels per acre. If these esti- mates are maintained by final returns, the state will produce about 165,000,000 bushels of oats, 11,000,000 of winter wheat, 4,000,000 of spring wheat, 11,000,000 of barley and 1,300,000 bushels of rye. IOWA CROP REPORT, JUNE 1, 1914. Following is a summary showing conditions of crops on June 1st, as compared with the average of past years on that date: Corn, 101 per cent; oats, 99; spring wheat, 98; winter wheat, 96; barley, 95; rye, 97; flax, 96; potatoes, 99; tame hay, 92; wild hay, 95; pastures, 97; alfalfa, 101; apples, 56; plums, 75; peaches (southern Iowa), 84; grapes, 92; straw- berries, 90; raspberries, 89; blackberries, 91; and cherries, 87 per cent. The condition of live stock is as follows: Cattle, 101 per cent; sheep, 100; hogs, 95; spring pigs, 88; horses, 99; foals, 94. Last year on June 1st the conditions were as follows: Corn, 80; oats, barley and rye, 95; spring wheat, 94; winter wheat, 96; flax, 90; potatoes, 87; tame hay and alfalfa, 102; wild hay, 100; pastures, 103. IOWA CROP REPORT, JULY 1, 1914. Acreage of Farm Crops and Estimated Condition of Staple Crops and Fruit. Reports received July 1st, from county and township correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, show the following results as to the acreage and average condition of staple farm crops, and the condition of fruit. Corn. — As compared with the area reported by the township assessors for 1913, we have an increase of 142,000 acres, or a total of 9,324,300 acres this year. The average condition on July 1st was 102 per cent, or 9 per cent better than on July 1, 1913. Oats. — Area sown, 5,154,200 acres, or about 50,000 acres less than the acreage of 1913. The average condition is 94, as compared with 91 per cent on the same date last year. Wheat. — The area of winter wheat is 538,400 acres, or about 12,000 acres more than in 1913. Spring wheat, 261,000 acres, making a total wheat acreage of 799,400. The estimated condition of spring wheat is 96 and of winter wheat 95 per cent, as compared with 92 and 97 per cent last year. Barley. — Acreage sown, 437,400 acres; decrease 24,000 acres; condition, 90 per cent. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 795 Rye. — Acreage, 73,150; condition, 97 per cent. Flax. — Acreage, 14,400; condition, 98 per cent. Hay. — Acreage of tame and wild hay, 3,571,320; condition, 88 per cent. Alfalfa. — Acreage, 100,300; increase, 11,700 acres. Pastures. — Acreage, 9,375,300; condition, 95 per cent. Fruits. — Condition, apples, 40 per cent; grapes, 90 per cent; plums, 69 per cent. IOWA CROP REPORT, AUGUST 1, 1914. Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents on August 1st, showing the average condition of staple crops as compared with the average condition of past years on that date, and the condition of fruit as compared with last year: Corn, 97 per cent; pastures, 84; potatoes, 80; flax, 91. Preliminary estimates show the average yield of winter wheat to be about 23 bushels per acre; spring wheat, 16; oats, 34; barley, 27; and rye, 19 bushels per acre. If these estimates are maintained by final returns, the State will produce about 175,000,000 bushels of oats; 16,500,000 of wheat; 11,000,000 of barley, and 1,300,000 bushels of rye. A summary of the reports from special fruit crop reporters gives the estimated production as follows, based in percentages upon the apples produced in 1913: Apples. — Northwest Iowa, 28 per cent; north central Iowa, 27; north- east Iowa, 13; west central Iowa, 31; central Iowa, 24; east central Iowa, 21; southwest Iowa, 36; south central Iowa, 28; southeast Iowa, 29 per cent. Average for the state as a whole, 71 counties reporting, is 25.4 per cent. The reports of the assessors show that Iowa harvested a little over 2,000,000 bushels of apples last year. Based on these figures, the State will harvest from three-fourths of a million to one million bushels of apples this year. IOWA CROP REPORT, SEPTEMBER 1, 1914. The following is a summary of reports from correspondents on Septem- ber 1st. The estimated condition of corn as compared with the average of past years on that date was placed at 87 per cent, which is ten points below the August 1st estimate. As in 1913 the crop in the northern counties is generally in fine condition, and will average above the normal. The decrease In condition is due to the drougth and hot winds over the southern half of the state, yet there are many localities within that area where the corn is better than it was a year ago, due to timely local show^ers. The crop is farther advanced toward maturity than usual, and practically all of it will be out of danger of injury by frost by the end of September. 796 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Potatoes. — The drougth was also damaging to potatoes; the average con- dition on September 1st being 68 per cent, but this is 21 points better than on September 1, 1913. Pastures, like corn and potatoes, were in poor condition in the southern counties, but were generally good in the northern counties. The average for the state was placed at 70 per cent. Eighty-six per cent of the threshing was done. The average yield of winter wheat is 22 bushels per acre; spring wheat, 15; oats, 33; barley, 26; rye, 19; timothy seed, 4.2 bushels per acre. Apples. — Sixty-two counties reporting show that there will be harvested this year 22 per cent as many apples as last year. This would indicate that there will be harvested about one-half million bushels of apples. Of this quantity the reports show 64 peB cent for the state as a whole will be marketable. Estimating by districts there will be slightly more than one-third of a million bushels that will be marketable. This relatively high percentage is due to the fact that only well cared for sprayed or- chards are producing this year. The average for the state August 1st was 25.4 per cent. The crop estimate has dropped 3.4 per cent during August. FINAL REPORT FOR THE STATE— TOTAL YIELD OF SOIL PRODUCTS— VALUE AT FARM PRICE, DECEMBER 1, 1914. Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the average yield per acre and total yields of staple soil products, and the average price at the nearest station, December 1, 1914: Corn. — As in 1913, drought reduced the yield in the southern counties, but timely and copious showers over the northern districts more than made up the loss, and the State produced 21,000,000 bushels more than it did last year. The average yield per acre was 39 bushels, and the total yield 363,689,600 bushels. The average price at the nearest station was 55 cents, making the total value of the crop $200,029,280. The weather during the latter half of October and all of November was ideal for har- vesting, and the quality of the crop was never better. Oats. — The area harvested was 5,154,200 acres; average yield, 34 bushels per acre; total yield, 172,696,000 bushels; aggregate value at 34 cents per bushel, $70,805,360. Last year the average yield was 34.2 bushels per acre; total yield, 164,851,000; aggregate value at 34 cents per bushel, $56,049,340'. Spring Wheat. — Area harvested, 261,025 acres; average yield, 13 bushels per acre; total yield, 3,389,070 bushels; price per bushel, 94 cents; total value, $3,185,725. Winter Wheat. — Area harvested, 538,410 acres; average yield per acre, 22 bushels; total yield, 11,670,710 bushels; average price, 97 cents per bushel; total value, $11,320,588. The total yield of all wheat is 15,059,780 bushels, as compared with 16,348,807 bushels last year; but the value of this year's crop exceeds that of 1913 by $2,284,748. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 797 Barley. — Average per acre, 26 bushels; total yield, 11,423,310 bushels; average price, 56 cents; total value, $5,397,053. Rye. — Average yield, 19 bushels per acre; total crop, 1,369,260 bushels; farm price, 77 cents; total value, $1,054,320. Flax ■Seed. — Average per acre, 11 bushels; total product, 152,280 bushels; total value, at $1.21 per bushel, $184,258. Potatoes. — Average yield per acre, 87 bushels; total yield, 9,540,200 bushels; total value at 87 cents per bushel, $5,533,316. Hay (tame).— Average yield, 1.4 tons; total yield, 4,234,370 tons; aver- age price, $10.78; total value, $45,646,508. Hay (wild).— Average yield, 1.3 tons; total yield, 860,280 tons; average price, $8.26 per ton; total value, $7,123,118. Alfalfa. — Area, 88,070 acres; average yield, 3.6 tons per acre; total yield, 319,853 tons; average price, $12.50 per ton; total value, $3,998,162. TABULATED CROP SUMMARY. 0) bo 8 ft g > H a o Total Value Com 9,324,300 5,154,200 261,025 538,410 437,400 73,150 14,440 110,205 2,923,2,50 08^1,070 88,070 39.0 bu. 34.0 bu. 13.0 bu. 22.0 bu. 26.0 bu. 19.0 bu. 11.0 bu. 87.0 bu. 1.4 tons 1.3 tons 3.6 tons $ 0.55 .41 .94 .97 .56 .77 1.21 .58 10.78 8.28 12.90 363,689,600 bu. 172,696,000 bu. 3,389,070 bu. 11,670,710 bu. 11,423,310 bu. 1,369,200 bu. 152,280 bu. 9,540,200 bu. 4,234,370 toni 860,280 tons 319,853 tons Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated $ 200,029,280 TO,805,360 3,185,725 11,320,588 5,397,053 1,054,320 184,258 5, 533,. 316 45,046,508 7,123,118 3,998,162 84,000,000 3,750,000 2,600,000 500,000 525,000 500,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 9,000,000 Oats Spring wheat Winter wheat Barley Rye Flax seed ... Potatoes Hay (tame) .... ... Hay (wild) Alfalfa Pastures and grazing. Ensilage .. .. Timothy seed Clover seed Sweet corn ... ... Pop corn Fruit crop . Garden truck Miscellaneous crops ._ _ . Total value $ 465,152,688 The value of soil products for 1913 was $ 438,157,440 798 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE sajav S9JDV BJIBJIV S3I0V ^BH PliAi I O (JO 00 t- < > CO CO C t* ^ 00 ■ )Cii>oOOOOSi^t^iOi-iOi 7 in (M O •* S8JDV saaoy sajoy XBi^ S9JDy 8^H sajoy ^aijeg; S9J0V sajoy sajoy s:jBO sajDV ujoo c;;?t-Ot-ob(MGOc^c >T-HK3oo"^coOiftinoioi-iocooiftt-«ooo t-coco lA >-< lO < >(Nip0ir30moi00OCTicac>ira< SioocooQOOooopo'; rHSoiClft0 03OC-l(NCi^00C Jm( r-l(Mi-lr-l i-Ht-I (Nt-(i-lr-li-lrH ) CO is CO OOppOPOOSOOO J.---1'OQ'*COOOCOO^O co(MC>Ol-^CicoI-H^^:l oo I 65 Q O ift m W 1> < CO 00 i-H -tji ( ) Og CD (M W < H t* < ;8gg8S8 ) Oi r-l 1-H CN i-H cp I i-t r-i C^Oi >OOOOOOOOPC>< ) <£. ^ 25 CO (M i-H 1 ) O cp O p O p ( ,-t ,-( (M ^ 1-1 I -* .-H .-^ O r i-tOcoOOCiCococ^icoLn:cccoc^iSc^](>]c::0'^ooOi-i'rj<^ COlOi— iClCg I— ICO »— (C^-frH Ci r- iC0iooco^t^C>c;»£?o iCOCO(M(?lC^3in!tMOcDG
  • >OOi:^ OmcC"*Cir-l i-l t-H GO "^ c: CO OS 8 5ppooeoo col^o-t^O(^^pcOMOf:;lO^ t^^POPOPOOOPPOpO^ - -**OPOOOOP CCOOOp'(MlOppOO(Mt;pir3- I H I- C: O Tr< n? 00 ( .M(Mq5.-iCOlOCiCOOC3mi>-M >coOiOOm(Nt-i^-'^omc^c^-^co"^i > O CM O O I > O C> >> 3 a ,^^ ^ ^ S a , ss.SgOftOCo'oQglifS FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 799 ;|||S|8|S||SSSS||i OOCOt^t^'-'t*QOCD«DOOt*''l«mO':D-^00<-lfrlC-T'0;t--0(Ct*COO^^ oooi.'icoirtOOoioooinoooirsoioinirapinooOQOOioooooioocoQif^oinooQifs ooor^lr3l-H^'•CiOlncoln'^^-lftt^w^'^^1a5c^OiC^t^coooool^cooc-^o■v^-^■^OlnoM g8i8gSgS§§8§8SggSg8 8SSS§8?gS iMCiO oot-i- ■^ l-H f-H CO frl t-1 lilllililiiiiiiiiiiiiiillililliililllllliiilii olr-tc^lG^c>l^^If^l^^Il-^^^^cor-l(^ICOO"-7'(^l•TTJ1■-I'(^lco4nr-(cOl-■cococ^^co»-l^^l eowc^c^i-icoi-ioirHWco-rMt S8S8ggS§S2S88 8S2gSS°58S!?g8gg§888|g§g8g§S8g8ggi8 ^O O ^- O CO m o — I I-H rH CJ Oi -^ i-« OOOOOS^OOOpO'^OOOC'OQOOOOOQpOOOO^OQOOOi ) is "^ I-" i-H 00 '^cooot^'f^i-HiniiOOO'yjeoGOCo^cDc^coc^cociwciofracOcoi-'CcccJjio cO"-C>©CC00O4C:) mr-trHi-H 0-4 0COCO^i-iOOC-10t--'^< i (M c^ in L.- CO t— o -^ ci o CO CO w ^ c i;^ CO c-J ^ f- -T f^^ CO m00Q0t*(MCOur5CD'^'(M» I (>100CO] aTincow cToJ:^'* iO'*^OQMGO'r-'t^OcO'+' O'^cp co(M C^Q^-co^fc>^e^-rClO'^icoCcO'1H't*"cQ^f^t:^^>^ i-H.-HC'OD000C:ir:jC0l0Cll>CSiirziA0iC0>^i-H06Q0t^r-'00C0'^ .OOOOOOOOOO' Oco^iSoococoO< 888888888888 88SS8888S8S ir. OoocDO(MmmOc:coo i>oocoooOci'^oco- ^ 9. "■5 S E E c ^ is >".2i ss-£ ^g-e 55 c c c « =; =3 - o P^P^ (-..gcjCO'Sc* •»^ rf "t; 800 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE saiDV sajn;sBJ O M< ( 1 CD CO CO t> 00 Gsl Irt 00 lO < o -t« la CO t- i-H )-Ta;00i^00OOOi— iOC-1 ;gS! I> f-t O »ft !>• m O Ci i-H .— ' cc < OJCOCO'— '(>J"*COCslCOCOC- ■ > CO -^ C-l T— ' tJ^ (M r-1 < §0000000- O O !>■ ir^ O *T* i."- ' CO CO CO CO ITS C^ ITS ) rH CO 1-H rH >ooooopoo o O C) O I o o oooooooooooio — - ■ — i---7'ir:i'^'^moot> CO O tN i-H CO oooooooo o o C' o c-i o oi im 'rj<-r00mi-t(MC0t-l ooooooooooo .ooomoo ooooooooOQO '00OO(MOOOC>OOOO)m00O'O>n ILOn-'-l^CiCO'T'ClC^aOC-lOCl (MOO(MCO JC-Ii-HC^ COC0C-lt-r-r-tl>. rHO o o o t* (>J o CO m t- Ci c:5 gSS5S*^<=^<^<^c»ooooooo ooooocot»ioco't*if3»r30ooOO 00m(Mi-iir3 C^l>-CO 00COrHiSi00(M (N O -^OO lO i-l ;g8! > O CO CO o Or-HC^lftOOOT-'CO] l-f00-+*O(MC£)!CiC;J00 SOOCDCOooooooooooo< ■"'oooooc-ooo'; >oooooooOcoo^< i-H t^ C>J CO CO C^l J ) Cl Cl O CO i-H § g 5 .1 5 ^ ^ czi c/} cc ic M go C3 C3 O CS £2 c'S' S •tsfi FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 801 51 802 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE FiNAL CROP AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE AND Counties Com Total Bushels Oats Spring Wheat Total "3 °^ Bushels j "S a s p. In Total Bushels Winter Wheat Total Bushels Adair Adams Allamakee Appanoose Audubon Benton Black Hawk Boone Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista Butler Calhoun CarroU Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo Cherokee Chickasaw Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware Des Moines Dickinson Dubuque Emmet Fayette Floyd Franklin Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt Ida Iowa .„ Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee 3,700,000 31 1,914,000 33 1,886,000 SI 1,610,000 32 3,835,600 29 5,500,000 38 3,876,000, 33 4,977,000' 38 2,700,000: 35 3,822,000; 36 5,382,000 38 3,811,000 30 5,28O,0OOj 40 4,767,000, 28 4,028,000: 29 4,600,000 34 4,275,000t 35 4,477,000 37 2,176,000 20 l,223,000i 24 3,960,000, 36 3,321,200 33 5,359,000 30 6,210,000 25 4,920,000 36 1,430,400 29 1,797,000 24 3,624.000: 34 2,190,000 30 1,855,000 28 2,271,000i 36 1,983,600 4,275,000 3,353,800 4,950,000 4,144,000 5,676,000 4,275,000 4,243,500 4,536,000 4,059.000 4,400,000 5,100,000 2,072,000 1,983,000 3,780,000 4,048,000 3,415,100 2,672,600 5,523,000 1,958,400 3,690,000 3,370,400 2,546,100 5,928,000 1,674,000, 1,426,000 775,500 1,078,800 640,000 1,235,400 3,021,000 1,848,000 2,394,000 ^,764,000 2,073,000 3,230,000 2,238,000 3,672,000 2,172,800 1,133,900 1,234,200 3,206,000 2,997,000 1,682,000 540,000 2,800,800 2,428,000 1,260,000 1,670,000 1,836,000 672,800 612,000 1,666,000 990,000 1,142,400 1,879,200 1,485,000 2,362,500 2,244,400 3,196,800 348,000 2,291,600 2,520,000 1,606,400 3,108,000 2,768,000 2,397,000 742,000 1,088,000 1,464,400 2,574,000 1,846,000 1,570,000 963,200 2,332,200 816,000 2,240,000 943,600 1,332,000 4,6.55,000 687,300 39,000 6,000 16,000 3,200 38,400 5,950; 27 6,600 22 20,000 3,400 3,600 8.400 8,000 3,000 70,000 79.200 4,840 9,100 12,750 23.800 420 17,000 8,550 10,800 136,400 14,250 1,000 1,920 1,900 21,600 8,120 10,800 9,000 13,800 11,900 10,500 10,710 3,600 46,400 7,520 42,000 7,820 243,100 10,560 22,350 28,500 14,400 1,560 19 41,600 23 6,100 21 8,000 22 5,400 28 30,400 50,700 17 500 21 122,000 360,000 32,500 56,280 44,000 6,750 33,000 72,600 6,510 4,000 6.840 5,760 22,800 5E.200 563.500 26.000 6,480 5,200 8,500 129,400 3,960 39,200 90,000 79,200 230.000 31,350 178,200 2,200 56,350 1,620 12,000 670 15,540 13,500 7,560 640,200 367,500 7,560 82,800 12,960 770 7,200 366,000 26,520 10,800 16,100 8,740 31,050 29,830 130,410 39,000 35,900 9,500 39,600 5,100 134,400 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 803 REPORT, 1914. TOTAL PRODUCT BY COUNTIES. Barley Total Bushels 63,000 15,650 264,000 Rye 200,100 9,880 92.400 66,690 130,000 175, .500 50,000 48.330 3,240 28,750 210,600 58,800 16,800 137,500 18,700 45,000 2,250 180,400 56.100 332.800 40,300 8,9«0 12 30 19 18 238,000 24 380,80o! 20 145,800i 17 24,3001 20 55,5001 15 42,000 16 67,200 36,000 51,000 135,000 96,200 510,000 108,000 145,700 153,700 1,800 128,800 307,800 220,000 179,200 45,000 81.600 19 12,400 16 41,600 20 141,400 15 12,000 25 211,200 17 13,800 20 30 Total Bushels Flax Seed Total Bushels 4,440 7,200—. 19,000! 10 18,0O0|.... 3,360—-. 19,600._. 39,100|— . 2,000 21,450 20,800 720 47,600 10 12 480 5,610 20,800 3.400 900 15,750 1,560 8,460t 10 60,080 42,000 5,620 3,200 13,680 11,520 .... 52,200-—. 39,900--. 2,100 9 18,400—. 2,200 9 42,000' 10 36,000! 8 2,160 11 16,800!--. 1,500) — . 3,500—. 600 — 10 4,250 10 1,980 8 7,600 — 25,800'.— 17,2801 11 2,00Ol 11 1,400L- 10,000l-- 23,180:-- 14,400'-.- 6,700 — 40,000-- 16,500 37,500; 3,700! 94,000 10 1,200 270 500 660 5,000 4,500 "s'ooo 6,080 6,750 700 1,920 1,760 1,000 7,600 400 12.100 2,530 11,000 Potatoes S« Total M h Bushels Hay— Tame 67,840 18,900 106,400 15,000 78,750 123,600 195,750 67,100 96,600 54,600 147,000 85,140 21,840 235,400 80,850 101,000 152,100 103,950 109,500 13,540 55,200 160,00(1 93,100 118,400 24,000 15,00(' 3,200 107,640 117,260 13,750 195,300 60,840 119,600 15O,40 9 "^ V/* 5: ^^-i. ,:w-?.lL._J..>;.i,..>:..--,=--:^: $: :: ^' o ^. o =*"' FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 811 812 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 813 814 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 815 816 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REPORT ON FUNGUS DISEASES OF PLANTS FOR 1914. By L. H. Pammex. 'Climate plays an important role in the cause of fungus diseases of plants. The writer presented a brief account last year of the more im- portant diseases of plants for 1912. These records have been kept for a series of years. From 1886 to 1889 notes were kept by Dr. Byron D. Halsted who was then the professor of Botany in Iowa State College. In 1892 the writer began a series of observations. These notes have been published from time to time. A summary was published by the writer and Miss Charlotte M. King in 1907. Since the publication of this paper notes have been published in report of the Iowa State Horticultural *Proc. la. Acad. Sci. 16:41. society.* For a number of years this work has been carried on with the co-operation of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States De- partment of Agriculture. I have also received much help from the volun- teer observers of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service. To these and other correspondents who have assisted in this work the writer desires to ex- press his thanks. In the opening paragraph the statement was made that one of the im- portant factors in disease is climate, meaning thereby rainfall, humidity and temperature; soil is another important factor; the variety is a third important factor. However, we cannot draw conclusions in regard to all of these factors until we have more data. WEATHER DATA. In order to show the climatic conditions for the growing season of 1914 I am giving the weather data for Decorah in northeastern Iowa, Keokuk in southeastern Iowa, Des Moines in central Iowa, Woodbury county in northwestern Iowa. This will give a fairly good idea of the weather for the past season. The season has been much drier than usual, especially during the growing season. The spring was drier than for several years past owing to a deficiency of snowfall and the fall rains of 1912. The yield of small grain crops was above the average in the state this year, while corn was below the larger yields of some years. The apple crop was small. Small fruits too were below the average. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 817 WEATHER CONDITIONS AND TEMPERATURE. Temperature and Precipitation— Decorah — April May June July August September .9 1 cs .3 1 a .g 1^ S3 .9 1 d' 1 OS a" 1 1 . 46 p 3!) '^23 "io i"02 "si .82 70 69 70 81 78 67 58 68 76 81 69 62 63 63 68 70 75 78 78 73 75 70 70 82 86 91 86 88 80 79 81 43 46 54 50 52 43 42 40 39 55 41 38 42 36 33 32 42 64 56 64 63 51 50 55 60 61 65 68 58 45 52 "is "t 1^60 "31 .35 "05 3.28 "16 5.72 78 79 90 83 68 87 87 90 88 88 80 75 68 60 75 72 76 78 78 69 90 89 80 90 89 92 76 69 77 78 53 48 60 68 58 62 69 68 70 GO 60 65 59 59 60 45 42 58 53 48 64 63 64 63 67 65 63 53 50 57 "55 "70 .92 "t T .85 .18 1.00 T "35 .54 T .72 Tii '129 .08 "t 80 84 90 88 91 91 81 84 92 95 99 95 85 85 92 86 78 83 83 92 93 94 91 86 92 95 96 81 81 78 79 57 54 56 62 65 67 70 61 59 64 69 75 69 68 62 67 56 49 63 53 61 58 71 68 62 65 67 65 52 53 55 '.'72 .08 "is "40 iyiB "45 2.98 86 88 85 90 86 87 87 9i 95 85 78 £7 82 90 89 94 92 85 80 86 84 82 76 79 76 67 60 83 87 88 56 73 59 54 62 58 53 64 69 60 50 56 43 44 60 64 69 66 64 54 57 67 54 48 47 51 53 46 63 62 "'45 ".si .15 "57 .18 "'eo .25 "08 S3 72 68 79 86 79 61 68 65 69 73 72 62 71 82 80 SO 82 86 85 84 68 69 68 67 72 78 79 SO 78 2 . 53 42 38 51 48 41 30 47 51 43 67 70 76 77 82 82 75 54 62 63 67 64 73 73 86 83 71 61 51 36 31 29 21 35 29 19 23 33 24 32 33 35 37 39 54 50 32 35 40 50 43 54 55 46 59 55 43 41 43 44 41 53 50 46 47 40 53 53 45 53 61 49 62 64 62 63 60 67 44 35 46 34 34 42 50 52 47 * 3 _ — 4 - T T 5 e 7 8 .. !) .18 10 _ . 11 .. 12 13 1.57 1.00 14 ir> IG .95 17 18 If) 20 21 22 23 "78 T 24 25 26 ... 27 28 .... 2!) 30 31 _. .. " Totals 3.38 6.30 — 3.09 .... 5.48 Tcmpernture and Precipitation— Keokuk— 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 If) 20 21 Totals - l.M I 1.73 I 3.33 .. .02 71 64 63 63 53 53 61 57 49 77 73 73 75 72 78 88 I 67 74 ' 58 80 56 78 : 59 .39 83 .-..' 87 .03 89 .. 90 94 92 92 92 .19, 96 ... 98 T 1102 ...! 96 1.9 .10 . 87 T 94 T 79 90 82 95 .02 101 T 95 98 100 .01 1.05 .01 .38 .42 74 81 78 .06 84 .30i 85 70 65 64 74 71 70 66 72 76 .42 78 ... 79 .05; 81 2.6I; 1.88 T 1.76 .04 1.47 .09 .32 .6.22 818 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WEATHER CONDITIONS AND TEMPERATURE. Temperature and Precipitation — Des Moines— April May a i d £ June July August September 03 1 03 a 2 a i a ii ~65~ 70 67 66 66 64 63 72 60 64 59 60 66 52 58 76 70 80 70 66 69 68 65 58 59 59 56 57 54 66 65 "25 "t .02 "t '^04 ""12 "t '^03 .32 "99 1 77 03 "75 75 82 77 96 86 65 61 68 63 69 71 71 76 76 82 83 85 82 85 82 82 64 75 71 66 71 76 77 79 81 0 a 57~^ 50 53 48 63 65 57 53 53 51 54 56 52 57 57 53 66 67 66 63 68 60 49 47 52 47 47 52 53 55 55 ■^ 52 54 40 40 46 48 39 37 46 55 46 64 65 70 75 82 81 76 40 60 80 71 60 74 78 84 77 63 52 49 43 36 31 30 32 36 29 25 23 36 29 31 38 39 44 45 60 40 83 32 52 52 46 59 52 57 59 46 44 42 "t .01 .23 T T "oi "t .16 '^09 .02 "28 .29 .07 63 43 75 78 73 66 55 64 74 86 75 52 62 70 71 71 75 78 73 79 79 78 78 87 90 92 89 85 73 84 90 45 68 56 55 52 43 44 41 45 59 41 38 42 43 44 48 40 50 57 62 59 53 59 62 70 69 71 69 58 49 69 't' .02 .40 '"03 .07 "t 1.27 1.31 .01 "oi .03 i'58 "04 "t" .06 80 70 90 95 90 91 92 92 91 90 79 87 73 82 76 70 76 88 73 90 92 90 95 95 85 94 78 70 78 74 59 - 82 87 87 89 93 84 85 88 93 97 98 101 85 84 94 87 86 78 89 88 90 98 96 88 93 96 100 92 86 80 82 61 85 91 89 92 82 89 94 97 94 80 79 92 86 80 94 98 98 98 88 91 88 86 79 84 72 72 73 82 87 86 T 2 3 - i - 5 - 57 62 74 64 65 76 75 72 65 64 70 64 60 62 55 52 62 60 52 77 72 69 70 64 74 63 58 54 60 T .10 "t .02 .22 "83 1.04 "t "02 "is 1.24 .02 "t "t 60 66 66 69 70 71 63 68 71 76 78 71 68 68 68 60 56 60 66 67 71 73 75 70 n 71 72 63 62 61 ''65 "t "51 '^07 T "59 1 n "t" .16 6 7 — — .78 8 T 9 10 . .23 i.81 11 T 12 IS 3 78 14 _ 1.56 15 — 16 17 18 4.87 t 19 — 20 T 21 . 1.59 22 23 24 .03 25 26 27 — 28 29 . - .. 30 - 31 Totals 1.52 4.83 3.89 14.81 Temperature and Precipitation — Sioux Center— April , May and June, and Sioux City, July, August and September— 1 55 50 45 43 47 50 39 41 50 56 50 69 73 73 79 88 86 82 58 70 80 79 76 73 81 82 75 61 53 57 39 30 29 26 31 36 27 18 17 35 18 27 40 41 37 37 33 44 32 29 47 48 55 53 47 51 66 38 37 SS "so .02 .05 T "t "t T 1^25 ''96 .72 62 64 74 84 80 65 61 67 81 88 83 56 63 70 75 75 77 80 75 77 76 78 86 89 92 92 88 81 77 79 87 40 51 55 49 51 35 41 35 46 50 41 34 31 32 44' 46 49 57 60 60 61 52 62 62 70 63 64 68 53 47 6S "t .42 .05 "t .20 '^03 1.05 "73 .87 "is .32 80 71 88 92 88 88 85 85 86 80 86 85 85 84 79 75 79 89 87 90 94 87 92 87 93 92 85 74 82 77 50 60 66 69 63 61 73 72 62 60 63 63 66 63 64 55 55 56 57 59 68 67 62 65 63 64 60 55 53 68 ".11 ".22 .63 1.28 "t .48 .92 .27 "^02 Tie "t "ie '"42 "§7 "i2 82 86 84 91 89 86 84 87 96 95 99 96 86 91 92 87 83 86 90 85 93 81 90 90 94 97 97 92 80 76 81 58 57 63 60 71 71 64 58 66 67 75 72 67 65 70 65 58 58 63 66 69 69 65 70 72 74 76 71 69 63 62 "t "is "t "45 "sB 1.48 81 87 80 89 87 87 95 96 91 78 73 88 88 81 93 96 100 96 81 83 88 100 84 77 68 67 62 74 83 87 92 68 69 62 66 66 62 69 74 64 54 53 57 64 57 62 73 74 76 66 65 61 74 50 54 54 52 54 50 50 60 69 "03 "47 .46 .02 '^oi .43 T T "oi "t T .04 ".03 .01 .20 71 75 78 77 88 82 65 63 50 69 74 60 68 67 78 80 80 85 83 79 73 65 78 72 73 76 81 82 79 82 54 47 50 44 62 56 55 54 54 56 51 55 52 51 52 62 57 66 60 65 50 43 g 44 50 53 56 63 51 T 2 3 4 5 — 6 . „ T 7 ..52 8 9 _ 1,60 10 11 - . - - 12 T 13 . — _ .38 14 58 15 16 — - 17 18 19 20 21 'Li 22 23 24 — 25 26 27 — - 28 — 29 30 - 31 Totftls -,,,. 3.24 3.86 6.18 iili 3^ FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 819 CEREAL DISEASES. Rust of wheat (Puccinia graminis and P. rubigo-vera) was commonly observed but not as destructive as during the wet years. A few season- able rains for infection occurred in some parts of the state. Late sown grain suffered more severely than the early. In an experimental plat sown very late the rust was so severe that the plants did not head out. There was also some rust (Puccinia gramiyiis) on the stems of oats and leaf of oats (P. coronatg,) L. With us in Iowa, rye is quite as severely rusted as wheat and that with Puccinia rubigo-vera. The yellow leaf disease of the barley (Helminthosporium gramineum) and leaf spot (H. sativum) were serious, in some cases materially reducing the yield of barley. In Story county the former damaged the crop to the extent of 4-15 per cent, while the latter occurred on from 50 to 60 per cent of the leaves. It probably reduced the yield of barley 25 per cent in the State. Of the barley smut the naked smut (Ustilago nuda) was most common. The damage was probably not far from 22 per cent. For the first time ergot {Claviceps purpurea) was common on barley. Oat smut (Ustilago aveneae) was common and the damage has been estimated at $7,000,000 this year. Too few of the farmers treat their seed with for- malin to prevent the disease. No wheat bunt was observed. There was, however, an abundance of wheat smut which damaged the crop to the extent of 2 per cent. A bacterial disease of oats was observed in Clinton county. The young oat leaves turned yellowish brown. DISEASES OF CORN. Corn is the most important crop in Iowa. The usual amount of smut (Ustilago Zep.e) was observed, about one per cent; some rust {Puccinia Sorghi), however not as severe as in 1912. An unusual and widespread disease of corn caused by fungus Fusarium appeared in nearly every part of Iowa. In some cases the loss from this fungus was 50 per cent, in other cases 6-15. The yield for the whole state was materially reduced. In this disease the roots were diseased, having a pinkish color,the wind blew over the corn, many such stalks were barren. In other cases the fungus attacked the stem, destroying the pith and causing the corn to fall over, usually breaking close to the joint. The damage caused by this fungus has been estimated at nearly $25,000,000. The disease was not local but quite general in the state. It is probable that the lack of moisture checked the development of roots and thus materially injured the corn when attacked by the fungus. There was also much complaint about ear rots. These have not been connected with root or stem disease. "While the moist weather of September may have contributed somewhat to the abundance of this mould {Fusarium) , it is a true parasite. POME FRUIT DISEASES. The apple crop was so small this year that not much need to be said about pome diseases. There was in some sections of the state a little apple scab on the fruit, but more abundant on the leaves especially such varieties as Fameuse. Illinois or Blister canker {Nummularia discreta) 820 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE was abundant in southwestern Iowa. Apple blight was severe only on the Transcendent crab apple, then only in June. No infection occurring later. Some bitter rot of the apple was reported from western Iowa. DISEASES or SMALL FRUIT. Blackberries in some places were infected with the Red rust (Caeoma nitens or Gymnocomia PecJciana). Such infection can be traced to old diseased plants. There was also some spot of the blackberry (Septoria Rubi). The strawberry blight {MycosphaereUa Fragariae) was not abundant. Here and there we noted some crown gall on blackberry (Pseudomonas tumefaciens) . Some gooseberry mildew {Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) in northern Iowa on cultivated gooseberries. In a few cases the spot disease of currants {Gloeosporium Ribis and Cercospora angu- lata) were abundant only however locally. STONE FRUITS. The Brown rot of plum (S'clerotinia fructigeana) was not common only in late plums. Plum scab {Cladosporium carpophilum) was rare. On the other hand this fungus was common on the peach in southeastern Iowa. Mildew on the cherry, though occurring, was less abundant than in previous years, 1912 and 1913. The spot disease of the cherry (Cylindro- sporium padi) was rare, except late in the season. Plum pocket (Exoascus Pruni) was rare, enlarged branches (Exoascus communis) were common in a few places on the Miner plum. DISEASES OF THE GRAPE. There was little of the Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator) anywhere in the state. In western Iowa in the vicinity of Council Bluffs there was some Downy Mildew (Plasmopara viticola) on the Concord grape. No Black rot or Bird's Eye fungus was observed. DISEASES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. There was much mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) on the Crimson Rambler rose. There was some mildew on the lilac later in the season. China asters in one part of the state were attacked by a species of Fusarium and in a Des Moines greenhouse the snap dragon rust (Puccinia antirrfiinii) was reported. DISEASES OF ROOT CROPS. Potato scab (Oospora Scabies) was reported from numerous points in the state especially severe on the early Ohio. After an investigation of the Powdery Scab in the state it may be stated that it has not been re- ported to us. The Fusarium disease of the potato is quite widely scat- tered in Iowa. In some cases beet scab was reported and onion smut was reported from Scott county. DISEASES OF VEGETABLES. Asparagus rust occurred in usual amounts in many parts of Iowa. There was some Fusarium rot of cucumbers in greenhouses and in the field. During the fall rains, tomatoes were badly attacked by Fusarium. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 821 A few reported cases of Bean anthracnose and beet spot (Cercospora beticola). Melon wilt reported from Muscatine county. Cabbage yellows iFusarium) serious near Muscatine. DISEASES OF FORAGE CROPS. Alfalfa mildew (Peronospora Trifoliorum) reported for the first time from Allamakee county by Mr. O. Schultz and the alfalfa root rot (Rhizoctonia violacea) from Scott county by Prof. G. R. Bliss and Mr. Lau, also for the first time. Clover rust was abundant during Sep- tember, also the alfalfa rust. There was much silver top in Eastern Iowa, in some cases 50 per cent of the blue grass heads were killed. FOREST TREE DISEASES. Buckeye was seriously attacked by a spot disease (Phyllosticta aescuU). So severe was it in Boone county that many trees were defoliated in May. There was less of the Black spot of the Maple {Rhytisma acerinum) than usual. There was as usual some of the Sycamore blight (Gloeo- sporium nervisequum) but less than in 1913. Many shade trees suffered because of the dry weather; this was particularly true of the American or white elm. S22 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PART XII Statistical Tables of Iowa's Principal Farm Crops, Also Principal Tables on Farm Crops of the United States and Live Stock by States CORN CROPS— ISSO, 1SS6, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year "O t*. O c3 a tH < P. 1885 1890 230,633,200 224,636,522 239,675,166 $ .25 .23 .41 5'r,658,300 51,666,400 98,266,814 5,625,200 6,S03,e»4 8,&y),827 CORN CROPS— 1S96-1S14. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Sendee Division oi Iowa State Department of Agrictdture. Tear •a "3 2 I -3 s > i 1996 - -.- „ - 39 29 34.5 36.3 40.3 26.2 34 31 36 37.2 41 29.6 33.9 34.6 39.8 32.9 46.8 34.9 39 312,6021,210 239,462,150 289,214,850 306,852,710 3*5,035,040 227,906,860 296,950,230 230,511,310 323,853,330 345,871,840 386,836,2152 246,898,460 301,873,160 308,030,868 334,374,428 281,366,600 42a,;5e8,4CO 329,343.00(1 363,689,600 $ .14 .17 .23 .23 .27 .50 .28 .39 .35 .39 .33 .44 .51 .51 .39 .54 .36 .69 .551 $ 43,916,900 40,706,860 66,519,400 70,429,410 93,164,860 113,954,000 82,432,700 82, 964, on 113,348,665 121,055,144 128,135,148 108,935,322 1)33,955,309 157,098,802 120,374,7&4 151,937,964 151,696,624 194,311,370 200,029,280 8,043,390 8,253,.522 8,396,286 8,460,521 8,618,660 8 687 460 189(7 1696 1899 1900 1901 - „- .. ... wm 8,700,000 7,398,320 9,000,000 9,285,160 9,443,960 8,858,000 8,399,610 8 681,850 1903 - -- 1904 _ 1605 leoe 1907 1908 . 1909 1910 8,399,712 8,534,500 9,199,610 9,434,500 9,324,300 1911 1912 -_ 1©18 1914 Average 19 years... 33.6 310,218,383 $ .317.2 $ 115,510,979 8,690,493 824 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OATS— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year Ti >> 03 a tH t-i > ft 1889 - - - - 35 29 42,288,800 80,002.735 $ .23 .21 .3S if} 9,496,42'4 115, 0;M., 9-59 30,401,039 l,17»,6eo 1B86 2.207,320 1890 2,758,715 OATS— 189!6-1914. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Department of Agriculture. ^ s: S -o m 3 >'^ 1-1 u t. Tear S3 u '5, « O fc OJ »X3 e: « S?« ??5y M 63 ^^ g ^>fi o ea .C ■-1 ^H C) P..Q 1 bl C5 a > < 1897 1898 18199 leoo 1901 1002 1903 1904, 190O 11900 1907 1908 1809 1910 1911 1912 1913 low 16 10 16 ,16.3 16.6 13.8 17 is.e 15 18 17.5 17 17.1 IS. 4 13.8 16.8 20.7 18.3 19 Average 19 years 16.5 1,891,716 $ 215 3,490,3*4 3* 3,370,'550 38 2,061,160 40 1,6211,180 40 850,630 48 883,830 40 1,9213,060 44- 1I,'5117,090 54 l,283,.50O 52 1,09S,160 48 9130,060 61 869,072! 63 556,846 60 407,058 61 486,180 79 688,530 6a 1,274,500 59 1,369,260 77 1,407,061 $ 51' 1,186,710 1,280,800 834,460 6917,300 859,630 353,132 816,146 810,228 667,420 520,719 549,036 547,515 334,107 248,305 384,043 642,003 751,966 1,054,320 681,763 121,670 226,198 210,300 126,236 liCS,6S0 54,390 55,150 123,2(73 99,500 71,305 6S.,530 62,9TO 50,893 41,606 29,502 28,710 42,970 69,830 73,150 86,519 828 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HAT— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. a o o 2 1 ■a 1 CS D P 3 "3 Year a, a '6 22 > > o o g- ^-- ^^^ g« < 1890 1.5 3,376,440 1.5 2,325,000 5,701,410 $ 4.50 $3.30 ?23,TS3,O0O 3,800,960 1897 1.6 3,362,287 1.3 1,939,117 5,301,320 4.60 3.70 22,304,000 3,315,9172 1898 1.7 3,853,561 1.2 1,645,419 5,498,080 4.30 3.SK1 22,281,000 4,104,967 isee 1.5 4,858,941 1.2 1,458,195 5,311,130 5.715 •4.90 29,350,000 3,742,656 1900 1.4 3,609,010 1 1,530,050 5,139,060 6.90 9.00 31,120,000 4,078,960 1901 — . 1.4 3,711,680 1.2 1,268,700 4,980,390 8.25 6.30 38,712,000 3,608,460 1903 1.8 4,439,040 1.3 1,2IC2,860 5,641,900 6.80 5.S0I 36,787,322 3,301,408 1903 1.9 5,216,404) 1.3 1,191,345 6,407,749 5.75 4.95 35,891,480 3,651,894 1904 1.5 4,493,090 1.2 1,091,580 5,590,680 9.62 4.501 30,197,040 3,707,298 1005 1.8 6,4r7,3::0 1.2 1,313,310 7,790,610 5.50 4.50 41,535,045 4,692,925 1906 1.3 4,892,9150 1.2 1,110,690 6,003,610 7.50 S.50 42,805,920 4,418,600 1907 1.5 5,117,878 1.3 1,172,500 6,290,468 8.50 6.75 51,316,945 4,268,730 19(08 1.8 5,83S,6tiOi 1.6 1,445,989 7,264,620 6.16 5.09 43,326,060 4,146,870 1000 D.7 5,828,580 1.4 1,219,630 7,048,210 7.^ 5.90 60,443,761 4,299,740 i9ao 1.1 3,876,844 1.1 807,280 4,684,124 10.15 8.00 45,808,207 4,367,726 1911 O.S 3,246,200 0.9 683,383 3,929,585 13.44 10.28 50,653,116 4,214,540 1012 1.6 4,287,600 1.4 1,085,440 5,373,040 9.89 7.43 50,469,183 3,682,369 1013 li.S 4,010,300 1.3 910,205 4,920,505 9.93 8.80 47,832,083 3,369,365 1914 1.4 4,23i4,3TO 1.3 680,280 51,094,650 10.78 8.28 02,769,626 3,607,320 Av. 19 years.. 1.5 4,459,479 1.2 1,276,896 5,683,747 $ 7.43 $ 5.90 $39,283,411 3.918,986 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 829 FLAX— ISSO, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. •3 .a 2 3> S 3 Tear si "a O 0..O sll > a o H o bo § > 'a III "3 > "3 o tn 03 < 1896 9.5 10 10.5 11.3 11.7 18.8 8 8.7 111 9.8 10.7 10.8 ll.S 10 8.6 8.15 11.3 10 11 1,946,720 2,498,600 2,376,600 1,1507,790 11,222,960 916,890 755,360 365,100 591,140 173,770 205,280 461,960 461i,580 173,650 170,387 173,710 423,060 223,490 152,260 $ .99 .87 .80 D.04 l.oO 1.29 l.OO .78 1.15 .90 .67 .98 1.01 1.29 2.28 2.00 1.31 1.36 1.21 $ I,a8l5,000 2,1713,782 1,901,280 1,661,898 l,S3i,470 916,890 725,350 277,0-^ 679,811 166,393 200,091 408,640 466,196 K3,&47 388,482 347,^0 554,208 303,946 184,258 199,128 1897 -- 249 882 1896 -— 225,014 142,175 106,850 104,140 1899 1900 1901 - 1902 1903 . - - . 94,767 40,823 1904 1909 51,370 17.732 10,160 42 790 19Q6 1907 1908 1909 1910 40,833 17,365 19,82a 20,305 37,305 23,255 14.440 1911 1912 1913 1914 Average 19 years lCi'.2 783,170 $ 1.24. $ 711', 438 77,2160 830 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POTATOES— 1880, 1885, 1800. Sta "a o S) OB C3 (U 1896 -- -- 67 60 76 98 78 37.4 91 53.8 123 84 101 84 89.9 90 75.3 71 104 47.3 87 14,814,795 10,051,910 12,038,410 16,252,9314 10,860,900 6,098,460 12,051,670 6,082,604 14,265,680 9,352,190 11,697,500 9,847,430 10,658,290 12,427,505 9,986,881 9,386,390 12,904,500 0,532,1170 9,540,200 $ .21 .45 .31 .24 .40 .00 .34 .75 .28 .50 .48 .62 .59 .53 .58 .71 .44 .85 .68 $ 2,962,960 4,523,360 3,826,900 3,660,714 4,340,360 4,588,610 4,093,650 4,562,020 3,991,590 4,676,045 5,eW.,80O 6,105,406 6,288,391 6,586,635 5,792,391 8,353,887 5,677,980 4,702,344 5,533,316 1170,285 1897 163,248 1898 - 164,456 1809 - 154,243 1900 - 149,680 »ieoi 136,300 119021 tl903i . -- 136,484 113,433 1004 — 113,250 11905 — - — 111,335 1909 — 115,31D igo^ 117,360 1908 U8,517 1009 - - 138,139 1910 . 132,640 1911 19112 132,865 124,030 1913 loa* 117,000 110,205 Average 19 years 81.03 9,020,268 $ .5a $ 0,046,461 132,667 ♦Very dry. tVery wet. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART Xlt 8^1 Estimatod value in IDl-t of 13 crops considered by tho United States Department of Agrriculturo with comparisons. Figures taken from the Agrdoultural Outlook, February 6, lOl'o, issued by the United' States Department of Agriculture. Value of crops named in text 1- t, a, as" a p — a '' 03 Rank ol Value of crops nam- (000 omitted) i-H ^ Statt ed in text, 1914— State ? o o o o — i o Crops named 1 '5 is IH J3 a ^ ^ «s «o5 in text «: •a ■2^ "S^ S 03 S o g S^> p. o <3S ^fi °3 X ""-^ >» , „ +s*X3 u P.S as3 O.^ I-l CO o 1 Q) a> t» to Value cem T-1 1 < a 8 8^ a o O P.ct. p.ct. p.ct. P.ct. Iowa $ 351,450 $ .327,990 $ 337,005 i? 284,280 .$ 314,66() 91 1 2 2 + 7.2 +23. < + 22.4 Illinois 319,056 25X5,046 343,861 3Oi7,'503 372,270 92 2 1 1 + 8.3 + 3.9 - 6.8 Texas 288,3a-» 400,331 244,721 3«f,72S 398,133 m 3 3 3 — 28.0 —14.4 + 17.8 Kansas 287,602 124,135 189,091 104,844 214,860 88 4 5 7 +131.7 +74.5 + o2.1 Nebraska -— 210,099 162,078 173,512 153,869 196,126 88 6 9 10 + 29.6 +36.5 + 21.1 Ohio 207,337 2aa,4S4 19^,288 202,084 200,338 86 6 4 4 — 2.4 + 2.6 + 5.1 Missouri 103,981 174,5i20 188,524 188,689 220,664 813 7 e 6 + 10.6 + 2.3 + 2.4 Indiana 189,50;^ 185,917 181,234 172,400 204,210 89 8 7 9 + 2.0 + 9.9 + 4.6 Minnesota -— 180,432 194,178 168,.706 174,074 193,451 87 9 10 11 — 7.1 + 3.7 + 7.0 Pennsylvania- 173,967 168,998 130,010 100,346 166,740 78 10 13 18 + 2.9 + 8.5 + 33.8 New York 161,919 148,767 133,620 149,913 300,168 63 11 12 8 + 8.8 + 8.0 + 22.1 Georgia 193,107 317,71513 176,959 168,700 226,505 78 12 8 5 - 28.7 —17.8!— 12.3 Wisconsin ... 16a,301 156,465 131,048 139,1517 148,359 82 13 14 16 — 3.0 + 9.5 + 25.8 North Dakota 144,290 1105,356 U68,292 123,448 180,636 93 14 11 12 + 37.0 +16.9 — 14.3 Michigan 139,699 1K,5I515 114,606 125,501 162,005 71 15 15 14 + 14.2 +11.5 + 21.9 Oklahoma 134,150 111, 632 113,344 117,618 133,454 84) 16 17 23 + 20.3 +14.1 + 19.4 N. Carolina- 12H,91S 150,203 102,783 126,466 142,800 TZ 17 22 19 — 16.8:— 1.2 + 21.5 Kentucky 118,325 110,054 114,302 114,784 188,973 83 18 16 21 + 6.9 + 3.1 + 3.6 Alabama 114,2155 156,1715 108, 09& 133,952 144,287 7S 19 20 18 — 26.8 —14.1 + 5.7 South Dakota 106,488 94, 39^ 109,353 91,&elaware Maryland Virgittia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolinai Georgia Florida Ohio -. Indiana Illinois . Michigan . Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri .. North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama . Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas . Montana . Wyoming Colorado New Mexico. Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California . United States. Acreage (OOO omitted) Acres le 21 45 48 11 ei 550 270 1,4)68 197 ess 11,921 732 2,835 1,976 4,000 700 3,650 4,940 10,346 1,750 1,725 2,600 10,24& 7,200 50O 3,1000 7,100 5,850 3,650 3,350 3,2161 3,150 2,000 6,400 4,000 2,400 SO 21 462 92 18 12 1 19 108,439 1103,820 Acres le 23 45 48 11 61 527 276 1,463 lOT 670 1,980 732 2,835 1,975 4,066 675 3,900 4,900 10,450 1,675 1,650 2,400 9,950 7,375 379 2,640 7,610 7,320 3,660 3,350 3,200 3,150 1,900 6,800 4,750 2,475 28 17 420 85 17 10 1 14 34 21 55 Yield per acre Bu. 46.0 46.0 47.0 47.0 42.0 46.0 41.0 38.5 42.5 36.0 37.0 20.6 31.0 20.3 18.5 14.0 16.0 39.1 33.0 29.0 35.0 40.5 35.0 38.0 22.0 28.0 26.0 24.5 18.5 25i.O 24.0 17.0 18.5 19.3 19.6 12.0 17.5 28.0 215'.0 23.0 28.0 32.0 35.0 36.0 31.0 ^T.O 3O.0 36.0 Bu. 38.0 37.0 37.0 40.5 36.5 38.5 28.5 39.5 39.0 31.6 .33.0 26.0 31.0 191. 5 19.5 15.5 15.0 37.5 36.0 27.0 33.5 40.5 40.0 34.0 17.5 28.8 25.5 15.0 3.2 20.5 20.5 17.3 20.0 23.0 24.0 11.0 19.0 31.5 29.0 15.0 18.5 28.0 34.0 34.0 32.0 28.0 28.5 33.0 33.1 Total production (000 omitted) Bushels 736 966 2,115 2,256 462 2,806 22,550 10,472 62,178 7,092 24,531 39,380 22,692 57,550 S6,53S 56,000 11,200 142,715 163,317 SOO.CSl 63,000 69,862 91,000 339,124 158,400 14,000 78,000 173,950 108,235 91,350 80,400 55,488 58,275 33,600 124,800 60,000 42,000 1,400 525 10,626 2, '576 576 420 36 972. 660 2,160 2,672,804 2,446,9 1913 Bushels Price per bu.she], Dec. 1, to producers Ots. 120 75 IW 72 73 82 87 Cts. 87 81 81 85 77 80 73 75 110 70 118 Value based on prices, Dec. 1, to producers i W)u omitted) Dollars 648 792 1,713 1,918 453 2,497 18,716 7,950 45, M) 4,397 16,681 31, St*!* 18,834 40,403 33,616 47,600 8,960 87,056 94,724 183,021 42,210 45,410 47,320 194,712 107.712 8,120 39,000 92,194 68,182 58,400 54,672 44,390 42,541 28,950 92',352' 32,000 33,600 1,064 368 6,376 2,061 691 315 40 424 710 541 1,879 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII WINTER WIIKAT. Estimatt's of acreage, prodiiction, and value, I'Jli and 1913. State New York New Jersey Pennsylvania -,— Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Uarolina.. Georgia Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States.. Acreage ^000 omitted) Acres 360 TO i',3ia 114 ei2 7r9 238 611 80 1401 1,975 2,485 2,900 879 85 50 510 2,549 69 3,3215 8,600 7100 7^ 31 1 1,0821 2,9215 1215 481 4a 250 43 31 223 18 339 960 622 400 36,008 Acres mo 80 1,286 113 610 780 235 60S 79 140 1,930 2,150 2,240 835 87 50 450 2,315 100 3,125 0,659 735 700 32 1 1,7150 101 200 35 29 200 16 310 1,200 576 300 31,699 Yield per acre Total production (000 omitted; Price per iValue based on bushel, prices, Dec. 1, to Doc. 1, to producers (000 producers omitted) Bu. 22.5 18.0 18.1 20.5 21.5 14.5 115.0 13.0 11.5 IB.l 18.5 17.4 18.5 19.7 21.5 19.3 21.6 17.0 14.0 19.3 201.9 16.5 13.5 13.0 13.0 13.0 19.0 13.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 29.0 28.0 23.0 29.01 27.5 26.5 23.0 17.0 19.0 Bu. 210.0 17.6 17.0 14.5 13.3 13.6 13.0 11.7 18.3 12.2 18.0 18.5 18.7 15.3 20.1 16.2 23.4 17.1 9.0 18.6 13.0 13.6 12.0 11.7 M.O 17.5 10.0 13.0 25.6 25.0 21.1 18.6 32.0 23.0 23.0 27.4 27.0 21.4 14.0 16.5 Bushels 8, ICO 1,422 23,747 2, 237 13,158 11,296 3,340 7,332 920 1,694 36,538 48,233 46,250 17,316 1,828 975 11,016 43,333 966 64,172 176,300 12,540 11,160 403 13 14,066 47,975 1,626 11,063 1,080 6,250 1,125 86S 5,5715 522 9,322 25,440 13,684 6,800 684,990 1913 Bushels 6,800 1,408 21,862 1,63S 8,118 io,6ice 3,065 7,e78 972 1,708 35,100 39,775 41,888 12,776 1,7149 810 10,630 39,586 900 58,125 86,515 9,8ea 8,400 374 14 13,660 17,600 1,313 12,288 1,000 4,220 ftxl 928 4,600 8,494 32,400 12,305 4,200 1914 1913 523,561 Ots, 108 loy 104 109 106 103 108 117 146 134 103 103 101 103 100 102 96 98 9i 93 93 103 105 126 120 99 93 99 91 87 90 1215 86 95 87 TOO 100 1014 Cts. 93 96 91 96 100 100 130 120 90 76 76 84 71 71 TO 96 98 115 93 90 66 72 78 97 110 73 Dollars 8,748 1,650 24,697 2,347 13,947 12,200 3,823 8,578 1,334 2,270 38,395 44,536 46,712 17,833 1,828 10,573 42', 466 908 60,963 167,485 12,916 11,718 508 16 13,925 44,137 1,609 10,067 961 5,438 1,003 1,085 4,794 496 8,110 25,440 13,958 7,072 1913 Dollars 6,324 1,352 19,894 1,441 7,22a 10,181 3,055 7,503 l,26i 2,050 31,690 35,002 36,024 11,371 1,434 G16 S,0O3 33,252 639 41,269 68,347 9,468 8,232 430 13 a2:,831 14,360 1,182 8,110 720 3,292 631 1,021 3,358 302 5,351 23,652 9,229 3,990 675,623 433,995 53 834 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPRING WHEAT. Estimates of acreage, production, and value, 1914 and 1918. State Acreage (000 omitted) Yield per acre Total production (000 omitted) Price per bushel, Dec. 1, to producers Value based on prices, Dec. 1, to producers (COO omitted) 1914 1013 1914 1913 1914 1913 1914 1913 1914 1913 Maine Vermont - - Acres 3 1 99 4,000 300 7,285 3,400 343 60 429 65 225 31 68 27 210 820 177 17,533 Acres 31 1 103 4,150 345 7,510 3,675 3150 95 860 50 260 30 65 23 200 1,100 175 Bu. 27.0 29.0 17.0 10.5 13.5 11.2 9.0 11.5 15.0 17.0 22.0 28.5 23.0 26.0 20.0 M.O 20.0 16.5 Bu. 25.5 24.5 18.6 16.2 17.0 10.5 9.Q 12.0 8.5 21.5 25.0 21.0 19.0 28.0 31.0 28.0 19.0 19.5 Bushels 81 %'■> 1,683 42,000 4,050 811,592 30,600 3,944 90O 7,283 1,210 5,062 713 1,700 810 5,040 16,400 2,920 Bushels 76 34 1,916 67,230 5,865 78,865 33,075 4,200 468 8,385 1,250 5,460 370 1,820 713 5,600 20,900 3,412 Cts. 109 100 100 103 96 101 94 95 95 91 89 87 90 86 95 87 lOQI 100 Cts. wa MO 82 76 76 73 71 71 79 66 72 78 97 73 82 63 73 75 Dollars 88 29 1,683 42,^0 3,888 82,408 28,764 3,747 - 8S5 6,637 1,077 4,4(H 642 1,462 770 4,385 16,400 2,978 Dollars 77 24 Wisconsin 1,571 Minnesota Iowa 51,095 4,467 North Dakota South Dakota 57,564 23,483 2,983 Kansasi Montana — 370 5,68:4 Wyoming 900 4,259 New Mexico Utah 563 1,329 585 3,528 Washington Oregon 15,257 2,559 United States- 18,485 11.8 13.0 206,027 239,819 96.6 73.4 203,037 176,127 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII WHEAT. Estimates of acreage, production, and value, 1014 and 1913. State Maine Vermont New York New Jersey Pennsylvania ._ Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia-- North OaiTolina... South Carolina-— Georgia Ohio Indiana Dlinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri - North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee -. Alabama .- Mississippi . Texas Oklahoma - Arkansas _. Montana .. Wyoming .- Colorado -- New Mesico- Arizona Utah Nevadai Idaho Washington Oregon California ._ United States Acreage (000 omitted) Acres S 1 360 79 1,312 m4 612 770 236 611 SO 140 1,976 2,485 2,500 879 184 4,'>50 810 2,549 7,283 3,4fi9 3,668 8,660 760 720 31 1 1,082) 2,5215 12l5 910 100 475 76 31 291 40 o40 1,780 799 400 1914= 1KL3 53,541 Acres 3 1 340 80 1,286 113 610 780 235 605 79 140 1,950 2,150 2,240 835 190 4,200 766 2,310 7,510 3,775 3,475 6,710 725 700 321 1 780 1,750 101 870 90 460 65 20 260 39 510 2,300 7150 300 Yield per acre 1914 1913 Bu. 27.0 29.0 22.6 18.0 18.1 20.5 21.5 14.3 IS.O 12.0 ID.S 12.1 16.5 17.4 18.5 19.7 19.1 10.6 18.6 17.0 11.2 9.1 18.6 20.5 16.5 10.5 13.0 13.0 13.0 19.0 13.0 20.2 22.9 23.8 24.2 28.0 25.0 29.6 36.2 23.5 20.8 17.0 Bu. 25.5 24.5 20.0 irr.e in.o 14.5 13.3 13.6 13.0 11.7 12.3 12.2 18.0 18.5 18.7 19.3 19.3 16.2 20.6 IfT.l 10.5 9.0 17.9 13.0 13.6 12.0 11.7 14.0 17.5 10.0 13.0 23.8 25.0 2a'. 0 18.8 32.0 24.2 27.7 21.0 14.0 Total production (000 omitted) Price per bushel, Dec. 1, to producers Bushels 81 29 8,100 1,422 23,747 2,337 13,158 11,296 3.540 • 7,332 920 l,6f»4 36,533 43,239 46,250 17,316 3,511 42,976 16,066 43,333 81,592 31,566 68,116 177,200 12,540 11,160 403 13 14,066 47,975 1,625 18,356 2,290 11,312 1,63S 7,275 1,33? 14,362 41,840 16,604 6,800 1913 891,017 Bushels 76 24 6,800 1,408 21,862 1,638 8,113 10,608 3,056 7,078 S72 1,708 35,100 39,776 41,888 12,776 3,665 68,040 16,395 39,586 78,855 33,975 62,326 86,983 9,860 8,400 374 14 13,&50 17,500 1,313 20,673 3,250 9,680 1,221 928 6,420 1,061 14.064 '53,300 15,717 4,209 1914 11913 Ots. 109 100 108 109 104 109 106 106 108 117 140 134 103 103 101 103 100 102 9S 101 94 93 95 1C8 105 126 125 99 92 99 91 89 87 90 120 86 95 87 100 102 104 Cts. 101 100 93 96 91 96 100 106 130 120 90 116 96 91 110 73 Value based on prices, Dec. 1, to producers (000 omitted) 1914 Dollars 88 29 8,748 1,550 24,697 2,547 13,947 12,200 3,828 8,578 1,334 2,270 38,365 44,536 46,712 17,835 3,511 43,834 14,463 42,466 82,408 29,672 64,710 168,340 12,916 ll,71 1.680 2,684 2,240 1,500 5,180 1,620 8,760 900 110 2,800 1.560 5,270 7.. 552 4,7.53 10,350 Bushels 28,160 2,074 3,175 2,835 660 2,208 26,640 8, 93101 28,320 957 '3,741 9,870 3,984 2,400 80O 972 912 10,240 3,975 5,750 33,600 32,155 30.260 7,200 3,280 5,100 4,6801 6,664 2,920 2,450 2,4321 1,512 960 1,7150 2,840 1,920 1,800 5,040 1,680 9,200 612 75 3,600 1,760 5,780 7.380 6,750 8,092 Ots. 33 60 47 711 70 65 44 61 58 70 60 77 81 92 125 105 113 53 56 61 30 30 32 59 73 42 47 '54 77 84 91 101 99 97 104 90 97 64 70 50 95 120 60 70 48 m 60 70 Cts. S3 83 72 85 90 87 80 82 80 75 67 80 90 82 130 105 117 85 84 89 S3 54 62 82 93 56 63 78 91 102 97 105 100 98 112 109 100 67 65 63 140 135 58 68 50 60 58 70 Dollars 11,154 1,622 1,974 2,971 578 2,184 23,415 6,061 16,321 616 2,059 6,606 2,100 1,579 962 819 1,175 7,552 3,360 4,538 13,213 11,309 9,850 7,459 2,858 3,205 2,665 5,098 3,437 1,890 1,370 1,436 912 1,630 2,791 2,016 1,455 3,316 1,134 4,380 &55 132 1,^0 1,092 2,530 4,1.W 2,852 7,245 Dollars 14,925 Kew Hampshire 1,721 2,286 Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut 2,410 585 1,921 21,312 New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware 7,323 18,656 718 2,508 7,896 West Virginia North Carolina South Oairolina-— Greorgia 3,586 1,968 1,040 1,021 1,067 Ohio 8,704 Indiana - _ — - 3,339 5,118 17,808 Wisconsin Minnesota . .- 17,364 15,730 5,904 3,004 North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska _- _ 2,656 2,948 4,418 Kan&as 2,657 Kentucky _- - - 2,499 Tennesse? . 2,359 Alabama -. 1,588 Mississippi Louisiana 960 1,680 Texas 2,621 Oklahoma 2,016 1,800 Montana . — 3,377 Wyoming' -_ _ . 1,093 Colorado _ 5,980 N«w Mexico Arizona _ _ - 857 101 Utah 2,088 1,197 2,890 Washington 4,428 3,91S California _. 5,664 United States.. 3,708 3,668 109.5 90.4 405,921 331,525 48.9 68.7 198,609 227,908 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 841 SWEET POTATOES. Estimates of acreage, production, and value, 1914 and 1013. State Acreage (000 omitted) Yield per acre Total production (000 omitted) Price per bushel, Dec. 1, tc producers Value based on prices, Dec. 1, to producers (000 omitted) 1914 1013 1014 1913 1914 1913 1914 1913 1914 1913 New Jersey Pennsylvania Acres 22 1 5 8 31 2 76 48 7ft 19 1 1 8 2 6 5 10 25 63 50 59 52 6 18 6 Acres 23 1 5 8 83 2 80 50 83 21 1 1 e 2 6 5 9 20 70 55 60 50 6 20 6 Bu. 100 103 120 125 92 92 90 85 85 120 110 100 84 100 84 110 105 100 93 90 87 101 102 95 161 Bu. 138 110 las 141 108 91 100 92 87 110 pr* 78 70 80 56 50 75 80 95 98 85 80 &i 90 170 Bushels 2,200 105 600 1,000 £•,852 184 6,810 4,090 6,715 2,280 110 100 672 2O0 504 5.50 1,050 2,500 5,850 4,500 5,133 5,2£}2 612 1,710 968 Bushels 3,174 110 675 1,128 3,964 182 8,000 4,600 7,221 2,310 90 78 560 160 S36 2SQI 675 1,600 6,650 5,390 5,100 4.000 384 1,SOO 1,020 Ots. 95 86 70 70 76 98 6S 70 69 80 96 90 95 127 96 106 TT 69 65 63 64 87 89 77 87 Cts. 78 90! 60 60 70 100 61 75 68 75 106 109 106 loO Wo 110 94 80 67 62 70 95 104 80 100 Dollars 2,090 90 420 700 2,168 180 4,446 2,856 4,633 1,824 106 90 638 251 484 583 806 1,725 3,808 2,835 3,285 4,569 545 1,317 840 Dollars 2,476 99 406 677 Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Oarolinai 2,495 182 4,880 3,4.50 4,910 Florida 1,732 Ohio - . - 95 80 594 240 353 Kansas 275 634 1,280 Alabama _ . 4,456 Mississippi 3,842 3,570 Texas - _ _ 3,800 Oklahom.T Ark'insas California 399 1,440 1,020 United States.. 603 625 93.8 94.5 56,574 59,067 73.0 72.6 41,294 42,881 842 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HAY. Estimates of acreage, production, and value, 1914 and 1913. State Acreage (OOO omitted) Yield per acre Total produc- tion (000 omitted) Price per ton. Dee. 1, to pro- ducers Value based on prices, Dec. 1, to producers (0O3 omitted) Maine New Hampshire--- Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland' Virginia West Virginiai North Oarolind — South Oaralina Georgia Florldii Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin -— Minnesota -- Iowa Missouri North Dakota- South Dakota. Nebrasfcai Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama _ Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico- Arizonai Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California . Um"ted States- Acres 1,230 520 990 480 58 sm 4,663 sm. 3,141 72 390 660 696 320 210 260 48 2,812 l,7&i 2,260 2,352 2.550 1,743 2,960 2,600 400 ■50O I'.oOO 1,650 760 80O 220 210 200 4'50 460 320 700 500 970 206 142 406 2147 705 796 sm 2,700 49,145 1©13 Acres 1,194 495 1,000 475 58 879 4,700 361 3,141 72 750 740 320 210 250 47 2,960 l,S0O 2,500 2,400 2,375 1,660 3,000 3,000 340 460 l,2l-)0 1,500 7715 900 210 220 190 4I0O 460 320 660 192 136. 390 235 705 780 825 2,400 1014 1913 Tons I.IS 1.15 1'.20 1.32 1.17 1.25 1.20 l.aj 1.28 1.10 i.ie .72 '.9-Z 1.15 •1.15 1.35 1'.35 1.13 l.OO 1.28 1.75 1.89 1.38 .70 1.45 1.70 1.09 1.51 .95 1'.20 1.31' 1.45 1.90 1.75 1.13 1.05 2.60 2.30 2.40 2. '50 3.20 2.75 3.25 2.65 2.20 2.0O 1.95 1914 Tons l.OO L.CO 1.28 1.21 1.17 1.14 1.14 1.30 1.32 1.30 1.26 1.27 1.25 1.31 1.16 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.00 1.05 1.62 1.50 1.48 .GO 1.14 1.20 1.34 .90 .87 1.21 1.36 1.33 1.50 1.16 1.20 1.80 1.90 2.05 2.08 4.00 2.33 2.75 2.90 2.30 2.10 1.50 1913 Tons 1,414 598 1,188 634 5,584 487 4.020 79 2*2 338 6f 3, ITS 1,764 1,912 3,011 4,462 3,29J 4,071 1,820 580 850 2,53- 2,492 712 960 28S 30J 380 78? 50« 336 1,7.50 1,150 2,328 515 454 1,116 806 1,861S 1 ,751 1.716 5,265 70,071 Tons 1,194 495 1,280 575 482 5,358 469 4,146 94 491' 952 925 419 244 350 63 3,848 1,800 2,450 2,5201 3,848 2,490 4,440 1,800 '562 1,675 1,350 674 1,089 286 293 240 464 382 384 1,188 912 1,821 399 540 909 646 2,044 1,794 1,783 3,600 Doll 13.10 17.00 Dolls. 13.90 17.20 14.60 14.50 21. '50 21.10 20.20 211.20 64,116 19.60 14.60 19.50 14.50 17.00 15.80 17.20 17.20 17.10! 17.00 16.20 17.20 13.40 14.10 14.40 12.00 9.30 6.10 10.10 13.60 5.20 5.70 6.90 7.40 le.oo 17.00 18.80 12.00 12.00 9.80 20.10 15.30 19.00 14.90 15.70 15.20 15.50 14.90 ie.'50 18.70 17.90 18.20 12.80 14.10 14.10 13.10 la'.io 6.60 9.60 14.50 5. 6.50 8.70 12.60 16.50 16.20 14.20 13.50 12.50 11.80 7.90 10.40 12.90 13.50 8.70 9.60 7.'50j 6.70 7.40 10.00 9.30 7.70 8.30 7.30 11.00 9.20 8.20 Dollars 18,523 10,166 17,345 13,631 1,374 9,146 81,526 9,496 58,290 1,343 6,854 8,060 11,008 6,293 4,114 5,476 1,118 42,385 24,872 27,533 36,132 41,497 20,093 41,117 24,752 3,016 4,845 17,492 18,441 11,392 16,320 3,974 3,648 4,560 7,722 4,013 4,381 15,225 8,625 17,227 4,790 3,995 8,593 6,665 13,686 19,261 15,787 43,173 779,068 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 843 FLAXSEED. Estimates of acreage, production, and value, 1914 and 1913. State Acreage (000 omitted) Yield per Total produc- acre t'o°,(00? omitted) Price nei ton, Dec. 1 to pro- ducers Value based on prices, Dec. 1, to producers (000 omitted) 1914 1913 1914 1913 1914 1913 1914 1913 1914 1913 Wisconsin Minnesota fVeres 8 315 20 8 840 320 7 45 320 2 Acres 9 360 28 10 1,000 425 9 50 400 10 Bu. 13.5 9.3 9.5 8.0 8.3 7.5 7.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 Bu. 14.0 9.0 9.4 5.0 7.2 7.2 6.0 6.0 9.0 5.0 Bushels 108 2,930 190 61 6,972 2,400 49 270 2,560 16 Bushels 126 3,150 263 50 7,200 3,060 64. 300 3,600 50 C?ts. 125 128 120 104 128 123 119 125 120 lOO Cts. 123 123 128 115 121 120 110 116 115 115 Dollars 135 3,750 228 67 8,924 2,952 58 338 3,072 16 Dollars ia-> 3,874 323 5S 8,712 3,67!2 North Dakota South Dakota Kansas Montana Colorado . _ 3tS 4,140 58 United States. 1,885 2,291 8.3 7.8 15,5.59 17,853 126 120 19,510 21,39) 844 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ESTIMATED NUMBER ON FARMS AND VALUE OF DOMESTIC' ANIMALS. As Published by U. S. Dept. of Agriculture in Agricultural Outlook, Feb. 6, 1915. HORSES. Estimated number on. farms, and value, January 1, 1915, with comparisons. State Number (000 omitted) Maine New Hampshire- Vermont Massachusetts - Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania -. Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia.. North Carolina- South Carolina- Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota. - South Dakota.. Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington ... Oregon California United States. Jan. 1, 1915 ^ 102 100 100 99 100 loa 100 101 10(2 102 101 101 101 101 103 101 lOO 103 104 103 101 100 lOG 104 99 1G2 100 10(2 100 100 100 101 105 1j03 102 110 105 104 102 1C4 102 101 101 113 47 88 64 10 47 615 92 696 167 354 192 182 83 125 57 910 864 1,467 673 705 872 1,600 1,095 785 759 1,038 1,132 443 353 149 241 191 1,192 756 27)6 391 176 347 217 118 146 78 243 311 304 503 111 47 88 65 10 47 616 91 584 35 166 S50 190 180 85 128 55 901 854 1,497 653 678 847 1,5&4 1,095 74S 730 1,048 1,110 443 346 149 24-1 191 1,216 766 273 372 171 340 197 112 140 76 234 305 301 Value per head. Jan. 1 1915 1914 1910 Total value Jan. 1 (000 omitted) 21,195 120,962 108 46 81 64 9 46 691 89 560 33 166 330 180 166 120 46 910 814 1,453 610 615 763 1,492 1,073 651 669 1,008 1,147 443 330 133 216 181 1,170 743 266 316 166 294 179 100 116 68 281 272 469 19,833 $146.00 127.00 131.00 166..00 146.00 148.00 142.00 146.00 134.00 100.00 113.00 109.00 114.00 130.00 131.00 119.00 121.00 128.00 114.00 105.00 132.00 131.00 I'le.oo 105.C0 88.00 110. 00 89.W 92.00 93.00 915.00 lOO'.OO £■6.00 86.00 83.00 78.00 81.00 761. OO 86.00 79.00 85.00 515.00 70. CO 86.00 69. CO 92.00 96.00 90.00 100.00 $103.33 $160.00 137.00 129.00 161.00 156.00 163.00 145.00 157.00 139.00 106.00 119.00 114.00 122. (CO 189.00 144.00 131.00 122.00 182.00 116.00 HS.OO 139.00 136.00 125.00 118.00 98.00 112.00 96.00 94.00 93.00 Ifg.OO 116.00 113.00 95.00 85.00 80.00 85.00 93.00 ice. 00 79.00 83.00 55.«0 73. CO 91.00 78.00 96.00 106.00 96.00 lOO.QO $169.32 $125.00 108.00 106.00 128.00 120.00 126.00 125.00 134.00 132.00 106. OO 108.00 107.00 112.00 121.00 127.00 1(25.00 109. CX) 129.00 122.00 124.00 126. CO 121.00 lll.OO 120.00 108.00 114.00 105.00 108.00 107.00 105.00 112I.0O 95.00 85.00 79.00 73.00 81.00 82.00 80.00 83.00 85.00 47.00 6(2.00 85.00 78.00 102:. OO 108.00 103.00 105.00 $108.03 16,498 5,969 11,528 9,920 1,460 6,956 87,330 13,432 79,864 3,000 18,871 38,586 21,888 23,660 10,873 14,875 6,807 116,480 97,356 154,036 88,836 92,355 101,162 168,000 96,360 86,350 67, '561 95,496 105,276 42,085 35,300 14,804 20,726 15,853 9(2,976 61,398 20,976 33,626 19,904 29,495 11,935 8,260 12,666 6,382' 22,866 29,856 27,360 60,300 16,650 6,439 11,352 10,465 1,560 7,191 89,175 14,287 81,176 3,710 19,685 39,900 213,180 26,020 12,2i0 16,768 6,710 118,932 99,064 169,161 90,767 92,208 105,876 186,912 107,310 83,776 70,060 96,512 103,230 45,62» 40,133 16,837 22,895 16,285 97,280 65,110 25,389 37,944 13,509 28,220 10,835 8,176 12,740 5,928 22,464 32,380 28,896 49,800 $2,190,102 ,$2,291,638 $2,142,524 ^Compared with Jan. 1, 1914. -Based on census numbers on Apr. farm value per head Jan. 1, 1910. 15 and) the Department of Agriculture's estimated FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 845 MULES. Estimated number on faiins, and value, January 1, 1915, with comparisons. State Number (OOO omitted) Value per head Jan. 1 Jan. 1, 1915 a a >-> o in s . a 1915 191i 1910 Ph "3 o Total value Jan. omitted) 1 (COO 1914- 19102 New York New Jersey Pennsylvania .. Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virgrinia-. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota^. South Dakota- Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington _-. Oregon Calafomia United States. iJl 103 102 IW 104 101 100 101 97 97 103 100 100 101 100 101 101 105 103 101 105 101 1C2 101 102 100 100 100 102 102 103 103 104 110 100 98 103 104 lOO 101 12 194 166 309 28 24 86 14<5 4 233 231 275 281 292 132 T58 269 240 4 2 18 16 4,479 4 4 45 6 24 61 12 193 171 319 27 24 86 148 4 57 326 14 84 222 239 270 278 286 132 758 269 235 4 2 17 15 4 $152.00 $154.00 $132.00 $ 608 $ 616 .$ 528 4 169.00 177.00 1 1O5.C0 676 708 620 44 142.00 148.00 1 145.00 6,532 6,660 6,380 6 121.00 126.00 ; 125.00 726 756 750 23 138.00 143.00 130.00 3,450 3,432 2,S90 60 12S.0O 133.00 130.00 7,936 8,296 7,800 12 119.00 131.00 120.00 1,428 1,572 1,440 175 151.00 160.00 137.00 29,294 30,720 23,975 156 149.00 167.00 loS.OO 24,734 28,557 24,648 295 140.00 161.00 ! 157.00 43,260 51,359 46.315 23 163.00 168.00 165.C0 4,564 4,536 3,565 23 127.00 laa.oo 125.00 3,048 3,163 2,875 82 117.00 121..00 126.00 10,062 10,4C6 10,332 148 110.00 121.00 131.00 15,950 17,908 19,388 4 131.00 133.100 122.Q0 524 532 488 3 127.00 135.00 i 115.00 381 405 345 6 124.00 134.00 1 114.00 744 804 684 56 lll.CO 123.00 ; 123.00 6,438 7,011 6,888 348 98.00 112.00 1 119. CO 32,242 36,512 40,817 8 122.00 130.00 130.00 976 1,040 1,040 12 106. CO 110.00 121.00 1,484 1,540 1,452 83 105.00 105.00 119.00 8,925 8,820 9,877 208 102.00 105.00 116. f)0 23,766 23,310 24,1^ 225 lOS.iCO 118.00 118.00 24,486 27,032 28, 550 276 110. OO 127.00 123.00 30,250 34,290 33,943 247 114. QO 135'. OO 122.00 32,034 37,530 30,134 . 2S6 1C8.00 115.00 113.00 31,536 32,890 28,928 132 125. OO 128.00 116.00 16,500 16,896 15,312 676 lOO.OO 109.00 99.00 75,300 82,077 66,904 237 96.C0 104.00 1061.00 215,824 27,976 26,985 222 96.00 114.00 109.00 23,040 28,790 24,198 4 98.00 106.00 102.00 392 424 408 2 lOl.CO 113.0.0 106.00 202 226 212 15 lOO.OO 101.00 105.00 1,800 1,717 1,575 15 81'. 00 92.00 79. OQ 1,296 1,380 1,185 4 104.00 144.00 108.00 728 864 432 2 79.00 83.00 80.00 158 164 160 3 79.00 79.00 79.00 207 2S7 237 4 85.00 103.00 116.00 340 412 461 12 104.00 116.00 121.00 1,'560 1,624 1,452 10 96.00 107.00 lOS.CO 960 1,070 1,080 70 120.00 120.00 IK. 00 8,880 8,760 8,540 4,210 ?112.36 $123.89 $120.20 $ '503,271 $ 551,017 $ 506,049 ^Compared with Jan. 1, 1914. -Based on census numbers on Apr. 15 and the Department of Agriculture's estimated farm value per head Jan. 1, 1910. 846 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MILCH COWS. Estimated number on fanns, and value, January 1, 1915, with comparisons. State Number COOO omitted) Jan. 1, 1915 g Maine New Hampsliire. Vermont Massachusetts _ Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania -- Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virg^inia-- North Carolina- South Carolina- Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missoiui North Dakota-- South Dakota.. Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico' Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington — Oregon California United States 99 101 97 103 100 lOO 104 lOi 102 101 102 100 101 104 101 101 102 105 102 102 101 111 108 102 104 102 102 99 109 102 102 102 103 no 112 110 110 120 104 lOT 107 108 107 ICG 102.5 U57 95 268 157 23 118 1,509 146 943 41 177 849 284 316 185 406 138 895 646 1,007 814 1,626 1,186 1,377 797 339 4)53 635 726 390 355 384 434 494 387 114 46 205 44 02 24 120 253 210 641 21,262 162 23 120 1,466 146 948 39 170 342 232 309 185 402 128 886 640 1,017 1,M9 1,163 1,350 306 419 613 348 388 421 263 1,065 484 376 104 41 186 62 37 88 22 112 234 196 515 20,737 Value per head, Jan. l Total vXe Jan. 1 (000 157 101 265 172 23 123 i,'510 lU 934 36 167 356 240 309 181 406 116 905 634 1,050 767 1,473 i,085 1,407 856 259 370 614 786 410 397 392 430 279 1,014 531 426 77 33 145 51 29 76 17 186 173 467 20,635 ! 64.00 eo.oo 52.00 66.00 71.00 66.70 61.00 68.00 59.50 56.50 54.00 48.60 61.00 36.50 33.00 •32.00 42.50 60.00 56.00 59.50 60.60 59.501 53.50 57.00 54.50 61.50 69.50 68.50 63.50 45.50 41.00' 31.50 3S.0O 36.00 47.60 52.00 37.00 76.00 78.00 68.00 01.50 74.00 62.00 77.50 72.00 74.00 63.50 72.00 $66.33 $ 47.60 53.50 47.50 69.00 70.00 SS.CO 67.00 67.00 68.40 52.00 53.80 42.00 50.00 35.10 34.20 31.30 36.00 60.00 63.90 58.20 59.70 59.90 55.00 60.'50 64.00 59.00 61.00 W.70 57.50 44.50 41.40 32.40 34.00 34.00 45.60 50.30 37.50 70.50 74.50 68.00 561.00 64.00 59. CO 66.10 69.80 74.00 65. CO 62.00 1910 $ 63.94 $ 33.00 36.20 34.20 42.00 43.80 41.00 39.50 47.50 39.00 88.0QI 37.30 29.70 35.00 26.50 28.90 25.00 32.50 42.80 41.00 42.80 39.50 36.60 33.00 36.00 34.80 33.90 33.00 35.00 36.90 32.70 27.50 23.00 23.50 24.30 29.50 31.50 22.00 46.50 43.70 41.00 38.80 48.00 34.00 44.00 41.40 41.80 39.60 38.40 $ 35.29 8,478 5,700 13,936 10,36!2 1,633 7,871 92,049 9,928 56,106 2,316 9,568 15,182 11,934 11,498 6,105 12,992 5,652 53,700 35,530 69,916 49,247 96,747 63,461 78,489 43,486 20,848 26,954 39,062 46,101 17,745 14,566 12,096 15,190 9,648 51,586 25,688 14,319 8,560 3,568 13,940 4,182 3,256 5,704 1,860 8,640 18,723 13,335 38,952 $1,1716,388 7,552 5,136 r2,5Si 9,558 1,61-0 6,960 83,505 9,782 66,071 2,028 9,146 14,364 11,600 10,846 6,327 12,583 4,864 53,160 34,498 59,169 47,641 92,785 63,965 81,675 42,606 17,996 25,569 37,209 40,135 16,999 14,407 12,571 14,314 8,942 48,564 24,345 14,100 7,332 3,054 11,718 3,410 2,368 6,192 1,432 7,818 17,316 12,740 31,930 $1,118,487 ^Ctompared ^rith Jan. 1, 1914. -Based on census numbers on -'i.pr. 15 and the Department of Agriculture's estimated farm value per head Jan. 1, 1910. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 847 CATTLE OI'HER THAX MILCH COWS. Estimated number on lanns, and value, January 1, 3915, with comparisons. State Number (000 omitted) Value per head Jan. 1 Jan. 1, 1915 Si a 03 •-5 o in 3 . C! < 1915 1914 1910 1 o c-i Total value Jan. 1 (000 omitted) 191S Maine New Hampshire- Vermont Massachusetts- Rliode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia— North Carolina South Carolina. Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michi,?an Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota-- South Dakota-- Xebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington ... Oregon California United States 101 99 101 101 99 102 loe 101 IW 102 lOO lOi 101 100 100 100 100 98 97 lot 105 103 105 102 110 106 108 11.3 103 101 98 105 100 102 102 105 115 lOS loe 107 107 103 107 108 \m 105 101 6i 167 83 11 71 894 7Q 688 20 121 450 338 211 660 735 S3S 693 1,180 707 1,216 1,208 2,683 1,414 515 967 2,034 1,768 543 503 504 514 448 5,121 1,119 484 791 628 996 991 791 3S1 450 379 215 503 1,480 103.4 37,067 100 65 165 82 11 72 876 68 6i32 19 119 4S0 331 365 211 eeo 735 838 707 1,216 ■1,158 1,173 2,5o6 1,386 912 1,883 1,565 527 498 514 490 448 5,173 1,097 475 753 546 949 918 739 366 437 354 199 470 1,410 100 67 165 72 913 69 653 19 121 503 3S0 392 209 674 729 333 729 1,391 731 1,207 1,262 3,041 1,705 485 1,165 2,318 2,343 591 600 540 583 526 5,921 1,423 602 866 784 963 1,031 796 336 433 216 552 1,610 35,855 41,178 26.10 28.00 23.10 25.10 26.80 29.80 28.20 31.150 20.30 31.20 29.Sa 28.60 36.30 17.00 14.60 12.80 14.50 34.60 35.20 37.80 29.80 27.70 24.70 37.50 37.90 30.00 39.50 40.80 42.50 30.40 22.40 12.60 14.30 16.40 31.70 35.40 17.20 49.00 53.30 43.70 35.50 34.50 35.80 40.70 41.80 34.90 36.30 39.30 % 33.38 ; 23.40 26.80 21.10 23.10 28.10 27.90 27.20 30.50 28.30 29.20 29.40 27.60 35.90 17.30 14.90 12.70 13.70 m.m 33.90 315.90 28.10 27.10 24.30 39.20 36.10 34.60 39.50 38.10 36.90 28.80 21.40 12.00 13.50 15.30 2e.50 33.40 15.80 46.40 49.40 40.00 32.70 32.50 35.50 38.90 41.20 35.70 38.00 33.00 16.90 20.30 14.40 16.70 17.'50 19.10 18.20 21.40 19.20 21.00 21.10 19.40 22.50 12.50 la.oa 10.30 10.30 34.10 24.50 26.40 18.50 16.40 14.30 28.20 22.60 20.5Q 21.50 211.90 23.70 19.90 13.80 9.00 8.40 10.30 15.30 19.20 9.00 27.40 26.40 23.00 17.40 19.30 18.30 20.70 21.40 19.90 18.60 20.10 $ 31.. 13 i^ 19.07 2,636 1,792 3,858 2,063 29(5 2,116 25,211 2,205 18,693 624 3,570 12,870 12,269 6,273 3,061 8,448 10,658 28,995 24,394 44,604 21,069 33,683 29,838 100,612 53,591 18,540 38,196 82,987 75,140 16,507 11,267 6,350 7,350 7,347 162,336 39,613 8,325 38,759 33,472 43,525 35,180 27,290 13,640 18,315 15,842 7,504 18,259 58,164 $1,237,376 2,340 ) 1,742 3,482 1,894 309 2,009 23,827 2,074 17,886 555 3,499 12,420 11,883 6,314 3,144 10,070 29,665 23,967 43,654 19,108 31,382 28,504 100,156 50,035 16,193 36,024 71,742 57,748 15,178 10,657 6,168 6,615 6,854 137,084 36,610 7,505 34,939 26,972 37,930 80,0tt9 24,018 12,638 16,999 14,585 7,104 17,860 46,530 $1,116,333 ^Comp'ared with Jan. 1, 1914. -Bas<>d on census numbers on Apr. 15 and the Department of Agriculture's estimated farm value per head Jan. 1, 1910. S48 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SHEEP. Estimated number on fanns, and value, January 1, 1915, with comparisons. State Number (000 omitted) Jan. 1, 1915 Value per head, Jan. 1 Total value Jan. omitted) 1 (000 1910 1914 Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts - Rhode Island-— Connecticut ..- New York New Jersey Pennsylvania — Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia-- North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Plorida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota _.- - Iowa Missouri North Dakota. - South Dakota.- Nebraska Kans'as Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana _.--. Texas' Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington _.. Oregon California United States. 93 97 95 97 96 96 97 100 99 100 101 100 97 101 100 90 95 96 99 99 100 95 90 103 k:o ICO 97 96 103 100 103 101 loe 102 99 105 110 110 105 101 102 108 96 165 88 105 30 7 19 849 31 831 223 720 796 177 32 163 119 3,263 1,114 936 2,0SS 781 564 1,249 1,490 2.50 636 374 316 674 119 208 ISO 2,114 76 130 4,379 4,427 1,731 3,340 1,761 2,068 1,532 3,041 546 2,563 2,'500 100.5 49,956 177 39 HI 31 20 875 31 839 223 735 786 177 33 166 118 3,263 1,2«« 984 2,118 789 570 1,249 1,568 278 617 374 316 1,2167 124 202 180 2,062 75 124 4,293 4,472 1,668 3,036 1,601 1,970 1,517 2,981 506 2,670 2,551 49,719 206 44 119 S3 7 22 930 31 287 805 910 214 38 188 114 3,909 1,337 1,060 2,306 930 638 1,146 1,811 293 611 29i 272 1,363 795 143 195 178 144 5,381 5,397 1,426 3,347 1,227 1,827 1,1615 3,011 476 2,699 2,417 50,448 4.50 4.90 5.10 5.60 6.20 5.70 5.80 6.00 5.30 6.30 5.20 4.50 4.50 3.30 2.60 2.301 2.20 4.70 5.40 5.40 5.00 5. CO 4.60 5.60 5.0O 4. SO 4.50 4.80 4.90 4.20 3.70 2.30 2.20 2.20 3.20 4.9a 2.60 4.40 4.70 4.40 3.50 4.00 4.60 4.90 4.70 4.80 4.60 4.60 $ 4.50 4. SO 4.40 4.80 5.30 5.40 5. 40 5.40 5.60 4.90 5.10 5.0O 4.. 50 4.30 S.20 2.60 2.10 1.90 4.30i 4. SO 6.00 4.60 4.70 4.40 5.30 4.20 4.20 4.00 4.50 4.50 4.20 3.40 2.40 2.30 2.20 2.90 4.00 2.60 3.70 4.10 3.70 3.0O 3.60 3.90 4.50 4.20 4.40 3.90 3.80 .$ 4.04 3.70 3.70 4.00 4.20 4.20 4.70 5.00 5.20 4.80 4.60 4.70 3.90 4.30 2.60 2.40 2.20 2.0O 4.80 5.20 5.30 4.70 4.50 4.0O 5.30 4.401 4.0O 4.0O 4.40 4.70 4.00 3.40 2.0O 1.90 1.90 2.90 3.30 2.30 4.20 4.40 3.8a 2.90 3.70 4.10 3.70 4.70 3.90 3.70 3.30 742 186 636 168 36 108 4,924 186 4,404 42 1,160 3,240 3,582 5S4 83 375 262 15,336 6,016 5,049 10,165 3,905 2,'594 6,994 7,450 1,12S 2,862 1,795 1,548 6,162 2,494 274 458 396 6,766 319 388 19,268 20,807 7,704 11,690 7,044 9,306 7,507 14,293 2,621 11,534 11,250 $ 4.12 $ 224,687 761 172 533 164 108 4,725 174 4,111 41 1,115 3,308 3,388 566 S49 224 14,031 6,066 4,920 9,753 3,708 2,508 6,620 6,566 1,168 2,463 1,683 1,422 5,321 2,339 298 465 396 5,951 300 322 15,884 18,335 6,172 9,108 5,764 7,683 6,826 12,520 2,226 10,413 9,604 200,806 ^Compared with Jan. 1, 1914. =Based on census numl:)ers on -\pr. 15 and the Department of Agriculture's estimated farm value per head Jan. 1. 1910. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 849 SWINE. Estimated number on farms, and value, January 1, 1015, with comparisons. State Number (000 omitted) Jan. 1, 1915 Value per bead, Jan. 1 1910 Total value Jan. 1 (000 omitted) 1915 19102 Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachuseitts . [ Rhode Island.— Conneetieut New York New Jersey I Pennsylvania -- Delaware Marj'land Virginia West Virginia. North Carolina-! South Carolina Georgia Florida Oliio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota- South Dakota- Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Missassippl Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas' Montana Wyomdng Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah - -. Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon Oalifomla United States. 101 102 102 101 101 102 102 105 103 105 110 102 112 105 105 105 105 105 100 106 110 120 las' 100 190 115 118 113 105 lOS 105 105 101 110 106 105 150 135 125 ISO 130 115 110 130 115 120 110 109.6 915 iK 108 108 15 68 T68 161 1,186 60 349 956 3r4 1,525 819 2,042 949 3,640 4,167 4,358 1,392 2,255 1,T16 S,?20 4,2i50 642 1,195 3,?09 2,656 1,582 1,501 1,559 1,540 1,412 1,420 1,573 276 64 266 73 31 96 86 328 327 360 877 64,618 97 51 106 106 14 57 753 1'58 1,130 58 332 869 367 1,362 780 l',945 904 3,467 3,969 4,358 1,313 2,050 1,430 6,976 4,250 428 1,039 3,'>28 2,350 1,507 1,390 1,485 1,467 1,398 2,618 1,353 1,498 184 51 205 56 24 85 284 300 797 58,933 45 85 103 14 147 978 49 302 798 328 1,288 665 1,784 810 3,106 3,614 4,686 1,246 1,809 1,520 7,546 4,438 332 1,010 3,43(1 3,000 1,492 1,388 1 ,267 1,292 1,328 2,336 1,839 1,519 99 34 179 40 17 64 23 178 206 218 767 $ 15.70 14.00 13.00 15.50 13.50 15.50 14.30 14.00 13.50 10.20 9.70 7.90 9.60 8.20 8.60 8.00 6.00 11.20 10.30 10.30 10.90 12.00 12.50 11. OO 8.10 11.80 11.00 10.90 10.10 7.20 7.80 7.80 7.20 7.70 9.00 8.20 6.50 10.80 11.40 10.50 12.00 10.20 11.60 10.00 11.10 9.50 10.50 $ 9.87 1 15.80 14.80 14.10 14.50 15.20 16.30 14.50 13.60 13.80 10.30 10.50 8.30 10.10 9.00 9.10 8.20 C.OO 11.30 10.30 10.80 12.30 13.C0 14.00 12.60 8.50 13.20 11.30 11.80 10.00 7.70 8.'50 8.50 8.10 8.00 8.60 8.40 7.40 11.90 12.40 10.50 10.10 9.60 10.90 12.60 10.70 12.70 11.00 10.50 $ 10.40 $ 11.-50 11.50 10.00 11.50 12.50 12.50 11.50 12.00 9.50 8.70 8.90 6.50 7.70 7.20 7.20 7.00 4.80 10.70 10.00 10.90 10.50 11.80 11.. tO 11.30 7.90 11. OO 11.10 11.00 10. OO 6.80 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.50 6.60 7.70 4.80 10.10 8.S0 9.50 8.50 9.50 9.00 9.00 8.70 9.40 8.20 8.20 $ 9.17 1,492: 728 1,401 1,674 202 899 10,982 2,254 16,011 612 3,385 7,553 3,500 12,505 7,043 16,336 5,694 40,768 42,920 44,887 15,173 27,060 21,4.tO 95,920 34,425 7,576 13,145 41,518 26,826 11,390 11,708 12,160 11,088 10,872 25,920 11,644 10,224 2,981 730 2,688 715 372 1,000 4-18 3,280 3,630 3,420 9,308 1,533 755 1,495 1,537 213 929 10,918 2,149 15,594 597 3,486 7,213 3,707 12,258 7,098 15,940 5,424 39,177 40,881 47,066 16,150 26,650 20,020 87,898 36,125 5,6150 11,741 38,090 23,500 11,604 11,815 12,6-22 11,883 11,184 22,515 11,357 11,08.5 2,190 632 2,152 3,607 3, SCO 8,368 $ 637,479 $ 612,951 1,000 518 950 1,184 175 650 7,659 1,764 9,291 426 2,688 5,187 2,526 8,842 4,788 12,488 3,888 33,234 36,140 51,077 13,083 21,346 i7,4aj 85,270 35,060 3,652 11,211 37,796 30,0fKI 10,146 9,022 7,602 7,106 7,304 15.418 14,160 7,291 1,000 289 1,700 230 162 926 576 416 207 3,606 1,549 1,936 1,7^ 6,289 533,309 ^Compared with Jan. 1, 1914. ^Based on census numbers on Apr. 15 and the Department of Agriculture's estimated farm value per head Jan. 1, 1910. 54 850 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REPORTS OF LAND SALES IN IOWA COUNTIES. Figures are herewith presented showing land sales in Iowa counties. This • information was collected through the courtesy of the county re- corders. The Department of Agriculture forwarded blanks to the county recorders asking them. that they furnish thereon a list of fifty or more farm sales, a few from each township in the county, giving the township, part of section, total acreage and the consideration named in the transfer. Transfers of city property or of small tracts of land adjoining the city or transfers where the full consideration was not given were excluded. The period covered is from January 1 to December 31, 1914, except in a few instances where sales made during the early part of 1915 were included. In some instances only a comparatively few transfers were reported. A few counties did not report. The figures follow: County u o « fe Adair Adams Allamakee ._. Appanoose _. Audubon Benton Black Hawk Boone Bremer Buchanan .— Buena Vista Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo Cherokee Chickasaw _. Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Ctawford -— Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware Des Moines . Dickinson .— Dubuque — Emmet Fayette Franklin — Floyd Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton — Hancock — Hardin Harrison Henry Howard 50 1 5,613 i9 5,174 i'i 4,744 41 S,672 4i5 S,9SI5 68 6,447 114 13,263 ol 4,050 ea 9,770 50 4,979 ^ 6,915 50 6,140 49 6,191 50 5,7921 54 5,778 42 5,289 26 4,060 T£ 9,607 17 1,680 46 5,781- 66 8,212 35 3,236 24 3,262 41 4,182 50 5,190 54 5,413 43 4,667 40 4.681 41 7,217 55 7,424 26 3,821 28 4,928 52 4,416 50 6,647 29 2,713 m 9,480 63 7,546 58 5,2Q1 60 12,480 60 6,606 61 4,844 42 4,582 28 3.169 704,231.00 611,411.00 292,959.00 313,862.00 837,011.00 110,889.00 1,8C6, 013.00 667,047.00 671,349.00 613,220.00 964,467.00 754,957.00 895,919.00 891,666.00 776,757.00 795,451.00 537,587.00 1,255,266.00 205,750.00 571,973.00 1,064,957.00 343,868.00 466,483.00 534,166.00 783,951.00 J30,60O.CO 362,020.00 557,3(^2.00 575,360.00 807,907.00 500,255.00 523,491.00 491,125.00 794,293.00 366,950.00 1,. 540,450. 00 1,270,177.00 627,123.00 1,068,055.00 996,917.00 500,202.00 649,817.00 314,730.C0 125.00 99.00 62.00 86.00 141.00 170.00 140.00 165.00 116.00 129.00 139.00 123.00 145.00 152.00 134.00 150.00 132.00 130.00 122.00 98.00 130.00 1C6.00 143.00 128.00 151.00 80.00 78.00 123.00 80.00 109.00 133.00 106.00 111.00 119.00 135.00 141.00 170.00 121.00 87.00 1.51. OO 103.00 142.00 99.00 FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII REPORTS OF LAND SALES-Continued 851 County 1 a> bo a a a Total considera- tion named in transfer o 53 O ft C3 Humboldt 100 14,6&i 1,934,568.00 Ida '___'_ 132.00 Iowa Jackson -IJL.. Jasper _.. 60 37 31 55 '"m 105 S3 10 38 38 50 49 80 42 28 57 58 58 9 50 53 26 67 54 22 47 50 28 42 57 53 79 51 33 50 44 4,958 4,198 3,454 5,772 71914" 9,028 5,028 993 3,471 3,966 4,403 9,497 9,808 4,321 1,915 6.439 4,734 7,324 1,046 4,751 6,540 2,235 10,198 9,076 2,086 7,161' 6,361 4,142 3,785 6,195 6,448 9,T23 5,206 3,387 5,579 5,037' 696,453.00 335,594.00 4."3,625.00 734,875.00 i,(J77J29"oo' 1,222,113.00 475,789.00 93,581.00 507,898.00 462,978.00 382,142.00 1,237,626.00 1,083,987.00 606,260.00 213,795.00 1,022,640.00 583,157.00 767,816.00 110,139.00 342,635.00 916,615.00 264,156.00 1,487,196.00 1,080,801.00 279,047.00 803,108.00 930,125.00 618,178.00 465,310.00 759,184.00 897,870.57 859,993.00 727,350.00 314,092.00 780,044.00 860,094.00 141.00 80.00 Jefferson 134.00 Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth ' 127.00 136^00 135.00 Lee 95.00 Linn Louisa "~ 94.00 146.00 Lucas 1C2.0O Lyon 87.00 Madison 130.00 Mahaska Marion _ 111.00 154.00 Marshall " 112.00 Mills -. 159. CO Mitchell _.. 123.00 Monona 105.00 105.00 Montgomery „ 72.00 140.00 O'Brien 119.00 146.00 Page 119.00 Plymouth .._ ' " " " 134. CO 112.00 146.00 Polk 149.00 123.00 Poweshiek — 123.00 139.00 .Sac " 88.00 139.00 Shelby 93.00 140.00 Story 171.00 Taylor 46 62 52 52 55 50 104 4,478 6,890 6,154 4,915 5,621' 5,666 10,710 760,241.00 612,^3.00 622,036.00 408,199.00 705,430.00 597,C50.00 1,427,289.00 i4'7r00 Van Buren . . " 103.00 101.00 83.00 Warren _. 125.00 105.00 Wayne - _ 133.00 64 49 37 76 53 49 6,610 6,592 3,911 9,914 5,719 5,817 889,093.00 ^9,609.00 344,366.00 1,125,944.00 641,515.00 742,196.00 137^00 95.00 V\oodbury __ 88.00 113.00 Wrig-ht 112.00 126.00 852 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PART XIII Report of Agricultural Conditions by County and District Agricultural Societies in Iowa, 1914 ADAIR. FRED D. MARTIX, GREENFIELD, SEPTEMBER 28, 1914. General Condition of Croj^s and Season — Fairly good. Season dry, gen- erally. Corn — Fairly good. Oats — Twenty to forty bushels; fair. Wheat — Both spring and winter wheat very poor. Rye — Poor. Barley — Poor. Flax — None. Buckwheat — None. Millet — Fair; three-fourths crop. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Poor. Clover — Fair. Prairie Hay — Fair. Potatoes — One-third crop, but of good quality. Vegetables — Generally poor. Apples — Almost a failure. Other Fruits — Fair. Cattle — Not as many as usual, but they were sold off on account of the scarcity of water. Horses — Good and doing well. Swine — Fair. Sheep — About an average. Poultry — Good. Bees — Not a good year for bees on account of drouth. Drainage — Too dry. Lands — Advancing in price and rents going up. Report of Fair — Held September 8-10, 1914. Weather conditions bad, but, under the circumstances, we came out in good shape. The exhibits were good, races very good, attractions the best we ever had, and the public was well pleased. 854 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ADAMS. F. C. REESE, CORNING. Corn — Good half crop; probably average thirty bushels per acre. Oats — Good crop; above the average. Wheat — Good. Sorghum — Fair. Timothy — Poor. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grains and Grasses — Two cuttings of alfalfa; fair to good. Potatoes — Very poor; about one-eighth of a crop. Yegetahles — Poor. Apples — Poor; very few. Other Fruits — Very poor, except peaches. Cattle — Below the average in number. Horses — Above the average in number. Swine — Young stuff comes close to an average. Sheep — About an average. Poultry — Normal. Bees — No change. Drainage — Not much being done this year. Other Industries — None. Lands — Steady to higher. Report of Fair — Held July 20-25, 1914. Attendance satisfactory and the fair, as a whole, was the best we have ever had. ALLAMAKEE. GEO. S. HALL, AVArKON. General Condition of Crops and Season — Generally very good. Corn— Much better than the average; about fifty bushels to the acre, and the quality is very good. Oats — Rather poor quality, as the heat and rust hurt it badly. I think about an average yield. Wheat — Very little wheat grown in this county. The quality was very good and the yield from eighteen to twenty-five bushels per acre. Rye — Just a small amount raised, but the quality was good. Barley — A medium crop, the hot winds damaging it to some extent. Flax — Very little raised. Buckwheat — Grows very good in this county, but there is but a limited acreage. Millet — But very little raised this season. Sorghum — Excellent. Timothy — Very good this year, a large amount being cut for seed. Clover — Excellent. About two tons to the acre, and there is a great deal being cut for seed. Other Grains and Grasses — Lots of blue grass. Potatoes — Medium yield; very good quality. Vegetables — Superior quality. Apples — None to speak of. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 855 Other Fruits — An abundance of wild and tame grapes; fair quality. Cattle— This county boasts of some of the best cattle in the state. There is a shortage just at present, but the quality is good. Horses — A great many horses and of excellent. quality. Sicine — A nice lot of swine and of the best quality. No disease at present. Sheep — This industry is on the increase. Poultry — A thriving industry in this county. Bees — A good crop of honey reported this year. Drainage — Natural drainage. Other Industries — We have an iron mine in this county which is operated successfully. Lands — Generally rolling and of the very best quality. Land is selling all the way from $25 to $250 per acre. Report of Fair — Held August 18th-21st, inclusive. We had fine weather, good exhibits and a good attendance. APPANOOSE. J. N. WILLET, CEXTERVILLK, OCTOBER 1, 1914. Corn — A good crop on the high land, but only of fair quality. Oats — About one-half crop; quality good. Wheat — Not a large acreage, but the yield was heavy and quality good. Rye — Good. Barley — None. Flax — None. BuckiV'heat — Very little raised. Millet — Heavy crop, but damaged by September rains. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Light. Clover — Fair. Prairie Hay — But little grown. Potatoes — Almost a failure on account of the dry, hot weather. Vegetal) les — Goo d . Apples — Very scarce. Other Fruits — Light crop. Cattle — Not so many as formerly, but in good condition. Horses — Plentiful; prices low\ Swine— A nice lot of spring pigs. Some cholera. Sheep — A fair supply. Poultry — All farms are well stocked with poultry. Bees — Scarce. Drainage— Considerable tile being laid in the bottom land. Other Industries — Coal mining is profitable. Lands— Some farms are changing hands at good prices. Report of Fair — No fair held this year. in 856 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AUDUBON. H. A. NORTHRUP, AUDUDON, OCTOBER 26, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — 10 per cent better than last year, or better than we have had i the past ten years. Oats — 80 per cent. Wheat — 50 per cent. Barley — 75 per cent. Timothy — 90 per cent. Clpver — 90 per cent. Other Grains and Grasses — 75 per cent; grass, 100 per cent. Potatoes — 80 per cent. Vegetables — 90 per cent. Apples — None. Other Fruits — 50 per cent. Cattle — 70 per cent. Horses — 100 per cent. Swine — 100 per cent. Sheep — 50 per cent. Poultry — 100 per cent. Lands — Normal. Report of Fair — Held September 21st-24th, inclusive. BENTON. A. B. ALLEX, VIXTON, OCTOBEB 20, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn— Best corn crop we have had in years. Oats — Yielded about thirty-five to forty bushels per acre. Quality good. Wheat — Very small amount grown. Rye — Good yield and quality. Barley — Good yield, about forty to fifty bushels per acre. Flax — Just a small amount grown. Buckwheat — Very little grown. Millet — Not much grown. Sorghum — Very little grown. Timothy — Very good. Clover — Very good. Prairie Hay — None. Potatoes — Very small acreage; yield good. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Not very plentiful. Cattle — Usual condition. Horses — Usual condition. Swine — Probably 40 per cent more than last year. Sheep — Limited number in the county. Poultry — Good. Bees — Not much attention given to this industry. Drainage — Good. Lands — Steadily increasing in value. Report of Fair — Held September 7th-10th, inclusive. Rained every day. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 857 BLACK HAWK. H. S. STAXP.ERY, CEDAR FALLS, OCTOBER 27, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Some crops a little below the average, but general conditions are fair. The season was wet during the early spring and very dry during the summer. Corn — Below average. Oats — Average crop. Wheat — Fair. jRye— Fair. Barley — Fair. Flax — None grown. Buckwheat — Poor. Millet — Poor. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Very good. Clover — Very good, but short on seed. Prairie Hay — Good. Other Grains and Grasses — A little short on account of dry weather. Potatoes — Very poor. Vegetables — Very poor. Apples — None at all. Other Fruits — Some of the early fruits were fair. Cattle — Beef cattle situation improving. Progress and improvement in the number of dairy cattle rapidly increasing. Houses — Average condition and number about normal. Sicine — An improvement over last year by reason of the fact that we hav§ no cholera this year. Sheep — Few in the county. Poultry — About average. Bees — Season not very satisfactory. Drainage — Not very much drainage work being done this fall, as com- pared with other years. Other Industries — Manufacturing seems to be on a very staple basis. No very noticeable effect of the stringency in the money market through- out the county. Lands — Continue to advance in price, but not so many sales as the two previous years. Report of Fair — The Cedar Valley District Fair was held at Cedar Falls on September 19th-25th, inclusive. We had good weather, a large attend- ance, good exhibits, and, generally, the fair was successful and the future is promising. BLACK HAWK. A. A. BURGER, CEDAR FALLS, OCTOBER 27, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Some crops a little below the average, but general conditions are very fair. The season was wet in the early spring and very dry during the summer. Corn — Below the average. 858 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Oats — Average crop. Wheat — Fair. Bye — Fair. Barley — Fair. Flax — None grown. Buckwheat — Poor. Millet — Poor. Sorghum — Good. Timothy — Very good. Clover — Very good, but short on seed. Prairie Hay — Good. Other Grains and G7'asses — Grains a little short on account of dry weather, but grasses during early part of the season were fine. Potatoes — Very poor. Vegetables — Very poor. Apples — None at all. Other Fruits — Some of the early fruits fair. Cattle — Beef cattle situation improving. Improvement and progress in number of dairy cattle rapidly increasing. Horses — Average condition and about the normal number. Swine — Improvement on last year in freedom from hog cholera. Some of the herds affected, but, on the whole, the disease seems to be checked, vaccination becoming a more common practice. Sheep — Few in the county; condition fair. Poultry — Poultry about the average. Bees — Season not very satisfactory. Drainage — Not very much drainage work being done as compared with other years. Lfinds — Advancing in price but sell much slower than in the last two years. Report of Fair — Iowa Dairy Congress held October 12th-18th, inclusive. On account of the rainy weather during the entire week the attendance was not what it should have been. In point of exhibits, quality and num- ber of cattle and other attractions and displays the fair was a success. From the very nature of the association there can be no question of its tremendous money value to agricultural interests of this section. BREMER. J. Q. LAUER, WAVERLY, OCTOBER 7, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Good; yielding an average of forty bushels. Oats — Good, some rust. Whefit — Not much raised. Rye — Good. Barley — I know of none. Flax — None. Buckivheat — Fair crop but not much raised. Millet — Good but not much raised. Sorghum — Good but not much raised. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 859 Timothy — Spotted; three- fourths crop. Clover — Average crop. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa good in some places. Potatoes — Good crop. Vegetables — Good. Apples — None. Other Fruits — Average. Cattle — No disease and cattle will go into winter in fine condition. Horses — All horses and colts in good condition. Apparently not many for sale. Swine — Largest display we have ever had at the fair. Cholera has been bad in some parts of the county although there is not much re- ported at present. SI,.IASI*KI!, WKST I'OIXT, OCTOUEll 26, 1914. General Cdndition of Crops and Season — The season opened up aus- piciously, but about .June the drouth began and it continued until Septem- ber. General condition of crops, fair. Corn — Average from thirty to forty-five bushels. Oats — Yielded about thirty-five bushels to the acre; quality first class. Wheat — Fine crop; average yield from twenty to twenty-five bushels per acre. Rye — Not much sown. Quality fine; average yield twenty-five bushels to the acre. Barley — Hardly any sown; quality and yield poor. Flax — None sown. Buckwlicat — Very little sown. Quality and yield fair. Millet — Good quality and yield above the average. Sorghum — Very little grown; quality and yield good. Timothy — The drouth cut the yield short about one to two tons per acre; quality good. Clover — Very little grown. Quality was good; also the yield was fair. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grains and Grasses — Farmers are making an attempt to grow alfalfa. That -which was sown did well and it will be a coming crop. Potatoes — Average yield; good quality. Vegetables — Fair. Apples — Almost a failure. Other Fruits — Very good. Cattle — Owing to the drouth of the last two or three years, farmers have sold most of their cattle, and there is a general shortage, which will soon be made up on account of the high price of beef. Horses — We have a lot of good horses in this district, but prices are somewhat low. On account of the war in Europe, we predict there will be a better demand with higher prices. Swine — This is always the money making industry in this county. Not so much cholera as last year. Sheep — Lots of sheep in this locality and still more farmers are plan- ning on going ihto this business. Poultry — This is a great poultry county. Bees — Very poor year on account of the drouth this summer. Drainage — Owners of flat and low lands are tiling their farms. Lands — Prices range from $50 to $225 per acre. Report of Fair — Held September 22d-25th, inclusive, and it was a "hummer." LINN. ir. F. I.OCKWOOf), C'EXTRAL CITY, OCTOBER 5, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season— Yery good. Corn — Forty-five bushels per acre. Oflfs— Twenty-five bushels per acre. 892 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Wheat — Very little grown. Flax — None. Buckwheat — Very little raised. Millet — Very little grown. Sorghum — Good quality and yield. Timothy — Average yield. Clover — Good yield. Prairie Hay — Not very heavy on account of lack of rain in the early summer. Potatoes — Average crop. Vegetables — Average crop. Apples — Very few apples. Other Fruits— Yery good crop. Cattle — Scarce in this locality. Horses — High prices prevail and the demand is heavy. Swine — High prices prevail and hogs are scarce. Sheep — Demand good prices and scarce. Report of Fair— Wapsie Valley Fair held August 31st to September 4th. The attendance and gate receipts were the best in the history of the fair. LUCAS. BEV. UEWITT WHITE, DERBY, OCTOBER 24, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Cor7i — The best stand we have had in years. Where moisture was conserved corn goes to fifty to sixty bushels, which is extraordinary. It is all clean and a higher percentage went into the silos than ever before. Oats — Too dry for oats; quality was good. Wheat — 75 per cent of average yield. Winter killed in spots. Rye — I know of none. Barley— Yery small acreage. Flax — Not any. Buckivheat — Used only as a catch crop where corn fails to make a stand. Millet— Smsill acreage. Sorghum — Not enough for home consumption. ^ Timothy — 50 per cent of the usual crop. Too dry. Clover — Did reasonably well. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grain and Grasses — Blue grass pastures have never been better. Potatoes — Not one farmer in ten raised sufficient for family use. Early season too dry. Yegetables — Extra early gardens fine. Too dry during the summer for the late gardens. Apples — Probably 10 per cent of a crop. Other Fruits — Peaches were an unusual crop. There were but few berries. Cattle — Standard is being gradually raised. Only about 50 per cent of the usual number. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 893 Horses — In splendid condition but not many colts. Europe is picking up everything of the artillery kind. Swine — Lots of cholera. Sheep — There is a scarcity of sheep. Poultry — A good year for poultry. Bees — Too dry for a good bee season. Drainage — Very little, except surface drainage is used. Tiling is gaining in the' minds of the people. Other Industries — ^Good. Lands — People are learning to study the land as they do other assets and they farm the land instead of mine it. Report of Fair — Held October 21th-24th, and was a very pronounced success. LYON. CHAS. \V. BRADLEY, SEPTEMBER 29, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good crops and fine season. Corn — Corn crop in the very best condition and one of the best yields we have ever had. Approximately 60 per cent of the acreage is in corn and the quality is first class. No killing frosts to date. Oats — Fair quality; medium acreage and yield about forty-five bushels per acre. Wheat — Very light acreage; yield and quality poor. Rye — Small acreage; quality and yield good. Barley— Good acreage; quality first class; yield about forty bushels per acre. Flax — Very light acreage; yield and quality fair. Buckwheat — Practically none raised in this vicinity. Millet — Millet fair acreage and first class quality. Sorghum — Light acreage; quality first class. Timothy — Good quality and yield; acreage light. Clover — Heavy acreage; yield and quality the very best. Prairie Hay — Light acreage; quality and yield good. Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa made a good yield and the quality was good. Not a large acreage, however. Potatoes — A good acreage; quality first class and yield at least two hundred bushels per acre. Vegetables — All kinds; quality first class; yield heavy. Apples — Very light yield; good quality. Other Fruits — Light yield; good quality. Cattle — Heavy number, condition the very best and free from all diseases. Horses — Medium numbers; quality, size and condition good. Swine — Considering cholera of last year we have a nice lot and the quality is of the very best. Practically free from disease this year. Sheep — Not many but quality is good. Poultry — Lots of poultry; quality good and practically free from dis- ease. 894 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bees — Very few bees; condition good. Drainage — Natural drainage perfect; little, if any, tile necessary. Other Industries — Very few other industries. Cement machinery manu- facturing concern doing a good business. Lands — Of the very highest quality and in first class condition. Aver- age price at least $175 per acre. Report of Fair — Held August 31st to September 4th, inclusive. A very good fair. MAHASKA. J. C. HEITSMAN, XEW SHARON, OCTOBER 27, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Spring conditions were good, with plenty of time for seeding and planting. The summer turned ex- tremely dry, cutting short the late crops. The fall was too wet and the crops were injured to some extent in the fields. Corn — Corn planted in good condition and by July 1st the crop was far ahead of the average. Hot dry weather set in then and continued until the crop was injured. In September heavy rains set in and the corn was also blown down considerably. Crop will average from 60 to 70 per cent of the ordinary crop. Oats — Oats started slow on account of the dry weather but we had rains at the right time and the crop averaged above the ordinary. Wheat — Generally fine crop. Rye — No rye raised in this immediate vicinity. Barley — Hardly any raised. Flax — None. Buckivheat — None. Millet — Very little grown. Sorghum — Very little raised. Timothy — Quite a good acreage. The crop was slow in starting and the dry weather kept it short but the quality was excellent. Clover — Not quite an average crop on account of lack of rain. Potatoes — Badly damaged by dry weather. Vegetables — Only fair on account of the extreme dryness. Apples — Hardly any. Other Fruits — Strawberries, blackberries and raspberries, very short; peaches plentiful. Cattle — Not the usual number and not many being fitted for market. Horses — Show an improvement. More draft horses are now being raised and the quality is improving. 8%oine—We have had quite a little disease in the past few years but we have the average number. Better hogs are being produced and farmers are paying more attention to them. Sheep — More than the average number and they are in better condi- tion. Poultry — Far below the average. Bees — Very few on account of severe winters. Not much attention paid to this industry. Drainage — Good; practically all farms are tiled out. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 895 Lands — Higher in price than formerly. Best farms running to $300 per acre. Cash sales, however, are not so frequent. Report of Fair — Held September 14th to 17th, inclusive. Very heavy rainfall during the week and we only had two days of good fair weather. A good many bridges were washed out, thus our attendance was far below the average. We had more exhibits than usual. MARION. CHAS I'ORTEK. PKr.I.A. OCTOBEU 30, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair. Corn — The early corn did not ear so well as the late planting but the crop is good. Oats — Some report yields of from fifty to sixty-five bushels per acre. Rain did some damage. Wheat — Winter wheat generally good yield and quality, making from twenty to forty-three bushels per acre. Spring varieties yielded from twelve to twenty-two bushels. Barley — Some regenerated or selected seed sown and this proved a paying crop. We believe there will be more sown in the future. Flax — None. Buckioheat — None. Millet — Very little grown. Sorghum — Not grown very extensively but there is a tendency on the part of the farmers to go into more intensive farming and this will be a paying crop. Timothy — The acreage is decreasing. It has been impossible to get very good seed the past few years. Clover — Without clover we would be now compelled to resort to the use of fertilizers. Rotation of crops with clover is a good profit maker. Prairie Hay — None. Other G7-ains and Grasses — None. Potatoes — Both early and late were better than had been anticipated. Vegetables — Early gardens excellent but the late ones were hurt by the hot dry weather. Apples — Only a few of the well cared for orchards gave returns this year. Other Fruits — Berries were a fair crop. Cattle — The beef breeds predominate, with the Shorthorns leading. Our people believe the Shorthorn is the best breed for both beef and dairy pur- poses. Horses — A nice lot of young stock and there is a good demand. Swine — A good bit of cholera reported the past year. Sheep — Increased in number. Large numbers are shipped in from the west in the fall for feeding purposes. Poultry — All farmers raised lots of poultry. Bees — Few are paying any attention to bees. Those who make a study of the bee industry are securing good results. Drainage — Most of the flat and slough lands are tiled. Other Industries — Doing well. 896 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Lands — I should say values have increased 10 per cent. Prices range from $100 to $250 per acre. Report of Fair — Held September 8th-llth, inclusive. We had but one good day, yet we will pay our premiums in full. MARSHALL. H. M. WEEKS, RHODES, OCTOBER 2, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Work was retarded in the spring by rain. Later crops were damaged by drouth and the drouth was followed by excessive rains in September. Corn — Damaged somewhat by dry weather but the crop is fair and it is out of the way of frost. Oats — A fair yield and harvested in good condition. Rather light in weight. Wheat — Not much spring wheat raised. More winter wheat is being raised each year. Rye — Scarcely any. Barley — None raised. Flax — I know of none. Buckwheat — None. Millet — Only a fill-in crop. Sorghum — But very little raised. Timothy — A light crop but secured in fine condition; quality fine. Clover — Light crop, caused by the hard winter. Late rains have made a fair second crop and a fairly good yield of seed. Prairie Hay — No wild hay except in sloughs. Other Grains and Grasses — More alfalfa raised each season. This year it made a fair crop. Some farmers are experimenting with sweet clover. Potatoes — Early potatoes were badly injured by the drouth. The late ones were benefited by the September rains but the crop was not large. Selling for $1.00 per bushel. Vegetables — Injured by drouth but a fair yield was secured. Some very fine sweet potatoes are grown. Apples — Almost a failure. Other Fruits — Fair. Cattle — No disease. Short pastures left them very thin. More atten- tion is paid each year to the dairy breeds. Horses — Much attention has been given to the improvement of the breeds; but few grade stallions are kept. Good animals are scarce and command good prices. Sicine — But little disease compared with the last two years. Poland Chinas and Duroc Jerseys are the leading breeds in this locality. Sheep — Not many kept. Some shipped in from the west for feeders. Poultry — More attention paid to this industry than ever before. Bees — Not very many. Drainage — Most of the low land in this district is well tiled. Other Industries — Creameries, cement plants, etc., all doing a good business. Lands — Not so many sales this year but prices are firm, ranging from $100 to $250 per acre for improved farms. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 897 Report of Fair — Held September 22d-25th, inclusive. We had fine weather but our attendance was cut somewhat by reason of the fact that the Tama county fair and the Jasper county fair were held on the same dates. Our exhibits were all good. MARSHALL. W. M. CLARKE, MAESHALLTOWN, OCTOBKR 14, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Not the average amount of rainfall during the first part of the season but since then we have had too much. Corn — Average crop but it is being damaged at this time by the con- tinual rains. Oats — Yielded forty-five bushels per acre. Wheat — Winter wheat good; spring wheat but a fair crop. Rye — None raised. Barley — But little raised and that only an average crop. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised for market. Millet — Small acreage but a good crop. Sorghum — None raised for market. Timothy — Small acreage. Yielded one and one-half tons per acre. Not much seed saved. Clover — First crop good; second crop fair. Not much seed saved on account of hail storm and wet weather. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grains and Grasses — Average crop. Potatoes — Early potatoes, a fine crop and good quality. Late potatoes, a good crop but harvested in poor condition. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Very scarce and poor. Other Fruits — Good. Cattle — In good condition; fall pastures fine. Horses — Average number of colts being raised. Mostly draft breeds. Sivine — No disease to speak of this year. Not the usual number on hand, however, on account of the scarcity of brood sows. Sheep — Very few raised. Poultry — A large and growing industry. Bees — Honey output small and of an inferior quality. Drainage — No public drainage. Nearly all low places are tiled by individuals. Lands — Continue to advance in price. Modern methods of farming bring satisfactory results. Report of Fair — Held September 14th-19th, inclusive. Taken as a whole our fair was one of the best we have ever had. We had especially good exhibits in the stock and agricultural department. We had considerable rain during the week and for the first time in many years we are in debt. 57 898 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MILLS. G. H. WHITE, MALVERX, OCTOBER 31, 1914. Generp.1 Condition of Crops and Season — Season was not favorable for the best results. Crops below the average. Corn — Average about thirty bushels to the acre. On account of heavy winds and much rain in September the corn is badly down and much of it is of poor quality. Wheat — Average of about twenty bu^iels to the acre; quality good. Rye — Very little rye raised in this county. Barley — Very little barley in this county. Flax — None. Millet — About the average crop. Not a large acreage. Sorghum — About the average crop. Not much raised. Timothy — On account of the dry season there was not much timothy and it yielded about one ton to the acre. Clover — A good crop; yielded about a ton and a half per acre. Prairie Hay — Not much left. Other Grains and Grasses — About the only other grass raised in this county is alfalfa, of which there is quite a large acreage. The crop was good, most of it making four good crops. Potatoes — Light crop and not the usual acreage. Vegetables — Only grown for home consumption. Crop light on account of the dry weather. Apples — A light crop. Other Fruits — All kinds very light. Cattle — About the usual number of cattle in the pastures but very few in the feed lots. Horses — Not so many colts as usual. Swine — -About the usual number of hogs and there has been consid- erable loss from disease. Sheep — Very few sheep raised in this county. Poultry — About the usual number. Bees — Very few bees in this county. Honey crop short. Drainage — No drainage projects in the course of construction at present. Lands — Advancing in price, ranging from $100 to $200 per acre. Report of Fair — Held August 4th-7th, inclusive. The attendance was good; races very good; exhibits good in the stock departments but our dates were too early for good displays in the agricultural and fruit de- partments. MITCHELL. CAEL H. SPAANUM, OSAGE, SEPTEMBER 30, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops in general are good. Season has been fair. Corn — Yield varies over the county. Some places the yield will be sixty to seventy-five bushels per acre but where the flood covered the land corn is not so good. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 899 Oats — Fair crop; average about thirty-five bushels. Wheat — Very little raised. Rye — Very little grown. Barley — Fairly good; yield about thirty bushels. Flax — Very little grown. Timothy — Fair yield but not much raised this year. Clover — Not yet hulled. Prairie Hay — Good crop; one and one-half tons per acre. Potfltocs — Yield not very good. Too early for report as to late potatoes. Apples — No apples. Cattle — In demand. A great many are shipped in for feeding purposes. Horses — Seem to be very plentiful. Sioine — Not as many as usual on account of cholera last year. Very few cases of cholera reported this year. Other Industries — Farming is the chief industry. Lands — Going up in price. A great many farms are selling from $140 to $150 per acre. Report of Fair — Held August 25th-28th. We lost money as the at- tendance was very poor on account of the bad weather. MONONA. J. M. HATHAWAY, OXAWA, OCTOBEB 10, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Sefison — Too dry for most crops. Corn — Too dry for full crop in most parts of the county. About 65 per cent of a full crop and badly blown down. Oats — A full average yield. Wheat — Winter wheat about average; yield good and quality very good. Rye — Very little grown in this vicinity. Barley — An average crop. Flax — Very little grown. Buckicheat — None grown. Millet — Average crop. Sorghum — None. Timothy — Too dry for timothy. Clover — Too dry. Prairie Hay — Average crop. Other Grains and Grasses— A big yield of alfalfa and four cuttings. Potatoes — Light crop. Vegetables — Fair. ^ Apples — Very few. Other Fruits — All light except cherries and plums. Cattle — Not so many as last year but they are in good condition. Horses — Not so many colts as in former years. Swine — Fair pig crop. Very little cholera as yet. Sheep — Very few raised but they do well. Poultry — Average for all kinds. 9 00 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bees — Not many. Little honey on account of dry season. Drainage — Dry and not much needed. Lands — Prices about the same as last year. Report of Fair— Held September 15th-18th. Premiums paid larger than for any previous year and attendance was good. Receipts and expendi- tures about equal. Prospects are good for next year. MONROE. W. T. GARDNER, ALBIA, OCTOBER 29, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — 30 per cent. Oats — Good. Wheat — Fall wheat 20 per cent; no spring wheat to speak of. Barley — None. Clover — Fair crop; one ton to the acre. Not much threshed. Potatoes — Good. Vegetables — Good. Apples — None to speak of. Other Fruits — Fair. Cattle — In good condition. Horses — Usual number. Sioine — Plentiful; some cholera. Sheep — Not many. PoM^^ry— Lots and in good healthy condition. Bees — Few. Lands — Selling from $50 to $175 per acre; not much changing hands. Report of Fair — Held August 24th-27th, inclusive. The best fair we have ever had. MUSCATINE. L. 0. MOSHER. General Condition of Crops and Season — Average. Corn — An unusually good stand to start with but the dry weather checked it to some extent; however, I would say the crop was average. Oats — Short but well filled; quality excellent. Wheat — A minor crop but generally very good. Rye — But little grown; good. Barley — A secondary crop; of fair yield and quality. Flax — None grown. Millet — But little grown; a good crop and harvested in good shape. Sorghum — But little grown. Timothy — Average acreage; yield medium; quality of hay prime. Clover — A fair average yield. Considerable second crop cut for seed; yield of seed excellent. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grains and Grasses — Several small fields of alfalfa grown. Potatoes — A light yield of both early and late varieties. Yes^eiaBZes— Generally fair to good. Apples — Hardly any. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 901 Other Fruits — Average. Cattle — About the usual number of cattle of all breeds and ages. Not many on feed, more attention being paid to dairying. Horses — All classes represented, and there are many good specimens. The market at this time is rather slow. Simne — The usual number. Cholera is considerably scattered over the county and many are vaccinating. Sheep— Not many in the county. Some are shipped in for feeding. Poultry — This industry adds much to the finances of the county. Bees — An unimportant industry. Drainage — The dry seasons of 1913-14 have not been conducive to work along the drainage line. Other Industries — Principally a farming community. Lands — The price of land is holding steady to an advance and ranges from $175 to $250 per acre for farms and transfers at those figures are not rare. Report of Fair — The Union District Agricultural Society held its fifty- second annual exhibition on August 24th-27th, inclusive. The exhibits were good in all departments and financially the fair was a success. MUSCATINE. W. A. COOLING, MUSCATINE, OCTOBEB 24, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — All crops are about the average although the early part of the season was very dry. During the month of October we have had plenty of rain. Corn — In the southern part of the county corn will go from fifty to sixty-five bushels to the acre, while in the northern part the yield will be less on account of the dry weather and heavy winds. Oats — Are of good quality but the yield is poor on account of the hot dry weather. Wheat — Winter wheat was very good, both as to yield and quality. Barley — Good quality but a poor yield. Buckwheat — No buckwheat raised. Millet — "Very little raised. Sorghum — Pine quality but not much grown. Timothy — Short crop on account of the dry weather. Clover — One of our best hay crops; above the average. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grains and Grasses — Some alfalfa is raised but only in patches where the ground has been carefully prepared has the yield been good. Potatoes — The late crop is fairly good although there are some that did not get ripe. Plenty harvested for home use. Vegetables— Good yield and good quality. Apples — Almost a failure in this county. Other Fruits — All small fruits were short on account of the dry weather. Cattle — I believe there are more cattle in the county than a year ago. Farmers have not sold so many calves and many cattle have been shipped in from the southwest. . 002 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Horses — A good horse weighing 1,200 or 1,400 pounds will bring a good price. The foreign governments are buying many small horses. One agent bought twenty-five broncos yesterday. Swine — Farmers have lost heavily through cholera this year. Sheep — We have but very few sheep. Poultry — Lots of poultry; farmers are making a specialty of this in- dustry. Drainage — Most of the farmers in this vicinity have tiled their lands and those who have not are tiling as fast as they can. In the southwestern part of the county many large ditches have been made. Other Industries — Moscow, Muscatine county, has become a great wa- termelon and cantaloupe center. Several carloads were shipped this fall. Lands — Most of our land is $200 land. Farmers are making good im- provements upon their farms. Export of Fair — Held August 18th-20th, inclusive. We had one rainy day but will pay out. Farmers are taking more interest each year. O'BRIEN. GEORGE GARDNER, SHELDON, SEPTEMBER 28, 1914. Corn— Acreage is about 50 per cent of all grains. The stand is good and the crop is well matured. Average yield is estimated at about forty- five bushels per acre and the quality is good. Oats — Estimated yield is about thirty-five bushels per acre; quality and weight fair to light. Wheat — Very light acreage with fair yield and quality. Rye — Practically none. Barley — Acreage is light; quality fair to good. Average yield estimated at twenty-five bushels per acre. Flax — None raised. Buckioheat — I know of none. Millet — ^Very little raised; quality and yield good. Sorghum — But little raised; quality is good. Timothy — Acreage is rather below the average; quality is good and the yield fair. Clover — Clover hay crop is good; second crop is being cut mostly for hay. Prairie Hay — None except slough hay, which is mostly a good crop. Potatoes — Acreage is considerably below last year. Condition of crop' about 75 per cent, estimated yield about ninety bushels per acre. Vegetables — Generally good; quality excellent. Apples — Early varieties good but generally light crop. Late varieties are poor to fair. Cattle — Prices considerably higher than a year ago, especially for the dairy type. Not much of an increase in number and about the same number of feeders. Horses — Mostly draft breeds being raised; prices average lower than a year ago. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 903 Sivine — Number raised will fall short on account of the heavy loss from cholera last year. Loss from cholera this year estimated at from 10 to 15 per cent. Sheep — Gradual decrease; just a few small flocks of lambs being fed. Poultry — About the average number; prices good. Bees — Not many raised; honey crop poor to fair. Drainage — Very little tiling done the past season. Other Industries — In good prosperous condition. Lands — Increasing in value. Prices range from $165 to $225 per acre. Rents will average between $6 and $7 cash or two-fifths share. Report of Fair— Held August 25th-28th, 1914. The exhibits were the largest in the history of the association, as was also the attendance. Gate receipts were slightly under a year ago on account of rain. No tickets were sold on Thursday, which is the best and biggest day. O'BRIEN. R. CLIFTON, SUTHEnr.AND, OCTOBER 1, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Favorable conditions existed in the early spring; later we did not have enough rain and the crops ripened too early. Corn— About three-fourths of an average crop. Not well filled but sound. Oats — About three-fourths of a crop; too dry. Wheat — Very little raised but the crop is fair. Rye — Very little raised. Ba7-ley— Fair crop but not a large acreage in this locality. Flax — Scarcely any raised. Bucktvfieat — I know of none. 3Iillet — Very little raised this year. Sorghum — Seems to be a very good crop; more raised this year than usual. Timothy — Average growth but the hot dry weather hurt it some. Clover — A very good early crop; quality good. Prairie Hay — None. Potatoes — Early crop very good; the late crop will be fair. Vegetables — A favorable crop of all kinds. Apples — Trees in general did not blossom and there were no apples to speak of. Other Fruits — Average, Cattle — Not many beef breeds are raised in this locality. Dairy breeds are being given considerable attention. Horses — Considerable attention is being paid to the draft breeds and fine horses are being produced. Swine — Cholera has been prevalent and many have lost large numbers. The raising of swine is one of our chief industries. Sheep — Some good flocks of sheep are kept in this locality but this in- dustry is not growing very fast. Bees — Some bee keepers take an Interest in this industry but honey has been scarce, due to the dry weather. 904 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Drainage — As a rule this county is well drained, having plenty of na- tural drainage. Some tiling has been done but nothing in the last three or four years as compared to some years past. Lands — Steadily advanced in price; it now ranges from $125 to $250 per acre. Each year sees an advance. Report of Fair — Held at Sutherland on September 9th-12th, inclusive. Great preparation had been made to have the best fair we had ever held but the first day it rained all day and each forenoon was either rainy or cloudy so that the people could not get started from any distance. We ■will fall short on expenses but considering the bad weather we feel it might have been worse. PAGE. J. C. BECKNER, CLAEINDA, OCTOBER 20, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season favorable in the early spring but dry in July and August. Coi-n — Corn one-half to three-fourths of a crop. Late rains has damaged corn fodder. Oats — Good oats; quality is fine and the straw extra good. Wheat — The Hessian fly did considerable damage. The yield was from ten to thirty-five bushels per acre. Barley — I know of none. Flax — None. Buckwheat — None. Millet — Very little grown. Sorghum — Not much grown. Timothy — Fine quality but not a large acreage this year. Clover — A light crop; quality good. Prairie Hay — Very little left. Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa was good this year and there was a larger acreage than usual. Potatoes — A light crop. Vegetables — Too dry for vegetables. Apples — The poorest crop we have had in many years. Other Fruits — Berries were fair, Cattle — Are a little thin on account of short pasture. Horses — About the usual number but not many selling this fall. Swine — Not the usual number but they are doing well. Sheep — An increasing industry. Poultry — Doing fine. Bees — Not many. Drainage — Not as much as we need. Lands — Not much changing hands and prices are about steady. A num- ber of farms have sold at public sale. Report of Fair — Held August 24th-28th, inclusive. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 905 PAGE. A. W. G0M)I5EI{G, SHENANDOAH, OCTOBER 14, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Early season ideal; later too dry. Cor7i — One-half to two-thirds of a crop. Oats — Good. Wheat — Good. Rye — None. Barley — None. Timothy — Fair. Clover — Good. Other Grains and G^-asscs — Alfalfa good. Potatoes — Fair. Vegetables — Fair. Apples — Very poor. Other Fruits — Peaches and pears were good. Cattle — Light. Horses — Average. Sivine — Average. Sheep — Light. Poultry — Extra good. Bees — None. Drainage — Good. Ldnds — Good quality; hard to buy at any price. Report of Fair — Held August 10th-14th, inclusive. We made all ex- penses but seem to be unable to get much ahead. POCAHONTAS. E. A. ELLIOTT, FONDA, OCTOBER 21, 1914. Corn — Full crop; good quality. Oats — Good crop and good quality. Wheat — Winter wheat very good and spring wheat fair. Rye — Very little raised; quality good. Barley — Small crop. Flax — Very small acreage; quality good. BuckivJieat — Small acreage. Millet — Heavy crop. Sorghum — Fair crop. Timothy — Quality good; average crop. Clover — Heavy crop; quality good. Prairie Hay — Fair crop. Other Grains and Grasses — 75 per cent of the average crop. Potatoes — Early ones a light crop; good crop of late ones. Vegetables — Average crop. Apples — None. Other Fruits — Less than average crop. Cattle — Scarce; not a great many on feed. Horses — Average number and of good quality. Prices range from $175 to $275 per head. 906 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Swine — Unusually good lot of pigs. Sheep — Not a large number of sheep in this county. Spring lambs are in a thrifty condition. Poultry — Extra good. Bees — Below the average. Drainage — Our chief industry in this county. Lands — Increasing in value, ranging in price from $110 to $200 per acre. Report of Fair — Held August 4th-7th, inclusive. Exhibits fair; attend- ance good and racing fine. POTTAWATTAMIE. C. H. READ, AVOCA, OCTOBER 29, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Good. Oats — Good. Wheat — Fair. Rye — Good. Barley — Fair. Flax — None. Buckwheat — None. Millet — Good. Sorghum — None. Timothy — Light. Clover — Fair. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grains and Grasses — Good. Potatoes — Fair. Vegetables — Good. Ajiples — Not many apples this year. Other Fruits — Not very good. Cattle — Good. Horses — Good. " Swine — Not extra. Sheep — Good. Poultry — Good. ; • Bees — Good. Drainage — Good. Report of Fair — September lst-4th, inclusive. POWESHIEK. ^ ' JAMES ^'OWAK, JIALCOM, OCTOBER 27, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season was a little late to start with but May, June and July were excellent months for crops of all kinds. It was a little too dry the last week in July and the first two weeks in August but we have had plenty of rain since September 1st. Corn — Good quality. Average yield for the county is forty-two and one- half bushels per acre; price sixty-five cents. . FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 907 Oats — A fair yield and fair quality; will average thirty-five bushels per acre. Wheat — Will average about twelve bushels per acre; fair quality. Price ninety cents. Rye — Will average about fifteen bushels per acre; fair quality. Price fifty-five cents. Barley — Will average twenty-five bushels per acre; good quality. Price fifty-five cents. Flax — None raised here. Buekuheat — Very little grown. Millet — Very little raised. Sorghum — Not much raised; good yield. Timothy — Will yield about two and one-fourth tons per acre; quality good. Clover — Will yield about two and one-half tons per acre; quality good. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grains and Grasses — There was a good yield. Pastures have been fine since September 15th. Potatoes — Selling at sixty cents per bushel. There was a fair yield of potatoes and they are of good quality. Vegetables — All kinds were very good. Apples — About 30 per cent of a normal crop. Not very good quality. Other Fruits — Lots of grapes and small fruits. Some peaches and plums.. Cattle— Bring a good price and there is a strong demand. Horses — Bringing big prices and there is a strong demand. Swine — Some cholera reported. Prices are good and the demand is strong. Sheep — Not many raised here. Prices are fair. Poultry — Good prices and lots of poultry marketed. Eggs also bring a good price. Bees — Good yield of honey. Drainage — Lots of drain tile being put in. Other Industries — All industries are profitable. An aeroplane factory in this county is a new line; its product today holding the U. S. record for longest continuous flight. Lands — Increasing in price and usually sold as quick as offered for sale. Prices range from $125 to $225 per acre. Report of Fair — Fair was held on August 25th-27th, inclusive. We had good exhibits and a good crowd. The fair was a success. POWESHIEK. I. S. BAILEY, JR., GRINNELL, OCTOBER 14, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Condition of crops good; sea- son quite dry up to about the first of October. Since then we have had plenty of rain and fall feed is in abundance. Corn — Good crop. No frost at this time. Oats — Fair crop; yield from twenty-five to fifty bushels per acre; qual- ity excellent. 908 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Wheat — Winter wheat yielded from twenty to thirty-five busliels per acre. Very little spring wheat sown. Rye — None raised. Barley — Fair crop; yield from fifteen to thirty-five bushels per acre; quality good. Flax — None raised. Buckwheat — None raised. Millet — None raised. Sorghum — None raised. Timothy — Quality good; general average two tons per acre. Clover — Good crop; some has been saved for seed; yield quite light; quality good. Prairie Hay — None raised. Other Grains and Grasses — Two cuttings of alfalfa and yielded about two tons per acre to the cutting. So far only a limited acreage. Potatoes — Poor crop; quality very poor and yield poor. Not over twen- ty-five bushels per acre on the average. Yegetadles — Quite good; quality excellent. Apples — Nearly a failure. Other Fruits — Cherries good; grapes fair; plums scarce and peaches a good yield but very poor quality. Cattle — Less than normal. Condition quite good for this season of the year. Horses — Condition good. Good draft horses bringing from $175 to $200. More colts have been raised the last few years than usual. Bicine — All in good condition. Very little cholera reported this year. Sheep — In good condition but not many raised in this county. Poultry — In excellent condition and more poultry is being raised than formerly. Bees — In good condition. Very few in this locality. Drainage — More drainage is being put in every year and the results from the same are excellent. Other Industries — Our manufacturing plants are not in the best of con- dition at this time and many are not running full time. Lands — What land is changing hands brings stronger prices than one year ago. Good improved farms in this locality sell from $175 to $250 per acre. Report of Fair — Held September 8th-llth, inclusive, at Grinnell. On account of the rain at that time our fair was not very successful financially. SAC. GUS STROHMEIER, SAC CITY, OCTOBER, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Very good. Corn — Average crop in best of condition and all farmers busy husking. Good quality. Oats — Good and a good yield. Wheat — Not much here but quality good and heavy. Rye — Not much here but quality good. Barley — Good yield and quality good. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 909 Flax — None to speak of. Buckwheat — Very little grown here. Millet — Good yield but not very much grown this year. Sorghum — Small amount but extra good. One sorghum factory here. Timothy — Good quality and heavy. Clover — Extra good and new seedings in fine condition. Prairie Hay — Very little here. Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa fair crop. Pastures good. Potatoes — Light early yield but good late yield. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Only fair. Other Fruits — Medium crops. Cattle — In good shape. Some feeding. Horses — In good condition and doing well. Mules are beginning to be raised here. Sivine — Not extra good; troubled with hog diseases, and lots being lost. Sheep — In good shape and quite a few being fed. Poultry — In best of condition and lots raised. Bees — Not extra good, yield very light for honey. Drainage — Most of land drained. Other Industries — All doing well and are kept busy. Lands — Extra good and good prices but not much changing hands. Report of Fair — The largest in our history. Fair has been held here for forty-two years. The gate receipts were $2,000 more than any previous year. Good weather and best of attractions and all well satis- fied. Exhibits very good and many. STORY. E. H. GRAVES, AMES, OCTOKER 15tH. General Condition of Crops and Season — First part of season very dry making a short crop in many of the grains, corn and hay. Later in season too much rain causing damage to corn in field and to fodder. Corn — Average forty to sixty-five bushels. Oats — Average forty-five to sixty bushels. Wheat — Average twenty to forty bushels. Rye — Very little raised in this locality. Barley — Very little. Flax — None. Buckivheat — Only small amount. Millet — Good crop; small acreage. Sorghum — Only in small patches for winter feed. Timothy— Good, crop in excellent condition. Clover — Good crop in excellent condition. Prairie Hay — Scarcely any in this locality. Potatoes — Not much of a market crop in this locality. Vegetables — Good. Apples — Scarcely any summer and fall varieties this season. The Wealthy which is usually a good crop was a minus quantity this season. Some winter apples grown, such as the Ben Davis, Grimes Golden and Willow Twig. 910 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Cattle — Usual number. Mostly of beef breeds. Principally in small bunches. Horses — Principally draft type raised. Swine — Can not estimate number. Quality good and entirely free from cholera in this section of Story county. Sheep — Only a few are raised. Poultry — Lots of poultry. Drainage — Land mostly well drained either by tile or drainage ditches. Lands — Farms selling from $165 to $275 per acre. Small tracts near town selling at $300 to $400 per acre. Report of Fair— Bate held, September 29th, 30th, October 1st. Per- fect weather conditions. Attendance estimated 10,000. Was a decided success. SIOUX. AI>BERT IIEEMSTRA, ORANGE CITY, OCTOBER 17, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been favor- able until July 4th. After that rather too hot and dry for late crops and pasture. Corn — Will yield from thirty-five to forty-five bushels, a little uneven. Oats — A little below the average yield. About thirty-five bushels. Wheat — Poor on account of rust. Yield from eight to fifteen bushels. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — An average crop. Flax — None. BucMvheat — None raised. Millet — Good for hay. Very little raised for seed. Sorghum — A little raised for feed. Timothy — Below the average. Clover — Good crop, especially for hay. Prairie Hay — Average yield. Other Grains and Grasses — Fairly good. Potatoes — Early ones good; late ones below the average on account of the drouth in July and August. Vegetables — Fairly good. Apples — Poor; about 40 per cent of a crop. Other Fruits — Below the average. Cattle — Below the average, both as to number and quality. Horses — The average number and in good demand. Sioine — The usual number and they are in good condition. Sheep — About the usual number and in good condition. Poultry — Lots of poultry and in healthful condition. Bees — Good. Drainage — Good. Other Industries — Have been profitable this season. Lands — Selling from $175 to $250 per acre but not much changing hands. Very little for sale. Report of Fair — Held September 16th-18th, inclusive. Weather was fine and attendance very good. We had the best fair we have had for many years. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 911 TAMA. A. G. SMITH, TOLEDO, OCTOHEU 8, 1914. Corn — Above average crop; good quality. Oats — Average crop. Wheat — Spring wheat average crop; winter wlieat best. Rye — Average crop. Barley — Not much sown. Flax — None. Buckwheat — But little grown. Millet — Good crop. Sorghum — Very little made. Timothy — Good crop. Clover — Good crop. Prairie Hay — Very little grown. Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures cut short in July and August. September rains have made all grasses good. Potatoes — Early crop excellent. Late crop damaged by drouth. Apples — Light crop. Other Fruits — Average crop. Cattl& — The grade is improving. No disease. Number hardly up to average. High in price. Much she stock shipped out that should have been kept for breeding purposes. Horses — Usual number on hand. Condition good. Improvement being made by the leading draft breeds, prices high. No disease. Stcine — Usual number of young pigs. But little disease, compared with last year. Prices are strong. Sheep — Not many in the county but of good kinds. Poultry — Good many raised but disease is very common. Bees — But very few. Drainage — Lots of tile being used in this county. Other Industries — Profitable in every respect. Lands — Prices are higher each year selling from $100 to $300 per acre. Good demand for corn and grass lands. Report of Fair— Held September 22 to 25, 1914. The fair was a great success. Ideal weather. All departments were filled. Cattle, over one hundred of the best. Horses, about 125. Swine pens full. Races especially good, all classes filled. The Art Hall was filled to over flowing. Grains and seed in abundance. No accidents. The facts are this was the best fair we have ever held. The proposition of the county buying the land for agricultural purposes will be voted on at the regular elec- tion in November. TAYLOR. C. N. >-ELSOX, BEDFOBD, SEPTEMBER 20, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Season very dry. Corn — Big acreage. Probably ten per cent above average. Oats — Average thirty-five bushels. Wheat — Average probably twenty bushels. Rye — None to speak of. 912 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Barley — None. Flax — None. Buckwheat — None. Millet — None. Sorghum — Very little. Timothy — Average about one ton per acre. Price $15 per ton. Glover — Pretty badly winter killed. First crop nearly failure. Too dry; second crop good. Other Grains and Gi'asses — Some alfalfa. Crop good. Potatoes — One-third crop worth $1 per bushel. Yegetatles — Early vegetables good but late damaged by drouth. Apples — Very few orchards with any apples to speak of. Other Fruits — Strawberries fair crop. Cherries half crop. Blackber- ries and raspberries none. Cattle — More cattle in the county than a year ago. No cattle on feed to speak of. Horses — Good horses are scarce. Stvine — Crop of pigs above normal. Most of the fat hogs out of county at present. Sheep — Fine lot of lambs. Good many sheep in county, but can't say how many. Poultry — Lots of chickens. Not many turkeys. Bees — Hardly enough honey made to winter the bees. Drainage — Nothing. Lands — Considerable lands changing hands. Good farming lands range in price from $90 to $150 an acre depending on location and improvements. Report of Fair — Weather good but hot and dry. Good races. Good show of cattle. Fair display of agricultural products. Good attendance. In all, most successful fair held for the past twenty years. Paid every- thing and had a little money left. Dates July 28th to 31st. VAN BUREN. D. A. MILLER, MILTON, OCTOBEE 9, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — ^Crops good considering mid- summer being extremely dry. Plenty of moisture after middle of Sep- tember. Corn — Quality good. Average yield about forty-five bushels. Some better than last season. Oats — An average yield and of a good quality. Wheat — Yield excellent and quality good. Bye — A short crop on account of small acreage. Barley — None raised in this county. Flax — None raised. BucTcivheat — Small acreage but of good quality. Millet — Good quality but not so much as last season. Sorghum — Short crop. Timothy — A good average crop. Hay excellent; seed yield quite good. Clover — Good quality but short on seed. Prairie Hay — None. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 913 Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa is being tried here and promises to make good. Potatoes — Early potatoes half crop. Late ones very poor. Vegetables — Good yield and quality excellent. Apples — Short crop; what we have are badly worm eaten. Other Fricits — Smaller fruits of excellent quality and good yield. Cattle — About usual number. Shipments of finished stuff below aver- age; feeders and stockers in good demand at high prices. Horses — A slow sale, with about the usual number. Sivinc — Fine lot of spring pigs. No sickness among hogs here. Prices for stock and fat hogs good. Sheep — Industry increasing. Poultry — This industry is par excellence. Bees — No large apiaries. Quite a number of people have a few col- onies. Drainage — Good natural drainage. Other Industries — Conditions good with brighter prospects ahead. Lands — Quite a number of farms changing hands because we have some of the best lands in the country. Prices from $125 to $200 per acre. Report of Fair — Fair held at Milton, Iowa., September 16th-19th, 1914. We only had one good day on account of rain which made our attendance light and receipts not enough to pay expenses. Otherwise we would have had an excellent fair. WAPELLO. H. R. BAKER, ELDOX, OCTOBER 28, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Unusually early and favor- able season for all crops. Wheat marketed from machines on July 3d, ten days earlier than usual. Too dry during July and August. Corn — Good average crop, good quality and pretty good acreage. A little short on account of dry weather in August. Oats— Good yield and good quality. Wheat — Above the average in quality and acreage. Rye — Very good quality; not much sown. Barley — None. Flax — None. Buckwheat — None. Millet — Not much sown. Sorghum — Good, but short acreage. Timothy — Good crop of good quality. Average about one and one- half tons to acre. Clover — Heavy crop of clover, and of fine quality. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grains and Grasses — Some experiment with alfalfa which is proving profitable and satisfactory. Potatoes — Light crop, poor quality. Tegetables — Fair. Apples — Hardly an average crop. Cattle — About the usual amount of cattle in the country, not much improvement. 58 914 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Horses — County pretty well stocked but room for improvement in quality. Sivine— Usual number of hogs in this locality in healthy condition. Sheep — Our farmers do not take much interest in sheep business. Poultry — Big crop of poultry in good condition. Bees — None. Drainage — Some drainage, but not as much as should be. Lands — Not much changing hands. Land ranging from $75 to $200 per acre. Report of Fair— Held August 11th to 14th. One of the best ever held. Good attendance, fine weather and exhibits in every department well represented. WRIGHT. ED HOOD, CLARION, OCTOBER 20, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. Corn — Good. Oats — Good. Wheat — Fair. Rye — Fair. Barley — Fair. Millet — Good. Sorghum — Good. ■ Timothy — Good. Clover — Good. Prairie Hay — Good. Potatoes — Poor. YegetaMes — Good. Apples — Poor. Other Fruits — Poor. Cattle — Good. Horses — Good. Sunne — Good. Sheep — Good. Poultry — Good. Bees — Poor. Drainage — Fair. Other Industries — Good. Lands — Prices good. Range in price from $50 to $225 per acre. Report of Fair — Date held, August 26th to 29th. Good fair but bad weather for two days. WARREN. JOE M'COY, INDIANOLA, OCTOBER 15, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — The first part of the crop season was fine. Plenty of moisture up to July 1st, then turned very dry. Small grain was good but corn only about one-half a crop. Corn — About one-half crop and the continued wet weather of late is putting the quality down. Oats — A pretty good crop. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 915 Wheat — Good crop and quality fine. Threshing all done early. Price good. Rye — Just fair. Barley — Not much raised. Flax — None. Buckwheat — None. Millet — Not much sown. Sorghum — None to amount to anything planted. Timothy — Very little threshed as it was most mixed with clover. A fair crop. Clover — Not an average crop. Prairie Hay — None. Potatoes — Late ones will be good. Vegetables — Plenty. Apples — Not many. Other Fruits — Plenty of peaches and cherries. Cattle — More on hand than a year ago. Horses — About the same in numbers as a year ago but prices not so good. Stcine — A very good spring pig crop but very little cholera. Sheep — Not many. Poultry — We have a great many fancy chickens and plenty of com- mon kind. Bees — Not many. Drainage — Considerable tiling done this season. Lands — Not much changing hands. Prices range from $75 to $200 per acre. Report of Fair — Date held, August 18th-21st. Had a very good at- tendance and a good live stock and agricultural show. Think the best all around show we ever had. Attractions poor. WAYNE. LOREX JOHXSTON, SEWAL, OCTOBER 27, 1914. Corn — Average forty bushels per acre. Oats — Average thirty-five bushels per acre. Wheat — Average twenty-nine bushels per acre. Rye — Not much. Barley — None. Flax — None. Buckwheat — None. Millet — Good but not much sowed. Sorghum — Poor crop. Timothy — Average one and one-half tons per acre. Clover — Average one and one-half tons per acre. Prairie Hay — None. Other Grains 'and Grasses — Pasture short on account of dry weather in fore part of season. Potatoes — Poor crop. Vegetables — Poor with the exception of tomatoes. 916 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Apples — Very scarce. Other Fruits — Too dry weather. Cattle — Scarce and high. Horses — A good many. Good ones selling high. Swine — Very good supply. No cholera that I know of. Sheep — A few flocks kept. Poultry — Good. Bees — Scarce. Drainage — Natural. Other Industries — None. Lands — Not much land changing hands. Average prices about $100 per acre. Report of Fair — Held September 3d, 4th and 5th. WEBSTER. A. G. KIGBY, FORT DODGE, OCTOBER 15, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Conditions the early part of the spring and summer were very favorable for all kinds of crops with abundant moisture and plenty of sunshine. Soil in excellent condition. Drouth during the latter part of summer and early fall cut the yield of the later maturing crops. Quality of all crops generally is good. Corn — Quality good. Yield cut from 20 to 50 per cent in different parts of county on account of drouth. Practical freedom from frost to date gives all corn splendid chance to mature. Oafs— l^plendid quality and good yield. Many fields reported fifty to sixty bushels to the acre. Wheat — Not a large acreage, but quality and yield good. Rye — Not much rye raised in this county, but what is raised is good quality and fair yield. Barley — Small amount raised. Quality and yield above average. Flax — None raised in this county that I know of. Buckwheat — Not much raised this year. Millet — Acreage small, but quality and yield excellent. Sorghum — Hurt by drouth; small acreage. Timothy — Excellent quality and fairly large yield per acre. Clover — Old seeding, good quality and yield; new seeding, not up to average, probably on account of dry weather. Second crop of clover cut short on account of lack of rain. Prairie Hay — Practically none raised. Other Grains and Grasses — None to speak of raised in county. Potatoes — A very short crop on account of drouth. Yegetahles — Poor year for vegetables on account of the very dry season. Apples — Practically no apples on account of late frosts killing buds and unfavorable season generally. Other Fruits — Short crop on account of unfavorable conditions. Cattle — This is not a dairying county, though more attention is being given to this branch of stock raising. More beef cattle are raised and more attention paid to pure breeds than formerly. Herefords, Galloways, Red Polls and Shorthorns are in favor. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 917 Horses — Draft horses, such as Belgians and Percherons, are raised to considerable extent, resulting in a general raising of the type of grade drafts raised by the average farmer. Sivine — A considerable number of hogs of different breeds are raised in the county, there being a large number of breeders of pure bred. There has been some cholera reported, but vaccination has generally stopped the spread of the disease. Bheep — Some sheep raised, but not generally. Poultry — A great deal of poultry is raised in this county. Bees — Not a favorable season for bees on account of extreme dry weather. Drainage — A great deal of drainage. Open ditches. Much tiling has been done this season. Other Industries — Clay products, tile, brick, etc.; gypsum products, manufacturing industries of considerable variety and extent gives em- ployment to many people, and have all generally been successful. The business conditions of the last few months have had the effect to curtail activity in some lines of endeavor, and while there is something of a de- pression existing at the present time there is no cause for alarm, as business is well entrenched and in a generally healthy condition. Lands — Land values range from $75 to $200 per acre for agricultural lands, depending on location and improvements. Good roads have a de- cided effect on farm values and the people are beginning to realize this to a greater degree than ever. Good cement bridges and culverts are being built and the roads graded and improved. Report of Fair — The fair was held August 12, 13 and 14, 1914, at the Mineral City Driving Park, the ground being leased. No attempt was made to get agricultural exhibits or live stock, except horses and cattle, on account of the short time intervening between the time of the de- cision to hold a meeting and the date previously selected by the defunct Webster County Fair Association. The new organization was much handicapped on account of these adverse conditions and did not have time to work up public interest and confidence so necessary to co-operation and attendance, and the result was a considerable shortage in receipts necessary to pay all the expenses. A splendid race meeting and stock show of high standards was held and the people were pleased. WINNEBAGO. M. C. WHEELER, FOREST CITY, OCTOBER 21, 1914. Corn — Average crop. Good average. Oats — About thirty bushels to acre. Little under weight. Wheat — Only fair crop, rather light, medium quality, affected by black rust. Rye — Very small acreage, but good quality. Barley — Good crop, little off color; otherwise, quality good. Flax — Very little raised in county. Buckxcheat — Very little raised. Good quality, but damaged by fall rains. Millet — Not much raised; heavy yield; damaged by rains. 918 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Timothy — Good crop and quality; acreage for seed very light. Clover — Heavy; fine stand. Prairie Hay — Good; fine quality. Potatoes — Good yield; large acreage for this county. Vegetables — Fine. Apples — Very scarce in this county. Other Fruits — Good ordinary yield. Cattle — Cattle did fairly well. Good number fattened in this county. Numerous registered Shorthorn and black herds. Horses — Fair quality; fair condition. Farmers are raising more and better quality. Sioine — About average crop; good quality. Tendency is for better hogs. Some cholera, but not nearly as bad as last year. Double treatment of vaccination quite successful. Sheep — Very few raised. Do well here. On the increase. Poultry — Plenty of poultry. Bees — Not generally raised; did quite well. Drainage — Much drainage being done. Lands — Increased in value this year at least $10 per acre. Report of Fair— Fair held September 8, 9, 10, 11, 1914. Good fair; fine attractions; poor weather; did not pay out. WINNESHIEK. L. M. ENGER, DECORAH, OCTOBER 14, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair to first class. Corn — Very heavy crop, in fine condition. Oats — Crop light on account of extreme heat and some drouth at the time of ripening. Wheat — Very little raised. What was raised yielded a fair to good crop. Rye — Very little raised. Barley — A fair crop. Flax — Very little. Buckwheat — None. ' • Millet — ^^Good crop. Sorghum — Good yield, but little cultivated. Timothy — Very good. Clover — Very good. Prairie Hay — No prairie in Winneshiek now. Other Grains and Grasses — Hay generally heavy. Potatoes — Yield light. Vegetables — Generally good in Winneshiek. Apples — Practically a failure this year. Other Fruits — Grapes and strawberries did well, but there seemed to be a general shortage in fruits. Cattle — Have been doing well. No disease reported. Pastures have been good. General interest is manifest in improvement of stock. Horses — Doing well. The renowned "Winneshiek Horse" holds his own record well this year. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 919 SuHne— Doing well; only a few scattered cases of cholera reported during the season. Sheep — Doing well this year, and better breeds are being introduced. Poultry — Doing well, and the breeds are fast improving, as there is great interest taken in raising the better class. Drainage — No drainage in Winneshiek. Other Industries — Farming is the principal occupation. Short of manu- facturing. Lands — Average value, $100 to $110, with prices rising. Report of Fair — Held at Decorah, September 8, 9, 11, 12, 1914. September 10th, which would have been the great day for attendance, was lost on account of rain. WORTH. T. O. GROE, NORTHWOOD, OCTOBER 24, 1914. General Condition of Crops and Season — General condition of crops good. The hot, dry weather cut down the yield of oats and wheat; corn good, crop badly blown down by wind. Rains have made fall pastured the best in years. Co7'n — A little better than an average crop. A frostless fall has ripened all corn. Will yield about forty bushels per acre on an average. Some fields down badly. Oats — Fair; not up to average. Wheat — Light crop; too hot and dry. Rye — Not much raised. Barley— Fair crop. Flax — Not much raised. Buckicheat — Very little raised. 3Iillet — Very little raised. Sorghum — Very little grown. Timothy — Good crop and went into stacks and barns in nice shape. Clover — First crop fine and secured in good condition; very little cut for seed. Prairie Hay — None in the county to speak of. Potatoes — Fair crop. YegetaMes — All very fine and better than average. Apples — Very light crop. Other Fruits — All fruits a light crop. Cattle — In fine condition, but scarce; not many going into the feed lots. Horses — Quality improving, bringing good prices. Swine — The number of spring pigs below the average on account of cholera last season. Some cholera reported, but not as much as last year. Quality good. Sheep — Sheep raising not followed to any great extent. Poultry — A great deal of poultry raised in the county. Quality good. Bees — Very few bees kept. Drainage — Large amount of tile put in the ground, with excellent results. 920 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Other Industries — Agricultural county. Very few factories. Lands — In good demand. Not so much changing hands as last season. Prices for improved farms about $100 per acre. Reiwrt of Fair — Fair held at Northwood, August 27th-29th. Some rain first day. Attendance good on second and last day. Good exhibit of stock and grains. Fair a success. Will close the year with a balance in treasury. WOODBURY. JOE MOETON, OCTOBEB 20, 1914. Corn — The corn crop varies considerably throughout the county. In the northwestern part of the county the yield will not average more than thirty bushels per acre. In the northeastern part the average is probably forty to fifty bushels per acre. The same is also true of the southern part of the county. Oats — The oat crop was greatly damaged by hot weather shortly before it ripened, and the average yield will not exceed thirty bushels per acre. Wheat — Comparatively little wheat is grown in this county, except in a very few restricted localities where winter wheat is grown quite ex- tensively. This crop yielded well. The average was in the neighborhood of thirty-five bushels per acre. Spring wheat averaged about fifteen bushels per acre. Rye — Rye was a fair crop, with an average yield of about twelve bushels per acre. Barley — The yield of barley was between twenty-five and thirty bushels and a very good quality. Flax — No flax raised in Woodbury county. Buckwheat — No buckwheat. Millet — Millet yielded very well as a hay crop, the average being from three to four tons per acre. Sorghum — Late sorghum produced from three to four tons per acre. Early sorghum was injured by the drouth and did not do as well as usual. Timothy — Timothy on good land yielded one and one-quarter tons per acre, and from this on down to three-quarters ton per acre. However, the crop was up to the usual standard. Clover — Clover produced about one and one-half tons per acre, and in some fields a second crop was obtained and was used for either hay or seed. The seed yield of this second crop was about one-half bushel per acre. Prairie Hay — A normal yield of about three-quarters ton per acre. Other Grains and Grasses— Alfalfa produced three crops, and on the better lands the average was about four tons per acre. In some sections the second crop was very small, and, on the other hand, where good stands were produced, four cuttings were obtained, and the average was four tons per acre. Potatoes — Potato crop about 60 per cent of normal. Vegetables — Early vegetables were injured by the drouth. Late vegeta- bles yielded well, the average being, perhaps, 75 per cent. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 921 Apples — The apple crop was somewhat damaged by the hot winds and dry weather during the summer. Other Fruits — There was a good crop of cherries and a fair yield of early small fruits. Cattle — Cattle are in good condition, as pastures have not been over- stocked. Fewer cattle will be fed than usual on account of money scarcity, it being i)ractically impossible for farmers to borrow money with which to buy cattle. Horses — Horse values are normal, with a good demand for horses of the heavy type. Sivine — While cholera has been much less destructive this year, the number of pigs is comparatively small. The spring pigs were not as healthy as usual and a large percentage of them died during the summer months. The fall pigs are doing fairly well. The estimate for the 1914 crop is about 75 per cent of normal. Sheep — There is much interest manifested on the part of farmers in sheep feeding this fall. Sioux City is fast becoming one of the best sheep markets in the country. The Sioux City Stock Yards Company have built new sheep barns and are in better shape to handle sheep than ever before. Poultry — Poultry was unusually good. There is a great deal of interest taken by the farmers in Woodbury county in the raising of poultry, and many are making a success of the business. Bees — The honey crop is about 65 per cent of normal. Bee pasture was very scarce throughout the season and the bees also suffered more than usual from foulbrood. Drainage — Very little has been done in the way of drainage this year, as all farms are well equipped with tile, etc. Other Industries — All industries have enjoyed a healthy business dur- ing the last twelve months. The volume of business has been greater than any time in past years, and there is a general feeling of satisfaction among manufacturers. Lands — Land has increased about $10 per acre. Report of Fair — The Interstate Live Stock Fair was held September 21st-26th and enjoyed unusually good weather and had a very satisfactory attendance. While the racing was not up to the standard, the exhibits were unusually good, and, from the standpoint of quality, were not sur- passed by any fair in the country. The financial report will show a satis- factory profit, and, in all, the fair was a success. 922 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE A glimpse of the beautiful driveway on the college campus, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames, Iowa. PART XIV. Directory of Associations and Organizations Repre- senting Agricultural Interests in Iowa. loica Department of Agriculture — President, C. E. Cameron, Alta; Vice-President, O. A. Olson, Forest City; Secretary, A. R. Corey, Des Moines; Treasurer, W. W. Morrow, Afton. Iowa State Horticultural Society — President, E. P. Spencer, Randolph; Vice-President, W. B. Chapman, Correctionville; Secretary and Librarian, Wesley Greene, Des Moines; Treasurer, F. O. Harrington, Williamsburg. loiva Forestry and Conservation Association — President, T. C. Stephens, Sioux City; Vice-President, Fred Lazell, Cedar Rapids; Secretary, G. B. MacDonald, Ames; Treasurer, Mrs. H. J. Taylor, Sioux City. Society of loioa Florists — President, 0. H. Herman, Council Bluffs; Vice-President, Homer Richey, Albia; Secretary-Treasurer, Wesley Greene, Des Moines. Wester7i Grain Dealers Association — President, F. D. Milligan, Jeffer- son; Vice-President, S. W. Wilder, Cedar Rapids; Secretary-Treasurer, George A. Wells, Des Moines. loiva Corn and Small Grain Growers Association — President, F. D. Steen, West Liberty; Vice-President, J. H. Petty, Elliott; Secretary, H. L. Eichling, Ames; Treasurer, Ray Bennett, Ames. Iowa Beef Producers' Association — President, R. W. Cassady, Whiting; Vice-President, C. W. Huntley, Chariton; Secretary, Ledru Willitts, Mt. Pleasant; Treasurer, C. S. Hechtner, Chariton. loica Shorthorn Breeders' Association — President, C. A. Oldsen, Wall Lake; Vice-President, C. L. McClellan, Lowden; Secretary and Treasurer, Howard Vaughn, Marion. loica Sioine Breeders' Association — President, F. J. Sexsmith, Orient; Vice-President, C. A. Brooks, Washington; Secretary-Treasurer, M. P. Hancher, Rolfe. loiva Draft Horse Breeders' Associatio7i — President, Wm. Crownover, Hudson; Vice-President, Charles Irvine, Ankeny; Secretary, G. E. O'Brien, Des Moines; Treasurer, M. J. Nelson, Cambridge. loiva Aberdeen Angus Cattle Breeders' Association — President, W. S. Austin, Dumont; First Vice-President, R. W. Franks, Renwick; Second Vice-President, O. V. Battles, Maquoketa; Secretary-Treasurer, W. J. Miller, Newton. loiva State Poultry Association — President, Harry W. Atkins, Daven- port; First Vice-President, E. D. Monilow, Cedar Rapids; Secretary, B. E. Richards, Cedar Rapids; Treasurer, Geo. Phillips, Des Moines. loica Sheep Breeders and Wool Grotvers' Association — President, C. W. Moore, Cedar; First Vice-President, A. J. Blakely, Grinnell; Secre- tary, V. C. Warner, Bloomfield; Treasurer, G. W. France, Oskaloosa. 924 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE loioa Shropshire Breeders' Association — President, O. H. Peasley, In- dianola; Vice-President, Carlos Fawcett, Springdale; Secretary, M. G. Thornburg, Ames. Iowa State Highway Commission — Chairman, A. Marston, Ames; Com- missioner, J. W. Holden, Scranton; Commissioner, H. C. Beard, Mount Ayr; State Higlaway Engineer, Thos. H. MacDonald; Consulting Bridge Engineer, J. E. Kirkham, Ames. Cofn Belt Meat Producers' Association — President and Organizer, S. M. Corrie, Ida Grove; Vice-President, R. M. Gunn, Buckingham; Secretary, H. C. Wallace, Des Moines; Treasurer, Chas. Goodenow, Wall Lake. Iowa State Dairy Association — President, W. B. Quarton, Algona; Vice- President, W. H. Chapman, New Hartford; Secretary, J. J. Ross, Iowa Falls; Treasurer, E. T. Sadler, Waterloo. loiDa Bee Keepers' Association — President, C. E. Bartholomew, Ames; Vice-President, B. T. Bleasdale, Des Moines; Secretary-Treasurer, S. W. Snider, Center Point. COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND FAIR ASSOCIATIONS IN IOWA. Adair — Adair County Agricultural Society, Greenfield; President, John M. Wilson, Menlo; Secretary, F. A. Gatch, Greenfield. Adams — Adams County Agricultural Society, Corning; President, S. M. Ritchey, Corning; Secretary, M. L. Schafroth, Corning. Audubon — Audubon County Agricultural Society, Audubon; President, Geo. Foley, Audubon; Secretary, L. C. Bagley, Audubon. Benton — Benton County Agricultural Society, Vinton; President, C. S. Harper, Vinton; Secretary, A. B. Allen, Vinton. Black Hawk — Dairy Cattle Congress, Waterloo; President, J. R. Vaughan, Waterloo; Secretary, Hugh G. Van Pelt, Waterloo. Bremer — Bremer County Fair Association, Waverly; President, Bate Cornforth, Waverly; Secretary, J. Q. Lauer, Waverly. Buchanan — Buchanan County Agricultural Society, Independence; President, A. N. Todd, Independence; Secretary, A. G. Rigby, Independ- ence. Buena Vista — Buena Vista County Agricultural Society, Alta; Presi- dent, L. Christensen, Alta; Secretary, Roy H. Wilkinson, Alta. Butler — Butler County Agricultural Society, Allison: President, John Coster, Shell Rock; Secretary, W. C. Shepard. Allison. Calhoun — Calhoun County Fair Association, Manson; President, J. C. Hoag, Manson; Secretary, C. G. Kaskey, Manson. Calhoun — Rockwell City Fair Association, Rockwell City; President, Andrew Stewart, Rockwell City; Secretary, C. O. Dixon, Rockwell City. Cass — Massena District Fair Association, Massena; President, S. D. Wychoff, Massena; Secretary, D. P. Hogan, Massena. Carroll — Carroll Fair and Driving Park Association, Carroll; Presi- dent, Frank Belter, Carroll; Secretary, Peter Stephany, Carroll. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART XIV. 925 Cedar — Tipton Fair Association, Tipton; President, A. U. Heming- way, "West Branch; Secretary, C. F. Simmermaker, Tipton. Cerro Gordo — Northern Iowa Agricultural Society, Mason City; Presi- dent, Chas. R. Hamstreet, Clear Lakej Secretary, C. H. Barber, Mason City. Chickasmv — Chickasaw County Fair, New Hampton; President, P. H. Brannon; Secretary, F. D. Griffin, New Hampton. Chickasaic — Big Four Fair Association, Nashua; President, W. A. Granger, Nashua; Secretary, C. L. Putney, Nashua. Ckiij — Clay County Fair and Picnic, Spencer; President, Chas. Gil- more, Sioux Rapids; Secretary, T. B. Peest, Spencer. Clayton — Clayton County Agricultural Society, National; President, Herb Brownson, McGregor; Secretary, Henry Luehsen, Garnavillo. Clayton — Elkader Fair and Track Association, Elkader; President, E. C. ETirhardt, Elkader; Secretary, Henry Koehn, Elkader. Clinton — Clinton County Agricultural Society, De Witt; President, G. W. Smith, De Witt; Secretary, G. H. Christensen, De Witt. Crawford — Crawford County Fair Association, Arion; President, Wm. Eggers, Arion; Secretary, O. M. Criswell, Arion. Des Moines — Burlington Tri-State Fair, Burlington; President, J. F. Deems, Burlington; Secretary, Geo. R. Holcombe, Burlington. Fayette — Fayette County Agricultural Society, West Union; President, J. S. Smith, West Union; Secretary, E. A. Mcllree, West Union. Greene — Greene County Fair Association, Jefferson; President, M. M. Head, Jefferson; Secretary, E. C. Freeman, Jefferson. Grundy — Grundy County Agricultural Society, Grundy Center; Presi- dent, R. S. Plager, Grundy Center; Secretary, E. V. McBroom, Grundy Center. Guthrie — Guthrie County Agricultural Society, Guthrie Center; Presi- dent, B. F. Davidson, Menlo; Secretary, Wm. Edwards, Guthrie Center. Eancoek — ^Hancock County Agricultural Society, Britt; President, Dr. A. J. Cole, Britt; Secretary, R. L. McMillin, Britt. Hardin — Hardin County Agricultural Society, Eldora; President, W. R. Schofield, Eldora; Secretary, Geo. W. Haynes, Eldora. Harrison — Harrison County Agricultural Society, Missouri Valley; President, J. E. Jones, Missouri Valley; Secretary, A. B. Hosbrook, Mis- souri Valley. Henry — Henry County Agricultural Society, Mt. Pleasant; President, John W. Palm, Mt. Pleasant; Secretary, C. H. Tribby, Mt. Pleasant. Henry — Winfield Fair Association, Winfield; President, C. W. Larkin, Winfield; Secretary, Theo. Russell, Winfield. Humboldt — Humboldt County Agricultural Society, Humboldt; Presi- dent, W. B. West, Humboldt; Secretary, 0. H. De Groote, Humboldt. loica — Iowa County Agricultural Society, Marengo; President, Henry Willenbrook, Marengo; Secretary, R. H. Shannon, Marengo. Iowa — Victor District Agricultural Society, Victor; President, E. L. Parks, Victor; Secretary, John C. Hinrichs, Victor. Iowa — Williamsburg Pavilion and Fair Association, Williamsburg; President, D. 0. Jones, Williamsburg; Secretary, H. A. Helverson, Wil- liamsburg. 926 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Jackson — Jackson County Agricultural Society, Maquoketa; President, A. L. Broxam, Maquoketa; Secretary, W. D. McCaffrey, Maquoketa. Jasper — Jasper County Agricultural Society, Newton; President, C. F. Sauerman, Newton; Secretary, F. E. Meredith, Newton. Johnson — Johnson County Agricultural Society, Iowa City; President, Dr. J. S. Potter, Iowa City; Secretary, John P. Oakes, Iowa City. Jones — Jones County Agricultural Society, Monticello; President, — ; Secretary, C. J. Northrup, Monticello. Jones — Anamosa Fair Association, Anamosa; President, W. D. Shean, Anamosa; Secretary, L. W. Russell, Anamosa. EeoJcitJc — What Cheer District Agricultural Society, What Cheer; Pres- ident, Jas. Stephenson, What Cheer; Secretary, Geo. A. Poff, What Cheer. Kossuth — Kossuth County Agricultural Society, Algona; President, E. A. Wolcott, Algona; Secretary, S. D. Quarton, Algona. Lee — Lee County Agricultural Society, Donnellson; President, Joseph Krebill, Donnellson; Secretary, Chris. Haffner, Donnellson. Lee — West Point District Agricultural Society, West Point; President, Geo. E. Rogers, Wever; Secretary, John Walljasper, West Point. Linn — Wapsie Valley Fair Association, Central City; President, E. E. Henderson, Central City; Secretary, H. F. Lock wood, Central City. Linn — Marion Inter-State Fair Association, Marion; President, J. A. Cooper, Marion; Secretary, E. K. Michel, Marion. Louisa — Columbus Junction District Fair Association, Columbus Junc- tion; President, Wm. Dean, Columbus Junction; Secretary, W. A. Knott, Columbus Junction. Lyon — Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Association, Rock Rapids; President, W. S. Cooper, Rock Rapids; Secretary, Chas. W. Bradley, Rock Rapids. Mahaska — New Sharon District Agricultural Society, New Sharon; President, Sidney Harper, New Sharon; Secretary, J. C. Heitsman, New Sharon. Marshall — Eden District Agricultural Society, Rhodes; President, C. J. Buck, Rhodes; Secretary, H. M. Weeks, Rhodes. Marshall — Marshall County Fair Association, Marshalltown; President, D. S. Collins, Liscomb; Secretary, W. M. Clark, Marshalltown. Mitchell — Mitchell County Agricultural Society, Osage; President, Al- bert Cordes, Osage; Secretary, Carl H. Spaanum, Osage. Monona — Monona County Fair Association, Onawa; President, J. M. Hathaway, Onawa; Secretary, 0. C. Erickson, Onawa. Monroe — Monroe County Agricultural Society, Albia; President, W. B. Griffin, Albia; Secretary, J. L. Reddish, Albia. Mxiscatine — Union District Agricultural Society, West Liberty; Presi- dent, C. G. Brown, West Liberty; Secretary, W. H. Shipman, West Lib- erty. Muscatine — Wilton Fair Association, Wilton Junction; President, C. C. Kaufman, Wilton Junction; Secretary, W. A. Cooling, Wilton Junction. O'Brien — O'Brien County Agricultural Society, Sutherland; President, Chas. Van Etten, Sutherland; Secretary, R. J. Mott, Sutherland. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART XIV. 927 O'Brien — Sheldon District Fair Association, Sheldon; President, ; Secretary, Geo. Gardner, Sheldon. Page — Shenandoah Fair Association, Shenandoah; President, Chas. Aldrich, Shenandoah; Secretary, A. W. Goldberg, Shenandoah. PocaJiontas — Big Four District Fair Association, Fonda; President, ; Secretary, E. A. Elliott, Fonda. Pottawattamie — Pottawattamie County Fair Association, Avoca; Presi- dent, R. Frost, Avoca; Secretary, B. A. Krienke, Avoca. Poiceshiek — Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Malcom; President, Wm. McClure, Malcom; Secretary, James Nowak, Malcom. Poiceshiek — Grinuell Fair Association, Grinnell; President, J. A. Bang- ham, Grinnell; Secretary, I. S. Bailey, Jr., Grinnell. Sac — Sac County Agricultural Society, Sac Ctiy; President, L. E. Ir- win, Sac City; Secretary, Gus Strohmeier, Sac City. Shelby — Shelby County Agricultural Society, Harlan; President, Geo, H. Miller, Harlan; Secretary, L. H. Pickard, Harlan. Sioux — Sioux County Agricultural Society, Orange City; President, A. Vande Meide, Orange City; Secretary, Albert Humstra, Orange City. Story — Central Iowa Fair Association, Ames; President, C. L. Siverly, Ames; Secretary, E. H. Graves, Ames. Tama — Tama County Fair Association, Toledo; President, W. N. Town- send, Garwin; Secretary, A. G. Smith, Toledo. Taylor — Taylor County Agricultural Society, Bedford; President, Dr. T. E. Anderson; Secretary, C. N. Nelson, Bedford. Yan Biiren — Milton District Agricultural Society, Milton; President, N. E. Guernsey, Milton; Secretary, D. A. Miller, Milton. Wapello — Eldon Big Four Fair Association, Eldon; President, D. A. Jay, Eldon; Secretary, H. R. Baker, Eldon. Warren— Warren County Fair Association, Indianola; President, J. E. Houghtaling, Indianola; Secretary, J. Fred Henry, Indianola. Wayne — Sewal Fair Association, Sewal; President, Everett Shriver, Sewal; Secretary, Loren Johnston, Sewal. Winnebago — Forest City Park and Fair Association, Forest City; Presi- dent, F. J. Brooker, Thompson; Secretary, R. W. Stephenson, Forest City. Winneshiek — Winneshiek County Agricultural Society, Decorah; Presi- dent, G. F. Baker, Decorah; Secretary, L. M. Enger, Decorah. Worth — Worth County Agricultural Society, Northwood; President, Jno. M. Slosson, Northwood; Secretary, N. T. Christiansen, Northwood. Wright — ^Wright County Agricultural Society, Clarion; President, I. L. Walls, Clarion; Secretary, Ed Hood, Clarion. Woodbury — Inter State Live Stock Fair Association, Sioux City; Presi- dent, F. L. Eaton, Sioux City; Secretary, Joe Morton, Sioux City. 928 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS' COUNTY INSTITUTES AND SHORT COURSES IN IOWA. Adair — President, C. F. Hulbert, Fontanelle; Secretary, D. D. Mc- Clure, Fontanelle. Aiiduboti — President, Jno. F. Liken, Gray; Secretary, D. C. Ross, Gray. Benton — President, J. W. Hanna, Vinton; Secretary, E. H. Smith, Vin- ton, R. F. D. 2. Benton — President, W. C. Hauser, Keystone; Secretary, W. C. Hamann, Keystone. Black HaiV'Jc — ^President, W. D. Strayer, Hudson; Secretary, E. M. Lichty, Waterloo. Boone — President, J. H. Watson, Madrid; Secretary, C. H. Reckseen, Madrid. Boone — President, Geo. F. Freie, Ogden; Secretary, M. J. Lundvall, Boxholm. Bremer — President, C. W. Pinnington, Sumner; Secretary, I. D. Hadley, Sumner. Buchanan — President, A. J. Soules, Independence; Secretary, Roy Crew, Independence. ' Buena Vista — President, W. E. Gaffey, Storm Lake; Secretary, Ed Culver, Storm Lake. Buena Vista — President, Geo. M. AUee. Newell; Secretary, Wm. Hux- table, Newell. Butler — President, C. W. Loeshe, Greene; Secretary, M. McEnery, Greene. Calhoun — President, Geo. A. Ridge, Rockwell City; Secretary, A. W, Eshbaugh, Rockwell City. CarroZ?— President, C. E. Ranworth, Glidden; Secretary, S. M. Me- Crary, Glidden. Cass — President, R. G. Mackrill, Griswold; Secretary, D. H. Scott, Griswold. Cass — President, I. N. Brown, Atlantic; Secretary, Roy L. Fancolly, Atlantic. Cedar — President, L. B. Emerson, Lowden; Secretary, Aug. Ruprecht, Masillon. Cedar — President, F. L. Pearson, West Branch; Secretary, W. D. Speight, Oasis. Cerro Gordo — President, Chas. Files, Mason City; Secretary, R. A. Holman, Rockwell. Cherokee — President, J. H. Ament, Cherokee; Secretary, Chas. H. Erickson, Meriden. Cherokee — President, Chas. C. R. Bush, Washta; Secretary, Chas. Kiss- inger, Washta. Clay — President, H. E. Jones, Everly; Secretary, Geo. Neugrut, Everly. Clayton — President, Walter Davis, McGregor; Secretary, W. J. Knowles, McGregor. Clayton — President, L. S. Fisher, Edgewood; Secretary, Fred Smith, Edgewood. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK — PART XIV. 929 Clayton — President, J. J. Kuehl, Elkader; Secretary, A. J. Carpenter, Elkader. Clinton — President, John Olson, Calamus; Secretary, C. H. Peterson, Calamus. Dallas — President, Frank Orton, Adel; Secretary, B. H. Van Fossen, Adel. Davis — President, C. C. Sutton, Pulaski; Secretary, C. G. ETay, Pulaski. Davis— President, V. G. Warner, Bloomfield; Secretary, Frank Batten, . Bloomfield. Decatur — President, L. A. Durell, Leon; Secretary, H. L. Deck, De- catur. Delaware — President, E. E. Reed, Hopkinton; Secretary, Geo. Barr, Manchester. Des Moines — President, Willis S. Mathews, Danville; Secretary Clinton Bolick, Danville. Dickinson — President, John Anmundson, Milford; Secretary, Frank Marker, Milford. Dubuque — President, Joseph Dehner, Cascade; Secretary, W. A. Fair- burn, Cascade. Emmet — President, J. R. Horswell, Estherville; Secretary, Geo. Hin- shaw, Estherville. Fayette — President, O. M. Smith, Arlington; Secretary, Harrie W. Gleim, Arlington. Floyd — President, A. H. Allen, Rockford; Secretary, F. M. Cerwinske, Rockford. Fremont — President, W. W. Ettleman, Sidney; Secretary, A. A. Van Ness, Sidney. Franklin — President, C. A. Fox, Hampton; Secretary, Earl Ferris, Hampton. Grundy — President, C. J. C. Cold, Reinbeck; Secretary, A. J. Terrall, Reinbeck. Guthrie — President, J. D. Brown, Guthrie Center; Secretary, D. G. Wilson, Panora. Hamilton — President, J. H. Eslick, Lehigh; Secretary, J. B. Harrison, Stratford. Hamilton — President, J. C. Ritchie, Stratford; Secretary, E. H. Haw- baker, Stratford. Hancock — President, James Manual, Britt; Secretary, Thos. Peterson, Britt. Hai-din — President, J. M. Hunt, Ackley; Secretary, L. A. Hembd, Ackley. Harrison — President, Oscar Doty, Missouri Valley; Secretary, Mrs. C. W. Hunt, Logan. Henry — President, Wm. Kitch, Mt. Pleasant; Secretary, A. S. Loveland, Mt. Pleasant. Jasper — President, C. A. Curry, Prairie City; Secretary, J. A. Ray, Prairie City. Jefferson — President, L. H. Alexander, Fairfield; Secretary, Merwin Allender, Fairfield. 59 930 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Johnson — President, Robt. McCollister, Iowa City; Secretary, Carl Hol- den, Oxford. Jones — President, Dan Morris, Martelle; Secretary, Harry Tiffany, Martelle. Keokuk — President, Frank S. Yerger, Sigourney; Secretary, W. E. Utterback, Sigourney. Kossuth — President, Nelson Griffith, Swea City; Secretary, M. O. Thompson, Swea City. Lee — President, Warren Beebe, Wever; Secretary, B. C. Lynn, Don- nellson. . Linn — President, T. W. Moody, Walker; Secretary, Wm. Horak, Walker. Linn — President, Alfred Stanley, Springville; Secretary, R. J. Kennedy, Springville. Lucas — President, J. L. Washburn, Derby; Secretary, De Witt White, Derby. Lyon — President, F. B. Hanson, Inwood; Secretary, John Serck, In- wood. Mahaska — President, W. L. Campbell, Oskaloosa, R. F. D.; Secretary, F. W. Mlchener, Oskaloosa. Marion — President, M. Shivvers, Knoxville; Secretary, S. L. Walker, Knoxville. Marshall — President, Merritt Greene, Jr., Marshalltown; Secretary, C. E. Arney, Albion. Mills — President, J. W. Carter, Glenwood; Secretary, Forest Chantry, Malvern. Mitchell — President, Chas. Millington, Osage; Secretary, M. E. Ben- son, St. Ansgar. Monona — President, C. ]\I. Perrin, Mapleton; Secretary, E. D. Calkins, Castana. Montgomery— Vres'iAQwi, Claus L.' Anderson, Stanton; Secretary, E. M. Coppate, Stanton. Montgomery— -Vvesid-eni, D. Vetter, Grant; Secretary, S. E. Smith, Grant. Muscatine — President, Willard Waters, Iowa City; Secretary, Miss Frances Boot, Wilton Junction. O'Brien — President, H. G. Gulp, Paullina; Secretary, W. A. Peek, PauUina. Page — President, Chas. Kelley, Clarinda; Secretary, C. V. Edmonds, Clarinda. Palo Alto — President, Ralph King, Emmetsburg; Secretary, Mrs. W. R. Schroeder. Emmetsburg. Polk — President, I. E. Proudfit, Altoona; Secretary, Ora J. Iseminger, Altoona. Polk — President, F. C. Kelly, Bondurant; Secretary, E. V. Hunnlcut, Bondurant. Polk — President, John Hildreth, Ankeny; Secretary, Geo. M. Grinstead, Mitchellville. Polk — President, J. F. Seiberling, Mitchellville; Secretary, R. L. Rock- holz. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV. 931 Po?A;— President, A. B. Curry, Runnells; Secretary, M. H. Brockett. Runnells. Po/fc— President, Geo. Justice, Anl^eny; Secretary, 0. 0. Brewbaker, Ankeny. Poiccshiek— President, W. N. Morgan, Deep River; Secretary, Fred Malcolm, Deep River. Ringgold— Fresident, Elmer E. Norris, Diagonal; Secretary, Grant Stahl, Diagonal. «co^^— President, Henry Ketelsen, Dixon; Secretary H. C. Rock, Dixon. Scott— President, S. A. Wilson, Le Claire; Secretary, J. W. DuBois, Princeton. Sac— President, John Currie, Odebolt; Secretary, C. S. Cathcart, Ode- bolt. Shelby— President, O. B. Heflin, Harlan; Secretary, C. N. Christensen, Harlan. Sioux— President, T. W. Searle, Hawarden; Secretary, B. T. French, Hawarden. Siory- President, J. H. Cleverley, Maxwell; Secretary, W. J. Hartung, Maxwell. S^ory— President, H. E. Evenson, Roland; Secretary, C. E. Hanson, Roland. Tama- President, W. W. Wilson, Traer; Secretary, F. W. Wood, Traer. C7nion— President, L. J. Nickle, Afton; Secretary, Leonard ' White, Afton. C7nio«— President, M. B. Reed, Cromwell; Secretary, L. M. Randolph, Cromwell. Van Buren— President, Geo. V. Leffler, Stockport; Secretary, A. G. Roberts, Bonaparte. WapeZZo— President, W. B. Morrison, Eldon; Secretary, J. 0. Fastburn Eldon. WapeZZo— President, Chas. F. Mast, Ottumwa; Secretary, Will Nye, Agency. Warren— President, Don L. Berry, Indianola; Secretary, Ryle McKee, Indianola. Woyne— President, F. H. Duncan, Allerton; Secretary, R. C. Yohe, Allerton. We&sfer— President, Aaron Peterson, Lanyon; Secretary, Van Gabriel- son, Harcourt. Woof/ZJHrv/— President, Fred Ludwie, Lawton; Secretary, Alfred Mol- stadt, Lawton. Worf 7i— President, E. H. Miller, Northwood; Secretary, Oscar Rustad, Northwood. INDEX Page Accounting-, "A System of Farm Cost Accounting" 693 Ade, William H., "The Draft Horse on the Corn Belt Farm" 686 Addresses: Bliss, R. K., before Corn Belt Meat Producers Association 620 Burger, A. A., before State Agricultural Convention 162 Clum, Woodworth, before State Agricultural Convention 87 Stryker, A. F., before Corn Belt Meat Producers Association 627 Sykes, A., before Corn Belt Meat Producers Association 581 Thorne, Clifford, before Corn Belt Meat Producers Association.... 591 Admissions to Grand Stand 1913, 1912 compared 8 Admissions to Live Stock and Hippodrome Shows, 1913, 1912 8 Advertising, Cost of 1913, Budget 1914 40 Agricultural Convention, State, Proceedings of ' 83 "American Draft Horse Breeding Methods as Compared to Europe," H. Lefebure 660 Appropriations for Sheep Barn and Sewer System Decided on 80 Auditing Committee's Report, Corn Belt Meat Producers Association.. 589 Automobile, The, and the County Fair, J. P. Mullen 184 Auto Polo — Contract Awarded 51 Awards: Boys' Judging Contest .' 395 Live Stock Department 311 Poultry 382 Barney, W. B., appointed Superintendent Dairy Department, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent Dairy Department, 1915 79 "Basswood Planting," Prof. G. B. MacDonald 564 Beck, E. L., appointed Superintendent Poultry Department, 1914 13 Bee Inspector, Extracts from Annual Report 481 "Bees, Value In Horticulture," Dr. Burton N. Gates 555 "Bees as a Nuisance," J. D. Gustin 559 Beef Producers' Annual Meeting 743 Financial Report 744 Officers and Directors Elected 745 "Benefits of the Creamery" 479 Bids: Combination Curb and Gutter 53 Cooling Out Paddock 46 Improvements 36 Printing Premium List 42 Screens, Women and Children's Building 51 Street Car Station 37 Subway under Track 37 Walks and Floors 36 Bishop, E. C: Appointed Superintendent School Exhibits, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent School Exhibits, 1915 79 Report 25 Report 80 Bliss, R. K., Address, before Corn Belt IMeat Producers Association.... 629 Address, "How the Extension Department Can Assist the County Fairs and Farmers' Institutes" 93 93 1 INDEX Page Bliss, Mrs. R. K., "A Convenient Farm Home, etc.," in Successful Farming- 689 Board of Agricultural Meetings 1, 13, 35, 69, 72, 79 "Breed Extension," Cliarles Gray 663 Breeders Gazette, Report of Fair 225 Brenton, Mrs. Charles, Appointed Superintendent Child's Welfare Exhibit 31 Burger, A. A., Address, before State Agricultural Convention 162 Address, "Corn Improvement by Selection" 679 Burris, John A., estimate of work done by Potts and Johnson 65 Burrows, E. T. & Co., bids on Screens, Women and Children's Building 51 Cameron, C. E.: Appointed Director Public Safety Department, 1914 29 Appointed Director Public Safety Department, 1915 79 Annual Address 83 Elected President 174 Cattle Barn, bids on same 37 Contract Awarded 41 Settlement Made 66 Cedar Valley, The, "A New Comer," H. S. Stanbery 202 Chapman, W. H., Elected Vice-President Iowa State Dairy Association 446 Chappel, Dr. Geo. M. : Appointed Director Weather and Crop Service 12 Final Crop Report for State 168 Circuit Program Arranged 33 "Clover and Lime Problem, The," Wallaces' Farmer 682 Club Building for Boys and Girls 43 Clum, Woodworth, Address, before State Agricultural Convention 87 Colby, H. E., "The Silo and Prosperity" 447 Cooling Out Paddock 46 Bids 46 Changes in Plans 46 Contract Awarded 47 Plumbing Contract Awarded 61 Settlement Made 66 Committees Appointed: Adulteration of Foods, Seeds and Other Products 31 Animal Industry 31 Auditing 31 Dairying and Dairy Products 31 Executive 31 Legislative 31 isfoxious Weeds, Fungus Diseases in Grains, Grasses, Plants, etc.. 31 Powers and Duties of Board 31 Resolutions 31 Revision of Premium List, Rules and Regulations 31 Committee Meeting 29, 32, 33, 34, 41, 42, 45, 46, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 65, 68, 71, 72 Comparison Cash Premiums, 1912, 1913 10 Comparative Statement Receipts 1912, 1913 Fairs 9 Contracts: Auto Polo 51 Beachey, Lincoln 58 Cattle Barn 41 Cement Walks and Floors 41 Cooling Out Paddock 47 Conway's Band 34 Curb and Gutter 53 INDEX 935 Page Fifty-fourth Infantry Band 46 Graham, C. P., Orchestra 47 Henry, T. Fred, Band 47 Hutton's Orchestra 54 National Association, Civil ^Var Musicians 44 Pain's Fireworks Co 44 Philharmonic Choir 58 Poultry Cooping Rental 68 Screens, Women and Children's Building 51 Street Car Station 41 Subway 41, 56 Corey, A. R.: Bond Approved 31 Elected Secretary, Salary Fixed, Bond 3 Elected Secretary, Salary Fixed, Bond 73 Report to Board 4 Report to Board 74 "Corn Improvement by Selection," A. A. Burger 679 Corn Belt Meat Producers Association, 11th Annual Meeting, Proceed- ings 581 "Corn Diseases," Prof. L. H. Pamrael 177 "Cow Testing Associations," Peder Pederson 4G2 County and District Fair Managers, Proceedings Seventh Annual Meet- ing 177 County and District Fairs: Admissions, Total Paid 124 Attendance, Total 124 Financial Statement 112 Number Exhibitors and Premiums Paid 120 Receipts and Disbursements 116 Crop: Acreage by Counties 798 Average Yield Per Acre, Total Product by Counties 802 Estimated Value by States 831 Estimated Yield and Value by States 832, 843 Final Report for State, Dr. Geo. M. Chappel 168 Summary, 1914 : 169, 797 Tables, Principal Farm Crops 823 Gumming, Prof. C. A., Appointed Superintendent Art Exhibit 31 Curb and Gutter: Bids 53 Contract Awarded 53 Curtin, E. J.: Appointed Superintendent Speed, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent Speed, 1915 79 Elected Member Fourth District 175 Curtiss, C. F.: Appointed Superintendent Horse Department, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent Horse Department, 1915 79 Report IS Report 75 Dadant, C. P., "Short History of Beekeeping" 498 "Trip Through Quebec" 540 "Dairy Classes at County Fairs," H. G. Van Pelt 200 "Dairy Barn, The" 474 •936 INDEX Page Dairy Commissioner's Report, 1914: Alfalfa 424 Babcock Test in Public Schools 426 Butter — A Move to Improve Iowa Butter 417 Centralizer or Central Churning Plant 405 Competitive Exhibitions of Milk 430 Condition of Butter Market 420 Cost of Maintaining Department 406 Cream Grading in low^a 409 Creameries, Table Showing Number Separators, etc 435 Creameries, Table Showing Number Licenses Issued 432 Creameries, Number Pounds Milk Received, etc 433 Creamery Promoter . . ; 404 Creamery Score Card i 427 Foot and Mouth Disease 427 Homogenized Products 414 Licenses, Milk 432 Ice Cream 411 Inspectors, Work of 407 Milk and Cream Received, Butter Made, by Creameries 433 Office Building, New One Needed 40S Report Iowa State Dairy Association 421 State Dairy and Butter Makers Association 411 Trade Mark for Iowa Butter 418 Dates fixed for 1915 Iowa State Fair 80 Davidson, J. B., "Movable Hog Houses" 706 Delegates Entitled to Vote, State Convention 172 Deemer, J. H., Appointed Superintendent Grounds 13, 79 Des Moines Engineering and Construction Co., Awarded Contract on Subway 41 Deyoe, Mrs. A. M., Appointed Superintendent Rural School Department. 30 Draft Horse, The, on the Corn Belt Farm, William H. Ade 686 "Efficiency Important" 475 Elmore, L. W., "Experience with European Foul Brood" 536 Estel, E. S., "New Dairy Campaigns Inaugurated" 465 Evans, Howard, "What I Saw and Learned at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition" ' 167 Evvard, John M., "The Iowa System of Self Feeding Swine" 614 "Movable Hog Houses" ' 706 "Experience With European Foul Brood," L. W. Elmore 536 "Experience With European Foul Brood," J. I. Wiltsie 533 "Experience With American Foul Brood," D. E. Shommedieu 537 Fair Grounds Plant — State's Investment and Value . 159 "Farm Life, Practical Side of," Mrs. C. L. Herren 668 Farmer and Breeder, Report of Fair 296 Farmers' Institutes, Financial Statement 102 "Farmers' Recreation," D. N. McGrew 671 "Fifty Tears of Beekeeping in Iowa," Edward Kretchmer 526 Financial Statement, Condensed 160 Financial Statement, Iowa Department of Agriculture 139 "Foot and Mouth Disease," Dr. J. I. Gibson 635 "Foot and Mouth Disease," Dr. K. Y. Stouder 655 Foster, Wesley, "Individual and Co-operative Methods of Marketing Honey" : 528 Furniture, Women and Children's Building 53 Gates, Dr. Burton N., "The Value of Bees in Horticulture" 355 Gibson, Dr. J. I. : Appointed Superintendent Live Stock Sanitation, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent Live Stock Sanitation, 1915 79 Foot and Mouth Disease 635 INDEX 987 Page Gllbertson, G. S., Elected Treasurer 3, 73 Treasurer's Report 148 Globe Plumbing Co., Contract Awarded 61 Gray, Charles, "Breed Extension" 663 Greene, Wesley: Appointed Superintendent Floriculture Department, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent Floriculture Department, 1915 79 Report 21 Gustin, J. D., "Bees as a Nuisance" 559 Hanger, Advertising Fair, Thomas D. Murphy Co., I'roposition Accepted 43 Heer, Clifford C, Appointed Assistant Secretary 45 Herren, Mrs. C. L., "The Practical Side of Farm Life" 668 "Hog Cholera in Iowa," Dr. C. H. Stange 645 Hog House, Movable 700 Home — "A Convenient Farm Home," Mrs. R. K. Bliss, in Successful Farming C89 "Honey Plants of Iowa," L. H. Pammel 542 Honey — "Individual and Co-operative Methods of Marketing," Wesley Foster 528 Horseshoeing Contest — "A New and Attractive Fair Feature, etc.," Dr. Jack Seiter 304 Improvements: . . Amount expended for in 13 years 159 Estimate of 1914 . . . 35 Grounds 56 Insurance: In Force on Fair Ground Buildings 11, 158 (Tornado) Authorized on Grand Stand 32 Women and Children's Building 52 Iowa Homestead, "Report of Fair" 243 Iowa State Fair and Exposition: Attendance by Days 127 Awards, Boys' Judging Contest 395 Awards, Live Stock Department 311 Awards, Poultry 382 Cattle, Number Exhibitors, Number Entered, 1913, 1914 132 Exhibitors and Entries, Number, 1914 130 Expense, 1913, 1914 Fairs, Comparative Statement 153 Financial Statement, Condensed 160 Grand Stand Admissions 150 Horses, Number Exhibitors, Number Entered, 1913, 1914 131 Livestock Show, Admissions 150 Premiums Paid (Cash) in 13 Years 159 Premiums Paid, Comparative Statement 155 Press Reports and Live Stock Awards 225 Receipts, Comparative Statement 153 Secretary's Report 126 Speed Department Summary 155 Swine, Number Exhibitors, Number Entered, Iowa State Fair and Exposition 132 Ticket Sales, Recapitulation 151 Treasurer's Report, G. S. Gilbertson 148 Iowa State Dairy Association, Report of Thirty-eighth Annual Con- vention 439 Johnson, Rev. James W., "The Opportunities of the Rural Church".... 674 Johnson, Lewis J., Bid on Curb and Gutter 53 Cement Walks and Floors 41 Jones, Mrs. Geo. D., "How One Gritty Woman Raised Poultry with Ordinary Buildings" 676 938 INDEX Kenoyer, Leslie A., "The Wild Bees of Iowa" ; . . . 565 Kildee, H. H., "Soiling- Crops to Supplement Iowa Pastures" 451 Knowles, Miss Neale I., Appointed Superintendent Domestic Science Department 31 Kretchmer, Edward, "Fifty Tears of Beekeeping- in Iowa" 526 Ladd, C. E., "A System of Farm Cost Accounting" 693 Lambert, G. M., "Organizing Co-operative Creameries" 471 Land Sales by Counties 850 Lefebure, H., "American Draft Horse Breeding Methods as Compared to Europe" 660 Legoe, T. C. : Appointed Superintendent Fine Arts Department, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent Fine Arts Department, 1915 79 Elected Member from Sixth District 176 Report 16 Leonard, Dr. L. D., "A New Method of Using Split Sections" 576 Live Stock Statistics by States: Cattle Other Than Milch Cows 847 Horses 844 Milch Cows 846 Mules 845 Sheep 848 Swine 849 Logan, Guy E.: Appointed Superintendent Public Safety Department, 1914 29 Appointed Superintendent Public Safety Department, 1915 79 Lovejoy, J. E.: Awarded Contract Cattle Barn 41 Awarded Contract Cooling Out Paddock 47 Bid on Screens, Women and Children's Building _. . 51 Settlement Made on Cattle Barn 66 Settlement Made on Cooling Out Paddock 66 Settlement Made on Women and Children's Building 67 MacDonald, G. B., "Basswood Planting" 564 "Making the Fair Pay," L. H. Pickard 181 McBeath, N. M.: Appointed Superintendent Admissions Department, 1914 29 Appointed Superintendent Admissions Department, 1915 79 McGrew, D. N., "Farmer's Recreations" 671 Mullen, J. P.: Appointed Superintendent Implement and Machinery, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent Implement and Machinery, 1915 79 Elected Member from Tenth District 176 Report 16 "The Automobile and the County Fair" 18 4 Nash, C. A., Resignation of 45 "New Dairy Campaigns Inaugurated," E. S. Estel 465 O'Donnell, Roy F., "Uniformity in Premium List Classification" 193 Officers and Directors Elected, Corn Belt Meat Producers Association.. 614 Officers Elected, Iowa State Dairy Association 446 Olson, O. A.: Appointed Director Admissions Department, 1914 29 Appointed Director Admissions Department, 1915 79 Elected Vice-President 175 "Organizing Co-operative Creameries," G. M. Lambert 471 Pangburn, W. S., "Wintering Bees in Iowa" 522 Pammel, L. H., "Some Corn Diseases" 177 Honey Plants of Iowa 542 INDEX 939 Page Papers on Agricultural Subjects, etc 655 Peflerson, Peder, "Cow Testing Associations" 462 Pellett, Frank C, Report as State Bee Inspector 481 Pickard, L. H., "Making the Fair Pay" 181 Phillips, C. W.: Appointed Superintendent of Tickets, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent of Tickets, 1915 79 Elected Member from Second District 175 Phillips, E. F., "Temperature and Humidity in the Wintering of Bees" 503 Pike, H. L.: Appointed Superintendent Cattle Department, 1914 l:> Appointed Superintendent Cattle Department, 1915 79 Potts and Johnson, Estimate of Work Done 65 Potts Bros., Bid on Curb and Gutter 53 Contract Awarded Curb and Gutter 53 Potts, J. R., Bid on Curb and Gutter 53 Premium List Revision 37 Premiums Offered, Summary 39 Program With County and District Fair Managers Decided on 70 Property Purchased 31 Poultry — "How One Gritty Woman Raised Poultry With Ordinary Build- ings," Mrs. Geo. D. Jones 676 Power Hall, Location Changed 45 Moving Same, Contract 47 Public Health Department at Fair 43 Quarton, W. B., Elected President Iowa State Dairy Association 446 Reeves, E. M. : Appointed Superintendent Horticulture, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent Horticulture, 1915 79 Report 22 Rental of Cooping, Contract 68 Report, Committee on Credentials, State Agricultural Convention 172 Reports of Agricultural Conditions by Counties: Adair 853 Adams ■ 854 Allamakee 854 Appanoose 855 Audubon 856 Benton 856 - Black Hawk 857 Boone 859 Bremer 858 Buchanan 860 Buena Vista 860 Butler 861 Calhoun 862, 863 Carroll 863 Cass 864 Cedar 865 Cerro Gordo 866 Chickasaw 867 Clayton 868, 869 Clay 870 Clinton 872 Crawford 872 Davis 873 Delaware 874 Dickinson 875 Fayette 875 940 INDEX Page Greene 877 Grundy 877 Hancock 878 Hardin 879 Harrison 880 Henry 880, 881 Humboldt 882 Iowa 883, 884 Jackson 884 Jefferson 885 Jasper 886 Johnson 886 Jones 887, 888 Keokuk 888 Kossuth 889 Lee 890, 891 Linn 891 Lucas 892 Lyon 893 Mahaska 894 Marion • 895 Marshall 896, 897 Mills 898 Mitchell 898 Monona 899 Monroe 900 Muscatine 900, 901 O'Brien 902, 903 Page 904, 905 Pocahontas 905 Pottawattamie 906 Poweshiek 906, 907 Sac 90S Story 909 Sioux 910 Tama 911 Taylor 911 Van Buren 912 Wapello 913 Wright 914 Warren '. 914 Wayne 915 Webster 916 Winnebago 917 Winneshiek 918 Worth 919 Woodbury 920 Report as Secretary and Treasurer Iowa Association of County and District Fair Managers, A. G. Rigby 217 Resolutions, Corn Belt Meat Producers 652 Resolutions, Iowa State Dairy Association 446 Resolutions, Board of Agriculture 70, 75 Resolutions Committee Report, Agricultural Convention 170 Resolutions at Soldiers' Reunion 63 Rigby, A. G., Report as Secretary and Treasurer, Iowa Association of County and District Fair Managers. . 217 Ross, J. J., Elected Secretary Iowa State Dairy Association 446 Report as Secretary Iowa State Dairy Association 439 "Rural Church, Opportunities of," Rev. James W. Johnson 674 Saddle and Show Horse Chronicle, Report of Fair 272 Sadler, E. T., Elected Treasurer Iowa State Dairy Association 446 INDEX 941 Page School Premium List, Printing Authorized 80 Score Card Baby Health Contest ' 43 Secretary Elected, Salary Fixed, Bond 3 Report to Board 4 Report to Convention _ 97 Secretary's Report, A. R. Corey: Admissions to Grand Stand 15q Admissions to Live Stock Show 150 Attendance at State Fair by Days 127 Cattle Exhibitors, Entries 131 Comparative Statement, Expense I53 Comparative Statement, Premiums Paid I55 Comparative Statement, Receipts I53 Condensed Financial Statement IgO County and District Fairs lOg County and District Fairs, Exhibitors, Entries, etc 120 County and District Fairs, Financial Statement 112, 116 County and District Fairs, Total Attendance, Paid Admissions....' 124 Exhibitors, Entries, Iowa State Fair 130 Fair Finances I37 Farmers' Institutes 99 Farmers' Institutes, Financial Statement 102 Horse Exhibitors, Entries I31 Improvement I39 Insurance on Fair Grounds Buildings 158 Publicity Department 99 Recapitulation Ticket Sales I51 Receipts and Disbursements, Departments of Agriculture 139 Short Course Associations lOO Short Course Associations, Financial Statements 106 Speed Department Report I55 Stallion Registration Division 97 Swine Exhibitors, Entries 132 Value of Fair Grounds Plant I59 Women and Children's Building , 135 Women and Children's Building, Cost I57 Secretary's Report Iowa State Dairy Association 439 Setter, Dr. Jack, "A New and Attractive Fair Feature, the Horseshoeing Contest at Des Moines, Iowa" 304 Sheldon, P. E.: Appointed Superintendent Agriculture, Pantrv Stores and Apiary 1914 " ' 13 Appointed Superintendent Agriculture, Pantrv Stores and Apiary 1915 ,' 79 Elected Member from Eighth District 176 Report 20 Short Course Associations, Financial Statement 106 Shorthill Co., Awarded Contract Street Car Station 41 "Short History of Bee Keeping," C. P. Dadant 498 "Silo and Prosperity, The," H. E. Colby 447 Speed Department, 1913 Summary 10 1914 Summary I55 Special Days, 1914 Fair 43 Split Sections — "A New Method to Improve Split Sections," Dr. L.,D. Leonard 576 Spring Stallion Show, Authorized 73 "Soiling Crops to Supplement Iowa Pastures," H. H. Kildee 451 Sorenson, James, "State Wide Cream Grading" 442 "Sources of Impure Milk" 475 Stanbery, H. S., "The Cedar Valley — A New Comer" 202 942 INDEX Page Stange, Dr. C. H., "Hog Cholera in Iowa" 645 Stallion Registration Bulletin, Printing Authorized 79 "State Wide Cream Grading," James Sorenson 442 "State Aid for County and District Fairs," N. M. Clark 186 Stouder, Dr. K. Y., "Foot and Mouth Disease" 655 Street Car Station, Bids on Same 37 Contracts Awarded 41 Stryker, A. F., Address 627 Subway, Bids on Same 37 Contract Awarded 41 Final Settlement 56 Summers, J. F. : Appointed Superintendent Concessions and Privileges, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent Concessions and Privileges, 1915 79 Report ■ 17 Summary, Receipts and Disbursements, Iowa Department of Agricul- ture, Iowa State Fair 69 Superintendents : Appointed 13-29, 79 Reports: Bishop, E. C, School Exhibits 25 Curtiss, C. F., Horse Department 18 Greene, Wesley, Floriculture 21 Legoe, T. C, Fine Arts 14 Mullen, J. P., Implements and Machinery 16 Reeves, E. M., Horticulture 22 Sheldon, F. E., Agriculture 20 Summers, J. F., Concessions and Privileges 17 Thornburg, Mark G., Sheep 23 Wentworth, Public Safety 1 Swine — Iowa Swine Breeders Association Proceedings 397 "Swine, Iowa System of Self Feeding," John M. Evvard 614 Sykes, A., Address before Corn Belt Meat Producers 581 "Temperature and Humidity in the Wintering of Bees," E. F. Phillips.. 503 Thorne, Hon. Clifford, Address Before Corn Belt Meat Producers 591 Thornburg. Mark G. ; Report Superintendent Sheep Department 23 Ticket Sales, 1913, 1912 Compared 8 Tow, C. A.: Appointed Superintendent Swine Department, 1914 1? Appointed Superintendent Swine Department, 1915 79 Treasurer's Report, Iowa State Dairy Association 441 Treasurer Elected, Salary fixed, Bond 3 Tribby, C. H.: Appointed Superintendent Sheep Department, 1914 13 Appointed Superintendent Sheep Department, 1915 79 "Trip Through Quebec," C. P. Dadant 540 Turnstiles, Coin Controlled, Purchase Authorized 32 Twentieth Century Farmer, Report of Fair 285 "Uniformity in Premium List Classification," Roy P. O'Donnell 193 "Value of the Dairy Sire," Hugh G. Van Pelt 456 Van Pelt, Hugh G.: "Dairy Classes at County Fairs" 200 "Value of the Dairy Sire" 456 Voldeng, Dr. M. N. ; Appointed General Superintendent Women and Children's Building 29 INDEX S43 Page Wallace, H. C. ; Secretary's Report, Corn Belt Meat Producers 589 Wallace's Farmer, "The Clover and Lime Problem" 6S2 Wallace's Farmer, Report of Fair 253 Watson Mfg. Co.: Awarded Contract on Screens, Women and Children's Building-.... 50 Bids on Screens, Women and Children's Building 51 Watts, Mary T., Appointed Superintendent Baby Health Contest 13 Weather and Crop Service, Annual Report: Climate and Crop Review 781, 796 Climatology of the Year, 1914 748 Comparative Data for State 777 Crop Report: Acreage by Counties 798 Average Yield Per Acre and Total Product by Counties 802 Products, Yield and Value 796 Tabulated Crop Summary 797 Frosts — Date of Killing Frosts 778 Fungus Diseases of Plants for 1914, Report of Prof. L. H. Pammel 816 Monthly State Data for 1914 777 Monthly Summaries, Weather 749, 776 Pammel, L. H., "Fungus Diseases of Plants, 1914" 816 Temperature in Iowa for December and January 1S60, 1914... 751 Wentworth, E. M., Report 1 "What I Saw and Learned at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition," Howard Evans 167 Whitney, H. N., Appointed Superintendent Publicity and Advertising. . 13 "Wild Bees of Iowa, The," Leslie A. Kenoyer 565 Wiltsie, J. I., "Experience With European Foul Brood" 533 "Wintering Bees in Iowa," W. S. Pangburn 522 Women and Children's Building: Bids on Screens 51 Changes in Plan 43 Conference of Superintendents 57 Furniture 53 General Superintendent Appointed -. 29 Insurance 52 Itemized Statement 157 Secretary's Report 135 Settlement Made 67 New York Botanical harden Libra 3 5 85 00260 8501